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 A DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE NOTED NAMES OF 
 
 FICTION.
 
 A^
 
 A DICTIONAEY OF THE 
 NOTED NAMES OF 
 
 FICTION ; 
 
 Es'CLrDnfG ALSO 
 
 FAMILIAR PSEUDONYMS, SURNAMES BESTOWED ON EMINENT MEN, AND 
 
 ANALOGOUS POPULAR APPELLATIONS OFTEN REFERRED TO. 
 
 IN LITERATURE AND CONVERSATION. 
 
 BY WILLIAM A. WHEELER, M.A. 
 
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 AND CUAIUKU CUU^.
 
 TO 
 
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 THE JIAN, THE SCHOLAR, THE FRIEND, 
 erijfs eSJork is Sctiicatcti 
 
 AS A. 
 
 TOKEN OF AFFECTIONATE KESPECT.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The author of this volume contributed to the edition of "Web- 
 ster's Quarto Dictionary published in 1804 a "Vocabulary 
 of the Names of Noted Fictitious Persons and Places ; " but 
 the present work, though based on that Vocabulary, embraces 
 a wider range of subjects, contains nearly seventeen hundred 
 new articles, besides important modifications of many of the 
 others, and is furnished with an orthoepical Introduction, and 
 an Index to the real names of persons, places, &c., whose nick- 
 names, pseudonyms, or popular appellations, are given in the 
 body of the book. NotAvithstanding the great pains that has 
 been taken to secure fulness and minute accuracy, there are 
 undoubtedly some errors and numerous omissions ; but no more 
 of either, it is hoped, than are inseparable from a work of such 
 multiplicity. And although a casual examination or closer 
 scrutiny may bring to light defects of both kinds, it may still be 
 affirmed, that, with respect to a very large class of names, there 
 can nowhere else be found in a collective form an equal amount 
 and variety of information. 
 
 The main design of the work is to explain, as far as practi- 
 cable, the allusions which occur in modern standard literature 
 to noted fictitious persons and places, whether mythological 
 or not. For this reason, the plan is almost entirely resti'icted 
 to proper names, or such as designate individual persons, 
 places, or things. The introduction of appellative or generic 
 names, such as abbot of unreason, lord of misrule, Jcobold, &c., 
 as well as the explanation of celebrated customs and phrases, 
 such Q.S flap-dragon, nine-men^ s-morrice, philosophy of the Porch, 
 to send to Coventry, to carry coals to Neiocastle, &c., would open
 
 Vi riiEFACE. 
 
 too vast a field of inquiry ; and, besides, there are copious 
 special treatises on these subjects already before the public, as 
 those of Brand, Hone, Pulleyn, Timbs, and others. The author 
 has been urged to extend his plan so as to include the titles of 
 famous poems, essays, novels, and other literary works, and the 
 names of celebrated statues, paintings, palaces, country-seats, 
 churches, ships, streets, clubs, and the like ; inasmuch as such 
 names are of very common occurrence in books and newspa- 
 pers, and, for the most part, are not alphabetically entered and 
 explained in Encyclopasdias, Dictionaries, or Gazetteers. That 
 a dictionary which should furnish succinct information upon 
 such matters would supply a Avant which is daily felt by readers 
 of every class is not to be doubted ; but it should constitute an 
 independent work. A manual of this description the author 
 has for some time had in preparation ; and he hopes to publish 
 it, at no distant day, as a companion to the present volume. 
 
 The names from the Greek, Roman, Norse, and Hindu My- 
 thologies that are here given, are concisely treated, mainly with 
 a view to explain frequent allusions in the poets and other popu- 
 lar writers, and for the benefit of mere English readers, rather 
 than for that of professed scholars. From the Rabbinical and 
 Mohammedan Mythologies have been taken some names, which 
 are occasionally made the subject of reference, and concern- 
 ing which information is not readily obtainable. Prominence 
 has been given to the departments of Angelology, Demon- 
 ology. Fairy Mythology, and Popular Superstitions, which afibrd 
 many of the most important names in Fiction. Parables, Al- 
 legories, Proverbs, and Medisival Legends have also furnished 
 a considerable number. Ecclesiastical History contributes the 
 names of several pseudo-saints, and other imaginary personages. 
 In the Drama, and in Poetry — including the various kinds. 
 Epic, Romantic, Narrative, Comic, &c., — the intention has 
 been to give the names of all such characters as are familiarly 
 referred to by writers and speakers at the present day ; and, 
 though there may be accidental omissions, it is hoped that under 
 this head the Dictionary v/ill be foimd reasonably complete.
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 The principal deficiency is most likely to exist in the depart- 
 ment of Prose Eomance ; for, though there is very little that is 
 fictitious in ancient literature which is not included in ancient 
 Mythology, yet the field of research continually widens as we 
 come down to modern times, until it seems to be almost bomid- 
 less. In fixing the limits of the work, the consideration which 
 has determined the admission or rejection of names has not 
 been the intrinsic merit of a book, or the reputation of its writer, 
 but the hold which his characters have taken upon the popular 
 mind. There are many authors of acknowledged genius, and 
 hundreds of clever and prolific writers, who yet have not pro- 
 duced a single character that has so fallen in with the humour, or 
 hit the fancy, of the time, as to have become the subject of fre- 
 quent allusion. The English romancers and novelists whose 
 creations are most familiarly known and most firmly established 
 are Bunyan, De Foe, Swift, Eichardson, Fielding, Smollett, 
 Sterne, Goldsmith, Scott, Dickens, and Thackeray. Many of 
 the portraitures of these writers may be safely presumed to be 
 of more than temporary interest and importance. In regard to 
 other and minor characters, from whatever source derived, it is 
 to be borne in mind that a dictionary is chiefly designed for 
 the use of the existing generation. To what extent names of 
 secondary importance should be included was a question diffi- 
 cult to determine. Opinions from scholars entitled to the high- 
 est consideration were aljout equally divided upon this point. 
 vSome favoured a selected list of the most important names only : 
 others, and the greater number, recommended a much wider 
 scope. A middle course is the one that has been actually fol- 
 lowed. It is evident that many articles which may seem to one 
 person of very questionable importance, if not wholly unworthy 
 of insertion, will be held by another to be of special value, as 
 throwing light upon passages which to him would otherwise be 
 perplexing or obscure. 
 
 This Dictionary is, of course, chiefly designed to elucidate 
 the works of British and American writers ; but names occur- 
 ring in the literatures of other modern nations have been in-
 
 viii PKEFACE. 
 
 troduccd whenever tliey have become well known to the public 
 through the medium of translations, or when they seemed, for 
 other reasons, to be worthy of insertion. 
 
 In accordance with the plan of the work as indicated in the 
 title, such English, French, German, and other Pseudonyms 
 as are frequently met with in books and newspapers have been 
 given for the benefit of the general reader. No pretence, how- 
 ever, is made to completeness, or even to fulness, in this re- 
 spect. The bibliographer will find here little or nothing that 
 is new to him ; and he must still have recourse to his Barbier, 
 Querard, Weller, and other writers of the same class. Names 
 like Erasmus, 3Manchthon, Mercator, (Ecolampadius, «fec., as- 
 sumed by learned men after the revival of classical literature, 
 being, in general, merely the Latin or Greek equivalents of 
 their real names, and being also the only names by which they 
 are now known in history, are excluded as not pertinent to the 
 work. For a similar reason, no notice is taken of such names 
 as Massena, lletastasio, Philidor, Psalmanazar, Voltaire, &c. 
 
 Many eminent characters in political and literary history are 
 often known and referred to by the surnames and sobriquets, or 
 nicknames, Avhich they have borne ; as, the Master of Sentences, 
 the Scourge of God, the Stagirite, the Wizard of the North, the 
 JJttle Corporal, &c. " Nicknames," said Napoleon, " should 
 never be despised : it is by such means mankind are governed." 
 The Dictionary embraces the more important of these ; but 
 names like Caligula, Guercino, Tintoretto, &c., which have en- 
 tirely superseded the real names of the persons designated 
 by them, have not been regarded as properly coming within 
 the purview of the present undertaking. Nor has it, as a rule, 
 been thought advisable to admit simple epithets, such as the 
 Bold, the Good, the Great, the Unready, the Courtier, &c., the 
 omission of which can hardly be considered a defect, since 
 their signification and the reason of their imposition are usually 
 too obvious to excite inquiry. This rule, however, has not 
 been imiformly observed. Here, as elsewhere in the work, 
 that discretionary power has been freely exercised, to which
 
 PEEFACE. ix 
 
 every author of a dictionary or glossary is fairly entitled, and 
 which he is often compelled to use. 
 
 A considei'able sj^ace has been allotted to familiar names of 
 Parties and Sects, of Laws, and of Battles ; to poetical and pop- 
 ular names of Seas, Countries, States, Cities, &c. ; to ancient 
 geographical names which have become interesting from their 
 revival in poetry or otherwise ; and to certain long-established 
 and important Personifications. In general, nicknames of 
 Parties and Sects, such as C/touans, G/iibeUiues, Gueux, Method- 
 istSj Shakers, &c., which have been adopted by those to whom 
 they were at first derisively applied, or which have passed into 
 history and common use as their peculiar and appropriate 
 names, and are to be found in any good Encyclopaedia or Man- 
 ual of Dates, ai-e designedly not included. Most of the his- 
 torical by-names inserted, such as Day of Dupes, Evil May-daij, 
 Wonderful Parliament, Omnibus Bill, Western Reserve, &c., are 
 those which are not to be found under the proper heads in 
 Encyclopaedias and other books of reference. Popular designa- 
 tions connected with History and Geography have been freely 
 given in all cases where they seemed to be well settled, and to be 
 fitted to illustrate past or contemporary events or characters. 
 
 A slight departure from the strict limits of the plan has 
 been thought allowable in the case of a few quasi-historical, 
 or real but obscure, persons, places, and things, such as Owle- 
 glass, John O Groat, Mrs. Glasse, the Minerva Press, &c., which 
 are often referred to in literature or conversation, and of most 
 of which no account can be obtained except through an amount 
 of research and toil hardly possible to a majority of readers. 
 
 Illustrative citations have been copiously given from no 
 small variety of authors ; and, as many of them are gems of 
 thought or expression, it is believed that they will be deemed 
 greatly to enhance the value and interest of the work. Some 
 of them, however, have purposely been taken from ncws^Dapers 
 and magazines rather than from the classics of the language, in 
 order to show, by such familiar examples, the popularity of the 
 characters or other creations of fiction to which they allude
 
 X niEFACE. 
 
 There are also some quotations which serve no other purpose 
 tliau that of justifying the insertion of names whose claim to 
 admission might be thought doubtful, if it were not made to ap- 
 pear that they are referred to by authors " known and read of 
 all men." It will probably be observed that Sir Walter Scott is 
 more frequently cited than any other single writer ; the reason, 
 however, is not that his works have been examined with more 
 care or to a greater extent than those of some other writers, but 
 merely that he abounds more than most others in allusions, — 
 often remote or recondite, but almost always apt and suggest- 
 ive, — which his imusually tenacious memory enabled him to 
 draw from the stores of a ^-ast and most multifarious reading. 
 
 In the explanation of names, statements borrowed in great 
 part from one author have been diligently collated with other 
 statements derived from independent and often widely sepa- 
 rated sources ; and they have been freely enlarged, abridged, 
 or otherwise modified, according to the necessity of the case, or 
 as would best subserve the purpose of the work. But where 
 the information required has been found already stated in the 
 best way, no hesitation has been felt in making use of the exact 
 language of the writer ; and, beyond this general explanation, 
 no acknowledgment of indebtedness seems necessary. 
 
 To determine the ^pronunciation of proper names is imques- 
 tionably the most difficult requirement of orthoepy ; and little 
 or no attention has hitherto been paid to the pronunciation of 
 such as are peculiar to the literature of fiction. In the absence, 
 not merely of a trustworthy guide, but of any printed guide at 
 all, the author may sometimes have gone astray ; but he has 
 been careful to avail himself of all the information he could 
 obtain. In particular, he has made a thorough examination of 
 such of our vernacular poets as are esteemed classics, and has 
 occasionally adduced passages from their writings to show the 
 accentuation adopted by these " best judges of pronunciation," 
 as Walker styles them ; or, more rarely, to show the sound they 
 assign to particular letters or syllables. If the decisions or 
 opinions he has given prove, in general, to be well grounded,
 
 PREFACE. Xi 
 
 the credit will not be wholly due to him, since he has often 
 profited by the advice and assistance of gentlemen whose 
 superior opportunities of becoming acquainted with the best 
 usage both at home and abroad, and whose critical taste and fa- 
 miliarity with all that pertains to the subject of orthoepy, afford 
 the assurance that they " speak scholarly and wisely." To indi- 
 cate with absolute accuracy the peculiar sounds of the principal 
 languages of modern Europe, including the English, would ne- 
 cessarily require an extensive and elaborate system of arbitrary 
 phonic signs ; and such a system would be hard to understand, 
 and still harder to remember. It has, therefore, been deemed 
 important not to introduce into this work unnecessary and per- 
 plexing discriminations of sounds nearly identical, or to em- 
 barrass the inquirer with needless intimations of a i^ronunciation 
 obvious or already ftuniliar to him. Hence, diacritical marks 
 are sparingly employed, except in the case of unaccented vowels, 
 — which, in our language, are often of doubtful or variable 
 value, — and except also in the case of foreign sounds which 
 have no equivalent in English. Although the system of nota- 
 tion made use of is easy to be understood, so far as it applies to 
 most English names, it has been thought desirable to prefix to 
 the work observations on some points of English pronunciation 
 not familiar to the generality of readers, or concerning which 
 professed orthoepists differ. In regard to the sounds occurring 
 in the work that are peculiar to foreign languages, an explana- 
 tion is given, in the Introduction, of the mode of their organic 
 formation, or of their position and relations in a scientific clas- 
 sification of spoken sounds. These observations and explana- 
 tions are contained in distinct joaragraphs or sections, consecu- 
 tively numbered, and are often referred to from the words in 
 the Dictionary. 
 
 The Index at the end of the volume forms the counterpart 
 of the Dictionary proper, and v/ill, it is hoped, prove service- 
 able by enabling an inquirer to ascertain at once the distin- 
 guishing epithet or epithets borne by a particular person or 
 place of which only the real name may be known to him.
 
 xii PREFACE. 
 
 In the preparation of this Dictionary, the wide field of gen- 
 eral literature has been extensively and carefully searched. 
 Moreover, use has been made of a large number of works 
 specially devoted to the various branches of literary history ; 
 and valuable assistance has been derived from the principal 
 Reviews, and the published writings of the best essayists. Not 
 a few noteworthy names and facts, incidentally mentioned in the 
 body of the articles of Encyclopaedias, Biographical Dictiona- 
 ries, Gazetteers, and other works of reference, but not treated 
 in alphabetical order, have been carefully gleaned from such 
 works, which have been systematically searched for this pur- 
 pose. These sources of information are altogether too numer- 
 ous to be particularised in this place, while to specify a fev/ and 
 make no mention of others of equal importance would be as 
 imjust as it would be unsatisfactory. 
 
 The author would return his sincere thanks to the many 
 friends who have contributed in different ways to the complete- 
 ness and accui'acy of his work. Some of them, whose kind 
 assistance he would gladly acknowledge, he regrets that he is 
 not permitted to name ; but it affords him unfeigned pleasure 
 to be able to mention his great and varied obligations to Dr. 
 Eobley Dunglison and Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie of Philadel- 
 phia, Mr. Charles Folsom of Cambridge, Mr. Samuel Porter 
 of Hartford, and Mr. Arthur W. Wright of New Haven. 
 
 Believing that the successful accomplishment of a task like 
 the present, in its fullest extent, is hardly to be expected of 
 any individual, the author, in conclusion, would ask a candid 
 criticism of his labours ; and if corrections or suggestions from 
 any quarter — especially suggestions of additional names, ac- 
 companied with explanations, references, or citations — be sent 
 to him through his publishers, they will be gratefully received, 
 and used in the preparation of a future edition. 
 
 MoxTKEAL, November, 18G5.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAOE 
 
 KEY TO THE SCHEME OF PRONUNCIATION, . xiv 
 EEMAEKS ON SOME POINTS OF ENGLISH OR- 
 THOEPY, xvii 
 
 RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK 
 
 AND LATIN WORDS, xxi to xxiii 
 
 Vowels, xxii 
 
 Consonants, xxii 
 
 Accent, xxiii 
 
 BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF 
 THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES 
 OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE, . . . xxiii to xxxii 
 
 Vowels, xxiii 
 
 Diphthongs and Vowel Combinations, . . xxv 
 
 Consonants, xxvi 
 
 Combined Consonants, xxix 
 
 Accent, xxxi 
 
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., . xxxiv 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF THE NOTED NAMES 
 
 OF FICTION, ETC., . . . . 1 to 398 
 
 INDEX OF THE REAL NAMES OF PERSONS, PLACES, 
 ETC., WHOSE NICKNAMES, PSEUDONYMS, OR 
 POPULAR APPELLATIONS, ARE GIVEN IN 
 THE PRECEDING DICTIONARY, ... 399
 
 KEY 
 
 TO THE SCHEME OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 A, a, long, as in Ale, fate, great, pray, range, taste. [See § 1.] 
 
 A, a, shm-l, as ill Add, fat, narrow, raillery. 
 
 A i as in Aerial, Israel, chS.otic, mortmain. 
 
 A, a, like c', as in Air, fare, pear, prayer, scarce. [See § 3.] 
 
 A, a, like <J, as in All, broad, haul, walk, 
 
 A, t, like <5, as in Win, swiliow, quadrant. 
 
 A, g, as in Arm, aunt, grass, [Fr.] pate (pat). [Sec § 2.] 
 
 A, a, as in [Ger.] mann (man), [Fr.] pas (pa). 
 
 A, a, as in Beggar, comma, metal, scholar. 
 
 E, e, lonq, as in Eve, mete, beam, ceil, piece, people. 
 
 £, g, short, as in End, mSt, head, hgifer, leopard. 
 
 E, §, as in Eject, appetite, serenity, strophe. 
 
 E, e, like «, as in Ere, bear, heir, where. [See § 3.] 
 
 B, e, like T, as in Err, term, servant, defer. [See § 4.] 
 
 ^, 5, like «, as in Sight, invSigh, prSy. 
 
 E, e, as in Brier, general, robber, suffer. 
 
 I, i, long, as in Iit, ice, pine, child, aisle, height, tie. 
 
 1, 1, short, as in Ill, inn, pin, lily, guilt, sieve. 
 
 i, i, as in Idea, diurnal, triumphant. 
 
 1, i, like (', as in Marine, pique, police, ravine. 
 
 i, i, like ?, as in Irksome, fir, girl, virtuous. [See § 4.] 
 
 I, i, as in Elixir, nadir, tapir. 
 
 O, 6, long, as in Old, tone, foe, snow, sovl, yeoman. [See § 5.] 
 
 5, 6, short, as in 6dd, on, cot, knowledge, moral. 
 
 6, 6, as in Obey, borrSw, [Fr.] homme (um). [See § 5.] 
 
 O, o, like (7, as in Orb, order, georgic, bought. 
 
 O, 6, like 00, as in Move, prove, shoe, soup. 
 
 O, 6, like u, as in Come, does, done, blood, touch. 
 
 O, 6, as in [Gcr.] bose (bo'z-i), [Fr.] jeu(zho). [Sce§§ 43, 4G.] 
 
 P, 9, as in Author, carol, ransom, connect. 
 
 Br, u, long, as in Use, cube, tiine, lute, feudal. [See § G.] 
 
 tr, ii, short, as in tJs, cub, tun, hurry. 
 
 U, ft, as in Unite, ague, cupidity, globule. 
 
 6", u, like 00, &3 in True, ruin, erudite, virulent. [See § G.]
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 tj, % like do, as in Tull, pfill, push, coftld. 
 
 tr, u, as in Urn, fur, furry, incur, purple. fSeo § 4.] 
 
 ij, ii, as in [Gcr.] griin, [Fr.] vue ( vu). [See §§ 34, 51.] 
 
 y, u, as in Sulphur, glorious. 
 
 Y, y, lone/, as in Type, fly, style, buy, rye. 
 
 "$", f, sliort, as in Nymph, lyric, mythic, symbol. 
 
 Y, y, as in Typhoon, hydraulic, lyceum. 
 
 Y, y, like e, as in Myrrh, myrtle, syrt. [See § 4.] 
 
 Y, y, as in Martyr, zephyr. 
 
 IS, GD, like e, as in Ccesar {long), iEschylus {slTort). 
 
 CE3, ce, like e, as in CrcDsus [Ivng), CEdipus (short). 
 
 EW, ew, like u, as in . . . Ewe, de'w, few, new (=ii), crew (=00). 
 
 01, oi, as in Oil, foible, foist, join, loiter, poignant. 
 
 OY, oy, as in Oyster, boy, employ, joyous, royal. ' 
 
 CO, do, as in Eobd, noon, mc5bd, obzc. 
 
 00, c5b, as in Foot, gd&d, std&d, vrdblly. 
 
 Otr, 6u, as in Oiince, bound, house, pout. 
 
 OW, tw, as ia Owl, no^, tower, vowel. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 9. 5, as in Cent, 9ity, 9yst, a9id, flacfid, Eucf ess. 
 
 9, c, as in §age, coal, cure, flaccid, success. 
 
 CH, 9h, as in Chaise, 9hampagne, nia9hine. 
 
 CH, ch, as in Chasm, chaos, character, echo. 
 
 CH, ch, as in Chance, cheer, church, teacher. [Sec § 8.] 
 
 &, g, as in G et, give, tiger, foggy. 
 
 G, g, as in G em, gender, giant, elegy. 
 
 H, h, as in [Sp.] Jorge (hof'jja), hijo (ee'ho). [See § GO.] 
 
 K, k, as in [Ger.] ach (%), buch (boojj). " [See § 71.] 
 
 ]^,Jfc, as in [Ger.] ich (ik), durch (doork). [See § 71.] 
 
 L, 1, as in [Sp.] Uano, (Ta'no), [It.] gU "(lee). [See § 82.] 
 
 K", n, as in [Fr.] regne (rafi), [Sp.] nono. [See §§ G2, 78.] 
 
 ^5 °> as in [Fr.] vin (va"), [Port.] vim (vcc"). [Sec § C2.] 
 
 If, n, like ng, as in Ink, uncle, anger, aixxiety, larynz. 
 
 If G, ng, as in Singing, hanger, prolong, young. 
 
 PH, ph, as in Phantom, philosophy, seraphic. 
 
 QU, qu, as in Quantity, queen, quince, banquet. 
 
 B" i". as in [Fr.] mer (mef ), [Sp.] rata (fa'ta). [See § G4.] 
 
 §, s, like z, as in Advise, pregide, rose, dismal, spasm. 
 
 TH, th, as in Father, then, this, therefore, smooth. 
 
 V, v, as in [Gen] schwan (shvan), [Sp.] cubo (koo'vo). [Sec 
 
 "WH,wh,asin "When, which, while. [See § 11.] § C8.] 
 
 ^, X, like ^2, as in Example, exemplary, uxorious. 
 
 ZH, zh, as in Azure (a'zhoor), usual (ii'zlioo-al), vision (nzh'un).
 
 xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 *#* In addition to what appears in the Key, the following explanations will be 
 needed for understanding the notation made use of in this Dictionary: — 
 
 Diacritical marks have been dispensed with, in the case of English names, 
 wherever it seemed that the accentuation and the division into syllables would 
 be suflicient to indicate the true pronunciation to any one familiar with the more 
 general and commonly -understood principles of English orthoepy; but, in all 
 exceptional, doubtful, or difficult cases, the appropriate marks are used. Most 
 of the names from modern foreign languages are respelt. 
 
 In combinations of vowels, where one letter is marked, it is to be taken as 
 representing the sound of the combination, and the letter or letters which are 
 not marked are to be regarded as silent; as in grain, deal, seize, tie, door, group, 
 journey, JlOw, &c. 
 
 The combined letters ce, ci, sci, se, si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a syl- 
 lable immediately preceded by an accented syllable, are generally equivalent 
 to sh ; as in o'ceau, sapona'ccous, coer'cjon, magi'cfan, an'cj'ent, gra'czous, 
 omni'scjence, nau'«eous, tran'^/ent, pa'/<ence, vexa'i/ous, proba'fo'on, &c. But if, 
 the combination si, when thus situated, is at the same time preceded by a vowel, 
 it has the sound represented by the digraph sk ; as in eli'sion, explo'sion, suffu'- 
 sion, &c. Such syllables are not usually respelt, as, in general, they will naturally 
 be pronounced correctly by an English speaker. 
 
 In respelling for pronunciation, aio and ee are often used instead of a and a 
 respectively. 
 
 In the notation of oil and oiv (as in ounce, owl), the mark over the o [''] is 
 intended to suggest the first element of the diphthong, namely, a as in arm 
 (marked a), and the circumflex [*] over the u and the w, to indicate the second 
 element, namely, u as in true (marked u). 
 
 The sounds represented by d, e, t, 6, ti, y, are essentially the same in quality 
 as the proper long sounds of these vowels, but differ in quantity, being less pro- 
 tracted in utterance. In respelling foreign names for pronunciation, a, e (or e), 
 and 0, are generally used instead of «, i; and o, unless a full accent falls upon 
 the vowel. 
 
 The marked letters a, e, i, q, u, y^ represent the sound of " the neutral vowel," 
 or M as in us, urn. They occur only in imaccented syllables. Diacritical signs 
 placed above these letters are intended to indicate their normal or theoretical 
 value. Thus, salad, cymbal, altar, hillock, lion, sailor, ballot, confess, would 
 regularly be pronounced sal'dd, cym'bdl, al'tar, hil'lock. Won, sail'or, hal'ldt, 
 con-fess', but in fluent, and particularly in colloquial, utterance, the unaccented 
 vowel is apt to suffer a corruption or change of its distinctive quality, falling 
 mto the easier sound of the neutral vowel, so that the actual or customary pro- 
 nunciation of the words in question is sal'ud, cym'bul, al'tur, hil'luch, li'un, 
 sail'ur, hal'lut, cun-fess'. They may, therefore, be printed thus: — sal'dd, cym'. 
 bql, al'tar, hil'ldcJc, li'dn, sail'or, bal'ldt, c6n-fess'. 
 
 The letter s is doubled, in the orthoiipical respelling, to indicate the "sharp" 
 or hissmg sound of this member of the alphabet, in cases where a single 3 
 would be liable to be pronounced like z; as expeyise (eks-penss'). 
 
 In a word having more than one accent, the primary or principal accent is
 
 INTKODUCTIOX. XVU 
 
 denoted by a hea^'^' mark; the secondary, or subordinate, by a lighter mark ; as 
 in Ad'anias'tm: la the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides 
 performing their proper office, supply the place of the hyphen. 
 
 An apostrophe [ ' ] is used in the respelling of certain French words to show 
 that an unaccented e is either entirely mute, or is pronoimced with the briefest 
 possible sound of e in her. It is also used after y, in some cases, to denote that 
 this letter is to be pronounced with its consonant sound, as in yard, yes, &c. 
 
 A tie ["^3 placed over two or more vowels denotes that they must be pro- 
 nounced without an obvious separation into distinct syllables; as, Hauy (a'ift'). 
 
 The figures which follow some of the names in the Vocabulary refer to cor- 
 responding sections in the following " Remarks " and"Eules." 
 
 EEMARKS ON SOME POINTS OF ENGLISH ORTHOEPY. 
 
 § 1. The sound of a in ale, fate (commonly called " long n "), though regarded 
 by many writers as a simple element, is in most cases diphthongal, beginnuig 
 with a sound closely resembling that of the first e in there, but slightly less 
 open, and ending with a brief sound of e in me. (See § 3.) This final e sound 
 is usually omitted in unaccented syllables, and in the correct pronunciation of 
 the common foreign equivalent of a; namely, e as in [Fr.] bete, nee, [Ger.] 
 emg, &c. (See § 31.) 
 
 A (as in hath, dance, &c.). 
 § 2. There is a considerable class of words (chiefly monosyllables) ending 
 in aff, aft, ash, asp, ass, ast, with a few ending in ance, and, and ant (as staff, 
 graft, mask, rasp, glass, last, lance, commatul, pant), to which must be added 
 castle, advantage, half, and some other words, in the pronunciation of which, 
 usage, both in England and America, is far from being uniform, some speakers 
 giving to the vowel the full, open sound of a in far {a), and some the abrupt, 
 flat sound of a in man (a), while others, seeking for a compromise between these 
 two extremes, either slightly shorten the a, or dwell upon the a. Of these 
 varieties, the first and second (a and a) are much the most common. The 
 drawled a was never more than a temporary and local fashion, which — ac- 
 cording to Smart — has been generally laid aside in England, and which seems to 
 be going out of use in America, in those parts where it has hitherto prevailed. 
 The brief S, — improperly styled "intermediate," — though recommended by 
 Worcester, Goodiich, and some other orthoepists, differs so slightly from the 
 fuller form of this vowel, that the distinction attempted to be set up is practically 
 a nugatory one. Words belonging to the class under consideration are in this 
 Dictionary marked as having the full sound of a in far ; but the reader is, in 
 every instance, referred to this section, and can decide for himself which of the 
 sounds here described he will adopt in his own practice. 
 b
 
 xviii INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 A, ]&. 
 
 § 3. The sound of a Iioard in fare, lair, &c., and of e in there, heir. Sec, when 
 these words arc correctly pronounced, is a lengthened fonn of the e in 7nei, or of 
 the initial element in long a (a as in mate), sounds which are closely allied, and 
 are, by some writers, regarded as identical. Instead of this, however, many 
 speakers substitute a prolongation of the a in mat, — a mode of utterance which, 
 notwithstanding its I'rcquency and its equal graccfidness, is opposed by the ma- 
 jority of cultivated speakers, including most of the orthoiipists. 
 
 E, 1, U, ■§■. 
 § 4. The vowel u before r, in sucli words as «r??, fin; furrij, incur, incurring, 
 &c. (sometimes called the " neutral vowel," from its peculiarly dull and indiscrete 
 character), is very common in English, and has a uniform and well-known sound. 
 According to the common practice, both in England and America, and according 
 to most -writers upon the sid)ject, the vowels e, i, and y, and the digraph ea, when 
 similarly situated, have precisely the same sound. But some speakers, particu- 
 larly among the more refined and aristocratic classes of English society, give 
 them a diiferent and peculiar sound, which is best described as intermediate 
 between that of n in urn, and that of e in met, being less guttural than the 
 former, and less palatal than the latter. This " delicacy " of pronmiciation, 
 as it has been tenncd, is not observed in unaccented syllables, or in "very 
 common words," even by those who arc tenacious of its observance in other 
 cases. In this work, all these vowels are marked in the same way (e, I, u, y), 
 but the reference-figure appended to words in ths Dictionary in which they 
 occur, will direct the reader to this section, that he may not be left in ignorance 
 of the fact that there is a diversity of usage in their pronunciation. 
 
 0,6. 
 
 § 5. The sound of o in old, note, &c. (commonlj' called "long o"), though by 
 some writers regarded as a simple sound, is in reality diphthongal, ending in a 
 slight sound of oo in food, or in foot. The initial element is the normal o, 
 intermediate in quality between aw (as in saiv) and vo. The terminal oo 
 sound is usually omitted in imaccented syllables. 
 
 In some parts of America, particularly in New England, it is very common 
 to shorten the sound of long o in certain monosyllables, and in the accented 
 syllable of some other words, by dropping the brief final element which properly 
 belongs to the vowel, and at the same time making the initial element shghtly 
 more open in quality; but the practice is an unauthorised provincialism. This 
 shortened form of long o is heard in the words home, stone, wholly. Sec. It also 
 occurs in some foreign languages. As it differs but little from the soimd of un- 
 accented o (in cnr'ffo, ech'o, &c.), it is, in thid Dictiouarj', represented by the 
 same diacritical sign (o). 
 
 U. 
 
 § 6. The sound of u in unit, cube, mute, &c. (commonly called " long u"), is 
 a compound sound formed of consonant y as the initial element, and the oo in
 
 INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 food as the final element. The sound of consonant y is distinefly lieard -when 
 M (or an)' of its equivalent digraphs) makes or begins an iniiial syllable (as in 
 unite, use) ; when it is preceded b}- any one of the labial or palatal sounds p, h, 
 m, f, V, k, ff (as in 2)u(ricl, burjle, music, fusion, view (= vu), cubic, r/jdcs) ; and when 
 it is preceded by any one of the dental sounds d, t, I, n, (It, provided the preced- 
 ing vowel is short and under the accent (as in ed'ucate, rit'ual, sul'utary, mdn'u- 
 ment, spdih'ulaie). But when it is preceded, in the same syllable, by any one of 
 the consonants d, t, I, n, s, ih, it is dilliciUt to introduce the sound of y, and hence 
 careless speakers omit it altogether, saying dook, tuob, lout, nood, soot, enthoosiasm, 
 instead of duke, tube, lute, nude, suit, enthusiasm. The reason is, that, after 
 forming these dental consonants, the organs are in a position to pass directly and 
 easily to the labial oo ; but to insert the palatal y before the oo, is to go back 
 from a medial to a posterior position of the organs before proceeding to an 
 anterior position. Although the tendency to get rid of the y, in such cases, is a 
 natural and legitimate one, it is only so far yielded to by the best speakers as to 
 substitute for the y the closely related clement short ?, made as brief as possible, 
 and pronounced in the same syllable as the oo. If, in similar situations, the u is 
 preceded by tlie sound of r, sh, or zJi, it takes the simple sound of oo in food ; as, 
 ride (rool), true (troo), viridcnt (vir'oo-lent), sure (shoor), azure (a'zhoor). 
 When preceded by ch or j, the practice of difl'ercnt speakers varies, some 
 sounding the u as oo, others as i-oo. 
 
 H. 
 
 § 7. The soimd of h in hand, heart. Sec, is a pure aspiration produced by an 
 emission of breath through whatever configuration of the vocal channel maybe 
 requisite for uttering a succeeding vowel or semivowel, the organs being always 
 adjusted to the position of the next following sound before the h is pronounced. 
 Yet h is palpably not a whisper of the following sound. If it -were so, a whispered 
 he woiUd be nothing more than a prolonged whispered e, whereas the difference 
 between the two elements is very marked, and is felt not only by the "speaker, 
 but by the hearer as well. Physiologically considered, h is formed by an expul- 
 sion of unvocalised breath through the glottis, which is opened wide through its 
 Avhole extent. In simple whispering of the vowels, on the contrary, the vocal 
 chords are brought together, — approximated, though not stretched, or but 
 slightly so, — and the breath, in passing through, is thus not only rendered audi- 
 ble, but acquires a peculiar and distinctive quality of roughness, which ap- 
 proaches in a greater or less degree to actual sonancy. 
 
 CH, J. 
 
 § 8. The digraph ch (as in church) is regarded by some writers as repre- 
 senting a simple sound; but most orthoi'pists consider that it is compounded 
 of i and sh. Neither view is quite right, nor is either wholly wrong. In forming 
 ch, there is an attempt at blending t and sh in a single sound, the result of 
 which is to modify the former of these elements by causing it to be produced, 
 not in the ordinary way with the tip of the tongue against the gum of the
 
 XX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 upper front teeth, but with the flat surface of the tongue, near the tip, applied 
 witliin the dome of the palate at the point where a slight relaxation of the 
 contact, accompanied with an emission of breath, gives rise to the sound of */'■ 
 Considering the brevity of the two elements, and the peculiar closeness with 
 wliich they are combined, we may regard ch as a consonant diphthong, or, as 
 Miiller expresses it, "only one whole consonant" consisting of "a half t and 
 a half sh." 
 
 The sound of ^ — which is merely a vocal ch — is composed in like manner 
 of a modilied d followed by zk. 
 
 B. 
 
 § 9. According to many English orthoepists, the letter r has two distinct though 
 related sounds, — the one a dental or lingual consonant, formed by a contact of 
 the margin of the fore part of the tongue with the inner surface of the upper 
 side teeth, the tip of the tongue touching, or nearly touching, the gum of the front 
 teeth with a slight quivering or tremulous motion as the stream of intonated 
 breath flows over it, heard (1.) when this letter is not preceded by a vowel, as in 
 rose, dream, pray, strike ; and (2.) when it is placed between two vowels of which 
 the former is short, as in arid, peril, spirit, coral, lyric, sorry (=sciry), Jmrry 
 (=hury); the other a guttural sound, nearly resembling a vowel, formed by a 
 slight vibration of the root of the tongue and the uvula, heard when the let- 
 ter r occurs before any consonant, or is itself the final consonant in a word, as 
 in part, verse, mirth, torn, surf, far, nor, slur. In the first case, r is sometimes 
 strongly trilled or rolled by a violent emission of the vocal current; but, in 
 ordinary pronunciation, the sound is peculiarly smooth and liquid, and any de- 
 cided vibration of the tongue is laborious, pedantic, and altogether un-English. 
 
 If r follows any one of the vowels a, e, f, 0, u, do, 6u, a slight sound of the 
 neutral vowel (?« in urn) is inserted before the r, forming a diphthong with the 
 preceding vowel, or, in the case of l, u, and ou, a triphthong. Thus, care, dear, 
 wire, more, lure, boor, sour, are pronounced ca'ur, de'ur, wi'ur, mo'ur, lu'ur, 
 boo^, sou'ur. In English usage, the r is thus joined to the preceding vowel hi 
 all cases in which this vowel is in an accented syllable ; and if, at the same time, 
 a vowel follows, the r has, according to some orthoepists, both its guttural and its 
 lingual sound; as in vary (var'y, or var'iy), era (er'a, or er'ra), to)-y (tor'y, or 
 tor'rj'), hurin (bur'in, or bur'rin), houi-i (huur'I, or hour'ri), &c. In the United 
 States, this mode of pronunciation is, for the most part, confined to words ending 
 with r or re preceded by one of the above-mentioned vowels, and to the deriva- 
 tives of such words. Thus, dearest (from dear) is pronounced dear'est, or 
 dear'rest; boorish (from boor), boor'ish, or boor'rish; sourer (from sow), sour'er, 
 or sour'rer, &c. ; but vary is va'ry ; era, e'ra ; tory, to'ry, &c. The Scotch, on the 
 contrary, preserve the vowel pure even in derivatives, saying dea'rest, boo'rish, 
 sou'rer, &c., as well as va'ry, e'ra, to'ry, &c. 
 
 It must be observed that some very acute and eminent phonologists utterly 
 deny the existence of the alleged double pronunciation of r, maintaining that 
 the letter has, in English at least, one unvaried sound in all situations, produced 
 between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum. Others allow that when
 
 INTRODUCTION-. XXl 
 
 r is preceded by a long or full vowel, a slight guttural vibration accompanies the 
 lingual articulation ; but they do not regard this modification of the sound as 
 affording sufficient ground for its discrimination into two distinct and inde- 
 pendent elements. It is not improbable that the disagreement of authorities 
 in regard to the precise nature of the "guttural r" is owing, in some measure, to 
 actual difference of utterance. 
 
 It is further to be observed, that, in the best style of pronunciation, r is 
 never silent; but that, Avhen it occurs after a vowel, it is commonly suppressed 
 by careless or imeducated speakers. 
 
 ■W, Y. 
 
 § 10. The soimds signified by w and y, when these letters occur at the be- 
 ginning of a word or syllable, as in woo, ye, &c., are considered by some writers 
 to be identical with the vowels oo and e respectively; they are, however, formed 
 by a closer approximation of the articulative organs, which destroys the pure 
 vocality of the vowel sounds, and gives them a consonantal or semi - conso- 
 nantal character. They are not, however, perfect consonants ; for it is impossible 
 to prolong them, and the attempt to do so results only in the production of the 
 vowels 00 and e. 
 
 ■WH. 
 
 § 11. The digraph icli is regarded by many modem orthoiipists as repre- 
 senting a simple elementary sound, which is the surd or whispered correspondent 
 of w. Of those who take this view, some say that the soimd of wh is followed 
 by that of jy ; as in ichen (wh-w-e-n): others assert that the voice is not heard 
 until the following vowel is commenced, when, for example, being pronounced 
 ■wh-e-n; but such persons wrongly analyse their own pronunciation. The com- 
 mon opinion is, that both letters of the digraph are pronounced with their usual 
 sounds, only in the reverse order, — hw, — according to the original Anglo-Saxon 
 orthography. But h-io does not differ from wh-io, h being an emission of un- • 
 vocalised breath through the position taken by the organs of speech in fonning 
 the next following element, as is explained in § 7. 
 
 EULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND 
 LATIN WORDS. 
 
 § 12. The established English pronunciation of Latin words and of Latinised 
 forms of Greek words is conformed to the general laws and tendencies of the 
 English language. Hence, the proper position of the accent and the syl- 
 labication having been determined, each syllable is to be pronounced according 
 to the usual powers or sounds of the letters in English, except in cases specially 
 provided for in the following rules.
 
 xxil INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 Vowels. 
 
 § 13. (1.) Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and c, o, and u at tha 
 ciul of an unaccented syllable, have the long English sound; as, Cu'to, CU'res, 
 M't'das, So' Ion, NiVma, Pe-li'dex, Ilu-me'rus, Lu-ca'nus. 
 
 § 14. (2.) If a syllable ends with a consonant, the vowel has its short English 
 sound; as, Bdl'bus, Miin'non, Mus'cltus, I'ub'lius. 
 
 ExcEii'iox. — E, in linal es, lias its long sound; as in Achilles (a-kil'liz). 
 
 § 15. (3.) A, ending an unaccented syllable, is sounded like a in comma; as, 
 Cre-u'sa, A-ri'on. 
 
 §16. (-i.) I-J final is always sounded; as in He'be, Pe-nel'o-iK. 
 
 § 17. (5.) The diphthongs ce and ce are pronounced as e would be in the sama 
 situation ; as, Casar (sc'zar), CEiione (c-no'nc), Dmdalus (ded'a-lus), (Edipus 
 (ed'i-pus). 
 
 § 18. (G.) 7, ending a final syllabk, has its long English sound; as, E-pig'o-n'i. 
 Ending an initial unaccented sj'Ilablc, it has in some cases its long sound, as in 
 Bt-a'mr, I-u'lus ; and in some its short sound, as in Ci-lic'i-a, I-ta'U-a. In all 
 other cases, ending an unaccented syllable, it has its short soimd; as, Fd'U-us. 
 
 § 19. (7.) Y is pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 
 
 § 20. (8.) When ui, ci, oi, and yi, not initial, are followed by another vowel, 
 and take the accent on the a, c, o, or y, the i assumes the sound of consonant i/y 
 and the vowel before it has its long soimd; as in Maia (ma'ya), Ili/r/eia (hi-je'ya), 
 FomjKius (pom-pG'yus), Latola (la-to'ya), Harpijia (har-pl'ya). 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 § 21. (9.) The consonants c and f/ have their " soft " sound, like s and /, be- 
 fore f, i, y, fc, and a ; before «, o, and w, or a consonant, they have their 
 "hard" sound; as in cot, ffo. 
 
 ExcEPTiox. — When (/, having the sound of /, is preceded by another ff, the 
 former of the two is suppressed, or may be said to coalesce in sound with the 
 second; as, Agrjenus (a-je'nus). 
 
 § 22. (10.) The combination ch is pronomiced like Z;; as, Charon (kfi'ron). 
 
 § 23. (11.) Each of the three consonants c, s, and t, when preceded im- 
 mediately by the accent, or itself endmg an accented syllable, and followed by 
 ia, ie, ii, io, or iu, commonly has the sound of sh ; as in Por'cia (por'shi-a), 
 Chj'iic (klish'i-e), Hora'tli (ho-ra'shi-i), Pho'cion (fO'shi-on), Cas'sius (kash'i- 
 us). C has also the same sound, when following an accented vowel, and stand- 
 ing before eu and yo ; as, Mtnce'ceus (me-ne'she-us), Si'cyon (sish'i-on). 
 
 Exception. — When si, immcdiatelv preceded by an accented vowel, is fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, the s takes the sound of zh; as in He'siod (he'zhi-od). 
 — Tliough not properly an exception to the rule, it may be stated that zi similarly- 
 situated is pronounced in the same manner ; as in Aly'zia (a-lizh'i-a). — T, 
 when preceded l)y another t, and commonlv in the terinination tion, has its 
 proper sound (lieard in top, mnt, &e.); as \n Brut'ti-i, Me'il-on: when preceded 
 by s or x, it lias, according to some authorities, the same sound ; according to 
 others, the sound of cA in church ; as in SuUus'tius (sal-lus'ti-us, or sal-lus'chi-us), 
 Sex'tius (seks'ti-us, or seks'chi-us), &c. 
 
 § 24. (12.) .?, when final, if preceded by c, has the sound of z; as in Per- 
 icles (per'i-klez).
 
 INTRODUCTIOI^. XXlU 
 
 § 25. (13.) X, ending an accented syllable, and standing before i followed by 
 another vowel, has the sound of /csh ; as, Cinx'ia (singk'shi-a). 
 
 § 26. (1-1.) Combinations of initial consonants which are foreign to tlie nature 
 and habits of our language, drop the sound of their first letter or digraph; 
 as in C'lteius (pronounced ne'yus), Ciestphon (tes'i-fon), Gnatho (nu'tlio), Mnemos- 
 yne (ne-mos'i-nc), Piujtagoras (ni-tag'o-ras), Psijche (si'ke), Ptolemy (tol'e-me), 
 Phthas (thas). 
 
 § 27. (15.) The terminations aiis and ous are always to be pronounced in 
 two syllables; as, Ai-diela'us, Alcin'o-us. 
 
 § 28. (16.) The termination eus, in proper names which in Greek end in 
 Evg, as Orpheus, Prometheus, &c., should be pronounced in one syllabic, the 
 eu being a diphthong with the sound of "longei." 
 
 Accent. 
 
 § 29. (17.) Words of two syllables invariably have the accent on the first 
 syllable. In words of more than two sj-Ilables, if the penult is long in quantity, 
 it takes the accent; but, if short, the accent is on the antepenult. When the 
 penult is common, or doubtful, the accent is on the antepenult. 
 
 JBcS" By quantity, in Greek and Latin, is meant the relative time occupied in 
 pronouncing a syllable, tchen those Icnnjuafjes luere spioken tongues. A syllable 
 containing a short vowel maybe lengthened by accompanying consonants; but 
 the ancients seem to have felt the effect of these only when final, and to have 
 made no account of initial consonants — probably because they pronounced them 
 with extreme brevity — in estimating the duration of a syllable. The general 
 rules in relation to quantity are as follows : — 1 . Before j, x, z, or any two 
 consonants except a mute followed by I or r, the vowel of tlie penult is long by 
 position. [This is the language of the grammarians: the voiccJ, in such cases, 
 was probably short or stopped ; but the syllable was long, being made so by the 
 following consonant or consonants.] The digraphs ch, 2'>h, rh, and i!^, which rep- 
 resent simple sounds, are reckoned as single consonants. 2. A vowel before a 
 mute and t or r is common ; that is, either long or short. 3. Diphthongs are long. 
 4. A vowel before another vowel or h is short. In other cases, the quantity must 
 be determined by etj-mology, metrical usage, or the orthography of the word in 
 Greek; but every vowel which cannot be proved to be long, is arbitrarily 
 assumed to be short. — Tlie division of words into syllables — which depends in 
 part upon the position of the accent, and this, in turn, upon quantity — must be 
 understood before words can be correctly pronounced. The rules in regard to 
 this subject may be found in any good Latin grammar. 
 
 BRIEF RULES 
 
 FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OP 
 CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 
 
 Vowels. 
 § 30. (1.) In the languages of the Continent of Europe, the vowel a, when long, 
 has usually the sound of the English a in far, father; when short, nearly that
 
 xxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of a in fni, man; never that of a in faie. A, in French, has a sound resembling 
 that of a in/ar, but deeper and less distinct, verging toward that of a in all: its 
 peculiar quality is due to the retraction of the tongue and the soft palate. A 
 briefer variety of the same sound is heard in the Fr. pas, Ger. mann. In Hun- 
 garian, a is lilceo in no?; «, liken In fay: A, in Swedish, has a sound intermediate 
 between that of a in all, and that of o in note. For the soimds of «, a, a, see 
 §§ 37, 62. 
 
 § 31. (2.) ^generally has a sound similar to that of "long «" in faie, but 
 often like that of " short e " in met, or like the latter when protracted. (See § 1.) 
 £, in French, has the sound of c in tke7i, or that of the initial element in mate 
 (see § 1); e and e have the sound of the first e in there; e (unaccented) is, in 
 most cases, cither entirely silent, or has a very brief sound of the neutral vowel 
 (m in itp, urn). J^, in Swedish, when long, has a sound somewhat like that of 
 short i (in pin), but more prolonged; when short, it is like e in met. In Hun- 
 garian and Polish, e (unaccented) sounds like e in met; e nearly like a in mate. 
 For the soimds of e, e, see § 62. 
 
 §32. (3.) / has usually the sound of i in marine, which is the same as tlie 
 "long e" in me, she, &c. It is often shortened in quantity, like the e in bemoan, 
 but the quality of the soimd remains the same, and should not be suffered to 
 degenerate into that of i in ill. This latter sound, however, is heard in Dutch, 
 and sometimes in German. In Hungarian, i and i differ only in length, the 
 accented vowel being more protracted than the unaccented. 
 
 § 33. (4.) has, for the most part, the same, or nearly the same, sounds 
 that it has in English in the words note, not, north. (See § 5.) It some- 
 times — as in the It. volpe — has a soimd intermediate between that of o in 
 note and that of oo in food. This is called, in Italian, "o chiuso.^' The "o 
 aperto'" of the same language is a sound intermediate between the o of note 
 and that of noi'th. In Swedish and Norwegian, at the end of a syllable, o has 
 the soimd of 6o or of do. 0, in French, has always the full soimd of "long o" 
 in English. In Hungarian, o is nearly like long o in English; 6 has a fuller 
 and deeper sound. In Polish, o sounds like o in note; 6, like oo in food, or 
 in foot. For the soimd of d, see § 46. 
 
 § 34. (5.) U, in most of these languages, has, when long, the sound of u in 
 true (equivalent to the oo in food) ; when short, that of u in full (equivalent to 
 the do in foot). In French, — and also in Dutch, when at the end of a syllable, — 
 it has a sound intermediate between 65 and e, formed by attempting to pronounce 
 these sounds simultaneously, the lips being placed in the position for uttering oo, 
 and the tongue in that for e. The sound is sometimes long and sometimes short, 
 but the difference is merely one of quantity. In Dutch, «, when short or stopped, 
 is sounded as in nut. U, in Swedish, is intermediate between i and ob, but is a 
 pinched and very peculiar sound, differing considerably in its effect upon the ear 
 from that of the French «, the lips being rounded instead of pouted. The near- 
 est equivalent in English is oo. In Hungarian, w (unaccented) has the sound 
 of do; u, a longer and fuller sound of the same general quality. For the sound 
 of u, see § 51. 
 
 § 35. (G.) Y, for the most part, has the same sound that I has; that is, it is
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXV 
 
 like "long c" in English. (See § 32.) In Dutch, it has the sound of the Eng- 
 lish "long 4 " {i in pine); but in the modem Dutch orthos^raphy it is replaced by 
 ij. In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, it is like the French and Dutch u, or 
 the German it. (See § 34.) 
 
 DipMhongs and Vowel Combinations. 
 
 § 36. (7.) Aa, in most languages, has the same sound as single a, — that is, 
 the sound of a in fay; — but is more prolonged. In Danish, it sounds nearly 
 as a in all, but verges towards the sound of o in note. 
 
 § 37. (8.) Ae, or «, when long, is usually sounded like a in fate, or the first c 
 in there; when short, like e in met. (See § 1.) In Dutch, it is like a in far; 
 but the reformed Dutch orthography substitutes aa for ae. 
 
 § 38. (9.) Aeu, or au, in German, has the sound of oi in toil, but is differ- 
 ently pronounced in ditlerent parts of Germany. 
 
 § 39. (10.) Al and n?/ arc generally sounded like the English adverb aj/ (yes); 
 but in French they have nearly the sound of a in fate, or e in there. (See § 1.) 
 
 §40. (11.) Eau,in French, has the same sound as the French au; that is, 
 of the English "long o." 
 
 §41. (12.) Ee has a prolonged sound of the foreign e, which is nearly 
 equivalent to the English a in fate. (See § 31.) 
 
 §42. (13.) Ei and ey are generally like ay in day, when this word is pro- 
 nounced with the full diphthongal sound of the vowel. In French, they have a 
 more open soimd, resembling that of e in met, or that of a in mate with the ter- 
 minal element of the a omitted. (See § 1.) In German and Danish, they are like 
 the English adverb «?/ (yes); that is, they unite the sounds of a in ybw* and i in 
 ill, and hence nearly resemble our "long i." 
 
 §43. (14.) -ffw, in French and Dutch, has — with some variations of quantity, 
 and some slight differences of quality — a sound similar to that of u in iirn, but 
 more accurately described as intermediate between the a in mate and the o in 
 note, and formed by an attempt to pronounce these vowels simultaneously. ( See 
 § 46.) Eit, in German and Danish, sounds like oi in toil. In Italian, Spanish, 
 and Portuguese, it is equivalent to a'oo. 
 
 §44. (15.) le usually sounds like e in me, but, in German, it sometimes 
 makes two syllables, and, in French, before r final, forms a diphthong which 
 is pronounced e-a. 
 
 §45. (16.) li is equivalent to i — that is, to the English "long c," as in 
 me — prolonged. 
 
 § 46. (17.) Oe, or o (in Dan. 0), in the Germanic languages, is essentially the 
 same as cu in French (see § 43), though most authorities recognise a slight 
 difference of quality between the two sounds, o inclining more to the sound 
 of a, and having the lips more pursed up for its utterance, than eu. The u in 
 urn is the nearest English approximation to both. In Hungarian, i or d is 
 merely a longer variety of d. 
 
 §47. (18.) ffiw, in French, is like eu in the same language. (See § 43.) 
 
 §48. (19.) Oi, in French, sounds, in most words, nearly like ^va in vhu. In 
 some words, it formerly had the sound now given to ai, by which it is replaced
 
 XXVi IXTKODUCTION. 
 
 in the mouom French spelling. 01, in Danish, is like oi in English; 0i is 
 O'e, with the o short, or brief. 
 
 § 49. (20.) Oo, has the sound of oo in ffoor, or o in Twte, somewhat prolonged, 
 and without the final element of this sound in English. 
 
 §50. (21.) On, in French, when long, is like oo in food; when short, like 
 00 in foot. In Dutch and Noi-wegian, it has the sound of ou in the English 
 Avord out. In I'ortugucse, it is u&.ually pronounced like the English " long o." 
 
 § 51. (22.) Ue, or u, in the Germanic languages, is sounded like the French u. 
 (See § 34.) In Hungarian, u or u is merely a longer variety of ii. 
 
 § 52, (23.) Ul and «?/, in Dutch, resemble oi in English. 
 
 § 53. (24.) Uii is like oo in food, but longer. 
 
 Consonants. 
 
 § 54. (25.) B, in German and Danish, at the end of a word, sounds like p. 
 In Spanish, between two vowels, its soimd is intermediate between those of t!ie 
 English b and u% and may be described as a v made without the aid of the; 
 teedi, but with the lips alone, which arc iwuted and brought flatly and feebly 
 into contact. 
 
 § 55. (26.) C, in Italian, before eand i, soimds like ch in churcli; in Spanish, 
 in the same position, like ih in thin (though in Catalonia and in Spanish 
 America it has the sound of s). In German and Danish, before e, i, y, a, 6 (0), ii, 
 or a diphthong commencing with any one of these letters, and in Polish in all 
 positions, it is pronounced like ts. C, in Polish, blends the sounds of ts and con- 
 sonant y. (Compare § 74.) C, in French and Portuguese, sounds like s, before 
 a, o, and u. 
 
 § 56. (27.) D, in Gennan, Dutch, and Swedish, at the end of a word, sounds 
 like t; in Spanish and Danish, when occurring between two vowels, or at the 
 end of a word, like th in tlas, but it is veiy gently pronounced, so as some- 
 times scarcely to be audible. 
 
 § 57. (28.) F, in Swedish, at the end of a word or syllable, sounds as v 
 does in English. 
 
 § 58. (29.) G is alvrays "hard" before a.o, v, as it is in the English word.". 
 gain, gold, (just. In Polish, it is hard in all situations; .so also in Hungarian, 
 unless followed by ./ or y. ( See §§ 7G, 79. ) In French, Spanish, and Portuguese, 
 before e, i, and y, it is like the / of these languages. (See § GO.) In Italian, in 
 the same position, it is like the English ,/, that is, like g in gem. (See § 8.) In 
 Gemian, the standard and best pronunciation makes .7 "hard "in every case 
 when it is followed by a vowel in the same word ; but when preceded and not fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, it has the sound of the German ch. (See § 71.) In Dutch, g, 
 in all positions, has a harsh guttural sound, which is the sonant or vocalised cor- 
 respondent of the German guttural ch. (See § 71.) In Swedish, before c, i, y, a, 
 and 6, and when preceded by any other consonant than re, it sounds like the 
 English consonant y; in Danish, at the end of a word, its .sound is very soft, 
 somewhat resembling that of h. — Gu, in French, Spanish, and Portuguese, 
 before e and i, sounds like gu in guest, guile, the u being inserted to keep the (j 
 in its hard sound before these vowels.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XWil 
 
 §59. (30.) //, in French, Italian, Spanish, and Pordifjuese, is either wholly 
 mute, or is very feebly aspiratLtl. In the ri'niaininR languaf^es of Continental 
 Europe, it soiuids as in English. In all of them, it is mute when it follows a vowel 
 in the same .syllable, it.s olUcc bcin^ merely to show that the vowel has its lon{; 
 sound. In Polish, h is very harshly aspirated, re.senibliug I:, or the German 
 guttural ch. (See § 71.) 
 
 § 60. (31.) J, in German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Polish, and 
 Hungarian, has the soiuid of the English y consonant. In Italian, it has rather 
 the sound of " long e." In French and Portuguese, it has the sound orthoepically 
 represented by zh ; that is, of s in treasure, or z in azure. In Spanish, it has a 
 very peculiar sound, somewhat resembling that of a strongly aspirated /(, and 
 this is substituted for it in Spanish America. " To pronounce it," says Ellis, 
 "the back of the mouth must be stopped by doubling up the back of the 
 tongue, and making an cftbi't as if to hawk up phlegm, the scrape being in the 
 ])alatc, and not in the pharynx." It is most nearly aUied to the Gennan palatal 
 ck, but must not be confounded with it, nor with sh, h, or the guttural cit. 
 
 §61. (32.) L, in French, in the terminations hie, nle, j^^e, &c. (as in tabic, 
 Iranle, simjile), is colloquially whispered, but in serious or careful discourse, it 
 has its usual vocal sound, and is followed by a faint sound of tlie neutral vowel 
 (m in vp, urn). £, in Polish, has a peculiar, thick sound, formed by placing the 
 under side of the tip of the tongue firnih- against the back of the upper front 
 teeth, or the upper gum. 
 
 §62. (33.) M and ??, in French and Portuguese, when final in a word or 
 syllable, and also when not doubled or not followed by a vowel, have no 
 sounl of their own, but are mere diacritical letters, or signs, sei-ving to show 
 that the preceding vowel is nasal, that is, pronounced by opening the back 
 nostrils and allowing the voice to enter the nose simultaneously with its passage 
 through the mouth. The nasal vowels in French are as follov.-s: — 
 1. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 am, an) .-J, in],'in, (o)in 1 cm, on/^x„ urn, un | 
 
 em, en 5 aim, ainl_^n ^^^'^ J cum, eun j ' 
 
 cnn, em 
 (i)en. 
 
 In pronouncing these sounds, there murt be no contact of the tongue and the 
 soft palate, as in forming the sound of ng in English. By some phonetists, 
 the first of these nasal vowels is regai-ded as corresponding to the pure oral 
 vowel mfar; by others, to that in not; but those two sounds are closely re- 
 lated, the brief open o of not (o) being intermediate between the a of far (a) and 
 the o of for {o, a, or aw), and hence ditforing but little from a shortened form of 
 the open u. There is disagreement, also, as to the quality of the third nasal 
 vowel, some referring it to the o in note, or to its briefer form as heard in the 
 New England pronunciation of whole, only, &c. (as is done in this work); while 
 others think that it coiTcsponds to the o in form, north, &c. In Portuguese, 
 the nasality of a vowel is sometimes indicated by the sign "^ (originally a 
 superposed ?«) placed over it. The combinations representing nasal S'owels are 
 a, aa, am, an (pron. d"); em, en (pron. u"); im (pron. e"); o,am,on (pron. 
 S"); um, un (pron. w"). Nasal diphthongs are ae, ui, ao, oe. The terminations
 
 xxviii INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 acs, oes, were formerly MTitten aens, oens. The nasal vowels (5" and u" occur in 
 Polish, in which language they are written a, e. — 31, in conversational French, 
 is whispered, and not vocalised, in such words as schisme ; but, in formal 
 delivery, it has its usual vocal sound, followed hy an indistinct murmur of the 
 mute e. — N liefore ^, in Italian, usually preserves its pure sound; in the other 
 Continental European languages, or in most of them, it takes the sound of the 
 English n in sink. — N, in Spanish, is a variety of n, formed by an attempt to 
 pronounce n and consonant y simultaneously. The same is true of the Polish n. 
 The effect is verj' similar to that produced by the insertion of y after n; as in 
 minion (min'yun). (Compare § 74.) 
 
 § 63. (34.) Qti, in Spanish and Portuguese, when followed by e or i, has the 
 soimd of k ; in other situations, that of koo. In French, the combination has 
 the sound of k before every vowel. In German and Dutch, it is sounded as kw 
 •would be in those languages. (See § C8.) In most other languages, its sound 
 is essentially the same as in English. 
 
 § 64. (35.) R, at the end of a word or sj-llable, is sounded more distinctly, 
 and in other positions is apt to be more strongly trilled, than in English. By 
 us, this letter is usually pronounced with the under surface of the tip of the 
 tongue applied Avithin the dome of the palate, in which position the utterance 
 is naturally verj' smooth and easy. By foreign nations, r is ordinarily produced 
 by applying the upper surface of the tongue's tip to the upper gimi at a point 
 quite near the teeth, which occasions a peculiar harshness of sound, and most 
 generally a decided vibration, or trill. In French, in such words as sahre, cidre, 
 ajiCtre, aiivre, it is usually pronounced as a whisper, but is sometimes vocalised, 
 particvUarly in serious discourse, fonning a syllable with the obscure e. It 
 never admits the interposition of the neutral vowel (m in uj}, urn) between it and 
 a preceding vowel, as is often the case in English. Thus, the French dire is 
 pronounced def or de'rii, whereas the English dear is pronoimced de'ur. 
 
 § 65. (36.) S, between two vowels, has usually the sound of z in zeal. In 
 German, it often has this sound given to it at the beginning of a syllable, but is 
 commonly pronoimced like sz, a hiss gliding instantaneously and almost imper- 
 ceptibly into a buzz. In Hungarian, it sounds like sh in English. S, in Polish, 
 blends in a single utterance the somids of s and consonant y. (Compare § 74.) 
 
 § 66. (37.) T has often a more dental soimd than in English, the tip of the 
 iongue being placed against the cutting edge of the upper fi-ont teeth, and not 
 against the upper gum, as with us. This is particularly obsers-able in Spanish. 
 
 § 67. (38.) J', in Gennan, sounds like f. In Danish, it is usually like v in 
 English, but sometimes has the sound of oo; as in havn (ha'oon, or hoiin); 
 when followed by ?, it has the sound of f. 
 
 § 68. (39.) IF, in German and Dutch, is intermediate between the English b 
 and w, on the one hand, and v, on the other, the inner surfaces of the lips being 
 brought flat against each other, whereas in (Eng.) lo they are rounded, in b the 
 edges are compressed, and in v the lower lip comes in contact with the upper 
 teeth. (See § 54.) By some writers, this pecuhar utterance of w is said to be 
 provincial and dialectical, in German, except in words in which to is preceded 
 by a consonant, as, schwuii. In Polish, w, when it precedes a whispered or mute
 
 INTKODUCTIO:\r. xxix 
 
 consonant, is pronounced as f; in other situations, it has the sound of the 
 German w. 
 
 § 69. (40.) A', in French, has often the sound of j?, and occasionally that of r, 
 but more generally that of ks or of ^s, as in English. In Spanish, it is equivalent 
 to they of that language. (See § GO.) In Portuguese, it is pronounced like 
 sh in sliall. 
 
 § 70. (41.) Z, in German and Swedish, has the sound of is; in Spanish, that 
 of th in think ; in Italian, usually that of dz. In PoUsh, z has the sound of this 
 letter in the English word zeal; z, the sound of zh, as in azure (a'zhoor); 
 z, nearly that of rzh. 
 
 Combined Consonants. 
 
 § 71. (42.) Ch, in Spanish (except in the Catalan dialect, where it sounds as 
 k), is pronounced like the same combination in English in the word church. In 
 Italian and Hungarian, it has the sound of k; in French and Portuguese, of s/(, 
 the exceptions being confined to words in which it occurs before / or r, and to 
 a few words from the Greek, where it sounds like k. In German, Dutch, and 
 Polish, when preceded in the same syllable by any one of the vowels «, o, or u, 
 it has a harsh, guttural sound somewhat resembling a strongly aspirated^ ; as in 
 ach, doch, buch: it is produced by bringing the uvula into contact with the base 
 of the tongue, and forcing unintonatcd breath through the barrier thus formed, 
 the position taken by the organs remaining in other respects unchanged. When 
 preceded by e, i, ci, 6, ii, e«, du, eit, I, n, or r, the sound is palatal, and approxi- 
 mates closely to that of the tirst two elements in the word hue (h^oo), the 
 tongue being considerably raised in the mouth; as in echt, ich, mdchtirj, wochent- 
 lich, biicher, reich, euch, milch, manck, durch. 
 
 JK5" Ch, in German and Dutch, before s radical, has the sound of k; as in 
 Sachsen (szak'sn). 
 
 § 72. (43.) Cs, in Himgarian, has the sound of ch in church. 
 
 § 73. (44.) Cz, in Hungarian, sounds like fs ; in Polish, like ch in church. 
 
 § 74. (45.) Dj and dy, in Hungarian, is a peculiar sound, organically formed 
 by placing the tip of the tongue in the position for uttering d, and simultaneously 
 raising the back part into the position for sounding consonant y, before speaking. 
 It closely resembles the sound of d and consonant y produced in immediate 
 succession, as in verdure (verd'yoor), and hence approximates the kindi-cd somid 
 of,/ in just. 
 
 § 75. (4G.) Gh, in Italian, is like gh in the English words gherkin, ghost; that 
 is, like g in get, begin, &c. 
 
 § 76. (47.) Gj, in Hungarian, is equivalent to dj or dy in the same language. 
 (See § 74.) 
 
 •§ 77. (48.) GZ before i, not followed by a consonant, in Italian, is a peculiar 
 liquid sound formed from I in precisely the same way that the Hungarian dy is 
 formed from d. Examples are gli, marsigli, &c. (See § 74.) The i is mute, if a 
 vowel follows it ; as in batiaglia, miglio, &c. 
 
 § 78. (49.) Gn, in French and Italian, represents a peculiar liquid sound 
 •which is identical with ii in Spanish. (See § G2, and compare § 74.)
 
 XXX INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 79. (30.) Gy, in Hungarian, is like (hj m that language. (See §74.) 
 
 § 80. (51.) Ay, in Swedish, sounds lilce ck in church. 
 
 § 81. (52.) Lh, in Portuguese, is the same in sound with fjl in French and 
 Italian, and II in Spanish. (See §§ 77, 82.) 
 
 § 82. (5-3.) LI, in Spanish, blends the sounds of I and consonant i/ in a single, 
 though compound utterance, by an attempt to pronounce them simultaneously, 
 the back part of the tongue being placed in the position for forming ?/, and the 
 tip at the same time in that for forming I. The etfect produced is very nearly 
 the same as in the English words fdial (lil'yal), million (mil'yun), &c., where 
 the y follows the /, instead of being amalgamated with it. (Compare § 74.) — In 
 French, the sound here described is, by some speakers, given to II, when preceded 
 by i, and followed by a vowel ; but, according to the modern popular style of 
 pronunciation, the sound of the I is dropped, while that of y is often whispered. 
 Thus, poyj/Zfow is pronounced pa'pel'yo"', or pa'pe'yo"^'; fdle, fel, or fe'y'; 
 mouillc, mool'ya', or moo'ya'. It is to be observed that the i preceding II is 
 silent, if itself preceded by a vowel. 
 
 § 83. (54.) Ly, in Hungarian, is pronounced like Uin Spanish. (See § 82.) 
 
 § 84. (55.) iVV7,in German and Swedish, has the same sound as in the English 
 Avords sinr/, sinf/ei: 
 
 § 85. (5G.) A7(, in Portuguese, con-esponds to the Spanish n. Ny, in Ilim- 
 garian, has the same sound. (See § G2.) 
 
 § 86. (57.) Pfi, in all the languages of Continental Europe in which it occots, 
 has the same sound, that of J'. 
 
 § 87. (58.) Jik is pronounced like simple r. 
 
 § 88. (50.) i?5, in Polish, is a peculiar sound, said to be uttered by placing the 
 tongue in the position for ^/;, and trilling the tip, M'hich is at liberty ; in other 
 words, it is a simultaneous pronunciation of r and zh. 
 
 § 89. (CO.) (S'c, in Italian, before e and i, is soimded like sk in shall; in 
 other positions, like sJc. /Sc', in Polish, imites the sounds of s and c. (See §§ 
 C5, 55.) 
 
 § 90. (Gl.) Sch, in German, sounds like sh in shall ; in Italian, before e and 
 f, like sch in school, or sk in sJdll ; in Dutch and Polish, before all the vowels, it 
 resembles sh, but is harsher, the ch having the guttural or palatal soiuid de- 
 ficribed in § 71. 
 
 §91. (G2.) Ss, in the Germanic languages, has the same shai-p and hissing 
 round that it usually has in English. 
 
 §92. (G3.) &, in German and Hungarian, sounds like s in sun; in Polish, 
 like sh in shall. 
 
 § 93. (64.) Szcz, in Polish, is pronounced as shch would be in English. 
 
 § 94. (65.) Th, in all the languages of Continental Europe, except the Modem 
 Greek (in which t?, the graphic equivalent of ih, has the same sound that this 
 digraph usually has in English), is pronounced like thin thyme, Thomas, that is, 
 like simple t. 
 
 § 95. (GG.) TJ and ty, in Hungarian, blend the sounds of i and consonant y in 
 the same manner that dj and dy, in the same language, blend the sounds of d 
 and y. (See § 74.) The nearest English equivalent is the combination of t
 
 INTRODUCTIOX. XXXI 
 
 and y in the pronunciation sometimes given to the words nature (nfifyoor), 
 virtue (vert'yoo), &c., though the ch iu church is a very similar sound. 
 
 § 96. (67.) Ts, in Hungarian, is like ch in church, being the same as tlie 
 Hungarian cs. (See § 72.) 
 
 §97. (G8.) Tsch, in German, sounds very nearly as ch in clnirch. (See §§ 
 8, 90.) 
 
 §98. (CD.) Zs, in Hungarian, is like zh in English, as heard in the pronun- 
 ciation of azure (a'zhoor), confusion (kon-fii'zhun), «S;c. 
 
 § 99. (70.) Zschi in German, has very nearly the sound of ch in church; 
 thus Zschokke is pronounced almost like chok'ka. (See §§ 8, 70, and 00.) 
 
 § 100. (71.) Z::, in Italian, usually has the sound of ts. 
 
 § 101. (72.) The letters h and^ have the same sound as in English. 
 
 § 102. (73) Double consonants, in some foreign languages, are dwelt upon 
 in a marked manner, producing the effect of double articulation, though there 
 is but one contact of the organs of speech. This is particularly observable in 
 Italian words; as, e. r/.., hanno, pronounced un'no, and not a'no, the two ?i's 
 being pronoimced as distinctly as in the English word unnerve. But if the 
 double letters are cc or [/</, and the second c or .17 has the power of ch (in 
 church) or of j, in consequence of being followed by any one of the vowels 
 e, i, and y, the first c or g has the sound of t or d; thus vcciso is pronoimced 
 dbt-che'zo, not 06-che'zo nor obch-e'zo; orjffl is od'jee not 6'jee nor oj'ee. In 
 like manner, zz is equivalent to i-ts, sometimes to d-dz. 
 
 Final consonants in French — with the exception of c, f, I, r, in most 
 casej — are not generally pronounced, unless immediately followed, in the 
 same sentence, by a word beginning with a vowel. But final consonants, 
 in classical and foreign names adopted in French, are almost always articu- 
 lated. 
 
 Accent. 
 
 §103. (74.) The French language, — as sjwJccn, — luilike the English, has no 
 decided accent, all the syllables of a vrord being uttered with a nearly equal 
 stress of voice, except those in which the mute or obscure e occurs, and those in 
 which i, w, or ou, precedes a syllable commencing with a vowel. To an English 
 ear, however, the French seem to accent the last syllable of a word, because the 
 general tendency of our own language is to throw the accent back toward the 
 beginning of the word. Hence, it is the usual practice in English books, in 
 respelhng French words for pronunciation, to mark the last syllable as having 
 the accent; at the same time, secondary accents may be placed on the other 
 syllables, to prevent them from being slurred over, or too hurriedly and indis- 
 tinctly pronounced, as is often the case in the enunciation of unaccented sjd- 
 lables in English. It may be observed, that, in French words derived from the 
 Latin, the final spoken syllable always represents the accented syllable of the 
 Latin; it therefore has a right to, and, in point of fact, receives, whatever accent 
 there is. 
 
 The Hungarian language, like the French, has no accent, the sjdlables of a
 
 xxxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 v/ord being distinguished from each otlier solely by quantity, as in Greek and 
 Latin. (See§ 29.) But in this work, as in others, an accent is placed on the 
 lon'^ syllable, in conformity with tlie principle observed in tlie accentuation of 
 Greek and Latin words. 
 
 In the Germanic family of languages, the principal accent falls upon the radi- 
 cal syllable ; but, in consequence of the vast proportion of compound words, 
 secondarily accented syllables abomid, s# that two, and sometimes even three 
 or four, accents of nearly equal force may occur in the same word. It is 
 evident, that, to those who are familiar with the meaning and composition of 
 words in these languages, the accentuation must be easy ; but no general 
 rules can be given. 
 
 Italian words are mostly accented on the penultimate syllable ; the same is true 
 of Spanish and Portuguese words ending in a vowel, while those ending in a 
 consonant, in these two languages, are generally accented on the last syllable. 
 But the exceptions — especially in Italian — are so numerous that the rule is 
 not, perhaps, of much practical utility. 
 
 PoUsh words are invariably accented on the penultimate syllable ; while the 
 seat of the accent in Kussiau words is almost always the last syllable.
 
 «'AS PEOPLE READ NOTIIIKG IN THESE DATS TUAT IS MORE THAN FORTY- 
 EIGHT HOURS OLD, I AM DAILY ADMONISHED THAT ALLUSIONS, THE MOST 
 OBVIOUS, TO ANY THING IN THE REAR OF OUR OWN TIME NEED EXPLA- 
 NATION." — De Quincey.
 
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ETC. 
 
 a., . 
 
 Am.jOrAmer., 
 Ar., or Arab., . 
 A.-S., 
 
 Cell., . 
 
 cent., 
 
 Chald., 
 
 coll., or colloq., 
 
 Comp., . 
 
 Cue, . . 
 
 (l. 
 
 Dan., . 
 
 Eclin., 
 
 Egypt; 
 
 Enfj., 
 
 fern., 
 For., 
 
 Get:, 
 Gr., 
 
 act. 
 
 American. 
 
 . Arabic. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 bo/n. 
 
 Celtic. 
 
 ccntmy. 
 
 ClialdiEan. 
 
 . colloquially. 
 
 . Compare. 
 
 . Cyclopicdia. 
 
 . died. 
 
 . Dutch. 
 
 Danish. 
 
 . Edinburgh. 
 
 . Egyptian. 
 
 . ' English. 
 
 . feminine. 
 Foreign. 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 Greek. 
 
 mb., 
 nist., , 
 
 Ilunf/., 
 
 JSS- Spaced lettc 
 not so common or so Avell 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 History. 
 
 nuncrarian. 
 
 Jcel., .... Icelandic. 
 
 /;•., Irish. 
 
 It., or Ital., .... Italian. 
 
 Lat, 
 
 Latin. 
 
 Maf)., .... Magazme. 
 Myth., . . . Mythology. 
 
 NoTW., .... Norwegian. 
 
 Per., Persian. 
 
 Pol, I'olish. 
 
 Port., .... Portuguese. 
 Pr., .... Provenr'al. 
 
 pron., . pronoimced, pronunciation. 
 Prov., .... Provincial. 
 
 Qu., . 
 
 q. V. {quod vldt). 
 
 Quarterly, 
 which see. 
 
 Eer., ..... Eeview. 
 Rom., .... Eoman. 
 
 San si:, 
 
 sc, 
 
 Scand., 
 
 Scot, 
 
 Shak., 
 
 Sp., 
 
 Sw., . 
 
 . Sanskrit. 
 
 . scene. 
 
 Scandinavian. 
 
 Scottish. 
 
 Shakespeare. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 . Swedish. 
 
 r s are used to distinguish forms of spelling which are 
 authorised as those adopted in the vocabulary.
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 NOTED NAMES OF FICTION, ETC. 
 
 A. 
 
 -5.-bad'd8n. [Heb., from dbad, to be 
 ruiuecl.] The Hebrew name of the 
 evil spirit or destroying angel, called 
 Apollyon in Greek. {Rev. ix. 11.) 
 Some of the medieval demonogra- 
 phers regarded him as the chief of the 
 demons of the seventh hierarchy, and 
 as the causer of wars, combustions, 
 and uproars. Klopstock has made 
 use of him in his " Messiah," under 
 the name of Abadonna, representing 
 Lim as a fallen angel, still bearing 
 traces of his former dignity amid the 
 disfigurements caused by sin. 
 
 Ab'a-ris. [Gr. 'AjSapic.] A hyper- 
 borean priest of Apollo, whose history 
 is entirely mj'thical. He is said to 
 have been endowed with the gift of 
 prophec}'; to have taken no earthly 
 ibod ; and to have ridden through the 
 air on an arrow, the gift of Apollo. 
 
 The dart of Aharis, which carried the phi- 
 losopher wheresoever he desired it, gratifies 
 later enthusiasts in ti'avel as the cap of For- 
 tunatus and the space-compelling boots of 
 the nursery hero [Jack the Giant-killer]. 
 
 }Villmon. 
 
 Ab'di-el. [Heb., servant of God.] The 
 name of an angel mentioned by the 
 Jewish Cabalists. He is represented, 
 in Milton's " Paradise Lost," as one 
 of the seraphim, who, when Satan 
 tried to stir up a revolt among the 
 angels subordinate to his authority, 
 alone and boldly withstood his trai- 
 torous designs. 
 
 So spake the seraph AMiet, faithful found 
 Among the faithless; faithful only he; 
 Among innumerable false, unmoved, 
 Tlnshaken, unseduced, unterrified, 
 His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. 
 
 Par. Lost, Bk. V. 
 
 You shall invoke the Muse, — and certainly 
 
 she ought to be propitious to an author, who, 
 
 in an apostatising age, adheres with the faith 
 
 oi Abdiel to the ancient form of adoration. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ab-hor'son (-sn). An executioner in 
 Shakespeare's "Measiu-e for Meas- 
 ure." 
 
 A'bon Has'san. The hero of one of 
 the stories in the " Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments," — a young man of 
 Bagdad, who, by a stratagem of Ha- 
 roun-Al-Raschid, was twice made to 
 believe himself caliph, and who af- 
 terward became in reality the ca- 
 liph's chief favourite and companion. 
 
 Ah! were I caliph for a day, as honest Ahon 
 Ita.txan wished to be, I would scourge me 
 those jugglers out of the commonwealth witli 
 rods of scorpions. Sir W.Scott. 
 
 Addington [Secretary of the Treasury], on 
 the other hand, was by no means inclined to 
 descend from his high position. He was, in- 
 deed, under a delusion much resembling that 
 of Abon Jlasaan in the Arabian tale. His Drain 
 was turned by his short and unreal caliphate. 
 Macaukqi. 
 
 Abraham-Cupid. An expression oc- 
 curring in Shakespeare's "Romeo 
 and Jidiet " (a. ii., sc. 1), conject- 
 ured by Upton to be a mistake for 
 Adam Cupid, and to allude to Adam 
 Bell, the celebrated archer. In Hal- 
 liwell's opinion, " the conjecture is 
 
 i£©~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 /U
 
 ABR 
 
 ACE 
 
 very plausible, as proper names are 
 frequently abbreviated in early MSS., 
 ami it suits the sense and metro." 
 But Dycc thinks that Abraham is 
 merely a corruption of auburn, and 
 supports his view by citinj; several 
 passages from old books where the 
 corruption is unquestionable. Mr. K. 
 G. White remarks, in confirmation 
 of Dyce's conjecture, that " Cupid is 
 always represented by the old paint- 
 ers as auburn-haired." 
 
 Abraham INTewland. See iSTEVvtu^ND, 
 AuitAir.vjt. 
 
 Ab'sa-16m. A name given by Dry- 
 den, in his poem entitled " Absalom 
 and Achitophel," to the Duke of 
 iMonmouth, a natural son of Charles 
 II. Like Absalom, the son of David, 
 Monmouth was remarkable for his 
 personal beauty, his popularity, and 
 his undutifulness to his father. 
 
 Absolute, Captain. A character in 
 Sheridan's cunied}' of" The Rivals; " 
 distinguished for his gallant, deter- 
 mined spirit, adroit address, and dry 
 humour. 
 
 The author will do well to profit by Captain 
 Ahsolute's advice to his servant, and never 
 tell him more lies than are indispensably 
 necessary. Sii' IV. Scott. 
 
 Absolute, Sir An'tho-ny (-to-). A 
 character in Sheridan's comedy of 
 " The Rivals; " represented as testy, 
 positive, impatient, and overbearing, 
 but yet of a warm and generous dis- 
 position. 
 
 >es= " Sir Anthony is an evident copy 
 after Smollett's kind-hearted, high-spir- 
 ited Matthew Bramble." Hazlitt. 
 I will no longer avail myself of such weak 
 ministers as you: — I will discard yon; — I 
 will unbeget you, as Hir Anthonii Absolute 
 says. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ab-syr'tus. [Gr. 'Ai/iuprof.] (Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth.) A brother of Medea, 
 and her companion in her flight from 
 Colchis. Finding that she was nearly 
 overtaken by her father, she killed 
 Absyrtus, and cut his body into 
 pieces, which she scattered along the 
 way, that her father might thus be 
 detained by gathering up the re- 
 mains of his murdered son. See 
 _ Argonauts and Medea. 
 
 A-bu'dah. A wealthy merchant of 
 ' Bagdad who figures in the " Tales of 
 
 the Genii," by H.Ridley. He meets 
 with various remarkable adventures 
 in his quest for the talisman of Oro- 
 manes, which he is driven to seek by 
 the threats of a little old hag who 
 haunts him nightly, and makes his 
 life miserable. He tiuds at last that 
 the inestimable talisman is — to obey 
 God and to love his commandments ; 
 and he finds also that all his wonder- 
 ful experiences have been but the 
 baseless fabric of a dream. 
 
 I^ikc Ahvdali, in the Arabian storv, ho is 
 always looking out for the Fury, end knows 
 that the night will come, and the inevitable- 
 hag with it. 7'hackci-aij. 
 
 And tlicrc, too, was Ahudah, the merchant, 
 with the terrible little old woman hobbling 
 out of the bo.x in Ills bedroom. llickciu. 
 
 A-ca'di-a. [Fr. Acadie, said to be de- 
 rived from Shubcnacadie, the name 
 of one of the principal rivers of Nova 
 Scotia ; in old grants called L^ Acadie, 
 and La Cadie.] The original, and 
 now the poetic, name of Is'^ova Sco- 
 tia, or rather of a tract extending 
 from the fortieth to the forty-^ixth 
 degree of north latitude, which v,-as 
 granted, Nov. 8, 1G03, to De Monts, 
 by Henry IV. of France. The present 
 province of Nova Scotia extends 
 from lat. 4-3° 2G' to 45° 55' N. In 
 1G21, Acadia was granted by charter 
 to Sir William Alexander, and its 
 name changed to Nova Scotia. 
 
 ilSr' In the numerous disputes between 
 tlie English and B'renoh colonists previous 
 to 1763, this territory changed masters 
 ten or a dozen times, and the boundaries 
 were widened or narrowed according to 
 the respective views of the opposing par- 
 ties. In 1755, the French inliabitants 
 were seized, forcibly removed, and dis- 
 persed among the English colonists oa ■ 
 the Atlantic coast. Longfellow has made 
 this event the subject of his poem of 
 "Evangeline." t 
 
 A-ces'tes. [Gr. 'Aksottic.] (Gr. if 
 Rom. Jlh/th.) A son of the Sicilian 
 river-god Crinisius and of a Trojan 
 woman of the name of Egesta or 
 Segesta. yEneas, on his arrival in 
 Sicily, was hospitably received by 
 him, and, on revisiting the island, 
 celebrated the anniversary of An- 
 chises's death by various games and 
 feats at arms. At a trial of skill in 
 archery, Acestes took part, and dis- 
 
 CiT" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying E.xplanatious,
 
 ACH 
 
 ACR 
 
 charged his arrow into the air with 
 such force that it took fire, and 
 marked out a patliway of flame, until 
 it M-as wholly consiuiied and disap- 
 peared from sight. 
 
 Thy destiny remains untold; 
 I'or, like Acexles' sliaft of old. 
 The swift thought kindles as it flies. 
 And burns to ashes in the skies. 
 
 Loiiir/ellow. 
 
 A-cha'te§. [Gr. 'AxaTTj^.] {(Jr. (J- 
 Rom. Myth.) A companion and 
 friend of yEncas. His tidelity was 
 so exemplary that " tidiis Achates," 
 faithful Achates, became a proverb. 
 
 Old enough, perhaps, but scarce wise 
 enough, if he has chosen this fellow for his 
 " fidus Ac/ialcs." tiir \V. b'cutt. 
 
 Ach.'e-r6n. [Gr. 'Axipuv ; as if 6 
 cixco. ()Euv, the stream of woe, or from 
 " privative, and ;i;o'P"^. to rejoice, 
 the joyless stream.] (Gi: cf- Eoni. 
 Jfyth.) A son of Sol and Terra, 
 changed into a river in hell ; some- 
 times used in a general sense to 
 designate hell itself. 
 
 Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly h.ite. 
 Sad Aclterun, of sorrow black and deep. 
 
 Mitloii. 
 
 A-chilles. [Gr. 'AxMrn.] ( Gr. <)'• 
 ' liom. Myth.) The principal hero of 
 Homer's "Iliad," the son of Peleus, 
 king of the MjTmidons, in Thessal}'-, 
 and of Thetis, a Nereid. He was 
 distinguished above all the rest of 
 the Greeks in the Trojan war by his 
 strength, beauty, and bravery. At 
 his birth, he was dipped by his mother 
 in the river Styx, and was thus made 
 invulnerable except in the right heel, 
 — or, as some say, the ankles, — by 
 which she held him ; but he was at 
 length killed by Paris, or, according 
 to some accoimts, by Apollo. See 
 Hector. 
 
 An unfortunate country fHanovcr], if the 
 English would but think ; liable to be stran- 
 gled, at an.y time, for England's quarrels; the 
 Ac/iilles-licel to invulnerable England. 
 
 Carh/k. 
 
 i-cMl'le§ of Germany. A title 
 given, on account of his bravery, to 
 Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg 
 and Culmbach (1414-1486), "a tall, 
 tiery, tough old gentleman," says 
 Carlyle, " in his day, ... a very 
 blazing, far -seen character, dim as 
 he has now grown." 
 
 A-chit'o-phel. A nickname given to 
 ' tile r.arl of Shaftesbury (1«21-1G8;J) 
 by his cdutomporaiifs, aiul made use 
 of liy Drydeii in his poem of "Ab- 
 salom and Achitophel," a masterly 
 satire, springing from the polilictil 
 commotions of the times, ami de- 
 signed as a defence of Cliarles H. 
 against the Whig party. There is a 
 striking resemblance between the 
 character and career of Shafteshmy 
 and those of Achitopiiel, or Ahito- 
 phel, the treacherous friend and coim- 
 sellor of David, and the fellow-cou- 
 spirator of Absalom. 
 
 Of this dnnial and this apologv, we shall 
 only sav tliat tlie l\vA Mcms very apcHTvphal, 
 niHltlH-KTniulwculd.iustily auyeriinc'v.iiich 
 Maehiasel uv ^ickilophcl could invent or rec- 
 oniiucnd. :Sir W. Scott. 
 
 A'cis. [Gr. 'Ak«V-] (Gr. cj- Rom. 
 Myth.) A Sicilian shepherd, beloved 
 by the nymph Galatea, and crushed 
 imder a huge rock by Polyphemus, 
 the Cyclops, who was jealous of him. 
 His blood gushing forth from under 
 the rock was changed by the nymph 
 into a river, the Acis, or Acinius, at 
 the foot of Mount Jitna. 
 
 Thus equipped, he would manfully sally 
 forth, with pipe in mouth, to besiege some 
 fair damsel's obdin-ate heart, — not such a 
 pipe, good reader, as that which Acis did 
 sweetly tune in praise of his Galateaj I)ut 
 one of true Delft manufacture, and furnished 
 with a charge of fragi-ant tobacco. 
 
 ir. Irving. 
 
 A-cra'si-a (a-kra'zhi-S). [From Gr. 
 mpaaia, want of self-control or mod- 
 eration, intemperance, from <i priva- 
 tive and KpuToc, strength, power.] 
 A witch in Spenser's " Faei-y (iueen," 
 represented as a lovely and charming 
 woman, whose dwelling is the Bower 
 of Bliss, situated on an island floating 
 in a lake or gulf, and adorned with 
 every thing in nature that could de- 
 light the senses. Acrasia typifies 
 the vice of Intemperance, and Sir 
 Guyon, who illustrates the opposite 
 virtue, is commissioned by the fairy 
 queen to bring her into subjection, 
 and to destroy her residence. 
 
 A'cres, Bob (a'kerz). A character 
 in Sheridan's comedy of " The Ki- 
 vals;" celebrated for his cowardice, 
 and his sy.stem of referential or alle- 
 gorical swearing. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wliich the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv -xxxii.
 
 ACT 
 
 ADA 
 
 As throtiijh his palms Bnh Acres' valor oozed, 
 So Juau's virtue fbbcd, 1 know not how. 
 
 Jii/ron. 
 
 Bcsiilps, terror, as Boh Acres says of its 
 counturpurt, cnurajxe, will cume and (lo; and 
 ffW pi'opk- can atford timidity cuoush for the 
 •writer's purpose who is determined on "hor- 
 rifying" them through tliree thick volumes. 
 
 ■^ 6ir »'. Scott. 
 
 Ac-tee'on. [Gr. 'AKTa'iuv.'] (Gr. .f 
 Jioiii. 'Myth.) A famous hunter, who, 
 having surjiriried Diana while she 
 was bathing, was changed by her 
 into a stag, and, in that form, was 
 torn to pieces by his own hounds. 
 
 He [Bvron], as I guess. 
 Had gazed on Nature's naked loveliness, 
 .<l('/a;on-like, and now he tied astray 
 With feeble steps o'er the world's wilderness: 
 And his own thoughts, along that rugged 
 
 way. 
 Pursued, like raging hounds, their father and 
 
 their prey. Slielky. 
 
 Adam. 1. Formerly a jocular name 
 for a sergeant or baUitf. 
 
 Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but 
 that Addin that keeps the prison. Shak. 
 
 2. An aged servant to Oliver, in 
 Shakespeare's "As You Like It." 
 
 iSSf" " The serWng-man Adam, humbly 
 bom and coarsely nurtured, isnoinsignif- 
 icaut personage in the drama ; and we 
 find in the healthy tone of his mind, and 
 in his generous heart, which, under re- 
 verses and wrongs, still preserves its 
 charitable trust in his fellows, as well as 
 in his kindly, though frosty, age, a de- 
 lightful and instructive contrast to the 
 character of Jaques, which could hardly 
 have been accidental." K. G. White. 
 
 Adamastor (ad'a-mas'tor ; Port.pron. 
 a-da-mSs-tor', 64:). The Spirit of the 
 Stormy Cape, — i. €., the Cape of 
 Good Hope, — a hideous phantom 
 described by Camoens, in the fifth 
 canto of the "Liisiad," as appearing 
 by night to the fleet of Vasco da 
 Gama, and predicting the woes whicli 
 would befall subsequent expeditions 
 to India. Mickle supposes that b}' 
 Adamastor the genius of Mohani- 
 iiiedanism is intended. According to 
 Barreto, he was one of the Giants 
 -who made an attack on heaven, and 
 -were killed by the gods or buried 
 under various mountains. 
 
 "Were Arlamnstor to appear to him [the 
 " gamin " of Paris], he would shout out, " Hal- 
 lo there, old Bug-a-boo! " V. Hugo, Trans. 
 
 Adam Kad'mon. In the Cabalistic 
 doctrine, the name given to the first 
 
 emanation from the Eternal Foun- 
 tain. It .siguilies the First Man, or 
 tlic first production of divine energy, 
 or the Son of God; and to it the other 
 and inferior emanations are subor- 
 dinate. 
 
 Adam, Master. See Master Adam. 
 
 Adams, Parson Abraham.. A coun- 
 try curate in Fielding's novel of 
 "Joseph Andrews;" distingiushed 
 for his goodness of heart, poverty, 
 learning, and ignorance of the world, 
 combined with courage, modesty, ancl 
 a thousand oddities. 
 
 je3= "As to Parson Adams, and hL= 
 fist, and his good heart, and his ^schylus 
 which he couldn't see to read, and his 
 rejoicing at being delivered from a ride 
 in the carriage with Mr. Peter Pounce, 
 whom he had erroneously comphmented 
 on the smallness of hi.s parochial means, 
 let every body rejoice that there has been 
 a man in the world called Henry Fielding 
 to think of such a character, and thou- 
 sands of good people sprinkled about 
 that world to answer for the truth of 
 it ; for had there not been, what would 
 have been its value .' . . . He is one of 
 the simplest, but at the same time man- 
 liest of men ; is anxious to read a man 
 of the world his sermon on ' vanity ; ' 
 preaches patience under affliction, and 
 is ready to lose his senses on the death 
 of his httle boy ; in short, has ' every 
 virtue under heaven,' except that of 
 superiority to the common failings of 
 humanity, or of being able to resist 
 knocking a rascal down when he insults 
 the innocent. He is very poor ; and, 
 agreeably to the notions of refinement in 
 those days, is treated by the rich as if 
 he were little better than a servant him- 
 self. Even their stewards think it a con- 
 descension to treat him on equal terms." 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 
 " The humanity, benevolence, and 
 goodness of heart .so conspicuous in Mr. 
 Adams, his unswerving integrity, his 
 zeal in the cause of the oppressed, his 
 unaffected nature, independent of his 
 talent and learning, win our esteem and 
 respect, even while his virtuous simplic- 
 ity provokes our smiles ; and the little 
 predicaments into which he falls, owing 
 to his absence of mind, are such as e.xcite 
 our mirth without a shadow of derision 
 or malevolence." Thomas Roscoe. 
 
 As to his [Hugo von Trimberg's] inward 
 man, we can still be sure that he was no 
 mere bookworm, or simple i'aison Adams. 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 a3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ADD 
 
 JEG 
 
 Ad'di-son of the Worth (adilT-sn). 
 An cpitlu't sometimes ij;iven to Henry 
 Mackenzie (1745-1831), tiic Scottish 
 novelist, whose style, like Addison's, 
 is distinguished for its retiuement and 
 delicacy. 
 
 Addle, or Addled, Parliament. 
 (/•./(/•/. n!st.) A name i;-iven to the 
 English Parliament which assembled 
 at London, April 5, 1014, and was 
 dissolved on the 7th of the following 
 June. It was so called because it 
 remonstrated with the King on his 
 levying " benevolences," and passed 
 no acts. 
 
 Ad-me'tus. [Gr.*'A(5|U??rof.] {Gr. <^- 
 Rom. Mijth.) A king of Thessaly, 
 and husband of Alcestis, famous for 
 his misfortimes and his piety. Apollo 
 entered his service as a shepherd, 
 having been condemned by Jupiter 
 to become the servant of a mortal for 
 one year as a punishment for slay- 
 ing the Cyclops. Lowell has made 
 this incident the subject of a short 
 poem entitled, " The Shepherd of 
 King Admetus." See Alcestis. 
 
 Admirable Crichton. See Ciucii- 
 TON, The Admirable. 
 
 Admirable Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 MirdbUh.'] A title bestowed upon 
 Eoger Bacon (1214-l'292),an English 
 monk, who, by the power of his 
 genius and the extent of his learning, 
 raised himself above his time, made 
 many astonishiug discoveries in sci- 
 ence, and contributed much to the 
 extension of real knowledge. 
 
 Ad'o-na'is, A poetical name given 
 by Shelley to the poet Keats (1790- 
 1821), on whose untimely death he 
 ■\\Tote a monody bearing this name 
 for its title. The name was coined 
 by Shelley probably to hint an anal- 
 ogy between Keats's fate and that 
 of Adonis. 
 
 i-do'nis. [Gr. "k6uviq.-\ (Gr. cf 
 Rnm. Afi/th.) A beautiful youth, 
 beloved by Venus and Proserpine, 
 who quarrelled about the possession 
 of him. The dispute was settled by 
 Jupiter, who decided that he should 
 spend eight months in the upper 
 world with Venus, and four in the 
 lower with Proserpine. Adonis died 
 
 of a wound received from a wild boar 
 during the chase, and was turned 
 into an anemone by Venus, who 
 yearly bewailed him on the anni- 
 versary of his death. The myths 
 connected with Adonis are of Orient- 
 al origin, and his worship was widel}' 
 spread among the countries border- 
 ing on the eastern portion of the 
 ]\Iediterrancan. The story of Venus's 
 love for hina was made the subject 
 of a long descriptive jioem by Shake- 
 speare, and is often alluded to by 
 other poets. 
 
 B('ils of liyacinths and roses 
 
 AVhero youii)? .I'Iouik oft roposea, 
 
 Waxinj; wuU of his deep wouud 
 
 In slumber soft. Hilton. 
 
 A-dras'tus. [Gr. "h-dpaaToq.] {Gr. 
 ' ij- Rom. Myth.) A king of Argos, 
 and the institutor of the Ncmean 
 games. He was one of the heroes 
 ^^-ho engaged in the war of the 
 "Seven against Thebes." 
 
 A'dri-a'nS {or ad'ri-an'a). Wife of 
 Antipholus of Ephesus, in Shake- 
 speare's "Comedy of EiTors." 
 
 Adversity Hume. A nickname given 
 to Joseph Hume (1777-1855), in the 
 time of "Prosperity Robinson," and 
 in contradistinction to him, owing to 
 his constant presages of ruin and dis- 
 aster to befall the people of Great 
 IJritain. See Peospekity Robinson. 
 
 ^'5-cus. [Gr. AiaKor.] { Gr. tj- Rom. 
 Mijth. ) A son of Jupiter and /Egina, 
 renowned for his justice and piety. 
 After his death he was made one of 
 the three judges in Hades. 
 
 ^-ge'6n. 1. [Gr. 'Ar/SHW.] (Gc. ff- 
 Rom.' Mijth.) A huge jnonster with 
 a hundred amis and lifty heads, who, 
 with his brothers Cottus and Gygc, 
 conquered the Titans by hurling at 
 them three hundred rocks at once. 
 By some he is reckoned as a marine 
 god living under the yEgean Sea; 
 Virgil numbers him among the gods 
 who stormed Olympus ; and Callima- 
 chus, regarding him in the same 
 light, places him under INIount vEtna. 
 2. A merchant of Syracuse, in 
 Shakespeare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 ^geria. See Egeria. 
 
 ^-ge'us. [Gr. klyevg.'] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 
 and for the r.cmarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 J5LG 
 
 ML 
 
 Myth. ) A king of Athens from ■whom 
 the iEgean Sea received its name. 
 His son Theseus went to Crete to 
 deliver Athens from the tribute it 
 had to pay to Jlinos, promising tliat, 
 on his return, lie would hoist wliite 
 sails as a signal of his safety. This 
 lie forgot to do, and^Egeus, who was 
 watching for him on a rock on the 
 sea-coast, on perceiving a black sail, 
 thought that his son liad perished, 
 and threw himself into the sea. 
 
 iE-gi'na. (Gr. ^ Jiom. Mijlh.) A 
 daughter of the river-god Asopus, 
 and a favourite of Jupiter. 
 
 ^'gis. [Gr. kiyk.'] {Or. <§■ Jiom. 
 Myth.) 1. The shield of Jove, 
 fashioned by Vulcan, and described 
 as striking terror and amazement 
 into the beholders. 
 
 2. A sort of short cloak, worn by 
 Jlinerva, which was covered with 
 scales, set with the Gorgon's head, 
 and fringed with snakes. 
 
 .ffl-gis'thus. [Gr. Alyt.ador.'] (Gr. 
 (J' Jiom. Mytli.) A son of Thyestes, 
 and the paramour of Clj'temnestra, 
 whose husband, Agamemnon, he 
 treacherously murdered at a repast. 
 He was subsequently killed by Ores- 
 tes, a son of Agamemnon, who thus 
 avenged his father's death. Sec 
 Thyestes. 
 
 ^gle (eg'le). [Gr. Aly2.v.] (Gr. (j- 
 Jiom. Myth.) 1. One of the Hes- 
 perides. 
 
 2. The most beautiful of the Na- 
 iads, and the mother of the Graces. 
 
 .Sa-kyv'tvLS. [Gr. Ah/v-Toc.] {Gr. (f 
 Jium. Myth.) A son of Behis, and 
 twin brother of Danaus. He had by 
 several wives fifty sons, who were 
 married to their fifty cousins, the 
 daughters of Danans, and all but one 
 of whom were murdered by their 
 wives on the bridal night. 
 
 .Slli-a Laeli-a Cris'pis. The un- 
 known subject of a verv celebrated 
 enigmatical inscription, preserved in 
 Bologna, which has puzzled the heads 
 of many learned men Avho have at- 
 tempted to explain it. It is as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 jEIia Loelia Crippis. 
 Ncc vir, iiec miilier, ncc andrnyvTia; 
 Ncc puL'Ua, nee juvcnis, nee alius; 
 
 Nec mcrctrij:, ncc pudica; 
 ■ Scd omnia: 
 Sublata ncque fame, nec ferro, ncquc vencno; 
 
 Sed omnibus: 
 
 Kec cielo, ncc a(|uis, nec terris; 
 
 Sed ubique jacet. 
 
 Lucius Agatlio PriscuR, 
 
 Ncc maritus, nec aniator, nec ncccssarins; 
 
 Neque mocreus, neque ^'audeus, ncquc flens; 
 
 Sed omnia: 
 Ilanc ncquc moleni, neque pyramidcm, nc- 
 que Mpulebnim, 
 Seit et ncseit quid posuerit. 
 Hoc est, fcpulclirum intiis cadaver non 
 
 habcns; 
 Hoc est, cadaver, scpulclirum, extra non, 
 habens; 
 Sed cadaver idem est, et sepulclirum 
 sibi. 
 
 iElia La;Iia Crispis, neither man, nor wom- 
 an, nor hermaphrodite; neither girl, nor boy, 
 nor old woman; ncitlier harlot nor virgin; 
 but all of these: destroyed neither by hunger, 
 nor sword, nor poison; but by all of them: 
 lies neither in lieavcn, nor in the water, nor 
 in the ground, but everywhere. Lucius Aga- 
 tho Priscus, neither her husband, nor lur 
 lover, nor her kinsman ; neither sad, glad, nor 
 weeping, but all at once; knows and knows 
 not what he has built, — whicli is neither a 
 funeral-pile, nor a pyramid, nor a tomb; tliat 
 is, a tomb without a corpse, a corpse without 
 a tomb; for corpse and tomb are one and the 
 same. 
 
 j(®= Various explanations of the mean- 
 iug of this curious epitaph have, from 
 time to time, been put forward ; but 
 there is much reason for doubting 
 whether it has any. Some have thought 
 the true interpretation to be rain-water ; 
 some, the so-called "materia prima:"' 
 some, the reasoning faculty ; some, the 
 philosopher's stone ; some, love ; some, a 
 dissected person ; some, a shadow ; some, 
 hemp ; some, an embryo. Professor 
 Schwartz, of Coburg, explained it of the 
 Christian Church, referring, in support 
 of his opinion, to Galatians iii. 28, — 
 '' There is neither Jew nor Greek, there 
 is neither bond nor free, there is neither 
 male nor female ; for ye are all one ia 
 Christ Jesus." Spondanus. in his " A'oy- 
 age d'ltalie," affirms that the inscription 
 is only a copy, and that it is not known 
 what has become of the original. lie 
 denies its antiquity, regarding it as the 
 ludicrous fancy of a modern author, 
 who, he insists, was ignorant of the prin- 
 ciples of Latin family nomenclature. 
 But Franckenstein says that this asser- 
 tion has been confuted by Misson, in the 
 appendix to his '' Travels." 
 
 I might add what attracted considerable 
 notice at the time. — and that is my paper in 
 the " Gentleman's Magazine " upon the in- 
 scription yElia, Lcclia, which I subscribed 
 OEdipus. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bacon's system is, in its own terms, an idol 
 of the theatre. It would scarcelv guide a 
 man to a solution of the riddle jt^lia Lalia 
 C'rispi.% or to that of the charade of Sir Hilary 
 [by Praed]. J. W. Drapei: 
 
 193" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 yEM 
 
 AGR 
 
 ^-mil'i-a. "Wife of JEijcon, and an 
 abbess at Ephesus, in Shakespeare's 
 . '• Comedy of En-ors." 
 
 iH-ne'as. [Gr. 'Aivsiac.] (Gr. (f- 
 lioiii. Jfi/th.) A Trojan prince, the 
 licro of Virgil's "^Eneid." He -was 
 tlio sou of Aneliises and Venus, and 
 was distinguished for his pious care 
 of his father. Having survived the 
 fall of Troy, he sailed to Italy, aiul 
 settled iu Latiuni, where he married 
 Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, 
 ivhom he succeeded in his kingdom. 
 See Ckeusa. 
 
 JS'o-lus. [Gr. Aro^of.] (Gr. (f- Enm. 
 Mijfh.) The ruler and god of the 
 winds, who resided in the islands in 
 the Tyrrhenian sea, which were called 
 from "him the ^Eolian Islands. 
 
 ..^s'a-cus. [Gr. Alcra/cor.] {Gr. (j- 
 Rom. Mijth.) A son of I'riani, who 
 was enamoured of the nymjih Iles- 
 peria, and, on her death, threw him- 
 self into the sea, and was changed by 
 Thetis into a cormorant. 
 
 JE3s'cu-la'pi-us. [Gr. 'KckItjtiloq.] 
 (Gr. tj'' Rom. Mijth.) The son of 
 Apollo, and the god of the medical 
 art. He was killed with a flash of 
 lightning by Jupiter, because lie had 
 restored several persons to life. 
 
 -ZH'son. [Gr. klauv.'] (Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth.) The father of Jason. He was 
 restored to youth hy Medea. 
 
 Af ric. A poetical contraction of Af- 
 rica. 
 
 AVhere Afric's snnny foiintains 
 
 Roll down their golden sand. Jlchcr. 
 
 Ag'a-mem'non. [Gr. ^Ayanefivuv.] 
 (Gr. tj- Rojri. Myth.) King of Mj- 
 cenae, brother of Menclaus, and com- 
 mander -iu- chief of the Grecian 
 forces in the Trojan war. See 
 
 iEOISTHUS. 
 
 Ag'a-nip'pe. [Gr. ' kyavin-KT} .'] ( Gr. 
 (J' Rom.. Mijth.) A fountain at the 
 foot of Mount Helicon, in Baotia, 
 consecrated to Apollo and the Muses, 
 and believed to have the power of 
 inspiring those who drank of it. 
 The Muses are sometimes called 
 Aijanippuh'S. 
 
 Agapida, Fray Antonio (fri an- 
 tu'ne-o a-ga-pe'da). The imaginary 
 
 chronicler of the " Conquest of Gra- 
 _ nada," written by Washington Irving. 
 
 A-ga've. [Gr. 'Aynw}.] (Gr.if Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Cadmus, and 
 the mother of I'entheus, whom, in a 
 lit of frenzy, she tore to pieces o:i 
 i\[ount (Jitha^ron, believing him to be 
 a wild beast. 
 
 A'gib. The third Calendar in tlio 
 story of '• The Three Calendars," in 
 the " Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." 
 
 Agitator, The Irisli. See Irish Ag- 
 
 ITATOK. 
 
 Ag-la'i-a (20). [C,v. 'kyldir}.-] (Gr. 
 <)'• Rom. Myth.) One of the three 
 Graces. 
 
 Ag'nes (Fr. pron. un'yes'X. 1. A 
 young girl in Moliere's " L'Ecole des 
 Femmes," who is, or afltects to be, 
 )"emarkably simple and ingenuous. 
 The name has passed into popular 
 use, and is applied to any young 
 woman unsophisticated in affairs of 
 the heart. 
 
 /KS= Agnes is the ori.!^nal from whicli 
 AVycherley took his Mrs. Pinchwife, in 
 the " Country Wife," subsequently al- 
 tered by Garrick into the "Country 
 Girl." 
 
 2. A character in Dickens's novel 
 of "David Copperlield." See Wick- 
 FiELu, Agnes. 
 
 Ag'ni. [Sansk.. fire.] (Hindu Myth.) 
 The god of lightning and the sun's 
 tire. 
 
 Agramante (u-gra-man'tii), or Ag'ra- 
 mant. King of the Moors, in Bo- 
 jardo's poem of "Orlando Innam- 
 orato," and in Ariosto's " Orlando 
 Furioso." 
 
 Ag'ra-vaine, Sir. A knight of the 
 Round Table, c;-lebrated in the old 
 romances of chivalry. He was sur- 
 named '■'■ V Orrjudlleux" or "The 
 Proud." 
 
 A-Green, George. See George 
 
 A-GUEEN. 
 
 Agricane (a-gre-ka'ni^), or Ag'ri-cSn. 
 A fabulous king of Tartary, in Bo- 
 Jardo's "Orlando Innamorato," who 
 besieges Angelica in the castle of 
 Albracca, and is killed by Orlando 
 in single contest. In his dying mo- 
 ments, he requests baptism at the 
 
 and lor tlie Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 AGU 
 
 8 
 
 ALA 
 
 liaiul of his conqueror, who, with 
 f;ri-;it U'liiU'niess, bestows it. lie is 
 represented as briiiginfj; into the liehl 
 no fewer than two niilliou two hun- 
 dred thousand troops. 
 
 Such foiccs ini't iKit, nor so wide a camp, 
 "Wlu'ii A;irii-i<n, with all his northern powers, 
 Besieueii Albraceu, as romancers tell. 
 
 Af;ue-cheek, Sir Andrew. A (!(■- 
 iij^htful sinii)leton in Shakespeare's 
 "Twelfth Night." See Slknukk. 
 
 SSf' " To this straight-haired country 
 squire, life consists only in eating and 
 drinking ; eating lieef, he himself fears, 
 has done harm to his wit; in fact, he is 
 stupid even to silliness, totally deprived 
 of all fashion, and thus of all self-love or 
 self-conceit." Gervhuis, Trans. 
 
 I suppose I must say of Jeffrey as Sir An- 
 (Ireiv JUjue-chcck saitli : " An I had know.- he 
 ■was so cunnins of fence, I had seen him 
 damned ere 1 hud fonyht him." Byrun. 
 
 A-has'u-e'rus (fi-hazh'oo-e'rus, 10). 
 
 See Jew, The Wandekixg. 
 Ahmed, Prince. See Prince Aii- 
 
 JIED. 
 
 Ah'ri-man, or Ali'ri-ma'nes. [Per., 
 from Sansk. "/■/', foe.] (Myth.) A 
 deity of the ancient Persians, being 
 a personification of the principle of 
 evil. To his agency were ascribed 
 all the evils existing in the world. 
 Ormuzd, or Oromasdes, the principle 
 of good, is eternal, but Ahriman is 
 created, and will one day perish. 
 See Ormuzd. 
 
 I recognise the evil spirit, Sir, and do 
 honour to Ahrimanes in taking off my hat to 
 this young man. Thackeray. 
 
 Ai'denn. An Anglicised and dis- 
 guised spelling of the Arabic form of 
 the word Echn ; used as a synonym 
 for the celestial paradise. 
 
 Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if, within 
 
 the distant Aidenn, 
 It shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom tlie 
 
 angels name Lenore. I'oe. 
 
 Aimwell. A gentleman of broken 
 fortunes, master to Archer, in Far- 
 quhar's comedy, " The Beaux' Strat- 
 agem." 
 
 A'jax. [Gr. Alac.] (Gr. f Rom. 
 Jli/fh.) 1, A son of Telamon, king 
 of Salamis. Next to Achilles, he was 
 the most distinguished, the bravest, 
 and the most beautiful, of all the 
 Greeks before Troy. Accoimts differ 
 as to the cause and manner of his 
 
 death. A tradition mentioned by 
 Pausanias states, that from his blood 
 there sprang up a purple flower, 
 which bore the letters ai on its leaves, 
 which were at once the initials of 
 his name and a sigh. 
 
 Gad ! she shoots her glances as sharply from 
 behind the old pile yonder, as Teucer from 
 behind AJax Telamon's shield. Sir W. Hco/t. 
 
 2. A son of Oileus, king of the 
 Locrians. He was one of the great 
 heroes among the Greeks in the Tro- 
 jan war, but inferior to the son of 
 Telamon, whence he is called tl.e 
 lesser AJax. 
 
 His shafts, like those of the Usser Ajax, 
 were discharged more readily that the archer 
 was inaccessible to criticism, personally 
 speaking, as the Grecian archer under his 
 brother's sevenfold shield. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 A-lad'din. A character in the " Ara- 
 ' bian Nights' Entertainments," who 
 becomes possessed of a wonderful 
 lamp, and an equally wonderful ring, 
 on rubbing which two frightfid genii 
 appear, who are respectively the slave 
 of the lamp and the slave of the ring, 
 and who execute the bidding of any 
 one who may have these talismans 
 iu his keeping. 
 
 JGG5= By means of the lamp and ring, 
 Aladdin is enabled to marry a daughter 
 of the sultan of China, and builds iu a 
 .single night a magnificent palace con- 
 taining a large hall \vith four-and-twenty 
 windows in it decorated with jewels of 
 every description and of untold value, one 
 window only being excepted, which is 
 left quite plain that the sultan may 
 have the glory of finishing the apartment. 
 But all the treasures of his empire and all 
 the skill of his jewellers and goldsmiths are 
 not sufficient to ornament even one side 
 of the window ; whereupon Aladdin, after 
 having the materials which have been 
 used removed and returned to the sultan, 
 directs the genie to complete the window, 
 which is immediately done. At length, 
 a malignant magician fraudulently ob- 
 tains the miraculous lamp, during the 
 temporary absence of the owner, and in- 
 .stantaneously transports the palace to 
 Africa. But the ring still remains to 
 Aladdin, and enables him to pursue and 
 circumvent the thief, and to recover the 
 lamp and restore the palace to its former 
 situation. 
 
 The ephemeral kingdom of Westphalia, the 
 ap]ianage of Jerome Bonaparte, composed out 
 of the spoils of these principalities, vanished 
 into air, like the palace of Aladilin, in the 
 Arabian tale. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 ' For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 It was absolutely impossible that a family, 
 holding; a (Uiciimont whii-l> gave them iin- 
 limitea access to the piitrcma;;e of the most 
 powerful nobleman in Seotlniui. slimild hnve 
 Buffered it to remain uMemplnycd, lil;e Ahn/- 
 rfm's rustj- hmip. wliiU- they .slrn-u'led tlinm-li 
 three geueratiuns iu iioveity and disappoint- 
 ment. Hcnior. 
 Ah! who shall lift that wand of magic power, 
 
 And the lost clew resain? 
 Tlie unfinished window in Alathh'n's tov.-or 
 
 Unfinished must remain. I.onnt'clloir. 
 
 Alaric Cottin (a'hWuk' kot'tiV)- A 
 nickname given by Voltaire to Fred- 
 erick the Great, king of Prussia, who 
 was distinguished for his military 
 genius, and was also known as dab- 
 bler in literature, and a writer of bad 
 French verses. The first name refers 
 to the famous Visigothic king and 
 warrior, while the second probably 
 refers to the Abl)(5 Cotin, a mediocre 
 poet of the seventeenth century, who 
 "was severely satirised by Boileau, 
 Moli^re, and other writers of his time. 
 
 _ See TitissoTix. 
 
 A-las'nani. The hero of a story in 
 the "Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments " entitled " The History of 
 Prince Zeyn Alasnam and the Sultan 
 of the Genii," which relates how he 
 came into the possession of immense 
 wealth, including eight statues of 
 solid gold; how he was led to seek 
 for a ninth statue more precious still, 
 to place on an empty pedestal ; and 
 how he found it at last in tlie person 
 of the most beautiful and purest wom- 
 an iu the world, who became his wife. 
 
 In ttiis brilliant comedy [Confcreve's 
 "Love for Love"], there is plenty of bright 
 and sparkling characters, rich as wit and 
 imagination can make them ; but there is 
 wanting one pure and perfect model of sim- 
 ple nature, and that one, wherever it is to be 
 
 found, is, like Alasiiam's lady worth 
 
 them all. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 i-las'tor. [Gr. 'ATiUUTup, from u 
 privative, and Tia&eiv, to forget.] In 
 classical mythology, a surname of 
 Zeus or Jupiter; also, in general, a 
 punitive deity, a house-demon, the 
 never -forgetting, revengeful spirit, 
 wlio, in consequence of some crime 
 perpetrated, persecutes a family from 
 generation to generation. Plutarch 
 relates that Cicero, in his hatred of 
 Augustus, meditated killing himself 
 by the fireside of this prince in order 
 to become his Alastor. In the Zo- 
 roastrian system, Alastor is called the 
 
 and for tlie Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 Executioner or Tomientor. Origcn 
 says he is the same as Azazel. 
 Others confound liiiu with the Ex- 
 terminating Angel. I5y Wieru.s and 
 other mediieval deiiionographcrs, 
 Alastor is described as a devil in the 
 infernal court, and the chief execu- 
 tive ofliieer in great undertakings. 
 Shellc}', in his poem entitled "Alas- 
 tor," makes him the " Spirit of Soli- 
 tude." 
 
 Al-ba'ni-a, ) A namegi\en to Scotlaml, 
 
 Al'b|-ny.' jor the "Scottish High- 
 lands, in the old romances and lii.s- 
 tories. It is said to have been derived 
 from a certain fabidous^4^6flH(7c/, who 
 received this portion of the island of 
 Albion, or Britain, from his father 
 Brutus. See Albyn. 
 
 Al'ba-nj^ Eegency. A name popu- 
 larly given in the United States to a 
 junto of astute Democratic politicians, 
 having their head-quarters at Albany, 
 who controlled the action of the 
 Democratic party for many years, 
 and hence had great weight in na- 
 tional politics. The effort to elect 
 William H. Crawford president, in- 
 stead of John Quincy Adams, was 
 their first great struggle. 
 
 Al'bi-6n. An ancient name of Britain, 
 said to have been given to it on ac- 
 count of the lofty white cliffs {Lat. 
 alous, white) on the southern coast. 
 Others trace the word to the Celtic 
 alb, alp, high. 
 
 /!!3= In the fabulous history of Eng- 
 land, it is related that the first inhalj- 
 itants were subdued by Albion, a giant 
 and a son of Nojitune, who called the 
 island after his own name, and ruled it 
 forty-four years. Another legend derives 
 the name from a certain Albina, the 
 eldest of fifty daughters of "a strange 
 Dioclesian king of Syria,-' who, having 
 murdered their husbands on their mar- 
 I'iage-uight, one only excepted, whom liis 
 wife's loyalty saved, were by him, at th(! 
 suit of his wife, their .«ister, not put to 
 death, but turned out to sea in a ship 
 unmanned, and who, as the tale goes, 
 were driven on this island, where they 
 had issue by the inhabitants, — none but 
 devils, as some write, or, as others assert, 
 a lawless crew, without head or governor. 
 Slilton characterises these stories as " too 
 absurd and too unconscionably gross" 
 for credence ; but he remarks, " Sure
 
 ALB 10 
 
 enough wc are that Britain hath boon 
 anciently termed Albion, both by the 
 Greeks and Komans." 
 Not yet enslaved, not whnlly vile, 
 O Albion, O my mother isle! Coleridge. 
 
 Al'bi-on, New. A name formerly 
 giveii to an extensive tract of land 
 on the north-west coast of Nortli 
 America. It was originally applicil 
 by Sir Francis Drake, in 1578, to tlic 
 ^vIlole of what was then called Cali- 
 i'ornia; but it was afterward confined 
 to that part of the coast which ex- 
 tends from 43° to 48^ N. lat., and is 
 now included wthin the State of 
 Oregon and Washington Territory. 
 
 AlBorak (al borTik). [Ar., the light- 
 ning.] An imaginary animal of won- 
 derful form and qualities, on vhicli 
 Mohammed pretended to have per- 
 formed a nocturnal journey from the 
 temple of Mecca to Jerusalem, and 
 thence to the seventh heaven, under 
 the conduct of the angel Gabriel. 
 This marvellous steed was a female, 
 of a milk-white colour and of in- 
 credible swiftness. At every step, she 
 took a leap as far as the longest sight 
 could reach. She had a human face, 
 but the cheeks of a horse ; her eyes 
 were as jacinths, and radiant as stars. 
 She had eagle's wings, all glittering 
 with rays of light; and her whole 
 form was resplendent with gems and 
 precious stones. 
 
 Albracca (al-brak'ka, 102). A castle 
 of Cathay to which Angelica, in Bo- 
 jardo's "Orlando Innamorato," re- 
 tires in grief at being scorned and 
 .shunned by Rinaldo, with whom she 
 is deeply in love. Here she is be- 
 sieged by Agricane, king of Tartary, 
 who resolves to win her, notwith- 
 standing her rejection of his suit. 
 
 Al'byn (Td'bin). The ancient Celtic 
 name of Scotland, and, until Cresar's 
 time, the appellation of the whole 
 island of Great Britain. It is said to 
 be derived from the Celtic alp or alb, 
 meaning liif/!i, and inn, an island. 
 The Scottish (Jelts denominate them- 
 selves Gael Albinn, or Alhinnich, in 
 distinction from the Irish, whom they 
 call Gael Eirinnich ; and the Irish 
 themselves call the Scottish Gael 
 Albannaich, while their ■writers, so 
 
 ALG 
 
 late as the twelfth century, call the 
 country of the Scottish Gael Alhan. 
 [VVritten also A 1 b i n and A 1 b i n n.] 
 
 The Celtic people of Erin and Alhtjn had, 
 in short, a style of poetry properly called 
 nation;U, thou;;h Macpherson was rather an. 
 excellent poet than a faithful editor and trans- 
 lator. 'SiV W. Scott. 
 The pure Culdees 
 TVcrc Albjpi's earliest priests of God, 
 
 Ere yet'an island of her seas 
 By foot of Saxou monk was trod. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Cut woe to his kindred and woe to his cause, 
 
 ^Vhcu Albiu her claymore indignantly draws. 
 
 VamjibeU. 
 
 Alceste (aPsesf). The hero of Mo- 
 liere's comedy, " Le Misanthrope." 
 
 jee5=- " Alceste is an upright and manly 
 character, but rude, and impatient even 
 of the ordinary civiUties of life, and the 
 harmless hypocrisies of complaisance, by 
 which the ugliness of human nature is 
 in some degree disguised." Sir W. Scott. 
 " MoUere exhibited, in his ' Jlisanthrope,' 
 a pure and noble mind whicli had been 
 sorely vexed by the sight of perfidy and 
 malevolence disguLsed under tlie forms of 
 poUteuess. lie adopts a standard of good 
 and evil directly opposed to that of the so- 
 ciety which surrounded him. Courtesy 
 seems to him a vice, and those stem vir- 
 tues which are neglected by the fops and 
 coquettes of Paris become too exclusively 
 the objects of his veneration. He is often 
 to blame, he is often ridiculous, but he 
 is always a good man." Macaulay. 
 
 Al-ces'tis,o?-Al-ces'te. [Gr. "AIkt]- 
 arte, or 'A/l/ceor?;.] (Gr. cf Bom. 
 3Iytli.) A daughter of Pelias, and 
 the wife of Admetus. To save her 
 husband's life, she died in his stead, 
 but was brought back to the upper 
 world by Hercules. 
 
 Methought I saw my late espoused saint 
 
 Brought to me like Alcestis from the grave. 
 
 Whom Jove's great son to her glad husband 
 
 gave, 
 
 Rescued from death by force, though pale 
 
 and faint. Milton. 
 
 Al-ci'des. [Gr. 'AXKeWj/f.] {Gr. (f- 
 Rom. Myth.) A patronymic or title 
 of Hercules, the grandson of AlcjEus. 
 See Hercules. 
 
 Alcina (al-che'na). A fairy in Bo- 
 jardo's "Orlando Innamorato," where 
 she is represented as caiTying off As- 
 tolfo. She re-appears in great splen- 
 dour in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso."' 
 
 The scene, though pleasing, was not quite 
 equal to the gardens of Alcina. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 )]Q~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ALC 
 
 11 
 
 ALL 
 
 Al-cin'o-us. [Gr. WIkivooc.] {dr. 
 tj- Mom. Myth.) A king of Drepuiu', 
 or, as some say, of Phneacia, who en- 
 tertained the Argonauts on their re- 
 turn from Colchis, and Ulysses when 
 he was shipwrecked. 
 
 Al'ci-plirSn. [Gr. 'AMi^puv, from 
 u?M7f, strength, spirit, and 9P'/J', 
 licart, breast.] 
 
 1. A freethinking interlocutor in 
 Eishop Berkeley's work of the same 
 name, — otherwise called the "Mi- 
 nute Philosopher," — a work "writ- 
 ten with an intention to expose the 
 weakness of infidelity." 
 
 2. The hero of Thomas Moore's 
 romance, " The Epicurean," and also 
 the title of a poem by the same au- 
 thor. 
 
 TVe long to see one p;ood solid rock or tree, 
 on -n-hicli to fasten our attention; but there is 
 none. Like Alciijhroii \vc swing in air and 
 darkness, and know not whither the winil 
 blows us. Putnam's Jlmj. 
 
 Alc-me'na. [Gr. 'AlKfii/vv.'] ( Gr. <^- 
 Jiom. Mijth.) The wife of Amphit- 
 ryon, and the mother of Hercules by 
 Jupiter, who visited her in the dis- 
 guise of her husband. See Ampiiit- 
 
 KYON. 
 
 Alcofribas Nasier (al'ko'fre'bS' na'- 
 se^S', 4-1:). An anagrammatic pseu- 
 donym of Francois Rabelais (1483- 
 1553), the celebrated French ro- 
 mancer. 
 
 Al-cy'o-ne. [Gr. ^A7\.Kv6vri.'\ ( Gr. (.f 
 Horn. Myth.) A daughter of yEolus, 
 and the wife of Ceyx. On hearing 
 of her husband's death by shipwreck, 
 she threw herself into the sea, and 
 was changed by the gods into a 
 kingfisher. [Written also Haley- 
 one.] 
 
 Al'da (al'da), or Al-da-bella (al-da- 
 bel'la, 102). The name given to the 
 wife of Orlando, and sister of Oliver, 
 in the romantic poems of Itah'. 
 
 Al'dl-bo-ron'te-phos'co-phor'ni-o. 
 1. A character in Henry Carey's play 
 of " Chrononhotonthologos." 
 
 I felt as if my understanding were no 
 longer my own, but wiis alternately under 
 the dominion of AldiborontephoscophofiiiOf 
 and that of his facetious friend Kigdum Fun- 
 nidos. Sir IK Scott. 
 
 2. A nickname given by Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott to his school-mate, printer. 
 
 partner, and confidential friend, 
 James Ballantyne, on account of hi.^ 
 solemn anil rather pompous manner. 
 
 See lilGDUM FUNNIDOS. 
 
 Al'din-gar, Sir. A character in an ' 
 ancient legend, and the title of a 
 celebrated ballad, preserved in I'cr- 
 cy's " Keliques," Avhich relates hoViT 
 the honour of Queen Elianor, wife of 
 Henry Plantagenet, impeached by 
 Sir Aldingar, her steward, Avas sul)- 
 mitted to the chance of a duel, and 
 how an angel, in the form of a little 
 child, appeared as her champion, and 
 established her innocence. 
 
 A-lec'to. [Gr. 'A?i7]ktu.] {Gr. (/• 
 Jiom. Myth.) One of the three Furies. 
 
 Alexander of the North. An c])i- 
 thet conferred vipon Charles XH. of 
 Sweden (1082-1718), wliose military 
 genius and success bore some re- 
 semblance to those of the Macedonian 
 _ conqueror. 
 
 A-lex'is. A j'outh of great beauty, of 
 whom the shepherd Corydon, in Vir- 
 gil's second Eclogue, was enamoured. 
 
 Alfadur (al'ta'do'of). [That is, All- 
 Father.] {Scand. Myth.) A name 
 given to the Supreme Being, the un- 
 created, eternal, and omnipresent 
 Deity, whose nature and attributes 
 were unknown. The name was also 
 used as a title of Odin. See Odin. 
 
 Allen-a-Dale. The hero of an old 
 ballad" which relates how his mar- 
 riage to iiis true love — who was on 
 the point of being forcibly wedded 
 to an old knight — was brought about 
 by Robin Hood. AUen-a-Dale is de- 
 scribed as "a brave young man," 
 gayly dressed, who 
 
 " did frisk it over the plain, 
 And chanted a roundelay." 
 
 "Wliere is Allfn-a-Dnle., to chronicle mc in a 
 b.allad, or if it were but a lay ? Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Alliance, Grand. See Grand Al- 
 liance; and for Holy Alliance, 
 QuADituPLE Alliance, Tiuple 
 Alliance, see the respective adjec- 
 tives Holy, Quadruple, &c. 
 
 All-the-Talents Administration. 
 An administration formed by Lord 
 Grenville on the death of Mr. Pitt 
 (June 23, 1806). The fi-iends of this 
 ministry gave it the appellation of 
 
 and for the Bemarkj and Rules to wJiiclitho numbers after certain words refer, see jip. xiv-xxxu.
 
 ALL 
 
 12 
 
 ALS 
 
 "All-the-Talcnts," which, boinc; cfh- 
 (led in derision by the Opposition, he- 
 camc tixcd upon it ever after. The 
 death of Mr. Fox, one of the mem- 
 bers, Sept. 13, 1801), k'd to various 
 fhanges, and Ihisministrywastiualiy 
 dissolved in JIarch, 1807. 
 
 Xtg^ The members composing it were 
 as follows : — 
 
 Lord Grenville, First Lord of the Treas- 
 ury. 
 
 Earl Fitzwilliam, Lord President. 
 
 Viscount Sidmouth (llcnry Adding- 
 ton), Privy Seal. 
 
 Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox, Foreign 
 Seal. 
 
 Earl .Spencer, Home Secretary. 
 
 "William \Vindham, Colonial Secretary. 
 
 Lord Er.skine, Lord Chauoellor. 
 
 Sir Charles Grey (afterwards Viscount 
 Howick. and Earl Grey). Admiralty. 
 
 Lord Miuto, Board of Control. 
 
 Lord Auckland, Loard of Trade. 
 
 Lord Moira, Master - General of the 
 Ordnance. 
 
 Mr. Sheridan, Treasurer of the Navy. 
 
 Rt. lion. Richard' Fitzpatrick. 
 
 Lord Ellenboroush (Lord Chief Justice) 
 had a seat in the Cabinet. 
 
 AHwortliy, Mr. A character in 
 Fielding's novel of "Tom Jones," 
 distinguished for his worth and 
 benevolence. This character was 
 drawn for Fielding's private friend, 
 Kalph Allen, of whom roj^e said, — 
 
 " Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame. 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it 
 
 fame. 
 The sturdy rectitude, the Inrsre charity, the 
 good nature, the niodrsty, tlu' independent 
 Bpiritjthe ardent pliiUinthiopy.thc unaffected 
 indifference to money and to fame, make up 
 a character, which, while it iias nothinp; un- 
 natural, seems to us to approach nearer to 
 perfection than any of the Grandisons and 
 AUworthys of fiction. ilacaukuj. 
 
 Al-main'. [Low Lat. Alemannia, Fr. 
 Allcmagne, Sp. Alemania ; from Ale- 
 maniii, the collective name of several 
 ancient German tribes in the vicinity 
 of the Lower and Middle Main; 
 from Celt, allmnn, a stranger, for- 
 eigner, from all, another, man, place.] 
 An old English name for Germany. 
 
 I have seen Almain's proud champions 
 
 prance; 
 Have seen the gallant knightsof France; . . . 
 Have seen the sons of England true 
 Wield the brown bill and bend the yew. 
 Search France the fair, and Enslarid free. 
 But bonny Blue-cap still for me! Old Song. 
 
 Al-man'zor. A prominent character 
 
 in Drydcn's tragedy of " The Con- 
 quest of Granada." 
 
 After all, I say with Almanzor,— 
 
 " Know that I alone am king of me." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Almighty Dollar. A personification 
 of tlie supposed object of American 
 idolatry, mtended as a satire upon 
 the prevailing passion for gain. The 
 expression originated with Washing- 
 ton Irving. 
 
 The Almir/hty Dollar, that sreat object of 
 universal devotion throughout our land, 
 eeems to have no genuine devotees in these 
 peculiar villages. 
 
 W. Irving, Tlie Creole Village. 
 
 Alp. The hero of Byron's " Siege of 
 Corinth." 
 
 Alph.. A river mentioned by Coleridge 
 in his poem entitled " Kuijla Khan," 
 composed during a dream, imme- 
 diately after a perusal of Purchas's 
 " Pilgrimage," and written down 
 from memory. This name is not 
 found in Purchas, but was invented 
 by Coleridge, and was probably sug- 
 gested by the Alpheus of classical 
 mythology. 
 
 " In Xanadu did Kubla Khan 
 
 A stately pleasure-dome decree, 
 Where Alph, the sacred river, ran 
 Through caverns measureless to man, 
 Down to a sunless sea." 
 
 Alquife (al-ke'fa). A personage who 
 figures in almost all the books of the 
 lineage of Amadis as a potent wizard. 
 
 Then . . . thou hadst not, as now, . . . con- 
 verted, in thy vain imagination, honest Grii- 
 fiths, citizen and broker, . . . into some . . . 
 sage Alquife, the mystical and magical pro- 
 tector of thy peerless destiny. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Al Kakim (Sr rS-keem'). [Ar., from 
 rakam, to write, rakimeh, something 
 WTitten or sent.] A fabulous dog 
 connected with the legend of the 
 Seven Sleepers. The Mohammedans 
 have given him a place in Paradise, 
 where he has the care of all letters 
 and coiTespondence. See Seven 
 Sleepers. 
 
 Al-sa'ti-5 (al-sii'shi-ri). A popular 
 name formerly given to Whitefriars, 
 a precinct in London, without the 
 Temple, and west of Blackfriars. It 
 was for a long time an asylum or 
 sanctuary for insolvent debtors and 
 persons \vho had otfended against 
 the laws. The scene of Shadweir.s 
 
 ' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ALS 
 
 13 
 
 AMA 
 
 corned}- of the "Sqiiire of Alsatia" 
 is laid in this place; and Scott has 
 rendered it faniiHar to all readers by 
 liis " Fortunes of Nigel." 
 
 ;8®= ''It is not unlikely that the 
 Landgraviate of Alsace [Ger. Elsass^ Lat. 
 Alsalia] — now the frontier province of 
 I'rancc, on the left bank of the Kliine, 
 long a cause of contention, often the seat 
 of war, and familiarly known to many 
 liritish soldiers — suggested the applica- 
 tion of the name Alsatia to the precinct 
 of fl-hitefriars. This privileged spot stood 
 in the same relation to the Temple as 
 Alsace did to France and the central 
 powers of Europe. In the Temple, stu- 
 dents were studying to observe the law ; 
 and in Alsatia, ai^oining, debtors to avoid 
 and violate it. The Alsatians were troub- 
 lesome neighbours to the Templars, and 
 the Templars as troublesome neighbours 
 to the Alsatians." Cunningham. 
 
 The furious German comes, with his clarions 
 
 and his drums, 
 His bravoes of Alsatia, and pages of Wliito- 
 
 hall. Macaulaii. 
 
 Al Sirat (as se-rSt')- [Ar., the path.] 
 A bridge extending from this world 
 to the next, over the abyss of hell, 
 ■which must be passed by every one 
 who would enter the llohammedan 
 paradi.se. It is very narrow, the 
 breadth being less than the tliread 
 of a famished spider, according to 
 some TVTiters; others compare it to 
 the edge of a sword, or of a razor. 
 The deceased cross with a rapidity 
 proportioned to their virtue. Some, 
 it is said, pass with the swiftness of 
 lightning, others with the speed of a 
 horse at full gallop, others like a 
 horse at a slow pace, others still 
 slower, on account of the weight of 
 their sins, and many fall down from it, 
 and are precipitated into hell. 
 
 Am'a-dis de Gaul. [Sp. Amadis de 
 Gaula.'] The hero of an ancient 
 and celebrated romance of chivahy, 
 originally the work of a Portuguese, 
 Tasco de Lobeira, who died, as Tiek- 
 nor conjectures, in 1403. It was 
 translated into Spani.sh by IMontalvo, 
 between 1492 and 1504. The Por- 
 tuguese original is no longer extant. 
 A French version was made by Her- 
 beray, and was printed, in 1555, under 
 the mistranslated title of "Amadis 
 des Ganles," meaning France. In 
 the original romance, Gaula is Wales ; 
 
 and the subject, characters, and lo- 
 calities are British. The other Ain- 
 adiscs that figure in romance are 
 ropn'senti'd as descendants, more or 
 less remote, of Amadis de Gaul. lie 
 himself was a love-child of a fabulou.s 
 King Perion of Wales, and of Elisena, 
 a British princess. 
 
 A-mai'in6n, or A-may'raon. An 
 imaginar}- king of the Fast, one of 
 the principal devils who miglit be 
 bound or restrained from doing hurt 
 from the third hour till noon, and 
 from tlie ninth hour till evening. 
 He is alluded to in >Shakespeare's 
 "1 Henry IV." (a. ii., sc. 4), and 
 "Merry Wives of Windsor" (a. ii., 
 sc. 2). According to Holme, he was 
 " the chief whose dominion is on the 
 north part of the infernal gulf; " but 
 Mr. Christmas says he ruled over the 
 easternmost of the four provinces 
 into which the world of devils was 
 thought to be divided. Asmodeus 
 was his lieutenant. 
 
 Am'al-thes'a. [Gr. 'hiia7SELa.'\ ( Gr. 
 ()'• Kom. Myth.) The name of a goat 
 with whose milk the infant Jupiter 
 was fed, and one of whose horns he 
 is said to have broken off, and given 
 to the daughters of Melisseiis, a 
 Cretan king. This he endowed with 
 such powers, that, whenever the pos- 
 sessor wished, it would instantane- 
 ously become filled with whatever 
 might be desired: hence it was called 
 the cornucopia, or horn of plenty. 
 According to other accomits, Anial- 
 tha'a was the name of a nymph by 
 whom Jupiter was nursed in liis in- 
 fancy. 
 
 The Britannic Fountain . . . flowed like an 
 Aiiinlt/ia'a's horn for seven vears to come, rc- 
 fri'sliin;^ Austria and all thirsty Pragmatic 
 Nations, to defend the Key-stone of this Uni- 
 verse. Carlyle. 
 
 Ani'a-ryllis. The name of a countiy- 
 girl in the Idyls of Theocritus and in 
 the Eclogues of Virgil, adopted uito 
 modern pastoral poetry as the name 
 of a mistress or sweetheart. 
 
 To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Am'a-zo'ni-S. A name given by 
 Francisco Orellana, in 1580, to the 
 country on either side of the river 
 Blarafion, from the companies of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers aftvr certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 AilE 
 
 14 
 
 AMY 
 
 •women in amis Avhom he observed 
 on its banks. He also jrave the name 
 Amazon to the river, and it has since 
 been generally known under tliis 
 
 _ desif^nation. 
 
 A-me'li-a {or a-mecl'ya). 1. The 
 title of one of Fielding's novels, and 
 the name of its heroine, who is dis- 
 tinguished for her conjugal tender- 
 ness and ati'cction. I'he character 
 of Amelia is said to have been drawn 
 lor Fielding's wife, even down to an 
 accident which disfigured her beauty. 
 
 j^= ''To hnve inventCLl that character 
 is not only a triumph of art, but it is a 
 good action." Thackeray. 
 
 2. A j'oung woman killed in her 
 lover's arms by a stroke of lightnincj, 
 who fomis the subject of a well- 
 known episode in the poem of" Sum- 
 mer," in Thomson's " Seasons." 
 
 American Fa'bi-us. An appellation 
 often given to General Washington 
 (1732-1790), whose militar}' policy 
 resembled that of the Roman general 
 Quintus Fabius Maximus VeiTucosus, 
 who conducted operations against 
 Hannibal by declining to risk a bat- 
 tle in the open lield, harassing him by 
 marches, counter-marches, and am- 
 
 _ buscades. 
 
 i-mine'. A character in the " Ara- 
 bian Nights' Entertainments " who 
 leads her three sisters by her side 
 as a leash of hounds. 
 
 Aminte (a'manf, G2). The assumed 
 name of a female character in Mo- 
 liere's celebrated comedy, "Les 
 Prdcieuses Ridicules." Her real 
 name is Cathos, which she has dis- 
 carded for a more sentimental one, 
 in accordance Avith the prevailing 
 fashion. She dismisses her admirer 
 for proposing to marry her, scolds 
 her uncle (see Gokgidus) for not 
 possessing the air of a gentleman, 
 and is taken in by a valet whom she 
 believes to be a nobleman, and who 
 easily imitates the foppery and sen- 
 timentalism which she so much ad- 
 mires. 
 
 .Am 'let, Richard. The name of a 
 gamester in Vanbrugh's " Confed- 
 eracy." 
 
 Jiichard Amlet, Esq., in the play, is a nota- 
 
 l)lc instance of the disadvantages to which 
 tills chimerical notion of affinitv conBtituting 
 Q claim to acquaintance may suoject the spirit 
 of a j^cntleman. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Am'mSn. [Gr. 'AfJ-iiuv.'] {Gr. </• 
 Jiom.' Myth.) The name of an 
 Ethiopian or Libyan divinity, iden- 
 tilied by the Greeks and Romans 
 with .Jupiter. He was represented in 
 the form of a ram, or as a human 
 being with the head of a ram, or 
 sometimes with onlj^ the horns. 
 [Written also H amnion.] 
 
 Am'o-ret. The name of a lady mar- 
 ried to Sir Scudamore, in Spenser's 
 " Faery Queen." She expresses the 
 affectionate devoteduess of a loving 
 and tender wife. 
 
 Am-phi'6n. [Gr. 'Aii(j)luv.'] {Gr. 
 <)■• Ham' Myth.) A son of Jupiter 
 and Antiope, who built a wall round 
 the city of Thebes by the music of 
 his lyre. It is said, that, when ho 
 played, the stones moved of their 
 own accord, and fitted themselves to- 
 gether so as to form the wall. 
 
 It was like a sndden pause in one of Am- 
 pJiion's country-dances, when the huts_ which 
 were to form the future Thebes were iipging 
 it to his lute. *';> If . Scotl. 
 
 Am'phi-tri'te. [Gr. 'Ajk^ltpitt).'] 
 {Gr. (j- Rom. 3fyth.) The wife of 
 iSTcptune, goddess of the sea,' and 
 mother of Triton. 
 
 Am-phit'ry-Bn. [Gr. 'Ai^(l>iTpvuv.'] 
 (Gr. ()'■ Earn. Myth.) A son of Al- 
 cncus and Hippomene. He was king 
 of Thebes, and husband of Alcmena, 
 who bore at the same time Iphicles, 
 his son, and Hercules, the son of Ju- 
 piter. See Alcmena. [Written also 
 Amphitryo.] 
 
 Am'ri. See Father of Equity. 
 
 Amrita (am-re'ta). {Hindu Myth.) 
 A beverage of immortality, churned 
 from the sea by the gods, who were 
 mortal until they discovered this po- 
 tent elixir. 
 
 A'mys and A-myl'i-on. Two faith- 
 ful and sorely triecf friends, — the 
 Pylades and Orestes of the feudal 
 ages, — whose adventures are the 
 subject of a very ancient romance 
 bearing these names for its title. An 
 abstract of the story is given in El- 
 lis's " Specimens of Early English 
 Metrical Romances." 
 
 i^~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ANA 
 
 15 
 
 AND 
 
 Aji'a-§har'sis Clootz (Idots). ' A 
 name ;issuincd by IJaroii Jean Bap- 
 tiste Clootz, who was born at Clevcs, 
 in 1755. lie conceived the idea of 
 reforming the human race, and trav- 
 elled through England, Germany, 
 Italy, &c., denouncing all kings, 
 princes, and rulers, and even the De- 
 ity. He called himself Anachnrsis, 
 in allusion to the Scythian philos- 
 opher of this name, who flourished 
 about six centuries before the Chris- 
 tian era, and who travelled to Greece 
 and other countries for the purpose 
 of gaining knowledge in order to im- 
 prove the people of his own country. 
 
 A-nac're-on Moore. A name some- 
 " times given to Thomas Moore, the 
 poet, who, in 1801, published a trans- 
 lation of the Odes of Anacreon. 
 
 Julia sat within as pretty a bower 
 As c'crhekl liouri in that lieathenisli heaven 
 described by Mahomet and Anacixon JJonre. 
 lii/ron. 
 
 A-nac're-on of Painters. A name 
 given to Francesco Albani (1578- 
 16G0), a distinguished painter of It- 
 aly. He was so called on accoimt of 
 the softness of his style, and his avoid- 
 ance of subjects which require spir- 
 
 _ ited i nd energetic treatment. 
 
 A-nac're-on of Persia. A title 
 sometimes given to Hafiz (d. 1388), 
 the Persian poet, whose odes and 
 lyric compositions, like those of 
 Anacreon, celebrate the pleasiu-es of 
 _ love and wine. 
 
 A-nac're-6n of the Guillotine. A 
 name given by the French to Ber- 
 trand Barere (or BaiTere) de Vieuzac 
 (1755-1811 ), president of the Nation- 
 al Convention in 1792, on account of 
 the flowery and poetical language in 
 Tvhieh he spoke upon all the meas- 
 ures of the reign of terror. See 
 WiTLixG OP Tekror. 
 
 An'as-ta'si-us (an'as-ta'zhi-us). The 
 hero and title of a novel by Thomas 
 Hope (1770-1831), — a work purport- 
 ing to be tlie autobiography of a 
 Greek, who, to escape the conse- 
 quences of his own crimes and vil- 
 lanies of every kind, becomes a ren- 
 egade, and passes through a long 
 series of the most extraordinary and 
 romantic vicissitudes. 
 
 Anastasius Griin. See Grux, Anas- 
 
 TASIUS. 
 
 An-cse'us. [Gr. 'Ay/cafof.] {Gr. <;• 
 Horn. J^fjjih.) A son of Ncptuno 
 Avho, having left a cup of wine un- 
 tasted to pursue a wild boar, was 
 killed by it, which gave rise to the 
 proverb, " There 's man}' a slip be- 
 tween the cup and the lip." 
 
 An-chi'ses. [Gr. 'Ayxiarir.] {Gi: tj- 
 Ruin. Myth.) A son of Capys and 
 Themis, and the father of iEneas by 
 Venus. He survived the capture of 
 Troy, and was carried by iEneas on 
 his shoulders from the burning city. 
 
 Ancient Mariner. The hero of Cole- 
 ridge's poem of the same name, 
 who, for the crime of having shot au 
 albatross, a bird of good omen to 
 vo3-agers, suffers dreadful penalties, 
 together with his companions, who 
 have made themselves accomplices in 
 his crime. These penalties are at last 
 remitted in consequence of his re- 
 pentance. He reaches land, where 
 Ije encounters a hermit, to whom he 
 relates his story ; 
 
 " Since then, at an uncertain hour, 
 The agony returns," 
 
 and drives him on, like the "Wander- 
 ing Jew, from land to land, compelled 
 to relate the tale of his suffering and 
 crime as a warning to others, and as 
 a lesson of love and charity towards 
 all God's creatures. 
 
 KS" The conception of this poem anil 
 the mystical imagery of the skeleton-ship 
 arc said by Dyce to have been borrowed 
 bj' Coleridge t'rom a friend who had ex- 
 perienced a strange dream. But De 
 Quiucey asserts that the germ of the story 
 is contained in a passage of Shelvocke, 
 one of the classical circumnaTigators of 
 the earth, who states that his second cup- 
 tain, being a melancholy man, was pos- 
 sessed by a fancy that some long season 
 of foul weather was owing to an albatross 
 which had steadily pursued the ship, 
 upon which he shot the bird, but with- 
 out mending their condition. 
 
 Andrews, Joseph. The title of a 
 novel by Fielding, and the name of 
 its hero, a footman who marries a 
 maid - servant. To ridicule Ricli- 
 ardson's " Pamela," Fielding made 
 Joseph Andrews a brother of that 
 renowned lady, and, by way of con- 
 
 aud for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 AND 
 
 16 
 
 AXG 
 
 trast to Kichardson's hero, repre- 
 sented him as a model of virtue and 
 excellence. 
 
 je®= " The accounts of Joseph's brav- 
 ery and good qualities, his voice too musi- 
 cal to halloo to the do^s, his bravery in 
 riding races for the gentlemen of the 
 county, and his constancy in refusing 
 bribes and temptation, have something 
 refreshing in their naivete and freshness, 
 jvnd prepossess one in favour of that hand- 
 some young hero." Thackeray. 
 
 An-drom'a-che. [Gr. 'AvSpofiuxV-] 
 (Or. ()• limn. 2riitli.) A daughter 
 of Eetion, and the fond wife of Hec- 
 tor, by whom she had Astyanax. 
 She is'one of the noblest and loveli- 
 est female characters in Homer's " Il- 
 iad." 
 
 An-drom'e-da. [Gr. 'AvdpofiEdTj.] 
 {Gr. if Rim. Myth.) A daughter 
 of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and 
 of Cassiopeia. Her mother having 
 boasted that her beauty surpassed 
 that of the Nereids, Andromeda 
 was exposed to a sea-monster, but 
 was foimd, saved, and married by 
 Perseus. 
 
 An-gel'i-ca. An infidel princess of 
 exquisite beauty and consummate 
 coquetry, in Bqjardo's " Orlando In- 
 namorato." She is represented to 
 have come all the way from farthest 
 Asia to sow dissension among the 
 Christians in Paris, who were be- 
 sieged by two hosts of infidels, one 
 from Spain, and anotlier, which had 
 landed in the south of France, from 
 Africa. Among many others, Or- 
 lando falls desperately in love with 
 her, forgetting, for her sake, his wife, 
 his sovereign, his countrv, his glory, 
 in short, everything except his relig- 
 ion. She, however, cares nothing 
 for him, having fallen madly in love 
 witli Rinaldo, in consequence of 
 drinking at an enchanted fountain. 
 On the other hand, Kinaldo, from 
 drinking at a neighbouring fountain 
 of exactly the op])Osite quality, can- 
 not abide her. Various adventures 
 arise out of these circumstances ; and 
 the fountains are again drunk, with 
 a mutual rever.sal of their effects. 
 Ariosto, in his " Orlando Furioso," 
 took up the thread of Angelica's 
 
 story where Bojardo had left it, and 
 making the jilt fall in love herself 
 with Medoro, an obscure youthful 
 squire, he represents Orlando as 
 driven mad by jealousy and indig- 
 nation. Angelica is celebrated for 
 the possession of a magic ring, which, 
 placed on the finger, defended the 
 wearer from all spells, and, concealed 
 in the mouth, rendered the person in- 
 visible. See Agkicane. 
 
 ;8®- " Angelica, noted in romance as 
 the faithless lady for whose sake Orlando 
 lost his heart and his senses, was a gra- 
 tuitous invention of Bojardo and Ariosto ; 
 for Spanish ballads and earlier Italian 
 poets make him the faithful husband of 
 Alda or Belinda." Yonge. 
 
 The fairest of her sex, vlni7cZ/ca, 
 . . . sought by many prowest knights. 
 Both pamira and the peers of Charleraain. 
 Milton. 
 
 Angelic Doctor. . [Lat. Doctor An- 
 gelicus.] Thomas Aquinas (1227- 
 1274), the most famous of the medi- 
 ajval schoolmen and divines. 
 
 j^^ Aquinas was extravagantly ad- 
 mired by his followers. One of his com- 
 mentators endeavours to prove that he 
 wrote with a special infusion of the Spirit 
 of God ; that he received many things by 
 direct revelation, and that Christ had 
 given anticipatory testimony to his writ- 
 ings. Peter Labbe says, that, as he 
 learned some things from the angels, so 
 he tauglit the angels some things ; that 
 he had said what St. Paul was not per- 
 mitted to utter ; and that he speaks of 
 God as if he had seen him, and of Christ 
 as if he had been his voice. 
 
 We extol Bacon, and sneer at Aquinns. 
 
 But, if the situations had been changed. 
 
 Bacon might have been the Angelic Doctor. 
 
 Maccadaij. 
 
 Ang^lique (on'zha'lek', G2). 1. Tlie 
 heroine of Moli^re's comedy, "Le 
 Malade Imaginaire." 
 
 2. The wife of George Dandin, in 
 Moliere's comedy of this name. See 
 Dandin, George. 
 
 An'ge-lo. 1. The deputy of Vincen- 
 tio, in Shakespeare's " Measure for 
 Measure." At first he exercises his 
 delegated power with rigour and 
 seeming conscientiousness, but only 
 to enable him the more safely to grat- 
 ify his base passion for Isabella, the 
 sister of a young nobleman named 
 Claudio. His design, however, is 
 thwarted, and his hypocrisy un- 
 
 03°" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ANG 
 
 17 
 
 ANT 
 
 masked, by a counteracting intrigue 
 of Vincontio's, wliicli, aided and fa- 
 voured by cliance, re^-cucs Isaliella, 
 and punishes Augelo by compelling 
 him to marry INIariana, a woman 
 Avhom he had a long time before se- 
 duced and abandoned. 
 
 2. A goldsmith in Shakespeare's 
 " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Angel of the Schools. A title given 
 to Thomas Aquinas, the most cele- 
 brated metaphysician of the Middle 
 Ages. See Angelic Doctok. 
 
 Angurvardel(ang'goof-vS'del). [Icel., 
 a stream of anguish.] The sword of 
 Frithiof. The blade was inscribed 
 with runic letters, which shone dimly 
 in peace, but gleamed with a won- 
 drous ruddy light in time of war. 
 See Frithiof. [Written also Au- 
 gur wad el.] 
 
 Gloriously known was the sword, the first of 
 all swords in the Northland. 
 
 Jip. Tcrjnc'r, Trans. 
 
 Anne, Sister. See Sister Anxe. 
 
 An-tse'us. [Gr. 'Avraio^.] (Gr. cf' 
 Eom. Myth.) A son of Neptune and 
 Terra, a famous Libyan giant and 
 wi-estler, whose strength was invinci- 
 ble so long as he remained in contact 
 w'th his mother earth. Hercules dis- 
 covered the som-ce of his might, lifted 
 him np from the earth, and crushed 
 him in the air. 
 
 As when Earth's son Antceiis (to compare 
 Small tilings with greatest) in Irassa strove 
 With Jove's Alcides, and, oft foiled, still rose. 
 Receiving from his motlier earth new strength 
 Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined; 
 Throttled at length in air, expired and fell: 
 So, after many a foil, the tempter proud. 
 Renewing fresh assaults amidst liis pride, 
 Fell whence he stood to see his victor fall. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ant'e-ros. [Gr. 'Avrepwf.] {Gr. <J'- 
 Rom. Myth.) A deity opposed to 
 Eros, or Love, and tighting against 
 him ; usually, however, regarded as a 
 god who avenged slighted love. He 
 is sometimes represented as the sym- 
 bol of reciprocal affection. 
 
 An'ti-christ. Literally, the opponent 
 of the anointed, or of the INIessiah. 
 The name of Antichrist was given by 
 the .Jews and Christians to the great 
 enemy of true religion, who shall, ac- 
 cording to the Holy Scriptures, ap- 
 pear before the coming of the JMessiah 
 
 in his glory. The name occurs in 
 the Bil)le in the following places 
 only: — 1 John ii. 18, 2-2; iv. 3; 2 
 Jultn 7. The "man of sin," whose 
 coming is foretold by St. Paul, 2 
 Th(.ti$. ii., is supposed to be the same 
 with Antichrist. Emblematic descrip- 
 tions of him occur in the 12th and 
 13th chapters of the i^trt latum. The- 
 ological writers have indulged in 
 many and the most diverse and fan- 
 ciful speculations respecting this great 
 adversary of Christianity; but the 
 prevalent opinion among Protestant 
 divines has always connected hiin 
 with the Itoman Catliolie church. At 
 the Council of Gap, in 1G03, the re- 
 formed ministers there assembled in- 
 serted an article in their Confession 
 of Faith, in which the Pope is pro- 
 nounced Antichrist. Grotius and 
 most Koman Catholic divines con- 
 sider Antichrist as symbolical of Pa- 
 gan Rome and her persecutions; Le- 
 clerc, Lightfoot, and others, of the 
 Jewish Sanhedrim, or of particular 
 Jewish impostors. Many are of opin- 
 ion that the kingdom of Antichrist 
 comprehends all who are opposed to 
 Christ, openly or secretly. 
 
 An-tig'o-ne. [Gr. 'Avnyovrj.'] ( Gr. 
 cf Rom. Myth.) A daughter of OJdi- 
 pus by his mother Jocasta. She was 
 famous for her filial piety. 
 
 An-tin'o-us. [Gr. 'AvTivovg.] A page 
 of the Emperor Hadrian, celebrated 
 for his extraordinary beauty, and for 
 Hadrian's extravagant afiection for 
 him. After his death by drowning 
 in the Nile, — about A. d. 122, — he 
 was enrolled among the gods, tem- 
 ples were erected to him in Egypt 
 and Greece, and statues set up in al- 
 most every part of the world. 
 
 An-ti'o-pe. [Gr. 'Avnom].'] {Gr. if- 
 Rom. Jfyth. ) A favourite of Jupiter, 
 by whoin she became the mother of 
 Amphion and Zethus. See Lycus. 
 
 An-tiph'o-lus of Eph'e-sus. \ Twin 
 
 An-tiph'o-lus of Syr'a-cuse.) broth- 
 ers, sons to ^Egeon and yEmilia, ia 
 Shakespeare's ** Comedy of Errors," 
 and 
 
 " the one so like the other 
 As could not be distinguished but by names.' 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 2
 
 AKT 
 
 18 
 
 APO 
 
 Their attendants were Dromio of Epli- 
 esus and Droniio of Syracuso, al;^o 
 twins, and botli alilce in tlieir per- 
 sonal appearance. 
 An-to'ni-o. 1. The usnrpinjj Duke 
 of Milan, and brotlicr to I'rospero, 
 in Slialvespeare's " Tempest." See 
 Prosi'icko. 
 
 2. The father of Troteus, in Shake- 
 speare's " Two Gentlemen of Vero- 
 na." 
 
 3. A minor character in Shake- 
 speare's " Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 4. The "Merchant of Venice," in 
 Shakespeare's play of that name. 
 See PoKTiA. 
 
 5. A sea-captain, friend to Sebas- 
 tian, in Shakespeare's " Twelfth 
 
 ^ Night." 
 
 A-nu'bis. [Gr. 'Avov/3if.] {Efjijpt. 
 Myth.) A divinity, a son of Osiris, 
 worshipped in the tbrm of a dog, or of 
 a human being with a dog's head. 
 He accompanied the ghosts of the 
 dead to the under-world. 
 
 Ap'e-raan'tus. A churlish philoso- 
 pher, in Shakespeare's play, '' Timon 
 of Athens." 
 
 Their affected melancholy shoircd like the 
 cynicism of Apeinatitus contrasted witii tlie 
 real niisanthroiiy of Timou. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Aph'ro-di'te. [Gr. 'AapodiTij.] ( Gi: 
 Myth.) The Greek name of Veniis, 
 the goddess of love, beauty, and de- 
 sire. See Venus. 
 
 A'pis. [Gr. 'Amf.] (.Effypf. Myth.) 
 The chief deity of the Egyptians, 
 worshipped under the form of a bull. 
 He is sometimes identided with Osi- 
 ris and Serapis. 
 
 A-pol'lo. [Gr. 'Atvo^Jujv.] ( Gi: cj- 
 Rom. Myth.) The son of Jupiter and 
 Latona, and the brother of Diana, 
 portrayed with (lowing hair as being 
 ever young. He was the god of song, 
 music, prophecy, and archer\% the 
 punisher and destroyer of the wicked 
 and o\'erbearing, the in-otector of 
 flocks and cattle, the averter of evil, 
 the aftbrder of help, and the god who 
 delighted in the foundation of towns 
 and the establishment of civil consti- 
 tutions. By the later Greeks he was 
 identitied with the sun. His favour- 
 ite residence was at ISIount Parnas- 
 
 .sus, and he had oracles at Delplii and 
 Delos. 
 
 A-pol'ly-on, or jL-poll'ySn. [Gr. 
 'Attoaavi^v, from u~o'AAvvai, to de- 
 stroy utterly, to ruin.] In the Jev,- 
 ish demonology, an evil spirit, calleil 
 in Hebrew Abaddon, and described 
 in Rtv. ix. 11, as " a king, the an- 
 gel of the bottomless pit." He is 
 introduced by Bunyan in his allegor- 
 ical romance' of the " Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress." 
 
 Apostle of Ardennes (af'den', G4). 
 A title given to St. Hubert (d. 727), 
 Bishop of Jlaestrecht and Liege, and 
 son of Bertrand, Duke of A(iuitainc. 
 He was so called from his zeal in de- 
 stroying remnants of idolatry. 
 
 Apostle of Germany. A title given 
 to St. Boniface (080-755), who, for 
 more than thirty years of his life, 
 laboured in the Work of converting 
 and civilising the rude heathen na- 
 tions of Germany. 
 
 Apostle of Infidelity. A name 
 sometimes given to Voltaire (IG'J-t- 
 1778), a bigoted and intolerant deist, 
 Avho avowed a design of destroying 
 the Christian religion, and Avas xui- 
 ceasing in his attacks upon it and 
 upon its defenders. 
 
 Apostle of Ireland. St. Patrick, 
 born near the end of the fom-th cen- 
 tury, died in 483 or 493. He was 
 moved by visions, as he relates in 
 his confessions, to undertake the con- 
 version of the Irish to Christianity. 
 He established many churches and 
 schools, and made many converts. 
 
 Apostle of Temperance. An hon- 
 orary appellation given to the Kev. 
 Theobald Mathew (1790-18.56), a dis- 
 tinguished temperance reformer in 
 Ireland and England. 
 
 jCQT" " However, as Protestants, we may 
 question the claim of departed saints, 
 here is a living minister, if he may be 
 judged from one work, who deserves to 
 be canonised, and whose name should be 
 placed in the calendar not far below the 
 apostles." Dr. C/taniiing, 1841. 
 
 Apostle of the English. St. Augus- 
 tine, or Austin, who livetl during the 
 latter part of the sixth century. He 
 ■was sent with forty monks, by Pope 
 
 K3" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the acoompanyins Explanat: 
 
 ;ion6,
 
 APO 
 
 19 
 
 APO 
 
 Grescorv I., to carry Christianity into 
 Ens^ianil. Such was his success tliat 
 he "is said to have baptised 10,()()0 
 persons in a single day. He has tiie 
 merit of having allowed no coercive 
 measures in the ]M-opagation of the 
 gospel. 
 
 Apostle of the French. A name 
 given to St. Denis, the first bishop of 
 Taris, in the tiiird century. He was 
 sent li-oni Kome, about a. d. 250, to 
 revive the drooping churches in Gaul, 
 and proceeded as far as Lutetia (Par- 
 is), where he made many converts. 
 He became the patron saint of the 
 kingdom, and his name served, for 
 many ages, as a rallying cry in bat- 
 tle, — Montjoie St. I)enis ! 
 
 Apostle of the Frisians. An ap- 
 pellation commonlv given to Saint 
 WUbrord, or Willi'br'od (057-738), a 
 native of the Saxon kingdom of 
 Northumbria, who spent forty-eight 
 years of his life in Friesland in preach- 
 ing Christianity, and endeavouring to 
 convert the people from paganism to 
 the true faith. 
 
 Apostle of the Gauls. St. Irenasus, 
 presln'ter, and afterward bishop, of 
 Lyons, near the close of the second 
 c nitur}-. 
 
 j^- " The immortal Apostle of the 
 Gauls, who, in his earliest youth, had 
 sat at the feet of Polycarp, at Smyrna, 
 started from the school of Asia Minor. It 
 ■was during a great crisis that Providence 
 ■brought this gem of Asia into the West. 
 Irenseus possessed the apostolical pa- 
 tience, as well as the fiery zeal, of Poly- 
 carp. lie learned Celtic, ia order to 
 preach the gospel to the barbarians in 
 their own language, and rejoiced in be- 
 holding the progress of the good work in 
 which he was engaged in the parts of 
 Germany bordering on Gaul." Btinsen. 
 
 Apostle of the Gentiles. A title 
 assumed by St. Paul, who, in "con- 
 junction with Barnabas, was divinely 
 appointed to the work of preaching 
 the gospel to all mankind, without 
 distinction of race or nation. His 
 labours lasted through many years, 
 and reached over a vast extent of 
 country. Sec Ads xiii., Rvin. xi. 13, 
 and 2 'Tim. i. 11. 
 
 Apostle of the Highlanders. A 
 name given to St. Coluniba (521-597), 
 
 one of the earliest teachers of Chris- 
 tianity in Scotland. He established 
 himself in the island of lona, and is 
 believed to have been tlu- founder of 
 the Culdees, who had their hcad-<iuar- 
 ters there. 
 Apostle of the Indians. An appel- 
 lation given to the Kev. John Kliot 
 (1G03-1G!)0), a celebrated missionarv 
 among the Indians in the Colony oV 
 Massachusetts Bay, many of whom 
 he converted to Christianit}-. , 
 
 £3=" " The Apostle, — and truly I know 
 not who, since Peter and Paul, better 
 deserves that name." E. Everett. 
 
 Apostle of the North. 1. A title be- 
 stowed upon Anschar, Anscharius, or 
 An.sgar (801-80-1), because he intro- 
 duced Christianity hito Denmark, 
 Sweden, and Northern Germany. 
 At the instigation of the Emperor, 
 Louis le Debonnaire, he went to Den- 
 mark, and, after many disappoint- 
 ments and persecutions, converted 
 the king and the greater part of the 
 nation. The Catholic chiurch has 
 placed him among the saints. 
 
 f^S" " He [Anschar] was the Colum- 
 bus and the Cortes of that unknown 
 world whither he penetrated with no 
 other weapon than his dauntless faith 
 and the name of Kome." 
 
 Micheln, Trans. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Bernard 
 Gilpin (1517-1583), an English re- 
 former, and the first who undertoolc 
 to preach the Protestant doctrines to 
 the inhabitants of the Scottish Bor- 
 der land. 
 
 Apostle of the Peak. A title given 
 to William Bagshaw (1028-1702), :v 
 non-conforming divine, distinguished 
 for his zeal and usefulness in the cause 
 of religion in the northern parts of 
 Derbj'shire, England. 
 
 Apostle of the Picts. A name given 
 to St. Ninian, a British bishop of the 
 latter half of the fourth and the be- 
 ginning of the fifth centuries, on ac- 
 count of his labours for the conver- 
 sion of the Teutonic inhabitants of 
 Cumbria. 
 
 Apostle of the Scottish Reforma- 
 tion. A title given to John Knox 
 (1505-1572), the most active agent 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 APO 
 
 20 
 
 ARE 
 
 fn the overthrow of tlic Roman Cath- 
 olic rcliijion, and the establishment 
 Of' the Kflbrmed kirk, in Scotland. 
 
 Apostle of the Slaves. A title triven 
 to St. Cyril (ninth century), who con- 
 verted to Christianity the Chasars, 
 dwelling by the Caspian Sea, laboured 
 in the same cause among the heathens 
 of Bulgaria, Moravia, and Bohemia, 
 and, with the assistance of some of 
 his pupils and his brother, made a 
 translation of the Holy Scriptures, 
 which is still used by all Greek-Cath- 
 olic Christians. 
 
 Apostle to the Indies. A title often 
 given to St. Francis Xavier, a distin- 
 guished Roman Catholic missionary 
 of the sixteenth century, who spent 
 more than ten years in laborious ef- 
 forts to introduce Christianity into 
 the East. 
 
 Apostolic King. A title given by 
 the Holy See to the kings of Hun- 
 gary, on account of the extensixe 
 propagation of Christianity by Ste- 
 phen I., the founder of the royal line. 
 
 Ap'po-li'no. [The same as Apollo, 
 the sun.] An imaginary deity, sup- 
 posed by the people of "Western Eu- 
 rope, dm-ing the Middle Ages, to be 
 Avorshipped by the JMohammedaus. 
 See Tek:\iagant. 
 
 Aq'ui-lo. (Rom. Myth.) A personifi- 
 cation of the north wind; the same 
 as Boreas. See Bokeas. 
 
 Arabian TaUor. See Leaened Tai- 
 lor. 
 
 Ar'a-by'. A poetical form of Arabia. 
 
 Farewell, — farewell to tlice, Arabt/'s daugh- 
 ter. T. Moore. 
 
 A-raeh'ne. [Gr. 'Apux'^r;.'] (Gr. cf- 
 Rom. Mijtli.) A Lydian maiden, so 
 proud of her skill as a weaver that 
 she challenged Minerva to compete 
 with her. She was successful in the 
 contest, but, being insulted by the 
 goddess, hung herself in despair, 
 and was changed into a spider. 
 
 Shall we tremble before eloth-webs and cob- 
 webs, whether woyen in Arkwright looms, or 
 by the silent Arnchties that weave uurestingly 
 in our imagination ? Carb/le. 
 
 Ar'ca-dy. A poetical form of Arcadia, 
 a pastoral district of the Peloponne- 
 sus (Morea) in Greece. 
 
 Archer. Servant to Aimwell, in Far- 
 quhar's " Beaux' Stratagem." 
 
 Ar'chl-ma'go, or Ax'ghl-niAge. 
 [l''ri>m Gr. d/<.Y«, chief, in composi- 
 tion, and fiuyo^, magician.] An en- 
 chanter in Spenser's " Faery Queen." 
 He is a tj'pe of Hj-poerisj', or Fraud, 
 and, as opposed to Christian Holiness 
 embodied in the Keel- cross Knight, 
 may also represent Satan, the incar- 
 nate principle of evil. He wins the 
 confidence of the knight in the dis- 
 guise of a reverend hermit, and by 
 the help of Duessa, or Deceit, sepa- 
 rates him from Una, or Truth. 
 
 By his mighty science he cnuld take 
 As many forms and shapes in seeming wise 
 As ever Proteus to himself could make : 
 Somitimc a low!, sometime a fish in lake, 
 Now like a f'nx, now like a dragon fell; 
 That of himself he oft for fear would (jiiake, 
 And oft would fly away. Oh, who can tell 
 The hidden power of herbs, and might of 
 
 inagic spell? Fucry Qw.en. 
 
 nim followed his companion, dark and sage. 
 As he, my Master, sung the dangerous Ar- 
 
 diiinarje. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Whatever momentary benefit may result 
 from satire, it is clear that its influence, in the 
 long run, is injurious to literature. The sat- 
 irist, like a malignant Arr/iiiiirnjo, creates a 
 false medium, through which posterity is 
 obliged to look at his contemporaries, — a 
 medium which so refracts and distorts their 
 images, that it is almost out of the question 
 to see them correctlj'. Atlantic Monthhj. 
 
 Ar'cite. A cliaracter in the " Knight's 
 Tale," in Chaucer's " Canterbury 
 Tales." See Palamon. 
 
 Ar'den, Enoch. The hero of Tenny- 
 son's poem of the same name, a sea- 
 man who is wrecked on an uninliab- 
 ited and rarely visited tropical island, 
 where he spends many years, and 
 who returns home at last only to find 
 that his wife, believing him to bo 
 dead, has married again, and is pros- 
 perous and happy. In a spirit of 
 heroic self-sacrifice, he determines 
 not to undeceive her, and soon dies 
 of a broken heart. 
 
 Ardennes, Wild Boar of. Sec 
 Wild Boar of Ardennes. 
 
 A'res. [Gr. "Apw.] (Gr. Jft/tJi.) The 
 god of war; the same as Mars. Sec 
 Mars. 
 
 Ar'e-thu'sa. [Gv.'Apedovaa.l (Gr.<f 
 Rom. Mijfh.) One of the Nereids, 
 and an attendant upon Diana. She 
 presided over a famous fountain of 
 
 i^~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ARE 
 
 21 
 
 ARG 
 
 the ?amc name, close by the margin 
 of the sea in the island of Ortygia, 
 near Syracuse. According to Ovid, 
 the river-god Alpheus became enam- 
 oured of her -while bathing in his 
 stream in Arcadia. Diana, ho^vever, 
 took pity on her, and changed her 
 into a well, which (lowed under tlie 
 Adriatic to Ortygia. But Alpheus 
 still pursued her, and, passing by 
 the same under-ground channel from 
 Greece to Sicily, re-appeared in the 
 fountain, and miuf^lcd his waters 
 with those of the nymph. [Written 
 also, poetically, A r e t h u s e . ] 
 
 That renowned flnod, so often Rung, 
 Divine Alpheus, who, liy secret sluice, 
 Stole under seas to meet his Arcthttsc. 
 
 Hilton. 
 
 Aretino, The Only (u-ra-te'no). [It. 
 L' Unico Arttinu.'] An honorary ap- 
 pellation given by his admirers to 
 Bernardo Accolti, an Italian poet of 
 the sixteenth centur\', celebrated for 
 his wondert'ul powers of improvisation. 
 The designation seems to have been 
 intended to express his superiority to 
 his uncle, Francesco Accolti (d. 1483), 
 surnamed Arvtiniis., who was also a 
 poet, and to Pietro Aretino, a distiu- 
 giished contemporary satirist. 
 
 Argalia (af-ga-le'a). A brother to 
 Angelica, in Bojardo's romantic 
 poem, the '" Orlando Innamorato." 
 He is celebrated as the possessor of 
 an enchanted lance which threw 
 whomsoever it touched. Ferraii 
 eventually killed him, and Astolfo 
 obtained the lance. 
 
 Ar'ga-lus. An unfortunate lover in 
 Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia." See 
 Pauthenia. 
 
 Argan (af'go"', G2). The hero of Mo- 
 liere's comedy, '' Lc JMalade Imagi- 
 naire," an hypochondriac patient, 
 whose love of medicine is accompa- 
 nied by a syiirit of parsimony which 
 leads iiim to take every mode that 
 may diminish tlie expense of his 
 supposed iiidisposiliou. 
 
 j(K3=- " Arg;iu ... is discoTcred tax- 
 ing his apothecary's bill, at once delight- 
 ing his ear with the flowery language of 
 the Pharmacopoeia, and gratifying his 
 frugal disposition by clipping off some 
 items and reducing others, and arriving 
 at the doiible conclusion, first, that, if 
 
 his apothecary docs not become more 
 reasonable, he cannot afford to be a sick 
 man any longer; and, secondly, that, a,s 
 he has swallowed fewer drugs by one 
 third this month than he had done the 
 last, it Wiis no wonder he was not so well. 
 . . . file] is at last persuaded that the 
 surest and cheapest way of securing him- 
 self against the variety of maladies by 
 Avhich he is beset, ^vill be to become a 
 doctor in his own proper person, lie 
 modestly represents liis want of pre- 
 liminary study, and of the necessary 
 Icnowledge even of the Latin language ; 
 but he is assured that by merely putting 
 on the robe and cap of a physician he 
 will find himself endowed with all the 
 knowledge necessary for exercising the 
 profession. . . . This leads to the inter- 
 lude which concludes the piece, being 
 the mock ceremoni;il of receiving a 
 physician into the ^Esculapian college, 
 couched in macaronic Latinity." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Argante (af'g6"t', 62). A character 
 in Moliere's comedy, "Les Fom-beries 
 de Scapin." 
 
 Ar-gan'te. A terrible giantess in Spen- 
 ser's "Faery (Jueen; " a very mon- 
 ster and miracle of licentiousness. 
 
 Argantes (af-gftn'tess). The brave-st 
 of the infidel heroes in Tasso's epic 
 poem, "Jerusalem Delivered." 
 
 Bnnnparte, in these disjointed yet signifi- 
 cant threats, stood before the deputies like 
 the Arpnntes of Italy's heroic poet, and gave 
 them the choice of'^peace and war with the 
 air of a superior being, capable at once to dic- 
 tate their fate. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ar-gier'. An old fonn of Aljiers, 
 found in Shakespeare's " Tempest." 
 
 Ar'go. [Or. 'kpyu, from apyof, swift.] 
 [Gr. f Rom. Mi/tJi.) A tifty-oared 
 ship in which Jason and his com- 
 panions made their voj-ago to Colchis 
 in search of the golden tieece. See 
 Argon.vuts. 
 
 Harder beset 
 And more endangered, than when Arr/o 
 
 passed 
 Through Bosporus betwixt the justlinp rock?. 
 Milton. 
 
 Ar'go-nauts. [Lat. Argonnutie; Gr. 
 ' kpyovavTat.'] {Or. if Rom. Myth.) 
 The heroes and demigods who, ac- 
 cordingtothc traditionsof the Greeks, 
 undertook an expedition to Colchis, 
 a far-distant country on the coast of 
 the Euxine, for the pui-pose of ob- 
 taining a golden fleece, which was 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 ARG 
 
 22 
 
 AKI 
 
 p;a?.rclccl by a sleepless and terrible 
 dragon. 
 
 A body of Bastille heroes, tolcrnlily com- 
 jiluto, (lid }?'•''' together ;— comparable to the 
 ^Lrijunauls : hoping to cudure like them. 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 Ar'gus. [Gr. 'Apyof.] {Gr. (^' Horn. 
 Jlijth.) A fiibiilous being (if enor- 
 mous strength, wlio bad a hundred 
 eyes, of Avhieh only two were asleep 
 at once, whence he was named Fan- 
 opt.es, or the All -seeing. Jimo ap- 
 ijointed him to watch over lo (see lo), 
 iHit Mercuiy killed him, and Juno 
 transferred his eyes to the tail of the 
 peacock, her favourite bird. 
 
 Spangled with eyes more numerous than 
 
 those 
 C\t Araus, and more wakeful than to drowse, 
 Charmed with Arcadian pipe, the pasi >ral 
 
 reed 
 Of Ilernies, or his opiate rod. Milton. 
 
 A'ri-ad'no (9). [Gr. 'ApmJf;?.] {Or. </ 
 Rom. Afijlh.) A daughter of Minos, 
 king of Crete, who, from the love 
 she bore to Theseus, gave him a clew 
 of thread, wliieli guided liim out of 
 the Cretan labyrinth. Theseus in 
 return promised to marrj' her, and 
 she accordingly left the island witii 
 him, but was slain by Diana in Naxos. 
 According to another tradition, she 
 ■was married to Bacchus, who, after 
 her death, gave her a place among 
 the gods, and placed her wedding 
 crown as a constellation in the sky. 
 
 A'ri-el (9). 1. In the demonology of 
 the Cabala, a water-spirit; in the fa- 
 bles of the Middle Ages, a spirit of 
 the air, — the guardian angel of inno- 
 cence; in Shakespeare's "Tempest," 
 an airy and tricksy spirit, represented 
 as having been a servant to Sycorax, 
 a foul witch, by whom, for some acts 
 of disobedience, he was imprisoned 
 within the rift of a cloven pine-tree, 
 where he remained for twelve years, 
 nntil released by I'rospero. In grat- 
 itude for his deliverance, he became 
 the willing messenger of I'rospero, 
 assuming any shape, or rendering 
 himself invisible, in order to execute 
 the commands of his master. 
 
 On the hearth the lighted logs arc Rlowing, 
 And, like Ariel in tlie cloven pine-tree. 
 
 Fur its freedom 
 Groans and sighs the air imprisoned in thom. 
 LonofcUoiC. 
 
 2. Tlic name of a sylph in Pope's 
 "Kape of the Lock." 
 
 >6SJ^ " Pope's fairy region, compared 
 with Shakespeare's, was what a drawini;- 
 rooni is to the universe. To Rive, theu'c- 
 fore, to the sprite of the ' Rape of the 
 Lock ' the name of the spirit in the 
 ' Tempest ' was a bold cliristening. Pros- 
 pero's Ariel could have puffed liim out 
 like a taper. Or he would have sauffed 
 liim up as an essence, by way of jest, and 
 I'ound him flat. But, tested by less potent 
 sen.se.'J, the sylph species is an exquisite 
 creation. He is an abstract of the spirit 
 of line life ; a sugge.ster of fa.sliions ; an 
 iuspirer of airs ; would be cut to pieces 
 ratlier than see his will contradicted ; 
 takes his station with dignity on a pict- 
 ure-cord; and is so nice an adjuster of 
 claims that he raulis liearts with neck- 
 laces. . . . The punishmeuts inflicted on 
 him when disobedient liave a like fitncs.s. 
 He is to be kept hovering over the futiie-S 
 of the chocolate ; to be transfixed with 
 plus, clogged with pomatums, and wedged 
 in the eyes of bodkins." Leigk Hunt. 
 
 Ariodantes {Tt.jvon. a-re-o-dan'tess). 
 The lover of (ilnevra, in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso." 
 
 A-ri'on. [Gr. 'Apiuv.] (Gr. (f Horn. 
 Myth.) An ancient Greek bard and 
 musician of the isle of Lesbos. On 
 his return to Corinth from Italy, on 
 one occasion, the mariners formed a 
 plot to murder him for his riches ; but 
 being forewarned of their intention, 
 he played upon his lute, and, by the 
 charms of his music, brought a num- 
 ber of dolphins around the vessel, 
 when he threw himself into the sea, 
 and was carried on the back of one 
 of them to the promontory of Ta;na- 
 rus in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Ar'is-t83'us. [Gr. 'Apicrratof.] ( Gr. rj- 
 Horn. Myth.) An ancient Greek di- 
 A-inity, worshipped as the protector 
 of vine and olive plantations, and of 
 hunters and herdsmen. lie was also 
 thought to have instructed men in the 
 management of bees. According to 
 the common tradition, he was a son of 
 Apollo and the water-nymph Cyrenc. 
 
 In such a palace Ari^tmi^ found 
 Cyrcne, when he Imrr tlic iilaiiitive talo 
 Of his lost bees to Ihm- nititeni;il car. 
 Cowper (on the Ice-puUire uf Anne of Russia.) 
 
 ir'is-te'as. [Gr. 'Apiareaf .] ( Gr. (f 
 Horn. Myth.) A fabulous being, who 
 
 B3" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ARI 
 
 23 
 
 AKT 
 
 has been styled llie "Wandering 
 Jew " of popular tradition in ancient 
 Greece. He ajjpears lirst as a teacher 
 of Homer, and re-appears in dilferent 
 ages and places in very dilt'ercnt 
 characters. Herodotus and Suidas 
 assert that he was a magician, whose 
 .soul could leave and re-enter its body 
 at pleasure. 
 Aristophanes, The Modern. Sec 
 
 .MoUEliN AinsTDrllANKS. 
 
 Ariecchino (ar-lek-ke'no, 102). Sec 
 
 HAKLEtjUlX. 
 
 Armada, The Invincible. {Eng. cf 
 ^]/>. IlUt.) A famous naval arma- 
 ment, or expedition, sent by Philip 
 II. of Spain against England, in the 
 year 158S. It' consisted of 130 ves- 
 sels, 2-4;iO great guns, 4575 quintals 
 of powder, nearly 20,000 soldiers, 
 above 8000 sailors, and more than 
 2000 vohmteers. It arrived in the 
 Channel on the 19th of July, and was 
 defeated the next daj' by Admiral 
 Howard, who was seconded by Drake, 
 Hawkins, and Frobisher. Eight tire- 
 ships having l)een sent into the Span- 
 ish fleet, they bore off in great dis- 
 order. Profiting by the jianic, the 
 English fell upon them, and captured 
 or destroyed a number of tiicir ships, 
 and Admiral Howard maintained a 
 running fight from the 21st of July to 
 the 27th, with such eflect, that the 
 Spanish commander, despairing of 
 success, resolved to return liome,and, 
 as escape through the luigii^-li Ciian- 
 nel was prevented by ccnitrary winds, 
 he undertook to sail around the Ork- 
 neys; but the vessels Avhicli still re- 
 mained to him were dispersed by 
 storms, or sliipwrecked among the 
 rocks and shallows, on different parts 
 of the Scott isli and Irish coast, and 
 iipwards of 5000 men were drowned, 
 killed, or taken ])risoners. Of the 
 whole Armada, 53 ships only returned 
 to Spain, and these in a wretched con- 
 dition. The English lost but one ship. 
 Armado. See Don Adiu.vno I)e Au- 
 
 MAIXI. 
 
 Armed Soldier of Democracy. A 
 
 name given to Napoleon IJonajiarte. 
 
 Armida (ar-me'da, G4). One of the 
 most prominent female characters 
 
 in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered.'' 
 Tiie story of Armida is f anidcd upon 
 a tradition related liy Pierre Delancre. 
 fS^' The poet tells us, that, when tho 
 Crusaders arrived at tlie Holy City, Satuu 
 held a coumil to devise some iiiean.s of 
 disturbiui; ttie plaus of the Christian 
 warriors, and Amiida, a very beautiful 
 .sorceress, was employed to seduce Ki- 
 naldo and other Crusaders. Rinaldo was 
 conducted by Armida to a remote island, 
 where, iu her splendid palace, surround- 
 ed by delij;htful gardens and pleasure- 
 grounds, he utterly forgot his vows and 
 the great object to wliich he had devoted 
 his life. To liberate him IVom his volup- 
 tuous bondage, two nu'S^engcrs from the 
 Christian army. Carlo and Ubaldo, camo 
 to the island, brinj;ing a talisman so pow- 
 erful that the witchery of Armida was 
 destroyed. Kinaldo escaped, but was fol- 
 lowed by tho sorceress, who, in battle, in- 
 cited several warriors to attack the hero, 
 and at last herself rushed into the fight. 
 She was defeated by Kiualdo, who then 
 confessed his love to her, persuaded her 
 to become a Christian, and vowed to bo 
 her faithful knight. The story of Armi- 
 da has been made the subject of an opera 
 by both Gluck and Kossiui. 
 'T was but a doubt ; but ne'er magician's 
 
 wand 
 Wrousbt chatifre with all Annida's fairy art 
 Like what this liKht touch left ou Juan's 
 
 lieart. Jiyraii. 
 
 The stage (even as it then was), after the 
 rccluseness and austerity ot'u eolk-Re life, must 
 have appeared like Annida's eucnauted pal- 
 ace. JIazlitt. 
 Tho Rrand mansions yon arrive at in this 
 waste, Tiowlins solitude prove sometimes es- 
 sentially robher-towors; and there may be 
 Aniiiila palaces and divine-liiokinK Aniddas, 
 where your ultimate fate is still worse. 
 
 CarlyU. 
 
 Arnolphe (ar'nolP). A selfish, and 
 morose cynic in ]\Ioliere's " L'Ecolu 
 des Femmes," whose pretended ha- 
 tred of the world springs from an ab- 
 sorbing regard to his own gratification. 
 
 iLr'oun-dight (-dit). The sword of 
 Lancelot of the Lake. 
 
 It is the swnrrl of a prond knight. 
 Tlioii^'h liiirnespun wiis liis mail; 
 AVhat niattcr it' it lio nut named 
 .Tnyciis,., (nkuln, Durindiile, 
 ICxcalibar, or Anniniliijht i I.onafelJow. 
 
 Ar-sin'o-e. A prude in Moliere's 
 comedy, "Le Misanthrope." 
 
 Ar'te-Kal. 1. A mythic king of Britain 
 mentioned in the Chronicle of Geof- 
 frey of Momnoulh, and in Milton's 
 Ilistorv of Britain. See Elioui!K. 
 2. [Written also A rtegall, Ar- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xx.\ii.
 
 ART 
 
 24 
 
 ASH 
 
 t h g a 1, and Artcpjalc] A char- 
 acter in Spenser's '"l-'ai-ry (iueun," 
 representative of Justice, and also of 
 the poet's friend anil patron, Lord 
 (Jrey. His main object is to rescue 
 Iriiia from the tyranny of (Irantorto; 
 l)ut, like a chivalrous kni};lit-<'rraiit, 
 lie is ready to turn aside and subdue 
 the spirit of mi>cliief and violence 
 ■xvherever it may be encountered. 
 
 Every ohliijalion, accordin" to the ninxim 
 of the 'Civil Law, i8 iiuidu void in the same 
 manner in wliicii it is rendered binding ; 
 n» Ailluiial, the emhleniatic ehainpicin of 
 Jnsticc in Spenser's allef;"ry, dierees as law, 
 that what the sea has brouglit tlie sea may 
 resume. ^ir ))'. ^-ott. 
 
 Ar'te-mis. [Gr. 'Aprefiic-] (^'»■• 
 Mytli.) One of the givat divinities of 
 the ancient Greeks ; the same as Di- 
 ana. See DiAN.v. 
 
 Artful Dodger. A sobriquet of one 
 of the characters in Dickens's " Oli- 
 ver Twist." lie is a young thief, 
 and an adept in villany. 
 
 Arthur. See KiNi; Arthur. 
 
 Ar'un-del. The steed of Bevis of 
 Southampton. See Bevis of South- 
 am rrox, Siu. 
 
 Ar-vlr'a-gus. A son of Cymbeline, 
 in Shakespeare's play of this name, 
 passinfc imder the assumed name of 
 C'adwid, and supposed to be a son of 
 Belarius. See Ijelakius. 
 
 As-cal'a-phius. [Gr. 'AamTio^oc;.] 
 {Gr. (/■ liom. Myth.) A son of Ache- 
 ron, who, having; declared that Pros- 
 cqiine — whom Pluto had given per- 
 mission to return to earth, provided 
 she had not eaten any thing while in 
 the under-world — had tasted of a 
 yiomegranate, was turned by Ceres 
 into an owl, for his mischief-making. 
 
 As-ca'ni-us. [Gr. 'Plokuvloc.^ (6V. 
 cj- Rum. Myth.) A son of vEneas 
 and Creusa. He accompanied his 
 father to Italy, succeeded him in the 
 kingdom of Latinus, and built tlie 
 citv of Alba Longa. [Called also 
 lulus.'] See yExKAS. 
 
 The former belong to that class who, like 
 the youn^ -licani'jw, are ever beating about in 
 <iuest of a t'lWTiy lion, thouph they are niueh 
 more successful in now and then startiii.: a 
 great tore. Sir W. tiijutt. 
 
 As'ca-part. The name of a giant 
 whom Bevis of Southampton con- 
 
 quered, according to the old romance. 
 His etHgy may be seen on tlie citj-- 
 gates of Southampton. He is said to 
 have been thirty feet high, and to have 
 carried Sir Bevis, his wife, and horse, 
 under his arm. Allusions to him 
 occur in Shakespeare, Drayton, and 
 other Elizabethan writers. Accord- 
 ing to Warton, he is a character in 
 very old French romances. 
 
 Each man an Asconart, of strength to toss 
 For quoits both Temple-bar and Charing- 
 cross. Pope. 
 
 lie was a man whose huge stature, thews, 
 slmws, and bulk in proportion, would have 
 cnalilfd him to enact Colbrand, ylsca^)art, or 
 anv other giant of romance, without raising 
 hinisclf nearer ty lieavcu even by the altitude 
 ofachopin. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 As-crse'an Sage. [Lat. Ascrceus se- 
 iitx.] A name given by Virgil, in 
 his sixth Eclogue, to Hesiod, who 
 was born in the eighth century, b. c. 
 at Ascra, a village of Boeotia, in 
 Greece. 
 
 Asgard ( Ss'gaf d ). [Old Norse, yard, or 
 abode, of the Asir, or gods.] ( ScancL 
 Myth.) A celestial city or territory, 
 the dwelling of the gods, situated in 
 the centre of the universe, and acces- 
 sible only bv the bridge Bifrost (the 
 rainbow), llere each of the princi- 
 pal deities had a residence apart from 
 the rest. [Written also A s a g a r d.] 
 
 Asli'ford, Isaac. A peasant in 
 Crabbe's " Parish Register," de- 
 scribed as 
 " A wise good man, contented to be poor." 
 
 Ash'ta-roth. (Myth.) The name 
 given in the Bible to Astarte, an 
 ancient Syrian deitv-, who was adored 
 as the goddess of the moon; hence 
 Jeremiah calls her "the queen of 
 heaven." Solomon built her a tem- 
 ple on the Mount of Olives (2 Klnrjs 
 xxiii. 1.3), but her chief temples were 
 at Tyre and Sidon. Her worship, 
 according to ancient accounts, was of 
 a licentious character. See Astaete. 
 [Written also Astaroth and 
 As tore th.] 
 
 Blooned AMarolh, 
 Heaven's queen and niotlier both. Milton. 
 
 Ash'tSn, Lucy. The heroine of Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel, " The Bride of 
 Lammermoor; " daughter of Sir Wil- 
 liam Ashton, and betrothed to Edgar 
 Eavenswood. 
 
 OQ" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ASH 
 
 25 
 
 ASS 
 
 Ash't5n, Sir "William. The Lord 
 Keeper ot' Scuilaiid: a proniiiieiit 
 character in Scott's " liride of Lam- 
 nu-rmoor." 
 
 Asir (a'sef). (Scarui. Myth.) The 
 most powerfid, though not the oldest, 
 of the deities: usually reckoned as 
 twelve gods and twelve goddesses. 
 The gods are — Odin, Thor, lialdur, 
 Niiird, Frey, Tyr, Bragi, Ileimdall, 
 Vidar, Valf, Ullur, and Forseti; the 
 best-known of the goddesses — Frig- 
 ga. Freyja,Iduna, and Saga. [Writ- 
 ten also Aser, Asar, and Jisir.] 
 
 As'mo-dii. The same as Asmodcus. 
 See A.s:MonEUs and Belial. 
 
 As'mo-de'us. [Ileb. Ascmedai, the 
 destroyer.] In the Jewish demonol- 
 ogy, an evil spirit, the demon of 
 vanity, or dress, called in the Tal- 
 mud " king of the devils," whence 
 some assume him to be identical with 
 Beelzebub, and others with Azrael. 
 In modern times, he has been jocu- 
 larly spoken of as the destroying de- 
 mon of matrimonial happiness. 
 
 j8£5= In the Apocryphal book of Tohit, 
 he is represented as loviug Sara, the 
 daughter of Raguel, and causing the 
 death of seven husbands, who married 
 he-' in succession, on the bridal night. 
 Tobias, instructed by Raphael, burns on 
 " the a.she3 of perfume "' the heart and 
 liver of the fish which he caught in the 
 Tigris ; " the wliich smell when the evil 
 spirit had smelled, he fled into the utmost 
 parts of Egypt, and the angel bound 
 him." Those demonographers of the 
 Middle Ages who reclvoued nine kinds of 
 evil spirits, placed Asmodeus at the head 
 of the fourth rank, which consisted of 
 malicious, revenging devils. According 
 to other authorities, he is the lieutenant 
 of Amaimon. Wierus, in his description 
 of the infernal court, makes him superin- 
 tendent of gambling-houses. Le Sage 
 lias made him the companion of Don 
 Cleofas, in '• Le Di.ible Boiteux,'' or •' The 
 Devil on Two Sticks," in which occurs 
 the celebrated adventure known as As- 
 modeus's flight. By direction of the 
 demon, Don Cleofas takes hold of A.smo- 
 Ueus's clo,ak, and is immediately borne 
 through the air like an arrow, and perched 
 upon the steeple of St. Salvador. Ar- 
 rived at this spot, the demon stretches 
 out his right arm, and at once, by his 
 diabohcal power, the roofs of the houses 
 are taken off, and, notwithstanding the 
 
 darkness of the night, the interiors nre 
 made visible. Tlie scholar beholds, as at 
 noonday, the inside of all the houses, ns 
 one might view the inside of a pie from 
 which the crust had been removed. 
 
 4lf2r-"It is impossible to conceive a 
 being more fitted to comment upon tbo 
 vices, and to ridicule the follies, of hu- 
 manity, than an esprit folUt like Asmo- 
 deus [in ' Le Diablc Boitcu.x '], who is as 
 much a decided creation of genius, in his 
 way, as Ariel or Caliban. Without pos- 
 sessing the darker powers and propen- 
 sities of a fallen angel, he presides over 
 the vices and follies, rather than the 
 crimes, of mankind ; is malicious rather 
 than malignant ; and his delight is to 
 gibe, and to scoff, and to tease, rather 
 than to torture ; — one of Satan's light- 
 infantry, in short, whose business is to 
 goad, perplex, and disturb the ordinary 
 train of society, rather than to break in 
 upon and overthrow it. This character 
 is maintained in all Asmodeus says and 
 does, with so much spirit, wit, acuteness, 
 and playful malice, that we never forget 
 the fieud, even in those moments when 
 he is very near becoming amiable as well 
 as entertaining." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Could the reader take on Asmodeus-fiijlit, 
 and, waving open all roofs and privacies, look 
 down from the roof of Notre-Dame, wliat a 
 Paris were it! Carbjlc. 
 
 A-so'pu3. [Gr. 'AffUTrof.] ( Gv. <f Rom. 
 Mijih.) A .son of Oceanus and Tc- 
 thys, changed into a river for rebel- 
 ling against Jupiter. 
 
 As-pa'si-a (as-pa'zhi-a). A female 
 character in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 play, " The Maid's Tragedy." 
 
 /{jj" " Her sorrows are so deep, so 
 pure, so unmerited ; she sustains the 
 breach of plighted faith in Amyntor, and 
 the taunts of vicious women, with so 
 much resignation, so little of that ter- 
 magant resentment the.se poets are apt to 
 infuse into their heroines ; the poetry of 
 her speeches is so exquisitely imaginative, 
 that, of those dramatic persons who are 
 not prominent in the development of a 
 story, scarce any, even in Shakespeare, 
 are more interesting." Ilullam. 
 
 Assassination Plot. ( Eng. Hist. ) The 
 name given to a conspiracy formed 
 in lf)9(!, by the Earl of Aylesbury 
 and others, to assassinate King Wil- 
 liam III., near Kichmond, as he re- 
 turned from the chase. It was dis- 
 covered Feb. 1.5, the day before that 
 fixed upon for the execution of the 
 plot. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-x.xiii.
 
 ASS 
 
 2G 
 
 ATA 
 
 Aa'si-en'to. [Sp., Foat, contract, 
 afjrecmciit.] A treaty or convuiitiou ; 
 ppccilically (iS//. JJisL), a convention 
 between the kinr; of Spain and some 
 foreign power lor the suisply of ne- 
 groes for the Spanisli American colo- 
 nies. The lirst Assiento was conchid- 
 c(l with die Fii'minfi;.s by Charles I. 
 of Spain. In 1713, it was transferred 
 to Knfiland by the treaty of Utrecht, 
 and altenvard made over for thirty 
 year.s by tlie English government to 
 the South-Sea Company, which, how- 
 ever, in 1750, rclinciuished its rights 
 to Spain, upon the payment of £100,- 
 000, and tiie concession of certain 
 commercial advantages. [Written 
 also, thougli rarely in English books, 
 A s i c II t o, which" is the proper Span 
 ish orthography.] 
 
 As-tar'te. (Myth.) The Punic name 
 of the Syrian deity named Ashtaroth. 
 
 See ASHTAKOTH. 
 
 With these in troops 
 Came Aptoreth, whom the Phccnicians called 
 Ai'tnilr, diu't-ii nf lieaven, with crescent horns; 
 To v.li..!.r briizht iinuKC nightly by the moon 
 Siilni]i:in viryins paid their vows and songs; 
 In Sion iilso not uiisunK, where stood 
 iter temple on the offensive mountain, built 
 By that uxorious king, whose heart, though 
 
 lar^e, 
 Pejuili'd by fair idolatresses, fell 
 To idols foul. Milton. 
 
 As'to-lat. The name given to Guil- 
 ford, in Surrey, in the old romances 
 of the Arthurian cycle. 
 
 A3-tol'fo, or As-tol'pho. A celebrat- 
 ed character in the romantic tales 
 and poems founded upon the sup- 
 posed adventures of Charlemagne 
 and his paladins. Astolfo is repre- 
 sented as the English cousin of Or- 
 lando, being equally descended with 
 liim from Charles Martel. He is a 
 boaster, and is perpetuallj' under- 
 taking great feats, which he is unable 
 to perform; but he is generous, and 
 brave to tool - hardiness, courteous, 
 gay, and singularly handsome. In 
 Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," he is 
 made to cure Orlando's madness by 
 bringing home his lost wits in a phial 
 from the moon, and is noted for his 
 magic horn, that routed armies with 
 a blast. 
 
 In the hands of Antony Van Corlear, this 
 windy instrument [tlie trumpet] appeared to 
 
 liim as potent as the horn of the paladin Astol- 
 
 jslio, or even the more classic horn of Alecto. 
 
 (('. Irviwj. 
 
 As-trse'a. 1. \Gr. ' Aarpala.'] {Gr.cf 
 Rom. Myth.) The goddess of justice, 
 a daughter of Jupiter and Themis, 
 or, according to others, of Astraius 
 and Aurora. She was the last of all 
 the deities who left the earth when 
 the golden age had passed away; 
 and, when she departed, shocked by 
 the impiety of mankind, she took 
 her place in heaven among the stars, 
 as the constellation " Virgo," in the 
 zodiac. 
 
 2. A poetical name assumed by 
 Mrs. Aphara, or Aphra, Behn, a 
 dramatist and miscellaneous writer 
 of the seventeenth century, notorious 
 for the license of her life and writ- 
 ings. 
 The stage how loosely does Astraa tread ! 
 
 rope. 
 
 As'tro-pliel. [A sort of metagram- 
 matic translation of Phil. Sid., an 
 abbreviation of Philip Sidney, — Sid. 
 being taken as a contraction of the 
 Latin sidus, a star, in Gr., uarpov, and 
 Phil, standing for ^ZAof, a friend. 
 Hence, Astvophll, star-friend, or friend 
 of the star [Stella], changed to Astro- 
 phel, which is the name of a flower- 
 ing plant called also starwort.] A 
 name given by Sir Philip Sidney to 
 himself in a series of poems entitled 
 " Astrophel and Stella," in which he 
 celebrated the praises of Penelope 
 Devereux, to whom he was at one 
 time betrothed. Spenser embalmed 
 the mutual friendship of Sidney and 
 himself in a pastoral ode entitled 
 "Astrophel." See Stella. 
 
 The long-winded strophes of the divino 
 Astrophel. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 As-ty'a-nax. [Gr. 'Aarvuva^.'i (Gr. 
 (§• Rom. Myth.) The only son of 
 Hector and Andromache. After the 
 capture of Troy, the Greeks hurled 
 him down from the walls of the city 
 to prevent the fulfilment of a decree 
 of fate, according to which he was to 
 restore the kingdom of Troy. 
 
 At'a-lan'ta. [Gr. 'ATaluvTij.'] (Gr. 
 <f Rom. Myth.) A princess of Scy- 
 ros, or, according to others, of Arca- 
 dia, who was famed for her beauty. 
 
 K3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with tlie accompanying Explanations,
 
 ATE 
 
 27 
 
 ATR 
 
 She consented to many that one of 
 her numerous suitors who shouhl out- 
 run her; but he was to die who lost 
 the prize. After many had pcrislied, 
 Hippomeiies offered himseh"; and, by 
 dropping;; at intervals three golden 
 apples from the garden of the Hes- 
 perides, which Atalanta stopped to 
 pick up, arrived first at the goal, and 
 thus obtained her hand. 
 
 A'te. [Gr. 'At?].] (Gr. .J"' Eom. 
 Ifyth.) A daughter of Jupiter, and 
 the goddess of discord. The tragic 
 writers describe her as the goddess of 
 retribution. 
 
 Ath.'el-stiine. A prominent character 
 in Sir Walter Scott's novel of " Ivan- 
 hoe." He is thane of Coningsburgh, 
 and is suruamed "The Unready." 
 
 A-the'ne. [Gr. 'k&ijvr].'] (Jfyih.) 
 One of the great female divinities of 
 the Greeks; the same as the Minerva 
 of the Romans. See MiNiiitVA. 
 [Written also Athena.] 
 
 Athenian Bee. A title bestowed 
 upon Plato (b. c. 423-348), who was 
 a native of Athens, in allusion to the 
 sweetness and beauty of his style. 
 
 Athens of America. A name 
 sometimes given to Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts. See MoDEKK Atiieiss, 2. 
 
 Athens of Ireland. A popular des- 
 ignation of the city of Cork, the 
 birthplace or residence of very many 
 of the most cultivated and eminent 
 Irishmen of the present day. 
 
 Athens of the Worth. See North- 
 EUN Athens. 
 
 At-lan'tes {It. pron. at-lan'tcss). A 
 famous enchanter, who figures in 
 Eqjardo's "Orlando Innamorato," 
 andAriosto's "Orlando Furioso," as 
 the tutor of Rogero. 
 
 Thou mayst laugh, . . . but it [the shadow 
 of a horse witli two riders] reminded me of 
 tlie ma^\cia.\\ Atlante^ on his. liippogrifF with 
 a kniKht trussed up beliind hira. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 At-lan'tis. [Gr. 'ArAavr^f.] A vast 
 island supposed by the ancient Greeks 
 and Romans to have been situated in 
 the western ocean, beyond the Pil- 
 lars of Hercules. It was first men- 
 tioned by Plato, who tells us that he 
 obtained his information from the 
 
 priests of Egypt. He gives a beau- 
 tiful picture of the interior of this ini- 
 aginaiy land, and enriches it with a 
 fabulous history. He says, that, nine 
 thousand years before his time, the 
 island suddenly sank into the sea, 
 rendering it innavigable ever since 
 hy reason of the shoals of mud caused 
 by the submersion of so great an ex- 
 tent of land. 
 
 At-lan'tis, The New. The title of 
 an alk'gurieal fiction by Lord liacon, 
 and the name of an island described 
 in it as being situated, like the At- 
 lantis of the ancients, in the middle 
 of the Atlantic Ocean. Bacon rep- 
 resents himself as having been 
 wrecked on this island, and as find- 
 ing there an association for the cul- 
 tivation of natural science and thu 
 promotion of improvements in th« 
 arts. 
 
 At'las. [Gr. •AT;iaf.] {Gr. 4- Rom. 
 Mijth.) One of the Titans, son of 
 lapetus and Clymene. Being con- 
 quered by Jupiter, he was condemned 
 to the labour of bearing on his head 
 and hands the heaven he had at- 
 tempted to destroy. Another ac- 
 count makes him a man metamor- 
 phosed into a moimtaiu by Perseus. 
 
 Atlas, Witch of. See Witch ov 
 
 _ Atlas. 
 
 A-tos'sa. [From Alossa, the daughter 
 
 ' of Cyrus, queen of Cambyses, and 
 afterward of Darius Hj'staspis, by 
 whom she had Xerxes. Herodotus 
 speaks of her as a follower of Sap- 
 pho.] A poetical name given bj' 
 Pope to Sarah, Duchess of Marlbor- 
 ough, a great friend of Lady Mary 
 Wortley Montagu, whom Pope calls 
 Sappho in his "Moral Essays," Ep. 
 
 But what are these to great Atossa^n mind ? 
 Scarce once herself, by turns all womankind. 
 Pope. 
 
 A'treus. [Gr. 'Arpeiif .] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth. ) A son of Pelops and Hippo- 
 damia, grandson of Tantalus, and 
 father of Agamemnon and Menelaus. 
 
 A-tri'des. [Gr. 'ArpeW???.] ( Gr. (f- 
 * Rom. Myth.) A patronymic used to 
 designate Agamemnon, the son of 
 Atreus. 
 
 and for tlie Remarks and llules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-x.xxii.
 
 ATR 
 
 28 
 
 AUG 
 
 At'ro-p68. [C,r. 'Ar/iOTTOf, the inflex- 
 ible, I'roin u i)riviitive,fiiul -peTzeiv, to 
 change.] (Gr. 4 Rmi. Mtjlh.) One 
 of tlie three I'areie, or Fates; the 
 one tliat eut thu thn-ad of life. 
 
 Attic Bee, ) Kpithets conferred hv 
 
 Attic Ho'mer. ) the aneients uiwa 
 SojihocK's (4!»5-40t;, n. v.), the tra^cie 
 poet of Athens, on aeeount of the 
 unrivalhil ln'aiity and sweetness of 
 hi-; imidmlions. 
 
 Attic Muse. A title bestowed by the 
 Greeks upon Xenophon (h. C. 450), 
 the celebrated historian, on account 
 of the merit of his style, which w;as 
 regarded as a model of simplicity 
 and ch'f^anee. He is sometimes 
 calhd The Muse of Greece. 
 
 At'ti-cus. 1. A poetical name give.: 
 by Pope to Adilison in the " Epistle 
 to Dr. Arbuthnot " which forms the 
 " Prologue to the Satires." Atticus 
 was an epithet applied by the Eo- 
 mans to a person distinguished for 
 his learning or clo(]ueiK;e. 
 
 2. A name given to George Fanlk- 
 ner (d. 1775), to whom Lord Chester- 
 field addressed, under this title, a 
 series of ironical letters, which at- 
 tained great celebrity. 
 
 3. A name given to lliehard IIc- 
 ber (177.'J-18;j;3), a famous English 
 book -hunter, in Uibdin's " Biblio- 
 mania." 
 
 Attorney-General to the Lantern. 
 [Fr. Prociiretir-Gi'ncnd du la Lnn- 
 terne.'] A title adopted by Camille 
 Desmoulins (1702-1704), one of the 
 earliest instigators of the French 
 Eevolution, in reference to the sum- 
 mary* executions in the streets, when 
 the mob took the law into their own 
 hands, and hanged those whom they 
 considered their opponents, by means 
 of the long ropes to which the lamps 
 were suspended. 
 A'tys. [Gr. 'Krvr.'] (Gr. (j- Bom. 
 Mijth.) A beautiful Phrygian shep- 
 herd, Ijeloved by Cybele, who made 
 him her priest on conditiim of per- 
 petual chastity; but he broke his 
 vow, became insane, tumianned him- 
 self, and was changed into a fir-tree. 
 [Written also At'tys, Attis, At- 
 t e s, A 1 1 i n.] 
 
 Audhumbla (owd-hwm'blS). (ScanrL 
 Myth.) 'i'iie name of a wonderful 
 cow formed by the fiat of Alfadur, at 
 the creation of the universe. She 
 fostered the giant Ymir, and, by lick- 
 ing the salt rocks in Giniiunga-gap 
 (In.m which she obtained her own 
 nourishment), she oeeasioned the birth 
 of IJuri, the ]irogeiiitor of the gods. 
 Audiunnbhi represents the power of 
 nature acting upon chaos. [Written 
 also A u d u m b 1 a and A u d h u m- 
 la.J 
 
 Aud'ley, John. A name used by 
 theatrical jierformers, in the phrase, 
 " We willJohn Audley it," when they 
 intend to abridge an act or a play. 
 [Written also John r d e r 1 e y.J 
 
 jOQr"In the year 1749, Shutcr was 
 master of a droll at Bartholomew Fair, 
 and it was his mode to lengthen the ex- 
 hibition until a sufficient number of per- 
 sons were gathorccl at the dnnr to fill the 
 house. This event was signified by a 
 fellow popping his head in at the gallery- 
 door, and bellowing out, ' John AwJley,' 
 as if in act of inquiry, though the inten- 
 tion was to let Shutcr know that a fresh 
 audience were in liigh expectation below. 
 Tlie consequence of this notification was, 
 that the entertainments were immediately 
 concluded, and the gates of the booth 
 thrown open for a new auditory." 
 
 PitUeyn. 
 
 Au'drey. A country wench, in Shake- 
 si)eare's " As You Like It." 
 
 /!3= " Audrey is the most perfect spe- 
 cimen of a wondering she -gawky. . . . 
 She thanks the gods she is foul, and, if 
 to be poetical is not to be honest, she 
 thanks the gods also that she is not 
 poetical." Cowden Clarke. 
 
 Sho flo)iiished the switch she held in her 
 hand, dropped a courtesy as low a& a lady at 
 a liirthniu'lit intrnductinn, recovered herself 
 Feei]iini;I.v aeeordiii^' to Touchstone's direc- 
 tions to Amlnii, and opened tile conversation 
 witliout wuitiug till any qucstious were asked. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Au'ge-as. [Gr. Awyeaf.] {Gr. <^- 
 Horn. Mifth.) A king of Elis, one of 
 the Argonauts. It was the fifth of 
 the twelve labours of Hercules to 
 cleanse his stables in one day of the 
 filth which had been produced in 
 them by .3000 head of cattle during 
 thirty years. This he accomplished 
 by leading the waters of the Alpheus 
 and the Pcnens through them. The 
 fable of the Augean stables is often 
 
 n^- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronnnciatinn," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 AUL 
 
 29 
 
 ATE 
 
 alluded to in doclamations on politi- 
 cal comipti(pns and the like. [Writ- 
 ten also A u f; i a s.] 
 
 Avild Ane. [That is, the Old One.] 
 A vid;rar name for the Devil in Scot- 
 land and the North of England. The 
 epithet ''old," prefi.xed to so many 
 of the titles of the Devil, seems to 
 indicate the common opinion that he 
 can only appear in the shape of au 
 old man. 
 
 Auld Clootie. A Scottish name for 
 the Devil, supposed to allude to his 
 cloven feet. 
 
 Auld Hangie. A name popularly 
 {riven in Scotland to the Devil. 
 
 Auld Hornie. Among the Scotch, a 
 familiar name for the Devil, who is 
 often described and represented with 
 horns. 
 
 O thou! whatever title suit thee, 
 
 Autd Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie, . . . 
 
 Hear me, Auld Hanjiie, fur a wee, 
 
 And let poor damned bodies be. Lums. 
 
 Auld Reekie. A designation given 
 to Edinburgh on account of its 
 smoky appearance, as seen from a dis- 
 tance ; or, according to others, on ac- 
 count of the imcleanliness of its pub- 
 lic streets. 
 
 Ji^ " This desisnation [Auld Reekie] 
 rei-iinds one, that the quarter of the city 
 to which it particularly refers, presents, 
 eTen to this day, the spectacle of the most 
 flagrant violation of the most element- 
 ary rules for the preservation of public 
 health and the maintenance of domestic 
 decency." Lowlon Review. 
 
 Hech, sirs, but ye Ve gotten a nasty, cauld, 
 wet day for coniihg \ato Auld Reekie, as you 
 kintra folks ca' Eiiibro. J/. Lituhay. 
 
 "When my mind was quite made up to make 
 AuUl Heehie my head-quarters, I be^an to ex- 
 plore, in good earnest, for the purpose of dis- 
 covering! "a suitable habitation. .Sir W. Seott. 
 
 Au-ro'ra (9). [Gr. 'Avpioc upa, the 
 golden hour.] {Rom. Myth.) The 
 goddess of the morning, or of the 
 dawn; sometimes described as the 
 goddess of day. She had a passion 
 for mortal youths, and carried otf 
 Clitus, Orion, and Tithonus. 
 
 Aus'ter. {Rom. dfyth.) A personifi- 
 cation of the south wind. 
 
 Austrian Hyena. An appellation 
 given to .Julius Jakob von Hayiiau 
 (1786-18.53). an Austrian general dis- 
 tinguished for his sinister appearance, 
 
 and notorious for his rntlile"s cruelty 
 to the prisoners — particularly the 
 female political prisoners — captured 
 by the forces mider his command, in 
 the wars against Charles Albert of 
 Sardinia and the Hungarians under 
 Kossuth and (ji3rge\'. 
 
 Authentic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor An- 
 tlieniicus.] An honorary- appellation 
 conferred upon Gregory of Kimiiii 
 (d. l^bl), a celebrated scholar of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Au-tol'J--cus. 1. [Gr. Ai-o?.VKnc.] 
 { Gr. (j- Rom. Myth.) One of the Argo- 
 nauts, a son of Mercury and Chione- 
 He is very famous in ancient story 
 as a successful robbir, who had the 
 power of metamorphosing both the 
 stolen goods and himself. 
 
 2. A wittv rogue in Shakespeare's 
 " Winter's Tale." 
 
 A lively, bustlinpr, arch fellow, whose pack 
 and oaken ell-wand, studded duly with brass 
 points, denoted him to be of Autolt/cus's pro- 
 fession, occupied a Kood deal of the attention, 
 and furnished much of the amusement, of the 
 evening. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Av'5-lon. In 5Iiddle-Age romance, 
 the name of an ocean island, and of 
 a castle of loadstone upon it, " not 
 far on this side of the terrestrial par- 
 adise; " represented as the abode of 
 Arthur and Oberon and Morgaine 
 la Fee. It is most fully described in 
 the old French Romance of " Ogier 
 le Danois." 
 
 JK5= " Avalon wa.s perhaps the Island 
 of the Blest of the Celtic mytbolotry, and 
 then the abode of the Fees, through the 
 Breton Korri^m. ^Vriters, however, 
 seem to be unanimous in regarding it and 
 Glastonbury as the .same place, — called 
 an isle, it is stated, as being made nearly 
 such by the 'rivers embracement.' It 
 was named Avalon, we are told, fivm the 
 British word aval, an apple, as it 
 abounded with orchards ; and Yni/s 
 gwyrlrin, Saxon G'a.\tn-ey, gUussy isle, 
 (Latin Glaslonia,) irova the green hue of 
 the water surrouudiug it." Keightley. 
 
 Avenel, White Lady of. See "White 
 Lady ok Avexkl. 
 
 A-ver'nus (4). [Gr. 'Aopvof.] {Rom. 
 Myth.) Properly, a small, deep lake 
 in Campania, occupying the crater 
 of an extinct volcano, and almost 
 completely shut in by steep and 
 wooded height.^. From its gloomy 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. :;iv--x.x.xi:.
 
 AYM 
 
 )0 
 
 AZR 
 
 nml av>-fiil aspect, it was clGScribed by 
 the Latin poets as the entrance to tlie 
 lower world ; but the name was often 
 used to designate tlie lower world it- 
 self. Avernus was also regarded as 
 a divine being. 
 Ay'mer, Prior. A jovial Benedictine 
 mouiv, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey, in 
 Sir Walter Scott's '"Ivanhoe." 
 
 Ay'mon. (Fr.pron. a'mijn', G2.) A 
 semi-mythical character who li.tjures 
 in tlie romances and romantic poems 
 of the Carolian series. He is repre- 
 sented as Duke of Dordona (Oor- 
 dojrne), and father of four sons, l\i- 
 iialdo, Guieciardo, Alardo, and Ric- 
 ciardetto (or Kenaud, Guiscard, Alard, 
 and Richard), whose adventures ^re 
 the subject of an old French romance, 
 entitled " Les Quatre-Filz-Aymon," 
 by Huon de Villeneuve, a French 
 poet of the age of Rhilip II. (11(J5- 
 122.J). 
 
 A-za'zel. Among the ancient Jews, 
 the name inscribed upon one of the 
 lots cast by the high priest, on the 
 day of atonement, to determine -which 
 of the two goats selected as a sin-of- 
 fering should be the scape-goat, and 
 which should be sacrificed to Jeho- 
 vah. (See /-e?7. xvi.) There has been 
 much discussion among biblical in- 
 terpreters as to the meaning of the 
 word Azazel. Some regard it as a 
 designation of the goat itself; some 
 as the name of the place to which he 
 was sent; and others as the name of 
 a personal being to whom he was 
 sent. Tholuck and other critics ren- 
 der the word " for complete sending 
 away." Ewald considers Azazel to 
 have been a demon belonging to the 
 pre-Mosaic religion. Another opin- 
 ion identifies him with Satan, or the 
 
 Devil. Milton makes him Satar. ; 
 standard-bearer. 
 
 Tliat proud honour claimed 
 
 Ar.nrj'l ns his right, a cherub tall; 
 
 ■\Vho forthwith from liis glittering staff un- 
 furled 
 
 The imperial ensign, wliich, full high ad- 
 vanced, 
 
 Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind, 
 
 AVitli gems and golden lustre rich emblazed. 
 
 Seraphic arms and trophies. Far. Lost, Jik. I 
 
 A'zo. The name given by Byron to 
 the Prince of Este, in his poem of 
 '' I'arisina." The poem is foimded 
 on fact, and the real name of the 
 prince was Nicholas ; but Lord Byron 
 substituted Azo as being metrically 
 preferable. See Pakisina. 
 
 Az'ra-el. [Heb., help of God.] In 
 the Jewish and the Mohammedan 
 mythology, the name of an angel 
 who watches over the dying, and 
 separates the soul from the body. 
 
 H^ff- " The Mohammedan doctors . . . 
 say that Azrael . . . was commissioned 
 to inflict the penalty of death on all 
 mankind, and that, until the time of 
 Mahomet, he visibly struck down before 
 the eyes of the living those whose time 
 for death was come ; and although not 
 invariably seen by by-standers, yet he 
 was supposed to be always visible, in the 
 very act of inflicting the mortal blow, to 
 those whose souls he was summoned lo 
 take away. IMahomet, struck by the ter- 
 rific effect whicli this produced upon 
 men. entreated that the angel of death 
 should take away the souls of men with- 
 out this visible appearance ; and, in eon- 
 sequence of the prayers of the prophet, 
 it was no longer permitted, but nicn".s 
 souls were taken without their beholding 
 the angelic form which removed them."' 
 Henry Chrishnas. 
 Even Azrael, from his deadly quiver 
 
 When flies that shaft, and fly it must, 
 That parts all else, shall doom for ever 
 Our hearts to undivided dust. Jlijron, 
 
 JIadness . . . invisible, impalpable, and yet 
 no black Azrael, with wings spread over half 
 a continent, with sword sweeping from sea to 
 sea, could be a truer reality. Carlyle.
 
 BAA 
 
 31 
 
 BAG 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba'ai. [Heb., lord, master.] i^^jjlh.) 
 A general appellation of honour used 
 — sometimes in the plural form, Ba- 
 alim — to designate many dittereiit 
 gods among the ancient nations of 
 the East; but specilically applied to 
 the principal male deity of the Vhw- 
 nicians, Avho was also worshipped in 
 Assyria, Egypt, Carthage, and other 
 countries. He was the god of the 
 sun. See 1 K'itkjs xviii. 
 
 jfiSS^ " The word Bail is frequently found 
 coupled with some epithet, and seems, iu 
 such cases, to have deuoted a different 
 deity, or perhaps the same deity regarded 
 as exereisiug a different function. Thus, 
 we have Bail - Bereth, "'the CoTenant 
 Lord," worshipped by the people of She- 
 chem ; Bail-Peor, the I'rinpus of the Mo- 
 abites and Midianites ; and Eeiilzebub, or 
 Bail-zebub, — the " Fly-god," — the idol 
 of the Philistines at Ekron. 
 
 Bataa, Ali (a'le' ba'bit). A character 
 in the " Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments," which relates the .stoiy of 
 his adventures with the Forty Thieves 
 (5'. v.), whom he discovers from his 
 h'diug- place in a tree, and whose 
 cave he enters by the use of a magic 
 pass- word, " Sesame," which he has 
 accidentally overheard. 
 
 Baba, Cassim (kSs'sim hS'ba). A 
 character in the " Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments;" the brother of Ali 
 Baba. See Forty Thieves. 
 
 The spell loses its power, and he who should 
 then hope to conjure with it would find liini- 
 self as much mistaken as Cnsxim . . . when 
 he stood cryins, "Open, 'Wheat," "Open, 
 Barley," to the door which obeyed no sound 
 but " Open, Sesame." Macauluij. 
 
 Baba, Hajji (had'jee ba'ba). The hero 
 of a novel of the same name, bv James 
 Morier (1780-1849); a sort of Persian 
 picaroon, on the Gil-Bias model. 
 
 Babes in the Wood. See Ciiil- 
 
 DF.EN IN THE WOOU. 
 
 Babes of the "Wood. {Irish Hist.) 
 Insurrectionary hordes who infested 
 the mountains ofWicklow and the 
 woods near Enniscarthy, toward the 
 end of the eighteenth century, and 
 v.'ho were guilty of the greatest 
 atrocities. 
 
 Baboon, Lewis. Louis XTV. of 
 France; — so called in Arbuthuot's 
 '■ History of John Bull." 
 
 Baboon, Philip. A nickname given, 
 in Arbuthuot's "History of John 
 Bull," to I'hilip, Duke' of Anjou, 
 grandson of Louis XIV. of France. 
 
 Bac'chus. [Gr. Boxko?, the noisy or 
 riotous god.] {Gr. cj- Earn. J/jjtJi.) 
 The son of Jupiter and Semele, anil 
 the god of wine; represented as a 
 beautiful but etl'eminate j'outli. 
 
 Bachelor of Salamanca. See Dox 
 CiiEi;uBm. 
 
 Backbite, Sir Benjamin. A censo- 
 rious character in Sheridan's " School 
 for Scandal." 
 
 But could this sad, thoughtful countenance 
 lie the same vacant face of folly . . . tluit 
 Idokcd out so formally tlat in rojipinfrton, f^o 
 frothily pert in Tattle, so irapotently busy in 
 iackbke i Cliarles Luii,b. 
 
 Bac'tri-an Sage. An epithet given 
 to Zoroaster, the founder of the Ma- 
 gianreligidn, and a native of Bactria, 
 the modern Balkh. 
 
 Badebec (bad'bek'). The wife of 
 Gargantua, and mother of Pantag- 
 ruel, whose birth was the cause of 
 her death; which is not to be won- 
 dered at, since he came into the 
 world accompanied by eighty - one 
 sellers of salt, each leading a mule 
 by a halter; nine dromedaries, lad- 
 en with ham and smoked tongues; 
 seven camels, laden with eels; be- 
 sides twenty -five waggons full of 
 leeks, garlic, onions, and shallots. 
 
 Badger State. A name popularly 
 given to the State of Wisconsin. 
 
 Badinguet (ba'dan'ga', G2). A nick- 
 name given in France to the em- 
 peror Napoleon III. 
 
 Ba'don, Mount (ba'dn). The scene 
 of a Ijattle which is said to have been 
 fought bv King Arthur against the 
 Saxons who invaded his kingdom, 
 and in which the latter were signally 
 defeated. By some writers, Badnn 
 has been identified with Bath, by 
 others with Berkshire. 
 
 Bag'stock, Joe. A wooden-featured, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiy-xxxii.
 
 BAI 
 
 32 
 
 BAN 
 
 liliio-faced major in Dickens'? "Dom- 
 beyaiul Son," solt'-ab.sorl)(.'(l, and for 
 ever talkin;? of "J. B.," "old J. B.," 
 ".loty B.," &c. 
 
 Baillie Nicol Jarvie. See Jaisvik, 
 Haillie Xicoi.. 
 
 Baiser de Lamourette, Le. See 
 La>u)1"rette's Kiss. 
 
 Bajardo (ha-c-af'do). See Bavai:i>. 
 
 Sal'der-st6ne, Caleb. In Sir Wal- 
 ter Soiitt's " Bride of Lamniermoor," 
 the faithful old butler of the Master 
 of Kavenswood. lie struggles most 
 virtuously, without food, furniture, or 
 comfort, "to maintain an appearance 
 of aftluenco, and is alwaj-s ready 
 with some ludicrous shift to uphold 
 the fallen dignity of his patron. 
 
 ;Kg» '• Of all our author's fools and 
 bores, he is the most pertinacious, the 
 most iutrusive, and, from the nature of 
 his one monotonous note, the least par- 
 donable in his intrusion. His silly 
 buffoonery is always marring, with gross 
 absurdities and degrading associations, 
 some scene of tenderness or dignity." 
 
 Senior. 
 
 The Gallic foray was even more terrible 
 and fatil than Roman vanity chose to avow. 
 It was like Caleb £a;<ter,<!to)M''s thunder-storm, 
 or Edward the First's destruction of charters; 
 for it utterly ruined early Roman history. 
 
 Yonije. 
 
 BalduT (Ml'dobf). [Old Xorse, bril- 
 liant, beautiful, powerful.] {Scarul. 
 Mtjth.) The second son of Odin and 
 Frigga ; the god of the summer sun ; 
 represented as the noblest, gentlest, 
 and wisest of all the gods, and so fair 
 that a brilliant white light streamed 
 from his person. In consequence of 
 the machinations of Loki, he was 
 slain by his twin brother, Hudur, the 
 blind god of war. His death typifies 
 the disappearance of the sun trom 
 the horizon during the winter months 
 in tlie North. [Written also Bal- 
 der and Ball dr.] 
 
 Balisardo (ba-le-saf'do). [It.] The 
 name of a sword which, according to 
 Ariosto, in his " Orlando Furioso," 
 would cut even enchanted substances, 
 and was made bj' a potent sorceress, 
 named Falerina, to kill Orlando with. 
 It became the property of Ituggiero. 
 
 Ballengeigh, Goodman of. See 
 G00D.MAN OF Ballengeigh. 
 
 Bal'ma-whap'ple (-pi). A stupidly 
 obstinate Scottish laird who figures 
 in Scott's novel of " Waverley." 
 
 Balmung (bal'mdong). A sword of 
 great potency, belonging to Siegfried 
 in the (Jerman epos, the " Nibelun- 
 gen Lied." Von der Ilagen seems 
 to think it merolj' the sword Jlimung 
 under another name. See Mimun<; 
 and WiELAXD. 
 
 Youns hearts, generation after frencration, 
 will think with themselves, O worthy of wor- 
 ship, thou king-descended, god-descended, 
 and poor sister-woman [the Princess de Lam- 
 ballej! why was not I there [at her execu- 
 tion]; and some Sword Buhimng, or Thor's 
 Hammer in my hand? Carbjle, 
 
 Bal'ni-bar'bi. A land occupied by 
 projectors, visited by Gulliver in his 
 famous imaginary '• Travels." See 
 Gulliver. 
 
 Bal-thaz'ar. 1. A merchant in Shake- 
 speare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 2. A servant "to Don Pedro, in 
 "Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 3. A name assumed by Portia, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Ven- 
 ice." See Portia. 
 
 4. One of the " Kings of Cologne," 
 — the three magi who came from the 
 East to worship the infant Saviour. 
 
 Balwery, Great "Witcli of. See 
 Great Witch of Balwery. 
 
 Bal'whid-der, The Rev. Mieali 
 (bal'hwifh-ur). A Scottish Presby- 
 terian pastor in Galfs ''Annals of 
 the Parish," imbued with all old- 
 fashioned national feelings and prej- 
 udices, but thoroughly sincere, kind- 
 hearted, and pious. He is easy, 
 garrulous, fond of a quiet joke, and 
 perfectly ignorant of the world ; dili- 
 gent, blameless, loyal, and exemplary 
 in his life, but without the fiery zeal 
 and " kirk -filling eloquence " of the 
 supporters of the CoA"enant. 
 
 Ban, King. The father of Lancelot 
 du Lac, and a famous knight of the 
 Round Table. He was a king of 
 Brittany, and a faithful ally of King 
 Arthur. 
 
 Banou, Peri. See Pakibanou. 
 
 Ban'quo (bangk'wo). A Scottish 
 thane and warrior of the eleventh 
 centur}-, and ])rogenitor of the ro^-al 
 House of Stuart, immortalised in 
 
 CJ" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BAN 
 
 33 
 
 BAR 
 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of "Mac- 
 beth." 
 
 Like Batuiuo'a murderer, there was blood 
 
 on his face, as well an upon the rowels cif liis 
 
 spuTE, and the sides of his ovcr-riddcn horse. 
 
 Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 Ban'shee. In the popular supersti- 
 tions of the Iri.'ih, a sort of tutelary 
 female demon, called the wife of the 
 fairies, who is thought to give warn- 
 ing of an approaching death by wait- 
 ings and shrieks which she utters. 
 [Written also B e n s h i e.] 
 
 Baph'o-met. A m3-sterious idol, or 
 rather symbol, which -was in use 
 among the Templars. It was a small 
 human figure, cut out of stone, and 
 covered M^ith emblems of unknown 
 signification. It had two heads, one 
 male and the other female, with the 
 rest of the body purely feminine. 
 Specimens are to be found in some 
 ot the museums of Continental cities. 
 
 JK3=" The word Baphomet Is supposed 
 to be a corruption — arising from the 
 negligence of some transcriber — of the 
 name Mahomet, occurring in the deposi- 
 tions of witnesses against the unfortunate 
 Templars, who were accused of having 
 a leaning to the faith of the Arabian 
 prophet. 
 
 Baptiste, Jean (zhonb^'tesf, 62). A 
 PC briquet given to the French Cana- 
 dians, these being very common 
 Christian names among them. 
 
 Barataria (ba-ra-ta're-3). [Sp., from 
 barrito, cheap.] Sancho Panza's isl- 
 and-city, in Cer\'antes's romance of 
 " Don Quixote." " Sancho then, 
 with all his attendants, arrived at a 
 town containing about a thousand 
 inhabitants. They gave him to un- 
 derstand that it was called the island 
 of Barataria, either because Barata- 
 ria was really the name of the place, 
 or because he obtained the govern- 
 ment of it at so cheap a rate. On 
 his arrival near tlie gates of the 
 town, the municipal officers came out 
 to receive him. Presently after, with 
 certain ridiculous ceremonies, they 
 presented him with the keys of the 
 town, and constituted him perpetual 
 governor of the island of Barataria." 
 
 Sanclio Panza, in hi8 island of Barataria, 
 neither administered justice more wisely, nor 
 was interrupted more provokingly in his per- 
 sonal indulgences. Shelley. 
 
 I don't oat slde-dishcn; and as for the roast 
 beef <if Old Eni^land, whv, tlienieatwM put 
 on the table and whi-ked aw:iv like Suncho'» 
 inauijuration IVajit at Jiaratan'a. Thacixrai/. 
 
 BarTDS-aon (-sn). The name of e, 
 
 liend mentioned bv Shakespeare, 
 "Merry AVives of Windsor," a. ii., 
 sc. 2, and "Henry V.," a. ii., sc. I. 
 
 Barber Poet. A name sometimes 
 given to .Jacques Jasmin (1798-1804), 
 a popular poet of Gascony, and a 
 barber or hair-dresser by occupation. 
 
 Bar-dell', Mrs. A widow landlady in 
 Dickens's " Pickwick Papers," cele- 
 brated for the suit which she brought 
 against Mr. Pickwick for an alleged 
 breach of promise to marry her. 
 
 Bard of A'v6n. An epithet often ap- 
 plied to Shakespeare, who was born 
 and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon. 
 
 Bard of Ayrshire. A name often 
 given to Robert Bums, the great 
 peasant-poet of Scotland, who was a 
 native and resident of the county of 
 Ayr. 
 
 Bard of Hope. A title sometimes 
 given to Thomas Campbell (1777- 
 1844), author of " The Pleasures of 
 Hope," one of the most beautiful di- 
 dactic poems in the language. 
 
 Bard of Memory. A name used to 
 designate the poet Rogers (1762- 
 1855), author of " The Pleasures of 
 Memory." 
 
 The Ilard of ilemory slumbered on his 
 laurels, and he of Hope had scarce begun to 
 attract his share of public attention. 
 
 Sir ir. 5corf. 
 
 Bard of Olney. An appellation 
 sometimes conferred upon the poet 
 Cowper, who resided for many years 
 at Olney, in Buckinghamshire. 
 
 Bard of Rydal Mount. An epithet 
 sometimes applied to the poet Words- 
 worth (1770-1850), who resided from 
 1813 imtil his death atRydal,achap- 
 elryof England, in the countyof West- 
 moreland. His dwelling commanded 
 a beautiful view of the lake of Rydal 
 and of a part of Windermere. 
 
 Bard of Twick'en-Mm. A name 
 often given to the poet Pope (IfiSS- 
 1744), who resided at Twickenham 
 for the last thirty years of his life. 
 
 Of all the abject and despicable drivoUins. 
 ever drivelled ny clerk or layman, is all that 
 
 and for the Rcmarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxiii. 
 ■i
 
 1$AK 
 
 34 
 
 BAR 
 
 Into drivclIinK about the eternal principles of 
 JM»etry, and the genius of tlic Hani nf I'lvick- 
 \-nJtuin. Jjlaei-wuotrs Mu'j. 
 
 Bar'dolph. A follower of Falstaff, a 
 bravo, and a luiinourist, in Sliako- 
 spearc's " Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 and iu the two parts of " King Henry 
 IV." 
 
 Wc are much of the mind of FalstafTs tailor. 
 Vie must have better nssuranee for Sir Jolm 
 than JJarduljih's. Wc lilic not the security. 
 ilacaulaij. 
 Thouch, like linrcMph, I have nothinjr, 
 and canniit even coin my nose for guineas, or 
 my blood for drachnins, it is not the less flat- 
 tering to a man's minor vanities to receive a 
 begging letter. Sala. 
 
 BareTaSne's Parliament. (Enrj. 
 Hist.) A iiickiiamo conferred upon 
 the rarlianK'iit convened by Crom- 
 well, July 4. 1()53. It was composed 
 of 139 persons, who resigned tL'iir 
 authority Dec. 12, 1653; and it was 
 so called from a fanatical leather- 
 seller named Praise-God Barebone, 
 ■who was one of the jjrincipal mem- 
 bers, and was notorious for liis long 
 prayers and sermons. [Called also 
 Little Parliament.^ 
 
 Bar'guest. {Fairy Myth.) A fright- 
 ful goblin, armed with teeth and 
 claws, which is an object of terror in 
 the North of England. According 
 to Ritson (" Fairy Tales," p. 58), the 
 Barguest, besides its many; other 
 pranks, would sometimes, in the 
 dead of night, in passing through 
 the different streets, set up the most 
 horrid and continuous shrieks, in or- 
 der to scare the jxior girls who might 
 happen to be out of bed. It was 
 generally believed that the facidty 
 of seeing this goblin was peculiar to 
 certain individuals, but that the gift 
 could be imparted to another, at the 
 time of tile ghost's appearance, by 
 the mere act of touching. 
 
 Bavltis. A carrier in Dickens's novel 
 of " David Coppci-field," in love with 
 a servant-girl named Peggotty, wlunn 
 he solicits in marriage by writing and 
 displaying before her eyes a proposal 
 umquely worded, " Barkis is willin'." 
 
 Barleycorn, Sir John. In England 
 and Scotland, a jocular name for ale 
 or beer, which is made of barley. 
 Sir John is the subject of a famous 
 old ballad of the same name. In a 
 
 wliimsical English tract of ancient 
 date, entitled " The Arraigning and 
 Indicting of Sir John Barleycorn, 
 Knt.," he is described as of "noble 
 blood, well beloved in England, a 
 great supporter of the crown, and a 
 maintainer of both rich and poor." 
 The following list of the jury is curi- 
 ous: — 
 
 Timothy Tjo.s.s-pot. Richard Standfast. 
 
 Uciijainin Bumper. Small Stout. 
 
 (iiles Lick-spigot. John Never-sober. 
 
 Hanialjy Full-pot. Obadiah Thirsty. 
 
 Lancelot Toper. Nicholas Speud-thrift. 
 
 John Six-go-downs. Edmund Empty -purse. 
 
 Sir John is tried in regular form, the 
 j UT}- retm-uing a verdict of Not Guilty. 
 
 Inspiring bold .John Barleycorn, 
 
 What dangers thou canst make us scorn! 
 
 Wi' tippcuny we fear nae evil; 
 
 Wi' usciuebae we '11 face the devil I Bums. 
 
 Good John Harlei/corn, also, who always 
 heightens and exaggerates the prevailing pas- 
 tiions, be thu^ angry or kindly, Avas not want- 
 ing upon this occasion. Sir }V. Scott. 
 
 John Bwlcf/corn has given his very heart to 
 this liquor [the "Archdeacon"]: it is a su- 
 perior kind of ale, the Prince of Ales, with a 
 richer flavour and a mightier spirit than you 
 can find elsewhere in this weary world. 
 
 Hawthoi'nc. 
 
 3ar'me-cide, The. A prince of the 
 illustrious family of the same name, 
 which flourished at Bagdad contem- 
 ])oraneously with the Caliph Haroun- 
 Al-Kaschid and his predecessors ; rep- 
 resented in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments " as ordering rich 
 viands for a famished beggar named 
 Shacabac, and, before they coidd be 
 brought, calling upon him to help 
 himself to the different dishes, — 
 naming them one after another. The 
 beggar humoured the joke, pretend- 
 ing to eat, and praising the enter- 
 tainment, and even protesting that 
 he could eat no more. In the end, 
 the eccentric host, pleased with the 
 patient complaisance of his guest, 
 ordered a real and sumptuous enter- 
 tainment for him, in place of that of 
 which he had previously partaken 
 only in imagination. 
 
 It is, to be sure, something like the feast 
 which the llarmccide served up to Alnaschar 
 [Shacabac]; and we cannot expect to get fat 
 upon such diet. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The, Barmecide's dinner to Shacabac was 
 only one degree removed from these solemn 
 banquets. Thackeraij. 
 
 ner For the "Key to the. Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BAS 
 
 35 
 
 BAT 
 
 'As for Kart Alhprt, he had his new plpasant 
 dream of sovoruiiiiity at Prnfc: Titular of I'p- 
 pcr Austria, and now of Uiilunen ns well, uiul 
 cujoyed his Feast of tin: Jiarmecide, and glo- 
 rious repose in the captured metropolis alter 
 difficulty overcome. Carli/h\ 
 
 Bar'n5-bj>-, Widow. The title of a 
 novel by Jli's. Trollope, aud the 
 name of its heroine, who is distin- 
 guished for her hnsband-hiuiting 
 schemes, her pretension, vulgar as- 
 surance, and want of priuciple. 
 
 Barnaby Kudge. See Rudge, Bae- 
 
 UAliY. 
 
 Bar'na-dine. A dissolute and reck- 
 less character, " fearless of what 's 
 past, present, and to come," who fig- 
 ures in Shakespeare's " Measure for 
 Measure." 
 
 Barn-burners. 1. Lawless individ- 
 uals who secretly set fire to the barns 
 of the great landed proprietors in the 
 State of New York, in the first half 
 of the nineteenth century. 
 
 2. A nickname fomierly given to 
 the more radical and progressive sec- 
 tion of the Democratic party in the 
 United States, who aimed at remov- 
 ing the abuses connected with banks 
 and corporations, in allusion to the 
 story of an old Dutchman who re- 
 -ieved himself of rats by biu'iiing his 
 barns, which they infested. 
 
 Bam'well, George. The hero of 
 Lillo's tragedy of the same name. 
 Barnwell is a London apprentice hur- 
 ried on to ruin and murder by an in- 
 famous woman, who at last delivers 
 him up to justice aud to au ignomiu- 
 ioiis death. 
 
 Barons, "War of tlie. See War of 
 THE Baeoxs. 
 
 Barrel-Mirabeau (mir'a-bo). [Fr. 
 Mir(theau - Tonneau.'\ A nickname 
 given to Boniface Riquetti, Viscount 
 de Mirabcau (1754-1792), brother to 
 the great tribune. He was so called 
 from his bulk, and the quantity of 
 drink ho usually held. 
 
 Bar'rett, Clerk, "Walter. A pseudo- 
 nym of Joseph A. Scoville (d. 18G4), 
 author of "The Old Merchants of 
 New York." 
 
 Barriers, Battle of the. See Bat- 
 tle OF TIU-: Barrieus. 
 
 Bartholo (baf'to'lo')- A doctor who 
 plays a luoniinent part in Beaiunar- 
 chais' comedies, '■ Le Mariagc do 
 Figaro " aud "LcBarbierde Seville." 
 
 Bar'thol'o-mew'g Day, St. [Fr. 
 La tit.-Barthclemy ; Ger. BnrOwlo- 
 miiusnachi, Bartholomew's Night, or 
 Bluthochzeit, Blood-wedding.] (Fr. 
 Hist.) The appellatidii given, in 
 English books, to a tlreadlul massa- 
 cre of French Protestants, commenced 
 in Paris on the eve of the festival of 
 St. Bartholomew, August 24, 1572. 
 The massacre was secretly ordered 
 by the king, Charles IX., at the in- 
 stigation of his mother, the queen- 
 dowager, Catharine de' Medici, and 
 was attended by circumstances of 
 the most fiendish cruelty. It is esti- 
 mated that in all 30,000 (some au- 
 thorities say 70,000) persons were 
 murdered. [Called also The Barihol- 
 omcw, and The Massacre of tit. Bar- 
 tholomew.'] 
 
 Basile (bu'zel')- A character in Beau- 
 marchais' comedies, " Le jNIariage de 
 Figaro " and " Le Barbier de S6- 
 ville; " a calumniator, a bigot, and a 
 niggard. The name is used gener- 
 ically m French, to designate any 
 similar character. 
 
 Bas'i-lis'co. A foolish and boastfid 
 knight in an old play called " Soli- 
 man and Perseda," so popular that 
 his name became proverbial. 
 
 Bas-sa'ni-o. The lover of Portia, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 See I'oKTiA. 
 
 Bastard of Orle-ans. [Fr. Baiard 
 li Orleans.'] An appellation applied 
 to Jean Dunois (1403-1468), a natu- 
 ral son of Louis, Duke of Orleans, 
 brotlier of Charles VI. He was one 
 of the most brilliant soldiers that 
 France ever produced. 
 
 Ba-ta'vi-a. The ancient Latin nanio 
 of Holland, — often used in modern 
 poetry. 
 
 Lo I where, through flat Batavia's willowy 
 
 groves. 
 Or by the lazy Seine, the exile roTPS. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Bateman, Lord. See Lord Beichan. 
 Bath, Maid of. See ]Maid of Bath. 
 Bath, Major (2). The name of a 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbara after cerL-un words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BAT 
 
 36 
 
 BAT 
 
 character in Fielding's novel of 
 "Amelia;" a poor and pompons, 
 but noble-minded gentleman, who 
 swears, " by the honour and dignity 
 of man," and is caught cooking some 
 gruel in a saucepan lor his ailing sis- 
 ter. 
 
 Bath, Wife of. Sec Wife of Bath. 
 
 Bat'ra-Qho'my-o-ma'ghi-a. See 
 
 IJATTI.K OF THK FUOGS AND MiCE. 
 
 Battle, The Tearless. [Gr. 'AdaKpvg 
 fuixv-] (Gr. Hist.) An engagement 
 between the I.acedirmonians, under 
 Archidamus 11., and the Arcadians 
 and ^Vrgives (n. c. 367), in which 
 the latter were defeated witli great 
 slaughter, while not one Spartan fell. 
 Hence, says I'lutarcli. it was " krown 
 by the name of the Tearless Battle." 
 [Called also The Tearless Viclory.] 
 
 Battle of Spurs. [Fr. Journee des 
 Sperms.] (Fr. Hist.) 1. A name 
 given to the battle of Courtray (Jidy 
 11, 1302), tlic lirst great engagement 
 between the nobles and the burghers, 
 . which, with the subsequent battles of 
 Bannockburn, Crecy, and Foictiers, 
 decided the fate ot feudalism. In 
 this encounter, the knights and gen- 
 tlemen of France were entirely over- 
 thrown by the citizens of a Flemish 
 manufacturing to\ni. The French 
 nobility rushed forward with loose 
 bridles, and fell headlong, one after 
 another, into an enonnous ditch, 
 which lay betn^een them and their 
 enemies. The whole army was anni- 
 hilated; and when the spoils Avere 
 gathered, there were fomid 4000 
 golden spurs to mark the extent of 
 the knightl}' slaughter, and give a 
 name to the engagement. 
 
 I beheld the Flemish weavers, with Namur 
 
 nnd JuUers bold, 
 Slarchint; homeward from the bloody Bottle 
 
 uf the Spurs oi GoM. Longfellow. 
 
 2. A name given to an affair 
 at Guinegate, near Calais (August 
 18, 1513), in which the English 
 troops under Henry VIII. defeated 
 tlie French forces. The allusion is 
 said to be to the unusual energy of 
 the beaten party in ridingj off the 
 field. • . 
 
 Battle of the Barriers. (Fr. Hist.) 
 
 The name of a battle fought nnder 
 the walls of Paris, on the 30th of 
 March, 1814, between the forces un- 
 der Napoleon and the armies of the 
 allied sovereigns. The latter, after 
 an obstinate ccmtest, gained the vic- 
 ton-, which led to the capitulation of 
 Paris, and the abdication of Napo- 
 leon. 
 Battle of the Books. The subject 
 of a satirical composition by Swift, 
 entitled '• The Battle . . . "between 
 the Ancient and Modem Books in 
 St. James's Library," alluding to a 
 celebrated controversy among the 
 literarj' men of his day regarding the 
 respective merits of ancient and mod- 
 ern learning. 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice. [Gr. 
 l3arpaxofivojiaxia, Lat. JSatrachomy- 
 omcchia.] The subject of a mock- 
 heroic poem, ascribed to Homer, but 
 evidently of a much later origin, and 
 apparently desiffned to travesty the 
 " Iliad " and " Odyssey." 
 Battleof the Giants. (Fr. Hist.) A 
 name given to the celebrated battle 
 of Marjgnano (Jlelegnano), Sept. 13, 
 1515, in which Francis I. of France 
 fought against the Swiss, who were 
 ledby the Duke of INIilan. Francis 
 lost, upon this occasion, 8000 of his 
 best troops, but displayed extraordi- 
 narj^ generalship, and acquired ex- 
 tensive fame. 
 Battle of the Herrings. (Eng. Hist.) 
 A name given by historians to an 
 engagement which took place Feb. 
 12, 1429, in which Sir John Fastolfe, 
 an English general, at the head of 
 1500 men, gained a victory over 6000 
 Frenchmen near Orleans, and brought 
 a convoy of stores in safety to the 
 English camp before that place. The 
 stores comprised a large quantity of 
 herrings. 
 Battle of the Kegs. The subject 
 and title of a mock-heroic poem by 
 Francis Hopkinson (1738-1791). This 
 ballad, verj' famous in the time of 
 the American Bevolution, was occa- 
 sioned by a real incident. 
 
 JSCff' " Certain machines in the form 
 of kegs, chargeil with gunpowder, were 
 Bent down the river to annoy the British 
 
 n^- For the "Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanationB,
 
 BAT 
 
 37 
 
 BAY 
 
 shipping then at Philadelphia. The 
 danger of these machines being dis- 
 covered, the British manned the wharfs 
 and shipping, and discharged their small- 
 arms and cannons at every thing they 
 saw floating in the river during tlie ebb- 
 tide." Author's Note. 
 
 Battle of the Nations. A name 
 .sometimes f^iveii to the battle of 
 Lcipsic (1813), one of the greatest 
 and most sanguinary' battles of mod- 
 ern times, on account of the various 
 nationalities, French, Austrian, Rus- 
 sian, Prussian, &c., which were there 
 represented. 
 
 iBattle of the Poets. The subject 
 and title of a poem (1725) by John 
 Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, in 
 which he brings all the versiliers of 
 the time into the field. 
 
 Battle of the Standard. {Eng.Hist.) 
 A name given to an engagement be- 
 tween the English and Scotch at 
 Northallerton, Yorkshire, Aug. 22, 
 1138, resulting in the defeat of the 
 latter. It was so called on account 
 of a high crucifix borne by the Eng- 
 lish upon a waggon as a military en- 
 sign. 
 
 Bavtle of the Thirty. [Fr. Conibat 
 des Trenie.'] {Encj. k^- Fr. Uht.) A 
 name given to a celebrated engage- 
 ment which took place at a spot 
 known as Midway Oak, half-way 
 between the castles of Josselin and 
 Ploermel, in France, March 27, 1351. 
 The French General Beaumanoir, 
 commanding the former post, being 
 enraged at the depredations commit- 
 ted by Bemborough, the English 
 general, occupying the latter posi- 
 tion, challenged him to fight. Upon 
 this, it was agreed that thirty knights 
 of each party should meet and de- 
 cide the contest. The two chiefs 
 presented themselves at the head of 
 their best soldiers, and the battle be- 
 gan in earnest. At the first onset, 
 the English Avere successful; but 
 Bemborough having been killed, the 
 French renewed the struggle with 
 redoubled courage, and finally won 
 tlie victory. 
 
 jKg= This was one of the most heroic 
 exploits of the age, and gained such 
 popularity, that, more than a hundred 
 
 years later, when speaking of a hard con- 
 test, it wa-s usual to say, " There wiw 
 never such hard fighting since the Battle 
 of the Thirty." 
 
 Bau'cis. [Gr. BavKiq.'] ( Gr. tf- Rmn. 
 Mijth.) An aged I'hrvgian woman, 
 who, with her husband, PhilcniDn, 
 hospitably received Jupiter and IMcr- 
 curj', after everj-- one else in tlie place 
 had refused to entertain them. The 
 gods visited the country with an in- 
 undation, but saved Baucis and Phi- 
 lemon, and converted their humble 
 dwelling into a magnificent temple, 
 of which this pious couple became 
 the priests. Having expressed a 
 wish to die together, when the time 
 of their departure should come, Ju- 
 piter granted their request by chang- 
 ing them simultaneously into two 
 trees before the temple. 
 
 Bavieca (ba-ve-a'ka). The name of a 
 famous steed of the Cid. He sur- 
 vived his master two years and a 
 half, during which time no one was 
 ])ermitted to mount him. When he 
 died, he was buried before tlie gate 
 of the monastery at Valencia, in the 
 public place, and two elms were 
 planted upon the grave, the one at 
 his head, the other at his feet. 
 
 Bay'ard {Fr.pron. bi'af'). 1. A fa- 
 mous horse, of incredible swiftness, 
 belonging to the four sons of Aymon. 
 (See Aymon.) He was of the ordi- 
 narj' size when only one of them 
 wished to ride, but, when all four 
 were to be carried, he had the power 
 of elongating his body till it was 
 of the requisite dimensions. Many 
 wonderful things are related of him. 
 It is said that one of his foot-prints 
 is to be seen in the forest of Soigncn 
 in Brabant, and another on a rock 
 near Dinaut. 
 
 2. The same name is given in the 
 old romances and romantic poems to 
 Kinaldo's famous steed, a wonderful 
 animal of a bright bay colour, which 
 had formerly belonged to Amadis de 
 Gaul. He was found by INlahigigi, 
 the wizard knight and cousin to Ki- 
 naldo, in a grotto, together with a 
 suit of anns and the sword Fusberta, 
 under the watch of a dragon whom 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BAY 
 
 38 
 
 EEA 
 
 he charmed. Having obtained the 
 prize, he bestowed it upon Kinaldo. 
 in the French romances, he is repre- 
 sented to be yet alive in some of the 
 forests of France ; but runs ulf on bc- 
 Jiolding any one ; on -wliich account 
 all hope of seciu-ing him is vain. 
 Bayeg. The name of the principal 
 character in " The Rehearsal," a wilty 
 and celebrated i'arce, ostensibly and 
 cbietly written by Gcorpc Villiers, 
 Duke of Buckingham, and intended 
 as a satire upon the heroic or rhym- 
 ing plaj's of his time. It was lirst 
 brought out in the year 1671. In its 
 original fonn, the character of Eayes 
 was meant for the Hon. Edward 
 Howard (for whom Sir William 
 Davenant was afterwards substiti/- 
 ed); but, in its present fonn, the hero 
 of the .satire is JJrj'den, who had 
 stood forth not onl}' as a practiser, 
 but as the champion, of this j)eculiar 
 ppecies of the drama. He is repre- 
 Fented as greedy for applause; impa- 
 tient of censure or criticism; inordi- 
 nately vain, yet meanly obsequious 
 to tho?e who, he hopes, will gratify 
 him by returning his flatter}' iu kind"; 
 and, iinally, as anxiously and dis- 
 tressingly mindful of tbe minute 
 parts of what, even in the wliole, is 
 scarce worthy of attention. 
 
 In Rhort, cir, you are of opinion with Ea;/rs, 
 — " What the devil docs the plot Bignify, ex- 
 cept to bring in flue things? " Sir ]V. Scott. 
 
 Bayou State. A name sometimes 
 given to the State of Mississippi, 
 which abounds in bayous, or creclis. 
 
 Bay State. A popular name of Jlas- 
 sachusetts, which, before the adop- 
 tion of the Federal Constitution, was 
 called tlie Colony of Massachusetts 
 Bay. 
 
 Lift ai;ain the etatolv emblem on the Hay 
 
 Stall's rusted Bhield, 
 Give to Xorthorn wiiula the pine-trco on our 
 
 banner's tattered fieldl W/iilti\r. 
 
 "When first the PilKrims landed on tlie lUty 
 
 St(ttt_\-i iron failure, 
 The word went forth that slavery should one 
 
 day be no more. Lowell. 
 
 Bean Lean, Don'aid. A Highland 
 robbrr-chicf in Sir Walter JScott's 
 novel of '' Waverley." 
 
 B6amais, Le (In ba'af'na'). A sur- 
 name given to' Henry IV., king of 
 
 France and Navan-c (155.3-1598), 
 from his native province, Le Beam. 
 He was so called in especial by the 
 Leaguers (see League, The),' who 
 refused to recognise him as liing of 
 France, or even as king of Navarre. 
 
 Bear State. A name by whicli the 
 State of Arkansas is sometimes des- 
 ignated, on account of the number 
 ol' bears that infest its forests. 
 
 Be'a-trice (It. proji. ba-a-tre'cha). 
 1. The Christian name of a young 
 Florentine lady of the illustrious 
 family of I'ortinari, fcjr whom the 
 poet Dante conceived a strong but 
 purely Platonic affection, and whom 
 tie represents, in the " Divina Corn- 
 media," as his guide thi'ough para- 
 dise. 
 
 2. The heroine of Sliakespeare's 
 "Much Ado about Xothing." 
 
 42P " The extraordinary success of 
 this play in Shakespeare's own daj', and 
 ever since, in England, is to be ascribed 
 more particularly to the parts of Bene- 
 dick and Beatrice, two tiumoursome be- 
 incTS, who incessantly attack each other 
 with all the resources of raillery. Avowed 
 rebels to love, they are both entangled in 
 its net by a merry plot of their friends to 
 make them belieye that each is the object 
 of the secret p.ossion of the other." Schle- 
 gel, Trans. — " In Beatrice, high intellect 
 and hijih animal spirits meet, and excite 
 each other like fire and air. In her wit 
 (which is brilliant without being imagina- 
 tive) there is a touch of insolence, not in- 
 frequent in women when the wit predom- 
 inates over reflection and imagination. 
 In her temper, too, there is a slight in- 
 fusion of the termagant ; and her satiri- 
 cal humour plays with such an unrespeel- 
 ive levity over ,all subjects alike, that it 
 required a profound knowledge of women 
 to bring such a character within the pale 
 of our sympathy. But Beatrice, though 
 wilful, is not wayward ; she is volatile, 
 not unfeeling. She has not only an 
 exuberance of wit and gayety, but of 
 heart, and soul, and energy of spirit." 
 
 Mrs. Jamtson. 
 
 3. See Be.vutiful Paekicide. 
 
 Beatrix. See Castlewood, Bea- 
 trix. 
 
 Beau'clerc (bo'-). [Fr., fine scholar.] 
 A surname of Henry I. of England, 
 who received a more literary educa- 
 tion than Avas usually given, in his 
 
 IS- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BEA 
 
 39 
 
 BEE 
 
 time, cither to the sons of kings, or 
 to laymtu of any rank. 
 
 Seau Tibbg. A prominent character 
 in Goldsmith's " Citizen of the 
 ■World;" said by Hazlitt to be 
 " the best comic sketch since the 
 time of Addison; unrivalled in his 
 tinery, his vanity, and his poverty." 
 
 Beautiful Corisande (ko're'zond', 
 62). [Fr. La Bdk Corisande.] A 
 sobriquet given to Diane d'Andou- 
 ins (1554-i020), Countess of Guiche 
 and Granimont, and widow of Philip 
 de Grammont. 
 
 Beautiful Gardener. [Fr. La Belle 
 Jardiniere.] A sobrifiuet given to a 
 mistress of Henry IV. of France. 
 
 Beautiful Parricide. A name given 
 to Beatrice Cenci (d. 1599), who is 
 alleged to have murdered her father, 
 a wealthy Konuui nobleman, on ac- 
 count of the revolting and incestu- 
 ous brutality with which he treated 
 her. For this crime, she was con- 
 demned and put to death. Some 
 historians maintain that she had no 
 part in the murder, but was the vic- 
 tim of an infernal plot hatched by 
 two robbers, or by imknown persons 
 whose agents they were. The story 
 of Beatrice has l)een made tlie sub- 
 ject of a powerful tragedy by the 
 poet Shelley. 
 
 Beautiful Ropemaker. See Rope- 
 MAKEi;, The Beautiful. 
 
 Beauty and the Beast. [Fr. La Belle 
 et la Bete.] The hero and heroine of 
 a celebrated fairy tale — written in 
 French by !Mme. Villeneuve — which 
 relates how a young and lovely wom- 
 an saved the life of her father by put- 
 ting herself in the power of a iright- 
 ful, but kind-hearted monster, whose 
 respectfid affection and deep melan- 
 choly tinally overcame her aversion 
 to his hideousness, and induced her 
 to consent to marrj^ him, whereupon 
 he was freed ti-om the enchantment 
 of which he had been a victim, and 
 appeared to her in his proper form 
 and character of a handsome and 
 graceful young prince. 
 
 So she [Caroline of Anspach, afterward 
 tjuccn of George II. of England] lived at Ber- 
 lin, brilliant thongh importioned, with the 
 rough cub Friedricii Wilhelm much following 
 
 her about, and passionatelv loyal to her, ns 
 the JU'dst was to /Sow/;/ .- w"luini she did not 
 mind except as a cub loyal to her, bcine tlvo 
 yearn older than he. Varhjle. 
 
 Beauty of But'ter-mgre. A cele- 
 brated and lovely Knglivh girl, named 
 Mary Kobinson, who was married, by 
 means of the most odious deceit, to 
 John Hatfield, a heartless impostor, 
 who was executed for forgery, at 
 Cariisle, Sept. 3, 1803. 
 
 Bede, Ciith'bert. A literary cogno- 
 men adopted' by the Kev. Edward 
 Bradley, a popular I-'nglish humourist 
 of the present day. 
 
 Bede, The Venerable. A famou.s 
 English monk of the eighth century, 
 whose surname was given him in 
 honour of his eminent talents, virtues, 
 and learning. 
 
 JK3" There is an old story that a monk 
 in vain attempted to write an epitaph 
 upon Bede, and fell asleep, leavini; it 
 thus : " Hue sunt in fa^sa Beda2 . . . 
 o.??a;'' and that, when he awoke, he 
 found, to his great surprise and satisfac- 
 tion, the long-sought epithet supplied by 
 an angelic hand, — the whole hue stand- 
 ing thus : 
 " Uac sunt in fossa Bedas vcnerahiUs ossa." 
 
 Eed'i-vere, Sir. King Arthur's but- 
 ler. He was a knight of the Kound 
 Table, and a prominent tigure in 
 many of the old romances of chivalry. 
 [AVr'itten also B e d v e r .] 
 
 Bed'red-din' Has'sS,n. A charac- 
 ter in the storj^ of '' Xnureddin and 
 his Son, and Shemseddin and his 
 Daughter," in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments." 
 
 She [Effie Deans] amused l-.crself with vis- 
 iting the dairy, in which she had so long been 
 assistant, and was so near discovering herself 
 to May Iletley, by betraying her acquaint- 
 ance with the celebrated receipt for Dunlop 
 ciieese, that she compared herself to Hcclrci!- 
 flin 7/asson, whom the viziei-, his father-in- 
 law, discovered by his superlative skill in 
 composing cream-tarts with pepper in them. 
 Sir W. Scoll. 
 
 Beering-t6n, Mi-lor'. A character 
 in " The Rovers, or The Double Ar- 
 rangement," in the poetry of the 
 "Anti-Jacobin." He is an English 
 nobleman in exile hy the tyranny of 
 King John, previous to the signature 
 of Magna Charta. 
 
 " Will without power," said the sagacious 
 Casimir to Milor fleejiiitjlon, " is like children 
 playing at soldiers." Macaulay. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after ccrttvin words refer, see pp.xiv-xxxii.
 
 BEE 
 
 40 
 
 BEL 
 
 Be-el'ze-bub. [Ilcb. h^nl, lord, and 
 s-bub, i\\'.] {Myth.) The title of a 
 hcatlicn" deity, to whom the Jews 
 ascribed the "sovereignty of the evil 
 spirits. Milton, in his '_' Paradise 
 Lost," makes him second in rank to 
 Satan ; but Wierus, the celebrated de- 
 monographcrof the sixteenth centurj', 
 .savs, that Satan is no longer the sov- 
 ereign of hell, but that Beelzebub 
 reigns in his place. Other mediieval 
 •writers, who reckon nine ranks or 
 orders of demons, place Beelzebub at 
 the head of the first rank, which 
 consists of the false gods of the Gen- 
 tiles. 
 
 Which when Bcrl:<. huh perceived, than whom, 
 Bat,in except, none lii-hcr 6.11, with grave 
 Aspect lie rose, and in his rising seemed 
 A pillar i.f state: deep (in his front engraven 
 Deliberation bat and public care; 
 And princelv counsel in his face yet phone, 
 Majestic tho'ugh in ruin: sage he stood, 
 With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear 
 The weight of mightiest monarchica. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Sefana, La (la ba-fa'na). [It., a cor- 
 ruption of Gr. 'Emi^avta, the Epiph- 
 anj'.] In Italy, a common personi- 
 fication of the" Epiphany, or Festival 
 of the Manifestation of Christ to the 
 Gentiles, — variously represented as 
 a saint and as a fairy. According to 
 other accounts, she is the Italian bug- 
 bear of naughty children. 
 
 J85- The Epiph.any (.Tan. 6) is the d.ay 
 for the presentation of Christmas gifts in 
 Italy, and there is a pleasaut fiction that 
 La Befana goes about at night like St. 
 Nicholas, carrying presents to children. 
 AV'hether from thus personifying the 
 season, or from whatever other cause, 
 a figure, called La Befana, is suspended 
 outside the doors of houses at the begin- 
 ning of Lent. 
 
 23eiclian, Lord. See Lord Beiciian. 
 
 Bel. (ChaU. Myth.) The same as 
 Belu.': and Balil. See Baal, Belus. 
 
 Be-la'ri-us (9). The name of one 
 of the cliaracters in Shakespeare's 
 "Cymbeliiie." 
 
 Belch, Sir ToTsy. Uncle to Olivia, 
 in Siiakespeare's "Twelfth Night." 
 lie is a type of the reckless, jolly 
 roisterer of the Elizabethan period. 
 
 Balmawhapple was young, stout, and ac- 
 tive; but the Baron, ihflnitelv more master 
 of his weapon, would, like .i'lr Tubi/ Belch, 
 have tickled his opponents other gates than 
 
 he did, had he not been under the influence 
 
 of " Ursa Major " [a drinking-cup so called]. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bel'ford. A friend and correspond- 
 ent * of Lovelace, in Richardson's 
 novel, " The History of Clarissa Har- 
 low." 
 
 It is well for thee, that, Lovelace-and-iJe7- 
 /orrf-likc, we came under a convention to 
 jiardon every species of liberty which we 
 may take with each other. Sir }V. Scott. 
 
 Be1I-ai. [Heb. bH'i, not, and ja'al, 
 usefiil.] A Hebrew word meaning 
 worihlessness, and hence recJcless)iess, 
 Imdessness. The translators of the 
 Bible have frequently treated the 
 word as a proper name, though there 
 can be no question that in the Old 
 Testament it is a mere appellative. 
 In the New Testament, the apostle 
 Paul, in order to indicate in the 
 strongest terms the high degree of 
 virtue after which the Christian 
 should strive, places Christ in direct 
 opposition to Belial. " What con- 
 cord hath Christ with Belial?" (2 
 Cor. vi. 1.5. ) The term as here used 
 is generally understood as an appel- 
 lative of Satan, as the personification 
 of all tliat was bad; though Bengel 
 explains it of Antichrist, as more 
 strictly the opposite of Christ. Mil- 
 ton in his " Paradise Lost " expressly 
 distinguishes Belial from Satan, and 
 he assigns him a prominent place in 
 Pandemonium. Those mediaeval de- 
 monographers who reckoned nine 
 ranks of evil spirits, placed Belial at 
 the head of the third rank, which 
 consisted of inventors of mischief 
 and vessels of anger. According to 
 Wierus, who, following old authori- 
 ties, establishes a complete infernal 
 court, Belial is its ambassador in 
 Turkey. 
 Belial came last, than whom a spirit more 
 
 lewd 
 Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love 
 Vice for itself. 
 
 A fairer person lost not heaven; he seemed 
 For dignity composed and high exploit: 
 But all was false and hollow; though his 
 
 tongue 
 Dropped manna, and could make the worse 
 
 appear 
 The better reason, to perjilex and dash 
 Maturest counsels; for his thoughts were low. 
 
 Jielial, the dissolutest spirit that fell, 
 The sensualest, and, after Asmodai, 
 The fleshliest liicubus. Milton, 
 
 isa~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BEL 
 
 41 
 
 BEL 
 
 But, could he make an effectual strujrple, 
 he might depend upon the aid of the servile 
 JJarrere, a sort of Belial in the Convention, 
 the meanest, yet not the least able, anion;; 
 those fallen spirits, who, with great adroitness 
 and ingenuity, as well as wit and eloquence, 
 caught opportunities as they arose, and was 
 eminently dexterous in being always strong 
 upon the strongest, and safe upon the safest, 
 side. Sir W. Scotl. 
 
 Beliards. See Don Belianis of 
 Greece. 
 
 Be-lin'da. 1. The poetical name of 
 the heroine of Pope's "liape of the 
 Lock," whose real name was Arabella 
 Fermor. A frolic of gallantry in 
 which Lord Petre cut off a lock of 
 this lady's hair — a frolic so much 
 resented that the intercourse of the 
 two families, before very friendly, 
 was interrupted — was the occasion 
 of the poem, which was written with 
 the design of bringing the parties to 
 a better temper, and effecting a rec- 
 onciliation. 
 
 2. The heroine of Miss Edgeworth's 
 novel of the same name. 
 
 Bell, Ac'tSn. A pseudonym of Anne 
 Bronte (d. 18-18), an English novelist, 
 author of "Agnes Grey" and " The 
 Tenant of Wi'ldfeld Hall." 
 
 Bell, Adam. The hero of a famous 
 ok', ballad ha\'ing this name for its 
 title ; a wild, north - country outlaw, 
 celebrated for his skill in archery. 
 
 Bell, Bessy. A character in a ballad 
 by Allan Ramsay, founded on fact, 
 and entitled " Bessy Bell and Mary 
 Gray." These were daughters of 
 two coimtry gentlemen in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Perth. When the plague 
 of 1666 broke out, they built them- 
 selves a bower in a verj"- retired and 
 romantic spot called Burn Braes, 
 where they were supplied with food 
 and other necessaries by a young 
 gentleman who was in love witli both 
 of them. After a time he himself 
 caught the disease, and, having un- 
 wittingly communicated it to them, 
 they all three sickened and died. 
 
 Mrs. Le Blanc, a young woman fair to look 
 upon, with her young infant, has to live in 
 greenwood, like a bea\itiful Jiesst/ Bell of song, 
 her bower thatched with rushes; — catching 
 premature rheumatism. Carlyle. 
 
 BeE, Cur'rer. A pseudonjTir adopted 
 by Mrs. N'icholls (CharloUe Bront(5, 
 — 1824-1855, — sister of Anne and 
 
 Emily Bronte?), wife of the Rev. Ar- 
 thur Bell Nicholls, and a distin- 
 guished English novelist, author of 
 'Mane Eyre," " Shirley," and " Vil- 
 lette." 
 
 Bell, Ellis. A pseudonym of Emily 
 Bront6 (d. 1849), sister of Anne and 
 Charlotte Bront(}, and author of 
 " Wuthering Heights." 
 
 >KS=" Averse to personal publicity, 
 we veiled our names under those of 
 Currer, Acton, and Ellis, Bell, — the am- 
 biguous choice being dictated by a sort 
 of conscientious scruple at assuming 
 Christian names positively masculine, 
 while we did not like to declare ourselves 
 women, because — without at that time 
 suspecting tliat our mode of writing and 
 thinking was not what is called ' femi- 
 nine ' — we had a vague impression that 
 authoresses are likely to be looked on 
 with prejudice ; we had noticed how 
 critics sometimes use for their chastise- 
 ment the weapon of personality, and for 
 their reward a flattery which is not true 
 praise." C. Bronte. 
 
 Bell, Peter. The subject of Words- 
 worth's poem entitled " Peter Bell, a 
 Tale in Verse." A parody on this 
 poem appeared soon after its publica- 
 tion, and Shelley wrote a burlesque, 
 entitled "Peter Bell the Third," in- 
 tended to ridicule the ludicrous pu- 
 erility of language and sentiment 
 which Wordsworth often affected in 
 the championship of the poetical 
 system he had adopted. 
 
 Bel'lSs-ton, Lady. A profligate 
 character in Fielding's novel, " The 
 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 Suppose we were to describe the doings of 
 8uch a person as Mr. Lovelace, or my Lady 
 Bellaston . . . ? How the pure and outraged 
 Nineteenth Century would blush, scream, 
 run out of the room, call away the young 
 ladies, and order Mr. Mudie never to send 
 one of that odious author's books again 1 
 
 Thackera;/. 
 
 BeUe France, La (la bel fronss, 62). 
 [Fr., beautiful France.] A popular 
 epithet applied to France, correspond- 
 ing to the epithet " Merry England," 
 as applied to England. 
 
 Biddy Fudge, though delighted to find her- 
 self in " La Belle France" was yet somewhat 
 disappointed at the unpicturesqueness of the 
 country betwixt Calais and Amiens. 
 
 Brit, if For. Hex'. 
 
 Bellen-den, Lady Margaret (bel'- 
 len-dn). An old Tory lady, mistress 
 of the Tower of Tillietudlem, in Sir 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BEL 
 
 ■\V:iltpr Scott's novel of " Old Mor- 
 tality." 
 Bel-16r'o-pli6n. [Gr. BeAAfpo^uv.] 
 ((jr. <)'• ./>"'• Mutft-) A beautiful s(iii 
 ofthe Corintliian KiiiK Glaucus, and 
 a fcrandson of Sisyphus. NVitli the 
 help ofthe winged steed Pegasus, he 
 killed the Chim.cra. He afterward 
 Ottempted to rise with Pegasus into 
 heaven; but Jupiter sent a gad-tly, 
 whieh stung the horse so tliat he 
 threw the rider, who became lame 
 and blind in consequence, and wan- 
 dered lonelv tlirough the Aleian field, 
 consumed by grief, and avoiding the 
 paths of men. 
 
 Upled by thee [TJrania], 
 Into the heaven of heavens I have jjrebumed. 
 An earthly guest. ... With like salety guia ■! 
 
 flown, 
 Bcturn ine to mv native element; 
 Lest from this Ovins steed unreined (as once 
 Jicllcroiihon. though from a lower s|iherej, 
 Disnumnted on the Aleian field I fall, 
 Erroneous there to wander and forlorn. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Bel-le'rus (9). {Myth.) The name 
 of a Cornish giant. 
 
 Sleep'st by the fable of Jlellerus old. 
 Where the (.'rent vision ofthe guarded mount 
 Looks toward Namaueos and Bayona's hold. 
 Milton. 
 
 Bel-lo'nS. {Rom. Myth.) The god- 
 dess of" war ; the companion and 
 eister or wife of Mars. She prepared 
 the chariot of Mars when he was 
 going to war; and she appeared on 
 the battle-field with dishevelled hair, 
 a torch in her hand, and a whip to 
 animate the combatants. 
 
 Her features, late eo excjuisitely lovely in 
 their paleness, [were] now inflamed with the 
 fiirv of flreuzy, resembling those of a Bcl- 
 loaa. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Imminent blood-thirsty Regiments camped 
 on the Champ de Mars; dispersed National 
 Assembly; red -hot cannon-balls (to burn 
 I'aris); — the mad War-god and Bcllona's 
 Founding thongs. Carlyle. 
 
 Bell-the-Cat. A by-name given to 
 Archiliald Douglas (d. 1.514), a Scot- 
 tish nobleman, fi-om an incident that 
 occurred at Lauder, where the great 
 barons of the realm had assembled 
 at the call of the king, James III., 
 to resist a threatened invasion of the 
 country by Edward IV. of England. 
 They were, however, less disposed to 
 advance against the English than to 
 correct the abuses of King James's 
 administration, which were chiefly to 
 
 42 BEL 
 
 be ascribed to the influence exerted 
 over him by mean and unworthy 
 favourites, particularly one Cochran, 
 an architect, but termed a mason by 
 the haughty barons. 
 
 je@=- " Many of the nobility and barons 
 held .a secret council in the church of 
 Lauder, where they enlarged upon the 
 evils which Scotland sustained through 
 the insolence and corruption of Cochran 
 and his associates, fl'hile they were thus 
 declaiming. Lord Gray requested their 
 attention to a fable. ' The mice,' he said, 
 ' being much annoyed by the persecution 
 of the cat, resolved that a heU should he 
 hung about puss's neck, to give notice 
 when she was coming. But, though the 
 measure was agreed to in full council, it 
 could not be carried into effect, because 
 no mouse had courage enough to tie the 
 bell to the neck of the formidable ene- 
 my.' This was as much as to intimate 
 his opinion, that, though the discontented 
 nobles might make bold resolutions 
 against the king's ministers, yet it would 
 be difRcult to tind any one courageous 
 enough to act upon them. Archibald, 
 Earl of Angus, a man of gigantic strength 
 and intrepid courage, and head of that 
 second family of Douglas whom I before 
 mentioned, started up when Gray had 
 done speaking. ' I am he.' he said, ' who 
 will bell the cat ; ' from which expression 
 he was distinguished by the name of 
 BtU-tke-Cat to his dying day." 
 
 -S(> W. Scott. 
 
 He was equally worthv of blazon with hira 
 
 perpetuated in Scottish song and story by tlie 
 
 surname ot Bell-the-Cat. W. Irving. 
 
 Beloved Disciple. An appellation 
 often given to John the evangelist 
 and apostle, who enjoys the memo- 
 rable distinction of having been the 
 chosen and favoured friend of our 
 Lord. See John xiii. 23; xLs. 26, 
 27 ; XX. 2 ; xxi. 7, 20. 
 
 Beloved Merchant. A title bestowed 
 by Edward III. of England upon 
 Michael de la Pole, an eminent Lon- 
 don merchant, who in the following 
 reign became lord chancellor, and 
 Avas raised to the peerage as Earl of 
 Suffolk. 
 
 Beloved Physician. An appellation 
 sometimes used to designate St. Luke. 
 It was first confen-ed upon Ijim by 
 the apostle Paul ( Col. iv. 14). 
 
 Bel'phe-gor. {Myth.) A Canaanitish 
 divinitv, worshipped particularly by 
 tbe Moabites. Wierus calls him ihv 
 
 eg- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations
 
 BEL 
 
 43 
 
 BEX 
 
 ambassador in France from the in- 
 i'ernal court of Beelzebub. According 
 to Pulci, lie was a Mahometan deity. 
 According to JNIacchiavelli, an arch- 
 iiend who had been an archangel. 
 Eel-phce'be. [Fr. hdk, beautiful, and 
 Pha.be, Uiana.J A huntress in Spen- 
 ser's "Faery Queen;" intended as 
 a likeness of Queen Elizabeth, the 
 woman, as contradistinguished from 
 the queen, who is imaged in Glori- 
 ana. 
 
 jgg- " Flattery more highly seasoned 
 may have been offered her [Queen Eliza- 
 beth], but none more delicate and grace- 
 ful than that contained in the finished 
 portrait of Belphcebe. She represents 
 that pure and high-spirited maidenhood 
 which the ancients embodied in Diana ; 
 and, like her, the forest is her dwelling- 
 place, and the chase her fivourite pastime. 
 The breezes have imparted to her their 
 own fleetness, and the swaying foliage its 
 graceful movement. . . . She is passion- 
 less and pure, self- sustained and self- 
 dependent, ' in maiden meditation fancy 
 free,' and shines with a cold lunar light, 
 and not the warm glow of day. The 
 author has mingled the elements of her 
 nature so skilfully that the result is 
 nothing harsh, unnatural, or unfemi- 
 nine ; and has so combined the lofty and 
 the ideal with the graceful and attractive, 
 that we behold in her a creature . . . 
 
 ' Too fair for worship, too divine for love.' " 
 Oeo. S. Hillard. 
 
 Belted T^^Till. A title bestowed upon 
 Lord William Howard (15G3-1640), 
 Avarden of the western marches. 
 
 His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt, 
 Huns in a broad and studded belt; 
 Hence, in rude phrase, tlie Borderers still 
 CaUed noble Howard, Jieltcd Will. 
 r _ Sir W. Scott. 
 
 It is within the memory of even middle- 
 ased persons that the south-western portion 
 of our country was in as lawless a state as 
 ever were the borders of Ensland and Scot- 
 ' land, and with no Belted Will to hang up 
 rufiians to swing iu the wind. 
 
 Atlantic Monthly. 
 
 Seltenebros (bel-ta-ni-bros')- [Sp., 
 the darkly beautiful, or fair forlorn; 
 from bdlo, beautiful, and tenebroso, 
 dark, gloomy.] A name assumed by 
 Amadis de Gaul on retiring to a 
 hermitage, after receiving a cruel 
 letter from his mistress, Oriana. 
 
 Be'lus. [Gr. B^^o?.] (Myth.) The 
 ancestral hero and national divinity 
 of several Eastern nations, especially 
 
 the Chaldspans and AssjTians. lie 
 is the same as Baal. See Baal. 
 [Called also Bd.] 
 Bel'vi-de'ra (0). The heroine of 
 Otway's tragedy of " Venice Pre- 
 served; " remarkable for her beauty, 
 conjugal tenderness, spotless purity, 
 and agonising suflerings. See Jaf- 
 
 FIEE. 
 
 More tears have been shed, probably, for 
 the sorrows of JJclviiterci and Alonimla than 
 for those of Juliet and Uesdemona. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bendy, Old. See Old Bendy. 
 
 Ben'e-dick. A young lord of Padua, 
 in Shakespeare's " Much Ado about 
 Nothing," who combines the charac- 
 ters of a wit, humourist, gentleman, 
 and soldier. He marries Beatrice 
 (though at first he does not love her) 
 after a courtship which is a contest of 
 Avit and raillery. The name is often 
 used as a synonym for a newly -mar- 
 ried man, and is sometimes written 
 Benedict, though this is not Shake- 
 speare's orthography. See Beatrice. 
 
 All tlicse, like Benedick's brushing his hat 
 of a morning, were signs that the sweet youth 
 was in love. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 In the first-named place, Henry found his 
 dear Benedick; the married man, who ap- 
 peared to be rather out of humour with his 
 matrimonial cliain. Thackeray. 
 
 Ben'en-ge'li, Cid Ham'et [Sp. Cide 
 JIameie Benengdl, theed S-ma'ta ba- 
 nen-ha'lee]. An imaginary Moorish 
 chronicler from whom Cervantes pro- 
 fesses to have derived his account of 
 the adventures of Don Quixote. 
 
 je3= " The Spanish commentator'! . . . 
 have discovered that Cid Hamet Benen- 
 geli is, after all, no more than an Ara- 
 bian version of the name of Cervantes 
 himself. Cid, as all the world knows, 
 means lord or signior. Hamet is .a com- 
 mon Moorish prefix. Benenseli signifies 
 the son of a stag, which, being expressed 
 in Spanish, is hijo del ciervo, cen-al, or 
 cervanteno.^^ LockharC. 
 
 I vow and protest, that, of the two bad 
 cassocks I am worth in the world, I would 
 have L'iven the latter of them, as freely as ever 
 Cid llainet offered liis. only to h.ave stood by 
 and heard my Uncle Toby's accompaniment. 
 Sterne. 
 But thou, at least, mine own especial pen! — 
 Once laid aside, but now assmned .again, — 
 Our task complete, like Ilamct's, shalt be 
 free. Byron. 
 
 Be-nr'ci-5 Boy. A sobriquet given 
 to John C. lleenan, a noteil American 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers oiter certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BEN 
 
 44 
 
 BES 
 
 pugilist, who resided for a time at 
 Ik'iiiiia, ill California. In 1800, he 
 hud a famous lif,dit with Tom Savers, 
 the '■ champion jirize-tighter of Eng- 
 land," which lasted for more than two 
 hours, and was then stopped by the 
 interference of tlie police. 
 Ben-nas'kar. A wealthy; merchant 
 and magician of Delhi, m Ridley's 
 ''Tales of the Genii." 
 
 Like the jeweller of Delhi, in the house of 
 the magician flenuiiskar, I, at length, reached 
 a vaulted room dedicated to secrecy and 
 silence. Sir >K. Hcolt. 
 
 Ben'net, Mrs. A demure, shy, in- 
 triguing, ciiui vocal character in J^'ield- 
 ing's nuvel of "Amelia." 
 
 Benshie. See Bansukk. 
 
 Ben-vo'li-o. A friend to Romeo, and 
 nephew to Montague, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Romeo and 
 Juliet." 
 
 Berchta. See Bi:r.TiiA, Frau. 
 
 Berkeley, Old "Woman of. The 
 title and subject of a ballad by 
 Southey. 
 
 Ber-lin' Decree. (Fr. Uist.) A de- 
 cree issued at Berlin, on the 21st of 
 November, 180fi, by the Emperor 
 Napoleon I., declaring the whole of 
 the Briti.sh islands to be in a state 
 of blockade, and all vessels trading 
 to them to be liable to capture by 
 Frencli ships. It also shut out all 
 British vessels and j)roduce both from 
 France, and from all the other coun- 
 tries which gave obedience to the 
 French. 
 
 Ber-mob'tfiSs. An old form of Ber- 
 mvdas, and the Spanish pronimcia- 
 tion of the name of the first dis- 
 coverer of these islands, Bermudaz, 
 who sighted them in 1527. 
 
 In the deep nnok, where once 
 Thou calledstme up at midnight to fetch dew 
 From the etill-vexed Bermoothcs, there she 'a 
 hid. Shak. 
 
 Ber-mu'dSs. A cant term formerly 
 applied to certain obscure and intri- 
 cate alleys in London, in which per- 
 .«ons lodged who had occasion to live 
 cheaply or be concealed. Thej' are 
 supposed to have been the narrow 
 passages north of the Strand, near 
 Covent Garden. 
 
 Ber-nar'do. The name of an officer 
 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." 
 Bernardo del Carpio. See Carpio, 
 
 Bkunakdo del. 
 
 Berserker (bi f-sei'ker). [Old Norse 
 her, bare, naked, and sarke, a shirt 
 of mail.] {Hcand. Myth.) A re- 
 doubtable warrior who went into bat- 
 tle unharnessed, his strength and 
 fury serving him instead of armour, 
 which he despised. He had twelve 
 sons, who inherited his name as well 
 as his warlike ferocity. 
 
 Bertha, Frau (frow bei-'ta). [0. Ger. 
 Fcructa, shining, white; from the 
 same root as the Eng. brif/ltt.] lu 
 Germany, an impersonation of the 
 Epiphany, corresponding to the 
 Italian Bcfana, variously represented 
 as a gentle white lady who steals 
 softly to neglected cradles, and rocks 
 them in the absence of careless nurses, 
 and also as the terror of naughty 
 children. She has, besides, the over- 
 sight of spinners. She is represented 
 as having an immensely large foot 
 and a long iron nose. The legend 
 concerning her is mainly of Christian 
 origin, but with some admixture of 
 heathen elements. [Written also 
 Fran Berchta and Frau 
 F r e c h t .] 
 
 Ber'tha with the Great Foot. [Fr. 
 Berth'e au Grand Pied.] The moth- 
 er of Charlemagne, by King Pepin, 
 and the great - grand - daughter of 
 Charles Martel ; — said to have been 
 so named because she had one foot 
 larger than the other. 
 
 Ber'trSm. Count of Rousillon, a char- 
 acter' in Shakespeare's "All 's Well 
 that Ends Well." 
 
 Bess, Good Queen. A sobriquet by 
 which Queen Elizabeth of England 
 is often familiarly referred to. Her 
 reign, take it all in all, was a happy 
 as well as a glorious one for England, 
 and the contrast it offers to that of 
 her predecessor is very striking. 
 
 Bes'sus. The name of a cowardly 
 captain in Beaumont and Fletcher's 
 play, "A King and No King." 
 
 The story which Clarendon tells of that af- 
 fair [the panic of the royal troops at Naseby] 
 
 133" For the "Key to tlie Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BET 
 
 45 
 
 BIG 
 
 reminds us of the excuses by which Bcssus 
 and Bobadil explain their cudgellinss. 
 
 MticanUi}/. 
 
 Bettina (bct'to'na). [A diminutive of 
 Elizabeth.] The name under which 
 Elizabeth Brentano (b. 1785), after- 
 ward the wife of Ludwig Achhn von 
 Aruim, corresponded with Goethe. 
 This correspondence, under the title 
 of" Goethe's Letters to a Child," was 
 published in 1835, and was translated 
 by liettina into English. 
 
 Beulah. See Land of Beulaii. 
 
 Beuves d' Aygremont (bov dag'r'- 
 mo"', 43, 6-2). The father of Mala- 
 gigi, or Maugis, and uncle of Kinaldo. 
 He was treacherously slain by Gano. 
 
 Be'vis of South-amp'ton, Sir. A 
 famous knight of romance, whose 
 marvellous exploits are related in the 
 second book of Draj-lon's " Foly- 
 olbion." Heylin claims him as a 
 real Earl of Southampton. He is 
 the Beuves de Hantone of the French, 
 the Buovo iV Antona of the Italians. 
 [Called also Bevis of Hampton.'] 
 
 Ytene'8 oaks — beneath whose shade 
 
 Their theme the merry minstrels made 
 
 Of Ascapart and B&vis bold. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Be-zon'iSn (-van). A name given by 
 Pistol to Shallow in Shakespeare's 
 " King Henry IV." (Part II., a. v., sc. 
 3). It comesfrom the Italian word, hi- 
 sogno (need, want), and is frequently 
 used by the old dramatists as a term 
 of reproach, meaning ber/r/ar, low 
 fellow, or scoundrel. Strictly, it is 
 not a proper name, but it is com- 
 monly thought to be such in the in- 
 stance referred to. 
 
 Bi-an'ca. 1. A daughter to Baptista, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 2. Mistress to Cassio, in the tragedy 
 of " Othello." 
 
 Bibulus, Consul. See Consul Bib- 
 
 ULUS. 
 
 Bick'er-stafF, Isaac, Esq., Astrolo- 
 ger (2). The assumed name imder 
 which the " Tatler " was edited. 
 
 4£5" " Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire, As- 
 trologer, was an imaginary person, almost 
 as well known in that age [Addison's] as 
 Mr. Paul Pry or Mr. Pickwick in our.?. 
 Swift had assumed the name of Bicker- 
 staff in a satirical pamphlet against Par- 
 tridge, the almanac - maker. Partridge 
 
 Iiad been fool enough to publish a fu- 
 rious reply. Bickerstaff had rejoined iu 
 a second pamphlet, still more diverting 
 than the first. All the wit.s had combined 
 to keep up the joke, and tlio town was 
 long iu convulsions of laughter. Steele 
 determined to employ the name which 
 this controversy had made popular ; and, 
 in April, 1709, it was announced that 
 Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire, Astrologer, 
 was about to publish a paper called tho 
 'Tatler.'" Macauiay. 
 
 J8®" " Swift L<! said to have taken the 
 name of Bickerstaff from a smith's sign, 
 and added that of Isaac, as a Christian 
 appellation of uncommon occurrence. 
 Yet it was said a living person was act- 
 ually found who owned both names." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bicorne. See Chichevaciie. 
 
 Bid'den-den Maids (bid'dn-dn). A 
 name given to two unmarried sisters, 
 named Mary and Elizabeth Chulk- 
 hurst, born at Biddenden, in 1100, 
 and joined together, as tradition 
 states, by the shoulders and hips. 
 They lived for thirty - four J'ears, 
 when one died, and the other, persist- 
 ing in a refusal to be separated from 
 the corpse of her sister, succumbed 
 six hours after. They are said to 
 have left twenty acres of land, called 
 "Bread and Cheese Land," where, 
 on the afternoon of Easter Sunday, 
 six hundred rolls are distributed to 
 strangers, and two hundred and sev- 
 enty loaves, weighing three pounds 
 and a half each, with cheese in pro- 
 portion, are given to the poor of the 
 parish, — the expense being defrayed 
 by the rental of the land. Halstead, 
 in his " History of Kent," rejects this 
 story as fabulous, so far as it relates 
 to the Chulkhurst sisters, and asserts 
 that the " Bread and Cheese Land " 
 was left by two maiden ladies by the 
 name of Preston. 
 
 Bifrost (bif rost, 46). [Old Norse bifa, 
 to move, and rost, space.] (Scand. 
 Myth.) The name of the bridge 
 between heaven and earth, typified 
 by the rainbow, and supposed to be 
 constructed of stones of various col- 
 ours. It was extremely solid, and 
 built with great art. 
 
 Big-endians, The. The name of a 
 religious party in the imaginary em- 
 pire of Lilliput, who made it a matter 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, eec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BIG 
 
 of duty and conscience to break their 
 egas "at tlic large end. They were 
 refjarded as heretics by tlie law, 
 ■whicli required all persons to break 
 the smaller end of their eggs, under 
 pain of heavy penalties in case of 
 disobedience. Under this name the 
 Roman Catholics of England arc 
 satirised, and muler that of L'Utk- 
 endians, the English Protestants are 
 ridiculed. See Lilliput. 
 
 The Vatican ia great: yet poor to Chini- 
 borazo or the Peak of Teneritt'e; its dome la 
 but a foolish Siri-endimi or Little-endian chip 
 of an egg-shell compared with that star- 
 fretteil Dome where Arcturus and Orion 
 glance for ever. Carlyle. 
 
 Biglbw, Mr. Hosea. The imagi- 
 nary author of a series of humourous 
 satirical poems, in the Yankee t^ia- 
 lect, really -^vritten by Professor James 
 Eussell Lowell, and directed mainly 
 against slavery and the war, in 
 1846-7, between the United States 
 and Mexico. 
 Bimini (be'me-nec). A fabulous isl- 
 and said to belong to the Bahama 
 group, but lying far out in the ocean, 
 where, according to a tradition cur- 
 rent among the natives of Puerto 
 Rico, was a marvellous fountain pos- 
 sessing the power of restoring youth. 
 This was an object of eager and 
 long-continued quest to the celebrat- 
 ed Spanish navigator, Juan Ponce 
 de Leon. 
 Bi'on-del'lo. A servant to Lucentio, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 Birch, Har'vey. A celebrated char- 
 acter in Cooper's novel of " The 
 Spy." 
 Bireno (be-ra'no). InAriosto's "Or- 
 lando Furioso," the lover and husband 
 of Olimpia, whom he abandons. 
 Biron (be-ro"')- A "merry mad-cap 
 lord" attending on the king of Na- 
 varre, in Siiakespeare's " Love's La- 
 bour 's Lost." 
 Bishop, Madame. The name given 
 ' to a mixture of port, sugar, and nut- 
 meg. 
 
 Bishop Bun'ySn. A sobriquet given 
 to John Bunyan (1028-1088), because 
 he visited his religious brethren in 
 various parts of England, exhorting 
 
 46 BLA 
 
 them to good works and holiness of 
 life. 
 
 Bishop of Hip'po. A title by which 
 St. Augustine (354-430) is often re- 
 ferred to, he having held the ofKcu 
 for many years. 
 
 Black'S,-cre, "Widow (-S-ker). A per- 
 verse, bustling, masculine, pettifog- 
 ging, and litigious character i:i 
 Wycherley's comedy of " The Plain 
 Dealer." 
 
 i3S=" " The Widow Blackacre, beyond 
 comparison Wycherley's best comic char- 
 acter, is the Countess in Racine's ' Plai- 
 deurs,' talking the jargon of English in- 
 stead of Kreuch chicane." Macaulay. 
 
 Black Act, The. A name given in 
 England to an act passed in 1722 (!) 
 Geo. I., c. 22). It was so called be- 
 cause it was occasioned by, and was 
 designed to put an end to, the wan- 
 ton destruction of deer, game, plan- 
 tations, &c., by persons calling them- 
 selves Blacks, and having their faces 
 blackened or otherwise disguised. It 
 was repealed June 21, 1827, by 7 and 
 8 of Geo. IV., c. 27. 
 
 Jgi^ The acts of the Scottish Parlia- 
 ment fi'cm James I. of Scotland to 1580 
 or 1.587 were called Black Acts, because 
 printed in black or Saxon characters. 
 
 Black Assize, The. A common des- 
 ignation of the sitting of the courts 
 held at Oxford in 1577, during which 
 judges, jurymen, and coimsel were 
 swept away by a violent epidemic. 
 The term is also used to denote the 
 epidemic. 
 
 Black Captain, The. [Fr. Le Capi- 
 taine Noir.] A name given by the 
 French to Lt.-Col. Dennis Davidoif, 
 an officer in the Russian army, in the 
 time of the French invasion. 
 
 Black Death, The. A name given 
 to the celebrated Oriental plague 
 that devastated Asia, luirope, and 
 Africa, during the fourteenth century. 
 It took this name from the black 
 spots, symptomatic of putrid decom- 
 position, which, at one of its stages, 
 appeared upon the skin. 
 
 Black Dick. A sobriquet of Richard, 
 Earl Howe (1725-1799), the English 
 admiral who was sent with a squad- 
 ron to operate against D'Estaing, 
 
 ' For the " Key to the ScHcme of Pronunciation," •with the accompanying Explanations.
 
 BLA 
 
 47 
 
 BLA 
 
 who commanded the French forces 
 on the coast of America diirmg the 
 war of the llcvohition. 
 Black Hole of Calcutta. A name 
 commonly given to a certain small 
 and close dungeon in Fort William, 
 Calcutta, the scene of one of the most 
 tragic events in the history of British 
 India. On the capture of Calcutta, 
 by Surajah Dowlah, June 18, 175G, 
 the British garrison, consisting of 
 146 men, being made prisoners, were 
 locked up at night in this room, 
 which was only 20 feet square, and 
 poorly ventilated, never having been 
 intended to hold more than two or 
 three prisoners at a time. In the 
 morning, of the 146 who were impris- 
 oned, only 23 Avere found to have 
 survived the excruciating agony of 
 pressure, heat, thirst, and want of 
 air. In the "Annual Eegister " for 
 1758, is a narrative of the sufferings 
 of those imprisoned, written by i\Ir. 
 Holwell, one of the number. The 
 Black Hole is now used as a ware- 
 house. 
 
 Black Knight, The. See Faineant, 
 Le Xoik. 
 
 Blaok Man, The. A common desig- 
 nation for the Devil in the time of the 
 New England witchcraft. It is a 
 popular belief that the Devil is black. 
 In the •• Golden Legend " there is a 
 stoiy representing him as appearing 
 in the guise of a man clad in black, 
 of great height, and mounted on a 
 superb horse. 
 
 These >nld doctors [the Indian medicine- 
 men) were supposed to draw their pharma- 
 ceutic knowledge from no fjracious source, 
 the Black- Mnn liimsclf hcin.; the principal 
 professor in their medical school. 
 
 Ilawtliomc. 
 
 Black Monday. {Enrj. Hist.) A 
 memorable Easter Monday in 1-351, 
 very dark and misty. A great deal 
 of hail fell, and the cold was so ex- 
 treme that many died from its effects. 
 The name afterward came to l)e ap- 
 plied to the IMonday after Easter of 
 each year. 
 
 My nose fell a-blccding on Black Morulay 
 last. Shak. 
 
 Black Prince, The. Edward, Prince 
 of Wales, the sou of Edward 111. of 
 
 England; — so called from the colour 
 of his armour. 
 
 To portray a Homnn of the ne<' of Camillas 
 or Curius as siipirior to natloiml uiitipatliic!<, 
 as treutiui; I'limiiuTiil unciiiif- \iitli thr deli- 
 cacy of tlic lihirk- I'l-iuct:, would he to violate 
 all dramatic propriety. Jtiwaulwj. 
 
 Black Republicans. See Kicpuuli- 
 
 t'A.NS, ISl.ACK. 
 
 Black Saturday. A name given, in 
 Scotland, to the 4th of August, 1021. 
 On this day, the Parliament sitting 
 at Edinburgh ratified certain articles 
 introducing Episcopalian fashions in- 
 to the church, — a procerding highly 
 repugnant to the religious feelings 
 and couNnctions of the Scottish peo- 
 ple. A violent storm which occuiTcd 
 at the same time, and was accompa- 
 nied by thunder and lightning and 
 '■ heavy darkness," was thought to 
 be a manifest token of the displeas- 
 ure of Heaven. 
 
 She was to remind a nci?hhour of pome par- 
 ticular whicli she Avas to recall to his memory 
 by tlve token, that Thome Kiid and he liail 
 set out together to fro to the battle whieli took 
 lilace on the Black Sattirdaij. Hii- W. Scott. 
 
 Bla'dud. A legendary king of Eng- 
 land, who is said to have built the 
 city of Bath, and dedicated the me-' 
 dicinal springs to Minerva. 
 
 Winifred Jenkins and Tabitha Bramble 
 must keep Englishmen on the prin for ages 
 yet to come; and in their letter.s and the story 
 of their loves there is a perpetual fount of 
 .eparklin" laughter as inexhaustible as Bla- 
 duil's well. Thackeray. 
 
 BlSnche'fleuT. [It. Blancajiore.'] A 
 lady beloved by Florcs. Their ad- 
 ventures make the principal subject 
 of Boccaccio's " Philopoco," but they 
 had been famous for a long time 
 previously, as Boccaccio himself in- 
 forms us. They are mentioned as 
 illustrious lovers by Blattres Eymen- 
 gau dc Bezers, a Languedocian poet, 
 in his " Breviari d' Amor," dated in 
 the year 1288. Boccaccio repeated 
 in the " Decameron " (Day 10, novel 
 5) the storj^ of Flores and Blanche- 
 fleur, but changed the names of the 
 lovers to Ansaldo and Dianora. 
 Chaucer took it as the foundation of 
 the Frankelein's tale in the " Can- 
 terbury Tales," though he professes 
 to have derived it from " a British 
 lay." Boccaccio's novel is unques- 
 tionably the origin of the episode of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 BLA 
 
 48 
 
 BLO 
 
 Irolclo, Prasildo, and Tisbina, in 
 Bojardo's " Orlando Innanmrato.'' 
 There is also an old Enf^li^h louiance 
 entitled " Flores and Ulanrhttluur," 
 paid to have been originally written 
 in French. See Prasildo. 
 
 The chronicles of Charlemagne, 
 Of Merlin and the Mort d'Arthure, 
 Mingled together in his brain 
 With tales uf l-'lores and JJhtnchrJImr. 
 
 LonsjJ'dlow . 
 
 Bias, Gil. See Gil Blas. 
 
 Blatant Beast, The. A bellowing 
 monster, in Spenser's " Faery Queen," 
 typical of slandci' or calunniy ; or it 
 is an impersonation of what we now 
 call •' Vox Populi," or the Voice of 
 the People. 
 
 Ble-fus'cu. The name of an island 
 mentioned in the imaginary " Tra\ • 
 els " of Lemuel Gulliver, written by 
 Swift. It is described as being " sit- 
 uated to the north-east side of Lilli- 
 put, from whence it is pai-ted only by 
 a channel of eight hundred yards 
 wide," and as being ruled over by an 
 emperor. The inhabitants, like the 
 Lilliputians, were all pygmies. 
 
 J6Cg= " Blefuscu is France, and the in- 
 gratitude of the Lilliputian court, which 
 forces Gulliver to take shelter there 
 rather than have hia eyes put out, is au 
 indirect reproach upon that of England, 
 and a vindication of the flight of Oriuond 
 and Bolingbroke to Paris." SirW. Scott. 
 
 Bli'fil. A noted character who figures 
 in Fielding's novel entitled '' The 
 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 Blim'ber, Miss Cornelia. A char- 
 acter in Dickens's novel of " Dombey 
 and Son;" a daughter of Dr. Blim- 
 ber, the head of a first-class educa- 
 tional establishment conducted on 
 the forcing or cramming principle. 
 She is a very learned, grave, and 
 precise young lady, with " no light 
 nonsense about her," who has become 
 " dry and sandy with working in the 
 graves of deceased languages." 
 
 It costs her nothing to disown the slight- 
 est acquaintance with the dead languages, 
 or science, or any thing that calls for abstract 
 thought. In the opinion of those whose ap- 
 proval she most cares for, she might as well 
 assume 3liss JlUinber's spectacles as shine in 
 any one of them. 
 
 Essays from the Saturday Review. 
 
 Blind Harry. A name commonly 
 given to Henry the Minstrel, a wan- 
 
 dering Scottish poet of the fifteenth 
 century, of whom nothing else is 
 known except that he was blind from 
 infancy, and composed a romantic 
 poem entitled " The Life of that No- 
 ble Champion of Scotland, Sir Wil- 
 liam Wallace, Knight," which has 
 been handed down to the present 
 time. 
 
 Blind Preacher. A popular sobri- 
 quet given to William Henry Mil- 
 burn (b. 1823), a blind American 
 clergyman and lecturer, noted for 
 his ability and eloquence. 
 
 Blind Traveller. A name given to 
 James Ilolman (d. 1857), a lieutenant 
 in the English navy, and author of 
 various books of travels. In 1812, 
 a disease contracted in the discharge 
 of his duty destroyed his eyesight. 
 
 Bloody Assizes. A common desig- 
 nation of the horrid judicial massacre 
 perpetrated, in 1685, by George Jeff- 
 reys, Lord Chief Justice of the King's 
 Bench, while on a circuit through the 
 western counties of England. About 
 three hundred persons were executed 
 after short trials; very many were 
 whipped, imprisoned, and fined ; and 
 nearly one thousand were sent as 
 slaves to the American plantations. 
 
 Bloody Bill. A name given to the 
 statute of the "Articles" (31 Henry 
 VIII., c. 14), by which hanging or 
 burning was denounced against all 
 who should deny the doctrine of 
 transubstantiation. 
 
 Bloody-bones. The name of a hob- 
 goblin fiend, formerly much feared 
 by children. The " Wyll of the Dev- 
 yll " is said to be "written by our 
 faithful secretaryes hobgoblin, raw- 
 hed, and hloodybone, in the spiteful 
 audience of all the court of hell." 
 
 Made children with your tones to run for 't 
 As bad as llloody-bones or Luusford. 
 
 Hudihras. 
 
 Bloody Butcher. A sobriquet given 
 to the Duke of Cumberland, second 
 son of George II., on account of his 
 barbarities in the suppression of the 
 rebellion excited by Charles Edward 
 Stuart, the Younger Pretender. 
 
 Bloody Mary. A name commonly 
 given to Mary, a Eoman Catholic 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BLO 
 
 49 
 
 BLU 
 
 queen of England, whose reijjn is 
 distinguished for the sanguniary 
 persecutions of the adherents of the 
 Church of England, no fewer than 
 two hundred persons having been 
 burnt at the stake within the space 
 of four years, for their attachment 
 to the reformed doctrines. 
 S16w9'5-lm'd$. A country girl in 
 Gay's* pastoral poem, " The Shep- 
 herd's Week," which depicts rural 
 life in its character of poverty and 
 rudeness, rather than as clothed in 
 the colours of romance. 
 
 We, fair, fine ladies, who park out our lives 
 From common sheep-paths, cannot help the 
 
 crows 
 From flying over; we 're as natural still 
 As Blowsatmda. Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 Blue-beard. [Fr. La Barbe Bleue.'] 
 The hero of a well-known story of 
 the same name, originally written in 
 French by Charles Perrault. He is 
 represented as having a blue beard, 
 from which he gets his designation, 
 and as marrying a beautiful young 
 woman, who has all the keys of a 
 magnificent castle intrusted to her, 
 with injunctions not to open a certain 
 apartment. She gratifies her curios- 
 itv during the absence of her lord, 
 and is horrified to find the remains 
 of his former wives, the victims of 
 his boimdless lust and cruelty. Her 
 disobedience is discovered by means 
 of an indelible stain produced on 
 the key which opened the door of the 
 interdicted room, and she is told to 
 prepare for death, but obtains the 
 favour of a little delay, and is happily 
 rescued by the timely arrival of 
 friends, who instantly despatch her 
 brutal husband. 
 
 iB®" It is said that the original Blue- 
 beard was Giles de Laval, Lord of Raiz, 
 who was made Marshal of France in 1429. 
 lie was distinguished for his military 
 genius and intrepidity, and was possessed 
 of princely revenues, but rendered him- 
 self infamous by the murder of his wives, 
 and his extraordinary impiety and de- 
 baucheries. Mezeray says that he en- 
 couraged and maintained sorcerers to 
 discover hidden treasures, and corrupted 
 young persons of both sexes that he 
 might attach them to him, and after- 
 ward killed them for the sake of their 
 blood for his charms and Incantations. 
 
 At length, for some state crime against 
 the Duke of Brittany, he was sentenced 
 to be burned alive in a field at Nantes, in 
 1440. Holinshed notices another Blut>- 
 beard, iu the reign of Henry VI., anno 
 1400. Speaking of the committal of the 
 Duke of Suffolk to the Tower, he says, 
 " This doing so much di.=ipleased the peo- 
 ple, that, if politic provision had not 
 been made, great mischief had imme- 
 diately ensued. For the commons, in 
 sundry places of the realm, assembled 
 together in great companies, and choa(! 
 to them a captaiu, whom they called 
 Blue-beard ; but ere they had attempted 
 any enterprise their leaders were ap- 
 prehended, and so the matter pacified 
 without any hurt committed."' Blue- 
 beard is also the name by which King 
 Henry VIII. lives in the popular super- 
 stitions of England. The German poet 
 Tieck, in his " Phantasus," has a tragedy 
 which is grounded upon the common 
 nursery tale. Dunlop notices the strik- 
 ing resemblance between the story of 
 Blue-beard and that of the third calen- 
 dar in the " Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." 
 
 A dark tragedy of Sophie's this; the PAuf- 
 
 beard chamber of her mind, into which no 
 
 _ eye but her own must ever look. CarlyU. 
 
 Blue-coat School. A name popu- 
 larly given to Christ's Hospital, Lon- 
 don, — a charitable institution for the 
 education of orphans and foundlings, 
 — on account of the blue coats or 
 gowns worn by the boj's. Their cos- 
 tume has continued unchanged ever 
 since the foundation of the school in 
 the reign of Edward VI. 
 
 Blue Hen, A cant or popular name 
 for the State of Delaware. This so- 
 briquet is said to have had its ori- 
 gin in a certain Captain Caldwell's 
 fondness for the amusement of cock- 
 fighting. Caldwell was for a time 
 an officer of the First Delaware Reg- 
 iment in the war of the Revolution, 
 and was greatly distinguished for his 
 daring and undaunted spirit. He 
 was exceedingly popular in the regi- 
 ment, and its high state of discipline 
 was generally conceded to be due to 
 his exertions; so that when officers 
 were sent on recruiting service to en- 
 list new men in order to fill vacancies 
 caused by death or otherwise, it was 
 a saying, that they had gone home 
 for more of Caldwell's game-cocks ; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec VV- xiv-xsxil 
 4
 
 BLU 
 
 50 
 
 BOB 
 
 but, as Caldwell insisted that no cock 
 could bo truly giiine unless the mother 
 was a blue hen, the expression " Blue 
 lien's chickens" was substituted for 
 " game-cocks." 
 Ldaware State Jmirnal, July, 1860. 
 Blue Laws. A nickname p;ivcn to 
 the quaint and severe regulations of 
 the early government of New Haven 
 Plantation, when the public authori- 
 ties kept a sharp watch over the de- 
 portment of the people of the colony, 
 and punished all breaches of good 
 manners and good morals, often with 
 ludicrous forniaiity. Some account 
 of these laws is given in a small work 
 published iii 1825 (Hartford, by S'las 
 Andrus), entitled " The Code of 1G50, 
 being a Compilation of the earliest 
 Laws and Orders of the General 
 Court of Connecticut," &c. The 
 ancient records of the New Haven 
 colony bear witness to the stern and 
 sombre religious spirit common to all 
 the first settlers. The chapter of 
 " Capitall Lawes," in the code of 
 1650, is almost verbally copied from 
 the Mosaic law. 
 
 j^' " After the restoration of Charles 
 II., the Puritan.s becamo the subject of 
 every kind of reproach and contumely. 
 The epithet blue was applied to any one 
 ■who looked with disapprobation upon 
 the licentiousness of the time. The 
 Presbyterians, under which name all 
 dissenters were often included, were more 
 particularly designated by this term. 
 Thus Butler : — 
 
 ' For his relig:ion, it was fit 
 To match his learning and his wit, — 
 'Xwas Presbyterian true blue.' 
 
 JIudtbras. 
 That this epithet of derision should find 
 its way to the colonies was a matter of 
 course. It was here applied not only to 
 persons, but to customs, institutions, 
 and laws of the Puritans, by those who 
 wished to render tlie prevailing system 
 ridiculous. Ilence. probably, a belief 
 with some that a distinct system of laws, 
 known as the ' blue laws,' must have 
 somewhere a local habitation." 
 
 Kin^sUy. 
 Blue-Wose. A nickname popularly- 
 given to an inhabitant of Nova Sco- 
 tia or New I'runswick. The appel- 
 lation is supposed to have been orig- 
 inally applied from the effect upon 
 the more prominent parts of the face 
 
 of the raw easterly winds and long- 
 continued fogs which prevail in these 
 provinces. Others say that it was 
 tirst applied to a particular kind of 
 potatoes which were extensively pro- 
 duced by the inhabitants, and that 
 it was afterward transferred to the 
 inhaljitants themselves. Others still 
 assert that its use is accounted for by 
 the custom among certain tribes of 
 the aborigines of painting the nose 
 blue as a punishment tor a crime 
 against chastity. 
 
 Blueskin, A nickname given to 
 Joseph Blake, an English burglar, 
 on account of his dark complexion. 
 He was executed Nov. 11, 1723. 
 
 Blue-Skins. A nickname applied to 
 the Presbyterians, from their alleged 
 grave deportment. 
 
 Bluestring, Robin. See Robin Blue- 
 
 STKLNG. 
 
 Bluff, Captain Woll. A swaggering 
 coward in Congreve's comedy of 
 " The Old Bachelor." 
 
 Those ancients, as yoll B^w^might eay, 
 Were pretty fellows in their dav. 
 
 .Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Bluff City. A descriptive name poji- 
 ularly given to the city of Hannibal, 
 Missoui'i. 
 
 Bluff Hal, or Harry. The sobriquet 
 by wliicli King Henr}^ VIII. of Eng- 
 land is commonly known. [Called 
 also Burly King Harry.'] 
 
 Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence, 
 And numbered bead and shrift, 
 
 Sluff Harry broke into the spence. 
 And tinned the cowls adrift. 
 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Bo'a-ner'ges. [Gr. Boavepye?, from 
 Heb. bene-reges, the Aramaic pro- 
 nmiciation of which was boane-^eges.'] 
 A name signifj'ing " sons of thim- 
 der," given by our Lord (il/rt9*Z; iii. 
 17) to the two sons of Zebedee, James 
 and John. Probably the name had 
 respect to the fiery zeal of the broth- 
 ers, signs of which may be seen in 
 Luhe ix. 54, Mark ix. 38. 
 
 Boar of Ardennes, Wild. See "Wild 
 Boar of Akdennes. 
 
 Boast of England. Sec Tom-a-lin. 
 
 Bob'a-dil, Captain. A beggarly and 
 cowardly adventurer, in Ben Jonson's 
 comedj', '• Every Man in his ITu- 
 
 G®~ For the " Key to the Sclicme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyins E.-^planations^
 
 BOB 51 
 
 BOM 
 
 mour," who passes himself oflF with 
 young and simple people for a valiant 
 soldier. He says (a. iv., sc. 7): "I 
 would select nineteen more to myself; 
 . . . gentlemen they should be, ot good 
 spirit, strong and' able constitution. 
 . . . We twentj- would come into the 
 field the tenth of March, or there- 
 abouts, and we would challenge 
 twenty of the enemy : they could not 
 in their honour retu.se us. Well, we 
 would kill them: challenge twenty 
 more; kill them: twenty more; kill 
 them: twenty more; kill them too. 
 And thus wc would kill evciy man 
 his twenty a day, — that 's twenty 
 score: twenty score, that 's two hun- 
 dred ; two limidred a day, five days, 
 a thousand: forty thousand — forty 
 times live — five times forty — two 
 himdred days kills them all up by 
 computation." 
 
 4®= " Bobadil, with his big words and 
 his little heart, with his sword and his 
 oath, — ' B}- the foot of Pharaoh I ' — is a 
 braggart of the first water. He is, upou 
 the whole, the best invention of the au- 
 thor, and is worthj- to march in the same 
 regiment with Bessus and Pistol, and 
 Parolles and the Copper Captain." 
 
 JB. W. Procter. 
 
 The present author, like BohadU, had 
 taught his trick offence to a hundred fientle- 
 men, — and ladies, — who could feuco very 
 nearly or quite as well as himself. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The whole province W!i3 once thrown in 
 amaze by the return of one of his canipaiRus, 
 whercin"it was stated, that, though, like Caji- 
 tain Bohadil, he had only twenty men to back 
 him, yet in tlie short space of six months he 
 had conquered and utterly annihilated sixty 
 oxen, ninety liofrs, one hundred sheep, ten 
 thousand cabbages, one thousand bushels of 
 potatoes, one hundred and fifty kilderkins of 
 small beer, two thousand seven hundred and 
 thirty-five pipes, ecventy-oijrht jiounds of 
 EU^ar-plums, and forty bars of iron, besides 
 sundry small meats, fame, poultry, and gar- 
 den-stuff ; — an achievement unparalleled 
 since the days of Pantagruel and his all-de- 
 vouring army. W. Irving. 
 
 Royalism totally abandons that Boharlilinn 
 method of contest. Cariyle. 
 
 Bobbies. See Peelers. 
 
 Bobus Smith. See Smith, Bobus. 
 
 Boeuf, Front de (fro" du bof, 4-3). A 
 gigantic and ferocious personage who 
 figures in Sir Walter Scott's novel 
 of •' Ivanhoe " as a follower of Prince 
 John. 
 
 Bogy, See Old Bogy. 
 
 Bo-he'mi-S. A recent cant designa- 
 tion of those parts of London inhab- 
 ited by gay young fellows who hang 
 loosely " about town," leading a sort 
 of nomadic life, like the gynsies (Fr. 
 JJolinnieitit)., and living on their wits, 
 — as journalists, politicians, artists, 
 dancers, and the like. 
 
 /g5=- In France, La Boheme is used of 
 Paris in a similar way. 
 
 Bohemian. Tartar. Perhaps ag^-psy; 
 or a mere wild appellation designed 
 to ridicide the appearance of Simple 
 in Shakespeare's '' Meny Wives of 
 AVindsor," a. iv., sc. 5. 
 
 Bo'hort, Sir, or King. A knight of 
 tlie Kound Table, celebrated in the 
 old romances of chivaliy. He was 
 the brother of King Ban, and imclc 
 to Lancelot du Lac. [Written also 
 B o r s, B r t.] 
 
 Bois-Guilbert, Brian de (bre-o°' du 
 bwo'gel'bcr'). A brave but cruel 
 and voluptuous Preceptor of the 
 Knights Templars, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's " Ivanhoe." 
 
 The most resolute courage will sometimes 
 quail ilia bad cause, and even die in its ar- 
 mour, like Bois-Guilbert. Atlantic 3Ionthlij. 
 
 Bom'ba. A sobriquet given to Ferdi- 
 nand n. (1830-18.59), late king of the 
 Two Sicilies. 
 
 ISSf" " Bomba is the name of children's 
 play in Italy, a kind of prisoner's-base, 
 or what used formerly to be called, iii 
 Kncland, ' King by your leave ; ' and 
 there was probably an allusion to this 
 pastime in the nickname ; especially as- 
 his majesty wa.s fond of playing the kin^, 
 and had a predilection for childish 
 amusements besides, and for playing at 
 soldiers. But the name, whatever it.s 
 first cause, or its collective significance, 
 is understood to have derived its greatest 
 weight from a charge made against his 
 majesty of having called upon his soldiers 
 to ' bombard ' his people during one of 
 their insurrections. ' Bombard 'em ! 
 bombard 'em ! ' he is said to have cried 
 out ; that is to say, ' Sweep them away. — 
 cannonade "em ! ' His apologist, Mr. 
 Macfarlane, not only denies the charge, 
 but .«ays Ijis cry was the very reverse ; to 
 wit, ' Spare my misguided people I Make 
 prisoners ; do not kill ; make prisoners 1 ' 
 . . . The book entitled ' Naples and King 
 Ferdinand ' repeats the charge, however, 
 in the strongest manner. It says that he 
 kept crying out, ' Down vdth tliem ! down 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xixii.
 
 BOM 
 
 52 
 
 BON 
 
 ■with them I ' adding, in a note, what was 
 ptarcd to be the particular expression, 
 ' Uombardare ; ' and hence, says the au- 
 thor. ' arose his well-kuowu sobriciuet of 
 JSomba.' " Leigli Hunt. 
 
 ;tg" " The name Bomba is often mis- 
 interpreted as having some allusion to 
 bombardments. It is not so. In Italy, 
 when you tell a man a thing which he 
 knows to be false, or when he wishe.s to 
 convey to you the ideaof the utter worth- 
 lessness of any thing or person, he puffs 
 out hifl cheek Uke a bagpiper's in full 
 blow, smites it with his forefinger, and 
 allows the pent breath to explode, with 
 the exclamation, ' Bomb-a.' I have wit- 
 nessed the gesture, and heard the sound. 
 Hence, after 1849, when regal oaths in 
 the name of the Most Holy Trinity were 
 found to be as worthless as a beggar's in 
 the name of Bacchus or the Madonnu, 
 ■when Ferdinand was perceived to be a 
 •worthless liar, his quick-witted people 
 ■whispered his name. He was called King 
 Bomba, King Puff-cheek, King Liar, King 
 Knave. The name and his characterwere 
 then so much in harmony that it spread 
 wdely ; and they have been so much in 
 harmony ever since, that he has retained 
 it till now, and will retain it, I suppose, 
 till he is bundled into his unhonoured 
 grave." Dublin Ecening Gazette. 
 
 After Palcrmo'.s fatal siege, 
 Across the western seas lie fled 
 In good King Bomba's happy reign. 
 
 iMiigfellow. 
 
 Bom-bS8't§§ ril-ri-6'§o. The hero 
 and title of a burlesque tragic opera 
 by Thomas Barnes Rhodes, which 
 was intended to ridicule the bombast 
 of modern tragedies. 
 
 Falling on one knee, [he] put both hands on 
 his heart, and rolled up his eyes much after 
 the manner of Jiombastes rurioso making 
 love to Distaffina. JSpes Sargent. 
 
 Bo'na De'a. [Lat., the good god- 
 dess.] (Myth.) A Roman divinity, 
 otherwise called Fauna, or Fatua, 
 and described as the sister, wife, or 
 daughter of Faunus. Her worship 
 was so exclusively confined to wom- 
 en, that men were not even allowed 
 to know her name. 
 
 Bo-nas'SUS. [Gr. B6va<7MS, Borao-cro!, 
 a wild ox.] An imaginary wiltl 
 beast, with which the " Ettrick She]> 
 herd " (James Hogg), in the " Noctes 
 Ambrosiana;" (No. XLVIII. April, 
 18-30), is represented as having had a 
 most remarkable adventure. A huge 
 animal of the genus Bison — Bison 
 
 Ijonnssus — had been exhibited in 
 London and other parts of Great 
 Britain a few years before. 
 
 I must have been the Bonassus liimself to 
 have mistaken myselffor a genius. 
 
 Sir W. Scotl. 
 
 Bon Chevalier, sans Peur et sans 
 Reprochie, Le (lu bo" shvS'le'^J' 
 so" piif a. so" ru-prosh'). See Goou 
 
 KXIGHT, &C. 
 
 Bo'ney. A corruption or diminutive 
 of Bonaparte, often u.sed by English 
 writers and speakers in the lirst part 
 of the present century. 
 
 No monks can be had now for love or for 
 
 money, 
 (All owing, papa says, to that infidel Boneij). 
 Moore, 
 
 Bon Gaul 'tl-er. A pseudonym adopted 
 by Professor AVilliam Edmonstoune 
 Aytoun and Theodore Martin, under 
 which they published a popular book 
 of ballads, and contributed to a num- 
 ber of periodicals. 
 
 Bonhomnie, Jacques (zhak bo'- 
 nom')- [t'r-, -Tack or James Good- 
 man]. A derisive name given by 
 the French barons of the fourteenth 
 century to the peasants of the coun- 
 try. I'he insurrection known as the 
 Jacquerie — which derived its name 
 from this epithet — was a terrible up- 
 rising of this class against the nobles, 
 in 1358. 
 
 Jacques Bonhomme had a longer memory 
 than his representative on this side of the 
 water [England]; and while the descendants 
 of Wat Tyler's followers were comfortable 
 church-and-king men, when the great trial 
 came, in 1793, the men of the Jacquerie were 
 boiling with revenge for centuries of wrong, 
 and poured fortli tiie concentrated wrath of 
 generations on clergy, noble, and crown. 
 
 liev. John JVTiite. 
 
 Bon'i-face. The name of a landlord 
 in Farquhar's comedy, " The Beaux' 
 Stratagem," — one of the best rep- 
 resentatives of the English innkeeper 
 in the language; hence, a landlord 
 in general. 
 
 " Oh ! I beg your pardon," replied the 
 Yankee Boiiiface; "I meant no oftencc." 
 
 Putnam's Marj. 
 
 Bono Johnny. The sobriquet by 
 which, in the East, the English are 
 commonly designated. 
 
 Bontemps, Roger (ro'zha' bon'tun', 
 62). A popular personification, in 
 France, of a .state of leisure, and free- 
 
 CST" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 BOO 
 
 53 
 
 BOu 
 
 dom from care. The equivalent, 
 among the French peasantry, for the 
 Enghsh proverb, " There 's a good 
 time coming," is " Koger Bontcmps." 
 This character is the subject of one 
 of Beranger's most celebrated songs, 
 written in 1814 : — 
 
 To show our hypochondriacs, 
 
 In days the most forlorn, 
 
 A pattern set before their eyes, 
 
 Jiotjcr JJontcmps was bom. 
 
 To live obscurely at his will, 
 
 To keep aloof from strife, — 
 
 Hurrah for fat Roger Bontemps ! 
 
 This is his rule of life. 
 
 Ye envious poor ; ye rich who deem 
 Wealth still your thoughts deserving ; 
 Ye who in search of pleasant tracks 
 Yet find your cap is swerving! 
 Ye who the titles that ye boast 
 May lose by some disaster, — 
 Hurrah for'fat Jlorjcr Bontemps .' 
 Go, take him for your master. 
 
 JJcrmiger, Trans. 
 
 Booby, Lady. A female character 
 of ft-ail morals, in Fielding's novel 
 of "Joseph Andrews," who is unable 
 to conquer the virtue of her footman. 
 She was designed as a caricature of 
 Richardson's " Pamela," and is rep- 
 resented as a vulgar upstart, whom 
 the parson is compelled to reprove 
 for laughing in church. 
 
 Po-o'tes. [Gr. Bowttis, the ox-driver.] 
 ( Gr. (f Rom. Myth. ) A son of Ceres, 
 and the inventor of the plough. He 
 was translated to heaven, and made 
 a constellation. According to another 
 account, he was a son of Lycaon and 
 Callisto, and was slain by his father, 
 who set him before Jupiter for a re- 
 past, to try the omniscience of the 
 god. Jiqiiter restored him to life, 
 and placed him among the stars. 
 
 Booth. The husband of Amelia, in 
 Fielding's novel of that name. His 
 frailties are said to have shadowed 
 forth some of the author's own back- 
 slidings and experiences. 
 
 Bo-ra'cM-o. A follower of John 
 (bastard brother of Don Pedro, 
 Prince of Arragon), in Shakespeare's 
 " Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 Borak, Al. See Al Bokak. 
 
 Border, The. In history and in popu- 
 lar phraseology, the common frontier 
 of England and Scotland, which, until 
 comparatively modern times, sliifted 
 
 to the north or to the south, accord- 
 ing to tlie surging tide of war or di- 
 plomacy. From the eleventh century 
 to about the beginning of the eight- 
 eenth century, ruthless wars between 
 the two countries, and feuds and 
 forays of clans and families, caused 
 almost constant disturbance on the 
 border. Strenuous efforts were made 
 during the reigns of F^lizabeth and 
 James VI. to preserve peace; but it 
 was not until the legislative union of 
 1707 took place, that the long course 
 of misrule was finally brought to a 
 close. 
 Border Minstrel. A title often given 
 to Sir AValter Scott, who traced his 
 descent from the great border family 
 now represented by the dulies of 
 Buccleuch ; resided at Abbotsford on 
 the Tweed; edited, in early life, a col- 
 lection of old ballads under the title 
 of " The Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
 Border;" and afterward wrote "The 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel," and other 
 original poems upon border subjects. 
 
 When last along its banks I wandered. 
 Through groves that had begun to shed 
 
 Their golden leaves upon the pathways, 
 Jly steps the Border Minstrel led. 
 
 Wordsworth, I'arrow Revisited. 
 
 Border States. Previous to the 
 Ilebcllion, a common designation of 
 those Slave States, in the American 
 LTnion, which bordered upon the line 
 of the Free States ; namelj^ Delaware, 
 Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and 
 Missouri. "With the abolition of slav- 
 ery throughout the United States, 
 the name will soon pass out of cur- 
 rent use. 
 
 Border-thief School. A name for- 
 merly given, to some extent, to Sir 
 Walter Scott and his poetical imita- 
 tors, who celebrated the adventures 
 of various predatory chiefs of the 
 Scottish border. 
 
 With your Lake Schools, and Border-thief 
 Schouh, and Cockney and Satanic Schools, 
 there has been enough to do. Carbjle. 
 
 Bo're-as (0). [Gr. Bopea?.] (Gr. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) The north wind, a son 
 of Astra3us and Aurora. He is fabled 
 to have carried off Orithyia, th(! 
 daughter of Erechtheus, and by her 
 to have had Zetes and Calais, winged 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wliich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. siv-xxxii,
 
 BOR 
 
 54 
 
 BOW 
 
 warriors, wlio accompanied the Ar- 
 goiiautic expedition. 
 Bors, or Bort, King. See Boiiort, 
 
 SlK. 
 
 Boston Bard. A pseudonym as- 
 sumed hy Itobert S. Coliin (17!J7- 
 1827), auAiiiericaii versifier who lived 
 for .-;omc years in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Boston Massacre. (Amer. IRst.) 
 A name popularly K'ven to a disturb- 
 ance wliicli occurred in the streets of 
 Boston on the evening of March 5, 
 1770, when a sergeant's guard be- 
 longing to the British gaiTison fired 
 upon a crowd of people who were 
 surrounding them and pelting them 
 with snow-balls, and killed three 
 men, besides wounding several otli- 
 ers. 1"hc leader of the towns-people 
 was a black man named Crispus At- 
 tucks. The affair is of historical im- 
 portance, as it prepared the minds of 
 men for the revolutionary struggle 
 which followed. 
 
 Boston Tear-party. A name popu- 
 larly given to the famous assemblage 
 of citizens in Boston, Dec. 10, 177^!, 
 who met to carry out the non-impor- 
 tation resolves of the colony, and 
 who, disguised as Indians, went on 
 board three English shijjs which had 
 just arrived in the harbour, and de- 
 stroyed several hundred chests of 
 tea. The British parliament retali- 
 ated by closing the port of Boston. 
 
 Bottle, Oracle of the Holy. Sec 
 Holy Bottle, Okaclk of the. 
 
 Bottle Biot. A disturbance which 
 took place at the theatre in Dublin, 
 Dec. 14, 1S22, in consequence of the 
 unpopularity of the Marquess Wel- 
 Icsley (Richard Colby, the younger). 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; so c;dle(l 
 from the circumstance of a botth; 
 being thrown into his box. [Called 
 also The llaitln Cunspirncy.'\ 
 
 Bottom, KTick. An Athenian weaver, 
 who is the principal actor in the in- 
 terlude of" Pyramus and Thisbo," in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsunnner-Nignt's 
 Dream." Oberon, the fairj' king, 
 desiring to punish Titania, his queen, 
 commissioned Buck to watch her 
 till the fell asleep, and then to anoint 
 
 her eyelids with tlie juice of a plant 
 calleel love-in-idleness, the effect of 
 which, when she awoke, was to make 
 her dote upon Bottom, upon whom 
 I'uck had lixcd an ass's head. 
 
 iKw'" Bottom ... is a compound of 
 prolound ignorance and omnivorous con- 
 ceit ; but tlicsc are tempered by good- 
 nature, decision of character, and some 
 mother-wit. That which gires him his 
 individuality does not depend upon his 
 w.ant of education, )iis position, or his 
 calling. All the schools of Athens could 
 not have reasoned it out of him ; and all 
 tlic gold of Crtt'sus would liavo made 
 liim hut a gilded Bottom after all. . . . 
 His descendants liave not uufrequcntly 
 appeared among the gifted intellects of 
 the world. When Goldsmith, jealous of 
 the attention which a dancing monkey 
 attracted in a cofifee-house, s.'iid, ' I can 
 do that as well,' and was about to at- 
 tempt it, he was but playing Bottom." 
 R. G. Wiite. 
 
 Indeed, llic caresscB which this partiality 
 lc:iclsliiiii IMilton] to bestow on "Sad EIcc- 
 tra's jiiict," Kiiiictiines remind lis of the bcau- 
 tiliil <iiH 1-11 of faiiy-land kissing the long 
 cars iif lUiltoDi. Macaulwj. 
 
 Tity poor Eobinson [Sir Thoma? Robinson], 
 O F.)if;lish reader, if you can, for indignation 
 at the business lie i» in. Savinf; tbe liberties 
 of Europe! tliiiiVs Kobinson confidently : 
 I'oundiiif; the English Notional J)ibt, an- 
 swers Faet; and (loin;; JJoltatii llir U'rnrrr, 
 witb lonK cars, in tlic niiscniblest I'iekle- 
 heiring tragedy that ever was I Carli/le. 
 
 Bountiful, Lady. Sec Lady Boun- 
 tiful. 
 
 Boustrapa (boo'stra-'pS'). A sobri- 
 quet given to the Emperor Napoleon 
 HI., ill allusion to his nnsucces.sful 
 attcnniits at a coup iVelat at 7i(wlogne 
 (in ]«10)and 5<rr/sbourg (in 18;j6), 
 and his successful attempt at Paris 
 (in 1851), while President of the 
 I'rench Itcpublic. 
 
 Bower of Bliss. 1. A garden belong- 
 ing to the beautiful enchantress Ar- 
 mida, in Tasso's "Jerusalem De- 
 livered." It is described as lovely 
 beyond description, every' thing in the, 
 place contributing to harmony and 
 sweetness, and breathing forth the 
 fulness of bliss. Here Kinaldo and 
 Armida, in love with each other, pass 
 their time; but at last two knights 
 come and release Kinaldo from his 
 enervating and dishonourable servi- 
 tude. Sec Ahmipa. 
 2. The dwelling of the ■Nvitcli 
 
 D3~ Tor the " Key to the Scheme of rrouuuciation," witli the accompanying E.xplanations,
 
 BOW 
 
 55 
 
 BRA 
 
 Acrasia, in Spenser's " Faery Queen," 
 Bk. II., c. 12. Acrasia is represented 
 as a beautiful and fascinating woman, 
 and her residence, which is situated 
 upon a floating island, is described 
 ■ as being embellished with eveiy 
 thing calculated to charm the senses 
 and wrap the soul in oblivious indid- 
 gence. 
 Bowling, Tom. The name of a cel- 
 ebrated naval character in Smollett's 
 novel of " Koderick Kandom." 
 
 ;e£5""Tbe character of Tom Bowling, 
 in ' Roderick Random,' . . - will be re- 
 garded iu all ages as a happy exhibition 
 of those naval heroes to whom Britain is 
 indebted for so much of her happiness 
 and glory." Danlop. 
 
 Box and Cox. The title of a " dra- 
 matic romance of real life," by Jolni 
 M. Morton, and the names of its 
 principal characters. 
 
 Boy-bishop, The. An appellation 
 conferred upon St. Nicholas (fourth 
 centuiy ), on account of his early con- 
 formity to the observances of the 
 Roman Catholic chm-ch, of which 
 the old legends relate marvellous m- 
 s*ances. 
 
 Boy-et'. A lord attcnfling on the 
 princess of France, in Shakespeare's 
 " Love's Labour 's Lost." 
 
 Boz {by some pron. boz). A pseudo- 
 nym under which Charles Dickens 
 contributed a series of " Sketches of 
 Life and Character " to the " London 
 Morning Chronicle." Of this nom de 
 plume he has given the following ac- 
 count : — 
 
 JK5" "Boz, my signature in the ' Morn- 
 ing Chronicle,' . . . was the nickname of 
 a pet child, a younger brother, whom I 
 had dubbed Moses, in honour of the ' Vicar 
 of Wakefield,' which, being facetiously 
 pronounced through the nose, became 
 Bo.^es, and being shortened, Boz. Boz 
 was a very familiar household word to me 
 long before I was an author, and so I 
 came to adopt it." 
 
 Thoush a plod<;e I had to ehivcr, 
 
 Anfl the lonj^est ever was, 
 Ere his vessel leaves our river 
 
 I would drink a health to Boz. JJood. 
 
 Boz'zy. A familiar diminutive of the 
 surname of James Boswell (1740- 
 1822), the friend and biographer of 
 
 Dr. Samuel Johnson, by whom the 
 nickname Avas coined. 
 
 Bra-ban'ti-o (bra-ban'shi-o). A sen- 
 ator of Venice, in Shakespeare's 
 play of " Othello." 
 
 Brad'a-mant, or Bradamante (bra- 
 dS-man'ti). A Christian Amazon, 
 sister to Rinaldo, and mistress of 
 Kuggiero, in Bojardo's "Orlando 
 Innamorato " and Ariosto's " Or- 
 lando Furioso." She possessed an 
 irresistible spear, which unhorsed 
 every antagonist whom it touched. 
 See liuGGiEKO. [Wiitten also Br an- 
 damante.] 
 
 iKp " I do not think Bradamante or 
 Brandamante is ever mentioned in old 
 romances, and I greatly suspect her to 
 be Bojardo's own invention." Panizzi. 
 
 Brad'war-dine, Baron. A brave 
 and gallant, but pedantic, character 
 in Scott's '■ Waverley." 
 
 Brad'war-dlne, Rose, The heroine 
 of Sir Walter Scott's novel of "Wa- 
 verley;" the daughter of Baron 
 Bradwardine, and the lover of Wa- 
 verley, whom she finally marries. 
 
 Brag, Jack. The hero of a novel of 
 the same name by Theodore Hook 
 (1789-1841), a spirited embodiment 
 of the arts employed by a vulgar 
 pretender to creep into aristocratic 
 society. 
 
 In reality, however, he was a sort of liter- 
 arv Jwk Brag. As that amusing creation . . . 
 mustered himself with sportins sentlcmen 
 tiirough his command over the technicahtics 
 or slaiig of the kennel and the turf, so diU 
 Hazlewood sit at tlie board with scholajs and 
 aristocratic book-collectors through a free use 
 of thcirtechnical phraseology. J. II. Burton. 
 
 Brag, Sir Jack, A sobriquet of Gen- 
 eral John Burgoyne (d. 1792), who 
 figures in an old ballad entitled " Sir 
 Jack Brag." 
 
 Bragi (bra'gee). [Old Norse Iragga, 
 to adorn, embellish. Comp. Eng. 
 6m.7.] (Scand. Myth.) The son of 
 Odin and Frigga, the husband of 
 Iduna, and the god of poetry and 
 eloquence; represented as an old 
 man with a long, flowing beard, and 
 a hxovf mild and unA\Tinkled. [Writ- 
 ten also Brag u r, Brag a.] 
 
 Bragmardo, Janotus de (ja-no'tus 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which, the numbers after certain worda refer, see pi). siv-xxxii.
 
 BRA 
 
 56 
 
 ERA 
 
 de bras'mar-do; Fr. pron. ?.\\a.'no'- 
 tiiis' (111 brag'niai-'do', 102). The 
 name of a sopliister in Rabelais' sa- 
 tirical romance of "Gargantua," sent 
 by the citizens of Paris to remon- 
 strate with Gargantua for having 
 carried off the bells of the church of 
 Notrc-Darae, which he had taken to 
 suspend at the neck of his mare. 
 
 Brah'mS. (Hindu Myth.) The sn- 
 preme,"self-existent god of the Hin- 
 dus, usually represented with four 
 heads and four arms. He is regarded 
 as the creator of the universe, and 
 forms, with Vishnu, the preserver, 
 and Siva, the destroyer, the divine 
 Trimurti, or triad, consisting of the 
 three principal gods of the Brahmin 
 ical faith. It is said that he has de- 
 scended upon the earth nine times, 
 in various forms, and is yet to appear 
 a tenth time, in the figure of a war- 
 rior upon a white horse, to visit retri- 
 bution upon all incorrigible offend- 
 ers. [Written also Br am a, and 
 sometimes B r ii h m a.] 
 
 Brainworm. A curious, tricky char- 
 acter in BcnJonson's play of "Eveiy 
 Man in his Humour." 
 
 Bramble, Matthew. A well-known 
 character in Smollett's novel, "The 
 Expedition of Humphry Clinker;" 
 described as " an odd kind of humour- 
 ist," afflicted with the gout, and " al- 
 ways on the fi'et," but full of gener- 
 osity and benevolence. 
 
 To have all literature swum Rway before tis 
 in watery extempore, and a spiritual time of 
 Noah supervene, — that, 6urelv, is an awful 
 reflection , worthy of dyspeptic Matthew Bram- 
 ble in a London fog. Carlyle. 
 
 Bramble, Miss Tabitha. An un- 
 married sister of Matthew Bramble, 
 in Smollett's " Expedition of Hum- 
 phry Clinker." She is character- 
 ised as " a maiden of forty-five, ex- 
 ceeding starched, vain, aiid ridicu- 
 ulous," soured by her unsuccessful 
 endeavours to get married, proud, im- 
 perious, pr\-ing, malicious, greedy, 
 and uncharitable. She finally suc- 
 ceeds in disposing of herself to Cap- 
 tain Lismahago, who is content to 
 take her on accoimt of her snug little 
 fortune of .£4000. llcr personal ap- 
 pearance is thus described : — 
 
 1^* " She is tall, raw-boned, awkward, 
 flat-chested, and stooping ; lier complcx- 
 ioa is .sallow and freckled ; her ejes are 
 not gray, but greeuish, like those of a 
 cat, and generally infiamod ; her hair is 
 of .a sandy, or, rather, dusty, hue; her 
 forehead low ; her nose long, sharp, ami, 
 toward the extremity, always red in cool 
 weather ; her lips skinny ; her mouth ex- 
 tensive ; her teeth straggling and loose, 
 of various colours and conformation ; and 
 her long neck shrivelled into a thousand 
 wrinkles." 
 
 BrS-mine', The. A name given bv 
 Sterne (1713-1703) to Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Draper, a young woman of English 
 parentage, born in India, for whom 
 he conceived a most violent and in- 
 judicious affection. In calling her 
 " The Bramine," he obNiously in- 
 tended a reference to the country of 
 her birth. For himself he provided 
 a corresponding name, — " The Bra- 
 min," — suggested apparently by his 
 profession of a clergyman. In 1775, 
 ten letters of Sterne to IMrs. Draper 
 were published under the title of 
 "Letters to Eliza." 
 
 Bran. The name of Fingal's dog. 
 See FiNGAL. 
 
 ffS=- " Our Highlanders have a pro- 
 verbial saying, founded on the traditional 
 renown of Fingal's dog. ' If it is not 
 Bran,' they say, ' it is Bran's brother.' 
 Now this is always taken as a compli- 
 ment of the first class, whether applied 
 to an actual cur, or, parabolically, to a 
 biped." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 In procoBs of time, the noble dog slept with 
 Bran, Luarth, and the celebrated hounds of 
 antiquity. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Brandan, Island of St. See Islaki> 
 OF St. Braxdan. 
 
 Bran'di-mart. [It., swords-lover.] A 
 character in Rojardo's " Orlando In- 
 namorato," and in Ariosto's " Or- 
 lando Furioso," king of the Distant 
 Islands. 
 
 Brandy Tfan. A nickname given to 
 Queen Anne, in her lifetime, by the 
 populace, in allusion to her fondness 
 for brandy. 
 
 Brang'tons, The. Characters in the 
 novel of " Evelina," by Miss Burney. 
 Their name became a synonym for 
 vulgarity, malice, and jealousy. 
 
 Brass, Sally. Sister to Sampson 
 
 05- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying E.^planations
 
 BRA 
 
 67 
 
 BRI 
 
 Brass, whom she surpasses in vil- 
 lany. See infra. 
 Brass, Sampson. A knavish attor- 
 ney in Dickens's " Old Curiosity 
 Shop," distinguished for his servility, 
 dishonestv, and affected sentimental- 
 ity- 
 Bravest of the Brave. [Fr. Le 
 Brave (hs Brans.] A title conferred 
 upon the celebrated Marshal Ney 
 (1769-1815) by the French troops at 
 Friedland (1807), on account of his 
 fearless bravery. He was in com- 
 mand of the right wing, whicli bore 
 the brunt of the battle, and stormed 
 the town. Napoleon, as he watched 
 him passing unterritied through a 
 shower of balls, exclaimed, "That 
 man is a lion; " and henceforth the 
 amiy styled him the Bravest of the 
 Brave. 
 Bray, The Vicar of. See Vicar of 
 
 Bray. 
 Brazen Age. [Lat. ^nea cetas.'] ( Gr. 
 <f Bom. Myth. ) One of the four ages 
 or eras into which the ancient ])oets 
 divided the histoiy of the human 
 race. It was a period of ^vikl war- 
 fare and violence, presided over by 
 Neptune. The silver age preceded 
 it, and the iron age followed it. See 
 Irox Age, Silver Age. 
 
 Bread and Cheese Land. Sec Bid- 
 
 DENDEN MaIUS. 
 
 Breeches Bibles. A name given to 
 editions of the so - called Genevan 
 Bible (first printed at Geneva, by 
 Rowland Hal], 1560, in 4to), from 
 the peculiar rendering of Gtn. iii. 7. 
 
 Breeches Review. A name formerly 
 given, among booksellers, to the 
 "Westminster Review," from a Mr. 
 Francis Place, a great authority with 
 the " Westminster." This Place was 
 at one time a leather-breeches maker 
 and tailor at Charing-cross, London. 
 
 Bren'da. Daughter of Magnus Troil, 
 and sister to Minna, in iSir Walter 
 Scott's " Pirate." 
 
 Breng'wain. The confidante of Isolde, 
 and a prominent character in the ro- 
 mances which treat of the love of 
 Isolde and Sir Tristram. [Written 
 
 also Bringwain, Brengein, 
 
 Brangwainc, Brangwayne.] 
 
 Brent'ford, The Two Kings of. 
 
 Two characters in " The Rehearsal," 
 a celebrated farce, written by George 
 Villicrs, Duke of Buckingham (1627- 
 1G88), with the assistance of Butler, 
 Sprat, and others, in order to correct 
 the public taste by holding up the 
 heroic or rhyming tragedies to ridi- 
 cule. 
 
 -KS^ The two kings are represented m 
 walking hand ia hand, as dancing to- 
 gotlier, as singing in concert, and, gen- 
 erally, as living on terms of the greatest 
 intimacy and affection. There seems to 
 have been no particular reason for mak- 
 ing them kings of Brentford rather than 
 of any other place. Bayes says (a. i., 
 sc. 1), "Look you, sirs, the chief hinge 
 of this play ... is, that I suppose two 
 lyings of the same place, as, for example, 
 at Brentford ; for I love to write famil- 
 iarly." Colonel Henry Howard, son of 
 Thomas, Earl of Berkshire, wrote a play 
 called "The United Kingdoms,"' which 
 began with a funeral, and had also two 
 kings in it. It has been supposed that 
 this was the occasion of Buckingham's 
 setting up two kings in Brentford, though 
 some are of opinion that he intended 
 them for the two royal brothers, Charles 
 II. and the Duke of York, afterward 
 James II. Others say that they represent 
 Boabdelin and Abdalla, contending kings 
 of Granada. But it is altogether more 
 probable that they were designed to bur- 
 lesque the two kings contending for one 
 and the same crown introduced by Dry- 
 den — the Bayes of the piece — into .sev- 
 eral of his serious plays. Persons who 
 have been known to hate each other 
 heartily for a long time, and who after- 
 ward profess to have become reconciled, 
 and to be warm friends, are often likeuod 
 to the Two Kings of Brentford. 
 
 Tliis piece of poiiorosity reminds us of tlie 
 liberality of the Kings of Brentjord to their 
 Kniglitsbridge forces. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Brewer of Ghent. A descriptive 
 title bestowed upon Jacob Arteveld, 
 a brewer of metheglin in Ghent, who 
 became a great popular leader in the 
 early part of the fourteenth centuiy, 
 drove Louis I., Count of Flanders, 
 into France, ruled that province, and 
 supported Edward III. of England. 
 
 Brt-a're-us (9). [Gr. Bpiapew?.] ( Gr. 
 if Rom. Mijth.) A son of Ca>lus and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BRI 
 
 58 
 
 BUI 
 
 Ten-a. a giant 'nlth a hundred arms 
 and lil'ty heads. According to Hc- 
 fsiod, he defended Jupiter against the 
 Titans; but other poets say that he 
 assii^tcd the giants in their attempt 
 to storm Olympus, and was buried 
 alive under Mount iEtna as a punish- 
 ment. [Called also ^geon.} 
 Brick, Mr. Jerfer-son (-sn). A 
 lierv American politician, who figures 
 in Dickens's novel of " Martm Chuz- 
 zlewit." 
 
 Jifferson nricl:, fhc American editor, twit- 
 ted me v.-ith tlie multifurious patented anom- 
 alies of overgrown, wortlilesa Dulces, Bisjiops 
 of Durham, &c., wiiicli poor English society 
 at present labours under, and is made a sole- 
 cism by. Carli/U. 
 
 Bride of the Sea. A poetical namo 
 of Venice, having its origin in the 
 ancient ceremony of the espousal of 
 the Adriatic, during which the doge, in 
 the presence of his courtiers, and amid 
 circumstances of great splendour, 
 threw a ring into the sea, uttering 
 the words, "Desjionsamvs te, viare, 
 in si(/num veri perpeiidque doininii," 
 lYe wed thee, O sea, in sign of a true 
 and perpetual dominion. 
 
 Bridge 'north, Major Ralph. A 
 Pioundhead who figures conspicuously 
 in Scott's "Peveril of the Peak." 
 
 Bridge of Asses. See Pons Asixo- 
 rxM. 
 
 Bridge of Sighs. [It. Ponte dei Sos- 
 2n)-i.] The name popidarly given to 
 the covered passage-way which con- 
 nects the doge's palace in Venice 
 ■with the state prisons, from the cir- 
 cumstance that the condemned pris- 
 oners were transported over this 
 bridge from the hall of judgment to 
 the place of execution. Hood has 
 used the name as the title of one of 
 his poems. 
 
 Bridget, Mrs. The name of a char- 
 acter in Sterne's celebrated novel, 
 '• The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy, Gent." 
 
 Bridlegoose, Judge. [Fr. Juf^e Brl- 
 doye.] The name of a character in 
 Rabelais' famous satirical romance 
 of " Pantagruei," who decided causes 
 by the chance of dice. 
 
 Brid'oison (bre'dwo'zo"', G2). A 
 
 stupid judge in Beaumarchais' "Ma- 
 nage de Pigaro." 
 
 Brighella (bre-gel'la). [It., from 
 brif/a, trouble, restlessness.] A 
 masked character, in the Italian pop- 
 ular comedy, representing a proud, 
 bold, and crafty plebeian of Brescia. 
 
 Brigliadoro (brel-ya-do'ro). [It., bri- 
 dle of gold.] The name of Orlando's 
 steed, one of the most famous cours- 
 ers in romance, and second only to 
 Bajardo. 
 
 Bri-se'is. [Gr. 'Bpia-nU.'] {Gr. (§• 
 Mom. Myth.) The daughter of Bri- 
 seus, a priest at Lyrnessus. She fell 
 into the hands of Achilles, but was 
 afterward forced from him b}'' Aga- 
 memnon. [Called also Il'qipodamia.l 
 
 British. Ar'is-ti'des. An epithet fre- 
 quently applied to Andrew Marvell 
 (1G20-1G78), an influential member 
 of the House of Commons during the 
 reign of Charles II., and a firrh op- 
 ponent of the king. His integrity 
 was such that he refused every ofter 
 of promotion and a direct bribe ten- 
 dered him by the lord treasurer, and 
 died in poverty, being buried at the 
 expense of his constituents. 
 
 British Jeremiah. A title given by 
 Gibbon to Gildas, a British historian, 
 who is said to have flourished in the 
 first half of the sixth century. Wright 
 considers him a fabulous person. 
 
 The British Jeremiah ... is bo pleased to 
 find, or so determined to invent, topics_ for 
 declamatory lamentation or praise, that it is 
 difficult to distinguish the basis of truth from 
 the fantastic superstructure of exaggeration 
 and falsehood with which he has overloaded 
 it. Edin. Jiev. 
 
 British Pau-sa'ni-as. An epithet 
 conferred upon William Camden 
 (1551-1623), one of the most dis- 
 tinguished scholars and learned anti- 
 quaries of his age. 
 
 Brit'o-mar'tis, or Brit'o-mart. [Gr. 
 BpiTo/napn;, from the Cretan words 
 /SpiTu's, sweet, and ixdpTis., maid.] 1. 
 (Gi: 4- Rom. Myth.) A Cretan 
 nymph, daughter of Jupiter and 
 Carme; a Cretan epithet of Diana, 
 who loved her, assumed her name, 
 and was worshipped under it. 
 
 2. "A lady knight," representing 
 Chastity, whose adventures are re- 
 
 tST" For the "Key to tlic Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ERI 
 
 59 
 
 BRO 
 
 latccl in Spenser's "Faery Queen." 
 She is represented as being armed 
 ivith a magic spear, which nothing 
 could resist. 
 
 She chnrmcd at once, and tamed the heart, 
 luconipurublo iiritoiuart! Sir W. iScolt. 
 
 Brittany, Eagle of. Sec Eaglis of 
 Bkittaxy. 
 
 Broad Bottom Ministry. (Ftuj. 
 Hist.) A name derisively given to 
 an administration comprising nine 
 dukes and a grand coalition of all 
 parties of ■weight and intlucnce in the 
 state, formed in Nov. 1744, and dis- 
 solved by the death of Mr. Pelham, 
 March G, 1755. 
 
 The names of the original members 
 were, — 
 
 The Rt. Hon. Ilonry Telham, First Lord 
 of the Treasury, and Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer. 
 
 Duke of Dorset, President of the Coun- 
 cil. 
 
 Enrl Govrcr, Lord Privy Seal. 
 
 Duke of Newcastle, ) Secretaries of 
 
 Earl of Ilarringtou, ) • State. 
 
 Duke of Montagu, Blaster of the Ord- 
 nance. 
 
 Duke of Bedford, First Lord of the Ad- 
 miralty. 
 
 Duke of Grafton, Lord Chamberlain. 
 
 Duke of Kichmoud, Master of the 
 Ilorse. 
 
 Duke of Argyll, Keeper of the Great 
 Seal of Scotland. 
 
 Marquess of Twceddale, Secretary of 
 State for Scotland. 
 
 Lord Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor. 
 
 From this administration, the particu- 
 lar adherents of Pulteney (newly cre- 
 ated Earl of Bath) and Lord Carteret 
 were carefully excluded. 
 
 B rob 'ding-nag. An imaginarj- coun- 
 try describecl in Swift's celebrated 
 romance entitled " Gulliver's Trav- 
 els." The inhabitants are repre- 
 sented as giants, about " as tall as an 
 ordinary spire-steeple." Every thing 
 else is on the same enormous scale. 
 [Written also Brobdignag, an 
 orthography which, though not that 
 of Swift, has acquired a prescriptive 
 title to be considered well authorised.] 
 
 Greatness with Timon dwells in such a 
 
 draufrht 
 As brings all Lrobdignaghcforcyour thought. 
 Pope. 
 "When Sir Thomas Lawrence paints a hand- 
 some peeref^s, he does not contemplate her 
 through a powerful microscope, and transfer 
 
 to the canvas the pores of the skin, the hlood- 
 vcssela of tlie eye, und ull the other beauties 
 which UulUver discovered iu the Jliubdiij- 
 narjyian maids of honour. Macaulay. 
 
 Bron'zo-mar'te. The name of Sir 
 Lanncelot Greavcs's steed, in Smol- f 
 left's ''Adventures" of that celebrat- ^ 
 cd hero; represented to be "a line 
 mettlesome sorrel v.ho had got blood 
 in him." 
 
 Brook, Master. A name assumed 
 by lord, in Shakespeare's " Merry 
 "\Vives of Windsor," Avith a design 
 to dupe Sir John Falstatf, who is in 
 love with Ford's wife. The amorous 
 knight duly reports to Master Brook 
 the progress of his suit to Mrs. Foi'd, 
 and the various contrivances by 
 which he escapes the search of her 
 jealous husband, one of which was 
 tliat of being carried out of the house 
 concealed in a heap of foul linen. 
 
 Brother Jonathan. A sportive col- 
 lective name for the people of the 
 United States. 
 
 /J3= When General Washington, after 
 being appointed commander of the army 
 of the Itevolutionary war, went to Massa- 
 chusetts to organise it, and make prep- 
 arations for the defence of the country, 
 he found a great want of ammunition 
 and other means necessary to meet the 
 powerful foe he had to contend with, and 
 great difficulty iu obtaining them. K 
 attacked in such a condition, the cause 
 might at once be lost. On one occasion, 
 at that anxious period, a consultation of 
 tlie officers and others was had, when it 
 seemed no way could lie devised to make 
 such preparation as was necessary. Jon- 
 athan Trumbull, the elder, was then 
 governor of Connecticut, and, as Wash- 
 ington placed the greatest reliance on his 
 judgment and aid, he remarked, " Wo 
 must consult Brother Jonathan on the 
 subject." lie did so, and the governor 
 was successful in supplying many of the 
 wants of the army. When difficulties 
 afterward arose, and the army was spread 
 over the country, it became a liy-word, 
 " We must consult Brother Jonathan." 
 The origin of the expression being soon 
 lost sight of, the name Brother Jonathan 
 came to be regarded as the national sobri- 
 quet. The foregoing account is from the 
 "Norwich (Connecticut) Courier;" but 
 it has more recently been suggested that 
 the expression originally had reference to 
 Captain Jonathan Carver (17-32-1780), an 
 early American tx-aveller among the In- 
 dians, from whom he received large grants 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BRO 
 
 60 
 
 BUD 
 
 been put upon her, she planned and 
 .icoomiilishcil the destruction of Sieg- 
 Iried, aiul the humihation of Chriem- 
 liild, his wife, who was her rival. 
 The story of Bruneliild forms a large 
 part of the cycle of ancient German 
 romance. See Chkiemhlld. [Writ- 
 ten also Brunhilt, Brynhilda, 
 and Brynhild.] 
 
 Bru-nel'lo. A thievish dwarf in Bo- 
 jardo's " Orlando Innamorato," who, 
 besides other exploits, steals Angel- 
 ica's magic ring, and, by means of 
 it, releases Rogero from a castle in 
 which he is imprisoned. 
 
 Brute, Sir John. A character in 
 Vanbrugh's play, " The Provoked 
 Wife," distinguished for his absurdi- 
 ties and coarse, pot-house valour. 
 
 Bubble, Law's. See Law's Bubble. 
 
 Bubble, South-Sea. See South-Ska 
 Bubble. 
 
 Bubble Act. {Eng. Hist.) The name 
 popularly given to an act (G Geo. I., 
 c. 18) passed in 1719, and designed 
 to punish iniprincipled adventurers 
 who proposed schemes — popularly 
 called Bubbles — merelj^ as baits to 
 extract money from the ignorant or 
 thoughtless. It was repealed July 5, 
 1825. 
 
 Bu-ceph'a-lus. [Gr. povKe<l>dXa';, Ma- 
 cedonian, povKe4id\a^, bull -headed, 
 i'rom /3ou;, bullock, and Ke<^aX^, head.] 
 The name of a celebrated horse ot 
 Alexander the Great, who was the 
 first to break him in, and who thus 
 fulfilled the condition stated b}' an 
 oracle as necessary for gaining the 
 crown of Macedon. 
 
 Buckeye State, The State of Ohio ; 
 popularly so called from the buck- 
 e.ye - tree (yEsculus Jiava), whicli 
 abounds there. 
 
 Buddha (bobd'a). [Sansk., wise, sage, 
 from htdd, to know.] One of the 
 beings worshipped or venerated by the 
 Buddhists, a sect of religionists in- 
 cluding more than one third of the 
 human race, and spreading over the 
 greater part of Central and Eastern 
 Asia, and the Indian islands. The 
 term is used to designate either the 
 historical founder of Buddhism, — a 
 
 03" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations. 
 
 of lands, in the deeds conveying which he 
 is repeatedly styled "our dear brother 
 .Jonathan." Carver published in London, 
 in 1778, an octavo volume entitled, "' Trav- 
 els through the Interior Parts of North 
 America, in the years 17GC, '67, and '68." 
 As the work was e.xtensively reiid, the 
 author became a sort of representative 
 man of his countrymen ; and it is n<it 
 ditTicult to see how the odd designation 
 given him by the Indians might be caught 
 up and applied to all Americans. The 
 following citation, however, from an old 
 pamphlet, satirising the I'uritan innova- 
 tions in the arrangement and furniture 
 of churches, would seem to imply that 
 the name originated at a much earlier 
 day, and that it was at first applied to 
 the Roundheads, or parliamentary party 
 in the time of Charles I.: — 
 
 " Queen Elizabeth's monument was pit up 
 
 at my charge when the rccal government hail 
 
 fairer credit amon^ us than now, and her 
 
 epitaph was one oi my Brother Jonathan's 
 
 best poems, before he abjured the University, 
 
 or had a thought of New England." 
 
 The Reformado precisely charactered bij a 
 
 transformed Churchwarden at a Vestry, 
 
 London, 1«M3. 
 
 If you knock my old friend John Bull on 
 the head, I mean to take up with Brother 
 Jonathan, — who, after all, is a very decent 
 fellow, and, in my opinion, more likely to 
 have peace and quiet under his own tig-tree, 
 by and by, than any other gentleman of our 
 acquaintance. Noctes Ambrosiancc. 
 
 Brown the Younger, Thomas. 
 A pseudonym under which Tlionias 
 Moore, in 1813, published the " Two- 
 penny Post-bag," a .series of witty, 
 playful, and very popular satires, 
 directed against the prince regent 
 and his ministers. 
 
 Bru'in. [D. bruin, brown.] In the 
 German epic poem of " Reinecke the 
 Fox," the bear is called by this 
 name ; hence, a bear in general. 
 
 Brunehild (broo'na-hilf), o»' Brun- 
 hilde (broon-liil'da). [0. H. Ger. 
 hrnnihilt, from hruni, brimja, coat of 
 , mail, and nUli, goddess of war, from 
 hill, battle, contest.] A proud war- 
 rior-virgin in the German epic, the 
 " Nibelungen Lied," who promised 
 to be the bride of the man who could 
 conquer her in three trials, in hurling 
 the lance, in throwing the stone, and 
 in leaping after the stone when 
 thrown. By the arts and bravery of 
 Siegfried, she was deluded into mar- 
 rj'ing Giinther, king of Burgundv; 
 but, discovering the trick that had
 
 BUL 
 
 CI 
 
 BUN 
 
 Hindu sage named Gautama, who is 
 thought to have lived in the sixth 
 century, b. c, — or one of his fab- 
 ulous "prototypes or successors, of 
 whom there "are many, of ditferent 
 classes. [Written also Budha, 
 Boodh, 13 hood, Budh, and in 
 manv other ways. Hardy, in his 
 " Manual of Buddhism," gives a lifit 
 of more than tifty varieties which 
 had fallen under liis notice.] 
 Bxill, John. A well-knoivn collective 
 name of the English nation, tirst 
 used in Arbuthnot's satire, " The 
 History of John Bull," usually pub- 
 lished in Swift's works. In this 
 satire, the French are designated as 
 Lewis Baboon, the Dutch as Nicholas 
 Frog, &c. The "History of John 
 Bull" was designed to ridicule tlie 
 Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 J8®=" "There is no species of humour in 
 whiah the English more excel than that 
 whicfl consists in caricaturing and giving 
 ludicrous appellations or nicknames. lu 
 this way, they have -whimsically desig- 
 nated, not merely individuals, but na- 
 tions ; and, in their fondness for pushing 
 a joke, they have not spared even them- 
 selves. One would think, that, in per- 
 Boni'ying itself, a nation would be apt to 
 picture something grand, heroic, and im- 
 posing ; but it is characteristic of tlie 
 pecuhar humour of the English, and of 
 their love for what is blunt, comic, and 
 familiar, that they have embodied their 
 national oddities in the figure of a sturdy, 
 corpulent old fellow, with a three-cornered 
 hat, red waistcoat, leather breeches, and 
 Btout oaken cudgel. Thus they have 
 taken a singular delight in exhibiting 
 their most private foibles in a laughable 
 point of view, and have been so success- 
 ful in their deUneation, that there is 
 scarcely a being in actual existence more 
 absolutely present to the public mind 
 than that eccentric personage, John 
 Bull." W. Irving. 
 
 Buller of Brazenose. A name given 
 in WUson's "Noctes Ambrosiana; " 
 to John Hughes (of Oriel College, — 
 not Brazenose, — Oxford), author of 
 an " Itinerary of the Rhone," and of 
 other works. 
 
 Bully Dawson. See Dawson, Bul- 
 ly. 
 
 Bum'ble, Mr. A character in Dick- 
 ens's novel of " Oliver Twist." 
 
 Bunch, Mother. Sec MoxnER 
 Bunch. 
 
 Bun'cle, John (bungk'l). The hero 
 of a fantastic book entitled " The 
 Life of John Buncle, Esq.; contain- 
 ing various Observations and Ketlec- 
 tions made in several parts of tlie 
 World, and many Extraordinary lie- 
 lations." He is said to be tliu repre- 
 sentative of his author, Tlionias Am- 
 ory (1691-178'J), an eccentric person 
 of whose history little is known. See 
 English Rabelais, 3. 
 
 jgCg" " John is a kind of innocent 
 ' Henry the Eighth of private life,' with- 
 out the other's fat, fury, and solemnity. 
 He is a prodigious baud at matrimony, 
 at divinity, at a song, at a loud ' hem,' 
 and at a turkey and chine. lie breaks 
 with the Trinitarians as confidently and 
 with as much scorn as Henry did with 
 the Pope ; and he marries seven wives, 
 •whom he disposes of by the lawful pro- 
 cess of fever and small-pox. His book is 
 made up of natural history, mathematics 
 (literally), songs, polemics, landscapes, 
 eating and drinking, and characters of 
 singular men, all bound together by hi3 
 introductions to, and marriages with, 
 these seven successive ladies, every one 
 of whom is a charmer, a Unitarian, and 
 cut off in the flower of her youth. Bun- 
 cle does not know how to endure her 
 loss ; he shuts his eyes ' for three d.ays ; ' 
 is stupefied ; is in despair ; till suddenly 
 he recollects that Heaven does not like 
 such conduct ; that it is a mourner's 
 business to bow to its decrees ; to be de- 
 vout; to be philosophic; — in short, to 
 be jolly, and look out for another dear, 
 bewitching partner, ' on Christian prin- 
 ciples.' This is, literally, a fair account 
 of his book." Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Oh fortlie pen of Jb7m Buncle, to consecrnto 
 a, jKtit soia-evir to their memory [Lanili's 
 Wednesday-evening parties]! Hazhlt. 
 
 Bun'combe (bungk'um). A cant or 
 popular name, in the United States, 
 ibr a body of constituents, or for an 
 oratorical display intended to win 
 popular applause. [Written also 
 B u n k u m.J 
 
 4®" According to the Hon. William 
 Darlington, the phrase " speaking for 
 Buncombe " originated near the close of 
 the debate on the famous " Missouri 
 Question," in the sixteenth Congress. It 
 ■was then used by Felix Walter, a naive 
 old mountaineer, who resided at AVayncs- 
 ville, in Haywood, the most westeru 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 BUN 
 
 G2 
 
 BYR 
 
 county of North Carolina, near the bor- 
 der of the adjacent county of Buncombe, 
 which formed part of his district. Tho 
 old man rose to speak, while the House 
 was impatiently calhug for the " ques- 
 tion,"' and several members gathered 
 round him, begging him to desist. Ho 
 persevered, however, for a while, declar- 
 ing that the people of his district expected 
 it, and that he was bound to " make a 
 speech for Buncombe."' 
 
 Bundscliuh (bi'it)nt'.-<h()o). [Ger., a 
 kind of larse shoe -whicli weut over 
 the ankle and was tied up.] (Get: 
 Hist.) A name given to the insur- 
 rection of the pea-sants in the first 
 half of the sixteenth century, be- 
 cause the insurgents carried a clouted 
 shoe as .an ensign upon a pole, and 
 even upon their banners. 
 
 Buns'by, Jack. A commander of a 
 ship in Dickens's " Dombey and 
 Son," looked up to as an oracle and 
 philosopher by his friend Captain 
 Cuttle. lie is described as wearing 
 a " rapt and imperturbable manner," 
 and seeming to be " always on the 
 lookout lor something iu the extrem- 
 est distance." 
 
 Bunyan, Bishop. See Bishop Bun- 
 
 YAN. 
 
 Buovo d' Agramonte (boo-o'vo da- 
 grS-mon'ta). See Becves d'Ay- 
 
 GREMONT. 
 
 BuT'chell, Mr. A prominent character 
 in Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakefield," 
 who passes himself off as a poor 
 man, but is really a baronet in dis- 
 guise, his true name being Sir Wil- 
 liam Thornhill. He is noted for his 
 habit of crying out "Fudge!" by 
 •way of expressing his strong dissent 
 
 ' from, and contempt for, the opinions 
 of others, or his disbeUef of their as- 
 sertions. 
 Burd Helen, [Biird, according to 
 Jamieson, is a Scottish form of i«Vr7, 
 used as a term of endearment. But 
 see infra.] A heroine of Scottish 
 ballad and tradition, renowned for 
 
 her resolute constancy. She is borns 
 away to Elfland by 'the fairies, and 
 imprisoned in a castle, from which 
 she is rescued by her brother, the 
 Childc Kowlaud. See Rowland, 
 
 ClIILDE. 
 
 jflfj- " Burd is the Scottish feminine of 
 the French preux or pricl'hotnme. The 
 preitx chevalier was brave and wise, the 
 Burd of Scottish song was discreet." 
 
 Yonge. 
 
 Biiri (boo'ree). [Old Korse, producer.] 
 {Scand. Myth.) The progenitor of 
 the gods. See Audhumbla. [Writ- 
 ten also Bur e.] 
 
 Burleigh, Lord. See Loed Bun- 
 
 LEIGII. 
 
 Burly King Harry. See Bluff 
 Hal. 
 
 Biirnbill. A name given to Heniy 
 de Londres, Archbishop of Dublin 
 and Lord Justice of Ireland, in the 
 reign of Henry III. He is said to 
 have fraudulently procured and 
 burnt all the instruments by which 
 the tenants of the archiepiscopal es- 
 tates held their lands. 
 
 Bii-si'ri3{9). [Gr. BovVipt?.] {Myth.) 
 An Egjqjtian king, son of Neptune. 
 He was a monstrous giant, who fed 
 his horses on human flesh. He was 
 finally slain by Hercules. 
 
 Buttermere, Beauty of. See Beau- 
 ty OF Buttekmeke. 
 
 Buz'fuz, Sergeant. A character in 
 Dickens's " Pickwick Papers." 
 
 Byb'lis. [Gr. Bv/SAi's-] ( Or. <j- Bom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of IMiletus, who 
 wept herself into a fountain from a 
 hopeless passion for her brother Caii- 
 nus. 
 
 Bycorne. See Ciiichea'ACIIE. 
 
 By'r6n, Miss Harriet (9). A beau- 
 tiful and accompli.^hcd woman of 
 high rank, devotedly attached, and 
 finally married, to Sir Charles Gran- 
 dison, in Richardson's novel of this 
 name. 
 
 D^ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CAB 
 
 63 
 
 CAL 
 
 c. 
 
 Cabal, Tlie. {Enfj. Hist.) A name 
 f;iven to a famous cabinet council 
 lonned in 1670, and composed of live 
 inipopular ministers of Charles II.; 
 namely, Lords Clifford, Ashley, Buck- 
 injjham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. 
 The word " cabal " — at that time in 
 common use to denote njimlo, or set 
 of men nniicdfor poll Ileal purposes — 
 having been popularly applied to this 
 ministry as a term of reproach, it 
 ■was soon discovered to bo a sort of 
 anagram made up of the initials of 
 the names of the several members. 
 
 Caballero, Fernau (fef-nan' ka-bal- 
 va'ro, 82). A nam cle plume of Dofia 
 Cecilia Arrom, one of the most popu- 
 lar living writers of Spain. She is 
 the author of various tales, which 
 present truthful and lively pictui-es 
 of Andalusiau manners. 
 
 C|-bi'ri (9). [Gr. Ka/Seipoi.] (Myth.) 
 Mystic divinities anciently wor- 
 shipped in Egypt, Phoenicia, Asia 
 Mir or, and Greece. They were re- 
 garaed as inferior in dignity to the 
 great gods, and were probably rep- 
 resentatives of the powers of uatm-e. 
 [Written also C a b e i r e i.] 
 
 Ca'cus. (Rom. Myth.) An Italian 
 shepherd, usually called a son of Vul- 
 can, and described hy Ovid as a fear- 
 ful giant. He was a most notorious 
 robber, and was slain by Hercules for 
 stealing his oxen. 
 
 There you will find the Lord Rinaldo of 
 Moiitalban, with his friends and companions, 
 all of them greater thieves tlian Oiriis. 
 
 Cervantes, Trans. 
 Our hero, feelinsj his curiosity considerably 
 excited by the idea of visiting the den of a 
 Hic^hland Cams, took, however, the precau- 
 tion to inquire if his guide might be trusted. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Caddee. See League of God's 
 House. 
 
 CS-de'nus. A name irnder which 
 Swift describes himself in his poem 
 of " Cadenus and Y.anessa." Cade- 
 mis is the Latin word decanus (dean), 
 by transposition of letters. See Va- 
 
 KESSA. 
 
 Cni'rmis, Indeed, heliorc liim who n-il), hni 
 (isMiri'd lis, thuf, ill such a iiiril, IMS intercourse, 
 lu' hinisflt preserved tlie limits whieli were 
 uuhapiiily tiuiis^'iissed liy the uiitortunutc 
 \ uULbsa, his more impassioned pupil. 
 
 Sir If. Scott. 
 
 Cad'mus. [Gr. KdS/xo?.] ( C?-. <j' Horn. 
 Jlfyth.) A son of Agenor, king of 
 Phixnicia, and a brother of Europa. 
 Pie is the reputed founder of the citv 
 of Thebes, in lJa>otia ; and he is said 
 to have invented, or at least to have 
 brought from Phcenicia, the old Greek 
 alphabet of sixteen letters, namely, 
 c/3y5eiKA/u.yo77po-Tv. These 
 are called Cadmean letters. They 
 were afterward increased by the ad- 
 dition of eight more, named Ionic 
 letters, namely, ^yje^^ix^'^- 
 
 Ca-du'ce-us. [Lat., fi-om Gr. Kripv- 
 Kcioi', a herald's wand, .Ji^olic Kapv- 
 Keiov (r being changed into its cog- 
 nate, d), from KJ7pvf , a herald.] ( Gr. 
 (f- Horn. Myth.) A winged staff or 
 rod, with two serpents entwined 
 about it ; an attribute of Jlercury. 
 
 Cad'wSl. A feigned name assumed 
 by Arviragus in Shakespeare's " Cym- 
 beline." See Akviragus. 
 
 Cs3C'u-lus. {Rom. 3fyth. ) A son of 
 Vulcan, a robber, and the reputed 
 founder of Pra-neste. 
 
 Cagliostro, Count de (kal-yos'tro). 
 The assumed name of Joseph Balsa- 
 mo (1743-1795), one of the most im- 
 pudent and successful impostors of 
 modem times. 
 
 Ca'ius, Dr. A French physician, in 
 Shakespeare's "Meny Wives of 
 Windsor." 
 
 End in themselves [certain portions of Bos- 
 well's "I/ife of Johnson"], they are pood 
 dramatically, like . . • the clipped English of 
 Br. Coim. Macuukiy. 
 
 Calandrino (ka-lan-dre'no). The 
 subject of a stoiy in Boccaccio's " De- 
 cameron " (Day 8, Tale 9). His 
 mishaps, as Ma'caulay states, " have 
 made all Europe meny for more than 
 four centuries." 
 
 Cal'chas. [Gr. KoAx«s-] (^''- ^' 
 Rom.' Myth.) A famous soothsayer 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxiii.
 
 CAL 
 
 who accompanied the Greeks to 
 Troy. 
 Cal'e-don. A poetical contraction of 
 Caledmia. See Caledonia. 
 
 Not thu3, in ancient days of Caledon, 
 "Was thy voice iiiutc umid the festal crowd. 
 air W. Scott. 
 
 Cal'e-do'ni-a. The ancient Latin 
 name of Scotland, often used as a 
 svnonym of Scotland in modern poe- 
 try- 
 
 O Caledonia, stem and wild, 
 Meet nurse for a iioetic child I 
 
 air }V. Scott. 
 
 Calendars, The Three. See Three 
 
 Calexdahs, The. 
 Cal'i-ban. [A metathesis of canniM.'^ 
 A savage and deformed slave ot 
 Prospero, in Shakespeare's "Ten^- 
 pest." He is represented as being 
 the " freckled whelp " of Sycorax, a 
 foul hag, who was banished froni Ar- 
 gier (or Algiers) to the desert island 
 afterward inhabited by Prospero. 
 
 Ji^ " Caliban ... is all earth, all 
 condensed and gross in feelings and im- 
 ages : he has the dawnings of under- 
 standing, without reason or the moral 
 sense ; and in him, as in some brute an- 
 imals, this advance to the intellectual 
 faculties, without the moral sense, is 
 marked by the appearance of vice." 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 The quantity of furious abuse poured out 
 against the Bourbons miglit have authorised 
 the authors to use the words of Caliban, — 
 " You taught me language, and my profit 
 on*t 
 
 Is — I know how to curse." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cal'i-burn. See Excahbur. 
 
 Cal'i-dore. [Gr., beautifully gifted.] 
 A knight in Spenser's " Faery 
 Queen," typical of courtesy, and 
 supposed to be intended as a portrait 
 of Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 , In reality, he [Sir Gawain] was the Calidore 
 
 of the Round Table. Southcy. 
 
 C3-lip'o-lis. A character in " The 
 Battle of Alcazar" (15'J4), an inflat- 
 ed play attributed by Dyce to George 
 Peele, a dramatist of the Elizabethan 
 age ; — referred to by Pistol, in Shake- 
 speare's " 2 Henry IV.," a. ii., sc. 4. 
 
 nark ye, most fair Calipolis, ... if thou 
 takest all that trouble of skewering thyself 
 together, like a trussed fowl, that there may 
 be more pleasure in the carving, even save 
 thyself the labour. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ca-lis'ta. The name of the heroine 
 
 64 CAM 
 
 of Rowe's " Fair Penitent," charac- 
 terised as 
 
 " haughty, insolent, 
 And fierce with high disdain." 
 
 No liigh Calisia that ever issued from story- 
 teller's brain will impress us more deeply than 
 this meanest of the mean, and for a good 
 reason, — that she issued from the maker of 
 men. Carhjlc. 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe. [Gr. KaAAtdn->), the beau- 
 tiful-voiced, j {Gr. # Koin. Myth.) 
 One of the nine Muses. She pre- 
 sided over eloquence and epic poetry, 
 or poetry in general, and was the 
 mother of Orpheus and Linus. She 
 was usually represented Avith a style 
 and waxen tablets. 
 Cal-lis'to. [Gr. KaAAio-Tci.] {Gr. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) An Arcadian nymph, 
 and a favourite of Jupiter, who meta- 
 morphosed her into a she-bear, that 
 their intimacy might not become 
 known to Juno. Her son Areas 
 having met her in the chase, one 
 day, was on the point of killing her, 
 but Jupiter prevented him by placing 
 both of them in the heavens as the 
 Great Bear and the Little Bear. 
 Cal'y-d6n. A forest supposed to have 
 occupied the northern portion of 
 Great Britain ; very celebrated in 
 the romances relating to King Arthur 
 and Merlin. 
 Ca-lyp'30. [Gr. K<xAvi|/w.] {Gr. 4" 
 'Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Atlas. 
 She was one of the Oceanides, and 
 reigned in the island of Ogygia, 
 whose situation and even existence 
 are doubted. Here she received 
 Ulysses, on his way home Irom 
 Troy, entertaining him with great 
 hospitality, and promising him im- 
 mortality if he would remain with 
 her as a husband. Ulysses refused, 
 and, after seven years' delay, he was 
 permitted to depart by order of Mer- 
 cury, the messenger of Jupiter. 
 
 A solitary rover, in such a voyage, with 
 such nautical tactics, will meet with adven- 
 tures. Nay ; as we forthmth discover, a cer- 
 tain Cah/pso-iiilaTtd detains him at the very 
 o\itset, and, as it were, falsifies .and oversets 
 his whole reckoning. " Carhjle, 
 
 Camacho (kS-ma'cho.) A character 
 in an episode in Cervantes's " Don 
 Quixote," who gets cheated out of 
 his bride after having made great 
 preparations for their wedding. 
 
 DJ" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CAM 
 
 65 
 
 CAM 
 
 Camaralzaman, Prince. See 
 Pkixce Cajiahalzaman. 
 
 Cam'ba-lu. In the "Voyages" of 
 Marco Polo, the chief city of the 
 province of Cathay. It is now iden- 
 tified with Polcin. 
 
 Cam'bri-a. Tlic ancient Latin name 
 of Wales, often used by modern 
 poets. It is derived from Camber, 
 the son of Brutus, a legendary king 
 of Britain. Brutus at his death left 
 the isle to his three sons, one of 
 Avhom, Camber, received the western 
 part. 
 
 "When stars through cj-prcss - boughs are 
 gleaming. 
 And fire-flies wander bright and free, 
 Still of thy harps, thy mountains dreaniin";. 
 My thoughts, wild Cambria, dwell with thee. 
 Jlrs. Ilemans. 
 
 Cam'bus-can, or Cam-bus'can. A 
 king of Tartar}^, in Chaucer's 
 " Squier's Tale," to whom, upon the 
 anniversary of his birthday, the king 
 of Araby and Ind sends as presents 
 a brazen horse capable of transport- 
 ing his rider into the most distant 
 region of the world in the space of 
 twenty-four hours ; a mirror of glass 
 endued with the power of discover- 
 ing the most hidden machinations 
 tf treason, and of showing any dis- 
 asters which might threaten to befall 
 the possessor; a naked sword which 
 could pierce armour deemed impene- 
 trable ; and a ring — intended for 
 Canace, Cambusean's daughter — 
 which would enable the owner to 
 understand the language of eveiy 
 species of birds, and the virtues of 
 every plant. The poem ends abrupt- 
 ly, the conclusion of the story having 
 either been lost, or never written. 
 
 J6®= " I think that it is not unlikely 
 that Chaucer had seen ' The Travels of 
 Marco Polo,' and that Cambuscan, or 
 Cambu's Can, is a contraction of Ca7n- 
 balu Can. We may observe that the 
 name of one of his sons is Cnmhallo. Of 
 Algarsif, the other son, I can give no ac- 
 count. The name of his daughter, Can- 
 ace, is Greek. Keightley. 
 j8®=" " It is strange that Milton .should 
 have pronounced the word Cainbus'cnn ; 
 nor is it pleasant, when his robust line 
 must be resounding in the ear of every 
 one to whom the story is called to mind, 
 to be forced to obey even the greater dic- 
 tation of the original, and throw the 
 
 accent, as undoubtedly it ought to bo 
 thrown, on the first and last syllabic. Ou 
 110 theory, a.s respects Chaucer's versi- 
 tication, does it appear intelligible how 
 Milton could have thrown the accent on 
 the second syllable, when the other read- 
 ing stares us in the face throughout 
 Chaucer's poem." Leiiih Hunt. 
 
 This noble king, this Tartrc C'lnnhioscayi, 
 lluddc two sones by Elfletu, his wit'. 
 Of whicli the eldest sone liiglite Algarsif, 
 That other was ycleped Camballo. 
 
 Cliauccr, 
 Or c.iU up him that left half told 
 Tile story of Caiiihuscati bold, 
 or Camball and of Algarsife, 
 And who hail Canaee to wife. 
 Tliat owned tlie virtuous ring and glass; 
 And oftlie wondrous liorse ol brass 
 On which the Tartar king did ride. Milton. 
 
 I have still by me the beginnings of several 
 stories, . . . which, after in vain endeavour- 
 ing to mould them into shape, I threw aside, 
 like the tale of Caiitbuscaii, " left half told." 
 
 2'. Moore, 
 
 Cambyses, King. See King Cam- 
 
 UYSES. 
 
 Cam'de-o. {Hindu 31 >jth.) The god 
 of love. 
 
 The tenth Avatar comes! at Heaven's com- 
 mand, 
 Shall Seriswattee wave her hallowed wand, 
 And Ciimtho bright and Ganesa sublime 
 Shall bless with joy their own propitious 
 clime! Caniphell. 
 
 Cam'e-16t. A parish in Somerset- 
 shire, England (now called Queen's 
 Camel), where King Arthur is said 
 to have held his court, and where the 
 vast intrenchments of an ancient 
 town or station — called by the in- 
 habitants " King Arthur's Palace " 
 — are still to be seen. It is some- 
 times erroneously identified with 
 Winchester. Shakespeare alludes to 
 Camelot as being famous for a breed 
 of geese. 
 
 Goose, if once I had thee upon Sanim plain, 
 I 'd drive thee cackling homo to Camelot. 
 
 Lear. 
 
 Ca-me'nse. (Rom. 3Iytli.) Prophetic 
 nymphs, of whom Egeria was the 
 most celebrated. The Roman poets 
 often apply the name to the IVIuses. 
 [Written also, but improperly, C a- 
 m a; n x.~\ 
 
 Ca-milla. A virgin queen of the 
 Volscians, famous for her fleetness 
 of foot and her grace. She assisted 
 Turnus in his war against .(Eneas, 
 and signalised herself by undaunted 
 bravery. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Bulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 5
 
 CAN 
 
 G6 
 
 CAP 
 
 jj~. ciTi^e grst female ■warrior is the 
 Ciimilla of Virgil-"' Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Whtn A)'"' strives eomc rock's vost weight 
 
 to tlirow, 
 Tlic line too, labours, and the words move 
 
 slow. 
 Not so when swift CnmiUn scours the plain, 
 i'lies o'er the iiubeudiiig eoru, or skims along 
 
 the iiiaiu. J^upu. 
 
 Candide (ko'i'detl', G2). The hero of 
 Voltaire's celebrated novel of the 
 same name, in which he collects to- 
 gether tlie most dreadful misfurtiines, 
 and heajis them upon the head of a 
 sinj;le individual, with the intention, 
 probably, of inculcating a philosoph- 
 ical indifference to the disasters and 
 disajiiMiintments and sorrows which 
 inevitably beset human life. 
 
 The boy-author TBcckford] appears alrcuiy 
 to have lubljed all the hlooui oft' his heart; 
 and, in the midst of his dazzling genius, one 
 trembles to think that a stripling of years so 
 tender should have attained the cool cynicism 
 of a Ciuuliflc. Load. Qu. licv. 
 
 Candour, Mrs. A noted slanderer in 
 Sheridan's comedy of" The Rivals." 
 
 S^ " The name of ' Mrs. Candour ' has 
 become one of those formidable by-woriU; 
 which have more power iu putting folly 
 and ill-nature out of countenance than 
 whole volumes of the wisest remonstrance 
 and reasoning." T. Moore. 
 
 His [Sterne's] friends, . . . wrote to him of 
 the rumour Ijthat he had accepted a bribe], and 
 of how the \ orkshirc J//s. Oimluurs were cir- 
 culating that he had furnished all the details 
 of that complacent sketch. J'ercy Fiteoerahi. 
 
 Ca-nid'i-a. A sorceress often men- 
 tioned by Horace. She iiscd wax 
 figures in working her spells and en- 
 chantments, and, l\v her conjurations, 
 she made the nioou descend from 
 the heavens. 
 
 The savour is sweet, hut it hath been cooked 
 by a Caiiulia or an Erichtho. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Can-nucks'. A nickname a]oplied to 
 Canadians by people in the United 
 States. [Written also C n n n u c k s.] 
 
 Ca-no'puS. [Gr. Kirun-o?.! (Gr. if 
 
 Horn. Mijth. ) The pilot of IMonelaus, 
 killed in Eg^-pt by the bite of a 
 poisonous ser)ient, when returning 
 Irom Troy. lie was buried by Jlen- 
 elaus on the site of the to\ra of 
 Canopus, which derived its name 
 from him. According to some ac- 
 counts, Canopus was worshipped in 
 Egj-pt as a divine being, and was 
 represented m the shape of a jar with 
 small feet, a thin neck, a swollen 
 
 body, and a round back. [Written 
 also (J an bus.] 
 Capability Brown. Lanncelot Brown, 
 a famous English gardener of the 
 last century; — so called from his 
 constant use of the word " capabil- 
 ity," as well as on account of his 
 genius for making sterile or naked 
 grounds fruitful and beautiful. 
 
 There is a very large artificial lake [at Blen- 
 heim], which was created by Vajmhility Broun, 
 and tills the basin that he scooped for it, just 
 as if Nature had i)ourod these broad waters 
 luto one of her own valleys. Hciwtlionie. 
 
 Cap'a-neus. [Gr. Kan-ai-eu's.] (Gr. 
 Myth.) One of the seven heroes 
 who inarched from Argos against 
 Thebes. He was killed with a thun- 
 der-bolt by .Jupiter for impiously say- 
 ing that not even the fire of Jupiter 
 should prevent him from scaling the 
 walls of the city. See Evadne. 
 
 Cape of Storms. See Stormy Cape. 
 
 Capitan (ka'pe'to"', 62). A boastful, 
 swaggering, coward!}' fellow, who 
 figured in almost all the French 
 farces and comedies previous to the 
 time of Moliere. 
 
 Caps and Hats. See Hats A^-I> 
 Caps. 
 
 Captain, The Black. See Black 
 Captain, The. 
 
 Captain Loys. [Fr. Le Capitaine 
 Loys.'\ A sobriquet given, by her 
 contemporaries, to Louise Lab6 (1526- 
 1506), who, in early life, embraced 
 the profession of arms, and gave re- 
 peated proofs of the greatest valour. 
 
 Captain Kight. A fictitious com- 
 mander — like the Captain Rock of 
 more recent times — whom the peas- 
 ants in the south of Ireland, in the 
 last century, were sworn to obey. 
 
 Captain Kock. The fictitious name 
 of a leader of Irish insurgents about 
 the year 1822, who appeared contin- 
 ually in large masses, among the hills 
 and valleys, and might, at almost 
 any time of night, be met -with in 
 the highways. They were said to be 
 under the command of a Captain, or 
 General, Rock, and all the lawless 
 notices they issued were signed in 
 his name. The term is supposed to 
 have been a common imaerinarv title 
 
 1^- For tlic " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," witli the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CAP 
 
 67 
 
 CAE 
 
 adopted bv the chief confederates, — 
 ■whose identity was never established- 
 
 Cap'u-let. The head of a noble house 
 01 Verona, in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of "Romeo and Juliet," — hostfle to 
 the house of Montague. He is rep- 
 resented as a jovial, testy old man, 
 sch-wiiled, violent, and n-rannical. 
 
 Cap'u-let, Iiady. "Wile of Capulet, 
 ia Shakespeare's tragedy of " Komeo 
 and Juhet." 
 
 JO" •• Then lAdr Capulet comes sweep- 
 ing bj with her tmia of Telret, her blact 
 hood, her Cta. and her ro~ary. — the verir 
 Ixau-ideai of a proud Icaliiin matron of 
 the fifteenth century, whose offer to poi- 
 son Komeo in revenge for the death of 
 Tvbalt stamps her with one very char- 
 acteristic trait of the age and country. 
 Yet she loves her daujhter : and there is 
 a touch of remorseful tenderness in her 
 lamentation over her which adds to oar 
 impres?ion of the timid softness of Joliet 
 and the harsh subjection in which she 
 has been kept.-' Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 tS' Tbe Capulets and Montagues ( Cap- 
 eUttti and MonKcchi. or Monticoli) were 
 two rival hou=es of Verona in the latter 
 part of the thirteenth and the early part 
 of the fourteenth centuries. The familirir 
 expression, '" the tomb of the Capulets,"' 
 docs not occur in Shakespeare. It has not 
 been found in any author previou-? to 
 Burke, and probably originated with him. 
 In a letter to Matthew smith, he says, •' I 
 would rather sleep in the comer of a lit- 
 tle country church-yard than in the tomb 
 of aU. llu CapitU-ls." 
 
 Car'S-b&s, Marquis of. [Fr. Mar- 
 quis tie C'-irabis. mar'ke' dii kS'ri'- 
 bi'l. A fanciful title employed to 
 designate a man who possesses, or 
 makes a boast of pos-sessing, large 
 estates ; a feudal lord ; or, in general, 
 any pompous and purse -proud in- 
 dividual. The name occurs in the 
 nursery tale, " Pixss in Boots," and 
 Beranger has adopted it as the title 
 of one of his most popular lyrics. 
 See Pcss in Boots. 
 
 " See this old marquis treating us 
 
 As if a conquered race: 
 His raw-boned steed ha« brought him back 
 
 From distant hiding-place. 
 "With sabre brandished o'er his head 
 
 That never dealt a blow. 
 The noble mortal marches on, 
 
 And seeks hi« old chateau. 
 Hots off. hate off ! near and far. 
 Bow to the MarqaU of CarafttiM." 
 
 Stranger, Trans. 
 
 The State* General aaKmbkd Haj 1, Vm. 
 The delegate* of the poor wei« to meet uder 
 the nine roof with the titled axislocimta who 
 kad tnmpkd on tbeir wcial right* aad do- 
 me«tic alrectios< <o lone, with die mitred 
 knds who had extracted their bat aheaTcs of 
 com. The opponents eat &ce to Cue — the 
 pale. thon^htfuL and emaciated &ee of the 
 Eo&rinz and revenzeful >>er>-^<<il. the bloat- 
 ed, handsome, and c ;.•...:•. Dili. ui &ccof the 
 hish-bom bishop a: jke. They 
 
 must have looked a ' : strangely 
 
 ominous eves wh. . :r the first 
 
 time, and Jacques i, - — .... . \..imined the 
 Marmnxde Corabtu acfose Uic guif of somany 
 hundred yean. ICev. J. H'Aue. 
 
 In Vivian Grey, his [Diara^'s] views seemed 
 bounded by a 'desire to find a Jboytas de 
 dirabca, SadUa. 
 
 Car'S-doc. A knight of the Boimd 
 Table, distinguished for his valour, 
 but yet more as the husband of a 
 chaste and constant lady, the only 
 dame in Queen Guinever's train 
 who conld wear a certain mantle de- 
 signed to prove matrimonial fidelity. 
 He was sumamed Brief- Bras, or 
 '■ Shrunken-Arm." a Xorman corrup- 
 tion 01 Fritdi-Fras, or "Strong- Arm.'' 
 To explain the reason of the former 
 epithet, the later romancers feigned 
 that a wicked enchanter caused a 
 serpent to fasten on Caradocs arm, 
 and suck his flesh and blood, and 
 that no human power was able to as- 
 suage his pain, or remove the reptile. 
 C'aradoc is the hero of an old ballad 
 entitled " The Boy and the Mantle." 
 
 Car'a-this. The mother of the Caliph 
 Vathek. in Beckfi>rd's tale of this 
 name: represented as an adept in 
 judicial astrology and magic. 
 
 Cardeiiio (.•?/>. /won. kaf-da'ne-o). A 
 distracted lover — the dupe of a per- 
 fidious friend — whose adventures 
 form an episode in the history of 
 '• Don Quixote." 
 
 Car'du-el (6). A name given, in the 
 old romances about Arthur and his 
 knights, to the city of Carlisle. 
 
 Carlter, Mr. A plausible \"illain in 
 Dickens's '• Dombey and Son." 
 
 Carlo KTian. A nickname given to 
 Charles James Fox (1749-1806), on 
 account of a bill which he brought 
 into Parliament, in 178-3, for a new 
 regulation of the East Indies, from 
 the supposition that he aimed to 
 establish a dictatorship in his own 
 person. 
 
 and for the Remark* and Boles to which the nomber* after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-TTxii.
 
 CAR 
 
 68 
 
 CAS 
 
 Caxlyle, Jupiter, See Jupiter Cak- 
 
 LYLK. 
 
 Carmilhan. See Klabotermann. 
 
 Car'pi-o, Ber-nar'do del. A very 
 ancient mythical, or semi-mythical, 
 hero of Christian Spain, who signal- 
 ised himself, chiefly in the Sloorish 
 arniv, by his chivalrous deeds. He 
 is said to have been an illegitimate 
 son of Don Sancho, Count of Sal- 
 daiia, and of Uofia Ximena, a sis- 
 ter of King Alfonso, surnamed The 
 Chaste. He is a favourite hero in the 
 old Spanish romances and ballads, in 
 •whicli the honour is claimed for him 
 of slaying the famous ( (rlando, or 
 Koland, on the fatal tield of liunc 's- 
 valles. 
 
 Car-ras'co, Samson. [Sp. Sanson 
 Carrasco, san-son' kaf-rjs'ko.] A 
 waggish bachelor of Salamanca who 
 figures in Cervantes's romance, "Don 
 Quixote." 
 
 He may perhaps boast of arresting the gen- 
 eral attention, in the same manner as the 
 bachelor Smnson Canasco, of fixing the 
 ■weather-cock La Giralda of Seville for weeks, 
 months, or years, that is, for as long as tlie 
 ■wind shall uniformly blow from one (luarter. 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Car-taph.'i-lus. See Jew, The Wan- 
 dering. 
 
 Casella (ka-zel'la). The name of a 
 musician and old friend of Dante, 
 immortalised by him in his poem 
 entitled "La Diviua Commedia." 
 Dante, on his arrival in Purgatory, 
 sees a vessel approaching freighted 
 with soids, under the conduct of an 
 angel, to be cleansed from their 
 sins, and made fit for Paradise. 
 When they are disembarked, the 
 poet recognises in the crowd his old 
 friend Casella. In the course of an 
 affectionate intenaew, the poet re- 
 quests a soothing air, and Casella 
 sings, with enchanting sweetness, 
 Dante's second canzone. 
 
 Pante shall give fame leave to set thee higher 
 Than his Ciu^plla^ whom he wooed to sing, 
 Met in the milder shades of Purgatory. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Cas'i-mere. A Polish emigrant in 
 " The Rovers, or The Double Ar- 
 rangement," in the poetry of the 
 " Anti-Jacobin." See Beefington, 
 
 MiLOK. 
 
 Cas-san'dra. [Gr. Kao-o-ai'^pa.] {Gr. 
 ij- Jiiim. Myth.) A beautiful daugh- 
 ter of Priam and Hecuba. Accord- 
 ing to the poets, she possessed the 
 gift of prophecy, but none believed 
 her predictions. 
 
 Cassim Baba. See Baba, Cassim. 
 
 Cas'si-o (kash'i-o). Lieutenant of 
 Othello, and a tool of lago, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Othello." 
 
 Indeed, I have so poor a brain myself, ■when 
 I impose upon it the least burden beyond my 
 usual three glasses, that 1 have only, like 
 honest Cassio, a. very vague recollection of 
 the confusion of last night. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cas-si'o-pe, or Cas'si-o-pe'i-a (20). 
 
 [Gr. Kaao^toTrr;, Kao-crtoTreia.] ( Ct1\ g- 
 
 Eoni. Myth.) The wife of Cepheus, 
 and the mother of Andromache. She 
 was an Ethiopian by birth, and was 
 so proud of her beauty that she even 
 exalted it above that of the sea- 
 nymphs, and thus incurred their en- 
 mity. After death she was placed 
 among the stars, forming the constel- 
 lation popularly known as " The 
 Lady in her Chair." [Written also 
 Cassiepeia.] 
 
 That starred Etliiop queen that strove 
 To set her beauty's praise above 
 The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 
 Miltoiu 
 
 Cas'ta-1^. A poetical form of Castalia, 
 the name of a spring at the foot of 
 Mt. Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and 
 the Muses. The poets feigned that 
 its waters filled the mind of those 
 who drank of it with poetic inspira- 
 tion. 
 
 Cas-ta'ra. [Probably from Lat. casta, 
 fem. of castus., chaste ; perhaps casta 
 ara, sacred altar.] A poetical name 
 under which William Habington 
 (1005-1654) celebrated the praises 
 of Lucia, daughter of the first Lord 
 Powis, the lady whom he married. 
 
 Castle, Doubting. See Doubting 
 Castle. 
 
 Castle of Indolence. The title of a 
 poem by Thomson, and the name of 
 a castle described in it as situated in 
 a pleasing land of drowsiness, where 
 every sense was steeped in the most 
 luxurious and enervating delights. 
 The owner of this castle was a pow- 
 erful enchanter, who sought by the 
 
 03" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CAS 
 
 69 
 
 CAU 
 
 exercise of magical arts to entice un- 
 wary passers-by within tlie gate, that 
 he might deprive them of their 
 manly strength, take away all their 
 high" hopes and aims, and engage 
 them in a constant round of sensual 
 amusements. 
 
 The effect of the climate, the air, the se- 
 renity and sweetness of the place, is almost as 
 seductive as that of the Casile of Indolence. 
 W. Irving. 
 
 Castles in Spain. See Chateaux 
 
 EN ESPAGNE. 
 
 Castlewood, Beatrix. The heroine 
 of Thackeray's novel of " Esmond ; " 
 " perhaps the finest picture of splen- 
 did, lustrous physical beauty ever 
 given to the world." 
 
 Cas'tor. [Gr. Kao-rajp.] ( Gv. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Leda, and a brother 
 of Pollux, or Polydeuces. According 
 to some writers, they were twins, and 
 Jupiter was their father; others as- 
 sert that they were the sons of Tyn- 
 dareus, king of Lacedajmon ; others, 
 again, say that Pollux was the son qf 
 Jupiter, and Castor of Tjmdareus. 
 Hence Pollux was immortal, while 
 Castor was subject to old age and 
 death, like other men. But such was 
 the mutual affection of the two 
 brothers, that Jupiter granted the 
 praj'er of Pollux, and consented that 
 they should share each other's lot, by 
 living, alternately, one day in the un- 
 der-world, and the next in heaven. 
 According to a different form of the 
 storj', he rewarded their attachment 
 by placing them among the stars as 
 Oemini, or " The Twins," which 
 never appear together, but when one 
 rises the other sets. [Castor and 
 Pollux are sometimes called the Di- 
 oscuri, or " Sons of Jove," and Ti/n- 
 dnridcs, or " Sons of Tyndareus."J 
 
 CS-thay'. An old name for China, 
 said to have been introduced into 
 Europe by Marco Polo, the celebrat- 
 ed Venetian traveller. It is corrupted 
 from the Tartar appellation Kintai 
 (ke-ti'), that is, the country of the 
 Khitans, who occupied the northern 
 portions of the empire at the period 
 of the INIongol invasion. The hero- 
 ine of Bojardo's " Orlando Innamo- 
 
 rato," the beautiful Angelica, was a 
 princess of Cathay. 
 
 Through the shadow of the globe we sweep 
 
 into the younpter day ; 
 Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of 
 
 Catluii/. Teimijson. 
 
 Catholic Majesty. A title first given 
 in 739 by Gregory III. to Alfonso 
 I. of Spain, who was thereujiou sur- 
 named The Catholic. The title was 
 also given to Ferdinand V., in 1474. 
 It was bestowed upon Ferdinand and 
 his queen by Innocent VIII., on ac- 
 count of their zeal for the Roman 
 Catholic religion, and their establish- 
 ment of the Inquisition in Spain. 
 
 Ca'to-Street Conspiracy. {En;/. 
 Hist.) A plot of a gang of low and 
 desperate politicians to murder the 
 ministers of the crown at a caljinet- 
 dinner at Lord HaiTowby's, with the 
 view of raising an insurrection iu 
 London, and overthrowing the gov- 
 ernment. The conspirators were ar- 
 rested in Cato Street, Feb. 23, 1820, 
 and Thistlewood — one of the ring- 
 leaders — and four of his chief as- 
 sociates, having been convicted of 
 treason, were executed May 1. 
 
 Caudle, Mrs. Margaret. The feigned 
 author of a series of " Curtain Lec- 
 tures" delivered in the course of 
 thirty years, between eleven at night 
 and seven in the morning, to her 
 husband, Mr. Job Caudle, "one of 
 the few men whom Natiu-e, in her 
 casual bounty to women, sends into 
 the world as jwtient listeners." The 
 real author of these humourous and 
 famous lectures was Douglas Jen-old. 
 
 Violante was indeed a bewitching child, — 
 n child to whom I defy Mrs. CawUe herself 
 (immortal Mrs. Caudle .') to bare been a harsh 
 step-mother. Sir E. Bulwer Lijtton. 
 
 Cauline, Sir. The hero of an an- 
 cient English ballad of the same 
 name, preserved in Percy's " lle- 
 liques." 
 
 Cau'nus. [Gr. Kauvos.] See Byd- 
 
 LIS. 
 
 Caustic, Christoplier. A pscudo- 
 nvm adopted by Thomas Green Fes- 
 senden (1771-1837) in his Hudibras- 
 tic poem called " Temble Tractora- 
 tion." 
 
 Caustic, Colonel. A prominent char- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the nTunbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-sxxii.
 
 CAU 
 
 70 
 
 CEN" 
 
 acter in "The Lounger," sketched 
 by Henry Mackenzie. He is " a fine 
 gentleman of the last aj^e, somewhat 
 severe in his remarks upon the pres- 
 ent." 
 Cautionary Towns. ( Eng. Hist.) A 
 name given to the towns of liriel, 
 Flushing, Rammekins, and Wal- 
 cheren, which were placed, in 158.5, 
 in (Jueen Ehzabeth's possession as 
 security for the payment of troops 
 furnished by her tothe Netherlands. 
 Only one third of the sum was re- 
 funded; but the Cautionary To-\vns 
 were, notwithstanding, delivered up, 
 July 14, lOlG, a treaty for this purpose 
 having been signed May 22. 
 
 Cave of Mam'ni6n. The abode of 
 the gi)d of riciies, described in the 
 seventh canto of the second book of 
 Spenser's ''Eaery Queen." 
 
 X^ff" " By what subtle art of tracing tlie 
 mental processes it is effected, we are not 
 philosophers enough to explain ; but in 
 that ■wonderful episode of the Gave of 
 Mammon, in which the Jloney God ap- 
 pears first in the lowest form of a miser, 
 is then a worker of metals, and becomes 
 the god of all the treasures of the world, 
 and has a daughter. Ambition, before 
 Tvhom all the world kneels for favours, — 
 ■with the Hesperian fruit, the waters of 
 Tantalus, with Pilate washing his hands 
 vainly, but not impertinently, in the 
 same stream, — that we should be at one 
 moment in the cave of an old hoarder of 
 treasures, at the next at the forge of the 
 Cyclops, in a jjalace and yet in hell, all 
 at once, with the shifting mutations of 
 the most rambling dream, and our judg- 
 ment yet all the time awake, and neither 
 able nor willing to detect the fallacy, is 
 a proof of tliat hidden sanity which still 
 guides the poet in the wildest seeming 
 aberrations." Charles Lamb. 
 
 Cave of Montesinos. See Mojjte- 
 sixos. 
 
 Ce'crops. [Gr. Kckpm^.] {Gr. Myth.) 
 The first king of Attica, described as 
 an autochthon, the upper part of 
 ■\vhose body ■was human, while the 
 lower part was that of a dragon. He 
 is said to have instituted marriage, 
 altars, and sacrifices, and to have in- 
 troduced agriculture, navigation, and 
 commerce. 
 
 CSd'ric. A Saxon tliane, of Rother- 
 
 wood, in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 ''Ivanhoe." 
 Cel'a-d6n. 1. The hero of an epi- 
 sode in the poem of " Summer," in 
 Thomson's " Seasons; " in love with 
 Amelia, ■who is descriljed as having 
 been killed in his arms by a stroke 
 of lightning. 
 
 2. A poetical name for any s'wain, 
 or rustic lover. 
 
 Had we been the Celadon and Chloe of a 
 country village he could not have regarded 
 us as more equal, so far as the world went. 
 
 /Sir A'. Jjuliver Lytton. 
 
 Ce-lse'no. [Gr. KcAaivw.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) One of the Harpies. See 
 Hakpies. 
 
 Celestial City. In Banyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," the city toward 
 which Christian makes his pilgrim- 
 age; — the heavenly Jerusalem, 
 whose splendours are portrayed in 
 the Apocalj-pse. 
 
 Celestial Empire. A name often 
 used, in Europe and America, as a 
 popular designation of China. It is 
 derived, according to Williams, from 
 the Chinese words Tltii Chan, that 
 is. Heavenly Dynasty, meaning the 
 kingdom ruled over by the dynasty 
 appointed by Heaven. 
 
 Celia. 1. Daughter of Frederick, the 
 usurping duke, in Shakespeare's "As 
 You Like It." 
 
 2. The name given by Thomas 
 Carew, an English poet of the sev- 
 enteenth century, to his lady-love, 
 ■whose real name is unkno^svn. 
 
 C^limene (sa'le'man', 31, 103). 1. A 
 misanthrope in Moliere's " Les 
 Pr<icieuses Ridicules." 
 
 2. A coquette in Moliere's " IMisan- 
 thrope," — an admirable portrait. 
 
 Cen'taurs. [Lat. Centmtn', Gr. 
 KefTttvpoi, bull-killers.] ( Gr. cj- Rom. 
 Myth.) According to the earliest ac- 
 counts, a rude and savage people 
 of Thessaly, afterward described as 
 monsters half man and half horse, 
 and particularly celebrated for their 
 contest with the Lapithije. See 
 Lapith.b. 
 
 Century White. A sobriquet given 
 to John White (1.590-104.5), a bar- 
 
 E3" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CEP 
 
 riater and political writer of the time 
 of the Englif^li Couiinonwealth, from 
 his principal publication, " Tlic First 
 Century of Scandalous Malignant 
 Priests, Made and Admitted into 
 Benefices by the Prelates," &c. 
 
 Cepll'S-lUS. [Gr. Ke(<)aAo9.] {Ov. <| 
 Horn'. Myth.) The husband of I'ru- 
 cris. See Piiocitis. 
 
 Ce'pheus (-28). [Gr. KT,.j>ei;5.] (Gr. (j- 
 Jiom. 2Iijth.) 1. One .of the Argo- 
 luiuts. 
 
 2. King of Ethiopia, husband of 
 Cassiopeia, and lather of Audi-omeda. 
 
 Cer'be-rus (4). [Gr. Ke'p^epo;.] {Gi: cf 
 Jiom. Jlijth . ) A dog with three heads, 
 a seii^ent's tail, and a snaky mane, 
 who guarded the portal of Hades, 
 into which he admitted the shades, 
 but from which he never let them out 
 again. Hercules overcame him, and 
 brought him away. 
 
 Ce'res (9). (Gr. (/• Eom. Myth.) The 
 daughter of Saturn and Ops, sister of 
 Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Juno, and 
 Vesta, mother of Prosei-pine, and 
 goddess of corn, hai-\-est, and flowers. 
 !She is usually represented as riding 
 in a chariot drawn by dragons; with 
 a torch or a basket in her liand, and 
 crowned with poppies or ears of corn. 
 
 C6r'Ii-ni6n. A lord of Ephesus, in 
 Shakespeare's "Pericles." 
 
 Ce'yx. [Gr. Kr;v|.] (Gr. (J- Eom. 
 Myth.) See Alcyo>e. 
 
 ChadTjand, The Rev. Mr. A char- 
 acter in Dickens's ''Bleak House;" 
 a t3^pe of hj^DOcritical piety. 
 
 Ch|i-moiit'. One of the dramatis per- 
 ' simce in Otway's tragedy of " The 
 Orphan." 
 
 TVliy, Heaven love you ! I would as soon 
 invite'a fire-brand into my stack-yard, — be 's 
 an --Umanzor, a Cliamont. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Champion of the Virgin. A title 
 given to St. Cyril of Alexandria. See 
 Doctor of the Incarnation. 
 
 Char'X-tes. [Gr. Xaptres.] ( Gr. <.f Rom. 
 "^ Myth.) *The Graces. See Graces. 
 
 Charlies. A sobriquet given to the 
 members of the London police force 
 previous to its reorganisation by Sir 
 
 71 CUE 
 
 r.obert Peel in 1829. They were so 
 called from King Charles 1., who, in 
 l(j40, extended and improved the 
 police system of the metropolis. 
 
 Char'mi-S,n. A kind -hearted but 
 simple-minded female attendant on 
 Cleopatra, in Shakespeare's play of 
 "Antony and Cleopatra." 
 
 Cha'ron. [Xdpujy.] {Gr. cf- Bom. 
 
 ^ Myth.) A god of Hades, son of Ere- 
 bus and Nox. He was an aged and 
 dirty ferry-man, who conducted thu 
 soids of the bm-ied dead across the 
 river Styx. See Styx. 
 
 Cha-ryb'dis. [Gr. Xapv,^^!!.] {Gr. 
 if Horn. Myth.) A ravenous woman, 
 turned by Jupiter into a dangerous 
 gulf or whirlpool on the coast of 
 Sicily, opposite to Scylla, on the coast 
 of Italy. See Scylla. 
 
 Scylla wept, 
 And chid her barking waves into attention, 
 And tell Chai-ybdU uiiu-mured soft applause. 
 Milton. 
 
 Chateaux en Espagne (slifi'toz' on 
 nes'paiV, G2, 78). [Fr., castles in 
 Spain.] Groundless or visionary 
 projects; a French phrase sometimes 
 used in English. In the lifteenth 
 ccnturj^ they said, in the same sense, 
 '■\fairedeschattauxcnAsie" to build 
 castles in Asia. 
 
 Chauvin (sho'vii"', 62). The princi- 
 pal character in Scribe's " Soldat La- 
 boureur;" represented as a veteran 
 soldier of the time of the first Empircj 
 having an unbounded admiration of 
 Napoleon, and a blind idolatry of all 
 that pertains to him. 
 
 Cherubim, Don. See Don Ciieru- 
 
 ISIM. 
 
 Chevalier de St. George. See St. 
 George, Chevalier de. 
 
 Chev'y Chase. The subject and the 
 title of a famous old English ballad. 
 The event which is commemorated 
 is probably the battle of (Jtterburn, 
 which happened in August, 1^388, 
 and is declared by Froissart to have 
 been the bravest and most chivalrous 
 ■\vhich was fought in his day; but it 
 is impossible to reconcile the inci- 
 dents of the poem with history. 
 
 ^ " Accordiiij; to the hallad, Percy 
 vowed that he would enter Scotland, and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-sxxn.
 
 CHI 
 
 72 
 
 CHI 
 
 take his pleasure for three days in the 
 woods of his rival, and slay the deer there- 
 in at will. Douglas, when he heard the 
 vaunt, exclaimed : ' Tell him he will find 
 one day more than enough.' Accordingly, 
 at the time of the hay-harvest, Percy, 
 with stag -hounds and archers, passed 
 into the domains of his foe, and slew a 
 ' hundred fiiUow-deer and harts of grice.' 
 When the English had hastily cooked 
 their game, and were about to retire, 
 liarl Douglas, clad in armour and heading 
 his Scottish peers, came on the scene. 
 Haughty challenge and defiance passed 
 between the potentates, and the battle 
 joined. In the centre of the fray the two 
 leaders met. ' Yield thee, Percy I ' cried 
 Douglas. ' I will yield to no Scot that 
 ■was ever born of woman I ' cried Percy. 
 During this colloquy, an English arruw 
 struck Douglas to the heart. ' Fight on, 
 my merry men 1 ' cried he, as he died. 
 Percy, with all the chivalrous feeling of 
 his race, took the dead man by the hand, 
 and vowed that he would have given all 
 his lands to save him, for a braver knight 
 never fell by such a chance. Sir Hugh 
 Montgomery, having seen the fall of 
 Douglas, clapped spvirs to his horse, 
 dashed on Percy, and struck his spear 
 through his body a long cloth-yard and 
 more. Although the leaders on both 
 sides had fiiUen, the battle, which had 
 begun at break of day, continued till the 
 ringing of the curfew -bell. When the 
 battle ended, representatives of every no- 
 ble family on either side of the border 
 lay on the bloody greensward." 
 
 Chambers. 
 
 Jft^ " I never heard the old song of 
 
 Percy and Douglas, that I found not my 
 
 heart moved more than with a trumpet." 
 
 Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Chieaneau (she'ka'no'). A litigious 
 tradesman ia Racine's comedy, " Les 
 Plaideurs." 
 
 CMcard (she'kai-', 64). [From the orig- 
 inator, a il. Chicard.] The Harlequin 
 of the modern French carnival. His 
 costume is composed of the most 
 various and incongruous articles, but 
 generally includes a helmet, a pos- 
 tilion's wig, a flannel shirt, and 
 cavaliy trousers. His ai-ms are half 
 bare, and are thrust into buff gloves 
 with large cuffs. 
 
 Chichevache (.shesh'vash'). [Fr., 
 said to signify literally, " melancholy, 
 or sour visage."] " [Written also 
 Chichefache and Chinch- 
 
 V a c h e .] A fabulous monster. 
 Chaucer alludes to it near the close of 
 " The Clerkes Tale." The following 
 is Tyrwhitt's note on the place: — 
 
 j6!5= " This excellent reading is restored 
 upon the authority of the best MSS. in- 
 stead of the common one, Chechivache. 
 The allusion is to the subject of an old 
 ballad, which is still preserved in MS. 
 Harl. 2251, fol. 270, b. It is a kind of 
 pageant, in which two beasts are intro- 
 duced, called Bjcorne and Chichevache. 
 The first is supposed to feed upon obe- 
 dient husbands, and the other upon pa- 
 tient wives ; and the humour of the piece 
 consists in representing Bycorne as pam- 
 pered with a superfluity of food, and 
 Chichevache as half starved." 
 
 Childe Harold. See Harold, 
 Childe. 
 
 Childe Rowland. See Eo^vLA^•D, 
 Childe. 
 
 Child of Hale. A name often given 
 to John Middleton, a famous English 
 giant, who was bom at Hale, in Lan- 
 cashire, in 1578. His height was 
 nine feet and three inches, " wanting 
 but six inches," says Dr. Plott, " of 
 the size of Goliath." 
 
 Children in the "Wood. Two char- 
 acters in an ancient and well-known 
 ballad entitled " The Children in the 
 AVood, or The Norfolk Gent.'s Last 
 Will and Testament," which is 
 thought by some to be a disguised 
 recital of the alleged mm-der of his 
 nephews by Richard III. It is cer- 
 tain that the ballad coiTcsponds es- 
 sentially with the narrative of the 
 chroniclers. Addison says of the 
 ballad referred to, that it is " one 
 of the darling songs of the common 
 people, and the delight of most Eng- 
 lishmen at some part of their age." 
 See the " Spectator," Nos. 85 and 
 179. 
 
 Chi-mas'ra (9). [Gr. XiVaipa.] (Gr. 
 
 "^ ff- Rom. Myth.) A strange, lire-breath- 
 ing monster of Lycia, killed by Bel- 
 lerophon. See Bellerophon. 
 
 Chinaman, John. A cant or popular 
 name for the Chinese. The earliest 
 known instance of its use is in " A 
 Letter to the Committee of Manage- 
 ment of Drury-Lane Theatre, London, 
 1819," p. 64. 
 
 • For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CHI 
 
 73 
 
 CIIR 
 
 Chi'ron (9). [Or. XeCpo>v.] (Gr. tf 
 
 " lioiii. Myth.) The wisest and most 
 famous of all the Centaurs; noted 
 for his skill in music, medicine, and 
 hunting. He was the instructor of 
 Achilles, and many other heroes of 
 Grecian story. Jupiter placed him 
 among the stars, as the constellation 
 Sagittarius, or " The Archer." 
 
 ^hlo'e. Formerly a very common 
 name, in pastoral poetry, for a mis- 
 tress or sweetheart, but of late gen- 
 erally appropriated to negresses and 
 spaniels. 
 
 Chlo'ris (9). [Gr. XAwp^?.] {Gr. 
 
 "^ Myth.) The wife of Zephyrus, and 
 the goddess of flowers; the same 
 with the Koman Flora. See Floi;a. 
 
 Chriemliild (kreem'hilt), or Chriem- 
 MLde (kreem-hil'da). The heroine 
 of the German epic poem, the " Nibe- 
 lungen Lied," represented as a wom- 
 an of the rarest grace and beauty, 
 and rich beyond conception. By the 
 treacherous murder of her husband, 
 she becomes changed from a gentle 
 and loving woman into a perfect fury 
 of '-evenge. See Bkunehild, Hagen, 
 SiKGFKiED. [Written also K r i e m - 
 hilt.] 
 
 Chris'ta-bel. 1. The heroine of the 
 old romance of " Sir Eglamour of 
 Artois." 
 
 2. A lady in the ancient ballad of 
 " Sir Cauline," the daughter of a 
 " bonnye kinge " in Ireland. 
 
 3. A lady in Coleridge's poem of 
 the same name. 
 
 Christian. The hero of Bunj'an's 
 .spiritual romance, " The Pilgrim's 
 Progress." This celebrated allegoiy 
 describes the awakening of Chris- 
 tian's spiritual fears; his resolution 
 to depart from the City of Destruc- 
 tion, where he had resided; his inef- 
 fectual attempts to induce his wife and 
 family and neighbours to accompany 
 him; his departure; and all the in- 
 cidents, whether of a discouraging or 
 a comforting nature, which befall 
 him on his journey, until he arrives 
 at the Celestial City ; the whole being 
 designed to represent the various ex- 
 periences, internal and external, in 
 the life of a real Christian. 
 
 "We eccm to hnve fallen nmonff the ac- 
 quaintances of our old friend Vliristhm : some- 
 times we meet Mistrust and Timorous, some- 
 times Mr. H.itegood and Mr. Lovelust, and 
 then again Prudence, Piety, and Charity. 
 
 Jlacaulay. 
 
 Chris'ti-an'a (krist'yi-an'5). The 
 wife of Christian, in Bunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," who sets out with 
 her children to rejoin her husband ia 
 the Celestial City, under the guidance 
 of Mr. Great-heart. 
 
 One, like the white robes seen hy Christiana 
 on the Delectable Mountains, is protected 
 from impurity by an inherent virtue ; the 
 other, like a virgin fortress, is secured against 
 assault by its forbidding frown and its terrible 
 powers of resistance. li. G. White. 
 
 Christian Ci9'e-ro. A name con- 
 ferred upon Lucius Coelius Lactantius, 
 an eminent Christian author of the 
 early part of the fourth century, on 
 account of the remarkable purity and 
 eloquence of his style. 
 
 Christian Sen'e-ca. A title some- 
 times given to Joseph Hall (1.574- 
 1G5G), Bishop of Norwich, an eminent 
 divine, highly esteemed as a moralist. 
 
 Christian Vir'gil. A title given to 
 Marco Girolamo Vida (1400-1566), 
 one of the most learned scholars and 
 most elegant Latin writers of his 
 time. He was the author of a Latin 
 poem in six books, on the life of 
 Christ, the " Christias," which is as 
 close an imitation of the " ^Eneid" 
 as the great difference in the nature 
 of the subject would permit. 
 
 Chris'tie of the Clint HiU. A char- 
 acter in Scott's novel of " The Mon- 
 astery;" one of Julian Avenel's re- 
 tainers. 
 
 Christopher, St. See St. Ciiristo- 
 
 PHEE. 
 
 Chroniclers, The Khyming. A 
 
 series of writers who arose in England 
 about the end of the thirteenth centu- 
 ry, and related in verse the fabulous 
 and the authentic history of that coun- 
 try. The most celebrated of them 
 were Layamon, Robert of Gloucester, 
 and Robert de Brunne. 
 
 5hro-non'ho-ton-thol'o-gos. 1. A 
 pompous character in a burlesque 
 tragedy of the same name by Henry 
 Carey. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxw.
 
 CHR 
 
 74 
 
 CIN 
 
 2. A nickname pven to General 
 John Burgoyne (d. 1792), on account 
 of an inflated address which he de- 
 livered to the American Indians 
 during the war of the Itevolution. 
 
 Chrysalde (Ivre'sald'). A character 
 in Moiiere's " L'foole des Femmes ; " 
 a friend of Aruolphe. 
 
 Chrysale (kre'sSl'). An honest, sim- 
 ple-minded, hen-pecked tradesman, 
 in Moiiere's comedy, " Les i'emmes 
 Savantes." 
 
 Chrys'a-or. [Gr. Xpvtrdwp.'] ( Gr. tf- 
 Eom. Myth.) A son of Neptime and 
 Medusa, and the father of Geryon by 
 Callirrhoe. 
 
 Chrtjsaor, rising out of the sea, 
 
 Showed thus glorious and thus emulous, 
 Leaving the arms of Callirrhoe, 
 
 For ever tender, soft, and tremulous. 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Chry-se'is. [Gr. Xpuo-rji;.] {Gr. <~f 
 "^ Rom. Myth.) Daughter of Chr\'ses, 
 a priest of Apollo. She was famed 
 for her beauty, and for her skill in 
 embroidery. In the course of the 
 Trojan war, she was taken prisoner, 
 and given to Agamemnon, who, 
 however, was obliged to restore her 
 to her father, in order to stop a plague 
 which Apollo sent into the Grecian 
 camp in answer to the prayer of 
 Chryses. 
 Chuz'zle-wit, Jonas. A character 
 in Dickens's novel of " Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit;" distinguished for his mean 
 brutality and snuvll tyranny. 
 
 Chuz'zle-wit, Martin. The hero of 
 Dickens's novel of the same name. 
 
 Ci9'e-ro of Germany. [Lat. Cicero 
 Germanim.'] A title given to John 
 III., margrave and elector of Bran- 
 denburg (1-155-1499). 
 
 JH^jy' " Nothing struck a discerning; pviTj- 
 lic like the talent he had for speaking : 
 spoke ' four hours at a stretch in Kaiser 
 Wax's Diets, in elegantly flowing Latin,' 
 ■with a fair share of meaning too, and had 
 bursts of parliamentary eloquence in him 
 that were astonishing to hear. . . . His 
 bursts of parliamentary eloquence, once 
 glorious as the day, procured him the 
 name of ' .Tohannes Cicero,' and that is 
 tvhat remains of them, for they are sunk 
 now, irretrievable he and they, into the 
 belly of eternal Night, the final resting- 
 
 place. I do perceive, of mucli Ciceronian 
 ware in this world." Carlyle. 
 
 Cig'e-ro of the Senate. A title 
 popularly given to George Canning 
 (1770-1827), a distinguished British 
 statesman, and a very eloquent 
 orator. 
 
 Ci9'e-ro's Mouth. [Fr. La Boiiche 
 (/e Cicei-on.] A surname given, for 
 his eloquence, to Philippe Pot (1428- 
 1494), prime minister of Louis XI. 
 
 Cid, The. [Sp., lord, from Arab. 
 seid.] A title given to Don Rodrigo 
 Laynez, a Spanish nobleman of the 
 ele\'enth century. bj' five Moorish gen- 
 erals whom he had vanquished. The 
 title was confirmed by his king. He 
 was also known by the abbreviated 
 name of Euy Diaz (^. c, Rodrigo, 
 the son of I)iego), and was Count of 
 Bivar. In 1065, he was placed by 
 King Sancho at the head of all his 
 armies, whence he accjuired the ap- 
 pellation of Cumpeador, i. e., wanior, 
 champion. He is said to have died 
 at Valencia, in 1100, in the seventy- 
 fourth year of his age. The details of 
 his history are lost in a cloud of ro- 
 mantic fiction. He is regarded as tlie 
 model of the heroic virtues of his age, 
 and the flower of Spanish chivalry. 
 
 Cid Hamet Benengeli. See Ben- 
 ENGELi, CiD Hamet. 
 
 Cim-nae'ri-ans (9). [Lat. Cimmerii, 
 Gr. Ki/x^iepioi.] ( G>. (/• Rom. Myth.) 
 In the poems of Homer, a people 
 dwelling " beyond the ocean-stream," 
 in a land where the sun never shines, 
 and where perpetual darkness reigns. 
 Later writers placed them in Italy, 
 near Lake Avemus, and described 
 them as living in dark caverns, ex- 
 ploring metals, and never coming 
 into the liglit of day. 
 
 Cin'der-ella. [That is, little cinder- 
 girl ;' Fr. Cendrillon, Ger. Aschen- 
 brodel, Aschenjmttel.'] The heroine 
 of a well - known fairj'- tale, repre- 
 sented as the daughter of a king or a 
 rich man, and condemned by a cruel 
 step -mother to act the part of a 
 household drudge, sitting in the ashes, 
 Avhile her more favoured sisters are 
 dressed in finery and live in splendour. 
 
 SS- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the aceompanyins Explanatione,
 
 CIP 
 
 75 
 
 CIT 
 
 The story recounts how, by a fairy's 
 help, Cinderella presents herself be- 
 fore a 3'oung prince, and gains his 
 love, to the chagrin of her sisters, 
 who had sought to win his favour, and 
 how, when he would pursue her, he 
 loses sight of her, and, at last, by 
 means of a glass slipi)er, or, as some 
 say, a golden shoe, (the gift of the 
 iafry,) which she had dropped in her 
 flight, and Avhicli would ht no other 
 foot but hers, he discovers her, and 
 tlien marries her. 
 
 jKg=" The story is very 'wide-spread, and 
 is told with, variations in different lan- 
 guages. It is of great antiquity, and 
 probabl}' derived from the East. Among 
 the Germans, the story is mentioned as 
 early as the sixteenth century, in Rollen- 
 hagen's '' Froschmauseler. " In France, 
 Perrault and JIadame D'Aunoy have in- 
 cluded it in their " Fairy Tales." A 
 similar story, of Grecian or Egyptian ori- 
 gin, is told of Rhodopis and Psammiti- 
 chus in Egypt. 
 
 Ci-pan'go. A marvellous island, de- 
 scribed in the "Voyages" of Marco 
 Polo, the Venetian traveller. It is 
 represented as lying in the eastern 
 seas, some 1500 miles from land, and 
 of its beauty and wealth many stories 
 are related. The island of Cipango 
 was an object of diligent search with 
 Columbus and the early navigators. 
 It is supposed by some to be the same 
 as Japan. [AVritten also Z i p a n g i 
 and Z i p a n g r i . ] 
 
 Nor ■will I bestow any more attention or 
 credit to the idea tliat America U the fairy 
 region of Zipangi-i, drscribod liv that dream- 
 ing traveller, Marco Polo, the Venetian. 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 Cir'ce(4). [Gr. Ki'pK-,,.] (Gr. ij- Pumi. 
 3Iytli.) A daughter of Sol and the 
 oceanid Perse, and a noted sorceress. 
 She lived in the island of /Ewa, sur- 
 rounded with numbers of human 
 beings, whom she had changed by 
 her drugs and incantations into tlie 
 shape of wolves and lions. When 
 Ulysses, in his wanderings, came to 
 this Island, she turned two-and- 
 twenty of his companions into swine ; 
 but Ulysses himself, having obtainccl 
 from Mercury a sprig of the herb 
 moly^i — of wonderful power to resist 
 sorceries, — went boldly to the palace 
 of the enchantress, remained unin- 
 
 jm-cd by her drugs, and induced her 
 to disenchant his comrades. 
 
 Wlio knows not Cirrr, 
 The daughter of the Sun, whose charmed cup 
 Whoever tasted lost liis upright shape. 
 And downward fell iuto a grovelling swine? 
 31illuii. 
 
 Circumlocution Office. A desig- 
 nation made use of by Dickens in 
 " Little Dorrit," in ridicule of othcial 
 delays and indirectness. The Cir- 
 cumlocution Office is described as 
 the chief of " public departments in 
 the art of perceiving how not to do it.''' 
 The name has come into popular use 
 as a SJ^lonym for governmental rou- 
 tine, or "red tape," or a roundabout 
 way of transacting public business. 
 
 iKS^ " The Administrative Reform As- 
 sociation might have worked for ten 
 yeai's without producing half of the 
 effect which Mr. Dickens has produced 
 in the same direction, by flinging out the 
 phrase, ' The Circumlocution Otiice.' " 
 
 Masson. 
 CirongiUio of Thrace (the-ron-hel'- 
 ye-o). The hero of an old romance 
 of chivahy liy Bernardo de Vargas. 
 
 Cities of the Plain. The name often 
 given to Sodom and Gomorrah, the 
 chief of the five cities which were 
 destroyed by tire from heaven ( Gen. 
 xix.), and their sites covered by the 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 Citizen King. A surname popularh' 
 given to Louis Philippe, who, in 
 1830, Avas placed on tlie throne of 
 France as the elective king of a 
 constitutional monarchy. 
 
 City of Brotherly Love. [Gr. 
 tPiAa^eAf/jeia, brotherly love.] I'liil- 
 adelphia, tbe metropolis of Penns^-l- 
 vania, is sometimes so called, with 
 reference to the signification of the 
 name in Greek. 
 
 City of Churches. A name popu- 
 larly given to the city of Brooklyn, 
 Kew York, from the unusually largo 
 number of churches which it con- 
 tains. 
 
 City of David. A name given to 
 Jerusalem by King David, who 
 wrested it from the Canaauites, b. c. 
 1049. 
 
 City of Destruction. In Bunyan's 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," the imaginary 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 CIT 
 
 76 
 
 CIT 
 
 city, typifviiii? the world, from which | 
 C'hristiiiirstarted on his pilgrimage 
 to the Celestial City. 
 City of Elms. A familiar denomi- 
 nation of New Haven, Connecticut, 
 many of the streets of which are 
 thickly shaded Avith lofty elms. 
 
 When happier days Bhall return, and the 
 South, awakuningfrom her suicidal delusion, 
 shall remember who it was that sowed lier 
 sunny fields with the seeds of those golden 
 crops with which she thinks to rule the world, 
 she will cast a veil of oblivion over the mem- 
 ory of the ambitious men who have goaded 
 her to her present madness, and will rear a 
 monument of her gratitude in the beautiful 
 Cit'i of Elms, over the ashes of her greatest 
 benefactor, — Eli Whitney. 
 
 Edward Everett (18G1). 
 
 City of Encliantnients. A mtigical 
 city described in the story of Beder, 
 Prince of Persia, in the " Arabian 
 Nights' Entertainments." 
 
 City of God. The subject and title 
 of St. Augustine's celebrated Avork 
 ("De Civitate Dei"), written after 
 the sack of Kome by Alaric, to an- 
 swer the assertion of the pagans that 
 the disasters to their country were a 
 consequence of the desertion of the 
 national deities by the Christians. 
 The City of God comprehends the 
 body of Christian believers, in dis- 
 tinction from the City of the World, 
 which comprises those who do not 
 belong to the Church. The work 
 treats of both cities, but it takes its 
 name from the former only. 
 
 The City of the World, whose origin and 
 vicissitudes Augustine had traced, appeared 
 to him under very dismal aspects, and it was 
 toward the Citn of God, of which he was also 
 the Catholic Hoiiier, that all his hopes were 
 turned. Povjoidat, Trans. 
 
 City of Lanterns. An imaginary 
 cloud -city spoken of in the " Veraj 
 Historiaj " of Lucian, a romance writ- 
 ten with a satirical purpose. The 
 voyagers, whose adventures are the 
 subject of the work, sail through the 
 Pillars of Hercules, and are Avrecked 
 upon an enchanted island. They 
 next travel through the Zodiac, and 
 arrive at the City of Lanterns. Af- 
 ter further adventures, the voyage 
 terminates at the Islands of the Blest. 
 Rabelais probalily borrowed his con- 
 ception of the Island of Lanterns (see 
 Isi>.\ND OF Lanterns) from this 
 
 source, which also undoubtedly fur- 
 nished hints to Le Sage and to Swift. 
 
 City of Magnificent Distances. A 
 
 popular designation given to the city 
 of Washington, the capital of the 
 United States, which is laid out on 
 a very large scale, being uitended to 
 cover a space of four miles and a half 
 long, and two miles and a half broad, 
 or eleven square miles. The entire t 
 site is traversed by two sets of streets I 
 from 70 to 100 feet wide, at right ] 
 angles to one another, the whole 
 again intersected obliquely by fifteen 
 avenues from 130 to 160 feet wide. 
 
 City of Masts. A name often be- 
 stowed upon London, in allusion to 
 the magnitude of its commerce. 
 
 City of Notions. In the United 
 States, a popular name for the city of 
 Boston, Massachusetts, the metropo- 
 lis of Yankeedom. 
 
 City of Palaces. 1. An appellation 
 frequently given to Calcutta, the cap- 
 ital of British India. The southern 
 portion of the city comprises the 
 principal European residences, many 
 of which are very elegant and even 
 palatial edifices. 
 
 Sfjf The City of Palaces really deserves 
 that appellation. Nothing can be more 
 imposing than the splendid houses of 
 Chowringhee, viewed from the Course, 
 which is a broad carriage-road on the es- 
 planade of Fort William, adjoining the 
 race-course, from which, I presume, it 
 derives its name. Blackuwod^s Mag. 
 
 2. A title .sometimes given to Ed- 
 inburgh, but with no great propriety. 
 
 City of Peace. A name sometimes 
 given to .Jerusalem, which was an- 
 ciently called Salem, a word mean- 
 ing " peace." 
 
 City of Kocks. A descriptive name 
 popularly given, in the United States, 
 to the city of Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 City of Spindles. A name popularly 
 given to the city of Lowell, Massa- 
 chusetts, the largest cotton-manufac- 
 turing town in the United States. 
 
 City of the Great King. A name 
 sometimes given to .Jerusalem, which 
 is so called in Psalm xlviii. 2, and in 
 Matt. V. 35. 
 
 I^" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CIT 
 
 77 
 
 CLA 
 
 City of the Prophet. [Arab. Medi- 
 nat al Nabi.} A name given to 
 Medina, in Arabia, because here Bla- 
 homet was protected wlien he tied 
 from Mecca, July l(j, C2-2, — a tiight 
 known in history as the Ilerjira, ami 
 forming an important epoch in chro- 
 nology. 
 
 City of the Straits. A name popu- 
 hirly given to Detroit, which is situ- 
 ated on the west baulv of tlie river or 
 strait connecting Lalve St. Clair with 
 Lake Erie. Detroit is a French word, 
 meaning "strait." 
 
 City of the Sun. 1. A translation 
 of Baalhec, or Balhec, a ruined town 
 of S\Tia, once of great size, magnifi- 
 cence, and importance. Its Greek 
 name, Hdiopolis, laas the same signif- 
 ication. 
 
 2. [Lat. Civilas Soils, Fr. Cite du 
 SoleiL] A city placed by Thomas 
 Campanella (1568-1039) in the ideal 
 republic which he constructed after 
 the manner of Plato, and in which 
 he depicts a perfect society organised 
 somewhat like a convent, and estab- 
 lished upon the principles of a theo- 
 cratic communism. 
 
 City of the Tribes. A name given 
 to Gahvay, in Ireland, as having been 
 the residence of thii'teen "tribes," or 
 chief families, who settled here about 
 the year 1235, and whose names 
 were Burke, Blake, Budkin, Martin, 
 Athy, Browne, D'Arcy, Joyce, Kir- 
 wan, Lynch, Morris, Ftbnt, Skerrett. 
 
 City of the Violated Treaty. A 
 name given to the city of Limerick, 
 in Ireland, on account of the repeat- 
 ed violations of a treaty signed Oct. 
 1691, the first article of which was, 
 that the Roman Catholics should en- 
 joy such privileges in the exercise of 
 their religion as they enjoyed in the 
 reign of Charles II. 
 
 j8S» " Years of UDJusfc and vindictive 
 penal laws, which are now, happily, 
 swept away, show that this name was 
 well founded." Knight. 
 
 City of the Violet Crown. An epi- 
 thet of Athens. The origin of the 
 name is obscure, and its meaning 
 doubtful. It may possibly have ref- 
 erence to the situation of Athens in 
 
 the central plain of Attica, smTOundcd 
 by hills or lolty mountains on every 
 side but the south, — wliere it is open 
 to the sea, — and to the gorgeous rosy 
 and purple tints in which they are 
 bathed by the rising and setting sun. 
 But it is to be observed that the epi- 
 thet ioa-Te4>oco9, violet-crowned, is a])- 
 plied to the people of Athens as well 
 as to the city itself. 
 
 Ho [Pitt] loved England as an Athenian 
 loved the Clli/ofihe 1 iokt Croivn. 
 
 Macaulaij. 
 
 City of the West. A name gener- 
 all}' given in Scotland to Glasgow, 
 the largest city, and the manufac- 
 turing and commercial metropolis, of 
 the kingdom. It is situated on the 
 Clyde, the principal river on the 
 west coast, and far surpassing, in 
 navigal)le importance, all the other 
 Scottish rivers. 
 
 City of Victory. Cairo, the capital 
 city of Egypt; — sometimes so called 
 with reference to the signification of 
 its Arabic name, El Kahira, or " The 
 Victorious." 
 
 Clarchen (klef'ken). A female char- 
 acter in Goethe's "Egmont;" cele- 
 brated for her constancy and devotion. 
 
 Clar'ice {It. pron. klj-re'chee). Wife 
 of Rinaldo, and sister of liuon of 
 Bordeaux, frequently mentioned in 
 the romances and romantic poems of 
 France and Italy. 
 
 Clarissa. See Harlow, Clarissa. 
 
 Clau'di-o. 1. A young gentleman in 
 love with Juliet, in Shakespeare's 
 "Measure for Measure." 
 
 2. A young lord of Florence, in 
 Shakespeare's " Much Ado about 
 Nothing." 
 
 Clau'di-us. A usurping king of Den- 
 mark, in Shakespeare's " Hamlet." 
 
 But Tom Tusher, to take the place of the 
 noble Castlewood — fano:li ! 't was as monstrous 
 as Kins Hamlet's widow taking otFher weeds 
 for Clauitius. Jluickeray. 
 
 Claus, Peter. See Klaus, Peter. 
 
 Claus, Santa. See St. Nicholas. 
 
 Clav'er-house (klav'er-us). The 
 name under which the imrelenting 
 Jacobite partisan and persecutor, 
 John Graham, Viscount Dundee (d. 
 1089), eldest son of Sir William (Jra- 
 liam, of Claverhouse, was generally 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Bules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-mtxii.
 
 CLA 
 
 78 
 
 CLI 
 
 knowni in the time of James II., and 
 is still known in history-. 
 
 Clavileno, Aligero (kla-vc-lrm'3-o ti- 
 Iv-ha'ro, 58, 02). [Sp., wooden-pin 
 Aviiig-bearer.] A celebrated steed 
 which enabled Don (Quixote and his 
 faithlld sqiuro to achieve the deliver- 
 ance of the Dolorida Duena and her 
 companions in misfortune from their 
 beards. 
 
 C16ante (kla'oit', 62). 1. A charac- 
 ter in Moliere's celebrated comedy, 
 '' Le Tartafie," distingiushed for his 
 sound and genuine piety. 
 
 2. A character in the " Malade 
 Imaginaire " of the same author. 
 
 Clean the Causeway Riot. {.Seal. 
 Hist.) The name popularly given to 
 a .skirmish or encounter in Edin- 
 burgh, in the year 1.515, between the 
 rival factions of the Earl of Angus — 
 cliief of the Douglases — and the 
 Earl of Arran — the head of the 
 gi'eat family of the Hamiltons. In 
 this contest, the partisans of Angus 
 were worsted, and tied from the city 
 in great confusion, being, as it were, 
 swept from the streets. 
 
 Cleishbotham, Jedediah. (kleesh'- 
 b6tTi-5m). An imaginary editor of 
 the " Tales of My Landlord," -wTitten 
 by Sir Walter Scott, but represented 
 as the composition of a certain Mr. 
 Peter Pattieson, assistant teacher at 
 Gandercleuch. See Pattieson. 
 
 Richter tried all Lcipsic with his MS. in 
 vain; to a man, with that total contempt of 
 {grammar which .hi/rrlicih Chishhotham also 
 complains of, they " decUucd the article." 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 Civile (kla'le'). A principal charac- 
 ter in a romance — " Clc'-lie, Histoire 
 Komaine " — written by Mme. Scu- 
 dei-v, though the first volumes were 
 originally published imder the name 
 of her brother, George de Scuderv-. 
 The action of the story is placed in 
 the early ages of Roman history, and 
 the heroine is that Cloelia who es- 
 caped from the power of Porsena by 
 swimming across the Tiber. 
 
 High-flown compliments, profound hows, 
 sighs, and ogles, in the manner of the Ctriie 
 romances. Thackurin/. 
 
 Clem'en-ti'na, The Lady. An ami- 
 able, beautiful, and accomplished 
 woman, deeply in love with Sir 
 
 Charles Grandison, in Richardson's 
 novel of this name. Sir Charles li- 
 nally marries Harriet Byron, though 
 he is represented as having little or 
 no partiality for her. 
 
 1 shall he no Lady Clementina, to be the 
 wonder and pity of the BpriuR of St.Eonan's, 
 — no Ophelia, neither, — though I will say 
 witli her, " Good-night, ladies j good-night, 
 Eweet ladies ! " Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cleofas. See Dox Cleofas. 
 
 Cle-om'bro-tus. [Gr. KAcom^poto?.] 
 An Academic philosopher of Ambra- 
 cia, who is said to have been so en- 
 raptured by the perusal of Plato's 
 "Phredon" that he thrcAV himself 
 down from a high Avail, or, according 
 to some accounts, jumped into the 
 sea, in order to exchange this life for 
 a better. 
 
 others come single; ... he who, to enjoy 
 Plato's Elysium, leaped into the sea, 
 Cleombroiua ; and niany more too long. 
 
 Jfilton. 
 
 CHf ford, Paul. The title of a novel 
 by Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer (now 
 Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton), and tin- 
 name of its hero, a romantic high- 
 wayman, famihar with the haunts of 
 low vice and dissipation, but after- 
 ward reformed and elevated by the 
 power of love. 
 
 Clim of the Clough. [That is, Clem- 
 ent of the Glen.] A north-country 
 archer, celebrated in the legendary 
 literature of England. 
 
 Clinker, Humphry. The hero of 
 Smollett's novel entitled, " The Ex- 
 pedition of Humphry Clinker." He 
 is introduced as a destitute and shab- 
 by fellow, who had been brought uj) 
 in the work -house, put out by the par- 
 ish as apprentice to a blacksmith, and 
 afterward employed as an hostler's 
 assistant and extra postilion. Hav- 
 ing been dismissed ti'om the stable, 
 and reduced to great want, he at 
 length attracts the notice of Mr. 
 Bramble, who takes him into his 
 family as a servant. He becomes 
 the accepted lover of Winifred Jen- 
 kins, and at length turns out to be a 
 natural son of Sir. Bramble. 
 
 >8Q?' "Humphry Clinker " is, I do be- 
 lieve, the nioBt laughable story that has 
 ever been written since the goodly art of 
 novel-writing began. Thackeray. 
 
 ■ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CLI 
 
 79 
 
 CLU 
 
 CK'o. [Gr. KAeioi, the proclaimcr.] 
 (Gr. (j- Horn. Myth.) 1. (Jne of the 
 nine Pluses. She presided over his- 
 tory, and was represented as bearing 
 a hah'-opened roll of a book. 
 
 2. A name formed from the four 
 letters used by Addison as his signa- 
 ture in the '• Spectator." His most 
 admired papers were marked by one 
 or other of these letters, signed con- 
 secutivel}-. But it is not probable 
 that he meant to adopt the name of 
 one of the Jluses. With greater 
 likelihood, the letters are supposed to 
 refer to the places where the essays 
 •were composed; namely, Chelsea, 
 London, Islington, and the OfKce. 
 The contrary opinion, however, has 
 generally prevailed; and Addison 
 was often called " Clio " by his con- 
 temporaries, as well as by later writ- 
 ers. 
 
 TVTicn panting: virtue her last efforts made, 
 You brought your Clio to the virgin's aid. 
 
 SomerviUe. 
 
 Cloacina. See Cluacixa. 
 
 Clo-an'tlius. One of the companions 
 of ^Eueas in his voj'age to Italy, and 
 the reputed ancestor of the Chieutii 
 family at Kome. 
 
 Tliu strong Gyas and the strong CloanOms 
 ore less distinguished by tlic poet than the 
 stron" Percival, the strong John, Richard, 
 and Wilfred Osbaldistones [characters iu 
 " Rub Roy "] were by outward appearance. 
 
 ^ Sir )F. S:ott. 
 
 Cloe'li-a. See Clelie. 
 
 Clootie, or Cloots 
 
 TIE. 
 
 Clorinda (klo-ren'da) 
 
 See AuLD Cloo- 
 The heroine 
 
 of the infidel army in Tasso's epic 
 poem, " Jerusalem Delivered." She 
 is an Amazon, and is represented as 
 iuspiriug the most tender aflcction in 
 others, especially in the Christian 
 chief Tancred; yet she is herself 
 susceptible of no passion but the love 
 of nulitary fame. See Sofronia. 
 Clo'ten. A rejected lover of Imogen, 
 ill Shakespeare's plav of "Cymbe- 
 Ime ; " a compound of the boobv and 
 the villain; an '■ irregulous devil." 
 
 .KS" 5n.«;s Seward, in one of her letters 
 a.s,sures us, that, singular a.s the character 
 of Cloten may appear, it is the exact pro- 
 totype of a person whom she once knew 
 *♦ The unmeaning frown of the counte- 
 
 nance ; the shuffling gait ; the burst of 
 voice ; the bustling insignificance ; tho 
 fever-and-ague fits of valour ; the froward 
 tetchincss ; the unprincipled malice ; 
 and — what is most curious — those oc- 
 casional gleams of good sense, amidst the 
 floating clouds of folly which generally 
 darkened and confused the man's bruin, 
 and which, in tho character of Cloten, we 
 are apt to impute to a violation of uuity 
 in character ; but, in the sometime Cap- 
 tain C u, I saw the portrait of Cloteu 
 
 was not out of nature." 
 Justieo may even sometimes class him 
 
 tPopcJ with those moral assassins who wear, 
 ike Cloten, their dagger in their mouths. 
 
 E.r. Whii^iile. 
 
 Clothier of England. See Jack 
 OF Newbury. 
 
 Clo'tho. [Gr. KAweuJ, spinster.] ( Gr. 
 if Rom. Mijth.) One of the three 
 Tarcaj, or Vates; the one who pre- 
 sides over birth, and spuis the thread 
 of life. 
 
 Alcan crimin.als go to the gallows for a 
 purse cut ; and this chief criminal, guilty of a 
 France cut, of a France slashed asunder witli 
 (Vi'rAo-scissors and civil war, . . . he, such 
 ciiiuf criminal, shall not even come to tlie 
 bar ? Carbjle. 
 
 Cloudeslie, William of. See WiLr- 
 Li.vji OF Cloudeslie. 
 
 Clout, Col 'in. The subject of a scur- 
 rilous satire by John Skelton (d. 
 1529), but better known as a name 
 applied by Spenser to himself in the 
 " Faiiry Queen " and the " Shep- 
 herd's Calendar." Colin Clout fig- 
 ures also in Gay's " Pastorals." 
 
 Clu'a-ci'na. [From Lat. cluere, to 
 purify.] (Rom. Myth.) A surname 
 of Venus, who was so called becau.se, 
 -(vhen the Komans and Sabines were 
 reconciled, they purified themselves 
 with sacred myrtle-branches, in the 
 vicinity of a statue of the goddess, 
 and afterward erected a temple there 
 in honour of her. [Often written 
 Cloacina, from a mistaken notion 
 that she presided over the cloacm, or 
 .sewers.] 
 
 Club, The. 1. [Enf;. Hist.) A knot 
 of disappointed Whigs, of whom Sir 
 James jNIontgomen', the Earl ofAn- 
 nandale, and Lord 'Ross were the most 
 conspicuous, formed themselves, in 
 Edinburgh, into a society, called " The 
 C^lub," in William the "Third's time. 
 They were, according to Macaulav, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 CLU 
 
 dishonest malcontents, whose object 
 -vvas merely to annoy the govern- 
 ment and get places. Tliey lorineil 
 a coalition with the Jacubites; gave 
 great trouble to William and iMary ; 
 and broke up in disgrace, the chiefs 
 betraying each other. 
 
 2. Under the name of " The 
 Club^" — at Garrick's funeral, in 
 1771), entitled the " Literary Club," 
 — flourished a celebrated association, 
 proposed first by Sir Joshua Key- 
 iiolds, and acceded to by Dr. John- 
 son; of which the original members 
 ■were Sir Joshua, Dr. Johnson, Mr. 
 Edmund Burke, Dr. Nugent, Mr. 
 Beauclerk, Mr. Langton, Dr. Gold- 
 smith, Mr. Chamier, and Sir John 
 Hawldns. It has reckoned amongst 
 its members some of the most distin- 
 guished literary and scientihc char- 
 acters. 
 Clumsy, Sir Tun'bel-ly. A charac- 
 ter in Vanbrugh's "lielapse." 
 Clu'ri-caune. (Fairy Myth.) A fa- 
 mous Irish elf, of evil disposition, 
 who usually appears as a Avrinkled 
 old man, and has a knowledge of 
 hidclen treasm-e. 
 Clut'ter-buck, Captain Cuth'bert. 
 A sort of pseudonym of Sir "Walter 
 Scott, it being the name of an imag- 
 inaiy editor of his " Fortunes of Ni- 
 gel," and of an equally imaginary 
 patron to whom he dedicated his 
 "Abbot." 
 Clyt'em-nes'tra. [Gr. KXvTaiixvri- 
 o-Tpa.] (Or. ^ Rom. Myth.) The 
 faithless wife of Agamemnon, killed 
 by her son Orestes for her crimes. 
 See JiGisTiius, Orestes. 
 Clyt'i-e (klish'i-e). [Gr. KAvWa.] (Gr. 
 (j- Rom. Myth.) A water-nymph 
 who fell in love with Apollo, or the 
 Sun-god. Meeting with no recipro- 
 cation of her passion, she became 
 changed into a sunflower, and still 
 keeps her face constantly turned 
 towards him tlu'oughout his daily 
 course. 
 
 I ivill not have the mad rVy'iV, 
 
 W)>oae head is turned by tlic sun ; 
 The tulip is a courtly quean. 
 Whom therefore I will shun. Hood. 
 
 Coalition Ministry. (Enri. Tlist.) 1. 
 A designation given to the adminis- 
 
 80 COG 
 
 tration of Lord North and Mr. Charles 
 James Fo.x, as being an extraordi- 
 narv jiolitical union of statesmen 
 who had jjreviousl}^ always displayed 
 a strong personal dislike toward each 
 other. It was formed April 5, 1783, 
 and dissolved Dec. 19, in the same 
 year. 
 
 j(icg=- "Not three quarters of a year had 
 elapsed since Fox aud Uurke bad threat- 
 ened North with impeachment, and had 
 described him, night after night, as the 
 most arbitrary, the most corrupt, the 
 most Incapable of ministers. They now 
 allied themselves with him for the pur- 
 pose of driving from office a statesman 
 [Shelburne] with whom they cannot be 
 said to have differed as to any important 
 question." Macaulay. 
 
 2. The same appellation was given 
 to the "Broad Bottom Adrainisti-a- 
 tion " (q. v.), and to the Aberdeen 
 Administration (formed Dec. 28, 1852, 
 resigned Jan. 30, 1855). 
 Cockade City. A title popularly 
 given to the city of Petersburg, in 
 Virgniia. 
 
 Cockagne (kok-an'). [Fr. (ahopays 
 de cocagne); Old Fr. cocaif/ne, Sp. cu- 
 cafia, It. cucacjna, cuccagna, ciif/ga- 
 f/na, from It. aicca, sweetmeats, dain- 
 ties, Prov. Fr. couque, Catalan coca, 
 cake, from Latin coqucre, to cook, be- 
 cause it was fancied that the houses 
 in Cockagne were covered with 
 cakes.] An imaginary coimtry of 
 idleness and luxury ; hence, in bur- 
 lesque, London and' its suburbs. It 
 is the subject of a celebrated satirical 
 poem of the same name, which Wa\-- 
 ton holds to have been "evidently 
 written soon after the Conquest," but 
 which is probably not older than the 
 year 1300. Boileau applies the name 
 to tlie French capital. The mat tie 
 Cocagne (or greased pole) is one of 
 the amusements of the Champs Ely- 
 sees, in Paris. The Neapolitans have 
 a festival which thev call Cocagna. 
 In Germany, Hans Sachs has made 
 the " Land of Cockagne " the sub- 
 ject of a himaourous poem under the 
 name of Schlar off inland. See LuB- 
 BERLANP. [Written also Cocaign, 
 Cockaigne, and anciently C o k- 
 aygne.] 
 
 03- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 COG 
 
 81 
 
 cos 
 
 t£g- " * Cokaypne ' seems to haro been 
 a sort of mediwval Utopia. I'erhaps tUo 
 earliest specimen of English poetry which 
 we possess ... is the humourous descrip- 
 tion of it, beginning, — 
 
 * Fur in see, by-west Spny.£nie, 
 is a lond ihotc Coekny^ne.' 
 Whatever may be the origin of the word, 
 it is evidently couueeted with the much- 
 debated coihiti/, which probably implied 
 an undue regard for luxury and refine- 
 ment in the persons to whom it was ap- 
 plied — generally to Londoners as con- 
 trasted with ' persons rusticaU.' " 
 
 Lotoer. 
 
 Even the Grand Elector himself was liable 
 to this fate of "absorption," as it was called, 
 although he hold his crown of Cockaane in 
 the common case for life. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 It was for the reader not the El Dorado only, 
 but a beatific land of Cockaigne (and paradise 
 of Do-nothings). Carlt/le. 
 
 Cock-Lane Ghost. The name giv- 
 en to the imagined canse of certain 
 strange phenomena whicli took place 
 in the year 1762 about the bed of a 
 young girl by the name of Parsons, 
 at house No. 33 Cock Lane, West 
 Smithrteld, London, and were the 
 cause of much excitement. The rec- 
 tor of the parish, Avith " a number of 
 gentlemen of rank and character," 
 of whom Dr. Johnson was one, un- 
 deitook to solve the mystcrj'. Their 
 examination satisfied them that the 
 whole wa.s an imposture originating 
 in a malignant conspiracy, and the 
 parents of the girl were condemned 
 to the pillorj' and to imprisonment. 
 The supposed presence of the ghost 
 was indicated by certain mysterious 
 scratching* and knockings produced 
 on a piece of board which the girl 
 concealed about her person. Dr. 
 Johnson wrote a statement of the 
 affair, which was published in the 
 " Gentleman's JIagazinc." Sec vol. 
 xxxii., pp. 43 and 81. 
 
 Cockney School. A name formerly 
 given by some of the English critics 
 to a literaiy coterie whose produc- 
 tions were said " to consist of the 
 most incongruous ideas in the most 
 uncouth language." In this sect 
 were included Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, 
 Shellev, Keats, and others; and the 
 "Quarterly Review" (April, 1818) 
 charged the first with aspiring to be 
 the "hierophant" of it. 
 
 Xt3j' " ^lile the whole critical world 
 is occupied with balancing the merits, 
 whether in tlieory or execution, of what 
 is commonly called the Lake School, it is 
 strange that no one seems to think it at 
 all necessary to say a single word about 
 another new school of poetry which has 
 of late sprung up among us. This school 
 has not, I believe, as yet received any 
 name ; but, if I may be permitted to 
 have the honour of christening it, it may 
 henceforth be referred to by tho designa- 
 tion of the Cockney School. Its chief 
 Doctor and Professor is Mr. Leigh Hunt, 
 a man certainly of some talents, of 
 extraordinary pretensions both in poe- 
 try and politics, and withal of exquis- 
 itely bad taste and extremely vulgar 
 modes of thinking and manners in all 
 respects. . . . He is the ideal of a Cock- 
 ney poet. Ho raves perpetually about 
 ' pn'een fields,' ' jaunty streams,' and 
 ' o'orarching leafiness,' exactly as a 
 Cheapsido shopkeeper does about the 
 beauties of his box on the Camberwell 
 road." 
 
 Z. (i. e. J. G. Lnckhart), in Blackwood's 
 Mug., Oct. 1S17. 
 
 Cock of the North. A sobriquet 
 given to the late and last Duke of 
 Gordon (d. 183G). He is so called on 
 a monimient erected in his honour at 
 Fochabers, in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Coc'les, Ho-ra'ti-us, [Lat., Hora- 
 tius tlie one-eyed.] A hero of the 
 old Koman lays, who defended a 
 bridge against the ivhole Etruscan 
 army under Porsena, until his coun- 
 tr}-men had broken down the end of 
 it which was behind him, when ho 
 plunged into the stream, and swam, 
 amid the aiTows of the enemy, to a 
 ])lace of safety. 
 
 Co-cy'tus. [Gr. Kwicvrd?, lamenta- 
 tion.] ( Gr. ()• Rom. Myth.) One of 
 the rivers that washed the shores of 
 hell, and prevented imprisoned souls 
 from returning to earth. It was a 
 branch of the Styx. 
 
 Cncytiu, named of lamentations loud 
 Heard on the rueful stream. Jlillon. 
 
 Ccelebs. [Lat., a bachelor.] The 
 hero of a novel by Hannah More 
 {17-44-1833), entitled " Calebs m 
 Search of a Wife." 
 
 almost indispensable in present straitened 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 G
 
 CCE 
 
 These arc the notions of this 
 :6s. Varli/lc. 
 
 rircumstanoos 
 ill-Bituutud ( u 
 
 Coe'lus. (Rom. Mijth.) Son of ^'Ether 
 (air) and Dies (clay), and one of the 
 most ancient of the gods; tlie same 
 as Uranus. Sec Ukanus. 
 
 Cceur de Lion (kur do H'on; Fr. 
 pron. koi- du le'o»', 47, G2). {Vt., lion- 
 hearted.] A surname given to Kieh- 
 ard I. of EnRland, on aceount of his 
 dauntless courage, al)out A. u. 11!}2. 
 This surname was also conferred on 
 Louis VIII. of France, who signal- 
 ised himself in the Crusades and ni 
 his wars against England, about 1223, 
 and on Bolcslas I., king of Poland. 
 
 Coffin, Tom. See Long Tom Cof- 
 fin. 
 
 Co'I-la. A Latin or Latinised name 
 of Kyle, a district of Scotland, 
 county of Ayr, celebrated in the 
 lyric i)oetry of Ikirns. According to 
 tradition, it is derived from Coilus, a 
 Pictish monarch. Burns also uses 
 the name as a poetical synonym for 
 
 ■ Scotland. 
 
 Farewell, old Coila's hills anrl dales, 
 ller heathy moors, and wiudiuij vales. 
 
 Burns. 
 
 Colada (Sp.pron. ko-la'fliiii, 56). The 
 name of one of the Cid's two swords, 
 whicli were of dazzling brightness, 
 and had hilts of solid gold. 
 
 Cold'brand. A Danish giant van- 
 quished and slain in an encounter 
 •with (iuy of Warwick. See Guy, 
 SiK, Eaki. of Wauwick. [Writ- 
 ten also Col bran, Col brand.] 
 
 "It is false!" said Gregory; " Copirmul^ the 
 Dane was a dwarf to him." Hir JV. Scott. 
 
 Coldstream, Sir Charles. The name 
 of a character in Charles Mathews's 
 play entitled "Used I'p;" distin- 
 guished for his utter cnnul, his men- 
 tal inanity, and his apparent physical 
 imbecility. 
 
 CoUn Tampon (ko'la"' t(>'pon', 62). 
 A rei)roa<;hful epithet said to have 
 been anciently given to the Swiss, 
 and to represent the sound of their 
 drums. 
 
 Col-lean', May. The heroine of a 
 Scottish ballad, which relates how a 
 " fause Sir John" carried her to a 
 rock by the sea for the purpose of 
 
 82 COL 
 
 drowning her, and how she outwitted 
 him, and sulijieted him to the same 
 fate he had intended fur her. 
 
 Colloquy of Poissy (pwo'se'). [Fr. 
 Colloijue de Poissy. \ (/"r. //«<.) The 
 name commonly given ^o a national 
 synod of Catholics and Calvinists held 
 at Poissy, in 15C1, to settle the relig- 
 ious controversies by which France 
 was then agitated. The conference, 
 however,was mutually unsatisfactory, 
 and was brought to a premature con- 
 clusion. Both parties became more 
 embittered against each other than 
 ever, and the desolating wars of 
 religion soon followed. 
 
 Cologne, The Three Kings of. 
 A name given to the three magi 
 who visited the infant Saviour, and 
 whose bodies are said to have been 
 brought by the Empress Helena 
 from the East to Constantinople, 
 whence they were transferred to Mi- 
 lan. Afterward, in 1164, on Milan 
 being taken by the Emperor Fred- 
 crick, they were presented by him 
 to the Archbishop of Cologne, who 
 placed them in the principal cliurch 
 of the city, where, says Cressy, 
 " they are to this day celebrated with 
 great veneration." Their names are 
 commonly said to be Jaspar, Mel- 
 chior, and Balthazar; but one tradi- 
 tion gives them as Apellius, Amorus, 
 Damascus; another as Magalath, 
 (iaigalath, Sarasin; and still another 
 as Ator, Sator, Peratoras. See Maui, 
 The Thkke. 
 
 Colonel Caustic. See Caustic, 
 
 COLONEI.. 
 
 C6-lum'bi-a. A name often given to 
 the New World, from a feeling of po- 
 etic justice to its discoverer. The 
 application of the term is usually re- 
 stricted to the United States. It has 
 not been found in any writer before 
 Dr. Timothy Dwight (1752-1818); 
 and it probai)ly originated with him. , 
 He wrote a soiig, formerly very pop- 
 ular, which began, — 
 
 " Columbia, Columbia, to frlory arise. 
 The queen of the world and the child of the 
 
 skies." 
 I!!3- The ballad " II.ail. Columbia, hap- 
 py land," was written by Joseph IIop- 
 
 0^ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," -with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 COL 
 
 83 
 
 COP 
 
 kinson (1770-1S42), for the benefit of an i 
 actor named Fox, auJ to an air eutitlej 
 '• The l'resideut"s March,' composed in 
 1789, by a German named Teyles, ou the 
 occasion of General U'asliington's fii'st 
 visit to a theatre in New York. 
 
 Col'um-btne. [It. Columbina, pretty 
 little dove, — used as a diniinutivo 
 term of endearnieiit.] The name of 
 a I'einale mask in i)antoniimes, with 
 ■wliom Harlequin is represented as in 
 love. Their marriaije usually forms 
 the denoumi'7it oi' the play. In'the old 
 Italian comedy, she ajipeared as a 
 maid-servant, and a perfeet eoquette. 
 
 Commander of the Faithful. [Ar. 
 J^mir-al-Mumenin.] A title assumed 
 by Omar I. (d. G-44), and rt'tained by 
 his successors in the caliphate. 
 
 Company, John. A popular nick- 
 name, among the native Kast-Indians, 
 for the East India Conipan}', the 
 abstract idea involved in the name 
 being above their comprehension. 
 [Called also Mother Compamj.'] 
 I have Kone to tbe leeward oiJohi Comnany's 
 favour. c. Ecadc. 
 
 Co'muB. [From Gr. K<o^o?, a revel, 
 from Kuixr), a country to'vvii, ■whence 
 also comedy.] {Myth.) In the later 
 agi of liome, a god of festive joy 
 and mirth. In Milton's poem enti- 
 tled " Comus: a Masque," he is rep- 
 resented as a base enchanter, who 
 endeavours, but in vain, to beguile 
 and entrap the innocent by means of 
 his ''brewed euchantments." 
 
 Con-cor'di-s, (Rom. Myth.) The 
 goddess of concord, or harmony. 
 
 Conqueror, The. A title given to 
 William, Duke of Normandv, who, 
 by the battle of Hastings, in 1066, 
 became the sovereign of England. 
 
 Talk of "cominf: over with t!ie Cnnqner- 
 or!" The first Brawns came over witli Ilcn- 
 gist and Horsa. Lower. 
 
 Con'r&de. A follower of John (bas- 
 tard brother of Don Pedro, Prince of 
 Arragon), in Shakespeare's "Much 
 Ado about Xothing." 
 
 Constable de Bourbon. [Fr. Con- 
 iietiible de Bourbon.] (Fr. Hist.) A 
 name given to Charles, Due du 
 Bourbonnais (1489-15'27), a brilliant 
 military leader, famous for his aus- 
 tere morality and his misfortunes. 
 
 Con'stans. A legendary' king of 
 Uritain, celebrated in the old ro- 
 mances of chivalry, lie was the 
 grandfather of Arthur. 
 
 Consuelo (koX'siOt'lo', .34, 62). The 
 heroine of George Sand's (!\Iine. 
 l)utlevan('s) novel of the same name, 
 an impersonation of noble purity 
 sustained amidst great temptaions. 
 
 Consul Bib'u-lus. (Rom. J/igt.) A 
 colleague of Julius Caesar in the con- 
 sulship in the year 59 n. c. He was 
 a man of small ability and little in- 
 fluence. After an ineffectual attempt 
 to oppose an agrarian law brought 
 forward by Caesar, he shut himself up 
 in his own house, and neither ap- 
 peared in public nor took part in the 
 ailiiirs of state during the remainder 
 of his consulship ; whence it was said 
 in joke that it was the consulship of 
 Julius and Ca\sar. The name of Bib- 
 iilus is used proverbially to designate 
 any person who tills a high otiice, 
 and yet is a mere cipher in'the con- 
 duct of aflairs. 
 
 Continental System. (Fr. Hi si.) 
 The name given to a plan by which 
 Napoleon I. endeavoured to shut Eng- 
 land out from all connection with the 
 continent of Europe. See Berlin 
 Dkckke, Decree of ^o^■TAI^'E- 
 BLE.iu, MiL.vx Decree. 
 
 Conversation Sharpe. A sobriquet 
 bestf)wed upon Kichard Shai-pe, 
 (1759-1835), well known by this 
 name in London society. 
 
 Conway Cabal. (Amer. Hist.) A 
 name given to a faction organised in 
 1777, for the purpose of placing Gen- 
 eral (lates at the head of the Conti- 
 nental army. 
 
 Co-phet'u-a. An imaginar}' African 
 king, of whom a legendary ballad 
 told that he fell in love with the 
 daughter of a beggar, and married 
 her. The piece is extant in Percy's 
 "Reliques," and is several times al- 
 luded to by Shakespeare and others. 
 A modernisLMl version of the story is 
 given by Tennvson in his poem en- 
 titled " The Beggar Maid." 
 
 Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim 
 Wlicu King Cophttua loved the beggar-maid. 
 Shak. 
 
 and for the Bemarka and Kulcs to wliich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. siv-xixii.
 
 COP 
 
 84 
 
 COR 
 
 May not o monarch love a maid of low dc- 
 CTio '! Is nut Kint; Coplictua and thu bejtKai- 
 nmid a case in point ? Hir \V. Hcutt. 
 
 How it would Bound in sonp, that a groat 
 moimrch had declined his affections upon the 
 dau(;hter of a bej^nar 1 Yet, do we feel the 
 imafiination at all violated when we read the 
 " true ballad " where King Co/iheiua wooes 
 the beggar-maid ? Charles Lamb. 
 
 Co'pi-a. {Rom. Myth.) The goddess 
 
 of plenty. 
 Copper Captain. ^Michael Perez, a 
 
 celebrated charaeter in Beaumont 
 
 and Fietelicr's eomedy, " Eide a Wile 
 
 and Have a Wife." 
 
 To tliis Copper Captain [General Van Pof- 
 fenbnr;;h], therefore, was confided the coni- 
 nianil of the troops destined to protect the 
 southern frontier. ir. Jrvimj. 
 
 Cop'per-fleld, David. The hei ■> of 
 Diekens's novel of the same name. 
 
 Copperheads. A popular nickname 
 originating in the time of the great 
 civil war in the United States, and 
 applied to a faction in the North, 
 ■\vhieh was very generally considered 
 to be in secret sj'mpathy with the Re- 
 bellion, and to give it aid and com- 
 fort by attempting to thwart the 
 measures of the government. The 
 name is derived from a poisonous 
 serpent called the copperhead ( Trifj- 
 onvcephalus contoririj;), whose bite is 
 considered as deadly as that of the 
 rattlesnake, and whose geographical 
 range extends from 45° N. to Florida. 
 The copperhead, unlike the rattle- 
 snake, gives no warning of its attack, 
 and is, therefore, the type of a con- 
 cealed foe. 
 
 Cordelia. The youngest and favour- 
 ite daughter of Lear, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of this name. See Lear. 
 
 Cordiere, La Belle. See Eope- 
 MAREu, The Beautiful. 
 
 Cor-flam'bo. [That is, heart of flame.] 
 A character in Spenser's " Faeiy 
 Queen," representing sensual pas- 
 sion. See TiMiAs. 
 
 Corinne (ko'ren'). The heroine of 
 Mmc. de Staiil's novel of the same 
 name, a young maiden whose lover 
 proves false, and who, in consequence, 
 lives miserably a few years, and then 
 closes her eyes for ever on a world 
 grown dark and solitarj-. 
 
 Cormoran, Giant. See Giant 
 
 CuKMOKAN. 
 
 Corn-cracker, The. A popular nick- 
 name or designation for the State of 
 Kentucky. The inhabitants of the 
 State are often called Corn-crackers. 
 
 Corn-law Rhymer, The. Ebenezer 
 Elliott, an English writer (1781-1849), 
 who, in a volume of poems entitled 
 " Corn-law Rhymes," set forth the 
 mischief which he believed the com 
 laws were actually producing, and 
 the greater dangers which they were 
 threatening. These rhyming philip- 
 pics material!}' assisted in producing 
 that revolt of the manufacturing pop- 
 ulation of the British islands against 
 the corn laws which led to their iiual 
 abolition in 1846. i 
 
 Is not the Corn-Laro OTymer already akin(», 
 though a belligerent one, — king of nis own 
 mind and faculty? and what man in the long 
 run is king of more? Carlyle. 
 
 Corn'wall, Bar'rj^. An imperfectly 
 anagrammatic nom de plume adopted 
 by Biyan Waller Procter, a distin- 
 guished English poet of the present 
 centiuy. 
 
 Co-ro'nis. [Gr. Kopuvi'?.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Mijth.) A daughter of Phoroneus, 
 king of Phocis. She was metamor- 
 phosed by Minerva into a crow, 
 having implored her protection on 
 one occasion when pursued by Nep- 
 tune. 
 
 Corporal, The Little. See Little 
 
 COKPOKAL. 
 
 Corporal Wym. See Nym, Cok- 
 
 rOKAL. 
 
 Corporal Trim. See Trim, Cok- 
 
 PORAL. 
 
 Corporal Violet. See Violet, Cor- 
 poral. 
 
 Corrector, Alexander the. A name 
 assumed by Alexander Cruden (1701— 
 1770), the author of the well-known 
 " Concordance to the Bible," who 
 found employment for some 3'ears as 
 corrector of the press, in London. 
 He believed himself divinely com- 
 missioned to reform the manners of 
 the world, and petitioned Parliament 
 to constitute him by act the " Cor- 
 rector of the People," hoping by this 
 
 E3~ For the " Key to tlie Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 COR 
 
 80 
 
 cov 
 
 means to influence the people more 
 eflectually. 
 
 It appears to him that the scemins modesty 
 connected with the former mode of writnit; 
 [in the third person] is overbalanced by 
 the inconvenience of stiffness and aftccta- 
 tion which attends it during a narrative of 
 some lengtli, and which may be observed in 
 every work in which the third person is used, 
 from the " Commentaries " of Caesar to tlie 
 "Autobiography oi Alexander the Corrector." 
 Sir IK bcott. 
 
 Corrouge (kor-rooj')- The sword 
 of Sir Otuel; — so called in the ro- 
 mances of chivalry. 
 
 Corsica Paoli (pa'o-lee). A name 
 popularly given to Pasquale de Paoli 
 (17-26-1807), a native of Corsica, and 
 leader in the war which his countr}'- 
 men made against Genoa, and subse- 
 quently against France, in the etlbrt 
 to gain their independence. After 
 the conquest of the island by the 
 French, he took refuge in England, 
 where he was received with much 
 respect, and passed many years in 
 honourable friendship with Burke, 
 Johnson, and other distinguished 
 men of the time. 
 
 Cortana. See Curtana. 
 
 Coi 'y-ban'tes. [Gr. Kopu'/SavTe?.] 
 Priests of Cybele whose religious 
 services consisted in noisy music and 
 wild armed dances. 
 
 Cor'y-don. A shepherd in one of the 
 Idyls of Theocritus, and one of the 
 Eclogues of Virgil; — hence used to 
 designate any rustic, more especially 
 a rustic swain. 
 
 To obtain speech of him, I must have run 
 the risk of alarming the suspicions of Dorcas, 
 if not of her yet more stupid Con/don. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Hardlv a shiftless Con/don fails in walks of 
 nrt that demand the lofliest endowments of the 
 mind, — and what crowds of such there are 
 every year! — that he or his friends do not 
 paradehim as another example of melancholy 
 shipwreck, as if he deserved, or could fairly 
 have anticipated, any other end. 
 
 I'litnnin's Mitg. 
 
 Coryphaeus of Grammarians. [Gr. 
 
 6 K0pu(f>atO5 Toil/ ypafXfxariKtiiV .\ An 
 
 appellation given to Aristarchus, a 
 native of Samothrace, the most cele- 
 brated grammarian and critic in all 
 antiquity. His life was devoted to 
 the correction of the text of the an- 
 cient poets of Greece, — Homer, yEs- 
 chylus, Sophocles, &c. 
 
 Cos'tard. A clown, in Shakespeare's 
 '' Love's Labour 's Lost," who apes 
 the display of wit, ])oiut, and senten- 
 tious observation affected by th(^ cour- 
 tiers of (iiieen Elizabeth's time, and 
 who misapplies, in the most ridiculous 
 manner, the phrases and modes of 
 combination in argument that were 
 then in vogue. 
 
 Co-tyt'to. [Gr. Kotvttw.] {Gr. </• 
 lloin. Myth.) The goddess of licen- 
 tiousness, originally worshipped in 
 Thrace, later in Athens also. Her 
 rites were celebrated witii great inde- 
 cency in private and at midnight. 
 
 Dark-veiled Cotijtto ! to whom the secret flame 
 Of midnight torches burns. Milton. 
 
 Country Parson. A pseudonym, or 
 rather a sobri(iuet, of the Kev. A. K. 
 IL Boyd, a popular English essayist 
 of the present time. 
 
 Courtney Melmoth. See Melmotii, 
 
 COl'KTNEY. 
 
 Cousin Micliael. [Ger. Vetter Mi- 
 diel.] A sportive and disparaging 
 designation of the German people, 
 intended to indicate the weaknesses 
 and follies of the national character, 
 and especially the proverbial nation- 
 al slowness, heaviness, and credulity. 
 In Germany, the name Michd _ is 
 often used as a contemptuous desig- 
 nation of any simple, coarse rustic, 
 and has probably acquired this sig- 
 nification through a mingling of the 
 Hebrew Avith the Old German michel, 
 gross. 
 
 Coventry, Peeping Tom of. See 
 Peeping Tom of C(jventry. 
 
 Cov'er-ley, Sir Koger de. The 
 name of one of the memljcrs of the 
 imaginary club under whose direc- 
 tion the '' Spectator " was professedly 
 edited; a genuine English gentleman 
 of the time of Queen Anne. 
 
 j(g5= " The characters of the club, not 
 only in the ' Tatler,' but in the ' Specta- 
 tor,' were drawn by Steele. That of Sir 
 Roger de Coverley is among the number. 
 Addison has, however, gained himself 
 immortal honour by his manner of filling 
 up this last character. Who is there th.at 
 can forget, or be insensible to, the inimi- 
 table, nameless graces, and variou.s traits 
 of nature and of old EngUsh character 
 in it, — to his unpretending virtues and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp.xiv-xxxii.
 
 cov 
 
 86 
 
 CEA 
 
 amiable ■n-oakncj^es. — to Iiis modesty, 
 generosity, hospitality, and ecceutric 
 whims, — to the respect of his neighbours 
 and the atfection of his domestics, — to 
 his wayward, hopeless, secret passion for 
 his fair enemy, the widow, in which there 
 is more of real romance and true delicacy 
 than in a thousand tales of knight-er- 
 rantry, (we perceive the hectic flush of 
 his cheek, the faltering of his tongue in 
 speaking of her bewitching airs and the 
 ' whiteness of her hand," ) — to the havock 
 he makes among the game in his neigh- 
 bourhood, — to his speech from the bench, 
 to show tlie ' Spectator ' what is thought 
 pf him in the country, — to his unwill- 
 ingness to be put up as a sign-post, and 
 his having his own likeness turned into 
 the Saracen's head, — to his gent'e re- 
 proof of the baggage of a gypsy that tells 
 him • he has a widow in his line of life,' — 
 to his doubts as to the existence of witch- 
 craft, and protection of reputed witches, 
 — to his account of the family pictures, 
 and his choice of a chaplain, — to his fall- 
 ing asleep at church, and his reproof of 
 John Williams, as soon as he recovered 
 from his nap, for talking in yermon- 
 time ? " Hazlitt. 
 
 4iG5=" " What would Sir Roger de Cover- 
 Icy be without his follies and bis charm- 
 ing little brain-cracks ? If the good knight 
 did not call out to the people sleeping in 
 church, and say ' Amen ' with such a 
 delightful pomposity ; if he did not make 
 ii speech in the assize court apropos drs 
 bnttesy and merely to show his dignity to 
 Mr. Spectator ; if he did not mistake 
 Madam Doll Tearsheet for a lady of quality 
 in Temple Garden ; if he were wiser than 
 he is ; if he had not his humour to salt 
 his life, and were but a mere English 
 gentleman and game-preserver, — of what 
 worth were he to us ? We love him for 
 his vanities as much as his virtues. 
 What is ridiculous is delightful in him ; 
 we are so fond of him because we laugh 
 at him so." Thackeray. 
 
 The Rrcntest risk which he seems to have 
 incun-p<l, in his military capacity, was one 
 f omewhat resembling the escape of Sir Eor/er 
 fie Coverleifs ancestor at Worcester, who was 
 saved from the slaughter of that action by 
 having been absent from the field. 
 
 iVr W. Scott. 
 
 CovieUo (ko-vc-el'lo, 102). A Cala- 
 brian clown who figures in the " com- 
 media rkW ai-te," or Italiaa popular 
 comody. 
 
 Crabshaw, Timotliy. The name of 
 Sir Launcelot Gruaves's squire, in 
 Smollett's "Adventures" of that 
 redoubted and quixotic knight. 
 
 Crabtree. A character in Smollett's 
 novel, " The Adventures of Peregrine 
 Pickle." 
 
 Cradle of Liberty. A popular name 
 given toFaneiiil (fun'il) Hall, a large 
 public edifice in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, celebrated as being the place 
 Avhere the orators of the Revolution 
 roused the people to resistance to 
 British oppression. 
 
 Crane, Ichabod. The name of 
 a credulous Yankee schoolmaster, 
 whose adventures are related in the 
 " Legend of Sleepy Hollow," in 
 Irving's "Sketch-book." 
 
 ^g= " The cognomen of Crane was not 
 inapplicable to his person. lie was tall, 
 but exceedingly lank, ^vith narrow shoul- 
 ders, long arms and legs, hands th.at dan- 
 gled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that 
 might have served for shovels, and his 
 whole frame most loosely hung together. 
 His head was small, and flat at top, with 
 huge eai's, large, green, glassy eyes, and 
 a long, snipe nose, so that it looked like 
 a weather-cock perched upon his 'pindle 
 neck, to tell which way the wind blew. 
 To see him striding along the profile of a 
 hill on a windy day, with his clothes bag- 
 ging and fluttering about him, one might 
 have mistaken him for the genius of fam- 
 ine descending upon the earth, or some 
 scarecrow eloped from a corn-lield." 
 
 W. Irving. 
 
 Crapaud, Jean, or Johnny (zh6» 
 kra'po', 02). [Sometimes incor- 
 rectly wi'itten Crapeau.] A sport- 
 ive designation of a Frenchman, or 
 of the French nation collectivelj'^ con- 
 sidered. The following account has 
 been given of the origin of this 
 name : — 
 
 jBSg^ " When the French took the city 
 of Aras from the Spaniards, under Louis 
 XIV., after a long and most desperate 
 siege, it was remembered that Nostrada- 
 mus had said, — 
 
 'I.ps anciens crapauds prendront Sara' 
 (The ancient toads shall Sara take). 
 
 This line was then applied to this event 
 in a very roundabout manner. Sara is 
 Aras backward. By t/ie ancient toads 
 were meant the French ; as that nation 
 formerly had for its armorial bearings 
 three of those odious reptiles instead of 
 the three fiowers-de-luce which it now 
 bears." Seward's Anecdotes. 
 
 CQf' In Elliott's " HorjB Apocalyp- 
 ticEe ■' (vol. iv. p. 64, ed. 1847), may be 
 
 K3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CRA 
 
 87 
 
 CKO 
 
 found ft very full presentation of the 
 reasons for believing that three toads, 
 or three frogs, were the old arms of 
 France. 
 
 Crayon, GSorfrey, Esq. A pseu- 
 donym undcT which Washington Ir- 
 ving publit^hcd "The Sketch-book." 
 
 Crazy Poet. See Mad Poet. 
 
 Creakle, Mr. A tyrannous school- 
 master in Dickens's novel of " David 
 Copperlield ; " represented as bully- 
 ing the little David's incipient man- 
 liness out of him. 
 
 Creole State. A name sometimes 
 given to the State of Louisiana, in 
 which the descendants of the original 
 French and Spanish settlers consti- 
 tute a large proportion of the popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Crescent City. A popular name for 
 the city of New Orleans, the older 
 portion of which is built around the 
 convex side of a bend of the Missis- 
 sippi River. In the progress of its 
 gi-owth up-stream, however, the city 
 has now so extended itself as to fill 
 the hollow of a curve in the oppo- 
 sl-e direction, so that the river-front 
 presents an outline resembling the 
 character S- 
 
 Cres'si-d3. The heroine of Shake- 
 speare's play, " Troilus and Cressida," 
 founded upon Chaucer's " Troilus 
 and Cresseide ; " represented as beau- 
 tiful, witt}', and accomplished, but 
 impure. 
 
 J^S= " It is well known that there is no 
 trace of the particular story of ' Troilus 
 and Cressida ' among the ancients. I fiud 
 not so much as the name Cressida once 
 mentioned." Knight. 
 
 Cre-u'sa. [Gr. Kpe'overa.] ( Gr. tf- Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Priam and 
 Hecuba, and the wife of /Eneas, who 
 became by her the father of Ascanius. 
 When iEneas made his escape from 
 the flames of Troy, with his father 
 Anchises and his son Ascanius, she 
 followed him, but was unable to keep 
 him in sight, and became lost in the 
 streets of the city. 
 
 So when iEncas throush the flames of Troy 
 Bore his pale sire, and led his lovely boy ; 
 With loiterint'step the fair Crcu-ia stayed, 
 And death involved her in eternal shade. 
 
 Dartmn. 
 
 Criy'ton, Paul(-tn). A pseudonym 
 of J. T. Trowbridge, a popular Ameri- 
 can novelist of the present da}'. 
 
 Crichton, The Admirable (krl'tn). 
 James Crichton, a Scottish gentleman 
 of the sixteenth century, wlio, at the 
 early age of fourteen, took his degree 
 of Master of Arts, and was considered 
 a prodig}', not only in abilities, but 
 in actual attainments. [^Vritten also 
 Creighton .] 
 
 The editor of the translation before us has 
 collected some anecdotes, one of which is ti'uly 
 singular, and calls to mind the marvellous 
 stories wliich are told of ilie Admirable Creigh- 
 ton. Edin. Rev. 
 
 He [Keyserling] carried off all manner of 
 college prizes, and was the Adnnrable Crich- 
 ton of Konigsberg University and the gradu- 
 ates there. Carlyle. 
 
 Crisp. One of the names of Puck, or 
 Kobin Goodfellow. 
 
 Cris'pin. 1. The patron of shoe-mak- 
 ers, represented as such in the cere- 
 monial processions of the craft. He is 
 also worshipped as a saint and martyr 
 by the Catholic church. About the 
 middle of the third century, under the 
 reign of Diocletian, Crispin, with his 
 brother Crispian, accompanied St. 
 Quentin when he preaclied the gospel 
 in France. The two brothers settled 
 at Soissons, and, while pursuing their 
 mission, supported themselves by 
 making shoes, imtil their martyr- 
 dom, A. D. 287. 
 
 2. The name of a valet in French 
 comedy ; — popularly used to desig- 
 nate a wag or jester. 
 
 Cris'pin-Cat'i-line. A nickname 
 fastened by Mirabeau upon D'Es- 
 prem^nil, in ridicule of his conspira- 
 cies. He seems to have thought the 
 name of Catiline alone too respect- 
 able, and therefore prefixed that of 
 Crispin, which probably alludes to a 
 comedy in one act, published in 1707 
 by Le Sage, and called " Crispin the 
 liival ofhis Master." The story 
 turns on the tricks of Crispin to gain 
 the affections of his master's mistress. 
 
 Note furtlior our old Parlementary friend 
 Crispin-CaiiUne d'Esprcmenil. Carlyle. 
 
 Criss Kringle. See Kriss Kringle. 
 
 Croaker. A character in Goldsmith's 
 
 comedy, " The Good-natured Man; " 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 CKO 
 
 88 
 
 CUB 
 
 intended as a caricature on men who 
 are always filled with groundless 
 and ludicrous apprehensions. 
 
 The young traveller expected a burst of in- 
 dignation; but whether, as Croaker says, . . . 
 our hero had exhausted liimself in fretting 
 away his misfortunes beforehand, so that he 
 did not feel them when they actually arrived, 
 or whether he found the conijiany in whicli 
 he was placed too congenial tu kail him to re- 
 pine at any thing which delayed liis juuriicy, 
 it is certain that he submitted to liis lot with 
 much resignation. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Cro'cus. [Gr. KpoKo?.] ( Gr. tf Rom. 
 Myth.) A young man who was en- 
 amoured of the nymph Smilax, and 
 was changed by the gods into a saf- 
 fron-plant, because he loved without 
 being loved again. 
 
 Crce'sus. [Gr. Kpot<ros.] The last 
 king of Lydia, and the richest man 
 of his time. 
 
 Crof tan-gry, Chrys'tal. A pseudo- 
 nym of Sir Walter Scott ; the name of 
 the imaginaiy editor of his " Chroni- 
 cles of the Canongate." 
 
 Cro'nos. [Gr. Kpoi-os.] {Gr. Myth.) 
 The youngest of the Titans; iden- 
 tified" by the Komans with Saturn. 
 See Satuex. 
 
 Crow-de'ro (9). [From croiod, an 
 ancient kind of violin.] A fiddler 
 who figures in Butler's " Hudibras." 
 
 To confirm him in this favourable opinion, I 
 began to execute such a complicated flourish 
 as I thought must have turned Crowdero into 
 a pillar of stone with envy and wonder. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Crowe, Captain. A celebrated nauti- 
 cal personage in Smollett's " Adven- 
 tiu-es of Sir Launcelot Greaves." 
 
 4®" " Captain Crowe had commanded 
 a merchant ship in the Mediterranean 
 trade for many years, and saved some 
 money by dint of frugality and traffic. 
 He was an excellent seaman, — brave, ac- 
 tive, friendly in his way, and scrupulously 
 honest ; but as little acquainted with the 
 world as a sucking child ; whimsical, im- 
 patient, and so impetuous that he could 
 not help breaking in upon the conversa- 
 tion, whatever it might be, with repeated 
 interruptions, that seemed to burst from 
 him by involuntary impulse. When he 
 himself attempted to speak, he never 
 finished his period, but made such a 
 number of abrupt transitions that his 
 discourse seemed to be an unconnected 
 series of unfinished sentences, the mean- 
 ing of which it was not easy to decipher." 
 Stnollett. 
 
 Crowfield, Christopher. A pseudo- 
 nym of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
 
 Crowquill, A. A pseudonjTn adopt- 
 ed by Alfred Henry Forrester (b. 
 1805), a popular English himiourist 
 of the present day. 
 
 Crummies, Mr. (kriim'lz). The ec- 
 centric manager of a theatrical com- 
 pany in Dickens's novel of " Nicho- 
 las Nickleby." 
 
 Cru'soe, Rob'in-son (-sn). The hero 
 of De Foe's great novel; a ship- 
 wrecked sailor who for many years 
 leads a solitary existence on an unin- 
 habited island of the tropics, and 
 who alleviates his long reclusion by 
 an inexhaustible prodigality of con- 
 trivance. 
 
 jgfg^ De Foe founded this story upon 
 the adventures of Alexander Selkirk (b. 
 1676), a Scottish sailor who was left on 
 the uninhabited island of Juan Fernandez 
 in 1704, by his captain, one Straddling, 
 to whom he had given some cause of of- 
 fence. Here he resided for four years and 
 four months, when he was rescued by 
 Captain AV'oods Rogers, and taken to 
 England. De Foe has often been charged 
 with having surreptitiously taken the 
 story of Crusoe from the papers of Selkkk, 
 but he can have borrowed little beyond 
 the mere idea of a man being left alone 
 on a desert isle, there being scarcely any 
 thing common to the adventures of the 
 real and the fictitious solitary. 
 
 There arc Robinson Cnisoes in the moral as 
 well as physical world . . . ; men cast on 
 desert islands of thought and speculation; 
 without companionship; without worldly re- 
 sources ; forced to arm and clothe themselves 
 out of the remains of sliipwrecked hopes, and 
 to make a home for their solitary hearts in 
 the nooks and corners of imagination and 
 reading. Leigh Hunt. 
 
 What man does not remember with regret 
 the iirst time that he read Robinson Crusoe ? 
 Macaulay. 
 
 It soon became evident to me, that, like 
 Robinson Crusoe with his boat, I had begun 
 on too large a scale, and that, to launch my 
 history successfully, I must reduce its propor- 
 tions. IF. Irving. 
 
 Crystal Hills. An old name for the 
 White Motmtaius, in New Hamp- 
 shire, sometimes used by modem 
 writers. 
 
 We had passed 
 The high source of the Saco; and, bewildered 
 In the dwarf spruce-belts of the Crystal liilU. 
 Had heard above us, like a voice in the cloud, 
 The horn of Fabyan sounding. Whittier. 
 
 Cu'bit-op'o-lis. See Mesopotamia. 
 
 J^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 CUD 
 
 89 
 
 CUT 
 
 Cuddie, Headrigg. See Headrigg, 
 
 CUDDIE. 
 
 CulTee, or Cuf fey. A familiar or 
 contemptuous name applied to ne- 
 groes. The word is said to be of 
 African origin, and it has been borne 
 as a surname. See Sambo. 
 
 Africa alone, of all nations, — though Turkey 
 has a leaning that way, — sets up fatness as a 
 standard of beauty. But Cujfetj is not ac- 
 knowledged by the rest of the world as the 
 arbiter eleganiiarum. Putnam's Muij. 
 
 Cuiic-ta'tor. [Lat., the delayer.] A 
 surname given to the illustrious Ro- 
 man general, Quintus Fabius Maxi- 
 mus Verrucosus (d. b. c. 203), on ac- 
 count of his cautious but salutary 
 measures in opposing the progress of 
 Hannibal. He avoided all direct 
 engagements, tantalised the enemy 
 with marches and counter-marches, 
 watched his movements witli imre- 
 mitting vigilance, cut off his strag- 
 glers and foragers, and compelled 
 him to weary his allies by necessary 
 exactions, and to dishearten his sol- 
 diers by frvutless manoeuvres, while 
 Rome gained by the delay, and as- 
 sembled her forces in greater strength. 
 
 If Wellington found it judicious to play the 
 Cunctalor in Portugal and Spain, he would 
 hardly have followed the Fabian tactics, if he 
 had met the French in England. Szabad. 
 
 Cun6gonde, Mmle. (kii'nS,'gond', 
 34,62). The mistress of Candide hi 
 Voltau-e's novel of this name. 
 
 Bright goddess [the moon], if thou art not 
 too busy with Candid and jl/is.s Citnegund's 
 affairs, take Tristram Shandy's under thy pro- 
 tection also. Sterne. 
 
 Cu'pid. [Lat. Ciipido.'] ( Gr. cf- Eom. 
 Myth.) The son of Mars and Venus; 
 the god of love. He was the con- 
 stant companion of his mother, and, 
 armed with bow and arrows, he shot 
 the darts of desire into the bosoms 
 of both gods and men. He was rep- 
 resented as a winged child or youth, 
 and often with a bandage covering 
 his eyes. 
 
 Cu'ran. A courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of "Lear." 
 
 Ciirate of Meudon (mo'don', 43, 62). 
 [Fr. Le Cure da Meudon.^ A name 
 by which Rabelais (1483-1553), the 
 French satirist, is often referred to. 
 He was, during the latter part of his 
 life, the parish priest of Meudon. 
 
 Cu'ri-a'ti-i (9, 23). Three Albanian 
 brothers, who, according to an old 
 Roman legend, fought, in the time 
 of Tullus Hostilius, with three Ro- 
 man brothers, the Horatii, and were 
 conquered by the cunning and brav- 
 ery of one of them. 
 
 Cu'ri-o. A gentleman attending on 
 the Duke of lllyria in Shakespeare's 
 " Twelfth Night." 
 
 Curious Impertinent, The. [Sp. 
 El Curioso Inqjertinente.'] The title 
 of a "novel" or tale introduced by 
 Cervantes into his " Don Quixote " 
 by way of episode, and a designation 
 of one" of the characters in it, an 
 Italian gentleman who is foolish 
 enough to make trial of his Avife's 
 virtue — of which he is firmly con- 
 vinced — by persuading a trusted 
 friend to seem to lay siege to it. He 
 suffers the desei-ved penalty of his 
 impertinent curiosity in the treach- 
 ery of his friend and the infidelity of 
 his wife. 
 
 Cur-ta'nS. [It., the shortener; — so 
 called from its being used to cut off 
 heads.] 1. The sword of Ogier the 
 Dane. 
 
 2. The sword of Edward the Con- 
 fessor, which is borne before the 
 kings of England at their coronation. 
 It has a blunted edge as being em- 
 blematical of mercy, and is carried 
 between the swords of justice tempo- 
 ral and justice spiritual. 
 
 Cur'ti-o (kur'shi-o). A servant to 
 Petruchio, in Shakespeare's " Tam- 
 ing of the Shrew." 
 
 Cutpvirse, Moll, or Mall. A pseudo- 
 njnn of Mary Frith, a notorious char- 
 acter frequently mentioned or allud- 
 ed to by the older English writers. 
 She is the heroine of Middleton's 
 comedy entitled " The Roaring Girl," 
 and is introduced by Nat. Field, a 
 contemporary dramatist, in his piece 
 called "Amends for Ladies." 
 
 Cuttle, Captain. A character in 
 Dickens's " Dombey and Son," com- 
 bining great humour, eccentricity, and 
 pathos. He is distinguished for his 
 simplicity, credulity, and generous 
 trustfulness. One of his famous ex- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 CYB 
 
 90 
 
 CYT 
 
 prcssions is, " Wheu found, make a 
 note of." 
 
 Are there any of you, my readers, who have 
 not read the " Life of Robert Hall " ? If so, in 
 the words of the great Captain Cuttle, " When 
 found, make a note of it." Never mind what 
 your theological opinion is, . . . send for 
 Ilobert Ilall. Hir E. Ilulwer Lytton. 
 
 Cyb'e-le. (Rom. Myth.) The daugh- 
 ter of Coelus and Terra, and the wife 
 of Saturn ; the same as the Rhea 
 and Ops of tlie Greeks. She is rep- 
 resented as wearing a mural crown, 
 and riding in a chariot drawn by 
 lions, or seated on a throne with lions 
 at her side. [Called also Bona JJea 
 and Mother of the Gods.'] 
 
 Might slie the wise Latona he, 
 Or the towered Ci/bele, 
 Mother of a hundred gods? 
 Juno dares not give her odds. Milton. 
 She looks a sea-CybeJe, fresh from ocean, 
 
 Rising with her tiara of proud towers. 
 At airy distance, with majestic motion, 
 A ruler of the waters and their powers. 
 
 Hi/ron (fin Venice). 
 
 Cy'clops. [Lat. Cychpes, Gr. KukAw- 
 Tre?, the round-eyed.] ( Gr. (f- Rom. 
 Mijth. ) A gigantic one-eyed race of 
 men inhabiting the sea-coasts of Si- 
 cily, sons of Ccelus and Terra. Ac- 
 cording to Hesiod, they were three in 
 number, and their names were Arges, 
 Steropes, and Brontes. Homer de- 
 scribes them as wild, insolent, law- 
 less shepherds, who devoured human 
 beings. A later tradition represents 
 them as Vulcan's assistants in fabri- 
 cating the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 
 See Polyphemus. 
 
 Cyl-le'ni-us. [Gr. KuAXTirio;.] {Gr. 
 <^ Rom. Myth.) A surname of Mer- 
 cury, derived from INIount Cj'llene, in 
 Arcadia, where he was born. 
 
 Cym'be-line, or Cym'be-line. A 
 
 legendary or mythical king of Brit- 
 ain, and the hero of Shakespeare's 
 play of the same name. 
 
 Cyn'o-sure. [Lat. Cynosura, Gr. 
 Kui-ocroKpa.] {Gr. (j- Rom. Myth.) An 
 Idican nymph, and one of the nurses 
 of Jupiter, who placed her in the 
 constellation Ursa Minor, as the pole- 
 star. 
 
 Towers and battlements it sees 
 Bosomed high in tufted trees, 
 Where jjerhaps some beauty lies, 
 The Cynosure of neighbourmg eyes. 
 
 iRlton. 
 Cyn'thi-a. [Gr. liweia..'] ) { Gr. ^'• 
 Cyn'thi-us. [Gr. KuVflios.] j Rom. 
 Myth.) Siu'names respectively of 
 Diana and Apollo, derived from 
 Mount Cynthus, in the island of De- 
 los, their birthplace. See Apollo, 
 Diana. 
 
 Even Cynthia looks haggard of 'an after- 
 noon, as we may see her sometimes in the 
 present winter season, with Phcebus staring 
 her out of coimtenance from the opiwsite side 
 of the heavens. Thackeray, 
 
 Cyp'a-ris'sus. [Gr. Rvn-apia-cros.] {Gr. 
 <^ Aom. Myth.) A beautiful youth, 
 beloved by Apollo, whose favourite 
 stag he inadvertently killed, in con- 
 sequence of which immoderate grief 
 seized upon him, and he was meta- 
 morphosed into a cypress. 
 
 Cy-re'ne. [Gr. KuprivT).] ( Gr. <f Rom. 
 MytJi.) A water-nymph, the motlier 
 of Aristffius. Her residence under the 
 Peneus, and the visit of her son to her, 
 are described in a beautiful episode in 
 the fourth book of Virgil's " Geor- 
 gics." 
 
 Cy-the'ra. [Gr. KvfiTjpa.] UGr. tf- 
 
 Cyth'e-re'a. [Gr. Kvflepeia.] ) Rom. 
 Myth.) Different forms of a surname 
 of Venus, derived from the toAvni of 
 Cythera, in Crete, or the isle of Cy- 
 thera, where the goddess was said to 
 have first landed, and where she had 
 a celebrated temple. 
 
 Violets dim. 
 But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes. 
 Or Cythcrea^s breath. Shale. 
 
 ISS' Tor the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DM 
 
 91 
 
 DAM 
 
 D. 
 
 Desd'a-lus (17). [Gr. AaiSaXo?.] {Or. 
 if Rom. Miitlt.) A most ingenious 
 artist of Athens, who formed the 
 famous Cretan labyrinth, and who, 
 by tlie help of wings which he con- 
 structed, Hed from Crete across the 
 yEgean Sea, to escape the resentment 
 of Minos. He was thought to be the 
 inventor of carpentry and of most of 
 its tools, such as the saw, the axe, the 
 gimlet, and the like. See Icarus. 
 
 Da'gon. [A diminutive of the Pleb. 
 rfffy, afish.] {Ml/Ik.) A Phcenician 
 or Syrian divinity, who, according 
 to the Bible, had richly adorned tem- 
 ples in several of the Philistine cities. 
 In profane historj', the name b}'' which 
 he is known is Derceto. He is repre- 
 sented as having the face and liands 
 of a man and the tail of a lish ; and 
 he seems to have been generally re- 
 garded as a symbol of fertility and 
 reproduction. See /uc/f/es xvi. 23; 1 
 Sim. v. 4. 
 
 Next came one 
 "WTio mourned in earnest, when the captive 
 
 ark 
 Mainitd his brute image, head and hands 
 
 kipped oif 
 In his own temple, on the grunsel edge. 
 Whore he fell flat, and shamed liis worship- 
 pers: 
 Dagon liis name; sea-monster, upward man 
 And downward fish: yet liad his temple high 
 Reared in Azotus, dreaded through tlic coast 
 Of Palestine, in Gath and Ascalon, 
 And Aucaron and Gaza's irontier bounds. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Dag'o-net, Sir. The attendant fool 
 of King Arthiu-. [Written also 
 D a g u e n e t .] 
 
 I was then Sir Dagonet in Arthur's show. 
 ShaJ:. 
 
 Dal-gar'no, Lord. A prominent 
 character in Sir Walter Scott's " For- 
 tunes of Nigel; " a profligate young 
 Scottish lord, thoroughly heartless 
 and shameless, who carried "the 
 craft of gray hairs iinder his cm-led 
 love-locks." 
 
 Dal-get'ty, Rittmaster Du'gald. 
 A mercenary soldier of fortmie in" Sir 
 Walter Scott's "Legend of Mont- 
 rose," distii:guished for his pedantry, 
 conceit, cool intrepidity, vulgar as- 
 
 surance, knowledge of the world, 
 greediness, and a hundred other 
 qualities, making him one of the 
 most amusing, admirable, and nat- 
 ural characters ever drawn by the 
 hand of genius. 
 
 >K5= " Tlie general idea of the charac- 
 ter is familiar to our comic dramatists 
 after the Uestoratiou, and may be said in 
 some measure to be compounded of Cap- 
 tain Fluelleu and Bobadil ; but the ludi- 
 crous combination of the soldado with 
 the divinity student of Mareschal College 
 is entirely original." Jeffrey. 
 
 Our second remark is of the circumstance 
 that no Historian or Narrator, neither Schil- 
 ler, Strada, Thuauus, Monroe, nor Dugalcl 
 JUalgctty, makes any mention of Ahasuer's 
 having been present at tlie battle of ]>iitzen. 
 Carlylc. 
 
 He [a hock author] lets out his pen to the 
 highest bidder, as Captain JJalgi'tty let out his 
 sword. E. F. Whijiple. 
 
 Damis (da'me'). A character in 
 Moliere's comedy of " Tartuffe," dis- 
 tinguished by his self-willed impetu- 
 osity. 
 
 Dam'o-cles. [Gr. AaftoKA^;.] A 
 courtier of the elder Dionysius, the 
 tyrant of Syracuse. Having extolled 
 the happiness caused by the posses- 
 sion of wealth and power, Dionysius 
 gave him a striking illustration of the 
 real nature of such seeming happiness, 
 by placing him at a table loaded with 
 delicacies, and surrounded by all the 
 insignia of royalty, but, in the midst 
 of his magnificent banquet, Damo- 
 cles, chancing to look upward, saw 
 a sharp and naked sword suspended 
 over his head bj' a single horse-hair. 
 A sight so alarming instantly changed 
 his views of the felicity of kings. 
 
 Like Damocles at his celebrated banquet, 
 Eebecca perpetually beheld, amid the gor- 
 geous display, the sword which was suspended 
 over the heads of her people by a single hair. 
 Sir 11'. Scott. 
 On what 7)a»!0cte- hairs must the judg- 
 ment-sword hang over this distracted earth. 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Da-moe'-tas. A herdsman in Theoc- 
 ritus and Virgil; hence, any herds- 
 man or rustic. 
 
 Kou"li satyrs danced, and fauns with cloven 
 neel 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certaiu words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 DAM 
 
 92 
 
 DAN 
 
 From the glad sound would not be absent 
 
 long; 
 And old JJamcetas loved to hear our soiij 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Da'mSn. [Gr. Adfjuav.] 1. A noble 
 Pythagorean of Syracuse, memorable 
 lor liis friendship for Fythias, or 
 I'iiintias, a member of the same sect. 
 Tlie hitter, having been condemned 
 to death by Dionysius I., the tyrant 
 of Syracuse, begged leave to go liome 
 for the purpose of arranging his af- 
 fairs, Damon pledging liis own life 
 for the i-eturn of liis friend. Dio- 
 nysius consented, and Pythias came 
 back just in season to save Damon 
 from death. Struck by so rare and 
 noble an example of mutual ti 'end- 
 ship, the tyrant pardoned Pythias, 
 and entreated to be admitted as a 
 third into their sacred fellowship. 
 
 2. A goat-herd in the third Eclogue 
 of Virgil ; hence, any rustic or swain. 
 
 Damsel of Brittany. A name given 
 to Eleanora, daughter of Geoffrey, 
 second son of Henry II. of England, 
 and Duke of Brittany by marriage 
 with Constance, the daughter and 
 heiress of Duke Conan IV. 
 
 .ftS" Richard, the successor of Henry, 
 dying without issue, the English crown 
 rightfully devolved upon Arthur, the son 
 of Geoffrey ; but John, the brother of 
 Richard, and the youngest of the sons of 
 Henry, determined to secure it to him- 
 self. He, therefore, managed to capture 
 the young prince, his nephew, and con- 
 signed him to close custody, first in the 
 castle of Falaise, and afterward at Rouen, 
 ■where he is supposed to have murdered 
 him by his own hand. Arthur being 
 dead, the next in the order of succession 
 •was Eleanor, his sister. John, however, 
 obtained possession other person, carried 
 her to England, and confined her in the 
 castle of Bristol, in which prison she re- 
 mained till her death, in 1241. 
 
 Dan'i-e. f Gr. Aavirj.] ( Gr. ff- Eom. 
 Mjlth.) The daughter of Acrisius, 
 and the mother of Perseus by Juyii- 
 ter, who visited her in tlie form of a 
 shower of gold when she was shut 
 lip in a tower by her father. 
 
 Da-na'i-de§. [Lat. ; Gr. AavoiSe?.] 
 (Gr. <f Rnvi. Myth.) The fifty 
 daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, 
 betrothed to the fifty sons of yEgj-p- 
 tus, all of whom they killed on the 
 
 first night after marriage, in fulfil- 
 ment of a promise exacted by Danaus, 
 Lynceus alone excepted, who was 
 spared by his wite Uypermnestra. 
 Her guilty sisters were punished for 
 their crime, in Hades, by being com- 
 pelled everlastingly to draw water 
 out of a deep well, and jjour it into a 
 vessel lull of holes. 
 
 Dandie Dimnont. See Dinmont, 
 Dandie. 
 
 Dandin, Gteorge (zhofzh don'da"', 58, 
 02, 04 j. The title of a comedy by Mo- 
 liere, and the name of its hero, a 
 wealthy French citizen, who has had 
 the impudence to marry a sprig of 
 quality, daughter of an old noble 
 called Monsieur de Sotenville, and 
 liis no less noble spouse, Madame de 
 la Prudoterie, and who, in conse- 
 quence, is exposed at once to the 
 coquetry of a light-headed wife, and 
 to the rigorous sway of her parents, 
 who, called upon to interpose with 
 their authority, place their daughter 
 in the right, and the mihappy rotit- 
 rkr, their son-in-law, in the wrong, 
 on every appeal which is made to 
 them. Falling, in consequence of 
 this mesalliance, into many disagree- 
 able situations, he constantly ex- 
 claims, " Tu Vns voulu, George Dan- 
 din" You -would have it so, George 
 Dandin. The expression has hence 
 become proverbial to denote self-in- 
 flicted pain, and the name is common- 
 ly apjjlied to any silly, simple-minded 
 fellow. 
 
 If you hare really been fool enough to fall 
 in love there, and have a mind to play Georqe 
 Dandin, I'll find you some money for the 
 part. C. lieade. 
 
 Dandin, Perrin (pef^ra^' dou'dan', 
 G2.) 1. The name of an ignorant rustic 
 judge in Rabelais, who heard causes 
 sitting on the first trunk of a tree 
 which he met, instead of seating him- 
 self, like other judges, on the fleurs- 
 de-lis. 
 
 2. The name of a ridiculous judge, 
 in Racine's comedy, " Lcs Plaideurs," 
 and in La Fontaine's " Fables." 
 
 Dangle. A prominent character in 
 Sheridan's farce, " The Critic ; " one 
 of those theatrical amateurs who be- 
 siege a manager with impertinent 
 
 E3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DAN 
 
 93 
 
 DAV 
 
 flatteiy and gratuitous advice. He 
 is said to liave been inteiuled for a 
 Mr. Thomas Yauglian, author of 
 " The Hotel," an inditi'erently suc- 
 cessful play. 
 
 Daniel, The "Well-languaged. A 
 name given by William Browne 
 (1590-1045), in his "Britannia's 
 Pastorals," to the English poet 
 Samuel Daniel (15G2-1G1'J), whose 
 writings are remarkable for their 
 modern style and pervading pm'ity 
 of taste and grace of language. 
 
 Daph'ne. [Gr. Ad<j>pr}.] ( Or. (j- Rom. 
 Mijtli.) A beautiful maiden beloved 
 by Apollo, and metamorjihused into 
 a" laurel-tree while attempting to es- 
 cape iTom him. 
 
 Nay, lady, sit; if I but wave this wand, 
 Yo'iir nerves are all chained up in alabaster, 
 And vou a statue, or, as Daphne was, 
 Koot-bound, that fled Apollo. Milton. 
 
 Daph'nis. [Gr. A<i<f>i'ts.] (Gr.^Eom. 
 Myth.) A beautiful young Sicilian 
 shepherd, a son of Slercury. He was 
 the inventor of bucolic poetry, and a 
 favourite of Pan and Apollo. 
 
 Dapper. A clerk in " The Alchemist," 
 a play by Ben Jonson. 
 
 Ti is reminds us of the extreme doting at- 
 tachnientwhich the queen of the fairies is rep- 
 resented to have taken for Dapper. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Dapple. The name of Sancho's ass, 
 in Cerv'antes's romance of "Don 
 Quixote." 
 
 Dar'by and Joan. A manned couple 
 said to have lived, more than a cen- 
 tury' ago, in the village of Healaugh, 
 in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and 
 celebrated for their long life and con- 
 jugal felicity. They are the hero 
 and heroine of a ballad called " The 
 Happy Old Couple," which has been 
 attributed to Prior, but is of uncer- 
 tain authorship. Timperley says that 
 Darby was a printer in Bartholomew 
 Close, who died in 1730, and that 
 the ballad was ^mtten by one of his 
 apprentices by the name of Henry 
 Woodfall. 
 
 You mi^'ht have sat, like Darhtj and Jonn, 
 and flattered each other; and billed andeooed 
 like a pair of pigeons on a perch. Thackertiij. 
 
 Indeed now, if you would but condescend 
 to forgive ana forget, perliaps sornc day or 
 other we may l>c Darby (md,/oan, — only, you 
 Bee, just at this moment I am really not worthy 
 of such a Joan. Sir E. JSuluicr Lijtton. 
 
 Dar'd|-nus. [Gr. AopSavo?.] ( Gr. tf- 
 Rom. Mijth.) The son of Jupiter and 
 Electra of Arcadia, and ancestor of 
 the royal race of Troy. 
 
 Da're§ (0). One of the competitors at 
 the funeral games of Anchiscs in 
 Sicily, described in the fifth book of 
 Virgil's " yEneid." He was over- 
 come at the combat of the cestus by 
 Entellus. 
 
 A Trojan combat would be somethinf; new: 
 l^ct Dares beat Entellus black and blue. 
 
 Cuirjicr. 
 
 Dark and Bloody Ground, The. 
 
 An expression often used in allusion 
 to Kentucky, of which name it is 
 said to be the translation. The 
 phrase is an epitome of the early 
 history of the State, of the dark and 
 bloody conflicts of the tirst white 
 settlers with their savage foes; but 
 the name originated in the fact that 
 this was the grand battle-ground 
 between the northern and southern 
 Indians. 
 
 Dark Day, The. May 19, 1780; — 
 so called on account of a remarkable 
 darkness on that day extending over 
 all New England. In some places, 
 persons could not see to read common 
 print in the open air for several hours 
 together. Birds sang their evening 
 song, disappeared, and became silent; 
 fowls went to roost ; cattle sought the 
 barn-yard ; and candles were lighted 
 in the houses. The obscuration be- 
 gan about ten o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, and continued till the middle of 
 the next night, but with ditierences 
 of degree and duration in different 
 places. Eor several days previous, 
 the wind had been variable, but 
 chiefly from the southwest and the 
 northeast. The true cause of this re- 
 markable phenomenon is not known. 
 
 David. See Jonathan. 
 
 Da'vus. The name commonly given 
 to slaves in Latin comedies. The 
 proverb, "Bavus sum, non Q'Jdipus,''^ 
 I am Davus, not Q^dipus, (that is, a 
 simple servant, not a resolver of rid- 
 dles,) occurs in Terence. 
 
 Da'vy. Servant to Shallow, in the 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's " King 
 Henry IV." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kulcs to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xzzii.
 
 DAV 
 
 91 
 
 DEA 
 
 Old Gudyill associated himself with a party 
 so imicli to his taste, pretty much as Davy in 
 the revels of liis master, Justice Shallow. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Davy Jones. See Joxes, Davy. 
 
 Daw'son, Bully (-sn). A noted Lon- 
 don shai-per, swaggerer, and de- 
 bauchee, especially in Blackfriars and 
 its infamous piu-lieus. lie lived in 
 the seventeenth centurj', and was a 
 contemporaiy of Rochester and Eth- 
 erege. An allusion to him occurs in 
 the " Spectator," No. 2. 
 
 Tom Brown had a shrewder insight into 
 this kind of character than either of his pred- 
 ecessors. He divides the palm more equably, 
 aad allows his hero a sort of dimidiate pre- 
 eminence:— " Bull!/ Dawson kicked by half 
 the town, and half the town kicked by Bulti/ 
 Llawion." Tliis was true retributive just'ce. 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 "When, in our cooler moments, we reflect on 
 his [Homer's] ,Tove-protected warriors, his in- 
 vulnerable Achilles, they dwindle into insig- 
 nificance, and we are ready to exclaim, in the 
 quaint language of another, " BuUtj Daioson 
 would have fought the Devil with such ad- 
 vantages." Jones V^ery. 
 
 Day of Barricades. [Fr. Journee des 
 Barricades.] (Fr. Hist.) 1. May 
 12, 1588, on which day the Duke of 
 Guise entered Paris, when Henrj' III., 
 at his instigation, consented to take 
 severe measures against the Hugue- 
 nots, on the promise that the duke 
 would assist him in pm-ging Paris of 
 strangers and obnoxious persons. No 
 sooner, however, was an attempt 
 made to carry out this plan, than the 
 populace arose, erected barricades, 
 and attacked the king's troops with 
 iiTesistible fury. Henry III., having 
 requested the Duke of Guise to put a 
 stop to the conflict, fled from Paris, 
 and the moment the duke showed 
 himself to the people, they piUled 
 down the barricades. 
 
 2. August 20, 1648 ; — so called on 
 accomit of a riot, instigated by the 
 leaders of the Fronde, which took 
 place in Paris on that day. 
 
 Day of Corn-sacks. [Fr. Journee 
 des Fariiies.] (Fr. Hist.) A name 
 given to the 3d of January, 1591, 
 from an attempt made by Henry IV. 
 to surprise Paris on that da3\ Some 
 of his oflicers, disguised as corn- 
 dealers, with sacks on their shoul- 
 ders, endeavoured to get possession of 
 the gate St. Honore ; but they were 
 
 recognised, and obliged to make a 
 hasty retreat. 
 Day of Dupes. [Fr. Journee des 
 JJiijies.] (Fr. Hist.) 1. A name 
 given to the 11th of November, 1630, 
 in allusion to a celebrated imbroglio 
 by which the opponents of the prime 
 minister Richelieu — at the head of 
 whom were jNIaria de' Medici and 
 Anne of Austria — Avere completely 
 worsted in an attempt to eflect his 
 removal from office, and the power 
 of the cardinal was established upon 
 a tirmer basis than ever. 
 
 Richelieu himself could not hare taken a 
 gloomier view of things, when his levees were 
 deserted, and his power seemed annihilated 
 before the Z>a!/o/I>«i)cs. 
 
 Sir E. Bulwer Lytton. 
 
 2. August 4th, 1789; — so called 
 on account of the renunciation by the 
 nobles and clergy in the French 
 National Convention of their pecuhar 
 immunities and feudal rights. 
 
 Day of Gold Spurs. [Fr. Journee 
 des iperons d' Or.] See Battle of 
 Spurs. 
 
 Day of the Sections. [Fr. Journee 
 des Sections.] (Fr. Hist.) The name 
 commonly given to an affray which 
 occurred on the 4th of October, 1793, 
 between the troops under the control 
 of the Convention and the National 
 Guard acting in the interest of the 
 sections of Paris. The contest re- 
 sulted m the success of the Conven- 
 tion. 
 
 Dean of St. Patrick's. A title of 
 Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), the cele- 
 brated English satirist, by which he 
 is often referred to. The deanerv of 
 St. Patrick's is in Dublin. Swift 
 was appointed to the place in 1713, 
 and retained it until his death. 
 
 Deans, Douce Da'vie. A poor cow- 
 feeder at Edinburgh, and the father 
 of Effie and Jeanie Deans, in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel, " The Heart 
 of Mid-Lothian." He is remarkable 
 for his religious peculiarities, for his 
 magnanimity in affliction, and his 
 amusing absurdities in prosperitj'. 
 
 Deans, EflSe. A character in Scott's 
 " Heart of Mid-Lothian," whose lover 
 abandons her after effecting her ruin. 
 
 eO" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DEA 
 
 95 
 
 DEL 
 
 Peans, Jean'ie. Tlic licroinc of 
 Scott's '• lloart of JMid- Lothian." 
 The circiimstancos of her liistorv are 
 based upon t'aets coiiiiiiuiucatcd to 
 the author by a correspondent. 
 
 iSCS" " She is a i)crf«ct model of sobpr 
 heroism ; of the union of good sense with 
 strong affections, firm principles, and 
 perfect di.«interestedness ; and of the 
 calm superiority to uiislbrtiiue, danger, 
 and dilticulty, which such a union must 
 create." Senior. 
 
 Wc follow the travoUci's [in the " Pilgrim's 
 Pro;?ri.'SS "] through their allesorieal pri)j;res3 
 with interest not inferior to that w itli which 
 we follow Klizabeth from Sihiria to .Moscow, 
 or Jeaiiic Jieans from Kdiuburgli to I.omhm. 
 ilacaulaij. 
 
 Debatable Land, The. A tract of 
 land on the western border of Eng- 
 land and Scotland, between the Esk 
 and Sark, ^vhicli was at one time 
 claimed by both kingdoms, and was 
 afterward divided between them. It 
 was long the residence of thieves and 
 banditti, to whom its dubious state 
 atibrded a refuge. 
 
 Decree of Fontainebleau (fon'tan- 
 blo'). (Fr. Eist.) An edict of the 
 Emperor Napoleon I., dated at Fon- 
 tainebleau, October 18, 1810, ordering 
 the biu-uing of all English goods. 
 
 Dedlock, Sir L^ices'ter (les'tor). 
 A character in Diel;ens's novel' of 
 " Bleak House." " He is an honour- 
 able, obstinate, truthful, high-spirit- 
 ed, intensely preiudiccd,pei'fcctly un- 
 reasonable man." 
 
 Deerslayer. The hero of Cooper's 
 novel of the same name. 
 
 j(®""This character ... is the au- 
 thor's ideal of a chiTalresqno manhood, 
 of the grace which is the natural flower 
 of purity and virtue ; not the Stoic, but 
 the Christian of the woods, the man of 
 honourable act and sentiment, of courage 
 and truth." Duyckinck. 
 
 Defender of the Faith. [Lat. Fidei 
 Dffvnsor.'] A title conferred, in 
 1.521, by Pope Leo X. upon King 
 Henry VHI. of England, in conse- 
 quence of a Latin treatise " On the 
 Seven Sacraments " which the lat- 
 ter had published in confutation of 
 Luther, and had dedicated to that 
 pontiff. The title was not made 
 heritable by his heirs, and Pope Paul 
 HL, in 1535, upon the king's apostasy 
 
 in turning suppre.«sor of religious 
 houses, formally revoked and with- 
 drew it. Henr}-, however, continued 
 to use it as a part of tlie ro^-al stvlo, 
 and, in 15-13, parliament annexed it 
 for ever to the ci-owu by stat. 35 Hen. 
 VIII. c. 3. 
 
 jKS=- It h.as been shown that the same 
 title was popularly applied to, or was as- 
 sumed by, some of the kings of England 
 who preceded Henry VIII., as Kichard 
 II. and lloury VII. 
 
 Degfo-re', Sir. [A corruption of 
 Dajarc., or Vegare, meaning a per- 
 son "almost lost."] The hero of a 
 romance of high antiquity, and for- 
 merly very popular, an abstract of 
 which may be seen in Ellis's " Speci- 
 mens of the Early English Poets." 
 
 De-id'$-mi'a. [Gr. ArjiSo/ueia.] ( Gr. 
 (J- Rom. Mijth.) The daughter of 
 Lycomcdes, king of Scyros, and the 
 mother of Pyrrhus by Achilles. 
 
 De-iph'o-bus. [Gr. ^rii<i,ofio^.'] (Gr. 
 tf Rom. Myih.) A son of Priam and 
 Hecuba. After the death of Paris, 
 he married Helen, but was betrayed 
 by her to the Greeks. Next to Hec- 
 tor, he was the bravest among the 
 Trojans. 
 
 Dej'l-ni'ra (9). [Gr. AijVai'eipa.] (Gr. 
 tj"- 'Rom. ' Myth.) A daughter of 
 CEneus, and the wife of Hercules, 
 whose death she involuntarily caused 
 by sending liim a shirt which had 
 been steeped in the poisoned blood of 
 Nessus, who falsely told her that his 
 blood Avould enabie her to preserve 
 her husband's love. On hearing that 
 Hercules had burnt himself to death to 
 escape the torment it occasioned, she 
 killed herself in remorse and despair. 
 
 Delauney, Le Vicomte (lu ve'k6"t' 
 d'15'na', 02). A nam de 'jylume of 
 Mme. Delphine de Girardin (1804- 
 1855), under which she published her 
 best-known work, the " Parisian Let- 
 ters ' ' ( ^''Letires Parisienncs " ), which 
 originally appeared in "La Presse," 
 a newspaper edited by her husband, 
 Emile do Girardin. 
 
 Delectable Mountains. In P>unyan'8 
 allegory of" The Pilgrim's Progress," 
 a range of hills from whose summit 
 might be seen the Celestial City. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 DEL 
 
 96 
 
 DEL 
 
 " When the momin;^ was up, thev 
 had. him to the top of the house, and 
 bid him look south. So he did, and 
 behold, at a great distance he saw a 
 most pleasant mountainous country, 
 beautified with woods, vineyartls, 
 fruits of all sorts, flowers also, with 
 springs and fountains, very delectable 
 to behold. Isa. xxxiii. 16, 17. ... 
 They then went till they came to the 
 Delectable Mountains. .'..Xow there 
 were on the tops of these mountains 
 shepherds feeding their flocks. The 
 pilgrims, therefore, went to them, and, 
 leaning on their staffs (as is common 
 with weary pUgrims when they stand 
 to talk with any by the way), they 
 asked, ' Whose "delectable mountains 
 are these, and whose be the sheep 
 that feed upon them? ' "' The shep- 
 herds answered, '• These mountains 
 are Emmanuel's land, and they are 
 within sight of his cirv-, and the 
 sheep are his, and he laid down his 
 lite for them." 
 
 On the Muses' hill he is happv and good as 
 one of the shepherds on the Delectahle Jloun- 
 tains. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Delia. A poetical name given by 
 the Roman poet Tibullus (d. about 
 B. c. 18; to his lady-love, whose real 
 name is not certainly known, but is 
 thought to have been Plania (from 
 planus)., of which the Greek Delia 
 (from 6^Ao!, clear, manifest, plain) is 
 a translation. 
 
 Deli-a. [Gr. ArjAio..] ] ( Gr. ^- Rom. 
 
 Deli-US. [Gr. A^Ato?.] \ Myth.) Sur- 
 names respectively of Diana and 
 Apollo, as bom in Delos. See 
 Delos. 
 
 Delight of ManMnd. A name given 
 by his subjects to Titus, emperor of 
 Rome (40-81), whose liberality, af- 
 fabilitv-, mildness, and ^-irtuous con- 
 duct were the subject of general ad- 
 miration. 
 
 Delia Crus'eSns, or Delia Crusca 
 School (del'la kroos'ka). A col- 
 lective appellation applied to a class 
 of sentimental poetasters of both 
 sexes, who arose in England toward 
 the close of the last centur\-, and who 
 were conspicuous for their affectation 
 and bad taste, and for their high- 
 flown panegyrics on one another. 
 
 Their productions consisted of odes, 
 elegies, epigrams, songs, sonnets, 
 epistles, plays, &c. 
 
 ,KS= Some of these persons had. by 
 chance, been jumble^l together for a while 
 at Florence, where they put forth a vol- 
 ume of rhymes, under the title of •• The 
 Florence Miscellany,"' the insipidity and 
 fantastic silliness of which transcend all 
 belief. Afterward, they and, a number 
 of other persons, their admirers and imi- 
 tators, began to publish their effusions in 
 England, chietlv in two dailv newspapers 
 called •• The ^orid " and " the Oracle ; " 
 from which they were soon collected, and, 
 with vast laudation, recommended to the 
 public attention in a volxune entitled 
 •■ The Album," by Bell, the printer. Au 
 end was at length put to these inanities 
 by the appearance, in 1794, of Gifford's 
 '• Baviad,"' which, in 1796. was followed 
 by its continuation, the "Maeviad,"" — 
 both powerful and extremely popular 
 satires, which lashed the Delia Crusca au- 
 thors with merciless but deserved sever- 
 ity. One of the founders of this school 
 of poetry, Mr. Robert Merry, wrote tinder 
 the signature of Dd'.a Cnii^ca. and this 
 name was given to the whole brood of 
 rhymsters to which he belonged, prob- 
 ably because he became the most noted 
 of them. Merry had travelled for some 
 years on the Continent, and had made a 
 long residence in Florence, where he was 
 elected a member of the celebrated Acad- 
 emy Delia Crusca, — that is. Academy of 
 the Sieve, — which was founded for the 
 purpose of purifying and refining the 
 Italian language and style. In adopting 
 the name of this Academy as a nom de 
 plume. Merry may not only have alluded 
 to the fact of his membership, but very 
 possibly intended to intimate that what 
 he should write would be quite exquisite, 
 and free from chaEF. It would appear 
 that Merry was not the first of the writers 
 whose lucubrations came out in " The 
 Oracle'' and ''The World; " for, says 
 Gifford, " WMle the epidemic malady was 
 spreading from fool to fool, Delia Crusca 
 came over [from Italy], and immediately 
 announced himself by a sonnet to Love. 
 Anna Matilda wrote an incomparable 
 piece of nonsense in praise of it ; and the 
 two ' great luminaries of the age,' as Mr. 
 Bell calls them, fell desperately in love 
 with each other. From that period, not 
 a day passed without an amatory epistle, 
 fraught with lightning and thunder, et 
 quicquid habent telorum armamentaria 
 call. The fever turned to frenzy : Laura, 
 Maria, Carlos, Orlando. Adelaide, and a 
 thousand other nameless names, caught 
 
 i^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DEL 
 
 97 
 
 DEM 
 
 the infection ; and firom one end of the 
 kingdom to the other, all was nonsense 
 and Delia Crusca." Other writers of thia 
 school, besides Merry, whose names hare 
 been preserved, are Mr. Bertie Greathead, 
 a man of property and good family ; Mr. 
 William Parsons, another gentleman of 
 fortune ; Mr. Edward Jerniagham (" The 
 Bard""), author of numerous plays and 
 poems ; Miles Peter Andrews, a writer of 
 prologues and epilogues ; Mr. Edward 
 Topham, the proprietor of" The World ; " 
 the Rev. Charles Este (" Morosoph Este,'' 
 as Gifford calls him), principal editor of 
 that paper; Mr. Joseph Weston, a small 
 magazine-critic of the day ; James Cobbe, 
 a now-forgotten farce-writer : Frederick 
 Pilon, said to have been a player by pro- 
 fession ; a Mr. Timothy, or Thomas, Ad- 
 ney (who wrote under the anagram of 
 "Mit Yenda,"' or -'Mot Yenda""); Mr. 
 Thomas Taughan ("• Edwin ") ; Mr. John 
 WiUiams ( '' Tony — or Anthony — Pas- 
 quin"); the celebrated James Boswell, 
 who had not yet established his reputa- 
 tion as the prince of biographers ; and 
 the dramatists 0"Keefe, Morton, Rey- 
 nolds, Holcroft, Sheridan, and the Youn- 
 ger Colman, who survived and recovered 
 from their discreditable connection with 
 the Delia Cruscan foUj-. Of the female 
 writers of this school, the principal names 
 are those of Mrs. Piozzi, the widow of 
 Jol nson"s friend Thrale, but at that time 
 the wife of her daughter"s music-master ; 
 Mrs. H. Cowley (•• Anna Matilda "). the 
 cleyer authoress of the " Belle"s Strata- 
 gem ; " and the somewhat notorious Mrs. 
 Kobinson, who, with aU her levity, in- 
 tellectual as well as moral, was not alto- 
 gether without literary talent and poeti- 
 cal feeUng. In the preface to the " Mae- 
 Tiad," Gifford intimates that he had been 
 charged with breaking butterflies upon 
 a wheel ; but '• many a man,"' he adds, 
 " who now affects to pity me for wasting 
 my strength upon unresisting imbecility, 
 ■would, not long since, have heard these 
 poems with applause, and their praises 
 with delight." On the other hand, the 
 great patron. Bell, the printer, accused 
 him of •• bespattering nearly all the po- 
 etical eminence of the day."' "But. on 
 the whole,"' says Gifford, " the clamour 
 against me was not loud, and was lost by 
 insensible degrees in the applause of such 
 as I was truly ambitious to please. Thus 
 supported, the good effects of the satire 
 (gloriole loquor) were not long in mani- 
 festing themselves. Delia Crusca ap- 
 peared no more in ' The Oracle." and, if 
 any of his followers ventured to treat the 
 town with a soft sonnet, it was not. as 
 before, introduced by a pompous preface. 
 
 Pope and Milton resumed their superior- 
 ity, and Este and his coadjutors silently 
 acquiesced in the growing opinion of their 
 incompetency, and showed some sense of 
 shame." 
 
 Delos. [Gr. a^Ao?.] A small island 
 in the iEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades. 
 Here Apollo and Diana were bom, 
 and here the former had a famous 
 oracle. Delos vas at first a floating 
 island, but Neptune fixed it to the 
 bottom of the sea, that it might be a 
 secure resting-place for Latona. See 
 Latoxa. 
 
 Del'phi. [Gr. A€X(J>oi'.] A famous 
 oracle of Apollo in Phoci?. at the foot 
 of Mount Pamassu?. [Erroneou.«ly 
 ■ft-ritten D e 1 p h o s by early English 
 ■writers.] 
 
 ApoUo from his shrine 
 
 !Can no more divine. 
 With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos 
 leaving. 
 Ko nightlv trance, or breathed spell, 
 , Inspires t"he pale-ejed priest from the pro- 
 I phetic cell. Milton. 
 
 ! Delpliiiie (del'fen'). The title of a 
 I novel by Mme. de Stael (1766-1817), 
 I and the name of its heroine, ■whose 
 character is full of charm, and is said 
 to have been an idealised picture of 
 the authoress herself. Delphine has 
 a faithless lover, and dies broken- 
 hearted. 
 Del'ta. The signature under ■which. 
 I David Macbeth Moir. a distinguished 
 Scottish -n-riter (1778-1851), contrib- 
 uted a series of poems to '" Black- 
 ■wood's Magazine." 
 Del'^ville, Mr. One of the guardians 
 of Cecilia, in Miss Bumey's novel of 
 this name; a gentleman of ■wealth, 
 magnificent and ostentatious in his 
 style of living, and distinguished for 
 an air of haughty affability in his in- 
 tercourse -with his inferiors. 
 
 Even old Deh-iUe received Cecilia, thongh 
 the daughter of a man of low birth. 
 
 .Sir W. Scott. 
 
 De-me'ter. [Gr. Avti-nrrip.] {Myth.) 
 One of the great divinities of the 
 Greeks, corresponding to the Ceres 
 oftheEomans. See Ceres. 
 
 De-moc'ri-tus, Junior. A pseu- 
 donym under ■which Kobert Burton 
 (1576-1640) published his "Anatomy 
 of Melancholy," a ■\vork -which pre- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the nmnbcis after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xixii. 
 
 7
 
 DEM 
 
 98 
 
 DEV 
 
 Rents, in quaint language, and with 
 many slirewtl and amusing remarks, 
 41 view of all the modifications of 
 that disease, and the manner of cur- 
 ing it. The name of Uemocritus, 
 Junior, is introduced in the inscriji- 
 tion on his nujuuuient in Christ- 
 Church Cathedral. It alludes to 
 Democritus of Abdera, the celebrated 
 " Laughing Piiilosopher" of antiqui- 
 ty. See Lau(;uin(i Philosoi'hkk. 
 De-mod'o-cus. [Gr. Arj^oSo/co?.] A 
 famous bard mentioned in Homer's 
 " Odyssey " as delighting the guests of 
 King Alcinous, during their repast, by 
 singing the loves of Mars and Venus, 
 and the stratagem of the W-^ioden 
 Horse, by means of which the Greeks 
 gained entrance into Troy. 
 
 Then sinjr of secret things that earae to pars 
 "When beldam Nature in her cradle was ; 
 And last of kin;;s, and queens, and heroes old, 
 Such as the wise Dvmodocus once told 
 In solemn songs at King Alcinous' feast. 
 
 iliJton. 
 
 De'mo-gor'gSn. [Gr., from &aiixoiv, a 
 god, and yopy6%^ fearful.] {Myth.) 
 A formidaldc and mj^sterious deity, 
 superior to all others, mentioned by 
 Lutatius, or Lactantius, Placidus, the 
 scholiast on Statins, and made known 
 to modern readers by the account of 
 Boccaccio, in his " Genealogia Deo- 
 rum." According to Ariosto, the 
 fairies were all subject to Demogor- 
 gon, who inhabited a splendid palatial 
 temple on the Himalaya Slountains, 
 where every fifth year he summonetl 
 them to appear before him, and give 
 account of their deeds. The very 
 mention of this deity's name was said 
 to be tremendous ; wherefore Lucan 
 and Statins onlj' allude to it. 
 
 Thou wast begot in Demnriorgrm'a hall, 
 . . And saw'st the secrets of the world unmndo. 
 
 The dreaded name 
 Of Demogorrjoti. Jlillou. 
 
 Derrydown Triangle. A sobriquet 
 given to Lord Castlereagh (1709- 
 1822), afterwards Marquess of Lon- 
 donderry, in a parody on the Athana- 
 sian Creed by William Hone; the 
 triangle referring, according to him, 
 to "a thing having three sides; the 
 meanest and most tinkling of all mu- 
 sical instruments ; machinery used in 
 militarv torture. Dictionary." See 
 
 the " Third Trial of William Hone 
 before Lord Ellenborough," 3d edi- 
 tion, p. D, London, 1818. 
 
 Des'de-mo'na. The heroine of Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of" Othello," daugh- 
 ter of Brabantio, a Venetian senator, 
 and wife of Othello, a Moorish gen- 
 eral, who kills her in a groundless 
 belief of her intidelity. See Othello. 
 
 She was never tired of inquiring if sorrow 
 had his young davs faded; and was ready to 
 hsten and weep, like Desdemona, at the stories 
 of his dangers and campaigns. Thackeray. 
 
 Deu-ca'li-6n. [Gr. Aeu/caAi'uv.] Gr. 
 (/■ Rom. 'Myth.) A son of Prome- 
 theus, king of Phthia, in Thessaly. 
 With his w4fe Pyrrha, he was pre- 
 sers'ed from a dehige sent upon the 
 earth by Jupiter; and he became the 
 progenitor of a new race of men, by 
 throwing stones behind him, as di- 
 rected by an oracle. From stones 
 thrown by Pyrrha there sprang up 
 women, and thus the world was re- 
 peopled. 
 
 Nor important less 
 Seemed their petition than when the ancient 
 
 pair 
 In fables old, — less ancient yet than these, — 
 Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore 
 The race of mankind drowned, before the 
 
 shrine 
 Of Themis stood devout. Milton. 
 
 Devil, The. In the Bible, and in 
 
 Jewish and Christian theology, the 
 sovereign spirit of evil, who is ever 
 in active opposition to God. A ma- 
 jority of the early Christians, literal- 
 ly interpreting certain passages of 
 Scripture, regarded him as an apos- 
 tate angel, the instigator of a rebel- 
 lion among the heavenly host, and 
 their ruler in a kingdom of dark- 
 ness opposed to Christ's kingdom of 
 light. To his agency was ascribed 
 all evil, physical as well as moral; j 
 and it was believed, that, for his W 
 crimes, he was doomed to suffer end- | 
 less torment in a material hell. Al- 
 though his power was supreme over 
 all not guarded b}' Christian faith and 
 rites, over those who were thus guard- '^ 
 ed, it was so weak that they could ^ 
 easily rise superior to his influence. 
 As prince of the demons, and as the 
 ideal of evil, vice, heresy, subtlety, 
 and knavery, he has figured promi- 
 nently in literature, especially that 
 
 ES" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DEV 
 
 90 
 
 DIG 
 
 of the Middle Apes. In tlic old mys- 
 teries and miracle-plays, he was otteu 
 represented on the stajije as a sort of 
 satjT or laun, with riaming saucer 
 eyes, sooty conijjlexion, horns, tail, 
 hooked nails, the cloven hoof of a 
 goat or horse, and a strong sulphurous 
 odour. At the present day, tlic doc- 
 trine of the existence of a personal 
 Devil, the chief of evil sjiirits, and 
 directly or indirectly the author of 
 at least all moral evil, is maintained 
 by most Christians, but rejected by 
 many. See Abaddo:n, Beklzebuu, 
 Satax, &c. 
 
 Devils' Parliament. [Lat. Parlia- 
 mentum JJiabuUcum.'] (Eng. Hist.) 
 A name given to the Parliament as- 
 sembled by Henry VI. at Coventry, 
 1450, because it passed attainders 
 against the Duke of York and his 
 chief supporters. 
 
 Devil's "Wall. A name given by 
 the inhabitants of the neighbourhood 
 to the old Roman wall separating 
 England from Scotland, because they 
 supposed, that, from the strength of 
 the cement and the durability of the 
 stone the Devil must have built it. 
 The superstitious peasantry are said 
 to be in the habit of gathering up 
 the fragments of this wall to put in 
 the foundation of their own tene- 
 ments to insure an e([ual solidity. 
 
 Devonshire Poet. A soljriquet or 
 pseudonym of O. Jones, an unedu- 
 cated Journeyman wool-comber, au- 
 thor of "Toctic Attempts," London, 
 1786. ^ 
 
 Diable, Le (lu de^'bl, 01). [Fr., the 
 Devil.] A surname given to liobert 
 I., Duke of Normandy. See Kobekt 
 THE Devil. 
 
 Diabolical Parliament. See Dev- 
 ils' rAr.LIAMENT. 
 
 Diafoirus, Thomas (to'ma' de'a'fwo'- 
 riiss', 34, 102). A young and pe- 
 dantic medical student, about to be 
 dubbed doctor, who ligures in Mo- 
 liere's "JIaladc Imaginaire " as the 
 lover of Angelique. 
 Tho undoubtiug fnith of a political Dirifolrns. 
 Macantai/. 
 
 Diamond State. A name sometimes 
 given to the State of Delaware, from 
 
 its small size and its great worth, or 
 supi)osed ini])ortance. 
 Dt-a'na, «r Di-an'a. (Gr. <f- Rom. 
 Mijtlt. ) ( )riginally," an Italian divin- 
 ity, afterward regarded as identical 
 with the Greek ArUmix, the daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter and Latona, and the 
 twin sister of Apollo. She was tlio 
 goddess of hunting, chastity, mar- 
 riage, and noctural iucantati(Mis. She 
 was also regartled as the goddess of 
 the moon. See Luna. Iler temjjle 
 at Ephesus was one of the Seven 
 Wonders of the World. [Written 
 also, poetically, Dian.] 
 
 Ilcnce [from chastity] had the huntress Dian 
 
 her droatl bow. 
 Fair silvcr-shafti'd quern, for ever chaste, 
 AVhorfwitli slic taim d the brinded lioness 
 And spotti'd inonntMin pan!, Init set at nought 
 The frivolous Imw of Cujiid ; ^'ods and men 
 Feared her stern firown, and she was queen of 
 
 the woods. JUUton. 
 
 Diavolo, Pra. See Era Diavolo. 
 
 Dicky Sam. A cant name applied to 
 the inhabitants of Liverpool. 
 
 Diddler, Jeremy. A character in 
 Kenny's farce of " Raising the Wind," 
 where he is represented as a needy 
 and seedy individual, always contriv- 
 ing, by his songs, bon-mols, or other 
 expedients, to borrow money or ob- 
 tain credit. 
 
 Di'do. [Gr. AiS^.] The daughter of 
 Belus, king of Tyre, and the wife of 
 Sichajus, whom her brother Pygma- 
 lion murdered for his riches. Escap- 
 ing to Africa, she jmrchased as much 
 land as could be encompassed with a 
 bidlock's hide, which — after the bar- 
 gain was completed — she craftily cut 
 into small shreds, and thus secured a 
 large piece of territory. Here, not 
 far from the Phoenician colony of 
 Utica, she built the city of Carthage. 
 According to Virgil, when iEncas 
 was shipwrecked upon her coast, in 
 his voj-age to Italy, she hospitably 
 entertained him, fell in love with him, 
 and, because he did not requite her 
 
 fassion, stabbed herself in despair. 
 Called als<j Elisa, or £lissa.^ 
 Dig'go-ry. A talkative, a\vkward ser- 
 vant in Goldsmith's comedy, " She 
 Stoops to Conquer," — "taken from 
 the barn to make a show at the side- 
 table." 
 
 and for the Bcmorks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 DIM 
 
 100 
 
 DIX 
 
 You might as wen make Hamlet (or Dig- 
 gory) "act mad" in a strait- waistcoat, as 
 trammel my butfoonery, if I am to be a buf- 
 foon. Byron. 
 
 Dimanche, M. (mos'e^' de'monsh', 
 43, G2). [Fr., Mr. Sunday.) A sobri- 
 quet popularly given, in France, to a 
 creditor or dun, in allusion to an hon- 
 est merchant of this name, introduced 
 by Moliere into his "Don Juan," (a. 
 iv., sc. 3). He is so called, doubtless, 
 because merchants and working-men, 
 having no other day in the week to 
 themselves, take Sunday for present- 
 ing their bills and collecting the 
 money which is due to them. 
 
 Dinah, Aunt. Mr. Walter Sha.nly's 
 aunt, in Sterne's novel of " Tristram 
 Shandy." She bequeathed to him a 
 thousand pounds, Avhich he had as 
 many schemes fur expending. 
 
 Din'mont, Dan'die {or Andrew). 
 A humourous and eccentric store- 
 farmer in Sir Walter Scott'." novel 
 of " Guy Mannering ; " one of the best 
 of rustic portraits. 
 
 Di'o-med, or Di'o-mede. [Lat. 
 Diomedes, Gr. Aio/i^Sr);.] ( Gr. cf liom. 
 Myth.) A sou of Tydeus, king of 
 jEtolia. He was one'of the most re- 
 nowned of the Grecian chiefs at the 
 siege of Troy, where he performed 
 many heroic deeds. He vanquished 
 in light Hector and ^neas, the most 
 valiant of the Trojans, and, along 
 with Ulysses, carried off the Palla- 
 dium, on Avhich the safety of Troy 
 depended. [Called also Tydides.'] 
 
 Di-o'ne. [Gr. Aiojit;.] ( Gr. <.} Rom. 
 2fi/ili.) A nymph who was, accord- 
 ing to some accounts, the mother of 
 Yenus. 
 
 Di-on'j^-sus. [Gr. AioVuo-o;, or Aiuvu- 
 (ro5.] (Gr. Myth.) The youthful, 
 beautiful, and effeminate god' of wine ; 
 the same as Bacchus. See Bac- 
 
 CIR'S. 
 
 Di-os'cu-ri. [Gr. Aido-Kovpot, sons of 
 Zeus, or Jupiter.] ( Gr. cj- Bom. 
 Myth. ) The well-known heroes Cas- 
 tor and Pollux, or Polydeuces. See 
 Castor. 
 
 Dt'rse (9). (Horn. Myth.) A name or 
 
 title of the Furies, given to them from 
 their dreadful appearance. 
 Dir'ce (4). [Gr. AipxTj.] Wife of 
 the Theban prince Lycus. For cruel 
 treatment of Antiope, she was tied to 
 a mad bull, and dragged about till 
 dead. See Antiopk and Lycus. 
 
 Dis. [Lat., kindred with divus, god.] 
 {Bom. Myth.) A name sometimes 
 given to Pluto, and hence also to the 
 infernal world. 
 
 Quick is the movement here! And then 
 so confused, unsubstantial, you might call it 
 almost spectral, pallid, dim, inane, like the 
 kingdoms of Vis .' Curlyle. 
 
 Dis-cor'di-a. (Rom. Myth.) A ma- 
 levolent deity corresponding with the 
 Greek Ei-is, the goddess of conten- 
 tion. See Pakis. 
 
 Di'ves. A Latin word meaning rich, 
 or a rich man. It is a common or 
 appellative noun, or, more strictly, an 
 adjective used substantively; but it is 
 often erroneously regarded as a prop- 
 er name, when allusion is made to 
 our Lord's parable of the rich man 
 and Lazarus. (See Luke xvi.) It 
 has been suggested that the mistake 
 originally arose from the fact, that, 
 in old pictures upon this subject, 
 the inscription, or title, was in Latin, 
 '■^ Dives et Lazarus" and that unedu- 
 cated persons probably supposed that 
 the lirst word was the name of the 
 rich man, as the last unquestionably 
 was that of the beggar. 
 
 Ivazar and Dires liveden diversely. 
 
 And divere guerdon haddcn tliey thereby. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Nor have you, O poor parasite, and humble 
 
 hanger-on, much reason to complain ! Your 
 
 friendship for Ztives is about as sincere as the 
 
 return which it usually gets. Thackeray. 
 
 Divine Doctor. An appellation given 
 to Jean Kuysbroek (1291-1381), ai 
 celebrated mystic. 
 
 Dtx'ie. An imaginary place some- 
 where in the Southern States of ! 
 America, celebrated in a popular ne-j 
 gro melody as a perfect paradise off 
 luxurious ease and enjoyment. The! 
 term is often used as a collective des- 
 ignation of the Southern States. Al 
 correspondent of the " New Orleansj 
 Delta" has given the following ac- 
 count of the original and early appli- 
 cation of the name : — 
 
 US' For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DIZ 
 
 101 
 
 DOC 
 
 4®=" " I do not wish to spoil a pretty 
 illusion, but the real truth is, that Dixie 
 is an indigenous Northern negro refrain, 
 as commou to the writer as the lamp-posts 
 in New Yorls city seventy or seventy-five 
 years ago. It was one of the every -day 
 allusions of boys at that time in all their 
 out-door sports. And no one ever heard 
 of Dixie's land being other than Manhat- 
 tan Island until recently, when it has 
 been erroneously supposed to refer to the 
 South from its connection with pathetic 
 negro allegory. When slavery existed in 
 New York, one ' Dixy ' owned a large 
 tract of land on Manhattan Island, and a 
 large number of slaves. The increase of 
 the slaves, and the increase of the aboli- 
 tion sentiment, caused an emigration of 
 the slaves to more thorough and secure 
 slave sections ; and the negroes who were 
 thus sent off (many being born there) 
 naturally looked back to their old homes, 
 ■where they had lived ia clover, with feel- 
 ings of regret, as they could not imagine 
 any place like Dixy's. Hence, it became 
 synonymous with an ideal locality, com- 
 bining ease, comfort, and material hap- 
 piness of every description. In those 
 days, negro singing and minstrelsy were 
 in their infancy, and any subject that 
 could be wrought into a ballad was eagerly 
 picked up. This was the case with 
 • Dixie.' It originated in New York, and 
 assi med the proportions of a song there. 
 In its travels, it has been enlarged, and 
 has ' gathered moss.' It has picked up a 
 ' note' here and there. A ' chorus ' has 
 been added to it ; and, from an indistinct 
 'chant' of two or three notes, it has 
 become an elaborate melody. But the 
 fact that it is not a Southern song ' can- 
 not be rubbed out.' The fallacy is so 
 popular to the contrary, that I have thus 
 been at pains to state the real origin of 
 it." 
 
 Diz'zy. A nickname given to Ben- 
 jamin Disraeli (b. 1805), an eminent 
 living English statesman. 
 
 Djinnestan (jin'nes-tan')- The name 
 of the ideal region in which djinns, 
 or genii, of Oriental superstition re- 
 side. [Written also J i n n e s t a n.] 
 
 Doctor, The. A nickname often given 
 to the first Lord Viscount Sidnioutli 
 (1757-1844), on account of liis being 
 the son of Doctor Anthony Addingtou 
 of Reading. 
 
 Doctor, The Admirable. See Ad- 
 mirable Doctor; and for Angelic 
 Doctor, Authentic Doctor, Di- 
 
 vine Doctor, Dulcifluous Doc- 
 tor, Ecstatic Doctor, Eloquent 
 Doctor, Evan(;elic.\l or Gospel 
 Doctor, Illujunated Doctor, In- 
 vincible Doctor, Dusefragaule 
 Doctor, Mellifluous Doctor, 
 Most Christian Doctor, Mo.st 
 Methodical Doctor, Most Keso- 
 LUTE Doctor, Plain and Perspic- 
 uous Doctor, Profound Doctor, 
 Scholastic Doctor, Seraphic 
 Doctor, Singul.\r Doctor, Sol- 
 emn Doctor, Solid Doctor, Sub- 
 tle Doctor, Thorough Doctor, 
 Universal Doctor, Venerable 
 Doctor, Well-founded Doctor, 
 and Wonderful Doctor, see the 
 respective adjectives. 
 
 Doctor Dove. The hero of Southey's 
 •' Doctor." 
 
 Doctor Dulcamara (dool-ka-ma'ra). 
 An itinerant physician in Donizetti's 
 opera, " L'Elisir d'Amore" ("The 
 Elixir of Love " ) ; noted for his char- 
 latanrj^, boastfulness, and pomposity. 
 
 Doctor My-book. A sobriquet very 
 generallv besto\ved upon John Aber- 
 nethy (17G5-1830),the eminent Eng- 
 lish surgeon. " I am christened L)uc- 
 tor My-bouk, and satirised under that 
 name all over England." Tiie cele- 
 brated "j\Iy-book," to which he was 
 so fond of referring his patients, was 
 his " Surgical Obser\'ations." 
 
 Doctor of the Incarnation. A title 
 given to St. Cyril of Alexandria (d. 
 444), on account of his long and 
 tumultuous dispute with Nestorius, 
 bishop of Constantinople, who denied 
 the mj-stery of the hypostatic union, 
 and contended that the Deity could 
 not have been born of a woman ; that 
 the divine nature was not incarnate 
 in, but only attendant on, Jesus as a 
 man ; and therefore that Maiy was 
 not entitled to the ajipellation then 
 commonly used of IMother of God. 
 
 Doctor Slop. 1. The name of a 
 choleric and uncharitable physician 
 in Sterne's novel, " The Life and 
 Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." 
 He l)reaks down Tristram's nose, and 
 crushes Uncle Toby's fingei's to a 
 jelly, in attempting to demonstrate 
 the use and virtues of a newlv iu- 
 
 and for the Bemarlcs and Rules to which t!ic numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 DOC 
 
 102 
 
 DOE 
 
 vented pair of obstetrical forceps. 
 Under tliis name Sterne ridiculed 
 one Doctor Burton, a nian-midwit'e 
 at York, against whoni he had some 
 pique. 
 
 jSSr" "The annals of satire can furnish 
 nothing more cutting uinl ludicrous than 
 this consummate portrait, so farcical, ami 
 yet so apparently free from satire." 
 
 Elwin. 
 
 2. The name was applied to Doctor 
 (afterward Sir John) Stoddart (1773- 
 1856), in caricature pamphlets, on ac- 
 count of his violent prejudices, and 
 the rancorous denunciations with 
 which he assailed the tirst Napoleon 
 and his policy in the London 
 "Times" newspaper, — of which he 
 was editor from 1812 to 181G,— and 
 also on account of the part he took at 
 the time of the Queen-Caroline cmeutc 
 in 1820-21. 
 Doctor Squintum. A name imder 
 which the celcbi'ated George "White- 
 field (1714-1770) was ridicided in 
 Foote's farce of " The Minor." It was 
 originally giNcn to him by Theodore 
 Hook, will) aiterwards applied it to 
 the Kev. iMlward Irving (171J2-18.31), 
 who had a strong cast in his eyes. 
 
 Doctor Syntax. The hero of a work 
 by William Combe ( 1741-1 82.3), en- 
 titled " The Tour of Dr. Syntax in 
 Search of the Picturesque," formerly 
 very popular. 
 
 Do-do'na. [Gr. AwSwrr;.] A very fa- 
 mous oracle of Jupiter in Epirus, sit- 
 uated in an oak grove ; said to have 
 been fovmded in obedience to the 
 command of a black dove ■with a hu- 
 man voice, which came fi'om the city 
 of Thebes in Egypt. 
 
 And I will work in prose and rhyme, 
 
 And praise thee more in both 
 Than bard has honoured beech or lime, 
 
 Or that Thessalian growth 
 In which the swarthy ringdove sat 
 
 And mystic sentence .spoke. Tennyson. 
 
 Dods, Meg. 1. An old landlady in 
 Scott's novel of " St. Ronan's Well ; " 
 one of his best low comic characters. 
 vBfJT" " Meg Dads, one of those happy 
 creations, approaching extravagance but 
 not reaching it, formed of the most di.s- 
 similar m.aterials without inconsistency, 
 . . . excites in the reader not the mere 
 pleasure of admiring a skilful copy, but 
 
 the interest and curiosity of an original, 
 and recurs to his recollection among the 
 real beings whose acquaintance has en- 
 larged his knowledge of human nature." 
 Sen tor. 
 
 2. An alias, or pseudonym, under 
 which Mrs. Johnstone, a Scottish 
 authoress, published a well-known 
 work on cookeiy. 
 
 Dod'son and Fogg (-sn). Pettifog- 
 ging lawyers in partnership, who fig- 
 ure in the famous case of " Bardell vs. 
 Pickwick," in Dickens's "Pickwick 
 Papers." 
 
 Doe, Jolin. A merely nominal plain- 
 tiff in actions of ejectment at com- 
 mon law; usually associated with 
 the name of liidiard Roe. 
 
 gfjr" The action of ejectment is a species 
 of mixed action, which lies for the re- 
 covery of posscf.'^ion of real estate, and 
 damages and costs for the detention of 
 it. It was invented either in the reiga 
 of Edward II.. or in the beginning of 
 the reign of Edward III., iu order to 
 enable suitors to escape from " the 
 thousand niceties with which," in the 
 language of Lord Mansfield, " real ac- 
 tions [that is, actions for the recovery of 
 real estate] were embarrassed and en- 
 tangled." In order to foster this form 
 of action, the court early determined 
 (drciter A. B. 1445-1499) that the plain- 
 tiff was entitled to recover not merely the 
 damages claimed by the action, but al.so, 
 by way of collateral and additional relief, 
 the land itself. This form of action is 
 ba.sed entirely upon a legal fiction, in- 
 troduced in order to make the trial of the 
 lessor's title, which would otherwise be 
 only incidentally brought up for examina- 
 tion, the dii'ect and main object of the 
 action. A sham plaintiff — John Doe — 
 pretends to be the lessee of the real claim- 
 ant, and alleges that he has been ousted 
 by a sham defendant, — Richard Itoe, — 
 ■who is called the " casual ejector." No- 
 tice of this action is then given to the 
 actual tenant of the lands, together with 
 a letter from the imaginary Kichard Koe 
 stating that he shall make no appearance 
 to the action, and ■warning the tenant to 
 defend his o\vn interest, or, if he be only 
 the tenant of the real defendant, to give 
 the latter due notice of the proceeding. 
 If no appearance is made, judgment is 
 given in favour of the plaintiff, who there- 
 upon becomes entitled to turu out the 
 party in possession. But if the latter 
 makes appearance, the first step in the 
 action is a formal acknowledgment by 
 him of his possession of the lands, of the 
 
 ' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DOE 
 
 103 
 
 DON 
 
 lease in favour of Doe, of Doe's entry, and 
 of ttie ouster by the tenant himself. This 
 elaborate tissue of fictions having been 
 introduced to comply with the technical 
 rules of legal title, when the real question 
 at issue presents itself, John Doe and 
 Kichard Roe disappear, the names of tlie 
 real parties are substituted, and the ac- 
 tion proceeds in the ordinary way at once 
 to trial. The action of ejectment is still 
 retained, with all its curious fictions, in 
 severtil of the United States ; in New York, 
 Pennsylvania, and other States, the fic- 
 titious part of the action has been abol- 
 ished. It has also been abolished, in 
 England, by the Common Law Procedure 
 Act of 1852 (15 and 10 Victoria, c. 76). 
 
 Warre>i. Chambers. 
 4)®=" Those mythical parties to so many 
 legal proceedings, John Doe and Richard 
 Roe, are evidently of forest extraction, 
 and point to the days when forest laws 
 prevailed, and venison was a sacred 
 thing." ' Loimr. 
 
 It was then I first became acquainted with 
 the quarter which my little work wUl, I liopis 
 render immortal, and grew familiar with thc-u 
 magnificent wilds through whicli the kings of 
 Scotland ouce chased the dark-brown doer, 
 but which were chiefly recommended to me, 
 in those davs, by their being inaccessible to 
 those metaphvsical persons whom the law of 
 the neighbouring country terms John Doe and 
 Jlichard Roe. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 While the patriotic author is weeping and 
 bow'ing, in prose, In blank verse, and in 
 ihyme, and collecting the drops of public sor- 
 row into his volume, as into a lachrymal vaso, 
 it is more than probable his fellow-citizens arc 
 eating and drinKing, fiddling and dancing, as 
 utterly ignorant of the bitter lamentations 
 made in their name as are those men fifstrnw, 
 John Doe and Jiickard Jioe, oi' the plaintitt's 
 for wliom they are generously pleased to Ijc- 
 come sureties. If. IiuiiKj. 
 
 D5'eg. [From Doeg, chief of Saul'.s 
 herrlsmen, "having charge of the 
 mules." 1 Sam. xxi. 7.] A nick- 
 name mider which Dryden, in the 
 second part of his " Absalom and 
 Achitophel," satirised Elkanah Sut- 
 tle (1G48-1743), a contemptible ))oet- 
 a.ster, who was for a time Dmlen's 
 successfid rival. 
 
 Doer/, though without knowing how or why, 
 Made still a blundering kind of melody, 
 Spurred boldly on, and dashed tlirough thick 
 
 and thin. 
 Through sense and nonsense, never out nor 
 
 in ; 
 Free from all meaning, whether good or bad. 
 And, iu one word, heroically mad. Dryden. 
 
 Doe'sticka, Q. K. Phl-lan'der. A 
 
 pseudonym adopted by Mortimer 
 Thompson, an American comic writ- 
 er of the present day. 
 
 Dog'ber-ry. An ingeniously absurd, 
 self-satislied, and liKpiacious nighl- 
 constable, in Siutkespeare's "J\iuch 
 Ado about Nothing." 
 
 It is an important examination, and there- 
 fore, like Doijbernj, we must spare no wisdom. 
 Sir IK. Scott. 
 
 Dom'bey, Florence. The heroine 
 of Dickens'.s novel of " Dombey and 
 Son; " a motherless child, of angelic 
 purity and loveliness of cliaracter. 
 
 Dom'bey, Mr. A prominent charac- 
 ter in Dickens's novel of "Dduiljcy 
 and Son ; " a jn-oud, self-sulliei<'nt, and 
 Avealthy merchant, ivlio is diseipliiied 
 and made better by a succession of 
 disasters. 
 
 Dom-dan'i-el. A cave in the region 
 adjoining Babylon, the abode of evil 
 spirits, by some traditions said to 
 have been originally the spot where 
 the prophet Daniel imparted instruc- 
 tion to his disciples. In another form, 
 the Domdaniel was a purely imagi- 
 nary region, subterranean, or subma- 
 rine, the dwelling-place of genii and 
 enchanters. 
 
 In the Domdaniel caverns, 
 Under tire roots of the ocean, 
 Met the Masters of the Sped. 
 
 Soutliejj. 
 
 We find it written, " Woe to them that are 
 at case in Zion; " but surely it is a doul)lc wue 
 to tlK'Ui tliat are at ease in Babel, in Dom- 
 daniel. Carli/lc. 
 
 Dominic, Friar. See Friar Doji- 
 
 INIC. 
 
 Dominie Samp'son (-sn). A school- 
 master in Sir W. Scott's novel of 
 "Guy Mannering ; " "a poor, mod- 
 est, humble scholar," says the author, 
 " who had won his way through the 
 classics, but fallen to the leeward in 
 the voyage of life, — no uncommon 
 personage in a countiy where a cer- 
 tain portion of learning is easily at- 
 tained by those who are willing to 
 suffer hunger and thirst in exchange 
 for acquiring Greek and Latin." His 
 usual ejaculation when astonished 
 was, " Pro-di-gi-ous ! " [Called also 
 Abel Sampson.] 
 
 Poor .Tnng [Stilling], a sort of German 
 Dominie Siiinii!<o>i, awkward, honest, irascible, 
 in old-fashioned clothes and bag-wig. 
 
 Carlijle. 
 
 Don A'dri-a'no de Ar-mS'do. A 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 DON 
 
 104 
 
 DON 
 
 pompous, fantastical Spaniard, in 
 Shakespeare's " Love's Labour 's 
 Lost ; " represented as a lover and 
 a retainer of the court, and said to 
 have been designed as a portrait of 
 John Florio, surnamed " The Reso- 
 lute." See Resolute, The. 
 
 j(gg= " Armado, the military braggart 
 in tlie state of peace, as Parolles is in war, 
 appears in the ridiculous exaggeration 
 and affectation of a child of hot Span- 
 ish fancy, assuming a contempt toward 
 every thing common, boastful but poor, 
 a coiner of words, but most ignorant, 
 solemnly grave and laughably awkward, 
 a hector and a coward, of gait majestical 
 and of the lowest propensities." 
 
 Gervinus, Trans. 
 
 Bon Belianis of Greece (ba'le-S'- 
 ness). The hero of an old romance 
 of chivalry founded upon the model 
 of the " Amadis," but with much infe- 
 rior art, and on a coarser plan. An 
 English abridgment of this romance 
 was published in 1G73. It is often 
 referred to in " Don Quixote." 
 
 He called you " le erand serieux," Don Be- 
 7ian h or' Greece, and I don't know what n ames, 
 mimickiug your manner. Thackeray. 
 
 Don Cher'u-bim. The " Bachelor 
 of Salamanca," in Le Sage's novel 
 of this name ; a man placed in dif- 
 ferent situations of life, and made to 
 associate with all classes of society, 
 in order to give the author the great- 
 est possible scope for satire. 
 
 Don Cle'o-fas. The hero of Le 
 Sage's novel, " Le DIable Bolteux" 
 (commonly called in English " The 
 Devil on Two Sticks"); a fiery 
 young Spaniard, proud, high-spirited, 
 and revengeful, but interesting from 
 his gallantry and generous senti- 
 ments. See AsMODEUs. [Written 
 also Cleophas.] 
 
 Farewell, old Granta's spires; 
 No more, like Cleofas, I fly. Byron. 
 
 Come away though, now, Don CleopJias : 
 we must go f'urther afield. ^ala. 
 
 Don Jii'SLn {Sp. pron. don hoo-an'). 
 A mythical personage who figures 
 largely in drama, melodrama, and 
 romance, as the type of refined lib- 
 ertinism. 
 
 4®= There are two legends connected 
 •with the name, both of Spanish origin, 
 but in course of time these have become so 
 
 blended together that they cannot easily 
 be separated. Don Juan Tenorio of Se- 
 ville, whose life has been placed in the 
 fourteenth century, is the supposed orig- 
 inal of the story. The traditions concern- 
 ing him were long current in Seville, in an 
 oral form, and were afterward dramatised 
 by Gabriel Tellez(Tirso de Molina). lie 
 is said to have attempted the seduction of 
 the daughter of the governor of Seville, or 
 of a nobleman of the family of the Ulloas. 
 Her father detects the design, and is 
 killed in a duel which ensues. A statue 
 of the murdered man having been erected 
 in the family tomb, Don Juan forces his 
 way into the vault, and invites the statue 
 to a feast which he has caused to be pre- 
 pared. The stony guest makes his ap- 
 pearance at table, as invited, to the great 
 amazement of Don Juan, whom he com- 
 pels to follow him, and delivers over to 
 hell. The legend, in its earliest known 
 form, involved the same supernatural 
 features, the ghostly apparition, the final 
 reprobation and consignment to hell, 
 which have, in general, characterised the 
 modern treatment of the subject. From 
 the Spanish the story was translated by 
 the Italian playwrights ; thence it passed 
 into France, where it was adopted and 
 brought upon the stage by Moliere and 
 Corneille. In Italy, Goldoni made it the 
 basis of a play. The first instance of a 
 musical treatment of the subject was by 
 Gluck, in his ballet of '' Don Juan," about 
 the year 1765. Afterward Mozart im- 
 mortalised the tradition in his great ope- 
 ra, " Don Giovanni," which first appeared 
 at Vienna in 1787. The name has been 
 rendered most familiar to Enghsh readers 
 by the use which Byron has made of it 
 in his poem entitled " Don Juan." But 
 the distinguishing features of the old 
 legend, those which separate Don Juan 
 from the multitude of vulgar libertines, 
 Byron has omitted, and he can hardly be 
 said to have done more than borrow the 
 name of the hero. 
 
 g^if " As Goethe has expressed the 
 eternal significance of the German legend 
 of Faust, so has Mozart best interpreted 
 the deep mystery of the Spanish legend ; 
 the one by language, the other by music. 
 Language is the interpreter of thought, 
 music of feehng. The Fauat-sage. belongs 
 to the former domain ; the legends of 
 Don Juan to the latter." 
 
 Scheible, Trans. 
 
 We could, like Dnti Juan, ask them [Dante's 
 phosts and demons] to supper, and eat neartily 
 n\ their company. Macaulay. 
 
 Don't break her heart, .Tos, you rascal, said 
 another. Don't trifle with her alFections, you 
 Don Juan .' Thackeray. 
 
 eS~ For the "Key to the Scheme of rromnici,''.tion," with the accompanying Explanations
 
 DON 
 
 105 
 
 DOR 
 
 Don Pedro. A Prince of Arragon 
 who figures in Shakespeare's "Much 
 Ado aljout Nothing." 
 
 The author of "Hajji Baba" returned an 
 answer of a kind most likely to have weight 
 with a Persian, and which we eau all observe 
 is, like VoH Pedro's answer to Dogberry, 
 "rishtly reasoned; and in his own division. ' 
 Sir )]'. Scolt. 
 
 Don Quix'ote. [Sp. Bon Qiiijote, or 
 Bon Quix'ote, don ke-ho'ta]. The 
 hero of a celebrated Spanish romance 
 of the same name, by Cervantes. 
 Don Quixote is represented as " a 
 gaunt country gentleman of La Man- 
 cha, full of genuine Castilian honour 
 and enthusiasm, gentle and dignified 
 in his character, trusted by his 
 friends, and loved by his depend- 
 ents," but " so completely crazed bj^ 
 long reading the most famous books 
 of chivalry, that he believes them to 
 be true, and feels himself called on 
 to become the impossible knight-er- 
 rant they describe, and actually goes 
 forth into the world to defend the op- 
 pressed and avenge the injured, like 
 the heroes of his romances. " 
 
 4®=- " To complete his chivalrous equip- 
 ment, — which he had begun by fitting 
 Tip fer himself a suit of armour strange to 
 his century, — he took an esquire out of 
 his neighbourhood ; a middle-aged peas- 
 ant, ignorant and credulous to excess, but 
 of great good-nature ; a glutton and a 
 liar ; selfisli and gross, yet attached to his 
 master ; shrewd enough occasionally to 
 see the folly of their position, but always 
 amusing, and sometimes mischievous, in 
 his interpretations of it. These two sally 
 forth from their native village in search 
 of adventures, of which the excited imag- 
 ination of the knight, turning windmills 
 into giants, solitary inns into castles, and 
 galley-slaves into oppressed gentlemen, 
 finds abundance wherever he goes ; while 
 the esquire translates them all into the 
 plain prose of trutli with an admirable 
 simplicit}', quite unconscious of its own 
 humour, and rendered the more striking 
 by its contrast with the lofty and courte- 
 ous dignity and magnificent illusions of 
 the superior personage. There could, of 
 course, be but one consistent termination 
 of adventures like these. The knight and 
 his esquire suffer a series of ridiculous dis- 
 comfitures, and are at last brouglit home, 
 like madmen, to their native village, 
 where Cervantes leaves them, with an in- 
 timation that the story of their adven- 
 tures is by no means ended. In a con- 
 tinuation, or Second Part, published in 
 
 1615, the Don is exhibited in another 
 series of adventures, equally amusing 
 with those in the First Part, and is 
 finally restored, ' through a severe illness, 
 to his right mind, made to renounce all 
 the follies of knight-errantry, and die, 
 like a peaceful Christian, in his own 
 bed.' " Ticknor. 
 
 j^B°" " Some say his surname was 
 Qui.xada, or Quisada (for authors differ 
 iu this particular). However, we may 
 reasonably conjecture he was called Quix- 
 ada, that is. Lantern-jaws. . . . Having 
 seriously pondered the matter eight whole 
 days, he at length determined to call 
 liimself Don Quixote. Whence the au- 
 thor of this most authentic history draw.") 
 the inference that his right name was 
 Quixada, and not Quisada, as others ob- 
 stinately pretend." Quixote means Liter- 
 ally a cuish, or piece of armour for the 
 thigh. Cervantes calls his hero by the 
 name of this piece of armour, because the 
 termination ote, with which it ends, gen- 
 erally gives a ridiculous meaning to words 
 in the Spanish language. 
 
 Be this law and this reasoning right or 
 wrong, our interfering to arrange it would not 
 be a whit more wise or rational than Don 
 Quixote's campaign against the windmills. 
 
 Iioctes Ambrosiame. 
 
 Don'zel del Phe'bo. [lt.,donzeUo, a. 
 squire, a young man.] A celeljrated 
 hero of romance, in the " Mirror of 
 Knighthood, " &c. He is usually 
 associated with Rosiclear. 
 
 Defend thee powerfully, marry thcc sump- 
 tuously, and keep thee in spite of Rosiclear or 
 Vonzel del Fhebo. Malcontent, Old Play. 
 
 Doo'Iin of Miy-ence' {Fr. ^won. 
 dO'Ia"). The hero of an old French 
 romance of chivalry which relates 
 his exploits and wonderful adven- 
 tures. He is chief!}- remarkable as the 
 ancestor of a long race of paladins, 
 particularly Ogier le Danois. 
 
 Dora. The "child-wife" of David 
 Copperfield, in Dickens's novel of 
 that name. 
 
 Doralice (/<. pjwi. do-ra-le'chS). A 
 female character m Ariosto's " Or- 
 lando Furioso." She is loved by 
 Rodomont, but marries Mandricardo. 
 
 Dorante (do'roi't', 62.) 1. A count in 
 Moliere's comedy, " Le Bourgeois 
 Gentilhomme." 
 
 2. A courtier devoted to the cha.sc, 
 who figures in Moliere's comedy, 
 "Les Facheux." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 DOR lOG 
 
 3. A character in Moliere's " L'E- i 
 cole des Femmes." | 
 
 I am coing to make it known bluntly to 
 that . . .old beau, to that DorantK becuiiie a 
 Geronte. Victor Uuao, Irmis. 
 
 Do-ras'tus. The hero of an old 
 popular " history " or romance, upon 
 which Shakespeare founded his 
 " Winter's Tale." It was written by 
 Eohert Greene, and was lirst pub- 
 lished in 1588, under the title of 
 "Pandosto, the Triumph of Tmie," 
 an example, according to Hallam, 
 of " quaint, affected, and empty eu- 
 phuism." 
 
 Do'rax (9). A character in Dryden's 
 play of "Don Sebastian;" i ^pre- 
 sented as a noble Portuguese tm-ned 
 renegade. 
 
 j3®=-"Dorax is the chef-d''muvre of 
 Dryden's tragic characters, and perhaps 
 the only one in which he has applied his 
 great knowledge of human kind to actual 
 deUneation." Edln. Review^ 1808. 
 
 But some friend or other always advised me 
 to put mv verses in the flre, and, like Dnrux 
 in the play, I submitted, " though witli a 
 BwelUns heart." &r T. Hcott. 
 
 Dorchester, Patriarch of. See 
 
 FATKIAKCII of DoitCIIESTEK. 
 
 Doria D'Istria (do're-a des'tre-a). 
 A pseudonym of Princess Koltzoti- 
 Massalsky (ne'e Helena Ghika, b. 
 1829), a distinguished Wallachian 
 authoress. 
 
 33or'i-c6urt. A character in Con- 
 greve's " Way of the World." 
 
 Dor'i-mant. A character in Etherege's 
 play entitled " The Man of Mode;" 
 a genteel witty rake, designed as a 
 portrait of the Earl of Rochester. 
 
 I shall believe it when Dorimant hands a 
 fish-wife across the kennel. Charles Lamb. 
 
 Dorine (do'ren'). A hasty and petu- 
 lant female in Moliere's " Tartuffe; " 
 represented as ridiculing the family 
 that she yet serves with sincere af- 
 fection. 
 
 Do'ris (9). [Gr. Awpi's.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 3fyth.) The daughter of Oceanus 
 and Tethys, and the wife of her 
 brother Nereus, by whom she became 
 the mother of the Nereids. 
 
 33or'o-the'a ( Ger. pron. do-ro-ta'a). 
 1. The heroine of Goethe's celebrat- 
 
 DOU 
 
 ed poem of " Hermann und Doro- 
 thea." ^ 
 
 2. [Sp. Dorolea, do-ro-ta'a.j A 
 beautiful and unfortunate young 
 woman who.se adventures form an 
 episode in the romance of "Don 
 Qiuxote." 
 Do'ry, John (9). 1. The title and hero 
 of an old ballad, formerly a great 
 favourite, and continually alluded to 
 in works of the sixteenth and seven- 
 teenth centuries. 
 
 2. A character in " Wild Oats, or 
 The Strolling Gentleman," a comedy 
 by John O'Keefe. 
 
 Do what I might, he interfered with the 
 resolute vigour ot Jolm Dory. JIuud. 
 
 Do'ffie-boys Hall. [That is, the hall 
 where boys are taken in and " done 
 for."] A model educational establish- 
 ment described in Dickens's " Nich- 
 olas Nickleby," kept by a villain 
 named Squeers, whose system of 
 tuition consisted of alternate beating 
 and starving. 
 
 Oliver Twist in the parish vrorlc- house, 
 Smike at IM/iehoi/a Hall, were petted children 
 when compared with this wretched lieir-ap- 
 pareut of a crown [Frederick the Great]. 
 
 Macaula)j. 
 
 Dotted Bible. A name given among 
 bil:)lii).ura]ihcrs to an edition of the 
 Bible published in London, in folio, 
 1.578, by assignment of Chr. Barker. 
 It is printed page for page with that 
 of 1574. 
 
 Doubting Castle. In Bunyan's spirit- 
 ual romance of " The Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress, " a castle belonging to Giant 
 Despair, in which Christian and 
 Hopeful were confined, and from 
 which at last they made their escape 
 by means of the "key called Promise, 
 which was able to open any lock in 
 the castle. 
 
 Conceive the giant Mirabeau locked fast, 
 then, in Douhting Castle of Vincenncs ; his hot 
 FOul surging up, wildly breaking itself against 
 cold obstruction, the voice of his despair re- 
 verberated ou him by dead stouc-walls. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Douloureuse Garde, La (la doo'loo'- 
 ruz' gafd, 4-3). [Fr.] The name of a 
 castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, won 
 by Lancelot of the Lake in one of 
 the most terrific adventures related 
 in I'omance, and thenceforth called 
 
 ffi3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DOU 
 
 107 
 
 DKA 
 
 La Joyeuse Garde. See Joyeuse 
 Gakde, La. 
 
 Dous'ter-swiv'el (-swiv'l). 1. (Her- 
 man.) A German schemer, in Sir 
 Walter Scotfs novel of " The Anti- 
 quary." 
 
 2. A nickname given by the 
 Scotch reviewers to Dr. John Gaspar 
 Spurzheim (176U-1832), a native of 
 Germany, a distinguished craniolo- 
 gist, anil an active promulgator of 
 the doctrines of phrenology in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Dove, Doctor. See Doctor Dove. 
 
 Dow, Jr. A pseudonvm adopted bv 
 Eldridge F. Paige (d. 185'J), an Eng- 
 lish humourist, author of "Patent 
 Sermons," &c. 
 
 Down'ing, Jack. A pseudonym 
 under which Seba Smith, an Ameri- 
 can writer, wrote a series of humour- 
 ous and popular letters (first published 
 collectively in 1833), in the Yankee 
 dialect, on the political affairs of the 
 United States. 
 
 Dra'co. [Gr. ApaKuv.] An Athenian 
 lawgiver, whose code punished 
 almost all crimes with death; whence 
 it vas said to be not that of a man 
 but of a dragon (Spixcov), and to have 
 been written not in ink but in blood. 
 
 Dragon of "Wtntley. The subject 
 of an old comic ballad, — a frightful 
 and devouring monster, killed by 
 INIore of More-Hall, who procured a 
 suit of armour studded all over with 
 long sharp spikes, and, concealing 
 himself in a -well resorted to by the 
 dragon, kicked him m the mouth, 
 where alone he was mortal. This 
 legend has been made the founda- 
 tion of a burlesque opera by Henry 
 CareJ^ Wcmtky is a vulgar pro- 
 nunciation of Warncliff, the name 
 of a lodge and a wood in the parish 
 of Penniston, in Yorkshire. 
 
 Dra'pi-er, M. B.,. A pseudon3'm 
 under which Swift addressed a series 
 of celebrated and remarkable letters 
 to the people of Ireland, relative to a 
 patent right granted by George I., in 
 1723, to one William Wood, allow- 
 ing him, in consideration of the great 
 want of copper money existing in 
 Ireland at that time, to coin half- 
 
 pence and farthings to the amount of 
 jCIOS.OUO, to pass current in that 
 kingdom. As the patent had been 
 obtained in what may bo termed a 
 surreptitious manner, through the 
 influence of the Duehess of Kendal, 
 the mistress of George I., to whom 
 Wood had promised a share of the 
 profits; as it was passed without 
 consulting either the lord lieutenant 
 or the privy council of Ireland; and 
 as it devolved upon an obscure indi- 
 vidual the right of exercising one of 
 the highest privileges of the crown, 
 thereby disgracefully compromising 
 the dignity of the kingdom, — Switt, 
 under the assumed character of a 
 draper (which for some reason ho 
 chose to write drapia-), warned the 
 people not to receive the coin that 
 was sent over to them. Such was 
 the unequalled adroitness of his 
 letters, such their strength of argu- 
 ment and brilliancy of humour, that, 
 in the end, they were completelj^ 
 successful: Wood was compelled to 
 withdraw his obnoxious patent, and 
 his copper coinage was totally sup- 
 pressed, while the Drapier — for 
 ■\vhose discovery a reward of £300 
 had been offered in vain — was re- 
 garded as the liberator of Ireland ; 
 his health became a peq^etual toast, 
 his head was adopted as a sign, a 
 club was formed in honom- of him, and 
 his portrait was displayed in every 
 street. 
 Draw'can-sir. The name of a blus- 
 tering, bullying fellow in the cele- 
 brated mock - heroic play of " The 
 Ilehearsal," written by George Vil- 
 liers, Duke of Buckingham, assisted 
 by Sprat and others. He is rejjre- 
 sented as taking part in a battle, 
 where, after killing all the combat- 
 ants on both sides, he makes an ex- 
 travagantly boastful speech. From 
 the popularity of the character, the 
 name became a synonym for a brag- 
 gart. 
 
 i^y " Johnson. Pray, Mr. Bayes, who 
 is that Drawcansir ? 
 
 Bai/es. Why, sir, a great hero, that 
 frights his mistress, suubs up kings, 
 baffles armies, and does what he will, 
 without regard to numbers, good sense, 
 or justice." The Rehearsal. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 DRI 
 
 108 
 
 DUE 
 
 The leader was of an ugly look and gigantic 
 stature ! he acted like a Jjrawcansir, tparin;,' 
 neither friend nor foe. AddLson. 
 
 In defiance of the young Drawcarisir's 
 threats, with a stout heart and dauntless ac- 
 cent, he again uplifted the stave, — 
 
 "The Pope, that pagan full of pride, 
 Hath blinded ." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 How they [the actors in the French Revolu- 
 tion] bellowed, stalked, and flourished about, 
 counterfeiting Jove's thunder to an amazing 
 degree! territic />/*aii'ca/is(V-tigures, of enor- 
 mous whiskerage, unUmited command of 
 gunpowder; not without ferocity, and even a 
 certain heroism, stage heroism, m them. 
 
 Carli/h. 
 
 Drisli-eeii' City. A name popularly 
 given to the city of Cork, from a dish 
 peculiar to the place, and fomierly a 
 very fashionable one among the in- 
 habitants. Drisheens are made of 
 the serum of the blood of sheep mi.ied 
 ■with milk and seasoned with pepper, 
 salt, and tansy. They are usually 
 served hot for breakfast, and are 
 eaten w-ith drawn butter and pepper. 
 
 Dro'gi-o. The name given, by Anto- 
 nio Zeno, a Venetian voyager of the 
 fourteenth centuiy, to a country of 
 vast extent, equivalent to a new 
 world. It is represented as lying 
 to the south and west of Estotiland, 
 and, by those who confided in the 
 narrative, was identified with Nova 
 Scotia and Xew England. The whole 
 stor\- is thought to be fabulous. 
 
 Dro'mi-o of Eph'e-sus. } Twin 
 
 Dro'mi-o of Syr'a-ciise. j brothers, 
 attendants on the two Antiphuluses 
 in Shakespeare's '' Comedy of Er- 
 rors." 
 
 Drugger, Abel. A character in Ben 
 Jonson's farce of " The Tobacconist." 
 
 Dnim, John. A name used in the 
 phrase, " John Drimi's entertain- 
 ment," which seems to have been 
 formerly a proverbial expression for 
 ill treatment, probably alluding orig- 
 inally to some particular anecdote. 
 Most of the allusions seem to point 
 to the dismissing of some unwelcome 
 guest, with more or less of ignominy 
 and insult. ['W'ritten also, though 
 rarely, Tom Drum.] 
 
 Oh, for the love of laughter, let him fetch his 
 drum ; he say s he has a stratagem for it : when 
 your lordship sees the bottom of liis success 
 in 't, and to what metal this counterfeit lump 
 of ore ^vill be melted, if you give him not John 
 Drum's entertainment, your inclining cannot 
 be removed. Stiak. 
 
 Tom Drum his entertainment, which is to 
 hale a man in by the head, and thrust him out 
 by both the shoulders. Stanihurst. 
 
 Drunken Parliament. (Scot. Hist.) 
 A name given to the Parliament 
 which assembled at Edinburgh, Jan. 
 1, 1661, soon after the restoration of 
 the Stuarts. Burnet says, " It was a 
 mad, warring time, full of extrava- 
 gance ; and no wonder it was so when 
 the men of affairs were almost per- 
 petually drunk." 
 
 Dry 'ads. [Lat. Dryades, Gr. ApuoSes.] 
 {Gr. t^- Rom. Myth.) Nj-mphs Avho 
 presided over the woods, and were 
 thought to perish with the trees 
 which were their abode. 
 
 Dry'as-dust, The Eev. Dr. An 
 
 imaginaiy personage who ser\'es as 
 a sort of introducer of some of Scott's 
 novels to the public, through the 
 medium of prefatory letters, purport- 
 ing to be written either to him or by 
 him, in relation to their origin and 
 history. The name is sometimes 
 used to stigmatise a dull, plodding 
 author, particularly an historian or a 
 writer upon antiquities. 
 
 Nobody, he must have felt, was ever likely 
 to study this great work of his, not even Dr. 
 Dryasdust. De Quincey. 
 
 There was a Shandean librar}' at Skelton 
 that would have captivated the most ascetic 
 of Dryasdusts. Percy Fitzgerald, 
 
 Truth is, the Prussian Di-yasdust, otherwise 
 an honest fellow, excels all other J^n/osdusts 
 yet known. I have otKen sorrowfully felt as 
 if there were not in Nature, for darkness, 
 dreariness, iramethodlc platitude, any thing 
 comparable to him. Carlyle. 
 
 Dry'o-pe. [Gr. Apvoir-q.] ( Gr. ^ Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of King Drj'ops, 
 and the wife of Andramion, — turned 
 into a poplar or a lotus by the Ham- 
 adryads. She had a son Amphis- 
 sos by Apollo. 
 
 'T was a lay 
 Alore subtle-cadenced, more forest-wild 
 Than Dryope's lone lulling of her child. 
 
 Keats, 
 
 Du-es's5. [That is, double-minded.} 
 
 A foul witch, in Spenser's " Faery 
 Queen," who, under the assumed 
 name of Fidessa, and the assimied 
 character of a distressed and lovely 
 woman, entices the Red-cross Knight 
 into the House of Pride, where, ener- 
 vated by self-indulgence, he is at- 
 tacked, defeated, and imprisoned by 
 
 i^- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DUK 
 
 109 
 
 DUM 
 
 the giant Orgoglio. Duessa becomes 
 the paramour of Orgoglio, who decks 
 her out in gorgeous ornaments, gives 
 her a gold and purple robe to wear, 
 puts a triple crown on her head, and 
 sets her upon a monstrous beast with 
 seven heads, — from which circum- 
 stances the poet is supposed to typity 
 the Roman Catholic church. Una, 
 having heard of the Red -cross 
 Knight's misfortune, sends Prince 
 Authur to his rescue, who slays the 
 giant, wounds the beast, releases the 
 knight, and strips Duessa of her 
 splendid trappings, upon which she 
 flees into the wilderness to hide her 
 shame from the world. 
 
 At present, though her eyes [those of " pop- 
 ish bigotry"] are bUndfoltled, her hands are 
 tied behind her, like the false Duessa's. 
 
 HazUtt. 
 
 The people had now to see tyranny naked. 
 That foul Duessa was stripped of her gorgeous 
 ornaments. Macaulay. 
 
 Compassion and romantic honour, the prej- 
 udices of childhood, and the venerable names 
 of history, threw over them a spell as potent 
 as that of Duessa; and, like the Red-cross 
 Knight, they thought they were doing battle 
 for an injured beauty, while they defended a 
 false and loathsome sorceress. Macaulai/. 
 
 Duke Humplirey. 1. A name used 
 in an old expression, '• To dine with 
 Duke Hmnphrey," that is, to have no 
 dinner at all. Tliis phrase is said to 
 have arisen from the circumstance 
 that a part of the public Avalks in 
 old Saint Paul's, London, was called 
 Duke Humphrey's Walk, and that 
 those who were without the means 
 of defraying their expenses at a 
 tavern were formerly accustomed to 
 walk here in hope of procuring an 
 invitation. 
 
 4S= " In the form Humfrey, it [Huni- 
 fred] was much used by the great house 
 of Bohun, and through his mother, their 
 heiress, descended to the ill-fated son of 
 Henry IV., who has left it an open ques- 
 tion whether 'dining with Duke Ilum- 
 phrey ' alludes to the report that he was 
 starved to death, or to the Elizabethan 
 habit for poor gentiUty to beguile the 
 dinner-hour by a promenade near his 
 tomb in old St. Paul's."' Yonge. 
 
 It distinctly appears . . . that one Diggory 
 Chuzzlewit was in the habit of perpetually 
 dining with Duke Humphrey. So constantly 
 was he a guest at that nobleman's table, in- 
 deed; and so unceasingly were his Grace's 
 hospitality and companionship forced, as it 
 
 were, upon him, that we find him uneasy, and 
 full of constraint and reluctance; writing his 
 friends to the effect, that, if they fail to do so 
 and so bj' bearer, he will have no choice but 
 to dine again with Duke Humphrey. Dickens. 
 
 2. Duke Humphrey, the Good. 
 See Good Duke Hljiphuey. 
 
 Dulcamara, Doctor. See Doctok 
 Dl'lcamaka. 
 
 Dulcifluous Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 JJulcijiuus.'] A name given to An- 
 tony Andreas (d. 13-20), a Spanish 
 Minorite, and a theologian of the 
 school of Duns Scotus. 
 
 Dulcinea del Toboso (dul-sin'e-4 
 del to-bo'zo; Sp. pron. dool-the- 
 na'a del to-bo'zo). In Cervantes's ro- 
 mance, the mistress of Don Quixote. 
 " Her name was Aldonza Lorenzo, 
 and her he pitched upon to be the 
 lady of his thoughts; then casting 
 about for a name which should have 
 some aflinity with her own, and yet 
 incline toward that of a great lady 
 and princess, he resolved to call her 
 Dulcinea del Toboso (for she was 
 bom at that place), a name, to his 
 thinking, harmonious, uncommon, 
 and signilicant." The name Z'u/cmefi 
 is often used as synonymous Avith 
 mistress or sweetheart. 
 
 I must ever have some Dulcinea in my 
 head, — it harmonises the soul. Sterne. 
 
 If thou cxpectest a fine description of this 
 young woman, in order to entitle thee to taunt 
 me with having found a Dulcinea in the in- 
 habitant of a fisherman's cottage on the Sol- 
 way Frith, thou shall be disappointed. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 His moodiness must have made him per- 
 fectly odious to his friends under the tents, 
 who"like a jolly fellow, and laugh at a melan- 
 choly warrior always sighing after X>«/cmca at 
 home. Thackeray. 
 
 Du-maine'. A lord attending on the 
 king of Navarre, in Shakespeare's 
 " Love's Labour 's Lost." 
 
 Dvun'bie-dlkes. A young and bash- 
 ful Scotch laird, in "love with Jeanie 
 Deans, in Sir Walter Scott's novel, 
 " The Heart of Mid-Lothian." 
 
 Dumb Ox. [Lat. Bos 3fntiis.'] St. 
 Thomas Aquinas ; — said to have 
 been so named by his fellow-pupils 
 at Cologne, on account of his silence 
 and apparent stupidity. His teacher, 
 however, detected the genius that 
 was wrapped up under his taciturnity, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiy-xxiii.
 
 DUX 
 
 110 
 
 DUR 
 
 and remarked, that, if that ox shouW 
 once begin to bellow, the world would 
 be tilled with the noise. He was 
 -( afterwards known as the " Angel of 
 the Schools" and the " Angelic Doc- 
 tor." 
 
 JSSr" '' He was the Aristotle of Chris- 
 tianity, whose legislation he drew up, en- 
 deavouring to reconcile logic with faith for 
 the suppression of all heresy. . . . His 
 overpowering task utterly absorbed this 
 extraordinary man, and occupied his 
 whole life, to the exclusion of all else, — a 
 life that was entirely one of abstraction, 
 and whose events are ideas. From five 
 years of age he took the Scriptures in his 
 hand, and henceforward never ceased 
 from metlitation. In the schools, he was 
 called by his companions the great dunb 
 ox of Sicily. He only broke this silence 
 to dictate ; and when sleep closed the 
 eyes of his body, those of his soul re- 
 mained open, and he went on stiU dic- 
 tating. One d.ay, at sea, he was not con- 
 scious of a fe;irful tempest ; another, so 
 deep was his abstraction, he did not let 
 fall a lighted candle which was burning 
 his fingers." MickeUt, Trans. Miche- 
 let, in a note, says of this surname, that 
 it is " full of meaning to all who have 
 noticed the dreamy and monumental ap- 
 pearance of the ox of Southern Italy." 
 St. Thomas is described as a large-bodied 
 man, fat and upright, of a brown com- 
 plexion, and with a large head, somewhat 
 bald. 
 
 Of a truth it almost makes mc laugh, 
 
 To see men leaving the golden grain, 
 
 To gather in piles the pitiful chaff 
 
 That old Peter Lombard thrashed with his 
 
 brain, 
 To have it caught up and tossed again 
 Ou the horns of the Dwiib Ox of Cologne ! 
 
 LoncifeUow. 
 
 Dun'can (dungk'.'in). A king of Scot- 
 land immortalised in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Macbeth." Shakespeare 
 represents him as murdered by Mac- 
 beth, wlio succeeds to the Seotti.<h 
 throne; but, according to veritable 
 history, he fell in battle. 
 
 Dunces' Parliament. See P.velia- 
 aiEXT OF Dunces. 
 
 Dundas, Starvation. See Starva- 
 tion DUNDAS. 
 
 Dun-drear'y> Lord. A grotesque 
 character in Taylor's comedy, " Our 
 American Cousin ; " noted for his 
 aristocratic haughtiness of manner, 
 his weakness and excessive indolence 
 
 of mind, his habit of discontinuity 
 in expression, his great admiration 
 of " Brother Sam," and his suspi- 
 cion of insanity in his friends, if, 
 trom any motive which he does not 
 understand, they constantly cross his 
 convenience. The name is used al- 
 lusively to characterise any empty 
 swell. 
 
 Dun Ed'in. A Celtic assimilation of 
 the name Edinburgh {i. e., Edwin's 
 burgh), serving at the same time as a 
 descriptive designation of its site, the 
 words meaning " the face of a rock." 
 In Scottish poetry, the nameis often 
 used as a synonym for Edinburgh. 
 [Written also D u u e d i n, as a sin- 
 gle word.] 
 
 "When the streets of high Dunedin 
 Saw lances gleam, and falchions redden. 
 And heard the slogan's deadly yeU, — 
 Then the Chief of "Branksomc fell. 
 
 SirW. Scott. 
 No, not vet, thou high Dun Edin, 
 
 Slialt thou totter to thv fall; 
 Though thv bravest and thy strongest 
 
 Are not there to man the walL Aytoim. 
 
 Dun-shun'ner, Augustus. A nom 
 de plume of Professor William Ed- 
 monstoune Aytoun (1813-1865), in 
 "Blackwood's Magazine." 
 
 Durandal (doo'r6»'dal'). [Ofuncer- 
 tam etjanology. The root is probably 
 the Fr. dur, hard, durej; to resist.] 
 The name of a marvellous sword of 
 Orlando, the renowned hero of ro- 
 mance. It is said to have been the 
 workmanship of the fairies, who en- 
 dued it with such wonderfid properties 
 that its owner was able to cleave the 
 Pyrenees with it at a blow. See Or- 
 lando. [Written also D u r a n d a r t, 
 Durindane, Durindale, Du- 
 r i n d a n a, D u r e n d a, D u r e n d a 1, 
 and D u r 1 i n d a n a.] 
 
 Durandarte (doo-ran-daf'ta). A fab- 
 ulous hero of Spain, celebrated in the 
 ancient ballads of that countrj', and 
 in the romances of chivalrj^. Cer- 
 vantes has introduced him, in " Don 
 Quixote," in the celebrated adven- 
 ture of the knight in the Cave of 
 Montesinos. He is represented as a 
 cousin of Montesinos, and, like him, 
 a peer of France. At the battle of 
 Eoncesvalles, he expires in the anns 
 of Montesinos. Both of these char- 
 
 KS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 DUR 
 
 111 
 
 DUR 
 
 acters arc regarded by Tickuor as 
 imaginary personages. 
 
 In the mean time, as Ihirnndarte says in the 
 Cave of Moutesiuos, "I'utieuce, and sluiftlc 
 the cards." Btiion. 
 
 Dur'den, Dame (dur'dn). 1. The 
 lieroine of a popular English song. 
 She is described as a notable house- 
 wife, and the mistress of numerous 
 serving-girls and labouring men. 
 2. A sobriquet applied to Esther 
 
 Summerson, the heroine of Dickens's 
 " 151cak House." 
 Durga (dmn-'ga). {Hindu Myth.) The. 
 consort of Siva, represented as having 
 ten arms. 
 
 Dur'ward, Quen'tin. The hero of 
 Scott's novel of the same name; a 
 young archer of the Scottish guard 
 in the service of Louis XI. of 
 France. 
 
 and for the Kemarka and Kults to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 EAG 
 
 112 
 
 ECS 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle of Brittany. [Fr. L'Aigle de 
 Brtta<jm.'\ A title bestowed upon 
 Bertrand du Guesclin (d. 1380), a 
 native of Brittaii}^, and constable of 
 Prance, renowned for his gallantry 
 and military skill. 
 
 Eagle of Divines. A title bestowed 
 upon Thomas Aquinas, the famous 
 theologian of the thirteenth century. 
 See Dumb Ox. 
 
 Eagle of French Doctors. [Fr. 
 L\-i.if/le dcs Dodeurs de France.'] A 
 surname given to Pierre d' Ailly ( - 350- 
 1425), a celebrated French cardinal 
 and theological disputant. 
 
 Eagle of Meaux (mo). [Fr. L'Aigle 
 de Meaux.'] A name popularly given 
 to Jacques Benigne Bossuet (1627- 
 1704), a French divine celebrated for 
 his extraordinary powers of pulpit 
 eloquence, and for many years bishop 
 of Meaux. 
 
 Eastern States. A name popularly 
 given, in America, to the six New 
 England States, — Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire, Vennont, Massachusetts, Ehode 
 Island, and Connecticut. 
 
 Eblis {Arab. jvon. ib-lees')- The 
 name given by the Arabians to the 
 prince of the apostate angels, whom 
 they represent as exiled to the in- 
 fernal regions for refusing to worship 
 Adam at the command of the Su- 
 preme. Eblis alleged, in justification 
 of his refusal, that he himself had 
 been formed of ethereal fire, while 
 Adam was only a creature of clay. 
 To gratify his revenge, Eblis tempted 
 Adam and Eve, and succeeded in 
 leading them to their fall from inno- 
 cence, in consequence of which they 
 Tvere separated. The Mohammedans 
 say, that, at the moment of the birth 
 of their prophet, the throne of Eblis 
 ■was precipitated to the bottom of hell, 
 and the idols of the Gentiles were 
 overturned. According to some, he 
 is the same as the jizazel of the 
 Hebrews. [Written also Iblis.] 
 
 Ebony. [That is. Black wood.] A 
 humorous appellation given to Mr. 
 
 William Blackwood (1777-1834), the 
 original publisher of " Blackwood's 
 Magazine." He was so called by 
 James Hogg, the " Ettrick Shep- t 
 herd," in a famous jeu d" esprit, en- ^ 
 titled " The Chaldee Manuscript," 
 which appeared in the number for 
 October, 1817, but was immediately i 
 suppressed on account of its perso- 
 nalities and alleged immorality. The ' 
 name is sometimes used as a synonym ; 
 for the magazine itself. 
 
 Ech'o {Lat. jiron. e'ko). [Gr. 'Hxoi.] 
 (6'?-. (f Rom. Myth.) An oread, who ; 
 fell desperately in love with Narcis- 
 sus. As her love Avas not returned, 
 she pined away in gi'ief, until at last 
 there remained of her nothing but " 
 her voice. 
 
 Eckliardt, The Faithful (ek'haft, \ 
 64). [Ger. Der treue Eckliardt.] A | 
 legendary hero of Germanj', repre- 
 sented as an old man with a white 
 staft', who, in Eisleben, appears on 
 the evening of Maundy - Thursday, 
 and drives all the people into their 
 houses, to save them from being 
 harmed by a terrible procession of 
 dead men, headless bodies, and two- 
 legged horses, which immediately 
 after passes by. Other traditions 
 represent him as the companion of 
 the knight Tannhauser, and as warn- 
 ing travellers from the Venusberg, the 
 mountain of fatal delights in the old 
 mythology of Germany. Tieck has 
 founded a story upon this legend, 
 which has been translated into Eng- 
 lish by Carlyle, in which Eckliardt 
 is described as the good servant who 
 perishes to save his master's children 
 from the seducing fiends of the moun- 
 tain. The German proverb, " Thou 
 art the faithful Eckliardt ; thou wam- 
 est every one," is founded upon this 
 tradition. See Tannhauser. 
 
 Ecstatic Doctor. [Lat. Doctoi' Ecstat- 
 icus.] An honorary appellation con- 
 ferred upon Jean Ruysbroek (1294- 
 1381), one of the old schoolmen. He 
 was prior of the Canons Regular of 
 
 OS- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying EzplanationB,
 
 EDG 
 
 113 
 
 ELA 
 
 St. Augustine at Grunthal in Brabant, 
 and a mystic. 
 
 Udgar. Son to Gloster, in Sliake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Lear." 
 
 Edict, Perpetual. See PEKrExuAL 
 Edict. 
 
 Edict of Wantes (nants, or no°t, 62). 
 (Fr. Ilist.) A celebrated decree, 
 dated at Nantes, in 1598, by which 
 Henry IV. of France granted tolera- 
 tion to his Protestant subjects. It was 
 revoked by Louis XIV., on the 18th 
 of October, 1685. The result of this 
 despotic act was, that, rather than 
 confornr to the established religion, 
 400,000 Protestants — among the 
 most industrious, intelligent, and re- 
 ligious of the nation — quitted France, 
 and took refuge in Great Britain, 
 Holland, Prussia, Switzerland, and 
 America. 
 
 Edict of Restitution. (Ger. Hist.) 
 A decree issued, in 1629, by the Em- 
 peror Frederick II. of Germany, re- 
 quiring the relniquishment of many 
 church lands. 
 
 Ed'in, or E-di'na. A poetical name 
 for Edinburgh, said to have been in- 
 troduced by Buchanan, the Scottish 
 poet. 
 
 Edina ! Scotia's darling seat I 
 All hail thy palaces and towers. 
 
 ■Where once, beneath a monarch's feet, 
 Sat legislation's sovereign powers. 
 
 Bums. 
 
 Edmonton, "Witch of. See Witch 
 
 OF Edmonton. 
 Edmund. A bastard son of Gloster, 
 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Lear." 
 Edwin. 1. The hero of Goldsmith's 
 
 ballad entitled " The Hermit." 
 
 2. The hero of Mallet's ballad of 
 " Edwin and Emma." 
 
 3. The hero ofBeattie's" Minstrel." 
 Egalit6 {a-'gfi'le'tri'). [Fr., equality.] 
 
 A name assumed, in 1792, by Louis 
 Philippe Joseph, Duke of "Orleans 
 (born 1747, guillotined 1793), in place 
 of his hereditary title, in order to 
 court the favour of the populace. 
 E-ge'ri-5 (9 ). ( Rom. Myth. ) A nymph 
 from whom King Numa Pompilius 
 was fabled to have received his in- 
 structions respecting the forms of pub- 
 lic worship which he established in 
 
 Rome. Their interviews took place in 
 a grove near Aricia, or, according to 
 some versions of the story, near Rome. 
 
 E-ge'us. Father to Hermia, in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." 
 
 Eg'la-mour. 1. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Two Gentlemen of Vero- 
 na," who is an agent of Silvia in 
 her escape. 
 
 2. (Sir.) A valiant knight of the 
 Round Table, celebrated in the ro- 
 mances of chivalry, and in an old 
 ballad. [Written also E g 1 a in o r e.] 
 
 Eg'lan-tine, Madame. The name 
 of the prioress, in Chaucer's " Can- 
 terbury Tales." She is distinguished 
 for the mixture, in her manners and 
 costume, of gentle worldly vanities 
 and ignorance of the world ; for her 
 gayety, and the ever-visible difficulty 
 she feels in putting on an air of 
 courtly hauteur; for the lady-like 
 delicac}' of her manners at table ; and 
 for her partiality to lap-dogs. 
 
 Egypt. A cant popular designation 
 of the southern portion of the State 
 of Illinois, — being a figurative al- 
 lusion to the "thick darkness" in 
 which ancient Egypt was involved 
 for three days, in the time of Moses ; 
 or, as some say, to the extraordinary 
 fertility of that country. The inhab- 
 itants of Southern Illinois have had 
 the reputation of being, in general, 
 extremely ignorant. In its agricult- 
 ural capabilities, and in actual fruit- 
 fulne.ss, this region is unsurpassed, if 
 not unequalled, by anv other in the 
 United States. 
 
 Egypt, Little. See Lords of Lit- 
 tle Egypt. 
 
 Egyptian Thief. A personage al- 
 luded to by the Duke in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night " (a. v., sc. 
 1 ). The reference is to the story of 
 Thyamis, a robber-chief and native 
 of Memphis, who, knowing he must 
 die, would have stabbed his captive 
 Chariclea, a woman whom he loved. 
 
 E-laine'. A mythic lady connected 
 with the romances of King Arthur's 
 court. Her story is treated by Ten- 
 nyson in his " Idylls of the King." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 8
 
 ELB 
 
 114 
 
 ELI 
 
 Elbow. A constable, in Shakespeare's 
 "Measure for Measure," — ignorant 
 and teeble-minded, but modest and 
 ■\vell-meaiiing. 
 
 El Do-ra'do, or El Do-ra'do. [Sp., 
 the golden land. J A name given by 
 the Spaniards to an imaginary coun- 
 try, supposed, in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, to be situated in the interior of 
 South America, between the rivers 
 Orinoco and Amazon, and to abound 
 in gold and all manner of precious 
 stones. Expeditions were fitted out 
 for the purpose of discovering this 
 fabulous region; and, though all such 
 attempts proved abortive, the rumours 
 of its existence continued to be ^e- 
 lieved down to the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 /!®= It is said that the name was at 
 first applied not to a country, but to a 
 man, "ei rey dorado.'^ Sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh, in his '• Discovery of the Large, 
 Rich, and Beautiful Empire of Guiana," 
 gives a description of the rising of this 
 gilded king, whose cliamberlains, every 
 morning, after having rubbed his naked 
 body with aromatic oils, blew powdered 
 gold over it through long canes. After 
 the name came to be used as the designa- 
 tion of a countrj', it seems to have been 
 variously applied, and the expeditions in 
 search of the golden land had different 
 destinations. The whole of Guiana was 
 sometimes included in the term. Hum- 
 boldt, while exploring the countries upon 
 the Upper Orinoco, was informed that the 
 portion of Eastern Guiana lying between 
 the rivers Essequibo and Branco was " the 
 classical soil of the Dorado of Parima." 
 Francis Orellana, a companion of Pizarro, 
 first spread in Europe the account of this 
 fabulous region. 
 
 In short, the whole comedy is a sort of £? 
 Dorado of wit, where the precious metal is 
 thrown about by all classes as carelessly as if 
 they had not the least idea of its value. 
 
 T.Moore. 
 
 There stoodest thou, in deep mountain am- 
 phitheatre, on iimbrajreous lawns, in tlie 
 serene solitude : stately, massive, all of granite, 
 glitterinK in the western sunbeams, Uke a 
 palace of £1 Dorado, overlaid with precious 
 ™etal. Carlyle. 
 
 E-lec'tra. [Gr. 'HAeVrpa.] {Gr. tf 
 Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Aga- 
 memnon and Clytemnestra, and tlie 
 sister of Iphigenia. She became the 
 accomplice of Orestes in the murder 
 of their mother. See CLYTEM^'ESTKA 
 and Okestes. 
 
 Eleven Thousand Virgins, The. 
 
 Celebrated characters in Komau 
 Catholic history. The legend con- 
 cerning them — which underwent 
 some enlargements in the coiu-se of 
 time — can be traced back as far as 
 the ninth centuiy, and is substan- 
 tially as follows: Ursula, a saint of 
 the Catholic chiu-ch, being demanded 
 in marriage by a pagan prince, and 
 fearing to refuse him, apparently con- 
 sented, but obtained a respite of three 
 years, and a grant of ten triremes and 
 te.n noble companions, each, as well 
 as herself, attended by one thousand 
 virgins. She passed the three years 
 with her virgins in nautical exercises ; 
 and when the marriage-day arrived, a 
 sudden wind arose, and w'afted them 
 to the mouth of the Khine, and thence 
 to Basel. Here they left their vessels, 
 and made a pilgrimage on foot to 
 Eome. On their retm-n, they encoun- 
 tered at Cologne an army of Huns, by 
 whom they were massacred, Ursula 
 having refused an ofler of marriage 
 from the prince. Their corpses were 
 buried by the people of Cologne, and 
 a church was erected to their honom-, 
 in which bones, said to be those of 
 Ursula and her comjjanions, are ex- 
 hibited to this day. 
 
 J&Sr" " This extravagant number of 
 martyred virgins, which is not specified 
 in the earlier legends, is said [Maury, 
 ' Legendes Pieuses,' p. 214] to have 
 arisen from the name of one of the com- 
 panions of Ursula being XJndecimella, — 
 an explanation very plausible, though I 
 must confess that I have not been able to 
 find any authority for the name Undeci- 
 mella." Max Miller. 
 
 E'li-a. A pseudonym tinder which 
 Charles Lamb -wrote a feeries of cel- 
 ebrated essays, which were begun in 
 the "London Magazine," and were 
 afterward collected and published by 
 themselves. 
 
 J8SS=- " The establishment of the 'Lon- 
 don Magazine,' under the auspices of Mr. 
 John Scott, occasioned Lamb's introduc- 
 tion to the public by the name under 
 colour of which he acquired his most bril- 
 liant reputation, — ' Elia.' Theadoptiou 
 of this signature was purely accidental. 
 His first contribution to the magazine 
 was a description of the old South - Sea 
 House, where Lamb had passed a few 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ELI 
 
 115 
 
 EME 
 
 months' novitiate as a clerk, thirty years 
 before, and of its inmates who had long 
 passed away; and, reniemberiug the 
 name of a gay, hght-hcarted foreigner, 
 ■who fluttered "there at that time, he sub- 
 scribed liis name to the essay." Talfourd. 
 Lamb's second paper was unsigned, and 
 the printer repeated the signature whicli 
 had been affixed to the first paper. This 
 led to its being attached to subsequent 
 contributions ; and Lamb used it until, 
 in his '■ Last Letters of Elia," he bade it 
 a reluctant farewell. 
 
 lie is also the true Elia, -n-hose essays are 
 extant in a little volume published a year or 
 two since, and rather better known from that 
 name without a meaning than from any thin^' 
 he has done, or can hope to do, in his own. 
 
 Charles Lwiib, Autobioffraph ical Sketcli, 182r. 
 
 Comfort thee, O thou mourner, yet a while; 
 
 Again shall Ella's smile 
 Kefresh thy heart, where heart can ache no 
 more. 
 
 What is it we deplore ? Landor. 
 
 El'i-diore. A legendary king of Brit- 
 ain, fabled to have been advanced to 
 the throne in place of his brotlier Ar- 
 tegal, or Arthgallo, who wa.s deposed 
 by powerful nobles to Avhom he had 
 given great ofl'ence. I-ietuniiug to 
 the coimtry after a long exile, Artegal 
 accidentally encountered his broth- 
 Ci , who received him with open arms, 
 took him home to the palace, and 
 reinstated him in his old positio», 
 abdicating the throne himself, after 
 feigning a dangerous illness, by which 
 lie succeeded in inducing his peers 
 once more to swear allegiance to his 
 brother. Artegal reigned for ten 
 years, wisely and well, and, after his 
 death, was succeeded by Elidure. 
 "Wordsworth has taken the story of 
 these two brothers for the subject of 
 a poem. See Aiitegal. 
 
 El'i-6t, George. The literaiy cog- 
 nomen of Mrs. Mary A. (Evans) 
 Lewes, a popular and very able nov- 
 elist of the present dav, author of 
 "Adam Bede," "The Mill on the 
 Floss," and other works. 
 
 E-li's5, or E-lis's5. Another name 
 of Lido. See Dido. 
 
 ElivSgar (S-lc-va'gaf). [Old Xorse 
 elf\ stream, and vufja., to wander.] 
 ( 'Scantl. Myth. ) The name of a great 
 chaotic river flowing from a fountain 
 in Niliheim. [Written also Eliva- 
 ga and Elivagor.] 
 
 Elm City. The same as City of Elms. 
 Sec CiTV OF Ei.Ms. 
 
 Elocution "Walker. A name popu- 
 larly given, in his lifetime, to John 
 Walker, the English orthoepist and 
 lexicographer (1732-1807), who was 
 for a long time a distinguished teacher 
 of elocution among the higher classes 
 in London. 
 
 Eloquent Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Fa- 
 cmdiis.] An honorary apix-llation 
 given to Peter Aureolus, Archbishop 
 of Aix in the fourteenth century. 
 
 El'shen-der the Kecluse. The 
 " Black Dwarf," in Scott's novel of 
 this name. [Called also Canny El- 
 shie.] 
 
 El'speth. 1. A character in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's "Antiquary." 
 
 2. An old servant to Dandie Din- 
 mont, in Scott's " Guy Mannering." 
 
 E-lj^'si-um (e-lizh'i-um). [Gr, 'HAu- 
 o-ioi'.] (Gr. if Horn. Myth.) The 
 blissful abode of the virtuous dead, 
 placed by Homer in the west, on 
 the border of the Ocean stream; by 
 Hcsiod and Pindar in the Foitnnate 
 Islands, or Isles of the Blest, in the 
 Western Ocean; by Virgil in the 
 luider-world, with an entrance ii'om 
 a cave on the shore of Lake Avernus, 
 in Campania. [Called also Elysicm 
 Fields.] 
 
 Em'bro. A common Scottish con-up- 
 tion of Edinburijh. 
 
 Emerald Isle. A name sometimes 
 given to Ireland, on account of the 
 ]iocuIiar bright green look of the sur- 
 liice of the countr3% It was first 
 used by Dr. William Drennan (1754- 
 1820), 'author of " Glendalloch, and 
 other Poems." It occurs in his poem 
 entitled " Erin." 
 
 " When Erin first rose from the dark-swelling ' 
 
 flood, 
 God blessed the "rccu island; he saw it was 
 
 good. 
 The Emerald of Europe, it sparkled, it 
 
 shone, 
 In the rin^ of this world the most precious 
 
 stone. 
 
 " Arm of Erin, prove strong; but be gentle as 
 
 brave. 
 And, uplifted to strike, still be ready to save; 
 Nor one feeling of vengeance presume to 
 
 defile 
 The cause or the men of the Emerald Isle." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Eules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xjtxU.
 
 EMI 
 
 116 
 
 ENG 
 
 Emile (il'mel'). The subject of Jean 
 Jacques Rousseau's novel of the same 
 name, and his ideal of a perfectly 
 educated young man. 
 
 E-mil'i-a. 1. The lad}' - love of 
 Palamon and Arcite in Cliaucer's 
 "Knight's Tale." See Palamon. 
 
 2. A lady attending Hermionc, in 
 Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." 
 
 3. Wife to lago, and waiting-wom- 
 an to Desdemona, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Othello; " a woman of 
 thorough vulgarity, loose principles, 
 and low cunning, united to a high de- 
 gree of spirit, energetic feeling, and 
 strong sense. 
 
 4. The sweetheart of Peregr-ne 
 Pickle, in Smollett's novel entitled 
 " The Adventures of Peregrine 
 Pickle." 
 
 Em-ped'o-cles. [Gr. 'E/jiTreSoKkri^.] 
 A famous Sicilian philosopher who 
 flourished about the year 450 b. c, 
 and was the reputed possessor of mi- 
 raculous powers. There was a tradi- 
 tion that he secretly threw himself into 
 the crater of Mount yEtna,inorder that 
 his mysterious disappearance might 
 be taken as a proof of his divine origin. 
 Luciaii says that the volcano threw 
 out his sandals, and thus destroyed 
 the popular belief in his divinity. 
 
 Others came single ; he who, to be deemed 
 A god, leaped fondly into Etna flames, 
 Empedocles; . . . and many more too long. 
 Milton. 
 
 Emperor of Believers. A title of 
 Omar I. (634), father-in-law of Mo- 
 hammed, and second caliph of the 
 Mussulmans. He was one of the most 
 zealous apostles of Islamism. 
 
 Emperor of the "West. A sobriquet 
 given to John ^Murray (1778-1843), 
 an eminent London publisher, be- 
 cause he changed his place of busi- 
 ness from Fleet Street, in "the City," 
 to Albemarle Street, at the West End. 
 
 Empire City. The city of New 
 York, the chief city of the western 
 world, and the metropolis of the Em- 
 pire State. 
 
 Em.pire State. A popular name of 
 the State of New York, the most 
 populous and the wealthiest State in 
 the Union. 
 
 Lo! the Empire State is shaking 
 The shackles from her hand; 
 
 "With the rugged North is waking 
 The level sunset land! Whittier. 
 
 En-cel'a-dus. [Gr. 'EyKeAaSo;.] ( Gr. 
 (f Rom. Myth.) A son of Titan and 
 Terra, and the most powerful of all the 
 giants who conspired against Jupiter, 
 and attempted to scale heaven. He 
 was struck by Jupiter's thunderbolts, 
 and overwhelmed under Mount ^tna. 
 According to the poets, the tlames of 
 yEtna proceeded from the breath of 
 Enceladus, and, as often as he turned 
 his weary side, the whole island of 
 Sicily felt the motion, and shook from 
 its very foundations. 
 
 She holds her adversary as if annihilated ; 
 such adversary being, all tne while, like some 
 buried Enceladvs, who, to gain the smallest 
 freedom, must stir a whole Trinacria [Sicily] 
 with its Etnas. Larlyk. 
 
 Endor, "Witch of. See Witch of 
 
 Endor. 
 En-dym'i-on. [Gr. 'EfSu/uiwi'.] ( Gr. 
 (f Rom . M'litli . ) A beautiful shepherd- 
 youth of Caria, who spent his life in 
 perpetual sleep, for ■which the old 
 legends assign various causes. Diana 
 is fabled to have come down to him 
 nightl}', as he lay in a cave of Mount 
 Latmus, that she might kiss him 
 unobserved. 
 
 He stood, 
 Fine as those shapely spirits, heaven-de- 
 scended, 
 Hermes, or young Apollo, or whom she, 
 The moon-lit Dian, on the Latmian hill, 
 When all the woods and all the winds were 
 still. 
 Kissed with the kiss of immortality. 
 
 B. W. Procter. 
 
 England, Boast of. See Tom-a-lin. 
 
 England, Clothier of. See Jack 
 OF Newbuhy. 
 
 England's Pride and "Westmin- 
 ster's Glory. An honorary title or 
 sobriquet given for a long time to 
 Sir Francis Burdctt (1770-1844), the 
 most popular English politician of 
 his time, and in particular the idol 
 of Westminster, which he represented 
 in Parliament for nearly thirty j^ears. 
 
 English .Sj'is-toph'a-nes. A title 
 assumed by Samuel Foote (1722- 
 1777), the comic dramatist. [Called 
 also The Modern Aristophanes.^ 
 
 English Bas-tille'. A nickname 
 given, about the first of the present 
 
 BS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ENG 
 
 117 
 
 ENG 
 
 century, to the jail of Cold-Bath 
 Fields, in London, from the number 
 of state-prisoners in it. 
 
 English Hob'be-ma. A designation 
 popularly given to Patrick (or Peter) 
 Nasmyth (d. 1831), a Scottish land- 
 scape-painter whose style was thouglit 
 to resemble that of the great Flemish 
 master Minderhout Hobbema (ICll- 
 1699), though it really had little in 
 common with it except minuteness of 
 detail. 
 
 English Jus-tin'i-Sn. A name often 
 given to Edward I., whose reign is 
 remarkable for the progress which 
 was made in it toward the settlement 
 of the laws and constitution of Eng- 
 land. Sir Matthew Hale remarks, 
 that more was done in the first thir- 
 teen years of this reign to settle and 
 establish the distributive justice of 
 the kingdom than in all the next 
 four centuries. And similarly Black- 
 stone says, " Upon the whole", we may 
 observe that the very scheme and 
 model of the administration of com- 
 mon justice between party and party 
 was entirely settled by this king." 
 
 Euglish Ju've-nal. An appellation 
 given to John Oldham (1G53-1G8;J), 
 a distinguished poet, on account of the 
 severity of his satires, and his spirited 
 delineation of contemporary life and 
 manners. 
 
 English Mersenne (mef'sen'). John 
 Collins, an English mathematician 
 and physicist (1624-1683) ; — so called 
 from IVlarin Mersenne, a contempo- 
 rary French philosopher and mathe- 
 matician, who was celebrated for the 
 wonderful extent of his erudition. 
 
 XaS' " In short, Mr. Collins was like the 
 register of all the new acquisitions made 
 in the mathematical sciences ; the maga- 
 zine to which the curious had frequent 
 recourse ; which acquired him the appel- 
 lation of the English Merscmne." 
 
 Hutton. 
 
 English Opium-eater. A name often 
 given to Thomas De Quincey, one of 
 tlie most remarkable English writers 
 of the present century, celebrated 
 for his eccentricities, induced — at 
 least in part — by the habit of eating 
 opium, and proclaimed by himself to 
 
 the world in a well-known volume of 
 '' Confessions." 
 
 English Pale. See Pale, The. 
 
 English Palladio (pal-la'de-o, 102). 
 An e))ithet given to Inigo Jones 
 (1573-1053), who introduced into 
 England the Italian or " classic " 
 style of architecture as exemplified in 
 the works of Andrea Palladio (1518- 
 1580) and his school. [Called also 
 The English Vltruvius-I 
 
 English Pe'trarch. A name given 
 by Sir Walter Raleigh to Sir Philip 
 Sidney (1554-1586), who, like Pe- 
 trarch (1304-1374), was one of the 
 earliest cultivators and refiners of 
 his native language. His writings, 
 as well as those of his Italian prede- 
 cessor, are characterised by a rare 
 delicacy of poetical feeling, and great 
 brilliancy of imagination. 
 
 English Kabelais (rab'la'). 1. A 
 name often given to Jonathan Swift 
 (1667-1745), whose writings resem- 
 ble in some points those of the great 
 French satirist. 
 
 2. A name sometimes given to 
 Lawrence Sterne (1713-1768), the 
 author of "Tristram Shandy" and 
 " The Sentimental Journey," and the 
 most airy and graceful of English 
 humourists. " The cast of the whole 
 Shandean history," sa3's Fitzgerald, 
 " its tone and manner and thought, is 
 such as would come from one satu- 
 rated, as it were, with Rabelais, and 
 the school that imitated Rabelais." 
 
 3. The same name has been giv- 
 en to Thomas Amory (1691-1789), 
 author of " The Life and Opinions of 
 John Buncle, Esq." See Buncle, 
 John. 
 
 XES= " The soul of Francis Rabelais 
 passed into John Amory. . . . Both were 
 physicians, and enemies of too much 
 gravity. Their great business was to en- 
 joy life." Hazlitt. " In point of ani- 
 mal spirits, love of good cheer, and some- 
 thing of a mixture of scholarship, the- 
 ology, and profane reading, he may be 
 held to deserve the title ; but he has no 
 claim to the Frenchman's greatness of 
 genius, freedom from bigotry, and pro- 
 foundness of wit and humour. lie might 
 have done very well for a clerk to Rabe- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 ENG 
 
 118 
 
 Err 
 
 lais ; and his master would have laughed 
 quite as much at, as with, hun." 
 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Englisla Ros'ci-us (rosh'i-us). An 
 lionorary epithet bustowed upon 
 David Gan-iclc (1710-177'J), the most 
 eminent actor of his day upon the 
 English .stage. 
 
 English Sap'pho (saf'fo). A title 
 given to Mrs. JNIary Darby Robinson 
 (1758-1800), mistress of George IV. 
 . _ She acquired a brilliant reputation for 
 beauty and wit, and was the author 
 of some well -esteemed lyric poems. 
 See Bella CKl:sc.v^-s. 
 
 English. Sen'e-ct. A name given to 
 Joseph Hall (1574-1650), an Englisi. 
 bishop remarkable for his scholar- 
 ship, piety, and misfortunes. [Called 
 also The Christian Seneca.'] 
 
 i3£5J= " lie was commonly called our 
 English Seneca, for the pureness, plain- 
 ness, and fulness of his style.'' Thomas 
 Fuller. " It is much to our pi-esent pur- 
 pose to observe that the .style of his prose 
 is strongly tinctured with the manner of 
 Seneca. The writer of the Satires is per- 
 ceptible in some of his gravest polemical 
 or scriptural treatises, which are per- 
 petually interspersed with excursive il- 
 lustrations, familiar allusions, and ob- 
 servations in life." Thomas Warton. 
 
 English Solomon. See Solojiox oI'" 
 Engla>'d. 
 
 English TSr'ence. A title some- 
 times given to lliehard Cumberland 
 (1732-1811), an English dramatist 
 and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 The Teroice of England, the mender of Iiearf h. 
 Ooldstnith. 
 
 English Tin'to-ret. A name given 
 bv Charles I. to William Dobson 
 (iG10-10-4G), a distinguished Eng- 
 lish portrait and historical painter. 
 [Called also The Emjlish Vand/jck.] 
 
 E'nid. A mythical lady mentioned 
 in a Welsh triad as one of the three 
 celebrated ladies of Arthm-'s court; a 
 beautiful picture of conjugal patience 
 and affection. Her story — which is 
 not included in the general cycle of 
 romances — has lately been rescued 
 irom obscurity by Tennyson, in his 
 " Idylls of the King." 
 
 Enlightened Doctor. See Illumi- 
 nated Doctor. 
 
 Ent616cliie (on'ta'la'she', G2). The 
 name given by Rabelais to an im- 
 aginary kingdom, which he repre- 
 sents as governed by Queen Quintes- 
 sence, and as visited by Pantagruel 
 and his companions in their search 
 to tind the oracle of the Holy Bottle. 
 This country symbolises the taste 
 for speculative science, and is, with- 
 out doubt, the foundation of the isl- 
 and of Laputa, in Swift's fictitious 
 "Travels" of I^emucl Gulliver. In 
 the Peripatetic philosophy, entelechy 
 signified an actuality, or an object 
 completely actnalised, in contradis- 
 tinction to mere potential existence. 
 
 En-telTus. See Dares. 
 
 E'os. [Gr. 'Hul?.] {Or. Myth.) The 
 goddess of the dawn; the same as 
 Aurora. See Aurora. 
 
 Eph'i-al'teg. [Gr. 'Ec^ioAtt)!.] (Gr. 
 <J'- Eom. Myth.) One of the giants 
 who made war upon the gods. He 
 was deprived of his left ej^e by Apollo, 
 and of the right by Hercules. 
 
 E-pig'o-ni. [Gr. 'Etti'voi/oi, the after- 
 born.] A name given to the sons of 
 the seven Grecian heroes who laid 
 siege to Thebes. See Seven AGAiNsr 
 Thebes. 
 
 Ep'i-men'i-des, [Gr. 'Efftfievi'ST)?,] A. 
 philosopher and poet of Crete, who 
 lived in the sixth or seventh century 
 B. c. His history has reached us only 
 in a mythical form. He is said to have 
 fallen asleep in a cave, when a boy, 
 and to have remained in that state 
 for fifty-seven years. On waking and 
 going out into the broad da3dight, 
 he was greatly peqilexed and aston- 
 ished to find every thing around him 
 altered. But what was more wonder- 
 ful still, during his long period of 
 slumbei', his soul, released from its 
 fleshly prison, had been busily en- 
 gaged in the study of medicine and 
 natural philosophy ; and when it again 
 became incarnated, Epimenides found 
 liimself a man of great knowledge and 
 wisdom. Goethe has written a poem 
 on the subject, " Des Epimenides Er- 
 wachen." See Klaus, Peter, and 
 Winkle, Rip Van. 
 
 Like EpimnufUs, I have been Bleeping in a 
 cave; and, waking, I see those whom I left 
 
 1^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,.
 
 En 
 
 119 
 
 ERY 
 
 children are bcanlcd men; and towns have 
 Bprung up in tlic luiid.-ca|)cs which I lelt as 
 solitary wastes. Hir E. Bultvtr Lijttun. 
 
 Ep'i-me'th.eus. [Gr. 'En-inTjeeu's.] ((h: 
 <J- lioin. Mijdi. ) A brother of Prome- 
 theus, and thu husbaud of randora. 
 See I'ANUoRA. 
 
 Eraste (i'rasf). Tlie heroine in Mo- 
 lierc's comedy entitled " Les la,- 
 cheux." 
 
 Er'a-to. [Gr. 'Eparoi.] [Gr. cf- Rom. 
 Jiytli.) One of the nine Muses. She 
 pres-ided over Ij'ric, tender and ama- 
 tory poetry. 
 
 Er'a-tos'trS-tus. Sec IIekostea- 
 
 TLS. 
 
 Er'e-bus. [Gr. 'EpejSo!, darkness.] 
 ( Gr. ij- Bom. Jfi/th. ) A son of Chaos, 
 and a god of hell. The name is usecl 
 by the poets to denote the dark and 
 gloomy cavern under the earth, 
 passed" tlirough by the shades in go- 
 ing to Hades. 
 
 E-re'tri-an Bull. An appellation of 
 Menedemus of Eretria, in Eubcea, a 
 Greek philosopher of tlie fourth cen- 
 tury B. c, and founder of the Ere- 
 trian school, which M'as a branch of 
 tae Socratic. He was so called on 
 account of the gravity of his coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 E-rich'tlio. [Gr. 'Eptxfluj.] A famous 
 Thessaliau witch consulted by Pom- 
 pe3'. 
 
 Such a puhipct even the powerful Erichlho 
 
 •was compelled to select, as alone capable of 
 
 being re-animated even by her potent magic. 
 
 Sir J)'. Scolt. 
 
 E'rin (9). An early name of Ireland, 
 now used as a poetic appellative. See 
 Emerald Isle. 
 
 E-rin'nys (pi. E-rin'ny-es). [Gr. 
 'EpifvOs; jJi. 'Epivvvcs, 'Epivvv^.) [6r'r. 
 Ifyth.) An avenging deity, one of 
 the Emnenides, or Furies. See Fu- 
 ries. 
 
 E'ris (9). [Gr. 'Epi?.) (Gr. Mijth.) 
 The goddess of discord ; a sister of 
 Mars, and a daughter of Night; the 
 same as the Roman Discovdia. 
 
 Erl-king. [Ger. Erl-konir/, Erlenl-o- 
 iii;/, derived by some from the root 
 erle, alder; by others supposed to be 
 identical with Elfen Kmifi, King of 
 the Elves.] A name applied to a 
 
 personified natural power or elemen- 
 tary sjiirit, whicli, according to Ger- 
 man ])oetical aiitliorities, prepares 
 mischief and ruin for men, and espe- 
 cially for childrm, througli delusive 
 seductions. It is fabled to a])i>ear as 
 a goblin, haunting the lilack Forest iu 
 Thuringia. The existence of such 
 elementary spirits, and their connec- 
 tion with mankind, have, in the ear- 
 liest times, occupied the imagination 
 of the most widely different races. 
 The Erl-king was introduced into 
 German jwetry Irom the sagas of the 
 North, through Herder's translation 
 (]f the Danish ballad of " Sir Olaf 
 and the Erl-king's Daughter;" and 
 it has become universally known 
 through Goethe's ballad of the "Erl- 
 keinig." 
 Erminia ( ef-me'ne-a). The heroine of 
 Tasso's epic poem, " Jerusalem De- 
 livered," in love with Tancred. 
 
 She read of fair Erminia'i flight, 
 Wliieli Venice flnce might hear 
 
 Sung on her glittering; seas at night 
 By many a gondoker. Mrs. Ilcman.^. 
 
 E'ros (9). [Gr. -Epcus.] {Gr. Mi/th.) 
 The Greek name of the deity called 
 Ciipido, or Cupid, by the Romans. 
 See Cupid. 
 
 Sr'ra Pa'ter. The name of some old 
 astrologer; but who was meant by it 
 has not been determined. Some of 
 the old almanacs say an eminent 
 Jewish astrologer. William Lilly 
 was so called by Butler. 
 
 In mathematics he was greater 
 Than Tycho Brahe or Erra 2'atrr. 
 
 JIudibras. 
 
 Er'y-ci'na. [Gr. 'EpuKtVrj.] {Gr. (f- 
 Jiom. Myth.) A surname of Venus, 
 derived from jNIount Eryx, in Sicily, 
 where she had a famous temple. 
 
 Er'y-man'thi-an Boar. See Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Er'y-sich'tlion. [Gr. 'Epuo-ixSur.] 
 ( Gr. ()'• Rom. Myth. ) A profane per- 
 son who cut down trees in a grove 
 sacred to Ceres, for which he was 
 punished by the goddess with raging 
 and unappeasable hunger. 
 
 E'ryx(9). [Gr. 'Epvf .] (Gr. (f Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Sicily who chal- 
 lenged Hercules to tight with the 
 gauntlet, and lost both his life and 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, 6ce pp. xiy-zxxii.
 
 ESG 
 
 120 
 
 ETE 
 
 his crown, which he staked on the 
 issue of tlie contest. 
 Es'ca-lus. 1. An ancient and kind- 
 liearted lord, in Shakespeare's " Meas- 
 ure for Measure," whom Vincentio, 
 the Duke of Vienna, joins with An- 
 gelo, but in an inferior rank, as his 
 cleputy during a pretended absence 
 on a distant journey. 
 
 We do not blame him [Leigh Hunt] for not 
 bringing to the judgment-seat the merciless 
 rigour oiLord Angelo, but we really think that 
 such flagitious and impudent offenders as 
 those now at the bar, deserved, at the least, 
 the gentle rebuke ui Escalus. Macaulay. 
 
 2. Prince of Verona, in Shake- 
 speare's " liomeo and Juliet." 
 
 Es'ca-nes. A lord of Tyre, in Shahe- 
 speare's " Pericles." 
 
 Es'mSnd, Henry. The title of a 
 novel by Thackeray, and the name 
 of its hero, a chivalrous cavalier and 
 Jacobite of the time of Queen Anne. 
 
 Esplandian (es-plan-de-an')- In the 
 old romances of chivalry, the son of 
 Amadis and Oriana. ftlontalvo has 
 made him the subject of an original 
 work, which is a continuation of his 
 translation of the "Amadis," and 
 which, in the preface, he announces 
 to be the fifth book of the same. 
 
 Espriella (cs-pre-el'ya). The name 
 of an imaginary Spaniard, whose 
 " Letters " from England, about the 
 year 1810, were written by Southey. 
 
 Es-tellS. The heroine of Dickens's 
 
 novel of " Great Expectations." 
 Estermere, King. See King Ester- 
 
 51 ERE. 
 
 Est-il-possible (ti'tel' pos'se'bl, 61). 
 [Fr., Is it possible ?] A name given 
 by King James II. of England to 
 Prince George of Denmark, the hus- 
 band of James's daughter, the Prin- 
 cess Anne, afterwards Queen Anne. 
 These words had been a common 
 phrase with the prince at the time of 
 the Revolution of 1688, as reports of 
 one desertion of the king after an- 
 other came to his ears. When he 
 also went over to William and IMary, 
 James is reported to have said, 
 " What ! Est-il-possihle gone too ? " 
 
 Es-tot'i-iand, or E3-tot'i-land'i-a. 
 According to the " Geographical Dic- 
 
 tionary" of Edmund Bohuu (1695), 
 " a great tract of land in the north 
 of America, toward the arctic circle 
 and Hudson's Bay, having New 
 France on the south, and James's 
 Bay on the west, the first of Ameri- 
 can shores discovered, being found 
 by some Friesland fishers, that were 
 driven hither by a tempest, almost 
 two hundred years before Columbus." 
 Alcedo says of it, "An imaginary 
 country which some authors suppose 
 to have been discovered in 1477 by a 
 native of Poland named John Scalve, 
 and that the same was part of the 
 land of Labrador. The fact is, that 
 this country never had any existence 
 but in the imaginations of the two 
 brothers of the name of Zeno, Vene- 
 tian noblemen, who had no particu- 
 lar information whatever respecting 
 the expedition of this Polish adven- 
 tiu-er; and that, in 1497, John Cabot, 
 or Gabot, left England with three 
 of his sons, under the commission 
 of Henry VII., when he discovered 
 Newfoundland and part of the imme- 
 diate continent where this coimtry is 
 supposed to exist." 
 
 Else . . . the low sun . . . 
 Had rounded still the horizon, and not known 
 Or east or west: which had forbid the snow 
 
 The learned Grotius marches his Nor- 
 wegians by a pleasant route across frozen 
 rivers and arms of the sea, through Iceland, 
 Greenland, Estotiland, and Norumbega. 
 
 }y. Irving. 
 
 E-te'o-cles. [Gr. 'EreoKA^.] (Gr. <f 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Qidipus, king 
 of Thebes. He and his brother 
 Polynices agreed to reign alternately, 
 each holding the power a year at a 
 time. Eteocles did not adhere to his 
 engagement, and hence arose the 
 Tlieban war. The brothers at last 
 agreed to tinish the war by a duel: 
 in this they both fell. 
 
 Like fated EteocIes-VcHya'ices, Brothers, cm- 
 bracing, tliough in vain ; weeping that they 
 must not love, that they must hate only, and 
 die by each other's hands 1 Carlyle. 
 
 Eternal City. A popular and very 
 ancient designation of Rome, which 
 was fabled to have been built under 
 the favour and immediate direction 
 of the gods. The expression, or 
 its equivalent, frequently occurs in 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ETT 
 
 121 
 
 EUR 
 
 classic authors, as LiN^y, Tibullus, 
 Quintiliau, &c. In the "^Eneid," Vir- 
 gil, following the received tradition, 
 represents Jupiter as holding the fol- 
 lowing language to Venus, in refer- 
 ence to the Romans, who were sup- 
 posed to be the descendants of her 
 son ^neas : — 
 " His ego nee metas rcram, ncc tempora pono: 
 
 Imperium siue tine dedi." Bk. /., v. (8, it). 
 
 " To them no bounds of empire I assira. 
 Nor term of years to their immortal line. 
 
 Dnjclen's 'J'ia)is. 
 
 Ettrick Shepherd. A name com- 
 monh' given to James Hogg (1772- 
 1835), the Scottish poet, who was 
 born in the forest of Ettrick, in Sel- 
 kirkshire, and in early life followed 
 the occupation of a shepherd. 
 
 "When first, descending from the moorlands, 
 I saw the stream of Yarrow glide 
 
 Along a bare and open valley. 
 The Ettrick Shepherd was ray guide. 
 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Eu'cli-o. A character in Plautus's 
 comedy of "Aidularia," celebrated 
 for his penuriousness. 
 
 Now you must e.xplain all this to me, unless 
 you would have me use you as ill as Eiicllo 
 does Staphyla, in the "Aulularia." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Eu-ge'rii-us. An amiable monitor 
 and counsellor of Yorick, in Sterne's 
 " Life and Opinions of Tristram 
 Shandy." He is said to have been 
 intended as a portrait of the author's 
 friend, John Hall Stevenson. 
 
 Eulenspiegel (oi-len-spe'gel, 43, 58). 
 
 See OWLE-GLASS. 
 
 Eu-mse'us. [Gr. EO/aatos.] (Gi: cf 
 Jioni. Myth.) A swine-herd and slave 
 of Ulysses, famed for his fidelity to 
 his master. 
 
 This second Eummus strode hastilj^ down 
 the forest-glade, driving before him, with the 
 assistance of Fangs, the whole herd of his in- 
 harmonious charge. <SiV W. Scott. 
 
 Eu-men'i-des. [Gr. Eu;uevi6es, i. e., 
 the gracious or benign goddesses.] 
 {Gr. Myth.) A euphemistic name 
 given by the Greeks to the Furies, 
 ■whose true name of Erinnyes they 
 •were afraid to utter. See Furies. 
 
 They lie always, those subterranean Eu- 
 menides, — fabulous, and yet .so true, — in the 
 dullest existence of man ; and can dance, 
 brandishing their dusky torches, shaking 
 their serpent hair. Carhjle. 
 
 Eu-mol'pus. [Gr. Eu/xoAttos.] {Gr. 
 
 tf- Rom. Myth.) A son of Neptune 
 and Chione, celebrated as a singer or 
 bard, and as the founder of the Eleu- 
 sinian mysteries. 
 
 Eu-phor'bus. [Gr. Eu<|)opi8o9.] {Gr. 
 {)'• Horn. Myth.) A Trojan, son of 
 I'anthous, slain by Menelaus in the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Eu-phros'y-ne. [Gr. 'S.v4>po(Tvvy], 
 cheerfulness, mirth.] { Gr. ()'• Rom. 
 Myth.) One of the three Graces. 
 
 Come, thou goddess fair and free, 
 In heaven y-clept Euphrosuue, 
 And by men, heart-easing Jlirth. 
 
 llilton. 
 
 Eu'phu-es. [Gr. Eic^vTjy, of good fig- 
 ure, comely, clever.] The principal 
 character in Lyly's two famous works 
 entitled " Euphues, or The Anatomy 
 of Wit," and " Euphues and his 
 England." These works are re- 
 markable for their pedantic and fan- 
 tastical style, and for the monstrous 
 and overstrained conceits with which 
 they abound. Euphues is represent- 
 ed as an Athenian gentleman, distin- 
 guished for the elegance of his per- 
 son and the beauty of his wit, and 
 for his amorous temperament and 
 roving disposition. 
 
 Eu-ro'pS. [Gr. Eupwirrj.] ( Gr. ^- Rom. 
 Myth.) A beautiful daughter of 
 Phcenix, or of Agenor, carried off by 
 Jupiter, under the form of a white 
 bull, from Phoenicia to Crete. By 
 him she became the mother of Minos 
 and Sarpedon. 
 
 Europe, The Nightmare of. See 
 
 Nightmare ob^ Europe. 
 Eu-ry'a-le. [Gr. 'EvpvdKr,.] {Gr. <]"■ 
 
 Rom. Myth.) 1. One of the three 
 
 Gorgons. See Gorgons. 
 
 2. A queen of the Amazons. 
 
 3. A daughter of Minos, and the 
 mother of Orion. 
 
 Eu-ry'a-lus. [Gr. EipuaAos.] A Tro- 
 jan youth, immortalised by Virgil as 
 "the faithful friend of Nisus. See 
 Nisus. 
 
 We have been Nisus and Euri/ahi.% Theseus 
 and Pirithous, Orestes and Pyladcs, and — to 
 sum Jip the whole with a puritanic touch — 
 David and Jonathan, all in one breath. 
 
 ,s'iv ir. Scott. 
 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce. [Gr. 'EvpvSU-q.] { Gr. (/• 
 
 Ro?n. Myth.) The wife of Orpheus, 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 EUR 
 
 122 
 
 Exe 
 
 killed by a serpent on her bridal 
 day. See Orpheus. 
 
 Orpheus' self may heave his head 
 
 From golden sluiinbcr on a bed 
 
 Of lieaped Elysian flowers, and hear 
 
 Such strains as would have won the ear 
 
 Of Pluto, to liave quite set free 
 
 His half-rcgaiacd Kunjdice. Milton. 
 
 Eu-ryl'o-clius. [Gr. EOpuAoxo?.] ( Gr. 
 (j'- Rom. Mtjtii.) One of the compan- 
 ions of Ulysses in his wanderings, 
 and the only one of them who was 
 not changed" by Circe into a hog. 
 
 Eu-ryn'o-me. [Gr. EOpvi'd/ixjj.] ( Gr. 
 cf- Bum. Myth.) A daughter of Oce- 
 anus and Tethys, and mother of the 
 Graces. 
 
 Eu-rys'theus. [Gr. Evpuo-eeu';.] (Gr. 
 ff lioin. Mytlt.) A son of Sthenelus, 
 and grandson of Perseus, king of 
 Mj'cena;. At Juno's instigation, he 
 imposed upon his cousin Hercules 
 twelve difKcult labours, which he had 
 a right to do on account of his prior- 
 ity of birth. See Hercules. 
 
 Eu-ter'pe. [Gr. EuTepn-j;.] [Gr. tf 
 Rom. Myth. ) The Muse of music ; 
 represented in ancient works of art 
 with a flute in her hand. See Muses. 
 
 E-vad'ne. [Gr. EuoSi'j;.] 1. (Gr. </■ 
 Rom. Myth.) Wife of Capaneus, and 
 mother of Stlienelus. Her husband 
 having been killed at the siege of 
 Thebes, she threw herself upon the 
 fiineral pile, and was consumed with 
 him. 
 
 2. A female character in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's play, " The 
 Maid's Tragedy." 
 
 E-van'der. [Gr. EJavSpo?.] (Gr. cf- 
 Rom. Myth. ) A son of Jlercury by 
 an Arcadian nymph. He is fabled 
 to have led a Pelasgian colony from 
 Arcadia into Italy, about sixty years 
 before the Trojan war. yEneas, 
 when he arrived in Italy, found him 
 still alive, and formed an alliance 
 with him against the Latins. 
 
 Evangelical Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Evanr/elicus.] See Gospp:l Doctor. 
 
 E -van 'ge -line. The heroine of Long- 
 fellow's poem of the same name, 
 founded upon the historical incident 
 of the expulsion of the inhabitants 
 
 of Acadia from their homes in the 
 year 175.5. See Acadia. 
 
 Ev'ans, Sir Hugh. A pedantic 
 Welsh parson and schoolmaster, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merry Wives of 
 Windsor," of childish simplicity and 
 ignorance. 
 
 The reader may well cry out, with honest 
 Sir Hugh Evans, " I lilce not when a 'ooraan 
 has a great peard: 1 si}y a great peard under 
 her muffler." Macaulaij. 
 
 Ev'e-li'nS. The title of a novel by 
 Miss Burney (Madame D'Arblay), 
 and the name of its heroine, after- 
 ward Lady Orville. 
 
 Ever - memorable John Hales, 
 The. See Hales, The Ever- 
 
 MEJIORABLE JoiIN. 
 
 Evil May-day. (Enr;. Hist.) A name 
 given to the 1st of May, 1517, on ac- 
 count of the dreadful excesses com- 
 mitted on that day by the apprentices 
 and populace against foreigners, par- 
 ticularly the French. 
 
 Evil One, The. A name often ap- 
 plied to the Devil. See Devil, The. 
 
 Ex-cal'i-bar. The name of Arthur's 
 famous sword, which he pulled out 
 of a miraculous stone, in which it 
 was inserted as in a sheath, though 
 previously two hundred and one of 
 the most puissant barons in the realm 
 had singly been unable to withdraw 
 it. An inscription on the stone 
 around the sword stated that who- 
 ever should be able to draw it out 
 was rightful heir to the throne of 
 Britain ; and Arthur, in consequence 
 of his remarkable success, was im- 
 mediately chosen and proclaimed 
 king by general acclamation. When 
 about to die, he sent an attendant to 
 throw the weapon into a lake hard 
 by. Twice eluding the request, the 
 knight at last complied. A hand 
 and arm arose from the water, and 
 caught the sword by the hilt, flour- 
 ished it thrice, and then sank into 
 the lake, and was seen no more. 
 Tennyson has admirably versified 
 this incident in his poem entitled 
 "Morte d' Arthur." [Written also 
 Excalibor, Excalibur, Es- 
 calibar, Escalibor, and C a 1 i- 
 b u r n.] 
 
 ISS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 EXC 
 
 123 
 
 EYR 
 
 iES= " According to the English metri- 
 cal romance of 'Merlin,' this celebrated 
 siTord bore the following inscription : — 
 
 ' Ich am v-hotc Escaliborc: 
 Unto a King a lair tresore.' 
 
 And it is added, in explanation, — 
 ' On Inglis is this %n-iting, 
 " Kervc steel and yren and al tiling." ' 
 
 TTheu Arthur first used this sword in 
 battle, 'it cast forth a great light full 
 fpleudant, with such force that aU those 
 ■who beheld it thought that they were 
 burniug torches which issued from the 
 sword ; but they were the golden letters 
 ou the sword which shone so mightily.' " 
 
 " Xo, surely," replied the king; "no sword 
 on cartli, were it the ExcaUhar of ICing Ar- 
 tlinr, can cut that Avhich opjioses no steady 
 resistance to the blow. tiir W. Hcoit. 
 
 Excelsior State. The State of Now 
 York, sometimes so called from the 
 motto •' Excelsior " upon its coat of 
 arms. 
 
 Expounder of the Constitution. 
 A title popularly given to Daniel 
 ■\Yebster (1782-1852 ), on account of 
 his elaborate expositions of the Con- 
 stitution of the United States. 
 
 Expiinging Kesolution, {Amer. 
 Hist.) A resolution introduced in 
 the senate of the United States, on 
 the 26th of December, 1830, by the 
 Hon. Thomas H. Benton, of Jlis- 
 .souri, by which a resolution adopted 
 by the senate on the 28th of March, 
 1834, charging " that the president 
 [Jackson], in the late executive pro- 
 
 ceedings in relation fo the public 
 revenue, [had] assumed authority 
 and power not conferred by the Con- 
 stitution and laws, but in derogation 
 of both," was ordered to be expunged 
 from the journal of the senate by 
 di-awiug black lines round the re- 
 solve, and writing across the face of 
 It, ni strong letters, the following 
 words: " Expunged, by order of the 
 
 senate, this day of , a. d. 
 
 1837." Mr. Benton's resolution wa.s 
 adopted on the IGth of March, 1837. 
 Exterminator, The. [Fr. VExter- 
 minattur, Sp. El Exterminador.] A 
 name given by the Spaniards to 
 Montbars (b. 1645), a notorious 
 French adventurer, who signalised 
 himself by his intense hatred of that 
 people, and by the atrocities he com- 
 mitted in the Antilles and other 
 Spanish colonies. 
 
 Eyes of Greece, The Two. See 
 Two Eyes of Greece, The. 
 
 Eyre, Jane (er, .3). The heroine of 
 Miss Charlotte Bronte's novel of the 
 same name, a governess, coping 
 bravely with adverse circumstances, 
 and finally proving her genuine force 
 of character by winning the respect 
 and love of a man in whom, though 
 he had exhausted the world, and 
 been exhausted by it, the instincts 
 and promptings of a noble nature 
 were not dead, but only suppressed. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 FAC 
 
 lL'4 
 
 FAI 
 
 Pac-to'tum, Jo-han'nes. One who 
 
 is good at any thln^, who can turn 
 his hand to any kind of work ; — 
 the Latin equivalent of Jack-ai-all- 
 trades. 
 
 There is an upstart crow [Shakespearel, 
 beautiful with our feathers, tliat, with hia 
 tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide, sup- 
 poses he is as well able to bombast out a blank 
 verse aa the best of yoU; and, being an absolute 
 Johannes Factotum, is, in his own conceit, the 
 only Shake-scene in a country. 
 
 Greene's Groatswurth of Wit, 1592. 
 
 Pad'la-deen'. The grand chai.iber- 
 lain of the harem in Moore's " Lalla 
 Rookh,"— magnificent, infallible, sen- 
 tentious, and shrewd. 
 
 Fag. A subordinate character, in 
 Sheridan's comedy of " The Rivals." 
 He is a lying servant to Captain 
 Absolute, and " wears his master's 
 wit as he does his lace, at second- 
 hand." 
 
 I am quite conscious of my own immuni- 
 ties as a tale-teller. But even the mendacious 
 Mr, Fag . . . assures us, that, though he 
 never scruples to tell a lie at his master's com- 
 mand, yet it hurts his conscience to be found 
 out. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pa'gin. An old Jew in Dickens's 
 " Oliver Twist," who employs young 
 persons of both sexes to carry on a 
 systematic trade of robbery. 
 
 Painall, Mr. and Mrs. Noted char- 
 acters in Congreve's comedy, " The 
 Way of the World." 
 
 Pain^ant, Le Noir (lu nwof fa'na'- 
 6"', G2). [Fr., the Black Sluggard.] 
 In Sir Walter Scott's " Ivanhoe," a 
 name applied to the disguised Richard 
 Coeur de Lion by the spectators of a 
 tournament, on account of his indif- 
 ference during a great part of the ac- 
 tion, in which, however, he was finally 
 victorious. 
 
 Pain6ants, Les Rois (la rwo fa'na'- 
 6"', 62). [Fr., the Do-nothing 
 Kings.] A sarcastic designation ap- 
 plied to monarchs who delegate their 
 authority to their ministers, or from 
 whom, by reason of incapacity and 
 weakness, the power has been wrest- 
 ed, while they are still pennitted 
 
 nominally to reign. The usual ap- 
 plication of the term is to the later 
 Merovingian sovereigns of France, 
 under wliose name the " Mayors of 
 the Palace" really governed the 
 country. The epithet Faineant was 
 also given in contempt to Louis V., 
 the last of the Carlovingian dynasty. 
 
 Fair City. A name popularly given 
 in Scotland to the town of Perth, 
 which is remarkable for the beauty 
 of its situation, and for its elegant 
 appearance. 
 
 Fair G6r'ai-dine. A supposed mis- 
 tress of the Earl of Surrey (Henry 
 Howard, 1516-1547), whose praises 
 he celebrates in a famous sonnet, and 
 in other poems, and who has been 
 the occasion of much controversy 
 among his biographers and critics. 
 There is no doubt, however, that the 
 lady called Geraldine in the sonnet 
 was an Irish lady named Elizabeth 
 Fitzgerald, the daughter of Gerald 
 Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of Kildare, 
 and afterward the wife of the Earl of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Fair Im'o-glne'. The heroine of a 
 popular ballad by Matthew Gregory 
 Lewis, entitled " Alonzo the Brave 
 and the Fair Imogine." 
 
 Fair Mag'ue-lone'. The heroine of 
 an old chivalric romance, entitled 
 " The History of the Fair Magalona, 
 daughter of the king of Naples, and 
 Peter, son of the Count of Provence." 
 This romance was originally written 
 in French, but was translated into 
 Spanish before the middle of the six- 
 teenth century. Cervantes alludes to 
 Magalona, or Maguelone, in " Don 
 Quixote." In Germany, her history 
 has been reproduced by Tieck. 
 
 Fair Maid of An'jou. A name given 
 to the Lady Edith Plantagenet, a 
 kinswoman of Richard Cceur de Lion, 
 and an attendant of his queen, Beren- 
 garia. She married David, Earl of 
 Huntingdon, prince royal of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 ista" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FAI 
 
 125 
 
 FAL 
 
 Fair Maid of Gal'lo-wiy. A name 
 popularly yiveu to Margaret, the only 
 daughter of Archibald V., Earl of 
 Douglas. She became the wife of 
 her cousin, William, to whom the 
 earldom had passed in the year 1443; 
 and, after his death, in reluctant obe- 
 dience to the royal command, married 
 his brother and successor, James, the 
 last Earl of Douglas. 
 
 Fair Maid of Kent. A name given 
 to Joan, only daughter of Edmond 
 Plantagenet, Earl of Kent, on account 
 of her great beauty. She was mar- 
 ried three times : lirst, to William de 
 Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, fi-om 
 whom she Avas divorced; secondly, 
 to Sir Thomas Holland; thirdly, after 
 his death, to her second cousin, Ed- 
 ward, the Black Prince, under a dis- 
 pensation from the pope, rendered 
 necessary by reason of their consan- 
 guinity. By the prince she was 
 mother of Richard II., in whose reign 
 she died. 
 
 Fair Maid of Worway. See Maiden 
 OF Norway. 
 
 Fair Maid of Perth (4). The title 
 of .1 novel by Sir Walter Scott, and 
 a sobriquet given to the heroine, 
 Catherine, or Katie, Glover, "who 
 was universally acknowledged to be 
 the most beautiful young woman of 
 the city or its vicinity." 
 
 Fair Ros'a-mond. The name pop- 
 ularly gix-en to a daughter of Lord 
 Clirt'ord, famous in the legendary his- 
 toiy of England as the mistress of 
 Henry H. shortlj'^ before his acces- 
 sion to the throne, and the subject of 
 an old ballad. The facts of her his- 
 tory are not well ascertained ; but she 
 is said to have been kept by her royal 
 lover in a secret bower at Woodstock, 
 the approaches to which formed a 
 labyrinth so intricate that it could 
 only be discovered by the clew of a 
 silken thread, which the king used 
 for that purpose. Here Queen El- 
 eanor discovered and poisoned her, 
 about 117.3. 
 
 Fairservice, Andrew. A shrewd 
 and humourous Scotch gardener at 
 Osbaldistone Hall, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of "Rob Roy." 
 
 Fair-Star, Princess. See Princess 
 Faik-Star. 
 
 Faith, Defender of the. Sec De- 
 fender OF THE Faith. 
 
 Faithful, One of the allegorical per- 
 sonages in Bunyau's " Pilgrim's 
 Progress," who dies a martj-r before 
 completing his journey. 
 
 Faithftd, Jacob. The hero of a pop- 
 nlar novel, b3^ Marryatt, having this 
 name for its title. 
 
 Falk'lSnd (fawk'lXnd). 1. A charac- 
 ter in Sheridan's comedy of " The 
 Rivals," noted for his wayward, cap- 
 tious jealousy. 
 
 2. The true hero of William God- 
 win's novel of " Caleb Williams," and 
 an impersonation of honour, intel- 
 lect, benevolence, and a passionate 
 love of fame ; but a man driven in a 
 moment of inigoveniable passion, and 
 under the provocation of the most 
 cruel, persevering, and tyrannical 
 insult, to commit a murder. His 
 fanatical love of reputation urges him 
 to conceal the crime ; and, in order 
 to do this more effectually, he allows 
 an innocent man to be executed, and 
 his family ruined. Williams, an in- 
 telligent peasant-lad taken into the 
 service of Falkland, obtains, by an 
 accident, a clew to the guilt of his 
 master; when the latter, extorting 
 from him an oath that he will keep 
 his secret, communicates to his de- 
 pendent the whole story of his double 
 crime, his remorse, and misery. The 
 youth, finding his life insupportable 
 from the perpetual suspicion to which 
 he is exposed, and the restless sur- 
 veillance of his master, escapes, and 
 is pursued through the greater part 
 of the tale by the unrelenting perse- 
 cution of Falkland, who is led, by 
 his frantic and unnatural devotion to 
 fame, to annihilate, in Williams, the 
 evidence of his accumulated guilt. 
 At last Williams is formally accused 
 by Falkland of robbery, and natural- 
 ly discloses before the tribunal the 
 dreadful secret which had caused his 
 long persecution, and Falkland dies 
 of shame and a broken heart. 
 
 Fall City. Louisville, Kentucky; — 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 FAL 
 
 126 
 
 FAT 
 
 popularly so called from the falls 
 which, at this jilace, impede the navi- 
 gation of the Ohio Kiver. 
 
 Pal'staflf, Sir Jolin (2). A famous 
 character in Shakespeare's comedy 
 of the "Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 and in the First and Second Parts 
 of his historical drama of " Henry 
 IV.;" the most perfect comic por- 
 trait that was ever drawn by the 
 pen of genius. In the former play, 
 he is represented as in love Avith ilrs. 
 Ford and Mrs. Page, who make a 
 butt and a dupe of him : in the latter, 
 he figures as a soldier and a wit : in 
 both he is exhibited as a monster of 
 fat, sensual, mendacious, boasiful, 
 and cowardly. See Beook, Mas- 
 tee. 
 
 fl®> In this character, Shakespeare is 
 thought to have ridiculed Sir Johu Fas- 
 tolfe, an English general of the time of 
 Henry VI., who had part of the command 
 before Orleans, in France, and, at the 
 Tillage of Patay, set the example of an 
 inglorious flight before Joan of Arc, caus- 
 ing great destruction of his men, for which 
 cowardice he was degraded from his rank 
 as a Knight of the Garter. The opinion 
 that Shakespeare intended to caricature 
 this personage has been very generally re- 
 ceived. Fuller, the church historian, 
 says, " Nor is our comedian excusable by 
 some alteration of his name, writing him 
 Sir John Fahtafe, and making him the 
 property and pleasure of King Henry V. 
 to abuse, seeing the vicinity of sounds 
 [doth] intrench on the memory of that 
 •worthy knight." Shakespeare introduces 
 the historical Fastolfe in "The First 
 Part of Henry VI.," and represents his 
 conduct at Patay, and bis subsequent 
 degradation, with liistorical accuracy. 
 But recent commentators deny that he 
 ■was the original of the " valiant Jack 
 Falstaff" of Shakespeare's other plays, 
 and treat the supposition as a gross ab- 
 surdity. In the first draught of " King 
 Henry IV.," Sir John Falstaff was called 
 Sir John Oldcastle^ a name borne by a 
 distinguished AVycliffite who was born 
 tinder Edward III., and put to death in 
 the fourth year of Henry V. The change 
 in the surname is attributed to rcmon- 
 
 ' strances on the part of 01dcastle"s de- 
 scendants. That Shakespeare was desirous 
 to do away with any impression that Fal- 
 staff and dldcastle were one and the same 
 personage under different names, appears 
 from the Epilogue to '' The Second Part 
 of King Henry IV.," in which, after prom- 
 
 ising that the play shall be continued 
 "with Sir John in it," he says, "For 
 any thing I know, Falstaff shall die of a 
 sweat, unless already he be liilled with 
 your hard opinions ; for Oldeastle died a 
 martyr, and this is not the man." 
 
 All novelists have had occasion, at some 
 time or other, to wish, with Falstaff, tliat tliey 
 knew where a commodity of good names was 
 to be had. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pang. A sheriffs officer, in the Second 
 I'art of Shakespeare's " King Henry 
 IV." 
 
 S'arinata (degli TJberti) (fa-re-na'ta 
 del'yee oo-bef'tec). A Ghibelline 
 noble of Florence (d. 1G24), placed 
 by Dante in hell, as a punishment 
 for his infidelity and epicurism. He 
 is represented as occupying a red-hot 
 tomb, the lid of whicli is suspended 
 over him till the day of judgment, 
 vet looking as lofty as if he scorned 
 iicll itself. 
 
 They [the Italians of the fourteenth century] 
 said little of those awful and lovely creations 
 on which later critics dehght to dwell, — T^oci- 
 imta, lifting his haughty and tranquil brow 
 iTom his couch of everlasting fire, the lion -like 
 repose of SordcUo, or the hght which shone 
 from the celestial smile of Beatrice. 
 
 Ilacamatj. 
 
 Parmer George. A name popularly 
 given to George HI. of England, on 
 account of his parsimonious disposi- 
 tion, plain dress, familiar manners, 
 and hearty and homely good-nature. 
 He is said to have kept a fiirm at 
 Windsor, not for amusement, but be- 
 cause he derived a small profit fi'ora 
 it. 
 
 Fata Morgana (fil'ta mof-ga'nS). 
 The name of a potent fairy, celebrated 
 in the tales of chivalry, and in the 
 romantic poems of Italy. She was a 
 pupil of the enchanter Merlin, and 
 the sister of Arthur, to whom she 
 discovered the intrigue of his queen, 
 Geneura, or Guinever, with Lancelot 
 of the Lake. In the " Orlando Inna- 
 morato " of Bojardo, she appears at 
 first as a personification of Fortune, 
 inhabiting a splendid residence at 
 the bottom of a lake, and dispensing 
 all the treasures of the earth ; but she 
 is afterward found in her proper sta- 
 tion, subject, with the other fairies 
 and the witches, to the all -potent 
 Demogorgon. [Called also Morgaine 
 la Fee and Morgue the Fay.'] 
 
 e^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FAT 
 
 127 
 
 FAT 
 
 JKS" At the present day, the appellation 
 of i'ata Morgana is given to a strange 
 meteoric phenomenon, nearly allied to tlie 
 mirage, witnessed, in certain states of the 
 tide and weather, in the Straits of jMes- 
 sina, between Calabria and Sicily, and 
 occasionally, though rarely, on other 
 coasts. It consists in the appearance, in 
 the air over the surface of the sea, of 
 multiplied inverted images of objects on 
 the surrounding coasts, —groves, hills. 
 towers, houses, and people, — all rep- 
 resented as in a moving picture. The 
 spectacle is popularly supposed to bo pro- 
 duced by the fairy whose name is given 
 to it. 
 
 Not a stream did he mention but flowed over 
 sands of gold, and not a palace that was in- 
 ferior to tliose of the celebrated Fata Morgana. 
 Sir W. Scutt. 
 
 Fat Boy, The. A laughable character 
 in Dickens"s "Pickwick Papers;" 
 a youth of astonishing obesity, whoso 
 employment consists in alternate eat- 
 ing and sleeping. 
 
 Pates. [Lat. Fata.l See Paec.e. 
 
 Father of Angling. A title some- 
 times given to Izaak AYalton (1503- 
 1683), the celebrated author of " The 
 Complete Angler." 
 
 ]Path^^ of British Inland Naviga- 
 tion. A name often given to Francis 
 F^gorton, Duke of Bridgewatcr (173(5- 
 1803), the originator of the first 
 navigaljle canal constructed in Great 
 Britain in modern times, and a zeal- 
 ous promoter of other schemes of 
 artificial water communication. 
 
 j^= " By that title he will ever be 
 known." H. Martineait. 
 
 Father of Comedy. A name given 
 to Aristophanes (444-380, b. c), one 
 of the most celebrated of the Greek 
 dramatists, and the only writer of 
 the old Greek comedy of whom any 
 entire Avorks have been preserved. 
 He is remarkable for the richness of 
 his fancj-, the exuberance of his wit 
 and humour, and the Attic purity and 
 great simplicity of his style. 
 
 Father of Dutch Poetry. A title be- 
 stowed upon Jakob Maerlant (1235- 
 1300), an early Belgic poet. [Called 
 also Father oj' Flemish Poets.'] 
 
 Father of Ecclesiastical History. 
 A name commonly given to Eusebius 
 of Caasarea (204-340), a very learned 
 
 patristic divine, author of " Ilistoria 
 Ecclesiastica," an important and valu- 
 able record of the Christian Cluirch, 
 in ten books, reaching from the birth 
 of our Saviour to the defeat of Licin- 
 ius by Constantine in 324. 
 
 Father of English Geology. An 
 honorar}' appellation given to William 
 Smith (17(jii-1840), author of the first 
 geological map of England, and the 
 original discoverer and teacher, in that 
 country, of the identification of strata, 
 and of the determination of their suc- 
 cession by means of their imbedded 
 fossils. 
 
 Father of English Poetry. A title 
 given by Drydeu to Chaucer (four- 
 teenth century), as the first great 
 English poet. 
 
 Father of English Prose. An 
 epithet bestowed ujx)n lioger Ascham 
 (1515-15U8), one of our earliest mis- 
 cellaneous writers. His style is re- 
 garded as a tine example of genuine 
 English. 
 
 Father of Epic Poetry. An epithet 
 api)lied to Homer, the reputed author 
 of the " Iliad " and the "Odyssey," the 
 earliest national heroic poems extant. 
 
 The former compares him [Samuel Rich- 
 ardson] to Homer, and predicts for liis muiiiory 
 tlio same honours which axa rendered tn the 
 Fatlier of Epic Poctrtj. .'iir ]V. Scuit. 
 
 Father of Equity. An epithet con- 
 ferred upon Heneage Finch, Lord 
 Nottingham (1G21-1G82), an English 
 lawyer and statesman of the time of 
 the Restoration, who had a very high 
 reputation for eloquence, sound judg- 
 ment, and integrity. His character 
 is drawn by Dryden, in his " Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel," under the name 
 of Amri : — 
 
 " To whom the double bWssing does belonjr. 
 With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue." 
 
 Father of French History. [Fr. 
 
 Le I'fire de I'llisfoire de Frcmce.] A 
 title given to Andre Duchesne (1584- 
 1040), an early and celebrated French 
 historian. 
 Father of German Literature. A 
 name frequently given to Gotthold 
 Ephraim Lessing (1720-1781), an il- 
 lustrious author, and the admitted 
 reviver of the national character of 
 
 and for tha Bemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 FAT 
 
 128 
 
 FAT 
 
 German literature, which before his 
 time was corrupted and enslaved by 
 French influences. 
 
 jgcg" " Lessing was the Frederick [the 
 Great] of thought. By nature wholly 
 Teutonic, he too sounded a trumpet-call ; 
 and, with a restless energy in no wise in- 
 ferior to Frederick's, an activity and plen- 
 itude of resources that overlooked no 
 opportunity, he dashed, now into this 
 region of dormant literature, now into 
 that unpenetrated department of philoso- 
 phy, until he had laid the foundation of 
 almost every conquest that has illustrated 
 the recent ever-memorable career of his 
 kindred." J- P. NichoL 
 
 Father of Greek Music. An epithet 
 applied to Terpander, of Lesbos, who 
 lived about the year G76 b. c. He 
 lirst reduced to rules the difl^erent 
 modes of singing which prevailed in 
 dili'erent countries, and formed out of 
 these rude strains a connected sys- 
 tem, from which the Greek music 
 never departed throughout all the im- 
 provements and retiuements of later 
 ages. 
 
 Father of his Country. [Lat. Pater 
 Patrice, or Parens Patrice.'] A title 
 given by the Roman senate and forum 
 to Cicero, on account of the zeal, 
 courage, and prudence he displayed 
 in unmasking the famous Catilinarian 
 conspiracy, and bringing the leaders 
 to punishment. This title was oifered 
 to Marius, but was refused by him. 
 It was subsequently bestowed upon 
 several of the Csesars, and was borne 
 by Andronicus Pala^ologus (Androni- 
 cus II.), by Cosmo de' Medici, and 
 by some other European princes. 
 The same appellation has been pop- 
 ularly conferred in America upon 
 Washington, of whom .Jefferson said, 
 " His was the singular destiny and 
 merit of leading the armies of his 
 country successfully through an ardu- 
 ous war for the establishment of its 
 independence," and " of conducting 
 its councils through the birth of a 
 government new in its forms and 
 principles, until it had settled down 
 into a quiet and orderly train." 
 
 Father of his People. [Fr. Le P'cre 
 de la Peuple.] 1. A title given by 
 courtl}"^ historians to Louis XII. of 
 France (1402-1515), who has the 
 
 reputation of having been a kind- 
 hearted and generous king. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Chris- 
 tian III. of Denmark (1502-1559). 
 
 Father of History. [Lat. Pater His- 
 toricv.'] A name given bv Cicero 
 [Leg. i. i. V.) to Herodotus (484-408, 
 B. c), because he was, if not the first 
 historian, the first who brought his- 
 tory to any great degree of perfection. 
 
 Father of Jests. A sobriquet be- 
 stowed upon Joseph Miller (1684- 
 1738), an English comic actor, whose 
 name has become widely known fi-om 
 its connection with a celebrated jest- 
 book, the authorship of which was 
 ascribed to him, though it was not 
 published, or even compiled, until af- 
 ter his death. 
 
 j8®= Miller was himself proverbial for 
 dulness ; and it is said, that, when any 
 risible saying was recounted, his neigh- 
 bours would derisively apply it to him on 
 account of his taciturnity and impertur- 
 bable gravity. When he died, his family 
 were left entirely unprovided for ; and a 
 Mr. Motley, a well-known dramatist of 
 that day, was employed to collect all the 
 stray jests current about town, and to 
 publish them for their benefit. Joe Mil- 
 ler's name was prefixed, and, from that 
 time to this, the man who never uttered 
 a jest has been the reputed author of 
 every jest, past, present, and to come. 
 
 Father of Letters. [Fr. Le P'ere 
 des Lettres.] 1. An appellation some- 
 times given to Francis I. (1494-1547), 
 king of France, a distinguished pa- 
 tron of literature and literary men. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Lorenzo 
 de' Medici (d. 1492), the ruler of 
 Florence, and a munificent patron of 
 learning and art. 
 
 Father of Lies. 1. A popular name 
 for Satan, or the Devil, the supposed 
 instigator of all falsehood. See Dev- 
 il, The. 
 
 2. A name sometimes given to 
 Herodotus (484-408 b. c), the Greek 
 historian, on account of the wonderful 
 stories he relates. But the title is not 
 merited, and has been given by " the 
 half-learned, who measure his experi- 
 ence by their own ignorance." Inci- 
 dental confirmations of his veracity 
 have been accumulating of late years 
 on all sides. 
 
 E^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, ,
 
 FAT 
 
 129 
 
 FAT 
 
 Father of Medicine. A title often 
 applied to llippuenites (b. n. c. 400), 
 the most famous among' the Greek 
 physicians, and author of the lirst 
 attempt at a scieutilic treatment of 
 medieine. 
 
 Father of Monks. A title conferred 
 upon EthehvdlJ of Winchester (d. 
 t)84) by his contemporaries, lie is 
 celebrated as a retbrmer of the monas- 
 tic orders in l-^iighuid. 
 
 Father of Moral Philosophy. An 
 appellation bestowed upon Thomas 
 Aquinas (1227-1274), the famous 
 scholastic theolojxian, on account of 
 his original, clear, and comprehensive 
 treatment of Christian ethics. 
 
 Father of Music. A title bestowed 
 upon Giambattista I'ietro Aloisio da 
 Palestrina {152'J-1594), a celebrated 
 Italian composer of church music. 
 "By his line taste and admirable 
 skill in harmony," says Burney, he 
 " brought choral music to a degree of 
 perfection that has never been ex- 
 ceeded." 
 
 Father of Ornithologists. A name 
 sometimes given to George Edwards 
 069.3-1773), an eminent English 
 natm-alist, whose works, according to 
 Swainson, "are assuredly the most 
 valuable on general oniitholog^- that 
 have ever appeared in England." 
 
 Father of Orthodoxy. A name often 
 given to Athanasius (296—373), arch- 
 bishop of Alexandria, one of the 
 brightest ornaments of the early 
 Church, and the great defender of 
 "orthodoxy" against all heretics, 
 especially the Arians. 
 
 Father of Peace. A title conferred 
 bv the Genoese senate upon Andrea 
 Doria (1468-1560), the celebrated 
 rider and admiral. He entered the 
 service of Charles V. against Francis 
 I., and became the deliverer of his 
 countiy by expelling the French 
 from Genoa. After the conclusion of 
 peace, Doria was invested with su- 
 preme power, and the senate awarded 
 him the title above named. 
 
 Father of Poetry. 1. A title some- 
 times given to Orpheus, of Thrace, 
 an ancient Greek poet who is said to 
 have floiuished before Homer, and 
 
 before the siege of Troy, but wliosc 
 existence has been called in question, 
 besides others iiy Aristotle. 
 
 2. The same title is sometimes 
 given to Homer. See Fatiiki: of 
 Epic Poetky. 
 
 lie whom all civilised nnlions now nc- 
 knuwled^e ns i\K Falher <if I'ui/lrii, must Iiuvc 
 himself looked haek to nn aneestrv ol'poctii-al 
 predecessors, and is only held oriKinnl because 
 we know not from whom he eoiiiid. 
 
 air IC. Scott. 
 
 Father of Ridicule. A name some- 
 times given to Fran(;'ois IJabelais 
 (1483-1.553), the lirst noteworthy 
 comic romancer of modern times, and 
 the most original and remarkable of 
 all humourists. 
 
 Father of Song. A title sometimes 
 bestowed upon Ilomer, the supposed 
 author of the earliest Greek heroic 
 poems extant, and of some hymns in 
 praise of different gods. 
 
 Father of the Faithful. A name 
 often given to Abraham, the pro- 
 genitor of the Jewish nation, and the 
 lirst depositary of the divine i)romises 
 in favour of the chosen people. Bee 
 Rum. iv. ; Gal. iii. G-9. 
 
 Father of the Poor. An appellation 
 given to Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583), 
 a celebrated English reformer, on 
 account of his pious and imwearied 
 exertions among the poorer classes. 
 
 Father of the Hondo. [Fr. Le Pere 
 aux liiindcaiix.'] A title sometimes 
 given to J. B. Davaux (d. 1822), a 
 celebrated French musical composer. 
 
 Father of the Vaudeville. [Fr. Zc 
 Fere Joyev.r du Vaiidcri/ti^.] A name 
 given to Oliver Bassclin, a Norman 
 poet and artisan, who nourished in 
 the fifteenth century, and gave to his 
 convivial songs the name of his native 
 valley, the Val-de- Vive, or, in Old 
 French, Vnu-de- Mre. This name 
 was aftenvard corrupted into the 
 modern raiidfvil/c. 
 
 Father of Tragedy. A title bestowed 
 by the Athenians upon the poet 
 iEschylus (II. c. 525-420). The al- 
 terations made by him in the com- 
 position and representation of tragedy 
 were so great, that he was justly 
 considered the originator of it. 
 
 Father of "Waters. A popular name 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 9
 
 FAT 
 
 130 
 
 FAU 
 
 given to the river Mississippi on ac- 
 count of its great length (3160 miles), 
 and the very large number of its 
 tributaries, of which the lied, the 
 Arkansas, the Ohio, the Missouri, the 
 Illinois, the Des Moines, the Wiscon- 
 sin, and the St. Peter's or Minnesota, 
 are the most iinportant. The literal 
 signification of the name, which is 
 of IncUan oiigin, is said to be " great 
 river.'''' 
 
 jeS=- The name of the great river of 
 Farther India, the Irrawaddy, is said to 
 mean "Father of Waters." The course 
 of this river is estimated at 1200 miles in 
 length. 
 
 Father Paul. The name usually 
 given to Peter Sarpi (1552-1628), a 
 native of Venice, and a celebrated 
 ecclesiastic, liistorian, anatomist, and 
 astronomer. He is best known by 
 his work entitled " A Historj^ of the 
 Council of Trent." He was a father 
 of the order of Servites in Venice, 
 and, on assuming the religious habit, 
 changed his baptismal name of Peter 
 for that of Paul. 
 
 Pather Prout. A pseudonym adopted 
 by Francis Mahony, a ])opular Eng- 
 lish jomnialist and author of the 
 present day. 
 
 Father Thoughtful. [Fr. Phre de 
 la Pensee.'] A title given to Nicho- 
 las Catinat (1637-1712), marshal of 
 France, by his soldiers, on account 
 of his caution and judgment. 
 
 Father Violet. [Fr. Le Pere la 
 Violeiie-I A nickname given by the 
 Parisian populace to the Emperor 
 Napoleon I. See Violet, Corpo- 
 
 KAL. 
 
 Fathom, Ferdinand, Count. The 
 
 title of a novel by Smollett, and the 
 name of its principal character, a 
 complete villain, who proceeds step 
 by step to rob his benefactors and 
 pillage mankind, and who finally 
 dies in misery and despair. 
 
 The sturdy gonius of modern philosophy 
 
 has got her hi mucli the same situation that 
 
 Count Fathom has the woman tliat he lashes 
 
 before hira ii'om the robbers' cave in the forest. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Fat'i-ma. 1. A female miracle-work- 
 er, in tlie story of " Aladdin," in the 
 "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." 
 
 2. The last of the wives of Blue- 
 beard, and the only one who escaped 
 being murdered by him. See Blue- 
 beard. 
 
 "Well, guardian," said T, "without think- 
 ing myself a Faliiua, or you a Blue-beard, I 
 am a little curious about it." liickeius. 
 
 Faun, or Fau'nus. {Rom. Mijili.) A 
 king of Italy, said to have flom-ished 
 about 1300 "years b. c, and regarded 
 as the promoter of agriculture among 
 his subjects, and as one of the great 
 founders of the religion of the coun- 
 try. After his death, he was wor- 
 sliipped as the protecting god of 
 woods, fields, and shepherds, and as 
 an oracular and prophetic divinity. 
 As a rural deity, he corresponded in 
 many of his attributes to the Greek 
 Pan ; and hence arose the idea of a 
 phu-ality of Fauns, or Fauni, assimi- 
 lated to the Greek Panes or satyrs, 
 and represented as monster deities, 
 with tails, short horns, pointed ears, 
 and goats' legs and feet, with the 
 rest of the bodj^ human, to whom all 
 terrifying sounds and appearances 
 were ascribed. 
 
 In shadier hower, 
 More sacred and sequestered, though but 
 
 feigned, 
 Pan or Sylvanus never slept; nor nymph 
 Nor Faunus haunted. ililton. 
 
 Fau'na. (Rom. Myth.) The prophesy- 
 ing -infe or sister of Faimus. 
 
 Faust {Ger. pron. fo-wst; Anglicised 
 fawst.) The hero and title of a cele- 
 brated drama of Goethe, the materials 
 of which are drawn in part from 
 the popidar legends of Dr. Faustus. 
 Faust is a student who is toiling after 
 knowledge beyond his reach, and ,i 
 who afterward deserts his studies, ; 
 and makes a pact with the Devil 
 (Mephistopheles), in pursuance of ': 
 which he gives himself up to the fiill . 
 enjoyment of the senses, until the 
 hour of his doom arrives, when 
 Mephistopheles re-appears upon the 
 scene, and carries off his victim as a 
 condemned soul. On one occasion, 
 Mephistopheles provided him with 
 a mantle by which he was wafted 
 through the air whithersoever he 
 desired. See Margaret, Mephis- 
 topheles, and Wagner. 
 j6S=" The mythical Faust dates from the 
 
 C3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FAU 
 
 131 
 
 FEL 
 
 perioa of the Reformation. The numer- 
 ous legends connected with the name all 
 refer to a ccrtuiu Dr. Yaustus, reputed to 
 he a celebrated magician and necroman- 
 cer, who llouvished'during the latter half 
 of the fifteenth and the beginning of the 
 sixteenth centuries, and who i.s often con- 
 founded with .lohanu i'aust, or Fust, the 
 associate of Gutenberg in the invention 
 of the art of printing. It has been by 
 many strenuously maintained that no 
 such person ever existed, and that the 
 name has been fancifully imputed to some 
 magician ob faiistmn in rebus peractu 
 diJficiUimis siiccessiim. As long ago as 
 the seventeenth century, two books were 
 written with the purpose of proving the 
 historical noneutityof Dr. Fanstus. Mod- 
 ern criticism, however, leaves little room 
 for doubting that there was a real person 
 of this name. Faustus occupies the same 
 place in reference to the popular super- 
 stitions of Germany that the enchanter 
 Merlin does to those of England, that Don 
 Juan holds in Spain, Robert of Normandy 
 in France, and Virgil in Italy. The Goe- 
 thean Faust is the highest forni which 
 the tradition has attained. See infra. 
 
 JO°" " As in Germany all popular wit 
 clusters about Eulenspiegel, so all that is 
 weird, mysterious, and magical, — all that 
 foretokens the terrible abyss of hell, — 
 groups itself about the story of Faust."' 
 Scheibk, Trans. 
 
 He says, in so manj; words, ..." Society 
 Btuls through the iufiiiitude on clotli, as on a 
 Faml's mantle . . . ; and, without such . . . 
 mantle, would sink to endless depths, or 
 mount to inane limbos, and in either ca.«e be 
 no more." Cai-lyk. 
 
 Faus'tus. The hero of JIarlowe's 
 tragedy of the same name ; repre- 
 sented as a vulgar sorcerer tempted 
 to sell his soul to the Devil (Mephos- 
 tophihs) on condition of having a 
 familiar spirit at his command, the 
 possession of earthly power and gloiy, 
 and milimitcd gratification of his sen- 
 sual appetites, for twenty-four years, 
 at the end of which time, when the 
 forfeit comes to be exacted, he shrinks 
 and shudders in agony and remorse, 
 imploring yet despairing of the mercy 
 of Heaven. 
 
 iSf The tradition of the magician 
 Faustus was early transplantcil to Eng- 
 land from Germany. In the same year 
 (1.587-8) in which the first history of 
 Faust appeared in Germany, one ap- 
 peared in England written by Bishop 
 Aylmer. The transition from history to 
 the drama was soon made, Blarlowe's 
 
 "F.austus" having been composed not 
 later, probably, than l;jS9 or 1590, and 
 having been entered in the Stationers' 
 books in 16U0-1. Sec Faust. 
 
 Fa-vo'ni-us. [Lat., from favere, to 
 favour.] (Rum. Mi)th.) A personi- 
 fication of the west wind, regarded, 
 as the harbinger and attendant of 
 sprnig, and a j)romoter of vegetation; 
 the same as Zephtjrus. See Zkpiiy- 
 itus. 
 
 Ye delicate ! ... for whom 
 The winter rose must blow, . . . and silky 
 
 soft 
 Favonius breathe still solter or be chid. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Faw'ni-5. The mistress or lady-love 
 of Dorastus, in the old romance of 
 tliis name. See Dorastus. 
 
 Feeble. A recruit, in the Second Part 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry IV." 
 Falstatf calls him " most forcible 
 Feeble;" and this expression is some- 
 times used to stigmatise wi-iters 
 whose productions are characterised 
 by great apparent vigoiu", though re- 
 ally tame or jejune. 
 
 HeFAytoun] would purge his book of much 
 offensive matter, if he struck out epithets 
 which are in the bad taste of the forcible- 
 feeble school. JVort/i Brit. Rev. 
 
 Felicians, The (fe-lish'anz). An im- 
 aginarv people described by Mercier 
 dc la liivierc (1720-1794), the French 
 economist, in his work entitled " L' 
 Heureuse Nation;" represented as 
 free and sovereign, and living under 
 the absolute empire of laws. 
 
 Fe'lix-mar'te of Hyr-ca'ni-a. The 
 hero of an old romance of chivalry, 
 ■\^Titten by Melchior de Orteza Cabal- 
 lero de Ubcda, and printed at Yalla- 
 dolid in the year 15()6. llis ftither's 
 name being 'Flurisan, and his moth- 
 er's 3fartediiia, it was suggested that 
 he should be called Florismarte, after 
 both of his parents. _ His mother, 
 however, preferred Fdixmarte. 
 
 i3@=- The curate, in "Don Quixote," 
 condemned this work to the flames, and 
 Lockhart speaks of it as a " dull and 
 affected folio ;" but Dr. Johnson was of a 
 different ojiinion, according to Bo.swell, 
 who relates the following ajiecdotc of him, 
 on the authority of Bishop Percy : '" The 
 bishop said the doctor, when a boy, was 
 immoderately fond of romances of chiv- 
 alry, and he had retained his fondness 
 for them through life ; so that, spending 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xx»ii.
 
 FEM 
 
 132 
 
 FER 
 
 part of a summer at my parsonage-house 
 in the country, he chose for his regular 
 reading the old Spanish romance of 
 ' Felixmarte of Ilyrcania,' in folio, which 
 he read quite through." 
 
 Female Eow'ard. A title often 
 given to Mrs. Elizabeth Fry (1780- 
 1844), an Englishwoman celebrated 
 for her benevolent exertions to im- 
 prove the condition of lunatics and 
 prisoners. 
 
 Fe-nel'la. A fairy-like creature — a 
 deaf and dumb attendant on the 
 Countess of Derby — in Sir Walter 
 Scott's " Peveril of the Peak," taken 
 from the sketch of Mignon in Goethe's 
 " Wilhelm Meister." See MiGno.v. 
 
 Penrir (fcn'rer). {Scand. Myth.) A 
 frightful demon wolf, the offspring of 
 Loki, chained by the gods, and cast 
 down into Niflheim, where he is to 
 remain until RagnariJk. [Written 
 also, but erroneously, F e n r i s .] 
 
 Pen'ton (-tn). A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 who wooes the rich Anne Page for 
 her money, but soon discovers inward 
 treasures in her which quite trans- 
 form him. 
 
 Ferdinand. 1. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Tempest." He is son of 
 the king of Naples, and falls in love 
 with Miranda, the daughter of Pros- 
 pero, a banished Duke of Milan. See 
 Prospero and Miranda. 
 
 Yet oft to fancy's chapel she woxild go 
 To pay her vows, and count the rosary o'er 
 
 Of her love's promised graces: — haply so 
 Miranda's hope had pictured Ferdinand 
 Long ere the gaunt wave tossed him on the 
 shore. Lowell. 
 
 2. King of NavaiTe, a character in 
 " Love's Labour 's Lost." 
 
 Fer'gus (4). The same as Ferracute. 
 See Ferracute. 
 
 Fern, Fanny. A pseudonym adopt- 
 ed by Mrs. Sarah Payson (Willis) 
 Parton (b. 1811), a popular American 
 authoress. 
 
 Fernan Caballero. See Cabal- 
 LEKO, Ferxax. 
 
 Fe-ro'ni-a. (Rom. Myth.) An an- 
 cient Italian deity, the patroness of 
 plants and of freedmen. 
 
 Fer'ra-ciate, or FSr'ra-cu'tus. [It., 
 sharp-iron.] The name of a giant 
 
 in Tnrpin's " Chronicle of Charle- 
 magne," the prototype of Pulci's 
 Morgante, and a very famous char- 
 acter in all the old chivalric romances. 
 He was of the race of Goliath, had 
 the strength of forty men, and -^vas 
 twenty cubits high. His skin was so 
 thick that no lance or sword could 
 pierce it. During the suspension of a 
 mortal combat with Orlando, the two 
 antagonists discussed the mysteries 
 of the Christian faith, which its 
 champion explained by a variety of 
 similes and the most beautiful beg- 
 gings of the question; after which 
 the giant staked the credit of their 
 respective beliefs on the event of their 
 encounter, which was, that he was dis- 
 armed and put to death by Orlando, 
 M"ho was divinely endowed with kre- 
 sistible strength for this express pur- 
 pose. 
 Fgr'ra-gus. A giant who flourished 
 in romantic fable; the same as Fer- 
 racute. See Ferracute. 
 
 My sire's tall form might grace the part 
 Ot Ferragus or Ascapart. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ferrau (fer-ra-6b'). The same as 
 Ferracute. See Ferracute. 
 
 FSr'rex. A son of a fabulous king 
 of Britain, Gorbogudo or Gorbodego, 
 and brother of Porrex, by whom he 
 was driven out of the countrj-, and, 
 on attempting to return, with a large 
 army, was defeated and slain. But 
 Porrex himself was shortly after put 
 to death by his mother, with the as- 
 sistance of some of her women. The 
 two brothers figure in an old tragedy, 
 commonly called alter them " Fen-ex 
 and Porrex," but sometimes named 
 " Gorboduc," after their father. Hal- 
 liwell says that it was " the first rog- 
 idar historical play in the English 
 language." The first three acts 
 Avere written by Thomas Norton; the 
 last two by Thomas Sackville, after- 
 wards Lord Buckhm'st. 
 
 FSr'um-bras, Sir. The hero of an 
 old English metrical romance of the 
 same name, professedly translated 
 from a French original, probably 
 "Fierabras." (See Fierabras.) An 
 analysis of the story may be found in 
 Ellis's '' Specimens of Early English 
 Metrical Romances," vol. ii. 
 
 SS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FIA 
 
 133 
 
 FIG 
 
 Fiammetta (fe-am-met'tS, 102). [It., 
 little tiame, from Jiamma, Lat. Jtammn, 
 ilame.] A name given by Boccaccio 
 to a lady whom he loved, and who 
 is generally believed to have been 
 Maria, a natural daughter of Kobert, 
 king of Naples. It is used by him 
 in many of his works. 
 
 Fi-dele. A feigned name assumed 
 by Imogen, in Shakespeare's "Cj'm- 
 beline." See Imogen. 
 
 Field of Blood. 1. A translation of 
 the Hebrew word Aceldama, the 
 name given to the piece of land pur- 
 chased by tlie chief priests with the 
 thirty pieces of silver for which .Ju- 
 das betrayed his Mastei', and which 
 he afterward, in remorse, carried 
 back and cast down in the temple 
 before those who had bribed him. 
 (3Iait. xxvii. 5.) 
 
 2. [It. Pezzo cU Sanrjue.'] A name 
 — not of classical origin — given to 
 the battle-field of Canniij, on which 
 Hannibal, in the year 216 b. c, 
 defeated the Romans with gi-eat 
 slaughter. 
 
 FieM of Mourning. A name given 
 to the place of a battle, near the city 
 of Aragon, between the Christians 
 and the Moors, July 17, 1134. 
 
 Field of Peterloo. See Petekloo, 
 
 FIEI.D OF. 
 
 Field of the Clotli of Gold. A 
 name given to an open plain, between 
 Ardres and Guisnes, where Henry 
 A^III. of England had an interview, 
 in 1520, with Francis I. of France, in 
 a pavilion of golden cloth. The no- 
 bility of both kingdoms embraced 
 the opportunity to display their mag- 
 iiiticence with the utmost emulation 
 and profuseness of expense. 
 
 I .supposed you must have served as a yeo- 
 man of the guard since Bhiff King Henry's 
 time, and expected to hear something from 
 you about the Field of the Clotli or' GnfrJ. 
 
 Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 They [Petrarch's best compositions! differ 
 from theni [his bad ones] as a May-dav pro- 
 cession of chimney-sweepers differs from the 
 FiL Id of the Cloth of Gold. Macaulay. 
 
 Fierabras (fe'a/ra-brS.'). The hero 
 of various old romantic poems that 
 relate the conquest of Spain by 
 Charlemagne and his Twelve Peers. 
 Fierabras, who was a Saracen, made 
 
 himself master of Rome, and carried 
 away ti-om it various sacred relics, 
 especially the crown of thorns, and 
 the balsam which was used in em- 
 balming the body of the Saviour, 
 and which possessed medicinal prop- 
 erties of sovereign virtue, a single 
 drop, taken internally, being suhi- 
 cient to restore the continuity of the 
 most cruelly mangled skin. 
 
 Conveyances more rapid than tlie hippogriff 
 of Kuggiero, arms more formidable thanthe 
 lance of Astolfo, remedies mofO ethcacious 
 than the balsam of Fierabru*. Macaulay. 
 
 Fifth. Doctor of the Church. A 
 
 title bestowed upon Thomas Aqui- 
 nas, the most celebrated schoolman 
 of the Middle Ages. See Angelic 
 Doctor. 
 
 Fifth Monarchy. A universal mon- 
 archy, which, in the belief of a 
 strange religious sect of England, in 
 the time of the Civil War and the 
 Protectorate, was to succeed the fall 
 of the Roman Empire, the fourth of 
 the four groat monarchies of Anti- 
 christ marked out by the prophet 
 Daniel. This monarchy, it was be- 
 lieved, was to be given into the hands 
 of the saints of the Most High ; and, 
 under it, all the forms of violence 
 and suffering hitherto attendant on 
 the governments of this world were 
 to cease. In other words, it was to 
 be the kingdom of Christ on earth. 
 But it was to be set up with the 
 sword, and the usual worldlj' expe- 
 dients were to be employed for the 
 purpose of securing jiartisans. In 
 politics, the Fifth Monarchy men 
 were republicans of the extremest 
 views, and conspired to murder the 
 Protector and revolutionise the gov- 
 ernment. It is said that they actual- 
 ly proceeded to elect Jesus Christ 
 king at London! Cromwell dis- 
 persed them in lG.5-3. 
 
 Figaro (fe'gS'ro'). The hero of Beau- 
 marchais' celebrated comedies, " Le 
 Barbier de Seville " and " Le Man- 
 age de Figaro." In the first of these 
 plays, Figaro is a barber ; in the sec- 
 ond, a valet-de-chambre. In both 
 characters, he coolly outwits every 
 one with whom he has any dealings. 
 The name has passed into common 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 FIG 
 
 134 
 
 FLI 
 
 speech, and is used to designate an 
 intriguer, a go-between; in general, 
 any adroit and unscrupulous person. 
 Mozart, Paesiello, and Kossini have 
 made Figaro the hero of operas. 
 
 jS^g" " In Figaro, Beaumai-chais has 
 personified the titrs-etat, superior in wit, 
 industry, and activity to birth, rank, or 
 fortune, in whose hand lies the political 
 power ; so that the idea of the piece is 
 not only a satirical allegory upon the 
 government and nobility of that epoch, 
 but a Uving manifesto upon the inequal- 
 ity, just or uujujst, of society." Hose. 
 
 Slighting Prelate. A sobriquet given 
 to Henry Spenser, bishop of Norwich, 
 in the reign of Richard II. Duriiig 
 the rebellion of Wat Tyler, he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his decisive 
 style of dealing with the insurgents ; 
 first meeting tiaem in the field, and 
 then, when he had routed them, ex- 
 changing his sword and armour for a 
 crucilix and sacerdotal robes, and, 
 thus arrayed, confessing and absolv- 
 ing his prisoners as he hmTied them 
 to the gibbet. In 1383, he went over 
 to the Continent to assist the burghers 
 of Ghent in their contest with the 
 Count of Flanders and the French 
 king, and in support of the cause of 
 Urban YL, in the general European 
 war excited by the struggle between 
 that j)ope and his rival, Clement VII. 
 
 The Bishop of Norwich, the famous Fight- 
 ing Prelate, liad led an army into Flanders. 
 Being obUged to return, with discomfiture, he 
 had Been charged with breach of the condi- 
 tions on which a simi of money was granted 
 to him, and the temporahties of his &ee were 
 sequestered. Lord Campbell. 
 
 IPilomena, St. See St. Filomexa. 
 
 finality John. A sobriquet given 
 to Lord .John Russell (b. 1792), a dis- 
 tinguished English statesman, and an 
 earnest advocate of the Reform Bill 
 of 1831, which he regarded as a " fi- 
 nality." 
 
 Fin'gal, or Fin-gal'. A mythical 
 hero," whose name occurs in Gaelic 
 ballads and traditions, and in Mac- 
 pherson's " Poems of Ossian." 
 
 First Gentleman of Europe (0). A 
 title given by many, during his life- 
 time, to King George IV. of England 
 (17G2-1830), on account of his posi- 
 tion and personal attractions. 
 
 First Scctoh Eeformer. A title 
 conferred upon Patrick Hamilton 
 (1.503-1527), who was burnt at the 
 stake tor his dissemination of Lu- 
 theran doctrines. 
 
 Fita-Boo'dle, George. A pseudo- 
 nym mider which Tiiackeray (1811- 
 18G3) contributed to " Eraser's Mag- 
 azine " a variety of tales, criticisms, 
 descrij)tive sketches, and verses, all of 
 which were characterised by a deli- 
 cate irony, a profound knowledge of 
 the world, and a playful but vigor- 
 ous and trencliaut style. 
 
 Flara'bor-oughs, The Miss (fliim'- 
 btir-9z). Snobbish female charac- 
 ters in Goldsmith's novel, " The Vic- 
 ar of Wakefield." 
 
 Flan'ders, MoU. The subject of De 
 Foe's novel of the same name, a tale 
 of low vice. 
 
 Fle'an9e. A son of Banquo, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Macbeth." 
 
 Fle'ta. A Latinised name of the Fleet 
 prison in London, and the title of a 
 disqiusition by John Selden (1584r- 
 1G54), who was for a time confined 
 in this prison. 
 
 Flib'ber-ti-gib'bet. 1. The name 
 of a fiend mentioned by Edgar, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " King 
 Lear." 
 
 XiSr" About the time of the attempted 
 Spanish invasion of England, some Jes- 
 uits, for the sake of making converts, 
 pretended to cast out a large number of 
 evil spirits from the family of Hr. Ed- 
 mund Peckham, a Roman Catholic. By 
 order of the privy council, Bishop Ilars- 
 net wrote and pubUshed a full account 
 of the imposture. Most of the fiends 
 mentioned by Edgar are to be found in 
 that work. 
 
 Fraterettn, Fliberdipibei, Hoberdidance, To- 
 cobatto, were four devils of the round, or 
 niorice ; these four had forty assistants under 
 them, as themselves do confessc. 
 
 TIarsnet, Declaration of Eyregious Topish 
 Imjjostures. 
 
 This is the foul fiend FWihertigWbet : he 
 begins at curfew, and walks till the first cock;' 
 lie gives the web and the pin, squints the eye, 
 and makes the harelip, mildews the white 
 wheat, and hurts the poor creature of earth. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Flibbertigibbet, [the fiend] of mopping and 
 mowing, who since possesses chamber-maids 
 and waiting-women. S/iak. 
 
 2. A name given to Dickon Sludge, 
 
 Kg" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FLO 
 
 135 
 
 FLY 
 
 a boy who figures in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of " Kenihvorth," and 
 acts the part of an imp at the enter- 
 tainments given to Queen Elizabeth 
 by the Earl of Leicester. 
 
 Flo'ra (9). {Rom. Myth.) The goddess 
 of dowers and spring-time. 
 
 Thun, with voice 
 Mild, as when Zophyrus on Flura lircatlios, 
 Ilcr hand soft touching, whispered tlius. 
 
 JUilton. 
 
 iPlor'de-lice. The mistress of Bran- 
 dimart, in Ariosto's " Orlando Furi- 
 
 OSO." See BlijVNDIMAKX. 
 
 Flordespina (flof-des-pe'na), or 
 Flor'des-pine. A female charac- 
 ter in Ariosto's '• Orlando Furioso," 
 daughter of Marsiglio. 
 
 Flo-ren'ti-us. A knight whose story 
 is related in the lirst book of Gower's 
 " Confessio Amantis." He bound 
 himself to marry a deformed hag, 
 provided she taught him the solution 
 of a riddle on which his life de- 
 pended. 
 Be she foul as was Florentivs' love. Shale. 
 
 Plo'res. The lover of Blanchefleur 
 in Boccaccio's '" Philopoco," and in 
 other old tales and poems. Sec 
 
 BLA^•CIIEFLEUK. 
 
 Plor'i-meL A female character in 
 Spenser's " Faery (Jucen." A ma- 
 lignant -natch is represented as hav- 
 ing fabricated, out of snow, tempered 
 " with line mercury and virgin Avax," 
 a counterfeit Florimel so like the true 
 one that it was next to impossible to 
 perceive any difference between them ; 
 but, on bemg placed side by side, — 
 
 "The enchanted damsel vanished into nnnght; 
 Ilcr snowy substance melted as witli heat; 
 Neof tliat goodly hue remained auglit 
 But the empty girdle which about her waist 
 was wrought." 
 
 JSS^ " Her name is compounclei'l of 
 two Latin words [^05, geuitivc floris, 
 and mell meaning honey and flowers, 
 thus betokening the sweet and delicate 
 elements of which her nature is moulded. 
 She seems to express the gentle delicacy 
 and timid sensitiveness of woman ; and 
 her adventures, the perils and rude en- 
 counters to which those qualities are ex- 
 posed in a world of passion and violence. 
 She flees alike from friend and foe, and 
 finds treachery in those upon whom she 
 had thrown herself for protection ; and 
 yet she is introduced to us under circum- 
 
 stances not altogether consistent with 
 feminine delicacy, as having left the court 
 of the fairy queen in pursuit of a knight 
 who did not even return her passion."' 
 
 Geo. k: llillard. 
 To prove the whole system of tliis srliool 
 absurd, it is only necess;u-y to applv tlie test 
 wliich dissolved the euchautcd Flurinnl. 
 
 Macuulay. 
 
 Flor'is-mart. The name of one of 
 Charlemagne's Twelve Peers, and 
 the faithful friend of Orlando, or 
 Koland. 
 
 Flor'i-zel. A prince of Bohemia, in 
 Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale," in 
 love with Terdita. See Pekdita. 
 
 Flour City. A popular designation, 
 in the United States, lor the city of 
 liochester, Ne^w York, a place re- 
 markable for its extensive manufac- 
 tories of flour. 
 
 Flower City. A name familiarly 
 given to Springfield, Illinois, the 
 capital of the State. It is distin- 
 guished for the beauty of its en- 
 virons. 
 
 Flower of Chivalry. A name given 
 by his contemporaries to William 
 of Douglas, lord of Liddesdale, in the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 Flower of Kings. [Lat. Flos Re- 
 f/mn.] An ciiitliet applied toArflnu', 
 the renowned and half-fabulous king 
 of ancient Britain ; — first given to 
 liim by Joseph of Exeter, a Latin 
 poet of the twelfth century. 
 
 Flower of Poets. A title conferi'cd 
 upon Chaucer by his contemporaries. 
 
 Flowery Kingdom. A translation 
 of the words Ilwa Kwo}i,&namo often 
 given to China by the inhabitants, 
 who consider themselves to be the 
 most polished and civilised of all 
 nations, as the epithet hica intimates. 
 
 Flii-el'len. A Welsh captain who is 
 an amusing pedant, in Shakespeare's 
 historical play of " Hemy V." 
 
 Lord Jlahon will find, we think, that his 
 parallel is, in all essential circumstances, as 
 incorrect as that which FlueUcn drew between 
 Maeedon and Monmouth. Mcicaulay. 
 
 The architect worked hard for weeks 
 In venting all his private peaks 
 I Tpon the roof, whose crop of leaks 
 Had satisfied FlucUcn. Lowell. 
 
 Flying Dutchman. The name given 
 by sailors to a spectral ship, which 
 
 and for the Eomarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. siv-xxxii.
 
 FLY 
 
 136 
 
 TOO 
 
 is supposed to cruise in storms off the 
 Cape of Good Hope, and the sight of 
 Avhicli is considered the worst of all 
 possible omens. She is distinguished 
 from earthly vessels by bearing a 
 ])ress of sail when all others are un- 
 able, from stress of weather, to show 
 an inch of canvas. The cause of her 
 wandering is variously explained: 
 according to one account, a Dutch 
 captain, bound home fi'om the Indies, 
 met with long-continued head-winds 
 and heav}' weather otf the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and refused to put back 
 as he was advised to do, swearing a 
 veiy profane oath that lie would beat 
 round the Cape, if he had to bfit 
 there until the Day of Judgment. He 
 was taken at his word, and doomed 
 to beat against head-winds all his 
 daj's. His sails are believed to have 
 become thin and sere, his ship's sides 
 white with age, and himself and crew 
 reduced almost to shadows. He can- 
 not heave to, or lower a boat, but 
 sometimes hails vessels through his 
 trumpet, and requests them to take 
 letters home for him. Ur. John 
 Leydeu, who introduces the story 
 of the Flying Dutchman into his 
 " Scenes of Infancy," imputes, with 
 poetical ingenuity, the doom of the 
 ship to its having been the first to 
 engage in the slave-trade. But the 
 common tradition is, as stated by 
 Sir Walter Scott, " that she was 
 originally a vessel loaded with great 
 wealth, on board of which some 
 horrid act of murder and piracy had 
 been committed; that the plague 
 broke out among the wicked crew, 
 who had perpetrated the crime, and 
 that they sailed in vain from port to 
 port, offering, as the price of shelter, 
 the whole of their ill-gotten wealth ; 
 that they were excluded trom every 
 harbour, for fear of the contagion 
 which was devouring them ; and that, 
 as a punishment of their crimes, the 
 apparition of the ship still continues to 
 haunt those seas in which the catas- 
 trophe took place." The superstition 
 has its origin, probably, in the loom- 
 ing, or apparent suspension in the 
 air, of some ship out of sight, — a 
 phenomenon sometimes witnessed at 
 
 sea, and caused by unequal refrac- 
 tion in the lower strata of the at- 
 mosphere. ^MaiTj-att's novel entitled 
 " The Phantom Ship " is fomided 
 upon this legend. 
 
 That Pluintnm Ship, whose form 
 Shoots like a metuor tlirougli the Btorm; 
 When tlie dark scud comes driving hard, 
 And lowered is every top-sail yard. 
 And canvas, wove in eartlily looms. 
 No more to brave the storm presumes; 
 Then, 'mid the war of sea and sky, 
 Top and top-gallant hoisted high, 
 Full-spread and crowded every sail, 
 The Demon Frigate braves tlie gale; 
 And weU the doomed spectators know 
 The harbinger of wreck and woe. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 Let this simple word [No, in answer to a 
 claim for " recognition " on the part of the 
 "Confederate States"] be uttered, and the 
 audacious Slave-Power will be no better than 
 tlie Flying Dutchman, that famous craft, which, 
 darkened by piracy and murder, was doomed 
 to a perpetual crmse, unable to enter a port. 
 Cliarles Sumner. 
 
 Flying Highwayman. A sobriquet 
 given to William Harrow, a noted 
 highway robber, executed at Hertford 
 (Eng.), March 28, 1763. He was so 
 called from his practice of leaping his 
 horse over the turnpikes, which en- 
 abled him for a time to escape detec- 
 tion. 
 
 Foible. An intriguing lady's-maid in 
 Congreve's "Way of the World," 
 who plays her mistress false. 
 
 Foi'gard. A mendacious and hypo- 
 critical priest, in Farquhar's " Beaux' 
 Stratagem," who acts the part of a 
 pimp. 
 
 We remember no Friar Dominic, no Father 
 Foigard, among the characters drawn bv those 
 great poets [the dramatists of the Elizaoethan 
 age]. Macaulaij. 
 
 Fondlewife. An uxorious banker in 
 Congreve's " Old Bachelor." 
 
 Fontainebleau, Decree of. See 
 Decree of Fontaixeuleau. 
 
 Fool, Tom. A popular nickname for 
 a fool, or foolish person. 
 
 j(K5= " Englishmen bestowed upon Kent 
 the reproach that the tails cut from 
 Becket's mules by his enemies had been 
 transferred to themselves, and foreigners 
 extended the imputation to the whole 
 nation, insomuch that, as Joinville tells 
 us, the stout Earl of Salisbury and his 
 men were goaded on to perish in their 
 last fetal charge on the banks of the Nile 
 by the French scoff that they would no.t 
 talre the front lest their tails should be 
 detected. It is just possible that Tom 
 
 C3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FOO 
 
 137 
 
 roR 
 
 Fool may be connected with this story, 
 tliougU more probably with some jester 
 of forgotten fame." Yoiige. 
 
 The imcuMit and noble family of I'oni FuuJ, 
 which has iilifciincd such pre-eminence and 
 diKiiitv in Cluireli and Sjtute thi-ougliout all 
 Christvndoni. <J«' -/if- 
 
 Fools' Paradise. See Lijibo. 
 
 Foot-breadth. The sword of Thoralf 
 ykolinsoii the Strong, a companion of 
 of llako I. of Norway, distinguished 
 I'or his strength and' bravery. See 
 
 QCEKN-IUTEK. 
 
 Fop'ping-ton, Lord. An empt}'^ cox- 
 comb, intent only on dress and fash- 
 ion, in Vanbrugh's comedy, " The 
 Kelapse." 
 
 The shoe-maker in " The Relapse " tells 
 Lord Foppw'jtoH that his lordship is mistaken 
 iu supposing that his shoe pinches. 
 
 2[acaulaij. 
 
 Ford, Master. A jealous gentleman 
 dwelling at Windsor, in Shake- 
 speare's comedy of '' The Merry 
 Wives of Windsor." 
 
 Ford, Mrs. One of the " Meriy 
 Wives of Windsor," in Shakespeare's 
 play of that name. Sir John Falstatf 
 is in love with her, and she encourages 
 liit attentions for a time, in order to be- 
 tray and disgrace him. See Bkook, 
 
 M.^STKR. 
 
 Forest City. 1. A name popularly 
 given to Cleveland, Ohio, ft-om the 
 many ornamental trees with which 
 the streets are bordered. 
 
 2. A name given to Portland, 
 Maine, a city distinguished for its 
 many elms and other beautiful shade- 
 trees. 
 
 3. A name given to Savannah, 
 Georgia, the streets of which are 
 closely shaded with pride - of - India 
 ( Marrjosa Azedarak) trees. 
 
 Forester, Fanny. A nom de plume 
 of :\Iiss Emily Chiibbuck (1817-18.54), 
 a popular American authoress, after- 
 ward the wife of Adoniram Judson, 
 the missionaiy. 
 
 Forester, Frank. A psondonym un- 
 der which Henry William llerljort 
 (1807-18.58), a versatile English 
 author, long resident in America, 
 published a number of works on 
 fowling, fishing, and field-sports in 
 general. 
 
 For'nax. (Rom. Myth.) A goddess 
 of corn, and the patroness of bakers. 
 
 Forseti (for'sA-tee). [Old Norse, pres- 
 ident, from fur, before, and sUja, to 
 sit.] {Scand. jUijtIi.) The god of 
 justice, a son of Baldur. [^V'ritten 
 also For s etc.] 
 
 For'tin-brSs. Prince of Xorway, iu 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of "llanilet." 
 
 For-tu'na. (Rom. Myth.) The god- 
 dess of chance or luck, particularly 
 of good luck, success, and i^rosperity ; 
 said to be blind. 
 
 Fortunate Islands. See Islands of 
 THE Blest. 
 
 For'tu-na'tus. The hero of a German 
 popular romance of the fifteenth cen- 
 tury, based upon legends of an earlier 
 date. 
 
 tits' The story recouuts how, when be 
 liacl been exposed to great dangers from 
 wild beasts, and was in a state of starva- 
 tion, be suddenly beheld a beautiful lady 
 standing by bis side, with a bandage over 
 her eyes, leaning upon a wheel, and look- 
 ing as if she were going to speak. Tho 
 lady did not wait long before she ad- 
 dressed him in these words: ''Know, 
 young man, that my name is Fortune. I 
 have power to bestow wisdom, strength, 
 riches, health, beauty, and long life. One 
 of these I am willing to bestow on you. 
 Choose for yourself which it shall be." 
 Fortunatus immediately answered, "Good 
 lady, I wish to have riches in such plenty 
 that I may never again know what it is 
 to be so hungry as I now find myself." 
 The lady then gave him a purse, and told 
 him, that, iu all the countries where he 
 might happen to be, he need only put his 
 hand into the purse, as often as he 
 pleased, and he would be sure to find in 
 it pieces of gold ; that the purse should 
 never fail of yielding the same sum as 
 long as it should be kept by himself and 
 children. It is further related, that a 
 certain sultan led Fortunatus to a room 
 almost filled with jewels, opened a lartro 
 closet, and took out a cap, which he saiil 
 was of greater value than all the rest. 
 Fortunatus thought the sultan was jok- 
 ing, and told him he had .seen many a 
 better cap than that. " Ah," .said the 
 sultan, " that is because you do not know 
 its value. Whoever puts this cap on his 
 head, and wishes to be iu any part of the 
 world, will find himself there in a mo- 
 ment." Tho story has a moral ending, 
 inasmuch as the possession of this inex- 
 haustible purse and wishing-cap are the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 FOR 
 
 138 
 
 FEA 
 
 cause of ruin to Fortunatus, and to 
 his sons after him. The subject was 
 dramatised by Hans Sachs in 1553, and 
 by Tiionias Dekl<er in his " Pleasant Coin- 
 edie of Old Fortunatus " (1600) ; and in 
 modern times it has been poetically treat- 
 ed by Ludwig Tiock in his " Phantasus " 
 (1816). 
 
 AVith a miraculous l^orhmatus^s purse in his 
 treusurj', it mi^ht have lasted longer. 
 
 Carlijh. 
 
 3?or-tu'iii-o (G). The hero of a pop- 
 ular tale, closely allied to that of l-"or- 
 tuuatu.s, — with whom he is perhaps 
 identical, — but which has generally 
 been treated as an independent story. 
 He is famous for his adventure with 
 a dragon, in the pursuit of which lie 
 made use of those marvellous sena- 
 tors. Fine-ear, who, " putting his ear to 
 the ground, informed his master that 
 the dragon was seven leagues off;" 
 Tippler, who " drank up all the rivers 
 which Avere between;" Strong-back, 
 who " carried wine enough to till 
 them all; " Light-foot, Boisterer, and 
 Gormand. 
 
 Forty Thieves. Characters of a cele- 
 brated tale in the " Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments," represented as in- 
 liabiting a secret cave in a forest, the 
 door of which would open and shut 
 only at the sound of the magic woril 
 " Sesame," — the name of a kind of 
 gi-ain. See Baba, All 
 
 All Baba, when he entered the cave of the 
 Forl'i Thievfn, could not have been more 
 nmaied bv the wealth of its cim tents than 
 some people will be when they first read tlie 
 title of tills book. J'utnam's Mug. 
 
 Forwards, Marshal. See Malshal 
 
 FoitWAKDS. 
 
 Poul-'weather Jack. A name given 
 to Commodore B.%Ton (1723-1786), 
 hv the men who sailed under him, in 
 allusion to his ill fortune at sea. 
 
 rountain of Life. A title given to 
 Alexander Hales, an English fi'iar of 
 the thirteenth century, and a distin- 
 guished schoolman. He was more 
 commonly st^ded Tha Irrefrayahh 
 Doctor. 
 
 fountain of Youth. A miraculous 
 fountain, whose waters were fabled to 
 have the jiroperty of renewing youth. 
 See BiMiNi. 
 
 Pour Masters, The. [Lat. Quatuor 
 Jlarjistri.] A name given to the 
 
 authors of an ancient Irish history 
 called " The Annals of Donegal." 
 Their names were Michael O'Clerigh, 
 or Clerk, Maurice and Fearfeafa 
 Conry, and Cucoirighe, or Peregrine, 
 O'Clerighe. 
 
 Fra Diavolo. (fra de-S'vo-lo). [It., 
 Brother Devil.] A sobriquet of 
 Michele Pezza (1700-180G), a native 
 of Calabria. According to some ac- 
 counts, lie was in early life a goat- 
 herd, afterward a monk, under the 
 name of Fra Antjdo. Others say that 
 he was apprenticed to a stockinger. 
 Escajjing from the woikshop or the 
 monaster}', he joined himself to a 
 band of robbers, of -which he soon 
 became the leader. On the anival 
 of the French, he declared for the 
 king of Naples, and in 1709 received 
 pardon and office Irom Cardinal Buffo, 
 organised his band, and made an 
 incursion into the Boman territory. 
 Subsequently he repaired to Palenno, 
 M'here he took part in an insurrection 
 under the leaclership of Commodore 
 Sidney Smith. Being taken prisoner 
 by treachery at San Severino, he was 
 hanged at "Naples, Nov. 180G, not- 
 withstanding the intercession of the 
 English on his behalf, prompted by 
 respect for his military prowess. He 
 lias been made the subject of various 
 traditions and songs, and of an opera 
 by Auber, entitled " Fra Diavolo," in 
 which, however, nothing of the char- 
 acter but the name has been retained. 
 
 Fran-ces'ca of Kim'i-ni (It. jrron. 
 fran-ches'ka). A daughter of Giudo 
 da Polenta, lord of Kavenna in the 
 latter part of the thirteenth century. 
 She was maiTied to Lanciotto, son 
 of Malatesta da Rimini, a brave but 
 deformed and hateful person, who, 
 having discovered a criminal in- 
 timacy between her and his own 
 brother, revenged himself by putting 
 them both to death. The story of 
 Francesca forms one of the most ad- 
 mired episodes in Dante's " Inferno," 
 and has also been made the subject 
 of a poem by Leigh llimt. 
 
 Frank'en-stein. A monster, in Mrs. 
 Sliellcy's romance of the same name, 
 constructed by a young student of 
 
 C^" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FRA 
 
 139 FKE 
 
 phj'siology out of the horrid rem- 
 nants ot' tlie church-yiiril ami dissect- 
 ing-room, and endued, apparently 
 tlu-ough tiie agency of galvanism, 
 with a sort of spectral and convulsive 
 life. This existence, rendered insup- 
 ])ortable to the monster by his vain 
 craving after human sympathy, and 
 bj' his consciousness of his own de- 
 formity, is employed in indicting the 
 most ilreadfiJ retribution upon the 
 guilty philosopher. 
 
 It (the Southern " Confederacy 'T will be the 
 BOuUessmnn'^terdf /^'/•((«iTi/.<<<j/H,— thewretcli- 
 c(l crcntifpii of mortal science without God; 
 endowed with lite and nothiii- else; forever 
 racing nmdlv, the scandal to liuinanity ; pow- 
 erful only for evil; wliose destruction will be 
 essentialto the peace of the world. 
 
 C/carlcs Sumner. 
 
 Frat'er-et'to. The name of a fiend 
 mentioned by Edgar, ^ in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " King Lear." 
 
 See FLIBBEliTIGIBBET. 
 
 Free-born John. John Lilhnrnc 
 (1013-1(357), a famous English repub- 
 lican; — popularly so called on ac- 
 count of his intrepid defence, before 
 the trilnmal of the Star Chamber, of 
 his rights as a free-born Englishman. 
 
 iFretman, Mrs. An assmned name 
 under which the Duchess of Marl- 
 borough corresponded with Queen 
 Anne. See ^Ioklky, Mus. 
 
 Preeport, Sir Andrew. The name 
 of one of the members of the imagi- 
 nary club under whose direction the 
 "Spectator" was professedly pub- 
 lished. He is represented as a Lon- 
 don merchant of great eminence and 
 experience, industrious, sensible, and 
 generous. 
 
 Freestone State. The State of Con- 
 necticut; — sometimes so called from 
 the quarries of freestone which it con- 
 tains. 
 
 Preiscliutz (frl'shiits, 51). [Ger., the 
 free-shooter ; Fr. liobiii des Bois.] 
 The name of a legendary hunter, or 
 marksman, who, by cnteruig into a 
 compact with the Devil, procures 
 balls, six of which infallibly hit, 
 however great the distance, while the 
 seventh, or, according to some of the 
 versions, one of the seven, belongs 
 to the Devil, who directs it at his 
 pleasure. Legends of this nature 
 
 were rife among the troopers of Ger- 
 many of the fom'teenth and lifteenth 
 centuries, and during the Thirty 
 Years' war. The story first ap- 
 peared in a poetic form in 1810, in 
 Apel's " Gespensterbuch " (''Ghost- 
 book"), and F. Kind adapted the story 
 to the opera composed by Weber in 
 1S21, which has made it known in 
 all civilised countries. Pitrer. 
 
 French. Devil. An opprobrious title 
 given by the English, Dutch, and 
 Spanish "to Jean Barth, or Bart (1G5L- 
 170:2), a French naval hero cele- 
 brated for his boldness and success 
 iu battle. 
 
 French Fa'bi-us. A surname be- 
 stowed upon Anne (1493-1507), first 
 Duke of JMontmoreucy, grand con- 
 stable of France, on account of his 
 success in nearly destroying the im- 
 perial army which had inv'aded Pro- 
 vence, by the policy of laying waste 
 the country and sldlfidly prolong- 
 ing the campaign. See American 
 Faiuus. 
 
 French Fury. {Hist.) A name given 
 to the attempt made by the Duke of 
 Anjou to carry Antwerp by storm, 
 Jan. 17, 1588. The whole of his force 
 was either killed or taken captive iu 
 less than an hour. 
 
 French Phid'i-as. 1. A title be- 
 stowed upon Jean Gougon (d. 157:2), 
 a celebrated Parisian sculptor and 
 architect, in the reigns of Francis I. 
 and Henry II. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon Jean 
 Baptiste Pigalle (1714-1785), an emi- 
 nent French sculptor; but not hap- 
 ]iily, as his taste cannot be said to 
 be classical. 
 
 French Pin'dar. A title bestoweil 
 ui)on Jean Dorat, a French poet of 
 the sixteenth century. Charles IX. 
 created expressly for him the otKce 
 of Puete Royal. He died at Paris in 
 1532, aged 8U j-ears. 
 
 French Kaph'a-el. A title conferred 
 upon Eustace Le Sicur (1617-1G55), 
 a distinguished French painter. 
 
 French Kos'ci-us (rosh'i-us). Mi- 
 chael Baron (105-3-1727), a celebrated 
 French actor. 
 
 and for the Rcmai'ks and Bulcs to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 FRE 
 
 140 
 
 FRI 
 
 Prencli Solomon. See Solomon of 
 Fkance. 
 
 French Ti-biil'lus. [Fr. Le Tibulle 
 Frangais.'] A surname given to 
 Evariste JJesire Desforges, Chevalier 
 de Parny (1753-1814), a French 
 elegiac and erotic poet. 
 
 Pres'ton. An enchanter or necro- 
 mancer who figures in many temble 
 scenes of the old romance of "Don 
 Belianis of Greece." 
 
 Not Muniaton, but Freston, yon should 
 have said, cried Don Quixote. Truly, quoth 
 the niece, I can't tell whether it was J-'reston, 
 or Friston, but sure I am that his name 
 ended with a "ton." Cervantes, lYaiis. 
 
 Prey (fri, 42). (Scand. Myth.) The 
 god of the sun and of rain, and hence 
 of fertility and peace. lie was one 
 of the most popular of the Xortheru 
 divinities. [Written also Freyr.] 
 
 Preyja (fi'I'yi). {Scand. Mijth.) The 
 goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and 
 fecunditj'. She was the sister of 
 Frey, and the wife of Odur, who aban- 
 doned her on her loss of j^outh and 
 beauty, and was changed into a statue 
 by Odin, as a punishment. [Writ- 
 ten also Freyia and Frey a.] 
 
 Priar Dom'i-nic. The chief person- 
 age in Dryden's play, " The Spanish 
 Friar," designed to ridicule the vices 
 of the priesthood. It is the best of 
 his comic characters. 
 
 Priar Ggr'und. The hero of a cele- 
 brated Spanish satirical romance by 
 Padre Isla (170-3-1781), designed to 
 ridicule the style of pulpit oratory in 
 vogue in his day, — oratory degraded 
 by bad taste, by conceits, pims, and 
 tricks of composition, and even by 
 low buffoonery, indulged in merely 
 to win the applause and increase the 
 contributions of vulgar audiences. 
 " The famous preacher. Friar Ger- 
 und," is one of these popular orators; 
 and Isla describes his life from his 
 birth in an obscure village, through 
 his education in a fashionable con- 
 vent, and his adventures as a mission- 
 ary about the countrj', the fiction 
 ending abruptly with his preparation 
 to deliver a course of sermons in a 
 city that seems intended to represent 
 Madrid. 
 
 Priar John. The name of one of the 
 
 most celebrated characters in Eabe- 
 lais' romance of " Pantagruel." 
 
 j(l<3j= " Tliroughout the book, he dashes 
 on, regardless of every thing in this world 
 or the next. If there is a .shipwreck or a 
 skirmish, Friar John is foremost in the 
 bustle ; fear is unknown to him ; if a 
 joke more than usually profane is to be 
 uttered, Friar John is the spokesman. 
 The swearing, bullying phrases are all 
 put in the mouth of Friar John. Rabe- 
 lais loved this lusty friar, this mass of 
 lewdness, debauchery, profanity, and 
 valour. He is the ' fine fellow ' of the 
 book ; and the author always seems in a 
 good humour when he makes him talk." 
 For. Qu. Rev. 
 
 And as to a dinner, they can no more do 
 without him than they could without Friar 
 John at the roistering revels of the renowned 
 Pantagruel. W. Irving. 
 
 Then came the Rebellion, and, presto ! a 
 flaw in our titles was discovered, . . . and we 
 were ... no relations of theirs after all, but a 
 dreggy hybrid of the basest bloods of Europe. 
 Pauurge was not quicker to call Friar Jo/in 
 his " former " friend. Lowell. 
 
 Priar Lau'rence. A Franciscan who 
 undertakes to marry Romeo and 
 Juliet, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 that name. 
 
 Priar Rush. [Lat. Frater Emischnis, 
 Ger. Brtider Eavsch, Dan. Broder 
 Runs. His name signifies either noise, 
 as Grimm thinks, or, as Wolf deems, 
 drunkenness. Comp. Old Eng. rouse.] 
 A house-spirit, celebrated in the mar- 
 vellous legends of old times. His 
 history was printed in 1620, and had 
 probably been often printed before. 
 The whole tale is designed as a severe 
 satire upon the monks, the pretended 
 fi-iar being sent from hell in conse- 
 quence of news, brought to the prince 
 of de\als, " of the great misrule and 
 vile living of these religious men ; to 
 keep them still in that state, and worse 
 if it might be." 
 
 Quis uon legit quid Frater liauscJdvs egit? 
 Bruno Seidelivs. 
 
 Priar Tuck. One of the constant 
 associates of Robin Hood, to whom 
 Ben Jonson (in his " Sad Shep- 
 herd") makes him chaplain and 
 steward. According to some, he Avas 
 a real monk. Sir Walter Scott has 
 introduced him in " Ivanhoe," with 
 great success, as the Holy Clerk of 
 Copmanhurst. 
 
 Prib'ble (-bl). A feeble-minded cox- 
 
 SF" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 FKI 
 
 141 
 
 FRO 
 
 comb in Garrick's farce entitled " Miss 
 in her Teens;" much given to cod- 
 dling himself, and " sadly troubled 
 ■VTitli weak nerves." 
 
 Could this sad, thoughtful countenance be 
 the same . . . that had looked out ... so 
 blankly divested of all nieauing, or resolutely 
 expressive of none, in Acres, in Fi'iWle^ and a 
 thousand agreeable impertinences V 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 The fashionable Fribbles of the day, the 
 chat, scandal, and amusements of those at- 
 tending the wells, and the canting hypocrisy 
 of some sectarians, are depicted, sometimes 
 with indelicacy, but always with force and 
 UxeUucss. H- Chambers. 
 
 Friday, Man. The name of a young 
 Indian whom Robinson Crusoe saved 
 from death on a Friday, and kept for 
 a companion and servant. 
 
 Even before they were acquainted, he had 
 admired Osborne in secret. Now he was his 
 valet, his dog, his JIaii Friday. Thackeray. 
 
 Friend of Man. [Fr. L'Ami des 
 Hommes.] A name popularly given 
 to Victor Riquetti, Marquis de Mira- 
 beau (1715-1789), from the title of 
 one of his works. lie was a distin- 
 guished political economist, and was 
 father of the great tribune, Mirabeau. 
 
 Frig'gik. (Scand. Mijlh.) The wife 
 of Odin, the queen of the gods, and 
 the mother of Baldur, Thor, &c. 
 She sometimes typities the earth, as 
 Odin does the heavens. The Anglo- 
 Saxons worshipped her as Frea. The 
 name survives in Friday. 
 
 Fris'eo-bal'do. A character in Dek- 
 ker's " Honest Whore." Hazlitt pro- 
 nounces it perfect, in its way, as a 
 picture of a broken-hearted father 
 with a sneer on his lips and a tear- 
 drop in his eye. 
 
 Frithiof (frith'i-of, or frith'yof). [Iccl. 
 Frlflhthjqfr, peace-destroyer.] The 
 hero of an ancient Icelandic saga," 
 •which records his love for the beauti- 
 ful Ingeborg, the daughter of a petty 
 Norwegian King. After being reject- 
 ed by the brothers of Ingeborg, and 
 having committed various acts of re- 
 venge on his enemies, he comes to 
 the court of the old King Hring, to 
 whom Ingeborg has been married, 
 and is received with kindness. At tlie 
 death of her husband, Ingeborg is 
 married to her lover, who acquires 
 with her hand the dominions of Firing, 
 
 over which he rules prosperously 
 to the end of his days. The dis- 
 tinguished Swedish poet, IJishop 
 Tegiu'r, has made use of this myth 
 as the groundwork of a poem of his 
 own (" Frithjof's Saga"), which has 
 obtained a wide reputation, and has 
 been translated into various modem 
 languages. [Written also Frith- 
 jof.] 
 
 Fritz, DerAlte(dGfal'ta frits). [Ger., 
 Old Fritz, Old Fred.] A sobriquet 
 given by the Germans to Frederick 
 I. (1712-1786) king of Prussia, com- 
 monly called Frederick the Great. 
 
 Frog, Nic. A sportive collective 
 name applied to the Dutch, in Aibuth- 
 not's " History of John Bull." 
 
 I back your Xic Frog against Mother Par- 
 tington, is'octes Ambrosianw. 
 
 Frol'lo, Archdeacon Claude {Fr. 
 pron. klod frol'lo'). A noted charac- 
 ter in Victor Hugo's " Notre-Dame 
 de Paris," absorbed in a bewildering 
 search after the philosophers' stone. 
 He has a great reputation for sanc- 
 tity, but falls in love with a gypsy 
 girl, and pursues her with unrelent- 
 ing persecution, because she will not 
 yield to his desires. 
 
 Front de Bceuf. See Bceuf, Feont 
 
 DE. 
 
 Frontino (fron-te'no). The name 
 given, in the old romances of chivalry, 
 to the horse of Ruggiero, or Rogero. 
 
 Go, Eozinante, ... go rear thy awful front 
 wherever thou pleasest, secure that neither 
 the hijipogriffon of Astolpho, nor the renowned 
 Frnntino, which Bradamante purchased at so 
 high a price, could ever be thought thy equal. 
 Cervantes, Don Quixote. 
 
 Frost, Jack. A popidar personifica- 
 tion of frost. 
 
 ^kS^ Frost is the name of a dwarf in the 
 Scandinavian mythology, and Ferguson 
 suggests that our nursery hero, Jack 
 Frost, may be derived from that source. 
 
 Froth. 1. (Master.) A foolish gentle- 
 man, in Shakespeare's " Measure for 
 Measure." His name explains his 
 character, which is without solidity 
 enough for deep crime, and far too 
 light for virtue. 
 
 We have dealt with the tale veiy much ac- 
 cording to the clown's argument in favour of 
 Master F'Oth : " Look upon his face. I '11 be 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxsii.
 
 ruD 
 
 142 
 
 FUS 
 
 sworn upon a book that his fice is the worst 
 part about hlra; and if his face be tlie worst 
 part about him, liow could Maater Froth do 
 the constable's wife any harm ? " Sir IP'. /Scott. 
 
 2. (Lord.) A solemn coxcomb, 
 iu Congreve's comedy of "The 
 Double Dealer." 
 Fudge, Mr. A contemptuous desig- 
 nation bestowed upon any absurd or 
 lying writer or talker. See BuR- 
 CHELL, Mk. 
 
 J6C3= " There was, sir, in our time, one 
 Captain Fudge, eommander of a mer- 
 chantman, who, upon his return from a 
 voyage, how ill fraught soever his ship 
 was, always brought home to his owners 
 a good cargo of lies, insomuch that now 
 aboard ship the sailors, when they hear a 
 great lie told, cry out, ' You fudge it.' " 
 Remarks upon the Navy (London, 1700). 
 " In the year 1664, we were sentenced for 
 banishment to Jamaica by Judges Hyde 
 and Twisden, and our number was 55. 
 We were put on board the ship Black 
 Eagle ; the master's name was Fudge, by 
 some called Lying Fudge." A Collection 
 of some Papers of William Crouch (8vo, 
 1712). 
 
 ;e@=" " With a due respect to their an- 
 tiquity, and the unchanged reputatiou 
 always attached to the name, we have 
 long held in high consideration the an- 
 cient family of Fudges. Some of them, 
 as we know, hare long resided in England, 
 and have been ever ready to assist in her 
 domestic squabbles and political changes. 
 But their favourite place of residence we 
 understand to be in Ireland. Their usual 
 modes of expression, indeed, are akin to 
 the figurative talk of the Emerald island- 
 ers." Brit. ^- For. Rev. 
 
 Fudge Family. A name under which 
 the poet ^Sloore, in a series of metrical 
 epistles, purporting to be written Ijy 
 the members of a family of English 
 tourists visiting Paris, satmsed the 
 absurdities of his travelling country- 
 men, who, having been long confined 
 at home by the wars waged by Ka- 
 poleon, flocked to the continent in 
 swarms, after his defeat at Waterloo. 
 The family is composed of a hack 
 •\\Titer and spy, devoted to legitimacy, 
 the Bourbons, and Lord Castlereagh ; 
 his son, a young dandy of the first 
 ■water ; and his daughter, a senti- 
 mental damsel, rapturously fond of 
 ''romance, and high bonnets, and 
 Madame Le Roy," in love with a 
 Parisian linen-draper, whom she has 
 
 mistaken for one of the Bourbons in 
 tlisguise. There is also a tutor and 
 " poor relation " of this egregious 
 family, wlio is an ardent Bouapartist 
 and Irish patriot. 
 
 No sooner are we seated at the gay saloon 
 in Dessin's, than we call, like Biddy Fudge, 
 ibr " French pens and French ink." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Funk, Peter. A person employed at 
 petty auctions to bid on articles put 
 up "for sale, in order to raise their 
 price ; — probably so called from such 
 a name having frequently been given 
 when articles were bought in. To 
 funk, or funk out, is a vulgar expres- 
 sion, meaning to slink a^yay, to take 
 one's self off. In some localities, it 
 conveys the added notion of great 
 fear. 
 
 jJJJr" " I5y thus running up goods, Peter 
 is of great service to the auctioneers, 
 though he never pays them a cent of 
 money. Indeed, it is not his intention to 
 purchase, nor is it that of the auctioneer 
 that he should. Goods, nevertheless, are 
 frequently struck off to him ; and then 
 the salesman cries out the name of Mr. 
 Smith, Mr. Johnson, or some otheramong 
 the hundred aliases of Peter Funk, as the 
 purchaser. But the goods, on such oc- 
 casions, are always taken back by the 
 auctioneer, agreeably to a secret under- 
 standing between him and Peter." 
 
 Asa Greene. 
 
 Furies. [Lat. Furm.'] ( Gr. tf Rom. 
 Myth.) The three goddesses of ven- 
 geance, daughters of Acheron and 
 Nox. They were armed vdih. lighted 
 torches, their heads were ■m'eathcd 
 with snakes, and their whole ap- 
 pearance was terrific and appalling. 
 Their names were Alecto, Megaera, 
 and Tisiphone. [Called also Erinnyes 
 and Eummides.'] 
 
 Furioso, Bombastes. See Bojibas- 
 
 TES FUKIOSO. 
 
 Furioso, Orlando. Sec ORLA^^^o. 
 
 Fusberta (f(X)s-bef'ta.) The name of 
 the sword of Einaldo. See Bayakd, 
 2, and Rinaldo. [Written also 
 F r u s b e r t a, F u s h b e r t a, and 
 Floberge.] 
 
 This " awful sword," as the common people 
 term it, was as dear to him as Durindana or 
 Fushberta to their respective masters, and was 
 nearly as formidable to his enemies as those 
 renowned falchions proved to the foes of 
 Christendom. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 1X3" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyins Explanations,
 
 GAB 
 
 143 
 
 GAjM 
 
 G. 
 
 Ga'bri-el. [PIcb., might}' one of God.] 
 The name of an angel described in 
 the Scriptnres as charged with the 
 ministration of comfort and sympathy 
 to man. He was sent to Daniel to 
 interpret in plain words the vision of 
 the ram and the he-goat, and to com- 
 fort him, after his prayer, Avith the 
 prophecy of the " seventy weeks." 
 (See I)an. viii. and ix.) In the 
 New Testament (Lu/cci.), he is the 
 herald of good tidings, declaring as 
 he does the coming of the pi'edicted 
 Messiah, and of his forerunner, John 
 the Baptist. In the ordinary tradi- 
 tions, Je'^vish and Christian, Gabriel 
 is spoken of as one of the seven arch- 
 angels. According to the Kabbins, 
 he is the angel of death for the people 
 of Israel, whose souls are intrusted to 
 his care. The Talmud describes him 
 as the prince of tire, and as the spirit 
 who presides over thunder, and the 
 ripening of fruits. Gabriel has the 
 reputation, among the Kabbins, of 
 being a distinguished linguist, hav- 
 ing taught Joseph the seventy lan- 
 guages spoken at Babel, and being, 
 in addition, the only angel who could 
 speak Chaldec and Syriac. The 
 Mohammedans hold him in even 
 greater reverence than the Jews. He 
 is called the spirit of truth, and is 
 believed to have dictated the Koran 
 to Mohammed. Milton posts him at 
 " the eastern gate of Paradise," as 
 " chief of the angelic guards," keep- 
 ing watch there. 
 
 Gads'MU. A companion of Sir John 
 Falstaff, in the First Part of Shake- 
 speare's " King Heniy IV." 
 
 Ga'her-is, Sir. A brother of Sir 
 Gawain, and a knif^^ht of the Round 
 Table, celebrated in old romances of 
 chivahy. 
 
 Gal'S.-Md, Sir. The son of Lancelot 
 of the Lake, and a knight of the 
 Piound Table, remarkable for the 
 piu-itj' of his liie. His successful ad- 
 ventures in search of the sangreal 
 
 were celebrated by the old romancers, 
 and have been made the subject, in 
 modern times, of one of the most ex- 
 
 fuisite of Tennyson's minor poems. 
 Written also G a 1 a a d.] 
 
 Galalon. See Gan. 
 
 Gal'a-or, A brother of Amadis do 
 Gaul. His exploits are recounted in 
 the romance of that name. 
 
 Ga-laph'ro-ne, or Gal'a-fron. A 
 king of Cathay, and father of An- 
 gelica, in Bqjardo's " Orlando Inna- 
 morato," Ariosto's " Orlando Furi- 
 oso," and other romantic poems and 
 tales of the Carlovingian cycle. 
 
 GaPa-te'a. [Gr. raAireta.] ( Gr. tj"- Eoni. 
 Myth.) A sea-nymph, the daugh- 
 ter of Nereus and l)oris. She was 
 passionately loved by Polyphemus, 
 but her own affections were bestowed 
 upon Acis. See Acis. 
 
 Ga-la'tian. A character in the Chinst- 
 mas gambols of the olden time. 
 
 Gal'li-a. The ancient Latin name of 
 France, often used in modern poctr}'. 
 
 For gold let Gallia's legions fight, 
 
 Or plunder's bloody gains 
 ITnbribcd, iinbought, our swords ttc di"aw, 
 To guard our king, to fence our law, 
 
 Nor shall their edge be vain. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Galloping Dick. A name popularly 
 given to Richard Ferguson, a cele- 
 brated highway robber, — executed 
 at Aylesburj'- (England), April 4, 
 1800, — on account of his bold riding 
 when pursued. 
 
 Galloway, Fair Maid of. See Faii; 
 Maid of Galloway. 
 
 Gammer Gurton. See Gurtox, 
 Gajijiek. 
 
 Gamp, Mrs. Sarah. A monthly nurse 
 who is a prominent character in 
 Dickens's novel of " Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit." She is celebrated for her 
 constant reference to a certain Mrs. 
 Harris, a purely imaginary person, 
 for whose feigned opinions and ut- 
 terances she professes the greatest 
 respect, in order to give the more 
 
 and for the Kcraarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 GAN 
 
 144 
 
 GAR 
 
 •weight to her own. See Hakkis, 
 Mrs. 
 Gan (gan), Ganelone (gS-na-lo'ni), 
 Ganelon (gfm'lon', G2), or Gano 
 (ga'no). A count of Mayence, and 
 one of the paladins of Charlemagne, 
 by whom he is perpetually trusted, 
 and whom he perpetually betrays; 
 always represented as engaged in 
 machinations for the destruction of 
 Christianity. Spite, patience, obsti- 
 nacy, dissimulation, afl'ected humility, 
 and' inexhaustible powers of intrigue 
 are the chief elements of his charac- 
 ter. He tigures in the romantic 
 poems of Italy, and is placed by 
 Dante in his Inferno. See ^Mar- 
 siGLio. [Written also G a 1 a 1 o n.] 
 
 Have you not, all of you, held me at such a 
 
 distance from your counsels, as if I were the 
 
 most faithless spy since the days of Omielon ? 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Heimer the fierce, who was the Ganelon of 
 the society, sat upon the left. //. Weber. 
 
 Gan'der-eleugh. (-klobk). [That is, 
 gander-cliff, or gander-ravine.] An 
 imaginary town situated on the imag- 
 inary river Gander, in " the central 
 part, the navel of Scotland." It was 
 the residence of Jcdediah C'leish- 
 botham (see Cleishbotham, Jede- 
 DiAH), who speaks of it as " a place 
 frequented by most at one time or 
 other in thoir lives." 
 
 Ga'nem. The name of a young 
 merchant who is the hero of one of 
 the tales in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments." He incurs the 
 vengeance of Caliph Haroun-Al-Ea- 
 schid, and has his house levelled to 
 the ground in consequence, but es- 
 capes being made a prisoner by dis- 
 guising himself like a slave belonging 
 to an eating-house, and putting on 
 bis head the dishes from which he 
 had just eaten dinner, — a trick 
 which effectually deceives the guards, 
 who permit him to pass without ex- 
 amination. 
 
 Gan'e-sg. (Ilindu Mijlli.) The god 
 of policy and prudence, or wisdom. 
 He is represented with the head of an 
 elephant, and with four arms ; some- 
 times with three arms. 
 
 The tenth Avatar comes! at Heaven's com- 
 mand. 
 Shall Seriswattee wave her hallowed wand. 
 
 And Camdeo bright and Ganesa sublime 
 Sliall bless with joy their own propitious 
 
 clime ! 
 Come, Heavenly Powers! primeval peace re- 
 store ! 
 Love, — Mercy, — Wisdom, — rule for ever- 
 more! Camjibcll. 
 
 Gan'y--mede. [Gr. Tavvix:^Sr}<;, Lat. 
 Gamjmechs.'] (Gr. ($• Rom. Myth.) 
 A son of Pros, king of Troj-, by 
 Callirrhoe. He was the most beauti- 
 ful of mortals; and Jupiter, charmed 
 with his appearance, assumed the 
 form of an eagle, snatched him away 
 from his playmates on IMount Ida, 
 and carried him up to heaven, where 
 he became the cup-bearer of the gods 
 in the place of Juno's daughter Hebe. 
 See Hebe. [Written also, poetically, 
 G a n y m e d.] 
 
 Tall stripling youths rich clad, of fairer hue 
 Than Gamjmed or Hylas. Milton. 
 
 Pour forth heaven's wine, Idsean Ganymede, 
 And let it fill the Dsedal cups like fire. 
 
 SheUey. 
 There, too, flushed GanynteOe, his rosy thigh 
 
 Half buried in the eagle's down. 
 Sole as a flying star shot through the sky 
 
 Above the pillared town. Tennyson. 
 
 Garcias, Pedro (pa'dro gaf-the'ass). 
 A mythical personage, of whom men- 
 tion is made in the preface to " Gil 
 Bias," in which it is related how two 
 scholars of Salamanca discovered 
 a tombstone with the inscription, 
 "Here lies interred the smtl of the 
 licentiate Pedro Garcias," and how, 
 on digging beneath the stone, they 
 found a leathern piurse coutainhig a 
 hundred ducats. 
 
 Then it was like the soul of the licentiate 
 Pedro Garcias, which lay among the ducats 
 in his leathern purse. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 On the other hand, does not his soul lie 
 enclosed in this remarkable volume much 
 more truly than I'edro Garcias' did in the 
 buried bag of doubloons? Carlyle. 
 
 Garden City. A popular name for 
 Chicago, a city in Illinois which is 
 remarkaljle for the number and 
 beauty of its private gardens. 
 
 Garden of England. A name gen- 
 erally applied to the county of Wor- 
 cester, on account of its beauty and 
 fertility. 
 
 If the county of Worcester, which has 
 hitherto been accounted the Garden of Eng- 
 land, is now (as the Report of the Home Mis- 
 sionary assures us) become, for_ want of 
 preachers, ** a waste and howling wilderness," 
 what must the mountains of Macgillicuddy 
 be? T. Moore. 
 
 tS^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GAR 
 
 145 
 
 GAW 
 
 Garden of Europe. An appellation 
 sometimes given to Italy, a country 
 remarkable for the extreme fertility 
 of its soil, the variety of its vegetable 
 productions, the general salubrity of 
 its climate, and the unsurpassed love- 
 liness and magnificence of its scenery. 
 
 Garden of France. [Fr. Jardin de 
 la France.] A name given to the 
 department of Indre-et -Loire, in- 
 cluding Tourraine, part of Anjou, 
 Poitou, and the Orleanais, a region 
 celebrated for its beauty and fertility. 
 
 Garden of Italy. A name sometimes 
 given to the island of Sicilj% which 
 ]s distinguished for the romantic 
 beauty of its scenery, and the luxuri- 
 ance of its crops. 
 
 Garden of the West. A name 
 usually given to Kansas, but some- 
 times applied to Illinois and others 
 of the Western States, which are all 
 noted for their productiveness. 
 
 Garden of the "World. A name fi-e- 
 quently given to the vast country, 
 comprising more than 1,200,000 
 square miles, which is drained by the 
 Mississippi and its tributaries, — a re- 
 gion of almost unexampled fertility. 
 
 Gargamelle (gaf'gS'mel')- [Fr-, 
 threat.] The mother of Gargantua, 
 in liabelais' celebrated romance of 
 this name. 
 
 Gargantua^gar-gant'yoo-s ; Fv.jiron. 
 gaf'g6'>-tii-a', 34, 62). [Fr., from 
 Sp. gar[ianta, throat, gullet.] The 
 hero of Kabelais' celebrated ro- 
 mance of the same name, a gigantic 
 jjersonage, about whom many won- 
 derful stories are related. He lived 
 for several centuries, and at last be- 
 got a son, Pantagruel, as wonderful 
 as himself. 
 
 4t3= Rabelais borrowed this character 
 from an old Celtic giant storv. The wa- 
 ter-giants were all great guzzlers. Gar- 
 pmtua, in the legend, when a child, sucks 
 the milk from ten nurses. lie stands 
 ■with each foot upon a high mountain, 
 and bending down, drinks up the river 
 which flows between. 
 
 You must borrow me Gargantua'a mouth 
 ■first; 'tis a word too great for any mouth of 
 this age's size. Sfiak. 
 
 Gar'ger-y, Joe. An illiterate black- 
 smith, in Dickens's " Great Expecta- 
 
 tions," remarkable for his simplicity, 
 generositj', and kindness of heart. 
 
 Gar'ger-y, Bdrs. Joe. A virago, who 
 figures in Dickens's novel of " Great 
 Expectations." 
 
 Gate City. 1. Keokuk, Iowa ; — pop- 
 ularly so called. It is situated at the 
 foot of the lower rapids of the Mis- 
 sissippi (which extend twelve miles, 
 with a fall of twenty-four feet), and 
 is tlie natural head of' navigation. A 
 portion of the city is built on a bluft" 
 one hundred and fifty feet high. 
 
 2. Atlanta, a city in Georgia, and 
 the terminus of four of the principal 
 railroads of the State ; — so called by 
 Jefferson Davis, as being, in a mili- 
 tary point of view, the most impor- 
 tant inland position in the lower part 
 of the South. 
 
 Gate of Tears. A literal translation 
 of the word Babelmamhb, the straits 
 of which name were so called on ac- 
 count of the number of shipwrecks 
 which occiu' in them. 
 
 Like some ill-dostined bark that steers 
 In silence through the Gate of Tears. 
 
 T. lloore. 
 
 Gaudentio di Lucca (go^vv-dent'se-o 
 dee lobk'ka). The name of a cele- 
 brated romance, — written by Simon 
 Berington, — and also of its hero, 
 who is represented as making a jour- 
 ney to Mezzoramia, an imaginary 
 country in the interior of Africa. 
 
 Gautier et Garguille (go'te-a' a gaf'- 
 gel', 82). Two proper names having 
 a signification equivalent to iout In 
 monde, or every body, found in the 
 French pi-overbial expression, " Se 
 mnquer de Gautier et Garr/uille,''^ to 
 make game of Gautier and Garguille, 
 that is, to make game of every body. 
 
 For the rest, spare neither Gnutier nor Gar- 
 guille. Hegnier, Trans. 
 
 Ga^w'ain, Sir. [Written also Gau- 
 vain.] A nephew of King Arthur, 
 and one of the most celebrated 
 knights of the Round Table, noted 
 for his sagacity, his habitual court- 
 esy, and his wonderful strength, 
 which is said to have been greater at 
 certain hours of the day tlian at oth- 
 ers. Chaucer, in his " Squire's Tale," 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 10
 
 GAW 
 
 146 
 
 GEIT 
 
 describing the entrance of a strange 
 knight, saj'S that he 
 
 " Salueth king and lordes alio, 
 JJy order as thev bat in tlie hall, 
 AVith so liigh reverence and observance. 
 As well in speech as in his countenance, 
 That Gawixm witli his olile curtesie, 
 Though he were come again out ot't'ai-rie, 
 Ne coude him not amcudeu with a word." 
 
 Gawkey, Lord. See Loed Gawkey. 
 
 Gaw'rey. A name given, in the ro- 
 mance of " I'cter \Vilkins," to the 
 flying women among wliuin the hero 
 of tlie work was thrown. See Wil- 
 Kixs, Peter. 
 
 She spread out her beautiful arms, aa if 
 indeed slie could fly otf like the pretty Gawrcii 
 whom the man in the story was enamoured 
 of. T/iackc'ii/. 
 
 Geflon (ga'fe-on), ) (Scmid. Myth.) 
 Gefjon (gaf'yon). ) The goddess of 
 virginity, to whom all maidens re- 
 pair after death. 
 Gel'ert. The name of a favourite grey- 
 hound of Llewellyn, son-in-law to 
 King John of England. On one oc- 
 casion, during the absence of his 
 master in the chase, he destroyed a 
 ferocious wolf, who attacked Llewel- 
 lyn's infant son. Returning from the 
 lield, and not finding the child, — 
 who was sound asleep under a con- 
 fused heap of bedclothes,— Llewellyn 
 rashly concluded that the dog, whose 
 lips were bloody from his struggle 
 with the wolf, had killed him ; and, 
 without waiting to examine or in- 
 quire, plunged his sword to the hilt 
 in Gelert's side. With the dying 
 yell of the dog, the infant awoke, 
 and Llewellyn, smitten with remorse 
 for his rash and frantic deed, erected 
 an elegant monument over the re- 
 mains of the fiiithful animal ; whence 
 the place was called Bethfjelert, or 
 "the grave of the greyhound," a 
 name which it bears to the present 
 day. It is in a parish of the same 
 name in North Wales. This legend 
 has been versified by William Robert 
 Spencer. 
 
 Llewellyn's grevhound lins a second grave 
 very distant frnm'that r ,f Bi-t)iaehrt. It sleejis 
 and points a moral in Persia. Willinott. 
 
 &el'iat-ley, Da'vie. The name of an 
 idiot servant of the Baron of Brad- 
 wardine, in Scott's novel of " Wa- 
 verley." 
 
 Gem of TTormandy. A name given 
 to Emma, daughter of Richard I., 
 duke of Normandy, married to Eth- 
 elred IL, king of England. She 
 died in 1052. 
 
 General Undertaker, The. [Fr. Le 
 Gmeral Enlrqjrtntuv.'] A nickname 
 given by the popidace of Paris to the 
 tmperor Napoleon Bonaparte, on ac- 
 count of the immense public works 
 which he entered upon, but did not 
 always complete. 
 
 Ge-neu'ra. The same as Guinever, 
 King Arthur's queen, notorious for 
 her infidelity to hun. See Guike- 
 
 VEK. 
 
 Gen'e-vieve'. 1. The heroine of a 
 ballad by Coleridge. 
 
 2. Under the form Genoveva, or 
 Genovefa, the name occtu-s in a 
 German myth as that of the wife of 
 the Count Palatine Siegfried of 
 Maj'cnfeld, in the time of Charles 
 Martel. According to the tradition, 
 she was left behind by her husband 
 wliile on a mai-ch against the Sara- 
 cens. Upon false accusations made 
 to him, he gave orders to put her to 
 death ; but the servant intrusted ■nith 
 the commission suffered her to escape 
 into the forest of Ardennes, where 
 she lay concealed a long time, until 
 by accident her husband discovered 
 her retreat, and recognised her inno- 
 cence. This legend furnished the 
 material of one of the earliest " Volks- 
 biicher," or popular tales. In modern 
 times, Tieck and Miiller have redacted 
 the tradition, and Eaupach has made 
 it the subject of a drama. 
 
 JSSf " St. Genevieve is the patron saint 
 of Paris, and the name has always been 
 held in high esteem in France. There is 
 a German form of the name borne by the 
 apocryphal saint Genovefa. of Brabant, 
 to whom has attached the story, of sus- 
 picious universality, of the wife who was 
 driven by malicious accusations to the 
 woods, there to give birth to an infant, 
 and to be nourished by a white doe until 
 the final discovery of her innocence." 
 
 Yonge. 
 
 Ge'ni-t. {Gr. cf- Rom. Myth.) Pro- 
 tecting spirits or tutelar deities anal- 
 agous to the guardian angels of the 
 Christian faith. 
 
 K3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GEN" 
 
 147 
 
 GIA 
 
 Gentle Shepherd, A nickname, de- 
 rived I'rom a lino of a -well-known 
 sonfT, fastened upon Georije (irenville 
 (1712-1770), by William Pitt, Earl 
 of Chatham, iu a celebrated debate 
 in Parliament. 
 
 Geor^^e a-Green. The subject of an 
 ]".ii;;lish pro^e romance entitled '" The 
 History of Georice a-tircen, I'indar 
 of the town of AVakelield.'' In its 
 MS. form, it is supi)o.sed to be as old 
 as the da}'s of Queen Elizabeth. 
 '■ Pindar" is a con-uption of pinmr, 
 OT 2)enner, that is, keeper of the jmb- 
 lic pen or pound for tlie couliuement 
 of estrays. 
 
 Look before you leap, 
 For as you sow, you're like to reap; 
 And were y' as good as Oeonje a-Grcen, 
 I shall make hold to turn agaiu; 
 Nor am I doubtful of the issue 
 In a just quarrel, and mine is so. IlmUbras. 
 I will presently order you a rundlct of 
 Rhenish, with a correspondinjr quantity of 
 ncats' tongues and pickled herrings, to niakc 
 you all as glorious as Gtorga a-Greeii. 
 
 Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 6e-raint', Sir. A legendarj' hero, 
 connected with the romances of the 
 Kound Tal)le. His story is treated 
 in Tennyson's " Idylls ot" the King." 
 
 GSr'ai-dine. A name of fi-equent oc- 
 currence in romantic poetry. Lady 
 I'Llizabeth Fitzgerald was 'the lady 
 •who was made by Surrey the heroine 
 of his poetry, under the title of the 
 '•Fair Geraldine," thus leading to 
 the adoption of this latter as one of 
 the class of romantic names. Sec 
 Faih Gei;aldine. 
 
 Ger'dS(4). (Scand. Myth.) The wife of 
 Frey. She was accounted the most 
 beautiful of all the goddesses, and 
 was renowned for her piety and vir- 
 tue. 
 
 German Ach il lea. See Achilles 
 OF Germany. 
 
 German Cicero. See Ciceko of 
 
 Gekjiany. 
 German Hector. See IIectok of 
 
 Gef.many. 
 
 German Mil'ton (-tn). A title be- 
 stowed upon l"ri('(lricli Gottlieb Klo))- 
 stock (n2-t-18i):i), author of " The 
 Messiah," an epic poem. Coleridge 
 said of him, that he was "a very 
 German IMilton, indeed ! " 
 
 While IClopstock was called our Milton, 
 Wioland our Voltaire, and others in thcsanio 
 way, Goethe and Schiller were never otlier 
 than themselves. GVci-mujt, Irans. 
 
 German Pla'to. Friedrich Hcinrich 
 Jacobi (174;3-1819), a distinguished 
 German philosopher, so called on ac- 
 count of the high religious tone of 
 his metaphysical writings. 
 
 German Vol-taire' (.3). 1. A title 
 often given to Christojjh Martin AVie- 
 land (173;j-18i:}), one of tlie great 
 poets who are the pride of Germany. 
 
 no [Wieland] had imhilied so much of the 
 
 taste of the French along with their pliiliiso- 
 
 phy, that he bore the name of the Grriim/i 
 
 Voltaire, in Germany and out of Gernnniy. 
 
 JJuutcrwck, Trillin. 
 
 2. An epithet sometimes applied 
 to Goethe. 
 
 ;e3= " Goethe has been called the Ger- 
 man Voltaire ; but it is a name wliich. 
 does him wrong, and describes him ill. 
 Excepting in the corresponding variety 
 of their pursuits and knosvledge, in which, 
 perhaps, it does Voltaire wrong, the two 
 cannot be compared. Goethe is all, or 
 the best of all, that Voltaire was, and he 
 was much that Voltaire did not dreani 
 of." Carlyle. 
 
 G^ronte (zha'ro'U', G2). [Fr., from 
 the Gr. yipiov, yipovTos., an old man.] 
 A character iu Moliere's comedies, 
 '• Le Medecin nialgrc Lui " and 
 "Les Fourberies de Scapin." The 
 name is commonly used in Frenck 
 comedies to designate any old man, 
 particidarly one who for any reason 
 makes himself ridiculous. 
 
 Gerund, Friar. See Friar GEFiUXD. 
 
 Ge'ry-on (9). [Gr. rTjpudiTj?.] (Gr.^- 
 Bom. Myth.) A king of Hesperia, 
 .son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, de- 
 scribed as a being with three bodies 
 and three heads, lie jiossesscd niag- 
 nilicent oxen, but, as he fed tiu'ui 
 with human flesh, lie was killed by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Ghent, Pacification of. See Paci- 
 fication OF Ghent. 
 
 Giant Cor'mo-r3.n. A Cornish giant, 
 slain by Jack tlie Giant-ldller. See 
 Jack the Giant-kii.ij:f.. 
 
 Giant Despair. In- IJunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," a giant who is the 
 owner of Doubting Castle, and who, 
 finding Christian and Hopeful asleep 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 GIA 
 
 148 
 
 GIL 
 
 upon his grounds, takes them pris- 
 oners, and thrusts them into a duu- 
 
 Since the time of John Milton, no braver 
 )ieart had beat in any English bosom tliiiu 
 Samuel Johnson now bore. ... No Gmtit 
 Despair . . . appalls this pilgrim: he works 
 resolutely for deliverance, in still defiance 
 steps resolutely along. Varli/tc. 
 
 The monotonous desolation of the scene 
 increased to that degree, that, for any redeem- 
 ing feature it presented to their eyes, they 
 mi"ht have entered in the body ou the gnin 
 domains of Giant Despair. Dickens. 
 
 Giant Grim. In the " Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress" of John Biinj-an, a giant who 
 seeks to stop tlie march of tlie pil- 
 grims to the Celestial Citj', but is 
 slain in a duel by Mr. Great-heart, 
 their guide. 
 
 Giant-killer, The. See Jack the 
 Giant-killer. 
 
 Giants. [Gr. TCyavre^, Lat. Giganies.] 
 1. ( Gr. (J- Rom. Myth. ) Sons of Tar- 
 tarus and Terra, beings of monstrous 
 size, with dragons' tails and fearful 
 countenances. They attempted to 
 storm heaven, being armed with 
 huge rocks and the trunks of trees, 
 but were killed by the gods with the 
 assistance of Hercules, and were 
 buried under Moimt ^Etna and other 
 volcanoes. 
 
 2. (Scand. Mi/tli.) Evil genii of 
 various forms and races, enemies of 
 the gods. They dwelt in a territory 
 of their own, called JoUmliebn, or 
 Giant-land. The}' had the power of 
 assuming divers shapes, and of in- 
 creasing or diminishing their stature 
 at will." See Jotuniieiji. 
 
 Giant Slay-good. In Bunyan's " Pil- 
 grim's Progress," a giant slain in a 
 duel by Mr. Great-heart. 
 
 G-ib'bet. A foot-pad in the " Beaux' 
 Stratagem," a comedy by George 
 i'arquhar. 
 
 Like GiUhct . . . [they] piqued themselves 
 on benig the best^behaved men on the road, 
 and on conducting themselves with all ap- 
 propriate civility in the exercise of their voca- 
 tion. Sir jr. Scott. 
 
 SibTjIe, Goose. A half-witted lad 
 in Lady Bellenden's service, in 
 Scott's novel of "Old Mortality." 
 
 A great companion of my younger days 
 was Johnny Stykes, who, like Goose Gihbie 
 of famous memory, first kept the turkeys, 
 
 and tlipn. ns his years advanced, was pro- 
 moteil to the more imiJortant office of minding 
 tlie cows. Keiylitlci/. 
 
 Gibraltar of America. A name 
 often given to the city of Quebec, 
 which, from its position, and natural 
 and artificial means of defence, is, 
 perhaps, the most strongly fortitieil 
 city in America. 
 
 Gil Bias (zhel blSss). The title of a 
 famous romance by Le Sage (lG(i8- 
 1747), and the name of its hero, by 
 whom, and with whose commentaries, 
 the story is professedly told. 
 
 XEg=- " Oil Bias ... is naturally dis- 
 posed toward honesty, though with a 
 mind unfortunately too ductile to resist 
 the temptations of opportunity or ex- 
 ample. He is coustitutioually timid, and 
 yet occasionally callable of doing brave 
 actions ; shrewd and intelligent, but apt 
 to be deceived by his own vanity ; with 
 wit enough to make us laugh with him 
 at others, and follies enough to turn the 
 jest frequently against himself. Gener- 
 ous, good-natured, and humane, he has 
 virtues sufficient to make us love him, 
 and, as to respect, it is the last thing 
 which he asks at his reader's hand." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 OrUl, Harry. A character in Words- 
 worth's ballad entitled " Goody 
 Blake and Harry Gill." smitten with 
 perpetual cold for his hard-heart- 
 edness toward an old dame. See 
 Goody Blake. 
 
 GUIs, Sol. A warm-hearted, simple- 
 minded ships'-instrnments maker in 
 Dickens's " Dombey and Son." 
 
 Gil Morrice. See ]Morkice, Gil. 
 
 &il'pin, John. A citizen of London, 
 and " a train-band captain," whose 
 adventures are related in Cowper'fs 
 humourous poem entitled " The Di- 
 verting History of John Gilpin, 
 showing how he wont further than 
 he intended, and came safe home 
 again." The story was related to 
 Cowper by a Mrs. Austen, who re- 
 membered to have heard it in her 
 childhood. The poem first appeared 
 anonymously in the " Public Adver- 
 tiser," in 1782, and was first pub- 
 lished as Cowper's avowed produc- 
 tion in the second volume of his 
 poems. 
 >8S" " .Tohn Gilpin is said to have been 
 
 l^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GIX 
 
 149 
 
 GLA 
 
 Mr. Bayer, an eminent linen - draper, 
 superlatively polite, who figured, in tlio 
 visible order ot thiug.s, at the top of 
 Patei-noster How, or rather at the corner 
 Of Chcapside. Quoth Jlr. John Gilpin, — 
 
 'I am a rincn-draper bold. 
 
 As all the world doth know.' " 
 
 Sbtcs uml Queries. 
 
 Gines de Passamonte (ho-nes' da 
 pUs-sa-mon'tit, 58). The name of a 
 gallcy-slavu and puppet-show man in 
 '• Don Quixote." 
 
 In that case, replied I, paintinj: cxccla the 
 ope of the renowned GiiKS dc I'msamonli', 
 which only meddled with the i)ast and the 
 present. Sir H'. Hcutt. 
 
 lie manages his dcUghtful puppet-show 
 vithont thrusting his head beyond tlie cur- 
 tain, like Gincs de I'assamonte, to explain 
 what he is doing. iiV IF. iiajtt. 
 
 Gl-nev'ra. 1. A lady whose story 
 has been interwoven ivith the adven- 
 tures of Kinaldo, in Ariosto's chiv- 
 alrous romance, the " Orlando ]"'uri- 
 oso." Ginevra, i'alsely accused, is 
 doomed to die, unless a true l^night 
 comes within a month to do battle for 
 her honour. Her lover, Ariodantes, 
 has fled, and is reported to have per- 
 ished. The wicked duke who has 
 brought the accusation appears secure 
 ii his treachery; but the woman who 
 has been his instrument, meeting 
 with Einaldo, disclo^^es the truth ; 
 then comes a combat, in which the 
 guilty duke is slain by the champion 
 of innocence, and the lover re-appears 
 and recovers his lady. This incident 
 was derived by Ariosto from the popu- 
 lar traditions "of the South of Europe. 
 Spenser has a similar story in the 
 " Fat^ry Queen," and Shakespeare 
 availed himself of the main incident 
 in his comedy of " Much Ado about 
 Nothing." 
 
 2. The title and subject of a 
 metrical tale by Samuel Rogers, 
 which relates how a young Italian 
 lady, iipon Iier wedding-day, secreted 
 herself, from motives of frolic, in a 
 self-locking oaken chest, the lid of 
 which shut down and buried her 
 alive. 
 
 Phccbus, sitting one day in a laurel-tree's 
 
 shade, 
 Was reminded of Daphne, of whom it was 
 
 made. 
 For the god being one day too warm in his 
 
 wooing. 
 She took to the tree, to escape his pursuing; 
 
 Be the cause what it miglit, from his offers she 
 
 shrunk. 
 And, GiHcrra-hke.shut herself up in a trunk. 
 Lowvll. 
 
 3. See Gi:iNi;\i:i:. 
 Gingerbread, Gile§. Tlie hero of an 
 old and celebrated English nursery 
 tale. 
 
 J^M' " The world is probably not aware 
 of the ingenuity, humour, good sense, 
 and sly satire contained in many of t!ie 
 old English nursery tales. Tliey have 
 evidently been the sportive productions 
 of able WTiters, who would not trust their 
 names to productions that might be 
 considered beneath their dignity. The 
 ponderous worlcs on which they relied for 
 immortality have perhaps sunk into ob- 
 livion, and carried their names down with 
 them ; while their unacknowledged oil- 
 spring, 'Jack the Giant-killer,' 'Giles 
 Gingerbread,' and ' Tom Thumb," flourisli 
 in wide-spreading and never-ceasing pop- 
 ularity." W. Irving. 
 
 Ginnunga-gap (gin-noon'gS-gap). 
 [Old Norse f/inn, wide, expanded 
 (used only in composition), and (/(ipi, 
 to gape, yawn, open.] (Scand. 
 Myth.) The vast chaotic abyss 
 which existed before the present 
 Avorld, and separated Xiflheim, or the 
 region of fog, from Muspelheim, or 
 the region of heat. 
 
 Gjallar (gyal'lar). [Old Xorsc gala, 
 to sing, call out. Comp. Eng. chU.\ 
 (Scaml. Myth.) The horn oflleim- 
 dall, which he blows to give notice to 
 tlie gods of those who an'ive at the 
 bridge BiWist, and attempt to cross 
 it. [AVritten also G i a 1 1 a r.] 
 
 Glasse, Mrs. (2). The real or fictitious 
 author of a cookery-book, formerly 
 very famous. It is said by some to 
 have been A\Titten by one Hannah 
 Glasse, a habit maker and seller in 
 the early part of the last centun,^ 
 Others attribute it to the scribatious 
 Dr. Hill (Sir John Hill, 1710-177.5), 
 considering the name a pseudonym. 
 The first edition was published in 
 1747, and, very appropriately, in what 
 is termed "pot" folio. Mrs. Glasse 
 is popularly thought to begin a re- 
 ceipt for cooking a hare witii tlie pithy 
 advice, " First catch your hare ; " but 
 this expression is not found in any 
 known edition of her book. 
 
 They [the Crim-Tartars] have en far relhi- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Bulca to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 GLA 
 
 150 
 
 GOD 
 
 quished their ancient food of liorse-flcsh that 
 thuy will only feed mion colts; and to this 
 diet is added" ... a great variety of learned 
 dainties, which iVrs. Gkiase herself would not 
 disdain to add to her higli-flavouied cata- 
 logue. Jliilin. liev. 
 Semmes took a pinch of snuff, and replied, 
 " You remember Jlrs. Glasfe's well-worn re- 
 ceipt for cooking a hare, — First catch your 
 hare." Epes Harrjcnt. 
 
 Glau'cus. [Gr. TAauKos.] ( Gr. (J"- Rom. 
 Mi/fh.) 1. A son of Sisyphus, torn 
 to pieces by his own horses. 
 
 2. A tTshernuui of Anthcdon, in 
 Euboea, who was changed into a sea- 
 deity. 
 
 3l A son of Minos, king of Crete, 
 by Pasiphaii. He met his death by 
 falling into a cask of honey, but was 
 miraculously restored to life. 
 
 Glen-c5e'. A name commonly given 
 to Macdonald of Gleneoe, who was 
 the chief of a Scottish clan, and 
 known among the mountains by the 
 hereditary name of Mac Ian. He 
 was one of the most impracticable 
 rebel chiefs in the time of William 
 and Marj', and met with a disastrous 
 death. 
 
 Glen'do-veer. (Hindu 3fylJi.) The 
 most beautiful of the good spirits. 
 
 Glen-gar'ry. The name under which 
 Macdonald of Glengarry — one of tlie 
 great Scottish chieftains who ulti- 
 mately gave in his adhesion to the 
 government of William HI. — is gen- 
 erally mentioned in histoiy. 
 
 Glen-var'locli, Lord, See Oli- 
 FAU>'T, Nigel. 
 
 Glo'ri-a'nfi(9). In Spenser's " Faerj' 
 Queen," the " greatest glorious queen 
 of Fathy-lond." 
 
 j(®= " In that Faery Queen, I mean 
 Glory in my general intention, but in my 
 particular, I conceive the most excellent 
 and glorious person of our sovereign, t/ie 
 Queen [Elizabeth], and her kingclom in 
 Fa'crye-land.'''' 
 
 Introductory '■'■Letter of the Author.'''' 
 
 Glorious Preacher. A title popii- 
 larlv given to St. John Chn-sostom, 
 or "the "Golden-mouth" (354-407), 
 the most renowned of the Greek 
 fathers, and a very eloquent Church 
 orator. 
 
 jKS= He preached several times a week 
 to crowded audiences, and his sermons 
 were received by the people with such 
 
 sliouts and acclamations of applause, that 
 his church became a sort of theatre, 
 which attracted great numbers who had 
 hitherto attended only the circus and 
 other places of amusement. 
 
 Glos'sin, Gilbert. A villanous law- 
 yer in Scott's " (jxxy Maunering." 
 
 Glover, Catherine. See Fair IMaid 
 
 OF TERTir. 
 
 Glub-dub'drib. An imaginary inland 
 fabled to have been visited by Gulli- 
 ver in his famous " Travels." It is 
 represented to have been peopled by 
 sorcerers or magicians, who evoked, 
 for Gulliver's amusement, the spirits 
 of many great men of antiquity. 
 
 Glum-dal'clitcli. A little girl only 
 nine years old, and barely forty feet 
 high," who had charge of Giilliycr 
 while he was in Brobdingnag. See 
 BnoBDixGNAG, and Gulliver, 
 Lfmuel. 
 
 Soon as Glumdalclitch missed her pleasing 
 
 care. 
 She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her 
 
 hair. I'opc. 
 
 lie took it [a letter] up wonderingly and 
 suspiciously, as Glumdalclitch took up Gul- 
 liver. Sir E. Buhcer Lyttou. 
 
 Glyn'don, How'ard. A pseudonym 
 of Laura C. Redden, an American 
 authoress of the present day. 
 
 Gna'tho (na'tho, 26). [Gr. rra0ui', 
 puff-cheek, fi'om vi/cieo?, jaw, mouth.] 
 A celebrated parasite in Terence's 
 comedy entitled " Eunuchus." The 
 name "is used proverbially in the 
 Eoman and the later Greek comedy 
 to designate a parasite. 
 
 Gob'bo, Lauii'9e-lot. A clown, in 
 Shakespeare's "Merchant of Ven- 
 ice." 
 
 Gob'bo, Old. A subordinate charac- 
 ter in Shakespeare's "Merchant of 
 Venice; " father to Launcelot Gobbo. 
 
 Goddess of Reason. See Eeaso>", 
 Goddess of. 
 
 Go-di'va, Lady. See Peepixg Tom 
 OF Coventry. 
 
 Godon (go'do"', 62), or Godam (go'- 
 do"'). A nickname (with some varia- 
 tions of spelling and pronimciation) 
 applied by the French to the English, 
 who are thus characterised bv their 
 
 I®" For the " Key to the Scheme of Prouuuciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GOE 
 
 151 
 
 GON 
 
 national oath. The name has been 
 long in use. 
 
 ]^g= "At the trial of Joan of Are, a 
 French wituess named Colette, having 
 used the name Godon, was asked who 
 Godon was, and replied that it was not 
 the designation of any particular person, 
 but a sobriquet applied generally to the 
 English, on account of their continual 
 use of tlie exclamation, God damn it." 
 
 Sharon Turner. 
 
 Goetz of the Iron Hand (giJts, 46). 
 See Iron Hand. 
 
 Gog and Ma'gog. Popular names 
 for two colossal wooden statues in 
 the Guildhall, London. It is thought 
 that these renowned figures are con- 
 nected with the Corinanis and Gotma- 
 got of the Armorican chronicle quot- 
 ed by Geofti-ey of Monmouth. The 
 former name has gradually smik into 
 oblivion, and the latter ha"s been split 
 by popular corruption to do duty for 
 both. 
 
 JK5= " Our Guildhall giants boast of 
 almost as high an antiquity as the Gog 
 and Magog of the Scriptures, as they, or 
 their living prototypes, are said to have 
 been found in Britain by Brute, a youn- 
 ger son of Anthenor of Troy, wlio invaded 
 Albion, and founded the city of London 
 (at first called Troy-novant), 3000 years 
 ago. However the fact may have been, 
 the two giants have been the pride of 
 London from time immemorial. The old 
 giants were burned in the great fire, and 
 the new ones were constructed in 1708. 
 Thev are fourteen feet high, and occupy 
 suitable pedestals in Guildhall. There 
 can be little doubt that these civic giants 
 are exaggerated representatives of real 
 persons and events." Chambers. 
 
 Goldemar, King (golt'a-maf). A 
 famous Gcnnan kobold, or domestic 
 faiiy sen'ant, fabled to be the inti- 
 mate Mend of Neveling von Harden- 
 berg. 
 
 Golden Age. [Lat. Aurea mtas.'] 
 (Gr. fC- Rom. Myth.) One of tlio 
 four ages into whicli the life of the 
 human race was divided ; the simple 
 and patriarclial reign of Saturn, a 
 period of perpetual spring, Avhen the 
 land flowed with milli and lioney, and 
 all things needed to make life happy 
 were produced spontaneously; when 
 beasts of prey lived peaceably with 
 other animals, and man had not yet. 
 
 by indulging his vices and passions, 
 lapsed from a state of innocence. 
 It was succeeded by the ages of 
 silver, brass, and iron; but a belief 
 prevailed, that, when the stars and 
 planets liad performed a complete 
 revolution around the heavens, tlie 
 Golden Age would return. 
 
 Golden Bull. [Lat. Bulla Atirerr, 
 Gei: Ooldene Bulk.] 1. [Ger. Hist.) 
 An edict issued b_y the Emperor 
 Charles IV. in the year 1336, mauily 
 for the purpose of settling the law 
 of imperial elections. 
 
 2. (Hiinc/. Hist.) A constitutional 
 edict issued by Andrev*- II. in the early 
 part of the thirteenth centurj'. It 
 changed the government of Hungary 
 from absolutism to an aristocratic 
 monarchy, and, until recent times, 
 was the charter of the liberties of the 
 Hungarians. It remained in force 
 until the dissolution of the German 
 empire in 1806. 
 
 Golden Fleece. ( Gr. 4- Rom. Mytl.) 
 The fleece of the ram Ghrysomallus, 
 the acquisition of which was the 
 object of the Argonautic expedition. 
 See AECiONAUTS. 
 
 Golden State. A popular name for 
 tlie State of California, which is one 
 of the most important gold-produciug 
 regions in the world. 
 
 Golden, or YeUow, "Water. See 
 Parizade. 
 
 Gol'dy. An affectionate nickname 
 sometimes given to Oliver Goldsmith 
 by his friends. It originated with Dr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 Go-li'ath. A famous Philistine giant, 
 a native of Gath, and a formidable 
 opponent of the armies of Israel. He 
 was slain by the stripling David 
 with pebbles hurled from a sling. 
 [Written also, but less properly, 
 Goliah.] 
 
 Gon'er-il. A daughter of Lear, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of this name. 
 See Lear. 
 
 The edicts of each succeeding set of magis- 
 trates have, like those of GoneriT and Regan, 
 diminished this venerable band with the 
 similar question, "What need we five and 
 twenty ? — ten ? — or five 1 " Sir W. Scott. 
 
 GonneUa (gon-nel'la, 102.) An Ital- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. siv-xxxii.
 
 GON 
 
 152 
 
 GOO 
 
 jan buffoon of great celebrity, who 
 was domestic jester to the Margrave 
 IS'icolausof Este, and to his son Borso, 
 the Duke of Ferrara. He was accus- 
 tomed to ride upon a miserable horse, 
 to which the Duke upon one occasion 
 apjjlied a line from Plautus, " Ossa 
 atrjue peltis totus est.'' (•' Aulularia," 
 a. iii., se. C ) " The Jests of Gonnella " 
 was published in 1506, at Bologna. 
 See KoziNANTE. 
 
 Gon-za'lo. An honest old counsellor, 
 in Shakespeare's '"Tempest." 
 
 Good Duke Humplirey. A name 
 popularly given, by his contempora- 
 ries, to Humphrey Plantagenot, Uuke 
 of Gloucester, and yomigest son o" 
 Henry IV. 
 
 lie wroufrht liis miracles like a second 
 Didie I/umphrei/ : and by the influence of the 
 beadle's rod, caused the lame to walk, the 
 blind to sec, and the palsied to labour. 
 
 iV> W. Scott. 
 
 Good Earl. A name commonly given 
 to Arcliiltald, the eighth Earl of An- 
 gus (d. 1.588), who was distinguished 
 fur his virtues. 
 
 Goodfellow, Hobin. A kind of 
 merry domestic spirit, whose charac- 
 ter and achievements are recorded in 
 the well - known ballad beginning 
 " From Oberon in Fairy - land." 
 Wright, in his "Essays on the Lit- 
 erature, Superstitions, and History 
 of England in the Middle Ages," 
 suspects Eobin Goodfellow to have 
 been the liobin Hood of the old pop- 
 ular morris-dance. See Hobgoblin. 
 
 JSSr" " The constant attendant upon 
 the Knglisli fairy court was the celebrated 
 Puck, or Robiu Goodfellow, who, to the 
 elves, acted in some measure as the jester 
 or clown of the company, — a character 
 then to be found in the establishment of 
 every person of quality, — or, to use a 
 more modern comparison, resembled the 
 Pierrot of the pantomime. His jests were 
 of the most simple, and, at the same time, 
 the broadest comic character ; to mis- 
 lead a clown on his path homeward, to 
 disguise himself like a stool, in order to 
 induce an old gossip to commit the egre- 
 gious mistake of sitting down on the floor 
 when she expected to repose on a chair, 
 ■were his special employments." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 That shrewd and knavish sprite 
 
 Called Jiotnn Goodfellow. Shak. 
 
 She was pinched and pulled, she said; 
 
 And lie, by friar's lantern led, 
 
 Tells how the drudging goblin sweat, 
 
 To earn his cream-Bowl, duly set, 
 
 "When in one night, ere glimpse of morn, 
 
 His shadowy flail had threshed the corn 
 
 Tliat ten da/-labourers could not end: 
 
 Then lies him down the lubber fiend, 
 
 And, stretched out all the chimney's length, 
 
 Basks at the fire his hairy strength; 
 
 And crop full out of doors he flings, 
 
 Ere the first cock his matin rings. Milton. 
 
 Good King Ilen6 (ru-ni', or i-ri'na). 
 [Fr. Le Bon Roi Rene.'\ The desig- 
 nation by which Ren(i d'Anjou (1408- 
 1480) is commonly known in history. 
 
 Good Kniglit, -without Fear and 
 without Reproach, The. [Fr. La 
 Bon Chevalier, sans Peur et sans Rc- 
 jjroche.] An appellation conferred 
 upon Pierre de Ten-ail Ba.yard (147G- 
 1524), a French knight celebrated for 
 his valour and loyaltj'. 
 Goodman of Ballengeigh (baPIen- 
 gik). [That is, tenant of Ballcn- 
 geigh, which is a steep pass leading 
 down behind the castle of Stirling.] 
 A nom de guerre employed by the 
 Scottish king, James V., who was 
 accustomed to make disguised expe- 
 ditions through the midnight streets 
 of Edinburgh, as Haroun-Al-Eascliid 
 did through those of Bagdad. 
 Goodman Palsgrave. ) Contempt- 
 Goody Palsgrave. ) nous nick- 
 names given respectively to Freder- 
 ick v., elector palatine (Ger. pfalz- 
 fjraf, Eng. palsgrave'), and to his 
 wife Elizabeth, daughter of James I. 
 of England. See Winter Kixg 
 and Winter Queen. 
 Good Physician. A title applied to 
 Christ, doubtless in allusion to the 
 passage in Alarh ii. 17, — " They 
 that are whole have no need of tlie 
 physician, but they that are sick : I 
 came not to call the righteous, but 
 sinners, to repentance." 
 Good Queen Bess. See Bess, Good 
 
 Queen. 
 Good Kegent. A name given to 
 James Stewart, Earl of Murray, or 
 Moray (15-31-1.570), appointed regent 
 of Scotland in 1567, after the impris- 
 onment of his sister, Mary Queen of 
 Scots, in Lochleven castle. He was 
 distinguished for his zeal and pru- 
 dence, and for the prompt and vigor- 
 
 l^" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GOO 
 
 153 
 
 GOT 
 
 ous measures ho adopted to secure 
 the peace of the kingdom. 
 
 Good Samaritan. The principal char- 
 acter ill a well-lcnown j)arable of our 
 Lord. See Luhe x. 30-37. 
 
 Good Shepherd. A title often ap- 
 plied to Christ. 
 
 I am the good shepherd, and know my 
 ehecp, and am known of mine. . . . and I 
 lay down my life for tlie sliecp. And other 
 sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them 
 also I must bring, and they .ihall hear my 
 voice; and there shall bo one fold, and one 
 shepherd. John x. 14-HJ. 
 
 Goody Blake. A character in Words- 
 worth's poem entitled " Goody Blake 
 and Harry Gill," which purports to 
 be "A True Story." She is repre- 
 sented as a poor old dame, who, 
 driven by necessity to pilfer a few 
 sticks of wood from her neighbour's 
 ground, in the winter-cold, is detect- 
 ed by him in the act, and forced to 
 relinquish what she had taken. In 
 requital, she invokes upon him the 
 curse that he may " never more be 
 warm;" and ever after, "his teeth 
 they chatter, chatter still." 
 
 Goody Two-shoes. The name of a 
 •v\ ell-known character in the litera- 
 ture of the nursery. Her " History " 
 was first published by Newbery, a 
 bookseller in St. Paul's Church-yard, 
 renowned throughout the latter half 
 of the last century for his picture- 
 books for children ; and it is thought 
 to have been written by Goldsmith. 
 
 jfJSf" " The famous nursery story of 
 ' Goody Two-shoes ' . . . appeared in 
 176-5, at a moment when Goldsmith was 
 scribbling for Newbery, and much pressed 
 for funds. Several quaint little tales in- 
 troduced in his Essays show that he had 
 a turn for this species of mock history ; 
 and the advertisement and title-page hear 
 the stamp of his sly and playful humour. 
 '■' We are desired to give notice that 
 there is in the press, and speedily will he 
 published, either by subscription or 
 otherwise, as the public shall please to 
 determine, the History of Little Goody 
 Two Shoes, otherwise Mrs. Margery Two 
 Shoes ; with the means by which she 
 acquired learning and wisdom, and, in 
 consequence thereof, her estate ; set forth 
 at large for the benefit of those 
 
 " Who from a state of rngs and care. 
 And Slaving shoes but half a pair, 
 Tlieir fortune and their fame should fix, 
 And gallop in a coach and six."' " 
 
 Pray don't go on in that Ooodij Tivo-sho"!! 
 sort of way. A. Trollope. 
 
 Goosey Go'de-rich. A popular nick- 
 name given by Cohbett to Frederick 
 Kobinson (created Viscount Goderich 
 in 1827, and Earl of Kipoii in 1833), 
 on accoimt of his incapacity as a 
 statesman. He was premier for a 
 short time in 1827-28. Sec Pkos- 
 PEKiTY Robinson. 
 
 Gor'di-us. [Gr. rdpSios.] A peasant 
 who became king of I'hrygia, and 
 father of Midas. He tied an inextri- 
 cable knot on the yoke of his chariot, 
 and an oracle declared that whoever 
 should untie it would reign over all 
 Asia. Alexander the Great cut the 
 knot with his sword, and applied the 
 prophecy to himself. 
 
 Gorgibus (gof'zhe-biiss', 34). The 
 name of an honest, simple-minded 
 burgess, in Moliere's comedy, '' Les 
 Precieuses Ridicules." His distress, 
 perplexity, and resentment are rep- 
 resented as being extreme, and as 
 all occasioned by the perv^erse affec- 
 tation of elegance of his daughter 
 and niece. 
 
 Gor'gons. [Gr. ropydi-es, Lat. Gor- 
 gones.'] * { Gr. tj'- Rom. Myth. ) Three 
 daughters of Phorcus and Ceto, 
 named Stheno, Emyale, and Mediisa. 
 Their hair was entwined with hissing 
 serpents, and their bodies were cov- 
 ered with unpenetrable scales ; they 
 had wings, and brazen claws, and 
 enormous teeth, and whoever looked 
 upon them was turned to stone. The 
 name Goi-r/on was given more espe- 
 cially to Medusa, the only one of the 
 sisters who was mortal. She was 
 killed by Perseus, and her head was 
 fixed on the shield of Minerva. 
 From her blood sprang the winged 
 horse Pegasus. 
 
 Gosling, Giles. Landlord of the 
 "Black Bear" inn at Cumnor, in 
 Scott's novel of " Kenilworth." 
 
 Gospel Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Evnn- 
 f/ellcus.] A title given to Wychffe 
 (d. 1381), the celebrated reformer, on 
 account of his ardent attachment to 
 the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 Go'tham. A popular name for the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxu.
 
 GOT 
 
 154 
 
 GRA 
 
 city of New York ; — first given to it 
 in '' Salmagundi " (a luimourous work 
 hv Washington Irving, William Ir- 
 ving, and James K. Taulding), be- 
 cause the inhabitants were such wise- 
 acres. 
 
 J6g= The allusion to the " three wise 
 men of Gotham " who " went to sea in a 
 bowl " is very obvious. The Gotham 
 here referred to is a parish in Notting- 
 hamshire, England, which has long been 
 celebrated — like the Phrygia of the Asi- 
 atics, the Abdera of the Thracians, the 
 Boeotia of the Greeks, and the Swabia of 
 the modern Germans — for the remark- 
 able stupidity of its inhabitants. They 
 are said to have heard the cuckoo upon a 
 certain occasion, but, never having seen 
 her, hedged the bush from which the lote 
 proceeded. A bush is still shown there 
 called the " cuckoo-bush." Fuller says, 
 " The proverb of ' as wise as a man of 
 Gotham ' passeth publicly for the periph- 
 rasis of a fool ; and a hundred fopper- 
 ies are forged and fathered on the towns- 
 folk of Gotham . ' ' Wharton, speaking of 
 " the idle pranks of the men of Gotham,"' 
 observes, that "such pranks bore a ref- 
 erence to some customary law tenures 
 belonging to that place or its neighbour- 
 hood, now grown obsolete." llearne, in 
 allusion to this subject, also remarks, 
 '• Nor is there more reason to esteem 
 ' The Merry Talcs of the Mad Men of 
 Gotham ' (which were much valued and 
 cried up in the time of Henry VIII., 
 though now sold at ballad-singers' stalls) 
 as altogether romance ; a certain skilful 
 person having told me, more than once, 
 that they formerly held lands there by 
 such customs as are touched upon in this 
 book." The book is that noticed by Wal- 
 pole, — " 'The Merry Tales of the Mad 
 Men of Gotham,' a book extremely ad- 
 mired, and often reprinted in that age, 
 written by Lucas de Heere, a Flemish 
 painter, who resided in England at the 
 time of Elizabeth." Wood, however, tells 
 us that the tales were written by one 
 Andrew Borde (or Andreas Perforatus, as 
 he calls himself), a sort of travelling 
 quack, from whom the name and occu- 
 pation of the " Merry -andrew " are said 
 to be derived. There is an ancient black- 
 letter edition of the work in the Bodleian 
 Library at Oxford, called " Certeine Merry 
 Tales of the Mad Men of Gotham, com- 
 piled in the reign of Henry VIII., by 
 Dr. Andrew Borde, an eminent physician 
 of that period." Another derivation 
 of the phrase "wise men of Gotham," 
 given in Thoroton's " Nottingham- 
 shire," is, that when King John, in one 
 of his " progresses," was about to pass 
 
 through Gotham toward Nottingham, he 
 was prevented by the inhabitants, who 
 thought that the ground over which a 
 king passed became for ever after a public 
 road. The king was naturally incensed 
 at this incivility, and sent some persons 
 to punish the inhabitants, who bethought 
 themselves of an expedient for avoiding 
 the king's wrath. The messengers, on 
 their arrival, found all the people en- 
 gaged in some foolish occupation or other, 
 so that they returned to the court, and 
 reported that Gotham was a village of 
 fools. 
 
 X^3f The Germans have an old tale 
 called the " Schildbiirger," which cor- 
 responds to our " Wise Men of Gotham," 
 and which first appeared in 1598. 
 
 Gott'helf, Jeremias. A poor villager 
 Avho is the hero of a touching story 
 entitled "The Mirror of Peasants," 
 written by Albert Bitzius (1797- 
 1854), a very popular Swiss author, 
 who afterwards used the name as a 
 pseudonym. 
 
 Governor of Tilbury, See Til- 
 
 BUKY, G0VER^•0K OF. 
 
 Gow'er, The Moral. A name given 
 by Chaucer, in the dedication of his 
 "Troilus and Cresseide," and subse- 
 quently by Lydgatc and others, to 
 John Gower, a celebrated English 
 poet of the fourteenth century, who 
 wrote a poem called " Confesslo Amnn- 
 tis" which discusses, in a solemn and 
 sententious style, the morals and met- 
 aphysics of love. 
 
 O Moral Gower ! this book I direct 
 To thee and to the philosophical Strood, 
 
 To vouchs.auf there nued is to correct 
 Of your benignities and zeales good. 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Gowk-thrap'ple, Maister. A cove- 
 nanting i^reacher referred to as a 
 " chosen vessel," in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of " Waverley." 
 
 [Naifteon, author of a life of Diderot] a man 
 of coarse, mechanical, perh.aps rather intrin- 
 sically feeble intellect, and then with the 
 vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowk- 
 tltrapple, or precious Mr. Jabesli Rentowel, — 
 only that his kirk is of the other complexion. 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Graal. See St. Gkaal. 
 
 Graces. [Lat. Gratim.'] (Gr. <f- 
 Eom. Mijtii. ) Three sister-goddesse.s, 
 daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome, 
 represented as bcatttiful and modest 
 virgins attendant upon Venus. They 
 
 K?" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GRA 
 
 loo 
 
 GEA 
 
 were the source of all favour, loveli- 
 ness, and f^race. Their names were 
 Aglaia, Euphrosyne, and Thalia. 
 
 Gra'ei-o'sa (gra'shi-o'sa). A lovely 
 princess in an old and popular I'airy 
 tale, — the object of the implacable 
 ill-will of a step-mother named Gro- 
 gnon, whose malicious designs are 
 perpetually thwarted by Percinct, a 
 fair}' prince, who is iu love with 
 Graciosa. 
 
 Gracioso (gra-the-o'zo). A panto- 
 mimic character iu the popular com- 
 edy of Spain, noted for his drollery, 
 and corresponding with the Italian 
 Harlequin and Englisli clown. 
 
 j({3r- Amid all these, and more accepta- 
 ble than almost the whole put together, 
 was the all-licenseLl fool, the Gracioso of 
 the Spanish drama, who, with his cap 
 foshioned into the resemblance of a cox- 
 comb, and his bauble, a truncheon ter- 
 minated by a carved figure wearing a 
 fool's-cap, in his hand, went, came, and 
 returned, mingling iu every scene of the 
 piece, and interrupting the business, 
 without having any share himself in the 
 action, and ever and anon transferring his 
 gibes from the actors on the stage to the 
 audience who sat around, prompt to ap- 
 plaud the whole. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Gradasso (grii-das'so, 102). The name 
 of a king of Sericana, who figures in 
 ISojardo's " Orlando Innamorato " 
 and Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso " as 
 a wonder of martial prowess. Insti- 
 gated by a desire of winning the 
 sword and courser of Einaldo, he in- 
 vades France, followed by his vassals, 
 " crowned kings," who never dare to 
 address him but on their knees. The 
 name is popularly used by the Ital- 
 ians to designate a bully. 
 
 Grad'grind, Thomas. A practical, 
 utilitarian character in Dickens's 
 novel of " Hard Times." "A man 
 of realities. A man of facts and cal- 
 culations. A man who proceeds 
 upon the principle tliat two and two 
 are four, and nothing over, and who 
 is not to be talked into allowing for 
 any thing over. . . . With a rule 
 and a pair of scales and the multipli- 
 cation-table always in his pocket, 
 sir, ready to weigh and measure any 
 parcel of human nature, and tell you 
 exactly what it comes to." 
 
 The Oradrjrlnrls undervalue nnd disparn,To 
 it, luul the Jtbuits uud thuir bvinpathispi-s an: 
 
 cnr;i^'e'cl at it. 'Clturch Ucckic. 
 
 GraU, The Holy. See St. Git,vAL. 
 Gram (gram). A sword of trenchant 
 sharpness owned by Siegfried. See 
 
 SiKGFKIED. 
 
 Granary of Europe. A name an- 
 ciently given to tiiu island of Sicily, 
 on accoiuit of its fertility. 
 
 Grand Alliance. (Hist.) A trealy 
 between England, Leopold I., eni- 
 peror of Germany, and the States 
 General, signed at Vienna, May 12, 
 1689. To this treaty the king of 
 Spain (Charles II.) and the Duke of 
 Savoy (Victor Amadeus II.) acceded 
 in 1690. Its objects were " to pro- 
 cure satisfaction to his imperial maj- 
 esty in regard to the Spanish succes- 
 sion, obtain security to the English 
 and Dutch for then* dominions and 
 commerce, prevent a union of the 
 monarchies of France and Spain, and 
 hinder the French from possessing 
 the Spanish dominions in America." 
 
 Grand Corrupter. A name given lo 
 Sir Eobert Walpole (1676-1745) in 
 the libels of his time, and by hi.> 
 political opponents. 
 
 Grand Elector. Sec Great Elect- 
 
 OK. 
 
 Grand Gousier, or Grangousier 
 
 (gron'goo'se-a')- [Fr-j great gullet.] 
 The father of Gargantua, in Rabe- 
 lais' romance of this name ; thought 
 by some to have been designed to 
 represent Louis XII. of France, by 
 others, John d'Albret, king of Na- 
 varre. 
 Gran'di-son, Sir Charles (-sn). The. 
 hero of Richardson's novel entitled 
 " The History of Sir Charles Grandi- 
 son." In this character, Richardson 
 designed to represent his ideal of a 
 perfect hero, — a union of the good 
 Christian and the perfect English 
 gentleman. 
 
 XHSr" "All this does well enough in a. 
 funeral sermon or monumental inscri|)- 
 tion, where, by privilege of suppressini; 
 the worst qualities and exaggerating the 
 better, such images of perfection aro 
 sometimes presented. I5ut, in the living 
 world, a state of trial and a valley of tears. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 GEA 
 
 15G 
 
 GUE 
 
 such unspotted worth, such unvarying 
 perfection, is not to be met witli ; itcoulcl 
 not, if we suppose it to have existence, 
 be attended with all those favours of for- 
 tune which are accumulated upon Rich- 
 ardson's hero ; and lieuce the fatal ob- 
 jection of Sir Charles Grandison being the 
 ' faultless monster that the world ne'er saw.' " 
 
 ^■i> ir. Scott. 
 
 If we are by accident alone, I become as 
 silent as a Turk, as formal as Sir Charles 
 GrandiMn. Sir E. Bulwcr Lylton. 
 
 Gran'di-son Crom'well (-sn). A 
 nickname f;ivLii by Mirabuau to 
 Lafayutto, ^vllunl he" looked upon as 
 an ambitious man -without power, 
 and one who would coquet with the 
 supreme authority without daring to 
 seize it, or, indeed, possessing the 
 means of doing so. 
 
 j8lS= " There are niclinames of Mira- 
 beau's worth whole treatises. ' Grandi- 
 son Cromwell ' Lafayette, — write a vol- 
 ume on the man, as many volumes have 
 been written, and try to say more. It is 
 the best likeness yet drawn of him." 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Grand Monarque, Le (lu gro" mo'- 
 naik', (32). [I'r., the great monarch.] 
 A title often applied to Louis XIV. 
 (lij;]8-1715), one of the most remark- 
 able rulers that ever sat on the throne 
 of France. In his long reign of sev- 
 enty-two years, he reared the fabric 
 of the absolute monarchy which con- 
 tinued for nearly as many _ years 
 more after his death, when it was 
 shaken to pieces in the storms of the 
 lievolution ; yet the ruling principles 
 of his administration — uniformity 
 and centralisation — survived the 
 wreck, and France is still governed 
 by them. 
 
 When it came to courtship, and your field 
 of preferment was the Versailles CEil-de-Bojuf, 
 and a Grand Monarque walking encircled 
 with scarlet women and adulators there, the 
 course of the Blirabeaus grew still more com- 
 plicated. Carlyle. 
 
 Grandmother's Heview, My. A 
 
 nickname given to tlie " British Re- 
 view," a quarterly periodical owned 
 and edited by a Mv. Roberts, whom 
 Byron jocosely accused of having re- 
 ceived a bribe from him. Mr. Rob- 
 erts was foolisli riii)ujj;h to take the 
 matter quite sf-rinusly, declared that 
 the charge was an absolute falsehood, 
 and challenged Byron to name how 
 
 and when the bribe was given. By- 
 ron responded in an amusing letter, 
 and turned the laugh against his op- 
 ponent. 
 
 "I bribed My Grandmamma's lieview, the 
 British." Doti Jtian. 
 
 Am I flat, — T tip 3fy Grandmother a hit of 
 prose. Am I dunned into sourness, — I cut 
 up some deistical fellow for the Quarterly. 
 
 JVoctes Amb)-osiance, 
 
 Grane (gra'na). A horse of marvel- 
 lous swiftness owned by Siegfried. 
 
 bee SiKGFKIED. 
 
 Granite State. A popular name for 
 the State of New Hampshire, the 
 mountainous portions of which are 
 largely composed of granite. 
 
 Gratiano. 1. (gra'she-a'no.) A fi-iend 
 to Antonio and Bassanio, in Shake- 
 speare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 
 2. Brother to Brabantio, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Othello." 
 
 3. (gra-tse-a'no.) A character in 
 the Italian popular dramatic enter- 
 tainment called " commedia delV 
 arte." He is represented as a Bo- 
 lognese doctor, and has a mask wath 
 a black nose and forehead and red 
 cheeks; his character is that of a 
 pedantic and tedious proser. 
 
 Gray. 1. (Atild Kobin.) The title of 
 an ancient and celebrated ballad by 
 Lady Anne Lindsay (afterward Lady 
 Barnard), and the name of its hero, 
 a good old man married to a poor 
 young girl whose lover was thought 
 to have been lost at sea, but who 
 returns to claim her hand a month 
 after her marriage. 
 
 2. (Barry.) A p.seudonym of 
 Robert Barry Coffin, an American 
 writer whose sketches lirst appeared 
 in the " Home Journal." 
 
 3. (Duncan.) The hero of a ballad 
 of the same name by Burns. 
 
 4. (Mary.) See Bell, Bessy. 
 Greal. See St. Gkaal. 
 
 Great Bastard. [Fr. Le Grand Bd- 
 iard.'\ A sobriqixet or epithet given 
 to Antoine de Bourgogne ( 1421-1504), 
 a natural son of Philip the Good, 
 Duke of Bourgogne. He was cele- 
 brated for his bravery. 
 
 Great Captain. [Sp. El Gran Capi- 
 tan.] 1. Gonsalvode Cordova (1453- 
 1515), a distinguished general of 
 
 CS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanj-ing Explanations
 
 GRE 
 
 157 
 
 GRE 
 
 Spain. He was sent by Fevflinand 
 and Isabella to assist their kinsman, 
 Ferdinand II. of Naples, in recover- 
 ing his kingdom from the Freneli. 
 It was in the campaign of 14'JG, in 
 which he drove the French (who a 
 vcar before had possessed the whole 
 kingdom) entirely out of Sicily, that 
 he was hailed by his soldiers as the 
 Great Captain, a name by which he 
 was ever afterward familiarly known 
 throughout Europe. 
 
 They [the people of India] could show 
 bankers richer tlian the richest firms of Bar- 
 celona and Cadiz, viceroys whose splendour 
 far sui-passed that of Fei-dinand the Catholic, 
 mvriads of cavalry, and long trains of artillery 
 which would have astonished the Great Cap- 
 tain. Macaulai/. 
 
 The great Castilian heroes, such as the Cid, 
 Bernardo del Carpio, and Pelayo, are even 
 now an essential portion of the faith and 
 poetry of the common people of Spain, and 
 are still in some degree honoured, as they were 
 honoured in the age of the Great Captain. 
 
 Ticknor. 
 
 2. A surname of jNIanuel I. (1120- 
 1180), emperor of Trebizond. 
 
 Great Cham of Literature. A name 
 giveirto Dr. Johnson liy Smollett, in 
 a letter to John ^Vilkes. See Bos- 
 well's "Life of Johnson," vol. ii. 
 chip. iii. 
 
 This [a prologue for the comedy of " The 
 Good-natured Man"] immediately became au 
 object of great solicitiule with Goldsmith, 
 knowing the weight an introduction from the 
 Great C/iam of Literature would have with 
 the public. ))'. Irvimj. 
 
 Great Commoner. William Pitt 
 (Earl of Chatham), a famous parlia- 
 mentary orator, and for more than 
 thirty years (173.5-1766) a leader in 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 We leave the Great Commoner in the zenith 
 of his glory. Maeauhvj. 
 
 Great Dauphin. [Fr. Le Grand Dau- 
 jjhiii.] A name given b}' French his- 
 torians to the son of Louis XIV. He 
 was bom in 1661, and died in 1711. 
 See Little Uaupiiin. 
 
 Great Duke. A title by which the 
 Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) is 
 often distinguished. 
 
 Bury the Great Dvlv 
 
 With an empire's lamentation, 
 Let us bury the Great Did-e 
 
 To the noise of the mourning of a mighty 
 nation. Tennyson. 
 
 Great Earl. A surname sometimes 
 given to Archibald Douglas (d. 1514), 
 
 Earl of Anr^us. He is better known 
 as Ardiibald Bdl-the-Cat. See IJkll- 
 the-Cat. 
 
 Great Earl of Cork. A title be- 
 stowed upon Richard Boyle (1566- 
 1643), Earl of Cork, a nobleman who, 
 possessing the largest estate of any 
 English sidjject at that period, devot- 
 ed it, in the most generous manner, 
 to promoting public improvements. 
 
 Great Elector. [Ger. Grosse Kui-- 
 fiirst.] A surname given to Fred- 
 erick William, elector of Branden- 
 burg (1620-1688), a sovereign dis- 
 tinguished for his military genius 
 and his private virtues, for the pru- 
 dence and wisdom with which he 
 administered the civil government, 
 and for the zeal and success with 
 which he laboured to augment the 
 prosperity of his dominions, and to 
 promote the welfare of his people. 
 He is regarded as the founder of the 
 Prussian greatness, and his reign 
 gave to the country the military 
 character which it still bears. 
 
 Great-heart, Mr. A character in the 
 "Pilgrim's Progress" of Biinyan, 
 represented a-; the guide of Christian's 
 wife and children upon their journey 
 to the Celestial City. 
 
 Great Magician. An appellation of 
 Sir Walter Scott, given to him on 
 account of the singular fascination 
 he exercises over his readers by his 
 remarkable power of description and 
 his charming style. The designation 
 was originated by Professor John 
 Wilson in a poem called " The Magic 
 Jlirror," addressed to Scott, and 
 published in the Edinburgh "Annual 
 Register " for 1812. 
 
 And when once more the gracious vision 
 
 spoke, 
 I felt the voice fomiliar to mine car; 
 While many a faded dream of earth awoke. 
 Connected strangely with that unknown 
 
 seer. 
 Who now stretched forth his arm, and on the 
 
 sand 
 A circle round me traced, as with magician's 
 
 wand. froj. J, Wilson. 
 
 See Wizard of the North. 
 
 Then spake the man clothed in plain ap- 
 parel to the Great Maf/ician who dwelleth in 
 the old fastness, hard by the river Jordan 
 [Twecdl, which is by the'Border. 
 
 Chaldee MS., Blackwood's Mag. (1817). 
 
 Great Marquis. 1. A title given to 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 GEE 
 
 158 
 
 GRE 
 
 James Graham, Marquis of Montrose 
 (1G12-1G50), on account of his heroic 
 deeds in the cause of Charles I. 
 
 I 'vc told thcc how we swept Dundee, 
 And tamed tlie Lindsay's pride, 
 
 But never liave I told thee yet 
 Uow the Great Jlarquis died. Aytoun. 
 
 2. A name given by the Portu- 
 guese peasantry to Dom Sebastiao 
 Jose de Carvalho, Marquis de I'om- 
 bal (1699-1782), the greatest of all 
 Portuguese statesmen, and one of the 
 ablest men of his time. 
 
 Great Mogul. The title by which 
 the chief of the Moguls, or of the 
 empire founded in Hjndostan by 
 Baber in the lifteenth century-, -^vas 
 known in Europe. The last person 
 to whom this title of right belonged 
 was Shah Allum, at whose death, in 
 180G, the Mogul empire came to an 
 end. 
 
 Great Moralist. A title often applied 
 to Ur. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), 
 in allusion to the ethical character 
 of his yrritings, particularly his es- 
 says, from which Goldsmith said a 
 complete system of morals might be 
 drawn. 
 
 Dr. Johnson thought life had few things 
 better than the excitation produced by being 
 whirled rapidly along in a post-chaise; but he 
 who has in youth experienced the confident 
 and independent feeling of a stout pedestrian 
 in an interesting countiy, and during fine 
 weather, will hold the taste of the Great Mor- 
 alist cheap in comparison. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Great Unknown. A name given to 
 
 the author of the " Waverley Xovels," 
 which, on their first appearance, were 
 published anonymously, and which 
 immediately acqim-ed an extraordi- 
 nary degree of popularity. The epi- 
 thet was originated by James Bal- 
 lantyne. 
 
 >e3=" " The circumstance of Scott's hav- 
 ing published a poem in the same year in 
 ■which ' Waverley ' appeared, and his en- 
 gagement iu other literary undertakings, 
 being known, combined with the com- 
 mon prejudice that a poet cannot excel as 
 a prose-writer, to avert Irom him for a 
 time the suspicion of the authorship of 
 the ' Waverley ' novels. The taciturnity 
 of the few intrusted with the secret de- 
 feated all attemps to obtain direct evi- 
 dence as to who was the author. From 
 the first, however, suspicion pointed 
 strongly toward Scott ; and so many cir- 
 cumstances tended to strengthen it, that 
 
 the disclosures from Constable's and Bal- 
 lantyne's books, and his own confession, 
 scarcely increased the moral conviction 
 which had long prevailed, that he w;is 
 the ^ Great Unknown.'''' Eng. Ci/c. 
 
 Great 'Witcli of Bal-wer'y. A name 
 popularly given to one Margaret 
 Aiken, a Scotchwoman of the latter 
 part of the sixteenth centurj-, who, 
 on being accused of witchcraft, and 
 subjected to torture, made a pretended 
 confession of guilt, and, in order to 
 save her life, informed upon others, 
 asserting that they had a secret mark 
 in their eyes by which she knew 
 them for witches. She was carried 
 about the countrj'- for the sake of de- 
 tecting such emissaries of the De^il. 
 
 Greaves, Sir L5un'ce-16t. The title 
 of a novel by Smollett (a sort of 
 travesty of " Don Quixote " ), and the 
 name of its hero, a well-born young 
 English squire of the time of George 
 II., handsome, virtuous, and enlight- 
 ened, but crack-brained, who sets 
 out, attended by an old sea-captain 
 for his Sancho Panza, to act " as co- 
 adjutor to the law, and even to rem- 
 edy evils which the law cannot reach ; 
 to' detect ti-aud and treason, abase 
 insolence, mortify pride, discom'age 
 slander, disgrace immodesty, and stig- 
 matise ingratitude." 
 
 Greece, The Two Eyes of. See 
 Two Eyes of Greece, The. 
 
 Greek Commentator. A title given 
 to Fernan Xunez de Guzman (1488- 
 1552), on account of his philological 
 lectures, delivered in the University' 
 of Salamanca. 
 
 Green, George a^. See George a- 
 Geee>-. 
 
 Green-Bag Inquiry. (Enij. Hist.) A 
 name given to an investigation into 
 the nature of a green bag containing 
 Eeports on the state of the country 
 (alleged to be papers of seditious im- 
 port), which was laid before parlia- 
 ment by the prince regent, Feb. 3, 
 1817. These Eeports were referred 
 to secret committees, and in accord- 
 ance with their recommendations the 
 Habeas Corpus Act was suspended 
 
 ■ (^larch 3), and other coercive meas- 
 ures adopted. 
 
 lidr For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GEE 
 
 159 
 
 GRU 
 
 Grreen-eyed Monster. A common 
 IX'rsoiiificjition of jealousy. The ex- 
 pression originated ■with yhakespeare. 
 
 Oh, beware, inv lord, of jealousj" ; 
 
 It is the (xi-ii n-i tied Munstcr which doth mock 
 
 The meat it feeds un. Ukak. 
 
 Green Isle. Same as the Emerald 
 Isle. See Emkijald Isle. 
 
 If the Irish elves are anywise distinfruished 
 from those of Britain, it seems to be by their 
 disposition to divide into factions, and flight 
 anions themselves, — a pugnacity characteris- 
 tic of the Green Isle. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Green-Mountain State. A popular 
 name of Vermont, the Green jMoun- 
 tains being the principal mountain- 
 range in the State. 
 
 Greenwood, Grace. A nom de j)lwma 
 adopted by Mrs. Sara Jane (Clarke) 
 Lippiucott, a popular American au- 
 thoress of the present day. 
 
 Gre'mi-o. A suitor to Bianca, in 
 Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Gretelien (gret'ken). Sec Marga- 
 
 KET. 
 
 Grethel, Gammer (greth'el; Ger. 
 jyron. gra'tel). The imaginarj' nar- 
 rator of a series of German nurseiy 
 tales, said to have been taken down 
 by the brothers Grimm, from the lips 
 of Fran Yiehmiinin, wife of a peasant 
 in the neighbourhood of Hesse Cassel. 
 Thev have been translated into Eng- 
 lish." 
 
 Gride, Arthur. An old usurer in 
 Dickens's " Nicholas Nickleby." 
 
 Grimes, Old. See Old Gkimes. 
 
 Grin 'go, Harry. A 7iom da plume, of 
 Henry Augustus Wise (b. 1819), an 
 American writer, author of " Los 
 Gringos," " Captain Brand," and 
 other works. Grinfp is a Spanish 
 word meaning iinintcllU/ible. 
 
 Gri-sel'dS, The Patient. A lady 
 in Chaucer's " Clerk of Oxenford's 
 Tale,"' immortalised by her virtue 
 and her ])atience. The model of 
 womanly and wifely obedience, she 
 comes victoriously out of the most 
 cruel and repeated ordeals to which 
 her conjugal and maternal affections 
 are subjected. [Written also G r i- 
 s e 1 d, G r i s s e 1 1, G r i z z e 1 1, G r i- 
 s eld is.] 
 
 j8®= The story of Grisclila was first 
 told iu the "Decameron."' Boccaccio 
 derived the incidents from I'otrarch, 
 who seems to have communicated them 
 also to Chaucer. About the middle of 
 the sixteenth century (1505), a song of 
 " Patient Grissel " appeared, and a prose 
 history the same year. The theme luis 
 subsequently been treated iu a great va- 
 riety of ways. 
 
 Tor patience she will prove a second Grissd, 
 And Itoman Lucreee for her chastity. 
 
 Shak: 
 Tie might cut 
 My body into coins to give away 
 Amonghis other paupers; change my sons. 
 While I stood dumb as Griseld, lor black 
 
 babes 
 Or piteous foundlings. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Broiminri. 
 
 Grognon (grijn'j'on', 62). Sec Gi:a- 
 
 CIOSA. 
 
 Grub Street. The former name of a 
 street near Moorficlds, in London, 
 much inhaljited by literary hacks 
 (among whom Dr. Johnson includes 
 "the writers of Dictionaries"), 
 whence it was proverbially used to 
 characterise any worthless author, or 
 any mean production. Foxe, the 
 martyrologist, and Speed, the his- 
 torian, resided in this street. In 
 1830, the name was changed to 
 Milton Street. 
 
 Let Budgell charge low Grub Street with hia 
 
 quill. 
 And write whate'er ho please — except my 
 
 will. Fope. 
 
 I 'd sooner ballads write, and Grub-Street 
 lays. Gay. 
 
 Grum'ble-to'ni-SLns. A nickname 
 sometimes given to those who were 
 not of the Court party in the time 
 of William and ]\iary. They Avorc 
 at times honoured with the name of 
 " Country party." 
 
 Grii'mi-o. A servant to Petruchio, 
 in Shakespeare's "Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Griin, Anastasius (a-na-sta'se-w)s 
 griin, .34.) A 7wm deplume of Anton 
 Alexander von Auersperg (b. 1806), 
 a German poet. 
 
 Grun'dy, Mrs. A person frequent- 
 ly refeiTed to in Morton's comedy, 
 " Speed the Plough," but not intro- 
 duced as one of the drnmaU's persrmce. 
 The solicitude of Dame Ashlield, in 
 this play, as to tvhai will Mrs. Grundy 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 GUD 
 
 ICO 
 
 GUL 
 
 sfty, has given the latter {jreat celeb- 
 rity, the interrogatory having ac- 
 quired a proverbial currency. 
 
 You will be pleased to hear that I have hit 
 upon a mode of satiBl'vinji the curiosity of our 
 friend, Jfra. Grundy, — that is " the world," — 
 without injury to any one. 
 
 ^ir JS. Bulioer Lytton. 
 
 Gudrun (goo-droon'). 1- A famous 
 mvthical female cliaracter in the Edda 
 of'Samund, married, by the magic arts 
 of her mother, to Sigurd, who was be- 
 trothed to BrynhikL After the death 
 of Sigurd, she married King Atli [At- 
 tila], at the instance of her mother. 
 She did not love him, however; and 
 soon coming to hate him for his 
 cruelty, site took his life, having first 
 caused him to drink out of the skulls, 
 and eat the wasted hearts, of their 
 two children, whom she had mur- 
 dered. She then sought to put an end 
 to her own •svretched existence by 
 throwin.o; herself into the sea ; but the 
 waves bore her to tlie castle of King 
 Jonakur, whom she married. 
 
 2, The heroine of a celebrated 
 Xorth-Saxon poem supposed to have 
 been composed in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, and still extant at Vienna in a 
 MS. of the fifteenth century. It was 
 translated into the modern High Ger- 
 man in 1838. Gudrim is the daugh- 
 ter of King Ilettel [Attila], and is 
 betrothed to Her wig, king of Heligo- 
 land; but her rejected suitor, Hart- 
 muth, king of Norway, invades the 
 dominions of Hettel, kills him, and 
 carries otf Gudrun. As she still treats 
 Hartmutli with contempt, and refuses 
 to maiTy him, she is put to menial ser- 
 vice, and is treated with great indig- 
 nity by his mother, Gerlinda, or Gir- 
 liut. As .she is one day washing linen 
 by the sea, she learns that a fleet is 
 bringing her brother and her lover to 
 her rescue. She flings the linen into 
 the sea, and, in order to escape pun- 
 ishment for doing so, feigns that 
 she is willing to marry Hartmuth. 
 But Herwig now appears on the scene, 
 gains a decisive victory, puts Gerlinda 
 to death, marries Gudrun. and, at 
 her intercession, pardons Hartmuth. 
 Gudrun is distinguished as a perfect 
 model of angelic mercy, heroic forti- 
 tude, and pious resignation. 
 
 Guen'do-len (gwen'-). A divorced 
 wife of Locrine. See Sabrika. 
 
 Gul-de'ri-us (gwi-, 9). A son of 
 Cymbeline, in Shakespeare's play of 
 this name, passing under the assmned 
 name of Polj'dore, and supposed to 
 be a son of Belarius. Guiderius. as 
 well as CjTnbeline, was a legendary 
 or tiibulous king of Britam. 
 
 Guil'den-stern (gil'-). The name of 
 a courtier, in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of " Hamlet." 
 
 j^ff" " Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 
 are favourable samples of the thorough- 
 paced, time - serving court - knave ; serv- 
 ants of all work, ticketed, and to be hired 
 for any hard or dkty job." 
 
 Cowden Clarke. 
 
 Guinart, Koque. See Roque Gui- 
 
 KAKT. 
 
 Guin'e-ver (gwin'-). Queen to King 
 Arthur, ' celebrated for her amours 
 with Lancelot du Lac, and others. 
 Hence the name was frequently ap- 
 plied to any wanton woman. Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth says that she was 
 of a noble Roman family, and the 
 most beautifiU woman in all Britain. 
 [Written also G n e n e v e r, Guin- 
 evere (gwin'e-veer'), Guanhu- 
 m a r a (gwan'hu-ma'ra), G e n e u r a 
 (ge-nu'rS), Ganora (ga-no'ra, 9), 
 Genievre (ge'ni-e'ver), and Gi- 
 n c V r a (gi-nev'ra).] 
 
 Gulli-ver, Lemuel. The imaginary 
 hero of Swift's celebrated satirical 
 romance entitled " Travels into sev- 
 eral Remote Nations of the World, by 
 Lemuel Gidliver." He is represented 
 as being first a surgeon in London, 
 and then a captain of several ships. 
 After having followed the sea for 
 some years, he makes in succession 
 foiu' extraordinary voyages, in the 
 first of which he gets wrecked on the 
 coast of Lilliput, a country inhabited 
 by pygmies; in the second, he is 
 thrown among the people of Brobding- 
 nag, who are giants of a tremendous 
 size ; in the third, he is driven to 
 Laputa, an empire of quack pretend- 
 ers to science, knavish projectors, and 
 sorcerers ; and in the fourth, he visits 
 the Houyhnhnms, a race of horses 
 endowed with reason. 
 
 IKT" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 GUL 
 
 IGl 
 
 GUY 
 
 Qul-nSre'. 1. A female character in 
 Byron's poem of " The Corsair." 
 She is rescued from a burning harem 
 by Conrad, and, becoming passion- 
 ately enamoured of him, repays the 
 service he has done her by taking 
 the life of the pasha, Seyd, into whose 
 hands Conrad falls. 
 
 2. A character in one of the tales 
 of the "Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." 
 
 Giun'mer's Ore. A marvellous island, 
 fabled to tloat in the northern seas, — 
 a tiction probably based upon the 
 existence of some partly submerged 
 reef or shoal. The geographer Bu- 
 raeus placed this island on his map 
 in view of Stockholm. 
 
 j6S=- " There is a tradition in the north- 
 em seas, and upon the coast of Norway, 
 that floating islands may often be seen 
 rising out of the bosom of the waves, with 
 trees fully formed, having branches from 
 which hang shells instead of fruits, but 
 ■which disappear after some hours. Tor- 
 faeus, in his history of Norway, alludes to 
 these. The sailors and inhabitants of 
 the coast regard these places as the sub- 
 marine habitations of evil spirits, who 
 cause these islands to rise to taunt navi- 
 gators, confuse their reckonings, and em- 
 barrass their voyages." Pichot. 
 
 Gungnir (gobhg'nef). (Scand. 3fi/fh.) 
 The name of Odin's spear or lance. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot. (Enrj. Hist.) A 
 memorable conspiracy for overthrow- 
 ing the government by blowing up 
 the king, lords, and commons, at the 
 opening of parliament on the 5th of 
 November, 1G05. This diabolical 
 scheme was projected by Robert 
 Catesby, a Roman Catholic, who 
 leagued with himself Guy Fawkes 
 and several other persons, of the same 
 faith, who were exasperated by the 
 intolerant and persecuting spirit of 
 James I. and his ministers. It was 
 discovered, however, on the evening 
 before it was to have been carried into 
 execution, and the principal conspira- 
 tors were put to death. 
 
 Giinther, King (giin'tef, 34). A hero 
 whose adventures are related in the 
 ancient German epic, the " Nibelun- 
 gen Lied;" brother to Chriemhild. 
 
 Gurth. A Saxon swine-herd, the thrall 
 
 of Cedric of Rotherwood, in Sir 
 Walter Scott's " Ivanhoe." 
 
 Gur'ton, Gammer (-tn). The hero- 
 ine of an old Englisli comedy, long 
 supposed to be the earliest" in the 
 language, but now ranked as the 
 second in point of time. It was 
 written about 1501, by John Still, 
 afterward Bishop of Bath and Wells. 
 The plot turns upon the loss of a 
 needle by Gamnier Gurton, — a seri- 
 ous event at that period, especially in 
 a remote village, — and the subse- 
 quent discovery of it sticking in the 
 breeches of her man Hodge. 
 
 Guzman de Alfarache (gooth- 
 man' da al-ta-rS'chS). The hero of 
 a celebrated Spanish novel written 
 by Mateo Aleman, and first printed 
 at Madrid, in 1599. He begins his 
 career as a dupe, but afterward 
 becomes a consummate knave, and 
 exhibits a rich variety of gifts in the 
 various characters he is compelled by 
 circumstances to assume, such as 
 stable-boy, beggar, thief, coxcomb, 
 mercenary, valet, pander, merchant, 
 and the like. 
 
 Guy, Sir, Earl of Warwick. The 
 hero of a famous English legend, 
 which celebrates his surpassing prow- 
 ess and the wonderful achievements 
 by which he obtained the hand of his 
 lady-love, the Fair Felice, as well as 
 the adventures he subsequently met 
 with in a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 Land, and on his return home. He 
 is reputed to have lived in the reign 
 of the Saxon King Athelstan. The 
 romance of Sir Guy, mentioned by 
 Chaucer in the " Caiiterburj' Tales," 
 cannot be traced further back than 
 the earlier part of the fourteenth cen- 
 tiu-y. His existence at any period is 
 very doubtful. 
 
 J8®= Among the romances of the Anglo- 
 Danish cycle, by no means the least 
 celebrated is that of Guy of Warwick. 
 It is one of the few which have been pre- 
 served in the Anglo-Norman form ; and 
 it has gone through an extraordinary 
 number of versions. Chaucer enumerat- 
 ed it among the rovmnr.es of jiris, or 
 those which in the fourteenth century 
 were held in the highest estimation. 
 
 Wright. 
 The Lord-keeper was scared by a dun cow, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-2cxxil. 
 11
 
 GUY 
 
 162 
 
 GYG 
 
 nnd he takes the young fellow who killed her 
 fur Gwj of iVancick. Hir It'. Hcott. 
 
 The conduct of the expedition was intrusted 
 to a valiant Dutchman, wlio for size and 
 ■wcijjht inifjht have matched witli Colbrand, 
 tlieUauish champion slain by (JuiiofWar- 
 wkk. W. Irving. 
 
 Guy'6n, Sir (gl'on). A knight whose 
 adventures are related in the second 
 book of Spenser's "Faiiry Queen." 
 To him Avas assifjned the task of 
 bringing into subjection a witch, 
 Acrasia, and of destroying her resi- 
 dence, the Bower of Bliss. Sir Guyon 
 rcpri'sents the quality of Temperance 
 in its largest sense; meaning that 
 virtuous self-government which holds 
 in check not only the inferior sensual 
 appetites, but also the impulses of 
 
 passion and the movements of re- 
 venge. 
 Gy'as. A mythical personage in Vir- 
 gil's "^neid;" a companion of 
 yEneas, noted for his bravery. At 
 the naval games exhibited by JSneas 
 in honour of his father Anchises, Gyas 
 commanded the ship " ChimiEra," of 
 which Menoetes was the pilot. See 
 Mekcetes. 
 
 Gy'ges. [Gr. ri^'yi;?.] (Gr. tf- Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Coolus and Terra, 
 a monstrous hundred-handed giant, 
 who, with his brothers, made war 
 upon the gods, and was slain by 
 Hercules, and subjected to everlast- 
 ing pimishment in Tartarus. 
 
 ' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 HAD 
 
 1G3 
 
 UAM 
 
 H. 
 
 Ha'des. [Gr. 'AiStj?, 'A^rj?.] ( Gr. (f- 
 Eom. Mi/lh.) The god of the notlic'r 
 •world, the son of Saturn and Khi'U, 
 and the brother of Jupiter and Nej)- 
 tune. He is the same as Pluto. The 
 name is also ajjplied to his kingdom, 
 the abode of the departed spuits, or 
 shades. See Tluto. 
 
 H8e'm6n. [Gr. Aifxuiu.] ( Gr. tf- Eom. 
 Mijth.) A son of Creon of Thebes, 
 and a lover of Antigone. He is said 
 to have destroyed himself on hearing 
 that Antigone \vas condemned by her 
 father to be entombed alive. 
 
 Hagen (ha'gen). The mmxleror of 
 Siegfried in the German epic, the 
 " Nibelungen Lied;" represented as 
 a pale-faced and one-eyed dwarf, of 
 demon origin, who knows every thing, 
 and whose sole desire is mischief. 
 He is at last killed by Chriemhilil, 
 Siegfried's wife, who strikes ott" his 
 head with Siegfried's owa. sword. 
 
 Hi^idee (ht-de'). A beautiful young 
 Greek girl, in Byron's poem of " Don 
 Juan." 
 
 Hajji Baba. See Baca, Hajji. 
 
 Halcyone. See Alcyone. 
 
 Hales, The Ever-memorable John. 
 A name often given to John Hales 
 (1584-1656), an able scholar and di- 
 vine of the church of England. The 
 epithet of " ever - memorable " was 
 first applied to him after his decease, 
 in the title pretixed to a collection 
 of his writings, called his " Golden 
 Remains," published in 1659. 
 
 Ham'a-dry'Sds. [Gr. 'Aju.a«pvaSe9, 
 Lat. Hamndryndes!] (Gr. cf- Rom. 
 Mxjth.) Nymphs of the woods who 
 were born and died with particular 
 trees. 
 
 Ham'il-ton, Gail. A pseudonym 
 adopted by Miss Mary Xhujnil 
 Dodge, of Hamilton, Masssachusetts, 
 a popular American writer of the 
 present day. 
 
 Hamlet. la Shakespeare's tragedy 
 
 of the same name, son to the former, 
 and iu'i)hew to the reigning, king 
 of Denmark. 
 
 i(KS="This is that Hamlet the Dane 
 ■whom we read of in our youth, and whom 
 we seem ahiiost to rumemlKT in our after- 
 years; he who made that famous solilo- 
 quy on life, who gave the advice to the 
 players, who thought ' this goodly frame, 
 the earth, a sterile promontory, and this 
 brave, o'erhaugiug firmament, the air, 
 this majestieal roof, fretted with goldea 
 fire, a foul and pestilent congregation of 
 vapours ; ' whom ' man delighted not, nor 
 woman neither ; ' he who talked with the 
 grave-diggers, and moralised on Yorick's 
 skull ; the schoolfellow of Kosencrantz and 
 Guildenstern at Wittenberg ; the friend 
 of Horatio ; the lover of Ophelia ; he that 
 was mad and seat to England ; the slow 
 avenger of his father's death ; who lived 
 at the court of Ilorwendillus five hun- 
 dred years before we were born, but all 
 whose thoughts we seem to know as well 
 as we do our own, because we have read 
 them in Shakespeare." Hazliu. 
 
 jGQt" The critics have been greatly di- 
 vided in regard to Shakespeare's intent 
 in this tragedy and character. Coleridge 
 thinks that Shakespeare's purpose was 
 '■ to exliibit a character flying from the 
 sense of reality, and seeking a reprieve 
 from the pressure of its duties in that 
 ideal activity, the overbalance of which, 
 ^vith the consequent indisposition to ac- 
 tion, is Hamlet's disease." llazlitt says, 
 " It is not a character marked by strength 
 of passion or will, but by re£liement of 
 thought and feeling. . . . His ruling 
 passion is to thiuk, not to act ; and any 
 vague pretence that flatters this propen- 
 sity instantly diverts him from his pre- 
 vious purposes." In Mr. II. G. White's 
 view, '' Hamlet is a man of contemplation, 
 who Is ever diverted from his purpo.'ed 
 deeds by speculation upon their proba- 
 ble consequences or their past causes, 
 unless he acts too quickly, and under too 
 much excitement, for any reflection to 
 present itself." Goethe thought that 
 Shakespeare designed to exhibit " a love- 
 ly, pure, noble, and most moral nature, 
 ■without the strength of nerve which 
 forms a hero, sinking beneath a burdeii 
 which it cannot bear, and must not cast 
 away." According to Schlcgel, " the 
 whole [play] is intended to show that a 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii,
 
 HAM 
 
 164 HAR 
 
 calculating consideration, which exhausts 
 all the relations and possible consequences 
 of a deed, must cripple the power of ac- 
 tion." 
 
 Hammer of Heretics. [Fr. Le 
 Marteaic des Heretiques.] 1. A 
 sobriquet given to Pierre d'Ailly 
 (1350-1425), a noted French cardinal 
 and polemic. He was president of 
 the council of Constance, by which 
 John Huss was condemned. 
 
 2. A surname ap])lied to John 
 Faber (d. 1541), from the title of 
 one of his works. He was a native 
 of Swabia, and an eminent Iloman 
 Catholic divine. 
 
 Hajrunon. See Ajimon. 
 
 Handsome Englishman. [Fr. Le 
 Bel Anylais.] A name given by the 
 French troops under Turenne to John 
 Churchill (1650-1722), aftenvard the 
 celebrated Duke of Marlborough, who 
 was no less distinguished for the siu- 
 gidar graces of his person, than for 
 his brilliant courage and his consum- 
 mate ability both as a soldier and a 
 statesman. 
 
 Handsome Swordsman. [Fr. Le 
 Beau Sabreur.] A title popularly 
 given to Joachim Murat (1767-1815), 
 who was highly distingiushed for 
 his handsome person, accomplished 
 horsemanship, and daring bravery as 
 a cavaliy officer. 
 
 Hanging Judge. An epithet fastened 
 upon the Earl of Xorbur\- (d. 1831), 
 who was Chief Justice of the Com- 
 mon Pleas in Ireland, from 1820 to 
 1827. He is said to have been in the 
 habit of jesting with criminals, on 
 whom he was pronouncing sentence 
 of death. 
 
 Hans von Kippach. (hSnss fon rip'- 
 pak, 67, 71). A fictitious personage, 
 to ask for whom was an old joke 
 among the German students. Hans 
 is the German Jack, and Rippach is 
 a village near Leipsic. 
 
 Hanswurst (hanss'voofst, 68). [Ger., 
 Jack Pudding.] A pantomimic char- 
 acter formerly introduced into Ger- 
 man comedies, and originally in- 
 tended as a caricature of the Italian 
 Harlequin, but corresponding more 
 particularly with the Italian J/acf!?'oni, 
 
 the French Jean Potage, the English 
 Jach Pudding, and the Dutch Pichel- 
 herriiige, — all favourite characters 
 with the lower classes of the popula- 
 tion, and called after favourite na- 
 tional dishes. Hans^rurst was noted 
 for his clumsiness, his gormandising 
 appetite, and his Falstalfian dimen- 
 sions. He was driven from the Ger- 
 man stage by Gottsched, about the 
 middle of the eighteenth century. 
 
 Happy Valley. In Johnson's " Eas- 
 selas," a delightful valley, situated 
 in Abyssinia. 
 
 To his recollection, this retired spot was 
 unparalleled in beauty by the richest scenes 
 he had visited in his wanderings. Even the 
 Happy Valley of Basselas would have sunk 
 into nothing upon the comparison. 
 
 -Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Hard'cas-tle, Mr. (hard'kas-sl). A 
 character in Goldsmith's comedy of 
 "She Stoops to Conquer;" repre- 
 sented as prosy and hospitable. 
 
 Harle-quin (har'le-kin or har'le- 
 kwin). [Fr. Harlequin, Arlequin, Sp. 
 Arlequin, It. Arlecchino ; probably 
 from Old Fr. hierlekin, hellequin, 
 goblin, elf, Low Lat. harlequinus, hel- 
 Tequimis, from D. and Old Ger. helle, 
 hell. — Mann.] 1. The name of a 
 well-kno'vvn character in the popular 
 extemporised Italian comedy, in 
 which he originally figured as a 
 servant of Pantaleone, the comic 
 representative of Venetian foibles, 
 and as the lover of Columbina, or 
 the Arlechinetta. He appeared before 
 the public with a shaven head, a 
 masked face, unshod feet, and a coat 
 of many colours. He also carried a 
 light sword of lath, and his hat was 
 in a deplorable condition. He was 
 noted for his agilits', and for being a 
 great gourmand, though his gluttony 
 had no effect upon the size of his 
 person. In this character were sat- 
 irised the roguery and drollery of 
 the Bergamasks, who were proverbial 
 for their intriguing knavery. Har- 
 lequin is accordingly represented as 
 a simple, ignorant person, who tries 
 very hard to be witty, even at the 
 expense of being malicious. He is a 
 parasite, cowardly, yet faithfiU and 
 active, but easily induced, by fear 
 
 oa~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 IIAR 
 
 165 
 
 HAR 
 
 or interest, to commit all sorts of 
 tricks and knaveries. From tlie Ital- 
 ian stage he was transferred to that 
 of other countries. In England, he 
 was first introduced on the stage by 
 Rich, in the eighteenth centurj'. The 
 harlequin, in its original conception, 
 has almost ceased to possess a legit- 
 imate existence in comedy, being 
 confined, at the present day, to the 
 sphere of Christmas pantomimes and 
 puppet-shows, and to the improvised 
 plays of the Italians. 
 
 2. A pimning nickname confen*ed 
 upon Robert Harley ( lGGl-1724), Earl 
 of Oxford and Mortimer, an English 
 statesman of the time of Queen Anne, 
 noted for his restless, intriguing dis- 
 position. 
 
 Haxley. " The Man of Feeling," in 
 Mackenzie's novel of that name. 
 He is remarkable for his fine sensi- 
 bility and benevolence, and his bash- 
 fulness resulting from excessive deli- 
 cacy. See INIax of Feeling. 
 
 J6S=" " The principal object of Macken- 
 zie, in all his novels, has beea to reach 
 and sustain a tone of moral pathos, by 
 r> presenting the effectofincidents, wheth- 
 er important or trifling, upon the human 
 mind, and especially those which were not 
 only just, honourable, and intelligent, but 
 so framed as to be responsive to those 
 finer feelings to which ordinary hearts 
 are callous. This is the direct and pro- 
 fessed object of Mackenzie's first work, 
 which is in fact no narrative, but a series 
 of successive incidents, each rendered 
 interesting by the mode in which they 
 operate on the feelings of Harlev."' 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Haxlot, The Infamous Northern. 
 See NoRTHEKX IIai:lot, The Ix- 
 
 EAMOU.S. 
 
 Harlowe, Clarissa. The heroine 
 of Richardson's novel entitled "The 
 History of Clarissa Harlowe;" a 
 young lady, who, to avoid a mat- 
 rimonial union to which her heart 
 cannot consent, and to which she is 
 urged by her parents, casts herself 
 on the protection of a lover, who 
 scandalously abuses the confidence 
 she reposes in him, and finally suc- 
 ceeds in gratifying his passion, 
 though he fails in insnaring her 
 virtue. She rejects the reparation of 
 
 marriage, which is at length ten- 
 dered, and retires to a solitary abode, 
 where she expires, ovenvhehned with 
 grief and shame. 
 
 SIS' " It was reserved to Richardson to 
 show there is a chastity of the soul, 
 which can beam out spotless and unsul- 
 lied even after that of the person has 
 been violated; and the dignity of Cla- 
 rissa, under her disgrace and her misfor- 
 tunes, reminds us of the saying of the 
 ancient poet, that a good man, struggling 
 with the tide of adversitj*, and surmount- 
 ing it, was a sight upon which the immor- 
 tal gods might look down with pleasure." 
 Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 Har-mo'ni-S. [Gr. 'Kpy.ovia.'] {Gr. 
 (J- Eom. Mijtli.) A daughter of Mars 
 and Venus, and the wife of Cadmus. 
 She is renowned in ancient story on 
 account of a necklace which she 
 received from her husband on her 
 wedding-day, and which wrought 
 mischief to "all who came into pos- 
 session of it. 
 
 Har'61d, Childe (child, or child). The 
 hero of Lord Byron's poem, " Childe 
 Harold's Pilgrimage ; " represented as 
 a man of gentle l5irth, lofty bearing, 
 and peerless intellect, who, having 
 exhausted all the pleasures of youth 
 and earl}^ manhood, and feeling the 
 fulness of satiety, loathes his fellow- 
 bacchanals, and the " laughing dames 
 in whom he did delight." To banish 
 his disgust and melanchoh', he de- 
 termines to travel ; but, though he 
 traverses some of the fairest portions 
 of the earth, the feelings of bitterness 
 and desolation still prey upon him, 
 without for one moment lightening 
 the weight upon his heart, or ena- 
 bling him to lose his own wretched 
 identity. 
 
 >K3=" ■' Childe Harold may not be, nor 
 do we believe he is, Lord Byron's very 
 self; but he is Lord Byron's picture, 
 sketched by Lord Byron himself, arranged 
 in a fancy dress, and disguised perhaps 
 by some extrinsic attributes, but still 
 bearing a sufficient resemblance to the 
 original to warrant the conclusion that 
 we have drawn." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The feelings arising from so rich a land- 
 scape as is aisplayeu by the valley of the 
 Rhme, must have been the same in evciy 
 bosom, from the period wlien our Enplislimttn 
 took his solitarv journey through it, in doubt 
 and danger, till that in wliicli it heard tlie in- 
 
 and for the RAnarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 HAR 
 
 166 
 
 HAV 
 
 dignant Childe Harold bid a, proud farewell to 
 }iis native couutrj-, in the vain search of a 
 land in which his heart might tlirob less 
 fiercely. <!>'«'" '^'- Scott. 
 
 Harpagon (aFpa'goi', 62). The hero 
 ofMoli^re's comedy of "L'Avare;" 
 represented as a wretched miser, 
 whose avarice has reached that point 
 where it is without pride, and whose 
 dread of losing iiis wealth has over- 
 powered the desire of being thought 
 to possess it. 
 
 Some [part of the treasure] went to stop for 
 a time the mouths of such claimants, who, 
 being weary of fair promises, had become ot 
 opinion with Harpagim, that it was necessary 
 to touch something substantial. Sir il. Scott. 
 
 Harpagon is not more unlike to Jourdain 
 . . . than every one of Miss Austen's j -ung 
 divines to all his reverend brethren. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Har'pi-er, or Har'per. Some mys- 
 terious personage referred to by the 
 witches, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 " Macbeth," a. iv., sc. 1. Collier sug- 
 gests that the word may be a cor- 
 ruption of harpy. The orthography 
 of the first folio, and of the best 
 modern editions, is Earpier. 
 
 Harpies. [Gr. 'Aprrvai, swift robbers ; 
 Lat. Harpi/ice.~\ (Gr. cj"' Rom. Jfi/fh.) 
 Three daughters of Xeptune and 
 Terra, considered as ministers of the 
 vengeance of the gods. They were 
 disgusting winged monsters, of fierce 
 and loathsome aspect, with the bodies 
 of vultures, the heads of maidens, 
 hands armed with long claws, and 
 faces pale with hunger. They lived 
 in an atmosphere of tilth and stencli, 
 and polluted every thing they ap- 
 proached. Their names are com- 
 monly given as AiJllo, Celasuo, and 
 Ocypcte. 
 
 Har-poc'ra-tes. [Gr. 'ApiroKpa-nf;.'] 
 (Myth.) The Greek name of the 
 Egyptian Horus, the god of the sun 
 and of silence, represented with his 
 finger on his mouth. 
 
 Harris, Mrs. An imaginar\- person- 
 age to whom ]\Irs. Gamp — "a month- 
 ly nurse who figures in Dickens's 
 novel of " :\Iartin Chuzzlewit" — 
 constantly refers as an authority for 
 her own fabrications and fancies. 
 See G.VMP, Mrs. Saeaii. 
 
 ^y " Mrs. Harris was a glorious cre- 
 ation, or, rather, conception. Only, the 
 
 numerous and respectable persons who 
 bear that name must feel themselves ag- 
 grieved ; for their very existence is no^T 
 made a matter of doubt. By one breath 
 of the magician, the solid flesh-and-blood 
 of all the Harrises has been volatilised 
 into a hypothetical phantom." 
 
 Fraser''s Ma^. 
 Now, hitherto, tlioujrh the bandit was the 
 nominal hero of tlie piece; though you were 
 always hearing of him, — his wrongs, virtues, 
 hair- breadth escapes, — he had never been 
 Been. Not Mrs. Harris, in the immortal nar- 
 rative, was more quoted and more mythical. 
 Sir £. Buhver Lytton. 
 
 Hatcli'way, Lieutenant Jack. The 
 name of a retired naval officer, on 
 half-pay, in Smollett's novel, " The 
 Adventiu'es of Peregrine Tickle." 
 He is represented as living with 
 Commodore Trimuiou as a compan- 
 ion. 
 
 He who can read the calamities of Trunnion 
 and Halchwaij, when run away witli by their 
 mettled steeds, . . . without a good hearty 
 burst of honest laughter, must be well quah- 
 ticd to look sad and gentleman-like with Lord 
 Chesterfield or Master Stephen. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Hats and Caps. ( Swed. Hist. ) Pop- 
 ular names given to two political 
 factions by which Sweden was dis- 
 tracted in the middle of the eighteenth 
 century. The former party was fa- 
 vourable to France, the latter was in 
 the interest of liussia. They were 
 both broken up, and their names 
 prohibited, in 1771, by Gustavus HI., 
 who desired to exclude foreign influ- 
 ence. 
 
 J(!Q5=- " ' Faction of Hats,' 'Faction of 
 Caps ' (that is, « /g-/i «-caps, as being som- 
 nolent and disinclined to France and 
 War) : seldom did a once valiant, far- 
 shining nation sink to such depths 1 " 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Hat'ter-aick, Dirk. A Dutch smug- 
 gler captain, and a thorough and 
 desperate villain, in Scott's novel of 
 " Guy Mannering." His character 
 is redeemed from utter sordidness 
 and depravity only by his one vir- 
 tue of integrity to his employers. 
 " I was always faithful to my ship- 
 owners, always accounted for cargo 
 to the last stiver." 
 
 Hav'e-16k the Dane. [Fr. Ilamloh 
 le Danois.] The hero of an early 
 French romance, the original of an 
 ancient English romance of the same 
 name, founded upon a story of the 
 
 aO~ Tor the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 HAW 
 
 1C7 
 
 HEI 
 
 Saxon era relating to the town of 
 Grimsbj', in Lincolnshire. 
 
 Hawk'a-bites. The same as Tltijra 
 Tus. ' Sec TiTYKE Tus. 
 
 Hawk'eye State. The State of Iowa ; 
 ^— said to be so named after an In- 
 dian chief, who was once a terror 
 to voi/af/ciirs to its borders. 
 
 Head of Africa. A name formerly 
 given to the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 H6ad'rigg, Cud'dle {or Cuthbert). 
 A ploughman in Lady Belleuden's 
 service, in Scott's novel of "Old 
 Mortahty." 
 
 Heart of Mid-Lo'thi-Sn. A poetical 
 and popular name of the old jail in 
 Edinbm-gh, the capital of the county 
 of Mid-Lothian. It was taken down 
 in 1817. One of Scott's novels bears 
 this name as its title. 
 
 He'be. [Gr. 'iliSr,.] (Gr. ff Earn. 
 Myth.) The goddess of youth, a 
 daughter of Jupiter and Juno, and 
 the cup-bearer of the gods. She was 
 banished from heaven on account of 
 au unlucky fall. 
 
 "Wreathed emilcs, 
 Such as hanpr on Jlche's cheek, 
 Ami love to live iu dimple sleek. jrdton. 
 
 Hec'S-te {sometimes Anglicised hek'- 
 at).' [Gr. ■ExiTT).] (Gr. f Rom. 
 Myth.) The daughter of Jupiter and 
 Latona; a mysterious divinity called 
 Jjima in heaven, Diana on earth, and 
 Hecate, or Proserpina, in hell. In 
 the latter character, she is described 
 as a powerful and cruel goddess, of 
 hideous appearance, having all the 
 magical powers of the imiverse at 
 her command, and sending upon the 
 earth all kinds of demons and terrible 
 phantoms. 
 
 Hec'tor. [Gr. 'ExTwp.] ( Gr. (f- TJom. 
 Myth.) The son of Priam, king of 
 Tro}-, by Hecuba, and the bravest 
 and ablest of all the Trojan chiefs 
 who fought against the Greeks. For 
 a long time he gloriously defended 
 Troy, but was at last slain in single 
 combat hy Achilles, who dragged his 
 body in insulting triumph three times 
 around the tomb f>f Patroclus and 
 the walls of the beleaguered city. 
 His exploits arc sung by Homer in 
 
 the '' Iliad." One of the most beau- 
 tifid and atfocting as well as cele- 
 brated episodes in this poem is that 
 in which Hector takes leave of his 
 wife and child at the Scivan gate 
 before going into battle. 
 
 Hec'tor de Ma'rys, Sir. A knight 
 of the Round Tabic, brother of Lan- 
 celot du Lac. 
 
 Hec'tor of Germany. A title given 
 by the old chroniclers to Joacliim XL, 
 elector of Brandenburg (d. 1571). 
 
 Hec'tprs. See Titykk Tus. 
 
 Hec'u-ba. [Gr. 'E/ca/37).] ( Gr. rf- Rom. 
 Myth.) The second wife of Priam, 
 king of Troy, and the mother of Paris 
 and Hector. After the fall of Troy, 
 she fell into the hands of the Greeks 
 as a slave, and, according to one 
 account, threw herself in despair uito 
 the sea. 
 
 Heap, Uriah. A detestable char- 
 acter in Dickens's novel of "David 
 Copperfield," who, under the garb 
 of the most abject humility, conceals 
 a diabolic hatred and malignity. " I 
 am well aware," quoth he, " that I am 
 the umblest person going, let the 
 other be who he may. INly mother 
 is likewise a very umble person. We 
 live in a numble abode, Master Cop- 
 perfield, but have much to be thank- 
 fid for. My father's former calling 
 was umble; he was a sexton." 
 
 Heimdall (him'dal). {Scand. Myth.) 
 A god who stands as sentinel at the 
 bridge of Bifriist, to prevent the 
 giants fi'om forcing their way into 
 heaven. It is said of him, that he 
 requires less sleep than a bird, that 
 he can see to a distance of one hun- 
 dred leagues, as well by night as by 
 day, and that he can hear the grass 
 grow and al'-o the wool on sheep's 
 backs. See Gjallar. [Written also 
 Heimdal.] 
 
 Heir of the Kepublic. A name 
 given to Napoleon Bonaparte, " the 
 plebeian child of the Revolution," 
 who, in 1700, by a bold co%ip d'etat, 
 overthrew the Directory, and made 
 himself First Consul of France with 
 sovereign powers; and who, in 1804, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-xxxii.
 
 HEL 
 
 1G8 
 
 HEP 
 
 assumed the title of emperor, and 
 destroyed the last vestiges of democ- 
 racy and freedom. 
 Hel, <"• He'la. {Scancl Myth.) The 
 queen of the dead, daughter of the 
 evil - hearted Loki and a giantess 
 named Angurboda. She was fright- 
 ful to behold, her aspect being fero- 
 cious, and the upper part of her 
 body black or livid from congealed 
 blood. Her abode (Helheim) was a 
 vast castle in Niflheim, in the midst 
 of eternal damp, snow, ice, and dark- 
 ness. Here she received all who tlied 
 of old age or disease. She was an 
 inexorable divinity, and would re- 
 lease no one who had once entered 
 her domain. 
 
 Uprose the king of men with speed, 
 
 And saddled straight his coal-black etced; 
 
 Down the yawning steep he rode, 
 
 That leads to HehCs drear abode. 
 
 Till full before his fearless eyes, 
 
 The portals nine of hell arise. Gray. 
 
 Helen. [Gr. 'EAeVrj, Lat. Helena.'] 
 (Gr. 4- Mom. Myth.) A daughter of 
 Jupiter and Leda, and the wife of 
 Meuelaus, king of Sparta. She was 
 the most beautiful woman of her age. 
 In the absence of her husband, Paris, 
 son of King Priam, carried her otf to 
 Troy, which was the cause of the ten 
 years' war against that city, and of 
 its final destruction. 
 
 Helen, Burd. See Burd Helen. 
 
 Hel'e-nS. 1. See Helen. 
 
 2. Alady in Shakespeare's "Mid- 
 summer-Night's Dream," in love 
 with Demetrius. 
 
 3. The heroine of Shakespeare's 
 "All 's Well that Ends Well," dis- 
 tinguished for her romantic passion 
 for Bertram, and her patient endur- 
 ance of the most adverse fortune. 
 
 4®= " There was never, perhaps, a more 
 beautiful picture of a woman's love, 
 cherished in secret ; not, self-consuming 
 in silent languishment ; not pining in 
 thought ; not passive and ' desponding 
 over its ijol ; ' but patient and hopeful ; 
 strong in its own intensity, and sustained 
 by its own fond faith. . . . The situation 
 of Helena is the most painful and de- 
 grading in which a woman can be placed. 
 She is poor and lowly ; she loves a man 
 [Bertram] who is far her superior in rank, 
 who repays her love with indifference, 
 and rejects her hand with scorn. She 
 
 marries him against his will ; he leaves 
 her, with contumely, on the day of their 
 marriage, and makes liis return to her 
 arms depend on conditions apparently 
 impossible. All the circumstances and 
 details with which Helena is surrounded 
 are shocking to our feelings, and wound- 
 ing to our delicacy; and yet the beauty 
 of the character is made to triumph over 
 all." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Hel'e-na, Tlie Patient. A character 
 in an old popular tale, reproduced in 
 Germany by Tieck. 
 
 Hel'e-nus. [Gr. 'EAews.] {Gr. ^• 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Priam and 
 Hecuba, and a celebrated soothsayer. 
 
 He-li'a-des. [Gr. 'HAiaSct.] ( Gr. f 
 Rom. Myth. ) Daughters of Helios or 
 Sol (the sun), changed into poplars 
 on account of their grief at the death 
 of their brother Phaethon. Their 
 names were Lampethusa, Lampetia, 
 and PliKthusa. 
 
 Hel'i-c6n. [Gr. 'EAikujv.] A moun- 
 tain of Boeotia, in Greece, sacred to 
 Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 From Helicon's harmonious springs 
 A thousand rills their mazy progress take. 
 Grai/. 
 
 He'li-os. [Gr. 'HAto?.] (Gr. Myth.) 
 The .sun-god; identified in later times 
 with Apollo or Phoebus. He corre- 
 sponds to the Koman Sol. 
 
 HelTe. [Gr. "EAAr,.] ( Gr. # Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Athamas and 
 Nephele. With her brother Phrixus, 
 she fled, on a golden-fleeced ram, from 
 licr step-mother Ino to Calehas, but 
 fell into the strait called after her the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-5 (23). The Latin name of 
 Switzerland ; sometimes used in mod- 
 em poetry. 
 
 See from the ashes of Ueh'etia's pile 
 The whitened skull of old Servetus smile! 
 Holmes, 
 
 Henriette (Fr. jn-on. 6n're-et', 62). 
 A daughter of Chrysale in Molifere's 
 comedy, "Les Femmes Savantes." 
 Her name has become proverbial in 
 the French language as a type of a 
 perfect woman. 
 
 He-phses'tus. [Gr.'H<i.<xi<rTos.] {Myth.) 
 The Greek name of the god called 
 Vulcan by the Romans. See Vul- 
 can. 
 
 oa- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 IIER 
 
 169 
 
 IIEK 
 
 < 
 
 He'ra (9). [Gr. 'Hpa, 'Hpr,.] {Mylh.) 
 The Greek naiuo of the wile of J iipi- 
 ter, called Juno by tlie Komans. ISee 
 Juno. 
 
 H6r'S-clei'd8B. [Gr. 'lipaKAerJat.] iGr. 
 (f- j'iom. Mijth). The desceiulaiits of 
 Hercules. See Heucules. 
 
 Heracles, See Hercules. 
 
 Her'cu-le§. [Gr. •ilpofcA^?.] ( Gr. (|- 
 Rom. Myth.) A sou of Jupiter ami 
 Alcmena, the most fauious hero of 
 fabulous history, remarkable for hia 
 great strength, and for his many 
 wonderful achievements, particularly 
 his performance of twelve labours im- 
 posed upon him by his kinsman 
 Eurystheus. These "were, 1. To de- 
 stroy a lion which haunted the moun- 
 tain valley of Nemea. 2. To kill a 
 formidable hydra which infested the 
 forest and marsh of Lerua. (See 
 Hydra.) 3. To capture a swift staff, 
 with golden antlers and brazen feet, 
 which belonged to Diana. 4. To 
 take alive a wild boar which ravaged 
 the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. 
 5. To cleanse the Augeau stables. 
 (See AuGEAS.) 0. To slay certain 
 frightful carnivorous birds that deso- 
 lated the country near Lake Styni- 
 phalis, in Arcadia. 7. To bring alive 
 to Eurystheus a remarkable mad bull 
 belonging to Minos, king of Crete. 8. 
 To obtain the mares of Diomedes, king 
 of the Bistones in Thrace, which fed 
 on human flesh. 9. To procure the 
 girdle of Hippolyta, queen of the 
 Amazons. 10. To kill the monster 
 Geryon, and bring his herds to Ar- 
 gos. (See Geryon.) 11. To obtain 
 certain golden apples which were 
 concealed in the gardens of the Iles- 
 perides. (See IIesperides.) 12. 
 To bring from the infernal regions 
 the three-headed dog Cerberus. (See 
 Cerberus.) To these " twelve 
 labours" must be added many other 
 exploits, such as his strangling two 
 serpents sent by Juno to destroy him 
 while yet an infant ; his battles with 
 the Centaurs and with the Giants; his 
 participation in the Argonautic ex- 
 pedition; his liberation of Prometheus 
 and Theseus; and the like. It is re- 
 lated by the sophist Prodicus, that 
 
 Hercules in his youth met the god- 
 desses of Pleasure and Virtue at the 
 cross-ways, and that each endeavoured 
 to persuade him to become her vo- 
 tary; but he rejected the charms of 
 Pleasure, and iihose Virtue to be the 
 constant companion of liis life. (See 
 Dejanira and Hylas.) [Called 
 also Alcides, after his grandfather Al- 
 c;eus.] 
 
 The <il(l world knew nothing of Conversion; 
 insk'Uilofuii " Kcce Uoiiio" [LiulioUl the Man! 
 See .lolin xix. 5J, they hud only bonic Clioico 
 of JIurculcs. Curli/le. 
 
 Heretics, Hammer of. See Ham- 
 mer OF Heretics. 
 
 Hermiann (hef'man). The hero of 
 Goethe's poem entitled "Hermann 
 uud Dorothea." 
 
 ;63=" The aim of the " Hermann and 
 Dorothea " is " in an epic crucible to free 
 from its dross the pure human existence 
 of a small German town, and at the same 
 time mirror in a small glass the great 
 movements and changes of the world's 
 stage." Goethe, Trans. 
 
 Her'mes. [Gr. 'Ep/;^^?.] {Myth.) The 
 Greek name of Mercury. See Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Her'mi-a. A lady in Shakespeare's 
 "Midsummer -Night's Dream," in 
 love with Lysander. 
 
 Her-mi'o-ne. [Gr. 'Epjxioi^.] ( Gr. (f 
 Rom. Myth.) 1. The only daughter 
 of Menelaus and Helen, celebrated 
 for her beauty. She became the wife 
 of Pyrrhus (Xcoptolemus), the son 
 of Achilles ; but, having been previ- 
 ously promised to Orestes, whom she 
 loved, the latter procured the assas- 
 sination of Pyrrhus, and carried her 
 oft' and married her. 
 
 2. The heroine of the first three 
 acts of Shakespeare's "Winter's 
 Tale." 
 
 «S=" " She is the -wife of Leontes, king 
 of Sicilia, and, though in the prime of 
 beauty and womanhood, is not repre- 
 sented in the first bloom of youtli. Her 
 husband, on slight grounds, suspects her 
 of infidelity with his friend Polixenes, 
 king of Bohemia. The suspicion once 
 admitted, and worlcing on a jealous, pas- 
 sionate, and vindictive mind, becomes a 
 settled and confirmed opinion. Ilermione 
 is thrown into a dungeon ; her new-bom 
 infant is taken from her, and, by the order 
 I of her husband, frantic with jealousy, 
 
 a^d for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 HER 
 
 170 
 
 HES 
 
 expnscJ to death on a desert shore ; she 
 is herself brou;;ht to a public, trial for 
 treason and incoutiiiency, defends her- 
 self nobly, and U pronounced innocent 
 by the oracle. But, at the very moment 
 that she is acquitted, she learns the death 
 of the prince, her son, who, 
 * Conceiviii'; the dishonour of his mother. 
 
 Had straijrat declined, drooped, took it deep- 
 ly. 
 
 Fastened and fixed the shame on 't in himself, 
 
 Threw off liis spirit, appetite, and sleep, 
 
 And downright languisTied." 
 
 She swoons away \vith grief, and her sup- 
 posed death concludes the third act. The 
 two last acts are occupied with the adven- 
 tures of her daughter i'erdiUi ; and with 
 the restoration of Perdita to the arms of 
 her mother, and the reconciliation of Uer- 
 mione and Leoutes, the piece concludes. 
 Such, in few words, is the dramatic situ- 
 ation. The character of Ilcrmione exhib- 
 its what is never found in the other sex, 
 but rarely in our own, — yet sometimes, 
 — dignity without pride, love without 
 passion, and tenderness without weak- 
 ness." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Hermod (lier'mod, or hef'motl). 
 {Scand. Jlijth.) A .son of Odiii, and 
 the messeuger of the god.s. 
 
 He'ro(9). [Gr. 'Hpoi.] 1. {Gr. <f 
 Eom. Myth). A beautifid priestess 
 of Venus at Sestos, in Thrace, be- 
 loved by Leander of Abydos, wlio 
 repeatedly swam across the Helles- 
 pont to visit her; btit, he being at 
 length unfortunately drowned, she 
 threw herself, in despair, into the sea. 
 2. Daughter of Leonato, and a 
 friend of Beatrice, in Shakespeare's 
 "Much Ado about Nothing." 
 
 J(f5f" " The character of Hero is well con- 
 trasted with that of Beatrice, and their 
 mutual attachment is very beautiful and 
 natural. When they are both on the 
 scene together, Hero has but little to say 
 for herself; Beatrice asserts the rule of a 
 master-spirit, eclipses her by her mental 
 superiority, abashes her by her raillery, 
 dictates to her, answers for her, and 
 •would fain inspire her gentle-hearted 
 cousin with some of her own assurance. 
 . . . But Shakespeare knew well how to 
 make one character subordinate to anoth- 
 er, without sacrificing the slightest por- 
 tion of its effect ; and Hero, added to her 
 grace and softness, and all the interest 
 which attaches to her as the sentimental 
 heroine of the play, possesses an intel- 
 lectual beauty of her own. When she 
 has Beatrice at an advantage, she repays 
 her, with interest, in the severe, but most 
 
 animated and elegant picture she draws 
 of her cousin's imperious character and 
 unbridled levity of tongue." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 HSr'on, Robert. A pseudonym under 
 M'hfch John I'inkerton (1758-1820) 
 published a work, entitled " Letters 
 on Literature," distinguished for its 
 strange .system of spelling, as well as 
 ibr tlie singular opinions advanced in 
 it on the value of the Greek and 
 lionian Avriters. 
 
 Hero of the Nile. An epithet often 
 given to Horatio Nelson (1758-1805), 
 the illustrious naval commander of 
 England, who, on the first of August, 
 17SJ8, with a gi'eatly inferior force, 
 attacked, and nearly destroyed, a 
 French tieet under the command of 
 Brueys, in Aboukir Bay. 
 
 He-ros'tra-tus. [Gr. "Hpdo-TpaTo?.] 
 An I'^phesian, who, to acquire hn- 
 perishablc fame, set fire to the mag- 
 nificent temple of Diana, at Ephesus, 
 B. c. .356. He was tortured to death 
 for the deed, and a decree was passed 
 that no one should mention his name 
 imder pain of capital punishment; 
 but the effect produced was exactly 
 the ojiposite of that which was intend- 
 ed. [Called also Eratostratus.'\ 
 
 Her'tha. ( Teutonic Myth.) A per- 
 sonification of the earth. Hertha was 
 Avorshipped by the ancient Germans 
 and the Anglo-Saxons, as well as by 
 the Norsemen. The name is some- 
 times tised as a synonym of Fr'ujga. 
 See FitiGGA. 
 
 Her Trippa (ef tri^p'pa'). The name 
 of one of the characters in liabelais' 
 " Pantagrucl." 
 
 JO®- " Her Trippa is undoubtedly Hen- 
 ricus CorneUus Agrippa burlesqued. Her 
 is Henricus, or Herricus, or perhaps al- 
 ludes to Herr, because he was a German, 
 and Agrippa is turned into Trippa, to 
 play upon the word tripe.'" Multeux. 
 
 He-si'o-ne. [Gr. 'Ho-tdn;.] {Gr. cj"- 
 Rnm. Myth.) A daughter of Laom- 
 edon, king of Troy, rescued from a 
 sea-monster by Hercules, and given, 
 in marriage to Telamon, to whom 
 she bore Teucer. 
 
 Hes-per'i-des. [Gr. 'Eo-jrcpiSe?.] {Gr. 
 (f Rom. ifyth.) Three njinphs, 
 
 «^- Fur the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 HES 
 
 171 
 
 HIP 
 
 daughters of Hcspenis, — or, as some 
 say, of Erebus aud Nox, — and guard- 
 ians of the golden apples which Juno, 
 on her marriage with J upiter, received 
 from Terra, and which were kept in 
 a garden on an island beyond Mount 
 Atlas, in Atriea. The tree which bore 
 them was watched by a huge cb-agou. 
 
 Ees'pe-rus. [Gr. "Eo-Trepo?.] ( Gr. cf- 
 Rom. Myth.) A personification of the 
 evening star, worshipped with divine 
 honours. According to one form of 
 the legend, he was the son of Ce])ha- 
 lus and Aui-ora ; according to another 
 form, the sou of lapetus and Asia. 
 Diodorus calls him a son of Atlas, 
 and saj's that he was fond of astron- 
 omy, and that once, after having 
 ascended iMount Atlas to observe the 
 stars, he disappeared, and Avas seen 
 on earth no more. 
 
 Hes'ti-a. [Gr. -Ecria.'] (Gr. Myth.) 
 The Greek name of the goddess 
 worshipped by the Itomans as Vesta. 
 See Vesta. 
 
 Hi'ak-wS'tha. A mythical personage 
 of miraculous birth, believed by the 
 North American Indians to have been 
 sent among them to clear their rivers, 
 forests, and iishing-grounds, and to 
 teach them the arts of peace. The 
 story of Hiawatha has been made the 
 subject of a poem by Longfellow. 
 
 Ei-ber'ni-s;. The Latin name of 
 Ireland, often used in modern poetry. 
 
 Hick'a-thrift, Thomas, or Jack. 
 The name of a fauKuis character in 
 an old legendary talc of the same 
 name, doubtless a popular corrup- 
 tion of an ancient Northern romance. 
 He is described as a poor labourer 
 of the time of William the Con- 
 queror, and the possessor of super- 
 human strength, which enabled him 
 to accomplish achievements so won- 
 derful, and of such public importance 
 and benefit, that he was knighted by 
 his grateful king, and made governor 
 of East Anglia, or Thanet. See 
 "Qu. Kev.," No. XLI. art. V. 
 
 ■When a mnn sits down to \rnic a history, 
 thoiifjli it he but tlic history of Jack Jlicka- 
 ihrift or Tom Thiiml), he Knows no more 
 tlian his heels what lets and confounded 
 hindrances ho is to meet with in liia way. 
 
 Sterne. 
 
 Hieronymo. See Jeronimo. 
 
 High-heels. A faction or part)' in 
 JJllijiut opposed to the Low-h(!els. 
 These parties were so called from the 
 high and low heels of their shoes, by 
 which they respectively distinguished 
 themselves. The High-heels, it was 
 alleged, were most agreeable to the 
 ancient constitution of the empire, 
 but the emperor made use only of 
 Low-heels in the administration of 
 the government. Under these desig- 
 nations. Swift satirised the High- 
 church and Low-church parties of 
 his time, or the Whigs and Tories. 
 See GuLLiVEit and Lilliput. 
 
 Highland Mary. IMary Campbell, 
 Bunis's lirst love, the subject of 
 some of his most beautiful songs, 
 and of the elegy, '• To Mary in 
 Heaven." 
 
 Hin'doo§. A cant name given to the 
 "Know-nothing" or Native-Ameri- 
 can party in the United States, Dan- 
 iel Ullman, their candidate for the 
 Presidency, having been charged 
 with being a native of Calcutta. 
 
 Hip'po-cre'ne (the J^nglish poets some- 
 times pronounce it in three syllables, 
 hip'po-kreen). [Gr. 'imroKprii'rj.] A 
 fountain near Mount Helicon, sacred 
 to the IMuses, and fabled to have been 
 produced by a stroke of Pegasus's 
 hoof. Longfellow has made use of 
 this myth in his " Pegasus in Pound." 
 See Pegasus. 
 
 oil for a beaker fnll of the warm South, 
 Full of the true, tlie blushful J/iii/mcrunc, 
 "With beaded bubbles wiuldng at the brim 1 
 
 Keats. 
 
 Hip'po-da-mi'a. [Gr. 'iTrn-oSajActa.] 
 
 (Gr. c)- Jtom. Myth.) The real name 
 of Briseis, the beloved slave of Achil- 
 les. See Beiseis. 
 
 Hip-pol'y-ta. [Gr. 'In-TroAuTT).] 1. 
 (('/'. <|- Jiam. }/yth.) A queen of 
 the Amazons, and daughter of INIars, 
 slain by Hercules, according to one 
 account, but, according to another, 
 conquered b}^ Theseus, who married 
 her, and had by her his son Hippolv- 
 tus. [Written also H i p p o 1 y t e.^ 
 
 The worthy Doctor . . . masnanimously 
 Buppressed his own inclination to become the 
 Theseus to this llippohjtu, in deference to the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-zzzii.
 
 HIP 
 
 172 
 
 HOD 
 
 ri"hls of hospitality, -which enjoined him to 
 forbear interference with the pleasurable pur- 
 suits of his young friend. &> ]V. Scott. 
 
 2. Queen of the Amazons, in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsmumer-Night's 
 Dream." 
 
 Hip-pol'i^-tus. [Gr. 'IttttoAvto?.] ( Gr. 
 (/• Jiom. Myth.) A son of Theseus, 
 king of Athens, by Antiope or Hii>- 
 polyta. His step-mother, Phtedra, — 
 the second wife of Theseus, — fell in 
 love with him, but, finding that her 
 passion was not responded to, she ac- 
 cused him to her husband of attempts 
 upon her chastity; the king in his 
 rage cursed him, and prayed for his 
 destruction, whereupon he was thrown 
 from his chariot and dragged to deatii 
 by his horses. iEsculapius, however, 
 restored him to life, and Diana placed 
 liim, under the name of Virbius, and 
 under the protection of the nymph 
 Egeria, in the grove of Aricia, where 
 he afterward received divine honours. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-don. [Gr. 'in-Trofie'Sajv.] 
 (Gr. (f- Rom. Myth.) One of tlio 
 seven Grecian chiefs who engaged in 
 the siege of Thebes. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-nes. [Gr. "iTrTrofieVT)?.] 
 (Gr. cf- Roin. Myth.) A Grecian 
 prince who conquered Atalanta in a 
 race, and thus obtained her as his 
 wife. See Atalanta. 
 
 Even here, in this region of wonders, I find 
 That light-footed Fancy leaves Truth far be- 
 hind; 
 Or, at least, like Kij)pomenes, turns her astray 
 By the golden illusions he flings in her way. 
 T. Moore. 
 
 Hip-pot'a-deS. [Gr. "iTrTroTaSr;?.] { Gr. 
 
 cf- Rom'. Myth.) A name given to 
 iEolus, as the grandson of Hippotes. 
 See ^OLUs. 
 
 He . . . questioned every g:ust of rugged 
 
 wings 
 That blows from off each beaked promon- 
 tory; . . . 
 And sage ITinpotades their answer brings. 
 That notab].ast was from his dungeon strayed. 
 Milton. 
 
 Hi'ren (9). [A corruption of Irene.'] 
 The heroine of an old play by George 
 Peele, entitled "The Turkish Ma- 
 homet, and Hiren, the fair Greek;" 
 referred to by Pistol, in Shakespeare's 
 " King Henry IV.," Part II., a. ii., 
 sc. 4. The name is proverbially 
 used by the writers of that day to 
 designate a strumpet. 
 
 " Come, pome," exclaimed Oldbuck; " what 
 is the meaning of all this? Have we got 
 HircH here •• We '11 have no swaggering here, 
 youngsters." -!>'"■ W. Scott. 
 
 His-pa'ni-a. The ancient Latin name 
 of Spain;' sometimes used in modem 
 poetry. 
 
 Hob'bi-di(i'an9e. The name of one 
 of the tiends mentioned by Shake- 
 speare in " Lear" (a. iv., sc. 1), and 
 taken from Harsnet's " Declaration 
 of Egregious Popish Impostures." 
 See Flibbertigibbet. [Written 
 Hopdance in a. iii., sc. C] 
 
 Jloljbidktance, prince of dumbness. Shak, 
 
 Hob'gob'lin. A name formerlj' given 
 to the merry spirit usually called 
 Fuck, or Ruljin Goodfelhw. 
 
 fjcg' " Goblin is the French gobelin, 
 German kubold ; Hob is Rob, Robin, Bob ; 
 just as Hodge is Roger.^^ Keigktley. 
 
 Those that Jlobgoblln call you, and sweet 
 
 Puck, 
 You do their work, and they shall have good 
 
 luck. Shak. 
 
 Hob'i-noL A name given by Spen- 
 ser, in his " Shepherd's Calendar," 
 to Gabriel Harvey (1545-1630), a per- 
 sonal friend, a respectable ])oet and 
 prose - writer, and one of the most 
 learned persons of his age. [Writ- 
 ten also H b b i n L] 
 
 Hob'o-mok'ko. The name of an 
 evil spirit among the Xorth American 
 Indians. 
 
 Hob'son, Tobias (-sn). A carrier 
 who lived at Cambridge (Eng.) in 
 the seventeenth century. He kept a 
 stable, and let out horses, but obliged 
 each customer to take the one which 
 stood next to the door. Hence the 
 proverbial expression, " Hobson's 
 choice," used to denote a choice 
 without an alternative. 
 
 Hocus, Humphrey. A nickname 
 used to designate the Duke of Marl- 
 borough, in Arbuthnot's " History of 
 .John Bull." 
 
 Hodeken (hii'da-ken, 46). [Ger., lit- 
 tle hat.] A famous German kobold, 
 or domestic fairy servant ; — so called 
 because he always wore a little felt 
 hat pulled down over his face. 
 
 Hodge. The goodman of Gammer 
 Gurton, in the old play of " Gammer 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 HOD 
 
 173 
 
 HOL 
 
 Gurton's Needle." See Gurton, 
 Gammek. 
 
 Hodur (ho'dwM'-, 4G). {Scand. Myth.) 
 A blind god who destroyed his broth- 
 er Baldiu-, at the iustigatioii of Loki, 
 without meaning to do so. He is the 
 type of night and darkness, as Bal- 
 dur is of light and day. [Written 
 also Hod, Hoder.] 
 
 Hol'o-fer'nes. 1. See Judith. 
 
 2. [Fr. ( fhnbal) Jloloferne.] The 
 name of a pedant living in Paris, 
 under whose care Gargantua, in 
 Kabelais' romance of this name, is 
 placed for instruction. 
 
 3. [An imperfect anagram of Joh. 
 nes Fioreo, or Johannes Florio.] A 
 pedantic schoolmaster, in Shake- 
 speare's "Love's Labom- 's Lost," 
 fantastically vain of his empty knowl- 
 edge. See EuPHUKS. 
 
 jgcg- " Under the name of Holofernes, 
 Shakespeare ridicules John Florio (d. 
 1625), the philologist and lexicographer, 
 called by himself ' The Resolute.' . . . 
 The character of Holofernes, however, 
 while it caricatures the peculiar folly and 
 ostentation of Florio, holds up to ridicule, 
 it the same time, the general pedantry 
 and literary affectations of the age ; and 
 amongst these, very particularly, the ab- 
 surd innovations which Lyly had intro- 
 duced. Brake. 
 
 Holy Alliance. [Fr. La Sainte Alli- 
 ance.] (Ilist.) A league of the sov- 
 ereigns of Europe, proposed by the 
 Emperor Alexander of Eussia, Sept. 
 26, 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon 
 at Waterloo, and founded upon the 
 idea that religion should be made the 
 basis of international politics. The 
 act establishing this alliance was 
 signed by Alexander, Francis of 
 Austria, and Frederick William of 
 Prussia, and consisted of a declara- 
 tion that the principles of Christian- 
 ity should be the basis of internal 
 administration and of public policy. 
 Principles so indefinite led in time to 
 violations of justice, and the league 
 soon became a conspiracy of the gov- 
 ernments against the peoples. The 
 kings of England and France acced- 
 ed to the alliance, and, in 1818, a 
 congress was held at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 in which a Declaration of the live 
 monarchs was issued, stating that 
 
 the object of the alliance was peace 
 and kyitiinaie slubilily. England 
 and France atterward withdrew from 
 this union, as its views became more 
 pronounced, and France at the pres- 
 ent time occupies a position hostde to 
 it. A special article of the treaty of 
 alliance excluded for ever the mem- 
 bers of the Bonaparte family from 
 any European throne ! 
 Holy Bottle, Oracle of the. An 
 imaginary oracle in search of which 
 Pantagruel, in Kabelais' romance of 
 this name, visits various islands, ac- 
 companied by his friend Panurge. 
 See Panuege. 
 
 >e®= The last place at which they arrive 
 is Lantern-laud (see Island of Lanterns), 
 where the oracular bottle is kept iu an 
 alabaster fount in a magnificent temple. 
 Being conducted hither, the attendant 
 priestess throws something into the fount, 
 on which tlie water begins to bubble, and 
 the word Trine '. (Drink) is heard to pro- 
 ceed from the bottle, which the priestess 
 declares to be the most auspicious re- 
 sponse pronounced while slie has offi- 
 ciated in the temple. They accordingly 
 all partake of Fuleruian wine ; and with 
 their ravings and prophesyings under the 
 inspiration of Bacchanalian enthusiasm 
 the romance ends. 
 
 They were left in all the distresses of desire 
 unsatisfied, — saw their doctors, the Parch- 
 mentarians, the Brassarians, the Turpenta- 
 rians, on one side, the Popish doctors on the 
 other, like Pantagruel and his companions in 
 quest of the Oracle o/(Aeiio«ic, all embarked 
 out of sight. Stenve. 
 
 Holy City. A designation bestowed 
 by various nations upon the city 
 which is regarded as the centre of 
 their religious worship and traditions. 
 By the Jews and Christians, Jerusa- 
 lem is so called. By the Mohamme- 
 dan nations, the name is applied to 
 Mecca and Medina. By the Hindus, 
 Benares is regarded as the Holy City. 
 By the Indian Mohammedans, Alla- 
 habad is so called. Li the time of 
 the Incas, the name was given to 
 Cuzco, where there was a great tem- 
 ple of the sun, to which pilgrims re- 
 sorted from the furthest borders of 
 the empire. 
 
 Holy Graal. See St. Gr.val. 
 
 Holy Island. 1. A name formerly 
 given to Ireland, on account of its 
 innumerable midtitude of saints. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 HOL 
 
 174 
 
 HOO 
 
 2. Guernsey was so called, in the 
 tenth centuiy, cu account of its 
 many monks. 
 
 3.' Kiigen was so called by the 
 Slavonic Varini. 
 
 4. A synonym of Lindisfarne, a 
 peninsula on the north-east coast of 
 England, remarkable as having been 
 the seat of a Saxon abbey o\x'r 
 which the famous St. Cuthbert pre- 
 sided as bishop. 
 
 Holy Land. 1. A name commonly 
 applied to Palestine ; — Urst given to 
 it in Ztch. ii. 12. 
 
 2. A name given to Elis, in an- 
 cient Greece. 
 
 Holy League. [Fr. La Sainte Ligue.'] 
 (Hist.) 1. A celebrated combination 
 against the republic of Venice, formed 
 in 1508 by Pope Julius II., — whence 
 the epithet of "Holy," — and in- 
 cluding the emperor of Germany 
 (Maximilian), the king of France 
 (Louis XII.), the king of Spain (Fer- 
 dinand III.), and various Italian 
 princes. By this league, Venice M'as 
 forced to cede to Spain her posses- 
 sions in the kingdom of Naples. 
 
 2. A treaty concluded, in 1533, be- 
 tween Pope Clement VII., the Ve- 
 netians, the Duke of Milan (Fran- 
 cesco Maria Sforza), and Francis I. 
 of France, to compel the Emperor 
 Charles V. to release the French 
 king's sons on the payment of a rea- 
 sonable ransom, and' to re-establish 
 Sforza in the possession of Milan. 
 It was so called because the Pope 
 was at the head of it. 
 
 3. A politico-religious association 
 formed by the Roman Catholic party 
 in France, in the reign of Henry III., 
 the object of which was to overthrow 
 the Protestants, prevent the accession 
 of Hemy IV., and place the Duke of 
 Giuse on the throne. [Called also 
 The League, by way of emhience.] 
 
 Holy Maid of Kent. Elizabeth Bar- 
 ton, a woman once popularly believed 
 to possess miraculous endowments, 
 and to be an instrument of divine 
 revelation. She was beheaded at Ty- 
 burn, on the 21st of April, 1534, for 
 high treason in having predicted that 
 direfid calamities would befall the 
 
 English nation, and that Henry VIII. 
 would die a speedy and violent death 
 if he should divorce Queen Catharine 
 and marry Anne Boleyn. Her im- 
 posture was for a time so successful 
 that even Sir Thomas More was dis- 
 posed to be a behever. 
 
 Honeycomb, "Will. One of the 
 
 members of the imaginary club by 
 whom the " Spectator " was profess- 
 edly edited. He is distmguished for 
 his graceful affectation, courtly pre- 
 tension, and knowledge of the gay 
 world. 
 
 Honeyed Teacher. An appellation 
 bestowed upon St. Bernard (1091- 
 1153), one of the most eloquent and 
 distinguished ecclesiastics of the Mid- 
 dle Ages. See Mellifluous Doc- 
 tor. 
 
 Hon'ey-man, Charles. A free-and- 
 easy clergyman in Thackeray's novel 
 of "The Newcomes." 
 
 In the Honeyman of the parish, even where 
 that person is of ordinary (lualifications, a 
 more familiar tone both of speech and writing 
 is tolerated. Fercy Fitzgerald. 
 
 Hon'ey-wdbd. A character in Gold- 
 smith's comedy of " The Good-na- 
 tio-ed Man;" distinguished for his 
 exaggerated generosity and self-ab- 
 negation. 
 
 Honour, Mrs. The waitmg-maid of 
 Sophia Western, in Fielding's novel, 
 " The History of a Foundling." 
 
 Stop, stop; fold up the bedclothes again, if 
 you please. Upon my word, this is worse 
 than Sophy Western and J/r5. //onowr about 
 Tom Jones's broken arm. I'rof. J. Wilson. 
 
 Hood, Kobin. See Eobin Hood. 
 
 Hdbk'er, The Judicious. Richard 
 Hooker, an eminent English divine 
 (1553-1600), to whom the surname 
 of" The Judjcious " has been given on 
 account of his wisdom and judgment. 
 Of his " Ecclesiastical Polity " Pope 
 Clement VIII. said, " There are in it 
 such seeds of eternity as will con- 
 tinue till the last tire shall devom- all 
 learning." 
 
 Hookey Walker. The popular name 
 of an out -door clerk at Longman, 
 Clementi, & Co.'s, in Cheapside, Lon- 
 don, where a great number of per- 
 sons were employed. His real name 
 was John Walker, and the epithet 
 
 CS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 IIOO 
 
 175 
 
 IIOR 
 
 "Hookey " was given him on account 
 of his hooked or crooked nose. He 
 occupied the post of a spy upon tiie 
 other workmen, whose niisdemean- 
 ours were numerous. Of course it 
 was for their interest to throw dis- 
 credit upon all Jack's reports to the 
 head of the firm ; and numbers could 
 attest that those reports were fabri- 
 cations, however true. Jack, some- 
 how or other, was constantly outvot- 
 ed, his evidence superseded, and of 
 course disbelieved ; and thus his oc- 
 cupation ceased, but not the fame of 
 ^'■Hookey Walker;' who often forms 
 a subject of allusion when the tes- 
 timony of a person of tried and well- 
 known veracity is impeached. The 
 name is also often used as an ejacu- 
 lation, to express incredidity. 
 
 J8£g= According to the London " Satur- 
 day Review," the expression is derived 
 from an aquiline - nosed Jew, named 
 Walker, an out-door astronomical lect- 
 urer of some local notoriety in his day. 
 Another authority refers it to "a magis- 
 trate of dreaded acuteness and incredu- 
 lity," whose hooked nose gave the title of 
 ''beak" to all judges, constables, and po- 
 ll ■•emen. 
 
 Hoosier State (hfTo'zhur). The State 
 of Indiana, the inhabitants of which 
 are often called Iloosiers. This word 
 is said to be a corruption of hit^iher, 
 formerly a common term for a bully, 
 throughout the West. 
 
 Hopeful. A pilgi-im in Bunyan's 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," who, after the 
 , death of Faithful, accompanies Chris- 
 tian to the end of his joimiey. 
 
 Hop-o'-my-Thiiinb. A character in 
 the tales of the nursery, often con- 
 founded with Tom Thumb. See 
 Thumb, To.m. 
 
 Ho'rse (9). [Gr.'npat.] (Gr. ^' Rom. 
 Myth.) The Hours, daughters of 
 Jupiter and Themis, goddesses that 
 presided over the changes of the 
 seasons and the works of man, and 
 kept watch at the gates of heaven ; 
 represented in art as blooming maid- 
 ens carrying flowers, fruits, &c. 
 Their names arc usually given as 
 Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. 
 
 Lo ! where the rosy-bosomed Hours, 
 
 Fair Venus' train, apijear. Gray. 
 
 Ho-ra'ti-i (-shi-i). See Curiatii. 
 
 Ho-ra'ti-o (ho-rri'shl-o). A friend to 
 Hamlet, in (Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 this name. 
 H6r'i-c6n. A fanciful name sometimes 
 given to Lake George, and eonnnonly 
 supposed to be the original Iu<lian 
 name, but reallj' an invention of tlic 
 American novelist, James Peuimore 
 Cooper. The ancient Iroquois name 
 of tliis lake was Andialarucie, wliich 
 is said to mean, " there the lake shuts 
 itself." The French missionary, Fa- 
 ther Jogues, called it Saint iSacre- 
 ment, because he discovered it on the 
 eve of that festival. 
 Horn, King. See King Honx. 
 Hor'ner, Jack. The name of a cele- 
 brated personage in the literature of 
 the nursery. The fidl history of his 
 "witty tricks and pleasant pranks" 
 is given in llalliweirs "Nursery 
 Rhymes of England." 
 
 ;gQj= According to a writer in " Notes 
 and Queries " (xvi. 150), " There is a tra- 
 dition in Somersetshire that the Abbot 
 of Glastonbury, hearing that Ileury VIII. 
 had spoken with indignation of his build- 
 ing such a kitchen as the king could not 
 burn down, — it being domed over witli 
 stone, — sent up his steward, Jack Ilor- 
 ner, to present the king with an accepta- 
 ble dish ; namely, a dish, which, when the 
 crust was lifted up, was found to contain 
 deeds transferring twelve manors to his 
 sovereign ; and that, as Jack Horner trav- 
 elled up to town in the Abbot's waggon, 
 he lifted up the crust, and stole out the 
 gift of the manor of tt'ells, still possessed 
 by his descendants, and, when he re- 
 turned, told the Abbot that the king had 
 given it to him, but was found, or sus- 
 pected, to have imposed ujion his patron. 
 Hence the satire vested under the nursery 
 lines, — 
 ' Little Jack Homer 
 
 Sat in a corner [namely, that of the waggon], 
 
 Eyeinfj his Cliristnias pic; 
 
 He put in his thumb. 
 
 And pulled out a plum [the deed of the 
 manor of Wells], 
 
 And said, " Wliat a lirave boy am I ! " '" 
 
 Another correspondent of the same work 
 (xvii. 83) gives a diiferent version of this 
 story. " When the monasteries and their 
 property were seized, orders were given 
 that the title-deeds of the abbey estates 
 at Mells [Wells ?], which were very exten- 
 sive and valuable, and partly consisted 
 of a sumptuous grange built by Abbot 
 John Sellwood, should be given up to the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp, xiv-xxxii.
 
 HOR 
 
 176 
 
 HOU 
 
 commissioners. After some delay, it was 
 determiued by the Abbot of Glastonbury 
 to give them up ; and, for want of a safe 
 mode of conTeying them, it was decided 
 that the most likely to avoid their being 
 i-eized by any but those for whom they 
 ■were intended, was to send them In a 
 pasty, which should be forwarded as a 
 present to one of the commissiouers in 
 London. The safest messenger, and least 
 likely to excite suspicion, was considered 
 to be a lad named Jack Horner, who was 
 .1 son of poor parents hving in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the grange. The lad .set out 
 on his journey on foot, laden with the 
 pasty. It was a weary road, and England 
 not being so thickly inhabited as now. he 
 sat down to rest in as snug a corner as he 
 could find by the way-side. Ilungei , too, 
 overcame him, and he was at a loss what to 
 do, when he bethought himself that there 
 would be no harm in tasting ever so little 
 of the pasty which he was carrying. He 
 therefore inserted his thumb under the 
 crust, when, lo 1 there was nothing but 
 parchments. Whether that allayed his 
 hunger then or not, I cannot say ; but, 
 although he could not read or under- 
 stand these parchments, yet he thought 
 they might be valuable. He therefore 
 took one of the parchments and pocketed 
 it, and pursued his journey with the rest 
 of his pasty. Upon his delivering his 
 parcel, it was perceived that one of the 
 chief deeds ( the deed of the Mells [Wells ? ] 
 Abbey estates) was missing ; and, as it was 
 thought that the Abbot had withheld it, 
 an order was straightway sent for his ex- 
 ecution. But the sequel was. that, af- 
 ter the monasteries were despoiled, there 
 was found in the possession of the family 
 of Jack Horner a piece of parchment 
 which was, in fact, the title-deed of Mells 
 rWells ? ] Abbey and lands ; and that was 
 ' the plum ' which Uttle Jack Horner had 
 unwittingly become possessed of. The 
 Abbot AVTiiting was executed for with- 
 holding the deeds. This is the tale as 
 told to me." 
 
 " No, I a'n't, sir," replied the fat boy. start- 
 ing up from a remote comer, where, like the 
 patron saint of fat boys, — the immortal Hor- 
 ner, — he had been devouring a Christmas pie, 
 though not with the coolness and deUberation 
 which characterised that young gentleman's 
 proceeding. Dickens. 
 
 Horn Gate. One of "two gates of 
 sleep " in the under-world, spoken 
 of by Virgil in the " ^neid," Book 
 VI., one of which is made of horn, 
 the . other of shining Avhite ivory. 
 Through that of horn, true visions or 
 dreams are sent up to men. 
 So too the Necklace, though we saw it van- 
 
 ish through the Horn Gate of Dreams, and in 
 my opinion man shall never more behold it, 
 ye't it.s activity ceases not, nor wiU. Varlyle. 
 
 Hornie, Auld. See Auld Hoknie. 
 
 Horse Latitudes. A name given by 
 seamen to a bank or region of calms 
 iu the Atlantic Ocean, between the 
 parallels of 30° and 35° N. The 
 name is said to be derived from the 
 circumstance that vessels formerly 
 bound from New England to the 
 West Indies, with a deck -load of 
 horses, were often delayed in this 
 calm belt, and, for want of water, 
 were obliged to throw the animals 
 overboard. 
 
 Hor-ten'si-o. A suitor to Bianca, 
 in Shakespeare's "Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Ho'rus(9). [Gr. 'fipo?.] {Myth.) The 
 Egj-ptian god of the sim, coiTespond- 
 ing to the Grecian Apollo. He was a 
 son of Osiris and Isis, and along with 
 liis mother avenged his father's death 
 by vanquishing Typhon in a great 
 battle (see Osikis), and taking his 
 place as king of the gods. He is 
 often represented as a child seated 
 on a lotus-flower, with his finger on 
 his lips, and hence has been regard- 
 ed as the god of silence. His wor- 
 ship extended to Greece, and even to 
 Home. 
 
 Hot'spur. An appellation for a person 
 of a warm or vehement disposition, 
 and therefore given to the famous 
 Harrj' Percy. The allusion is to one 
 who rides "in hot haste, or spurs 
 hotly. 
 
 It is probable that he . . . forgot, amid the 
 hundreds of thousands which Paris contains, 
 what small relation the number of his own 
 faithful and devoted followers bore, not only 
 to those who were perilously engaged in fac- 
 tions hostile to him, but to the great mass, 
 who, in Hotspur's phrase, loved their own 
 shops or bams better than his house. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Hot'spur of Debate. A sobriquet 
 given by Macaulay to the Earl of 
 Derby (b. 1799), on account of his 
 fiery" invective and vehemence of 
 declamation. 
 
 Hours. See Hor.e. 
 
 House of Fame. The title of a cele- 
 brated poem of Chaucer's, and the 
 name of a magnificent palace de- 
 scribed in it as built upon a mountain 
 
 IK3°" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 HOU 
 
 177 
 
 HUG 
 
 of ice, an(i supported by rows of 
 pillars, on which are inscribed the 
 names of the most illustrious poets. 
 Here the goddess Fame, seated on 
 her throne, dispenses her capricious 
 and unjust judj^ments to the crowds 
 ■who come to solicit her favours. 
 
 Houssain, Prince. See Piuxce 
 HorssAiN. 
 
 Houyhnhnms. A name ffiven bj' 
 Swit't, in his iniai^iiiarv '' Travels 
 into several Kemdte Kations of the 
 World, by Lemuel Gulliver," to a 
 race of horses endowed with reason. 
 The word seems intended to be sug- 
 
 f;estive of the u-hinnyiiif/ of a horse. 
 t is a dissyllable, and may be pro- 
 nomiced hoo-inmz', or hoo'inmz, but 
 the voice should ]iroperly be qua- 
 vered in sounding the n. " 
 
 Nay, would kind Jove my organs so dispose 
 To hymn harinouious Jlouyhnlitints tliiougli 
 
 the nose, 
 I 'd call thee Houylinhnm, that high-soundin<; 
 
 name; 
 Thy children's noses all should twanp the 
 
 same. J'o;«". 
 
 " True, true, — ay, too true," replied the 
 Dominie, his Jloui/lmlmm laugh sinking into 
 an hysterical giggle. i'lV W. Scott. 
 
 If the Iloinjhnlinms should over catch me, 
 and, finding me particularly vicious and un- 
 inanneeable, send a man-tamor to Rarey-fy 
 me, I 11 tell you what drugs he would have to 
 take, and how he would have to use them. 
 
 Jlolmcs. 
 
 Ho^e, Miss. A personage who figures 
 in Richardson's novel of " Clarissa 
 Harlowe." 
 
 jeS=- " Miss Howe is an admirably 
 sketchej character drawn in strong con- 
 trast to that of Clarissa, yet worthy of 
 being her friend, with more of worldly per- 
 spicacity, though less of abstracted prin- 
 ciple, and who, when they argue upon 
 points of doubt and delicacy, is often 
 able, by going directly to the question at 
 issue, to start the game, while her more 
 gifted correspondent does but beat the 
 bush. Her liigh .spirit .and disinterested 
 devotion for her friend, acknowledging, 
 as she does on all occasions, her own in- 
 feriority, show her in a noble point of 
 ■view." &> W. Scott. 
 
 Hubbard, and Hubberd, Mother. 
 SecMf)TiiEKHLiJUAi:u, audMoTiiKU 
 
 HUBBEKD. 
 
 Hub of the Universe. A jocular 
 designation of the state - house in 
 Boston, Massachusetts, originating 
 •with the American humourist, Oliver 
 
 Wendell Holmes ; sometimes ex- 
 tended, in its apphcation, to the city 
 itself. 
 Hu'di-brSs. The title and hero of a 
 celebrated satirical poem by Samuel 
 Butler (1000-1U80). Iludibras is a 
 Presbyterian justice, of the time of the 
 Commonwealth, who, fired with tlie 
 same species of madness as the Don 
 Quixote of Ccr\-antcs, sets out (in 
 company with his squire, IJalph, an 
 Independent clerk, with whom he is 
 almost jilways engaged in contro- 
 versy) to correct abuses, and to en- 
 force the observance of the strict 
 laws enacted by parliament for the 
 suppression of the sports and amuse- 
 ments of the people. 
 
 JSCff' Butler is said to h.ive taken the 
 name of his hero from the old romances 
 of chivalry. Sir Hugh de Bras being the 
 appellation of one of the knights of Ar- 
 thur's fabulous Bound Table. A '-Sir 
 Huddibras " figures in Spenser's " Faery 
 Queen," and is described as ''an hardy 
 man," but " more huge in strength than 
 ■wise in works." " Huddibras " was also 
 the name of a fabulous king of England, 
 ■who is said to have founded Canterbury, 
 Winchester, and Shaftesbury. 
 
 He became wretched enough. As was natu- 
 ral, with haggard .scarcity threatening him in 
 the distance, and so vehement a soul lan- 
 puishingin restless inaction, and forced there- 
 by, like Sir HudibrctK's sword by rust, 
 " To oat into itself, for lack 
 Of something else to hew and hack!" 
 
 Carli/Je. 
 
 Hug'gins and Mug'gins. A jocular 
 embodiment of vulgar pretension. 
 
 /t3r" It has been suggested that these 
 names are a corruption of Hooge en Mo- 
 gen/ft (high and mighty), words occur- 
 ring in the style of the States General of 
 Holland, much ridiculed by English writ- 
 ers of the latter part of the seventeenth 
 century, as, for example, iu the following 
 couplet : — 
 
 But I have sent him for a token 
 
 To your Low-Country Jlogmi Marrm. 
 
 llwlihras. 
 J8®" " Although we have never felt the 
 least inclination to indulge in conjectural 
 etymology, ... we cannot refrain, for 
 once, from noticing the curious coin- 
 cidence between the name.s of Odin'a 
 ravens, Hugin and Munin, — Mind and 
 Memory, — and those of two personages 
 who figure so oft^n in our comic literature 
 as Messrs. Huggins and Muggins. . . . 
 Should this conjictun , for it is nothing 
 eLse, be well founded, one of the most 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. zir-xxxii. 
 12
 
 nuG 
 
 178 
 
 HDR 
 
 poetical ideas in the whole range of my- 
 thology would, in this plodiliug, practi- 
 cal, spiunitig-jeuny ago of ours, have thus 
 uuiergoue a most singular metamor- 
 phosis.-' Blackwell. 
 Whitford and IMitford joined the train, 
 Jlariqins awl Muijyins from Chick Lane, 
 And' Clutterbuuk, who jjot a spriuu 
 Before the plug was found. 
 
 Jiejected Addresses. 
 
 Hugh of Lincoln. A legendary per- 
 sonage who fonns the subject of 
 Chaucer's " Prioress's Tale," and 
 also of an ancient English ballad. 
 The storv has its origin in the chron- 
 icle of Jlatthew Paris, who, in his 
 account of the reign of Henry III., 
 relates, that, in the year 1255, the 
 Jews of Lincoln stole a boy nan.od 
 Hugh, of the age of eight years, 
 whom, after torturing for ten days, 
 they crucified before a large number 
 of their people, in contempt of the 
 death of the Founder of Christianity. 
 Eighteen of the richest and most 
 distinguished Jews of Lincoln were 
 hanged for participation in this mur- 
 der, while the body of tlie child was 
 buried with the honours of a martyr, 
 in Lincoln Cathedral. The story has 
 been generally discredited by modern 
 historians. Wordsworth has given a 
 modernised version of Chaucer's tale. 
 Hugh Eoe. [That is, Red Hugh.] 
 The eldest son of Sir Hugh O'Don- 
 nell, of Ireland, who flourished at the 
 time of the intestine wars of that 
 country, in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 He was a man of great abilities and 
 ambition. 
 Hugin (hoo'gin). [Old Norse, thought, 
 intellect.] {Scand. Myth.) One of 
 Odin's two ravens, who carried him 
 news from earth, and who, when not 
 thus employed, perched upon his 
 shoulders. See Huggins and Mug- 
 gins. 
 Hugon (ii'gijn', 34, 62). A kind of 
 evil spirit, in the popidar superstition 
 of Franco, a sort of ogre made use 
 of to frighten children. It has been 
 said that from him the French Prot- 
 estants were called " Huguenots," on 
 account of the desolation resulting 
 from the religious wars which were 
 imputed to them; but the assertion 
 is an incorrect one. 
 
 Huguenot Pope. [Fr. Le Pape des 
 nuf/utnuts.] A title bestowed upon 
 Philippe de Mornay (1549-1023), a 
 distinguished French nobleman, and 
 an able supporter of the Protestant 
 cause. He was so called on account 
 of the ability of his arguments and 
 tiie weight of his personal influence 
 in behalf of the reformed religion. 
 
 Humphrey, Duke. See Duke 
 
 HUJU'IIKliV. 
 
 Humphrey, Master. Sec Master 
 
 HUJII'IIKEY. 
 
 Humphrey, Old. See Old Husi- 
 
 PIIltEY. 
 
 Hundred Days. [Fr. Les Cent 
 Jmrs.] A name given to the period 
 which intervened between the en- 
 trance of Napoleon Bonaparte into 
 Paris (March 20, 1815), after his 
 escape fi-om the island of Elba, and 
 his abdication in favour of his sou 
 (June 22). 
 
 Hunkers. See Old Hunkers. 
 
 Hunter, Mr. and Mrs. Leo. Char- 
 acters in Diclvens's " Pickwick Pa- 
 pers," distinguished, as the name in- 
 dicates, for their desire to make the 
 acquaintance of all the " lions " of the 
 day. 
 
 Mr. Dickens was the crand object of inter- 
 est to the whole tribe of Leo Hunters, male and 
 female, of the metropolis. Qu. Rev. 
 
 Huon of Bordeaux, Sir (bof'do'). 
 Tlie hero of one of the romances of 
 chivalry bearing his name. He is 
 represented as having been a great 
 ftxvourite of Oberon, the fairy king. 
 An abstract of this romance may be 
 found in Dinilop's " History of Fic- 
 tion," or in Keightlcy's " Fairy My- 
 thology." The adventures of Sir 
 Huon form the subject of TVieland's 
 beautifid poem of "Oberon," known 
 to the English reader by Sotheby's 
 translation. 
 
 I will carry him off from the very foot of tlie 
 pallows into the land of faery, like King Ar- 
 tliur, or Sir Huon of Bordeaux, or Usero tlie 
 Dane. Sir ))'. Scott. 
 
 Hur'lo-thrum'bo, The chief char- 
 acter in a play, entitled " Hurlo- 
 thrumbo, or The Supernatural," by 
 Samuel Johnson (d. 1773), an Eng- 
 lish actor and dramatic writer. The 
 whimsicalness and originality of this 
 
 ' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 IIYA 
 
 179 
 
 HYP 
 
 play, ^vhicli is an absurd compound 
 of extravagant incidents and uncon- 
 nected dialogues, gave it great suc- 
 cess. 
 
 Consider, then, before, like lliirlnthnimlio. 
 You aim your club ut any creuil on lurtli, 
 Tliut, by the simiile iiecnUnt ot Imtli, 
 
 You niigut have been high-pncst to Mnmlio 
 Jumbo. Uutid. 
 
 Hy'a-cin'thus, [Gr. '\6.Kiveo<;.'] ( (<>: 
 ^- Rom. M)jth.) A Spartan boy of 
 extraordinary beauty, beloved by 
 Apollo, who unintentionally killed 
 him in a game of quoits. Another 
 form of the myth is that he was 
 beloved also by Zephyrus or IJoreas, 
 who, from jealousy of Apollo, dro\e 
 the quoit of the god against the head 
 of the boy, and thus killed him. 
 Apollo changed the blood that was 
 spilt into a tlower called the hyacinth, 
 on the leaves of which tlier^ ajijirared 
 the exclamation of woe, AI, A I (alas, 
 alas), or the letter Y, the initial of 
 
 'Ya/cicflos. 
 
 Hy'a-des. [Gr. 'YaS^?, the rainy.] 
 {Gr. if R(»}i. Myth.) A class of 
 nymphs commonly said to be seven 
 Ml number, and their names to be 
 Ambrosia, Eudora, Tedile, Coronis, 
 PoljTco, I'hyto, and Thycnc or Dione. 
 They were placed among the stars 
 (forming the constellation Tauniit)., 
 and were thought to threaten rain 
 Avhen they rose with the sun. 
 
 Hy'dra. [Gr. 'YSpa.] {Gr. (f- Rom. 
 Jtfyth.) A manv-hoadcd water-ser- 
 pent which inhafiited the marshes of 
 Lenia, in Argolis, near the sea-coast. 
 As fast as one of its heads was cut 
 off, two sprang up in its place. Her- 
 cules, however, killed it with the 
 assistance of his friend lolaus. 
 
 Hy-ge'i-a (20). [Gr. 'YyUia, "Yye.'o.] 
 
 (Gr. (J- Rom. Myth.) The goddess 
 
 of health, a daughter of yEsculapius. 
 In works of art, she is usually repre- 
 sented as a iilooming virgin, with a 
 snake, the symbol of health, tlrinking 
 from a cup held in her baud. [Writ- 
 ten also Hygea and liygia.] 
 
 Hyias. [Gr. 'YAa?.] (Gr. (j- Rom. 
 Myth.) A beautiful youth i)assion- 
 ately loved by Uereules, whom ho 
 accompanied on the Argonautic ex- 
 pedition. He was carrietl off by the 
 nymphs on the coast of Mj'sia, as 
 he was drawing water from a foun- 
 tain. Hercules long sought for him 
 in ■vain. 
 
 The self-anme lay 
 Which mcltcil in music, the night before, 
 From lips as the lips of J I ulna sweet, 
 Aud mtjved like twin roses which zephyrs 
 meet. Wliittlcr. 
 
 Hy'men, or Hym'e-nsD'us. [Gr. 
 'Y(ii>}i', 'YMei'aio?.] ( Gr. ij'- Roni, Myth.) 
 The god of marriage, a son of JJac- 
 chus and Tenus, or, according to 
 some, of Apollo and one of the Muses. 
 He is represented as a winged boy 
 crowned with a garland, and hav- 
 ing a bridal torch aud a veil in his 
 hand. 
 
 There let TTiimt'n oft appear 
 
 lu sull'rou robe, with tai)cr clear. Milton, 
 
 Hyperboreans. [Gr. •Yn-epiSdpeoi, i. c. 
 dwellers beyond Boreas, or the north 
 wind; J.at.'lfyi'eiborei.] {Gr.ij-Rom. 
 Myth.) A fabulous people living at 
 the farthest north, supposed by the 
 Greeks to be the favourites of Apollo, 
 and therefore in the enjoyment of 
 a terrestrial paradise and everlasting 
 youth and health. 
 
 H#-pe'ri-on (0) {clasdcal pron. hip'e- 
 ri'nn). [Gr. 'YTrepcMi']. (Gr.^-Rom. 
 j\fylh. ) One of the Titans, a son of 
 Coelus and Terra, and the father of 
 Sol, Luna, and Aurora. 
 
 and for the Bcmorkii aud Rules to which the uumbcrs after ccrtaiu words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxjcii*
 
 lAC 
 
 180 
 
 ILL 
 
 I. 
 
 I-ac'glius. [Gr. 'laKxo?]- {Gr.(^-Rom. 
 Myth.) A poetic surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Iach.'i-ino (j'rik'i-mo). The name of 
 an Italian villain, in Shakespeare's 
 " Cymbeline," celebrated lor the art, 
 address, audacity, and ill success, 
 with which he attempts the chastity 
 of Imogen, the wife of Posthumus, 
 and for the daring imposture by 
 which he conceals the defeat of his 
 project. 
 
 I know where she kept that packet she had, 
 
 — and can steal in and out of her chaniocr 
 like lachiino, TJictckcrai/. 
 
 lago (e-a'go). The " ancient," or en- 
 sign, of Othello, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of this name ; " a being of 
 motiveless malignity, passionless, self- 
 possessed, sceptical of all truth and 
 purity, — the abstract of the reasoning 
 power in the highest state of activity, 
 but without love, without veneration, 
 a being next to devil, and only not 
 quite devil, and yet a character which 
 Shakespeare has attempted and exe- 
 cuted without scandal." 
 
 Richard Plantagenet was one of those, who, 
 in lago's words, would not serve God because 
 it was the Devil who bade him. Sir If'. Scott. 
 
 t-ap'e-tus. [Gr. 'laTreTo^.] (Gr. if 
 Horn. Myth.) A Titan or a giant, 
 the father of Atlas, Prometheus, and 
 Epimetheus, regarded by the Greeks 
 as the ancestor of the human race. 
 
 1-be'ri-i (9). [Gr. 'i/STjpi'a.] The 
 Greek name of Spain; sometimes 
 used by ancient Latin authors, and 
 also in modern ■^oeXry. 
 Art thou too fallen, Iberia ? Do we sec 
 The robber and the murderer weak as wc ? 
 
 Cotpper. 
 
 Ic'a-rus. [Gr. "Iicapos.] ( Gr. <f- Rnm. 
 Myth.) A son of Uadalus, who, 
 flj'ing with his father out of Crete, 
 soared so high that the sun melted 
 his wings, and he fell into the sea, 
 
 — which was called after him the 
 Icarian Sea. 
 
 Bellcisle is an imaginary sun-god; but the 
 poor /cants, tempted aloft in that manner into 
 the earnest elements, and melting at once 
 into quills and rags, is a tragic reality I 
 
 Carli/le. 
 
 i-dom'e-neus. [Gr. 'iSoMei'evs.] ( Gr. 
 4- Itom. Myth.) A king of Crete, 
 celebrated for his beauty, and for his 
 bravery at the siege of Troy, whither 
 he led the Cretans. He M-as banished 
 fi'om his dominions by his own sub- 
 jects for bringing a plague upon them 
 in consequence of sacrificing his son 
 on account of a vow which he had 
 made to Neptmie in a tempest. 
 
 Iduna (e-doo'na.) {Scand. Myth.) The 
 goddess of youth, and the wife of 
 Bragi. She was the guardian of the 
 apples of immortality, the juice of 
 which gave the gods perpetual j'outh, 
 health, and beauty. [Written also 
 Idun, Idunna.] 
 
 I-ier'na(4). The beautiful wife of Gor- 
 lois, Duke of Tintadiel, or Tintagel, 
 in Cornwall, and mother of the illus- 
 trious Arthur, by Uther, a legendary 
 king of Britain, whom IMerlin, the 
 reno-v^-ned magician, changed into the 
 semblance of Gorlois, thus enabling 
 him to impose upon the duke's wife, 
 for whom he had conceived a violent 
 passion. [Written also I g e rn e and 
 Y g u e rn e.] 
 
 I-li'o-neus. [Gr. "lAioveu's.] (Gr. (f 
 Eom. Myth.) 1. A son of Niobe, 
 unintentionally killed, while praying, 
 by Apollo. 
 
 2. A Trojan, distinguished for his 
 eloquence. 
 
 n'l-thy'i-a (20). [Gr. EUet'euia.] {Gr. 
 Myth.) The goddess of birth, who 
 came to women in travail, and short- 
 ened or protracted the labour, accord- 
 ing as she happened to be kindly 
 disposed or the reverse. She cor- 
 responds with the Roman Lucina. 
 Homer mentions more than one, and 
 calls them daughters of Hera, or 
 Juno. 
 
 n'i-um, or Il'i-8n. [Gr. 'lAtoK.] A 
 poetical name for Troy, which was 
 foimded by Ilus. 
 
 Hl-grounded Peace. (Fr. Hist.) 
 The name commonly given to a 
 treaty between the Huguenots and 
 
 OS- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ILL 
 
 181 
 
 INN 
 
 the Koman Catliolics, concluded 
 March 23, 15G8. It was a mere 
 stratagem on the part of the hitter to 
 •weaken their opponents, and was soon 
 broken. [Called also Lame and Un- 
 stable Peace and Patchtd-up Peact.\ 
 
 niuminated Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Jlluminatus.] 1. A title bestowed 
 upon Kavmond Lulle, or Lully (1235- 
 1315), a "distinguished scholastic, and 
 author of the system called "Ars 
 Lulliana." which was taught through- 
 out Europe for several centuries, and 
 the purpose of which was to prove 
 that the mysteries of faith are not 
 contrary to reason. 
 
 2. A title conferred upon John 
 Tauler (1294-1301), a celebrated 
 German mystic, on account of the 
 visions he professed to have seen, 
 and the spiritual voices he professed 
 to have heard. 
 
 3. An honorarj' appellation given 
 to Francois de Mairone (d. 1327), a 
 French religious WTiter. 
 
 niuminator, The. A surname com- 
 monly given to St. Gregory of Arme- 
 nia, a celebrated bishop of the primi- 
 tive church, whose memory is held in 
 f'eat reverence by the Greek, Coptic, 
 byssinian, Armenian, and Roman 
 Catholic churches. 
 
 Imlac. A character in Dr. Johnson's 
 " Rasselas." 
 
 Im'o-gen. The wife of Posthumus, 
 and the daughter of Cymbeline by a 
 deceased wife, in Shakespeare's play 
 of this name. She is distinguished 
 for her unalterable and magnanimous 
 lidelity to her mistaken husband, by 
 whom she is unjustly persecuted. 
 " Of all Shakespeare's women," says 
 Hazlitt, " she is, perhaps, the most 
 tender and the most artless." 
 
 Imogine, The Fair. See Fair Imo- 
 
 GINE. 
 
 Imperial City. One of the names by 
 which Rome — for many ages the 
 seat of empire — is familiarly known. 
 
 Impertinent, The Curious. See 
 
 CuKious Impertinent, The. 
 Ind. A poetical contraction of India. 
 
 High on a throne of roynl state, whioh far 
 Outehonc the wealth of Ormua andof /»'/, . . . 
 Satan exalted eat. Milton. 
 
 In'drS. [Sansk., the discoverer, scil., 
 of the doings of tlie world.] (Hindu 
 Mylh.) The ever youtliful god of 
 the (irmament, and tiie omnipotent 
 ruler of the ek'nients. lie is a most 
 important personage in Indian t'al)le. 
 In the Vedic period of tlie Hindu 
 religion, he occupied a foremost rank, 
 and, though degraded to an inferior 
 position ill the Epic and ruranic pe- 
 riods, he long enjoyed a great legend- 
 ary popularity. In works of art, he 
 is represented as riding on a gigantic 
 elephant. 
 
 " Then," as Indra saya of Kehama, " then 
 was the time to strike." Macaulwj. 
 
 lii'golds-by, Thomas. A pseudonym 
 adopted by the Rev. Richard Barbara 
 (1788-18-15), author of a series of hu- 
 mourous tales in verse entitled " The 
 Ingoldsby Legends," — wild and 
 wondrous stories of chivalry, witch- 
 craft, and diablerie, related in singu- 
 larly rich and Hexil)le metre, and in 
 language in which the intcrniixture 
 of the modern cant phrases of soci- 
 ety with antiquarian pedantry pro- 
 duces a truly comic cftect. 
 
 Iniquity, The. A personage who 
 ligured in the old English moralities, 
 mysteries, and other dramas; the 
 same as The Mce. See Vice, The. 
 
 InTde, Mr. Thomas (ingk'l). The 
 hero of a story by Sir Richard Steele 
 in the " Spectator" (No. 11); a yoimg 
 Englishman who got lost in the 
 Spanish main, where he fell in love 
 with a young Indian maiden named 
 Yarico, with whom he lived for many 
 months; but, having discovered a 
 vessel on the coast, he went with her 
 to Barbadoes, and there sold lier into 
 slavery. The story of Inkle and 
 Yarico has been made the subject of 
 an opera by George Colman. 
 
 Innamorato, Orlando. See Oulan- 
 
 DO. 
 
 In'nis-fail. An ancient name of 
 Ireland, signifying the isle of destiny. 
 
 Oh ! once the harp of Fnnui/ail 
 
 Was struns full hi>;h to notC3 of gladness; 
 But yet it often told a tale 
 
 Of more prcvailinj^ sadness. Campbell. 
 
 Innocents, The. A name given, from 
 early times, to the infants whom 
 
 and for the Remarks and Bulcs to which the numhers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 mo 
 
 182 
 
 IRI 
 
 Herod massacred at Bethlehem. They 
 were termed in Latin iimoceiUes, from 
 in, not, and nocere, to hurt. These 
 harmless ones were revered by the 
 Church from the first, and honoured, 
 on the third day after Christmas, as 
 martyrs; and with tliem were con- 
 nected man}'' strange observances, 
 such as tlie festival of the boy-bishop, 
 and, in opposition to tliis, tlie whip- 
 ping chikh'en out of tlieir beds on that 
 morning. In tlie modern Church, the 
 feast of the Holy Innocents is cele- 
 brated as a special holiday by tlie 
 3'oung, and many curious and sport- 
 ive customs connected with it prevail 
 in Catholic countries. The relics of 
 the Holy Innocents were great I'a- 
 vourites in the Middle Ages. The 
 Massacre of the Innocents is the sub- 
 ject of a poem by John Baptist Ma- 
 rino (15G0-1U25), the Italian poet. 
 
 I'no. [Gr. •i.'ul.] {Gr. <]"• Bom. Myth.) 
 A daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, 
 sister of Semele, and wife of Athamas, 
 king of Thebes. Being pursued by 
 her husband, — who had become rav- 
 ing mad, — she threw herself into the 
 sea with her son Melicertes, where- 
 upon the}' were both changed into 
 sea-deities. 
 
 Inspired Idiot. An epithet applied 
 by Horace Walpole to Oliver Gold- 
 smith (1728-177-1), on account of his 
 exquisite genius, his ungainly per- 
 son, his awkward manners, and his 
 frequent blunders and absurdities. 
 
 Interpreter, The. A personage in 
 Bmnan's allegorical romance, " The 
 Pilgrim's Progress," designed to sym- 
 bolise the Holy Spirit. Christian, on 
 his way to the Celestial City, called 
 at the Interpreter's house, where he 
 was shown many Avonderful sights, 
 the remembrance of which was " as 
 a goad in his sides to prick him for- 
 ward" in his journey. 
 
 Invincible Armada. See Akmada, 
 The Invincible. 
 
 Invincible Doctor. [Lat. "Doctor' 
 Invinciiilis.] An appellation con- 
 ferred upon William of Occam, a 
 celebrated English scholastic of the 
 fourteenth century, on account of his 
 rigorously logical and rational treat- 
 
 ment of Nominalism, of which he 
 was a zealous advocate. 
 
 I'o. [Gr. -loi.] {Gr. tf Rom. Myth.) 
 A daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. 
 She was beloved by Jupiter, who 
 turned her into a cow, fearing the 
 jealousy of Juno. Juno, however, 
 set the hundred-eyed Argus to watch 
 her, and J upiter in return had him 
 killed by Mercury. Thereupon lo 
 was smitten with madness by Juno, 
 and, wandering about, came at last to 
 Egypt, where she was restored to her 
 own form, married King Osiris, and, 
 after death, was worshipped by the 
 Egpytiuns mider the name of Lis. 
 
 I'o-la'us. [Gr. "loAao;.] ( Gr. cf Bom. 
 Mylli.) A son of Iphicles, and a 
 faithful friend and servant of Her- 
 cules. He assisted his master in 
 destroying the Lcrn;T?an hydra. See 
 Heucules and Hydea. 
 
 Iph'I-ge-ni'a. [Gr. 'l<>i-yeVeia.] ( Gr. cf- 
 livm. Myth . ) A daughter of Agamem- 
 non and Clytemnestra. Her father 
 having killed in Aulis a favourite deer 
 belonging to Diana, the soothsayer 
 Calchas declared that Iphigenia must 
 be sacrificed to appease the wrath of 
 the goddess. But when she was on 
 the point of being slain, Diana carried 
 her in a cloud to Tauris, and made 
 her a priestess in her temple. 
 
 I'phis. [Gr. •■I</)ts.] {Gr. cf- Rom. 
 Myth. ) A Cyprian youth who hanged 
 himself because his love for the high- 
 born Anaxarete was not reciprocated, 
 and whose fate the gods avenged by 
 changing Anaxarete to stone. 
 
 I'rS,s (9). An attendant on Cleopatra, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of "Antony 
 and Cleopatra." 
 
 I-re'ne. [Gr. ^[p-^vq.'] {Myth.) The 
 goddess of peace among the Greeks. 
 
 I'ris (9). [Gr. 'Ipi5.] {Gr. <f Rom. 
 Myth.) The daughter of Thaumas 
 and Electra, and sister of the Harpies. 
 She was one of the Oceanides, and 
 messenger of the gods, more partic- 
 ularly of Juno. She is generally 
 regarded as a personification of the 
 rainbow; but the prevalent notion 
 among the ancients seems to have 
 
 IS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying ExplanationB»
 
 IRI 
 
 183 ISA 
 
 been that the rainbow was only the 
 path on which Iris travelled between 
 heaven and earth, and that it there- 
 fore appeared whenever the goddess 
 wanted it, and vanished when it was 
 no longer needed. 
 
 Irish Agitator. An epithet applied 
 to Daniel U'ConncU (1775-1847), the 
 leader of the political movements in 
 Ireland for the emancipation of l\oman 
 Catholics from civil disabilities, and 
 for the repeal of the Act of Union 
 between Great Britain and Ireland, 
 ■which was passed on the 2d of Jnly, 
 1800. 
 
 Irish Night. (Enfj. Blsl.) Anight 
 of agitation and terror in London, 
 after the flight of James II., occa- 
 sioned by an unfounded report that 
 the Irish Catholics of Feversham's 
 army had been let loose to murder 
 the Protestant jjopulation, men, wom- 
 en, and children. 
 
 Iroldo (e-rol'do). A character in 
 Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato, " 
 distinguished for his friendship for 
 Prasildo. See Prasildo. 
 
 Iron Age. [Lat. Ferrea (etcis.] ( Gr. 
 (j- Bom. Mi/t/i.) The last of the four 
 ages into which the ancients divided 
 the history of the hmnan race; the 
 age of Pluto, characterised by the 
 prevalence of crime, fraud, cunning, 
 and avarice, and the absence of hon- 
 our, truth, justice, and piety. 
 
 Iron Arm. [Fr. Bras de Fer.'] A 
 surname or sobriquet given to Fran- 
 cois de Lanoue {1531-15yi), a famous 
 Calvinistic captain, who died at the 
 siege of Lamballe, in the service of 
 Henrj' IV. 
 
 Iron City. A name popularly given, 
 in the United States, to Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania, a city distinguished 
 for its numerous and immense iron 
 manufactures. 
 
 Iron Duke. A familiar title given to 
 the Duke of Wellington. According 
 to his biographer, the Rev. George 
 IlobertGleig, this sobriquet arose out 
 of the building of an iron steamboat, 
 which plied between Liverpool and 
 Dublin, and which its owners called 
 the •' Duke of Wellington." The term 
 " Iron Duke " was tirst applied to the 
 
 vessel ; and by and bj', rather in jest 
 than in earnest, it was transferred to 
 the Duke himself. It had no reference 
 whatever, at the outset, to an}' peculi- 
 arities, or assumed peculiarities, in his 
 disposition; though, from the popu- 
 lar belief that he never entertained a 
 single generous feeling toward the 
 masses, it is sometimes understood as 
 a ligurative allusion to his supposed 
 hostility to the interests of the lower 
 orders. 
 
 Iron Hand. A surname of Gottfried, 
 or Goetz, von Ik-rlichingen, a famous 
 predatory burgrave of the sixteenth 
 century, who, at the siege of Land- 
 shut, lost his right hand, which was 
 replaced by one of iron, yet shown 
 at Jaxthausen. Goethe has made 
 him the subject of an historic drama. 
 
 Iron Mask. See M.\sk, Iron. 
 
 Ironside. 1. An epithet conferred 
 upon Edmund II. (1)89-1010), king 
 of the Anglo-Saxons, on account 
 either of his great strength, or else 
 of the armour which he wore. [Writ- 
 ten also Ironside s.] 
 
 2. (Wes'tor.) A name under 
 wliich Sir Richard Steele, assuming 
 the character of an astrologer, set up 
 the " CJuardian." 
 
 3. (Sir.) A knight of the Round 
 Table. 
 
 Ironsides. 1. A name given to the 
 English soldiers who served under 
 Cromwell at JMarston Moor, on ac- 
 count of the great victory they there 
 gained over the royalist forces, a vic- 
 tory which gave them a world-wide 
 renown for invincible courage and 
 determination. 
 
 2. An appellation popularly con- 
 ferred upon the United States frigate 
 "Constitution." See Old Iron- 
 sides. 
 
 Irrefragable Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Jrrefi'af/abiliti.] An honorary title 
 bestowed upon Alexander Hales, an 
 English friar of the thirteenth cen- 
 tur}', distinguished as a scholastic 
 divine and philosopher. 
 
 Isabella. 1. Sister to Claudio, in 
 Sliakespeare's " Measure for Meas- 
 ure," and the heroine of the drama. 
 See Angelo. 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Kules to which the numbers alter certain worda refer, see pp. zir-xxzii.
 
 ISA 
 
 184 
 
 ISL 
 
 2. The lady-love of Zerbino, in 
 Ariosto's poem of" Orlando Furioso." 
 
 Isaie le Triste. See Ysaik lk 
 Tkiste. 
 
 Isengrin (e'zen-gren')- The name of 
 the wolf in the ancient and tamous 
 animal-epos of Germany, " Keinhard, 
 or Keinecke, Fuchs." See Uknakd. 
 
 I'si3. [Gr.'l(Tts.] (Myth.) An Egyp- 
 tian divinity, regarded as the god- 
 dess of the moon, and the queen of 
 heaven. She was the mother of Ho- 
 rns, and the wife of Osiris. She was 
 sometimes represented with the head 
 veiled, a symbol of mystery. Her 
 worship spread from Egypt to Greece, 
 Home, and other parts of ancient 
 Europe. The Greeks identified her 
 with lo. See lo, Osmis. 
 
 The drift of the maker is dark, an Isis hid by 
 tlie veil. Tennyson. 
 
 Island, The Kinging. See Ringing 
 Island. 
 
 Island City. A popular synonym for 
 Montreal, the largest city of iiritish 
 America, built on an island of the 
 same name. 
 
 Island of Lanterns. \¥t. D lie des 
 Lnnternes.] In the celebrated satire 
 of Rabelais, an imaginary country 
 inhabited by false pretenders to 
 knowledge, called Lanternois. The 
 name was probably suggested by the 
 "City of Lanterns," in the Greek 
 romance of Lucian. See City of 
 Lanterns. 
 
 Island of St. Bran'dSn. A marvel- 
 lous flying island, the subject of an 
 old and widely spread legend of the 
 Middle Ages, which exercised an in- 
 fluence on geographical science down 
 to a late period. It is represented as 
 about ninety leagues in length, lying 
 west of the Canaries. This island 
 appears on most of the maps of the 
 time of Columbus, and is laid down 
 in a French geographical chart of as 
 late a date as 1755, in which it is 
 placed 5° W. of the island of Fcrro, 
 m lat. 29° N. The name St. Bran- 
 dan, or Borandan, given to this im- 
 aginary island, is said to be derived 
 from an Irish abbot who flourished 
 in the sixth century-, and concerning 
 
 whose voyage in search of the Isl- 
 ands of Paradise many legends are 
 related. Many expeditions were seat 
 forth in quest of this mysterious isl- 
 and, the last being from Spain in 
 1721 ; but it always eluded the search, 
 though it was sometimes seen by ac- 
 cident. A king of Portugal is said 
 to have made a conditional cession 
 of it to another person, " when it 
 should be found." The Spaniards 
 believe this lost island to have been 
 the retreat of their King Rodrigo; 
 the Portuguese assign it to their Don 
 Sebastian. "Its reality," says Ir- 
 ving, " was for a long time a matter 
 of firm belief. The public, after try- 
 ing all kinds of sophistrj', took refuge 
 in the supernatural to defend their 
 favourite chimera. They maintained 
 that it was rendered inaccessible to 
 mortals by divine Providence, or by 
 diabolical magic. Poetry, it is said, 
 owes to this popular belief one of 
 its beautifid fictions ; and the garden 
 of Armida, where Riualdo was de- 
 tained enchanted, and which Tasso 
 places in one of the Canary Isles, has 
 been identified with the imaginary- 
 San Borandan." The origin of tins 
 illusion has been ascribed to certain 
 atmospherical deceptions, like that 
 of the Fata Morgana. 
 
 Island of the Seven Cities. An 
 imaginary island, the subject of one 
 of the popular traditions concerning 
 the ocean, which were current in the 
 time of Colimibus. It is represented 
 as abounding in gold, with magnifi- 
 cent houses and temples, and high 
 towers that shone at a distance. The 
 legend relates, that, at the time of the 
 conquest of Spain and Portugal by 
 the Moors, when the inhabitants fled 
 in every direction to escape from 
 slavery, seven bishops, followed by a 
 great number of people, took ship- 
 ping, and abandoned themselves to 
 their fate upon the high seas. After 
 tossing about for a time, they landed 
 upon an unknown island in the midst 
 of the ocean. Here the bishops 
 burned the ships to prevent the de- 
 sertion of their followers, and found- 
 ed seven cities. This mysterious isl- 
 and is said to have been visited at 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ISL 
 
 185 
 
 IVA 
 
 different times by navigators, who, 
 however, were never permitted to re- 
 turn. 
 Islands of the Blest. [Gr. Tuv Ma- 
 Kapiav N^<Toi, Lat. Fortuiiaim Insukv.] 
 (Gr. (f Earn. Myth.) Imaginary isl- 
 ands in the west, abounding with the 
 choicest products of nature. Thiy 
 were supposed to be situated on the 
 confines of tlie earth, in an ocean 
 ■warmed by the rays of the near set- 
 ting sun. Hither the favoiu-ites of the 
 gods were conveyed without dying, 
 and dwelt in never ending joy. The 
 name lirst occurs in Ilcsiod's " Works 
 and Days." Herodotus applies the 
 name to" an oasis in the desert of Af- 
 rica. It is also of common occur- 
 rence in modern literature. 
 
 Their place of birth alone is mute 
 To sounds that echo further west 
 Thau your sixes' Islands of the Blest. 
 
 Bijron. 
 
 Isle of Saints, or Island of Saints. 
 [Lat. Insula Sancturum.] A name 
 by which Ireland was designated in 
 the Middle Ages, on account of the 
 rapid progress which Christianity 
 made in tliat coimtrj', and the num- 
 ber of learned ecclesiastics which it 
 furnished. See Holy Islasd, 1. 
 
 " My lord," uttered with a vernacular rich- 
 ness of intonation, gave hira an assurance that 
 we were from "the Island o/' Saints, and on 
 the right road to heaven." Shcil. 
 
 Ismeno (ez-ma'no). The name of a 
 sorcerer in Tasso's " Jerusalem De- 
 livered." 
 
 I§'61de. The wife of King Mark of 
 Cornwall, and the mistress of her 
 nephew. Sir Tristram, of whom she 
 became passionately enamoured from 
 having drunk a philter by mistake. 
 Their illicit love is celebrated in 
 many an ancient romance, and be- 
 came proverbial during the INIiddle 
 Ages. References to it are innumer- 
 able. She is often called Isolde the 
 Fair, to distinguish her from Isokk 
 of the White Hands, a Breton prin- 
 cess whom Tristram man-ied after he 
 undertook the conquest of the Holy 
 Grail. See Tkistkam, Siu. [Writ- 
 ten also Iseiilt, Isoii de, Yseul t, 
 Ysolde, Ysolt, Y sonde, and, 
 very erroneously, Y s o n d e.] 
 
 No art the poison might withstand! 
 
 No medicine could Ih' found 
 Till lovely Isolde's lily hand 
 
 Uad probed the ruukliug wound. 
 
 Sir \r. Scott. 
 
 Is'ra-feel. {Mohammedan Myth.) The 
 name of the angel whose ollice it 
 will be to sound the trunijjet at the 
 resurrection. He is said to have the 
 most melodious voice of any of God's 
 creatines. [Written also Israfil.] 
 
 I§'nm-br2,s, Sir. The hero of an old 
 romance of chivalry, which cele- 
 brates the painful labours and misfor- 
 tunes visited upon him as a punish- 
 ment ibr his jiride and inxsumption, 
 and the lia])])iiiess and bli'ssiiin's with 
 which his puuitence was linaily re- 
 warded. 
 
 Italian Moliere (mo'le-ef'). A title 
 given to Carlo Goldoni (1707-17113), 
 a distinguished Italian dramatist. 
 
 Italian Pin'dar. A name given to 
 Gabriello Cliiabrora (1552-1G-37), a 
 celebrated Italian lyric poet, and one 
 of the best modem imitators of Pin- 
 dar. 
 
 I-thu'ri-el (G). [Ileb., the discovery of 
 God.] In Milton's " Paradise Lost," 
 an angel commissioned by Gabriel to 
 search through Paradise, in company 
 with Zephon, to find Satan, who had 
 eluded the vigilance of the angelic 
 guard, and effected an entrance into 
 the garden. 
 
 Ilim . . . they found, 
 Squat like a toad, close at tlie ear of Kve, 
 Assaying by his devilish art to reach 
 The organs of her fancy, and with them forge 
 Illusions as he list, phantasms and dreams; 
 Or if, inspiring venom, he might taint 
 The animal spirits ; . . . thence raise. 
 At least, distempered, discontented thoughts, 
 Vain hopes, vain aims, inordinate desires. ^ 
 Blown up with high conceits engendering 
 
 pride. 
 Him thus intent, Itliuriel with his spear 
 Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure 
 Toucii of celestial temper, but returns. 
 Of force, to its own likeness; up he starts, 
 Discovered and surprised. 
 
 Par. Lost, P.k. IV. 
 
 Such spirits have nothing to do with the 
 detecting spear utithuriel. Maeaulay. 
 
 He who argues against it fChristianity], or 
 for it, in this manner, may be regarded as 
 mistaking its nature; the Il/iiirifl, though to 
 our eyes he wears a body and the fashion of 
 arraoiir, cannot be wounded by material aid. 
 Carl'jlc. 
 
 I'van-h6e. The hero of Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of the same name. He 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-ixxii.
 
 IVA 
 
 18G 
 
 IXI 
 
 figures as Cedric of Rothcrwood's dis- 
 inherited son, tile favourite of Kiiij; 
 Richard 1., and the lover of the Lady 
 Rowena, -whom, in the cud, he mar- 
 ries. 
 
 Ivanovitch, Ivan (c-vSn' e-vSn'o- 
 vitch). An imaginary personaf,'c, 
 who is the embodiment of the pecu- 
 liarities of the Russian people, in the 
 same way as John Bull represents 
 the English, and Jean Crapaud the 
 French character. Pie is described as 
 a lazy, good-natured person. 
 
 Ivory Gate. According to Virgil, a 
 gale of sleep in the under -world, 
 wrouglit of shining white ivory, 
 through which the infernal gods send 
 up false dreams to earth. See Hokn 
 Gate. 
 
 Ix-i'on. [Gr. 'I^'^v.] {Gr. c^- Rom. 
 jlfijth.) A king of the Lapithai 
 in Thessaly, and father of the Cen- 
 taurs. For his presumptuous impiety 
 he was sent to hell, and there bound 
 to a perpetually revolving fiery 
 wheel. 
 
 ' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 JAG 
 
 187 
 
 JAC 
 
 J. 
 
 Jack. [An Anglicised form of the Fr. 
 JdcqiKS (froin Lat. Jaco/iiis, James), 
 the coniiiioucst Christian name in 
 I'rance, and hence a contemptuous 
 expression for a peasant or common 
 man; introduced in the same sense 
 into England, where it got into use 
 as a diminutive t)r nicliname of John, 
 tlie commonest of all English Chris- 
 tian names.] A general term of rid- 
 icule or contempt for a saucy or a 
 paltry fellow, or for one who jiuts 
 himself forward in some ollice or em- 
 ployment ; hence, any mechanical 
 contrivance that supplies the place 
 of an attendant ; as, a hoot-jack. Tay- 
 lor, the " Water-Poet," in his " Jaclc- 
 a-lent," thus enumerates some of the 
 persons and things to which the name 
 has been applied : — 
 
 " 0( Jack-an-npej! I list not to indite, 
 Kor of Jcich Daw my goose's liuill sh.aU 
 
 ■write: 
 OtJack o/yewhttn/ 1 will not rcporit, 
 Kor of J'nck-o/-bottt-sides, nor of SIcip-Jack 
 
 create. 
 To praise the turnspit Jack my Muse is 
 
 mum, 
 Nnr of the entertainment nfJnrk Drum 
 I'll not rehearse; nor of Jack JJo'j, Jack 
 
 Date, 
 Jack Fool, or Jnck-a-'fanrlii. I relate ; 
 Nor of Black-jack at ^urth buttfry bars, 
 ■Whose liquor oftentimes breeds houselioIJ 
 
 wars; 
 Nor Jack of Dover, that Orand-Jury Jack, 
 Nor Jack Sauce, the worst kuavc aiuongst 
 
 the pack." 
 
 [Jack-a-lent, a stuffed puppet, dressed in 
 rags, formerly thrown at in Lent. Jnck- 
 an-apes, or Jack-a-naiie.i, a monkey, a buft'oon, 
 a fop. Jack Daw, tiie daw, a common Enij- 
 lish bird. Jack ofSS'eivburi/. See below. Jack- 
 or'jioth-sules, one who is or tries to be neutnil. 
 lSki)j-Jack,!m upstart. Jack Diimi. See Drum, 
 John. J<wfc /bo?, a foolLsh person. SeeFooi., 
 Tom. Juri-a-rfarK/.v, afop, acoxeomb. Black- 
 jack, a leathern jus for household service. 
 Jack of Dover, a iisli, the sole. Jack Sauce, 
 a saucy fellow.] 
 
 Jack, Colonel. The hero of De Foe's 
 novel entitled "The History of the 
 Most Remarkable Life and Extraor- 
 dinary Adventures of the truly lion. 
 Colonel Jacque, vulgarly called Col- 
 onel Jack ; " a thief, whose portrait is 
 dra^vn with great power. He goes to 
 Virginia, and passes tlirough all the 
 gradations of colonial life, from the 
 
 state of a servant to that of an owner 
 of slaves and plantations. 
 
 Jack, Sixteen -string. See Six- 
 Ti:KN-sTniNci Jack. 
 
 Jack and Gill. Characters in an 
 ancient and popular nurserv song. 
 [Written also Jack and Jill.] 
 
 4gr" "Julienne was in vogue amons 
 the Norman families, and it lonj; pre- 
 vailed in England as Julyan ; and, in- 
 deed, it became so oommou as Gillian, 
 that Jiil [or Gill] was tliC regular com- 
 panion of Jack, as still appears in nurs- 
 ery rhyme, though now this good old 
 form has entirely dis;ippeared, except in 
 tho occasional un-Kuglisli form of Juli- 
 ana.''' Yonge. 
 
 How gallantly he extended, not his arm, 
 in our modern Jttck-and-.Jill sort of fashion, 
 but his right hand, to my mother. 
 
 S'iv E. Jlulwer Lytton. 
 
 Jack and the Bean-stalk. A le- 
 gend of the nurscrj', which, like Jack 
 the Giant-killer, is of ancient, and 
 probably of Teutonic, origin. A boy 
 ■was sent by his mother to sell a cow, 
 and met with a butcher, to whom he 
 parted with her for a few coloured 
 beans. His mother was very angry, 
 and threw them awaj'. One of them 
 fell into the garden, and grew so 
 rapidly in one night, that by morninff 
 the top reached the heavens. Jack 
 ascended the vine, and came to an 
 extensive countr}'. After divers ad- 
 ventures, a fairy met him, and di- 
 rected him to the liouse of a giant, 
 from whom he accpiired great wealth. 
 He desccndi'd the vine, and as the 
 giant atteni])t<Ml to follow him, he 
 seized his hatchet and cut away the 
 vine, when the giant fell and was 
 killed. Jack and his motlier Uvcd 
 after'ward in comfort. 
 
 Jack-in-the-Green. A character — - 
 a pup])et — in the May-day games of 
 England. Dr. Owen Pugh says that 
 Jack-in-the-(ireen, on ]\Iay-day, was 
 once a pageant representing Melva, 
 or IVIelvas, king of the country now 
 called Somersetshire, disguised in 
 green boughs, as he lay in ambush 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which tlie numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 JAC 
 
 188 
 
 JAC 
 
 to steal King Arthur's wife, as she 
 went out hunting. 
 
 yesterday, being May -day, the more se- 
 cluded parts of the metropolis were visited by 
 Jack-in-the-Green, and the usual group of 
 (grotesque attendants. London Times, 1844. 
 
 Jack of Newbury. A title given to 
 John AVinchcomb, the grcatt'st tloth- 
 ier in England, in the time of Ilcnry 
 VIII. He kept one hundred looms 
 in his own house at Newbury, and 
 armed and clothed at his own ex- 
 pense one hundred of his men, to 
 march in the expedition against the 
 Scots at Flodden Field. 
 
 Jack Pudding. See IIans-wukst. 
 
 Jackson, Stonewall. See STO^'!:- 
 ■\\'ALL Jackson. 
 
 Jack the Giant-killer. The name 
 of a famous hero in the literature of 
 the nurserj', the subject of one of the 
 Teutonic or Indo-European legends, 
 which have become nationalised in 
 England. Jack was " a valiant Cor- 
 nishman." His first exploit was the 
 killing of a huge giant named Cor- 
 moran, which he accomplished, when 
 a mere child, by artfully contriving 
 to make him fall into a deep pit, and 
 then knocking him on the head witli 
 a pick-axe. He afterward destroyed 
 a great many Welsh monsters of the 
 same sort, being greatly aided in his 
 task by a coat of invisibility, a cap 
 of knowledge, an irresistible sword, 
 and shoes of incredible swiftness, — 
 treasures which he tricked a foolish 
 giant into giving him. For his inval- 
 uable services in ridding the country 
 of such undesirable inhabitants, he 
 was made a knight of Arthur's Round 
 Table, married to a duke's daughter, 
 and presented vnth a large estate. 
 
 4®" " Before we dismiss the giganti- 
 cide, we must remark that most of his 
 giants rest upon good romance author- 
 ity ; or, to .speak more correctly, Jack's 
 history is a popular and degraded version 
 of the traditions upon which our ear- 
 liest romances are founded." Qii. Rei\ 
 " Not only single words come to attest our 
 common ancestry ; but many a nursery 
 legend or terse fable crops out in one 
 country after another, either in lofty my- 
 thology or homely household tale. For 
 instance, the Persian trick of Ameen and 
 the Ghool recurs in the Scandinavian visit 
 
 of Thor to Loki, which has come down to 
 Germany in ' The Brave Little Tailor,' and 
 to us in ' Jack the Giant-killer.' " Yonge. 
 " Our ' Jack the Giant-killer ' . . . is clear- 
 ly the last modern transmutation of the 
 old British legend, told in Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth, of Corineus the Trojan, the com- 
 panion of the Trojan Brutus when he first 
 settles in Britain ; which Corineus, being 
 a very strong man, and particularly good- 
 humoured, is satisfied with being king of 
 Cornwall, and killing out the aboriginal 
 giants there, leaving to Brutus all the rest 
 of the island, and only stipulating, that, 
 whenever there is a peculiarly difficult 
 giant in any part of Brutus's dominions, 
 he shall be sent for to finish the fellow." 
 Masson. 
 
 While he [Junius] walks, like Jack the 
 Giant-killer, in a coat of darkness, he may do 
 much mischief with little strength. Johnson. 
 
 They say she [Meg Merrilies] . . . canjgang 
 any gate she likes, like Jack the Giant-killer 
 in the ballant, with his coat o' darkness and 
 his ehoon o' swiftness. Hir W. Scott. 
 
 He made up for this turnspit construction 
 by striding to such an extent, that you would 
 have sworn he had on the seven-leagued boots 
 of Jack the Giant-killer ; and so high did he 
 tread on parade, that his soldiers were some- 
 times alarmed lest he should trample himself 
 under foot. W. Irving. 
 
 Jack-with-tlie-Lantern, In the 
 superstition of former times, an evil 
 spirit who delighted in leading be- 
 nighted and unwary travellers astray 
 from their path, by assuming the 
 appearance of a light like that of a 
 candle. This superstition, as is well 
 known, had its origin in the ignis- 
 fatuus, a luminous meteor seen in 
 summer nights over morasses, grave- 
 yards, and other spots where there is 
 a great accumulation of animal or 
 vegetable substances, and caused, as 
 is supposed, by the spontaneous ig- 
 nition of a gaseous compound of 
 phosphorus and hydrogen, resulting 
 from their decomposition. [Written 
 also Jack o' Lantern.] 
 
 Jacob's Ladder. A ladder seen in a 
 vision by Jacob, the Jewish patriarch. 
 " And he dreamed, and behold, a lad- 
 der set upon the earth, and the top 
 of it reached to heaven : and behold, 
 the angels of God ascending and de- 
 scending on it." ( Gen. xxviii. 12.) 
 
 All of air they were, all soul and form, so 
 lovely, like mysterious priestesses, in whose 
 hand was the invisible Jacob's Ladder, where- 
 by man might mount into very heaven. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 XSS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 JAF 
 
 189 
 
 JAR 
 
 Jaffier. A prominent character in 
 Otway's " Venice Preserved." lie 
 joins with Pierre and others in a con- 
 spiracy against the Venetian senate, 
 but communicates the secret to his 
 ■wife, Belvidera, and she, anxious to 
 save the life of her father, a senator, 
 prevails on Jather to disclose the 
 plot. This he does upon the solemn 
 assurance of pardon for himself and 
 friends; but, on discovering the per- 
 fidy of the senate, who condemn the 
 conspirators to death, he stabs his 
 friend Pierre, to prevent his being 
 broken on the wheel, and then stabs 
 himself. 
 
 "Ilmvc itl"snid Bunco, "I have it!" and 
 on he went in the vein oijaffier. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Janot, or Jeannot (zlia'no'). A 
 French proper name, the diminutive 
 of Jean (John), used proverbially to 
 designate a simpleton, a quiddler, 
 one who exercises a silly ingenuity. 
 
 Without being a Janot, who has not some- 
 times, ill conversation, committed a Janot- 
 ism? Ourry, Trans. 
 
 January Searle. See Searle, Jan- 
 uary. 
 
 Ja'nus. {Rom. 3fijth.) A very ancient 
 Italian deity who presided over the 
 beginning of the year, and of each 
 month and day, and over the com- 
 mencement of all enterprises. He 
 •was originally worshipped as the sun- 
 god. He was represented with two 
 faces, one on the front, the other on 
 the back of his head, one j'outhful, 
 and the other aged. A gateway — 
 often erroneously called a temple — 
 which stood close by the Forum in 
 Eome, and had two doors opposite 
 to each other, which, in time of war, 
 •were always open, and in time of 
 peace were closed, was dedicated to 
 Janus by Numa. The myth makes 
 him to have been the most ancient 
 king of Latium or Etruria, where he 
 hospitably received Saturn when ex- 
 pelled from Crete by Jupiter. 
 
 Jaques (ja'kwes or jaks; Fr. pron. 
 zhak). A lord attending upon the 
 exiled duke, in Shakespeare's "As 
 You Like It." 
 
 4£g" " Jaques is the only purely con- 
 templative character in Shakespeare. He 
 
 thinks, and does — nothinp;. Ills whole 
 occupation is to amuse his mind ; and he 
 is totally regardless of his body and his 
 fortunes. Ue is the prince of philosoph- 
 ical idlers ; his only passion is tliought ; 
 he sets no value on any thing but as it 
 serves as food for reflection. He can • suck 
 melancholy out of a song, as a weasel 
 sucks eggs ; ' the motley fool, ' who mor- 
 als on the time,' is the greatest prize he 
 meets with in the forest. He resents Or- 
 lando's passion for Rosalind as some dis- 
 paragement of his own passion for ab- 
 stract truth ; and leaves the duke, as 
 soon as he is restored to his sovereignty, 
 to seek his brother, who has quitted it 
 and turned hermit." Hazlilt. "Jaques 
 is a morose, cynical, querulous old fel- 
 low, who has been a bad young one. He 
 does not have sad moments, but ' sullen 
 fits,' as the duke says. His melancholy 
 is morbid, and is but the fruit of that 
 utter loss of mental tone which results 
 from years of riot and debauchery. He 
 has not a tender spot in his heart. There 
 is not a gentle act attributed to him, or 
 a generous sentiment, or a kind word 
 put into his mouth by Shakespeare." 
 
 R. G. White. 
 
 Indeed, my lord, 
 The melancholy Jaques grieves at that. 
 
 Shal: 
 That motley clown in Arden wood, 
 "Whom humourous Jaques with envy viewed, 
 Not even that clown could amplify 
 On this trite text so long as I. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The forest-walks of Arden's fair domain, 
 Where Jaques fed his soUtary vein, 
 No pencil's aid as yet had dared supply. 
 Seen only by the intellectual eye. 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 Jarn'd^9e. A prominent figure in 
 Dickens's " Bleak House," distin- 
 guished for his philanthropy, easy 
 good-nature, and good sen.se, and for 
 always saying, '' The wind is in the 
 east," when any thing went wrong 
 with him. The famous suit of " Jam- 
 dyce vs. Jarndyce," in this novel, is a 
 satire upon the Court of Chancery. 
 
 Jar'vie, Baillie Nic'ol. A prominent 
 and admirable character in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of " Kob Koj'." He is 
 a magistrate of Glasgow, and a kins- 
 man of Rob Roy. 
 
 4®=" " Nothing can promise less origi- 
 nality and interest than the portrait of a 
 conceited, petulant, purse-proud trades- 
 man, full of his own and his father's lo- 
 cal dignity and importance, and of mer- 
 cantile and Presbyterian formalities, and 
 totally without tact or discretion, who 
 does nothing in the story but give bail, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 JAS 
 
 190 
 
 JER 
 
 take a journey, and marry his maid. But 
 the courage, the generosity, and the frank 
 naivete and warm-heartedness, which are 
 united to these unpromising ingredients, 
 and above all, perhaps, the ' Ilieland 
 blude of liini that warms at thae daft 
 tales o' venturesome deeds and escapes, 
 tho' they are all sinfu' vanities,' and 
 makes him affirm before the council that 
 Kob Roy, ' set apart what he had dune 
 again the law o' the country, and the her- 
 ship o' the Lennox [/. e. the laying waste 
 and plundering a whole county], and 
 the misfortune o' some folk losing life by 
 him, was an honester man than stude on 
 any o' their hauks,' make him both origi- 
 nal and interesting." Senior. 
 
 Ja'son (-sn). [Gr. 'lacrwv.] ( Or. (f 
 Rom. Myth. ) A famous Grecian hero, 
 king of Thessaly, leader of the Ar- 
 gonautic expedition, and a sharer in 
 the Calydonian boar-hunt. He mar- 
 ried Medea, and afterward Creusa. 
 
 Javert (zha'vef', 64). A character in 
 Victor Hugo's " Les Miserables ; " 
 an impersonation of the inexorable- 
 ness of law. 
 
 Jeames. An old English form of 
 James., so pronounced, and often so 
 spelt, in the best society, till the end 
 of the last century, when it became 
 confined to the lower classes. Re- 
 cently, owing to the popularity of 
 Thackeray's " Jeames's Diary," it 
 has acquired a proverbial currency 
 as a designation of a footman, or of 
 a flunky. It has also been applied 
 to the London " Morning Post," the 
 organ of the " haristocracy." 
 
 A poor clergyman, or a poor military man, 
 may have no more than three hundred a year; 
 but I heartily venerate his endeavours to pre- 
 serve his giris from the society of the servants' 
 hall, and the delicate attention oi Jeames. 
 
 A. K. n. Boyd. 
 
 Jean d'fep^e (zho" du'pS' 31, 02). 
 [Fr., John with the sword.] A sym- 
 bolical name given to Bonaparte by 
 his partisans in France who conspired 
 to effect his restoration to power after 
 the allied .sovereigns had banished 
 him to Elba, in 1814. 
 
 Jean Jacques (zho" zhak, 30, 62). 
 Christian names of Rousseau (1712- 
 1778), the distinguished French plii- 
 losopher, by which alone he is often 
 designated by Englisli writers, partic- 
 ularly those of the last centuiy. 
 
 Years ago, at Venice, yiooT Jenn Jacnms was 
 Legation Secretary to liim [Count de Weniis|, 
 as Bonie readers may remember. C'arli/le. 
 
 That is almost the only maxim of Jean 
 
 Jacques to which I can cheerfully subscribe 1 
 
 «SV;' Ji. Ijulwtr Lytton. 
 
 Jeanjean (zho^'zhtin', 62). A popular 
 name in France for a conscript. 
 
 Jean Paul {or zhong pijwl). The name 
 under which the eminent German 
 author, Jean Paul Friedrich Richter 
 (1703-1825), wrote, and by which he 
 is most familiarly known. 
 
 Jeffrey's Campaign. A name given 
 by King James II. to the judicial 
 expedition through the west of Eng- 
 land, headed by Lord Chief Justice 
 Jeffreys, in 1G85. See Bloody As- 
 sizes. 
 
 Jel1^-b^, Mrs. A character in Dick- 
 ens's novel of" Bleak House ; " atj-pe 
 of sham philanthropy. 
 
 Jenk'ins. A cant name for any 
 snobbish penny-a-liner. It was first 
 given, in " Punch," to a writer for 
 the London "Morning Post," — said 
 to have been originally a footman, — 
 whose descriptions of persons and 
 events in fashionable and aristocratic 
 society betrayed the ingrained servil- 
 ity, priggishness, and vulgarity of his 
 character. 
 
 Jenk'ins, "Win'i-fred. The name 
 of Miss Tabitha Bramble's maid, in 
 Smollett's "Expedition of Humjihry 
 Clinker." 
 
 Jenk'in-son,!Epliraini(-sn). A swin- 
 dling rascal in Goldsmith's " Vicar of 
 Wakefield," who wins the confidence 
 of Dr. Primrose by his venerable ap- 
 pearance, his great apparent devout- 
 ness, his learned talk about " cos- 
 mogony," and his loudly profes.sed 
 admiration of tiro good Doctor's 
 writings on the subject of monogamy. 
 See Primrose, The Rev. Doctok. 
 
 Je-ron'i-mo, or Hi'er-on';^-nio. 
 
 The principal character in an old 
 play by Thomas Kyd, entitled " The 
 Spanish Tragedy;" — used in the 
 phrase, " Go by, Jeronimo," an ex- 
 pression made almost proverbial by 
 the ridicule of contemporary writers. 
 In the original, these words are 
 spoken by Hieronymo, or Jeronimo, 
 
 i^T" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 JES 
 
 191 
 
 JEZ 
 
 to himself, on finding his application 
 to the king improper at tlie moment. 
 Hence. pn)bal)ly, the -svoril .'/"-/>.'/. sig- 
 nifying a puttiug or tlnusting aside 
 ■without notice. 
 
 Jes'sa-my- Bride. A by-name given 
 to Miss Mary llorneek, alterward 
 Mrs. Gw}'n. "Slie was a contempo- 
 rary and' friend of Goldsmitii, who 
 is supposed to have been in love with 
 her. 
 
 Jos'si-cS. The beautiful daughter of 
 Shvlock, in Shakespeare's " Jler- 
 chant of Venice." She is beloved by 
 Lorenzo. 
 
 jg^ " Jessica, though properly kept 
 subordinate, is certainly — 
 'A most beautiful pagan, a most sweet Jew.' 
 She cannot be called a sketch ; or, if a 
 sketch, she is like one of those dashed off 
 in glowing colours from the rainbow 
 palette of a Rubens ; she has a rich tint 
 of Orientalism shed oyer her, worthy of 
 her Eastern origin." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Jew, The ■Wandering. [Lat. Judceus 
 mm Mortalis, the undying Jew ; Ger. 
 Der Eidrjer Jude, ¥1: Le Jul/ 
 EiTant.] An imaginary- personage, 
 'vho owes his existence to a legend 
 connected with the history of Christ's 
 passion. As the Saviour was on the 
 way to the place of execution, over- 
 come ^vith the weight of the cross, he 
 wished to rest on a stone before the 
 house of a Jew, whom the stoiy calls 
 Ahasuenis, who drove him away with 
 curses. Jesus calmly replied, " Thou 
 shalt wander on the earth till I re- 
 turn." The astonished Jew did not 
 come to himself till the crowd had 
 passed, and the streets were empty. 
 Driven by fear and remorse, he has 
 since wandered, according to the 
 command of the Lord, from place to 
 place, and has never yet been able 
 to find a grave. According to another 
 account, he was Pontius Pilate's 
 porter, and his original name was 
 Cartaphilus. Soon after the Saviour's 
 crucifixion, he became converted, and 
 took the name of Joseph. At the end 
 of every hundred j-ears, he falls into 
 a fit or trance, upon which, when he 
 recovers, he returns to the same state 
 of youth he was in when our Saviour 
 suttered, being about thirty years of 
 
 age. lie remembers all the circum- 
 stances of the dcatli and resurrection 
 of Christ; tlie saints that arose with 
 liim ; tlie composing of the Apostles' 
 Creed; and the preaching and dis- 
 persions of the apostles themselves. 
 In the fourteenth century, he was 
 called Isaac Lakedkm, or Laquedem ; 
 but the chronicles of that time make 
 no mention of these poriodiLul alter- 
 nations of youth and age, tlidugh they 
 still attribute to him perpetual life. 
 
 j(iS= Roger of Wendover, a monk of St. 
 Albans (d. 1237), and Matthew Paris (d. 
 1259), a Benedictine monk of the Congre- 
 gation of Clugny, and likewise of the 
 monastery of St. Albans, give us the old- 
 est traditions of the Wandering Jew. Ac- 
 cording to Meuzel (" History of German 
 Poetry "), the whole tradition is but an 
 allegory, the Wandering Jew symbolising 
 heathenism. M. Lacroix suggests that it 
 represents the Hebrew race dispersed and 
 wandering throughout the earth, but not 
 destroyed. In Germany, the tradition of 
 the Wandering Jew became connected 
 with John Bultadreus, a real person. The 
 story of this Jew was printed in 1602, and 
 frequently afterward. He is said to have 
 been seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth 
 century, again in the fifteenth, and a 
 third time in the sixteenth, with every 
 appearance of age and decrepitude. Ilia 
 last recorded apparition was at Brussels, 
 in April, 1774. Southey, in his poem of 
 " The Curse of Kehama," and Croly, in 
 his romance entitled '•Salathiel," trace 
 the course of the Wandering Jew, iMt in 
 violation of the whole legend ; and Eugene 
 Sue adopted the name as the title of one 
 of his most jiopular and most immoral 
 novels ("Le Juif Errant"), though the 
 Jew scarcely figures at all in the work. 
 
 XlfB=- " Ahasuorus is the antitype of 
 Faust. He shuns life, and seeks deliver- 
 ance from its pains, while Faust seeks to 
 eternise the moment." Griisse, Trans. 
 
 Coppet, ... in short, trudged aid hurried 
 liither and thither, inconstant as an ignis- 
 fatuus, and restless as the Wandcriwj .Jew. 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Jewish Pla'to. A title bestowed upon 
 Pbilo Juda^us, the Alexandrian Jew 
 and Platonist, who flourished in the 
 first century of the Christian era. 
 
 Jewkes, Mrs. (juks). A hateful char- 
 acter in Kichardson's " Pamela." 
 
 Jez'e-bel. The wicked wife of Ahab, 
 an infamous king of Israel. How 
 she came to her end may be seen in 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-ixxii.
 
 JIN 
 
 192 
 
 JOH 
 
 2 Kings ix. 30-37. The name is 
 proverbially used to designate a 
 showily dressed woman of frail morals 
 or suspected respectability. It has 
 been applied in this sense from the 
 time of the Puritans. 
 
 Philosophe-Sentimentalism, what hast 
 thou to do with peace when thy mother's 
 name is Jezebel ? Carhjle. 
 
 Jingle, Mr. Alfred. An impudent, 
 swindling stroller, in Dickens's 
 "Pickwick Papers." He is repre- 
 sented as never speaking a connected 
 sentence, but stringing together mere 
 disjointed phrases, generally without 
 verbs. 
 
 Jinnestan. See Djinnesta?.'. 
 
 J. J. Initials used, particularly by 
 writers of the last century, to desig- 
 nate Rousseau, the celebrated author 
 of the " Confessions," whose Chris- 
 tian names were Jean Jacques, or 
 John James. 
 
 Joan. The name sometimes given to 
 the wife of Punch. She is common- 
 ly called Judy. 
 
 1 confess, that, were 'it safe to cherish such 
 dreams at all, I should more enjoy the thought 
 of remaining behind the curtam unseen, like 
 the ingenious manager of Punch and his wife 
 Joan, and enjoying the astonishment and 
 conjectures of my audience. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 J5an, Pope. A supposed individual 
 of the female sex, who is placed by 
 several chroniclers in the series of 
 popes between Leo IV. and Benedict 
 III., about 853-855, under the name 
 of John. The subject of this scan- 
 dalous storv' is said to have been a 
 young woman of English parentage, 
 educated at Cologne, who left her 
 home in man's disguise, with her 
 lover, a very learned man, and went 
 to Athens, where she made great 
 progress in profane law; afterward 
 she went to Pome, where she became 
 equally proficient in sacred learning, 
 for whicli her reputation became so 
 great, that, at the death of Leo, she 
 was unanimously elected as his suc- 
 cessor, under the general belief of her 
 male sex. She, however, became 
 pregnant, and one day, as she was 
 proceeding to the Lateran Basilica, 
 she was seized witli the pains of 
 child-labour, on the road between the 
 Colosseum and the church of St. 
 
 Clement ; and there she died, and was 
 buried -n-ithout any honours, after a 
 pontificate of two years, five months, 
 and four days. 
 
 4£g= The first to mention this delecta- 
 ble piece of scandal was Marianus Scotus, 
 a monk of the abbey of Fulda, -who died 
 at Mainz in 1086 ; but the authenticity of 
 the BIS. attributed to him is very doubt- 
 ful. The story is given more circumstan- 
 tially by Martinus Polonus, a Cistercian 
 monk, and confessor to Gregory X. It is 
 also mentioned by Stephen de Bourbon, 
 who wrote about 1225. " Until the Kef- 
 ormation," says Gibbon, " the tale was 
 repeated and believed without offence." 
 The learned Calvinist divine. David Blon- 
 del, demonstrated its historical ground- 
 lessness ; yet attempts have occasionally 
 been made, since his time, to maintain 
 the truth of the tradition. Panvinius 
 and other writers find the origin of the 
 fable in the cfieminacy or licentious- 
 ness of Pope John XII.. who was killed 
 in 964, while prosecuting an unlawful 
 intrigue. There is an ancient miracle- 
 play upon this subject, in German, en- 
 titled " The Canonisation of Pope Joan, 
 1480," which was widely diffused, and 
 did much to shake the popular rever- 
 ence for the Papal See. 
 
 Jo-cas'ta. [Gr. 'lo/cao-TT).] {Gr. ^ 
 Bom. Myth.) The mother of CEdipus, 
 whom she married unknowingly, and 
 to whom she bore Eteocles and Poly- 
 nices. 
 
 Jockey of Norfolk. An epithet con- 
 ferred upon Sir John, son of Sir Rob- 
 ert Howard, a close adlierent to the 
 house of York, and ren)arkable alike 
 for the magnificence of his estate 
 and for the high offices which he 
 held. In 1485, he accompanied his 
 master, Richard III., to the field of 
 Bosworth, and, notwithstanding the 
 celebrated and fi'iendly warning, 
 
 ^^ .locJcey of Norfolk^ be not too bold, 
 For Dickon , thy master, is bought and sold," 
 
 which was posted on his tent during 
 the night before the battle, he entered 
 into the fight, and paid the penalty of 
 his fidelity with his life, being one of 
 the slain on that well-contested day. 
 
 Jolin. 1. A bastard brother of Don 
 Pedro, in Shakespeare's " Much Ado 
 about Nothing." 
 
 2. A Franciscan friar, in Shake- 
 speare's " Romeo and Juliet." 
 
 Kg" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 JOH 
 
 193 
 
 JOU 
 
 John, Friar. See Friau John. 
 
 John-a-dreams. A name apparently 
 coineil to suit a dreaminf^, stupid 
 character, a "dreaming John," as it 
 ■were. 
 
 Yet I, 
 A (lull and muddy -mettled rascal, peak, 
 JAke Juhn-it-drt-aris, unprcguttiitot my caiise, 
 And can say notliiug. ti/iciJ:. 
 
 John Company. Sec Compaxy, 
 John. 
 
 Johnny Rebs. A sobriquet given by 
 the soldiers of tlie United States 
 army, ia the time of the late Kebel- 
 lionj to the "Confederate" .soldiers. 
 It is said to have originated in a 
 taunting remark addressed to a rebel 
 picket, to the eftect that the Southern 
 States relied on " John Bull" to help 
 them gain their independence, and 
 that the picket himself was no better 
 than a "John Bull;" an accusation 
 which he indignantly denied, saying 
 that he woiUd " as soon be called a 
 ' nigger ' as a ' Johnny Bull.' " 
 
 Jonathan. A son of Saul, king of 
 Israel, famous for his tender friend- 
 ship — " passing the love of women " 
 — for David, whom Saul hated and 
 persecuted. " The s)ul of Jonathan 
 was knit with the soul of David, ami 
 Jonathan loved him as his own soul." 
 (1 Sam. xviii. 1.) 
 
 Jonathan, Brother. See Beother 
 Jkxaxiiax. 
 
 Jones, Da'vy. A familiar name 
 among sailors for Death, formerly for 
 the evil spirit who was supposed to 
 preside over the demons of the sea. 
 He was thought to be in all storms, 
 and was sometimes seen of gigantic 
 height, showing three rows of sharp 
 teeth in his enormous mouth, open- 
 ing great frightful eyes, and nostrils 
 which emitted blue llames. The 
 ocean is still termed by sailors, i'lrr^ 
 Jones's Locker. 
 
 The heads of Opposition, the Pitts and 
 others of that country [England] . . . wish 
 dear Hanover safe enough (safe in J)iti-ii 
 ./ones'/i locker, if tliat would do); but are tired 
 of subsidising, and fighting, and tumultinL', 
 all the world over, for that high end. Carh/le. 
 
 Jones, Tom. The hero of ^"ieldinj^'s 
 novel entitled " The History of Tom 
 Jones, a Foundling; " represented as 
 a model of generosity, openness, and 
 
 manly .spirit, mingled with thought- 
 less dissii)ation. 
 
 Jj^ff' " Our iuiuiortal Fielding was of 
 the younger bnmch of the Kiirls of Den- 
 bigh, who drew their origin from the 
 Counts of llapsliurg. . . . Far different 
 have been the fortunes of tlic English and 
 German divisions of the family. . . . The 
 .successors of Charles V. may disdain their 
 brethren of England ; but the romanee 
 of ' Tom Jones,' that exquisite picture of 
 human manners, will outlive the palace 
 of the Escurial and the imperial eagle of 
 Austria." Gibbon. 
 
 J^^ff- " I cannot say that I think Mr. 
 .Tones a virtuous character ; I cannot say 
 but that I thiuk Fielding's evident liking 
 and admiration for Wr. Jones show that 
 the great liumouri.st's moral sense was 
 blunted by bis life, and that here in art 
 and ethics there is a great error. ... A 
 hero with a flawed reputation, a hero 
 sponging for a guinea, a hero who cannot 
 pay his Landlady, and is obliged to let liis 
 honour out to hire, is absurd, and hu 
 claim to heroic rank untenable." 
 
 Thackeray. 
 
 Jormungand (yiif'moon-gand'). [Old 
 Norse, jormun, great, universal, and 
 fjandr, serpent.] {Scand. Myth.) A 
 fearful ser])ent, the ofispring of Loki, 
 hurled down by the gods into the 
 ocean that surrounds jMidgard, where 
 he is to remain until KagnariJk. He 
 is represented by the poets as hold- 
 ing his tail in his mouth. 
 
 Josse, M. (mos'c-o' zhos). A jeweller 
 in >Ioliere's comedy, " L'Amour Me- 
 decin," whose advice to a friend who 
 consults him is that of a man who 
 wishes to di.spose of his merchandise. 
 The expression, " Vans vies orjevre, 
 M. .Tosse," You arc a jeweller, Mr. 
 Josse, is proverbially applied, in 
 France, to any one who seeks to ad- 
 vance his own interests at the ex- 
 pense of another. 
 
 Jotunheim (yil'tijon-hlm')- (Scarid. 
 Myth.) The abode of the Jcitmi, or 
 Giants. See Giants, 2. 
 
 Jourdain, M. (mos'e-o' zhoof'da"', 
 02). The hero of Moliere's comedy, 
 " Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme ; " repre- 
 .sented as an elderly tradesman, who, 
 having suddenly acquired immense 
 riches, becomes desirous to emulate 
 such as have been educated in the 
 front ranks of society, in those accom- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbtis after certain words refer, see pp. sir-xxxii. 
 13
 
 JOU 
 
 194 
 
 JUL 
 
 plishmonts, whether mental or per- 
 ^^onal, which cannot ho gracefully ac- 
 quired after the early part of hfe is 
 past. 
 
 The Arabs, under great emotional excite- 
 ment, give their languat;e a recognisable me- 
 tre, anil talk poetry as M. Jounlain tallied 
 jirose [i. c, without knowing it]. Lewes. 
 
 JoTirn^e dea Dupes (zhoof'na' d& 
 diip, 34). See Day of Dupes. 
 
 Jove. See Jupiter. 
 
 Joyeuse, La (la zhwo'yiiz', 4-3). [Lat. 
 Gaurliiiaa.] The sword of Charle- 
 magne ; — so called in the romances 
 of chiv|ilry. It bore the inscription, 
 " Decern praceptonim cttsios Caivlus." 
 
 Joyeuse Garde, La (la zhwo'yciz' 
 gai-d). The residence of the famous 
 Lancelot du Lac, commonly saia to 
 have been at Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 He having successfully defended the 
 honour of Queen Guinever against Sir 
 Mador (who had accused her of pois- 
 oning his brother), King Arthur, in 
 gratitude to her champion, gave him 
 the castle which had been the scene 
 of the queen's vindication, and named 
 it " La Joyeuse Garde ' ' in memory of 
 the happy event. See Mador, Sir. 
 [Written also Joyous Gard and 
 Garde Joyesse.] 
 
 The Garde Jot/esse, amid the tale. 
 High reared its glittering head; 
 
 And Avalon's enchanted vale 
 In all its wonders spread. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Juan, Don. See Don Juan. 
 
 Judge Lynch.. See Lynch, Judge. 
 
 Judicious Hooker, The. See Hook- 
 er, The Judicious. 
 
 Judith. The heroine of a well-known 
 book of the same name in the Apoc- 
 rypha ; a beautiful Jewess of Bethu- 
 lia, who, to save her native town, 
 undertook to assassinate Holofernes, 
 general of Nebuchadnezzar, putting 
 both her life and her chastit}' in jeop- 
 ardy by venturing alone into his tent 
 for this pitrpose. But she accom- 
 plished her object, and escaped with 
 the head of Plolofernes to Bethulia ; 
 whereupon her fellow-townsmen, in- 
 spired with a sudden enthusiasm, 
 rushed out upon the enemy, and 
 completely defeated them. The 
 story, if not altogether fictitious, as 
 many think it to be, is a legend 
 
 foundsd upon some fact not men- 
 tioned by any historian. 
 
 Ju'dy (6). The wife of Punch, in the 
 modern puppet-show of " Punch and 
 Judy." See Punch. 
 
 Jug'ger-naut. [Sansk. Jagannatlia, 
 hird'of the world.] (Hindu Myth.) 
 A name of Vishnu, of whom an idol 
 is kept in a temple at Jaggemaut, or 
 Jaggernaut Puri, a town in Orissa. 
 This idol is one of the chief objects 
 of pilgrimage in India, and has ac- 
 quired great notoriety in consequence 
 of the fanatical practice, formerly 
 very prevalent among Hindu believ- 
 ers, of throwing themselves under 
 the wheels of the lofty chariot — sixty 
 feet high — in which it is carried in 
 procession, in the hope of attaining 
 eternal bliss by such a sacriiice of 
 their lives. [Written also Jagger- 
 naut.] 
 
 Julia. The name of a lady beloved 
 by Proteus, in Shakespeare's " Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona." 
 
 Julie (zhii'le', 34). The heroine of 
 Moliere's comedy, " Monsieur de 
 Poiurceauguac." 
 
 Ju'li-et (6). 1. A lady, in Shake- 
 speare's "Measure for Measure," be- 
 loved by Claudio. 
 
 2. The heroine of Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Romeo and Jidiet." 
 
 4®=" '' Juliet is a child whose intoxica- 
 tion in loving and being loved whirls away 
 the little reason she may have possessed. 
 It is impossible, in my opinion, to place 
 her among the great female characters of 
 Shakespeare's creation." Hallatn. " All 
 Shakespeare's women, being essentially 
 women, either love, or have loved, or are 
 capable of loving ; but Juliet is love it- 
 self. The passion is her state of being, 
 and out of it she has no existence. It is 
 the soul within her soul ; the pulse within 
 her heart ; the life-blood along her veins, 
 ' blending with every atom of her frame.' 
 The love that is so chaste and dignified in 
 Portia ; so airj'-delicate and fearless in 
 Miranda ; so sweetly confiding in Per- 
 dita ; so playfully fond in Rosalind ; so 
 constant in Imogen ; so devoted in Des- 
 demona ; so fervent in Helen ; so tender 
 in Viola, — is each and all of these in Ju- 
 liet." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 The hyperbole of Juliet .seemed to be veri- 
 fied with respect to them. " Upon their brows 
 shame was ashamed to sit." Macaulai/. 
 
 CO" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying E.xplanations,
 
 JUX 
 
 195 
 
 JUT 
 
 June, Jennie. A pseudonym of Mrs. 
 J. C. Croly, an American autliorcss 
 of the present day. 
 
 Ju'ni-us (or jun'yus, 6). A celebrat- 
 ed pseudonym, under which a scries 
 of remarkable political letters were 
 published at intervals from 1709 to 
 1772, in the "Public Advertiser," 
 then the most popidar newspaper in 
 Great Britain. 
 
 j^ff' In these letters, the writer who 
 concealed himself under this signature 
 attacked all the public characters of the 
 day connected with the government, and 
 did not spare even royalty itself. Every 
 effort that could be devised by the gov- 
 ernment, or prompted by private indig- 
 nation, was made to discover their au- 
 thor, but in vaiu. '• It is not in the na- 
 ture of things," he writes to his publisher, 
 '• that you or any body else should know 
 me unless I make myself known : all arts, 
 or inquiries, or rewards, would be inef- 
 fectual." In another place he remarks, 
 '• I am the sole depositary of my secret, 
 and it shall die with me." Many con- 
 jectures, however, have been started on 
 "the subject of this great puzzle; and 
 Burke, William Gerard Uamilton (com- 
 monly called " Single - speech Hamil- 
 ton "), John Wilkes, Lord Chatham, Mr. 
 Du.ming (afterward Lord Ashburton), 
 Lord George SackviUe (afterward Lord 
 Germain), Serjeant Adair, the Rev. J. Eo- 
 senhagen, John Koberts, Charles Lloyd, 
 Samuel l)yer. General Charles Lee, Hugh 
 Boyd, Colonel Isaac Barre, Sir Philip Fran- 
 cis, and many other eminent names, have 
 all been identified by different inquirers 
 with Junius. The evidence which has 
 been presented to prove that Sir Philip 
 Francis was the author of these memo- 
 rable philippics, though entirely circum- 
 stantial, is very strong. Macaulay thinks 
 it sufficient "to support a verdict in a 
 civil, nay, in a criminal proceeding." For 
 the whole question of the authorship of 
 "Junius," the inquirer will do well to 
 consult the articles that have appeared 
 on this subject in "Notes and Queries," 
 and in the " Athenaeum " since 1848. See 
 also Junius in Allibone's " Dictionary of 
 Authors." 
 
 This arch intrioruer, whom, to tise an ex- 
 pression of Junius, treachery itself could not 
 tnist, was at one moment nearly caught in 
 his own tolls. Sir W. !<cott. 
 
 Ju'no. (Gr. <f- Jiom. Myth.) The 
 daughter of Saturn and Ops, the sis- 
 ter and wife of Jupiter, the queen of 
 heaven, and the guardian deit}' of 
 women, especially married women. 
 
 lie, in delight . . . 
 Smiled with superior love; as .liipiter 
 On Jimo smiles, when he inipregiiB the clouds 
 That shell -May flowers. ililloii. 
 
 Junto. (Kit;/. Hist.) A small knot of 
 distinguished men in the time of Wil- 
 liam III. (1690), who, under tliis name, 
 exercised over the Whig body, l>y 
 their counsel during twenty trouliled 
 years, an autiiority nt' wliiili. says ^la- 
 caulay, there is perhaps no parallel in 
 liistory, ancient or modern. Kussell, 
 Lord -keeper Somers, and Charles 
 Montague were prominent members 
 of it. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter. [Lat., a contraction otDlo- 
 ris or DUs (^=divum, heaven) pater ; 
 i. e.. the father of heaven, or heavenly 
 father.] {Gr. cj- Rom. Myth.) A 
 son of Saturn and Ops, brother and 
 husband of Juno, the father and 
 king of gods and men, and the su- 
 preme rider of the universe. As the 
 god of heaven, he had all power of 
 the phenomena of the skies; hence 
 his numerous epithets, such as Plti- 
 viiis (the rain -giver), Tonans (the 
 thunderer), Fulminalor (the light- 
 ning-wielder), and the like. [Called 
 also Jove and Zi-«s.] 
 
 Ju'pi-tSr Carlyle. X sobriquet giv- 
 en to the Rev. Alexander Carlvle 
 (1722-1805), minister of Inveresk^ in 
 Scotland, remarkable for his magnif- 
 icent head, which was considered 
 wortlw of being a model for a Jupi- 
 ter Tonans. 
 
 /K5" " The grandest demigod I ever saw 
 was Dr. Carlyle, minister of Musselburgh, 
 commonly called Jupiter Carlyle, for hav- 
 ing sat more than once for the king of 
 gods and men to Gavin Hamilton." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter Sca'pin. A nickname given 
 by the Abb6 de Pradt to Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, on account of the mix- 
 ture in his character of greatness and 
 goodness with iiTegularity of imag- 
 ination and a disposition to artifice 
 which sometimes, as in his Egyptian 
 campaign, led to conduct half impi- 
 ous, half childish. See Scafin. 
 
 Ju-tur'nS. The sister of King Tur- 
 nus; changed into a fountain of the 
 same name, the waters of which were 
 used in the sacrifices of Vesta. See 
 
 TUKNUS. 
 
 and for the Remorlcs and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxtl.
 
 KAF 
 
 196 
 
 KEY 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaf, Mount. See Mottnt Caf. 
 
 Kail'yai. The lioroine of Southoy's 
 poem, " The Curse of Kuhama." 
 
 Kama (ka'ina), o7- Kamadeva (IcS- 
 iii5-Ja'va). (JJiiuIu JI/jlli.) Thef;'ud 
 of love. He is a favourite theme of 
 description and allusion in Sanskrit 
 jjoetry. His power is so much ex- 
 alted that even the god Brahma is 
 said to succumb to it. He is de- 
 scribed or represented as riding on a 
 parrot or a sparrow, — the .symbol of 
 voluptuousness, — and holding in hi.; 
 hands a bow of sugar-cane strimg 
 with bees, besides five arrows, each 
 tipped with the bloom of a flower 
 supposed to conquer one of the senses. 
 
 Katherine. A lady attending on 
 the i)rineess of France, in Shake- 
 speare's " Love's Labour 's Lost." 
 
 Kay, Sir. A foster-brother of King 
 Arthur, and a rude and boastful 
 knight of the Round Table. He was 
 the butt of Arthur's court. He is 
 generally made by the romancers the 
 first to attempt an oftered adventure, 
 in which he never succeeds, and his 
 failure in which acts as a foil to the 
 brilliant achievement of some more 
 fortunate and deserving, and less 
 boastful, . knight. [Written also 
 Queux.] 
 
 Ke-ha'ma. A Hindoo rajah, who ob- 
 tains and sports with supernatural 
 power. His adventures are related 
 in Southey's poem entitled " The 
 Curse of Kehama." 
 
 Keith, Wise Wife of. See Wise 
 Wife of Keith. 
 
 Kemp'fer-hau'sen (-zn). A name as- 
 sumed by Kcibcrt Pearce Gillies, a con- 
 tributor to '■ Ijlackwood's IMagazine," 
 and one of the interlocutors in the 
 " Noctes Ambrosianie " of that work. 
 
 Ken'na-quhair (-kwar). [Scot., 
 Don't-know-where. Comp. Ger. 
 Wcissnichliro.'] A Scottish name 
 for any imaginary locality. 
 
 It wAulil ho a misapprehension to puppose, 
 beeaii^f Mrlni.sc may in general pass iur 
 J{e»>iafj}i/t<ur, nr Ix'cause it agrees with scenes 
 of tlie " Moiiastfiy " iji tlio circumstances of 
 tliedrawbriclj;i-,tlii' mill-dam, and other points 
 of rescmblanii', that tlirnfbre an accurate or 
 perfect local Kiiiiilitudc is to bufound in all the 
 jiartieulars of the picture. <S4> IF. Scott. 
 
 Kent, Holy Maid of, or Wun of. 
 See Holy BLvid of Kent. 
 
 Kerr, Or'pheus C. (4). [That is. Of- 
 fice-seeker.] The num de plume of 
 Kobert H. Newell, a humourous and 
 ])opular American writer of the pres- 
 ent day. 
 
 Ketch, Jack. A hangman or execu- 
 tioner; — so called in England, from 
 one John Ketch, a wretch who lived 
 in the time of James H., and made 
 himself universally odious by the 
 liutchery of many brave and noble 
 victims, particularly those sentenced 
 to death by the infamous Jcifre3'3 
 during the "Bloody Assizes." The 
 name is thought by some to be de- 
 rived from liichard Jacrjuett, who 
 held the manor of Tyburn, near Lon- 
 don, where criminals were formerly 
 executed. 
 
 Ket'tle-drum'mle, Gabriel {-drum'- 
 ml). A covenanting preacher in Sir 
 Walter Scott's " Old Mortality." 
 
 Key of Christendom. A name 
 
 formerly given to Buda, the capital 
 of Hungary, on account of its political 
 importance, its situation on the Dan- 
 ube, and its proximity to the Ottoman 
 empire. It was twice taken by the 
 Turks in the sixteenth century, but 
 was finallv wrested from them in 
 the year 1G8G. 
 
 Key of Russia. An appellation popu- 
 larly given to Smolensk, a fortified 
 city of Russia, on the Dnieper, cele- 
 In-atcd for its resistance to the French 
 in 1812. 
 
 Key of the Gulf. A name often given 
 to the island of Cuba, from its com- 
 manding ]iosition at the entrance of 
 the Gulf of JNIcxico. 
 
 Key of the Mediterranean. A name 
 
 Ear For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with tlie accompanying Explanations,
 
 KEY 
 
 197 
 
 KIN 
 
 ft-oquently given to the fortress of 
 Gibraltar", -whicli to some extent com- 
 mands the entrance to the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea from the Atlantic. 
 Key-stone State. The State of 
 Pennsylvania; — so called from its 
 having- been the central State of the 
 Union at the time of the, formation of 
 the Constitution. If the names of the 
 
 thirteen original States are arran<;ed 
 in the form of an arch, Pennsylva- 
 nia will occupy the place of the key- 
 stone, as in the above cut. 
 
 K-il'man-segg, Miss. The heroine 
 of •' A Golden Legend " by Thomas 
 Hood; an heiress witli great expecta- 
 tions and an artilicial leg of solid 
 gold. 
 
 King and Cobbler. King Henry 
 VIII. and a certain merry London 
 cobbler, who form the subject of one 
 of the many popular tales in which 
 the sovereign is rejiresented as visit- 
 ing the humble subject in disguise. 
 
 King Ar'thur. A famous king of 
 Britain, supposed to have flourished 
 at the time of the Saxon invasion, 
 and to have died at tJlastonbury, in 
 the year 542, from wounds received 
 on the fatal battle-field of Camlan, 
 which is thought to be Camelford, 
 near Tintagel, in Cornwall. His true 
 history has been overlaid with so 
 many absurd fictions by the monkish 
 chroniclers and medixval poets and 
 romancers, that many have errone- 
 ously regarded him as altogether a 
 mythical personage. The usual resi- 
 dence of King Arthur was said to be 
 at Carleon, on the Usk, in Wales, 
 where, with his beautiful wife Guin- 
 ever, he lived in s])lendid state, sur- 
 rounded by hundreds of knights and 
 beautiful ladies, who served as pat- 
 terns of valour, breeding, and grace 
 to all the world. From his court. 
 
 knights went out to all countries, to 
 ])rotcct women, chastise oppressors, 
 liberate tile enchanted, eucliain giants 
 and malicious dwarfs, antl engage in 
 other cliivalrous adventures. A jkijju- 
 lar traditional belief was long enter- 
 tained among the Britons that Arthur 
 was not dead, but luid been carried 
 off to be healed of his wounds in 
 fairy -land, and that he would re- 
 appear to avenge his eoimtrymen, and 
 resume the sovereigntv of Britain. 
 This legend was proverbially referred 
 to in the Jliddle Ages, in speaking 
 of those who indulged vain hopes 
 or cherished absurd expectations. 
 According to another account, Arthur 
 was buried by liis sister, the fairy 
 Morgana, in the vale of Avalon, fif- 
 teen feet deep, and his tomb bore this 
 inscription, — 
 
 "Ilic jacet Artliurus, rex quondam, rexque 
 
 i'uturus." 
 Here Arthur lies, king once, nnd Icing to I)c. 
 
 Giraldns Cambrensis states, that, in 
 the reign of Henry II., a leaden cross 
 bearing the inscription, " J lie jncct 
 sqndtus inclijtus liex Arthurus in 
 insula Avallonia" Here in the island 
 of Avalon the illustrious King Arthur 
 is buried, was found in the cemetery 
 of Glastonbury Abbey, imder a stone 
 seven feet below the surface; and 
 that, nine feet below this, was found 
 an oaken coffin containing bones and 
 
 dust. Sec EXCAI>IBAR, GUINEVER, 
 
 Igkhna, MoDiiEi), Ron, Rouxd 
 Tahle, Utiieu. 
 
 Tlic fonts ot Arthur and his kniglitly poors; 
 Of Art/iiir, who, to uiipcr light restored, 
 
 With that terrific sword 
 Whieli vet he wields iu subterranean war, 
 Shall lift liis country's fame above the polir 
 star! }yordsiC(jri/i. 
 
 King Bomba. See Bojiba. 
 
 King Cam-by'se§. The hero of " A 
 Lamentable Tragedy " of the same 
 name, by Thomas Preston, an elder 
 contemporary of Shakespeare ; a 
 ranting character known to modern 
 readers by FalstalFs allusion to him in 
 Shakespeare's "1 Henry IV.'" (a. ii., 
 sc. 4), — "Give me a euj) of sack to 
 make mine eyes look red; for I must 
 speak in passion, and I will do it in 
 King Cambyses' vein." 
 
 " How!" said the smith, in Kitit) Canihiisesf 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wliich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 KIX 
 
 198 
 
 KIN 
 
 vein; " are ^e commanded to etand and de- 
 liver on the king's liighway ? " tiir W. iimtt. 
 King Ctiiiihuscs' vein is, after all, but a \vortl>- 
 k'!>3 une; no vein for a wise man. Curlylc. 
 
 King Cole. A legendary king of 
 Britain, who reigued, as tlie old 
 chronicles inform us, in the third 
 century after Christ. According to 
 Eobert of Gloucester, he was the 
 father of the celebrated St. Helena, 
 and the successor of Asclepiad. He 
 is further relegated to the realms of 
 fable by the rhyme that sings, — 
 
 " Old King Cole 
 Was a merry old soul, 
 And a merry old soul was he." 
 
 See Ilalliwell's "Nursery Eh>Tnes of 
 I'^ngland," where much curious in- 
 formation in regard to this celebrate ) 
 personage may be found. 
 
 The venerable King Cole would find few 
 subjects here to acknowledge his monarcliy 
 ofmirtli. E.I'. JV/tijijjh'. 
 
 King Cotton. A popular personifica- 
 tion of the great staple jiroduction of 
 the Southern States of the American 
 Union. The supremacy of cotton 
 seems to have been lirst asserted by 
 Mr. James H. Hammond, of South 
 Carolina, in a speech delivered by 
 him in the senate of the United 
 States, on the 4th of March, 1858, 
 from which the following is an ex- 
 tract : — 
 
 " No : you dare not make war upon cot- 
 ton. No power on earth dares to make war 
 ■upon it. Cotton is kins- Until latelj", the 
 Bank of England was king ; but she tried 
 to put her screws, as usvial, the fall be- 
 fore the last, on the cotton crop, and was 
 utterly vanquished. The last power has 
 been conquered. Who can doubt, that 
 has looked at recent events, that cotton 
 is supreme ? ' ' 
 
 When . . . the pedigree of King Cotton is 
 traced, he is found to be the lineal child of the 
 Tariff; called into being by a specific duty; 
 reared by a tax laid upon the manufacturing 
 industry of tlie North, to create the culture of 
 the raw material in the South. E. Ecerett. 
 
 King Es'ter-mere. The hero of an 
 ancient and beautiful legend, which, 
 according to ]5ii3hop Percy, would 
 seem to have been written while a 
 great part of Spain was in the hands 
 of the Saracens or Moors, whose em- 
 pire was not fully extintjuished be- 
 fore the year 1491. Sir Walter Scott 
 suggests that an old romance, entitled 
 
 " How the King of Estmureland 
 married the daughter of the King of 
 "NVestmureland," may have been the 
 origin of the legend. 
 King Franconi (froo'ko'ne', G2). A 
 nickname given to Joachim Murat 
 (1707-1815), a famous Frencli gen- 
 eral, ii-om a celebrated mountebank 
 of that name, on account of his fan- 
 tastic love of finely in dress. Sec 
 
 IlAND.SOJtE SWOKDSMAN. 
 
 King Goldemar. See Goldemae, 
 
 KiKG. 
 
 King Girnther. See Gunthee, 
 
 KlKG. 
 
 King Horn. The hero and title of a 
 I'rench metrical romance, the work 
 of a poet who calls himself " Mestrc 
 Thomas," held by some to be a 
 composition of the latter part of the 
 twelfth century, and the original of 
 the English " Home Childe," or 
 " Geste of Kj'ng Horn." Ey others, 
 the English poem is regarded as the 
 earlier of the two. Bishop Percy 
 ascribed the English "King Horn" 
 to so early a date as " within a cen- 
 tuiy after the Conquest," although, 
 in its present form, it is probably not 
 older than the latter part of the thir- 
 teenth ceiitmy. 
 
 King Log. A character in a cele- 
 brated fable of jSsop, which relates 
 that the fi'ogs, grown weary of living 
 without government, petitioned Jupi- 
 ter for a king, and tliat, in response 
 to their request, he threw 6.ovn\ a 
 log among them for their ruler. The 
 fable adds that the fi-ogs, though at 
 lirst terrified by the sudden appear- 
 ance of their king, on becoming 
 familiarised to his presence, and 
 learning his true character, expe- 
 rienced a complete change of feeling, 
 their dread being turned into the 
 utmost contempt. They therefore 
 entreated Jupiter for another king; 
 whereupon he sent them a stork, — 
 or, as some saj', a serpent, — Avho 
 immediately began to devour them 
 with unappeasable voracity. Find- 
 ing that neither their liberty, prop- 
 erty, nor lives were secure under such 
 a ruler, they sent yet once more to 
 Jupiter for anotherking ; but instead 
 
 Hj' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 KI]^ 
 
 199 
 
 KIN 
 
 of giving them ono, he returned this 
 
 answer meruly : " They that will ncit 
 
 be contented when they are well, 
 
 must be jiatieut when things gu 
 
 amiss." 
 
 So, when Jove's block descended from on 
 
 high, . . . 
 Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog, 
 And the hoarse nation croaked, "God save 
 
 A7n<7 Log ! " I'viie. 
 
 I do not find throughout the whole of it 
 (AVouter Van Twiller'.s reifni) a sinu'le in- 
 Rt:uice of any otfender beini;broiij;ht to pun- 
 ishment, — a most indubitable si;;n tif a mer- 
 ciful governor, and a ease unnaralleled, ex- 
 cepting in the reign of the illustrious lunii 
 Log. from whom, it is hinted, tlic renowned 
 Van Twillcr was a lineal descendant. 
 
 W. Irvht.j. 
 
 Eing-maker, The. A title popidarly 
 conferred upon Richard jSIe\il, Earl 
 of Warwick (d. Ii71), who was 
 chiefly instrumental in deposing 
 King Henry VI., and raising the 
 Duke of York to the throne as Ed- 
 ward IV., and who afterward put 
 Edward to flight, and restored the 
 crown to Henry. 
 
 Thus, centuries after feudal times are past, 
 ■we find warriors still gathering uiuler tl\e old 
 castle-walls, and commanded by a feudal lord, 
 just as iu the days of the Kiiig-niakx'i', who, no 
 doubt, often mustered his retainers iu the 
 same market-place where I beheld this mod- 
 cm regiment. Ilawthuntc. 
 
 King Tfibelung (ne'ba-loong). A 
 king of the Nibehingcn, a mythical 
 Eurgundian tribe, who give name to 
 the great nicdia;val epic of Germany, 
 the ^' Nibelungen Lied." He be- 
 queathed to his two sons a hoard or 
 treasure beyond all price or compu- 
 tation, and incapable of diminution, 
 which was Avon by Siegfried, who 
 made war upon the Nibelungen and 
 conquered them. See Siegfried. 
 
 Here is learning; an irregular treasury, if 
 yoi\ will, hut inexhaustible as the hoard of 
 'Kinrj Xihehind, which twelve waggons in 
 twelve days, at the rate of three journeys a 
 day, could not carry off. Cai-lylc. 
 
 King No'del. The name of the lion 
 in the old German animal-epos enti- 
 tled " Keinecke Euchs." See Ee- 
 
 XARD. 
 
 King of Bark. A sobriquet given by 
 the Swedish peasants of his day to 
 Chri.stopher III. (d. 1448), king of 
 Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, on 
 account of their having had to use 
 birch-bark mixed with meal, in a 
 time of scarcitv. Michelet savs that 
 
 Christopher himself was obliged to 
 subsist temporarily on the bark of a 
 tree, and derived the nickname from 
 this circumstance. 
 King of Bath (2). A title bestowed 
 upon Kiehanl Nash (1U74-17G1), com- 
 monly called " ]5eau Nash," a cele- 
 brated master of the ceremonies, or 
 president over amusements, at Bath, 
 JCnglaud. His reigu continued, with 
 inidimiuished splendour, for lifteen 
 years. 
 
 King of Beggars. A sobriquet given 
 to 15ampfyldo Moore Carew, a noted 
 English vagabond, who died in 1758. 
 An " Apology " for his life was writ- 
 ten by Robert Goadby (8vo, London, 
 1745). 
 
 King of Brave Men. [Fr. Rut ties 
 Briires.l A surname or title given 
 by the troops imder his command to 
 Henry IV. (1553-lGlO), a valiant and 
 successful general. 
 
 King of Cots'would. GreyBrydgcs. 
 Lord Chandos (d. 1G21); — so called 
 from his magnificent style of living, 
 and his numerous attendants. Cots- 
 jcould, or Cotsivoldj is the name of a 
 range of hills in Gloucestershire, in 
 the neighbourhood of Sudley Castle, 
 his lordship's residence. 
 
 King of England's Viceroy. A 
 name given bv the. French, in de- 
 rision, to Louis XVIII. (175.5-1824), 
 on account of his manifestations of 
 gratitude to the government of Great 
 Britain for the assistance he had 
 received from it in recovermg the 
 throne of his ancestors. 
 
 King of PeuiUetons (fiPy'/fo"', 43, 
 02). [Fr. Le lloi des Feuilletons.'] 
 A sobriquet given to Jules Gabriel 
 Janin (b. 1804), a clever and ex- 
 tremely popular French journalist, 
 who for many years was connected 
 with the "Journal des Dc'bats"as 
 a writer for the "ytwiV/e^o;?," or that 
 part of the paper devoted to light 
 literature and criticism, it being the 
 foot of the page, and separated Iroiu 
 the upper portion by a heavj' line. 
 
 King of Kings. [Gr. Bao-tAeu? Ba- 
 criAewi'.] 1. A title giveu to Christ 
 in licv. xvii. 14. 
 
 and for tlie Remarks and Rules to which tlic numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 KIN" 
 
 200 
 
 KIN 
 
 2. A title given to Artaxerxes, or 
 ArJishii- (d. 241), the tirst Sassaiiide 
 kiii^ of Persia. 
 King of Men. 1. A title given by 
 Homer, in the " Iliad," to Agamem- 
 non, king ot'Mycenie. 
 
 Slie, too, [Electra,] though a Grecian wom- 
 an, and tlie daughter of the Kinfi of Men, 
 yet wept Bometimes, and liid her tUee in licr 
 robe. JJa Quincey. 
 
 2. The same title is given to 
 Jupiter and to Odin. See Jui'iTiiit 
 and Ouix. 
 
 King of Painters. A title assmned 
 l)y rnrrhasius of Ephesus, a eele- 
 brated painter of antiquity, and the 
 contemporary of Zeuxis. According 
 to riutarch, he was accustomed U, 
 dress himself in a purple robe, and 
 wear a crown of gold. 
 
 King of Preacliers. [Fr. Le Rol des 
 I'rrdicdteiirs.^ An epithet conferred 
 upon Lfiuis ])ourdaloue (1G32-170-1), 
 a noted French preacher. 
 
 King of ReptUes. [Fr. Le Hoi Jcs 
 Reptiles.] A nickname given to 
 Bernard Germain Etienne de la Ville, 
 Count Lacepede (1758-1825), on ac- 
 count of his researches in natural 
 history, and also on account of the 
 ready eloquence with which he justi- 
 tied the arbitrary measures of the 
 Emperor Napoleon. He was the 
 author of a work entitled " Ilisioire 
 des Reptiles.'''' 
 
 King of Tars. The subject and title 
 of an ancient Englisli metrical ro- 
 mance. Tars is Thrace, or, accord- 
 ing to some commentators. Tarsus. 
 
 King of Terrors. A common person- 
 itication of death. 
 
 Ilia confidence sliall be rooted out of liis 
 tiibernacle, and it tfhall bring hiin to the Kinfj 
 of Terrors. Job xviii. 14. 
 
 King of the Border. A name given 
 to Adam Scott of Tushielaw, a noted 
 robber who infested the border terri- 
 tory of England and Scotland. 
 
 King of the Courts. [Lat. Rex 
 .] ud'icioruni.'] An epithet conferred 
 by Cicero upon Quintus Hortensius 
 (d. B. c. 50), a distinguished Eoman 
 forensic orator. 
 
 King of the French. [Fr. Le Rui dts 
 Ffiiii'jdis.] Tlie original style or ti- 
 
 tle of the French kings, which was 
 changed into that of " King of 
 France" by Philip Augustus (1179- 
 122:3). On the 10th of Oct., 1789, tlie 
 National Assembl}- decreed that the 
 old style should be resumed by Louis 
 XVI. In 1792, the monarchy was 
 abolished, and the republic declared ; 
 but in 1814 the house of Bourbon 
 was restored, and both Louis XVIII. 
 and Charles X. assumed the title of 
 " King of France." In 1830, the 
 Ilevolution of .luly occurred, and soon 
 after Louis Philippe was called to 
 tlie throne as constitutional " King 
 of the French," a title which he 
 formally accepted on the 9th of 
 August. 
 
 King of the Markets. [Fr. Le Roi 
 des Ilttlles.] A sobriquet conferred 
 upon Francois de Vendome Beaufort 
 (1G1G-1C69), grandson of Henry IV. 
 He acquired this name from his pop- 
 ularity with the Parisians, his familiar 
 manners, and the pleasure he took 
 in using their language and slang. 
 
 King of the Komans. [Lat. Rex 
 
 Romdiiorum.] A title assmned by 
 the Emperor Henry II., previous to 
 his coronation in 1014. He was the 
 lirst reigning prince of Italy or Ger- 
 many who bore it. In 1055, it was 
 conferred upon the eldest son of 
 Henry III., and afterward, for many 
 years, was borne by the heirs of the 
 emperors of Germany. Napoleon I. 
 conferred the title of " King of 
 Pome" upon his son, March 20, 
 1811. 
 King of "Waters. A name given to 
 the river Amazon. 
 
 King of Yvetot (ev'to')- [Fr. Le 
 Roi rZ' Vvetot.] A title assumed by 
 the lord of a little principality in 
 France, named Yvetot, some time in 
 the latter part of the eleventh cen- 
 tury. In the sixteenth century, the 
 title of king was changed to that of 
 prince souverain, and, at a later day, 
 tlie idea of sovereignty attached to 
 this seigniory disappeared. B^ran- 
 ger has made of the King of Yvetot 
 a model of a potentate, a good little 
 king, not known in history, but hap- 
 pier than any monarch, having taken 
 
 EQ~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 KIN 
 
 20X 
 
 KIT 
 
 pleasure for bis code. " Under this 
 apologue," says Tissot, " Beranger 
 has satirised the Great Emperor him- 
 self.'' The title is metaphorically 
 applied to a ruler of large preteusious, 
 but insignilicaut authority. 
 
 Tlicre WHS a Kbi'i tit' Vntot once 
 
 But little kiuiwu in sturv; 
 To lii'd Ix-tiiiu's, ;iiul ii>iii^' late, 
 Scmnd sk'epiT withcmt t^ory ; 
 With cotton nisrlit-cap, too, instead 
 Of crowu, would Jenny deck liis head, 
 
 'T is said. 
 Rat tat, rat tat, rat tat, rat tat. 
 Oh, what a good Uttle kiuK was that I 
 
 Kat tat. li^rangcr. Trans. 
 
 They ■would oxoliange Cxsnr for Prusias, 
 and Napoleon for the King of Yvetot. 
 
 Victor lluyo. Trans. 
 
 King Pe-9heur'. [Fr. pecheur, a sin- 
 ner.] Uncle of Perceval, and keeper 
 of the sangreal and sacred lance, the 
 guardianship of which was intrusted 
 only to a descendant of Joseph of 
 Arimathea, and on the sole condi- 
 tion of his leading a life of perfect 
 purity in thought, word, and deed. 
 Having one da}' so far forgotten the 
 obligations of his sacred otlicc as to 
 look with unhallowed ej'e upon a 
 young female pilgrim, whose robe 
 was accidentally loosened as she knelt 
 before him, his frailty was instantly 
 punished by the sacred lance spon- 
 taneously falling upon him, and in- 
 flicting a deep and incurable wound. 
 
 King Pellenore. See Pellexoue. 
 
 King P^taud (pu'to'). A French name 
 occurring only in the phrase, "Ze cinw 
 (Ic Roi Pi'laud,"' The court of King 
 Petaud. It derives its origin from 
 an assembly of beggars, who formerly 
 held meetings under the presidency 
 of the most adroit, or the poorest, 
 among them, who took the title of 
 King Petaud (from the Latin petere, 
 to beg). The phrase "the court of 
 King Pt^taud" denotes a place of 
 confusion, wliere every thing is out 
 of order, where every body is master. 
 
 King Pym. A sobriquet given, on 
 account of his great popularity and 
 his political influence, to John Pj'm 
 (1584-164.3), leader of the English 
 house of commons during the strug- 
 gle preceding the parliamentary wars. 
 He was originally so called by the 
 royalists, in derision. 
 
 King Ryence. See Ryence, King. 
 Kings, The Do-nothing. Seo 
 
 FAI>!liAXT.S, Les KoIS. 
 
 King Sacripant. Sec Sacripant, 
 
 KiNC 
 
 King Serpent 
 
 See King Log. 
 
 It nii^'lit have hecn as well expected that the 
 trofe's in the table would, in ease of invasion, 
 have risen m u mass to defend Kiiuj .Serrnit 
 iSir n: ,Scult. 
 
 Kings of Brentford, The Two, 
 See Bkentfued, The Two Kings 
 
 OF. 
 
 Kings of Cologne, The Three. 
 See Cologne, The Tiikee Kings 
 
 OF. 
 
 King Stork. See King Log. 
 
 Kink'el, Mme. A pseudonym adopt- 
 ed by Miss Elizabeth Sara "Sheppanl, 
 an English novelist (d. 18U2), author 
 of "Charles Auchester," "Counter- 
 parts," &c. 
 
 Kin'mont 'Willie. William Anu- 
 strong, of Kinmonth, a notorious free- 
 booter of the latter part of the six- 
 teenth century, and the hero of a 
 spirited and famous Scottish ballad. 
 
 Kirke, Edmund (4). Tlie literary 
 name of James Roberts Gilmorc, an 
 American writer, author of "Among 
 the Pines," " My Southern Friends," 
 &c. 
 
 Kirke's Lambs. A name given to ^ 
 the soldiers of Colonel Percy Kirke, 
 an ofiicer in the Englis^h army in the 
 time of James II., on account" of their 
 ferocity and tlie barbarities which 
 they committed. 
 
 Kiss of Lamourette. See L.vxiou- 
 r.ETTE's Kiss. 
 
 Kitchen Cabinet. A name sportively 
 given, in the United States, to Francis 
 P. Blair and Amos Kendall, by the. 
 opponents of President Jackson's ad- 
 ministration. Blair was the editiir 
 of " The Globe," the organ of the 
 president, and Kendall was one of the 
 principal contributors to the paper. 
 As it was necessary for Jackson to 
 consult frequently with these gentle- 
 men, and as, to avoid observation, 
 they were accustomed, when they 
 called upon him, to go in by a back 
 door, the Whig party styled them, in 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxil. 
 
 ^ hini ujl 
 
 H*. ftV^'W «<^^ '«./' 
 
 Ir^^ 
 
 [a *v>
 
 KIT 
 
 202 KM 
 
 derision, the " Kitchen Cabinet," al- 
 leijiuj,' that it was by their advice 
 that "he president removed so many 
 AViiigs from office and put Democrats 
 in their place. 
 
 Kite, Sergeant. A prominent char- 
 acter in Karquhar's comedy of "The 
 KecnutiiiK Officer." He is an origi- 
 nal and admirable picture of low life 
 and humour. 
 
 Kite'ly. The name of a rich city 
 merchant, extremely jealous of his 
 wife, in Ben Jonson's comedy of 
 "Every Man in his Humour." 
 
 Klabotermann (kls-bo'tef-man). A 
 ship kobold of the Baltic, who is some- 
 times heard, but rarely seen. He 
 helps sailors at their work, and beats 
 them with a rope's-end, when needful. 
 He appears only to doomed vessels, 
 sittinu; on the bowsprit of a phantom- 
 ship "called " Carmilhan," smoking 
 a short pipe, dressed in yellow sail- 
 or's clothes, and weariug a night-cap. 
 [Written also K 1 a b a u t e r m a n n.] 
 
 E3avxs, Peter (klSwss). The hero of 
 an old popular tradition of Germany, 
 
 — the prototype of Eip Van Winkle, 
 
 — represented as a goat -herd from 
 Sittendorf, who, one day leading his 
 herd to pasture on the Kyft'hiiuser, 
 was accosted by a young man, who 
 silently beckoned him to follow. The 
 goat-lierd, obeying the direction, Avas 
 led into a deep dell enclosed by crag- 
 gy precipices, where he found twelve 
 knightly personages playing at skit- 
 tles, no one of whom uttered a word. 
 Gazing around him, he observed a 
 can of wine which exhaled a delicious 
 fragrance. Drinking from it, he felt 
 inspired with new life, but at length 
 was overpowered by sleep. When 
 he awoke, he found himself again on 
 the plain where his goats were accus- 
 tomed to rest. But, rubbing his eyes, 
 he could see neither dog nor goats; 
 he was astonished at the height of 
 the grass, and at trees, which he had 
 never before observed. Descending 
 the mountain and entering the village, 
 he found, to his consternation, that 
 every thing in the place wore an 
 altered look ; most of the people were 
 strangers to him; the few acquaint- 
 
 ances he met seemed to have grown 
 suddenly old; and only at last liy 
 mutual inquiries was the truth elicited 
 that he had been asleep for twenty 
 years. The story is related inOtmar's 
 " Volcks-Sagen " (Traditions of the 
 Ilarz), Bremen, 1800. See Epijien- 
 lUES, Sleeping Beauty in the 
 Wood, and Winkle, Klp Van. 
 
 Your Epimenides, vour somnolent Peter 
 Klaiui, since named " Kip Van Wiultle." 
 
 CarhjJe. 
 
 Knick'er-bock'er, Die'dricli (de'- 
 drik nik'er-bok'er). The imaginary 
 author of a humourous fictitious " His- 
 tory of New York," written by Wash- 
 ington Irving. 
 
 Knight of La Mancha. See Don 
 Quixote. 
 
 Knight of the Sorrowful Counte- 
 nance. [AlfiO Knt(/lit of the Woful 
 Countenance^ or Kni(/lit of the Rueful 
 Countenance.'] An appellation given 
 to Don Quixote. See Don Quix- 
 ote. 
 
 Know-nothings. A name popular- 
 ly given, in the United States, to a 
 shoil-lived party of " Native Amer- 
 icans," a secret political order, which 
 sprung up in 1853, and into which 
 no members were admitted whose 
 grandfathers were not natives of the 
 country. To all questions regarding 
 the movements of the organisation, 
 the prescribed reply was, "I don't 
 know;" hence the nickname. The 
 cardinal principles of the party were, 
 the repeal or radical modification of 
 the naturalisation laws; the iueligi- 
 bilitj' to public office of any but na- 
 tive Americans; a pure American 
 common-school system; and opposi- 
 tion to Catholicism. The part}^ split 
 on the slavery question, and became 
 divided into ""North Americans " and 
 " South Americans." See Hindoos 
 and Saji. 
 
 Kriemhilt. See Chriemhild. 
 
 Kriss Kringle (kring'gl), or Christ 
 Kinkle (kingk'l). [From Ger. 
 Kristkimlkin, Christ-child.] A term 
 somewhat vaguely used in the 
 United States, — where German and 
 Dutch customs prevail, — both for 
 Christ in his bovhood and for St. 
 
 C3~ For the " Key to tlie Sclieme of Pronunciation," -with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 KRI 
 
 203 
 
 KUV 
 
 Nicholas. It generally means the 
 latter, who, under the intluence of 
 the former, is iiresumed to issue his 
 rewards to good children, on the vigil 
 of his festival, " Christ Kinkle eve," 
 disguisrd in a fur cap and strange 
 apparel, with a capacious bag before 
 him from which to distribute his 
 gifts. Under the name Pelznichel 
 Ipelz, ftu'), in German}', he is the 
 terror of the young at that season, as 
 he is presumed to have heard all 
 about them from the omniscient 
 Christ-child. He is the Mumbo Jumbo 
 of Teutonic nations. 13y the little 
 children he is often propitiated as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Christkindchcn kommj 
 Wucli iiiicli tVomiii; 
 Das ich zu dir in Kiinmcl komm." 
 
 Christ-child come; make me devout; 
 that I may come to thee in heaven. 
 On Christmas eve, the young folks 
 hang up their stockings in their 
 chambers in expectatiou of being 
 held in reuienibrance b_y the same 
 mysterious stranger. [Written also 
 C r i s s K r i u g 1 e and C r i s s 
 C r i n g 1 e.] 
 
 Kuvera (koo-va'rS). [Sansk., having 
 a wretched body.] (Ilinda Mi/lh.) 
 The god of riches, represented as 
 frightfully deformed, and as riding in 
 a car drawn by hobgoblins. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv'zzzii.
 
 LAB 
 
 204 
 
 LAG 
 
 L. 
 
 Labe, Queen. See Queen Labe. 
 
 Lach'e-sis. [Gr. Aax^t"?-] (^''- & 
 iiom. Myth.) One of the three Fates; 
 the oue tliat spun the thread of life. 
 See Parc.k. 
 
 La-co'ni-a. A name originally given 
 to a tract of country bounded by the 
 Jlerrimack, the Kennebec, the ocean, 
 and the " IJivcr of Canada," includvd 
 in a royal grant to Ferdinando Gorges 
 and John Mason. 
 
 Ladies' Peace. [Fr. La Paix des 
 JJmncs.] (Fr.I/isi.) The treaty of 
 peace concluded at Cambrai, in io-29, 
 between Francis I. of France, and 
 Charles V., emperor of Germany. 
 It was so called because it was chief- 
 ly negotiated by Louise of Savoy, 
 mother to Francis, and Margaret, 
 duchess-dowager of Savoy, the em- 
 peror's aunt. 
 
 Lady Bountiful. A character in 
 Farquhar's " Heaux' Stratagem; " a 
 benevolent old couutiy gentlewoman 
 who goes about curing all sorts of 
 distempers. 
 
 To sum up the whole, the dame . . . being 
 aeoTtof Laai/ Bountiful in her way, . . . was 
 proud of the skill by which she had averted 
 the probable attacks of hereditary malady, so 
 jiiTeterate in the family of Bridgenorth. 
 
 .Sir jr. Scott. 
 
 He [Southey] conceives that ... he [the 
 maRistrate] ou^jht to be a perfect jack-of-all- 
 trades, — architect, engineer, schoolmaster, 
 merchant, theologian, a Lad;/ Bountiful in 
 every parish, a Paul Pry in every house, spy- 
 ing, eavesdropping, relieving, admonishing, 
 spending our money for us, choosing oiir 
 opinions for us. Macaulaij. 
 
 Lady of Avenel, The "WTiite. See 
 White Lady of Avenel. 
 
 Lady of England. A title conferred 
 upon ilatilda, daughter of Henr^' I. 
 of England, and wife of Geoffrey 
 Plantagenet, by a council held at 
 Winchester, April 7, 1141. 
 
 Lady of Sha-lott'. A maiden of 
 gentle birth and exquisite beauty, 
 who fell in love with Lancelot du 
 Lac, and died on finding her passion 
 unrequited and altogether hopeless. 
 Tennyson has made her storj' the 
 
 subject of one of the most beautiful 
 of his minor poems. 
 
 Lady of the Lake. 1. A name given 
 to Vivian, mistress of the enchanter 
 Merlin. She had a palace situated 
 in the midst of an imaginary lake, — 
 like that often seen by the traveller 
 across tropical deserts, — whose de- 
 luding semblance served as a barrier 
 to her residence. Here she dwelt, 
 surrounded by a splendid court of 
 knights and damsels, and attended 
 by a numerous retinue. 
 
 2. The title of a poem by Sir 
 Walter Scott, and a name given to 
 its heroine, Ellen, the daughter of 
 Douglas, the former favourite of King 
 James, but now banished, disgraced, 
 and living in a secret retreat near 
 Loch Katrine. 
 
 Lady of the Sun, A name given to 
 Alice Ferrers (or Pierce), a mistress 
 of Edward III. of England, and a 
 married woman of great beautj', who 
 had been lady of the bed-chamber to 
 Queen Philippa. Although Edward 
 lavished upon her both honours and 
 riches, yet at his death she stole his 
 jewels, taking even the rings from 
 his fingers. 
 
 Lady of Threadneedle Street. See 
 Old Lady of Thkeadxeedle 
 Street. 
 
 Lady Touchwood. See Toucii- 
 AVOOD, Lady'. 
 
 La-er'tSs (4). Son to Polonius, and 
 brother to Ophelia, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Hamlet." 
 
 La-feii'. An old lord, in Shakespeare's 
 '• All 's Well that Ends Well." 
 
 Li-ga'do. The name of the capital 
 city of Balnibarbi, a continent subject 
 to the king of Laputa. (See Gulli- 
 ver, Lemuel.) Lagado is celebrated 
 for its grand acadeni}- of projectors, 
 who try to extract sunbeams from 
 cucumbers, to calcine ice into gun- 
 powder, iSrc. In the description of 
 this fancied academy. Swift ridicules 
 
 03" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations
 
 LAI 
 
 205 
 
 LAL 
 
 the speculative pliilosopliers and the 
 false and chimerical pretenders to 
 science who were so common in his 
 day. 
 
 La'i-us (20). [Gr. Aaio?.] ( Gr. ij- Rom. 
 Jli/th.) A king of Thebes, and the 
 father of Qidipus, by whom he was 
 mnvittingly killed. 
 
 La-ke'di-Sn, Isaac. See Jew, The 
 Waxdeking. 
 
 Lake Poets, Lake School, Lakers, 
 or Lakists. A nickname given by 
 the British critics, near the beginning 
 of the present century, to " a certain 
 brotherhood of poets" — to use the 
 language of the "Edinburgh Review," 
 vol. xi., p. 214 — who "haimted tor 
 some years about the lakes of Cum- 
 berland," and who were erroneously 
 thought to have united on some 
 settled theory or principles of com- 
 position and style. Wordsworth, 
 Southe}', and Coleridge were re- 
 gartled as the chief representatives 
 of this so-called school, but Lamb, 
 Lloyd, and Wilson were also included 
 under the same designation. 
 
 ^3' " The author who is now before us 
 [Southey] belongs to a srct of poets that 
 has established itself in this country 
 within these ten or twelve years, ami is 
 looked upon, we believe, as one of its 
 chief champions and apostles. The pecu- 
 liar doctrines of this sect it would not, 
 perhaps, be very easy to explain ; but 
 that they are dissenters from the estab- 
 lished systems in poetry and criticism is 
 admitted, aud proved, indeed, by the 
 whole tenor of their compositions." . . . 
 " The productions of this school . . . can- 
 not be better characterised than by an 
 enumeratioQ of the sources from which 
 their materials have been derived. The 
 [greatest part of them, we apprehend, will 
 be found to be composed of the foUowinj; 
 elements : 1. The anti - social principles 
 aud distempered .sensibility of Rousseau ; 
 his discontent with the present constitu- 
 tion of society ; his paradoxical morality ; 
 and his perpetual hankerings after some 
 unattainable state of voluptuous virtue 
 and perfection. 2. The simplicity and en- 
 ergy {horresco re/trens) of Kotzebue and 
 Schiller. 3. The homeliness and harsh- 
 ness of some of Cowper's language and 
 versification, interchanged occasionally 
 with the innnrence of Ambrose Philips, 
 or the qnaintness of Quarles and Dr. 
 Donne. From the diligent study of these 
 few originals, we have no doubt that an 
 
 entire art of poetry may bo collected, by 
 tlie assistance of which the very t;inllfst 
 of our readers may soon be qualified to 
 compose a poem as correctly versified a.>i 
 ' Thaiaba,' aud to deal out sentiment and 
 description with all the sweetness of 
 Lamb, aud all the magnificence of Cole- 
 ridge." Edinburgh Kev.,vot. i. 
 jeEg' " When, some yours ago, a gentlc- 
 roau [Mr. Jeffrey], the chief writer and 
 conductor of a celebrated review [the 
 ' Edinburgh Review ' ] distinguished by 
 its hostility to Mr. Southey, spent a day 
 or two at Keswick [Mr. Southey's place 
 of resideuce], he was circumstantially 
 informed by what scries of accidents it 
 had happeued that Jlr. Wordsworth. Mr. 
 Southey, and I had become neighbours ; 
 and how utterly groundless was the sup- 
 position that we considered our.sclves as 
 belonging to any common school but that 
 of good sense, confirmed by the long- 
 established models of the best times of 
 Greece, Home, Italy, and England, and 
 still more groundless the notion that Mr. 
 Southey (for, as to myself, I have pub- 
 lished so little, and that little of so little 
 importance, as to make it almost ludi- 
 crous to mention my name at all) coulil 
 have been concerned in the formation of 
 a poetic sect with Jlr. Wordsworth, when 
 so many of his works had been published, 
 not only previously to any acquaintance 
 between them, but before Mr. AVords- 
 worth himself had written any thing but 
 in a diction ornate and uniformly sus- 
 tained ; when, too, the slightest exami- 
 nation will make it evident that between 
 those and tlie after-writings of Mr. South- 
 ey there exists no other difference than 
 tliat of a progressive degree of excellence, 
 from progressive development of power, 
 and progressive facility from habit and 
 increase of experience. Yet, among the 
 first articles which this man wrote after 
 his return from Keswick, we were char- 
 acterised as ' the school of whining and 
 hypochondriacal poets that havuit the 
 Lakes.' " Coleridge. 
 
 Lake State. A name popularly given 
 to the State of Jlichigan, which bor- 
 ders upon the four lakes, Superior, 
 Michigan, Huron, and Erie. 
 
 Laks'mi. {Hindu Jf/jlli.) The con- 
 sort of Vishnu, and tlie goddess of 
 beauty, grace, riches, and pleasure. 
 She is a favourite suljjeet of Indian 
 painting and poetry, and is pictured 
 as a being of transcendent loveliness, 
 yet of a dark blue colour. 
 
 Lal'la Robkh. The title of a poem 
 by Moore, and the name of its hero- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers aflcr certain words refer, see pp. xlv-xxxii.
 
 LAM 
 
 206 
 
 LAM 
 
 ine, the daughter of the great Au- 
 rcngzebc. She is betrothed to the 
 young king of Bucharia, and sets 
 forth with a splendid train of attend- 
 ants, to meet him in tiio deliglitful 
 valley of Cashmere. To amuse the 
 languor, or divert the impatience, of 
 the royal bride, in the noontide and 
 night halts other luxiu'ious progress, 
 a young Cashmerian poet had been 
 sent by the gallantry of the bride- 
 groom, and, on these occasions, he 
 recites the several tales that make up 
 the bulk of the poem. With him 
 she falls desperately in love, and by 
 the time she enters the lovely vale of 
 Cashmere, and sees the glittering 
 palaces and towers prepared for her 
 reception, she feels that she would 
 joyfully forego all tliis pomp and 
 splendour, and fly to the desert with 
 the youtliful bard whom she adores. 
 He, however, has now disappeared 
 from her side, and she is supported, 
 with fainting heart and downcast 
 eye, into the presence of her tyrant ; 
 when a well-known voice bids her be 
 of good cheer, and, looking up, she 
 sees her beloved poet in the prince 
 himself, who had assumed this gal- 
 lant disguise, and won her affections, 
 without any aid from his rank or her 
 engagements. 
 
 LamTbro. The piratical father of 
 Haidee, in Byron's "Don Juan;" 
 considered by Coleridge to be the 
 finest of all Byron's characters. 
 
 Lame and. Unstable Peace. [Fr. 
 Paix Boiievse et MKl-assise.'\ (Fr. 
 Eist.) A name given to a treaty of 
 peace, of short dm-ation, concluded 
 ' with the Calvinists, in ] 568, in the 
 name of Charles IX., by Biron, who 
 was lame. [Called also Ill-grounded 
 Peace and Patched-up Peace.'] 
 
 La'mi-a. [Gr. Aa^ia.] { Gr. (f Bom. 
 Myth.) A female phantom, whose 
 name was used as a bugbear to 
 frighten children. According to tra- 
 dition, she was a Libyan queen, a 
 daugliter of Belus, of "great beauty, 
 and beloved by Jupiter, for which 
 reason the jealous Juno robbed her 
 of her children. Lamia, tilled with 
 revenge and despair, and unable to 
 
 injure Juno, robbed other.s of their 
 children, whom she afterward mur- 
 dered. Her face became fearfiilly 
 distorted and ugly by indulgence iii 
 such savage cruelty, and Jupiter in- 
 vested her with still greater terror by 
 giving her the power of taking out 
 her ej'es and putting them in again 
 at will. Lamia is the subject and ti- 
 tle of an admired iioem by Keats. 
 
 S^ In a later age, a belief sprang up 
 in a plurality of Lamia;, handsome spec- 
 tres, who, by voluptuous artifices, enticed 
 young men to them, in order to feast 
 upon their flesh and blood. 
 
 Lam'mi-kin. The subject of a well- 
 known Scottish ballad. 
 
 ;6f3= " The hero, if such a term is appli- 
 cable to the blood-thirsty mason, has been 
 celebrated under the names of Lammikin, 
 Lamkin, Linkin, Belinkin, Bold Rankin, 
 and Balcanqual, and has become, through 
 the medium of injudicious servants, the 
 prime terror of the Scottish nursery. 
 Like most such ogres, he is a myth ; at 
 least, I hare never seen any satisfactory 
 attempt at his identification, nor has any 
 one discovered the locality of the castle 
 which he buUt and baptised with blood." 
 Aytoun. 
 
 Lamourette's Kiss (la'moo'ret'). 
 [Fr. Le Baiser de Lnmourette.] {Fr. 
 Hhi.) A name derisively given to a 
 sudden reconciliation of the different 
 factions of the Legislative Assembly, 
 which had previously been bitterly 
 hostile to each other. It was brought 
 about, on the 7th of July, 1792, "by 
 an eloquent appeal of the Abb6 La- 
 mourette, constitutional bishop of 
 Lyons, — whose name signifies ilic 
 siceetheari, — but was of very brief 
 duration. [Called also La keconci- 
 liaiion Normande, or The Norman 
 HeconciUaiion, from the coimtrj' of 
 the bishop.] 
 
 JSS' '■ The deputies of every faction, 
 Royalist, Constitutionalist, Girondist, 
 Jacobin, and Orleanist, rushed into each 
 other's arms, and mi.xed tears with the 
 solemn oaths by which thej' renounced 
 the innovations supposed to be imputed 
 to them. The king was sent for to enjoy 
 this spectacle of concord, so strangely 
 and so unexpectedly renewed. But the 
 feeling, though strong, — and it might 
 be with many overpowering for the mo- 
 ment, — was but like oil spilt on the rag- 
 ing sea, or rather like a shot fired across 
 
 US- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyins Explanations,
 
 LAX 
 
 207 
 
 LAN 
 
 the waves of a torrent, which, though it 
 counteracts them by its momentjiry im- 
 pulse, cannot for a second alter tlieir 
 course. The factions, like Le Sage's de- 
 mons, detested each other tlie more for 
 having been compelled to embrace.-' 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lan'ce-lot du Lac, or Lancelot of 
 the Lake. Tlie son of King 15au 
 of Brittany, and one of the must 
 famous kni'glits of the Round Table ; 
 e(iiially remarkable for his gallantry 
 and good-nature. lie wa.s the hero 
 of a celebrated romance of cliivahy, 
 T\-ritten in Latin by an unknown au- 
 i hor, and translated by Walter Mapes, 
 i;i the twelfth century. He received 
 : !:e api)ellation of" du Lac " from hav- 
 ing been educated at the court ofYiv- 
 i;ni, mistress of the enchanter Merlin, 
 and better known as the Lady of the 
 Lake. Lancelot was celebrated for 
 his amours with Guinever, the wife 
 of his friend and sovereign. King 
 Arthur, and for the exploits he un- 
 dertook for her sake, which involved 
 liini iu a long and cruel war with Ar- 
 thur. Toward the close of his life, 
 he became a hermit. 
 
 (^- '• Thou . . . wert never matched 
 of none earthly knight's hands ; and thou 
 wei't the curliest knight that ever bare 
 shield ; and tbou wert the truest friend 
 to thj' lover that ever bestrode horse ; and 
 thou wert the truest lover, of a sinful 
 man, that ever loved woman ; and thou 
 wert the kindest man that erer struck 
 with sword ; and thou wert the goodliest 
 person that ever came among press of 
 knights ; and thou wert the meekest man 
 and the gentlest that ever ate in hall 
 among ladies ; and thou wert the stern- 
 est knight to thy mortal foe that ever put 
 spear in the rest." Morte (f Arthur. 
 
 Land of Beulah. In Bunyan's alle- 
 gory, " The Pilgrim's Progress," a 
 land of rest and quiet (symbolising 
 the Christian's peace of mind), rej)- 
 reseuted as lying upon the hither 
 side of the river of Death. In it tlic 
 pilgrims tarry till their summons 
 comes to cross the .stream, and enter 
 the Celestial City. The name occurs 
 iu Isa. Ixii. 4. 
 
 J8S=" " After this, I beheld until they 
 came unto the landof ISeulah, where thu 
 sun shineth night and day. Here, be- 
 cause they were weary, they betook them- 
 
 selves awhile to rest. But a little while 
 soon refreshed them here ; for the bells 
 did so ring, and the trumpets continu- 
 ally sounded so melodiously, that they 
 could not sleep, and yet they received 
 as much refreshing as if they had slept 
 their sleep ever so soundly. Here al.so 
 all the noise of them that walked the 
 streets was. More pilgi-ims are come to 
 town ! And another would answer, say- 
 ing. And so many went over the water, 
 and; were let in at the golden gates to-day ! 
 In this land they heard nothing, saw noth- 
 ing, smelt nothing, tasted nothing, that 
 was offensive to their stomach or mind ; 
 only when they tasted of the water of the 
 river over which they were to go, they 
 thought that it tasted a little bitterish to 
 the palate ; but it proved sweet when it 
 was down." 
 
 Land of Bondage. A name given 
 in the Bible to Egypt. The Israel- 
 ites, during the first part of their so- 
 journ in that countr}', were treated 
 with great kindness, and increased 
 in numbers and prosperitj-; but at 
 length '' there arose up a new king 
 over Egypt, which knew not Joseph," 
 and who adopted a subtle s3'stom to 
 alllict and reduce them by making 
 them perform forced labom-, and soon 
 aftera-ard by killing their male chil- 
 dren. This oppression led to the ex- 
 odus, the forty years' wandering in 
 the wilderness, and the subsequent 
 conquest and occupation of the land 
 of Canaan. 
 
 Land of Cakes. A name sometimes 
 given to Scotland, because oatmeal 
 cakes are a common national article 
 of food, particidarly among tlie poorer 
 classes. 
 
 Hear, T.and o' Calcs and brithcr Scots, 
 Frac Jlaidenkiik to Jolni o' Groats, 
 If there 's a hole in a' your coats, 
 
 I redeye tent it: 
 A chiel 's amanc you tnkin' notes, 
 
 And, faith, he '11 prent it. Hums. 
 
 The lady loves, and admires, and worsliins 
 
 every thins Scottish; the gentleman looks 
 
 down on the Zand of Cakes like a superior 
 
 intelligence. Blackwood's Mar/. 
 
 Land of Nod. The state or condition 
 of sleep, conceived of as a country 
 which people visit in their dreams. 
 
 JSgr" This figure is evidently borrowed 
 from the use of the English word nod. as 
 denoting the motion of the head in drow- 
 siness. But it was also, most probably, 
 at first employed as containing a ludi- 
 crous allusion to the language of Scripture 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 LAN 
 
 2US 
 
 LAP 
 
 in rejard to the conduct of the first mur- 
 derer: "And Cain went out from the 
 presence of the Ix)rd, and dwelt in the 
 land of Nod." ( den. iv. 16.) 
 
 "And d'ye ken, lass," said Madge, "there 'n 
 queer thin^ chanced since jc hae been in 
 the LwiJ of Sod ! " Sir W. ikotl. 
 
 Ijand of Promise. See Promised 
 
 L.VNIJ. 
 
 Land of Steady Habits. A name 
 by wliicli the State of Connecticut 
 i.s sometirae.s designated, in allusion 
 to the settled usages and staid de- 
 portment of it.s inhabitants. 
 
 Land of "Wisdom. [Fr. La Pays de 
 Sapience.] A name given to Nor- 
 mandy, in France, because of the 
 wise customs which have prevailed 
 there, and also because of the .kill 
 and judgment of the people in mat- 
 tors of jurisprudence. 
 
 Lane, ■Wycliflte. A pseudonym of 
 Mrs. E. Jenings, a Avriter of the 
 present day. 
 
 Lang'stafF, Laun'ce-lot (2). A 
 pseudonym under which " Salma- 
 gundi " was jointly published by 
 Washington Irving, William Irving, 
 and .James K. Paulding. 
 
 Languish, Miss Lydia. The hero- 
 ine of Sheridan's comedy of '" The 
 Rivals;" distinguished for the ex- 
 travagance of her romantic notions. 
 
 Let not those, however, who enter into a 
 tmion fur life without those embarrassments 
 which delight a . . . Lylia Languish, and 
 which are perhaps necessary to excite an en- 
 thusiastic passion in breasts more firm than 
 theirs, au^ur worse of their future happiness, 
 bcc'ausc their own alliance is formed under 
 cilraer auspices. Sir IT. Scott. 
 
 Lanternois, L'lle des (161 da 16n'- 
 tOr'ni', G2). See Island of Lax- 
 
 TliUNS. 
 
 Ll-oc'6-on. [Gr. AaoKOMv.] {Gr. (f- 
 Rom. Mijth.) A son of Priam and 
 Hecuba, and a priest of Apollo, or, 
 as some say, of Neptune. He op- 
 posed the reception of the Wooden 
 Horse into Tro)', thinking it some 
 artifice of the deceitful Greeks. He 
 and his two sons were killed by two 
 monstrous serpents which came from 
 the sea; but the reason of their be- 
 ing made to suffer this horrible fate 
 is differently stated. The serpents 
 first entwined the boys, and, when 
 
 their father attempted to rescue them, 
 they involved and crushed him also 
 in their coils. The death of Laocoon 
 is the subject of one of the most 
 magnificent and celebrated works of 
 ancient sculpture still in existence; 
 it was discovered in 130G at Rome, 
 and is now preserved in the Vatican. 
 
 Li-od'a-mi'a. [Gr. AaoSaAieta.] {Gr. 
 (J- Rom. Myth.) The wife of Protes- 
 ilaus, whom she followed to the un- 
 der-world, after his death at the 
 hands of Hector. Wordsworth has 
 made this mj'th the subject of his 
 exquisite poem entitled " Laodamia." 
 See Pkotesilaus. 
 
 Li-om'e-don. [Gr. Aao/xeowi'.] {Gr. 
 (f Rom. Myth.) A king of Troy, 
 son of Ilus and Eurydice, and the 
 father of Priam, Ganymede, and Ti- 
 thonus. With the assistance of Apol- 
 lo and Neptune, he buUt the walls of 
 Troy; but, when the work was done, 
 he refused to jjay the reward which 
 he had promised for the labour, and 
 expelled them from his dominions. 
 Hereupon Neptune sent a sea-mon- 
 ster to ravage the country; and in 
 compliance with the command of an 
 oracle, a maiden, chosen by lot, was 
 from time to time sacrificed to pro- 
 pitiate it. On one occasion, Laome- 
 don's own daughter Hesione was the 
 victim selected ; but Hercules saved 
 her on receiving a certain solemn 
 promise from her father, which not 
 being fultilled, Hercules killed him. 
 
 Lap'i-thae. [Gr. AanCeau'] {Gr. <^- 
 Rom. Myth.) Monstrous giants in- 
 habiting the mountains of Thcssaly. 
 At the marriage of their king, Pirith- 
 ous, they fought with the Centaurs 
 and vanquished them, but were after- 
 ward themselves overcome by Her- 
 cides. 
 
 La-pu'tS. The name of a flying isl- 
 and described by Swift in his imagi- 
 nary' '• Travels " of Lemuel Gulliver. 
 It is said to be " exactly circular, its 
 diameter 7837 yards, or about four 
 miles and a half, and [it] consequently 
 contains ten thousand acres." The 
 inhabitants are chiefly speculative 
 philosophers, devoted "to mathemat- 
 ics and music; and such is their ha- 
 
 as~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 LAR 
 
 209 
 
 LAS 
 
 bitual absent-mindedness, that they 
 ;iix' compelled to eiuplo}' attendants 
 — called '• flappers " — to rouse them 
 from tlieir prol'ouud meditations, 
 when neeessary, l>y striking them 
 uently on the mouth and ears with a 
 jioeuiiar instrument consisting of a 
 Mown bladder with a lew pebbles in 
 it, fastened on the end of a stick, like 
 the swiple of a Hail. See Lagado. 
 
 Thou art an unfortunate philosopher of 
 
 Strange it is, that, whilst all biographers have 
 ■K-orked witli so iiiueh zeal upon the most 
 barren dates or most baseless traditions in tlie 
 great poet's life, realising in a nmnner the 
 il reams vfLaputa, and endeavouring to extract 
 tunbeams from encumbers, such a story with 
 ngard to such an event . . . should formerly 
 have been dismissed without notice of any 
 kind. Oe Quincey. 
 
 So materiallsinff is the spirit of the age, that 
 the extended study of physical and mechani- 
 cal science seems likely, one of these days, to 
 convert our island into a Luputa. Kcightk;/. 
 
 La'ra. The hero of BjTon's poem of 
 the .same name; represented as a 
 chief long absent from his own do- 
 main, who returns at length, attended 
 by a single page. Dark hints and 
 siirmises are thro^v^^ out against him 
 l)v a noble whom he encounters at a 
 hinquet, and who seems to be pos- 
 sessed of some knowledge of the 
 manner in which Lara's time has 
 been occupied during his prolonged 
 absence. This knight disappears 
 most opportunely for the reputation 
 of Lara, when he should have cdme 
 forward to substantiate the charges 
 against him, and is never heard of 
 after. A peasant, however, is witness 
 to the concealment of a corpse on the 
 same night, and the reader is left to 
 draw his own conclusions. 
 
 La'rSs. [Lat., pi. of lar, a word of 
 Etrtiscan origin, signifs^ng lord, king, 
 or kei-oJ^ {Rom. Mijlh.) Tutelar}' 
 deities of particular localities. They 
 were of two classes: 1. The domestic 
 lares, or household gods, whose im- 
 ages were kept on the hearth in a 
 little shrine, or in a small chapel, and 
 who were regarded as disembodied 
 and guardian spirits of virtuous an- 
 cestors; 2. The public lares, protect- 
 ors of streets, highways, cross-roads, 
 &c. [Written also, in an Anglicised 
 form, Lars.] 
 
 La II09I10. A Protestant clergyman, 
 wllo^e story — written by ilenry 
 JIackenzie — is told in "The Mir- 
 ror." 
 
 lior'vse. [Rom. Myth.) The same 
 as Li'inures. See Lkmukes. 
 
 Last Man. An appellation given, by 
 the parliamentarv jiarty in England, 
 to Charles L (lUOU-KUi)), he being, 
 m their expectation, the last mouarcii 
 who would ever sit on the liritish 
 throne. 
 
 lie did not consider himself as free in con- 
 science to join with any party wliicli might be 
 likely ultimately to acknowledge the interest 
 of Cliarles Stuart, tlic sou of the " Litut Jlan," 
 as Charles I. was familiarly and irreverently 
 termed by thcni in their common discourse, 
 as well asin tlieir more elaborate predications 
 and harangues. Hir If. ^colt. 
 
 Last of the Fathers. A title given 
 bv some Kouum Catholic writers to 
 St. Bernard {1091-1153), one of the 
 most influential theologians and vo- 
 Imninous writers of the Middle Ages. 
 
 Last of the Golhs. Roderick, the 
 thirty-fourth and last of the Visi- 
 gothic line of kings, who tilled the 
 throne of Spain from 414 to 711. 
 
 Last of the Greeks. [Lat. Ultimus 
 Grcecorum, Gr. 'Vo-Taros 'EAAiji'ut'.] 
 An appellation conferred upon Phil- 
 opamen (b. c. 253-18-3), a native of 
 Arcadia, and the last really great and 
 succcssfid military leader of the an- 
 cient Greeks. 
 
 j^EB' " One of the Romans, to praise 
 him, called him tlio La.st of the Greeks, 
 as if after him Greece had produced uo 
 great man, nor one who deserved the 
 name of Greek."' Plutarch, Trans. 
 
 Last of the Knights. A title be- 
 stowed upon Maximilian L (145'J- 
 1519), emperor of Germany. 
 
 The Last of the Kiuahta," with his wild 
 
 eifrontery and spirited chamois - 
 might be despised by the Italians 
 
 • hunti: 
 as •• M :s- 
 biniiliano Pochi Danari [Maximilian the I\ii- 
 niless];" hut lie was beloved by the Au! tri- 
 ans as " Our Max." Yongc. 
 
 Last of the Mo-hi'cang. The hero 
 of Cooper's novel of the same name, 
 by which title the Indian chief Uncas 
 is designated. 
 
 Last of the Romans. [Lat. Ulti- 
 mus Romaiiiinnn.'] 1. An ejiithet ap- 
 plied to the Roman genera! Aiitius. 
 by I'rocopius. When the invasion 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 
 14
 
 LAS 
 
 210 
 
 LAW 
 
 of Attila took place in a. d. 450, 
 Aiitius, with tlie liulp of Theodoric, 
 arrested it lirst by tlic relief of Or- 
 leans, and then by the victory of 
 Chalons. With his death, which oc- 
 curred in 454, the last support of the 
 empire fell. 
 
 2. A name given by Marcus Ju- 
 nius Brutus to his fellow-conspirator, 
 Caius Cassius Longinus (d. u. c. 42), 
 one of the murderers of Julius Ccesar, 
 and one of the best generals of his 
 age. 
 
 3. [Fr. Le Dernier des Romains.'] 
 A title bestowed upon Frau<^ois Jo- 
 seph Terasse Desbillons (1751-1789), 
 a celebrated .Jesuit, on account of 
 the elegance and purity of his Latin 
 style. 
 
 Last of the Troubadours. A name 
 given by his admirers to Jacques 
 Jasmin (1708-18G4), a native of Gas- 
 cony, and the most eminent modern 
 patois poet of France. 
 
 La-ti'nus. A son of Faunus, and 
 king of the Laurentians, a people of 
 Latium, in Italy. When iEneas 
 first arrived in Latium, Latinus op- 
 posed him ; but he afterward formed 
 an alliance with him, and gave him 
 his daughter Lavinia in marriage. 
 
 Ijatin "War. {Ger. Hist.) An insur- 
 rection of the peasantry in Salzburg, 
 in 1523, occasioned by the unpop- 
 ularity of an archbishop. It was 
 quickly suppressed. 
 
 La-to'na. [Gr. Aijtw, Doric, Aani, 
 JEoUc, AaTtuf.] ( Gr. cf Bom. Myth.) 
 Daughter of Coeus, a Titan, and 
 Phoebe, and by Jupiter the mother 
 of Apollo and Diana, to whom she 
 gave birth on the island of Delos. 
 (See Delos.) Ovid ("Met. " vi.,fab. 
 iv. ) relates a story of some clowns of 
 Lycia who insulted Latona as she 
 knelt with the infant deities in arms 
 to quench her thirst at a small lake, 
 and who were in consequence changed 
 into fi'ogs. 
 
 I (lid but prompt the ape to q^uit their clogs 
 Bv the known rules of ancient liberty. 
 When straight a barbarous noise environs 
 me 
 Of owls and cuckoos, asses, apes, and dogs: 
 As when those hinds that were transformed to 
 frogs 
 
 Railed at Lalona's twin-bom progeny, 
 
 Which ui'tor held the sun and moon in foe. 
 
 Laughing Philosopher. Dcmocri- 
 tus of Alidera, a celebrated philoso- 
 pher of antiquity, contemporary' with 
 Socrates ; — so called because he al- 
 ways made a jest of man's follies 
 and sorrows, his feeble struggles and 
 evanescent works. He is usually 
 contrasted with Heraclitus, " The 
 Weeping Philosopher." See Wkep- 
 iNG Philosopher. 
 
 Launfe. An awkward and silly serv- 
 ant of Proteus, in Shakespeare's 
 " Two Gentlemen of Verona." 
 
 Laun'Kl, Sir. One of the knights 
 of the Round Table, the subject of 
 a metrical romance composed by 
 Thomas Chestre, in the reign of 
 Henry VI. The name has also been 
 adopted as the title of a poem by 
 James Eussell Lowell, entitled " The 
 Vision of Sir Launfal." 
 
 Laura (It.pron. low'ra). The Chris- 
 tian name of an A-\agnonese lady, 
 young, but already married, for 
 whom, in the year 1327, the poet 
 Petrarch conceived a strong though 
 Platonic aft'ection, which exercised a 
 powerful influence over his life, and 
 ended only with his death. He sung 
 her praises in " rime," or sonnets 
 and canzoni, which ha^'e immortal- 
 ised not only her name, but his own. 
 
 Laurence, Friar. See Fklie Lau- 
 
 KEXCE. 
 
 La-vin'i-a. 1. A daughter of Latinus, 
 and the second wife of iEneas. She 
 had previously been betrothed to 
 Turnus. See Latinus and Cheusa. 
 
 Sad task ! yet argument 
 Kot less but more lieroic than the . . . rage 
 Of Turnus for Lavinia disespouscd. Milton. 
 
 2. The heroine of a tale introduced 
 by Thomson, in his " Seasons," into 
 the poem on " Autumn." See Pali;- 
 
 MON. 
 
 Law's Bubble. A name given to a 
 delusive speculation projected by 
 John Law (1G71-1729), a celebrated 
 financier, and a native of Edinburgh. 
 In 1710, he established a bank in 
 France, bv royal authority, composed 
 of 1200 shares of 3000 livres each. 
 
 GST" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronimciatioa," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 LAZ 
 
 211 
 
 LEA 
 
 whicli soon bore a premium. This 
 baulv became the ollice for all public 
 receipts, and there was annexed to it 
 a Mississippi company, which had 
 grants of land in Louisiana, and was 
 cx])ectod to realise immense sums by 
 ])lantiug and commerce. In 1718, it 
 was declared a i-oyal bank, and its 
 Fhares rose to twenty times their 
 original value, so that, in 1719, they 
 were worth more than eighty times 
 the amount of all the current specie 
 in France. In 1720, the shares suidc 
 as rapidly as they had risen, nearly 
 overthrowing the French govern- 
 ment, and occasioning great and 
 wide - spread financial distress and 
 bankruptcy. 
 
 Laz'a-rus. A poor leper, who, in the 
 parable of our Lord {Luke xvi.), im- 
 
 Elorcd in vain the pity of a rich man ; 
 ut after the death of both, Lazarus 
 went to heaven, and the rich man to 
 bell, where he in turn vainly implored 
 help tiom Lazarus. 
 
 JOS'" This is the only case in the New Tes- 
 tament where a proper name occurs in a 
 parable. The use of the worj lazzara ap- 
 plied to a leper, and of the words lazaretto 
 and lazar-house for leper hospitals, and 
 01 lazzaroni for beggars, shows the influ- 
 ence which this parable has had upon the 
 mind of Christendom. 
 
 Lazy, Lawrence. The hero of a 
 popular '' histor\-," or romance, of 
 anci«;nt date, '" containing his Birth 
 and slothful breeding ; how he served 
 the Schoolmaster, his Wile, the 
 Squire's Cook, and the Farmer, 
 which, by the laws of Lubberland, 
 •»vas accoimted High Treason ; his 
 Arraignment and Trial, and happy 
 deliverance from the many treasons 
 laid to his charge." 
 
 League, The. [¥v. La Ligue.'] (Fr. 
 Ilisl.) A political coalition organised 
 in 1576 by the Roman Catholics of 
 France, to prevent the accession of 
 Henr\- IV., who was then of the re- 
 formed religion. [Called also The 
 Ho/// Learjue (Fr. La Sninfe Ligne), 
 and The Eoly Union (Fr. La Saint e 
 Union). 1 
 
 League and Covenant, Solemn. 
 See SoLEMX League and Cove- 
 
 NAXT. 
 
 League of God's House. [Fr. Lif/tte 
 de la Maison i/c JJicu.] (Swiss IJist.) 
 A celebrated condjination formed by 
 the Orisons in 1400, for the 
 
 fose ot resis 
 Called also 
 
 pur- 
 
 Caddee.] 
 
 League of the Public Good. [Fr. 
 IJfjue da Bicii I'liblic] {Fr. Jlist.) 
 An alliance, in 14(i4, between tlio 
 dukes of lJurgun(h% Brittanv, and 
 Bourgogne, and other French princes,i 
 against Louis XL 
 
 Leander. [Gr. AetavSpos.] A youth 
 of Abydos, famous for his love for 
 Hero, a priestess of Sestos, to visit 
 whom he nightly swam across the 
 Hellespont. See IIeko. 
 
 L6andre (la'on'dr, G2, G4, 103). A 
 lover in Moliere's " L'fitourdi." 
 
 Lear. A fabulous or legendary king 
 of Britain, and the hero of Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of the same name. 
 He is represented as a fond father, 
 duped, in his old age, by hypocritical 
 professions of love and duty on the 
 part of two daughters ( Goneril and 
 liegan), to disinherit the third (Cor- 
 delia), who had before been deser\-- 
 eclly more dear to him, and to cUvide 
 his kingdom between her sisters, who, 
 by their perfidious and cruel con- 
 duct, soon drive the poor old king 
 mad. After his miser}^ has reached 
 its highest pitch, he is' found by the 
 daughter whom he has so deeply in- 
 jured; and, through her tender "care, 
 he revives and recollects her. She 
 endeavours to reinstate him upon his 
 throne, but fails in her attempt, and 
 is hanged in prison, where her Ijroken- 
 bearted father dies lamenting over 
 her. 
 
 Learned Blacksmith. An epithet 
 sometimes applied to Elihu Burritt 
 (b. 1811), who began life as a hlaek- 
 smith, and afterward distinguished 
 himself as a linguist. 
 
 Learned Tailor. A title sometimes 
 bestowed upon Henry Wild, a native 
 of Norwich, England, where he was 
 born about the year 1084. He was 
 in early life a"^ tailor, and, while 
 working at his trade, mastered the 
 Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Svr- 
 
 and for Oie Remarlis and Rules to which the numbers after certain worda refer, see pp. xiv-sxxii.
 
 LEA 
 
 212 
 
 LEI 
 
 i.ic. Arabic, and Persian lan^^iages. i 
 [CdUd also The Arabian Taihr7\ 
 
 Lcatherstocking, Natty. -V sobri- 
 (luot jrivou to Natty, or Nathaniel. ' 
 Biunpi^*. a celebrated character in j 
 iV^l^er's novel of " The Pioneer;." I 
 lie r«sappcars and closes his career I 
 in " The Prairie." 
 
 fi5» •• Leathcrstocking stands half-way , 
 between savage and civilised life : he has i 
 the frefhnes* of nature, and the first- 
 fruits of Cliristianity, the seed dropped ' 
 into Tigorous soil. These are the elements 
 of o;-.o v-f tho r.-.o>t orisin.<il characters in 
 
 fict: 
 all - 
 in ; 
 
 and fc-res: 
 
 ' »per has transplacted | 
 
 ■■ er feigned or practised I 
 
 <, to the riTers, woods. 
 
 ? unbroken Xew World." ! 
 
 DHtfciaiuk. i 
 
 One -XViJJjr LeniS/cnteiei-mf, one mdodioos 
 £rsonsi$ofnianai><lnatai«in the VTest. ! 
 
 ^ Carlfle. ' 
 
 LeBeaa. A conitier, in Shakespeare's j 
 " .\s Yoa Like It."' 
 
 lie'da. [Gr. A^£«>] (Or. 4 Rom. ' 
 J/^ft*-) The danghter of Thestins, 
 and the trife of Tvndarens. JnjHter I 
 fiJiin^ ia love iriib her. and Tiadng \ 
 
 h*r ia toat form of a swam, she bore j| 
 nroi ei^iTs. fiv>ia one of Tchich came 
 fcirfi P<.]lnx aEd Helai, and fiwn 
 tite •cisiier Castior and Chrtoaiinestia. 
 
 laed'dy Giip'py. lite name <^ die 
 ijoTc.ine in - Ibe Ektail,'' a noT«l by 
 
 Gall. 
 
 le Pevre (te fer-'r, 64>. ITie 
 i£ a pc'CRT BemeDami, mtofise sfawy is 
 rekif-d in Sierae's ** Life and Opin- 
 iuiis <& TnustEaiB Sbamdj'.'" 
 
 5«rocii;ia.f- c«r Jftie ■'«"•*««" sjEnt. 
 
 if Lf.!nii2: I'lT «« ame hhbbt." Tlbt 
 ttsrm inailif^ tlie pneaenoe *£ a snjafr- 
 nar Tiii'wfsr. iii aaSoBoiia to sd!Uiiid&- 
 
 TiiiiL T irniiiniirtn 1 imafT 
 Xieg^af-JCBttfeaaa l^'fci^^ A ncans 
 £±r(!c to tfluse ywriliHftwK. mbsu st- 
 
 -saDdoL. 'enflfiBX'inir te funr iitxr siHfi 
 
 dinners and sumptuous entertainment 
 by servile flattery of their patron, 
 and profuse laudation of him and his, 
 the '• leg of mutton " being supposed 
 to typity- the source of their inspira- 
 tion", which is chiefly gustatory. The 
 phrase was first used by LockJiart, in 
 a re\-i^w of a ridicidous poem entitled 
 " Fleurs, a Poem in Pour Books," 
 the author of which is not named. 
 Fleurs Castle was the seat of the 
 Duke of Roxbiu-ghe, whose mutton 
 and hospitality the rhymster appears 
 to have shared, greatly to his delec- 
 tation. 
 
 SS' "The chief constellations in ttiis 
 poetical firmament consist of led captaioi) 
 and clerical hangers-on. whoee pleasure 
 and vfaose bnaness it is to celebrate in 
 tnnefal verse the virtues of some allelic 
 patTOo. who keeps a good table, and taas 
 interest vitb the arehbishop, or tbe In- 
 dia House. Teiilj. they hare flieir le- 
 vard. The anticipated lirii^ ftUsTaeant 
 in due time, tbe son gets a pair of colonrt. 
 or is sent oat as a cadet, or the bappy 
 aatiicv focceeds in XtrAn^ fire times a 
 -week OD. hock and tchisou. at tbe emaHl 
 expense cf actii^ as inad-^ater to the 
 viude fiunSty. fiom mjlotd to fl>e butler 
 inelitaTe. It is oains to tbe modesty, 
 certainly not to the nnme rinldffieiwfj r, 
 of tbis'claa of vriteis, tiiat tbej hsn 
 faitbeito oMainel no spedlie dtflinflawi 
 aimoi^ tbe antbocs of Cbe piesent daf. 
 WetibiBkit meombent on mtoreaetf^ 
 this defect: and, in the baptiEMal CMit of 
 tJbns our ""fi^""*, we dwiarr, tbat in 
 tbe poetical nomcndattaie ^Oatf diall in 
 Artane be kwrnn bf the ctyle and fifle 
 of 1%£ Ijf^-ef-abami EdkoaL" . . . 
 *- Heltbetudof HeasabsncnentionBi] 
 is BOiribea b;? s aMce tShan ■mil fUS— 
 cf tJibe<qBiSt9CS<iBBaetendlieofffbeX<^ 
 ^Ibeaam JSbitnal,- bT^alltbeirTnlpK^- 
 aiisgsane, % QMsce tbaa an Oar ctaHBSf 
 sfiB^sMtfc^, i^fe^^^ry jsniuiu^g^ ndaaubon cs 
 Kwttflh'aml tBtSe, fibeir laafeaing after 
 Ifltae iflffTih ynte. ami fcf afl ^mwgwafbmmt 
 tS an vitttttsr ""'^^ty '*'^ iPj^ tn aoHBtt sOM^sut 
 SB i&s ^ppsoDBs: al a gisBiMan.^ 
 
 £. I.T- <?. Ldicbhan^ BtmdkmmO'x Xas- 
 
 A ^br-e-i&aki; in Mee. 
 
 ^n^emis cxIiQSsiitBsai <sf tike tnH 
 
 jtsme; '^i&e lep aaHuila l lJiwt; af Ae 
 
 sir For Si£ '' Si? A the *i'-^»ntii> nf iruiiiiiiiiriiifiiiiir^^& Ss
 
 l.Kl 
 
 213 
 
 LEO 
 
 spiritual mid ;r.stliolio ppirit of tlio 
 ujje, tliriiu^li wlioiii me cxciuiilKitd 
 the noliic fiuls mill llio iiij;li kIUii' ul' 
 frill' art." 
 
 Lei'la. The iiaiiu- ol' the iicioiiu' in 
 llvroii's jiot'in »il' "The IJiaimr;" 
 a hi-autilul shivc - f;iil >vh« sulll'i's 
 ik'atli lor love of her jiuraiiiuiir, ii 
 vduiii^ " inlidel." 
 
 Loilah. Seo Mi;.;x<)ix. 
 
 L. E. L. The initials and literary 
 ^i^natiire of l.etitia l'.li/.al>eth l.aii- 
 ihm (afterward Mrs. Maclean, IHdi.'- 
 IS'M), a well-known English poetess. 
 
 Ij61ie (lA'Ie'). An ineonsequential, 
 li^'ht - headed, ffciitleinan -like eo.x- 
 eond), in Moliere's " L'Ktourdi." 
 Xiem'u-rSa. {Rom. ^f^lh.) Sjiirits of 
 the dead thought to wander ahoul 
 at nij;lit, like f^hosts, and to torment 
 and frij^hten the living. 
 
 flfg^ Milton AnKlici.ses tho word in its 
 pronunciation, makintj it eonsirit of two 
 tiyllablcs in.stvad of three. 
 "In conncrrnlc'd enrtli, 
 .' 11(1 on till- hiilv lu-urth. 
 Till' l.nrH anil Iriiiuivn monn with niid- 
 ni);ht pluiiit," Utic on the Xalii'ili/. 
 
 Iie-noro'. 1. Tho heroine of a popular 
 liallad, composed l>v (Jottfried August 
 litirger (1748-17114). the Cerman 
 lyric poet. The suhjeet of this halkul 
 is an old tradition, whieh reeounts 
 the ride of a s])eetral lover, who re- 
 appears to his mistress after death, 
 and earries her on horseback heliind 
 liini, '■ a lietion not less reniarkaliie 
 for its extensive geograiihiial dis- 
 semination, than for its bold imagi- 
 native character." 
 
 fl^ BUrpor is saiil to have horrowcd 
 t)iu sul jci't of his pdcni tVoiii an oUl Kiifj;- 
 lish ballad nititlcd •■ Tho SulTolk Miracle, 
 or a Itclatioii of .a Younj; Man, who, a 
 month after liis death, appcan'd to liis 
 ti\v«"thoart, and carricil licr on liorsebacit 
 lichinil liim forty nnlcs in two lionrs, and 
 was never scon afterward but in her 
 trravti." UUrKor, liowevcr, conti-adieted 
 this Hifscrtion, and declared tliat au old 
 I-ow Dutch Imllad furnislicd him with 
 the idea of Lonore. Tlie traditions prob- 
 al)ly liotli liave a connnon ori|j;in. 
 
 2. The angelic mime of " a rare 
 and radiant nuiideii " mcnti<ined in 
 I'oe's ntystical ballad entitled "Tlic 
 Kavcn." 
 
 Lo'o-nS'to. flovernor of Mcssinn, in 
 Sliakcs])eare's " Much AdO abont 
 Nolliiiig." 
 
 Lo-on'I-das of Modern Greece. A 
 
 title given to Marco Iloz/aris.a (Ireek 
 patriot, and an Inroic soldier, who 
 (lislingnislicd himself in the early 
 ]parl of the modern (Iniian War of 
 Independence, paiiicidarly by a siie- 
 ec>sl'ul attack with I JIM) men iijion 
 the van of the Turco-.Mbanian army, 
 4001) strong, at Kerpenisi, on tho 
 liOlh of August, 18j;t. In this en- 
 gagement, lio/./.aris lost his life. 
 
 Lo-on'I-dils Wo'dcU ( va'del, (iM). A 
 name given bv I'rederick the (Jreat 
 totJeneraU;. ll. Wedell ( 171-2-178-2), 
 an ollicer in the I'riissian service, on 
 account of his heroic defence of the 
 I'.lbe at Teinitz, on the iUtli of Novem- 
 ber, 1744. 
 
 Lo'o-nlne. A servant to Dionyza, in 
 .Shakes])eare's " rerieles." 
 
 Lo'on-noys'. A fabulous country, 
 formerly contiguous to Cornwall, 
 though it has long since disa|)peared, 
 ami is said to be now more than 
 forty tiithoms under wati'r. It is oft- 
 en menti<ine(l in the old romances of 
 chivalry. [\\'rittcn also Leonais, 
 L i o n e s s e, 1, y o n n e s s e.J 
 
 tCB' Tho Lyones or Lconnoy.s, where .''ir 
 Tristram wa.s born (seo TlilSTtt.lM, fill)) i^ 
 I.eounois in llrittany. 
 I'or Artliur, when none knew fVom wlieneo 
 
 lie cuiiie, 
 l.onj; eiT tlic poople I'lioso him for their king, 
 UnvuiK till' trnekU'SM reiilnirt of Li/oniwitsf^ 
 lliul found a glen, gniy bowlder, itnd black 
 turn. 2iHiii)>on. 
 
 Le-on'tdg. King of Sicilia, in Shake- 
 speare's " AVinter's Tale." 
 
 /}jj- ''.lealonsy is a vice of tho mind, 
 a culpiible tendency of the temper, hav- 
 ing certain wi'U-Unown and well-deliued 
 olVects and concomitants, all of which aro 
 visible in I<contcs, . . . such lis, first, 
 an excitability by the most inadeiinato 
 causes, and an eagerness to snatch at; 
 proofs ; secondly, a pro.ssness of concep- 
 tion, and a disposition to degrade' tho 
 object of tho passion by sensual fancies 
 and ima(;ea ; thirdly, a sense of shame of 
 liis own reelings, exhibited in a solitary 
 moodiness of linmonr, and yet, from tho 
 violence of the passion, forced to utter 
 itself, and therefore catchinii occlusions 
 to ea.Mo llio mind by Hmbignities, equi- 
 voques, by talking to thoso who cannot, 
 
 and for tlio Remarks and Rules to which the numbem after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xx.\il.
 
 LES 
 
 214 
 
 LIL 
 
 and who are known not to be able to. un- 
 derstand what is said to them, — in short, 
 by soliloquy in the form of dialogue, and 
 hence, a confused, broken, and frai;- 
 mentary manner; fourthly, a dread of 
 vulgar ridicule, as distinct from a high 
 sense of honour, or a mistaken sense of 
 duty ; and lastly, and immediately con- 
 sequent OQ this, a spirit of selfish viiidic- 
 tivcuess." Coleridge. 
 
 Les'bi-a. A name given by Catullus 
 (G. B. c. 87) to his f;ivoiu-ite Clodia, 
 •whose praises he celebrates in a niun- 
 ber of amatory poems. 
 
 Le'tlie. [Gr. Aijer;,forgctfulness.] (Gr. 
 if Rom. Myth. ) A river in Hades, 
 the waters of which caused those 'vho 
 drank it entirely to forget the past. 
 
 Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, 
 Jjethc, tlie river of oblivion, rolls 
 Her watery labyrinth: whereof whoso drinks 
 Straightway hi's former sense and being for- 
 gets, — 
 Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain. 
 Melton. 
 
 Le'to. [Gr.ArjTw.] (Jfijth.) The Greek 
 name of Latona. See Latona. 
 
 Leu'co-tlie'a. [Gr. AevKoee>j.] [Gr. 
 
 (f Rom. Myth.) 1. A name given to 
 
 Ino, after she was receivcol among 
 
 the sea-gods. See Ino. 
 
 2. One of the Sirens. See Sirens. 
 
 Le-va'na. [Lat., from levare, to raise.] 
 (R'im. Mi/lh.) The name of the 
 goddess tliat protected new-born in- 
 fants when they were taken up from 
 the ground. Eichter used the name 
 as the title of an educational work 
 ■which he \vrote, and which has been 
 translated into English. 
 
 Leviathian of Literature. An 
 appellation verj' generally confcn-ed 
 upon Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709- 
 1784), the eminent writer and critic. 
 
 Lewis, Monk. See Monk Lewis. 
 
 Li'ber. (Rom. Myth.) An old Italian 
 deity, who presided over the cultiva- 
 tion of the vine, and fertility of the 
 fields. By the later Latin writers, 
 the name is used as a synonym of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Liberation, "War of. See Wap. of 
 
 LlIiKIlATION. 
 
 Liberator, The. 1. [Sp. ElLiherta- 
 dor.'\ A surname given by tlie Pe- 
 ruvians, in 1823, to Simon Bolivar 
 
 (1785-1831), who established the in- 
 dependence of IVru, and also of the 
 other Spanish colonics of South 
 America. 
 
 2. A surname given to Daniel 
 O'Connell (1775-18-17), a celebrated 
 Irish political agitator, on accoimt of 
 his endeavoiu-s — which were, after 
 all, imsuccessful — to bring about a 
 rejical of the Articles of Union be- 
 tween Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 Li-ge'a, ) (2C). [Gr. .Wveia.] (Gr. 
 
 Li-ge'i-5, i 4- Rom. Myth.) One of the 
 Sirens ; also, a nymph. 
 
 Bv . . . fair Ligea's golden comb. 
 ^\''herewith she sits oil diamond rocks, 
 Sleeking licr soft alluring locks. Milton. 
 
 Light-horse Harry. A sobriquet 
 popularly conferred upon General 
 Henry Lee (175G-1818), a gallant 
 American cavalry oflicer in the war 
 of the Itevolution, in allusion to his 
 rapid and daring movements in battle, 
 particularl)-^ durmg the campaign in 
 the Carolinas. 
 
 Lilith, or Lilis. In the popular be- 
 lief of the Hebrews, a female spectre 
 in the shape of a finely dressed woman, 
 who lies in wait for, and kills, chil- 
 dren. The old Rabbins turned Lilith 
 into a wife of Adam, on whom he 
 begot demons, and who still has power 
 to lie with men, and to kill children, 
 who are not protected by amulets, 
 with which the Jews of a yet later 
 period suppl}' themselves as a pro- 
 tection against her. Burton, in his 
 "Anatomy of Melancholy," tells us, 
 " The Talraudists say that Adam had 
 a wife called Lilis before he married 
 Eve, and of her he begat nothing but 
 devils." Heber says, " To revenge 
 his deserting her for an earthly rival, 
 she is supposed to hover round the 
 habitation of new -married persons, 
 showering down imprecations on their 
 heads. The attendants on the bride 
 spend the night in going round the 
 house and uttering loud screams to 
 fi-ighteu her away." A commentator 
 on Skinner's " Etymologicon Linguas 
 Anglicana?," quoted in the " Encyclo- 
 pa'dia Metropolitana," says that the 
 English word lullaby is derived from 
 Lilla,abi.' (Begone, Lilith !) In the 
 denioiiology of the Middle Ages, Lilis 
 
 C3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of I'rouunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 LIL 
 
 215 
 
 LIS 
 
 was a fonious witch, and is introduced 
 as such iu the ^Valpul•gis-night scene 
 in Goethe's '' Faust." 
 Lilli-put. An imaginary countr}' 
 described as peopled by a very diuiin- 
 iitive race ot men, in Swift's satirical 
 romance entitled " Travels into sev- 
 eral Kemote Nations of the World, by 
 Lemuel Gulliver." The voyage to 
 Lilliput is for the most part a satire 
 on tlie manners and usages of the 
 court of George L 
 
 There is no end to the variety of these small 
 missiles of malice witli whieh the Gullivers of 
 the world of literature ure assailed by the Lil- 
 iijiutkms around tliem. T. Moure. 
 
 Lim'bo, or Lim'bus. [Lat., limbus, 
 a border.] A region supposed i)y 
 some of the old scholastic theologians 
 to lie on the edge or confines of hell. 
 Here, it was thought, the souls of 
 just men, not admitted into heaven 
 or into I'urgator^-, remained to await 
 the general resurrection. Such were 
 the patriarchs and other pious an- 
 cients who died before the birth of 
 Christ. Hence, the limbo was called 
 Limbus Patrum. According to some 
 of the schoolmen, there was also a 
 Limbus Putrorwn, or Infantum, a 
 similar place allotted to the souls of 
 infants dying unbaptised. To these 
 were added, in the popular opinion, a 
 Limbus Faiuorum, or Fools' Paradise, 
 the receptacle of all vanity and non- 
 sense. Of this superstitious belief 
 Milton has made use in his " Paradise 
 Lost." (Sec Book HI. v. 440-4117.) 
 Dante has placed his limbo, in which 
 the distinguished spirits of antiquity 
 are confined, in the outermost of the 
 ch'cles of his hell. 
 
 Limonadiere, La Muse. See Muse 
 
 LlJlOXAUIJiKE, La. 
 
 Limp. A .Tacobite sign in the time of 
 William III., which consisted in the 
 zealots for hereditary right limping 
 about at night and drinking. Those iu 
 the secret knew that tlie word " Limp" 
 was formed from the initials of august 
 names, and that the loyalist, when he 
 drank his wine and i)unch, was taking 
 oflfhis bumper to Louis, James, J/ary, 
 and the Prince. 
 
 Lin-dab'ri-dSs. A celebrated heroine 
 in the romance called " The JMirror of 
 
 Knighthood." From the groat celeb- 
 rity of this lady, occasioned by the 
 popularity of the romance, her name 
 was connnonly useil for a mistress. 
 
 I value Tony Koster's wrnth no more thnn 
 a shelled pea-eod; and 1 will visit llis Lin- 
 (liihrides, by Siiiut George, be lie willin); or 
 no! Sir If. Hcolt. 
 
 Lin'dor. A poetical name formerly in 
 use for a swain or gallant. 
 
 A truce, dcir Fergus! tjmre ns those most 
 tedious and insipid persons of all Arcadia. 
 ]Jo not, for Iieaven's sake, bring down Cory- 
 don and Limlor upon us. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 I have listened to you when you spoke i:ii 
 bergifTc, — nay, my complaisance lias been so 
 great ns to answer you (!;t ber^/i-rc^ — for I do 
 nut tliink any tluug'except ridicule can come 
 of dialogues betwixt Linaor and Jeanncton. 
 Sir W. Scolt. 
 
 Li'nus. [Gr. AcVos.] (Gr. <j- Rom. 
 JSIyth.) 1. The son of Apollo and 
 an Argive princess ; torn to pieces by 
 dogs. 
 
 2. The son of Apollo and Terp- 
 sichore, and the instructor of Orpheus 
 and Hercules, the latter of whom 
 killed him by a blow with a lyre. 
 
 Lionesse. See Lednkoys. 
 
 Lion of God. A title conferred upon 
 Ali (597-GOO), .son of Abu Taleb, the 
 uncle of Mahomet. He was distin- 
 guished for his eloquence and valour 
 in defence of Islamism. 
 
 Lion of the North. A title bestowed 
 upon Gustavus Adolphus (15'J4- 
 1G32), king of Sweden, and the bul- 
 wark of the Protestant faith during 
 the Thirty Years' ^V^ar. 
 
 That frrcat leader, captain, and king, the 
 Zicn oftlic Xnrtli, . . . had a way of winnin}; 
 battles, takiii:; towns, ovcrrunninf; countries, 
 and levyins eontribiitinns, wliicli made his 
 6ervi(;e irrosistiWv dclectal)le to all true-bred 
 cavaliers who follow the noble profession of 
 arms. »'>'"" f^. Scott. 
 
 His task at this battle of Lntzen seems to 
 have been a very easy one, simply to see tlio 
 Lion of the North brought down, not by a 
 cannon-shot, as is generally believed, but by 
 a traitorous pistol-buUet. Carlyle. 
 
 Lion of the Sea. [Port. Le'io do 
 31 ar.] A name formerly given to 
 the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Lis'ma-ha'go, Captain. A superan- 
 nuated ofiicer on half-pay, who lig- 
 ures in Smollett's '' Expedition of 
 Humphry Clinker " as the favoiu'ed 
 suitor of Miss Tabitha Bramble. Ho 
 is described as a hard-featured and 
 forbidding Scotchman, of the most 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 LIT 
 
 216 
 
 LIT 
 
 singular dress and manners, self-con- 
 ceited, pedantic, rude, and disputa- 
 tious, with a jealous sense of honour, 
 and strong national pride. 
 
 Xl®» '• Lismahago is the llowcr of the 
 flock. His tenaciousuess in art'ument is 
 not so delightful as the relaxation of his 
 logical severity when he finds his fortune 
 mellowing in the wintry smiles of Mrs. 
 Tabitha Bramble. This i.s the be.<t-pre- 
 served and most severe of all Smollett's 
 characters. The resemblance to ' Don 
 (Juixote ' is only just enough to make it 
 interesting to the critical reader without 
 giving offence to any body else." 
 
 Hazlitt. 
 
 In quoting these ancient authorities, I must 
 not forget the more modem sketch or a Scot- 
 tish soldier of the old fasliion, by a mastcr- 
 haud, in the character of LUmahago, si'ice 
 the existence of tlmt doughty captuhi nlo..e 
 must deprive the present author of all claim to 
 originality. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Little, Thomas. A pseudonym — in- 
 tendc'l as a playful allusion to his 
 diminutive stature — under which 
 Thomas Moore, in 1808, published a 
 volume of amatorj- poems. 
 
 Little Comedy. A name familiarly 
 given to jMiss Catharine Horneck, — 
 afterward Mrs. Bunbury, — an ac- 
 quaintance and friend of Goldsmith. 
 The sobriquet was probably thought 
 to be indicative of her disposition. 
 She is described as being intelligent, 
 .sprightly, and agreeable, as well as 
 very beautiful. 
 
 Little Corporal. [Fr. Le Petit Capo- 
 ?•«/.] A familiar appellation jocose- 
 ly conferred upon General Bonaparte, 
 immediately after the battle of Lodi 
 (1796), by the soldiers under his 
 command, on account of his juvenile 
 appearance and surpassing bravery. 
 Ever aftera'ard, even as First Consul 
 and as emperor, he was popularly 
 known by this honorary and afl'ec- 
 tionate title. 
 
 Little Dauphin. [Fr. Le Petit Diu- 
 jjhin.] {Fr. Hist.) A name given 
 to the Duke de Bourgogne, eldest 
 .'■on of Louis the Dauphin (commonly 
 called the Great Dauphin), who was 
 tlie son of Louis XIV. 
 
 Little-endians. See Big-endians, 
 The. 
 
 Little England. A name popularly 
 given to Barbadoes by the inhabitants. 
 
 Little Giant. A popular sobriquet 
 conferred upon Stephen A. Douglas, 
 a distinguished American statesman 
 (1813-1861), in allusion to the dispar- 
 ity between his physical and his in- 
 tellectual proportions. 
 
 Little John. A celebrated follower 
 of the still more celebrated English 
 outlaw, llobin Hood. His surname 
 is traditionally said to have been 
 Nailor. See Kobin Hood. 
 
 /Cijf " It is certain that another of the 
 Sherwood heroes has imprinted his name 
 upon our family nomenclature in the 
 shape of Littlejohn." Loicer. 
 
 In this our spacious isle, I think there is not 
 
 one 
 But he hath heard some talk of him and 
 Little John. Drayton. 
 
 A squat, broad, Littie-Jolm sort of figure, 
 leaning on a quarter-statf, and wearhi^ a 
 jerkin, which . . . had once been of the Lm- 
 coln green. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Little-John, Hugh. The designa- 
 tion given by Sir Walter Scott to his 
 grandson, John Hugh Lockhart, to 
 whom he addressed the " Tales of a 
 Grandfather." 
 
 Little Magician. A sobriquet con- 
 ferred upon Martin Van Buren (1782- 
 1SG2), President of the United States 
 from 1837 to 1841, in allusion to his 
 supposed political sagacity and tal- 
 ents. 
 
 Little Marlborough (niawPbiar-o). 
 A sobriquet given to Count von 
 Sehwerin (1084-1757), a Prussian 
 lield-marshal, and a companion-in- 
 arms of the Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 The Little Jfarlborough — so they call him 
 (for he was at Blenheim, and has abrupt, hot 
 ways) — will not participate in Prince Karl's 
 consolatory visit, then! Carhjle. 
 
 Little Master. A title given to Hans 
 Sebald Beham, a very celebrated 
 painter and engraver of the sixteenth 
 century, on account of the extreme 
 smallness of his prints. The name 
 Avas also given to other artists of the 
 same century. 
 
 Little NeU. A child, in Dickens's 
 novel of " The Old Curiosity Shop ; " 
 distinguished for the celestial purity 
 of her character, though living amid 
 scenes of selfishness and shame, of 
 passion and crime. 
 
 Little Paris. A name given to the 
 city of jNIilan, in Italy, from its re- 
 
 us" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 LIT 
 
 217 
 
 LOG 
 
 semblance, in point of gayety, to the 
 Frencli capital. 
 
 Little Parliament. The same as 
 Barebone's Parliament. Sec B.vhe- 
 bone's Pakliamknt. 
 
 Little Ped'dling-t6n. An imagina- 
 ry locality in wliicli humbug, quack- 
 ery, cantj putVery, afl'cctatiDii, unmit- 
 igated sellishness, anil other social 
 vices abound. It is described in a 
 work of the same name, written by 
 John Poole, — a good-natured and 
 amusing satire on the present condi- 
 tion of literature, art, criticism, and 
 social intercourse. 
 
 The would-be founder of a great slare era- 
 pire fJetVerson Davis] could now hardly lead 
 the debates of Little FeddUnqton. 
 
 Boston Evaiinrj Tnmscript, May 1, 1SG3. 
 
 Little Queen. A sobriquet given to 
 Isabella of Valois (1387-1410), who 
 married Kichard XL, king of Eng- 
 land, when but eight years old, and 
 was left a widow when but thirteen. 
 
 Little Ked Riding-hood. [Fr. CJia- 
 pevon Boiifje, Ger. JiotIilaj>j)chen.] 
 The heroine of a well-known nursery 
 tale, which relates her encounter with 
 a wolf in a forest, the arts by which 
 he deceived her, and her tragical 
 end. Grimm derives the story from 
 a tradition current in the region bor- 
 dering upon the river JNIaiu, in Ger- 
 many. The legend is, however, 
 widely disseminated. In the Swed- 
 ish variation of the story. Little Rid- 
 ing-hood takes refuge in a tree, the 
 wolf meanwhile gnawing away at 
 the roots, when her lovi'r, alarmed 
 by her cries, comes np just in time 
 to see the tree fall and his mistress 
 crushed beneath it. 
 
 No man, whatever his sensibility may he, 
 is ever affected by " Hamlet " or " Lear as a 
 little girl is affected by the story of poor TJi'd 
 Hiding-hooJ . Jl/acauUw. 
 
 Little Rhody. See PtiioDY, Little. 
 
 Little 'Whig. A sobriquet given to 
 Anne, tJountess of Sunderland, sec- 
 ond daughter of the great Duke of 
 Marlborough. She is described as 
 " rather 7;c<tVe in person;" and it is 
 said that she " did not disdain the 
 appellation conferred upon her, at a 
 time when every tiling bore the en- 
 signs of party of one kind or other." 
 She died April 15, 171G. 
 
 Loathly Lady. A hideous creature 
 whom Sir (Jawain takes to be his 
 wife, when no one else would have 
 her, and who becomes a l)eautiful 
 woman on the moment of being mar- 
 ried to him, having previously been 
 under the power of a malignant en- 
 chanter. The story forms the sub- 
 ject of an old ballad entitled "The 
 Marriage of Sir Gawain," and occurs 
 under other forms in our early litera- 
 ture. See Gawain, Siit. 
 
 The walls of the apartment were partly 
 clothed witli jirini old tapestry representing 
 the memorable story of Sir Gawain's wedding, 
 in which full justice was done to the ugliness 
 of the Loatlili/ Lwly ; although, to judge from 
 liis own looks, the gentle Knight had less 
 reason to be disgusted with the match on ac- 
 count of disparity of outward favour than the 
 romancer has given us to understand. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lo-chi'el. Sir Evan Cameron (d. 
 1719), of Lochiel, surnamed "The 
 Black," the ruler of the Camerons, 
 who in personal qualities has been 
 described as unrivalled among the 
 Celtic princes; "a gracious master, 
 a trusty ally, a terrible enemy." He 
 figured largely in the wars of the 
 Highlands, but ultimately took the 
 oaths to the government of William 
 III. His grandson, Donald Cameron 
 (d. 1748), was sometimes called "The 
 Gentle Lochiel." 
 
 Lnchicl, Lochiel, beware of the day 
 When the Lowlands shall meet thee in battle- 
 array. Citmphell. 
 
 Loch'in-var'. The hero of a ballad 
 by Sir AValter Scott, sung by the fair 
 Lady Heron, in " Marmion." Ap- 
 pearing suddenly at Nctherby Hall, 
 where his sweetheart is to be sacri- 
 liced in marriage to 
 " a laggard in love, and a dastard in war," 
 
 he persuades her to join with him in 
 one last dance, and, on reaching the 
 hall-door, where his horse is standing, 
 whispers in her ear, swings her to 
 the croup, and, springing into the 
 saddle, carries her off before the 
 eyes of the astonished bridegroom 
 and his friends, who pursue them 
 without success. 
 And so I come, — like ioeAmuar, to tread a 
 
 single measure. 
 To purchase with a loaf of bread a sugar-plum 
 
 of pleasure. Holmes. 
 
 Lock'it. A character in Gay's " Beg- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wluch the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 LOG 
 
 218 
 
 LON 
 
 fear's Opera." The quarrel between 
 reachum and Lockit was an allu- 
 sion to a personal coIUmou between 
 Walpole aad his colleague, Lord 
 Townshend. See Peaciium. 
 
 Wlicn you peered at tlie mistj- prisoner in 
 the dock, you were always reminded of Cap- 
 tain .Maclieath in his cell, when the inliunian 
 Mr. Lockit wouldn't allow him any more 
 candles, and threatened to clap on extra fet- 
 ters in default of an immediate supply on the 
 captain's part of " garnish," or jail-fees. Sola. 
 
 liOcksley. An outlawed archer, in 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel of '' Ivan- 
 hoe." Under this name the author 
 has represented Robin Hood, who, 
 according to ballad authoritj^ some- 
 times assumed it when in disguise. 
 It is said to have been the name of 
 the village where he was born. 
 
 XjO'co-Fo'cos. a nickname formerly 
 given to adherents of the Democratic 
 part}' in the United States. It origi- 
 nated in 1834, from an incident that 
 occurred at a meeting in Tammany 
 Hall, Xew York. There being a 
 great diversity of sentunent among 
 those who were present, a scene of 
 confusion and tumult took place, 
 during which the chairman left his 
 seat, and the gas-lights were extin- 
 giushed, with a view to break up the 
 meeting. But the opposite faction 
 produced loco-foco matches and can- 
 dles, relighted the hall, continued the 
 meeting, and accomplished their ob- 
 ject. 
 
 Lo-crine'. A son of Brutus, a fabu- 
 lous king of ancient Britain. By his 
 father's death, he became king of 
 La'gria, or England. See Sabklna. 
 
 Lod'o-vi'co. A Venetian, kinsman 
 to Brabantio, in Shakespeare's trag- 
 edy of " Othello." 
 
 Lce'gri-a (le'gri-a). In the romances 
 of chivalry, and among the fabulous 
 historians, an old name for the part 
 of Britain occupied by the Saxons. 
 It is said to be of "Welsh origin. 
 
 IiO'gis-till5. A fairy in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso ; " a sister of Alcina 
 and Morgana. She teaches Ruggicro 
 how to master the hippogriff, and 
 gives Astolpho a book and a horn of 
 wonderful power. 
 
 Lo'gres. Another form of Lcegria, an 
 
 old name for England, in the romances 
 of chivalry. [Written also L o g r i s.] 
 
 Fairer than feigned of old, or fabled since, 
 
 Of fairy damsels, met in forest wide 
 
 By knights of Logics or of Lyones. Milton. 
 
 Loki (lo'kee). [Old Norse locka, to 
 tempt.] (Scam. Myth.) A sort of 
 Eddaic Satan; a demigod descended 
 from the Giants, but admitted among 
 the gods, mingUng freely with them 
 as an associate and equal, yet essen- 
 tially opposed to them, being full of 
 all maimer of guile and artifice, and 
 often bringing them into perilous 
 phghts, from which however, he 
 again extricates them by his cun- 
 ning. He treacherouslj' contrived the 
 death of Baldur (see Baldur), and 
 was, in consequence, made to suffer 
 the most terrible punishment, being 
 bomid yuth the intestines of his sons 
 to a sharp subterranean rock, where 
 two enormous serpents continually 
 drop torturing venom on his limbs. 
 His personal apjiearance is described 
 as very beautiful. He is often called 
 Asa-LoH, to distinguish him from his 
 kinsman, Vtgard-Loki ; but the two 
 are sometimes confounded. See Ut- 
 GAED-LoKj. [Written also Lok, 
 Lo ke.] 
 
 Lolli-us. A mysterious author often 
 referred to by the writers of the Mid- 
 dle Ages ; but so vain have been the 
 attempts to discover and identify him, 
 that he must be regarded as the ignis- 
 J'atuns of antiquaries. " Of Lollius," 
 saj's one of these unhappy and baffled 
 investigators, " it will become every 
 one to speak with deference." Ac- 
 cording to Coleridge, " Lollius, if 
 a w-riter of that name existed at all, 
 was a somewhat somewhere." Drj-- 
 den calls him " a Lombard." 
 
 Lone-Stax State. The State of 
 Texas; — so called from the device 
 on its coat of arms. 
 
 Long, Tom. The hero of an old 
 popular tale entitled " The Merry 
 Conceits of Tom Long, the Carrier, 
 being many pleasant Passages and 
 mad Pranks which he observed in 
 his travels. " 
 
 Lon'ga-vUle. A lord attending on 
 the king of Navarre, in Shake- 
 speare's " Love's Labour 's Lost." 
 
 03~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronnnciiition," with the accompanying Explanations.
 
 LON 
 
 219 
 
 LOR 
 
 Iion'gi-us. A name given in the 
 Middle Ages to the knight, or soldier, 
 who pierced the side of the Saviour 
 ■with his sword, to ascertain if he were 
 dead. 
 
 Long Meg of ■Westminster. A 
 •• liisly, bouncing romp" and pro- 
 curess of the sixteenth century, whose 
 " Life and Pranks" were "imprinted 
 at London," in 1582, and subse- 
 quenth'. She is often alluded to by 
 ihe older English writers. 
 
 Long Parliament. {Eng. Hisl.) 
 The name which is commonly used 
 by historians to designate the cele- 
 brated parliament which assembled 
 Xovember 3, 1640, and was dissolved 
 by Cromwell, April 20, 1653. 
 
 Long Peter. [D. Lajige Peter, It. 
 Plttro Lunrjo, Fr. Long Pierre.'] A 
 sobriquet given to the eminent I'lem- 
 ish painter, Peter Aartsen (1507- 
 1573), on account of his tallucss. 
 
 Long Scribe. A sobriquet given to 
 Vincent Dowling (d. 1852), an em- 
 inent British sportsman, and an in- 
 fallible authority on all matters con- 
 nected with field or other sports. He 
 was remarkable for his great height. 
 
 Long Tom Coffin. A character in 
 Cooper's novel, '" The Pilot; " " prob- 
 ably the most widely known sailor 
 character in existence. He is an 
 example of the heroic in action, like 
 Leatherstocking, losing not a whit of 
 liis indi\iduality in his nobleness of 
 soul." 
 
 Lonfi Tom Coffin himself will be for fetching 
 mo, witli a slirciud iu one hand, and a dead- 
 light in the other. Jlooil. 
 
 Lor-brul'grud. The metropolis of 
 the imaginary country'- of Brobding- 
 nag, ^•isited by Gulliver. The word 
 is humourously said to mean, '• Pride 
 of the Universe." 
 
 Lord Bei'chSn. The title of an old 
 ballad of which there arc many 
 versions, Scottish and English, and 
 the name given to the hero, who is 
 said to have been Gilbert Becket, 
 father of the renowned St. Thomas 
 of Canterbury. [Called also Lord 
 Hdtcnuin.] 
 
 Lord Burleigh (bur'li). The name 
 of a character in Jlr. PufTs tragedy 
 
 of the " Spanish Armada," in Sheri- 
 dan's farce of "The Critic." IT^ 
 says nothing, being a minister " with 
 the whole afiiiirs of the nation on his 
 head," and therefore having no tini.! 
 to talk; but he comes forward upon 
 the stage, and shakes his head ex- 
 travagantly, — an action which is 
 thus explained by Mr. Puft": " By 
 that shake of Uie head, he gave you 
 to understand, that, even though tliey 
 had more justice in their cause, and 
 wisdom in their measures, yet, if 
 there was not a greater spirit shown 
 on the part of the people, the coimtry 
 would at last fall a sacrilice to the 
 hostile ambition of the Spanish mon- 
 arch}%" 
 
 If her looks express all this, my dear Tinto, 
 replied I, interrupting him, your pencil rivals 
 the dramatic art of Mr. Puflr, who crammed a 
 wliole complicated sentence into the expres- 
 sive shalie uiLord liurleigh's head. 
 
 Sir W. Scolt. 
 
 There are no such soliloquies in nature, it 
 is true: but, uulc^^s the}' were received ns a. 
 conventional medium of communication be- 
 twixt the poet and the audience, we shoul<l 
 reduce dramatic authors to the recipe of Mas- 
 ter Puif, wlio makes Lord Bvrleiijh intimate a 
 loniT train of political reasoning to the audi- 
 ence, by one comprehensive shake of liis nod- 
 dle. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The Provost answered with another saga- 
 cious shake of the head, that would have done 
 honour to Lord Burleigh. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lord Fanny. A sobriquet confeiTcd 
 upon Lord Hervey, a foppish and 
 effeminate English nobleman of the 
 eighteenth century. He was in the 
 habit of painting his face to conceal 
 its ghastly paleness. See SroKUS. 
 
 j63=" " The modern Prtjjwy is apparently 
 of the d.iys of Anne, coming into notice 
 •with the beautiful Lady Fanny Sbirle)-, 
 who made it a great faTOurite, and almost 
 a jiroverb for prettincss and siniplicit)'. 
 so that the wits of George II. "s time called 
 .lohn. Lord Ilervey, ' Lord Fanny,' for 
 his effeminacy." Yonge. 
 
 Rake from ench ancient dunghill every pearl, 
 Cousult Lord iT:i;iHy and confide in CurU. 
 
 Ilt/ron. 
 
 Lord Foppington. See Foppixgtox, 
 
 Lord. 
 Lord Gawkey. A nickname given 
 
 to Richard Grenville, Lord Temple 
 
 (1711-1770), iu the pasquinades of 
 
 his time. 
 Lord Harry. A ■vulgar name for the 
 
 Devil. See Old IIaki:v. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii .
 
 LOK 
 
 220 
 
 LOT 
 
 By the Tiord ITa\-ni, he says true; fighting,' 
 "n lueut, drink, luul cloth to lum. Conijrciu. 
 
 Lord Lov'el. Tho hero of an ancient 
 and well-known Scottish ballad. 
 
 Lord of Crazy Castle. A sobriquet 
 of John Hall Stevenson (1718-1785), 
 author of some clever, but licentious 
 poems, called '" Craz\' Tales." His 
 residence was at Skelton Castle,— 
 nicknamed " Crazy Castle, " — an 
 ancient and ruinous mansion near 
 Ctuisborough. 
 
 His [Sterne's] cnnvcrsation was animated 
 nnd wittv, hut Johnson complained that it 
 was marked bv license better suiting the 
 companv of i]\v Lord of Crazy Castle than of 
 the Ori-at Moralist. .SiV W. Hcott. 
 
 Lord of the Isles. A title assumed 
 by Donalil, a chief of Islay, who, in 
 134(3, reduced the whole of the Heb- 
 rides, or Western Isles, under his 
 authority. It was also borne b}' his 
 successors. 
 
 Lord Ogleby. See Ogleby, Lokd. 
 
 Lord Peter. A humourous desig- 
 nation of the Pope in Arbuthnot's 
 '• History of John Bull." 
 
 Lords of Little Egypt. A title 
 assumed by the leaders or chiefs of 
 a horde of gypsies, who entered Hun- 
 gary and Bohemia from the East, 
 giving themselves out as Christian 
 ])ilgrims. 
 
 Of the kingly demeanour and personal 
 achievements of old Will Fow [a gypsy chief 
 in Scotland], many curious particulars are 
 related. He never forgot his high descent 
 from the Lords of Little Egypt. 
 
 Blackwood's Mag. 
 
 Lord Strutt. Charles II. of Spain ; 
 — so called in Arbuthnot's satire en- 
 titled " The History of John Bull." 
 
 Every body must remember . . . the par- 
 oxysm of rage into which poor old Lord Strutt 
 fell, on hearing that his runaway servant 
 Nick Frog, his clothier John Bull, and his old 
 enemy Lewis Baboon, had come with quad- 
 rants, poles, and ink-horns to survey his 
 estate, and to draw his will for him. 
 
 Macartlaj/. 
 
 Lo-ren'zo. 1. A young man in love 
 with Jessica, Shylock's daughter, in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 2. The name of a character in 
 Young's " Night Thoughts," repre- 
 sented as a person of a thoroughly 
 debauched and reprobate life, and by 
 some supposed to be the portrait of 
 the poet's own son, but probably 
 
 nothing more than an embodiment 
 of imaginary atheism and unavailing 
 remorse and despair. 
 
 Lor're-quer, Harry. The hero of a 
 novel of the same name by Charles 
 James Lever (b. 180G); also, a pseu- 
 donym of the author. 
 
 Lo-san'ti-ville. [That is, L, the river 
 Licking, os (Lat.), the mouth, anii, 
 ojiijosite to, vilk, a town or city: the 
 town opposite the mouth of the Lick- 
 ing.] The original name of the city 
 of Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Lo-tha'ri-o (9). One of the dramatis 
 persume in Kowe's tragedj', '■ The 
 Fair Penitent." His character is 
 that of a libertine and a seducer, and 
 has served as the prototype of that 
 of many dramatic and romance he- 
 roes. 
 
 Is this that haughty gallant, gay Lothario ? 
 
 Howe. 
 
 Shorn of their plumes, our moon-struck son- 
 neteers 
 
 "Would seem but jackdaws croaking to the 
 spheres; 
 
 Our gay Lotharios, with their Byron curls, 
 
 AV'ould pine like oysters cheated of their 
 pearls. Holmes. 
 
 Level, Lord, See Lord Lovel. 
 
 Love'lace. The hero of Richardson's 
 novel, " The History of Clarissa 
 Ilarlowe," represented as an unscru- 
 pulous voluptuary, who has devoted 
 his life and his talents to the subver- 
 sion of female virtue. He is, perhaps, 
 the most finished picture of a self- 
 possessed and insinuating libertine 
 ever drawn. The character is an 
 expansion of that of Lothario in 
 Rowe's " Fair Penitent." See Har- 
 
 I.OVVE, CLAKIS.SA. 
 
 The eternal laws of poetry regained their 
 power, and tlve temporary fashions which had 
 Fuperseded those laws went after the wig of 
 Lovelace and the hoop of Clarissa. 
 
 3Sacaulay. 
 
 Lover's Leap. The promontory from 
 which Sappho is said to have thrown 
 herself into the sea ; Leucate, on the 
 south-western extremity of Leucas, 
 now Santa Maura. 
 
 Lovers' "War. \Fr. Guei-re des Amou- 
 reux.] (Fr. Hist.) A name given 
 to a civil war in the year 1580, during 
 the reign of Henry V. It was so 
 called because it arose from the jeal- 
 
 B^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 LOW 
 
 221 
 
 LUD 
 
 ousies and rivalries of the leaders, 
 who were invited to meet at the palaeo 
 of the queen-mother. 
 
 Low-heels. See High-hekls. 
 
 Loys, Le Capitaine. Sec Captain 
 
 LOYS. 
 
 Lreux (Iroo). King Arthur's seneschal, 
 iiriroduced in romances of the Round 
 Table, and always represented as a 
 detractor, a coward, and a boaster. 
 
 Lubberland. The same as Cockar/ne, 
 for wliiih name it was substituted by 
 the English poets of the sixteenth 
 century. Hence, also, a burlesque 
 name anciently applied to London. 
 See CocKAGNE. 
 
 But the idea wliich SiOyes entertained of 
 lodging tlie executive government in a Grand 
 Elector, wlio was to be a very model of a king 
 of Lubbcrlaml, was the ruin of his plan. 
 
 Sir II'. Scott. 
 Black Forests and the julories o{ LiibberJmx!, 
 sensuality and horror, tlio spoetrc-nnn and 
 charmed moonshine, shall not be wanting. 
 
 Cai-lijlp. 
 
 Lu-cas'ta. A poetical name under 
 which Richard Lovelace (1G18-1658) 
 celebrated the praises of " the lady 
 of his love," whom he usually called 
 Lux Casta. Antony Wood says that 
 she was " a gentlewoman of great 
 beauty and fortune, named Lucy 
 Sacheverell ; " but W. C. Hazlitt, the 
 latest editor of Lovelace's works 
 (London, 18G4), thinks the statement 
 '• may reasonably be doubted." 
 
 Luce. Sen-ant to Adriana, in Shake- 
 speare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Lu-cen'ti-o. Son to Vincentio, in 
 Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Lu-cet'ta. The name of a waiting- 
 woman to .Julia, in Shakespeare's 
 " Two Gentlemen of Verona." 
 
 Lu'ci-a'nS. Sister-in-law to Antipli- 
 olus of Ephesus, in Shakespeare's 
 " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Lu-ci-fer. One of the names of the 
 Devil, being applied to him from 
 an allegorical interpretation by the 
 Church fathers of a passage in Isaiah 
 (xiv. 12), in which the king of Baby- 
 lon is likened to the morning star. 
 W^ierus makes him the highest officer 
 of justice in the infernal court or 
 empire. 
 
 l^S' "Luoifcr is, in fact, no profiinc or 
 Satanic title. U is the Latin Luci/tru.<:, 
 the light- bringer, the morning .star, 
 etiuiviilent to the Greek .^u)cr<J)opo?, and 
 was a Christian name in •arly times, borno 
 even by one of the popes. It only ac- 
 quired its present association from the 
 apostrophe of tlie ruined king of Bab- 
 ylon, in Isaiah, as a fallen star: 'I£ow 
 art thou fallen from heaven, Lucifer, 
 son of the morning ! ' Thence, as this 
 destruction was assuredly a type of the 
 fall of Satan, Milton took Lucitijr a.s the 
 title of his demon of pride, and this name 
 of the pure, pale herald of daylight has 
 become hateful to Christian ears." 
 
 Yonge. 
 Lu-ci'na. [Lat., from lux, light, be- 
 cause she brings to light.] (Rom. 
 Myth.) The goddess of childbirth, a 
 daughter of Jupiter and Juno. 
 
 Lu'ci-o. A fantastic, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy, "Measure for Measure," 
 who, without being absolutely de- 
 praved or intentionally bad, has be- 
 come, through want of consideration, 
 both vicious and dissolute. 
 
 The Introductory Epistle is written, in 
 
 iiicio's phra.se, "according to the trick," and 
 
 would never have appeared had the writer 
 
 meditated making his avowal of the worlt. 
 
 Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 3Ir. Hunt treats the whole matter a little too 
 much in the easy style of Xhcio. Macaulay. 
 
 Lud. A mythic king of Britain, said 
 to have given his name to London. 
 
 The famous Cassibelan, who was once at point 
 (O giglot Fortune) tn Master Cajsar's sword, 
 Jtade Lud's town witli rejoicing bright, 
 And Britons strut with courage. Shale. 
 
 Lud, General. A name of great 
 terror given to the feigned leader of 
 bands of di.stresscd and riotous arti- 
 sans in the manufacturing districts of 
 England, who, in 1811, endeavoured 
 to prevent the introduction of power- 
 looms, — that is, looms ivorked by 
 machinery, — which they thought 
 would lessen the amount of manual 
 labour. In 1810, they re - appeared, 
 but were put down, after a short and 
 sharp riot in London, by the police 
 and niilitaiy. The real leaders ap- 
 peared in women's clothes, and were 
 called "Lud's wives." 
 
 4®= " Above tliirty years before this 
 time [1811], an imbecile named Ned Lud, 
 living in a village in Leicestershire, was 
 tormented by the boys in the streets, to 
 
 and fur the Keraarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 LUD 
 
 222 
 
 LUZ 
 
 his perpotual irritation. One day, in a 
 great p;ission, he pursued one of the boys 
 into a liouse, and, being unable to find 
 liim, he broke two stocking-frames. His 
 name was now either taken by those who 
 broke frames, or was given to tliem. When 
 frames were broken, Lud had been there ; 
 and the abettors were called Luddites." 
 H. Martineau. 
 
 juudwig der Springer (lobt'vik cKf 
 spring'ef). [Ger., Louis the leaper.] 
 A naine popularly given in Germany 
 to a margrave of Thuringia, born 
 in 1042. There is a tradition of his 
 having become attached to the Pals- 
 gra\-ine Adelheid of Saxony, whose 
 husband, Frederick III., he killed, and 
 then married her. For this he was 
 imprisoned in the castle of Giebich- 
 ensteiu, near Halle, and escaped by 
 a bold leap into the Saale. 
 
 One of their sisters, too, [sisters of the mar- 
 graves of Brandenburg in the eleventh centu- 
 ry,] had a strange adventure with "■Luilu-ig 
 the Springer," — romantic, mythic man, fa- 
 mous in the German world, over whom my 
 readers and I must not pause at this time. 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 Lugg'nagg. The name of an imagi- 
 nary island about a hundred leagues 
 south-east of Japan, mentioned in 
 Swift's fictitious " Travels " of Lem- 
 uel Gulliver. In the account of this 
 country and its inhabitants, we are 
 shown how miserable would be the 
 consequence of human beings' re- 
 ceiving a privilege of eternal life, 
 unaccompanied by corresponding 
 health, strength, and intellect. 
 Lumber State. A popular designa- 
 tion for the State of Maine, the inhab- 
 itants of which are largely engaged 
 in the business of cutting and raft- 
 ing lumber, or of converting it into 
 boards, shingles, scantlings, and the 
 like. 
 Lumptin, Tony. A young, clown- 
 ish country squire, the foolish son of 
 a foolish mother, in Goldsmith's com- 
 edy, " She Stoops to Conquer." 
 
 jeST" "He is in his own sex what a hoi- 
 den is in the other. He is that vulgar 
 nickname, a hobbctyhnij, dramatised ; 
 forward and sheepish, mischievous ami 
 idle, cunning and stupid, with the vices 
 of the man and the follies of the boy ; 
 fond of low company, and giving him- 
 self all the airs of consequence of the 
 young squire." HazUtt. 
 
 You ask mc for the plan. I have no r'-n- 
 I had no plan; but I had, or have, mateiial- ; 
 thoush, if, like Tonn Lumpkin, "I am to l.t; 
 snubbed so when I am in spirits," the poem 
 will be naught, and the poet turn serious 
 again. Byron. 
 
 Nature liad formed honest Meg for such en- 
 counters; and as her noble soul delighted in 
 tbem, so her outward properties were in wh: t 
 Ton'i Lumpkin calls "a concatenation accnrd- 
 ingly." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 I feel as Tnmi Lumpkin felt, who never had 
 tlie least ditfic'ulty in reading the outside of 
 liis letters, but who found it very hard work 
 to decipher the inside. A. K. II. Boyd. 
 
 Lun. A feigned name of John Eich 
 (d. 17G1), a celebrated English act- 
 or. When young, he attracted gen- 
 eral admiration by his performance 
 of Harlequin, and" received frequent 
 tributes of applause from contempo- 
 rary critics. 
 
 When Lun appeared, with matchless art and 
 whim. Garnck, 
 
 Lu'na. {Rom. 3Iyth.) The goddess 
 of tlie moon ; a name of Diana. 
 
 Lu-per'eus (4). [Lat., from lupus, a 
 Avolf.l iRo?n. Myth.) A god of the 
 old Eomans, sometimes identified 
 with the Grecian Pan. He was 
 worshipped by shepherds as the pro- 
 tector of flocks against wolves. His 
 priests were called "Luperci," and 
 his festivals " Lupercalia." 
 
 Lu'sig-nSn. A prominent character 
 in Aaron Hill's tragedy of " Zara; " 
 the " last of the blood of the Christian 
 kings of Jerusalem." 
 
 His head, whicli was a fine one, bore some 
 resemblance to that of Garrick in the charac- 
 ter of Lusignan. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Lu'si-ta'ni-a. The ancient Latin 
 name of Portugal ; often used in 
 modern poetiy. 
 
 Woe to the conquering, not the conquered, 
 host, ^ . 
 
 Since baffled Triumph droops on Lvsitaniii s 
 coast. Byron. 
 
 Lu'sus. A mythical hero, fabled to 
 have visited Portugal in company 
 with Ulysses, and to have founded 
 Lisbon imder the name of Ulyssop- 
 ohs. 
 
 Lu-te'ti-a (-te'shi-S). The ancient 
 Latin name of Paris. 
 
 Luz. A name given by the old Jewish 
 Kabbins to an imaginarj' little bone 
 which they believed to exist at the 
 base of the spinal column, and to be 
 
 R2- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 LYC 
 
 223 
 
 LYS 
 
 incapable of destruction. To its evcr- 
 liviuy power, t'ennentetl by a kind of 
 dew li\>ni heaven, tliey ascribed the 
 resurrection of the dead. 
 
 X^ff- '• Hadrian (whose bones may they 
 be ground, and his name blotted out ! ) 
 asked K. Joshua Ben Hananiah, ' How 
 doth a man revive again in the world 
 to come ? ' lie answered and said, ' From 
 Luz, in the backbone.' Saith he to him, 
 ' Demonstrate this to me.' Then he took 
 Luz, a little bone out of the backbone, 
 and put it in water, and it was not 
 steeped ; he put it in the fire, and it was 
 not burned ; he brought it to the mill, 
 and that could not grind it ; he laid it 
 on the anvil, and knocked it with a ham- 
 mer, but the anvil was cleft, and the 
 hammer broken." Lishtfoot. 
 
 Ly-ca'on. [Gr. AvKduiv.'] ( Gr: ij- Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of. Arcadia whom 
 Juno turned into a wolf because he 
 defiled his altar with human sacri- 
 fices. He was the father of Callisto. 
 
 Ly-chor'I-da. A nurse, in Shake- 
 speare's '• Pericles." 
 
 riy9'i-das. 1. A shepherd in the third 
 Eclogue of Virgil. 
 
 2. A poetical name under which 
 Slilton, in a celebrated monody, be- 
 wails the death of his friend Edward 
 King, fellow of Christ College, Cam- 
 bridge, who was di-owncd on his pas- 
 sage from Chester to Ireland, August 
 10, 1637. 
 
 Ijyc'o-ine'des. [Gr. Aukom^Stj?-] ( Gr. 
 (^- Rom. Myth.) A king of tlio island 
 of Sc\Tos, with whom Achilles con- 
 
 - cealei.1! himself for some time, dis- 
 guised in female apparel, to avoid 
 going to the Trojan war. 
 
 Ijy'eus. [Gr. Au'ko^.] [Gr. ^- Rom. 
 Myth. ) A king of Thebes, in Bojotia, 
 and the husband of Antiope, whom 
 he divorced because she was pregnant 
 by Jupiter. He then married Dirce, 
 who treated Antiope with great cru- 
 elty; but the children of the latter, 
 when they were gro-^vn up, avenged 
 their mother on both Dirce and 
 Lycus. See Dir.cE. 
 
 Lying Dick. Sec Talbot, Lying 
 Dick. 
 
 Iiyn'cetis. [Gr. Auvkcu's.] {Gr.c^-Rom. 
 
 Myth.) 1. One of the Argonauts, 
 famed for tlie sharpness of hi.s yiglit. 
 2. A son of yEgyptus, and the 
 husband of Hypcruniestra. Sec 
 Danaidks. 
 
 Lynch, Judge. In America, a per- 
 sonilication of violent and illegal 
 justice, or of mob-law. The name is 
 usually alleged to be derived from 
 one Lynch, who lived in what is now 
 the Piedmont district of Virginia at 
 the time when that district was the 
 M'cstern frontier of the State, and 
 when, on account of the distance from 
 the courts of law, it was customary 
 to refer the adjustment of disputes to 
 men of known character and judg- 
 ment in the neighbonrhood. This 
 man became .^o prominent by reason 
 of the wi.sdoni ami impartiality of his 
 decisions that he was known tlirough- 
 out tlie country as " Judge Lyncli." 
 Crimmals were brought before him 
 to receive their sentence, which was 
 perhaps administered with some se- 
 verity. At present, the term Lynch- 
 law is synonymous with mobocracy. 
 By some, the term is said to be 
 derived from one James Lyncli Fitz- 
 Stephen, a merchant of Galway, and 
 in 1526 its mayor. His son having 
 been convicted of murder, he, Brutus- 
 like, sentenced him to death, and, 
 fearing a rescue, caused him to be 
 brought home and hanged before his 
 own door. These explanations can- 
 not be regarded as conclusive, or 
 even tolerably well authenticated. A 
 more probable solution is to be found, 
 perhaps, in the Provincial English 
 word linch, to beat or maltreat. If 
 this were admitted, Lynch-law would 
 then be simply equivalent to " club- 
 law." 
 
 Ly'on-nesse'. Another form of Leon- 
 noys. See Leonnoys. 
 
 Lyric Muse. A title awarded to 
 Corinna, a poetess of Tanagra. in 
 Bceotia, contemporary with Pindar, 
 Avhom she is said to have conquered 
 five times in musical contests. 
 
 Ly-san'der. A character in love with 
 Hermia, in Shakespeare's " Midsum- 
 mer-Night's Dream." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wliicli the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MAB 
 
 224 
 
 MAC 
 
 M. 
 
 Mab. [Erse Meabhdh, said to have 
 been originally the name of a great 
 Irish princess.] The name given by 
 the English poets of the lifteenth 
 and succeeding centuries to the imag- 
 inary queen of the i'airies. Shake- 
 speare has given a famous descrip- 
 tion of Queen Mab in " Komeo and 
 Jidiet," a. i., sc. 4. 
 
 Mab, the mistress fairy, 
 That doth nightly rob the dairy, 
 And can hurt or help the churning 
 As she please, without discerning; 
 She that pinches country wenches 
 If they rub not clean their benches, 
 But it so they chancB to feast her. 
 In a shoe she drops a tester. lien Jonson. 
 If ye will with Mab find grace, 
 Set each platter in its place; 
 Kake the lire up and get 
 Water in ere sun be set; 
 Sweep your house; who doth not so, 
 Mab will pinch her by the toe. Ilerrick. 
 
 Ma-caire', Kobert [Fr.pron. ro'bef' 
 ma'ker', G4). The name of a char- 
 acter in a large number of French 
 plays, particularly two, entitled 
 " Chien de Montargis " and " Chien 
 d'Aubry ;" applied to any audacious 
 criminal. Macaire was a real per- 
 son, a French knight of the time of 
 Charles V., but his Christian name 
 was Richard, not Robert. He is tra- 
 ditionally said to have assassinated 
 Aubry de Montdidier, one of his 
 companions-in-arms, in the forest of 
 Bondy, in the year 1-371. As the dog 
 of the murdered man displaj'ed the 
 most unappeasable enmity towards 
 Macaire, the latter was arrested on 
 suspicion, and required to fight a 
 judicial combat wth the animal. 
 The result was fatal to the muBderer, 
 and he died confessing his guilt. 
 The character of Macaire has been a 
 fjtvourite one upon the Parisian stage, 
 and hence the name is sometimes 
 used as a sportive designation of the 
 French people generally. 
 
 Mac-betla'. An ancient king of Scot- 
 land, immortalised by being the hero 
 of Shakespeare's tragedy of the same 
 name. See Duncan. 
 
 Mac-beth', Lady. The chief female 
 
 character in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of "Macbeth." 
 
 JBQT " In the mind of Lady Macbeth, 
 ambition is represented as the ruling mo- 
 tive, — ■ an intense, overmastering passion, 
 which is gratified at the expense of every 
 just and generous pi-jnciple, and every 
 feminine feeling, lu the pursuit of her 
 object, she is cruel, treacherous, and 
 daring. She Is doubly, trebly dyed ia 
 guilt and blood ; for the murder she in- 
 stigates is rendered more frightful by dis- 
 loyalty and ingratitude, and by the vio- 
 lation of all the most sacred claims of 
 kindred and hospitality'. When her hus- 
 band's more kindly nature shrinks from 
 the perpetration of the deed of horror, 
 she, like an evil genius, whispers him on 
 to his damnation. . . . Lady Macbeth's 
 amazing power of intellect, her inexora- 
 ble determination of purpose, her super- 
 human strength of nerve, render her as 
 fearful in herself as her deeds are hate- 
 ful ; yet she is not a mere monster of de- 
 pravity, with whom we have nothing in 
 common, nor a meteor, whose destroying 
 path we watch in ignoi-aut affright and 
 amaze. She is a terrible impersonation 
 of evil passions and mighty powers, never 
 so far removed from our own nature as 
 to be cast beyond the pale of our sympa- 
 thies ; for the woman herself remains a 
 woman to the last, still linked with her 
 sex and with humanity." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Mac'bri-ar, Ephraim. An enthusiast 
 preacher in Scott's '• Old Mortality." 
 
 McBride, Miss. A proud heiress 
 with great expectations, whose his- 
 tory is related in a humourous and 
 popular poem by John G. Saxe. 
 
 Mac-duff'. A Scottish thane, in 
 Sliakespcare's tragedy of " Mac- 
 beth." 
 
 McFin'gal. The hero of Trumbull's 
 Hudibrastic political poem of the 
 same name; represented as a burly 
 New England squire enlisted on the 
 side of the Tory, or royalist, party of 
 the American Revolution, and con- 
 stantly engaged in controversy with 
 Honorius, the champion of the Whigs, 
 or rebels. 
 
 Mac Pleck'noe. [That is, Flecknoe's 
 son.] The title of a poem by Dryden, 
 
 aS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with tlie accompanying Explanations
 
 MAC 
 
 225 
 
 MAD 
 
 in which lie lampoons Thomas Shad- 
 well, a worthloss (.ontomporary poet 
 and dramatist, who had ivpeatcdly 
 intimated his superiority to Drydon 
 as a writer of plays. By " Mac 
 Flecknoe," Shadwell is meant, though 
 he is called, in the poem itself, by his 
 real name only. The Flecknoe to 
 whom the title, alludes was a wretched 
 poet, so distinguislied for his bad 
 verses that his name had become 
 almost proverbial. Dr\-den describes 
 him as an aged prince, who, lor many 
 years, had reigned 
 
 " without dispute, 
 Through all the realms of Nonsense, abso- 
 lute." 
 
 Shad well is represented as the adopted 
 son of this venerable monarch, and 
 is solemnly inaugurated as his succes- 
 sor on the throne of dulness. 
 
 McFlimsey, Flora. The heroine of 
 "Nothing to Wear," a popular satir- 
 ical poem by William Allen Butler 
 (b. 1825), an American author. 
 
 Mac-greg'or. See Eon Roy. 
 
 Ma-clia'6n. [Gr. Maxawi/.] ( Gr. tf- 
 jioin. Mijth.) A son of jEsculapius, 
 nnd a surgeon of the Greeks before 
 Troy, where he died. 
 
 Mac-heath', Captain, A highway- 
 man who is the hero of Gay's " Beg- 
 gar's Opera." 
 
 I communicated this purpose, and recom- 
 mended the old hag to poor Ettie, by a letter, 
 in which I recollect that I endeuvoureil to sup- 
 
 Sort the character of ilaclicath under con- 
 cmnation, — a fine, gay, bold-faced ruffian, 
 who is game to the last. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 He hears the sound of coaches and six, 
 takes the road like Macheath, and makes so- 
 ciety stand and deliver. Thackeray. 
 
 Mac-i'vor, Fer'gus (4). The chief 
 of Glcnnaquoich, a prominent charac- 
 ter in Scott's novel of " Waverley." 
 [Called also Vich Ian Vuhr.] 
 
 Mac-1'vor, Flora. The heroine of 
 
 Scott's " Waverley ; " sister to Fergus 
 
 Maclvor. 
 Ma'c6n, or Mac'6n. [It. Mncone. 
 
 " Evidently a corruption of Mahomel 
 
 [or Mnhoun] ; for the Italians do not 
 
 aspirate the h, they pronounce it like 
 
 a K." UffO Foscnfo. See Maiioun.] 
 
 An old English form of Mahomet. 
 
 Praised, quoth he, be Macon, whom we serve. 
 Fairfax. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Bulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 15 
 
 Mac-rab'in, Mark. A pseudonym 
 under which a scries of interesting 
 " Itecolleetions " by a Canieroniau 
 were contributed to '• Blackwood's 
 Magazine." The writer is believed 
 to have been Allan Cunningham. 
 
 Mac-rab'in, Peter. An imaginary 
 interlocutor in the " Nodes Ambro- 
 sianie" of Wilson, Lockhart, and 
 Maginn. 
 
 MacSycophant, Sir Per'ti-nax (4). 
 A noted character in INlaekiin's com- 
 edy of " The Way of the World." 
 
 McTab, The Honourable Miss 
 Lucretia. A stiff maiden aunt in 
 Colman's comedy, " The Poor Gen- 
 tleman; " sister of one of the oldest 
 barons in Scotland, and cxtromoly 
 proud of her noble birth, but reduced 
 to dependence upon the husband of 
 a deceased niece. 
 
 Mac-Turk', Captain Hec'tor. One 
 
 of the Managing ("onimittee at the 
 Spa, in Scott's novel of" St. llonan's 
 AVell;" characterised as "the man 
 of Peace." 
 Mad Anthony. A sobriquet of Major- 
 General Anthony Wayne (174.5- 
 1796), distinguished for his military 
 skill and impetuous bravery in the 
 Avar of the American Revolution. 
 
 Mad. Cavalier. A sobriquet given to 
 Prince Rupert of Bavaria (1019-1082 ), 
 nephew of Charles I. of England, 
 and a leader of that king's forces dur- 
 ing the civil wars. He was remarka- 
 ble for his rash courage and impetu- 
 osity, and his impatience of control 
 and advice. 
 
 Madhava(mi-fha'va). {Bindu Myth.) 
 A name often given to Vishnu. See 
 Vishnu. 
 
 Madman of Macedonia. An epithet 
 sometimes applied to Alexander the 
 Great (356-;J23 u. c), king of Mace- 
 donia, whose extraordinary and unin- 
 terrupted military success created in 
 him a thirst for universal dominion so 
 insatiable that he is said to have 
 wept because there were no more 
 worlds than this for him to conquer. 
 
 Heroes are much the same, the point 's agreed, 
 ede. 
 
 From Macedonia's Madman to the Swed 
 
 Fope.
 
 MAD 
 
 226 
 
 MAG 
 
 "A Nation wliieh can fight," think the 
 Gazetteers; "... and is led on by its kin;;, 
 too, wlio may prove, in his way, a very 
 Charles XII., or small M<icr,lonUi':i Minima,,, 
 for anjjlit one knows; " in wliieh lattiT braneli 
 of their prognostic tlie Gazetteers were mucli 
 out. Curlyle. 
 
 Madman of the ISTorth. Charles XII. 
 of Sweduii; — so callud on account 
 of the rashness and impetuosity of 
 his character. He was born at Stock- 
 holm in 1082, and killed at the siege 
 of Frederickshall, in 1718. His life 
 was full of exciting adventures in 
 •war. He formed great plans for the 
 aggrandisement of his kingdom, 
 •which he did not live to execute, and 
 at his death, Sweden fell from the 
 rank of a leading power. 
 
 Ma'dor, Sir. A Scottish knight with 
 whom Lancelot du Lac engaged in 
 single combat, in order to prove the 
 innocence of (^ueen (iuinever, falsely 
 accused by Sir Mador of having 
 poisoned his brother. The contest 
 lasted from noon till evening, when 
 Lancelot finally achieved a complete 
 victory over his antagonist. See 
 JoYEUSE Garde, La. 
 
 Mad Parliament. (Etifi. Hist.) A 
 name given by tlie old chroniclers to 
 a parliament which assembled at 
 Oxford on the 11th of June, 12.58, 
 and which, exasperated at the ex- 
 orbitant demands for supplies made 
 by the king, Henry III., to enable 
 him to accomplish the conquest of 
 Sicil}-, broke out into open revolt 
 against the supremacy of the crown, 
 •which resulted in the appointment of 
 twenty-four of their number, with 
 the famous Simon de Montfort as 
 president, to administer the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Mad Poet. 1. A name sometimes 
 given to Nathaniel Lee (1G57-1690), 
 an English dramatic poet, who, in 
 1684, became insane, and was con- 
 lined in Bedlam for four years. 
 
 2. A sobriquet apjilied to McDon- 
 ald Clark (1798-1842), author of va- 
 rious fugitive poetical pieces in which 
 there are some glimmerings of gen- 
 ius. He died in the Insane Asyliun 
 at Bloomingdale, New York. 
 
 Mse-ce'nas (Caius Cilnius), A 
 wealthy Koman nobleman (d. b. c. 
 
 8), a friend of Augustus, and a liberal 
 patron of Virgil, Horace, Tropertius, 
 and other men of genius. The name 
 is proverbially used to denote any 
 munificent friend of literature. 
 
 Mse-on'i-des. [Gr. MaioviSrjs.] A 
 poetical designation of Homer, who 
 was born, according to some ac- 
 counts, in Ma^onia, a district of East- 
 ern Lydia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 Those other two equalled with me in fate, 
 So were I equalled with them in renown, — 
 Blind Thamyris and blind Jlceonides. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ma'gS. A popular sobriquet of " Black- 
 wood' s Magazine," the contributors 
 to which have embraced many of the 
 most eminent writers of Great Brit- 
 ain, including Wordsworth, Cole- 
 ridge, Lamb, De Quincey, Landor, 
 and others. The name is a contrac- 
 tion of the word Marjazine. 
 
 On other occasions he was similarly hon- 
 oured, and was invariably mentioned with 
 praise by Wilson, the presiding genius of 
 2Iafja. li. Skelton Mackenzie. 
 
 Ma'gi, The Three. The " wise men 
 from the East" who came to Jerusa- 
 lem bringing gifts to the infant Je- 
 sus. (MuU.ii.) Magi {'m the orig- 
 inal Greek, /aayoi) is the Latin for 
 "wise men," in the Vulgate transla- 
 tion of the Bible. The traditional 
 names of the three JIagi are Jlelchior, 
 represented as an old man with a long 
 beai'd, offering gold, in acknowledg- 
 ment of the sovereignty of Christ; 
 Jaspar, a beardless youth, who offers 
 frankincense, in recognition of our 
 Lord's divinity; and Balthazar, a 
 black, or Moor, with a large spread- 
 ing beard, who tenders myrrh, as a 
 tribute to the Saviour's humanity. 
 They are the patron saints of trav- 
 ellers. See Cologne, The Thkee 
 Kings of. 
 
 i!gf " Early diil tradition fix the 
 number at three, probably in allusion to 
 the three races of men descended from 
 the sons of Noah ; and soon they were 
 said to be descendants of the Mesopo- 
 tamian prophet Balaam, from whom they 
 derived the expectation of the star of 
 Jacob. Their corpses were supposed to 
 be at that storehouse of relies, Constan- 
 tinople, whence the Empress Helena 
 caused them to be transported to Milan. 
 Frederick Barbarossa carried them to 
 
 l^r For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MAG 
 
 227 
 
 MAI 
 
 Cologne, tlie place of tlieir e.'pocial glory 
 as the Three Kings of Cologne." Yotige. 
 
 Magician, Great. See Gkeat Ma- 
 gician. 
 Magician, Little. See Little Ma- 
 
 C.UIAN. 
 
 Magician of the North. [Ger. Ma- 
 mts aus Nvnkn.] A title a.-isumed by 
 Johann (rcorg Hamann (1730-1788), 
 a German Avriter of very original 
 genius. 
 
 Maguelone, The Fa,ir. Sec Faik 
 Macukloxe. 
 
 Mahadeva (ma'hu-da'vu). [Sansk., 
 great god.] (Illnda Myth.) An ap- 
 jjeliation by which Siva is usually 
 designated. Sec Siva. 
 
 Mahadevi (ma'ha-da'vce). [Sansh., 
 great goddess.] (Hindu Mijth.) An- 
 other name of Durga, the wife of 
 Siva. Sec Durga. 
 
 Ma-houn', or Ma'houn, \ [Old Fr. 
 
 Ma-hound', or Ma 'hound. ) JMahom.'] 
 Corrupted forms of the name Ma- 
 homel, used by our old ■svriters. 
 
 And oftentimes by Termagaunt and 3fahound 
 swore. ISpenser. 
 
 Or' sundry faith together in that town, . . . 
 The greater, far, were votaries to Jlulmun. 
 
 Fairfar. 
 An anticiue flowered sillc frown sr;iced the 
 extraordinary iier>^rin to wlmni bulniiLri'd this 
 unparallcled"^<'^r, wliicli hi-r lirotlior was wont 
 to say was fitter for a turban Ibr J/uhotmd or 
 Termagant, tlian a hcad-t;ear for a reasonable 
 creature, or Christian gentlewoman. 
 
 Sir rr. Scott. 
 There was crying in Granada when the sun 
 
 was ;roini; down. 
 Some callinff on tlie Trinity, some calling on 
 Mahoun. Lockhart. 
 
 Mahu (ma-hoo'', or ma'hoo). A fiend 
 mentioned by Shakespeare, in the 
 tragedy of "Lear," as the instigator 
 of theft. See FLiBBEUTioxmiET, 1. 
 
 Ma'i-a (20). [Gr. Mara.] (<Jr. (f Rom. 
 Afyth.) A daughter of Atlas, and 
 the mother of Mercury. 
 
 Maiden Queen. A name popular!}' 
 given to (iueon Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land, who began to reign in 1558, at 
 the age of twenty-five, and died un- 
 maiTied in lG03!i at the age of sev- 
 enty. See Virgin Queen. 
 
 He merely asks whether, at (hat period, the 
 Maitlen Queen was red-painted on the nose, 
 and wliite-painted on the cheeks, as her tire- 
 women— when, from spleen and wrinkles, 
 Bhe would no longer look in any glass — were 
 ■wont to ser\'c her. Carbjle. 
 
 Maiden Town. [Gael. Magli-dun, 
 Brit. Jtfakliii, Lat. Castrum J'uella- 
 ?•/'/«.] A name popularly given to 
 Edinburgli, from a monkish fable or 
 tradition that it was once the resi- 
 dence of the daughters of Pictish 
 kings, who were sent to this strong- 
 hokl for protection in times of war 
 and trouble. 
 
 Your hands are weak with ape, he said, 
 Your liearts are stout and true; 
 
 So hide ye in the Mal:l(ii Tmrti, 
 While others light lor you. Aytoun. 
 
 Maid Ma'ri-Sn (9). A personage in 
 the morris-dances, often dressed like a 
 woman, and sometimes like a strum- 
 pet, and whose name is, therefore, 
 used to describe women of an impu- 
 dent or masculine character. Though 
 the morris-dances were, as their name 
 denotes, of Moorish origin, yet they 
 were commonly adapted in England 
 to the popular English story of Kobin 
 Hood, whose fair Matilda, or Marian, 
 was tlie very person here originally 
 represented. See Robin Hood. 
 
 XE3^ Maid Marian, as Queen of May, 
 ha.s a golden crown upon her head, and 
 in her left hand a red pink as an emblem 
 of summer. Percy and Steevens agree in 
 making Marian the mistress of llobin 
 Ilood. Douce, however, con.siders the 
 character a dramatic fiction. '• None of 
 the materials that constitute the moro 
 authentic history of Robin Ilood prove 
 the existence of such a character in the 
 shape of his mistress." 
 
 jKJ" " Probably the addition of the 
 German diminutive chen, in French on, 
 formed the name of 
 
 ' A bonny fine maid, of noble degree, 
 Maiil 3tarian called by name.' 
 
 Very soon had her fame travelled abroad, 
 for in 1332 the play of ' Robin et Marion ' 
 was performed by the students of Angers, 
 one of them appearing as a fiUette cle- 
 guisee ; the origin of Marionettes, pup- 
 pets disguised to play the part of Maid 
 Marian, is thus explained." Yonge. 
 
 Robin's mistress dear, his lovcA Mdrimi, 
 Was sovereign of the woods, chief lady of tlie 
 
 game ; 
 Her elotlies tucked to the knee, and dainty- 
 braided hair. 
 With bow and quiver armed. Drayton. 
 
 Maid of Anjou, Fair. See Fair 
 Maid of Anjou. 
 
 Maid of Bath (2). A n.ame given to 
 ]\Iiss Linley, a beautiful and accom- 
 plished singer, who became the wife 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MAI 
 
 228 
 
 MAL 
 
 of Richard Brinslej' Sheridan, the 
 celebrated dramatist and statesman. 
 
 Maid of Kent, Fair. See Fair Maid 
 (iK Kknt. 
 
 Maid of Kent, Holy. See Holy 
 Maid ok Kent. 
 
 Maid of Norway. In Scottish liis- 
 tory, a name given to Margaret, a 
 grand-daughter of Alexander III., 
 recognised as his successor by tlie 
 states of Scotland, though a female, 
 an infant, and a foreigner. She died, 
 however, on her passage to Scotland, 
 in 1290. Her father was Eric II., 
 king of Norway, and her nother 
 ^Margaret, only daughter of Alexan- 
 der. 
 
 Maid of Orle-ans. A surname giv- 
 en to Joan of Arc, from her heroic 
 defence of the city of Orleans. Hav- 
 ing been taken captive by the Eng- 
 lish, she suffered martyrdom, being 
 burned alive bv order of the Earl of 
 Warwick, on the 2-4th of May, 1431. 
 
 4Pg= " It was requisite that she should 
 suffer ; for had she not passed through 
 the supreme trial and purification, du- 
 bious shadows would have remained 
 among the rajs that beam from her 
 saintly head ; she would not have dwelt 
 in men's memory as the Maid of Or- 
 leans." Mickelet, Trans. 
 
 Maid of Perth, Pair. See FaiPw 
 Maid of Perth. 
 
 Maid of Saragossa. An appella- 
 tion bestowed upon Agustina Zara- 
 goza, a young Spanish woman dis- 
 tinguished for her heroism during the 
 defence of Saragossa in 1808-9. She 
 first attracted notice by mounting a 
 battery where her lover had fallen, 
 and working a gun in his room. By- 
 ron has celebrated her in the first 
 canto of his " Childe Harold." 
 
 Malagigi (inal-S-je'jee). A celebrat- 
 ed hero in the romances and poems 
 based upon the fabulous adventures 
 of Charlemagne and his paladins. 
 He is said to have been a cousin to 
 Rinaldo, and a .'Jon of Beuves, or Bu- 
 ovo, of Aygremont. He was brought 
 up by the fairy Orianda, and became 
 a great enchanter. 
 
 Mal'a-gri'da. A nickname given by 
 contemporary political opponents to 
 
 Lord Shelburne (1737-1805), a zeal- 
 ous oppositionist during the adminis- 
 tration of Lord North. Gabriel Mal- 
 agrida (1G89-1761) was an Italian 
 Jesuit, and missionary to Brazil, who 
 was accused of conspiring against the 
 king of Portugal. 
 
 ;8®= " ' Do you know,' said Goldsmith 
 to his lordship, in the course of conversa- 
 tion, ' that I never could conceive why 
 they call you Malagrida, for Malagrida 
 was a very good sort of man.' This was too 
 good a trip of the tongue for Beauclerc 
 to let pass : he serves it up in his next 
 letter to Lord Charlemont, as a specimen 
 of a mode of turning a thought the 
 wrong way, peculiar to the poet ; he 
 makes merry over it with bis witty and 
 sarcastic compeer, Horace Walpole, who 
 pronounces it ' a picture of Goldsmith's 
 whole life.' Dr. .lohnson alone, when he 
 hears it bandied about as Goldsmith's last 
 blunder, growls forth a friendly defence : 
 ' Sir,' said he, ' it was a mere blunder in 
 emphasis. He meant to say, I wonder 
 they should use Malagrida as a term of 
 reproach.' Poor Goldsmith ! On such 
 points he was ever doomed to be misin- 
 terpreted." W. Irving. 
 Mal'a-grow'tBer. 1. (Sir Mun'go.) 
 An old courtier in Sir Walter Scott'.'! 
 novel, " The Fortunes of Nigel." 
 " He is a man of birth and talents, 
 but naturally unamiable, and soured 
 by misfortune, who now, mutilated 
 by accident, and grown old, and deaf, 
 and peevish, endeavours by the un- 
 sparing exercise of a malicious pene- 
 tration and a caustic wit, under the 
 protection of his bodily infirmities, 
 to retaliate on an unfriendly world, 
 and to reduce its happier inhabitants 
 to a momentary level with himself." 
 
 2. (Mal'a-Qlii.) A nom cle plume 
 used by Sir Walter Scott as the sig- 
 nature of several letters written by 
 him to the Edinburgh " Weekly 
 Journal " in 1826, in opposition to 
 the proposition in the British parlia- 
 ment to restrict the circulation of 
 bank-notes of less than five pounds 
 value in Scotland. 
 
 j^-' •' These diatribes produced in 
 Scotland a sensation not perhaps inferior 
 to that of the Drapier's letters in Ire- 
 land ; .a greater one, certainly, than any 
 political tract had excited in the British 
 public at large since the appearance of 
 Burke's ' Reflections on the French Revo- 
 lution.' " Lockhart. 
 
 03** For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Ezplanationa,
 
 MAL 
 
 229 
 
 MAM 
 
 Mal'a-prop, Mrs. A character in 
 Sheridan's comedy of" The Rivals," 
 noted for her blunders in the use of 
 words. The name is obviously de- 
 rived from the French mal a j)roj)os, 
 unapt, ill-timed. 
 
 flSf- " Mrs. Malaprop's mistakes in 
 what slie herself calls ■ orthoiloxy ' have 
 been often objected to as improbable from 
 a woman in her rank of life ; but though 
 some of them, it must be owueJ. are ex- 
 travagant and farcical, they are almost 
 all amusing; and the luckiness of her 
 simile, ' as headstrong as an aUes^ory on 
 the banks of the Nile,' will be acknowl- 
 edged as long as there are writers to be 
 run away with by the wilfulness of this 
 truly ' headstrong ' species of composi- 
 tion." T. Moore. 
 
 The conclusion drawn vtas, that Cliilde 
 Harold, Byron, and the Count in Boppo, arc 
 one and the same person, thereby makinjc nio 
 turn out to be, as Mrs. Malaprop says, '* like 
 Cerberus, three gentlemen at once." Dyron. 
 
 Mal-bec'co. A character in Spen- 
 ser's " Faery Queen" (B. III., c. 0, 
 10), designed to represent the self- 
 inflicted torments endured by him 
 
 " Who dotes, yet doubts; suspects, yet fondly 
 loves.'' 
 
 The sight could jealous pangs beguile, 
 And charm Matbccco's cares awhile. 
 
 Sir n'. Scott. 
 
 Malcolm (mal'kum). A .son of Dun- 
 can, in Shakespeare's tracjedy of 
 " .Macbeth." 
 
 Malebolge (mJ-lS-bol'ja). A name 
 Kiven by Dante to the eighth circle 
 in his " Inforno," from the ten " evil " 
 " bolgi,^^ or pits, which it contains. 
 
 Mal-voli-o. Steward to Olivia, in 
 Shakespeare's "Twelfth Nii^Iit." 
 
 45P" " Malvolio is not essentially ludi- 
 crous, lie becomes comic but by .ircidcnt. 
 Heiscold. austere, repelling, butdiguified, 
 consistent, and, for what appears, rather 
 of an overstretched morality. . . . lie is 
 opposed to the proper levities of the piece, 
 and falls in the unequal contest. Still his 
 pride, or his gravity (call it which you 
 will), is inherent, and native to the man, 
 not mock or affected, which latter only 
 are the fit objects to excite laughter. His 
 quality is, at the best, unlovely, but 
 neither buffoon nor contemptible. . . . 
 His dialect, on .all occasions, is that of a 
 gentleman and a man of education. We 
 must not confound him with the eternal. 
 Old, low steward of comedy. He is master 
 of the household to a great princess, — a 
 dignity, probably, conferred upon him 
 
 for Other respects than ago or length of 
 service." CkarUs Lamb. 
 
 Four of the duke's friends, with the obedient 
 start which poor Muholio ascribes to his im- 
 aginary retinue, made out to lead tlic victor to 
 his presence. air W. Scott. 
 
 Clearing his voice with a preliminary hem, 
 he addres.sed his kinsman, checking, as Mnl- 
 vulio proposed to do when seated in liis state, 
 his familiar smile with an austere regard of 
 control. air IV. Svott. 
 
 We fools of fancy, who suffer ourselves, like 
 MixUiilio, to be chcutirl with our own visions, 
 have, nevurtlu'loss, tliis advMiitiigu over the 
 wise DiK's of tile earth, tliiit we liuve ourwhole 
 stock of enjoynicnts under our own command, 
 and can dish for ourselves an intellectual ban- 
 quet with most moderate assistance from ex- 
 ternal objects. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Mamamouchi (m.a'nia'moo'she')- A 
 knight (if an imaginary order, of 
 which M. Jourdain, in Molicre's 
 comedy, " Le Bourgeois Gcntil- 
 homme," is persuaded that the grand 
 seignior has made him a member, 
 and into which he is inducted by the 
 ceremony of a mock installation. 
 
 All the women most devoutly swear, 
 Kach would be rather a poor actress here, 
 Than to be made a Jlainaiuouchi there. 
 
 JJri/i!en. 
 
 Mambrino (mam-bre'no). A Moor- 
 ish king, in the romantic poems of 
 Bojardo and Ariosto, who was the 
 possessor of an enchanted golden 
 helmet, which rendered the wearer 
 invidnerable, and which was the ob- 
 ject of eager quest to the paladins 
 of Charlemagne. This helmet was 
 borne away by the knight liinaldo. 
 It owes its celebrity, in a great meas- 
 ure, to the mention which is made of 
 it by Cervantes, in " Don Quixote," 
 where the crazy knight of that name 
 is represented as fully believing that 
 he had found it in what was in real- 
 itj' nothing but a copper basin, higli- 
 ly polished, which a barber, on his 
 way to bleed a patient, had put on 
 his Iiead to protect a new hat during 
 a shower. 
 
 Like some enchanted Mamhririo's helmet. 
 Carli/Je. 
 
 But the ' War ' [between Charles VI., em- 
 peror of Germany, and Philip V., king of 
 Spain, 171H-'J0], except that many men were 
 killed in it, and much vain babble was uttered 
 upon it, r.anks otherwise with that of Don 
 Quixote for conquest of the enchanted helmet 
 of Mamhriiio, which, when looked into, proved 
 to be a barber's basin. Carli/le. 
 
 Ma-mil'li-us. A young prince of 
 Sicilia, in Shakespeare's " Whiter's 
 Tale." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 MAM 
 
 230 
 
 MAU 
 
 Mam'mon. A Syriac word useil in 
 the Scriptures to signify cither riches 
 or the god of riches. By poetic li- 
 cense, Milton makes Mammon one 
 of the fallen angels, and portrays his 
 character in the following lines: — 
 
 Mnmmon, the least erected spirit that fell 
 i'ruin heaven : for even in heaven his looks 
 
 and thoughts 
 "Were always dowTiward bent; admiring more 
 The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden 
 
 gold. 
 Than aught divine or holy else enjoyed 
 In vision beatific: by hjm first 
 Men, also, and by his suggestion taught, 
 Kansacked the centre, and with impious 
 
 hands 
 Killed the bowels of their mother earth 
 l"or treasures better hid. I^ar. Lust, Bk. I. 
 
 Wieriis, in his account of the infernal 
 court of Beelzebub, makes Mammon 
 its ambassador in England. Other 
 medi.-cval demonographers placed 
 him at the head of the ninth rank of 
 demons, of which they reckoned nine 
 kinds. 
 
 Mammon, Cave of. Sec Cave ov 
 Mamjion. 
 
 Mam'mon, Sir Epicure. A world- 
 ly sensualist, in Ben Jonsou's play, 
 " The Alchymist." 
 
 Sir Eidcure did not indulge in visions more 
 magnificent and gigantic [than Bacon]. 
 
 Macaulaii. 
 
 Manchester Massacre. See Petek- 
 
 LOO, 1<"1ELD OF. 
 
 Manchester Poet. An appellation 
 given to Charles Svrain (b. 1803), an 
 English poet, and a native of Man- 
 chester. 
 
 Mandane (mo"'dan', 62). The heroine 
 of Mnic. Scuderv's romance entitled 
 "Artamanes, ou Le Grand Cyrus." 
 
 Mandricardo (man-dre-kaf'do). A 
 Saracen wamor in Bojardo's '' Or- 
 lando Innamorato," son of Agricane, 
 and emperor of Tartaiy. He figures 
 also in Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso " 
 and other romantic poems and tales 
 of the Carlovingian cycle. 
 
 Ma'nes. [Lat., the good or benevolent 
 ones.] (Rom. Mj/th.) The deified 
 .souls of the departed, worshipped with 
 divine honours. 
 
 Man'fred. The hero of Byron's drama 
 of the same name ; represented as 
 a being estranged from all human 
 creatures, indiiferent to all human 
 
 sympathies, and dwelling in the 
 uiagnilicent solitude of the central 
 Alps, -where he holds communion 
 only with the spirits he invokes by 
 his sorceries, and with the fearful 
 memory of the being he has loved 
 and destroyed. 
 
 Man in Black. 1. A character in 
 
 Goldsmith's " Citizen of the World," 
 supposed to be, in its main features, 
 a portrait of Goldsmith's father. 
 
 ff^ •' A most delightful compound is 
 the ' Man in Black ; ' a rarity not to bo 
 met with often : a true oddity, with the 
 tongue of Timon and the heart of Uncle 
 Toby. He proclaims war against pauper- 
 ism, yet he cannot say ' No ' to a beggar. 
 lie ridicules generosity, yet would he 
 share with the poor whatever he pos- 
 sessed." Henry Giles. 
 
 2. The subject of a tale by Wash- 
 ington Irving. 
 Man in the Moon. A name popu- 
 larly given to the dark lines and 
 spots upon the surface of the moon 
 which are visible to the naked eye, 
 and which, when examined with a 
 good telescope, are discovered to be 
 tlie shadows of lunar mountains. It 
 is one of the most popular, and 
 perhaps one of the most ancient, 
 superstitions in the world, that these 
 lines and spots are the ligure of a 
 man leaning on a fork, on which he 
 carries a bundle of thorns or brush- 
 wood, for stealing which on a Sunday 
 he was confined in the moon. (See 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream," a. iii., sc. 1, and '' Tempest," 
 a. ii., sc. 2.) The account given in 
 Numbers xv. 32, et scq., of a man 
 who was stoned to death for gathering 
 sticks upon the Sabbath-day, is un- 
 doubtedly the origin of this belief. 
 
 JJOf" To have a care "lest the chorle 
 may fall out of the moon " appears from 
 Chaucer's " Troilus and Cresseide" to 
 have been a proverbial expression in his 
 time. In the " Testament of Cresseide," 
 describing the moon, he informs us that 
 she had 
 
 " On her hrest a chnrle painted ful even 
 Rearing a bui^h of thni-nes on his backe. 
 Which for his theft might climb uo uer the 
 heven." 
 
 With the Italians, Cain appears to have 
 been the offender. Dante, in the twen- 
 tieth canto of the " Inferno," describes 
 
 OS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MAN 
 
 231 
 
 JIAN" 
 
 the moon by the periphrasis, " Cninn e Ir 
 spine.''' The Jews have some Talmudic-al 
 story that Jacob is in the uiood, ami they 
 believe that liis face is visible. i"or Ori- 
 ental and other traditions, see Grimm, 
 " Deutsche Mythologie," p. 679. 
 
 SS-ff- '' As for the forme of tho.se spots, 
 some of the vulgar tliiuke they represent 
 a ■man, and the poets guess "t is t/ie bui/ 
 Endytnion, whose company shee loves so 
 ■well that she carries him with her ; oth- 
 ers will have it onely to be the face of a 
 man, as the moon is usually pictured ; 
 but Albertus thinkes rather that it rep- 
 resents a lijon, with his tail toward the 
 cast and his head to the west ; and some 
 others have thought it to be very much 
 hke a fox ; and certainly it is as much 
 hke a lyon as that iu the zodiakc, or as 
 Ursa Major is like a bearc." 
 
 Bp. Wilkins, Disc, of a Ncio World. 
 
 Manly. One of the (Jrnmniis 2}ersu!i(e 
 in AVycherley's " PLiin-dealer," do- 
 scribed by the author as '• of an 
 honest, surly, nice humour, supjiosed 
 first in the time of the Dutch M'ar to 
 have procured the command of a 
 ship, out of honour, not interest, and 
 choosing a sea-lilc only to avoid the 
 ■world." Lcifih Hunt characterises 
 him as " a ferocious sensualist, who 
 believed himself as <!;reat a rascal as 
 he thought evei-j' body else." 
 
 Ma-no'5. A fabulous city of great 
 size, wealth, and population, in El 
 Dorado, on the west shore of Lake 
 Parirae, and at the mouth of a great 
 river which empties into this lake. 
 The houses were said to be covered 
 with plates of gold. 
 
 JS^jp "This fable besan to gain credit 
 in 1534, and many were the stories in- 
 vented by Juan Martinez, a Spaniard, 
 ■who, among other things, asserted tliat 
 he had lived a long time in the country, 
 and that he left it by the permission of the 
 chief who commanded it, and who was 
 descended from the ancient Incas of Pe- 
 ru ; that this same chief gave orders that 
 he should be accompanied by Indians till 
 be reached the Spanish frontiers ; that 
 they took care to lead him blindfold, lest 
 he might observe the way by which to re- 
 turn ; with several other things equally 
 vague and foolish, but so as to induce, at 
 first, many expeditions to this fair-reputed 
 city at the expense of large sums of money 
 and many lives." Alce/Jo, Trans. 
 
 .Man of Bath (2). A surname given 
 to IJalph Allen, the friend of I'ope, 
 
 Warbiirton, and Fielding, celebrated 
 
 iu the well-known lines of the hr.st: — 
 
 " I.ot luimble jVllcn, with an awkward slininc, 
 
 1)0 goixl liy stuulth, and blush to find it 
 
 fame.'' 
 
 Man of Blood. An expression which 
 occurs in the Old Testament (2 Sum. 
 xvi. 7), in a marginal note explana- 
 tory of the context, and which refers 
 in that place to King David. The 
 application of the term to any man 
 of violence is naturally suggested, 
 and it woidd seem to have been em- 
 ployed by the Puritans in reference 
 to Charles I. It was also popularly 
 given to Thomas Simmons, an Eng- 
 lish nturderer, executed at Hertford, 
 March 7, 1808. 
 
 And the Man. of r.loorl was there, with his 
 long, csgenced hnir, 
 
 And Astlcy, and Sir Marmadukc, and Ru- 
 pert <if the Kliiuc. Macuulay. 
 
 Man of Destiny. An epithet con- 
 ferred uiion Napoleon Bonaparte, who 
 believed himself to be a chosen in- 
 strument of Destiny, and that his 
 actions were governed by some occult 
 and supernatural intiueuce. 
 
 The head of the royal house of Savoy . . . 
 ■was to have the inehinclu>ly oxperii'iu'e that 
 he had encountered witli tlie Men nf Jii Mini/, 
 . . . who, for a time, had puwir, in tlie em- 
 phatic phrase of Scripture, "to hind kings 
 ■with chains, and nobles with fetters of iron." 
 .S(V W. Scott. 
 
 Man of Feeling. The title of a novel, 
 by Henry Mackenzie (1745-18-31), 
 designed to characterise the hero, 
 Harley, and often applied to him as a 
 descriptive epithet. It is also fre- 
 quentl}' used as a soln'iquet to desig- 
 nate the author. See Hai:lky. 
 
 The wonder rather i?, that the Han of Fi'cl- 
 i"mj/ should never have been moved to mirth, 
 tlian that I iicle Tobv should have brushed 
 away his tears with a faugh. //. 3lartineau. 
 
 Man of Ross. John Kyrle, a private 
 gentleman of small fortune (1GG4- 
 1754), who resided in the parish of 
 Eoss, county of Hereford, I^ngland, 
 and who was distinguished lor his 
 benevolence and public spirit. Pope 
 has immortalised him iu his " Moral 
 Essavs," ''Epistle Third," " On the 
 Use of Riches." The title " Man of 
 lloss " was given to him in his life- 
 time by a country friend; and INfr. 
 Kyrle is said to have been highly 
 pleased with the appellation. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xzxli.
 
 MAN 
 
 232 
 
 MAR 
 
 Richer than miser o'er his countless hoards, 
 Nobler than kings, or king-polluted lords, 
 Hera dwelt the Man of lions.' O traveller, 
 
 liear! 
 Departed merit claims a reverent tear. 
 
 Colerulge. 
 
 Man of Sin. A designation occurrint? 
 in the New Testament (2 Thess. ii. 3), 
 respecting the meaning of which com- 
 mentators are at variance. Whitbj' 
 says the Jewish nation is intended. 
 Grotius affirms the reference to be to 
 Caius Ciesar, or Caligula. Wetstein 
 tmderstands by it Titus and the 
 Flavian house. " Others, as Olshausen, 
 suppose it to mean some one who 
 has not yet appeared, in whom all 
 the characteristics specified will be 
 united. Roman Catholics apply the 
 term to Antichrist, while most Prot- 
 estants apply it to the Pope of Rome. 
 The Fifth - Monarchv men called 
 Cromwell the " Man of Sin." 
 
 The zeal of vour Majesty toward the house 
 of God doth not slack or go backward, but is 
 more and more kindled, manifesting itself 
 abroad in the furthest parts of Christendom, 
 by writing in defence of the truth, which hath 
 given such a blow unto that Man of Sin as 
 will not he healed. Translators of the Bible. 
 
 Man of the People. A title popularly 
 given by his contemporaries and ad- 
 mirers to Charles James Fox (1749- 
 180G), a celebrated English states- 
 man. 
 
 Man of the Sea, Old. See Old Man 
 OF THE Ska. 
 
 Man'ta-li'ni. A cockney fop of ex- 
 travagant habits, maintained by his 
 wife, in Dickens's novel of " Nicholas 
 Nickleby." 
 
 Yet a gentleman of Mr. Charles Knight's 
 taste and sympathetic appreciation of Shake- 
 speare, editing his works in the middle of 
 the nineteenth century, can perpetuate the 
 Mantalini-Kva. of the tie-wig editors. 
 
 R. G. White. 
 
 Mantuan Swan. A title given to the 
 Latin poet Virgil, born at Mantua 
 (70 E. c), whose works have been 
 more studied and admired, especially 
 in the Middle Ages, than those of any- 
 other Latin author. He is distin- 
 guished for the exquisite smoothness 
 and melodiousness of his versifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared. 
 And ages ere the Mantuan Swan was heard; 
 To carry Nature lengths unknown before. 
 To give a Milton birth, asked ages more. 
 
 Cowper. 
 
 Mar-cel'la (Sp. pron. maf-thel'ya). 
 The name of a fair shepherdess, 
 whose story forms an episode in Cer- 
 vantes's romance of" Don Quixote." 
 
 Mar-cel'lus. The name of an officer, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Flam- 
 let." 
 
 The author of " Waverley " was, in tliis re- 
 spect, as impassible to the critic as the ghost 
 of Hamlet to the partisan of Marcellus. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Marchioness, The. A poor, abused, 
 half-starved girl, in Dickens's " Old 
 Curiosity Shop;" the " small serv- 
 ant" to Sampson Brass. See Brass, 
 Sampson. 
 
 Mar-do'ni-us. The name of a captain, 
 in Beaimiont and Fletcher's play, 
 " A King or No King." 
 
 Marfisa(maf-fe'sa). An Indian queen 
 who figures in Bqjardo's "' Orlando 
 Innamorato " and in Ariosto's "Or- 
 lando Furioso." 
 
 Mar-gar'e-lon. [Probably from Gr. 
 fiapyopiV))?, Lat. margarita, a pearl. 
 The name is not classical, and was 
 apparently coined to express " the 
 pearl of knighthood."] A Trojan 
 hero, of modern legendary history; 
 called by Shakespeare (" Troilus and 
 Crcssida," a. v., sc. 5), " bastard," and 
 described by him as performing deeds 
 of prowess Which seem to imply gi- 
 gantic stature. 
 
 " Bastard Margarelon 
 Hath Doreus prisoner. 
 
 And stands. Colossus-like, waving his beam 
 Upon the pashed corses of the kings." 
 
 Lydgate's "Bokeof Troy" mentions 
 him under the name of Mm-f/arilon^ 
 and calls him a son of Priam. Ac- 
 cording to this author, he attacked 
 Achilles, and fell by his hand. 
 
 Margaret. 1. The heroine of Goethe's 
 " Faust." Faust meets her on her 
 return from church, falls in love with 
 her, and at last seduces her. Over- 
 come with shame, Margaret destroy.? 
 the infant to which she gives birth, 
 and is in consequence condemned to 
 death. Faust attempts to save her: 
 gaining admission to the dungeon 
 where she is immured, he finds her 
 lying huddled on a bed of straw, 
 singing wild snatches of ancient bal- 
 
 WS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MAR 
 
 233 
 
 MAR 
 
 lads, her reason gone, her end ap- 
 proaching. For a long time he vainly 
 strives to induce her to tiee with him. 
 At last the morning dawns, and 
 Mephistopheles appears, grim and 
 passionless, Faust is hurried oft", and 
 Margaret is left to her fate. The 
 story of Margaret is original with 
 Goethe, having little or no connec- 
 tion with the legends from which 
 the main characters of the poem are 
 drawn. [Called also Grelchen, a 
 Geniian diminutive of Margaret.] 
 
 J^= " Goethe is the only dramatic poet 
 ■who has succeeded in giving to a simple, 
 uncultured girl from the lower ranks of 
 life a poetic interest. Gretchen is a per- 
 fect union of homely nature and poetic 
 beauty. She says not a word that might 
 not have been uttered by any girl of her 
 class in any town in Germany ; and yet, 
 such is the exquisite art of the author, 
 she acquires in our estimation an ideal 
 import, and registers herself in the mem- 
 ory as one of the most remarkable por- 
 traits in the rich, wide gallery of dramatic 
 art."' Christ. Examiner. "Shakespeare 
 himself has drawn no such portrait as 
 that of Margaret ; no such peculiar union 
 of passion, simplicity, homeliness, and 
 witchery. The poverty and inferior social 
 position of Margaret are never lost sight 
 of; she never becomes an abstraction ; it 
 is love alone which exalts her above her 
 lowly station, and it is only in passion 
 she is so exalted." Lewes. 
 
 2. The title of a strikingly original 
 American romance, by the Reverend 
 Sylvester Judd (1813-1853), and the 
 name of its heroine. 
 
 Margutte (maf-gfiot'tS, 102). The 
 name of a singular being, in Pulci's 
 " Morgante Maggiore," who was 
 desirous of becoming a giant, but 
 repented, half-way, so that he only 
 reached the height of ten feet. He is 
 represented as an impudent, vulgar, 
 low-minded fellow, without con- 
 science, religion, humanity, or care 
 for aught but the grossest indulgence 
 of the senses, and as boasting of 
 having no virtue but fidelity. His 
 adventures — which form a mere 
 episode in the poem — are conducted 
 with a kind of straightfor^vard wick- 
 edness which amuses from its veiy 
 excess. At an inn, after eating all 
 that is to be got, — his appetite is 
 
 enormous, — and robbing the host, 
 he sets tire to the house, and departs 
 with Morgante, rejoicing greatly in 
 his success, and carrying off every 
 thing he can lay his liands upon. 
 They go travelling on, and meet with 
 various adventures. At last, one 
 morning, Morgante, to play him a 
 trick, draws oft" Margutte's boots 
 while he is asleep, and hides them. 
 Margutte looks for them, and at 
 length perceives an ape, who is put- 
 ting them on and drawing them off. 
 The sight of the animal thus engaged 
 so tickles Margutte's fancy that he 
 laughs till he bursts. 
 
 Maria. 1. A lady attending on the 
 princess of France, in Shakespeare's 
 "Love's Labour 's Lost." 
 
 2. Olivia's w^oman, in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night." 
 
 3. A character in Sterne's " Senti- 
 mental Journey." 
 
 Ma'ri-an'a (9). 1. A lady, in Shake- 
 speare's " Measure for Measure," be- 
 loved by Angelo. 
 
 j8®" " Shakespeare has given us in 
 Mariana one of the most lovable and 
 womanly of his feminine creations. We 
 see little of her ; indeed, she does not 
 appear until the fourth act, in the first 
 scene of which she says very little, in 
 the last scene but eight words, and in 
 the fifth act not a great deal. But the 
 few touches of the master's hand make a 
 charming picture. . . . Turn to the fifth 
 act and hear her plead, — plead for the 
 man [Angelo] whom she has loved 
 through lonely years of wrong ; the man 
 whose life is justly forfeit for taking, as 
 she thinks, the life of another, in a course 
 of crime wliich involved a sin against her 
 love. Timid and shrinking before, she 
 does not now wait to be encouraged in 
 her suit. She is instant and importu- 
 nate. She does not reason or quibble 
 with the duke ; she begs, she implores, 
 she kneels. . . . And does not her very 
 prayer for Angelo make his crime seem 
 more detestable, as well as her more lov- 
 able?" R. G. White. 
 
 2. A character in Shakespeare's 
 "All 's Well that Ends Well." 
 
 Ma-ri'na. Daughter of Pericles and 
 Thaisa, in Shakespeare's play, "Peri- 
 cles, Prince of Tyre." 
 
 Mar'I-tor'ngs. [Sp., bad woman. 
 (Jomp. Old Fr. Malltorne.] A dwarf- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MAR 
 
 234 
 
 MAR 
 
 I 
 
 ish, foul, ugly, lewd Asturian wench, 
 who figures iu Cen'antes's "Don Quix- 
 ote" as a servant at an inn. This inn 
 the Don took for a castle, and imag- 
 ined Maritornes to be the lord's daugh- 
 ter, and in love with himself. 
 
 The Maritornes of the Saracen's Head, New- 
 ark, replied, Two women had passed that 
 morning. &>■ W. Scott. 
 
 Had I used the privilege recommended to 
 me by the reviewer, ... I fear I should be 
 considered as having fallen into the frenzy of 
 him who discovered a beautiful infanta in the 
 coarse skin of Maritomtf, and " mistook her 
 hair, which was as rough as a horse's mane, 
 for soft flowing threads of curling gold." 
 
 Dunlop. 
 
 Mark, King. A fabulous king of 
 Cornwall, husband of Isolde, and 
 uncle of Tristram. See Isolde, Tix- 
 
 TAGEL, and TlilSTKAM, SiK. 
 
 Mark'ham, Mrs. A nom de plume 
 adopted by Mrs. Elizabeth (Cart- 
 wright) Penrose, a popular English 
 authoress of the present day. 
 
 Marlow, Sir Charles. A character 
 in Goldsmith's comedy, " She Stoops 
 to Conquer." 
 
 Mar'low, Young. The hero of Gold- 
 smith's comedy, " She Stoops to Con- 
 fjiier," distinguished for his excessive 
 bashfidness before his mistress, and 
 his easy familiarity with the chamber- 
 maid, who tm'ns out to be his mistress 
 in disguise. 
 
 Mar'mi-on. The hero of Sir Walter 
 Scott's poem of the same name; an 
 English knight, vaUant and .sagacious, 
 but ])rotligatu and unscrupulous, Avho 
 meets with various adventures in 
 Scotland, and finally falls upon the 
 field of FloddLMi. 
 
 Marplot. 1. (Sir Martin.) The title, 
 and the name ofthc hero, of an English 
 comedy, — a translation of Moliere's 
 " L'Etourdi," — originally written by 
 the Duke of Newcastle (Wm. Cav- 
 endish), and adapted for the stage by 
 Dry den. 
 
 2. One of the dramatis personal 
 in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy of " The 
 Busybody; " described as "a sort of 
 silly fellow, cowardly, but xery in- 
 quisitive to know every body's busi- 
 ness." 
 
 Mar-Prelate, Martin. A name as- 
 sumed by the author, or authors, of 
 
 a series of powerful but scurrilous 
 tracts, designed to show the anti- 
 scriptural character of the prelacy, 
 which were printed in England in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 ffSf- 't'he first of these tracts, entitled 
 " An Epistle to the Terrible Priests,"' 
 made its appearance in 1588, and created 
 intense excitement. The printer, Robert 
 Waldgrave, who was chiefly impUcated 
 in the publication of the obnoxious pam- 
 phlet, together with other writings hos- 
 tile to the Established Church, was 
 obUged to flee with his materials from 
 place to place, was often Incarcerated, 
 and his press at last destroyed. The 
 great curiosity and interest which these 
 writings occasioned are illustrated in an 
 anecdote furnished by Disraeli. " When 
 a prohibition was issued that no person 
 should carry about with him any of the 
 Mar-Prolate tract.?, on pain of punish- 
 ment, ttobert. Earl of Essex, observed to 
 the queen, ' What, then, is to become of 
 me ? ' drawing one of the pamphlets from 
 his bosom, and presenting it to her." The 
 " Mar-Prelate controversy " forms an im- 
 portant episode in the ecclesiastical his- 
 tory of England, and in the annals of 
 Puritanism. Attempts have sometimes 
 been made to cast odium upon the Puri- 
 tans by making them responsible for the 
 violent and abusive character of these 
 writings. Hopkins, in his '• Uistory of 
 the Puritans," defends them from this 
 charge, declaring that they were in no 
 way implicated in the affair; that the au- 
 thor, whoever he may have been, was not 
 a minister, was not even a Puritan, — 
 that is, in distinction from a Erownist ; 
 and that he wrote from a wholly inde- 
 pendent point of view. The hostility of 
 the Church and State was aroused by 
 these violent attacks in an uncommon 
 degree. The strictest inquisition was 
 everywhere made to discover the real 
 author. Four bishops perambulated the 
 country in search of the bold Martin. 
 Many persons were arrested, and severely 
 dealt with, on suspicion. But no discov- 
 ery was ever made ; Martin Mar-Prelate 
 remains a mystery, llis secret died with 
 him. " Stat notninisvmbra.'' It is, how- 
 ever, generally believed that these pro- 
 ductions proceeded, either wholly or in 
 part, from John Penrv. or Ap Henry, 
 who was executed May 29, 1593, for hav- 
 ing written seditious words against the 
 queen. AVith Penry some associate Job 
 Throckmorton, or Throgmortou. Johh 
 Udall, and John Field, or W. Feuner. 
 
 Mars. (Gr. tf Rom. Myth.) The 
 god of war, originally an agricultu- 
 
 isa- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MAR 
 
 235 
 
 MAS 
 
 ral deity. As the reputed father of 
 Koniuliis, he was held to be the pro- 
 genitor of the Roman people, who 
 paid him higlier honours than any 
 other god excel)!; Jupiter, lie Avaii 
 idcntilicd, at a very early period, with 
 the Greek Ares.' 
 
 Marsh, The. [Fr. Le Marais.'] {Fr. 
 Ilist.) A name given to " The 
 Plain," or the lowest benches in the 
 hall of the National Convention after 
 the overthrow of the Girondists by 
 the Jacobins. This part of the house 
 was occupied by all the members of 
 the convention who, though not be- 
 longing to " The Mountain," were yet 
 meanly subservient to it. See Mou^'- 
 TAiN, "The, and Plain, The. 
 
 Marshal Forwards. [Ger. Ilarschall 
 Vortviirts.] A title given by the 
 Russians, in 1813, to Field-Marshal 
 ].ebrecht von Blucher (1742-1819), a 
 distinguished general of Prussia, on 
 account of the extraordinary celerity 
 of his movements, and his pecuhar 
 manner of attack. From that time, 
 it became his name of honour through- 
 out all Europe. 
 
 Marsiglio (maf-sceP^'o), or Mar-sil'i- 
 us. A Saracen king who figures in 
 the romantic poems of Italy. Having 
 been defeated b}' Charlemagne, and 
 condemned to pay him tribute, he 
 plots with Gano (see Gan, or Gang) 
 the destruction of Roland, or Orlando, 
 who is to come, slenderly accompa- 
 nied, to Roncesvalles, to receive the 
 promised gifts and submission. Msxv- 
 siglio accordingly advances, accom- 
 panied by G00,0()0 men, divided into 
 three armies, which successively at- ! 
 tack the paladin and his few troops, 
 and completely overwhelm them. B ut 
 their death is avenged by Rinaldo and 
 Charlemagne, who now arrive on the 
 scene, with a large force. Marsiglio 
 is at length defeated ; and Archbishop 
 Turpin kindly performs the last office 
 for him by tying him up to a carob- 
 tree, — the same tree on which Judas 
 Iscariot is said to have hanged him- 
 self, -—under which he had planned 
 his villan}' with Gano, who is also 
 hanged, and drawn and quartered, 
 amid the execrations of all who arc 
 
 present. See Roland. [Written 
 also Mar sirio and Marsirius.] 
 
 Mar'sy-as. [Gr. Uapa-vas.] (Gr. cf- 
 Jiom, Myth.) A famous Phrygian 
 peasant, or, as some say, a satyr, who 
 challenged Apollo to a trial of skill in 
 music, and, being vanquished, was 
 flaj'ed alive for his presumption. 
 
 Marteau des H6r6tiques, Le (lu 
 mai-'to' da za'ru'tek'). See HAaiMEit 
 OF Heretics. 
 
 Mar-Test, Sir Oliver. A vicar, in 
 Shakespeare's " As You Like It." 
 
 Martha. A friend of Margaret, in 
 Goethe's "Faust;" represented as 
 making love to Mephistopheles with 
 direct worldly shrewdness. 
 
 Marvel, Ik. A no?n deplume of Don- 
 ald G. Mitchell (b. 1822), a popular 
 American writer of the present day. 
 
 Marvellous Boy. An epithet some- 
 times ap]jlied to Thomas Chatterton 
 (1752-1770), whose precocious genius 
 and early and tragical death made 
 him one of the wonders of English 
 literature. It originated with Words- 
 worth. Sec Rowley, Thosias. 
 
 I thought of Chatterton, the 7narveUoits boy. 
 The sleepless soul that perished in liis pride. 
 Wordswort/i. 
 
 Mascarille (mas'ka''re5^', 82). A 
 valet in Moliere's "L'Etourdi," "Le 
 Depit Amoureux," and " Les Pr^ci- 
 euses Ridicides." 
 
 Mask, The Iron, or The Man with 
 the Iron Mask. [Fr. L' Homme an 
 Masque de Fer.~\ A name used to 
 designate an unknown French pris- 
 oner, whose identity has never been 
 satisfactorily established. He Avas 
 carried, about the year 1G79, with the 
 greatest secrecy, to the castle of Pi- 
 gnerol, of which Saint Mars was gov- 
 ernor. He wore, during the journey, 
 a black mask, and orders were given 
 to kill him if he discovered himself. 
 In 1686, he was carried by Saint 
 Mars to the isle of Sainte Margue- 
 rite ; and, on the passage, the same 
 precautions were observed as upon 
 his first journey. Saint Mars, hav- 
 ing been appointed governor of the 
 Bastile in 1698, carried the prisoner 
 with him (Sept. 18), but still masked. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MAS 
 
 23G 
 
 MAS 
 
 There he remained till his death, 
 oil the 10th of Nov., 1703, treated 
 ■with the utmost respeet, but closely 
 watched, and not permitted to take 
 olf his mask even before his physi- 
 ciau. He was buried on the 20th of 
 Nov., in the cemetcrj^ of St. Paul, 
 under the name of Marchiali. 
 
 J6®=- Notwithstanding the :ippellation 
 piven him, the nuisk he wore was not of 
 iron, but of black velyet, strengthened 
 with whalebone, and secured behind the 
 bead with .steel springs, or, as some as- 
 sert, by means of a padlock. Many con- 
 jectures have been hazarded as to who this 
 mysterious per.sonage could hare been. 
 One opinion is, that he was a son of An.ie 
 of Austria, queen of Louis XIII., his fa- 
 ther being Cardinal Mazarin (to whom 
 that dowager queen was privately mar- 
 ried), or the Duke of Buckingham. Oth- 
 ers suppose him to have been a twin 
 brother of Louis XIV., whose birth was 
 concealed to prevent the civil dissensions 
 in France which it might one day have 
 caused. The latter view was adopted by 
 Voltaire, in common with many others. 
 Some Dutch writers assert that the pris- 
 oner was a young foreign nobleman, the 
 chamberlain of Queen Anne, and the 
 real father of Louis XIV. It has more 
 recently been surmised that Fouquet was 
 the mask ; but M. Delort and the Right 
 Honourable Agar Ellis (afterward Lord 
 Dover) identify him with a Count Mat- 
 thioli, a minister of Charles III., Duke of 
 Mantua. This minister had been largely 
 bribed by Louis XIV., and had pledged 
 himself to urge the duke to give up to 
 the French the fortress of Casale, which 
 gave access to the whole of Lombardy. 
 But Louis, finding that Matthioli was 
 playing him false, lured him to the 
 French frontier, and had him secretly 
 arrested and imprisoned. Being a min- 
 ister plenipotentiary at the time, his 
 seizure was a flagrant violation of inter- 
 national law, which it was safer to be 
 able to deny than to attempt to justify ; 
 and the denial once made, the honour of 
 France was involved in upholding it. 
 This opinion is the one generally received 
 at the present day by those who have in- 
 vestigated the subject. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's Line. A name 
 ^'iven to the southcin boundary-line 
 separating the free State of Penn.syl- 
 vania from the former slave States 
 of Maryland and Virginia. It lies 
 in latitude 39° 43' 2fi.3", and was 
 run — with the exception of about 
 twenty- two miles — by Charles Ma- 
 
 son and Jeremiah Dixon, two Eng- 
 lisli mathematicians and surveyors, 
 between Nov. 15, 1763, and Dec. 26, 
 17G7. During the excited debate in 
 congress, in 1820, on the question of 
 excluding slaveiy from Missouri, the 
 eccentric John Ilandolph of Roanoke 
 made great use of tliis phrase, which 
 was caught up and re-echoed by ev- 
 ery newspai»r in the land, and tliiis 
 gained a proverbial celebrity which 
 it still retains. 
 
 Massacre of St. Bartholomew. Sec 
 Ij.vktiiolomew's Day, St. 
 
 Master, The. [Ger. Der Meister.^ 
 A title given to Goethe by his admir- 
 ers. 
 
 I beseech vou, Sir. Tickler, not to be so sar- 
 castic on '*2^/ie Muster" Nocteii Ambrosiaiuc. 
 
 Master Adam. [Fr. Mmtre Adam.'] 
 The name under whicli the French 
 poet Adam Billaut (1602-1662) is 
 most familiarly known. 
 
 Master Humphrey. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of " The Old Curi- 
 osity Shop;" a miserable old man, 
 tottering on the verge of the grave, 
 Avho has a mania for gambling. 
 
 Master Leonard. In the fantastic 
 .system of demonology received in 
 the Middle Ages, a powerful devU in 
 the infernal court. He was grand 
 master of the sabbats, or nocturnal 
 assemblies, in which demons and sor- 
 cerers were w^ont to celebrate their 
 orgies. At these meetings, he pre- 
 sided in the favourite form of a three- 
 horned goat with a black human 
 countenance, and every guest did 
 him homage. Stolen children were 
 tliought to be brought to him, to 
 swear through their god-parents to 
 renounce God, the Holy Virgin, and 
 the Saints, and to be marked with 
 one of his horns with a sign which 
 they bore during their novitiate. 
 
 Master Matthew. A town gull in 
 Ben .Tonson's comedy of " Eveiy 
 Man in his Humour." 
 
 The folly of individuals led them, in those 
 times, to assume or counterfeit the humours 
 in real life, — an affectation which had become 
 so general as to fall under the notice of the 
 stage, and to produce a ridicule of the cheat- 
 ing humour, the bragging humour, the mel- 
 ancholy humour, the quarrelling humour, as 
 in the characters of Nym, of Pistol, of Master 
 Stephen, or ilasler Matthew. Edin. Rev. 
 
 BS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 INIAS 
 
 23; 
 
 MED 
 
 Master of Sentences. A title given 
 to Peter Loiubaid (d. 11U4), ;i native 
 of Lombardy, and author of a book 
 of "Sentences," collected from tlie 
 fathers of the Church. This -work 
 acquired a high degree of celebrity 
 in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Matched ogainst the master of " ologics," in 
 our days, the iin)st accomplished of Greciana 
 is becoming what the Mastir of Sentences had 
 bouome loiiK since iu competition witli the 
 political economist. Vc Quinccy. 
 
 Master Stephen. The name of a 
 ctjuntry gull in Ben Jonson's com- 
 edy, ■' Evciy Man in his Humour." 
 
 Masters, The Four. See Fouit Mas- 
 TKK.s, The. 
 
 Maugis (mo'zhe'). One of Charle- 
 magne's paladins. See Malagigi, 
 the Italian form of the name. 
 
 Maul of Monks. [Lat. Malleus Mon- 
 achorum.'] A designation of Thomas 
 Cromwell (1490-1540), an eminent 
 English statesman and ecclesiastical 
 refonner. In 1535, he was made vis- 
 itor-general of English monasteries, 
 which he shortly after^vard suyi- 
 nressed in the most stern and sum- 
 mary manner. 
 
 Mau-so'lus. [Gr. Mauo-uAo?.] A 
 king of Caria, and husband of Arte- 
 misia, who raised a splendid tomb to 
 his memor}', called the Mausoleum, 
 and accounted one of the Seven 
 Wonders of the World. 
 
 Mawworm. A celebrated character 
 in Bickerstaft"'s comedy of " The 
 Hypocrite." 
 
 Max'I-min. A Roman tyrant in Drj-- 
 den's play entitled '' Tyrannic Love, 
 or The Royal Martyr." 
 
 Mayeux (ma'e^j', or mi'o', 43). The 
 name of a hunchback who figures 
 prominently in numberless French 
 caricatures and romances. The pop- 
 ularity of the character has made it 
 the recognised type of a man dread- 
 fully deformed, and vain and licen- 
 tious, but brave and witty. 
 
 Maypole, The. A nickname given, 
 by the English populace, to the Duch- 
 ess of Kendal, mistress of George I., 
 on account of her leanness and height. 
 
 Meal-tub Plot. (Enff. Hist.) A fic- 
 titious conspiracy against the Duke 
 
 of York (aftenvard James 11.), fabri- 
 cated, in 1679, by one Dangcrtield, 
 and ascribed by him to the Presbyte- 
 rians; — so called bcc-ause the scheme 
 of the pretended coii>|)irators was con- 
 cealed in a meal-tub iu the house of 
 his mistress, a Mrs. Cellier. Danger- 
 lield secreted a bundle of seditious 
 letters in the lodgings of Colonel 
 Maunsell, and then gave notice to 
 the revenue officers that they would 
 find snnigglcd goods there. The 
 papers having been proved to be tbr- 
 geries, Dangerfield was committed to 
 prison, whereupon he confessed that 
 he had been hired by Roman Catho- 
 lics to accuse of treason some of the 
 most eminent Protestants opposed to 
 the Duke of York's succession, par- 
 ticularly the Earls of Shaftesbury, 
 Essex, and Halifax, the Countess of 
 Powis, and Lord Castlemaine. He 
 was condemned to a fine, the pillorj', 
 and a whipping. May 30, 1G85, and 
 died, two days afterward, of an injury 
 received during the execution of his 
 sentence. 
 
 Meaux, Eagle of. See Eagle of 
 Meaux. 
 
 Medamothi (m'da'mo'te'). [Fr., 
 from Gr. [x-qSaiJ.6ei, nowhere, from 
 ni)8an69, for /u.r)Se i/ub;, not cveii ouc, 
 none.] An island visited by Panurge 
 and Pantagruel, in their search for 
 the Oracle of the Holy Bottle. 
 
 Me-de'a. [Gr. Mi)6eta.] {Gr.ifRom. 
 Myth.) A famous sorceress, daugh- 
 ter of iEetes, king of Colchis, and 
 the wife of Jason, whom she assisted 
 in obtaining the Golden Fleece, and 
 then accompanied to Greece. Jason 
 afterward repudiated licr in order to 
 marry Creusa, whereupon she killed 
 the children she had borne him, and 
 made away with her rival by send- 
 ing her a poisoned robe or diadem. 
 She finally became immortal, mar- 
 ried Achilles in Elysium, and was 
 honoured with divine worship. See 
 Absyktus. 
 
 Me-do'ra (0). The heroine of By- 
 ron's poem of " The Corsair." 
 
 Medoro (ma-do'ro). A character in 
 Ariosto's romantic poem, '' Orlando 
 1'urio.so." See Orlando. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MED 
 
 238 
 
 jMEL 
 
 Me-du'sa. [Gr. MeSouo-a.] {Gr. (f- 
 Jiom. Myth.) One of the Gorgons. 
 Her head was cut off" by Perseus, and 
 presented to Jlinerva, who placed it 
 on her aegis, where it turned into 
 stone all who fixed their eyes upon 
 it. See GoKGONS and Pekseus. 
 
 Me-gse'ra (9). [Gr. lle'votpa.] {Gr.(f- 
 Jiom. Jlijth.} One of the Fm-ies. 
 See FuKiErs. 
 
 Meg of ■Westminster, Long. See 
 Lose, I\Ie(; of "Westjiinstkr. 
 
 Mei'kle-wham, Mr. SSun'ders 
 (me'kl-). 'One of the Managing 
 Committee at the Spa, in Scoi'^'s 
 novel of " St. Konan's Well;" "the 
 man of Law." 
 
 Meister, 'Wilhelni (vil'helm mis'tef, 
 42, 64, G8). The hero of Goethe's 
 novel entitled " Wilhelm Meister's 
 Apprenticeship." 
 
 j6Sg= " The critic seeks a ceutral point 
 [to this romance], which, in truth, is 
 hard to find. I should think a rich man- 
 ifold life brought close to our ej'es might 
 suffice, without any determined moral 
 tendency which could be reasoned upon. 
 But, if this is insisted upon, it may per- 
 haps be found in what Frederick, at the 
 end, says to the hero, ' Thou seemest to 
 me like Saul, the son of Kish, who went 
 out to seek his father's asses, and found 
 a kingdom I ' For what does the whole 
 pay, but that m,an, despite all his foUies 
 and errors, led by a higher hand, reaches 
 some higher aim at last ? " 
 
 Goethe, Trans. 
 
 Mej'n6un and Leilah. Pattern 
 lovers among various Eastern na- 
 tions, like " Pyramus and Tliisbe " 
 among the Greeks and Eomans. 
 [Written also il e j n ii u.] 
 
 JKS=- " These personages are esteemed 
 among the Arabians as the most beau- 
 tiful, chaste, and impassioned of lovers, 
 and their amours have been celebrated 
 ■with all the charms of verse in every 
 Oriental language. The Mohammedans 
 regard them, and the poetical records of 
 their love, in the same light as the 
 ' Bridegroom and Spouse ' and the ' Song 
 of Songs 'are i-egarded liy the Jews." 
 
 D'Herbelot, Trans. 
 Me-lan'ti-us (me-lan'.sln-us). A brave, 
 honest soldier, in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher's play, " The IMaid'.s Trag- 
 edy," who is incapable of suspecting 
 evil till it becomes impossible to be 
 
 ignorant of it, but is unshrinking in 
 punishing it. 
 
 Me-le'a-ger. [Gr. JleAcaypo?.] {Gr. 
 ij- Rom. Myth. ) A son of (Eneus, 
 king of Calydon, a city of Jitolia^ in 
 Greece. He distinguished himself as 
 one of the Argonauts, and by his 
 skill in throwing the javelin. The 
 king, his father, having neglected to 
 pay homage to Diana, the goddess 
 sent a wild boar to lay waste the 
 countr}': all the princes of the age 
 assembled to hunt him down, but he 
 was at last killed by Meleager. His 
 mother — out of revenge for the 
 death of her brothers, who had fallen 
 in battle by his hand — caused his 
 destruction by burning an extin- 
 guished brand, on the preservation 
 of which his life depended. 
 
 Mel'e-sig'e-nes. [Gr. jleAijo-tvei'T)?, 
 from MeATjs, the river jNIeles, and 
 yivew, to beget.] An appellation 
 sometimes given to Homer, on the 
 supposition that he was bom on the 
 banks of the Meles, a river of Ionia, 
 in Asia jMinor, or that the river-god 
 was his father. 
 
 Blind Melesigenas. thence Homer called, 
 ■Whose poem Phoebus challenged for his own. 
 Milton. 
 
 Me-li'a-dus. A prince of L^onnois, 
 and a knight of the Round Table. 
 He was the father of Sir Tristram. 
 He is celebrated in a French medi- 
 reval romance, originally -nTitten by 
 Eusticien de Pise, a more modem 
 French compilation from which was 
 printed at Paris in 1528. 
 
 Mel'i-bce'us. A shepherd in the first 
 Eclogue of Yirgil. The name is used 
 by Chaucer in his prose composition 
 entitled " The Tale of Melibeus," 
 one of the " Canterbury Tales." He 
 also writes it M e 1 i b e e. 
 
 Mel'i-cer'ta, or Mel'I-cer'tes (4). 
 [Gr. MeAiKcpTrjs.] ( Gr. <)'• Rom. Myth.) 
 A son of the Theban king Athamas 
 by Ino. He was metamorphosed 
 into a sea-god. See In'O. 
 
 Me-Iis'sa. A beneficent fairj' invent- 
 ed by the Italian poets ; the protector 
 of Bradamante and Ruggiero, in the 
 " Orlando Furioso " of Ariosto. She 
 is sometimes confounded with the 
 
 OS' For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronimciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MEL 
 
 239 
 
 MEN 
 
 fairy Melnsina. TIic naiiio, passing 
 into French and Eni^lisli literature as 
 a poetical title, has linally become a 
 recognised Christian name. 
 
 Mellifluous Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 MclHtiuits.'] An appellation given to 
 St. feeniard, a celebrated and elo- 
 quent preacher and theologian of tlic 
 twelfth centurj'. His writings were 
 termed by his admirers " a river of 
 paradise." 
 
 Mel'raSth, Court'ney. A pseudo- 
 nym of Samuel Jackson Pratt (174:!J- 
 1814), in his day a popular poet, and 
 a voluminous writer bnth Ju prose and 
 verse. lie was originally a strolling 
 player, next an itinerant lecturer, 
 and linally a Bath book-seller. 
 
 Mel-pom'e-ne. [Gr. 'i.ux-nonivr).'] ( Or. 
 >]"■ liom. Jfytli.) One of the Mxses; 
 the one who presided over tragedy. 
 See Muses. 
 
 Mel'u-si'na. [Fr. Melusine.'] A 
 daughter of the fair}-- Pressina, by 
 Elenas, king of Albania; the most 
 renowned of the French fairies. Her 
 cri^'in may be traced to the Teutonic 
 "Amalaswinth." She was condemned 
 to become every Saturday a serpent 
 from the waist downward, as a pun- 
 ishment for having, by means of a 
 charm, enclosed her father in a high 
 mountain, in order to avenge an in- 
 jiu^^ her mother had received from 
 him. She married Raymond, Count 
 of Poitiers, and, having been seen 
 by him during her loathsome trans- 
 formation, — in violation of his sol- 
 emn promise never to visit her on a 
 Saturday, — was immured in a sub- 
 teiTanean dungeon of the castle of 
 Lusignan. The traditions concern- 
 ing Melusina were collected by Jean 
 d' Arras, near the close of the four- 
 teenth century. 
 
 IKS" The Melusine tradition lingers 
 around the castle of Lusignan, near Poi- 
 tiers, and to this day, at the fairs of that 
 city, gingerbread cakes are sold with 
 human head and serpent tail, and called 
 Mcliislnes. A cri de Mclnsinc is a pro- 
 verbial expression for a sudden scream, 
 recalling that with whicli the unfortunate 
 fair one discovered the indiscretion of her 
 lord. 
 
 Mem'non. [Gr. Me'/xfwj'.] (Gr. cj"- 
 
 Horn, ^fl|t^l.) A son of Tithonua 
 and Aurora, and king of Ethiopia. 
 Alter the fall of Hector, he went to 
 the assistance of hi.s uncle Priam, 
 with ten thousand men, and displayed 
 great courage in the defence of Troy, 
 but was at length slain by Ajax, or 
 by Achilles, in single combat, where- 
 npon he was changed into a bird Ijy 
 his mother, or, as some saj-, at her 
 request. 
 
 >{E3=" The colossal black statue of the 
 Egyptian king Amcnophis III., in the 
 neighbourhood of Thebes, was called by 
 the Greeks the statue of Memnon, and a 
 sound like that of a breaking lute-string 
 whicli it gave forth when strucli by the 
 first beams of the sun, they regarded as 
 Memnon's greeting to his mother. The 
 sound has been licard in modern times, 
 and lias been variously ascribed to the 
 artifice of the priests who concealed them- 
 selves in a niche and with an iron rod 
 struck the sonorous stone of which the 
 statue is composed ; to the passage of 
 liglit draughts of air through the cracks ; 
 and to tlie sudden expansion of enclosed 
 aqueous particles under the influence of 
 the sun's raj's. 
 
 As from icolian harps in the breath of dawn, 
 as from tlie Mrmnim's statue struck by the 
 rosy }injj:er of Aurora, unearthly music was 
 around him, aud lapped him into untried, 
 balmy rest. Carlyla. 
 
 Soft as Memnon's harp at morning, 
 To the inward eye devout, 
 
 Tfniclied with liellt by heavenly warninsr. 
 Your transporting chords ring out. Keblc. 
 
 Me-nal'cSLs. [Gr. MeraA^a?.] A shep- 
 herd in Theocritus and Virgil ; hence 
 any shepherd or rustic. Menalcas 
 ligurcs in Spenser's " Shepherd's 
 (,'alendar" as the treacherous rival 
 of Colin Clout. 
 
 Spend some months j'ct amon;; the sheep- 
 walks of Cumberland; learn all you eaii. from 
 alltliesliepherdsyoucanfind, — from Tliyrsis 
 to Jlt'nalcas. Sir i. JJulivcr Lijttoii. 
 
 Men'e-la'us. [Gr. Meve'Aaos.] {Or. 
 <)■■ Rom. MijOi.) A son of Atreus, the 
 brother of Agamemnon, and the hus- 
 band of Helen, who eloped from him 
 Avith Paris, and thus brought on the 
 Trojan war. Menelaus took part in 
 the contest, and behaved with great 
 spirit and courage. See Helen and 
 Paius. 
 
 Me-noe'tes. The pilot of the ship 
 " Chimiera," which took part in the 
 naval contest at Dropanum, in Sici- 
 ly, where yEneas celebrated the first 
 
 and for the liemoi-ks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MEisr 
 
 240 
 
 MER 
 
 anniversary of his father's death by 
 various games and feats of skill. 
 For his timidity in standing out from 
 the shore, in order to avoid certain 
 hidden rocks, and thereby allowing 
 the "Chim«;ra" to be beaten, Gyas, 
 the commander of the vessel, hurled 
 him headlong into the sea, greatly to 
 the amusement of the spectators. 
 Men'tor. [Gr. TsUvruip.] ( Gr. ^ Rom. 
 Myth.) A friend of Ulysses in Ith- 
 aca, whose form Minerva assumed, to 
 give instructions to Ulysses's son Te- 
 lemachus, whom she accompanied to 
 Pylos and Lacedsemon. 
 
 With Friedrieh Wilhelm, who is his second 
 cousin (mother's grand-nephew, if the reader 
 can count that), he [Leopold, prince of Anhalt- 
 Dessau] is from of old on the best footing, and 
 contrives to be his Meritor in many things 
 beside war. Carhjla. 
 
 Me-ptds'to. The same as MepJcis- 
 tophclts. See infra. 
 
 Meph'is-toph'e-les. One of the 
 seven chief devils in the old demon- 
 ologj', the second of the fallen arch- 
 angels, and the most powerful of the 
 infernal legions after Satan. He fig- 
 ures in the old legend of Dr. Faustus 
 as the familiar spirit of that renowned 
 magician, and, in former times, his 
 name was commonly used as a term 
 of jocular reproach. To modern read- 
 ers he is chiefly known as the cold, 
 scoffing, relentless fiend of Goethe's 
 " Faust," and as the attendant de- 
 mon in Marlowe's " Faustus." See 
 Faust. 
 
 je£g= The name was formerly written 
 Miphostophilus and MeplioslopIiiUa ; the 
 former spelling being that of Shakespeare 
 (see " Merry Wives of Windsor," a. i., sc. 
 1), and the latter that adopted by Mar- 
 lowe. The origin of the word is uncer- 
 tain ; various derivations have been pro- 
 posed. By some it is thought to be derived 
 from a Semitic tongue. (See Goethe's 
 " liriefwechsel mit Zelter," v. 330.) Wid- 
 man calls it a Persian name. But that 
 etymology which refers it to the Greek 
 fiTj, not, (fjujs, (JiwTo;, light, and (^I'Ao;, 
 loving, accords with the old orthogra- 
 phy, and is the most plausible of all. 
 
 >8®* " There is an awful melancholy 
 about Marlowe's Mephistopheles, perhaps 
 more expressive than the malign.ant 
 mirth of that fiend in the renowned 
 work of Goethe." Hallain. 
 
 4J@" " Mephistopheles comes before us, 
 
 not arrayed in the terrors of Cocytus and 
 Phlegethon, but with natural indelible 
 deformity of wickedness, lie is the Devil, 
 not of superstition, but of knowledge. 
 Such a combination of perfect under- 
 Standing with perfect selfishness, of logi- 
 cal life with moral death, so univer.sal a 
 denier both in heart and head, is un- 
 doubtedly a child of Darkness, an emis- 
 sary of the primeval Nothing, and may 
 stand in his merely spiritual deformity, 
 at once potent, dangerous, and contempt- 
 ible, as the best and only genuine Devil 
 of these latter times." Carlyle. 
 
 Poets of the first order might safely write as 
 desperately as JUeji/iistopheles rode. 
 
 Macaiilay. 
 
 We have here [in the literature of the Res- 
 toration] Belial, not as when he inspired Ovid 
 and Ariosto, "graceful and humane," but 
 with the iron eye and cruel sneei of Mep}iis- 
 toplwles. 31accmlay. 
 
 These are the fields of History which are to 
 
 be, so soon as humanly possible, suppressed; 
 
 which only Mephistopheles, or the Bad Genius 
 
 of niaukind, can contemplate with pleasure. 
 
 Carhjle. 
 
 Mer'cia-ry{4). [Lat. Mercurius.'] (Gr. 
 if Rom. Mylh.) The son of Jupiter 
 and Maia, the messenger of the gods, 
 jiarticularlj' of Jupiter, the inventor 
 of letters, the conductor of departed 
 souls to the under-world, and the god 
 of eloquence, commerce, thieves, and 
 travellers. 
 
 Mer-cu'ti-o (mer-ku'shi-o). A friend 
 to Romeo, in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of " Romeo and Jidiet," and the por- 
 trait of a finished fine gentleman of 
 his time. 
 
 K^ " Wit ever wakeful, fancy busy 
 and procreative as an insect, courage, an 
 easy mind, that, without cares of its own, 
 is at once disposed to laugh away those of 
 others, and yet to be interested in them, — 
 these and all congenial qualities, melting 
 into the common copula of them all, the 
 man of rank and the gentleman, with all 
 its excellences and all its weaknesses, con- 
 stitute the character of Mercutio." 
 
 Coleridge. 
 
 M6r'e-dith, Owen. A pseudonym 
 adopted by Edward Robert Bulwer 
 Lytton (b. 1831), a popular living 
 English poet, and a lineal descendant 
 of Owen Gwynnedd ap Griffith, king 
 of North Wales, and of Meredith ap 
 Tudor, great - grandfather of Henry 
 Vn. of England. 
 
 Merlin (4). A famous magician of 
 alleged supernatural origin, contem- 
 porary with King Arthur, celebrated 
 
 1^- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MER 
 
 241 
 
 MES 
 
 in the tales and romances of chivalry, 
 in Spenser's " Faery Ciueen," and in 
 the romantic poems of Italy. He is 
 said to have removed, by a wonder- 
 ful machine of his own invention, the 
 Giants'- dance, now called Stonc- 
 henge, from Ireland to Salisbury 
 riain in England, where part of it is 
 still standing. The old legends rec- 
 ognise two persons of this name, one 
 connected with the traditions of Scot- 
 land, the other with those of Wales ; 
 but the essential features of both are 
 the same. 
 
 j8®" The manner of Merlin's death is 
 variously related. According to one ac- 
 count, he was enclosed in a hawthorn- 
 bush by his mistress, the fairy Vivian 
 (the Lady of the Lake), by means of a 
 charm which he had communicatel to 
 her. Not believing in the spell, she tried 
 it upon her lover, and found to her grief 
 and astonishment that he could not be 
 extricated from his thorny coverture. 
 
 Brengwain was there, and Sagramore, 
 Ana field-born Merlin's ^ra.n\maryG; 
 Of that famed wizard's mighty love. 
 Oh who could sing but he! ,SiV n. Scott. 
 He [Bacon] . . . knew, that, if his words 
 s^ik deep into the minds of men, they would 
 produce effects such as superstition Iiad never 
 ascribed to the incaatatiuus of Merlin and 
 Michael Scott. Macaulai/. 
 
 MSr'o-pe. [Gr. MepoTrr).] (Or. </• 
 Rom. Myth.) 1. One of the Pleia- 
 des, whose star is dimmer than the 
 rest, because she wedded Sisyplius, a 
 mortal. 
 2. See CEnopiox. 
 
 MSr'ri-lies, Meg. A half-crazy gypsy, 
 who is a prominent and celebrated 
 character in Scott's novel of " Guy 
 Mannering." 
 
 /JSif" " She is most akin to the witches 
 of Macbeth, with some traits of the an- 
 cient sibyl ingrafted on the coarser stock 
 of a gypsy of the last century. Though 
 not absolutely in nature, however, she 
 must be allowed to be a very imposing 
 and emphatic personage, and to be min- 
 gled, both with the business and the 
 scenery of the piece, with the greatest 
 possible skill and effect." Lord Jeffrey. 
 
 MSr'ri-man, Mr. A name given to a 
 zany, or attendant upon a mounte- 
 banic at fairs, in marliet-places, and 
 on village greens. It is, perhaps, of 
 the same origin as Merry-andrcw. 
 
 Merry- Andrew. A name given orig- 
 
 inally to Andrew Borde (1500-1549), 
 a man of learning, and a noted itin- 
 erant physician, wlio, as llearne tells 
 us, frequented " markets and fairs, 
 where a conflux of people used to get 
 together, to whom he prescribed; 
 and, to induce them to flock thitiier 
 the more readily, lie would make hu- 
 mourous speeches, couclied in such 
 language as caused mirth, and M'on- 
 derfuUy propagated his fame." From 
 him, any buffoon or zany, especially 
 one who attends upon a mountebank 
 or quack doctor, is called a JMerry- 
 andrew. 
 Merry England. A common desig- 
 nation of England, which is so called, 
 not on account of the merry-malciiigs 
 of the inhabitants, but in the old 
 sense of the word merry, that is, 
 pleasant, agreeable. In this sense we 
 speak of the " merry month of May ; " 
 and in this sense Wakefield and Car- 
 lisle were formerly termed merry, and 
 Spenser spoke of " merry London," 
 and Chaucer of a 
 
 "citee 
 That stood full mei-rij upon a haven side." 
 
 Merry Monarch. A title by wliich 
 King Cliarles II. of England {Itj-jQ- 
 1685) was in former times familiarly 
 known. 
 
 Mersenne, The English. See Eng- 
 i.isii jMkksenxe. 
 
 Mer'ton, Tommy (-tn, 4). One of the 
 principal characters in a very jjopu- 
 lar juvenile work written by Thomas 
 Day (1748-178!)), and entitled "The 
 History of Sandford and Merton." 
 
 Me'ru (9). {Hirulu Myth.) A sacred 
 mountain, 80,000 leagues high, sit- 
 uated in the centre of the world. It 
 is the abode of Indra, and abounds 
 with every charm that can be imag- 
 ined. 
 
 Merveilleuce(mef'val'y6z', 4.3). [Fr.. 
 wonderful.] The name of the sword 
 of Doolin of Mavence. It was mag- 
 ically sharpened, and was so keen, 
 that, when placed edge downward on 
 a large tripod, its mere weight was 
 suflicient to cut the tripod through. 
 Sec Doolin of Mayence. 
 
 Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a. A name popularly 
 given by Londoners to the Warwick 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers afler certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 10
 
 MET 
 
 242 
 
 and Eccleston Square districts in that 
 tity. [Called also CubUuiJvUs.\ 
 
 Me'tis. [Gr. MiJTi;.] {Or. if Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of Occaiuis and 
 Tethys, the lirst wife of Jupiter, and 
 the goddess of prudence. 
 
 Me-zen'ti-us (-shi-us). A tyrant of 
 Ciere, or Agylla, a city of Etruria. 
 He was expelled by his subjects ou 
 account of his cruelties, and tied to 
 Turnus, who employed him in his 
 war against yEneas, by whom he was 
 slain. Virgil calls him " a despiser 
 of the gods." 
 
 Like JSIczentius ... he [Bonaparte] ought 
 to have acknowledged no other source ot hi3 
 authority [th:m liia talents aud 'I'J.**"','^. ^.^^^^ 
 
 Mez'zo-ra'mi-a (/<. pron. med-zo-rS'- 
 me-a). The name of an imaginary 
 country in the heart of the deserts ot 
 Africa, inaccessible except by one 
 particular road, and unknown to the 
 rest of the world. Gaudentio di 
 Lucca, in the romance of that name, 
 is represented as having visited it, 
 and as residing there for twenty-live 
 years. It is described as a terrestrial 
 paradise, and its government, laws, 
 and customs are highly commended. 
 See Gaudentio di Lucca. 
 
 Mi-cawTaer, Mr. "Wilkms. A prom- 
 inent and celebrated character in 
 Dickens's novel of " David Copper- 
 tield;" noted for his long speeches, 
 ambitious style, love of letter-writ- 
 ing, alternate elevation and depres- 
 sion of spirits, hearty appetite, reck- 
 less improvidence, and everlasting 
 troubles, and for his constantly 
 "waiting for something to turn up." 
 K'ff- " There never was a Mr. Micawber 
 in nature, exactly as he appears in the 
 pages of Dickens ; but Micawberism per- 
 vades nature through and through ; and 
 to have this quality from nature embody- 
 ing the full essence of a thousand in- 
 stances of it in one ideal monstrosity, is a 
 feat of invention." Masson. 
 
 AVho doC9 not venerate the chief of that il- 
 lustrious family, who, being stricken by mis- 
 fortune, wisely and greatly turned his atten- 
 tion to " coalsi" — the accomplished, the Epi- 
 curean, the dirty, the delightful Micawht^r? 
 
 Tliackeray. 
 
 Ma'cM-el (colloq. ini'kel). The name 
 of an archangel, mentioned in the 
 Bible as having special charge of the 
 
 MID 
 
 Israelites as a nation (Dan. x. 13, 21), 
 as disputing Viith Satan about the 
 body of j\loses {Juch 9), and as car- 
 n'ing on war, with the assistance of 
 his Imgels, against Satan and his 
 forces ill the upper regions {Etv. xii. 
 7-U). Michael ligures largely in 
 Milton's "Paradise Lost," being sent 
 with Gabriel to battle against Satan 
 and his angels, and also with a band 
 of cherubim, to Paradise, to dispos- 
 sess Adam and Eve, and to foretell to 
 them what should happen till the 
 time of the coming of Ulirist. 
 
 Upwards of a century . . . must elapse, . . . 
 and the Jloloch of iniquity have his victims, 
 and the Michael of justice his martyrs, before 
 Tailors can be admitted to their true prerog- 
 atives of mauhood, and this last wound of 
 sutfering humanity be closed. Carhjle. 
 
 Micliael, Cousin. See Cousin Mi- 
 chael. 
 Mi'chS,-el An'ge-lo of France. [Fr. 
 
 Michel-Anye de la France.] An ep- 
 ithet given to Pierre Puget (1023- 
 1(594), a famous French statuaiy, 
 painter, and architect, remarkable, 
 like his illustrious namesake, for his 
 enthusiasm and decision of character. 
 
 Mi'dSs. [Gr. Miaa?.] (Ch: # Bom. 
 Mij'th.) A king of Phrygia, son of 
 Gordius and Cybele. Bacchus gave 
 him the power of turning whatever 
 he touched into gold ; but this proved 
 to be very inconvenient, as it pre- 
 vented him from eating and drink- 
 ing, and he prayed that the gift 
 might be revoked. At the command 
 of "the god, he washed in the Pacto- 
 lus, the sands of which became in 
 consequence mixed with gold. An- 
 other tradition is, that, in a musical 
 contest between Pan and Apollo, he 
 adjudged the victory to the fomier, 
 and Apollo, in revenge, changed his 
 ears into those of an ass. Midas 
 tried to conceal them under his 
 Phrygian cap, but they were discov- 
 ered by his servant. 
 
 Middle Ages. A term applied, rather 
 vaguely, to the great historic period 
 between the times of classical antiq- 
 uity and modern tunes, in which the 
 feudal svstem was formed, chivalry 
 rose, floWished, and declined, the 
 Church extended its botmds and ac- 
 
 • For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MID 
 
 243 
 
 MIL 
 
 quired enormous wealth and power, 
 aud the luuiuns of iiioikru Eunii)C 
 had their origin and bfj^uii to develop 
 their respeetive political and social 
 systems. "It is not possible," says 
 llallam, " to lix accurate limits to the 
 Middle x\ges. The ten centuries 
 from the tilth to the lit'teenth seem, 
 in a general point of view, to consti- 
 tute that period." The overthrow of 
 the Western lloman Empire, in the 
 year 476, is manifestly the termi- 
 nation of ancient history, and as the 
 Keformation (which began in 1517) 
 is the most convenient epoch from 
 which to date the commencement 
 of modem historj', these events are 
 pretty generally regarded as mark- 
 ing the beginning and close of the 
 Middle Ages. [Called also, from the 
 prevalent superstition aud ignorance, 
 the Dark Atjes.'\ 
 
 Middle Kingdom. A translation of 
 Tchang-houe, a name given to China 
 by the natives, from an idea that it is 
 situated in the centre of the earth. 
 
 Middle States. A popular designa- 
 tion of the States of New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, ^Maryland, and 
 Delaware, from their having been in 
 reaUty, at the time of the formation 
 of the Federal Constitution, the cen- 
 tral States of the American Union. 
 By some writers, IMaryland is classed 
 as a Southern, and not a Middle State. 
 
 Mid'gard. [That is, middle ward.] 
 ( Scand. Mi/th. ) A name given to the 
 earth, as being in the middle region 
 between Asgard and Utgard. 
 
 Mid-Lothian, Heart of. See Heart 
 
 OF MiD-LOTlIIAX. 
 
 Miggs, Miss. Mrs. Varden's maid, 
 in Dickens's novel of " Bamaby 
 Rudge." 
 
 /Kg=- " She is an eWerly maiden, who, 
 by some strange neglect on the part of 
 mankind, has been allowed to remain un- 
 married. This neglect might, in some small 
 degree, be accounted for by the tact that 
 her person and disposition came within 
 the range of Mr. Tappertifs epithet of 
 'scraggy.' She had various ways of 
 wreaking her hatred upon the other sex, 
 the most cruel of which was in often 
 honouring them with her company and 
 discourse. . . . Dickens, in this charac- 
 
 ter, well represents how such weminRly 
 
 insignificant nialiguants a.f Mi.<s Miggs 
 can become the pest of families ; and 
 that, though full of weakness and malig- 
 nity, they can be proud of their virtue 
 and religion, and make slander the prom- 
 inent element of their pious conversa- 
 tion." i,-. p. \y/,iji],te. 
 
 Overflowing with a humour ns peculiar in 
 its way as the humours (.(' Andrew Fairner- 
 viec, or a I'rotestant JUm Mir/i/s (that iiupcr- 
 EOantion of shrewish Jciu»1l' i-irvkc). 
 
 Loud. Athcmvitm. 
 
 Mignon (men'yoi', G2). The name 
 of a young Italian girl in Coethe's 
 " AVilhelm Jleister's Apprentice- 
 ship;" represented as beautiful and 
 dwarfish, unaccountable, and full of 
 sensibility, and secretly in love with 
 Wilhelm', who is her protector, and 
 who feels for her nothing but com- 
 mon kindness and compassion. She, 
 at last, becomes insane, and dies the 
 victim of her hopeless attachment. 
 
 JOfs" " This mystei'ious child, at first 
 neglected by the reader, gradually forced 
 on his attention, at length overpowers 
 him with an emotion more deep and 
 thrilling than any poet, since the days 
 of Shakespeare, has succeeded in pro- 
 ducing. The daughter of enthusiasm, 
 rapture, passion, and despair, she is of 
 earth, but not earthy. AVhen she glides 
 before us through the mazes of her fairy 
 dance, or whirls her tambourine, and 
 hurries round us like an antique Ma-nad, 
 we could almost fancy her a spirit, so 
 pure is she, so full of fervour. .=o disen- 
 gaged from the clay of this world."' 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Mil'Sn Decree. (Fr.IIlst.) A decree 
 of the; Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 dated at Milan on the '27th of Decem- 
 ber, 1807, which dccl.ired the whole 
 British dominions to bo in a state of 
 blockade, and prohibited all countries 
 from ti'ading with each other in any 
 articles of IJritish produce or nianu- 
 iiicture. 
 
 Milla-mant, Mrs. A celebrated char- 
 acter in Congreve's comed}', " The 
 Way of the A\'orld." 
 
 Boncriick and ncatriec throw Mirabel and 
 Millumunt into tlie sluiclu. Jhwautai/. 
 
 Mill-boy of the Slashes. A sobri- 
 quet conferred upon Henry Clay 
 (1777-18.52), a distinguished Amer- 
 ican orator and statesman, who was 
 born in the neighbourhood of a place 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers alter certain words refer, see PP- xiv-xxxii.
 
 MIL 
 
 244 
 
 MIR 
 
 in Hanover County, Virginia, knowii 
 as " the Slashes " (a local term tWr a 
 low, swampy countr}'), where there 
 was a mill, to which he was often 
 sent on errands when a boy- 
 Miller, Joe. See Fathku of Jests. 
 Milo. [Gr. MiAwK.] An athlete of 
 Crotona, famous for his extraordinary 
 strength. In his old age, ho attempt- 
 ed to rend the trunk of a tree which 
 had been partially split open ; but the 
 wood closed npon his hands, and 
 held him fast, in which state he was 
 attacked and devoured by wolves. 
 
 He who of old would rend the oak 
 
 Deemed not of the rebound; 
 Chained by the trunk he vainly broke, 
 
 Alone, how looked he round! JSyrnn. 
 
 Mimir (mc'mer). (Scand. Myth.) The 
 god of eloquence and wisdom. lie 
 •was the guardian of a well in whicli 
 wit and wisdom lay hidden, and of 
 which he drank every morning fi-om 
 the horn Gjallar. Odin once drank 
 from this fountain, and by doing so 
 became the wisest of gods and men ; 
 but he purchased the privilege and 
 distinction at the cost of one eye, 
 which Jlimir exacted from him. 
 [Written also Mime r.] 
 
 Mimung (me'moon). The name of 
 a wonderful sword lent by "Wittich to 
 Siegfried. See Siegfeied. 
 
 Mi-ner'va (4). (Gr. ^ Rom. Myth.) 
 The goddess of wisdom, poetry, spin- 
 ning, weaving, and the various arts 
 and sciences. She was not born like 
 others, but sprang forth fully armed 
 from the brain of .Jove. 
 
 Minerva Press. The name of a 
 printing establishment in Leadenhall 
 Street, London, from which, during 
 the latter part of the last century and 
 the early part of the present century, 
 was issued a large number of mawk- 
 ish and trashy, but very popular 
 novels, which were widely distributed 
 by means of the circulating libraries. 
 Charles Lamb describes their heroes 
 as " persons neither of this world, 
 nor of any conceivable one; an end- 
 less string of activities without pur- 
 pose, of purposes without a motive." 
 
 In this respect. Burns?, though not perhaps 
 absolutely a great poet, better manifested his 
 capability, better proved the truth of his 
 
 eenius, than if he had, by his own strength, 
 kept tlie whole Minerva Press going to the 
 end of his literary course. Carlyle. 
 
 Scarcely in the Minerva Press is there rec- 
 ord of such surprising, infinite, and inextri- 
 cable obstructions to a wedding or a double 
 wedding. Carli/lc. 
 
 Min'na. One of the heroines in Scott's 
 noveJ of "The Pirate;" sister to 
 Brenda. She is distinguished by a 
 credulous sim])licity and sober vanity, 
 and by talents, strong feelings, and 
 high-minded enthusiasm. 
 
 Mi'n6s. [Gr. MiVms.] (Gr. cf Eom. 
 Myth.) A son of Jupiter and Europa, 
 the brother of Khadamanthus, and 
 the father of Deucalion and Ariadne. 
 He was a king and lawgiver in Crete, 
 and so distinguished for his incor- 
 ruptible justice, that, after death, he 
 was made supreme j udge in the lower 
 world. 
 
 Min'o-taur. [Lat. Minotaurus, Gr. 
 Mti/coraupo?, bull of Minos.] (Gr. 4' 
 Rom. Myth.) A celebrated monster 
 with the head of a bull and the body 
 of a man, the fruit of Pasiphaii's most 
 unnatural passion for a bull. He was 
 shut up in the Cretan labyrinth, and 
 fed with young men and maidens 
 whom Athens was obliged to supply 
 every year, until Theseus finally 
 killed him with the help of Ariadne. 
 See Akiadne and Theseus. 
 
 Minstrel of the Border. A name 
 
 sometimes given to Sir "Walter Scott. 
 See li(H;DEK Minstf.el. 
 
 Once more by Newark's castle gate, 
 
 Long left without a warder, 
 1 stood, looked, listened, and with thee. 
 Great Minstrel of the Border. Wordsworth. 
 
 Mirabeau-Tonneau. See Barkel- 
 i\Iii;Ai;EAU. 
 
 Mir'a-bel. 1. A travelled Monsieur in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher's " Wild- 
 goose Chase ; " represented as a great 
 defier of all ladies in the way of mar- 
 riage, and a very dissipated and licen- 
 tious fellow. 
 
 2. The name of two characters 
 in Farquhar's comedy, " The Incon- 
 stant," — an old gentleman and his 
 son ; the former of an odd compound 
 between the peevishness incident to 
 his j^ears and his fatherly fondness 
 for his son ; the latter an incorrigible 
 debauchee. 
 
 OS" For the "Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MIR 
 
 245 
 
 MIS 
 
 He sat down at table witli them, and they 
 began to drink and indulge themselves in 
 gross jokes, while, like Mimltel, ._. . their 
 prisoner had the heavy task of receiving their 
 insolence as wit, answering' their insults with 
 good-humour, and withlKiUlin^'t'rom them the 
 opportunity whieh they siiuiiht nf engaging 
 him in a quarrel, that tliey might have a pre- 
 tence for misusing him. Sir K ■ Scott. 
 
 Mir'a-bell. A character in Congreve's 
 comedy, " The Way of the World." 
 
 Miraculous Child. [Fr. L' Enfant 
 du Miracle.'] An appelhition popu- 
 larly given to Ilcnri Charles Ferdi- 
 nand Marie Dieudonue d'Artois, Due 
 de Bordeaux, better kno-mi as the 
 Comte de Chanibord, and as the rep- 
 resentative of the elder branch of the 
 house of Bourbon, and of its claims 
 to the throne of France. He was a 
 posthumous child of the Duke of 
 Berri, the second son of Charles X., 
 having been born Sept. 2!), 1820, 
 nearly seven months after his father's 
 death. As presumptive heir to the 
 crown, his birth occasioned great re- 
 joicing, and he was christened amid 
 circumstances of unusual pomp, Avith 
 —ater brought by M. de Chateau- 
 briand from the river Jordan. 
 
 Mir'si-m6nt. An honest and testy old 
 man, in Fletcher's comedy of '" The 
 Elder Brother," who admires learn- 
 ing without much more of it than 
 enables him to sign his name. 
 
 Miranda. A daughter of the princely 
 magician, Prospero, in Shakespeare's 
 " Tempest;" brought up on a desert 
 island, with the delicate spirit Ariel 
 and the savage and deformed Caliban 
 for her only attendants and acquaint- 
 ances. Ferdinand, the son of the 
 king of Naples, having lieen ship- 
 wrecked on the island, falls in love 
 with her at once, but cannot obtain 
 her father's consent to their union 
 till he has proved the depth and 
 sincerity of his affection by self- 
 restraint, obedience, and the lowest 
 menial services. 
 
 In her retired chamber, . . . she was in 
 fancy . . . idcntifyinihersolf with the simple 
 yet "noble-minded Miranda, in the isle of 
 wonder and enchantment. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Mir'zg (4). An imaginary character, 
 whose wonderful vision of the tide 
 of time, the bridge of human life, 
 and the illimitable ocean of eternity, 
 
 studded with countless islands, the 
 abodes of the blessed, forms the sub- 
 ject of a celebrated allegory in No. 
 15i3 of the " Spectator." 
 
 The massive and ancient liridge which 
 stretches aen.ss tlie Clvdi- was now hut dimly 
 visible, aiul rcscinhU'd tluit wliicli Mirr.r,. in 
 his uiieqiuilk-il vision, luis diseribiil as trav- 
 ersing tlie valley of Lia,^'clad. .Sic }f. Scott. 
 
 Such strains of rapture as the genius played 
 In his still haunt on Bagdad's summit high; 
 He who stood visible to Jllirza's eye. 
 Never before to human sight betrayed. 
 Lo! in the vale, the mists of evening spreadi 
 The visionary arches are not there. 
 Nor the green islands, nor the shining seas. 
 Wordstvorth. 
 Then is Monmouth Street a Mirza's hill, 
 where, in motley vision, the whole pageant 
 of existeiiee ))assVs awfully befon- us, with its 
 wail and jiiliilec, m;id loves anil mad hatreds, 
 chureh-li;.|lsaliiU'allnws-ro|H.s, farcc-tnigedy, 
 beast-godhood, — the Bedlam of ereatn'ii. 
 
 Curli/le. 
 
 Vales, soft, Elysian, 
 Like those in the vision 
 
 OfJIirza, when, dreaming, 
 He saw the long hollow dell. 
 Touched by the prophet's spell, 
 Into an ocean swell. 
 
 With its isles teeming. Wliittier. 
 
 Mississippi Bubble. See Law's 
 Bur.BLic. 
 
 Missouri Compromise. (Amer. Hist.) 
 A name popularly given to an act of 
 congress which was passed in 1820, 
 and was intended to reconcile the 
 two great sections that were strug- 
 gling, the one to promote, the other 
 to hinder, the extension of slavery. 
 
 ■ By this act it was determined that 
 jNIissouri should be admitted into the 
 Union as a slave-holding State, but 
 that slavery should never be estab- 
 lished in any State, to be formed in 
 the future, Iving to the north of lat. 
 36° 30'. 
 
 Mistress of the Seas. A name some- 
 times given to Great Britain, on ac- 
 count of her naval supremacy. 
 
 In the War of 1812, our navy, stiU in its in- 
 fancy, . . . boldly entered the lists with the 
 Jfislrr/s nf t?ie .*as, and bore away the palm 
 from many a gallant encounter. jE. Kvcrctt. 
 
 Mistress of the "World. A common 
 designation of ancient Rome, which 
 was for centuries the grandest, richest, 
 and most populous of European cities, 
 and was regarded as the capital of a 
 kind of universal empire. 
 
 Mistress Roper. See EorEK, Mis- 
 tress. 
 
 tnd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxli.
 
 MIT 
 
 24G 
 
 MOD 
 
 Mite, Sir Matthew. A noted char- 
 ac-tcr in IViote's ])lay of " The Na- 
 bob; "a returned East India mer- 
 chant, represented as dissolute, un- 
 f^cnerous, tyrannical, ashamed of the 
 humble friends of his youth, hating 
 the aristocracy, yet childishly eager 
 to be numbel-ed amongst them, 
 squandering his -wealth on panderers 
 and flatterers, tricking out his chair- 
 men with the most costly hot-house 
 flowers, and astounding the ignorant 
 with jargon about rupees, lacs, and 
 jaghires. 
 
 Sir John Malcolm gives us a letter woriliy 
 of Sir Matthew Mite, in whicli Clivc orders 
 "two hundred shirts, the host and finest that 
 can be got for love or money." Macaulaij. 
 
 Mith'rSs. {Per. Myth.) One of the 
 principal gods of the ancient Persians, 
 a personification of the sun. He was 
 regarded as a mediator between the 
 two opposite deities, Ormuzd and 
 Ahriman, or the principle of good and 
 the principle of evil. 
 
 Mjolnir (m-ycil'nef, 4G). [Probably 
 from Old Xorse melja, to pound, or 
 mnla, to grind. Comp. Eng. mill.'] 
 (Scand. Jf/jih.) The name of Thor's 
 celebrated hammer, — a type of the 
 tluinderbolt, — which, however far it 
 might be cast, was never lost, as it 
 alwa3's returned to his hand ; and 
 which, whenever he wished, became 
 so small that he could put it in his' 
 pocket. This invaluable weapon was 
 once stolen by the giant Thrym, who 
 would not give it back imless he 
 could have Frcvja for a bride; but 
 Thor disgHised himself in the god- 
 dess's attire, and succeeded in re- 
 covering it, whereupon he killed 
 Thrym and the whole giant tribe. 
 See TuoK. 
 
 Mne-mos'^-ne (ne-, 2G). [Or. Mir,- 
 ixoa-vvr].] {(Jr. <f Rom. Myth.) The 
 goddess of memory, and the mother 
 of the Muses. 
 
 Mnes'theus (nes'-, 26). [Gr. Mvtjo- 
 0ev'5.] A Trojan, and a companion of 
 j15neas in his voyage to Ital_y; the 
 reputed progenitor of the family of 
 the Memmii in Rome. At the funer- 
 al games by which j-Eneas celebrat- 
 ed the death of his father Anchises, 
 
 Mnestheus took part in a naval con- 
 test, and, though not the victor, ob- 
 tained a prize for skill and energy. 
 
 Modern Ar'is-toph'^-nes, A name 
 
 assumed by Samuel Foote (1720- 
 1777), a celebrated English writer and 
 actor of comedy. [Called also J^ng- 
 lish Aristophancs.J 
 
 Modern Athens. 1. A name often 
 given to Edinburgh, on account of 
 its manj^ noble literary institutions, 
 the taste and culture of the people, 
 the many distinguished men who 
 have issued from it or resided in it, 
 and the high character of its publica- 
 tions, and also on account of a marked 
 resemblance to Athens in its topo- 
 graphical position and its general 
 appearance. 
 
 2. The same epithet is applied 
 to Boston, Massachusetts, a city re- 
 markable for the high intellectual 
 character of its citizens, and for its 
 many excellent literary, scientific, 
 and educational institutions and pub- 
 lications. 
 
 Modern Babylon. A name often 
 given to the city of London, the larg- 
 est city of modern, as Babylon was 
 of ancient, times. 
 
 He [William Saurin] was •well aware that 
 he should disappear in the Modem Bab>/lon, 
 and . . . preferred to the lackeying of the 
 English aristocracy the enjoyment of such 
 provincial intiueuce as may still be obtained 
 in Ireland. Sheil. 
 
 Modern Mes'sa-li'nS. An appella- 
 tion conferred upon Catharine II. of 
 Eussia (172SJ-1790), who had great 
 administrative talent, but whose 
 character, like that of her ancient 
 namesake, Valeria Messalina, was in- 
 famous on account of her licentious- 
 ness. 
 
 Modern Kabelais (rab'la')- A title 
 given, on account of his learning, wit, 
 eloquence, eccentricity, and humour, 
 to William Maginn (1794-1842), the 
 most remarkable magazine writer of 
 his time. 
 
 Mo'do. A fiend referred to bj'' Shake- 
 speare, in " Lear, " as presiding over 
 murders. See Flibbertigibbet, 1. 
 
 Mod'red, Sir. A knight of the Eound 
 Table, the rebellious nephew of King 
 
 l^- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MCE 
 
 247 
 
 MON 
 
 Arthur, ■whose Avife he seduced. He 
 was slain in tlie battle of Canilan, in 
 Cornwall. [Written also Med rod 
 and M o r d r e d.] 
 Mce'rsB (9). [Gr. Morpai.] (Myth.) 
 The Greek name of the Parcoe, or 
 Fates. See Pakck. 
 ' Mo-ha'di, Imaum. A m_ysterious 
 individual, of whom the Orientals 
 believe that he is not dead, but is 
 destined to return and combat Anti- 
 christ before the consummation of all 
 things takes place. 
 
 "I am," replied the dwarf, with mucli ns- 
 Bumcd (gravity and disiiitv, " the twelfth 
 Imaum, — lam MalKimmed .Vo/^nr/i, the guide 
 and the conductor of tlie fiiithful. An Iiiin- 
 dred horses stand ready saddled for me and 
 my train at the Holy City, and as many at the 
 City of Refuge." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 MoTiawks, or Mo'hocks, See 
 TlTYKli Tus. 
 
 Mol-mu'ti-us, Dun-wal'lo (mol- 
 mu'shi-us). A legendary or mythical 
 king of Britain; said to have estab- 
 lished the Molmutine laws, by which 
 the privilege of sanctuary was be- 
 c*owed upon temples, cities, and the 
 roads leading to them, and a like pro- 
 tection given even to ploughs. 
 
 Mohimtius miide our laws; 
 "WIio was the first of Britain which did put 
 His brows within a golden crown, and called 
 Himself a king. Sliak. 
 
 Molocli. [Ileb. mohcli, king.] 
 {Mijth.) The name of the chief god 
 of the Phoenicians, frequently men- 
 tioned in Scripture as the god of 
 the Ammonites. Human sacrifices, 
 particularly of children, were offered 
 at his shrine. Two fires were kin- 
 dled before the image of the god, 
 and through these tiie miserable vic- 
 tims were compelled to pass, Avhile 
 the priests, to drown their cries, made 
 a deafening noise upon instruments 
 of various kinds. It was chiefly in 
 the valley of Tophet, — that is, tlie 
 valley of " the sound of drums and 
 C3''mbals," — to the east of Jerusalem, 
 that this brutal idolatry was perpe- 
 trated. Solomon built a temple to 
 Moloch upon the Mount of Olives, 
 and Manasseh long after imitated his 
 impiety by making his son pass 
 through the fire kindled in honour of 
 this deity. In the fantastic demon- 
 
 ological system of Wierus, IMoloch is 
 called prince of the realm of tears. 
 Milton has described his character iu 
 the following lines: — 
 
 First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with 
 
 blood 
 Of human sacrifice and parents' tears: 
 Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels 
 
 loud. 
 Their children's cries unheard, that passed 
 
 througli fire 
 To his griui idol. Him the Ammonite 
 Worshipped in Rabba and her watery plain, 
 In Argob and iu Baean, to the stream 
 Of utmost Arnon. Nor content witli such 
 Audacious neighbourhood, tin; wisest heart 
 Of Solomon he led, by fraud, to build 
 His temple right against the temjjle of God, 
 On that opprobrious hill; and made his grove. 
 The pleasant valley of Uinnom, Tophet 
 
 thence 
 And black Gehenna called, the type of Hell. 
 I'ar. Lost, Jjk. X. 
 
 The name has passed into common 
 use as a designation of any dread and 
 irresistible influence at whose shrine 
 every tiling must be offered up, even 
 as the deluded father of old sacrificed 
 his child to the terrible idol. 
 
 Mom'mur. The name of an imagi- 
 nary city, M'here Oberon, king of the 
 fairies, was once supposed to hold his 
 court. 
 
 Mo'mus. [Gr. MJ^to?.] ( Gr. tf Ram. 
 Mijth.) The god of raillery and ridi- 
 cule, said to be a son of Kox, or night. 
 
 Monarque, Le Grand. Sec Grand 
 
 JIONARQrE, Lk. 
 
 M6-nim'i-a. The heroine of Otway's 
 tragedy of " The Orphan." 
 
 I) read o'er the scene the ghost of Hamlet stalks; 
 Othello rages; poor Moniniia mourns. 
 And Belvidera pours her soul in love. 
 
 Tliomson. 
 Mon'S-plies, Richard. A servant of 
 Nigel Oliraunt in Sir Walter Scott's 
 novel, "The Fortunes of Nigel ; " an 
 honest, self-willed, conceited, pedan- 
 tic Scotchman. 
 
 Monk'barns. See Oldbuck, Jona- 
 than. 
 
 Monk Lewis. IMatthew Gregory 
 Lewis (1773-1818) ; — so called from 
 being the author of a celebrated novel 
 entitled " The jMonk." 
 
 Monk of ^Westminster. A designa- 
 tion sometimes given to Richard of 
 Cirencester, or Kicardus Corinensis, 
 an eminent monkish historian of the 
 fourteenth centurj', of the Henedictiue 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii..
 
 MON 
 
 248 
 
 MOR 
 
 monaster}' of St. Peter, at ■Westmin- 
 ster. 
 
 Monster, The. A name popularlj' 
 {;iven to Kenwick Williams, a wretch 
 who prowled nightly through London, 
 secretly armed with a sharp, double- 
 edged knife, with which he shocking- 
 ly womided numbers of women whose 
 respectable appearance attracted his 
 attention. lie was tried and con- 
 victed on a variety of these charges, 
 July 8, 1790. 
 
 Monster, The Green-eyed. See 
 
 Gr.EEN-EYEU BIONSTEU. 
 
 Mon'ta-gue. The head of a noble 
 house in Verona, at deadly em nty 
 with the house of Capulet, in Shake- 
 speare's tragedy of " Romeo and 
 Juliet." See Capulet, Ladv. 
 
 Montesinos (mon-ta-se'nos). [Sp., 
 fi-om montesino, bred or found in 
 a tbrest or mountain, from monte, 
 mountain, forest.] A legendary hero 
 whose history and adventures are 
 described in the ballads and romances 
 of chivalry. Having received some 
 cause of offence at the French court, 
 he is said to have retired into Spain, 
 Avhere, from his fondness for wild and 
 mountainous scenery, he acquired the 
 name by which he became so cele- 
 brated, and which has been given to 
 a cavern in the heart of La Mancha, 
 supposed to have been inhabited by 
 him. This cavern has been immor- 
 talised by Cervantes in his account of 
 the visit of Don Quixote to the Cave 
 of Montesinos. It is about sixty feet 
 in depth. Entrance is much more 
 easily effected at the present day than 
 in Cervantes's time, and it is fre- 
 quently i-esorted to by shepherds as 
 a shelter from the cold and from 
 storms. See DuitANDAiiTE. 
 
 Monticello, Sage of. See Sage of 
 
 iMoNTICELLO. 
 
 Montsalvage. See St. Gkaal. 
 
 Monumental City. The city of 
 lialtimore; — so called from the 
 monuments which it contains. 
 
 "What, under the circinnstimccs. would not 
 havp been the fnte of the Miiniimrvtal CiUi,i>f 
 Harrisburg, of Philadelphia, of Washington, 
 the capital of the Union, each and every one 
 of which would have Iain at the mercy of the 
 enemy? E. Everett. 
 
 Mop'sus. [Gr. Moxos.] A shepherd 
 in Virgil's lifth Eclogue, who, with 
 Menalcas, celebrates in amcebaean 
 verse the funeral eulogium of Daph- 
 nis. 
 
 Mor'dred. A knight of the Round 
 Table, distinguished for his treachery. 
 See MoDitED. 
 
 Moreno, Don Antonio (don an- 
 to'ne-o mo-ra'no). The name of a 
 gentleman of Barcelona, who figures 
 in Cervantes's " Don Quixote." He 
 entertains the Don with mock-heroic 
 hospitality. 
 
 More of More-Hall. See Dkagon 
 oi' A\'antley. 
 
 Mor'ga-dour, Sir. A knight of the 
 Round Table, celebrated in the old 
 romances of chivalry. 
 
 Morgaine la F6e (mov'gSn'la fa). A 
 fairy, sister of King Arthur. She 
 revealed to him the intrigues of 
 Lancelot and Geneura. [Written also 
 Morgan a.] See Fata Morgana. 
 
 You have had, I imagine, a happy journey 
 through Fairy-land, — all full of heroic ad- 
 venture, and "high hope, and wild minstrel- 
 like delusion, like the gardens of Moraaine la 
 Fde. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Mor'gSLn. A feigned name adopted 
 by lielarius, a banished lord, in 
 Shakespeare's " Cymbeline." 
 
 Morgante (mof-gan'ta). The hero 
 of Pulci's romantic poem entitled 
 " Morgante Maggiore." He is a 
 ferocious pagan giant, whom Orlando 
 attacks, conquers, and converts to 
 Christianity. He becomes the fast 
 friend of Orlando, and acquires great 
 renown for his gentleness, generosity, 
 kindness of heart, and chivalrous de- 
 fence of ladies in distress. He dies 
 of the bite of a crab, as if to show on 
 what trivial chances depends the life 
 of the strongest. See Orlando. 
 
 As for the giant Jfnrr/nnte, he always spoke 
 very civil things of liini ; for, though he was 
 one of that monstrous brood who ever were 
 intolerably pro\ul and brutish, he still be- 
 haved himself like a civil and well-bred per- 
 son. Cervantes, lYwis. 
 
 Mor'gi-a'na. A female slave of Ali 
 Baba in the story of the " Forty 
 Thieves" in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments." 
 
 lie wont to work in this preparatory lesson, 
 not unlike 3/orr/mna, . . . loolcing into all the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MOR 
 
 249 
 
 MOR 
 
 Tesaels ranged before him, one after another, 
 to see what they contained. Vickciis. 
 
 Mor'gl&y. [Celt, mw, 7nawi; larj2;c, 
 great, and f/l'iij', a crooked sword. 
 Claymort, or tjlaymore, i,s an inver- 
 sion of the word.] The .sword of Sir 
 Bevi.s of Southampton ; so famous 
 that it became a general name for a 
 sword. 
 
 Morgue the Fay. See Mokgaine 
 LA Fek and Fata IVIokgana. 
 
 Mor'hault, Sir. A knight who makes 
 a great figure in some of the ro- 
 mances of chivahy, particularly in 
 that of " Meliadus."" [Written also 
 IM o r a u n t, JI a r h o u s, M o r h a u s, 
 Morholf, Morhoult.] 
 
 Mor'ley, Mrs. An assumed name 
 under which Queen Anne corre- 
 sponded with the Duchess of Marl- 
 borough. See Freeman, Mrs. 
 
 Mor'mSn. The last of a pretended 
 line of Hebrew prophets, described as 
 existing among a race of Israelities, 
 principally the descendants of Joseph, 
 son of the patriarch Jacob, who are fa- 
 bl-^d to have emigrated from Jerusa- 
 lem to America about six hundred 
 years before Christ. This imaginary 
 prophet is said to have written the 
 book called " The Book of Mormon," 
 which contains doctrines upon which 
 the ''Mormons," or "Latter-day 
 Saints," found their faith; but the 
 real author was one Solomon Spal- 
 ding (1761-181G), an inveterate scrib- 
 bler, who had in early life been a 
 clergyman. The work fell into the 
 bands of Joseph Snuth (1805-1844), 
 who claimed it as a direct revelation 
 to himself from heaven, and, taking 
 it as his text and authority, began 
 to preach the new gospel of " Mor- 
 monisra." 
 
 Morning Star of the Reformation. 
 A title (il'teu bestowed upon John 
 Wyclitfe (d. 1384), the lirst of the 
 refonners. 
 
 j6(3= " When the lamentable ignorance 
 and (larkne.»s of God's truth h.ad over- 
 shadowed the whole earth, tbi.s man, 
 Wycliffe, stepped forth like a valiant 
 champion, unto whom it may justly be 
 applieil that is spoken in the book called 
 Ecclesiasticus (chap. i. ver. C), of one Si- 
 mon, the son of Onias. ' Even as the morn- 
 
 ing star being in the middest of a cloud, 
 and as the moon being full in her course, 
 and as the bright beams of the sun,' so 
 doth he shine and glister in the templo 
 and church of God." J. Foxe. 
 
 Wycliffe will ever he remembered ns a pood 
 and fireat man, an udvocute of cccleBiaBtical 
 independence, an unfuilin<^ foe to popish 
 tyranny, a translator of (scripture into mw 
 mother tongue, and an industricms instructor 
 of tlic peciine in their own rude but riiiening 
 dialect. Alay he not he justly styled the 
 "Murninij Star of the Jie/unnalitin t " Kadie. 
 
 Mor'pheus (28). [Gr. Mop</)ei;!.] {Gr. 
 (f Rom. Myth.) The god of dreams, 
 a son of Somnus, or sleep. 
 
 Mor'rice, Gill. The hero of a cele- 
 brated Scottish ballad; represented 
 as the son of an earl, whose name is 
 not mentioned, and the wife of Lord 
 Barnard, a " bauld baron." On (iil 
 Morrice's sending a message to his 
 mother requesting her to come to 
 liim, and accompanying the message 
 with a gay mantle of her own work- 
 manship, b}- way of token. Lord Bar- 
 nard, who had never seen him, sup- 
 posed- him to be a paramour of the 
 baroness. He went out, therefore, in 
 a great rage, to seek revenge, and 
 finding Gil Morrice in the greenwood, 
 slew him with his broadsword, stuck 
 the bloody head upon a spear, and 
 gave it to the meanest of his at- 
 tendants to carry. On returning to 
 the castle, where the lady was watch- 
 ing his coming " wi' meikle dule and 
 doune," he upbraided her with her 
 adidterous love. 
 
 "But when she looked on ^(7 ,V'i?-nV'c' head. 
 She never si)ake words tjut three: 
 'I never bare no child hut ane. 
 And ye 'vc slain him cruellic' " 
 
 ij^ This pathetic tale suggested tho 
 plot of Home's tragedy of " Douglas." 
 The word '• Gil " is the same as " Childe " 
 (pronounced cliild), a title formerly pre- 
 fixed to the surnames of the oldest sons 
 of noble families, while they had not as 
 yet succeeded to the titles of their ances- 
 tors, or gained new ones by their own 
 prowess. 
 
 Morris, Peter. The pseudonymous 
 author of a work entitled " I'eter's 
 Letters to his Kinsfolk," published 
 in 1819, and written by John Gibson 
 Lockhart. It gives graphic sketches 
 of Scottish men and manners at that 
 time. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 MOK 
 
 250 
 
 MOT 
 
 Morg. [Lat.] (Gr. ^' Rom. Myth.) A 
 doitietl personification of death, rep- 
 resented as the daughter of Erebus 
 and Nox. 
 
 Mortality, Old. See Old Mon- 
 
 TALITV. 
 
 Morton. A retainer of the Earl of 
 Northuiiil)criand, in the Second Part 
 of Slialcespearc's " King Henry IV." 
 
 Mo'rus Mul'ti-caulis Mania. A 
 Avihl, reckless spirit of s])eeulation 
 which seized upon people, even those 
 of intelligence, in the United States, 
 about the year 1835, and -wliich led 
 them to purchase and cultivate nul- 
 berry- trees at fabulous prices, witli 
 the view of rearing the silivwurm. It 
 soon (licil out, however, l>ut not witli- 
 out great losses having been sustained 
 by the deluded. 
 
 Mor'ven. A kingdom spoken of in 
 the poems of Ossian, of which Fingal 
 was tiie ruler, supposed to represent 
 Argjdesiiiro and the adjoining parts 
 of the West Highlands, Ijut of whose 
 existence there is absolutely no evi- 
 dence. 
 
 Moses. See Primrose, Moses. 
 
 Most Catholic Majesty. See Cath- 
 olic iMAJKSTY. 
 
 Most Christian Doctor. [Lat. Doc- 
 tor Chrialianissimus.] 1. An epithet 
 bestowed upon Jean de Gerson {IMiJ'-i- 
 142IJ), one of the most eminent and 
 learned divines of his age. 
 
 2. The same title was given to 
 Nicolas de Cusa, Cuss, or Cusel ( 1401- 
 1464), a celebrated German philoso- 
 pher and cardinal. 
 
 Most Christian King, or Majesty. 
 [Lat. Clii'Utlrmissimus Ri'x.'\ A name 
 given by Pope Stephen HI., in 755, 
 to Pepin tlic Sliort of France, and by 
 the council of Savonnieres, in 859, 
 to Charles the Bald; but it did not 
 become the peculiar appellatioiv of 
 tlic sovereigns of tliat country until 
 1469, when I'ope Paul II. conferred 
 it upon Louis XL It has been justly 
 said that never was the name of 
 ( Christian less deserved. His tyranny 
 and ojipressions obliged his subjects 
 to enter into a league against him; 
 and four tliousand persons were ex- 
 
 ecuted publicly or privately in his 
 merciless reign. 
 Most Faithful Majesty. A title 
 given, in 1748, by I'ope Benedict 
 XIV., to John v., king of Portugal. 
 
 Most Learned of the Romans. 
 [Lat. Erudltissimns Romnnorum.'] A 
 title bestowed upon Marcus Terentius 
 Varro (u. c. 116-27), on account of 
 his vast and varied erudition in 
 almost every department of litera- 
 ture. He was so called by Quintil- 
 ian, by Cicero, and by St. Augustine. 
 According to his own statement, he 
 wrote four liundred and ninety books. 
 
 Most Methodical Doctor. [Lat. 
 
 J hictiif Unlinaihsimus.'l An honoraiy 
 title given to John Bassol (d. 1347), 
 a distinguished Scotch philosopher, 
 and a disciple of Duns Scotus, on 
 account of the clear and accurate 
 manner in which he lectured and 
 composed. His master greatly ad- 
 mired him, and used to say, "If only 
 Passol be present, I have a sufficient 
 auditory." 
 
 Most Resolute Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Rcs(Jiiligsiiii,ns.\ A name given to 
 Durand de St. Poureain (d.' 1332), a 
 member of the order of Dominicans, 
 aiul a scholastic philosopher distin- 
 guished as an opponent of the realism 
 of Seotus and his fcJlowers. His style 
 is said to have been characterised by 
 a singular energy, and freedom from 
 all periphrasis and ambiguity. 
 
 Moth. 1. A page to Don Adriano de 
 Arniado, in Shakespeare's "Love's 
 Labour 's Lost." 
 
 JSTo" " To the stiff, weak, molancholy 
 Arniiido is opposed the little Moth, who, 
 light a.s his name, is all jest and playful- 
 ness, versatility and cunning." 
 
 Gervinun, Trans. 
 2. A fairy, in Shakespeare's "Mid- 
 summer-Night's Dream." 
 
 Mother Ann. A title conferred upon 
 Ann Lee (1735-1784), the " spiritual 
 mother " and leader of the society of 
 Shakers, and the name by which she 
 is familiarly known among the mem- 
 bers of that sect. She is regarded as 
 a second manifestation of the Christ 
 imder a female form, Jesus being the 
 male manifestation. 
 
 oa'" For tUe "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MOT 
 
 251 
 
 ]\IOT 
 
 Mother Bunch. 1. A cclobratcd alc- 
 wife, api)areiitly of tlic lattor part of 
 the sixtt'L'iitli centiirv, ineiitidiu'd liy 
 Deklcer in his " Satiroiuastix," ItlOJ; 
 ami in 11104 was luiblishcd " I'asciuil's 
 Jests, mixed with JNlother liuiicli's 
 jMerriments." 
 W\t that shuU make thy nnme to last, 
 
 When Tiirlftim's josts are nittvii. 
 And Gt'iir.;o B-(»rccii and Mother Bunch 
 Shall all be quitu tor;,'i>tti'n. 
 
 Wit will Dmllerii, IOSl'. 
 
 2. Tlie subjoet of a hook, former- 
 ly very ])oj)iilar, entitled " Mother 
 I}iincli's Closet newly broke open, 
 containini;' Kare Seerets of Art and 
 Nature, tried and experimented by 
 Learned l*hilosi)phers, and reeom- 
 niended to all Ini^enious Yonng Men 
 and Maids, teacliing them, in a Nal- 
 in-al AVay, liow to p^et Good AVives 
 and Husbands. l?y a Loverof ISIirth 
 and Hater of Treason. In Two Parts, 
 London, 12'^, 17G0." The following 
 extract from the work may serve as 
 a ,s])eeimen of its contents. 
 
 jGfg" ".-1 Wat/ to tell iclm must be your 
 Husband. — Take a St. Tlionms's onion, 
 pare it, and lay it on a t-leati handker- 
 chief under your pillow ; put on a dean 
 smock ; and, as you lie down, l;iy your 
 arms abroad, and say these words : — 
 ' Gond St. Thomas, do me ri);ht. 
 And hrinj; nijj love tr) nic this nipht, 
 That I may view him in the face, 
 And in ray arms may him cnibiace.' 
 
 Then, lying on thy back with, tliy arms 
 abroad, go to sleep as soon as you can, 
 and in yourfir.'^t sleep you shall dream 
 of him who is to be your husband, and 
 he will come and olTcr to ki.ss you ; do not 
 hinder him, but catch him in thy arms, 
 and strive to hold him. for that is he. 
 This I hare tried, and it was proved 
 true." 
 
 >0S=" " Now that wo Iiave fairly entered 
 into the matrimonial chapter, we must 
 needs speak of Mother Bunch; not the 
 Mother Bunch whose fairy tales are re- 
 peated to the little ones, but she whose 
 'cabinet,' when broken open, reveals so 
 many powerful love-spells. It is Jlothcr 
 Bunch who teaches the blooming damsel 
 to recall the fickle lover, or to fix the 
 ■wandering gaze of the cautious swain, 
 attracted by her ch.arms, yet scorning the 
 fetters of the parson, and dreading the 
 still more fearful vi.sion of the church- 
 warden, the constable, the justice, the 
 •warrant, and the jail." Qu. Rev. 
 
 My tlionjihts naturally tnmcd to Master B. 
 Jly speculations about him were imcasy and 
 
 mnnifoW, — wliPtluT his Christinn name was 
 lU-nj.iniin, Ui>s.\tile (I'n.ni Iiis liaviu- bcc^u 
 born in l.'ap - viar), liurllicl.im.w. ,.r Hill; 
 . . . wlu'llu-r be- i-,.m1,1 i,,,>.mI,Iv luivv bnii 
 kith and kin to an inuNtii..ns la.iv wl... bri-lit- 
 ened mv own cliildlu.od. anil bail conu-ot'tbe 
 blocul of tlie bi-illiant Muthrr Jlinirh. JJirkens. 
 
 Mother Ca'rey (!)). A name which oc- 
 curs in tlie expressidn "Mother Ca- 
 ndy's chickens," whicii is ap))lie(l by 
 sailors to Um l'rot\il(iri(i j)fl(t(/icii, or 
 stormy petrel, a small oceanic bird 
 vulgarly supposed to be seen only l)e- 
 fore a storm, of which it is rei^arded as 
 the h;irbinj;er. Aecdrdini;' to Varrell, 
 the distiuyuished ornitiiologist, " The 
 name of ' Mother Carey's chickens ' 
 is said to have been originally be- 
 .stowed upon the stormy petrel by 
 Captain Carteret's sailors, probably 
 from some cehibrated ideal hag of 
 tliat name." Otliers regard tlie words 
 as a characteristic English corrup- 
 tion of " MdU'v (,■((»•«" (that is, dear 
 IVIotlier), an aUcctionate appellation 
 said to be given by Italian sailors 
 to the Virgin Mary — tlie special pa- 
 troness of mariners — for her kind- 
 ness in sending tlicse messengers to 
 forewarn tliem of im])ending tem- 
 pests; but this ex])lanation is rather 
 mgenious than ]irol)al)le. When it 
 is snowing, IMotlier Carey is said by 
 the sailors to be plucking her goose; 
 and this has l)eeii supposed to be tlic 
 comical and satirical form assumed 
 by a mytii of the old tierman my- 
 thology, that described the snow as 
 the feathers falling from the Ijcd of 
 the goddess Ilolda, when she shook 
 it in making it. 
 
 Amon^ the unsolvablo riddles which nature 
 propounds to mankind, we may reckon the 
 <uu>tion, Who is Mnllicr Carey, and where 
 docs she rear her chickens? //. Jlritlge. 
 
 Mother Company. Sec Company, 
 John. 
 
 Mother Dous'lSLss. A famous pro- 
 curess of the last centu^\^ Footc 
 represents her in " The Minor," in 
 the character of IMrs. Cole. She re- 
 sided " at the north-east corner of 
 Covent Garden," Avhere she died June 
 10, 1701. Iler house wiis superbly 
 furnished, and decorated with ex- 
 pensive pictures by old masters. 
 
 I question whether the celebrated Mnfhfr 
 Tkiuiila:<« herself could have made sncli u 
 figure in an extemporaneous altercation. 
 
 Smollett. 
 
 uad for the licmarka and Gules to which the numbcra after certain words refer, bcc pp. ziv-xxxU.
 
 MOT 
 
 MOU 
 
 Mother Goose. 1. The i'iif;ncil nar- 
 iiitor of 11 culchvatcd voliinic of liiiry 
 talcs (" Coiili's <lii Ilia Mi'i-c. I'Oye "), 
 written liy Cliarles I'crraiilt, and lirst 
 ]iiil)lislu'(i, nnilcr tliu nanii' (if his 
 infant son, I'on-anlt (rAiinancom-t, 
 in H)!)7. Of the ten storios in tiiis 
 work, seven arc to be found in the 
 '• I'entanieronc." 
 
 2. Tiie (ictitious writer or compiler 
 of the collection of ancient mir.sery 
 rhymes known as " Mother Goose's 
 Melodies." 
 
 4)r«' This " Mother Gooso " is not an 
 im.'i'^iniii'y pcrsoniine, as is coirnionly 
 .su|i|ios<'d. 8liu biiloiigoil to !i wealthy 
 family in lioston, Miissiicluisctts, where 
 Hhe was born, anii rcsiilril lor many years. 
 IIlt eldest ilanshtcr, Klizalictli (ioose, was 
 married, by the cclelirateU l^ittoii Mather, 
 on the 8th of . I line, 1715, loan enterpris- 
 inj; and industrious ]irinter by the name 
 of Thomas Fleet, and. in duo time, fj;ave 
 birth to a son. Motlier (.ioose, like all 
 good (irandmothers, was in ecstasies at 
 the event; her joy was unbounded; she 
 spent her whole time in the nursery, and 
 in wandering about the liouKe, pouring 
 forth, in not tlic most melodiou.s strains, 
 the songs and ditties which she liad 
 learned in her younger days, greatly to 
 the annoyance of the whole neighbour- 
 hood, — to Fleet in particular, wlio was 
 a man fond of quiet. It was in vain h(^ 
 exhausted his shafts of wit and ridicule, 
 and every expedient be could devise. It 
 was of no use ; tbe old lady was not thus 
 to bo put down ; so, like others similarly 
 situated, he was obliged to submit. His 
 shrewdness, however, did not for.sako 
 him : ho conceived the idea of collecting 
 the songs and dittie.s as they came from 
 his gooil mother-in-law, and such as he 
 could gather from other sources, and 
 p\il)lishing them for the benefit of the 
 world — not forgetting himself. This he 
 did, anil soon brought out a book, the 
 earliest known edition of which bears tbe 
 following title ; •" Songs for the Nursery ; 
 or. Mother (loose's Melodies for Children. 
 I'rinted by T. Fleet, at his Printing-house, 
 Pudding fiano [now Devonshire Street], 
 ITiy. I'rice, two coppers." The adop- 
 tion of this title was in derision of his 
 7iiothcr-in-law, and was perfectly charac- 
 teristic of the man, as be was never known 
 to spare his nearest friends in his raillery, 
 or when he could c.\cito laughter at their 
 expen.se. 
 
 Mother Hubbard. The subject of 
 an old and well-known nurscrj' 
 rhyme. 
 
 Mother Hubberd. The feigned nar- 
 rator of vS])enser'8 poem entitled 
 "Mother Ilidjberd's '1 ale," which is 
 a satins u])on the common modes 
 of rising in (Jluireh and State, and 
 wliich i)nri)()rts to be one of several 
 tales told to the author by his friends, 
 to beguile a season of sickness. 
 
 Mother Nicneven. See Nicnkvkn. 
 
 Mother of Cities. [Arab. Aimi nl 
 Jialiid.] A title given by Orientals, 
 on account of its antiquity, to Balkli, 
 the capital city of the province of the 
 saints name (the ancient kingdom of 
 liaclria), wliich is subordinate to the 
 khanate of Ihikhara. 
 
 Mother of Presidents. A name frc- 
 (inently given, in tiu^ [Tnited States, 
 to the State of Virginia, which has 
 furnished six ])residcnts to (he Union. 
 
 Mother of States. A name sometimes 
 given to \'irginia, the lirst settled 
 of the thirteen States wdiich united 
 in till' declaration of indeiiendeiice. 
 From the large ainoiint of territory 
 originally inchided iiiider this name 
 have been formed tlie States of Ken- 
 (nckj^ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Mother of the Camps. [I.at. Main- 
 ('iixtroriiiii.\ A title given by the 
 lionian legions in (Jaul to Victoria, 
 orVictorina, after the death of her 
 sou Victorinns (a. d. '2(18), one of 
 the Thirty Tyrants. See Tiiiirrv 
 
 Tvii.VNTS. 
 
 Mother of the Gods. See Cyiskle. 
 
 Mother Shipton. The subject of a 
 ])iipiilar tale of ancient, but uncertain 
 date, and of unknown aiithorshi]), 
 entitled " 'J'he Strange and ^^'onder- 
 liil History and rropliccies of Mother 
 Slii|)l(in, iilainly setting forth her 
 birth, life, death, and burial." 
 
 Mouldy. A recruit, in the Second 
 Part of Shakespeare's " King llenrv 
 IV." 
 
 Mound City. A name po]iularly given 
 to St. Lonis, Missouri, on account of 
 the niiinerous artilicial nuninds in the 
 neighbourhood of the site on which 
 the' city is built. 
 
 Mountain, The. [Fr. Ln Moniagne.'] 
 A name given to the Jacobins, or 
 
 ' For the "Key to tho Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 I 
 
 MOL' 
 
 253 MUM 
 
 extreme ilomocratic politicians, in the 
 Xatiuual Convention of France, from 
 their occupying the hii;liest benches. 
 Of this formidable party, (Jollot 
 d'Hcrbois, Daatou, Marat, Robes- 
 pierre, and St. Just were the princi- 
 pal members. Brissot lirst used tlic 
 term in the Constitutional Assembly, 
 in contrasting the Jacobins witli the 
 Aristocrats. The expression is still 
 in use on the continent ot Liiroi)C, 
 as ajiplied to the extreme radicals, 
 or '■ the left." 
 
 Mount Badon. See Badon, Mount. 
 
 Mount Caf (kaf). (MohamineJan 
 Ml/Ill.) A fabulous mountain en- 
 circling the earth, — supposed to be 
 a circular plain or flat disc, — as a 
 ring encircles the finger. It is the 
 home of giants and fairies, and rests 
 upon the sacred stone Sakhrat. See 
 SaivIii:.vt. [Written also Mount 
 Kaf.] 
 
 Mount Meru. See Merit. 
 
 Muc'kle-back'it, Saun'ders (muk'- 
 1-). An old tisherman in Sir Walter 
 Sc:^tt's novel of " The Anticjiiary." 
 
 MucHkle-wrath, Ha-bak'kuk (muk'- 
 I-rawth). A fanatic preacher in 
 Scott's " Old Mortality." 
 
 Muggins. See Huggixs and JIug- 
 
 GINS. 
 
 Mul'ci-ber. [Lat.] {Horn. Mijth.) A 
 surname of Vulcan. For taking the 
 part of Juno against Jupiter, in a 
 quarrel between the two deities, the 
 latter seized him by the leg and 
 hurled him down from Olympus. lie 
 was a whole day in falling; but, in 
 the evening, he came down in the isl- 
 and of Lemnos, where he was kindly 
 received and taken care of. Sec 
 
 VULC.VN. 
 
 Nor was his name unheard or tinadored 
 In ancient Greece; and in Ansonian land 
 Slen called him Mulcibcr ; and how he fell 
 From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry 
 
 Jove 
 Sheer o'er the crystal battlements: from mom 
 To noon he fell, "from noon to dewy eve, 
 A summer's day; and with the setting sun 
 JJroppcd from the zenith like n falling star. 
 On Lemnos, the iEgean isle. Milton. 
 
 Mulls. A poetical name given by 
 Spenser to the Awbeg, — a tributary 
 of the Blackwater, — in Ireland, near 
 which he lived for many years. 
 
 As erst the bard by ilulla's silver stream. 
 Oft as he told of deadly dolorous l)light. 
 Sighed us he sung, auu did iu tears indite. 
 
 ^ht'tistonc, 
 
 Mul'ler, Maud. The heroine of a 
 ballad by Whittier, having this name 
 for its title. 
 
 Mul'lion, Mor'de-cai(mul'yuii). One 
 of tlic inti'rloeutors in tlie '' N(jctes 
 AmbrosiaiRC " of Wilson, Lockhart, 
 &c. ; a purely imaginary character, 
 designed to represent, very generally, 
 the population of Glasgow and its vi- 
 cinity. \V'ilson also used the name 
 as a noni de plume. 
 
 Mum'bo Jum'bo. A strange bug- 
 bear, common to all the Mandingo 
 towns, and resorted to by the negroes 
 as a means of discipline. 
 
 jggg- "On the 7th of December, 1795, 
 I departed from Konjour, and slept at a 
 village called Malta (or Mallaing) ; and, on 
 the 8th, about noon, I arrived at Kalor, 
 a cousiderable town, near the entrance 
 into which 1 observed, hanging upon a 
 tree, a sort of masquerade habit, made 
 of the bark of trees, which I was told, on 
 inquiry, belonged toMumbo Jumbo. This 
 is a strange bugbear, common to the Man- 
 dingo towns, and much employed by the 
 pagan natives in keeping their women in 
 subjection ; for, as the Kaffirs are not 
 restricted iu the number of their wives, 
 every one marries as many as he can con- 
 veniently maintain ; and, as it frequent- 
 ly happens that the ladies do not agree 
 among themselves, family quarrels some- 
 times rise to such a height, that the au- 
 thority of the husband can no longer pre- 
 serve peace in liis household. In sueli 
 cases, the interposition of Mumbo Jumbo 
 is called in, and is always decisive. This 
 strange minister of justice (who is sup- 
 posed to be e'ther the husband himself 
 or some person instructed by him), dis- 
 guised in the dress that has been men- 
 tioned, .and armed with the rod of public 
 autlinrity, announces his coming by lonJ 
 and dismal screams in the woods near the 
 town. He begins the pantomime at the 
 approach of night, and as soon as it is 
 dark he enters the town. The ceremony 
 commences with songs and dances, which 
 continue till midnight, about which time 
 Mumbo fixes on the offender. The unfor- 
 tunate victim, being seized, is stripped, 
 tied to a post, and severely scourged witli 
 Mumbo's rod, amidst the shouts and de- 
 rision of the whole assembly. Daylight 
 puts an end to the unseemly revel." 
 
 Mungo Park. 
 
 The grand question and hope, however, is, 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii .
 
 MUN 
 
 251 
 
 MYR 
 
 Will not this feast of the Tuileries' Mumho 
 Jurntio bo a sigu, perhaps, that the guillotiiie 
 istoubiite-:' Curti/le. 
 
 Mun-chau'sen. (-sn). The putative 
 autlior aud hero of a book of travels 
 liUcd wiUi the most marvellous lic- 
 tions, compiled from various sources, 
 and lirst published in Euglaud, in 
 1785, by Kudolf Erich Gaspe, an ex- 
 patriated German. The wit and hu- 
 mour of the work gave it great success. 
 Several other editions soon appeared, 
 and translations or imitations were 
 brought out in German and other 
 foreign languages. The name Mun- 
 chausen is corrupted from that of 
 Jerome Charles Frederick von Mtinch- 
 hausen (17-20-1797), a German otHcer 
 in the Russian service, who acquired 
 a remarkable notoriety bj' relating 
 the most ridiculously false and exag- 
 gerated tales of his adventures. He 
 is said to have repeated the same 
 stories so often, without the slightest 
 variation in their most minute points, 
 that he came at length really to be- 
 lieve even his most extravagant fic- 
 tions, and was highly offended if any 
 one presmned to doubt them. Yet 
 there was nothing of the braggart 
 about him , his whole demeanour being 
 that of a quiet and modest gentleman. 
 He must not be confounded, as is 
 sometimes the case, with Gerlach 
 Adolphus, Baron von ]Miinchhausen 
 (1688-1770), one of the founders of 
 the University of Gottingen, and for 
 many years a privy councillor of the 
 Elector of Hanover, George II. of 
 England. 
 
 Mun-duii'gus. A nickname — sig- 
 nifying tobacco — given by Steme, 
 in his " Sentimental Journey," to 
 Doctor Samuel Sharp (d. 17t8), an 
 English tourist who travelled upon 
 the continent at the same time as 
 Sterne, and who published a cold, 
 didactic accoitnt of what he had seen, 
 disfigured by coarse libels upon the 
 ladies of Italy. See Smelfungus. 
 
 Munin (moo'nin). {Scand. Myth.) 
 One of Odin's two ravens. See 
 Odin. 
 
 Muse Limonadiere, La (la miiz 
 le'mo'na'de^r-r', 34). [Fr., coffee- 
 house muse.] A sobriquet given to 
 
 Charlotte Bourette (1714-1784), a 
 French poetess who kept a cafe w'hich 
 was frequented by all the wits other 
 time in Taris. 
 
 Muse of Greece. See Attic Musi:. 
 
 Muses. [Lat. Musa;, Gr. MoOerai.] 
 (Gr. 4' liom. MijlJi.) Daughters of 
 Jupiter and jMnemosyne, and god- 
 desses who presided over the differ- 
 ent kinds of poetry, and over music, 
 dancing, and the other liberal arts. 
 They were nine in nitmber; namely, 
 Clio, the muse of history; Melpom- 
 ene, of tragedy ; Thalia, of comedy ; 
 Euter^je, of music; Terpsichore, of 
 dancing; CaUiope, of epic poetry; 
 Erato, of lyric and amatoiy poetry ; 
 Urania, of astronomy; Polyhymnia, 
 or Polymnia, of singing and rhetoric. 
 
 Mu'si-do'ra (9). A beautiful young 
 woman wlio forms the subject of an 
 episode in the poem on "Summer" 
 in Thomson's " Seasons." 
 
 Xgg= " Musidora was one of the fashion- 
 able poetical sobriquets of the last cea- 
 tury." Yonge. 
 
 Muspel (moos'pel), or MuspeUieim 
 (mdbs'pel-him). {Scand. Myth.) A 
 region of tire and heat, lying to the 
 south of Ginnunga-gap. From it, at 
 Eagnarcik, Surtur will collect tlames, 
 and set fire to the universe. 
 
 Mutcli. One of Robin Hood's band of 
 outlaws. See Robin Hood. [Writ- 
 ten also Much, M i d g e.J 
 
 Mutual Admiratioii Society. [Fr. 
 Socicte d' Admiration Mutuelle.'] A 
 nickname popidarly given in Paris 
 to the Societe d'Observation Medi- 
 cale. It is used in English, in a 
 more general way, usually with refer- 
 ence to a circle or set of persons who 
 are lavish of compliments on each 
 other. 
 
 Who can tell what we owe to the Mutual 
 Admiration .Socteti/ of which Shakespeare, 
 and Ben Jonaon, and Beaumont and Fletcher 
 were members? Or to that of which Addison 
 and Steele formed the centre, and which gave 
 us the " Spectator? " Or to that where John- 
 son, and Goldsmith, and Burke, and Rc3'- 
 nolds, and Beauclerc, and Boswell, most ad- 
 mirins among all admirers, met together ? 
 . . . Wise ones are prouder of the title M. S. 
 M. A. than of all their other honours put to- 
 gether. Holmes. 
 
 Myrrha (mir'ra). The heroine of 
 
 !&• For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 MYR 255 
 
 Lord Byrou"s tragcdj' of " Saidanap- 
 alus." 
 
 Myrtle, Minnie. A pseudonym of 
 Mrs. Anna C. Johnson, an American 
 authoress of the present day. 
 
 Mystical Babylon. A name often 
 opprobriously ^'iven l>v Trotestants 
 to Rome, or the Roman Catholic 
 chiu-ch, Avith reference to the hinguafce 
 used bv St. Jolm, in the seventeenth 
 
 MYS 
 
 and eighteenth chapters of the book 
 of A'er(/((/(y«, where he jH-ophetically 
 foretells the downfall of some relig- 
 ious system or tenets, which he com- 
 pares to Babylon, once the proudest 
 and most powerful city in the world, 
 but, in his time, fallen from its high 
 and palmy state into a condition of 
 utter nun and desolation, through its 
 luxurj', licentiousness, and eflemi- 
 nacy. 
 
 and for the Bemarks and liules to which the numbers after certaiu words refer, sec pp. zIt-zzxU.
 
 NAG 
 
 256 
 
 NEM 
 
 N. 
 
 Uaglfar (nS'gl-faf). [Old Norse nn(jl^ 
 a human nail, and fura, to go, to 
 fare.] (Scand. Myth.) A ship con- 
 structed b}^ the Giants out of dead 
 men's nails. On board of it the 
 Giants will embark, at Ragnarok, to 
 give battle to the gods. 
 
 H'a'iads. [Lat. Naiades, Gr. NaiaSe;.] 
 (Gr. (J- Eom. Mi/lh.) Nymphs of 
 lakes, streams, and fountains. 
 
 Nameless City. Ancient Kome ; — 
 so called because it had an elder and 
 mysterious name, which it was death 
 to'pronounce. This name is said to 
 have been Vcdenda, afterward trans- 
 lated into the Greek word ■Pujuij. 
 'Pwii-q, as the Greek form of Eome, 
 is first mentioned, among Grecian 
 -^Titers, by Aristotle or Theophrastus. 
 XKg="They [certain local names and 
 nicknames] are all inferior, I think, to the 
 one sacred and proverbial name which 
 belonged to Home. They take many 
 ■words to convey one idea. In one word, 
 the secret qualifying name of the ancient 
 city, many ideas found expression, — 
 Valentia!'''' Dr. Doran. 
 
 TQ"amo (na'mo'), or Tfa'mus. A semi- 
 mvthical duke of Bavaria, who fig- 
 ures in old romances of chivalry as one 
 of Charlemagne's Twelve Peers. 
 
 Wanna (nan'na). {Scand. Myth.) The 
 wife of Baldur, famed for her piety 
 and constancy. When her husband 
 died, she threw herself on the funeral 
 pyre, and ^vas buried with him. 
 
 Nantes, Edict of. See Edict of 
 
 N.VSTES. 
 
 Napoleon of Mexico. A name giv- 
 en to Augusto Iturbide (1784-18-24), 
 emperor of IMexico, whose career in 
 some respects bears a distant re- 
 semblance to that of Napoleon Bo- 
 naparte. 
 
 Napoleon of Peace. A name some- 
 times given to Louis Philippe, king 
 of the French, in allusion to the great 
 increase in wealth and the steady 
 physical progress of the nation during 
 his reign of eighteen years (1830- 
 
 1848), — results which may be advan- 
 tageously compared with those of the 
 first empire. It is said that the king 
 liked to be called by this appellation. 
 
 Nar-cis'sus. [Gr. Nap/cto-o-os.] ( Gr. 
 (f Eom. Myth.) A son of Cephissus 
 and the nymph Liriope. He was un- 
 commonly beautiful, and, seeing his 
 own image reflected in a fountain, 
 became enamoured of it, thinking 
 it to be the nymph of the place. As 
 the shadow was unapproachable, he 
 wasted away with desire, and was 
 changed into a flower, which still 
 bears his name. See Echo. 
 
 Nastrond (nfi'strond, 46). [Old Norse 
 nd, a corpse, and strond, strand.] 
 {Scand. Myth.) A noisome and horri- 
 ble marsh in the under-world, where 
 the impenitent will be punished in 
 the future life. 
 
 Nathaniel, Sir. A grotesque curate 
 in Shakespeare's "Love's Labour's 
 Lost." 
 
 Nation of Gentlemen. A compli- 
 mentary designation given to the 
 people of Scotland by George IV., 
 on occasion of a royal visit to that 
 kingdom in 1822. He is said to have 
 been much struck with the quiet and 
 respectful demeanour of the multi- 
 tude, which offered a strong contrast 
 to the wild enthusiasm with which 
 he was greeted at Dublin the year 
 before. 
 
 Nation of Shop-keepers. A con- 
 temptuous appellation bestowed upon 
 the English by Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 
 Ne-se'ra (9). [Gr. Neaipa.] The name 
 of a girl mentioned by the Latin 
 poets Horace, Virgil, and Tibullus; 
 sometimes also introduced into mod- 
 ern pastoral poetry as the name of a 
 mistress or sweetheart. 
 
 To sport \ritli Amaryllis In the shade, 
 Or with the tangles of Necera's hair. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Ne'me-S,n Lion. See Hercules. 
 Nem'e-sis. [Gr. Ne>e(ns.] ( Gr. ^• 
 Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Nox, or 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 NEO 
 
 257 
 
 XEW 
 
 of Erebus, originally a personification 
 of conscience ; afterward regarded as 
 the a-wful and mysterious goddess of 
 retribution, who avenges all wrong- 
 doing, and punishes and humbles the 
 proud and presumptuous in particu- 
 lar. 
 
 O thoH, who never yet of human wrong 
 l^cl't the unbalanced scale, great Xeim-sis .' 
 Thou who didst call the Furies froin tlie abyss, 
 And round Orestes bade them howl and hiss, 
 lor tliat unnatural retribution, —just, 
 Had it been from hands less near, — in this. 
 Thy former realm, 1 call thee from the dust, 
 iiyron. 
 
 He'Op-tol'e-mUS. [Gr. NeoTrrdAefiO!.] 
 
 (Gr. (f Bom. Myth.) The son of 
 Achilles. [Called also PijitIius.] 
 See Pyrkhus. 
 3S"epli'e-lo-coc-cyg'i-a. [Gr. Nt^e- 
 koKOKKvyia, cloud-cuckoo-town, from 
 ve({>i\ri, cloud, and (coKKuf, cuckoo.] A 
 town built in the clouds by the cuck- 
 oos, in the " Birds " of Aristophanes, 
 a comedy intended as a satire on 
 Athenian frivolity and credulity, on 
 that building of castles in the air, and 
 that dreaming expectation of a life of 
 lu-.ury and ease, in which the great 
 mass of the Athenian people of that 
 day indulged. This imaginary city 
 occupied the whole horizon, and was 
 designed to cut off the gods from all 
 connection with mankind, and even 
 from the power of receiving sacrifices, 
 so as to force them ultimately to 
 surrender at discretion to the birds. 
 The name occurs also in the " Vera; 
 Historia; " of Lucian, a romance 
 •written probably in the age of M. 
 Aurelius Antoninus, and composed 
 ■with the view of ridiculing the authors 
 of extraordinary tales. 
 
 Without flying to XepheJococcygia, or to the 
 court of Ciueen Mab, we can meet with sliarp- 
 crs, bullies, hard-hearted, impudent debau- 
 chees, and women worthy of such paramours. 
 Macaulay. 
 
 What you do 
 For bread, will taste of common grain, not 
 
 grapes. 
 Although j;ou have a vineyard in Champagne, 
 Much less in Kephclocorciifjia^ 
 As mine was, peradventure. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browninr). 
 
 Ifep'tune (nep'ch'oon). [Lat. Neptu- 
 nus.'] (Gr. ^- Jiom. 3f;ilh.) The god 
 of the sea and of all other waters, the 
 son of Saturn and Ops, the brother 
 of Jupiter, and the husband of Am- 
 
 phitritc. He is represented with a 
 trident in his hand. 
 
 Ne're-ids (9). [Lat. Nei-ei'des, Gr. 
 Nr)pe;6«.] {Gr.tf Rom. Mijtlt.) Sea- 
 nymphs, daughters of Kerens and 
 Doris. They were fifty in number, 
 and were regarded as nymphs of the 
 Mediterranean, in distinction from 
 the Oceanids, or nymphs of the great 
 ocean. 
 
 life'reus (9). [Gr. NTjpeu?.] {Gr. <f 
 Rum. Myth.) A sea-god, father of 
 tlie Xereids ; described as a wise and 
 unerring old man, ruling over the 
 IMcditerranean, or, more particularly, 
 the iEgean Sea. 
 
 K"e-ris'sa. Portia's waiting-woman, 
 in Shakespeare's " Merchant of Ven- 
 ice." See Portia. 
 
 JUQj- "Nerissa is . . . a clever, confi- 
 dential waiting-woman, who has caught a 
 httle of her lady's elegance and romance ; 
 she affects to be lively and sententious, 
 falls in love, and makes her favour con- 
 ditional on the fortune of the caskets, 
 and, in short, mimics her mistress with 
 good emphasis and discretion." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Nero of the North. A title given 
 to Christian II. (1480-1559), king 
 of Denmark and Sweden, and well 
 merited by him on account of his 
 ferocious cruelty. 
 
 Nes'sus. [Gr. Neo-o-d?.] ( Gr. cj- Rom. 
 Jfi/th.) A famous Centaur, who, for 
 oftering violence to Dejanira, was slain 
 by Hercules with a poisoned arrow, 
 which afterward became the cause of 
 Hercules's own death. See Djeja- 
 
 ^TRA. 
 
 Nes'tor. [Gr. NeVrup.] (Gr. (^- Rom. 
 Jfyth.) A son of Neleus and Chloris, 
 and king of Pylos in Triphylia. He 
 took a prominent part in the Trojan 
 war, acting as counsellor of the other 
 Grecian chiefs, but was equally dis- 
 tinguished for his valour in the field 
 of battle. Homer extols his wisdom, 
 justice, bravery, and eloquence. He 
 lived to so great an age that his ad- 
 vice and authority were deemed equal 
 to those of the immortal gods. 
 
 New Albion. See Albion, Nkw. 
 
 New Am'ster-dam. [D. Kieuw 
 Amsterdam.']' The original name of 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Eules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxU. 
 17
 
 NEW 
 
 258 
 
 KIC 
 
 the present city of New York ; — given 
 to it Ijy the lirst settlers, wiio were 
 Dutch. 
 Uew Atlantis. See ATLA^•TIS, 
 The Nkw. 
 
 Ifewbury, Jack of. Sec Jacic of 
 Newbuky. 
 
 New Christians. A name given in 
 Portugal, in the tifteeuth century, 
 to the Jews, who, yielding to com- 
 pulsion, suffered themselves to be 
 baptised en viasse, but who in private 
 remained faithful to their old religion, 
 and continued scrupulously to observe 
 the Mosaic ceremonies. 
 
 Tfew'come, Colonel. A prominent 
 character in Thackeray's novel, " The 
 Newcomes;" distinguished for the 
 moral beauty of his life. 
 
 JSTew'come, Jolinny. A nickname 
 for any raw, unpractised youth or 
 person, especially any very young 
 officer in the army or navy of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 "A' comes o' taking folk on the right side, I 
 trow," quotli Caleb to himself ; " and I had 
 ance the ill hap to say he was but a Johnnia 
 JS'ewcvifiie in our town, and the carle bore the 
 family an iU-will ever since." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 mew Con-nec'ti-cut (kon-net'ti-kut). 
 A name formerly given to the Western 
 Eeserve. See Western Resekve. 
 
 IVew France. An old name of Can- 
 ada, which was first settled and pos- 
 sessed by the French. 
 
 "Ne-w Jerusalem. The name by 
 which, among Christians, heaven, or 
 the aljode of the redeemed, is sym- 
 bolised. The allusion is to the de- 
 scription contained in the twentv-first 
 chapter of the book of Revelation. 
 
 ZSTewland, Abraham. A name by 
 which a Bank-of-England note was 
 long known, owing to its being made 
 paj'able to Mr. Newland, one of the 
 governors. An old song, fifty or 
 sixtj' years ago, ran thus : — 
 
 " For fashion and arts, should j'ou seek for- 
 eign parts. 
 It matters not wherever you land, 
 Hebrew, Latin, or Greek, the same language 
 
 they speak. 
 The language of Abraliarn Xctcland. 
 
 Ciioni's. 
 Oh Abraham Newland, notified Abraham 
 Ncivland ! 
 
 With compliments crammed, you may die 
 
 and be damned, 
 If J'OU haven't an Abi-aham Newland." 
 
 'New Moses. [Gr. Mioo-rjs veo?.] A 
 designation given, by the later Greek 
 writers, to Anastasius, a presbyter and 
 monk of Mount Sinai, who lived to- 
 ward the end of the seventh century. 
 
 IXTew Wetherlands. The name oi-ig- 
 inall}' given to the Dutch colony or 
 settlements included within what is 
 now the State of New York. 
 
 IKTew S'weden, or Uew Swede'- 
 land. The name given to the ter- 
 ritory between Virginia and New 
 York, while it was in the possession 
 of the Swedes, who founded a col- 
 ony here in 1627. It was afterward 
 claimed by the Dutch. 
 
 Uew "World. A familiar name for 
 the Western Hemisphere. By whom 
 it was first employed is not knoAvn. 
 But, from its obvious appropriate- 
 ness, it must have been applied con- 
 temporaneously with the discovery. 
 Upon the tomb of Columbus, Ferdi- 
 nand ordered this inscription to be 
 placed : — 
 
 "A Castilla y a lyeon 
 jSTuovo jnondo dio Colon," 
 
 that is. To Castile and to Leon, Co- 
 limibus gave a New World. 
 
 ITibelung, King. See King Nibe- 
 
 LUMG. 
 
 l^ibelungen. See King Nieelung. 
 
 And now has begun, in Nanci, as in that 
 doomed Hal! of the Nibelungen, "a murder 
 grim and great.'* CarOjle. 
 
 ISTicholas, St. See St. Nicholas. 
 Wick, Old, See Old Nick. 
 Ifickers. See Titvre Tus. 
 
 Xiek'Ie-Ben. A familiar Scottish 
 name for the Devil. (Sec Burns's 
 "Address to the Deil.") Ben is a 
 Scotch adverb, denoting toward, or 
 into, the inner apartment of a house. 
 It is used adjectively and metaphor- 
 ically to denote intimacy, favom", or 
 honour. See Old Nick. 
 
 IKTick'le-by, Mrs. (nik'l-bi). The 
 mother of Nicholas Nickleby, in 
 Dickens's novel of this name; a 
 widow lady of no force of character, 
 chiefly remarkable on account of her 
 
 SEf For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 NIC 
 
 259 
 
 NIS 
 
 habit of introducing^, in conversation, 
 topics wholly irrelevant to the subject 
 under consideration, and of always 
 declaring, when any thing nnantici- 
 pated occurred, that she had expect- 
 ed it all along, and hud prophesied 
 to that precise efl'ect ou tlivers (un- 
 known) occasions. 
 
 Tills is so thoroughly Dc-Quinccj-ish (like 
 Mrs. Xicklchu lirinjjiiis" in persons and tliuvjs 
 quite independent of the niuttfr on the ^i/<i'.-), 
 that of course I cannot complain of his thus 
 writing "uu inliuite de:il of nothing." 
 
 A". S/icltun MacK-enzir. 
 
 Wick'le-by, Nicholas. The hero of 
 Dickens's uovel of the same name. 
 
 iric'nev-en. A gigantic and malig- 
 nant female spirit of the old popular 
 Scottish mythology. Tlic Scottish 
 poet Dunbar has given a spirited de- 
 scription of this hag riding at the 
 head of witclies and fairies, sorcer- 
 esses and elves, indifferently, upon 
 the ghostly eve of All-hallow-mass. 
 Sec his " Fh'ting of Dunbar and 
 Kennedy." 
 
 Ificole (ne'kol'). A female servant 
 of M. Jourdain,in Moliere's comedy, 
 " Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme," who 
 sees the folly of her master, and ex- 
 poses it in a most natural and amus- 
 ing manner. 
 
 Widhogg (nSd'hug, 40). (Scand. 
 Myth.) A terrible dragon who dwells 
 in Nastrond, and continually gnaws 
 the root of Yggdrasil, the mundane 
 ash-tree. 
 
 ITifllieiin (nef'1-him). [Old Xorsc 
 «///, cloud, mist, and htiinr, home.] 
 (&caiul. Myth.) A region of eternal 
 cold, fog, darkness, and horror, on 
 the north of Ginnimga-gap. It con- 
 sisted of nine worlds, reser\-ed for 
 those that died of disease, or old age, 
 and was ruled over by Hela, "or 
 death. [Written also Niflheimr, 
 N i f f e 1 h e i m, N i f f 1 e h e i m, and 
 Niflhel.] 
 
 Nigel. See Olifaukt, Nigel. 
 
 Nightmare of Europe. An appella- 
 tion given to Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 whose schemes of personal aggran- 
 disement and whose stupendous mil- 
 itary successes territied, and, for a 
 time, stupefied, the nations of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Nim'rod. A pseudonym of Charles 
 James Appcrlcy (d. iS-t-'J), an Eng- 
 lish writer on sporting subjects. lie 
 was for nuiii}- _\ears looked up to as 
 the highest authority on all matters 
 connected with the held, the road, or 
 the turf. 
 
 Nine Gods. See Novensidks. 
 
 Lars I'orsi'na of Clusium, 
 
 By the Sine Gods he swore. Macaittn;/. 
 
 Nine Worthies. See "Worthies, 
 The Nine. 
 
 Ni'nus. [Or. Nrros.] (Gr. (j- Horn. 
 Myth.) The son of Bclus, the hus- 
 band of Seniiramis, and the reputed 
 builder of Nineveh and foimdcr of 
 the Assyrian monarchy. 
 
 Ni'o-be. [Gr. Ntd^T,.] " ( Gr. <^- Earn. 
 Myth.) The daughter of Tantalus, 
 and the wife of Amphion, king of 
 Thebes. On the strength of her 
 more numerous progeny, she set her- 
 self before Latona, and her six sons 
 and six daughters were in conse- 
 quence slain by Apollo and Diana, 
 while the weeping Niobe was changed 
 into a stone, and transported in a 
 whirlwind to the top of Mount Sip- 
 3'lus, Avherc she has ever since re- 
 mained, her tears flowing unceasing- 
 ly- 
 
 The Xinhr of nations! there she Rtands, 
 Childless and crownless in licr voiceless woe. 
 Hl/roii (on Home). 
 
 Nip, Number. See Nusiher Nip. 
 
 Nipper, Susan. An attendant upon 
 I'lorencc Dombey, in Dickens's novel 
 of "Dombey and Son;" a spic_v, 
 though good - natured little body, 
 sharp and biting, but affectionate 
 and faithful. 
 
 Niqu6e (ne'ka'). A female character 
 in the romance of "Amadis de Gaul.'* 
 Her godmother, the fairy Zorphee, 
 wishing to withdraw her from the in- 
 cestuous love of her brother Anas- 
 terax, enchanted her, after having 
 placed her upon a magnificent throne. 
 
 Ni'sus. [Gr. Nio-o;.] A Trojan youth 
 ■who accompanied JEncas to Italy, 
 after the fall of Troy, and who is cel- 
 ebrated for his devoted attachment 
 to Euryalus. The two friends fought 
 with great bravery against the IJutu- 
 lians, but at last Nisus perished in 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kulcs to wtdch the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 NJO 260 
 
 NOR 
 
 attempting the rescue of his friend 
 Eiirvaius, who had fallen into the en- 
 enw's hands. 
 
 Njord (iTvofd, 46). {Scniid. Myth.) 
 The god of the winds, and especially 
 of the north wind. [Written also 
 ]Sf ior d.] 
 
 Noakes, John o', or Jolm a. 
 A lictitious character made use of 
 by lawyers in actions of ejectment, 
 usually coupled with the name of 
 John,'or Tom, Styles. Many other 
 names were also formerly used in 
 these fictitious proceedings. John a 
 Noakes and John a Stj-les being oft- 
 en employed in this way, they came 
 to have the appearance and reputa- 
 tion of being very litigious charac- 
 ters. See Doe, John, and Styles, 
 Tom. [Written also N o k e s.] 
 
 JOJg- " Originally the name [Noakes] 
 ■was spelled Aten Oke and Atteu Oke ; 
 afterward, -when the preposition was 
 contracted, the final N adhered (as in 
 some other Instances) to the name of 
 the tree, giving us A-Noke, subse- 
 quently pluraUsed into Noakes. John- 
 A-Noakes and his constant antagonist, 
 John Atte Style, were formerly as well 
 known iu our law - courts as the re- 
 doubtable John Doe and Richard Koe of 
 later times. Jack Noakes and Tom Styles 
 — the phrase by which we designate the 
 ignobik vidgus — avt; lineal descendants 
 of those litigious parties. In the Middle 
 Ages, the phrase John at Style was in 
 common use, to designate a plebeian ; and 
 it still survives in the slightly altered 
 form above given." Lower. 
 
 A litigated point, fairlv bung up; — for in- 
 Btancc, whether Jo/iK o' Aoies his nose could 
 stand iu Torn o' Stiles his face, without a tres- 
 pass or not. Stc7-nc. 
 There is, in the present day, so little op- 
 portunity of a man of fortune and family ris- 
 ing to that eminence at the bar which is at- 
 tamed by adventurers who are as willing to 
 plead for John a Nokes as for the first noble of 
 the land, that I was early disgusted with prac- 
 tice. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Nod, Land of. See Land of Nod. 
 Noddy, Tom. ) A t}i» of fools or 
 Noodle, Tom. \ folly; a popular des- 
 ignation for any very foolish person. 
 NoU, Old. See Old Noll. 
 
 No-Popery Riots. (Scot. HI si.) A 
 name given to riots at Edinburgh and 
 (Jlasgow, Feb. 5, 1779; and iu Lon- 
 don, from June 2 to June 9, 1780. 
 
 The latter were occasioned by the 
 zeal of Lord George Gordon, and 
 40,000 persons are said to have taken 
 part in them. In the end, 210 of the 
 rioters were killed, and 248 were 
 wounded, of whom 75 died after- 
 wards in the hospitals. 
 Norman Keconciliation. See La- 
 moukette's Kiss. 
 
 Nor'na. A mysterious being of super- 
 natural powers, in Scott's novel of 
 "The Pirate." 
 
 tfS' " Thecharacter of Noma is meant 
 to be an instance of that singular kind 
 of insanity, during which the patient, 
 ^vhile she or he retains much subtlety 
 and address for . . . imposing upon oth- 
 ers, is still more ingenious in endeav- 
 ouring to unpose upon themselves." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Norns. [Old Norse Nornir, pi. of 
 Nwna.'] (Scand. Myth.) Three vir- 
 gin goddesses who weave the woof 
 of human destiny sitting by the As- 
 gard root of the world-tree Yggdra- 
 sil, which they carefully tend. Their 
 names are Urda (the past), Verdandi 
 (the present), and Skulda (the fu- 
 ture). The name is also given to 
 subordinate beings, some good and 
 some bad, of whom one is assigned 
 to every person born into the Avorld, 
 and determines his fate. 
 
 North, Christopher, or Eat. A cel- 
 ebrated pseudonym adopted by Pro- 
 fessor John "VVilsou (1785-1854) in 
 connection with the famous series of 
 dialogues first published in " Black- 
 wood's Magazine " and entitled 
 " Noctes Ambrosianse," of which he 
 was the chief author. 
 
 North Britain. A popular synonym 
 of Scotland, which forms the north- 
 ern part of the island of Britain, or 
 Great Britain. 
 
 The reviewers of A'orth Britain,\n common 
 with the other inhabitants of the Scottish 
 metropolis, enjoy some advantages, unknown, 
 it is beUeved, to their southern brethren. 
 
 Jidin. Rev. 
 
 Northern Apostle. See Apostle 
 
 OF THE NOKTH. 
 
 Northern Athens. A name given 
 to the city of Edinburgh, from a fan- 
 cied resemblance in its appearance to 
 Athens, and in allusion also to its lit- 
 
 is" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 NOR 
 
 2G1 
 
 NUT 
 
 eran' and scientific institutions. See 
 MouEUN Athens, 1. 
 
 Worthern Bear. A popular designa- 
 tion of Kussia. 
 
 For ourselves, we believe that in arranginR 
 the terms of peace lie [tlie French emperor] 
 WHS ns little inclined to clip the claws of tlio 
 Sortlieni Bear as his ally. Christ. Examiner. 
 
 Nortliern Giant. A common desig- 
 nation of Kussia, in allusion to the 
 cnonnous size, the rapid growth, and 
 the immense power and resources of 
 that empire, which occupies tlie whole 
 northern portion of the eastern hem- 
 isphere, from Norway to Behring's 
 Strait, and a large adjoining region 
 in North America. 
 
 It is no small delight to the lovers of truth, 
 freedom, and England, to see that the North- 
 ern Giant has, by dint of too much Jiiiesse, 
 suffered his once-willing prey to slip througli 
 his hands. Edin. licv. 
 
 ITorthern Harlot, The Infamous. 
 [Fr. Infame Catin du Nord.'] A 
 name given to Elizabeth Petrowna 
 (1709-17G1), empress of Russia, in- 
 famous for her sensuality. 
 
 Kortliern He-rod'o-tus. A name 
 given to Snorro Sturleson (1179- 
 1241), a native of Iceland, famous as 
 a poet, lawgiver, and historian. He 
 lived many years at the courts of 
 Norway and Sweden, and composed 
 a general history of the North from 
 the ancient songs of the skalds, and 
 from other sources. 
 
 Northern Semiramis. See Semir- 
 
 AMIS OF THE N<JETII. 
 
 Worth-west Territory. {Amei: 
 Hist.) A region north-west of the 
 Ohio River, bounded on the north by 
 a line touching the soutlicrn bound- 
 ary of lakes Erie and Michigan, and 
 on the west by the Mississippi River. 
 After the war of tlie Revolution, it 
 was ceded to the federal government 
 by the States owning or laying claim 
 to it. A bill for its organisation was 
 passed, in 1787, by the continental 
 congress, which immediately began 
 to exercise jurisdiction over the terri- 
 tory; but its full or complete organi- 
 sation did not take place until 1799. 
 See Western Reserve. 
 
 Wor'um-be'ga. A name formerly giv- 
 
 en to some now unknown subarctic 
 portion of North America. 
 
 Now, from the north 
 Of ?torumhrgn, and tlie Sumoid hliore. 
 Bursting their brazen dungeon, armed with 
 
 ice 
 And snow and hail, and stormy gust and flaw, 
 Boreas, and Ca>eias, and Argcstes loud. 
 And Thracias, rend the woods, and sens up- 
 
 '"™- Milton. 
 
 Ifor'vSl. The name of an aged peas- 
 ant and his son, in Home's tragedy 
 of " Douglas." 
 
 The reflection perhaps reminded him that 
 he had better, like young AorvaVs father, 
 " increase his store." Dickens. 
 
 Norway, Maid of. See Maid of 
 
 Ni-)RW'AY. 
 
 Novalis (no-va'lis). A pseudonym 
 ofFriedrich von Hardenberg ( 17^2- 
 1801), a distinguished German litte- 
 rateur and poet. 
 
 No-ven'si-des, oi- ]>3"o-ven'si-le§. 
 [Lat. novus, new, and insidcre, to 
 settle.] {Bum. MtjUi.) A name given 
 by the ancient Romans to the new 
 gods received from abroad, in distinc- 
 tion from the Indigetes, or native 
 gods. Some have thought that the 
 first part of the word was from nmem, 
 nine, and have asserted that the 
 Novensides were nine gods to whom 
 Jupiter gave permission to hurl his 
 thunderbolts. But this opinion seems 
 not to be supported by evidence. 
 
 M"ox. [Lat.] (Gr. ^- Rom. Myth.) 
 Goddess of night; one of tlie most 
 ancient of the deities. By her brother 
 Erebus, she became the mother of 
 vEther (air) and Dies (day). 
 
 Nub'bles, Kit (nub'blz). A char- 
 acter in Dickens's " Old Curiosity 
 Shop." 
 
 Number Nip. The same as Eiibezahl, 
 the famous mountain goblin of Ger- 
 many. His history is told by Muswus 
 in his " Popular Tales." See RiJUE- 
 
 ZAIIL. 
 
 Nun of Kent. See Holy JIaid of 
 Kent. 
 
 Nu'ri-el (9). [Another form of Uriel. 
 See Uriel.] In the Rabbinical my- 
 thologj^ the name of an angel who 
 presided over hailstorms. 
 
 Nut-brown Maid. The subject of a 
 celebrated English ballad of tlie same 
 name, of uncertain date and origin; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see 
 
 pp. XlV-XXXIl.
 
 NUT 
 
 2G2 
 
 NYM 
 
 a perfect female character, exposed, 
 like lioccaecio's Griselda, to the se- 
 verest trials, submittiiij^ ■without a 
 murmur to unmerited cruelty, dis- 
 arming a tormentor by gentleness 
 and patience, and, finally, recom- 
 pensed for her virtues by transports 
 rendered more exquisite by her suf- 
 fering. 
 
 J3®" The most ancient form in which 
 the ballad is now extant is in Arnold's 
 " ChroniciG," theearliest edition of which 
 is thought to have been printed in 1502. 
 It seems to have been lou^ forgotten, but 
 ■was at length brought to notice by Percy, 
 ■who included it in his " Ilcliques of An- 
 cient English Poetry." This ballau has 
 been modernised by Prior, who entitled it 
 " Henry and Emma," supposing it to 
 have been founded on the history of Lord 
 Clifford, the "Shepherd Lord." See 
 Shepherd Lord. 
 
 INutmeg State. A popular name, in 
 America, for the State of Connecticut, 
 the inhabitants of which have such 
 a reputation for shrewdness that they 
 
 have been jocosely accused of palm- 
 ing off wooden nutmegs on unsu.s- 
 pecting purchasers, uistead of the 
 genuine article. 
 
 Ifym. A follower of Falstaff, and 
 an arrant rogue, in Shakespeare's 
 " Merrj^ Wives of Windsor." 
 
 X)®= To nhn is an old word, still com- 
 mon among thieves, meaning to piller, 
 to steal. 
 
 The reader may expect me to explain tlie 
 motives wliy I have so lon^ persisted in dis- 
 claiming the works of which I am now writ- 
 ing. To this it would be difficult to give an v 
 other reply save that of Corporal S'iim,— \t 
 was the author's humour or caprice for tlie 
 time. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 M'ymplis. [Lat. Nymphm, Gr. Nu^(J)oi.] 
 (Gr. cf- Rom. Myth.) Goddesses of an 
 inferior rank, inhabiting the sea, 
 rivers, lakes, fountains, woods, trees, 
 mountains, &c., and having special 
 names according to the nature of 
 the place in which they dwell; as, 
 Ocean ids, Naiads, Drj-ads, Hamadiy- 
 ads. Oreads, &c. 
 
 a9~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 OAN 
 
 263 
 
 ODI 
 
 o. 
 
 0-an'ne§. (Eastern Myth.) A Baby- 
 lonian god represunted as a monstur, 
 halt' man and halt' lish. He li\cd 
 amongst men during the daytime, 
 instructing them in the use of letters, 
 and in the arts and sciences ; but at 
 night he retired to the sea. 
 
 Obadiah. The name of a servant in 
 Sterne's " Life and Opinions oi' Tris- 
 tram iShandy, Gent." 
 
 Obermann (o'bef-man). The title of 
 a novel by Etienne Pivert de Senan- 
 cour (1770-1846), and the name of 
 the hero, who is a porsonilicaticjn of 
 moral elevation unaccompanied by 
 genius, a man of feeling tortured by 
 the absence not only of the nieans of 
 action, but of all stimulus to it. 
 
 0'ber-6n, or 6b'er-6n. ( Entry JfijlJi . ) 
 The king of tlie fairies. He is the elt- 
 in dwarf Elberich, or Alberich, whose 
 name became Aheron or Auberon in 
 French, and subsequently in English 
 Oberon. He was represented as en- 
 dowed with magical powers, and with 
 the qualities of a good and upright 
 monarch, rewarding those wlio prac- 
 tised truth and honesty, and punish- 
 ing those who acted otherwise. He 
 sind Titania, his wife, are tabled to 
 have inhabited India, and to have 
 crossed the seas to Northern Europe 
 to dance by the light of the moon. 
 He is familiar to all readers of Shake- 
 speare, and has been made the sub- 
 ject of a romantic poem by Wieland, 
 having this name as its title. 
 
 ** Nay, but T must see the riders," aTisworcd 
 "Warn ha: *' perhaps they are come from Fairy- 
 land witli a message from King Ohcrnit." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 And play the graceless robber on 
 Your grave-eyed brotlier Oberon. 
 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 
 O-bi'dah. The subject of an allegory 
 by Dr. .Johnson, in the " Rambler " 
 (No. G.5), which relates the adven- 
 tures and misfortunes of a young man 
 during the Journey of a day, and is 
 designed as a picture of human life. 
 
 O-bid'i-cut. A fiend mentioned bv 
 
 Shakespeare (" Lear," a. iv., sc. 1) 
 as provoking men to the gratilication 
 of lust. See Flibbkuti(;ii5BKT, 1. 
 
 O'Cataract, Jehu. A sobriquet given 
 to John Neal (b. 17'J;J), a versatile 
 American author, on account of his 
 impetuosity; adopted by him in some 
 of his works as a pseudonym. 
 
 Oceidente, Maria dell' (ma-re'a del 
 ot-che-deu'ta, 10-2). A i)scudonym 
 adopted by ISIrs. Maria (Gowen) 
 Brooks (1795-1845), an American 
 writer, whom Soutliey pronounced 
 " the most impassioned and most 
 imaginative of all poetesses." She 
 is best known as the author of 
 " Zophiel, or The Bride of Seven." 
 
 O-ce'a-na. The name of an imag- 
 inary country described by James 
 Harrington (1611-1077) in a politi- 
 cal romance bearing the same title, 
 and illustrating the avithor's idea of 
 a model commonwealth. 
 
 O-ce'a-nids. [Lat. OcenniJes, Gr. 
 
 ■fifceariSe?.] ( 6V. (f Eom. Myth.) 
 
 N3'niphs of the ocean, said to be three 
 thousand in number; daughters of 
 Oceanus. 
 
 0-ce'§-nus. [Gr. 'CiKeavo';.'] (Gr. (f- 
 Ei»». Myth.) Tlie god of the great 
 salt river which, in the ancient cos- 
 mogony, was thought to encompass 
 the whole earth. He was the son of 
 Coelus and Terra, the husband of 
 Tethys, and the father of the rivers 
 and ocean-nymphs. 
 
 O'chil-tree, Ed'Ie. An old wander- 
 ing beggar, garrulous and kind- 
 hearted, who performs a prominent 
 part in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 " The Antiquary." 
 
 O'Con'nell's Tail. A nickname given, 
 in England, after the passage of the 
 iJeform Bill (in 1832), to a ])arlia- 
 mentary body voting together under 
 the leadership of Daniel O'Connell, 
 the celebrated Irish agitator. 
 
 O'din. (Scancl. ^fyth.) The supreme 
 and omniscient ruler of the universe, 
 
 and for the Gemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 ODO 
 
 264 
 
 OGI 
 
 the king of gods and men, and the 
 reputed progenitor of the Scandi- 
 navian kings, lie corresponds both 
 to the Jupiter and the Mars of classi- 
 cal mythology. As god of war, he 
 holds his court in Valhalla, surround- 
 ed bj' all brave warriors who have 
 fallen in battle, and attended by two 
 favourite wolves, to whom he gives 
 his share of food; for he himself lives 
 on wine alone. On his shoulders 
 he carries two ravens, Ilugin (mind) 
 and Munin (memory), whom he des- 
 patches every day to bring him news 
 of all that is doing throughout the 
 world, lie has three great tr 'asurcs ; 
 namelj', Sleipnir, an eight -footed 
 horse of marvellous swiftness; Gung- 
 nir, a spear, which never fails to 
 strike what it is aimed at; and Draup- 
 nir, a magic ring, which every ninth 
 night drops eight other rings of 
 equal value. At liagnarok, Odin will 
 be swallowed up by the wolf Fenrir. 
 [Called also Aljadur, and by a great 
 man}' other names.] 
 
 gSy- The German tribes worshipped Odin 
 under the name of Woritn, or Wuotnn. 
 The fourth day of the week, Wednesday 
 ((. e., Woden's day), was sacred to him. 
 
 O-doh'er-t^, Mor'gan, Sir. A 
 pseudonym of Dr. William Maginn 
 (179.'!-1842), a frequent contributor 
 to "Blackwood's Magazine " and to 
 " Fraser's Magazine," and an inter- 
 locutor in the " ISToctes Ambrosiana>." 
 
 O'Do'wd, Cornelius. The pseudo- 
 nym of a writer in " Blackwood's 
 Magazine;" generally believed to 
 be Charles James Lever, the Irish 
 novelist. 
 
 Odur (o'd(a)r). (Scand. Myth.) The 
 name of F'reyja's husband. He 
 abandoned his wife on her loss of 
 youth and beaut}-, and was punished 
 by being changed into a statue. See 
 Freyja. 
 
 O-dys'seus. [Or. 'OSvo-o-eu?.] The 
 Greek form of Ulysses. See Uly.s- 
 
 SE.S. 
 
 CEd'i-pus. [Gr. olSiVovs.] (Gr. (f- 
 Horn. Myth.) A king of Thebes, the 
 son of Laius and .locasta. He solved 
 the riddle of the Sphinx, unwittinglv 
 killed his own father and married his 
 
 mother, who bore him four children. 
 When the incest was discovered, 
 Jocasta hung herself, and (Edipus 
 went mad, and \>ut out his own eyes. 
 See Sphinx. 
 
 CE'netas. [Gr. OJ^u?.] ( Gr. cf- Rom. 
 Mi/th. ) A king of Calydon, in yEtolia, 
 and the father of Meleager, Tydeus, 
 Dejanira, &c. See Meleagek. 
 
 CE-no'ne. [Gr. oivuvrj.'] ( Gr. tf- Bom. 
 Myth.) A Phrygian nymph beloved 
 and married by Paris, who afterward 
 deserted her for Helen. Tennyson 
 has chosen (Enone as the subject of 
 one of his minor poems. See Pakis. 
 
 CE-no'pi-6n. [Gr. OIvottluiv.'] ( Cr. (f 
 Jiom. Myth.) A king of Chios, and 
 the father of Merope. The giant 
 Orion was a suitor for the hand of 
 Merope, but, as ffinopion constantly 
 deferred their marriage, Orion once, 
 when intoxicated, offered her vio- 
 lence. For this Qiinopion blinded 
 him, while asleep, and expelled him 
 from the island. He afterward re- 
 covered his sight, and returned to 
 Chios seeking revenge ; but Qinopion 
 was not to be found, his friends hav- 
 ing concealed him. See Okion. 
 
 O'gier le Danois (lu da'na'). [It. 
 Uffqero, 0;/i/ero, Oggieri, Lat. 0(je- 
 rius.'\ The liero of an ancient French 
 romance, whose story is probably a 
 contribution from the stores of Nor- 
 man tradition, Holger, or Olger, 
 Danske being the national hero of 
 Denmark. He figures in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso," and other ro- 
 mantic tales and poems. 
 
 tSSy- " According to some authorities, 
 his surname was bestowed on him be- 
 cause he came from Denmark ; others say 
 tliat lie took it after having conquered 
 that country ; while others again . . . 
 say that Ogier was a Saracen who turned 
 Christian, and as they wrote to him from 
 home, Tu es damnc [You are damned], 
 for liaving changed liis religion, the 
 French barons called him in jest, Ogier 
 Damnc, and he himself insisted on 
 being so called, when he was chris- 
 tened. This surname agrees with the 
 assertion that he was condemned by 
 Charlemagne." Paiiizzi. Keightley ad- 
 vances the opinion that Ogier is the Ilelgi 
 of the Edda, and iu this view Panizzi 
 himself concurs. 
 
 a^ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationa,
 
 OGL 
 
 2G5 
 
 OLD 
 
 O'gle-by, Lord (o'gl-1)!). A siiper- 
 amiuatcd peer who arteets gaycty and 
 the pcraces of youtli, but is withal 
 kind-hearted and benevolent; a char- 
 acter in the comedy of the " Clandes- 
 tine Marriai^e," by Garrick and the 
 elder C'olnian. 
 
 O'Grdat', John (or Johnny Groat). 
 A name which occurs in the phrase 
 " John O'Groat's House," used to 
 dcsii^nate an ancient buildinij for- 
 merly situated on Duncansby Head, 
 remarkable for beint^ the most north- 
 erly point in (Jreat IJritain. John 
 of Groat, or (Jrnot, and his brothers, 
 were oripcinally from Holland, and 
 are said to have settled here about 
 1489. According to tradition, the 
 liouse was of an octagonal shape, 
 being one room with eight windows 
 and eight doors, to admit eight mem- 
 bers of the family, the heads of eight 
 different branches of it, to prevent 
 their quarrels for precedence at table, 
 which on a previous occasion liad 
 well-nigh proved fatal. Each came 
 in, by this contrivance, at his own 
 door, and all sat at an octagonal 
 table, at which, of course, there was 
 110 chief place, or head. 
 
 ITcnr, T^and o' Cakes and brither Scots, 
 I'nie iMuiilenkirk to .Itilin o' GrmiVf, 
 If there 's a hole in a' your coats, 
 
 I rede ye tent it: 
 A chiel 's anian^ you tukin' notes, 
 
 And, laitn, ho '11 prent it. Dvrns. 
 
 O-gyg'i-ra. [Gr. 'nvwyta.] (Gr.ifRom. 
 Ml/Ill.) An island in the Jlediter- 
 ranean, or, according to some, in the 
 great Western Ocean ; the abode of 
 Calj'pso. It presented such a scene 
 of sylvan beauty as charmed even 
 Mercury, one of the dwellers on 
 Olympus. See Calytso. 
 
 Old Bags. A nickname Lciven to John 
 Scott, Lord Kldon (1751-1838), lord 
 chancellor of England for twenty-live 
 years. lie was so very cautious of 
 delivering a hasty judgment, that ho 
 always expressed his doubts, and was 
 accustomed to take all the papers 
 of complicated cases home with him 
 in different bags; hence the name. 
 According to another account, he was 
 so called from the larn;e and richly 
 embroidered bag in wliich the great 
 seal of England is carried — or sup- 
 
 posed to be carried — before the lord 
 chancellor when he jirocecd-s to fake 
 his seat on the judicial bench or oil 
 the woolsack. 
 
 You found them all in good savour? How 
 does Ultl Jiii,,.i look? And the worthy Doctor 
 [Lord Sidnuiiith]? I hope years sit lf);htlv oii 
 tliut lufty fabric. Socles Ainbrosiciiia . 
 
 Old Bendy. A cant name for the 
 Devil. 
 
 Old Bo'gy. [Probably a corruption 
 of Bof/u, the Slavonic name of the 
 Deity.] A nursery ghost or demon, 
 whose name, like tliat of Lilith, was 
 formerly used to frighten children. 
 [Written also B o g e }'.] 
 
 This man . . . has a friendly heart (al- 
 though some wiseacres have paiiited him as 
 black as Boyeij), and you may trust what he 
 says. Thackcrai/. 
 
 Old'buck, Jonathan. A whimsical 
 virtuoso, who gives name to Scott's 
 novel of " The Anti(|uary." He is 
 devoted to the study and accumu- 
 lation of old coins and medals, and 
 indeed every kind of Roman relics, 
 and is sarcastic, irritable, and, from 
 early disappointment in love, a misog- 
 ynist, but humourous, kind-hearted, 
 and faithful to his friends. [Called 
 also Monkbarns.^ 
 
 OSS' " The character of Jonathan OIil- 
 Ijuck, in the ' Antiquary,' was partly 
 fouuiied ou an old friend ot'my youth . . . ; 
 but I thought I had so completely dis- 
 guised the likeness, that it could not 
 be recognised by any one now alive. I 
 was mistaken. . . . The reader is not 
 to suppose, however, that my late re- 
 spected friend resembled Mr. Oldbuck, 
 either in his pedigree, or the history 
 imputed to the ideal personage. . . . An 
 excellent temper, with a slight degree of 
 subacid humour ; learning, wit, and droll- 
 ery, the more jjoignant that tliey were a. 
 little marked by the peculiarities of an 
 old bachelor ; a soundness of thought, 
 rendered more forcible by an occasiotiai 
 quaintness of expression, — were, I con- 
 ceive, the only qualities in which the 
 creature of my imagination resembled 
 my benevolent and excellent old friend."' 
 Sir W. Sr.ott. 
 
 How much ftoK\ mi^ht we have done, if we 
 had had the lonkin--r,ver nod niethodisii.- of 
 the chaos in whicl\ Mr. Ohihtirk immd liim- 
 Fclf just at the moment, so n^'onisini: to the 
 author, when he knows that tlie iiatieiice of 
 his victim is oozing away, and fears it will be 
 quite gone before he can lay his hauil on the 
 charm which is to fix him a hopeless listener 1 
 Xotes and Queries, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-zzxii.
 
 OLD 
 
 2GG 
 
 OLD 
 
 Old Bvillion. A sobriquet conferred 
 on Colonel Thomas Hart lientou 
 (1782-1858), a distinguished Ameri- 
 can statesman, on account of his ad- 
 vocacy of a gold and silver currency 
 as the true remedy for the linancial 
 embarrassments in which the United 
 States were involved, after the cxjii- 
 ration of the cliarter of the national 
 bank, and as the only pro))er medium 
 for government disbursements and 
 receipts. 
 
 Old Clootie. Sec Auld Clootie. 
 
 Old Colony. A name po]nilarly given 
 to tiiat portion of jNIassachuselS in- 
 cluded within the original limits of 
 the I'lymouth colony, which was 
 formed at an earlier date than the 
 colony of jNIassachusetts Bay. In 
 1G92, the two colonies were united in 
 one province, bearing the name of 
 the latter, and, at the formation of 
 the Federal Union, became the State 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
 Old Country. A term usually applied, 
 in the United States, to the liritish 
 Isles ; sometimes I'estrictcd to Ireland. 
 
 Old Dessauer (des-soil'er). A so- 
 briquet given to Leopold, prince of 
 Anhalt- Dessau {167l)-1747), distin- 
 guished as the creator of the Prussian 
 army. See Mentor. 
 
 Old Dominion. A popular name for 
 the State of Virginia. The origin of 
 this term has been ditferently ac- 
 counted for by different writers. The 
 following explanation is the most 
 plausible of all, and is probably the 
 true one. 
 
 JS^ " In Captain John Smith's ' His- 
 tory of Virginia,' edition of 1629, there is 
 a map of the settlements of Virginia, 
 which, at that time, included New Eng- 
 land, as well as every other part of tlie 
 British settlements in America. lie there 
 calls our present Virginia ' Oh W Virginia,' 
 
 — the word old being so spelt at that time, 
 
 — in contradistinction to the New Eng- 
 land colony, which is called ' New Vir- 
 ginia.' Here, then, we have the word 
 'ould,' the distinctive word of the title. 
 
 Now, we know, that, from the settlement 
 of the colony to the Revolution, every act 
 of parliament, every letter of the king to 
 the governor, always designated Virginia 
 as the 'Colony and Domininn' of Vir- 
 ginia. Here is found the other word ; 
 
 and the change in common talk from 
 ' Ould Virginia' to ' Old Dominion ' was 
 easy, imperceptible, and almost inevita- 
 ble." Historical Magazine, Hi. 319. 
 "What means the Old Dominion ? Hath tslie 
 
 forgot the day 
 When o'er her conquered valleys swept the 
 
 Briton's steel array '! Winttiur. 
 
 Old Dou'ro (9). A sobriquet conferred 
 upon the Duke of Wellington, on 
 account of his passage of the Douro, 
 ]\Iay 11, 1809, by which he surprised 
 Marshal Soult, and put him to tiight. 
 
 Old Ebony. See Erony. 
 
 Old Fox. [Fr. Le Vieiix Rennrd.] A 
 nickname given to Marshal Soult 
 (17G9-1851), by the soldiers under his 
 command, on account of his remarka- 
 ble strategic abilities and fertility of 
 resources. 
 
 Old Gentleman. In some parts of 
 England, a familiar name of the 
 Devil. 
 
 Old Glory. A name popularly given, 
 in the United States, to the national 
 flag, — "the star-spangled banner." 
 
 Old Gobbo. See Gobbo, Old. 
 
 Old Grimes. The subject of a popular 
 ballad by Albert G. Greene (b. 1802), 
 an American poet. The name seems 
 to have originated with Crabbe. It 
 is the title of one of his metrical 
 tales. 
 
 Old Grog. A nickname given by the 
 sailors in the British navy to Admiral 
 Edward Vernon (1081-1757), on ac- 
 count of his wearing a grogram cloak 
 in foul weather. They afterward 
 transferred the abbreviated term ffj'Of/ 
 to a mixture of rum, gin, or other 
 spirituous liquor, with Avater, — a 
 kind of beverage first introduced by 
 the admiral on board ship. 
 
 Old Harry. A vulgar name for the 
 Devil. [Called also Lord JIarry.'] 
 
 JGfS= It has been suggested (" Notes and 
 Queries," xii. 229) that this appellation 
 comes from the Scandinavian Hari or 
 Herra (equivalent to the German Herr), 
 names of Odin, who came in time (like the 
 other deities of the Northern mythology) 
 to be degraded from his rank of a god 
 to that of a fiend or evil spirit. Accord- 
 ing to Henley, the hirsute honours of the 
 Satan of the ancient religious stage pro- 
 cured him the name '• Old Hairy," cor- 
 rupted into " Old Harry." 
 
 I 
 
 !!&• For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 OLD 
 
 267 
 
 OLD 
 
 Old Hickory. A sobriquet conferred 
 upon General Andrew Jaekson, in 
 1813, by the soldiers luider bis com- 
 mand. 
 
 JBS' " The name cf ' Old Hickory ' was 
 not an instuutaneous iuspiratiou, but a 
 growth. First of all, tbe remark was 
 made by some soldier, who was struck 
 with his commander's pedestrian pow- 
 ers, that the {leneral was ' tough.' Next 
 it was observed . . . that he Wiis ' tough as 
 hickory.' Then he was calleit ' Hickory.' 
 Lastly, the affectionate adjective 'old' 
 ■was prefixed, and the general thenceforth 
 rejoiced in the completed uickname, usu- 
 ally the first-won honour of a great com- 
 mander." Parton. According to another 
 account, the name sprung from his hav- 
 ing, on one occasion, set his men an ex- 
 ample of endurance by feeding on hick- 
 ory-nuts, when destitute of supplies. 
 
 True, surely; o.s all observation and survey 
 of mankind from China to Peru, from Nebu- 
 chadnezzar to Old Hickory, will tcstifv 1 
 
 Varlnlr. 
 
 Old HumptLrey. A pseudonym of 
 George Mogridge (d. 1854), of Lou- 
 don, author of numerous religious 
 books and essays, intended especially 
 for the young, which have enjoyed an 
 extensive pojjularity. 
 
 Old Hunkers. A nickname apjilied 
 to the ultra-conservative portion of 
 the Democratic party in the United 
 States, and especially in tlic State of 
 New York. It is said to have been 
 intended to indicate that those to 
 ■whom it was given had an appetite 
 for a large " hunk " of the spoils. 
 
 Old Ironsides. A title popularly con- 
 ferred upon the United iStates frigate 
 " Constitution," which was launched 
 at Boston, Sept. 20, 1797, and is still 
 (1805) in the service. She became 
 greatly celebrated on accoimt of the 
 jjrominent part slie took in the bom- 
 bardment of Tripoli, in 1804, and for 
 the gallantry displayed by her officers 
 and men during the War of 1812. 
 
 ;R3~ "In the course of two years and 
 nine months [July, 1812, to March. 1815J, 
 this ship had been in tliree actinus, had 
 been twice critically chased, and liad cap- 
 tured five vessels of war, two of which 
 were frigates, and a third frigate-built. 
 In all her service, . . . her good fortune 
 was remarkable. She never was dis- 
 masted, never got ashore, and scarcely 
 ever suffered any of the usual accidents 
 
 of the sea. Though so often in battle, no 
 very .serious slaughter ever took place on 
 board her. One of her commanders was 
 wounded, .and lour of lier lieutenants had 
 been killed, two on her own decks, and 
 two in the > Intrepid ; ' but, on the whole, 
 licr entire career had been tliatof what is 
 usually called ' a Uuky ship.' Her for- 
 tune, however, may perhaps bo explained 
 in the simple fact, that she had always 
 been well conniiauded. In her two last 
 cruises, she liad probably po.sscssed as 
 fine a crew as ever manned a frig.-ite. 
 They were principally from New Kng- 
 land ; and it has been said of them that 
 they were almost qualified to fight tho 
 ship without her officers." 
 
 James Ftnhnore Cooper. 
 
 Old Lady of Threadneedle Street. 
 A cant name in London for the IJank 
 of England, which is sitiuited in 
 Tlireadneedle Street. 
 
 Old Man Eloquent. An expression 
 made use of by Milton, in bis tenlii 
 sonnet, in allusion to Isocrates, and 
 very generallv applied, in America, 
 to John Quincy Adams {17G7-1848), 
 sixth president of the United States. 
 
 Wlion tlint diplionest victory 
 At Chajronea, fatal to lil>erty. 
 Killed with report that old man elorpient. 
 
 miton. 
 
 Old Man of the Mountain. [Arab. 
 HhtiL-h-al-Jdjnl.^ 1. An Eastern ti- 
 tle lirst applied to the linaum Has- 
 san Hen-Sabbah-el -liomairi, -vvho 
 founded a formidable dyniisty in 
 Syria, .\. D. lOilO. He was the prince 
 or chief of a sect of the JMohamraedaus, 
 which in the West ac(juireil the name 
 of Assassins. His residence was in 
 the mountain fastnesses of SjTia. 
 The name was also given to his seven 
 successors. At the close of the twelltli 
 centurj', the IMongols put an end to 
 the dynasty. 
 
 2. A name popularly given, in the 
 L'nited States, to a remarkable nat- 
 ural formation on Protile Moimtaiu, 
 one of the mountains of the Francouia 
 range, in New llamp.shire. It con- ' 
 sists of a projecting rock, elevated 
 about 1000 feet above the i)lain,and, 
 viewed at a certain angle, bears a 
 wonderful resemblance to the human 
 face. 
 
 Old Man of the Sea. In the " Ara- 
 bian Xights' Entertairnnents," a 
 monster encountered bv Sindbad the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 OLD 
 
 268 
 
 OLD 
 
 Sailor, in his fifth voyage. He man- 
 aged to fastpii hinis^'lfiiijon the shoul- 
 ders nt' Siudliad so lirmly that lie could 
 not Ije dislud^^'ed l)y the utimift efforts 
 of his unfortunate victim ; but, after 
 carrying him about for a long time, 
 Sindbad at last succeeded in intoxi- 
 cating him, and effected his escape. 
 See Sindbad the Saii.oJ!. 
 
 He lias powers of boring beyond ten of the 
 dullest of all possible doctors, — stuck like n 
 limpet to a rock, — a perfect double of the Uld 
 Man o/'ths Sea, whom I take to have been the 
 greatest bore ou record. Sir W. Scolt. 
 
 It is quite cruel that a poet cannot wander 
 through his regions of enchantment, without 
 having a critic for ever, like the OM Man of 
 the Sea, upon his back. T. Moore 
 
 In the life of Friedrich Wilhelm there is 
 now to be discovered as little of human inter- 
 est or pathos as could well be imagined of any 
 life so near our own times. He is a horrible 
 Old Man of the Sea for our Sindbad to carry. 
 Christ. Examiner. 
 
 Old Mortality. A character and the 
 title of a novel by Sir Walter Scott. 
 The name is said to have been a 
 sobriquet popularly confen-ed upon 
 one Kobert Patterson, the traditions 
 concerning whom are related in the 
 story, and who is described as a re- 
 ligious itinerant of the latter half of 
 the last centur}', frequenting country 
 church-yards, and the graves of the 
 Covenanters, in the south of Scot- 
 land, and whose occupation consisted 
 in clearing the moss from the gray 
 tombstones, renewing with his chisel 
 the half-defaced inscriptions, and re- 
 pairing the emblems of death with 
 which the monuments were adorned. 
 
 Even Capefigue — whose business is to bo- 
 little all that is truly great, and especially to 
 ctFace those names wnich are associated with 
 human liberty, while, hke another Old Mor- 
 tality, he furbishes the tombstones of royal 
 mistresses — is yet constrained to bear witness 
 to the popularity and influence which Frank- 
 lin achieved. Charles Sumner. 
 
 Old Nick. A vulgar and ancient 
 name for the Devil, derived from that 
 of the Neck, or Nikr, a dangerous 
 water-demon of the Scaixlinaviau 
 popular mythology. " The British 
 sailor," says Scott, " who fears noth- 
 ing else, confesses his terrors for this 
 terrible being, and believes him the 
 author of almost all the various 
 calamities to which the precarious 
 life of a seaman is so continually 
 exposed." Butler, the autlior of 
 "lludibras," erroneously derives the 
 
 term from the name of Nicolo Mac- 
 chiavelli. 
 
 Old Noll. An epithet contemptuously 
 applied to Oliver Cromwell by his 
 contemporaries. 
 
 Nav, Old Noll, whose bones were dug up 
 and nung in chains here at home, has not he, 
 too, got to be a very respectable grim bronze- 
 figure, of whom England seems proud rather 
 than otherwise i* Carbjle, 
 
 Old North State. A popular desig- 
 nation of the State of North Carolma. 
 
 Old One. See Auld Ajje. 
 
 Old Public Functionary. A sobri- 
 quet sometimes given to James Bu- 
 chanan, fifteenth president of the 
 United States. He first applied the 
 expression to himself, in his Annual 
 Jlessage to congress in the year 
 1859. Sometimes humourously ab- 
 breviated O. P. F. 
 
 J8®- "This advice proceeds from the 
 heart of an old jmblic functionary.^ whose 
 service oommenced in the last genera- 
 tion, among the wise and conservative 
 statesmen of that day, now nearly all 
 pas.sed away, and whose first and dearest 
 earthly wish is to leave his country tran- 
 quil, prosperous, united, and powerful.'' 
 James Buchanan. 
 
 Old Put. A nickname given, bj"^ the 
 soldiers under his command, to Israel 
 Putnam (1718-1790), a major-general 
 in the war of the American Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Old Rowley. A nickname given to 
 Charles H., who was famous for his 
 amours. Old Rowley was a famous 
 stallion in his majesty's stud. 
 
 Jloving back towards her couch, [slie] 
 asked, "Who is there?" "Old /toic/cj/ him- 
 self, madam," said the king, entering the 
 apartment with his usual air of easy com- 
 posure. aSiV W. Scott. 
 
 Old Scratch. A jocular and ancient 
 term for the Devil, supposed to be a 
 corruption of Skratti, Schral, or 
 Schratz, a demon of the old North- 
 em mythology. 
 
 Old Stars. A sobriquet given by the 
 I men of his command to General 
 Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810- 
 18G2), of the American army, on ac- 
 count of his distinguished reputation 
 and attainments as an astronomer. 
 
 Oldstyle, Jonathan. A nam deplume 
 of Washington Irving, under which 
 
 US" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 OLD 
 
 269 
 
 OPH 
 
 he contributed, in 1802, to the 
 
 " Morning Ciironitlc," a democratic 
 journal of New York city. 
 Old "Waggon. A sobriquet often ^ivcn, 
 in America, to the frigate " Luited 
 States," which was launched at Phil- 
 adelphia in 1797, and was afterward 
 rebuilt on the original model. t>he 
 got her nickname, previously to the 
 War of 1812, from her dull sailing 
 qualities, which were subsequently 
 very much improved. 
 
 Old "World. A name popularly given 
 to the Eastern Hemisphere alter the 
 discover^' of America in 1492. 
 
 Ol'i-faxint, Nig'el. The hero of Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel, '' The Fortunes 
 of Nigel." [Otherwise called Lord 
 Glem'arloch.'\ 
 
 Olimpia (o-lem'po-u). The lady-love 
 and wife of Bireno, in Ariosto's 
 "Orlando Furioso;" represented as 
 equally uncompromising in her love 
 and in her hate. 
 
 Olindo (o-len'do). The hero of a 
 celebrated episode in Tasso's epic 
 poem, " Jerusalem Delivered." See 
 
 SOFEOMA. 
 
 Oliver. [It. Olivieri, OUviero, UUviero, 
 UlivierL] 1. One of the Twelve 
 Peers of Charlemagne. See Row- 
 land. [Written also Olivier.] 
 
 2. A son of Sir Rowland de Hois, 
 in Shakespeare's " As You Like It." 
 
 O-liv'i-a. A rich countess, in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night." 
 
 Ol'la-pod, Cornet. A whimsical 
 apothecaiy, in Colman's " Poor Oen- 
 tleman," who is also a cornet in the 
 Association Corps of Cavalry. He 
 is noted for " his jumble of physic 
 and shooting." 
 
 O-lym'pus. [Gr. 'OAu/htto!.] A moun- 
 tain about GOOO feet high, between 
 Macedonia and Thessaly, on the sum- 
 mit of which Vulcan was fabled to 
 have built a walled town as a resi- 
 dence for Jupiter and the other heav- 
 enly gods, and a convenient place 
 of assembly for the gods who dwelt 
 on the earth aud in the sea. 
 
 Omnibus Bill. A name popularly 
 given, in America, to a compromise 
 
 act originally introduced in the sen- 
 ate of the Lnited States by Henry 
 Clay, on the 29th of January, 1850, 
 from the circumstance that several 
 measures, entirely distinct in their 
 object, were embodied in one bill. 
 The most important stipulations of 
 this act were those providing for the 
 admission of California into the Union 
 as a State with its anti-slavery con- 
 stitution, for the admission ot' I'tah 
 and New Mexico as Territories with 
 no mention of slavery, for the aboli- 
 tion of the slave-trade in the District 
 of Columbia, and for the more certain 
 rendition of fugitive slaves. The bill 
 did not become a law in the form in 
 which it was first presented, but the 
 object aimed at by Mr. Clay was ac- 
 complished by the passage of separate 
 acts. 
 
 Om'pha-le. [Gr. 'OiJ.>l>d\ri.] (Gr. <J' 
 limn. Myth.) A queen of Lydia to 
 whom Hercules was sold for three 
 years for murdering Iphitus. The 
 hero fell in love with her, and for a 
 time led an efleminate life in her so- 
 ciety, spinning wool, and wearing 
 the garments of a woman, while Om- 
 phale donned his lion's skin. 
 
 Only, The. [Ger. Dcr Einzirje.'] A 
 title affectionately applied by the 
 Germans to their admired poet and 
 romancist, Jean Paul Friedrich Rich- 
 ter (17G3-1825), on account of the 
 unique character of his writings and 
 genius. 
 
 tlS' " Not -without reason hare his 
 panegyrists nauieil hhn Jean Paul der 
 Einzige, ' Jean Paul the Only : ' in one 
 sense or the other, either as praise or 
 censure, his critics also must adopt this 
 epithet ; for surely, in the whole circle of 
 literature we look in vain for his par- 
 allel." Carlyle. 
 
 Only Aretino, The. See ARETI^■o, 
 The Only. 
 
 0-phe'li-$ {or o-feel'ya). The heroine 
 of Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." She is beloved by Hamlet, wlio, 
 during his real or assumed madness, 
 treats her with undesen'cd and angry 
 violence, and who afterward, in a tit 
 of inconsiderate rashness, kills her 
 father, the old Polonius, by mistake. 
 The terrible shock given to her mind 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xir-xxxu.
 
 OPR 
 
 270 
 
 ORE 
 
 by these events completely shatters 
 her iiitelloet, and she comes to her 
 death by accidental drowning. 
 
 O. P. Riot. [That is, Old Prices Riot.] 
 The common designation of a popular 
 disturbance which took place at the 
 opening of the new Covent-Gardcu 
 Theatre in London, on the 17th of 
 Se])teraber, 1809, and v.diich grew out 
 of an advance in the rates of admis- 
 sion. The play was " Macbeth," and, 
 from the rising of the curtain until 
 its fall, not a single word from the 
 stage could be heard in any part of 
 the house. The concurrence of the 
 ■whole audience — many of them being 
 persons well known and of some con- 
 sideration in the city — gave a furi- 
 ous and determined party in the pit 
 courage to proceed, and great damage 
 was done in pit, boxes, and galleries. 
 For many nights in succession, the 
 audience, too strong to be controlled, 
 continued their demand, and renewed 
 their depredations, while the mana- 
 gers seemed, on their part, resolved 
 not to give way; but in the end they 
 yielded. This contest, which had 
 continued for nearl}' three months, 
 was terminated on the 10th of De- 
 cember. 
 
 Ops. ( Gr. ff Rom. Mylh.) A goddess 
 of plentj% fertility, and power, the 
 wife of Saturn, and the patroness of 
 husbandly; identical with Ctjbele, or 
 Rhea. 
 
 Optic, Oliver. A pseudonj-m adopted 
 by "William T. Adams, au American 
 writer of juvenile works. 
 
 Oracle, Sir. A name which occurs in 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice " 
 (a. i., so. 1), in the expression, — 
 
 ** I am Sir Oracle, 
 And, ■when I ope my lips, let no dog bark." 
 
 In the first folio, the words are, " I 
 am, sir, an Oracle," which is proba- 
 bly the true reading. 
 
 Well, Sir Oracle, ynu that have laid bo 
 manv (schemes to supplant tliis she-wolf of 
 Gaul, where are all your contrivances now? 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Jlouthy gentlemen ore all Sir Oraclea; and 
 where they are, no dogs must bark uor violets 
 be cried. Sala. 
 
 Oracle of the Holy Bottle. See 
 Holy Bottle, Okacle of the. 
 
 Orange-Peel. A nickname given by 
 the Irish to Sir Robert Peel (1788- 
 1850), at the time of his holding the 
 otiice of Chief Secretary for Ireland 
 (1812-1818), on account of the strong 
 anti- Catholic spirit which he dis- 
 ])layed, and which was characteristic 
 of the Protestant association, called 
 — after William III., Prince of Orange 
 — the "Orange Society." In 1829, 
 however, — his opinions on this sub- 
 ject having, in the mean time, under- 
 gone a great change, — he actually 
 introduced into the house of commons 
 a "Relief Bill," or "Emancipation 
 Act" (10 Geo. IV. c. 7), grantii-g 
 certain political privileges to the Ro- 
 man Catholics. 
 
 Orator Hen'ley. The name by which 
 John Henley (1692-175G), a cele- 
 brated English lecturer, is generally 
 known and referred to. He delivered 
 lectures or orations on theologj^ poli- 
 tics, fashions, and matters in gener- 
 al, during a period of nearly thirty 
 years, and was one of the celebrities 
 of London. Pope calls him the 
 " zany of his age ; " and Hogarth has 
 introduced him into many of his hu- 
 mourous delineations. 
 
 Or'cus. (Rom. Myth.) The lower 
 world, the abode of the dead; also, 
 the god of the lower world, Pluto; 
 sometimes used by the poets as a 
 name of Death. 
 
 Orderley, John. See Audley, John. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787. (Amer. Hist.) 
 An act of congress for the govern- 
 ment of " the territorj' north-west of 
 the Ohio River." Article 6 was as 
 follows: " There shall be neither 
 slavery nor involuntary servitude in 
 the said territory, otherwise than <is 
 in the punishment of crimes whereof 
 the party shall have been duly con- 
 victed: Provided always, that, any 
 person escaping into the same, from 
 whom labour or service is lawfully 
 claimed in any one of the original 
 States, such fugitive may be la^vful- 
 ly reclaimed, and conveyed to the 
 person claiming his or her labour or 
 service as aforesaid." 
 
 O're-ads (9). [Lat. Oreades, Gr. 'Opei- 
 oSes.] (Gr. 4' Rom. Myth.) Nymphs 
 
 \ 
 
 i^" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," ■with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 OEE 
 
 271 
 
 ORL 
 
 of the moimtaius, and attendants on 
 Diaua. 
 
 CReilly, Private Miles. A pseu- 
 donym of Colonel Charles G. Ilal- 
 pine, under which he has published 
 a volume of songs and speeches, pro- 
 fessedly the production of an Irish 
 private in the forty-seventh regiment 
 of New York volunteers. 
 
 0-res'te§. [Gr. 'Opeo-nj;.] {Gr. <f 
 Bom. Myth.) The son of Agamemnon 
 and Clytemnestra, and the constant 
 friend of Pylades. Having slain his 
 mother and her paramour ^Egisthus, 
 because they had murdered his father, 
 he became mad, and tied from land 
 to land, vainly endeavouring to avoid 
 the Fm'ies, who jjursued and tor- 
 mented him. His suiferings were a 
 favourite subject for representation 
 with the tragic poets of Greece. See 
 Nemesis. 
 
 Orgoglio (or-gol'yo). [It., pride, aiTo- 
 gance.] The name of a giant, in 
 Spenser's " Fa iiry Queen," who de- 
 feats the Ked-cross Knight in single 
 conibat, and imprisons him in a dun- 
 geon of his castle. 
 
 Orgon (of'goi', 62). A brother-in-law 
 and a dupe of Tartulfe, in Moliere's 
 comedy of the latter name. 
 
 IBcff" '■ Nothing can be more happily 
 conceived than the creduhty of the hon- 
 est Orgou and his more doting mother ; 
 it is that which we sometimes witness, 
 incurable except by the evidence of the 
 senses, and fightiiij; every inch of ground 
 agaiust that." Hallam. 
 
 O'ri-an'a (9). 1. In the romance of 
 " Amatfis de Gaul," a daughter of 
 Lisuarte, an imaginary king of Eng- 
 land. She is beloved by Amadis, and 
 is represented as the fairest, gentlest, 
 and most atFable, courteous, and faith- 
 ful woman in the world. 
 
 For thou hast Bung how he of Gaul, 
 That Amadis bo famed in hall, 
 For Oriana foiled in fight 
 The necromancur's felon might. 
 
 /Sir W. Scolt. 
 
 2. The name was also given, in 
 flattery, to Queen Elizabeth, in a set 
 of madrigals published in 1601, to 
 celebrate lier beauty and chastity at 
 sixty-eight. 
 
 3. Ben Jonson applied the name 
 
 to Anpe, queen of James I., quasi 
 Uritns Anna. 
 
 Oriande (o're-ofd', 02). A fairy cel- 
 ebrated in the French romances of 
 chivalry. 
 
 O-rin'dS, The Matchless, or The 
 Incomparable. A poetical name 
 given to IMrs. Katharine Phillips 
 (IGUl-lGG-i), a distinguished poetess 
 of tlie period of the Restoration, 
 highly popular among her contem- 
 poraries. 
 
 It never did to pages wove 
 
 For gay roniauut belong: 
 It never dedicate did move, 
 As Sacharissa, unto love, — 
 
 Orinda, unto song. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 O-ri'on. [Gr. 'npicof.] ( Gr. c/ Rom. 
 Mijh.) A mighty giant and hunt- 
 er, famous for his beauty. He was 
 blinded by OEnopion for ravishing 
 Merope, and expelled from Chios; 
 but, by following the sound of a 
 Cyclops' hammer, he reached Lem- 
 iios, where he found Vulcan, who 
 gave him Cedalion as a guide to the 
 abode of the sun. Proceeding to the 
 cast, — as he had been commanded 
 to do by an oracle, — and exposing 
 his eyeballs to the rays of the ris- 
 ing sun, he recovered his lost sight. 
 Orion was slain by Diana, or, as 
 some say, by Jupiter, and placed 
 among the stars, wliere he forms the 
 most splendid of all the constella- 
 tions, appearing as a giant wearing a 
 lion's skin and a girdle, and wielding 
 a club. See (Enoi'ion. 
 
 Down fell the red skin of the lion 
 Into the river at his feet; 
 His mighty club no longer beat 
 The forehead of the Bull; but ho 
 Keeled as of yore beside the sea 
 
 When, blinded by (Fnopion, 
 He sought the blaeksmith at his forge, 
 And, climbing up the narrow gorge. 
 
 Fixed Ins blank eyes upon the sun. 
 Lon<jfi:Uow, Tilt Occidtatio/i of Orion. 
 
 5r'i-thy'i-a (20). [Gr. 'OpeiSuia.] 
 (Ur. (j- Rom. Miith.) A daughter ot 
 Erechtheus, beloved by Boreas, who 
 carried her off as she was wandering 
 near the river Ilissus. See Boreas. 
 
 Or-lan'do. [Otherwise called Roland.'] 
 
 1. The name of a so-called nephew 
 
 of Charlemagne, and the hero of the 
 
 romantic tales and poems founded on 
 
 the adventures of Charlemagne and 
 
 and for the Bemorks oud liulvu to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 ORL 
 
 272 
 
 ORP 
 
 his paladins, as Pulci's "Morgante 
 Maggiore," Bojardo's "Orlando In- 
 namorato," and Ariosto's " Orlando 
 Furioso." lie is the model of a true 
 knight, — single - minded, generous, 
 compassionate, and valiant. llis 
 death is courageous and pious: he 
 thinks of the grief of his wife Alda- 
 bella, and the mourning of Charle- 
 magne, and after recommending them 
 to God, he embraces his famous sword 
 Durandai, pressing it to his heart, 
 and, comforted by an angel, fixes his 
 eyes on heaven and expires. Many 
 wonderful stories are told of his mag- 
 ical horn, called Olivant, which he 
 won from a giant named Jatmund, 
 or Jasraandus, and wiiich was origi- 
 nally the property of Alexander the 
 Great. It was of ivory, of immense 
 size, — bigger than a massy beam, 
 Cervantes says, — and endowed with 
 such marvellous power that it might 
 be heard to a distance of twenty miles. 
 See Marsiglio, Rola^'d, and Du- 
 
 KANDAL. 
 
 JSlff- Bojardo took for his subject the 
 fabulous wars of Charlemagne against 
 the Saracens, the theme of many an old 
 legend and romance ; but he placed the 
 scene in France, and under the walls of 
 Paris, which he represents as besieged 
 by two hosts of infidels, one under tlie 
 command of Agramante, emperor of Af- 
 rica, and the other led by Gradasso, king 
 of Sericana. lie adopted Orlando — the 
 Roland of the French romances — for his 
 hero ; but, while others had represented 
 him as the champion of Christendom, 
 passionless and above frailty, Bojardo 
 makes him fivU in love with Angelica, a 
 fascinating coquette, who had come all 
 the way from farthest Asia to sow dissen- 
 sion among the Christians. Ariosto took 
 up the subject as left to him by Bojardo, 
 and making Angelica fall in love herself 
 with Medoro, an obscure youthful squire, 
 he represents Orlando as driven mad by 
 jealousy and indignation ; he continues 
 in this state during the greater part of 
 the poem, committing a thousand ab- 
 surdities, until he is restored to reason 
 by Astolfo, who brings back his wits in 
 a phial from the moon. 
 
 Like that mirror of knightly virtue, the re- 
 nowned paladin Orlando, he was more anx- 
 ious to do preat actions tlian to talk of them 
 after they were done. W. Iniiig. 
 
 The clangour of his trumpet, like that of the 
 ivory horn of the renowned paladin Orlando^ 
 when expiring on the glorious field of Ron- 
 
 cesvalles, rang far and wide through the 
 country, alarming the neighbours round, 
 who hurried iu amazement to the spot. 
 
 IF. Irving. 
 
 2. A son of Sir Rowland de Bois, 
 in Shakespeare's comedy of "As 
 You Like It." 
 
 Or'muzd, or Or'o-mas'deg. [Old 
 Per. ahuro-mazdad, the spiritual being 
 who is the creator of all things.] 
 (Per. Myth.) The name of the su- 
 preme deity of the ancient Persians, 
 and of their descendants, the Parsees 
 and Guebers. He is an embodiment 
 of the principle of good, and Avas 
 created by the will of the great eternal 
 spirit, Zervan-Akharana, simultane- 
 ously Avith Ahriman, the principle of 
 evil, with whom he is in perpetual 
 conflict. Ormuzd is the creator of 
 the earth, sun, moon, and stars, to 
 each of which he originally assigned 
 its proper place, and whose various 
 movements he continues to regulate, 
 
 jOt3=" According to the Persian myths, 
 the world — which is to last 12,000 years, 
 during which the war between the good 
 and the evil principle is to go on increasing 
 — is at length to be consumed, the evil 
 principle exterminated, and a new world 
 created in its room, over which Ormuzd 
 is to reign as the supreme and sole mon- 
 arch. 
 
 It seemed as if those two [Pitt and Fox] 
 were the Ormuzd and Ahriman of political 
 nature. Carhjle. 
 
 6r'o-6n-da'tes. A prominent char- 
 acter in La Calprenede's romance, 
 " Cassandra." He is the only son of 
 a great king of Scythia, and falls in 
 love with the fair Statira, widow of 
 Alexander the Great, and daughter 
 of Darius. After many adventures, 
 full of difficulty and danger, he wins 
 her hand. 
 
 I looked upon myself as a princess in some 
 region of romance, who, being delivered from 
 the power of a brutal giant or satyr by a 
 generous Oroondatcs, was bound in gratitude, 
 as well as led by inclination, to yield up my 
 aifection to him without reserve. Smollett. 
 
 It was the love of Amadis and Oriana, of 
 
 Oroondates and Statira; that love which re- 
 
 ~ quired a sacrifice of every wish, hope, and 
 
 feeling unconnected with itself. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 A creature so well educated, said the Duke, 
 with the sense she is said to possess, would, 
 rustic as she is, laugh at the assumed rants of 
 Oroondates. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Or'pheus. [Gr. 'Op((>eu's.] {Gi: # 
 Rom. Myth.) A famous Argonaut, 
 
 V&' For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ORP 
 
 273 
 
 OSI 
 
 •whose skill in music was so wonder- 
 ful that he could make even trees and 
 rocks follow him. He was the hus- 
 band of Eurydice; after her death, he 
 went to the lower world to recover 
 her, and so charmed Plato and Proser- 
 pine with the music of his lyre that 
 they consented to let her go, provided 
 he forbore to look behind him until 
 he had gained the upper regions ; but 
 he forgot his promise, and looked 
 back to see if Eurydice was following, 
 when she vanished from his sight in- 
 stantly and for ever. 
 
 But oh, sad virgin, that thy power 
 Might . . . bid the 6oul of Orp/teiis sing 
 Siicli notes as, warbled to the string. 
 Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek, 
 And made hell grant what love did seek. 
 
 Jlillon. 
 
 Or'pheus of Highwaymen. A ti- 
 tle popularly given to the poet Gay 
 (1688-1732 )■ on account of his " Beg- 
 gar's Opera," a famous plaj^, which, 
 according to Sir John Fielding, was 
 never represented " without creating 
 an additional number of thieves." 
 
 Or-si'no. Duke of Illvria, in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night." 
 
 Or'son (or'sn). [Fr. ourson, a little 
 bear, otirs, a bear, from Lat. ursus, 
 It. orso.] One of the heroes in the 
 old romance of " Valentine and Or- 
 son ; " a twin, who, being adopted by 
 a bear, grew up with bearish quali- 
 ties. See Valentine. 
 
 Among the dapper royal gentlemen of the 
 eighteenth century, what was to be done with 
 sueh an Orson of a king [as Frederick William 
 of Prussia] ? Carlyle. 
 
 A large class of her fellow-countrymen, 
 ■who, in their every word, avow themselves to 
 be aa senseless to the hi^h principles on which 
 America spranfr, a nation, into life, as any 
 Orson in her legislative halls. JJicictis. 
 
 Orville, Lord. The hero of Miss 
 Burney's novel of "Evelina," and 
 the amiable and devoted lover of that 
 young lady, whom he linaily marries. 
 
 Os-baI'dis-tone, B,ash.'leigh (-11). 
 See Rasiileigii. 
 
 O'Shan'ter, Tarn. The title of a poem 
 by Burns, and the name of its hero, 
 a farmer, who, riding home very late 
 and very drunk from Ayr, in a stormy 
 night, had to pass by the kirk of 
 Alloway, a place reputed to be a 
 favourite haunt of the Uevil and his 
 
 friends and emissaries. On approach, 
 iiig the kirk, he perceived a light 
 gleaming through the windows; but 
 having got courageously drunk, he 
 ventured on till he could look into 
 the edilice, when he saw a dance of 
 Avitches merrily footing it round (heir 
 master, who was playing on the iiag- 
 pipe to them. The dance grew bO 
 furious that they all strii)ped them- 
 selves of their upper garments, and 
 kept at it in their shifts. One " win- 
 some wench " happening unluckily 
 to have a shift which was considera- 
 bly too short to answer all the pur- 
 poses of that useful article of dress, 
 Tam Avas so tickled that he involun- 
 tarily roared out, " Weeldone, Cutty- 
 sark," ["Well done. Short- smock] ; 
 whereupon in an instant all was dark, 
 and Tam, recollecting himself, turned 
 and spurred his " gray mare, Meg," 
 to the top of her speed, chased by the 
 whole fiendish crew. It is a current 
 belief that witches, or any evil spirits, 
 have no power to follow a poor wight 
 an)' further than the middle of the 
 next running stream. Fortunatclj' 
 tor Tam, the river Doon was near; 
 for, notwithstanding the speed of his 
 mare, by the time he had gained the 
 middle of the arch of the bridge, 
 and consequently the middle of the 
 stream, the pursuing vengeful hags 
 were so close at his heels that one 
 of them, " Cutty -sark," actually 
 sprang to seize him; but it was too 
 late, — nothing was on her side of 
 the stream but the mare's tail, which 
 immediately gave Avay at her infer- 
 nal gripe, as if blasted by a stroke 
 of lightning; but the farmer was be- 
 yond her reach. 
 
 The number and nature of the "mosses and 
 waters " which he had to cross in his pere- 
 grination was fully sufficient to . . . render 
 his journey as toilsome and dangerous as 
 Tam O'Shanter's celebrated retreat from Ayr. 
 ^ir iV. Scoll. 
 
 O-si'ris (9). [Gr. '0<npi?.] {Myth.) A. 
 great Egyptian divinity, the god of 
 the sun, "and the source of life and 
 fruitfulness ; regarded also as the god 
 of the Nile. He was worshipped un- 
 der the form of an ox. 
 
 J!!Cg= In the beginning. Osiris reigned 
 overPIgypt, and was greatly beloved ; but 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, ecc pp. xiv-xixii. 
 18
 
 OSR 
 
 274 
 
 OTN 
 
 his envious brother Typhon formed a con- 
 spiracy to get rid of him. jMuking a hand- 
 pome chest of the exact dimeusious of 
 Osiris, he produced it at a baiiquot at 
 ■which Osiris was present, and promised 
 to give it to whomsoever it would lit. All 
 of the conspirators in turn lay down and 
 tried it, but it suited none of them. At 
 last Osiris got into it, when Typhon 
 closed the lid, and threw the chest into 
 the Nile. It tloatud down the river, and 
 through the Tauaitic branch into the 
 Mediterranean. The loss of the god was 
 soon discovered, and his wife Isis imme- 
 diately began to search for the body. At 
 length she found it on the coast of Phoe- 
 nicia, and took it back to Egypt, where 
 she depo.-iited it in an unfrequented spot ; 
 but Typhon discovered it, and cut it into 
 fourteen pieces, distributing them among 
 as many nomes, or districts. Isis was 
 forced to make another search, and suc- 
 ceeded in finding thirteen of the pieces, 
 hut the remaiuiug one had been eaten by 
 the fishes of the Nile, and had to be re- 
 placed by one of wood. Temples were ulti- 
 mately raised wherever a limb of the god 
 had been found, and one of surpassing 
 maguificence at Phila% where the body was 
 finally placed. During all this time Ty- 
 phon had been undisputed monarch in 
 Egypt, but he had not slain Ilorus, the 
 son of Osiris and Isis, who had been con- 
 cealed from his anger in the city of Butis. 
 When Ilorus grew up and became strong, 
 he left his concealment, proclaimed war 
 upon his father's murderer, vanquished 
 him in a series of battles, and finally 
 slew him, and threw his carcass into 
 Xake Sirbon. 
 
 Nor is Osiris seen 
 Xq Memphian grove or fjrecn. 
 Trampling the unshowercd grass with low- 
 
 Ing.s loud: 
 "Not can he be at rest 
 "Within his sacred chest; 
 Naught but profoundcst hcU can ho his 
 
 shroud: 
 In vain with timbrelled anthems dark 
 The sable-stolud sorcerers bear hia worshipped 
 
 ark. MiUon. 
 
 Os'rick. A courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 '■ Ilamlet." 
 
 S^S' " O.srick is a type of the cuphuist, 
 or affected courtier of Shakespeare's time, 
 who was a hair-splitter in thought, and 
 absurdly dainty and extravagant in ex- 
 pression." li. G. White. 
 
 Os'sa. [Gr. 'Oo-o-a.] A high mountain 
 in Thessaly, near Pelion. The an- 
 cients placed the abode of the Giants 
 and the Centaurs in the neighbour- 
 hood of these two mountains, and 
 they feigned that the Giants piled 
 
 Ossa upon Pelion in their attempts 
 to scale heaven. 
 
 Os'sian (osh'an). A fabulous Celtic 
 warrior poet mentioned in Erse bal- 
 lads and Highland traditions, and 
 chiefly known from Macpherson's 
 pretended " Poems of Ossian." 
 
 Ost-end' Manifesto. {Amer. Hist.) 
 A name popularly given in America 
 to a declaration by James Buchanan, 
 minister to England, John Y. Mason, 
 minister to France, and Pierre Soule, 
 minister to Spain, that Cuba must be 
 acquired by the United States, as not 
 only necessary to the political power 
 of the Union, but especially indis- 
 ]5ensable to the welfare and security 
 of the slave - holding portion of it. 
 This declaration was in the fonn of 
 a joint communication to the home 
 government, and was dated at Aix- 
 la-Chapelle on the 17th of October, 
 1857, though a preliminary confer- 
 ence of three days' duration had been 
 held at Ostend in Belgium. 
 
 Os'wald. Steward to Goneril, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " Lear." 
 
 O-thel'lo. A INroor of Venice, in 
 Shakespeare's play of the same name. 
 He marries Desdemona, the daughter 
 of a Venetian senator, and is led by 
 his ensign, lago, a consummate vil- 
 lain, to distrust her fidelity and virtue, 
 and finally to kill her ; not, however, 
 in jealousy, properly speaking, but, 
 as Coleridge says, " in a conviction 
 forced upon him by the almost super- 
 human art of lago, — such a convic- 
 tion as any man -would and must 
 have entertained who had believed 
 lago's honesty, as Othello did." 
 
 Other One, The. [¥r. VAntre.l An 
 allusive sobriquet given to Napoleon 
 Bonaparte by his partisans in France 
 during his banishment to Elba. See 
 Violet, Cokporal. 
 
 Ot'nit. A fabulous emperor of the 
 Lombards who figures in one of the 
 most pleasing poems in the old Ger- 
 man '• Heldenbuch." By the help 
 of the celebrated dwarf Elberich (see 
 Obekon) he gains the daughter of 
 the painim soldan of Syria for his 
 wife. 
 
 I 
 
 ey For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 OTR 
 
 275 
 
 OWL 
 
 O'Trig'ger, Sir Lucius. An honest, 
 fortunc-iiuntino; Uiljoniian in .Sheri- 
 dan's conu'dy of " Tlie Rivals." lie 
 is noted for fiis love of lighting. 
 
 As SirLucitoi O'Triggcr says, tlicrc Wiis nn 
 n'lr of success aboHt Captain Cleveland, whicli 
 was mishty provokins. iSir H.:Sm!t. 
 
 Ot'u-el, Sir. A haughty and pre- 
 sumptuous Saracen, nephew to the 
 famous Ferragus, or Feiracute. lie 
 was miraculously converted from 
 paganism. to Christianity, and mar- 
 ried the daughter of Charlemagne. 
 
 Outis (ow'tis, or oo'tis). [Or. outc?, 
 nobody, from ov, not, and n?, any 
 one.] ' An assumed name -wliieh 
 Ulysses, in the " Odyssey," palms olf 
 as "his real name upon I'olyphcmus, 
 a Cyclops, whose single eye he de- 
 stroys while the monster is stretched 
 out on the ground in a drunken 
 sleep. 
 
 All now looked on him [Robespierre] -with 
 fear, and none dared hope at the hands of (he 
 Dictator a better boon than that which in 
 
 Sromised to Outis, that he should be the Inst 
 evourcd. Sir 0'. Hcutt. 
 
 Those feel it[poetryl most, and write it best, 
 ■w'>o forget tliat it is a work of .art; . . . who 
 are too much frightened for Ulysses in tlic 
 cave of I'olvphemus to care whether the pun 
 about Otitis he good or bad. Mdcaulaij. 
 
 Overdo, Justice. A prominent and 
 celebrated character in Ecu Jonson's 
 " Bartholomew Fair." 
 
 "Your friend, here," said Claverhouse to 
 the veteran, coolly, " is one of those scrupu- 
 lous gentlemen who, like tl\c madman in tlic 
 plav, will not tie his cr.avat witliont the war- 
 rant of Mr. y«.'i<«;e Overdo." ;iir )('. Scott. 
 
 Overdone, Tilistress. A bawd, in 
 Shakespeare's " Measure for Meas- 
 ure." 
 Overreach, Sir Giles. A famous 
 character in Massinger's comedy, " A 
 New Way to pay Old Debts," in- 
 tended to represent a real person, one 
 Sir Giles Mompesson, a notorious 
 usurer of the day, who was expelled 
 the kingdom for his misdeeds. Over- 
 reach is a bold, unscrupulous op- 
 pressor, greedy of wealth, intensely 
 passionate, and of inordinate pride 
 and ambition. 
 
 The son was proud, not of his father's fame, 
 but of his father's money, and withal not 
 generous, nor exactly extravagant, lint \ising 
 money as power, — power that allowed him to 
 insult an equal or to buy a slave. In a word, 
 Ilia nickname at school was " Sir Gila' Over- 
 reach." Sir E. Bulwcr Lytton. 
 
 Ow'ain, Sir. An Irish knight of King 
 Stephen's court, who is fabled to 
 liave entered and passed through St. 
 I'atriek's I'urgatury by way of per- 
 forming penance for iiavmg lived a 
 life of violence and rapine. The le- 
 gend of the descent of Owain, com- 
 posed by Henry, an English Bene- 
 dictine monk of the abbey of Saltrey, 
 in 11.53, tirst made known to tho 
 world the story of tlic I'urgatory of 
 St. Patrick. "See St. rATUiciv's 
 
 i'UKC;.VT01lV. 
 
 O-wle-glass, Tyll. [Gcr. TijU Kulen- 
 .yiicf/il, from tide, owl, sjiiei/cl, glass; 
 hence, Fr. esjjierile, waggish, origi- 
 nally 2ilespic'(jle.\ The liero of a 
 '• Volksbuch," or German popidar 
 comic tale, often alluded to by va- 
 rious old authors, which relates the 
 freaks, pranks, drolleries, fortunes, 
 and misfortunes, of a wandering me- 
 chanic, said to have been born ia 
 the village of Kneittingen, in Bruns- 
 wick. The author of this work is 
 supposed to have been Dr. Thomas 
 INIurner (1475 — about 1530), a Fran- 
 ciscan friar, and a prolific writer. 
 Translations exist in English, French, 
 Italian, and other languages. Our 
 English version, entitled " The mer- 
 rye jeste of a man that was called 
 jlowk-rjlass, and of many marveylous 
 thinges and jestes that he did in his 
 lyfc in Eastland," was " Imprinted at 
 London in Tamestreete, at the Vin- 
 tre, in Three Craned Warfe, by Wyl- 
 lyam Copland." Another edition, in 
 a modified t'orm, appeared in 1720. 
 The excellent edition bv Kenneth 
 II. II. Mackenzie (London, 18G0), 
 though in the main following the 
 Low German original of 151'.), is not 
 a simple translation, but a collection 
 or selection of Owle-glass stories made 
 by a collation of several editions in 
 the German, French, and Flemish 
 languages, and including two or three 
 tales wholly his own. [Written also 
 Ilowle-glass, O wle-Spiegel, 
 and Ulen-Spiegel.] 
 
 IBSf " We may say that to few mortal.i 
 lias it been granted to earn such a place 
 in universal history as Tyll Eulenspiogcl. 
 Now, after five centuries, Tyll's native 
 village is pointed out with pride to tho 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-.xxxii.
 
 OWL 
 
 276 
 
 OX 
 
 traveller ; and his tombstone — with a 
 sculptured pun on his name, an owl, 
 namely, and a glass — still stands, or 
 pretends to stand, ' at Slollen, near Hi- 
 beck,' where, since 1350, his once nim- 
 ble bones have been at rest." Carlyle. 
 '• The inhabitants of Damme, in Belgium, 
 also boast of having his bones in their 
 church-yard, and place his death in 1301, 
 so that several critics regard Eulenspie- 
 gel as an altogether imaginary person, a 
 
 mere nominis umbra affixed to a cycle 
 of mediaeval tricks and adventures. The 
 opinion, however, considered most prob- 
 able is, that Eulenspiegel is not a myth, 
 but that there were two historical in. 
 dividuals of that name, father and son, 
 of whom the former died at Damme, and 
 the latter at Mblln." Chambers. 
 
 Ox, Dumb, 
 Ox. 
 
 or Mute. See Dumb 
 
 CS~ For tixQ "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PAC 
 
 277 
 
 PAL 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacification of Ghent. (Hist.) The 
 name given to a compact entered into 
 by the north and south provinces of 
 the Netherlands to resist the tyranny 
 of Spain. It was signed at Ghent, 
 November 8, 1576. 
 
 Pac'o-let. A dwarf in the old ro- 
 mance of " Valentine and Orson," 
 "full of great sense and subtle in- 
 genuity," who owned an enchanted 
 steed, made of wood, which is often 
 alluded to by early writers. The 
 name of Pacolet was borrowed by 
 Steele for his familiar spirit in the 
 " Tatler." The French have a prov- 
 erb, " It is the horse of Pacolet ; " that 
 is, it is one who goes extremely quick. 
 
 Here is a letter, she said, . . . which . . . 
 might, perhaps, never have reached j'oiir 
 hands, had it not fallen into the possession of 
 a certain I'acoUt, or enchanted dwarf, whom, 
 W-". all distressed damsels of romance, I re- 
 tain in my secret service. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pac-tolus. [Gr. naxTcoXd?.] The an- 
 cient name of a river of Lj'dia, Asia 
 Minor, which was said to flow over 
 golden sands. It is now the Bagou- 
 ly. Sec Midas. 
 
 Pad'a-lon. ( Hindu My(h. ) The un- 
 der-world, the abode of departed 
 spirits; thought to be of an octago- 
 nal shape, and to have its eight gate- 
 ways guarded by as many gods. 
 
 Pse'on. [Gr. JiaiMv.'] (Gr. <} Rom. 
 Myth.) The physician of the gods; 
 the god of medicine; — used some- 
 times as a surname of JEsculapius. 
 See ^scuLAPius. [Written also 
 P iE a n.] 
 
 Page, Anne. A j'oung woman, in 
 vShakespeare's " Merry Wives of 
 Windsor," in love with Fenton. 
 
 Page, Mr. A gentleman living at 
 Windsor, in Shakespeare's "Merry 
 Wives of Windsor;" distinguished 
 for his uxoriousness. 
 
 Page, Mrs. A gentlewoman, in Shake- 
 speare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," 
 with whom Sir John Falstaff is in 
 
 love, and who joins with IMrs. Ford 
 in a plot to dupe and disgrace him. 
 
 Page, "William. A school-boy in 
 Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of 
 Windsor;" a son of the Mr. Page 
 Avho figures in the same play. 
 
 Painter of the Graces. An epithet 
 applied by his contemporaries to An- 
 drea Appiani {1754-1817), an Italian 
 ])ainter celebrated for his beautiful 
 frescoes. 
 
 Paix des Dames (pa di dam). See 
 Ladiks' Peace. 
 
 Paix Poiirr6e (pa foo'ra'). See 
 Patched-up Peace. 
 
 PS-lse'mon. [Gr. iiaAai'/xwi'.] 1. (Gr. 
 ij- Rom. ^^tJth.) A sea-god friendly 
 to the shipwrecked; — a surname of 
 Melicertes, the son of Ino. See 
 Melicertes. 
 
 2. A shepherd in Virgil's third 
 Eclogue. He is chosen umpire in a 
 musical contest between Dama'tas 
 and Menalcas, but, after hearing 
 them, declares his inability to decide 
 such an important controversy. 
 
 Pal'a-me'deg. [Gr. liaAaji^Sj)?.] 
 ( Or. ij- Rom. Myth.) A son of Nau- 
 j)lius, king of Euba-a, and of Clym- 
 ene, his wife. He was celebrated 
 for his inventive genius, and is said 
 to ha\'e been the first >vho made 
 measures, scales, dice, &c. Hence 
 the name is sometimes used as an 
 appellation of any ingenious man. 
 When Ulysses, to avoid going to the 
 Trojan war, feigned madness, and 
 ploughed up the sea-shore, sowing it 
 with salt, Palamedes discovered the 
 deception by placing Ulysses' son 
 Telemachus in the way, which com- 
 pelled him to turn the plough aside, 
 that he might not hurt the hoy. For 
 this Ulysses hated and persecuted 
 Palamedes, and at last caused his 
 destruction; though, as to the way 
 in which this was effected, accounts 
 differ. 
 
 and for the Kemarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 I'AL 
 
 278 
 
 PAL 
 
 Pal'a-me'des, Sir. A gallant Sara- 
 cen kniyht, the unfortiniatc and de- 
 ppairinj;' adorer of Isolde, overcome 
 in single combat by Sir Tristram, his 
 successful rival, who converted liini 
 to Christianity, had him baptised, 
 and became his godfather. 
 
 Pal'a-mon. A character in the 
 " Knight's Tale " in Chaucer's" Can- 
 terbury Tales." This jjoem is an im- 
 itation of one by Boccaccio, entitled 
 " Le Teseidc." Dryden made a spir- 
 ited version of Chaucer's poem, which 
 lie published under the name of "■ Pal- 
 amon and Arcite." The plot turns 
 upon the love of these two 3'ouths for 
 a beautiful lady named Emilia. In 
 the conclusion, Palamon, after many 
 troubles, obtains her; while Arcite, 
 "who had taken advantage of Pala- 
 mon's friendship, is killed. 
 
 Pale, The. (//vVA Hkl.) That por- 
 tion of the kingdom of Ireland over 
 ■which the English rule and English 
 law were acknowledged after the in- 
 vasion of 1172. It may be considered, 
 in a general way, as comprising tlie 
 counties of Dublin, Meath, Carlow, 
 Kilkenny, and Louth, though the 
 limits of the district varied at dif- 
 ferent times. According to Knight, 
 it originally comprised all the eastern 
 coast of Ireland from Dundalk Bay 
 to Waterford harbour, and extended 
 some forty or fifty miles inland. It 
 was so called because the conquerors, 
 in fear of the half-subdued natives, 
 "enclosed and i)";jffi«Z themselves, as 
 it were, within certain lists and ter- 
 ritories." [Called also Tlca Enqlish 
 
 Pa-le'm6n. 1. A character in Fal- 
 coner's " Shipwreck," in love with 
 the daughter of Albert, the com- 
 mander. 
 
 2. Tiie hero of an episode in 
 Thomson's "Seasons" ("Autunni"); 
 represented as " the pride of swains," 
 and the owner of liarvest-iields, in 
 which "the lovely young Lavinia " 
 coming to glean, Palemon falls in 
 love with her, and wooes and wins 
 her. 
 
 The composition anrl Iiarmonv of the work 
 rSouthey's " Thahibn "], accorcUiigly, is much 
 like the pattern of that patchwork drapery 
 
 tl>at is sometimes tn l)c met with in the raan- 
 sious of tlie industrirjus, where a blue tree 
 overshadows a shill-tisli, andapigantic but- 
 tcrlly seems ready to swallow up I'alemon and 
 
 Lavinia. 
 
 Jeffrey. 
 
 PaTes. {Rom. Myth.) The tutelary 
 deity of shepherds, flocks, and cat- 
 tle ; worshipped with great solemnity 
 among the Komans. 
 
 Pomona loves the orchard, ' 
 
 And Liber loves the vine, 
 And Pales loves the straw-huilt shed ' 
 
 AY arm with the breath of kiue. 
 
 Macaula'j. 
 
 PaPi-nu'rus. [Gr. naAiVovpo?.] The 
 pilot of ^Eneas, in Virgil's "yEneid," 
 who fell asleep at the helm, and tum- 
 bled into the sea when off the coast 
 of Lucania, whence the name of the 
 promontory near the spot. [Written 
 also poetically, and in au Anglicised 
 form. Pal inure.] 
 
 More had she spoke, but yawned. AU nature 
 
 nods; 
 ■What mortal can resisttheyawn of pods? . . . 
 Wide, and more wide, it spreads o'er all the 
 
 realm ; 
 Even I'aliniirus nodded at the helm. Pope. 
 His [Frederick the Great's] Palinunts and 
 chief counsellor, at present and afterward, is a 
 Count von Briihl, ... a cunning little wretch, 
 they say, and of daft tongue, but surely 
 among the unwisest of all the sons of Adam 
 in that day, and such a Palinurus as seldon\ 
 steered before. C'arlyle, 
 
 Pal'la-dine of England. The hero 
 of an old " Famous, Pleasant, and 
 Delightful History," formerly very 
 pojiular. It was translated from the 
 French, and was origiuallv published 
 in 1580. 
 
 Pal-la'di-um. [Gr. TlaWatiov.'] {Gr. 
 (f- Rom. J\Ii/lh.) A famous statue of 
 Pallas, or Minerva, said to have fall- 
 en from heaven upon the plain of 
 Troy. On its preservation the safety 
 of Troy depended ; and it was there- 
 fore stolen by Ulysses and Diomed. 
 
 Pal'ias. [Gr. HaAAis.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 JSfyth.) A surname of J/i«e7-va. See 
 Minerva. 
 
 Can tvrants but by tyrants conquered be, ' 
 And Freedom tind no champion and no child, 
 8uch as Columbia saw arise, when she 
 Sprang forth a Pallas, armed and undefiled? i 
 Byron. 
 
 Pal'mer-in. The hero of several fa- 
 mous old romances of chivalry, par- 
 ticularly the two entitled " Palmeria 
 de Oliva" and "Palmerin of Eng-. 
 land." I 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PAL 
 
 279 
 
 PAN 
 
 But, belicvp me, though to be an nbsohitc 
 Palmerin of Enghmd i« not in my nature, nn 
 sou ever loved a mother more deafly, orwoulit 
 do more to oblige her. iSir ir. Scult. 
 
 Palmetto State. The State of South 
 Carolina ; — so called from the arms of 
 the State, which coutaiu a palmetto- 
 tree. 
 
 Pam. A familiar diminutive or con- 
 traction of Palmerskm, the titular 
 name of Henry John Temple (b. 
 1784), a distinjiiiished Enijlish .'States- 
 man, minister, and diplomatist, and 
 a viscount of the Irish peerage. 
 
 Pa-mela. The title of a celebrated 
 novel by Richardson, and the name 
 (adopted by him from Sir Philip 
 Sidney's '"Arcadia") of its heroine, 
 a simple and innocent countr\'-girl, 
 "whose virtue a dissolute master as- 
 sails by violence, as well as all the 
 milder means of seduction, but who 
 conquers him at last, by persevering 
 in the paths of rectitude, and is re- 
 warded by being raised to the sta- 
 tion of his wife, the lawful participa- 
 tor in his rank and fortune. 
 
 jKB" "Although some objection may be 
 made to the decluctious which the author 
 desired and expected should bo drawn 
 from the story of Pamela, yet the pure 
 and modest character of the English 
 maiden is so well maintained during the 
 work ; her sorrows and afflictions are 
 borne with so much meekness ; her little 
 intervals of hope or comparative tran- 
 quilUty break in on her troubles so much 
 like the specks of blue sky through a 
 cloudy atmosphere, that the whole rec- 
 ollection is soothing, tranquillising, and 
 doubtless edifying." Sir W. Scoll. 
 
 J(0=- " She told me that . . . they had a 
 daughter of a very strange name, Pamela 
 or Pamela ; some pronounce it one way, 
 and some the other.'' 
 
 Fielding, Joseph Andrews. 
 
 Pan. [Gr. Ilai', probably connected 
 with Trau, Lat. pasco, to feed, to pas- 
 ture; but thought by some to be the 
 same as to Trit', the whole, the uni- 
 verse.] (Gr. 4- Horn. lUytJi.) The 
 son of Mercurv and Penelope, and 
 the god of w-oods, shepherds, and 
 huntsmen; represented as a grim, 
 shaggy being, with horns, pointed 
 ears, a crooked nose, a tail, and 
 goat's feet. He was fond of music, 
 and possessed prophetic powers. He 
 
 liad a ten-ific voice, and sometimes 
 appeared unexpectedly to travellers, 
 whom he startled with a sudden awe 
 or terror. It was a current belief 
 among the early Christians, that, at 
 the moment of our Saviour's cruci- 
 fixion, a deep groan, hoard all through 
 the Grecian isles, tuld that the great 
 Pan was dead, and all the gods of 
 Olympus dethroned. Sec Sykix.x. 
 
 Airs, vcmnl airs, 
 Brcatbinff the smell of field and srove, attune 
 Tlic trembling leaves; while nniversal Pan, 
 Knit with the Graces and the llours in dance. 
 Led on the eternal spring. Milton. 
 
 The lonely moimtains o'er. 
 And the resounding shore, 
 
 A voice of weeping heard and loud lament; 
 From liannted spring and dale, 
 Edged with poplar pale. 
 
 The iiarting genius is with sighing sent: 
 "V\Mth nower-inwoven tresses torn. 
 The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled 
 thickets mourn. Milton. 
 
 Pan'da-rus. [Gr. TiavSapo^.'] A son 
 of Lycaon, and leader of the Lycians 
 in the Trojan war, celebrated by 
 Homer in the " Iliad." In medi.xval 
 romances, and by Chaucer in " Troi- 
 lus and Cresseide," and Shakespeare 
 in " Troilus andCressida," he is rep- 
 resented as procuring for Troilus the 
 love and good graces of Chrvseis; 
 hence the word pander (formerly 
 written pandar) is used to denote a 
 pimp, or procurer. 
 
 Pan'de-mo'ni-um. [Gr. wa?, -nav, 
 all, and 6aiinof, a demon.] A name 
 given by Milton to 
 
 " The high capital 
 Of Satan and his peers." 
 
 (.rar. Lout, M: /.) 
 
 Pan-do'ra (9). [Gr. UavSiopa, the all- 
 endowed.] (Gr. (f- R(mi. M?/tk.) The 
 first mortal woman ; made by Vul- 
 can, at the command of Jupiter. She 
 was very beautiful, and all the god.s 
 made her presents, that she might 
 win the heart of Prometheus, to 
 whom Jove sent her, designing, that, 
 by her charms, miseries of every kind 
 shouhl be brought upon men, as a 
 punishment for the crime of Prome- 
 thens in stealing fire from liciven. 
 Prometheus, however, would not re- 
 ceive her; and Mercur}- accordingly 
 took her to Epimetheus, who had less 
 wisdom, and was captivated by her 
 loveliness. A later form of the tra- 
 
 and for the Ilcmarks and Rules to which the numbers after ccrtam words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 PAN 
 
 280 
 
 PAN 
 
 ditiou says that Jupiter gave lier a 
 box filled with winged blessings, 
 which would have been preserved tor 
 the human race, had not curiosity 
 tempted her to open it, when all flew 
 out, except Hope. 
 
 In naked beauty more adorned, 
 Jlore lovely, than I'amJora, whom the t'ods 
 Endowed with all their gifts; and oh! too 
 
 like 
 In sad event, when to the unwiser son 
 Of Japhet broucht by Hermes, she ensnared 
 Mankind with her fair looks, to be aven^ced 
 On him who had stole Jove's authentic lire. 
 Milton. 
 
 Pan'gloss. [Gr. ttolv, all, and yXuacro, 
 tongue.] 1. An optimist philo.sopher 
 in Voltaire's " Candide." 
 
 2. A noted pedant in Colman's 
 play entitled ''The Heir at Law;" 
 poor, but proud of being an LL.D., 
 and, moreover, an A.S.S. (Artium So- 
 citlads Socius). 
 
 Pan-handle, The. A fanciful and 
 cant name given, from its form, to 
 the most northerly portion of the 
 State of West Virginia, — a long, 
 narrow projection between the Ohio 
 Kiver and the western boundary of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pan-jan'drum, The Grand. A sort 
 of mythical nonentity invented by 
 Foote, the comic dramatist. The 
 name occurs in a farrago of utter 
 nonsense, of about a dozen lines in 
 length, which he wrote on a wager, 
 to test the memory of a person who 
 boasted of the wonderful retentive- 
 ness of this faculty in himself, and 
 who agreed to get Foote's galimatias 
 by heart in twelve minutes, and re- 
 peat it without making the slightest 
 mistake. It is said that Foote won 
 the wager. 
 
 He was the great Panjmwlrum of the place. 
 Calais, in fact, centred in Dessein. 
 
 I'ercii Fitzgerald. 
 
 So, said Cliarlcs, there were at the niarrinjje 
 the Picanninies, and the Joblilies, but not The 
 Grand Vanjandrani himself. Yontjc. 
 
 Pan'o-pse'a, or Pan'o-pe. [Gr. Ua- 
 TOTTT).] (Gr. ff- Rum. JJi/th.) A sea- 
 nymph, one of the Nereids. 
 
 The air was calm, and on the level brine 
 Sleek Panope with all her sisters played. 
 
 3Iilton. 
 
 Pantagruel (pan-tag'roo-el; Fr.pron. 
 p6'"ta'gru'el', .34,"G2). One of the 
 principal characters in Rabelais' cele- 
 
 brated satirical romance of the same 
 name; represented as a gigantic per- 
 sonage, beneath whose tongue a 
 whole army takes shelter from rain ; 
 in whose mouth and throat are cities 
 which contain an immense po])ula- 
 tion, &c. Pantagruel is a virtuous 
 prince, devout, and severe in his 
 morals ; yet he takes for his favour- 
 ite the licentious, intemperate, cow- 
 ardly rogue, Panurge. Born in the 
 midst of a drought, when all the 
 moisture of the earth was a salt per- 
 spiration, he is named Pantagruel, 
 by the combination of a Greek word 
 (irtivTa) and an Arabic word, to sig- 
 nify "All-thirsty." See Badebec, 
 Panurge. 
 
 Old Chaucer doth of Thopas tell; 
 
 Mad Rabelais oi Pantagruel. Drayton. 
 He fair besought the ferryman of hell 
 That he might drink to dead Pantagruel. 
 
 JUp. Hall. 
 
 Pantagru61ion (pan'ta-groo-e'li-on ; 
 Fr. pron. ptju'tS'gru'S'le-o"')- The 
 name of an herb mentioned in Rabe- 
 lais' romance of " Pantagruel," and 
 supposed to mean hemp, and to bear 
 a reference to the persecution of the 
 Protestants. 
 
 Pan'ta-loon'. [Fr. Pantakm, It. 
 Pantalone, from Pantaleone (Gr. 
 nai'TaAeoj;-, all or entirely lion, a 
 Greek personal name), the patron 
 saint of Venice, and hence a bap- 
 tismal name very frequent among the 
 Venetians, and applied to them in 
 derision by the other Italians. Some, 
 however, derive the name from the 
 Italian words juanta-leone, that is, 
 the " lion-planter," the lion of St. 
 ISIark being the standard of the 
 Venetian republic. (See Byron's 
 " Childe Harold," canto iv.)] One 
 of the chief cliaracters in the modern 
 Christmas pantomime ; usuall}' rep- 
 resented as a feeble-minded old man, 
 the butt of the clown, and yet the 
 aider and abettor of his comic vil- 
 lany. In the original Italian panto- 
 mime, he was a Venetian burgher, 
 dressed in close breeches and stock- 
 ings that were all of a piece. 
 
 Panurge (pa-nurj' ; Fr. pron. pa'- 
 niirzh', 34). A celebrated character 
 in Rabelais' " Pantagruel," and the 
 
 \ 
 
 IS®~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
 I
 
 FAN 
 
 281 
 
 PAP 
 
 real hero of the story ; represented 
 as an arrant rogue, crafty and versa- 
 tile in the extreme, a drunkard, a 
 coward, and a libertine. 
 
 i^- Learned in the highest degree, 
 this eccentric person is a kind of spoiled 
 child, and, on thiit account, the privi- 
 leged jester of Pantagruel and his friends. 
 lie is described as of middle stature, with 
 an aquiline nose, handsome to look upon, 
 and subject to a disease called " want of 
 money." The great object of his Ufe, 
 previous to his acquaintance with Pan- 
 ta<Tucl, was the performance of count- 
 less malicious practical jokes, with the 
 materials for which his numerous pockets 
 are armed. lu one he has Uttle horns full 
 of fleas, which he amuses himself by blow- 
 ing upon the necks of the ladies in church ; 
 in another he has a store of hooks, that 
 he may fasten people's dresses together ; 
 in the third a bottle of oil, that he may 
 soil handsome suits ; in another an itch- 
 ing powder ; and so on. These are no very 
 amiable qualities, but. nevertheless, the 
 reader always has an affection for Pa- 
 nurge. In the third book, Pantagruel is 
 represented as making Panurge governor 
 of Salmagondin, in which capacity he 
 soon contrives to waste his revenue. For 
 imuiersing himself in debt, he has to en- 
 dure the reproaches of his master ; and 
 his defence, in which he sets up a eulogy 
 of indebtedness, is a masterpiece of pomp- 
 ous burlesque. Pantagruel is not con- 
 vinced by the eloquent harangue of his fa- 
 vourite, but discharges his debts ; where- 
 upon Panurge takes a new freak into his 
 head, for he attires himself in a coarse 
 gown, and attaches a pair of spectacles 
 to his cap, declaring it is his resolution 
 to take to himself a wife. An uneasy 
 doubt as to whether his entrance into 
 married hfe will insure felicity is the 
 foundation of all the humour and satire 
 of the book. Every mode of divination 
 into future events is tried, a member of 
 every conceivable calling is consulted. 
 The theologian, the lawyer, the physi- 
 cian, and sceptical philosopher, the poet, 
 the idiot, the sibyl, — all are asked for 
 counsel, besides a recurrence to dreams, 
 and a search for oracular answers, ac- 
 cording to the old superstition, in the 
 works of Virgil. All the oracles unite in 
 giving answers which, in the opinion of 
 disinterested friends, are plain di.ssuasives 
 from matrimony ; while Panurge, whose 
 heart is bent on a wife, displays the mo.st 
 vexing ingenuity in torturing them to 
 mean the reverse. The last person of 
 ■whom he asks advice puts into his hands 
 an empty bottle, which Panurge inter- 
 prets to imply that he should undertake 
 
 a voyage for the purpose of obtaining a 
 response from the oracle of the Holy Itot- 
 tle. The fourth and fifth books are occu- 
 pied with the expedition of Panurge, ac- 
 companied by Pantagruel, in quest of the 
 oracle. This voyage is said to signify a 
 departure from the world of error to 
 search after truth, which the author 
 places in a bottle, in consequence of the 
 proverbial effects of intoxication (•' in 
 vino Veritas "). Sue IloLV Bottle, Ora- 
 cle OF TUE. 
 
 igg- '-All Rabelais' personages are 
 phantasmagoric allegories, but Panurge 
 above all. He is, throughout, the va- 
 vovpyia, — the wisdom, that is, the cun- 
 ning, of the human animal, — the under- 
 standing, as the faculty of means to pur- 
 po.ses without ultimate ends, in the most 
 comprehensive sense, and including art, 
 sensuous fancy, and all the pa.ssions of 
 the understanding." Coleridge. 
 
 Panza, Sancho (.sank'o pan'za; '^i'- 
 pron. san'cho pan'tha). [Sp., from 
 zancas, .spindle-shanks, and panza, 
 paunch.] The esquire of Don tiuix- 
 ote, in Cervantes's famous novel of 
 this name; a short, pot-bellied peas- 
 ant, with small legs. He is a type 
 of vulgar common sense without im- 
 agination. See Don Quixote and 
 Bakatakia. 
 
 Xjg5= " At first he is introduced as the 
 opposite of Don Quixote, and used merely 
 to bring out his master's peculiarities in 
 a more striking relief. It is not until we 
 have gone through nearly half of the 
 First Part that he utters one of those 
 proverbs which form afterward the staple 
 of his conversation and humour ; and it 
 is not till the opening of the Second Part, 
 and, indeed, not till he comes forth, in 
 all his mingled shrewdness and credulity, 
 as governor of B.arataria, that his char- 
 acter is quite developed and completed to 
 the full measure of its grotesque yet 
 congruous proportions." Ticknor. 
 
 Sleep, snys Satwho Prmza, covers a man 
 all over like a mantle of comfort : but nsiiii; 
 before dnvlisht cuvelopa the entire beine in 
 petty misery. A. K. JI. hoyd. 
 
 Panza, Teresa (te-re'zS pan'zs; Sp. 
 pron. ta-ra'za pan'tha). A character 
 in Cervantes's "Don Quixote;" the 
 wife of Sancho Panza. 
 
 Paper KinK- A name formerly popu- 
 larly given to .Tohn Law ( 1071-1729), 
 the celebrated financial projector. 
 See Law's Bubble. 
 
 ;8Sr "The basis of Law's project was 
 the'idea that paper money may be mul- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp.xiv-xxxu.
 
 PAR 
 
 282 
 
 PAE 
 
 tiplied to any extent, provided there be 
 Fecurity in fixed stock ; wliile the truth 
 is, if the bulk of a currency is increased 
 beyond the actual wants of commerce, 
 all its parts, or separate coins and notes, 
 must depreciate in proportion." Hick. 
 
 Paradise of Fools. See Limbo. 
 
 Par'cse. (Horn. Myth.) Three daugh- 
 ters of Nox and Erebus ; all-jiowerlul 
 goddesses who presided over the des- 
 tiny of man. Their names were Clotho, 
 who was supposed to hold the distaff 
 or spindle : Lachesis. who was some- 
 times said to draw out the thread of hu- 
 man life; and Atropos, who cut it off. 
 
 Paribanou (pa-re-ba'noo). [Per., 
 female fairj^] A faiiy in the story 
 of " Prince ^Alimed," in the " Arabian 
 Nights' Entertainments." [Written 
 also Peri lianou.] 
 
 nis [Bacon's] understanding resembled the 
 tent which the fairy J'aribayiougave to Prnice 
 Ahmed. Fold it, and it seemed a toy for the 
 hand of a lady; spread it, and the armies of 
 powerful sultans might repose beneath its 
 shade. Macaulatj. 
 
 Par'I-del. A fickle and inconstant lib- 
 ertine in Spenser's " Faery Queen." 
 
 Nor durst lijlit Pariikl advance, 
 Bold as he was, a looser glance. 
 
 Sir jr. Scott. 
 
 Par'is (classical pron. pa'ris). [Gr. 
 Ilapi?.] 1. ( Gr. cf Rom. Myth.) A son 
 of Priam and Hecuba, distinguished 
 for his beauty. His mother, having 
 had an ominous dream, exposed him. 
 as soon as he was born, on Mount 
 Ida ; but he was found by a shepherd, 
 who reared him. When he had 
 grown up, he married Qinone, daugh- 
 ter of the river-god Cebren. A dis- 
 pute having arisen between Juno, 
 ^linerva, and A^enus as to which of 
 them was the handsomest, Paris was 
 chosen umpire, and decided in favour 
 of Venus, who had promised him 
 Helen, the handsomest woman in the 
 world. By running away with her, 
 he caused the Trojan war. in which 
 he Avas mortally wounded by the 
 arrow of Philocletes. In his dying 
 moments, his love for his first wife, 
 the long-abandoned QSnone, returned ; 
 but she, remembering her wrongs, 
 would at first have nothing to do with 
 him. Soon, however, repenting of her 
 imkindness, she hastened after him 
 
 with j-emedies; but it was too late, 
 and, in her grief, she hung herself. 
 
 2. A young nobleman, kinsman 
 to Escalus, Prince of Verona, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of "Komeo 
 and Juliet. 
 
 Par'i-si-na. The heroine of Byron's 
 poem of the same name. She had 
 been betrothed to Hugo, the natural 
 son of Azo, Prince of Este. Azo 
 saw and coveted her beauty; and, re- 
 proaching his son for the stain of his 
 birth, which, he said, rendered him 
 unworth}' the possession of so rich a 
 treasure, he himself wedded her. The 
 unhapp}' lovers could not control 
 the passion, which was innocent and 
 praiseworthy in its commencement, 
 but which a change of circumstances 
 had rendered criminal. Their incest- 
 uous love being discovered, Hugo is 
 executed; but the poem leaves the J 
 fate of Parisina doubtful. 
 
 Par'is-me'nos. The hero of a con-' 
 tinuation or "second part" of the'l 
 history of Parismus. It records his 
 " adventurous travels and noble! 
 chivalry, with his love to the fairj 
 Princess Angelica, the Lady of the 
 Golden Tower; " and it was first pub- 
 lished in 1598. 
 
 Pa-ris'mus. A " valiant and re- 
 nowned prince of Bohemia," the hero 
 of an old romance, or " history," for- 
 merly very popular. It contains an 
 account of" his noble battles against 
 the Persians, his love to Laurana, the 
 king's daughter of Thessaly, and his 
 strange adventures in the Desolate 
 Island." It was written by Emanuel 
 Foord, and was first published in 
 1598. 
 
 Par'I-zade. A princess whose adven- 
 tures in search of the Talking Bird, 
 the Singing Tree, and the Yellow 
 Water, are related in the " Story of 
 the Sisters who envied their younger 
 Sister," in the " Arabian Nights' En- 
 tertainments." Of these curiosities, 
 the first was a bird, which could not 
 only talk and reason like human 
 beings, but could call all the singing- 
 birds in his neighbourhood to come 
 and join in his song; the second was 
 a tree, of which the leaves were so 
 
 EQ~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PAR 
 
 283 
 
 PAR 
 
 many nioutlis, that formed a most 
 harmonious; concert; the third was a 
 kind of water, a small quantity of 
 ■which, being put into a basin, would 
 fill it, and form a beautiful fountain, 
 ■which would continually play with- 
 out overHowins. Parizade, or Pari- 
 zadeh, — the J'an'gatis of the Greeks, 
 — signifies Oorii of a fairy. 
 
 In truth, much of Bacon's life was passed in 
 a vision ;iry world . . . imiidst buildings more 
 sumptuous than the palucc of Ahiddiu, f lun- 
 tains more wonderful tiian the golden water 
 of I'arizade. Jlucaului/. 
 
 Par'ley, Peter. An assumed name 
 under M'liich Samuel Griswold Good- 
 rich (1793-1800), an American writ- 
 er, piiblisheil a series of very popular 
 books for the young. 
 
 Parliament, Addle. See Addle 
 Paiihament. 
 
 Parliament, Barebone's. SccBake- 
 liONii's Pauliajiext. 
 
 Parliament, Devils'. Sec Devils' 
 Pahliament. 
 
 Parliament, Drunken. Sec I)i:u>;iv- 
 Kx Parliament. 
 
 Parliament, Long. See Loxc; I'ak- 
 
 LIAMENT. 
 
 Parliament, Mad. Sec Mad Par- 
 liament. 
 
 Parliament, Rump. See Pemi* 
 Parliajient. 
 
 Parliament, Unlearned. • See Pai:- 
 
 LIAMENT UE IK-NCES. 
 
 Parliament, Useless. Sec Useless 
 
 PaI'vLIAMENT. 
 
 Parliament, "Wonderful. See "Won- 
 derful Pai'.liament. 
 
 Parliament of Dunces. [Lat. Pa r- 
 Uamcntum Indoctorum.] {Enr/. Jlisi.) 
 A name given to a Parliament con- 
 vened by Henry IV. at Coventry, in 
 "Warwickshire (1404), because law- 
 j-ers were excluded from it. 
 
 Par-nas'sus. [Gr. napvaa-6^, or riap- 
 raatrds.] A lofty mountain of Phocis 
 in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the 
 JIuses. At its base were the Casta- 
 lian .spring and the city of Delphi. 
 
 Pa-rol16s. A boastful and cowardly 
 follower of Bertram in Shakespeare's 
 "All's "Well that Ends "Well;" so 
 consunmiate in baseness, that we 
 
 regard him M-ith contemptuons com- 
 placency : '• he hath outvillaiiied vil- 
 lany so far, that the rarity redeems 
 him." 
 
 XES" " The braggart ParoUes, whose 
 name signifies tvorris, us though ho ppoko 
 nothing else, scarcely utters a sentence 
 that is not rich witli ideas ; yet his weak- 
 ness and sclf-comniittals hang over theiii 
 all like a sneaking infection, and liindcr 
 our laughter from becoming rcsiicctl'ul. 
 The scone in which he is taken blindfoM 
 among his old acquaintances, and so led 
 to vilify their characters under the im- 
 pression that ho is gratifying their ene- 
 mies, is almost as good as the screcu 
 scene iu the ' School for Scandal.' " 
 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 Rust, sword ; cool, blushes ; and, rarolles, 
 
 live 
 Safest in shame ; being fooled, by foolincf 
 
 thrive. Sliau. 
 
 There w.'.s Parollcs, too, the legal bull)'. 
 
 Huron. 
 
 lie [Dr. Samuel Parr] was a mere Parollrs 
 
 in a pedagogue's wig. J<'uftci< Anibrosiana'. 
 
 Parricide, The Beautiful. Sec 
 Pe.vutifel Parricide:. 
 
 Parsons' Emperor. [Ger. Pfafftn- 
 Kaher.~\ A nickname given to 
 Charles IV. of Moravia, who, at the 
 instigation of the pope, — Clement 
 VI., — was set np as a competitor of 
 Louis IV., the actual reigning em- 
 peror of Germany. 
 
 Par-the'ni-a. The mistress of Arga- 
 lus, in Sir Philip Sidney's '' Arcadia." 
 
 Slie thought . . . that Alice (javc lilm a 
 little more encouragement than I'arthiinici 
 would have afforded to any such Jack-a- 
 dandy, iu the aljseuce of jVrgalus. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Par-th.en'o-pe. [Gr. UapdivoTr-q.'] ( 6';-. 
 (j'- Rom. Mijtit.) One of the three 
 Sirens. She became enamoured of 
 Ulysses, and, in her grief at not 
 winning him, threw herself into the 
 sea, and ■was east up on the shore 
 where Naples afterward stood, for 
 wliich reason that city ■was originally 
 called by her name. 
 
 Par'ting-t6n, Mrs. An imaginary 
 old lady whose laughable sayings 
 have been recorded by the American 
 humourist, B. P. Shillaber. She is 
 distinguished, like Smollett's Tabitha 
 I5ramble and Sheridan's Jlrs. Mala- 
 ]irop, for her amusing aft'ectation and 
 misuse of learned words. 
 
 nnd for the Remarks aud Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 PAR 
 
 28i 
 
 PAT 
 
 fl^ The name of this character seems 
 to have been suggested by the following 
 anecdote whieli Sydney Smith related in 
 a speech delivered by him at Taunton 
 (Eng.), in 1831, and which has become 
 somewhat celebrated: "I do not mean 
 to be disrespectful ; but the attempt of 
 tlie Lords to stop the progress of reform 
 remindg mo very forcibly of the great 
 storm of Sidmouth, and the conduct of 
 the excellent Mrs. Partington on that 
 occasion. In the winter of 1824, there 
 set in a great flood upon that town ; the 
 tide rose to an incredible height, the 
 waves rushed in upon the houses, and 
 every thing was threatened with destruc- 
 tion. In the midst of this sublime storm. 
 Dame Partington, who lived upon the 
 beach, was seen at the door of her house, 
 ■with mop and pattens, trundling her 
 mop, and squeezing out the sea-water, 
 and vigorously pushing away the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused. 
 Mrs. Partington's spirit was up. But I 
 need not tell you that the contest was 
 unequal. The Atlantic Ocean beat Mrs. 
 Partington. She was excellent at a slop 
 or a puddle, but she .should not have 
 meddled with a tempest." 
 
 Partridge. The attendant of Tom 
 Jones, in Fielding's novel, '' The His- 
 tory of Tom Jones, a Foundlinfj ; " 
 noted for his fidelity, shrewdness, 
 and child-like simplicity. 
 
 Parvati (par-va'tee). [Sansk., moun- 
 tain-born.] {Hindu Myth.) The 
 daughter of the mountain Himalaya; 
 one of the names by which the god- 
 dess Durga is usually called. See 
 
 DUKGA. 
 
 Pa-siph'i-e. [Gr. nao-t<i>ai).] ( Gr. <^ 
 Rom. Mi/th.) A daughter of Helios, 
 or Sol (the sun), and Perse; sister of 
 (Jirce, wife of Minos, and mother of 
 Phredra, Ariadne, and Androgens, 
 and also of the Minotaur by a beau- 
 tiful bull, for which Venus, out of 
 hatred, had inspired her with a violent 
 passion. See Minotauk. 
 
 Pas'quin (pas'kwin). [It. Pasguino.'] 
 1. A Itoman cobbler of the latter 
 half of the fifteenth century', whose 
 shop stood in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood of the Braschi palace, near 
 the Piazza Navona. Pasquin was 
 notorious for making caustic remarks, 
 and by degrees every bitter saying 
 current in the city became attributed 
 to him or his workmeo. After his 
 
 death, a mutilated statue, which had 
 long lain half imbedded in the ground 
 near his shop, was dug out and set 
 up in the vicinity, upon which the 
 populace declared that the cobbler 
 had come to life again, and called 
 the torso by his name. Thenceforth 
 a custom arose of attaching to it 
 stinging epigrams or satirical verses, 
 often directed against the pope and 
 cardinals, and other persons in high 
 public station. No prohibitions or 
 penalties could put a stop to the prac- 
 tice; and even now, after the lapse 
 of more than four centuries, the statue 
 pursues his ancient calling with un- 
 diminished vigour. 
 
 2. (Tony, or Antony.) A nom 
 de plume of John Williams, author 
 of loads of writing in prose and verse. 
 See Della Ckuscans. 
 
 Passamonte, Gines de. See Gines 
 DE Passamonte. 
 
 Passe'treiil. The name of Sir Tris- 
 tram's horse. See Tristeam, Sir. 
 
 Patched-up Peace. [Fr. La Paix 
 Fourree.'] {Fr. Jlisl.) 1. The name 
 given to a treaty of peace between 
 the Duke of Orleans and John, of 
 Burgundy, in 1409. 
 
 2. [Called also IH-gronnded Peace 
 and Lame and Unstable Peace.~\ The 
 name of a treaty between Charles 
 IX. and the Huguenots, concluded at 
 Longjumeau, in 15G8. It was so 
 called because it was made very sud- 
 denly, and because neither of the par- 
 ties to it had any conlidence in the 
 other. 
 
 Patelin (pat'lan', 62). The hero of 
 an ancient French comedy, entitled 
 " L'Avocat Patelin," reproduced by 
 Brueys, in 1706. By his address ami 
 cunning he succeeds in obtaining six 
 ells of cloth from a merchant. The 
 name has passed into popular use to 
 designate a subtle and crafty man, 
 who, by flattery and insinuating arts, 
 entices others to the accomplishment 
 of his designs. 
 
 Path-finder, The. A title popularly 
 given to Major-Genoral John Charles 
 Fremont (b. 1813), who conducted 
 four exploring expeditions across the 
 Rocky IMountains. 
 
 OS" For the "Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PAT 
 
 285 
 
 PEA 
 
 Patient Griselda, or Grissell. See 
 (huisKLD.v, The Patiknt. 
 
 Patient Helena. See Helena, The 
 Patient. 
 
 Patriarch of Dorchester. An appel- 
 lation given to ,Iolui \Miite, of Dur- 
 clicster, England, a puritan divint-, 
 highly esteemed tor his t-loquont'e 
 and piety. He died in lli-iS, aged 74. 
 
 Pa-tro'clus. [Gr. narpoicAos.] ( Gr. </ 
 Jiom. Myth.) One of the Grecian 
 chiefs in the Trojan war, and the 
 constant companion and friend of 
 Achilles. He one day pnt on the 
 armour of Acliilles, and slew many 
 of the Trojans; but, being struck by 
 Apollo, he became senseless, and in 
 that state was killed by Euphorbus 
 and Hector. See Hector. 
 
 Pat'tie-son, Peter (-sn). An imag- 
 inary assistant teacher at Gander- 
 cleuch, and the feigned author of 
 Scott's " Tales of My Landlord," 
 which were represented as having 
 been published posthumously by his 
 
 Eedagogue superior, Jedediah Cleish- 
 oJiam. 
 
 Paul. See Virginie. 
 
 Pau-li'na. Wife of Antigonus, in 
 Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." 
 
 j^= " She is a character strongly 
 drawn from real and common life, — a 
 clever, generous, strong-minded, warm- 
 hearted woman, fearless in asserting the 
 truth, firm in her sense of right, enthu- 
 siastic in all her affections ; quick in 
 thought, resolute in word, and energetic 
 in action ; but heedless, hot-tempered, 
 impatient; loud, bold, voluble, and tur- 
 bulent of tongue ; regardless of the feel- 
 ings of those for whom she would sacri- 
 fice her life, and injuring, from excess of 
 zeal, those whom she most wishes to 
 serve." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Pa-vo'ni-a. A name given in ancient 
 maps to a tract of coimtry extending 
 from about Hoboken to Amboy, in 
 what is now the State of New Jersey. 
 
 Pax. {Rom. Myth.) A deified person- 
 ificiition of peace; the same as the 
 Irtne of the Greeks. 
 
 Pays de Sapience. See Land of 
 Wisdom. 
 
 Peach'um. A character in Gaj^'s 
 " Beggar's Opera," represented as a 
 pimp and a receiver of stolen prop- 
 
 erty, and as making his house a 
 resort for thieves, pickpockets, and 
 villains of all sorts. See Lockit. 
 
 No I'eachwn it is, or young Lockit, 
 That rirtcs my fob with u eimtcli; 
 
 Alas! I must pick my own pocket, 
 And luuke ynivy-suup of my watch. 
 
 Jlood. 
 
 Peach'um, Mrs. A character in Gay's 
 " Beggar's Oi)rra;" wife of Peach- 
 um. See svjjra. 
 
 The authors of this scheme [the Kansas 
 usurpation] have scarcely shown the ordinary 
 cunning of rogues, wliicli conceals its ulterior 
 purposes. Disdaining tlic advice of Mrs. 
 J'cachiim to her daughter Polly, to be " some- 
 what nice " in her deviations from virtue, 
 they have advanced bravely and flagrantly to 
 their nefarious object. Atlantic Mouildii. 
 
 Peach'um, Polly. A celebrated char- 
 acter in Gay's "Beggar's Opera;" 
 daughter of Peachum. She is repre- 
 sented as having great beauty, and 
 as preserving, unspotted, the jjurity 
 of her character, though living among 
 the basest persons. 
 
 Peasant Bard. A descriptive epithet 
 conferred upon Eobert Bums, the 
 great lyric poet of Scotland. 
 
 Peasant of the Danube. A title 
 given to Louis Legendre (175G-1797), 
 member of the French National Con- 
 vention, Avho took an active part in 
 all the events of the Revolution. His 
 wild eloquence was the occasion of 
 this surname being given him. 
 
 Peasant Poet of Northampton- 
 shire. A name given to .John Clare 
 (179.V1804), an English poet of hum- 
 ble origin, whose remarkable powers 
 of description brought him into pub- 
 lic notice and secured the public fa- 
 vour. 
 
 K^ " The instance before us is, per- 
 haps, one of the most striking of patient 
 and persevering talent existing and en- 
 during in the most forlorn and seemingly 
 hopeless condition that literature has at 
 any time exhibited." Land. Qu. Rev. 
 
 Peasants' "War. [Gcr. Bauern Krietj.] 
 {Ger. Hist.) The name given to a 
 revolt of the German peasantry in 
 Swabia and Franconia, and subse- 
 quently in Saxony, Thuringia, and 
 Alsace, occasioned" by the increasing 
 oppression and cruelty of the nobles 
 and clergy. It broke out several 
 different times, from about 1.500 to 
 1525, in which latter year it was 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-zxxii.
 
 PEC 
 
 286 
 
 PEL 
 
 finally terminated, after up-wards of 
 150,000 lives had been lost. The de- 
 feated insurgents not only failed to 
 obtain relief from their feudal burdens, 
 but their lot became in many respects 
 harder than before. 
 Pecksniff. A hypocrite in Dickens's 
 "Martin Chuzzlewit," "so thor- 
 oughlv impregnated -with the spirit 
 of falsehood that he is moral even in 
 drunkenness, and cantmg even in 
 shame and discovery." 
 
 Pedro, Don. See Don Pedro. 
 
 Pee'bles, Peter (pe'blz). A cuarac- 
 ter in Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 " Kedgauntlet ; " represented as vain, 
 litigious, hard-hearted, credulous, a 
 liar, a drunkard, and a pauper. 
 
 In one point of view, tlierc is nothing more 
 Hogartliian comic tiian this long Peter-Peebles 
 •' gan£;ing plea " of *' 3Iarquis Mirabeau x'er- 
 siis Nature and others; " yet, in adeeper point 
 of view, it is but too serious. Carbjle. 
 
 Peelers. The uniformed constabula- 
 ry of Ireland appointed under the 
 "Peace Preservation Act" of 1814, 
 proposed by Sir Robert Peel. The 
 name was subsequently given to the 
 new police of England, who were, 
 also, vulgarly called "Bobbies," af- 
 ter Sir liobert. 
 
 Peeping Tom of Cov'en-try. An 
 epithet given to a jierson of ungov- 
 ernable inquisitiveness. 
 
 j63= " The Countess Godiva, bearing 
 an extraordinary affection to this place 
 [Coventry], often and earnestlj' besought 
 her husband [Leofric, Earl of Jlercia], 
 that, for the love of God and the blessed 
 Virgin, he would free it from that griev- 
 ous servitude whereunto it was subject ; 
 but he, rebuking her for importuning 
 him in a matter so inconsistent with 
 his profit, commanded that she should 
 thenceforth forbear to move therein ; ^et 
 she, out of her womanish pertinacity, 
 continued to solicit him ; insomuch that 
 he told her [a. d. 1057] if she would ride 
 on horseback, naked, from one end of 
 the town to the other, in the sight of all 
 the people, he would grant her request. 
 Whereunto she answered, 'But will you 
 give me leave so to do ? ' And he reply- 
 ing, ' Yes,' the noble lady, upon an ap- 
 pointed day, got on horseback, naked, 
 with her hair loose, so that it covered all 
 her body but her legs, and thus perform- 
 ing the journey, returned with joy to her 
 husband, who therefore granted to the 
 
 inhabitants a charter of freedom, which 
 immunity I rather conceive to have been 
 a kind of manumission from some . . . 
 servile tenure, whereby they then held 
 what they had under this great earl, than 
 only a freedom from all manner of toll, 
 except horses, as Knighton affirms."' 
 DugUale. It is said by llapin, that the 
 countess, previous to her riding, com- 
 manded all persons to keep within doors 
 and from their windows on pain of death ; 
 but, notwithstanding this severe penalt3-, 
 there was one person who could not for- 
 bear giving a look, out of curiosity ; but 
 it cost him his life. From this circum- 
 stance originated the familiar epithet of 
 " Peeping Tom of Coventry." To com- 
 memorate the event, the ma50r and cor- 
 poration periodically walk in procession 
 through the town, accompanied bj' a 
 female on horseback, clad in a linen dress 
 closel)- fitted to her limbs. A figure, com- 
 memorative of the peeper, has long been 
 preserved in Coventry, and is now in- 
 serted in the niche of a new house com- 
 municating with the High Street. Ten- 
 nyson has versified the story of the Count- 
 ess and Peeping Tom in his poem entitled 
 " Godiva." 
 
 Peers, The Twelve. See Twelve 
 Peeks. 
 
 Peg-a-Lantern. Another name for 
 ^\'ill-with-the-"Wisp, or Jack-with- 
 the-Lantern. 
 
 Peg-a-Kam'sey. The heroine of an 
 old song, having this name for its 
 title, which is alluded to in Shake- 
 speare's ■' Twelfth Xight," a. ii., sc. .3. 
 Percy says it was an indecent ballad. 
 [Written also Peggy Ramse y.] 
 
 lie [James I.] had been much struck with 
 the beauty and embarrassment of the pretty 
 Peg-a-Samsey, as he called her, when he first 
 saw her. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Peg'a-sus. [Gr. n^yao-o^.] (Gr. <$• 
 Rom. Myth.) A winged horse which 
 sprung from the blood of Medusa, 
 and belonged to Apollo and the 
 Muses. From a stroke of his hoof 
 the fountain Hippocrene burst forth 
 on Mount Helicon. He was caught 
 by Bellerophon, who destroyed the 
 Chim.Tera with his aid. But when 
 Bellerophon attempted to ride to 
 heaven on his back, he threw him 
 off, and ascended alone to the skies, 
 where he was changed into a constel- 
 lation. 
 
 Peleus. [Gr. nrjAeu's.] ( Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A king of Thessaly, son of 
 
 l®~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PEL 
 
 287 
 
 PEN 
 
 jEacus, husband of Thetis, father of 
 Achilles, and a sharer in the Argo- 
 naiitic expedition. 
 
 Pe-li'de3. [Gr. n/j,\£i3^s.] (<^r. (]"■ 
 Mom. Jli/di.) A patroiiyinic of 
 Achilles, tlic son of Peicus. 
 
 Pe'li-on. [Gr. njiAtov.] A high moun- 
 tain in Tiiessaly. See Oss.v. 
 
 Pel'le-Ss, Sir. A very valorous knight 
 of Arthur's Round Table. In " The 
 I'aery Queen," he is one of those who 
 pursue " the blatant beast," when, 
 after having been concpiered and 
 chained up by Sir Calidore, it breaks 
 its iron chain, and again ranges 
 througli the world. 
 
 Fairy damsels, met in forests wide 
 By Itnis'lits of Lo^res, or of Lyoncs, 
 Luncelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore. Milton. 
 
 PelTe-nore, King. A celcbi-ated 
 character in the old romance of 
 '' Morte d' Arthur." 
 
 PeTops. [Gr. neAcoi^.] ( Gi: <f Rom. 
 Myth.) A Phrygian prince, grandson 
 of Jupiter, and son of Tantalus. He 
 Wu3 slain, and served up before the 
 gods bj' his own father, who wished 
 to test their omniscience. They were 
 not deceived, howe\er, and woidd not 
 touch the horrible food; but Ceres, 
 absorbed in grief for the loss of Pros- 
 erpine, tasted of the shoulder before 
 she discovered what it was. Jupiter 
 restored Pelops to life, and replaced 
 his shoulder with one of ivory. 
 
 Pe-na'tes. {Rom. Myth.) Guardian 
 deities of the household, and of the 
 State regarded as a larger household 
 formed by the union of many smaller 
 ones. They were similar to, or iden- 
 tical with, the Lares. Sec Lakes. 
 
 Pen-den'nis, Arthur. The hero of 
 Thackeray's satirical romance en- 
 titled " The History of Pendennis, 
 his Fortunes and Misfortunes;" a 
 young man of warm feelings and 
 lively intellect, sclf-concoitGd and 
 seltish, with no attractive points of 
 character but a sense of honovu" and 
 a capacity for love. 
 
 Pen-den'nis, Major. A gentleman- 
 like parasite, or rather tuft - hunter, 
 in Thackeray's " History of Penden- 
 nis," v>'ho fawns upon his patrons for 
 
 the sake of being received into their 
 society. 
 Pen-drag'on. A son of Constans, 
 and his successor on the throiu; of 
 liritain, according to legendary his- 
 torians ; also, a surname given, after 
 the death of this king, to Uther, an- 
 other son of Constans, and the father 
 of King Arthur. Sec Co^ISTA^'s and 
 Utiiek. 
 
 For once I read 
 That stout Pe.ndragoH in his Utter sick 
 Came to the field and vunquislied his foes. 
 Ma/c. 
 
 Pe-nel'o-pe. [Gr. nTjveXoTrrj.] (Gr. 
 (j- Rom. Myth.) A celebrated Gre- 
 cian princess, wife of Ul3'sses, and 
 mother of Telemachus, famed for her 
 chastity and constancy during the 
 long absence of her husband. Being 
 greatly annoyed by many imjiortu- 
 iiate suitors, she put them off for a 
 time by declaring that she could not 
 decide between them until she had 
 finished weaving a shroud for her 
 aged father-in-law; and, to protract 
 the time, she pulled out by night 
 what she had woven during the day. 
 The stratagem was at length discov- 
 ered; but Ulysses happened to return 
 in season to prevent the unpleasant 
 consequences that might otherwise 
 have ensued. 
 
 Peninsular State. The State of 
 Florida; — ■ popidarly so called from 
 its sha])e. 
 
 Peninsular "War. {Hist) The name 
 given to the war carried on in I'ortu- 
 gal and Spain l)y the English forces 
 mider Sir Arthur Wellesley against 
 the invading armies of Napoleon L, 
 between 1808 and 1812. 
 
 Pennsylvania Farmer. A sm-namo 
 given to John Dickinson (1732-1808), 
 an American statesman and author, 
 and a citizen of Pennsylvania. In 
 the year 17G8, he published his " Let- 
 ters from a Pennsylvania Farmer to 
 the Inhabitants of the British Colo- 
 nies." These were republished in 
 London, with a preface by Dr. Frank- 
 lin, and were subsequently translated 
 into French, and published in Paris. 
 
 Pen-tap'o-lin {Sp. pron. pen-tS-po- 
 leen')- The leader of one of two 
 vast hostile armies into which the 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kulca to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiy-xzxii.
 
 PEN 
 
 288 
 
 PER 
 
 distempered imagination of Don 
 Quixote (see Don (.Quixote) trans- 
 formed two large flocks of sheep, 
 wliicli, from a distance, he saw ap- 
 proaching each other on a wide and 
 dusty plain. This phantom warrior, 
 according to the veracious Don, was 
 the Christian king of the Garaman- 
 tians, surnamed " Of the Naked 
 Arm," because he always entered 
 into battle with his right arm bare. 
 Ills beautiful daughter had been de- 
 manded in marriage by iVlifanfaron, 
 emperor of the great isle of Tapro- 
 bana, who was a strong pagan. But 
 as Pentapolin would not accept such 
 a misbeliever for a son-in-law, Ali- 
 fanfaron resolved to win the lady by 
 means of the sword ; and the armies 
 of the hostile chiefs were upon the 
 point of engaging each other when 
 the Don descried them. 
 
 Not Sancho, when his master interrupted 
 his account of the combatants of Pentapolin 
 ■with the naked arm to advance in person to 
 the charge of the flock of sheep, stood more 
 confounded than Oldbuck at this sudden 
 escapade of his nephew. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pen-thes'I-le'5. [Gr. Ueveeaikci.a.'] 
 {Gr. cf Rom. Myth.) A queen of the 
 Amazons, who fought against the 
 Greeks during the Trojan war, and 
 ■was slain by Achilles. 
 
 Had I not unfortunately, by the earnestness 
 of my description, awakened the jealousy of 
 his 1 enthesika of a countess, he had forgo'tten 
 the crusade and all belonging to it. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pen'theus. [Gr. UivBiv^.'] (Gr. 4- 
 Rum. Mijth.) A king of Thebes, 
 ■who. for treating with contempt the 
 rites of Bacchus, was torn in pieces 
 by his mother and aunts, they being 
 at the time imder the influence of the 
 
 A man hunted by the devils that dwell un- 
 chained within himself; like Penthens by the 
 Maenads; like Action by his own dops. " 
 
 Carhjie. 
 
 People, Man of the. See M.vn of 
 THE People. 
 
 Pepper, K. N. [That is, Cayenne 
 Popper.] A nom de jdume of James 
 i\I. Morris, a humourous American 
 writer of the present day. 
 
 Perce'for-est (4). The title of an old 
 romance of chivalry, and the name 
 of its hero, a knight of the Round 
 Table. An analysis of the romance 
 
 is given in Dunlop's "History of 
 Fiction." 
 
 Per'ce-val (4). The hero of an old ro- 
 mance of cliivalrj- of the same name, 
 celebrated for his adventures in search 
 of the sangreal. 
 
 Per'ci-net (4). See Geaciosa. 
 
 Per'dl-ta{4). 1. Daughter of Leontes, 
 king of Sicilia, and of Ilermione, his 
 queen, in Shakespeare's " Winter's 
 Tale; " in love with Florizel. 
 
 ^S' " The qualities which impart to 
 Perdita her distinct individuality are the 
 beautiful combination of the pastoral 
 with the elegant, of simplicity with ele- 
 vation, of spirit with sweetness." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 2. Under this name the beautiful 
 and unfortunate Mrs. Marj^ (Darby) 
 Robinson (1758-1800), who fell a vic- 
 tim to the licentiousness of the Prince 
 of Wales, — afterward George IV., — 
 was known at the time of her con- 
 nection with him. She first attracted 
 his attention while playing the part 
 of Perdita in the " Winter's Tale." 
 The prince was nicknamed Florizel. 
 
 Pere de la Pens6e (per du la po"'- 
 sa', 62). See Father Thoughtful. 
 
 Pere Duchesne, Le (lu per dii'shSn', 
 34). A by-name given to Jacques 
 
 ^ Ren6 Hebert (1755-1794), a brutal 
 and profligate Jacobin leader of the 
 French Revolution, from the name of 
 a newspaper which he edited. 
 
 Perez, Michael. See CoprER Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 Peri Banou. See Paribanou. 
 
 Pe'ri-on of Gaul (9). A king of 
 Wales (Gaula) in the old romance of 
 '•Amadis de Gaul." See Amadis 
 
 DE G.VUL. 
 
 Pernelle, Mme. (ma'dam' pef'nel'). 
 A scolding old grandmother in Mo- 
 liere's " Tartuffe." 
 
 PSr'o-nella. [Fr. Peronelle, a cor- 
 ruption of Petronelle, from Pierre, 
 Peter. Petronelle was a character in 
 the ancient mysteries.] The subject 
 of a fairy tale, represented as a pretty 
 countn' lass, who, at the offer of a 
 fairj% changes place wifli an old and 
 decrepit queen, and receives the hom- 
 age paid to rank and wealth, but af- 
 
 as~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 TER 
 
 289 
 
 riiA 
 
 tenvard gladly resumes her beauty 
 aud rags. 
 
 Perpetual Edict. [Lat. Edictum 
 Perpctuum.] {Horn. Jlist.) A de- 
 cree issued by the cmjieror ^Elius 
 Hudrianus (fC-iaS), prouiulgating 
 and embodying a tixed eode of laws, 
 Avhich was drawn up by the jurist 
 Salvius Juliauus. 
 
 Perrin, Dandin. See D.vxdo, Pee- 
 
 KIN. 
 
 Per-seph'o-ne. [Gr. nepa-e<{>6i'ri.] 
 {Myth.) The Greek name of /Vo*-- 
 crpine. See Pkoseupine. 
 
 Per'seus (4). [Gr. nepo-eu'y.] (Gr. <)'• 
 Rom. Myth.) Tlie son of Jupiter and 
 Danaii, who, being furnished by 
 Mercury with a sickle-sliaped sword, 
 by Minerva with a mirror, and hy 
 the nymplis with winged sandals, 
 a bag, and a helmet of invisibility, 
 vanquished the Gorgons (see Gou- 
 GONs), and armed himself with 
 Medusa's head, by means of which 
 he turned into stone the sea-monster 
 to whom Andromeda was exposed, 
 besides performing many other ex- 
 ploits. After death, he was placed 
 among the stars as a constellation. 
 
 Persian Anacreon. See Anackeon 
 OF Pehsia. 
 
 Perth, Fair Maid of. See Faiu 
 Maid of Pektu. 
 
 P6taud. See King Petaud. 
 
 Peter. 1. (Lord.) The name by 
 which Swift designates the pope in 
 his " Tale of a Tub." 
 2. See MoRKis, 1'eteu. 
 
 Pe'ter-loo, Field of. A name popu- 
 larly given in England to the scene 
 of an attack made by the military, 
 acting under the orders of the magis- 
 trates, upon a reform meeting, held 
 in St. Peter's Field, at Manchester, 
 on the 10th of August, 1819, which 
 was attended by 60,000 persons, of 
 whom only eight were killed, though 
 many were wounded; a word formed 
 in burlesque imitation of Waterloo. 
 
 Battles and bloodshed, Scpteinber Mas- 
 sacres, Bridjrea of Lodi, retreats of Moscow, 
 Wntcrloos, Pfterlnnsi, ten-pound franchises, 
 tar-barrels, and guillotines. Oirli/le. 
 
 Peter the "Wild Boy. See Wild 
 Boy, The. 
 
 Pe'to. A companion of Sir John Fal- 
 stalf, in the First and Second Parts 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry IV." 
 
 Petrified City. A name given to 
 Ishmonie, in Upper I'-gypt, on ac- 
 count of a great number of statues 
 of men, women, children, and ani- 
 mals, which are said to be seen there 
 at this day, and wliicli, acccnxling to 
 the popular superstition, were once 
 animated beings, but were miracu- 
 lously changed into stone in all the 
 various postures and attitudes which 
 were assumed by them at the instant 
 of their supposed transubstantiatioii. 
 Allusions to this city occur in several 
 English writers. The story is said to 
 have been first mentioned by Kir- 
 cher, in his " Mundus Subterraneus." 
 
 Pe-tru'chi-o. A gentleman of Verona, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 4iSg" " Petruchio i."! a madman in his 
 senses, a very honest fellow, who hardly 
 speaks a word of truth, and succeeds in 
 all his tricks and impostures. He acts 
 his assumed character to the life, with 
 the most fantastical extravagance, with 
 uutired animal spirits, and without a 
 particle of ill-humour from beginning to 
 end." Hazlitt. " lie is a fine, hearty 
 compound of bodily and mental vigour, 
 adorned by wit, spirits, and good-nature." 
 Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Phee'dra. [Gr. *oi8pa.] ( Gi: (j- Rom. 
 Mijth.) A daughter of Minos, king 
 of Crete, a sister of Ariadne, and the 
 wife of Theseus. See IIiri'OLYXUs. 
 
 Pha'e-ton. [Gr. <l'ae0u>', the shining.] 
 (Gr. (f Rom. Myth.) A son of He- 
 lios, or Sol (the sun), and Clymene, 
 who asked and obtained leave to 
 drive his father's chariot for one day, 
 as a proof of his divine descent. 
 Losing control of the steeds, he set 
 the world on lire, and was punished 
 for his presumption by being struck 
 with a thunderbolt and thrown into 
 the river Eridanus, or Po. [Written 
 also P h a e t h o n.] 
 
 Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds. 
 Towards Pluebus' mansion; such a wapcijoncr 
 As I'/iar'ton would whip you to the west. 
 And briuir iu cloudy ui^ht immediately. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 Phar'a-m6nd. A king of the Franks, 
 and a knight of the Round Table, who 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxU. 
 19
 
 niE 
 
 290 
 
 nil 
 
 visited King Arthur's court incognito, 
 to obtain, by liis prowess and exploits, 
 a seat at tins renowned board. 
 Phe'be. A shepherdess, in Shake- 
 speare's "As You Like It." 
 
 Phi-la'ri-o (9). An Italian, and a 
 friend to rosthumus, in Shake- 
 speare's play of " Cymbelinc." 
 
 Phi-le'm6n. [Gr. ^arj/iwi'.] ( Gr. <)'■ 
 Rom. Myth.) A pious rustic, hus- 
 band of Baucis. See Baucis. 
 
 Philinte (fc'lant', 02). A character in 
 Moliere's comedy of " The Misan- 
 thrope." 
 
 Phi-lis'i-des. One of the poetical 
 names of Sir Philip Sidney; formed 
 fi-om portions of the two names Phili\> 
 and Sidney, with a Latin termination 
 added. It was invented by himself, 
 and occurs in the "Arcadia." 
 
 IIo knows the grace nf that new ekcrance 
 Which sweet I'liUmdas fetched of late from 
 France. Bp. Jlall. 
 
 Phn'oc-te'tes. [Gr. ^iXoKTrjr?)?.] ( Gr. 
 c|- Rom, Myth.) A son of Poeas, and 
 one of the Argonauts. He was pres- 
 ent At the death of Hercules, and re- 
 ceived from him certain arrows which 
 had been dipped in the gall of the 
 Lernnsan hydra. (See Hercules.) 
 On his journey to Troy, he was 
 wounded in the foot by one of these 
 arrows, — or, according to some ac- 
 counts, by a water-snake, — and, as 
 the wound idceratod and became ex- 
 cruciatingly painfid, his companions 
 treacherously left him on the solitary 
 island of Lemnos. In the tenth year 
 of the war, however, an oracle de- 
 clared, that Troy coidd not be taken 
 without the arrows of Hercules; and 
 I'hiloctetes, yielding to the solicita- 
 tion of Ulysses and Diomed, repaired 
 to Troy, and made use of them, dis- 
 tinguishing himself by his valour and 
 dexterity. 
 
 How changed for Marat, lifted from his 
 dark cellar into this luminous " peculiar trili- 
 ime!" All dogs have their days even rabid 
 dogs. Sorrowful, incurable Phnoctotes Ma- 
 rat; without whom Troy cannot be taken ! 
 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Phil'o-meaa. [Gr. -J-iAo/^rJAa.] {Gr. 
 <f- Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Pan- 
 dion, king of Athens, changed into 
 a nightingale. 
 
 Philosopher, The. 1. A common 
 designation of the Poman emperor 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The 
 epithet Verisdiiius — "The Philos- 
 ojjher" — was applied to him by 
 Justin Martyr, and is that by which 
 he has been commonly distinguished 
 from that period to the present, al- 
 tliough no such title was ever pub- 
 licly or formally conferred. 
 
 2. A surname given to Leo VI. 
 (8G7-911), emperor of the East, prob- 
 ably on account of his writings, for 
 ills conduct gave him uo claims to 
 the appellation. 
 
 3. An appellation l^estowed upon 
 Porphyry (223-304), an acute ainl 
 learned iSTcoplatonist, and an earue i 
 opponent of Christianity. 
 
 Philosopher of Per'ne^?' (or fef'na'). 
 Voltaire is sometimes so called from 
 his chateau of Ferney, near Geneva, 
 where he spent the last twenty years 
 of his life. 
 
 This, and scTcral subsequent apiieals of the 
 Banie sort, are anion;; the best points in tho 
 conduct of Uio " F/iilosojiIier of Ferney." 
 
 W. Spaldiiirj. 
 
 Philosopher of Malmesbury 
 (mamz'ber-rl). A name often given 
 to Thomas Hobbes, who was born at 
 Malmesbury in 1588, and who is cel- 
 ebrated as "the first English psychol- 
 ogist, and the first great Enghsh 
 writer on the science of government. 
 His, says Mill, was " a gi-eat name in 
 philosophj% on account both of the 
 A-alue of what he taught, and the ex- 
 traordinaiy impulse which he com- 
 municated to the spirit of free inquiiy 
 in Europe." 
 
 Philosopher of Sans-Souci (so" 
 soo'se', G2). A name given to Fred- 
 erick the Great (1712-178G), who was 
 a disciple of Voltaire, and the author 
 of a book entitled " Anti-iSIachiavel," 
 as well as several other politico -phil- 
 osophical works. 
 
 Philosopher of the Unknown. [Fr. 
 
 Le Philosophe Inconnu.] The self- 
 assumed appellation of Louis Claude 
 de Saint Martin (1743-1803), a 
 French mystic. 
 Philosopher of ■Wim'ble-d5n (-bl-). 
 A designation of John Home Tooke 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PHI 
 
 291 
 
 ric 
 
 {173G-1812), a noted English gram- 
 luarian, philologist, and politician, 
 who resided at Wimbledon, a parish 
 in the vicinity of London. 
 
 Philfos-trSte. JIastcr of the revels 
 to Thei~eiis, in Shakespeare's '' Mid- 
 siunmer-Niglil's Dream." 
 
 Phi'neus. [Gr. <l>i«u9.] ( Or. (f Rom. 
 Jfytli.) A blind king of Tiirace, Avho 
 possessed the gift of proi)liecy. lie 
 ■was tormented b\' the Harpies for his 
 cruelty toward his sons, whom lie 
 deprived of sight in consequence of a 
 false accusation made against them 
 bj' their mother-in-law, who charged 
 them with having behaved improp- 
 erly to her. Whenever Phineus 
 wanted to eat, the Harpies came, and 
 took away or devoured a portion of 
 his food, and deliled the rest. 
 
 Phiz. A pseudonym adopted by Hab- 
 lot K. Browne, an English comic 
 draughtsman, M'ho designed tlie illus- 
 trations in the lirst edition of Dick- 
 ens's " Pickwick Papers." 
 
 Phleg'e-thon. [Gr. ^Keye9i.it', burning, 
 naming.] ( Gr. ij- Rom. ^fi/t/i.) A river 
 in Hades which rolled with waves of 
 lire instead of water. Nothing grew 
 on its scorched and desolate shores. 
 
 Fierce PhUarthon, 
 "miosc wavcsof torrent fin; inflame with ra^'e. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Pble'gy-Ss. [Gr. ^Aevu'o?.] {Gr. cj"- 
 Rom. Mijth.) The son of ]Mars, the 
 king of the Lapitlne, and the father 
 of l.Kion and Coronis. For his im- 
 piety in plundering and burning the 
 temple of Apollo at Delphi, he was 
 placed in hell, where a huge stone 
 was suspended over his head, whicli 
 kept him in a state of continual 
 alarm. 
 
 Phoe'be. [Gr. •l>o<'37,.] ( Gi: <f Rnm. 
 .Mi/tli.) The goddess of the moon, 
 and sister of Phccbus; a name of 
 Diana. See Diana. 
 
 Phce'bus. [Gr. <l>oi'po9, the radiant.] 
 ( G>: (f- Rom. Myth.) A poetical name 
 of Apollo, considered as the sun-god. 
 See AroLLO. 
 
 PlKK'nix. [Gr. -I-omf .] ( Gr. 4 Rnm. 
 Myth.) A bird said to visit Heliopolis, 
 in Egypt, once in every 500 years ; 
 
 according to another and the more 
 popular account, it lived 500 years, 
 and, when about to die, made a nest 
 in Arabia, and bmned itself to ashes, 
 from whicii a 3'oung pha'nix arose. 
 
 Phce'nix, John, Gentleman. A 
 pseudonym of Captain (ieorge Ho- 
 ratio Derby (d. 1801), a humourous 
 and popular American writer. 
 
 Phoo'ka or Poo'ka. [Probably the 
 same as the English I'urlc] (Fnini 
 Myth.) Among the Irish, a spirit of 
 diabolical disposition. He sometimes 
 appears as an eagle or a black horse, 
 and hurries to destruction the iiersoii 
 he gets possession of. 
 
 Phor'cus. [Gr. *opKo?.] (Gr.cf-Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Neptune, and father 
 of Jlcdusa and the other Gorgons. 
 After death, he was changed into a 
 sea-god. [Written also P h o r c y s.] 
 
 Phor'mi-o. A parasite in Terence's 
 comedy of the same name ; an accom- 
 modating gentleman who reconciles 
 all parties. 
 
 Phyl'lis. [Gr. <E>uAXi5.] 1. {Gr.^-Rom. 
 Myth.) A daughter of King Sithon 
 of Thrace, who hung herself, thinking 
 that she was deserted by her lover, 
 and was changed by the gods into 
 an almond-tree. 
 
 2. A countrj'' girl in Virgil's third 
 and fifth Eclogues; hence, a rustic 
 maiden in general. 
 
 At tlieir pavoiy dinner set 
 Of herbs, nnd otluT country messes, 
 Wliich tlie neat-handed I'htjUis dresses. 
 
 3fUton. 
 
 Pickelherringe (pik'el-her'ring-a). 
 The popular name of a bnfibon among 
 thoDutcli. SeellANswunsT. [Called 
 Pickkhdriiif/ by the Germans.] 
 
 JOSS" Sir F. Palgravc conjectures, that 
 the term may have been originally I'icklc- 
 harin, i. e., the hairy sprite, answerint; 
 to Beu Jonson's Puck-hairy ; and that hi- 
 may liave woi'u a rough garment of hair 
 or leaves, like the Scottish Brownie and. 
 other similar beings. 
 
 Pickle, Per'e-grine. The hero of 
 
 Smollett's novel, " The Adventures 
 of Peregrine Pickle." 
 
 IlQx' " The sav.age and ferocious Pickle, 
 . . . besides his gross and base l)rutality, 
 besides his ingratitude to his uncle, and 
 
 and for the E«marks and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 rrc 
 
 292 
 
 PIE 
 
 the savage propensity which he shows in 
 tlio pleasure he takes to torment others 
 by practical jokes, resembling those of a 
 fiend in Rice, exhibits a low and uugen- 
 tlemanlike tone of thinking, only one 
 degree higher than that of Kodcrick Ilau- 
 doni. . . . We certainly sympathise Tery 
 little iu the distress of Pickle, brought 
 on by his own profligate profusion and 
 enhanced by his insolent misanthropy. 
 We are only surprised that his predomi- 
 nating arrogance does not weary out the 
 benevolence of Hatchway and Pipes, and 
 scarce think the ruined spendthrift de- 
 serves their persevering and faithful at- 
 tachment."' Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pick'wick, Samuel. The horo of 
 Dickens's " Tickwick Papers;" dis- 
 tinguished for his genial goodness 
 and his unsophisticated simplicity. 
 He is represented as the founder of a 
 club called after his own name, in 
 company with other members of 
 which, who are under his care and 
 guidance, he travels over England, 
 meeting with many laughable ad- 
 ventures. The expression, " a Pick- 
 wickian sense," which has passed 
 into common speech as denoting 
 a merely technical or constructive 
 sense, refers to a quarrel at a meeting 
 of the club, in which ]\Ir. Pickwick 
 accused Mr. Blottou of acting in 
 a "vile and calumnious" manner, 
 whereupon the latter retorted by 
 calling Mr. Pickwick "a humbug;" 
 but, it finally being made to appear 
 that they both used the offensive 
 words not in a common, but in a 
 parliamentar}' sense, and that each 
 personally entertained " the highest 
 regard and esteem " for the other, the 
 dilHculty was readily settled, and tlie 
 gentlemen expressed them.selves mu- 
 tually satisfied with the explanations 
 •which had been made. 
 
 _J8®- " This name [Pickwick] is no ftib- 
 rication of our great novelist ; and, in- 
 deed, very few of his names, however 
 trappy, however ludicrous, are so. I 
 have noticed a large proportion of them 
 on actual sign-boards in his own native 
 county of Kent. At Folkestone there is, 
 or at least there recently was, a veritable 
 Mark Tapley, — one, too, who had been 
 to America." Lower. 
 
 Lawyers nnd politicians daily abuse each 
 other in a Pickwickian sense. Jiowditch, 
 
 Picrochole (pek'ro'koP). [Fr., from 
 
 Gr. iriKpd?, bitter, and xoX-q, cholcr, 
 bile, or gall.] The name of a charac- 
 ter in liabelais' " Gargantua," cele- 
 brated for his thirst of empire, and 
 his vast projects. By some, Charles 
 Y. of Spain is supposed to be satirised 
 under this name. 
 
 Pi'cus. (Rom. Myth.) A king of 
 Latium, son of Saturn and father of 
 1' aunus ; turned by Circe, whose love 
 he had slighted, into a woodpecker. 
 
 Pied Piper of Ham'e-lin. [Lat. 
 Tibicen Omnicolor.'] The hero of an 
 old and celebrated German legend, 
 related in Verstegan's " Restitution 
 of Decayed Intelligence" (London, 
 1634:), of which narrative Robert 
 Bro^\-ning, in his poem entitled " The 
 Pied Piper," has given an extended 
 metrical version. The legend re- 
 counts how a certain musician, dressed 
 in a fontastical coat, came into the 
 town of Hamel, in the country of 
 Brunswick, and offered, for a sum of 
 money, to rid the town of the rats 
 by which it was infested ; and how, 
 having executed his task, and the 
 promised reward having been with- 
 held, he in revenge blew again his 
 ])ipe, and, by the magic of its tones, 
 drew the children of the town, to the 
 number of a hundred and thirty, to a 
 cavern in the side of a hill, which, 
 immediately upon their entrance, 
 closed and shut them in for ever. 
 Erichius wrote a work, entitled 
 " Exodus Hamelensis," expressly on 
 the subject, in which he maintained 
 the historical authenticity of the 
 story; and Martin Schoock wrote 
 another, " Fabula Hamelensis," in 
 which he took the opposite ground. 
 According to Verstegan, the " exo- 
 dus" took place on the 22d of July, 
 137G ; but the date commonly given 
 is June 20, 1284. Harenberg main- 
 tains, according to Zedler, that a 
 number of Ilamelin children, who 
 were carried away captive in a con- 
 test ivith the Bishop of Minden 
 (Conrad II.), never returned to their 
 native land, and so gave occasion for 
 the tradition that they had been 
 swallowed up alive. 
 
 ISB' It has been remarked that the 
 
 C3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronuuciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 riE 
 
 293 
 
 VIN 
 
 Qermwap/eiffeny to pipe, means, also, to 
 decoy, to allure, to entice, to inveigle, 
 and that this, perhaps, is the origin of 
 the Ilameliu myth so far as relates to the 
 children's being spirited away by a piper. 
 As all the mischief came from not paying 
 the Tibicen Omnicolor his just dues, we 
 have a curious illustration of our prover- 
 bial expression, " I'ay the Piper," which 
 may, indeed, have sprung from this story. 
 
 This is that dospotisin which poets have 
 celebrated in the I'inl Pijicr of JJamiliii, 
 whose music drew like the power of cnivitu- 
 tion, — drew soldiers und priests, traders aud 
 feostcrs, women imd boys, rots and mice. 
 
 i'me/soH. 
 
 I rather think Petrarch was the first c/io- 
 rof/its of that sontimentid dance which so Ion;; 
 led youns folks away from the realities of life, 
 like" the fiiKiofJlainelin. Louxll. 
 
 Pi-Sr'I-des. [Gr. n.cpiSes.] {Gr. <f- 
 Rom. Jfyth.) 1. A name given to 
 the jNIuses, from Pieria, a foimtain 
 near Momit Olympus. 
 
 2. Daughters of Picrus, whom the 
 Muses changed into magpies for chal- 
 lenging them to sing. 
 
 Pierre (peer; Fr. jn-on. pe-ef')- A 
 conspirator in Otway's tragedy of 
 '• Venice Preserved," impelled to 
 treason by a mixture of jjatriotism 
 and misanthropy. Sec Jaffiei:. 
 
 Onrs is a trophv which will not decay 
 With the Rialto; Shvlock, and the Moor, 
 And I'icrre, cannot be swept or worn away. 
 JJijron. 
 
 Pierrot (pe^cf'o')- [Fr., little Peter, 
 from AV;vc, Peter.] A jesting char- 
 acter in pantomime, who takes the 
 part of a sinijile valet, wearing wliitc 
 pantaloons, and a large white jacket 
 with a row of big buttons in front, 
 and who often paints his face white. 
 
 Pi'gro-grom'I-tus. A name occur- 
 ring ill Shakespeare's comed_v of 
 "Twelfth Night." Who or what is 
 meant by it, is not known. Sir 
 Andrew Ague-cheek merely alludes 
 to it as having been used liy Olivia's 
 clown upon an occasion of mirth and 
 jesting, so that, in all likelihood, it 
 was not intended to be taken seri- 
 ously as a genuine name. 
 
 In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling 
 last ni^ht, when thou spokcst of I'ifjrogromi- 
 tiif, of the Vapians passing the equinoctial of 
 Queubus; 't was very good, i' faith. Uliak: 
 
 PiK-wig'gin. The name of a doughty 
 elf, whose amours with Queen Mab, 
 and furious combat with the jealous 
 
 Oberon, arc related in Drayton's 
 " Nymphidia." 
 
 The same genius which now busies ub with 
 their concerns niiglit have excited an equal 
 mterest for the adventures of Oberon und 
 J'iUwiijijin. Jeffrey. 
 
 Pillar of Doctors. [Fr. La Colonne 
 desDoclcurii.] An honorary apjiella- 
 tion given by his admirers to \\ illiaui 
 de Champeaux, a celebrated French 
 philosopher aud theologian of the 
 twelfth century. 
 
 Pillars of Her'cu-les. [Lat. Colamnm 
 
 Herculk, (ir. 'IIpa/cAeiai (TTjjAoi.] A 
 
 name given by the old Greeks and 
 Romans to two mountains on oppo- 
 site sides of the strait connecting 
 the jNIediterranean Sea with the At- 
 lantic Ocean. These mountains — 
 anciently called Calpe and Abyla — 
 Avere situated, the former in Europe, 
 and the latter in Africa. Their mod- 
 ern names arc, respectively, the Ifock 
 of Gibraltar, and Jebcl 'Zatout, or 
 Apes' Hill. The classical appellation 
 of the Pillars of Hercules was given 
 to them in consequence of a liction 
 that Hercules, in his travels to find 
 the oxen of Geryon, raised these two 
 mountains as monuments of his 
 journey, and placed on them the in- 
 scription, '^Ne plus ultra" importing 
 that they marked the utmost limits 
 of the habitable world in that direc- 
 tion. The Pillars of Hercules long 
 remained deeply fixed in the Greek 
 mind as a terminus of human adven- 
 ture and aspiration. 
 
 Perhaps the strongest circumstance of the 
 whole was, that the old dethroned king of 
 Spain, and his consort, undertook u journey, 
 for the purposeof carr> ingtheir itersonal con- 
 gratulations on the li'irtli (if nil liiir, to one 
 who had deposed, anil wnsdctainiiigiii prison, 
 their own lineage, and had laitl Spain, their 
 native dominions, in blood, from the Pvrenees 
 to the J'illars of Jfercules. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Pinch. A schoolmaster and conjurer 
 in Shakespeare's " Comedy of Er- 
 rors." 
 
 Pinch, Tom. A character in Dick- 
 ens's '• -Alartin Chuzzlcwit," distin- 
 guished by his guilelessness, his odd- 
 ity, his excessive modesty, aud his 
 exhaustlcss goodness of heart. 
 
 Pinchwife, Mr. A prominent char- 
 acter in Wvcherlej-'s comedy of 
 " The Country Wife." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 PIN 
 
 294 
 
 PLA 
 
 She [Lndy DroKlifcln] well knew in what 
 
 cstecmi-ciiijii;;:!] ti.klity wiis lu'lil am. in;; the 
 line gentle'iueii tluTc-. und watched her t.)wu 
 luisbaiid as assiiliiuuslj' as Mr. J'wc/iu-i/,: 
 watched his country wite. Macaulau. 
 
 Pinchwife, Mrs. The heroine of 
 Wyclierley's " Countiy Wife." See 
 Agnks, 1. 
 
 Pindar, Peter. A pseudonym adopted 
 by Dr. John Wolcott (1738-1819). 
 Ill his fn-st iiiiblieation, " Lj'rie Odes 
 to the Koyal Aeademicians l'orl782," 
 he styles "himself " a distant relation 
 of the poet of Thebes." 
 
 Pindar of "Wakefield. See Glorge 
 a-Grkex. 
 
 Pine-tree State. A popular name 
 of the State of Maine, tlie central and 
 northern portions of which are cov- 
 ered with extensive pine forests. 
 
 Pip. [A childish corruption of Philip 
 Piri'ij).] A by-name of the hero of 
 Dickens's novel of " Great Expecta- 
 tions." 
 
 Piper, Tom. One of the characters 
 making up a morris-dance. 
 
 So have I seen 
 Tom riper stand upon our viUasc green. 
 Backed with the JIay-pole, while a gentle 
 
 crew. 
 In gentle motion, circularly threw 
 Themselves ahout Inni. Win. Browne. 
 
 Piper of Hamelin, The Pied. See 
 Tied Pipeii of IIamehn. 
 
 Pipes, Tora. The name of a char- 
 acter in Smollett's " Adventures of 
 Peregrine Pickle;" celebrated for his 
 taciturnity, and represented as a re- 
 tired boatswain's mate, living with 
 the eccentric Commodore Trunnion 
 to keep the servants in order. 
 
 One wonders, Were Pipes and Hatchway 
 there in [Commodore] Jlartin's squadron? 
 In what station Commodore Trunnion did 
 then serve in the British Navy ? CarJijle. 
 
 Pi-rith'o-us. [Gr. netpi'eoos.] ( Gr. </■ 
 Horn. Mijlli.) A son of Ixion, and a 
 king of the Lapithie. His fricndsliip 
 for Theseus, king of Athens, was 
 proverbial. After the death of Ilip- 
 podamia, he descended, in company 
 with Theseus, to the infernal regions, 
 to carry away Proserpine; but Pluto, 
 who was advised of their intention, 
 bound Pirithous to his father's Avheel 
 (see Ixion), and Theseus to a mon- 
 strous stone. 
 
 Pi-r.a'ni-o. A servant to Posthiimus, 
 
 in Shakespeare's " Cymheline." He 
 is distinguished for faithful attach- 
 ment to Imogen, his master's wile. 
 Pistol, Ancient. A follower of Fal- 
 statl', ill Shakespeare's " Merrj' Wives 
 of Windsor," and in the Second Part 
 of " King Henry the Fourth." He 
 is a bully and a swaggerer by profes- 
 sion. 
 
 f)^^ Perhaps from pistolfo, explained 
 by Florio as "a roguing beggar, a cau- 
 tler, au upright niau that liveth by cozen- 
 age." HaitiwcU. 
 
 In this mood, if any one endeavoured to 
 bring Sir Arthur down to the regions of com- 
 mon life, his replies were iu the vein of An- 
 cient I'istol : — 
 
 "A fieo for the world, and worldlings base ! 
 
 I speak of Africa and golden joys .' " 
 
 iHir W. iScolf. 
 
 I only say, that I read from habit and from 
 indolence, not from real interest; that, like 
 Ancient J-'istot devouring bis lock, I read and 
 swear till I get to the end of the narrative. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Plagiary, Sir Fretful. A character 
 in Sheridan's Jjlay, " The Critic," 
 designed, it is said, for Richard Cum- 
 berland (1732-1811), an Enghsh dra- 
 matic writer, noted for his vanity 
 and irritability. 
 
 He has, therefore, no reason to complain; 
 and I dare say, that, liUe Sir J-'rctfull'Iciniin i \ 
 he is rather pleased than otherwise. lijirott. 
 
 Plain, The. [Fr. La rktine.] (Fr. 
 Hist. ) A name given to that part of 
 the benches, in the National Conven- 
 tion, occupied bj' the Girondists, or 
 the more moderate among the de])- 
 uties; hence, those deputies them- 
 selves. The Plain succumbed iu the 
 contest with "The Jlountain." See 
 Mountain, The, and Maksii, The. 
 
 Plain and Perspicuous Doctor. 
 [Lat. Doctor Planus tt Ptrsjncuus, or 
 Conspicuus.'] An honorary title be- 
 stowed upon Walter Burleigh (1275- 
 1057), a famous scholastic, by his 
 admiring contemporaries. He is said 
 to have combated the opinions of 
 Duns Scotus Avith great vigour. 
 
 Platonic Puritan. An a]ipellatiGn 
 given to John Howe (1C30-17CG), a 
 distinguished Non-conformist divine, 
 and a man of great general learning. 
 His writings are distinguished lor 
 their originality, profundity, and phil- 
 osophical calmness and comprehen- 
 
 Gj~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 TLE 
 
 295 POE 
 
 Ple'iad, The. A title given, in allu- 
 sion to the seven stars of this name, 
 to a jjroup or reunion of seven cele- 
 brated persons. 
 
 1. The run.osopiiiCAL Pleiad. 
 See Skvkn Wisk Men of Gueece. 
 
 2. The First LiTEJt.vr.v Pleiad, 
 or Plelvd ok Alexandhia, was 
 instituted bv Ptolemy IMiiladelplius, 
 and composed of the coutemporurv 
 ])oets, Callimachus, Apollonms ot 
 Khodes, Aratus, Homer the younger, 
 Lvcopln-on, Nicaniler, and Theocritus. 
 
 "3. The LrrEitAHY Plelvd of 
 Charlemagne was a sort of acad- 
 emy founded bv that monarch, in 
 which Alcuin was called Albintis; 
 Ani^'dhert, Homer; Adelard, Aiu/iis- 
 tint; Kiculfe, Dimmlns ; and Charle- 
 magne himself, JJMid. Varnet'rid 
 and one other completed the Pleiad. 
 
 4. A literary school in France, in 
 the sixteenth century, of which 
 Eonsard was the head, and six of 
 his admirers the remaining mem- 
 bers; namelv, the poets Joachim du 
 liellay, Antoine de Baif, Amadis 
 Ja.nvn, Belleau, Jodelle, and Ponthus 
 de fhiard. They were at first called 
 Ln BrUjade. 
 
 Ple'i-a-des (ple'yS-dez, 20). [Gr. 
 HAeioSe?.] {Or. (j- Rom. Myth.) Sev- 
 en daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
 named Electra, Alcyone, Celsno, 
 ISIaia, Steropa, Taygetc, and Merope. 
 Their historv is ditferently related, 
 but all authorities agree that they 
 were transformed into the constel- 
 lation which bears their name. Only 
 six of these stars are visible to the 
 naked ej'c; and the ancients believed 
 that the seventh (Merope) hid her- 
 self from shame, she alone having 
 married a mortal, while her sisters 
 were the wives of gods. 
 
 PlSy'dell, Mr. Paulus. A shrewd 
 and witty lawyer in Scott's novel of 
 " Guy Mannering." 
 
 Did the old ficntlcman who drawls ahrmt 
 the bonzin? buflooiiery of the " Noctes " ever 
 hear of a celebrated lawyer, one T'leitdell. who, 
 in his leisure hours, was strenuously addieted 
 to lli^h Jiuks y J\offes Ainbrosiaua;. 
 
 Pliant, Sir Paul. An uxorious, fool- 
 ish old knight, in Congreve's comedy 
 
 r^f " Tlio lV>iil^lo T)f>nlor." 
 
 of " The Double Dealer.' 
 
 Of what consequence is it to Virtue, or how 
 is she at all eoiiecrned aboiit it, . . . who la 
 the fatl\er of Lord Froth's or Sir I'aiit Ptiunts 
 children ? Chuiks Laiiib. 
 
 Plon-plon, Prince dilo^'plon', 02). 
 A nickname given to I'rince Napoleon 
 Joseph Charles Bonaparte, son of 
 Jerome Bonaparte by his second wife, 
 the I'rincess Frederiea Catherine of 
 ^Vurtemberg. 
 Ploughman, Piers. The hero of a 
 celebrated satirical poem (" 'J'lie 
 Vision of Piers Ploughman ") of the 
 fourteenth century, of which Robert 
 Langland (or Laiiglande) is the re- 
 puted author. Piers is represented 
 as falling asleep on the Malvern Hills, 
 ill Worcestershire, and as having a 
 series of dreams. In describing these, 
 he exposes the corrui)tioiis of society, 
 and particularly the dissoluteness and 
 avarice of the religious orders, with 
 great humour and fancy, but consider- 
 able bitterness. An imitation of the 
 "Vision," called " Piers Ploughman's 
 Creed," appears to have been written 
 about the end of the fourteenth cen- 
 turj'. It is an exposition of the imped- 
 iments and temptations which beset 
 this mortal life. The method, like that 
 of Bunvan's " Pilgrim's Progress," 
 is allegorical, but the spirit of the 
 poetry is not so much picturesque as 
 satirical. 
 Plu'to. [Gr. n.VouTuji'.] (Gr. (^- Rom. 
 Mijlh.) A son of Saturn and Ops, 
 brother of Jupiter and Neptune, hus- 
 band of Proserpine, and the inexo- 
 rable king of the under-world. See 
 Proserpine. [Called also Dis.'] 
 Plu'tus. [Gr. nAouTo?.] ( Gr. <$■ Rom. 
 M/jlh.) The god of riches; a son of 
 lasius, or lasion, and Ceres. 
 Plymley, Peter. A pseudonym 
 under which Svdney Smith (177)- 
 18-i5), published a jjowerful political 
 tract, entitled " Letters on the Sub- 
 ject of the' Catholics, to my Brother 
 "Abraham, who lives in the Country." 
 Pochi Danari (po'keo da-na'reo). 
 [It., the penniless.] A sobriquet 
 given by the Italians to Jlaximihan 
 I. (1453-1.519), emperor of Germany. 
 Poet of Poets. A name often given 
 to Shelley (1792-1822), who is pre- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 POE 
 
 296 
 
 POL 
 
 eminent among modem writers for 
 the compass of his imagination and 
 the peculiar graces of his style. 
 Macaulay saj's that the words 
 " bard " and "'inspiration, " generally 
 so unmeaning when applied to mod- 
 ern poets, have a special signilicanco 
 when applied to Shelley. 
 
 Poets' Corner. An angle in the 
 south transept of Westminster Abbej', 
 London; — popularly so called from 
 the fact that it contains the tombs of 
 Chaucer, Spenser, and other eminent 
 English poets, and memorial tablets, 
 busts, statues, or monuments, to many 
 who are buried in other places. 
 
 Poet Squab. A nickname given by 
 Lord Rochester to Dryden, on ac- 
 count of his corpulence in later life. 
 
 Poins. A companion of Sir John 
 Falstaff in the two parts of Shake- 
 speare's " King Henry IV." [Writ- 
 ten also P oyns.] 
 
 We were still further removed from the 
 days of " the mad prince and Poins." 
 
 Sir IT. ffcolt. 
 The chronicles of that iay contain accounts 
 of many a mad prank which he [Lord War- 
 wick, Addison's step-son] played, as we have 
 legends of a still earlier date of the lawless 
 freaks of the wild prince and Poijns. 
 
 Tlutckcray. 
 
 Polish Bay'ard. A name given to 
 Prince Joseph Poniatowski (ITGS- 
 1814), a Polish general of distin- 
 guished bravery. 
 
 Polish By'rSn (9). A name which 
 has been very generally given to the 
 Polish poet, Adam Mickiewicz (1798- 
 1855). It has been said to convey 
 " as correct a notion of the nature 
 and the extent of his genius as any 
 single epithet could possibly do." 
 
 Polish Franklin. An epithet con- 
 ferred u])on Thaddeus Czacki (17G5- 
 1813), a distinguished counsellor, phi- 
 losopher, and historian of Poland. 
 
 Polish Vol-taire'. A name popular- 
 ly given to Ignatius Krasicki (ITT-t- 
 1801), one of the most distinguished 
 literary men of Poland, and author 
 of a great number of works in prose 
 and verse. 
 
 Polixene (po'lek'san'). An assumed 
 name, adopted, instead of her bap- 
 tismal one of Maddon^i by a female 
 
 character in Moliere's famous com- 
 edy, " Les Precieuses Ridicules." 
 
 Po-lix'e-nes. King of Bohemia, in 
 Shakespeare's " Winter's Tale." 
 
 Pol'lux. A famous pugilist, the twin 
 brother of Castor. See Castor. 
 
 Po-lo'ni-us. Lord chamberlain to the 
 king of Denmark, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Hamlet." 
 
 j8®=" " Polonius ... is the personified 
 memory of wisdom no longer actually po.s- 
 sessed. This admirable character is always 
 misrepresented on the stage. Shakespeare 
 never intended to exhibit him as a buf- 
 foon ; for, although it was natural that 
 Hamlet — a young man of fire and genius, 
 detesting formality , and disliking Polonius 
 on political grounds, as imagining that he 
 had assisted his uncle in his usurpation 
 — should express himself satirically, yet 
 this must not be taken as exactly the 
 poet's conception of him. In Polonius, a 
 certain induration of character had arisen 
 from long habits of business ; but take 
 his advice to Laertes, and Ophelia's rev- 
 erence for his memory, and we shall see 
 that he was meant to be represented as a 
 statesman somewhat past his faculties, — 
 his recollections of life all full of wis- 
 dom, and showing aknowledge of human 
 nature, whilst what immediately takes 
 place before him, and escapes from him, 
 is indicative of weakness. ... In the 
 great, ever-recurring dangers and duties 
 of life, — where to distinguish the fit ob- 
 jects for the application of the maxims 
 collected by the experience of a long life 
 requires no fineness of tact, as in the 
 admonitions to his son and daughter, — 
 Polonius is uniformly made respectable." 
 Coleridge. 
 
 Po-lyd'a-mas. [Gr. no\v5<£^to?.] A 
 Grecian athlete, famous for his im- 
 mense size and strength. Many 
 marvellous stories are related of him, 
 as that, when unarmed, he killed a 
 huge and fierce lion, stopped a chariot 
 in full career, lifted a mad bull, and 
 the like. He is said to have met hvs 
 death in attempting to stop or to sus- 
 tain a falling rock. 
 
 Pol'y-deu'ces. [Gr. noAu5euK»)5.] ( Gr. 
 if- Rom. jMytli.) The Greek form of 
 Pollux. See Pollux. 
 
 Pol'y-dore. [Lat. Polydoms, Gr. 
 IToAOaiopo?.] 1. {Gr. (f- 'Rom. Mtjtit.) 
 The youngest son of Priam and 
 Hecuba; he was killed for his riches 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 roL 
 
 297 
 
 POP 
 
 by Polymnestor, king of Thrace, who 
 had been intrusted with the care of 
 him. 
 
 2. A feigned name assumed by 
 Guiderius, in Shakespeare's " Cym- 
 beliue." 
 
 Pol'j^-hym'ni-S, or Po-lym'ni-a. 
 [(ir. lloAi^iui'ia.j (Cr. if Jiiwi. Mijth.) 
 One of the Muses ; the one wlio pre- 
 sided over rhetoric and singing. She 
 was reputed to be the inventress of 
 the lyre. 
 
 Pol'y-ni'ces. [Gr. IIoAv;'6ik7j;.] {Gr. 
 ()'■ Rom. Mjfdi.) Son of Gidipus and 
 Jocasta, and brother of Eteocles. See 
 Eteocles and Seven against 
 Thebes. 
 
 Pol'y-phe'mus. [Gr. noAv'<|)T)/iio?.] {Gr. 
 (f Bom. Myth.) A son of Neptune, 
 and one of the Cyclops, who dwelt 
 in Sicily. He was a cruel monster, 
 of immense size and strength, and 
 had but one eya, which was in the 
 middle of his forehead. "When Ulys- 
 ses landed in Sicily, he, with twelve 
 of his companions, got caught in the 
 ca.o of Polyphemus, and six of the 
 number were eaten by the tremendous 
 cannibal. The rest were in expecta- 
 tion of the same fate, but their cun- 
 ning leader enabled them to escape, 
 by contriving to intoxicate Polyphe- 
 mus, and tlien destroying his single 
 eye with a tire-brand. [Written also 
 poetically, and in an Anglicised form, 
 P olypiie m e.] 
 
 Po-mo'na. [Lat., cognate viWhpominn, 
 fruit.] '(Rom. JtJi/th.) The goddess 
 of fruit and fruit-trees. See Ver- 
 
 TUMNUS. 
 
 Pom'pey. The name of a clown, in 
 Shakespeare's '" Measure for Meas- 
 ure." 
 
 Ponocrates (po-nok'ra-tez; Fr. jtron. 
 po'nok'rS-tess'). The name of (<ar- 
 gantua's tutor, in Kabelais' famous 
 romance. 
 
 Pons As'i-no'rum. [Lat., Bridge of 
 Asses.] A name given to the famous 
 forty-seventh proposition of the first 
 book of Euclid's " Elements," from 
 the circumstance that tyros usually 
 find much difficulty in getting over it. 
 
 Poor Richard. The feifrned author 
 
 of a series of Almanacs (commenced 
 in 1732, and continued for twenty-five 
 years), really written by Penjamin 
 Pranklin, and distinguisiied for their 
 inculcation of the prudential virtues, 
 as temperance, frugality, order, jus- 
 tice, cleanliness, chastity, and tlic 
 like, by means of maxims or precepts, 
 which, it has been said, " are as valu- 
 able as any thing that has descended 
 from Pythagoras." See Sauxder.s, 
 
 KlCIIAKD. 
 
 Few of the many wise apothegms which 
 have been uttered, from the time of tlic .Seven 
 Saj.'os of Greece to that of J'oor Ukhnril, have 
 prevented a Binyle fbolisli action. Jlacuiilwj. 
 
 Poor Robin. The imaginary- author 
 of a celebrated series of Almanacs 
 first published in IfJGl or l(i()2. and 
 said to have originated with Pobert 
 Ilerrick, the poet. Other books were 
 also published under the same name, 
 as " Poor Pobin's Visions," " Poor 
 Iiobin's Pathway to Knowledge," &c. 
 
 Pope Joan. See Joan, Pope. 
 
 Pope of Philosophy. An appellation 
 conferred upon Aristotle (b. c. 384— 
 322), in modern times, on account of 
 the boundless reverence paid to his 
 name, the inlallibility ascribed to his 
 teaching, and the despotic influence 
 which his system of thought exercised 
 upon the strongest minds of Europe 
 for centuries. 
 
 Popish Plot. (Enfj.Hist.) The name 
 given to an imaginary plot on the 
 part of the Roman Catholics in the 
 time of Charles II., to massacre the 
 Protestants, burn the city of London, 
 and assassinate the king. The fiction 
 was devised by one Titus Oates, an 
 miprineipled and vagabond adven- 
 turer, who had been successively au 
 Anabaptist minister, a clergyman of 
 the Established Cluu'ch, and a Roman 
 Catholic. By the aid of suborned 
 witnesses, he procured the judieial 
 murder of many innocent persons; 
 but a violent reaction at last set in, 
 and he was tried, convicted of per- 
 jury, pilloried, whipped, and impris- 
 oned. 
 
 Poplar, Anthony. A name assumed 
 by the editor of the "Dublin IJni- 
 versit}' Magazine," when it was first 
 started. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 POR 
 
 298 
 
 roR 
 
 Porcupine, Peter. A psoudonvm 
 adopted by William Cobbett (17ij2- 
 1S-J5), a vciUiinindus political writer. 
 In 17!JG, he established in Philadel- 
 phia " Peter Porcupine's Gazette." 
 An edition of the Porcupine Papers, 
 in 12 vols., was published in London 
 in 18D1. 
 
 Pork-op'o-lis. [Eng. porh, and Gr. 
 TTiiAts, city.] A jocular nickname for 
 the city of Cincinnati, which is one 
 of the greatest markets for pork in 
 America. 
 
 Por'rex. See Feheex. 
 
 Por'se-na, or Por-sen'na, Lars. A 
 legendary king of Etruria, who made 
 war on Home on account of the ban- 
 ishment of the Tarquins fi-om that 
 city. Macaulay has made him the 
 subject of one of the most magnifi- 
 cent of his "Lays of Ancient Rome." 
 
 Porte-Crayon. A pseudonym of 
 David H. Strother, author of an in- 
 teresting series of illustrated papers 
 published in " Harper's Magazine." 
 
 Por'ti-a (por'slil-a, or por'shi-a). A 
 rich heii-ess, in Shakespeare's " JNIer- 
 chant of Venice." She is in love 
 with Bassanio ; but her choice of a 
 husband is restrained by a whim of 
 her deceased father, who deposited 
 her picture in one of three locked 
 caskets, of gold, silver, and lead, 
 respectively, with the testamentary 
 proviso that her hand and fortune 
 were to be bestowed upon that suitor 
 only who should guess which of the 
 caskets contained her likeness. For- 
 eign princes, who come to try their 
 luck, select the golden and silv-er 
 chests, which contain nothing but a 
 death's-head and a fool's head, with 
 .scrolls bearing mocking mottoes ; 
 but Bassanio fortunately chooses the 
 "meagre lead," and wins his mis- 
 tress. Soon after, his friend Antonio, 
 a wealthy merchant, having thought- 
 lessly signed a bond in favour of 
 Shyiock, a Jewish usurer, by which 
 he agreed to forfeit a pound'of flesh 
 in case of failure to repay in a stip- 
 ulated time a sum of money which 
 he had borrowed, and being unable, 
 from a concurrence of unfortunate 
 circumstances, to meet the obligation. 
 
 Portia, in the disguise of a " young 
 doctor of Rome," and under the 
 assumed name of Balthazar, man- 
 ages to have the case tried before 
 herself, and at last gives judgment' 
 against the Jew. Bassanio urges her 
 to accept of three thousand ducats — 
 the sum due to Shyiock from Antonio 
 — byway of remuneration; but she 
 begs for a ring that she had once 
 given him, and which he had sworn 
 never to sell, or give away, or lose. 
 He begs to be excused from parting 
 with it, but is finally over-persuaded, 
 and lets her have it. This incident 
 furnishes the occasion for a simu- 
 lated quarrel between Bassanio and 
 Portia when they meet at Portia's 
 house in Belmont. The story of the 
 bond is of Eastern origin. 
 
 Portuguese A-pollo. A title bo- 
 stowed upon Luis Camoens (1527- 
 1579), the great national poet of 
 Portugal. See Apollo. 
 
 Portuguese Liv'y. An appellation 
 conferred upon Joao de Barros ( 1490- 
 1570), the most distinguished of 
 Portuguese historians. His style is 
 greatly admired. 
 
 Portuguese Mars. A title of Affonso 
 de Alboquerque (1452-1515), viceroy 
 of India, and a man of extraordinary 
 wisdom and enterprise, who, in 150o, 
 took possession of Goa, which he 
 made the centre of Portuguese pow- 
 er and commerce in Asia, and sub- 
 dued the Avhole of Malabar, Ceylon, 
 the Sunda Isles, and the peninsula of 
 Malacca. 
 
 Portuguese Wos'tra-da'mus. A 
 surname of Gon9alo Annes Bandarra 
 (d. 1556), a poet-cobbler, whose writ- 
 ings were suppressed by the Inquisi- 
 tion. 
 
 Portuguese Ifun. Mariana Alcafo- 
 rada (d. about 1700), a Portuguese 
 lady who addressed a series of famous 
 letters to the Chevalier de Chamilly, 
 with whom she was deeply in love, 
 though he did not reciprocate her 
 passion. She derived the sobriquet 
 from her supposed connection with a 
 convent. 
 
 Portuguese Ti'ti-Sn (tish'i-an). A 
 title given to Alon'zo Sanches Coello 
 
 C.3" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 roR 
 
 299 
 
 PKA 
 
 (1515-1500), a Portuguese painter 
 ■whose style is thouglit to resemble 
 that of the illustrious Italian painter, 
 Yeeellio Tiziano, or Titian. 
 "5r-tu'nu3 (G). [Lat., from ;)0?'^;(s, a 
 iiarbour.] (Jioni. Miith.) The pro- 
 leeting god of harbours. 
 Po-sei'don. [Gr. llo<rct5ui'.] (Mi/th.) 
 The Greek name of iWjitunt. bee 
 
 Post'hu-mus, Le'o-na'tus. Hus- 
 band to Imogen, in Shakespeare's 
 " C^'mbcline." He is distinguished 
 for his rash but unsuccessful jilotting 
 of his wife's death as a punishment 
 of her supposed infidelity to him. 
 
 Potage, Jean (zho" ])o'tazh', G-2). A 
 grotesque character on the l*'reuch 
 stage. See Hanswukst. 
 
 Pounce, Mr. Peter. A character in 
 Fielding's novel, " The Adventures 
 of Joseph Andrews." See Adams, 
 Parson Abhaham. 
 
 Poundtext, Peter. An "indulged 
 pastor" with the Covenanters' armv. 
 in oir Waher Scott's '' Old Mortal- 
 ity." 
 
 Pourceaugnac M. de (mos'e^/ du 
 poof'son'yak', 43, 78). The hereof 
 Jloliere's comed}' of the same name; 
 a pompous country gentleman who 
 comes to Paris to maiTy Julie, — the 
 heroine of the piece, — the authority 
 of her father having destined her 
 hand to him. But Julie has a Inver, 
 and this lover ]ilays off so many 
 tricks and mystilieations u)inn the 
 provincial suitor that he finally re- 
 linquishes his suit in despair. 
 
 Pow'ell, Mary. A pseudonym of 
 Jlrs. Richard Eathboue, a v/ritcr of 
 the present da}'. 
 
 Poy'ningg' Law. (TrisJt Ilist.) A 
 law passed by a parliament sum- 
 moned to meet at Droghcda, by Sir 
 Edward PojMiings, governor of Ire- 
 land in the time of Henry VII. 
 This memorable statute established 
 tile authority of the English govern- 
 ment in Ireland. 
 
 P. P., Clerk of this Parish. The 
 feigned author of a lunnourous and 
 celebrated volume of Jlemoirs real- 
 ly %\-ritten by Arbuthnot, in ridicule 
 
 of Burnet's "Ilistoiy of ily 0«ti 
 Times." The following extract will 
 give an idea of this famous work: — 
 
 " In the nanio of the Lord, Anion. 
 I, r. P., Clerk of this I'urisU, by the 
 grace of Uod write this history. . . . 
 Even wheu I was at scliool uiv niistn-ss 
 did ever extol mo above the rest of tlio 
 youth, in that 1 had a laudable voice. 
 Aud it was furtlicrmore observed that 1 
 took a kindly affection unto that black 
 letter in which our Bibles are priutod. 
 Yea, often did I exercise mj'self in sing- 
 ing goodly ballads, such as ' The Lady 
 and Death,' ' Tlie Children in the 
 Wood,' aud ' Chevy Chase ; ' and not, 
 like other children, in lewd and trivial 
 ditties. Moreover, while I was a boy, 
 I always ventured to lead the psalm 
 next after Master William Harris, uiy 
 predecessor, who (it must be confessed 
 to the glory of God) was a most excellent 
 parish clerk in that his daj*. . . . Ever 
 since I arrived at the age of discretion, 
 I had a call to take upon me the function 
 of a parish clerk ; and to thjit end it 
 seemed to me meet and profitable to as- 
 sociate myself with the parish clerks of 
 this land, — such, I mean, as were right 
 worthy in their calling, and of becom- 
 ing gravity. Now it came to pass that I 
 was born in the year of our Lord, Anno 
 Domini, 1655, the year wherein our wor- 
 thy benefactor Esquire IJret did add one 
 bell to the ring of this parish. So that 
 it hath been wittily said, that ' one and 
 the same day did give to this our church 
 two rare gifts, — its gi'cat bell, and its 
 clerk.' " 
 
 Those who were plnccd nroimd it fa dinner- 
 table] had those feeUnf;s of awe with wliich 
 i*. 1'., Clerk of the I'nrisli, described himself 
 oppressed, when he first iii)litle(l the ps.ilm in 
 presence of those persons of hiijh worship, the 
 wise Mr. Justice Freonian, the (;ood Lady 
 Jones, and the great Sir Thonius Truby. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The example of the famous " 1'. P., Clerk 
 of this I'arish," was never more faithfidly fol- 
 lowed. Ilawllionie. 
 
 Interspersed also are long, purely autobio- 
 graphical delineations, yet without connec- 
 tion, without reeognisuljle coherence; so un- 
 important, so superfluously minute, they al- 
 most remind us of "I'. P., Clark of this 
 I'arisli." Carhjle. 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction. (Hist.) A 
 decree by which, in the year 1713, 
 Charles VI., emperor of Germany, 
 and the last descendant in the male 
 line of the house of Austria, settled 
 his dominions on his daughter, the 
 Archduchess Maria Theresa, wife of 
 Francis of Lorraine. Her succession 
 was guaranteed by Great Britain, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after ceitain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 PRA 
 
 800 
 
 PEE 
 
 France, the States General, and most 
 of the Eiir<))jcan powers, and slic 
 ascended the throne in October, 1740; 
 l)ut a general European -war was the 
 result. 
 
 >(!Qf Tlie term '' Pragmatic Sanction " 
 is sometimes applied to other solemn 
 ordinances or decrees relating cither to 
 Church or State affairs ; but that by 
 which the empire of Germany was set- 
 tled in the house of Austria is the most 
 celebrated of all. 
 
 Prairie State. A name popularly 
 given to Illinois, in allusion to the 
 Avide - spread and beautiful prairies 
 ■which form a striking feature of the 
 scenery of the State. 
 
 Prasildo (pra-zel'do). A nobleman 
 of Bab3ion, in Bojardo's " Orlando 
 Innamorato," noted for his devoted 
 friendship for Iroldo, with whose wife, 
 Tisbina, he falls violently in love. 
 Being overheard by her and her 
 husband threatening" to kill himself, 
 the lady, hoping to divert him from 
 his passion by time and absence, prom- 
 ises to return it on condition of his 
 performing a distant and perilous 
 adventure. He performs the adven- 
 ture ; and the husband and wife, sup- 
 posing that there is no other way of 
 her escaping the consequences, resolve 
 to take poison ; after which the lady 
 goes to Prasildo's house, and informs 
 him of their having done so. Prasildo 
 resolves to die with them ; but hear- 
 ing, in the mean time, that the apoth- 
 ecary had given them a drink that 
 ■was harmless, he goes and tells them 
 of their good fortune; upon which 
 the husband is so struck with his 
 generosity, that he voluntarily quits 
 Babylon for life, and the lady marries 
 the lover. The new husband subse- 
 quently hears that his friend's life is 
 in danger, and quits the wife to go 
 and deliver him from it at the risk of 
 his own. 
 
 Preacher, The. A title sometimes 
 given to Solomon, " the son of David, 
 king in Jerusalem," and author of 
 the book of " Ecclesiastes," — a word 
 which signifies 7J7'eac/ier. 
 
 Thus Raith Tlie Preacher : "Naught hencath 
 
 the sun 
 Is new;" yet still from change to chanse we 
 
 run. liijron. 
 
 1 
 
 Precht, Frau (frow prekt). Si 
 
 Bertha, Frau. 
 Pr6cieuses Ridicules, Les (la pri' 
 se^oz' re'de'kul', 34, 43). The titl 
 of a comedy by Moliere (1G22-1673_ 
 and a name given to its heroines' 
 Aminte and Polixene, who represent 
 a class of Avomen among Moliere's 
 contemporaries remarkable for their 
 affectation of extreme politeness, 
 their high-flown sentiments, their 
 metaphysical conceits, and their eu- 
 phuistic style of speaking and Avrit- 
 ing. 
 
 ;e®=" It has been customary to say that 
 Moliere's charming satire was aimed at 
 the Hotel de Rambouillet, a famous cote- 
 rie of the most accomplished and illus- 
 trious wits, critics, scholars, and poets, 
 of both sexes, to be found in Paris dur- 
 ing the seventeenth century ; but the 
 notion has been shown to be utterly 
 groundless. In its original acceptation, 
 the word precieuse was an honourable 
 designation, signifying a woman who, to 
 grace and dignity of manner, added ele- 
 gance and culture of mind. It was there- 
 fore applied with perfect propriety to the 
 brilliant and cultivated ladies of the 
 Kambouillet circle. But, in the course 
 of time, grotesque imitations of the man- 
 ners and style of the Hotel became prev- 
 alent both in Paris and the provinces, 
 and the epithet consequently tools on a 
 tinge of reproach or contempt. 
 
 PrSs'ter John. [That is, the Priest, 
 or the Presbyter, John.] The name 
 given, in the Middle Ages, to a sup- 
 posed Christian sovereign and priest 
 in the interior of Asia, whose domin- 
 ions ■were variously placed. The 
 story is said to have originated in the 
 fact that the Nestorian missionaries, 
 in the eleventh or twelfth centurj', 
 penetrated into Eastern Asia, and 
 converted Ung (or Ungh Khan), the 
 chief of the Kerait, or Krit, Tartars. 
 This name the}' corrupted or trans- 
 lated into Prester John, Utiff being 
 turned into " Jachanan," or "John," 
 and Khan being rendered by " Priest." 
 His fame spread to Europe, and not 
 only furnished the material of num- 
 berless mediaeval legends, but supplied 
 the occasion of several missionarj' ex- 
 peditions to the East. 
 
 I will go on the lightest errand now to the 
 Antipodes that you can devise to Bend me on ; 
 I will fetch you a tooth-picker now from the 
 
 D3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PRE 
 
 301 
 
 PKI 
 
 furthest inch of Asia; bring you the length 
 iif I'rester John's foot; fetch you a luur of the 
 great Cham's beard; do you any embassage 
 to the Pvgmies, — rather tlian hold three 
 words' couterence with tliis harpy. Shak. 
 
 Pres'to. [It. and Sp., quick, nimble, 
 .-swift, from Lat. prceslus, ready.] A 
 name given to Swift by the Duchess 
 of Shrewsbury, who, being a for- 
 eigner, could liot remember the Eng- 
 lish word swift. The sobric)uet is 
 frequentlv used in Swift's " Joimial 
 to Stella." See Stella. 
 
 Pretenders, The. Jame.s Francis 
 Edward Stuart, son of Jaiues II., 
 and Charles Edward Stuart, grand- 
 son of James II. ; called respectively, 
 the Elder and the Younger Pretender. 
 By the forced abdication and flight 
 of James II., in 1688, tiie crown of 
 England passed to William, Prince 
 of Orange (who was the son of Mary, 
 daughter of Charles I.), and to Mary, 
 his wife (who was the daughter of 
 James II., and consequently causin 
 to William). The Acts of Settlement 
 passeti in the reign of William III. 
 (A. D. 1701 and 1708) secured the 
 succession of the house of Hanover 
 to the English throne. The Elder 
 Pretender made some vain attempts 
 to recover the kingdom, but siuTcn- 
 dered his claims, in 1743, to his sou, 
 Charles Edward, the Younger Pre- 
 tender, who, in the following year, 
 invaded Great Britain from France, 
 and fought gallantly for the throne 
 of his ancestors, but was signally 
 defeated at CuUoden, in 174G, and 
 compelled to escape to the Continent. 
 
 Prettyman, Prince. See PitiNX'i: 
 
 PUETTYMAN. 
 
 Pri'Sm. [Lat. Pnamns, Gr. iTpia^o?.] 
 [Gr. if Bom. Myth.) A son of Laom- 
 edon, and the last king of Troy ; 
 husband of Hecuba, and father of 
 Hector, Helenus, Paris, Deiphobus, 
 Polyxena, Troilus, Cassandra, &c. 
 He was slain by Pyrrhus, the son of 
 Achilles, the same night on which 
 Troy was taken by the Greeks. 
 
 Pri'a-pus. [Gr. npidTro?.] (Gr. if 
 Rom. jMiith.) The god of procrea- 
 tion in general, or a deitied personili- 
 catioa of the fructifying principle in 
 nature. He was worshipped particu- 
 
 larly as the god of gardens and vine- 
 yards, and of whatever pertains to 
 agriculture. He is variously described 
 as the son of Adonis and Venus, of 
 Bacchus and Venus, and of Mercury 
 and Chione. 
 
 Pride's Purge. {Knrj. Hist.) A name 
 given to a violent invasion of parlia- 
 mentary rights, in lU-tlt, by Colonel 
 Pride, who, at the head of" two regi- 
 ments, surrounded the house of com- 
 mons, and seized in the passage forty- 
 one members of the Presbyterian 
 party, whom lie confined. Above 
 one hundred and si.xty others were 
 excluded, and none admitted but 
 the most furious and determined of 
 the Independents. These privileged 
 members were called " The Kump." 
 
 Prid'win. The name of Arthur's 
 shield, on which the picture of the 
 blessed Virgin Mary was painted, in 
 order to put him frequently in mind 
 of her. [Written also Priwen.] 
 
 The temper of his sword, the tried Exealibor, 
 The bigness and the length of Rone, his 
 
 noble spear, 
 "With }'ritlifiii, his great bhield, and wliat the 
 
 proof could bear. Uraylon. 
 
 Primrose, George. A character in 
 Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakelield," 
 who went to Amsterdam to teach 
 Dutchmen English, without recollect- 
 ing, until he landed, that ho should 
 first know something of Dutch him- 
 self. 
 
 Primrose, Moses. A character in 
 Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakefield; " 
 celebrated for his tiuiet pedantry and 
 blundering simplicity, and especially 
 for having bartered away a good 
 horse for a gross of worthless green 
 .spectacles with tortoise-shell rims and 
 shagreen cases. 
 
 As for myself, I expect to rival honest Prim- 
 rose's son Moses in Ilia great bargain of the 
 green spectacles. W. Jrvvig. 
 
 Primrose, Mrs. Deborah. The wife 
 of the vicar, in Goldsmith's novel, 
 "The Vicar of Wakefield." She is 
 distinguished for her boasted skill in 
 housewifery, her motherly vanity, her 
 pride in her husband, and her desire 
 to appear genteel. 
 
 Thackeray's works, like 3/rs. 7Vimro.w's 
 "wedding gown," wear well, though they 
 may not at ouce captivate the fancy. 
 
 Christ. Fxammcr. 
 
 and for the Kcmarka and Kulca to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xixii.
 
 ITJ 
 
 302 
 
 rni 
 
 Primrose, Olivia. A lovely and 
 beloved child of Doctor rrimrose, in 
 Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wakelield." 
 
 Primrose, Sophia. A beautiful 
 dau<i;hter of Doctor Primrose, in 
 " The Vicar of ^\'akelield." 
 
 Primrose, The Bev. Doctor. The 
 vicar, in Goldsmith's " Vicar of Wake- 
 field;" celebrated for the simplicity 
 of his cliaracter, and for his sujjport 
 of the Whistonian tlieory in reyard 
 to marriage, that it is mdawful for a 
 priest of the Church of England, after 
 the death of his tirst wife, to take a 
 second. His weaknesses, ho\'evcr, 
 it has been well said, '" only serve to 
 endear him more closely to his read- 
 ers; and when distress tails upon the 
 virtuous household, the noble forti- 
 tude and resignation of the principal 
 sutfercr, and the efficacy of his ex- 
 ample, form one of the most affecting 
 and even sublime moral pictures." 
 
 /Ky= " Wliat reader is there in tlie civ- 
 ilised world wiio is not the better for the 
 story of the waslies wliich the wortliy Doc- 
 tor Primrose demolished so deliberately 
 ■with the polcer ; for tlie knowledge of the 
 guinea which the Miss Primroses kept 
 unchanged in their pockets ; the adven- 
 ture of the picture of the vicar's famUj', 
 which could not' be got into the house, 
 and tliat of the Flamborough family, all 
 painted with oranges in their hands ; or 
 for tlie story of the case of green specta- 
 cles and the cosmogony? " Hazlilt. 
 
 The Colonel bowed find smiled with very 
 pleasant ;;ood-nature at our plaudits. It was 
 like Doctor rrimrose preaching his sermon in 
 the prison. There was sometliing touching 
 in the ndiveti and kindness of the placid and 
 simple gentleman. Thackera!/. 
 
 Prince Ah'med. A character in the 
 "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," 
 in the story of " Prince Ahmed and 
 the fairy I'aribanou." He purchases 
 in Samarcand an artificial apple, the 
 smell of which has power to cure all 
 kinds of disorders. See Paeibanou. 
 
 It proves only this; that laws have no mag- 
 ical or supernatural virtue: that laws do not 
 act like . . . I'rince Ahmed's apple. 
 
 Jlacanhvj. 
 
 Prince Alasnam. See Alasnaji. 
 
 Prince Eeder. See Queen Labe. 
 
 Prince Cara'a-ral'za-m.S,n. A char- 
 acter in the " Arabian Nights' En- 
 
 tertainments," in the story of " Prince 
 Camaralzaman and the Princess Ba- 
 doura." 
 
 As for Colonel Thomas Kcwcome and his 
 niece, they fell in love with each other in- 
 stantaneously, like J-'riiice Vamaralzaman and 
 the princess of China. Thackeruij. 
 
 Prince Cherry. [Fr. Le Prince 
 Chert, Prince Beloved.] The hero 
 of a nursery story, originally written 
 ill French by Mnie. D'Aunoy. He 
 is represented as the sovereign of a 
 great empire, who, for his cruelty and 
 other vices, was transformed by a kind 
 guardian fairy into a frightful mon- 
 ster, until he had learned to conquer 
 his evil passions, and had proved him- 
 self worthy to wear his crown again. 
 
 Prince Hous'sSin. A character in 
 the story of " Prince Ahmed and the 
 fairy Paribanou," in the "Arabian 
 Nights' Entertainments;" the eldest 
 brother of Prince Ahmed. He pos- 
 sei^ed a piece of carpeting of very 
 indifferent appearance, but of such a 
 wonderful quality that any one who 
 simply sat on it could bo transported 
 in an instant whithersoever he de- 
 sired. 
 
 "Whether the rapid pace at which the faner 
 moveth in such esercitations, where the wish 
 of the penman is to him like Prince Iloits- 
 sain's tapestry, in the Eastern fable, be the 
 chief source of peril, — ... this question be- 
 longeth not to me. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 lie [Prince Le Boo] had lost all usual marks 
 for comparing difficult and easy; and, if 
 I'rince Jloussdin's flying tapestry or Astol- 
 
 Eho's hippogriff had been shown, he would 
 are judged of them by the ordinary rules of 
 convenience, and preferred a snug comer in a 
 well-hung chariot. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Prince of Artists. A title often giv- 
 en l)y the (iermans to Albert Diirer 
 (1471-1528), a celebrated painter, 
 sculptor, and engraver. He is said 
 to have invented the art of etching, 
 and he carried wood-engraving to a 
 degree of excellence that has hardly 
 been surpassed. 
 
 Prince of Coxcombs. A sobriquet 
 given to Charles Joseph, Prince dc 
 Lignc (17.35-1814). 
 
 Prince of Darkness. A title often 
 given to Satan. 
 
 He was treated as one who, having sinned 
 
 CS" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 PRI 
 
 30^ 
 
 Till 
 
 against light, was, therefore, tlcsorredly left a 
 picy to thu I'rincti of JJtirknvss. 6ir II . Hcolt. 
 
 Prince of Destruction. A name 
 confciTcd upon TauKihino, or Tiniour 
 (13;J5-i40a), one of the most ci'Ie- 
 bratcd of Oriental con((iicroi-s, Avlio 
 overran Persia, Tartary, and llindos- 
 tan, his conquests extending from tlic 
 Volga to the Persian Ciulf, and from 
 the Ganges to the Archipelago. He 
 was only prevented by the want of 
 shipping from cros^^ing into Europe. 
 He died just as he was making vast 
 preparations forthe invasion of China. 
 No confjucsts were ever attended 
 with greater cruelty, devastation, and 
 waste of life. 
 
 Prince of Grammarians. 1. See 
 CoRvrn.Krs of Cii:AJiM.VKi.\.Ns. 
 
 2. ApoUonius of Alexandria (d. 
 B. c. 240), denominated by Priscian, 
 " Grammaticorum I'rineeps." He 
 was tlie iirst who reduced grammar 
 to a system. 
 
 Prince of Liars. An epithet applied 
 to Ferdinand jSIendez Pinto, a cele- 
 brated Portuguese traveller of the 
 sixteenth century. He published ?.n 
 account of his travels, full of extrav- 
 agant tictions, which have caused 
 him to be classed with Munchausen. 
 The epithet was originally conferred 
 tipon him bj^ Cervantes. 
 
 Prince of Peace. A title often given 
 to the Saviour, who came "not to 
 destroy men's lives, but to save 
 them," and who proclaimed, " Blessed 
 are the peace-makers; for they shall 
 be called the children of God." Sec 
 Isa. ix. C. 
 
 Prince of Physicians. A title given 
 to Avicenna (980-1037), a famous 
 Arabian philosopher and physician. 
 Ilis system, a kind of logical al- 
 chemy, was founded on the supposi- 
 tion that the operations of nature are 
 in perfect correlation with those of 
 the human spirit. 
 
 Prince of Poets. A name sometimes 
 given to Edmund Spenser (155-3- 
 1598), the admired author of the 
 "Faiiry (iueen." He is so termed 
 in the inscription on his monument 
 iu Westminster Abbey; and though, 
 at the present day, the fitness of the 
 
 appellation may be doubted, it is 
 thought by some that " his poetiy is 
 the most poetical of all poetry." 
 
 Prince of Spanish Poetry. A name 
 often applied to Garcilaso de la Vega 
 (1503-153l>), a celebrated Spanish 
 ])oet, for whom his coimtrynien c.x- 
 l)ress~ an admiration such as they 
 give to none of his predecessors, and 
 to few of those who have lived since 
 his time. It occurs repeatedly in 
 Cervantes. 
 
 XJSJ- " This title, -which can be traced 
 bade to Ilerreni, and has been continued 
 tlown to our osvn tinJe^=, has, perhaps, 
 rarely been taken literally." Tickiwr. 
 
 Prince of the Apostles. An hon- 
 orary title bestowed upcjn St. Peter, 
 from the su]iposed pre-eminence as- 
 cribed to him in Matt. xvi. 18, 10, — 
 upon which verses the claims of the 
 Roman Catholic church are founded. 
 In the plural, the expression is ap- 
 plied to St. Peter and St. Paul. 
 
 The Irish, rp:;ariUrss of the true history (if 
 riitiii'ius, want to make St. Tatric-k a iinnii'- 
 pakoiif St. rc'ter, ami iiiaku nil tlicir I'addii'.s 
 own not only their natiunal aiiostlo, but tho 
 I'lincc of Apostlcf, fur their patrons. J otujc. 
 
 Prince of the Ode. A title given to 
 Pierre do Ponsard (1524-1585), a cel- 
 ebrated F'rench Ip-ic poet. 
 
 Prince of the Peace. A title given, 
 in 1795, by Charles IV. of Spain to 
 ilis prime" minister, Don Manuel de 
 Godoy (17G7-1851), on account of 
 his separating Spain from luigland, 
 and forming an offensive and defen- 
 sive alliance with France, the same 
 year, after having previously de- 
 clared war against the latter coun- 
 try. 
 
 Prince of the Power of the Air. A 
 name given to Satan in KjHi. ii. 2: 
 " Wherein in time past yc walked 
 according to the course of this world, 
 according to the prince of the power 
 of the air, the spirit that now work- 
 eth in the children of disobedience." 
 
 Prince of the Sonnet. A title be- 
 stowed upon .loathini du Bellay 
 (1524-1560), a distinguished Frcncii 
 poet. 
 
 Prince Prettyman. A character in 
 tlic Duke of Puekingham's farce, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiT-xxxu.
 
 rrj 
 
 304 
 
 PRO 
 
 " The Eohearsal," in love with C'lo- 
 ris. He figures sometimes as a lish- 
 cr's son, sometimes as a prince, much 
 to liis own distress. lie is said to 
 have been intended as a parody upon 
 the character of Leonidas in Dryden's 
 " Marriage ii-la-Mode." 
 
 I'rlnce I'rcttt/rnan, now a prince, and now a 
 fisher's Kon.had not a nioru awkward sense 
 of liis de^-rudution. -Sir IF. i}Cutt. 
 
 Princess Fair-Star. [Fr. La Prin- 
 cesse Belk-tloile.'] The lady-love of 
 Prince Cherry. See Peinck Ciieh- 
 
 HY. 
 
 Prince Vol'sci-us. A militar/ hero 
 in Buckinj;ham's play, "The lic- 
 hearsal." lie falls in love with a fair 
 damsel named Parthenope, and dis- 
 putes with Prince Prettyman about 
 her, maintaining her superiority to 
 Cloris, the latter's sweetheart. 
 
 ITnUkely as it all was, I could not help sus- 
 pecting from the bednuing that there was a 
 cirl in the case. Whv, this is worse than 
 J'rince Vohcius in love! Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Prisoner of Chil'lSn ( Fr. pron. she'- 
 yo"', G2, 82). An' appellation some- 
 times given to Franyois de Bonni- 
 vard (1490-1570), a Frenchman re- 
 siding in Geneva, who made himself 
 obnoxious to Charles III., duke of 
 Savoy, — who had become in a man- 
 ner inaster of Geneva, — and was 
 immured by him for six years in a 
 dungeon of the Chateau-de-Chillon, 
 a fortified castle at the eastern end 
 of the Lake of Geneva. At the ex- 
 piration of that time, he was released 
 by the Bernese, who were at war 
 with Savoy, and had gained posses- 
 sion of the fortress. On the fact of 
 Bonnivard's imprisonment here, and 
 on certain traditions of the residents 
 in the vicinity, Byron founded his 
 affecting narrative poem of " The 
 Prisoner of Chillon;" but the addi- 
 tional circumstance of two brothers 
 of Bonnivard having been imprisoned 
 with him, and dying in consequence 
 of their confinement and sufferings, 
 has no foundation except in the imag- 
 ination of the poet, and was probably 
 suggested by Dante's Count Ugoliuo 
 and his two sons. See Ugolino. 
 
 Priuli (pre-oo'Iee). A character in 
 Otway's tragedy of " Venice Pre- 
 
 served;" noted for his pride, and 
 his harsh, unnatural cruelty to his 
 daughter. 
 Priwen. See Piiidwin. 
 
 Pro'cris. [Gr. npoKpc;.] {Gr. ff- 
 Jlom. Myth.) A daughter of Ercch- 
 thcus, king of Athens, and wife of 
 Cephalus, who shot her in a wood, 
 having mistaken her for a wild beast. 
 She was turned into a star by Jupi- 
 ter. 
 
 Pro-crus'tes. [Gr. IIpoKpoua-rrjs, the 
 stretcher.] '(Gr. <f Horn. Myth.) The 
 surname of a noted highwayman of 
 Attica, named Polypemon, or Damas- 
 tes. He used to "tie travellers who 
 fell into his hands upon a bed, and 
 accommodate them to the length of 
 it by stretching or lopping oft' their 
 limbs, as the case required. 
 
 Profound Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Pro- 
 fundus.] 1. A title given to Thomas 
 'Bradwardine (d. 1349), archbishop 
 of Canterbury, and one of the most 
 distinguished and learned of the 
 English schoolmen. 
 
 2. An appellation of Richard Mid- 
 dleton (d. 1304), an English scholas- 
 tic divine. See Solid Doctok. 
 
 Prog'ne. [Gr. npoKvij.] ( Gr. cf- Earn. 
 Myth.) The daughter of the Athe- 
 nian king Pandwn, the sister of 
 Philomela, and the wife of Tereus; 
 changed into a swallow by the gods. 
 See Tekeus. 
 
 Pro-me'theus (28). [Gr. npoAir)9eus.] 
 {Gr.if liiim. 3fyth.) A son of lapetus 
 and Clymene, the brother of Epime- 
 theus, and the father of Deucalion. 
 He made men of clay, and animated 
 them by means of fire which he stole 
 from heaven ; for this he was chained 
 by .lupiter to Mount Caucasus, where 
 an eagle, or, as some say, a vulture, 
 preyed by day upon his liver, which 
 grew again by night. See Pandoka. 
 
 Like the thief of fire from heaven 
 Wilt thou withstand the shock. 
 
 And share with him, the unforgiven, 
 Uis vulture and his rock. 
 
 Byron, Ode to Napoleon. 
 
 Promised Land. A name often giv- 
 en to Canaan, or that jiortion of Pal- 
 estine lying west of the river Jor- 
 dan, which was repeatedly promised 
 
 i 
 
 C^- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 VRO 
 
 305 
 
 PRO 
 
 by Jehovah to the patriarchs Abra- 
 ham, Isaac, and Jacob. See 6'(h. 
 xii. 7, xiii. 15, xxviii. 13, xxxv. 12. 
 
 Prophet of the Syrians. A title 
 given to Kphraem ."^yrus (d. ;i78), a 
 celebrated lather of the L'hurcli of the 
 Antioehiaii school. 
 
 Pros'er-ptne. [Lat. Proserpina, Gr. 
 IIep<re<J.o.'7j.] {Or. (f Jiom. Myth.) 
 The daufjhter of Jupiter and Ceres, 
 and wife of I'luto, who carried her 
 oil" to the under-world as she was 
 pathering Howers iu Sicily. See 
 I'luto. 
 
 Forgive, if Bome while I forget, 
 III woe to come, tlic present bliss; 
 
 A3 frighted Proxrj.iiK- lot full 
 
 tier flowers at f i-ht of Dis. flood. 
 
 Prosperity Rob'in-son (-sn). A 
 nickname given to Frederick Kohin- 
 .son (afterwards Viscount Godcricli 
 and Earl of Kipon), chancellor of the 
 exchequer in 1823. Just before the 
 commercial crisis which occurred in 
 1825, he boasted of the great pros- 
 perity of the country, derived, he 
 aaid," from the vast number of joint- 
 stv.ck companies, which, he argued, 
 showed a superabundance of wealth. 
 The general tinancial distress and 
 ruin which occurred shortly atier, and 
 which amounted almost to national 
 bankruptcy, proved the fallacy of 
 the chancellor's opinion ; whereupon 
 Cobbett gave him the sobriquet of 
 " Prosperitv Kobinson." [Called also 
 Goosey Godericli.^ 
 
 Pros'pe-ro. One of the principal 
 characters in Shakespeare's " Tem- 
 pest." Prospero is the rightful duke 
 of jMilan, wlio, having been dispos- 
 sessed of his dukedom by his brother 
 Antonio and the king of Naples, is 
 carried to sea, and there set adrift 
 with his daughter ISIiranda, in a 
 "rotten carcass of a boat." Ho for- 
 tunately reaches an uninhabited isl- 
 and, where he betakes himself to the 
 practice of magic (an art which he 
 had studied in Milan); and, having 
 raised a tempest, in which Antonio, 
 the king of Naples, and others, are 
 completely shipwrecked upon the isl- 
 and, he secretly subjects them to 
 many discomforts by way of punish- 
 ment, but finally discovers himself. 
 
 forgives his brother and the king, 
 and providi'S for tlieir safe and speedy 
 return, witii that of their followers, 
 acconqjanying them himself, with his 
 daughter, of whom Ferdinand, tin; 
 king's son, has already become en- 
 amoured. This done, Prospero re- 
 nounces his magic arts. 
 
 j6i2^ " Prospero, with his magical pow- 
 ers, his supcrhuuiau wisdoui, bis moral 
 wortli and grandeur, aud his kingly dig- 
 nity, is one of the most sublime vis- 
 ions that ever swept, with ample robes, 
 pale brow, and sceptred hand, before the 
 eye of fancy. He controls the invisible 
 worUl, and works through tlie agency of 
 spirits, not by any evil and forbiildeii 
 coni|i;ict, hut solely by superior might of 
 intellect, by potent spells gathered from 
 the lore of ages, and abjured when he 
 mingles again as a man with his fellow- 
 men, lie is as distinct a being from the 
 necromancers and astrologers celebrated 
 in Shakespeare's age as can well be im- 
 agined ; and all the wizards of poetry aud 
 fiction, even Faust and St. Leon, sink 
 into commonplaces before the princely, 
 the philosophic, the benevolent Prospe- 
 ro." Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Although he [Uraturin] has throatoned, like 
 rro.^iwro, to break his wand, wo liayi' done 
 our jiiKir ondciivourto save his book from be- 
 ing burned. Sir )('. .Srott. 
 
 His existence was a bright, soft element of 
 jov, out of which, as in 1'rosjx.ro's island, 
 wonder after wonder bodied itself forth, to 
 teach by charming. Carli/lc. 
 
 PrO-tOS'1-la'uS. [Gr. rTpwTeo-i'Aao?.] 
 {Cr. (f Rom. Mij/h.) A son of Ijihi- 
 cles, and the hiisband of Laodamia. 
 He went to the siege of Troy, and 
 was the first who landed, but fell by 
 the hand of Hector. His dead body 
 being sent Iiome to Laodamia, she 
 prayed to be allowed to converse 
 with him for three hours only. Her 
 praver was granted, Mercurj' con- 
 ducted Protesilaus to the upper world, 
 and, when he died a second time, 
 Laodamia expired with him. 
 
 Protestant Duke. A name given by 
 his conteuqiorary admirers to Janu's, 
 Duke of Monniouth (IfilO-ltiSr)), a 
 natural son of Charles II. Though 
 brouglit up as a Catholic, he em- 
 braced Protestantism, and became 
 the idol of the English people. — es- 
 ])eciallv of the Non-conformists, — 
 and a formidable riv.al of the Duke 
 of York (afterward James II.), whose 
 
 and for the Rcraarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 20
 
 TRO 
 
 30G 
 
 rue 
 
 Catholicism and arbitrary disposition 
 rendered him very unpopular. 
 
 Protestant Pope. An appellation 
 conferred u])ijn i'opc Clenn-nt XI V. 
 ((lian Vinccnzo Ganganelli, 1705- 
 1774), a pontitl' distinguished for his 
 enlislitcncd and liberal policy, and 
 for his Bull suppressing the Jesuits. 
 
 Pro'teus (28). [Gr. npurev's.] 1. {Gi: 
 if- Horn. Mijtii.) A sca-^od, son of 
 Oceanus and Tetliys, residing usu- 
 ally in the Carpathian Sea, Ijetwecn 
 lihodes and Crete. He possessed tho 
 gift of prophecy, and also the (Ower 
 of changing himself into different 
 shapes. 
 
 ITo [Voltaire] was all fire and fickleness; a 
 
 child. 
 Most mutable in -wishes, but in mind 
 A wit as various, — gay, frrave, sage, or wild, — 
 Historian, bard, philosopher, combined; 
 He multiplied himself among mankind. 
 The rrotews of their talents. Jirjron. 
 
 2. One of the " Two Gentlemen of 
 Ycrona," in Shakespeare's play of 
 that name. 
 
 Proud Duke. A name proverbially 
 given to Charles Seymour, Duke of 
 Somerset, who died on the 12th of 
 Augnst, 1748, and who was noted for 
 his boundless pride, and the fantastic 
 exhibitions which he used to make 
 of his title and station. It is said 
 that he would never sutfer any of his 
 children to sit in his presence, and 
 that to his servants he deigned to 
 speak only by signs. 
 
 Proud'fute, Oliver. A boasting 
 l)onnet-maker, in Sir Walter Scott's 
 " Fair Maid of Perth." 
 
 Prudhomme, M. (mos'e-o' prli'dom', 
 :;4, 4;j ). A character created by Henry 
 ^lonier; a professor of penmanship, 
 sworn appraiser, tkc. 
 
 Prudoterie, Mme. dela (pril'dot're', 
 34). A character in ^Molierc's com- 
 edy of " George Dandin." 
 
 Pry, Paul. The title of a well- 
 kno-\\ni comedy by John I'oole, and 
 the name of its princivml character, 
 " one of those idle, meddling fellows, 
 who, having no employment them- 
 selves, are perpetually interfering in 
 other people's atfairs." 
 
 ne [Boswcll] was a slave proud of his servi- 
 tude, a Paul I'm, convinced that liis own 
 curiosity and garrulity were virtues. 
 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Prynne, Hester. A character In 
 Hawthorne's romance, " The Scarlet 
 Letter," whose singular punishment 
 gives name to the story. 
 
 Psy'che (si'kc, 20). [Gr. ^ux'it l>reath, 
 spirit, soul.] ( (jr. ()'• Rom. Myth.) A 
 beautiful maiden beloved by Cupid, 
 who visited her only in the nigiit, 
 and warned her not to seek to know 
 who he was. She violated the injunc- 
 tion, and happening to let a drop of 
 hot oil from the lamp she had lighted 
 fall upon his shoulder, he awoke, up- 
 Ijraided her for her mistrust, and van- 
 ished. He finally forgave her, liov/- 
 ever, and they were imited in unmor- 
 tal wedlock. 
 
 Public Good, League of the. See 
 League ok the Vvmiac Good. 
 
 Publi-us. A nom de pJume imdcr 
 which Alexander Hamilton (1757- 
 1804) wrote his celebrated contrilni- 
 tions to " The Federalist." 
 
 Pu-celle', La (Fr. pron. pli'sel', 34). 
 [Fr., the ISIaid.] A surname given 
 to the celebrated Joan of Arc (1410-. 
 1431). See Maid of Okleans. 
 
 Puck. Originall}^ the name of a 
 iiend; subsequently, the name for 
 that "merry wanderer of the night," 
 styled also I'obin GooclftUow, who 
 plays so conspicuous a part in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." Pug, in Ben Jonson's play 
 called " The Devil is an Ass," is evi- 
 dently the same person, though Jon- 
 son makes him a goblin or tiend, and 
 not a fairy. See Goodfellow, 
 Eonix. 
 
 i}5f "'In truth, it is first in Shake- 
 speare that we find Tuck confounded 
 ■with the house spirit, and liaving those 
 traits of character which are now re- 
 garded as his very essence, and have 
 caused his name Pug to be given to the 
 agile, mischievous monkey, and to a 
 kind of httle dog." Keightleij. 
 
 JBfJf " Who that lias read the play [' A 
 Jlidsummer Night's Dream '] (and who 
 has not?) cannot call the urchin before 
 his mind's eye as instantly as Oberon 
 commanded liis real presence, — a rougli. 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ruD 
 
 307 
 
 PUR 
 
 knurly-Umbed, fmn-f.icea, shock-patca 
 little IkUow, a very Slictlumler anions; the 
 gossauicr-winged, daiuty-liniboj sUapos 
 iirouud hiui,aud strong euougU to knock 
 all thoir heads together for his elvish 
 sport.'" ii- (i- lWi((c. 
 
 The mirth of Swift is the mirth of Mephis- 
 tonhck's; tlio mirth of Voltaire is tlio nurth 
 ofi'Mct. Macaulaij. 
 
 Padding, Jack. A zany; a Mcrry- 
 aiulrLnv; a buli'oou; a clown. See 
 
 II.VN.SWUKST. 
 
 a^ " A buffoon i.^ palled by every na- 
 tion by the narao of the dish they like 
 best ; in Freuoh, Jean Potago, and in 
 Knglish, Jack Ptii/diiig.'''' Guardian. 
 
 His [Addison's! tone is never that citlicr of 
 a Jack I'uddmg or of a cynic. Macaulaij. 
 
 Puff. A bold and impudent literary 
 quack, who ligure.s iu Sheridan's 
 farce of " The Critic." 
 
 Perhaps not, — but what then? I may have 
 f een her picture, as Pii.tt' says, . . . or fallen 
 in love with her from rumour. Sir W. Scutt. 
 
 Mrs. Ridcliffe is, indeed, too lavish of her 
 landscapes, and her readers have frequent 
 occasion to lament that slic did not follow the 
 example of Mr. I'uir in the pliy, — "I open 
 with a clock striking, to beget an awful nt- 
 teii.'.on in the audience; it al.so marks the 
 time, whicli is four o'clock in the mornins, 
 and saves a description of the rising sun, and 
 a great deal about gilding the eastern hemi- 
 splierc." J)unlO[). 
 
 Pum'ble-chci&k, Uncle. A charac- 
 ter in Dickens's '' Great Expecta- 
 tions," Avho bullied Pip — the hero 
 of the story — when he was a poor 
 boy, and fawned on him when ho iiad 
 a prospect of becoming rich. He is 
 noted for saying, " Might I, Mr. Pip, 
 — May I, — " {scilicet, shake hands). 
 
 Punch, or Piinch,'i-nel'lo. A hu- 
 mourous character in a species of ])iip- 
 pet-show exhibited on tlic Italian 
 stage and in the streets of European 
 cities. In person he is short and fat, 
 with an enormous hump on his back, 
 a wide mouth, long chin, and hooked 
 nose. His dress consists of wide 
 drawers of white woollen, and a large 
 upper garment of the same material, 
 with wide sleeves, fiistcned with a 
 black leather belt or hair cord. This 
 upper garment is sprinkled overwitli 
 hearts of red cloth, and is trimmed 
 round the bottom with a fringe. 
 Around his neck he wears a linen 
 ruffle, and on his head a tall, three- 
 
 pointed cap terminating in a red 
 tult. Tiie motlern puppet-show of 
 " Punch and .hidy " embodies a 
 domestic tragedy, lollowed by a su- 
 peruatural relribution, the wliole (d" 
 M'hich is treated iu a broadly farcical 
 manner. 
 
 jKS* Thonanio Punch, or Punchinello, 
 is supposed to be a corruption of I'olici- 
 nello, or Pulcinello, which, iu turn, ac- 
 cording to Gallaui in his " Vocabolario 
 del Dialetto Napoletano,"' was derived 
 from Piiccio d-Aiiiel/o, a peasant, who.so 
 humourous eccentricities were, in the 
 Fevcutccuth century, transferred to the 
 Neapolitan stage, where he has contrn- 
 \icd to be the medium of local and polit- 
 ical satire, and a favourite conventional 
 character in the Italian exhibitions of 
 fantoccini, or puppet-shows. 
 
 Pure, Simon. The name of a Penn- 
 sylvania Quaker in Mrs. Centlivre's 
 comedy, "A Bold Stroke for a Wife." 
 Being about to visit London to at- 
 tend the quarterly meeting of his 
 sect, his friend, Aminadab Holdfast, 
 ponds a letter of recommendation and 
 introduction to another Quaker, Oba- 
 diali Prim, a rigid and stern man, 
 who is guardian of Anne Lovely, a 
 yoimg lady worth i;30,000. Colonel 
 Eciguwell, another character in the 
 same play, who is enamoured of Bliss 
 Lovely and her handsome fortune, 
 availing himself of an accidental dis- 
 covery of Holdfast's letter and of its 
 contents, succeeds in passing himself 
 off on Prim as his expected visitor. 
 The real Simon Pure, calling at 
 Prim's house, is treated as an impos- 
 tor, and is obliged to depart in order 
 to hunt up witnesses who can testify- 
 to his identity. Meantime, Feign- 
 well succeeds in getting from Prim a 
 ■\\Titten and unconditional consent to 
 his marriage with Anne. No sooner 
 has he obtained possession of the 
 document, than Simon Pure rc-ap- 
 pcars with his witnesses, and Prim 
 discovei's the trick that has been put 
 upon him. 
 
 I believe that many who took the trouhln 
 of thinking upon tli'e subject were rather of 
 the opinion that my ingenious friend was the 
 true, and not the fictitious, Simon I'urc. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Purgatory, St. Patrick's. Sec St. 
 Patrick's Purgatory. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-sxxii.
 
 ruR 
 
 308 PYT 
 
 See ri.A- 
 
 Puritan, The Platonic. 
 
 TONIC riKITAN. 
 
 Puritan City. A by-name some- 
 times i;iven to the city ot Boston, 
 Mussadmsctts, in allusion to tiie 
 character of its founders and inhab- 
 itants. 
 Purple Island. The subject and title 
 of a lont;- and grotesque allegorical 
 poem liv Phineas Fletcher, published 
 in 10:3:3 ■; the Purple Island represent- 
 in'' the human body, and the poem 
 bJIng in great part a system of anat- 
 omy. 
 Puss in Boots. [Fr. Le Chat BoUc.] 
 The hero of an old and popular nurs- 
 ciy tale of the same name, written 
 bv Ferrault; a marvellously accom- 
 plished cat, who, by his ready wit 
 and ingenious tricks, secures a for- 
 tune and a roj'al consort for his mas- 
 ter, a penniless young miller, who 
 passes under the name of the INIar- 
 nuis of Carabas. This story is taken 
 from the lirst of the eleventh night 
 of Straparola, where the cat of Con- 
 stantine procures his master a fine 
 castle and the heiress of a king. 
 The Germans and the Scandinavians 
 have a nurserv tale very similar to 
 this. See Carabas, ]\1aequis of. 
 
 Like I'uss in Boots, after the nuptials of his 
 master, Jackevmo only now caught min- 
 nows and sticklebacks for his own mnuse- 
 jjicnt. Sir E. Bulwcr Lijtton. 
 
 Pyg-ma'li-6n. [Gr. Uvyy.a.kiuiv.'] ( Gr. 
 (j- Rom. Miith.) 1. A grandson of 
 Agenor. lie made a beautiful statue, 
 which he fell so deeply in love with, 
 that Venus, at his earnest petition 
 gave it life. . 
 
 2. A son of Belus, and king of 
 Tyre, who slew his brother-in-law, 
 Sichiuus, — the husband of Dido, — 
 for his riches. 
 Pygmies. [Lat. Pygmm, Gr. Tlvy- 
 txaloL.] ( Or. <f- Rom. Myth.) A na- 
 tion of dwarfs, only a span high, 
 who dwelt on the banks of the upper 
 Nile. They were warred on and de- 
 feated every spring by the cranes. 
 P^-la'des. [Gr. nuAdSrjs-] {Or. (f 
 
 Rom. Myth.) A friend of Orestes, 
 celebrated for the constancy of his 
 afl'ection. See Orestes. 
 
 You seem to have conceived, my lord, that 
 vou and 1 were Fytades and Orestes, — a 
 second edition of Uamon and Pythias,— 
 Theseus and Pirithous, at the least. You are 
 mistaken. Sir W. Hcott. 
 
 PS^'a-mus. [Gr. Hupofios.] (Gr. 4" 
 Roin. Myth.) The lover of Thisbe, 
 who, on account of her supposed 
 death, stabbed himself under a mul- 
 berrv-tree. Thisbe, afterward, fmd- 
 iii<r the body of her lover, killed her- 
 self on the same spot with the same 
 weapon; and the fruit of the mul- 
 berry has ever since been as red as 
 blood. See Thisbe. 
 
 t^g- In Shakespeare's " Jlidsummer- 
 Nidit's Dream,"' he Is introduced as one 
 of "the characters in a burlesctue inter- 
 lude. 
 Pyr'go-pol'i-ni'ces (4). [Lat., tower- 
 town-taker, from Gr. irupyo?, tower, 
 ,rdAi9, city, town, and v^Kiv, to con- 
 quer, vanquish, riKi)Tj)s, a victor.J 
 The name of the hero — an extrava- 
 gant blusterer— in Plautus's "Miles 
 Gloriosus." 
 
 If he rthe modern reader] knows npthinfjof 
 rtrnnpoUmces and Thraso.he is familiar with 
 Boba 111 and Bessus, and Pistol and ParoUes. 
 
 if he is shut out from Ncphelococcygia, he 
 may take refuge in LiUiput. Mhcaul 
 
 Vacaulaij. 
 
 Pyr'rha (pir'ra). [Gr. Hvppa.] {Gr. 
 ,)- Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Lpi- 
 mctheus, aiid wife of her cousin Deu- 
 calion. See Deucalion. 
 Pyr'rlius(pir'rus). [Gr. nvppo;.] ( Gr. 
 % Rom. Myth.) A son ot Achilles 
 and Deidamia, remarkable for his 
 crueltv at the siege of Troy. He 
 was slain at Delphi, at the reqiiest ot 
 his own wife, by Orestes. [^'I'l'^'^l 
 also Neopiolemus.] 
 Py-th'i-as. A friend of Damon. See 
 
 Damon, 1. 
 Py'thQn. [Gr. lUe^v.] ( Gr. <J- Rom- 
 Uijlh)- A huge serpent engendered 
 1 from the mud of the deluge of Deu- 
 calion, and slain near Delphi by 
 Apollo, who, in memory thereot, in- 
 l stituted the Pythian games. 
 
 "^-^For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 QUA 
 
 309 
 
 QUE 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadrangle, or Quadrilateral, 
 The. A name given to tour strong 
 Austrian fortresses in nortliern Italy, 
 which mutually support each other, 
 and Ibrm a barrier that divides the 
 north plain of the To into two sec- 
 tions. These fortresses are, 1. Pes- 
 chiera, on an island in the Mincio, 
 near the lake of Garda; 2. Man- 
 tua, on the Mincio; 3. Verona; and 
 4. Legnago ; — the last two on the 
 Adige. 
 
 Quadruple Alliance. (Hist.) An al- 
 liance between Great Britain, France, 
 the emperor of Germany (Charles 
 VI.), and the United Provinces of 
 Holland, for the purpose of guaran- 
 teeing the succession of the reigning 
 families in Great Britain and France, 
 and settling the partition of the Span- 
 ish monarchy- It was originated by 
 Great Britain and France, and M-as 
 signed at Paris, July 7, 1718. The 
 emperor acceded to it on the 22d of 
 the same month, and the United 
 Provinces on the 8tii of Februan', 
 1719. 
 
 Quaker City. A popular name of 
 Philadelphia, which was planned and 
 settled by William Penn. accompa- 
 nied by a colony of English Friends. 
 
 Quaker Poet. 1. A common des- 
 ignation of Bernard Barton (1784- 
 1849), an English poet of some note, 
 and a member of the society of 
 i'riends. 
 
 2. A name often given to John 
 Greenleaf Whittier (b. 1SU7), a mem- 
 ber of the society of Friends, and 
 an eminent and peculiarly national 
 American poet. 
 
 Quarll, Philip. The hero of a work 
 entitled " The Hermit, or The Suf- 
 ferings and Adventures of Philip 
 Quarll, an Eiiglishnuui." The story 
 is an imitati(jn of" Kobinson Crusoe," 
 with the substitution of an affection- 
 ate ape or chimpanzee for Man Fri- 
 day. The book was first published 
 
 in 1727, and has been frequently re- 
 printed. 
 Qu^sh'ee (kwosh'ee). A cant name 
 given to any negro, or to the )iegro 
 race ; — said to be derived from (^uas- 
 si, or Quasha, a black man of Suri- 
 nam, by whom the medicinal virtues 
 of one species of the quassia plant 
 were made known to the Swedish iiat- 
 m-alist Rolander, about the middle of 
 the last century. 
 
 Quasimodo (kli-a'ze'mo'do', 34). 
 [Fr.] A foundling adopted by Frol- 
 lo, in Victor Hugo's " Notre-Danie 
 de Paris; " a man of great strength, 
 but a complete monster of deformity, 
 Avithout one redeeming grace. Tiie 
 name is used popularly and generi- 
 cally to designate any hideously de- 
 formed man. 
 
 Quatre-Filz-Aymon, Les (la ka'tr- 
 tez-ii'mo"'). See Aymon. 
 
 Queen City. A popular name of Cin- 
 cinnati; — given to it when it was 
 the undisputed connncrcial metropo- 
 lis of the West. Sec Queen of the 
 AVe.st. 
 
 Queen City of the Lakes. A name 
 sometimes given to the city of Buf- 
 falo, New York, from its position and 
 importance. 
 
 Queen Labe. A magic queen, rul- 
 ing over the City of Enchantments, 
 in the stoiy of " Beder, Prince of 
 Persia," in the "Arabian Nights' 
 Entertainments." By her diabolic 
 art, she transforms men into horses, 
 mules, and other animals. Beder 
 marries her, defeats her plots against 
 him, turns her into a mare, and takes 
 her to a distance; there she is re- 
 stored to her own shape, and, by the 
 assistance of her mother, turns the 
 tables nijon the young iirince, and 
 changes him info an owl; but, after 
 some adventures, he escapes their 
 vengeance. 
 
 jeS" " Queen Labe, with her lovers 
 turned into various animals, reminds 
 
 «nd for the Bemarks and Kules to >?hich the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 QUE 
 
 310 
 
 QUI 
 
 one strongly of the Uomcrie Circe ; r.rul 
 I think it not at all impossible that bre- 
 ciaa fable may have penetrated into I or- 
 sia." KeishUuj. 
 
 Queen of Cities. One of the names 
 popularly yivcii to Home, hee biiv- 
 EN-HiLLEu City. 
 Queen of Hearts. Elizabeth, the 
 dau-hter of .James I., and the uulor- 
 tmiate queen of Bohemia. So en- 
 n-a'^nnt; was her behaviour, that in 
 tile Low Countries she was called the 
 Queen of Hearts. When her fortunes 
 were at the lowest el)b, she never de- 
 parted from her di^nitj^ and pov- 
 erty and distress seemed to have no 
 other effect upon her than to render 
 her more an object of adunration 
 than before. 
 Queen of Queens. A title given^by 
 Antonv to Cleopatra (u. c. G9-30), 
 the last sovereign of the dynasty of 
 the rtolemies in Egypt. 
 Queen of Tears. A name given to 
 Marv of Jlodcna, the second wife ot 
 Jam'es 11. of England. " Her eyes," 
 says Koble, "became eternal loun- 
 tains of sorrow for that crown her 
 own ill pohcy contributed to lose." 
 Queen of tlie Antilles (an-teelz')- 
 An appellation sometimes given to 
 Cuba, which, from its great size, its 
 rich natural productions, its fine har- 
 bours, its varied and beautiful scen- 
 ery, and its commanding geograph- 
 ical position, ranks first among all 
 the islands of the West Indian group. 
 Queen of the Bast. 1. A title as- 
 sumed by Zenobia, queen of Paluiy- 
 ra, on the death other husband Udc- 
 natus (A. D. 267). 
 
 2. A name given to Antioch, the 
 ancient capital of Syria, the resi- 
 dence of the jMacedonian kings and 
 the Roman governors, and long cele- 
 brated as one of the first cities of 
 the East. 
 
 3. In modem times, a name some- 
 times given to Batavia, in Java, cap- 
 ital of the Dutch possessions in the 
 East. 
 
 Queen of the Eastern Archipel- 
 ago. A popular appellation of .lava, 
 one of the most beautiful and fertile 
 islands of the East Indian group, and 
 
 commercially the most important of 
 them all. 
 Queen of the North. A name 
 sometimes given to Edinbiu-gh, the 
 capital of Scotland. 
 Queen of the West. A name some- 
 times given to Cincinnati. See Queen 
 City. 
 
 And this Song of the Vine, 
 This L'reetins of mine. 
 The winds and the birds shall dcUver 
 To the Queen of the West, 
 In her garlands dressed. 
 On the banks of the Beautiful River. 
 
 Lotiriicllow. 
 
 Queen Scheherezade. See Sciie- 
 iiEKEZADE, Queen. 
 
 Quern-biter (kwcrn'bit'er, 4). A fa- 
 mous sword of Hako I. of Norway, 
 surnamed " The Good." 
 
 Quern-hiter of riakon the Good, 
 Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 
 
 Tlie millstone through nnd thronph. 
 And Foot-breadth of Thorair the Strong, 
 Were neither so broad nor so long. 
 
 Nor so true. Lonafellow. 
 
 Que-u'bus, Equinoctial of. An 
 
 expression which occurs in Shake- 
 speare's "Twelfth Night" (a. ii., sc. 
 3); but what is meant by it is not 
 known. Leigh Hunt says, "some 
 glorious torrid zone lying beyond 
 three o'clock in the morning." See 
 
 PiGKOGKOMITUS. 
 
 Queuz. See Kay, Sin. 
 
 Quickly, Mrs. 1. A sen-ant to Dr. 
 
 Caius, in Shakespeare's " Merry 
 Wives of Windsor." 
 
 The controversy has been maintained ivith 
 jrrcat warmth; we leave it with the prudent 
 Resolution of Dame Quicklij, "We will not 
 buru our fiugers, and need not, indeed, la! 
 
 hdin. Rev. 
 
 2. The hostess of a tavern in East- 
 cheap, in the First and Second Tarts 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry the 
 Fourth." 
 
 Shakespeare knew innumerable things; 
 what men are, and what tlie world is, and 
 v/hat men aim at there, from the J)ame Quirkln 
 of modern Easteheap to the Caisar of ancient 
 Koine. tarhjlc. 
 
 Quilp. A hideous dwarf, fidl of feroc- 
 ity and cunning, in Dickens's " Old 
 Curiosity Shop." 
 
 Quince, Peter. A carpenter, in 
 Shakespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." 
 
 This is indeed "very tragical mirth," .-is 
 Peter Quince's play-bill has if; and we wouia 
 
 es- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," witli the accompanying Explanations,
 
 QUI 
 
 311 
 
 QUO 
 
 not ndviso nny person who rends for airnisc- 
 ment to venture on it ns long us he can pro- 
 cure a Yoluuie of the Statutes ut Large. 
 
 Jlacauiay, 
 
 Quintessence, Queen (kwint'cs- 
 enss; Fr. j'i'on. ka'"tes'so"ss', 02). 
 A character in Rabelais' romance of 
 " Pantagrucl; " represented as ruling 
 over the kingdom ofEutele'chie. ISee 
 Enteleciiik. 
 
 Quin'tus Pix'lein. The title of a 
 romance by .lean I'aiil Friedrich 
 Kichter, and the name of its prin- 
 cipal character. 
 
 Francin, Ukc Qiiintti.t Fi.r!i'!n, had "peren- 
 nial fire-proof joy s, uainely, employments." 
 
 Carli/k'. 
 
 Qui-ri'nus. [Lat., from quins, or 
 curis, a Sabine word signifying a 
 spearman.'] {Rom. Mjitli.) A name 
 given, after his deification, to Koiii- 
 nliis, the reputed founder of Home. 
 See Romulus. 
 
 Quisada (ke-s^a'ttia, 50). The same as 
 
 Don Quixote, of which name two 
 derivations are given. See Don 
 Quixote. 
 
 Nevcrtheles.q, noble R , como In, and 
 
 take your scat here, between Armado and 
 Quisadti ; fur, in true conrtesy, in gravity, in 
 lantaftic sniilini; to thy.self, in courteous tinil- 
 iuf' upon ollieis, in llie goodly ornature of 
 wcU-appurelled ppeeeli, and tlie eoninienda- 
 tion of wise sentences, thou art nothing infe- 
 rior to those aceoniplishcd Uoas of Spain. 
 
 Charles Litmh. 
 
 Quixote, Don. See Don Quixorii. 
 
 Quix'ote of the North. An ai)pella- 
 tion sometimes bestowed upon Charles 
 XII. of Sweden (1082-1718), on ac- 
 count of the rash impetuosity of his 
 character. Sec Madman oi'' xiiii 
 
 NOKTII. 
 
 Quo'tem, Caleb. A parish clerk, and 
 a.fack-at-all-tradcs, in Colnian's jilay 
 entitled " The Review, or The Wags 
 of Windsor." 
 
 I had sworn to be there, and I determined 
 to keep my oath, and, like Caleb Oiiotem, to 
 " have a place at the review." jr. Irvbi'j. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kulcs to which the nunibcrs after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 EAB 
 
 312 
 
 HAL 
 
 Pi. 
 
 Babelais, The English. Sec Eng- 
 
 LI.SH KaBELAIS. 
 
 Babelais, The Modern. Sec Mod- 
 
 i;i;>' liAiiKLAis. 
 Eabicano (ra-bc-ka'no). Tlie name 
 
 of Argalia's steed in liojardu's " Or- 
 lando liiiiamorato." 
 Ka'by, Aurora. A character in the 
 
 tiftcenth and sixteenth cantos of 
 
 Byron's " Don Jnan." 
 Eack'rent, Sir Con'dy. A character 
 
 in Miss Edgewurth's novel, " Castle 
 
 Eackrent. 
 
 Like Sir Comb/ nacTcrent in the tale, phe 
 [Madame d'Arblay] survived licr own wake, 
 and ovcrlieard the judgment of posterity. 
 
 Macaulan. 
 
 Bagnarok (rSg'na-ri'k, 46). [Old 
 Norse Jiaffnariikr, twilight of the 
 gods.] {Scand. Myth.) The "last 
 day," the jjcriod of the destruction 
 of the universe, ■when the whole 
 t'reation, mankind, giants, and gods, 
 are to perish in a shower of fire and 
 blood. Vidar and Vali alone will 
 survive the general conflagration, 
 and will reconstruct the universe on 
 an imperishable basis. [Written also 
 Ifag n ar oc k.] 
 
 Belleisle — little as Belleisle dreamt of it, in 
 these hish enterprises — was nslierin^ in a 
 J'dgnariik, or Twilight of the Gods, wliich, as 
 '■ French Revolution, or Apotheosis of Sans- 
 culottism," is now well known. Carbjle. 
 
 Kailroad City. Indianapolis, the cap- 
 ital of the State of Indiana, is some- 
 times called by this name, as being 
 the terminus of various railroads. 
 
 Bail-Splitter, The. A popular desig- 
 nation of Abraham Lincoln (180'J- 
 JSG.5), the sixteenth president of the 
 United States, who is said to have 
 supported himself for one winter, in 
 early life, by splitting rails for a 
 farmer. 
 
 BaUway King, The. A title popu- 
 larly given in England to Mr. George 
 Hudson (b. 1800), of York, one of the 
 most daring and celebrated specula- 
 tors of modern times. He is said to 
 have made, in one instance, .£100,000 
 in one day. Since 1859, he has re- 
 
 l US" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, 
 
 sided on the Continent, in compara- 
 tively narrow circumstances. 
 
 ;8®°' " In 1839 he became chairman of 
 the York aud North Midland Corpora- 
 tion, and, by his indefatigable industry 
 and bis shrewdness in matters of busi- 
 ness, he soon gained an important and 
 iniiuential position as a railway-man. 
 The shares in all the lines of which he 
 was chairman went to a premium ; large 
 dividends were declared ; share-holders 
 and directors recognised his power, — 
 and thus he shortly found himself at the 
 head of six hundred miles of railways, 
 and of numerous new projects by means 
 of which paper wealth could be created, 
 as it were, at pleasure. lie held in his 
 own hands almost the entire administra- 
 tive power of the companies over which 
 he presided ; he was chairman, board, 
 manager, and all. He was voted praises, 
 testimonials, and surplus shares alike 
 liberally ; and scarcely a word against 
 him could iind a hearing. He was equal- 
 ly popular outside the circle of railway 
 proprietors. His entertainments were 
 crowded ; and he went his round of visits 
 among the peerage like any prince. Of 
 course, Mr. Hudson was a great authority 
 on r.iilway questions in parliament, to 
 which the burgesses of Sunderland had 
 sent him. In the session of 1845, when 
 he was at the height of his power, it was 
 triumphantly said of him, that ' he 
 ■walked quietly thi-ough parliament with 
 some sixteen railway bills under his arm.' 
 15ut his reign was drawing rapidly to a 
 close. The railway mania of 1845 was 
 followed by a sudden reaction. Shares 
 went down faster than they had gone up ; 
 the holders of them hastened to sell, 
 in order to avoid payment of the calls : 
 and the fortunes of many were utterly 
 wrecked. The stockholders were all 
 grievously enraged, and looked about 
 them for a victim. At a railway meeting 
 in York, some pertinent questions were 
 put to the Kailway King. His replies 
 were not satisfactory, and the questions 
 were pushed home. Mr. Hudson became 
 confused. A committee of investigation 
 was appointed, and the gilded idol of the 
 railway world was straightway dethroned. 
 A howl of execration arose from his de- 
 luded followers ; and those who had 
 bowed the lowest before him during his 
 brief reign, hissed the loudest when he 
 fell."' Smiles. 
 
 Ealph. 1. An Independent clerk, the
 
 RA^I 
 
 313 
 
 RAW 
 
 attendant of Hudibras, in Butler's 
 celebrated burlesque poem. See 
 HUDIBKAS. [Called also lialpho.] 
 
 Yet he fJohnsonl was himself under the 
 tyranny ot aeruplcs us unrcusonable as those 
 of . . . Jialpliu. JlacauUii/. 
 
 2. The name of a s]iirit formerly 
 supposed to haunt printing-houses. 
 
 Kaminagrobis (rS'me'na'cjro'be'). 
 The name of one of the characters 
 in Uabelais' romance of '• Pantag- 
 ruel;" described as an old French 
 poet who was almost at death's-door. 
 He is said to have been intended for 
 Cr<itin, an author of high repute in 
 his own day, though utterly neglect- 
 ed by posterity. 
 
 Bamsbottom, Mrs. The imaginary 
 author of a celebrated series of letters 
 which appeared in the " John Bull," 
 a London newspaper, commenced in 
 1820. These letters were written by 
 the editor, Theodore Hook, who, fol- 
 lowing the example of Smollett's 
 Winifred Jenkins, managed by bad 
 spelling to excite the merriment usu- 
 ally elicited by humourous writing. 
 
 Bajidoin, Rod'er-ick. The title of a 
 novel by Snioliett, and the name of 
 its hero, a young Scotsman in quest 
 of fortune, who at one time revels in 
 prosperity, and at another is plunged 
 into utter destitution. Although he 
 is represented as having a dash of 
 generosity and good-hmnour in his 
 character, he is equally conspicuous 
 for reckless libertinism and mischief, 
 — more prone to seltishness and re- 
 venge than disposed to friendship or 
 gratitude. He borrows the money, 
 and wears the clothes, of his simple 
 and kind-hearted adherent, Strap, by 
 whom he is rescued from starving, 
 and whom he rewards by squander- 
 ing his substance, receiving his at- 
 tendance as a servant, and beating 
 him when the dice run against him. 
 
 Banger. 1. A young gentleman of 
 
 the town, in Wj-cherley's comedy of 
 
 " Love in a Wood." 
 
 2. The leading character in Hoad- 
 
 ley's comedy of " The Suspicious 
 
 Husband." 
 Ka'phi-el (colloq. ra'fel). [Heb., 
 
 remedy or physic of Goil, in allusion 
 
 to the cures he performed on Sara 
 and Tobit.] The name of an angel 
 mentioned in the Apocryjjlial book 
 of Tobit as travelling with Tobias 
 into jMedia and back again, and in- 
 structing him how to marry Sara, 
 and how to drive away the wickeil 
 spirit. jMilton calls him " the socia- 
 ble spirit," and " the allable archan- 
 gel," and represents liim as .«ent by 
 God to Adam " to admonish him of 
 his obedience, of his free estate, of 
 his enemj' near at hand, who he is, 
 and why his enemy, and whatever 
 else may avail Adam to know." Sec 
 
 AsMODKUS. 
 
 Kaph'a-el of Cats. An epithet be- 
 stowed upon Godefroi Mind (17U8- 
 181-4), a Swiss painter, famous for his 
 skill in painting cats. 
 
 Rare Ben Jonson. A famous ap- 
 pellation conferred upon Ben Jonson 
 (1574-1U37), the dramatic poet. It 
 is said, that, soon after his death, a 
 subscriptiou was commenced for the 
 purpose of erecting a monument to 
 his memory; but, the undertaking 
 having advanced slowly, an eccentric 
 Oxfordshire squire took the oppor- 
 tunity, on passing one day through 
 Westminster Abbey, to secure at 
 least an epitaph for the poet, by 
 giving a mason 18(/. to cut, on the 
 stone which covered the grave, the 
 words, "O rare Ben Jonson." 
 
 Rash'leigh (rash'li). A hypocritical 
 and accomplished villain in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott's novel of' liob Koy;" one 
 of the Obaldistone family. 
 
 Ra'si-el. The name of an angel spok- 
 en of in the Talmud as the tutor of 
 Adam. 
 
 Ras'se-ia,s. The title of a ceKIiratcd 
 romance by Dr. Johnson, and tiie 
 name of its hero, an imaginary prince 
 of Al)}-ssinia. 
 
 Ratt'lin, Jack. A celebrated naval 
 character in Smollett's " Adventures 
 of Koderick Rand(jm." 
 
 Ba'vens-wdbd. The hero of Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of " The Bride 
 of Lammermoor; " a Scottish royalist, 
 intrepid, haughty, and revengeful. 
 
 Rawhead. In the ]iopular superstition 
 of former days, the name of a spectre 
 
 •nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words reftT) see pp. xiv-zzxii.
 
 ki:a 
 
 314 
 
 EED 
 
 or bugbear. [Called also Rawhead- 
 and-bluody-boncs. ] 
 
 Servants awe eliildrcn, and keep them in 
 Bubjection, by telling them of liawlicad-awl- 
 hloody-boims. Locke* 
 
 In short, he became the bushcar of every 
 house: and was as eft'ectual in tVijrhtening lit- 
 tle children into obedience and hysterics as 
 the redoubtable Jiawhcad-anJAitoodij-loms 
 himself. W. Ii-vimj. 
 
 Keason, Goddess of. A personifi- 
 cation of those intLllectiial powers 
 v.-hich 'listin_f;-u)sh man from the rest 
 of the animal creation ; deilied in 17'J-i 
 by the revolutionists of France, and 
 substituted as an object of worship 
 for the divine beings of the Chris- 
 tian faith. It was decreed that the 
 metropolitan church of Notre -Dame 
 should be converted into a Temple 
 of Keason; and a festival was insti- 
 tuted for the first day of each decade, 
 to supersede the Catholic ceremonies 
 of Sunday. The first festival of this 
 sort was held ^^■ith great pomp on the 
 lOtli of November. A young woman, 
 the wife of iMomoro, a well-known 
 printer, represented the Goddess of 
 lleason. She was dressed in white 
 drapery; an azure mantle hung from 
 her shoulders; and her flowing hair 
 was surmounted with the cap of 
 liberty- She sat upon an antique 
 scat, entwined with iv}', and borne 
 by four citizens. Young girls dressed 
 in white, and crowned with roses, 
 preceded and followed her. The 
 services of the occasion consisted of 
 speeches, processions, and patriotic 
 hymns. 
 
 Rebecca. A name assimicd by the 
 leader of the Kebeccaites, a band of 
 Welsh rioters, who, in 1843, exas- 
 perated by the heavy and vexatious 
 tolls to which they "were subjected, 
 undertook to demolish the gates and 
 toll-houses upon the turnpikes in the 
 rural districts of Pembrokeshire and 
 Caermarthenshiro, and who after- 
 ward committed various excesses 
 throughout the mining and manufac- 
 turing districts of tlie principality. 
 The crusade had begun as early as 
 1839, but did not assume the sliapo 
 of a sj-stem and organisation until 
 1843. The name was derived from 
 a strange and preposterous appli- 
 cation of the following passage in 
 
 Genesis (xxiv. GO): — "And they 
 blessed liebekah, and said unto hei', 
 ... let thy seed possess the gate of 
 those which hate them." The cap- 
 tain of the rioters disguised himsi !t' 
 in female apparel, as did his body- 
 guard, who were called his daughter-. 
 Their marches and attacks were al- 
 waj's made by night. The insurrec- 
 tion was idtimately suppressed by the 
 police and the military. 
 
 Hebecca the Jewess. A meek but 
 high-souled Hebrew maiden in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of " Ivanhoc," 
 and the actual heroine of the story. 
 See KowENA. 
 
 ^^conciliation Normande, Iia (Iri 
 ra'koi'se'le-a'SfToii' nor'mo'^d', G-2). 
 [Fr., the Norman, or feigned, recon- 
 ciliation.] {Fr. Hist.) A name given 
 to a sudden and brief restoration of 
 harmony which was effected in tli' 
 distracted Legislative Assembly, <ju 
 the 7th of July, 1792, by the Ahb6 
 Lamourctte, a native of Normandy. 
 [Called also Le Baiser de Lamou- 
 reiie.] See Lajiourette's Kiss. 
 
 Eed-coats. The name given by the 
 Americans, in the IJevolutionary 
 War, to the British soldiery, in al- 
 lusion to their scarlet uniform. 
 
 Ked-cross Knight. A prominent char- 
 acter in Spenser's " Faery Queen." 
 To him was assigned the adventure 
 of slaying a dragon, by which the 
 kingdom of Una's father was laid 
 waste, and his person endangered. 
 Una herself had gone to the court ( f 
 the fairy queen to solicit a champinii, 
 and, at the commencement of the 
 poem, is represented as accompany- 
 ing the knight upon his expedition. 
 After various vicissitudes of fortune, 
 the dragon is at last met and com- 
 pletely destroyed; when the knight 
 man-ies Una, and departs to engage 
 in other adventures assigned him by 
 the fairy queen. 
 
 IKr" The Red - cross Knight is St. 
 George, the patron .«aint of England, and, 
 in the obvious and general interpretation, 
 typifies Holiness, or the perfection of the 
 spiritual man in relision ; but, in a polit- 
 ical and particular sense, his adventures 
 are intended to shadow forth the history 
 of the Church of England. 
 
 B®- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accorapanyins Explanatious,
 
 iii:D 
 
 315 
 
 KEN" 
 
 Like the JRed-cross Knig>it, they urge their 
 way, 
 To load 111 momornblp triiiniph home 
 'I'ruth, — their iiiiinurtal Uiiu. Wurdsivorth. 
 
 -odeemed Captive. An appellation 
 given to the IJcv. John Williams 
 (1641-1720), a Kew England clergy- 
 man who was made prisoner by the 
 French and Indians in 170i, and ob- 
 tained his freedom in 170G. He pub- 
 lished a narrative of his experiences 
 muler the title of " The Kedcemed 
 Captive." 
 
 Ked'gaunt'let, Sir Ed'ward Hugh. 
 One of the princijial characters in 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel of the same 
 Jiame; apolitical enthusiast and Jac- 
 obite, who scruples at no means of 
 upholding the cause of the Pretender, 
 and linally accompanies him into ex- 
 ile. He is represented as possessing 
 the power of contorting his brow inai 
 a terrific fiown, which made disliucl- 
 ly visible the iigurc of a horsethoe, 
 the fatal mark of his race. 
 
 Eed Man. [^Fr. Homme I2oii/jc.'] 1. 
 In the popular superstition of Franco, 
 and es])ecially of IJrittan}-, a demon 
 of tempests, who commands the ele- 
 ments, and precipitates into the Avavcs 
 the voyager who seeks to molest the 
 solitude which he loves. It is said 
 to be a popular belief in France, that 
 a mysterious little Ued Man appeared 
 to Napoleon, and foretold his reverses. 
 2. A name given, on account of 
 Ids copper-coloured skin, to the Amer- 
 ican Indian. 
 
 Eed Kepublicans. See Iii:ri:ni.i- 
 
 CAXS, KliD. 
 
 Eed Kiding-hood. See Little Hed 
 
 liIDING-lIOOD. 
 
 Eed Eose. A popular designation of 
 the house of Lancaster, from its em- 
 blem, a red rose. 
 
 Keekie, Auld. Sec Auld Eeekie. 
 
 Eo'gSn. An unnatural daughter of 
 Lear, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 that name. See Leau. 
 
 "Fttther! mndiiiti,"saifi thestrnnfrer; "they 
 think no more of their father than J.'i-r/mi. rir 
 Goncril." Sir JV'. Srott. 
 
 Eegno (ran'yo,78). [It., kingdom.] A 
 name given to Naples by way of 
 distinction among the Italian States. 
 
 Are our wiser heads leaning towards alliance 
 
 v.-ith the rnpo and the Hcijno, or nro they in- 
 
 liinins; their cuitt to the orators of France niid 
 Milan .' Jlrs. Lluvs ("Gcoif/e AVi'ot ";. 
 
 Eeign of Terror. ( /■')■. Jligt. ) A term 
 apjilied to a jn'riod of anarchy, blood- 
 shed, and conliscalion, in the time of 
 the lirstlievolution, during which the 
 country was under the sway of the 
 actual terror inspired by the fero- 
 cious measures of its governors, on 
 whiclt they depended for the sup- 
 ]>ort of llieir authorily. It began af- 
 ter the fall of the Girondists, May,yi, 
 1793, and extended to the overthrow 
 of Robespierre and his accomplices, 
 July 27, 17U4. 'i'hoiisands of persons 
 were put to death during this short 
 time. 
 
 Ee'inus. In IJoman legendary histo- 
 ry, (he twin brother of Ilonnilus, by 
 whom he was killed for leaping in 
 scorn over the walls of Home, when 
 thej- were building. 
 
 Een'ard. A name given to a fox in 
 fables or familiar tales and in poetry. 
 It is derived from the celebrated 
 German beast-epic ('• Thicr-epos ") 
 entitled " lieinecke Fuchs," or " IJein- 
 hard Fuchs," which is a satire on 
 the state of society in Germany dur- 
 ing the Middle Ages and the feudal 
 rcr/ime, originated at an unknown 
 ])eriod among the Frankisli tribes, 
 and lirst made known through the 
 medium of a Low German version in 
 the lilteenth centuiy. AVrittcn also 
 11 e y n a r d.] 
 
 /jSt" This remarkable poem contains a 
 luuiioui'ous aroount of the iulventuresof 
 Kenard tlie Fox at the oourt of King 
 Nodel (the lion); and it exhibits tha 
 cunning of the lornior, the means whicU 
 he adopted to rebut the charges made 
 against liini, and tlie hypocrisy and lies 
 by which ho contrived to gain the favour 
 of his sovereign, who loaded him with 
 honours. The plot turns chiefly on the 
 long struggle between Itenard and his 
 uncle Isengrin, tlie wolf, who typifies the 
 feudal baron, as Kenard does the Churcli. 
 Kenard is swayed by a constjint impulse 
 to deceive and victimise every body, 
 whether friend or foe, but especially Isen- 
 grin ; and, though the latter frequently 
 reduces him to the greatest straits, ho 
 generally gets the better of it in the cud. 
 
 Eenault (re-noO. An aged, sangui- 
 nary, and lustful conspirator in Ot- 
 way's " Venice Preserved." 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the uumbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xzxii.
 
 KEX 
 
 31G 
 
 RIG 
 
 4 
 
 Each man indulges in his peculiar propen- 
 sities. "Shed blood enough," cries old Jie- 
 nault. "Be just, be humane, be uiereiful," 
 says Bushe. H/ieil. 
 
 Ben6 (ru-na', 31). The title of a ro- 
 mance by Fran(,:ois Keiie, Viscount 
 de Cliateaubriancl (1708-1848), and 
 the name of its hero, a man in whom 
 social inaction, blended with a proud 
 scorn resulting from a consciousness 
 of superior genius, has produced a 
 peculiar and morbid bitterness of 
 spirit. 
 
 Ben'tow-el, Mr. Jabesh. A " pre- 
 cious" covenanting preacher men- 
 tioned in Sir Walter Scott's ni,vel of 
 " Waverley." See Gowktjikapple, 
 Maistek. 
 
 Republic, Heir of the. See Heir 
 
 OF THE KePUBLIC. 
 
 Kepublican Queen. An appellation 
 given to Sophie Charlotte, wife of 
 Frederick I., king of Prussia, " a 
 famed queen and lady in her day." 
 
 Republicans, Black. A nickname 
 
 given by the pro-slavery or " conserv- 
 ative " party in the United States to 
 the members of the " Kepublican " 
 party, which was organised to pre- 
 vent the introduction of slavery into 
 the national Territories, and to con- 
 tine it to the States, where it had an 
 acknowledged legal existence. 
 
 Republicans, Red. A sobriquet 
 given by the French to those who are 
 bent upon maintaining extreme re- 
 publican doctrines, even at the ex- 
 pense of blood. 
 
 Resolute, The. A surname assumed 
 by John Florio (d. 162.5), the philolo- 
 gist and lexicographer. Shakespeare 
 ridiculed him in the character of 
 Holofernes, the pedantic schoolmaster 
 in "Love's Labour's Lost," and in the 
 character of Don Adriano de Armado, 
 the vapouring and ridiculous Span- 
 iard, in the same play. See infra, 1. 
 
 Resolute Doctor. 1. An appellation 
 given to Durand, or Durandus, a 
 scholastic philosopher of the Middle 
 Ages. "Resolute" is here used in 
 the sense of resolving, explaining, or 
 interpreting. See Most Resolute 
 Doctor. 
 
 2. A title bestowed upon John 
 
 Baconthorp, Bacondorp, or Bacon 
 (d. 1310), a distinguished mediieval 
 schoolman, on account of the readi- 
 ness and skill with which he decided 
 controverted questions. 
 Restitution, Sdict of. See Edict 
 
 ok liESTITL'TION. 
 
 Restorer of Parnassus. [Sp. Ees- 
 taurador del Farnaso.~\ A title given 
 by his admiring countrymen to Don 
 Juan Melendez Valdes (1754-1817), 
 a very distinguished Spanish poet, 
 who has had great influence on the 
 literature of his country. 
 
 Review, Breeches. See Breeches 
 Review. 
 
 Review, My Grandmother's. See 
 Gkanumotiiek's Review, My. 
 
 Rej^-nal'do. A servant to Polonius, 
 in Shakespeare's " Hamlet." 
 
 RSyn'ard. See Renard. 
 
 Rhad'a-man'thus (rad'-). [Gr. "PaSa- 
 ixavBos.] {Or. if Rom. Myth.) A 
 son of Jupiter and Europa, brother 
 of Minos, and king of Lycia. He 
 was so renowned (or his j ustice and 
 equity, that, after death, he was made 
 one of the three j udges in the under- 
 world. 
 
 Rhe'a (re'a). [Gr. -Peto, 'Pea.] {Gr. 
 (f Rom. Myth.) Another name for 
 Cybele. See Cybele. 
 
 Rhe'sus (re'-). [Gr. 'P^o-os.] ( Gr. cf- 
 Rom. Myth.) A warlike king of 
 Thrace, who marched to the assist- 
 ance of Priam when the Trojan war 
 broke out, but was robbed of his 
 horses and killed, on the night of his 
 arrival, by Diomed and L^lysses, who 
 wished to prevent the fulfilment of a 
 ])roj)hecy that Troy should never be 
 taken, if the horses of Rhesus drank 
 the waters of Xanthus and grazed 
 on the Trojan plains. 
 
 Rho'dy, Little (ro'di). A popular 
 designation of Rhode Island, the 
 
 smallest of the United States. 
 
 Ricciardetto (ret-char-dct'to, 102). A 
 son of Ayraon, and brother of Brada- 
 niante, in Ariosto's " Orlando Furi- 
 
 oso." 
 
 Rig'dum Fun'ni-dos. 1. A char- 
 
 l^" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 EIG 
 
 317 
 
 KOB 
 
 acter in ITcniy Carey's play entitled 
 '■ Chrononlioti>nthologos." 
 
 2. A nickname given by Sir 
 Walter Scott to Jolin Ballantyne 
 (177G-1821), his friend and partner 
 in the publishing house of "Johu 
 Uallantyne & Company." Lockhart 
 saj"S of him: "He was a quick, 
 active, intrepid little fellow; and in 
 society so very lively and amusing, 
 so full of fun and merriment, such a 
 thoroughly light-hearted droll, all 
 over ([uaintness and humourous mim- 
 icry, and moreover such a keen and 
 skilful devotee to all manner of field- 
 sports, from fox-hunting to badger- 
 baiting inclusive, that it was no 
 ■wonder he should have made a fa- 
 vourable impression on Scott." Sec 
 Aldiborontephoscopiioknio. 
 
 Kigolette (re'go'Icf). The name of 
 a female character in Eugene Sue's 
 " Jh'steries of Paris." it has ac- 
 quired a proverbial cuiTency, and is 
 used as a s^-nonym of grisette. 
 
 Rim'Tion. (^fyth.) A god of the 
 Syrians, generally thought to have 
 been the same as Bacil. See Ba.\l. 
 
 Him followed Himvtnn, whose (lellKhtfiil seat 
 Was fair Datnasoiis, on the fertile banks 
 Of Abbana aud Pliarphar, lucid ttreams. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 Kinaldo (re-nSl'do). TFr. Eenaud, 
 I.at. Jiinaldiis:, Eeginnkltis.] 1. A 
 famous warrior, violent, headstrong, 
 and unscrupulous, but of great gal- 
 lantr}% ingenuity, and generosity, in 
 Tasso's " Gerusalemme Liberata," 
 Pulci's " Morgante Slaggiore," Bo- 
 jardo's " Orlando Innamorato," Ari- 
 iisto's '• Orlando Furioso," and other 
 romantic tales of Italy and France. 
 He was a son of the great Duke 
 Aymon, and cousin to Orlando, and 
 one of the most renowned of Charle- 
 magne's paladins. Having, in atrans- 
 ]iort of rage, killed Charlemagne's 
 nephew Berthelot by a blow with a 
 chess-board, ho was, with all his 
 family except his father, banished 
 and outlawed. After various adven- 
 tures and disasters, ho went to the 
 Holy Land, and, on his return, suc- 
 ceeded in making peace with the 
 emperor. Angelica, the lovely infidel 
 princess, fell madly in love with him; 
 
 but he could not endure her, and, 
 wliile kings and nations were warring 
 only for her, he turned a deaf ear to 
 her prayers, and left her to deplore 
 lier unrequited love. See Angelica, 
 Akmida. 
 
 We stare at a dragoon who has killed three 
 
 French cuirassiers as a prodigy; yet we read, 
 
 without the least disgust, how Godfrey slew 
 
 his thousands, and ^muWohis ten thousands. 
 
 Jlacautai/. 
 
 2. Steward to the Countess of 
 
 Ivousillon, in Shakespeare's " AH 's 
 Well that Ends Well." 
 Ringing Island. A name given to 
 England, on account of the music of 
 its many bells. 
 
 jKJ-'-Froni very early ages, Enj^land 
 hiis been famous for its bells; so much 
 so, tli;it Britain was known even in Saxon 
 times as ' The Kinging Island.' " Lower. 
 
 Eippach, Hans von. Sec Hans von 
 KippAcir. 
 
 Bip "Van "Winkle. See Winkle, 
 Kip Van. 
 
 Kiquet with the Tuft (rc/kil). [Fr. 
 Jiiqiiet a la Ilmtppe.] A prince of 
 surpassing ugliness, but of great wit 
 and good sense, upon whom a fairy 
 bestowed the power of communicat- 
 ing these gifts to the person he should 
 love best. Becoming enamoured of a 
 very beautiful but excessively stupid 
 princess of a neighbouring country, 
 lie makes Iier, by the exercise of his 
 power, altogether clever and charm- 
 ing; while she, in return, and b_v the 
 exercise of a like power bestowed 
 upon her by the same fairy, makes 
 him become the haudsomest man in 
 flic world. 
 
 Kobber Synod. [Gr. SuVoSor Arjo-rpi- 
 K17.] (Ecclesiastical Hist.) A name 
 given by the Greeks to a council 
 con\oked at EphesiLS, by the em- 
 peror Thcodosius, in the year 449. 
 The name was intended to signify 
 that every thing was carried in it by 
 fraud and violence ; but, as has been 
 justly said, it would be equally appli- 
 cable to many councils of subsequent 
 times. 
 
 Robert the Devil. [Fr. Enbert le Din- 
 Wc] 1. The hero of an old French 
 metrical romance of the thirteenth 
 century, the same as Robert, first Duke 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 EOB 
 
 Hi 
 
 EOB 
 
 of Normandy, who became an early 
 object of legendar^' scatulal. Having 
 been given over to tlie Devil before 
 birth, he ran a career of cruelties and 
 crimes unparalleled, till he was mi- 
 raculously reclaimed, whereupon he 
 did penance by living among the 
 dogs, became an exemplary Christian, 
 and maiTied the emperor's daugh- 
 ter. It is thought in Nornuiudy 
 that his wandering ghost is doomed 
 to expiate his crimes until the day 
 of judgment. In tlie fourteenth cen- 
 tury, the romance above mentioned 
 was turned into prose, and of the 
 prose story Uvo translations were 
 made into English. There was also 
 a miracle ])lay on the same subject. 
 The opera of " Kobert Ic Diable " was 
 composed by Meyerbeer, in 182G. 
 
 2. The same name was popular!}' 
 given to Robert Francois Daraiens 
 (1714-1757), noted for his attempt to 
 assassinate Louis XV. 
 
 Hobin Bluestring. A nickname 
 given to Sir Robert Walpole (1076- 
 1745), by contemporary political op- 
 ponents, in allusion to his blue ribbon 
 as a knight of the Garter. 
 
 Robin des Bois (ro'ban'da bwo, 62). 
 [Fr.] In Germany, a mysterious 
 iiunter of the forest. (See Fi;ei- 
 .sciitJTZ.) Robin des Bois occurs in 
 one of Eugene Sue's novels " as a 
 well-known mythical character whose 
 name is employed by French mothers 
 to frighten their children." 
 
 Kobin Goodfello'jv. See Goodfel- 
 Low, RoniN. 
 
 Bobin Gray. See Gray, Auld 
 Robin. 
 
 Eobin Hood. A famous English out- 
 law, whose exploits are the subject 
 of many old ballads and tradition- 
 aiy stories, but of whose actual exist- 
 ence little or no evidence can be dis- 
 covered. Various periods, ranging 
 from the time of Richard I. to near 
 the end of the reign of Edward II., 
 have been assigned as the age in 
 which he lived. He is usually de- 
 cribed as a yeoman, and his chief 
 residence is said to have been the 
 forest of Sherwood, in Nottingham- 
 shire. Of his followers, the most 
 
 noted are Little John; his chaplain, 
 I'riarTuck; and his paramour, namecl 
 Jlarian. All the popular legends ex- 
 tol his personal courage, his gener- 
 osity, his humanity, and his skill iu 
 archery. His conduct in many re- 
 spects resembled that of a feudal lord. 
 He robbed the rich only, and gave 
 freely to the poor, protecting the 
 needy, and also the iair sex, whofc 
 wrongs he undertook to avenge. He 
 was particularly fond of pillaging 
 prelates. 
 
 JKg= The principal inoidents of his his- 
 tory are to be found in Stow, and in l;it- 
 son's "Robin Hood, a Collection of all 
 tjie Ancient Poems, Songs, and Ballads 
 now extant, relating to that celebrated 
 English Outlaw," 8vo, London, 1795. 
 Prefixed to this collection are " Historical 
 Anecdotes " of the life of Hobin Hood, an 
 accumulation of all the notices respecting 
 the outlaw that the compiler's reading 
 had discovered in mannscripts or printed 
 books. Various and widely different hy- 
 potheses have been advanced concerning 
 Robin Hood, and his claim to be cont^id- 
 ercd a real historical personage. These 
 are well stated, and are investigated with 
 entire candour and much acuteness of 
 criticism, in the elaborate Introduction 
 to the fifth volume of the " English and 
 Scottish Ballads," edited by Professor 
 Francis J. Child (Boston, U. S., 1857). 
 
 But chief, beside the butts, there stand 
 Bold Hobin Hood and all his band, — 
 Friar Tuck, with quarter-staff and cowl, 
 Old Scathelooke, with his surly scowl, 
 IVIaid Marian, fair as ivory bone. 
 Scarlet, and Mutch, and Little John. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 The Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of 
 Oiimberland, the Marquis of Gronbj', h;iv. 
 flourished upon sign-posts, and have fadi! 
 tliere; so have their compeers, Prince Eugun' 
 and Prince Ferdinand. Rodney and Ncls^i n 
 arc fading:, and tlie time is not far distini t 
 wlien Wellington also will have had his dny. 
 But while England shall l)e England, 7?fj' ///. 
 Jloorl will be a popular name. Soutlioj. 
 
 Hob'in-son, Jack (-sn). A name used 
 in the phrase, " Before one coidd say 
 Jack Robinson," — a saying to ex- 
 press a very short time ; said by Grose 
 to have originated from a very vol- 
 atile gentleman of that appellation 
 who would call on his neighbours and 
 be gone before his name could be an- 
 nounced. The following lines " from 
 an old play" are elsewhere given as 
 the original phrase: — 
 
 "A warke it ys as easic to be doone, 
 As tys to saye, Jade .' robys on." 
 
 l^~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ROB 
 
 The expression has been erroneonsly 
 connectecl with one .lohii Kobiiisoii 
 (17-27-18J2), of Appleby, Westmore- 
 laiul, who, in a suii)nsiu{;ly short 
 time, rose from obscurity to wealth 
 and 'power, becoming an intiuential 
 member of parliament, secretary to 
 the treasury, surveyor -general ot 
 His Majesty's woods and forests, ^c. 
 
 \ii operation in comparison to the celerity 
 of wliiili a pi:;'s wliisper U an age. an" tUc 
 iivonuneiation of tlie mystic words Juclc 
 ' - - - • iiala. 
 
 See ruos- 
 
 ; tiisli. 
 
 ' a lifo-lon 
 
 Eobinson, Prosperity 
 
 I'liltlTY KOIUNSON. 
 
 Kobinson Crusce. Sec Cnt-'soii, 
 KoiiiNsox. 
 
 Eobin the Devil. [Fr. Robert h 
 JJinblc] Robert, the lirst Duke of 
 Normandy ; — so surnanicd " for his 
 monstrous birth and behavioiu-." See 
 KoiiEirr THE Devil. 
 
 Hob Boy. [That is, Robert the Red.] 
 A nickname iiopularly given to a cel- 
 ebrated Highland freebooter, whose 
 true name was Robert Macgregor, 
 bn' who assumed that of Campbell, 
 en account of the outlawry of the 
 clan Macgregor by the Scottish par- 
 liament, in 1002. 'He is the hero of 
 Sir Walter Scott's novel entitled 
 "Rob Roy." 
 
 A famous man is Robin Hood, 
 The Englisli ballad-singerV j(jy! 
 And Scotland has a thief as Koud, 
 An outlaw of as darins mood; 
 She has her brave Jiub Jioy ! 
 
 Worrlfworlli. 
 
 Brilliant and handsome thonprh Peschiera 
 be, Lord L'Estransce, lilje Jiob /!»!/ Mue!;re-<.r, 
 is "on his native lieath," and has the deeidcd 
 advantage over the foreigner. 
 
 Sir h. Btdwer Lytlon. 
 
 liod'er-i'go. A Venetian gentleman, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of "Othel- 
 lo;" represented as the dupe oflago. 
 
 ILod'o-mont, or Rodomonte (rod-o- 
 mon'ti)." [That is, one who rolls 
 away mountains, from Prov. It. roda- 
 re, to roll away or forward, from Lat. 
 rota, a wheel^! and It. monle, Lat. 
 vwns, a mountain.] A fainous Moor- 
 ish hero in Bojardo's " Orlando In- 
 namorato " and Ariosto's " Orlando 
 Furioso;" represented as a king of 
 Algiers, and the bravest, fiercest, 
 and wildest of all warriors. His 
 name is generally used to stigmatise 
 
 ;i9 ROL 
 
 a boaster, and from it we derive tho 
 word rodomoiUadt. 
 
 He vapoured; but, being pretty sharply ad- 
 monished, he <iuieUly became uuld and calm, 
 
 — a posture ill bccomiui; audi a Uoilomont. 
 Sir r. Herbert. 
 
 Eoe, Kichard. A merely nominal 
 defendant in actions of ejectment; 
 nsuall}' cou])led with the name of 
 Joliii Boe. Sec Doe, John. 
 
 We need hardly sav, therefore, that, in the 
 present instance, M. IVricr is merely a liicJt' 
 (j;vi A'oc, — that his name is \iseil for the sole 
 purpose of brintrinj; Maeehiavelli into court, 
 
 — and th;itlie will not be mentioned in any 
 subsetiucut stage of the proceediuLrs. 
 
 Macaulaij. 
 
 Eo-ge'ro (0). 1. See Ruogiero. 
 
 2. A gentleman of Sicilia, in Shake- 
 speare's " Winter's Tale." 
 
 Hois Faineants, Les. See Fai- 
 neants, Les Rois. 
 
 Eoister Doister, Balph. The sub- 
 ject and the title of the earliest 
 English comedy, tho production of 
 Nicholas Udall,' in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Ko'land. One of the Twelve Peers 
 of Charlemagne, and his supposed 
 nephew, warden of the marches of 
 15rittany, and the hero of many a 
 romantic tale. He is said to have 
 been killed in 778, at Roncesvalles, 
 or Roncesveaux, Avhere the rear of 
 Charlemagne's army was cut off by 
 some revolted Gascons on its return 
 from a successful expedition into 
 Spain, — a circumstance which has 
 been magnilied by poets and roman- 
 cers into a " doloi-ous rout " of Charle- 
 magne " with all his peerage." See 
 OiJL.^NDO and Roweaxu. [Written 
 also Rowland and Orlando.] 
 
 £;3= AccorUing to Puloi, Charlemagne's 
 ■warriors were decoyed hito the piias of 
 Jlouccsvallcs, where they were set upon 
 by three armies of the Saracens, while 
 Charlemagne himself remained at St. 
 Jean Pied do I'ort, a few miles distant, 
 whither ho had come to receive prom- 
 ised tribute from Marsiglio, or Marsilius, 
 the Saracen king. The French knights 
 performed prodigies of valour, but tho 
 battle W(;nt against them. Itoland was 
 accidentally, but fatally, wounded by bis 
 friend Oliver, who had himself received a 
 death-blow, and was blinded with his own 
 blood. Rolanil now sounded his marvel- 
 lous horn, which was to give Charle- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxh.
 
 ROL 
 
 320 ROS 
 
 magne notice of his peril, and with such 
 force, that, at the third blast, it broke iu 
 two. Over all the noise of the battle, the 
 hora was heard as if it had been a voice 
 from the other world. Birds fell dead at 
 the sound, aud the whole Saraceu army 
 drew back in terror, while Charlemague 
 heard it at St. Jean Pied de Port, aud 
 understood at once that he was the victim 
 of treachery. It is also recorded that 
 Roland, wishing to prevent his wonder- 
 ful sword Uurandal (see Durandal) from 
 falling into the hands of the enemy, 
 smote it upon a rock near him, making 
 a monstrous fissure therein (the cele- 
 brated " Breche de Roland," a deep de- 
 file iu the crest of the Pyrenees from 200 
 to 300 feet in width, between pr>.oipitous 
 rocks rising to a height of from 300 to 
 600 feet), while the sword remained un- 
 injured. See Marsiglio. 
 
 Oh for one blast of that dread horn, 
 On Fontavabian echoes borne, 
 
 ^^■hich to King Charles did come, 
 "Wlien Roland brave, and Olivier, 
 And every paladin and peer. 
 
 On Roricesvallcs died! Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Then would I seek the Pyrcnean breach 
 Which Roland clove with huge two-handed 
 
 sway. 
 And to the enormous labour left his name, 
 "Where unremitting irosts the rocky crescent 
 bleach. Wordsworth. 
 
 Koland of the Army. [Fr. Roland 
 d'ArmiJe.^ A sobriquet of Louis 
 Vincent Joseph Le Blond, Comte de 
 Saint Hilaire (176G-1809), a French 
 general distinguished for his valiant 
 and chivalrous conduct. 
 
 Eoman A-chil'les. A surname of 
 Sicinius Dentatus (40.5 b. c), be- 
 stowed upon him on account of his 
 bravery. 
 
 Ko'me-o. In Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of " Romeo and Juliet," a son of 
 Montague, in love with Juliet, the 
 daughter of Capulet. Between the 
 two houses of Montague and Capulet 
 there existed a deadly feud. 
 
 Kom'u-lus. In the legendary history' 
 of Rome, the son of Mars and a vestal 
 named Silvia. He was thrown iuto 
 the Tiber, together with his twin 
 brother Remus, by his uncle, but was 
 washed ashore, suckled by a she- 
 wolf, found and adopted by a shep- 
 herd, and finally became the founder 
 and first king of Rome. After a reign 
 of thirty-seven years, he was sudden- 
 ly carried off to heaven by his father 
 
 Mars, as he was reviewing the people 
 near the marsh of Capra, and was 
 thenceforth worshipped inider the 
 name of Qtdrinus. Another fonii of 
 the tradition represents Romulus as 
 a tyrant, and relates that the senators, 
 discontented with his oppressive rule, 
 murdered him during the darkness of 
 a tempest, cut up his body, and car- 
 ried home the mangled pieces under 
 their robes. 
 
 Ron. The name of Arthur's lance, 
 which was " hard, broad, and fit for 
 slaughter." See Pr.iDwix. [Writ- 
 ten also Ron e.] 
 
 Roncesvalles, Battle of Cron'se-val'- 
 less, or ron-dies-val'j'es). See Ro- 
 L.\ND, Marsiglio. 
 
 Rondibilis (ron-dib'I-lis; F7: pron. 
 ro"'de'be'le', G2). A physician con- 
 sulted by Panurge, in Rabelais' ro- 
 mance of " Pautagruel." See Pa- 
 nurge. 
 
 Kopemaker, The Beautiful. [Fr. 
 Ijfi Belle Cordl'cre.'] A sobriquet 
 given to Louise Labe (15'2G-156G), a 
 F'rench poetess who wrote in three 
 different languages, and who was 
 distinguished for her extraordinary 
 courage at the siege of Perpignan. 
 She married Ennemond Perrin, a rich 
 merchant, and a rope manufacturer. 
 
 Rdp'er, Mistress. A cant name 
 given in the British navy to the 
 ■ " Royal Marines." 
 
 Roque Guinart (ro'ka ge-naft'). A 
 famous freebooter introduced by Cer- 
 vantes into " Don Quixote." His true 
 name was Pedro Rocha Guinarda. and 
 he was one of the principal leaders 
 of a great band of robbers who levied 
 shameful contributions all over the 
 mountainous districts of Catalonia, 
 about the time when " Don Quixote " 
 was written. 
 
 Ros'a-lind. 1. The poetic name of 
 a youthful mistress of Spenser. She 
 is described by him as of great beauty, 
 and as occupying a position of honour 
 and dignity, though her parentage 
 was humble. In the " Shepherd's 
 Calendar," he bewails her ill usage, 
 and, in the sixth book of the " Faery 
 (Jueen," — where she is imdoubtedly 
 
 0Q~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ROS 
 
 321 ROU 
 
 intended by Mirabel, — he retaliates 
 it. Her real name was long unknown ; 
 but witliiu a tew years it has been 
 proved that she was Kose Daniel, 
 sister of Samuel Daniel, the poet, and 
 thatsiie married John I'lorio (see Don 
 Adriano I)E AitMADo, and IIolo- 
 FEKXES, 3) in preterenee to Spenser. 
 Rosalinde reads, anagrammatically. 
 Rose Daniel; for, aeeording to (.'ani- 
 den, " a letter may be doubled, re- 
 jected, or contrariwise, if the sense 
 fall aptly;" we thus get rid of the 
 redundant e, and have a perfect ana- 
 gram. 
 
 2. A daughter of the exiled duke, 
 in Shakespeare's " As You Like It." 
 
 j(Scg=- " Rosalind . . . has vivacity and 
 wit enough to captivate those who Uke a 
 woman of spirit ; and jet with this there 
 is interwoven so mueli womanly tender- 
 ness and delicacy, she is, in her gayest 
 moods, so truly, sometimes so touchingly, 
 feminine, that she wins more admirers 
 than she dazzles."' R. G. While. 
 
 Kog'S-lIne, O)- Ros'a-line. 1. A lady 
 attending on the princess of France, 
 in Shakespeare's "' Love's Labour "s 
 Lost." 
 
 2. A scornfuUady, for whom Romeo 
 entertained a dreamy and fanciful 
 passion before he fell in love with 
 .Juliet, who was in every respect her 
 opposite. See Romeo. 
 
 Kosamond, Fair. Sec F.vir. Rosa- 
 mond. 
 
 Ko'sen-crantz (ro'^n-krants). The 
 name of a courtier, in Shakespeare's 
 tragedy of " Hamlet." 
 
 Hog'i-clear. A character in the 
 " Mirror of Knighthood," See Dox- 
 
 ZEL, DEL PhEUO. 
 
 Kos'I-phele. Princess of Armenia, a 
 lady of surpassing beauty, but insen- 
 sible to the power of love, represented 
 by Gower, in his " Confessio Anian- 
 tis," as reduced to obedience to Cupid 
 by a vision which befell her on a 
 May-day ramble. 
 
 Boss, Man of. See Man of Ross. 
 
 Koubign^, Julie de (zhii'le' du 
 roo'ben'ya.', .34). The title of a novel 
 by Henry Mackenzie, and the name 
 of its heroine. 
 
 Bough and Ready. A sobriquet 
 
 given to General Zachary Taj'lor 
 (17!}0-1850), twelfth president of the 
 United States, as expressive of prom- 
 inent traits in his character. 
 
 Round Table. 1. A hngc circular 
 marble table, at which, according to 
 the old romancers. King Arthur and 
 his knights were accustomed to sit. 
 It was originally the jjroperty of 
 L'ther Pendragon, lor whom it was 
 made by the sorcerer Merlin ; it 
 afterward belonged to Leodegrance, 
 king of Camelard, and came to 
 Arthur as the portion of his wife 
 (kiinever, the daughter of that mon- 
 arch. It was said to have Ijcen mod- 
 elled after one established by Joseph 
 of Arimathea in imitation of that 
 which Jesus had used at the Last 
 Supper. Every knight had his scat, 
 Avitli his name inscribed on it in let- 
 ters of gold. Some say there were 
 only thirteen seats around it, in mem- 
 ory of the thirteen apostles. Twelve 
 only were occupied, and by knights 
 of the highest lame. The thirteenth 
 represented the seat of the traitor Ju- 
 das. According to others, there were 
 seats for lifty, sixt}^, a hundred, or a 
 hundred and fiftj'; and an empty 
 place — called "the perilous siege" 
 or seat — was left for the sangreal. 
 
 aS" " King Arthur stablishcd all his 
 knights, rind gave them lauds that were 
 not rich of land, and charged them never 
 to do outrage nor murder, and alway to 
 flee treason. Also, by no means to be 
 cruel, but to give mercy unto him that 
 asked mercy, upon pain of forfeiture of 
 their worship, and lordship of King Ar- 
 thur, for evermore, and alway to do ladies, 
 damosels, and gentlewomen succour upon 
 pain of death. Also, that no man take 
 no battailes in a wrong quarrel for no 
 law, nor for worldly goods. Unto this 
 were all the knights sworn of the Uound 
 Table, both old and young." 
 
 Murte d^ Arthur. 
 
 efS' The more celebrated members of 
 this order were, Meliadus, Ban, Bohort, 
 Caradoc, Ryence, Pharamond, Lancelot 
 du Lac, Gawain, Tristram, Hector de 
 Marys, Bliomberis, Gaheris, Kay, Sagra- 
 mour le Desirus, Morhault, Agravaine, 
 Mordred, Dodynas le Sauvage, Dynadam, 
 Perceval, Galahad, Driam, Palamedes, 
 Amoral of Wales, Yvain, Ozanna, Per.saunt 
 of Inde (called '-of Inde," not as being 
 an Indian, but from the colour ho wore, 
 
 and for the Rcmarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xixii. 
 21
 
 KOU 
 
 322 
 
 ROZ 
 
 namelv, dark blue), Torres. Livaine, Ga- 
 retll, i'elleas, Braudilcs, Uedivere, Colgrc- 
 vance, Ladyuas, Ironside, Lionel, Lueau. 
 
 XJ3= This ancient order of knighthood 
 wa'^ revived by Edward III. at Windsor, 
 upon New-Year's day, 1344, in order to 
 draw the best soldiers of Europe into his 
 interest, with a view to the recovery of 
 i'raiice, which descended to him in right 
 of his mother. A huge round table is 
 (^till presorted in Winchester castle as 
 the identical one around which King Ar- 
 thur and his knights were accustomed to 
 sit. The tradition that it is such dates 
 back to the beginning of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. . 
 
 " For hia own part," he eaid, " ari'1 in the 
 land where he was bred, men would as soon 
 take for their mark Khis Arthur's Hound Ta- 
 ble, which held sixty kuights around it." 
 
 Sir }\. Scott. 
 
 2. A similar table said by French 
 and Italian romancers to have been 
 constructed or instituted by Charle- 
 maijne in imitation of that of King 
 Arthur. 
 
 Roustem (roos'tem). A famous half- 
 mvthical Persian hero, another Her- 
 cules, who is said to have lived in 
 the sixteenth century, and to have 
 been a descendant of the celebrated 
 Djamshid. Marvellous exploits are 
 ascribed to him, such as the killing 
 of a thousand Tartars at one blow, 
 the vanquishment of dragons and 
 devils, the capture of whole cities, and 
 the like. [Written also Kustam, 
 II o u s t a m, R s t a m.] 
 
 Row-e'na. A Saxon princess, ward of 
 Cedric of Rotherwood, in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel of" Ivanhoe," of which 
 she is the nominal heroine. See 
 
 RiCBECCA THE JEWESS. 
 
 Eow'land. Another orthographj' of 
 Jioland, one of the most famous of 
 Charlemagne's Twelve Peers. To 
 give one " a Rowland for an Oliver " 
 is an old and proverbial expression 
 used to signify the matching of one 
 incredil)lc lie with another. Oliver 
 •was also one of Charlemagne's pal- 
 adins ; and the exploits of these re- 
 nowned heroes are rendered ridicu- 
 lously and equally extravagant by 
 the old romancers. See Roland and 
 Orlando. 
 
 I promise yon that he pave my tcrmaprnnt 
 kinsman a *' quid pro quo," — a jioivlwid for 
 
 Ills Oiler, as the vulvar say, alluding to the 
 two celebrated paladius of (JUarleniav'ue. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Eow'land, Childe. The hero of an 
 old Scottish ballad, of which only a 
 fragment has been preserved; the 
 youngest brother of the fair Burd 
 ilelen, and the same as Roland, or 
 Orlando, the famous paladin. Guided 
 by Merlin, he undertakes the perilous 
 task of bringing back his sister froni 
 Ellland, whither she had been carried 
 by the fairies. See Ijuiiu Helen 
 and Roland. 
 
 Childe Rowland to the dark tower came. 
 
 ^Quoted by Sliak.") 
 
 'Rt-^ley, Thomas. The name of a 
 fictitious priest of Bristol, pretended 
 by Chatterton to have lived in the 
 reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., 
 and to have written several remark- 
 able poems, of which Chatterton him- 
 self was really the author. 
 
 Koyalist Butclier. [Fr. Le Boucher 
 Jioyalisle.] A sobriquet given to 
 Blaise de Montluc (1502-1527), a 
 French captain distinguished for his 
 cruelties to the Protestants in the 
 time of Charles IX. 
 
 Koyal Martyr. Charles I. of Eng- 
 land, who was beheaded Jan. 30, 
 1(J40, in pursuance of the sentence of 
 death pronounced against him by the 
 High Court of Justice, on the 27th 
 of the same month. 
 
 We are at a loss to conceive how the same 
 persons, who, on the .5th of November, thank 
 God for wonderfully conducting his servant 
 Kinjj WiUiam, and for making all opposition 
 fall before him until he became our king and 
 Kovernor, can, on the .'JOth of January, con- 
 trive to be afraid that the blood of the Roi/al 
 Mnrtip- may be visited on themselves and 
 tlicir'childien! Macaidaij. 
 
 Royal 'Prentice in the Art of Poe- 
 try. A name given to liimself by 
 James I. of England, who wrote a 
 great many miserable roundels, bal- 
 lads, sonnets, and other pieces of 
 verse. His lirst publication was a 
 collection of poems, nnder the title 
 of " The Essays of a Prentice in the 
 Divine Art of Poesy " (4to, 1584). 
 
 Royal Psalmist. A designation oft- 
 en applied to King David, the reputed 
 author of most of the compositions 
 known as " The Psalms." 
 
 Roz'I-nan'te. [Sp. Eocinante, from 
 
 KS~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying E^iplanatione,
 
 EUB 
 
 KCM 
 
 rocin, a small, jaded horse, a cart- 
 horse, and ante, before, formerly. ] 
 Tlie name givuu by Don Quixote to 
 his celebrated steed. fcjee Dun 
 Quixote. 
 
 I^S^ '• lie next vusited bis horse, ■which, 
 though he hail more corner.^ than a reiil 
 (being its leau as Gounclla's, that tantiim 
 jidlis tt ossa fitit), uoverthcless, in his 
 eye appeared infinitely preferable to Alex- 
 ander's Bucephalus, or the Cid's Bavieca. 
 I'our days he consumed in inventing a 
 name for this remarkable steed. . . . 
 After having chosen, rejected, amended, 
 tortured, and revolved a world of names 
 in his imagination, he fixed upon Knzi- 
 nante, — an appellation, in his opinion, 
 lofty, sonorous, and expressive uot only 
 of his former, but likewise of his pres- 
 ent, situation, which entitled hiui to the 
 preference overall other horses under tlic 
 sun. Ci.rvantts, Trans. 
 
 In short, bid Kozinanta change with Pesii- 
 nis, and you do no more than Mr. Vane's 
 letter lield out to Triplet. C licadc. 
 
 KiibezaKl (rii'ba-tsil, 51, 70). The 
 jianie of a famous spirit of the liie- 
 sengebirge in (jermany. correspond- 
 ing to the Puck of England, lie is 
 celebrated in innumerable sagas, bal- 
 la(»s, and tales, and represented under 
 the various forms of a miner, lumter, 
 monk, dwarf, giant, Szc. He is said 
 to aid the poor and oppressed, and 
 shows benighted wanderers their 
 road, but wages incessant war with 
 the proud and wicked. The origin 
 of the name is obscure. See !Nl'm- 
 BEK Nip. 
 
 Road abounding in gloomy valleys, intri- 
 cate rock-labyrintlis, haunts of siirlte liiiljc- 
 zalil, sources of the £lbc, and I know nut 
 what. Carli/lc. 
 
 Hu'bi-con. The ancient name of a 
 small stream — thought to be the 
 modern I'isatello — which formed the 
 boundary between Italy and Cisal- 
 pine Gaul. It is celebrated from 
 Ca:sar's having hesitated about cross- 
 ing it with his army, and initiat- 
 ing civil war, in the year 49 u. c. 
 Hence, " to pass the liubicon " has 
 become a proverbial phrase to denote 
 the taking of the lirst step in an un- 
 dertaking from which one cannot or 
 ■will not recede. 
 
 Eu'chi-el. [Ilcb. •nicJi, air, and el, 
 god, or mighty one.] In the old 
 Jewish angelology, the name of the 
 
 angel who ruled the air and the 
 
 winds. 
 
 Kuclge, Earnaby. The title of a 
 novel by Charles Dickens, and the 
 name of iLs hero, a halt-Avitted lad 
 whose companion is a knowing but 
 evil-looking raven. 
 
 There comes Poe, with his raven, like Ear- 
 
 natjj Jiiulf/e, 
 Tlircc fifths of him genius and two fifllis sheer 
 
 fudge. JaiivcU. 
 
 Eiidiger (rii'de-gf f, 51,58,04). The 
 faithful .'iquire of Chrienihild in the 
 great epic poem of German}', the 
 " Nibelungen Lied." 
 
 Rug'by. A servant to Dr. Caius, iu 
 .Shakespeare's " Jlerr}' \\'ives of 
 "\\'indsor." 
 
 Ruggiero (rood-jfi'ro, 102). A young 
 .Saracen knight, born of Christian par- 
 ents, who figures in Bojardo's " Or- 
 lando Innamorato," and in Ariosto's 
 " Orlando Furioso." In the latter 
 poem, he falls in love with Brad- 
 amantc, a Christian Amazon, and 
 sister to liinaldo. After numerous 
 adventures, crosses, and narroAV es- 
 capes, the poet, iu the last canto of 
 the poem, makes them marry; and 
 from their union he derives the gen- 
 ealogy of the house of Kste. Kug- 
 giero is noteil for the possession of a 
 hippogritf, or winged horse, and also 
 of a veiled shield, the dazzling splen- 
 dour of which, -when suddenly dis- 
 closed, struck with blindness and as- 
 tonishment all eyes tiiat beheld it. 
 This he threw into a hidden well, in 
 a nameless tbrest, in an undiscovered 
 land, after having won too cheap a 
 victory by its accidental exposure. 
 [Written also Kuggieri, liogero, 
 Kuggero, liuggeri.] 
 
 Eump, The. (Eng. Hist.) See 
 I'iude's Pukge; see also infra. 
 
 Kumpelstilzclien (nmm'pel-stilts'- 
 ken, 71). A character in a German 
 nursery tale, which has been trans- 
 lated into English, and is composed, 
 according to Grimm, of several 
 mutually conij.lementary narratives, 
 originating in Hesse. 
 
 IKir- Rumpelstilzchen i.s a dwarf who 
 spins straw into gold for a certain miller's 
 daughter, — a task enjoined upon her, 
 
 and for the Itemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xzxii.
 
 EUM 
 
 )24 
 
 RYE 
 
 i 
 
 under penalty of death, by the king, 
 who, in the sequel, marries her. lu her 
 distress, the girl had engaged to give the 
 little man her first child as a reward for 
 the service he had rendered her ; but 
 when the fulfilment of the promise was 
 claimed, she grieved so bitterly and 
 pleaded so hard, that he gave her three 
 days in which to find out his name, 
 telling her, that, if she succeeded, she 
 should keep the child. On the first and 
 second days, when he presented himself 
 before her, she repeated all the names 
 she knew ; but at each one he said, " That 
 is not my name." Early on the third 
 day, a messenger of the queen accident- 
 ally saw him in an out-of-the-way place, 
 where he Uved, and overheard jiim ex- 
 claim, '"How glad I am that nobody 
 knows my name is Rumpelstilzchen ! " 
 The queen, being told of this, was ready 
 for him at his next appearance ; and he 
 was so chagrined at finding his secret 
 knovrn as to destroy himself on the spot. 
 
 Hump Parliament. ( Enr/. IJisl. ) A 
 derisive epithet applied to a remnant 
 of the famous Long Parliament of 
 England, which re-assembled on the 
 6th of May, 1659, after the dis.solu- 
 tion of the parliament summoned by 
 Kichard Cromwell on the 27tli of 
 January, and dissolved by him on 
 the 22d of April, of the same year. 
 [Called also, simply, The Eump.] 
 
 Ku'pert, Knight. Formerly, and 
 .still in .some of the villages of north- 
 ern Germany, a personage clad in 
 high buskins, white robe, mask, and 
 enormous flaxen ^vig, who, at Christ- 
 mas time, receives from parents the 
 presents designed for their children, 
 goes about from house to house, 
 every where received with great 
 pomp and welcome, and, calling the 
 children, distributes to each a pres- 
 ent. Like St. Nicholas, he is sup- 
 posed to exercise a secret supervision 
 over children; but more especially he 
 keeps watch over naughty children, 
 and thus answers to the English 
 Robin Gooclfellow, or Eohgoblin. The 
 
 horseman in the May pageant is in 
 some parts of Germany called Ku- 
 precht, or Rupert. 
 
 Hush, Friar. See Feiak Rush. 
 
 Russian Byron. A name given by 
 his countrvmen to Alexander Sergei- 
 vitch Pushkin (17iJ<J-1837), the most 
 distinguished poet of Russia in the 
 present century. He is said to have 
 not a little of the bold and brilliant 
 genius of his protot3-pe, and, like 
 him, to excel in vigour of imagery 
 and impassioned sentiment. 
 
 Russian Mu-rat' {or mii'ra'). A 
 name given by the French to Michael 
 Miloradowitch (1770-1820), distin- 
 guished in the^ wars against Napo- 
 leon, and accoimted one of the boldest 
 and most enterprising and active of 
 the Russian generals of his time. 
 
 Kye-house Plot. (Enrj. Ilht.) The 
 name given to an alleged conspiracy 
 to assassinate Charles XL and his 
 brother, the Duke of York (after- 
 ward James II.), at a place called 
 Eye-house, between London and 
 Ne'svmarket, as they returned from 
 Newmarket races. The execution 
 of the plot is said to have been frus- 
 trated by the king's leaving New- 
 market somewhat sooner than was 
 expected. 
 
 Ry'ence, King. A knight of the 
 Round Table, king of Ireland, North 
 Wales, and many isles. He sent to 
 King Arthur for his beard, to en- 
 able him, with those of eleven other 
 kings, whom he had already discom- 
 fited, to purfle his mantle. Meeting 
 with an angiy refusal, he entered 
 Britain with a large army, to en- 
 force his demand, but was captured, 
 and sent as a prisoner to Arthur, 
 who, according to some accounts, 
 married his daughter Guinever. 
 [Written also Ryon.] 
 
 • For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SAB 
 
 325 
 
 SAG 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabrevir, Le Beau (lu bo sa'brijf', 
 43). See IIandsomk' Swordsman. 
 
 Sa-bri'nS. The virgin dauglitcr of 
 Locrinc' and Estrildas, thrown into 
 the Severn (Lat. Sabrina) by Guen- 
 dolen, a divorced wife of Locrine. 
 In Milton's " Comus " and Fletcher's 
 " Faithful Shepherdess," she is fabled 
 to have been transformed into a riv- 
 er-nymph, that her honour might be 
 preserved inviolate. See Lockixk. 
 
 To fashion's light tempters, Ikt very 
 thought was as closed as, 
 " Under the glassy, cool, translucent wave," 
 wa.<! the car of Sabrina to the comrades of 
 Comus. Sir E. Bulwer Lyttun. 
 
 Sagli'S-ris'sa. [From Gr. <raKx«Pi 
 aoKxapov, sugar, like INIelissa Ironi 
 fte'Ai, honey.] A poetical name given 
 by Waller (1G05-1G87) to the eldest 
 daughter of the Earl of Leicester, 
 Lady Dorothea Sidney, for whose 
 hand he was an unsuccessful suitor. 
 
 Fancy Sacharissa beckoning and smilins 
 from th"e upper window. Tluu-kcnvj. 
 
 Sacred Island. An old name of 
 Ireland; the same as Hohj Islaml. 
 See HoiA- Island, 1. 
 
 Sacred War. (Gr. Hist.) 1. A 
 •war undertaken by the Amphicty- 
 onic league — a council established 
 at a very early period for the man- 
 agement of all affairs relative to 
 Greece — for the defence of Delphi 
 against the Cirrh;eans. It began b. 
 C. 59-5, and ended b. c. 587. 
 
 2. A war instituted by the Athe- 
 nians for the purpose of restoring 
 Delphi to the Fhocians, from whom 
 it had been taken by the Laceda"- 
 monians. b. c. 448-447. 
 
 3. A war in which the Phocians, 
 who had seized Delphi, b. c. 357, 
 ■were attacked and conquered by 
 Philip of Macedon, as chief of the 
 Amphictyonic league. This is the 
 most celebrated of the Sacred Wars. 
 
 Sac'rl-pSnt, King. 1. King of Cir- 
 cassia, and a lover of Angelica, in 
 the poems of Bojardo and Ariosto. 
 
 This is no new thing, said Don Quixote, 
 
 nor is it difficult to bo done. With the eamo 
 stratagem, SticrijKuit had liis steed t*tolen from 
 under him by that notorious thief lininello at 
 the siege of Albracca. (Vrrands, 'lYum. 
 
 2. A personage introduced by Alcs- 
 sandro Tassoni (1565-1635), the Ital- 
 ian poet, in his mock-heroic poem 
 entitled " Secchia Kapita," or " TIk; 
 Ilape of the Bucket;" represcnteil 
 as false, brave, noisy, and hectoring. 
 The name is quoted as a synonym 
 Avith vanity and braggart courage. 
 
 Let us hunt up this Sacrijxnit, let us beat 
 him as we would the Devil. Graiwal, lYans. 
 
 Saehrimnir (sza-rim'nef). (Scand. 
 
 Mijth.) A boar whose flesh furnishes 
 
 food for the banquets of Valhalla. 
 
 Every day it is served u]i at table, 
 
 and every day it is entirely renewed 
 
 again. 
 Saga (szi'ga). [From the same root 
 
 as the Eng. saij.'] (Scand. Myth.) 
 
 The goddess of history. 
 
 Sage of Mon'ti-cel'lo. An appel- 
 lation often given, in America, to 
 Thomas Jeffev.son (174.3-1826), third 
 president of the United States, from 
 the name of his country-seat, and in 
 allusion to his wise statesmanship 
 and great political sagacity. 
 
 As from the grave where Henry sleeps. 
 
 From Vernon's weeping-willow. 
 And from the grassy pall which hides 
 
 Tlie Saqe. orMonlicello, 
 So from the leaf-strewn burial-stone 
 
 Of Randolph's lowly dwelling, 
 Virginia, o'er thy land of slaves 
 
 A warning voice is swelling. imuier. 
 
 Sage of Samos. Sec Samian Sagk. 
 
 Sag'it-ta-ry. A famous imaginan- 
 monster introduced into the armies 
 of the Trojans by the fabling writer, 
 Guido da C'oloniia, whose work Avas 
 translated bj-- Lydgate. He is di - 
 scribed as " a terrible archer, half 
 man and half beast, who neighs like 
 a horse, whose eyes sparkle like liru, 
 and strike dead like lightning." He 
 is evidently the same as the archer- 
 centaur, the sign Saf/iUariiis in the 
 zodiac. 
 
 The dreadful .'!arriltanf 
 Appals OTir numbers; haste we, Dionied. 
 To reinforcement, or we perish all. Sliat. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wliieh the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. jtiv-xxxii.
 
 SAG 
 
 326 SAI 
 
 I^' The same name is given in " Othel- 
 lo " (;i. i., sc. 1 and 3) to the residence of 
 the military officers at the arsenal in Ven- 
 ice, from the figure of an archer over the 
 door. 
 
 Sagramourle Desirus (pfig'rfi-moor 
 lu diVze-roos'). A knight of the 
 Round Tabic, who figures in " Lance- 
 lot du Lac," " Mortu d' Arthur," and 
 other old romances of chivalry. 
 
 Sailor King. A title popularly con- 
 ferred upon William IV. of England, 
 •«-ho entered the navy in 1779, at 
 fourteen vcars of age, and continued 
 in the service till 18'27, having;' passed 
 from the rank of midshipman to that 
 of captain, by regular promotion, and 
 thence by a'mcrely formal ascent to 
 that of admiral of the fleet in 1801, 
 and that of lord high admiral in 1827. 
 
 St. Befana. See Befana, La. 
 
 St. Brandan, Island of. See Island 
 
 OF St. r.HANUAN. 
 
 St. Christopher. A saint of the 
 Pioman Catholic and Greek churches. 
 Legendary writers place him in the 
 third century, but critical historians 
 reject him as imaginary, and regard 
 his history as wholly fabulous. Ac- 
 cording to the common account, he 
 was a native of Lycia; but the 
 "Legenda Aurea " ("cap. 100) says 
 that he was a Canaanite, and adds, 
 that he was very tall and fearful to 
 look at. So proud was he of his bulk 
 and strength, that he would serve 
 only the mightiest princes, and was 
 ever in search of a stronger master. 
 At length he entered the service of 
 the Devil; but, finding that his new 
 master was thrown into great trepida- 
 tion and alarm by the sight of an 
 image of Christ, he lost all respect 
 for him, and resolved to seek out and 
 follow the Saviour. For a long time 
 his quest was vain; but he finally 
 found him in a little child, whom he 
 undertook to carr}' across a deep 
 river, which had no bridge, — or, 
 according to a late Latin hymn, the 
 Eed Sea, — and whose weight kejit 
 growing greater and greater, until 
 Christopher began to sink under 
 the burden, when the child declared 
 himself to be Christ, and wrought a 
 
 miracle to prove it. Christopher was 
 convinced, embraced Christianity, 
 performed miracles himself, was 
 martjTed, canonised, and became an 
 object of the most eager veneration. 
 The sight of his image was thought 
 to be a protection from sickness, 
 earthquakes, lire, or flood, for the 
 rest of the day, and it was therefore 
 can-ed and painted in huge propor- 
 tions on the outside of churches and 
 houses, especially in Italy, Spain, and 
 (iermany. His body is said to be at 
 Valencia, in Spain ; he has an arm at 
 Compostella, a Jaw-bone at Astorga, 
 a shoulder at St. Peter's in Kome, a 
 tooth and a rib at Venice, and many 
 other relics, all enormous, at other 
 places. The Greek church celebrates 
 his festival on the 9th of May ; the 
 Roman Catholic, on the 25th of July. 
 
 Like the great slant Chrutoplier it stands 
 Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave, 
 
 "Wading far out among tlie rocks and sands. 
 The night-o'ertaken mariner to save. 
 
 Longfellow, The LigJU-JiOUSC. 
 
 St. Distaff. An imaginary saint to 
 whom the 7th of January — the day 
 after the Epiphany, or Twelfth-day — 
 is consecrated in some localities. The 
 Christmas holidays being ended, the 
 distaft' and other 'industrious employ- 
 ments are now resumed. The name 
 occurs in an old ))allad, entitled " Wit 
 a-sporting in a jjleasant Grove of new 
 Fancies," Lond., 1G57. 
 
 " Partly workc and partly play 
 You inust on M. Di-'taff's day; 
 Give ,S7. Dis^tajf aW the right, 
 Then give Christmas-sport good night.' 
 
 St. Fil'o-me'na. The name of a 
 psoudo-saint of the Roman Catholic 
 church, whoi^e worship commenced 
 in the present centniy. Longfellow 
 has applied the name to Florence 
 Nightingale, probably from its re- 
 semblance to the Greek and Latin 
 pJiilojnela, a nightingale, and also 
 because, in a picture by Sabatelli, St. 
 Filomena is represented as hovering 
 over a group of the sick and maimed, 
 who are healed by hor intercession. 
 
 JK3= In the year 1802. a prave -waa 
 found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, by 
 ^vllich were the remains of a glass vase 
 that had held blood, the Indication of the 
 burial-place of a martyr. The grave was 
 
 ■ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationa,
 
 SAI 
 
 closed by three tiles, on which were the 
 following words, puintinl iu red letters : 
 LVMKNA PAXTK CVMFl. There were 
 also rudely painted on the tiles two an- 
 chors, three darts, a torch, and a palni- 
 braneh. The inscription was read by 
 placin" the first tile after the two oth- 
 ers, thus, — •• Pax tecum Filumena,"' 
 Peace be with thee, Filuniena ; and I'ilu- 
 mena was adopted as a new saint in the 
 long list of those to whom the Roman 
 church has given this title. It was sup- 
 posed, that, in the haste of closing tlie 
 grave, the tiles had been thus misplaced. 
 Thereupon a devout artisan, a priest, and 
 a nun, were all severally visited by vis- 
 ions of a virgin martyr, who told them 
 the story of Diocletian's love for her, of 
 her refusal, and subsequent martyrdom ; 
 and explained, that, having been once 
 called Lumena, she was baptised Filu- 
 mena, which she e.xplaiucd as a daughter 
 of light 1 Some human remains near the 
 stone being dignified as relics of St. Filo- 
 mena, she was presented to Mugnano, 
 and, on the way, not only worked many 
 miraeles on her adorers, but actually re- 
 paired her own skeleton, and made her 
 hair grow. So many wonders are said 
 to have been worked by this phantom 
 saint, that a book printed at Paris in the 
 j-eJT 1847 calls her " La Thaumalurs^e 
 du jt9»!f Siicie:'" and she is by far the 
 most fashionable patroness in the Uomish 
 church. Korton. Xoiige. 
 
 St. George, Chevalier de. A name 
 assumed by James Francis Edward 
 Stuart, the elder Pretender. See 
 Pretendeks, The. 
 
 St. Graal, or San'greS.1. [Old Fr., 
 holy grail; gro'il, f/rcal, tjrnsal, Pr. 
 (jrazat, from Middle Lat. f/radalif, 
 gradnle, as if from a Latin woid 
 craUdis, from craftr, crcdrra, a cup.] 
 A vessel made of a single precious 
 stone (usually said to be an emerald \ 
 from which our Saviour was supposed 
 to have drunk at the last supper, and 
 ■which was afterward filled with the 
 blood which flowed from the wounds 
 ■with which he was pierced at the 
 crucifixion; or, according to some 
 accounts, it was the platter on which 
 the paschal lamb was served at the 
 last Passover which Jesus celebrated 
 with his disciples. It is fabled to 
 have been preserved and carried to 
 England by Joseph of Arimathea. 
 It remained there many years, an 
 object of pfigrimage and devotion: 
 
 327 SAI 
 
 but at length it. disappeared, one of 
 its keepei-s having violated the condi- 
 tion of strict virtue in thought, word, 
 and deed, whicii was imposed u])on 
 those wlio had charge of it. Thence- 
 forth many knights -errant, particu- 
 larly those of the Kound 'J'able, spent 
 their lives in searching for it, and Sir 
 Galahad was at last successful in 
 finding it. Various miraculous prop- 
 erties are attributed to this dish, by 
 the old romancers, such as the power 
 of prolonging life, preserving chas- 
 tity, and the like. In some legends, 
 it is said to have been brought down 
 from heaven by angels, and given in 
 charge to a body of knights, who 
 guarded it in a temple -like castle 
 on top of the inaccessible mountain 
 Montsalvage, whence it would be 
 borne away and vani.sli from their 
 sight, if approached by any but a per- 
 fectly pure and holy person. [Called 
 also IJii/i/ Grail.] See Galahad, 
 Sir, and King Pecheur. 
 
 A sinful man, and unconfesscd, 
 He took the ticingreal's holy ciueot, 
 And, shuiibprinp, taw the vision high, 
 lie niiKht nut view with waking eye. 
 
 Air »■. Scott. 
 
 St. Hilaire, Marco de (mai-'ko' di.i 
 so'U e'lei-', G2, 04). A pseudonym ot 
 fimilc ISIarc Hilaire, a 1' rench "writer 
 of the present day (b. 17!J0). 
 
 Saintine (sau'ten', C2). A pseiulonym 
 adopted by Joseph Xavicr IJoniiace 
 (b. 1707)," a popular Irench writer, 
 author of "Picciola" and other well- 
 known works. 
 
 St. Le'6n. The title of a novel by 
 William Goodwin (1750-18^6), and 
 the name of its hero, a man who be- 
 comes possessed of the elixir of life 
 (liv which he has the power of re- 
 newing his youth), and the secret 
 of thelransiiiutation of metals into 
 gold, — ac(|uisitions which only bring 
 him misfortunes and much protracted 
 misery. 
 
 St. Tficholas. The patron saint of 
 bovs. He is said to have been bishop 
 of'Mvra,in Lvcia. and to have died 
 in the year 22i'>. Of his ]>ersonal his- 
 tory little or nothing is known with 
 certainty. The young wen? tmiver- 
 sally taught to revere him, and the 
 
 and for the KemarkB and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-
 
 SAI 
 
 328 
 
 SAI 
 
 popular fiction wliicli represents him 
 as the bearer of presents to children 
 on Christmas eve is well-known. He 
 is the Santa Claus and the Krisx 
 Kriufjle of the Dutch. [Written also 
 Nicolas.] See Kitiss Kkingle. 
 
 j8®" " St. Nicholas is said to have sup- 
 plied three destiiute maidens with mar- 
 riage portions by secretly leaving money 
 at their window, and as his day occurred 
 just before Christmas, he thus was made 
 the purveyor of the gifts of the season to 
 all children in Flanders and Holland, who 
 put out their shoe or stocking in the 
 confidence that Santa Klaus, or Knecht 
 Globes, as they call him, will nut in a 
 prize for good conduct before n.orning. 
 Another legend described the saint as 
 having brought three murdered children 
 to life again ; and this rendered him the 
 patron of boys, especially school-boys.-' 
 Yonge. 
 St. Patrick's, Dean of. See Dean 
 OF St. P.vtiiick's. 
 
 St. Patrick's Purgatory. The sub- 
 ject and locality of a legend long 
 famous throughout Europe. The 
 scene is laid in Ireland, upon an islet 
 in Lough Derg. Here St. Patrick 
 was supposed to have made a cave, 
 through which was a descent into 
 Purgatory for the living sinner who 
 was desirous of expiating his evil 
 deeds while yet in the fiesh. Tlie 
 punishments undergone were analo- 
 gous to those described by Dante in 
 his " Divina Commedia." The in- 
 terest in this legend and locality 
 tended, perhaps, as much as any 
 thing, to tix the popular notion of an 
 intermediate state of existence. The 
 story was made the suljject of a ro- 
 mance in the fourteenth century ; and, 
 in Spain, in the seventeenth century, 
 it was dramatised by Calderou. See 
 OwAiN, Sir. 
 
 _>e®- " Who has not heard of St. Pat- 
 rick's Purgatory, of its mysterious won- 
 ders, and of the crowds of devotees who 
 have for ages been attracted by its re- 
 puted .sanctity ? There it stands, with its 
 chapels and its toll-houses ; and thither 
 repair yearly crowds of pious pilgrims, 
 who would wash away at ouce, by a visit 
 to these holy shores, the accumulated 
 sins of their lives."' Wn'ghl. 
 
 St. Swith'in. Bishop of Winchester, 
 and tutor to King Alfred, canonised 
 
 by the Roman Catholic church. Ho 
 is said to have wrought man\- 
 miracles, the most celebrated beinl; 
 a rain of forty days' continuance, by 
 which he testified" his displeasure ;it 
 an attempt of the monks to hary him 
 in the chancel of the minster, instead 
 of the open church-yard, as he had 
 directed. Hence the popular super- 
 stition, that, if it rain on St. Swithin's 
 day (July 15), it will rain for forty 
 days thereafter. 
 
 St. Tam'ma-nir. An Indian chief, 
 who, in the United States, has been 
 popularly canonized as a saint, and 
 adopted as the tutelary genius of 
 one branch of the Democratic party. 
 Tammany, or Tammenund (the name 
 is variously written), was of the 
 Delaware nation, and lived probably 
 in the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. He resided in the country 
 which is now Delaware until he was 
 of age, when he moved beyond the 
 Alleghanies, and settled on the bank.*? 
 of the Ohio. He became a chief 
 sachem of his tribe, and, being alway.^ 
 a friend of the whites, often restrained 
 hi.s warriors from deeds of violence. 
 His rule was always discreet, and he 
 endeavoured to induce his followers 
 to cultivate agriculture and the arts 
 of peace, rather than those of war. 
 When he became old, he called a 
 council to have a successor appointed ; 
 after which the residue of his life was 
 spent in retirement ; and tradition 
 relates that " young and old repaired 
 to his wigwam to hear him discourse 
 Avisdom." His great motto was, 
 " Unite in peace for happiness, in 
 war for defence." When and by 
 whom he was first styled Saint, or 
 by what whim he was" chosen to be 
 the patron of the Democracy, does 
 not appear. 
 
 JKS°" " The Americans sometimes call 
 their tutelar saint ' Tamendy,' a corrup- 
 tion of the name [Tammenund] of the re- 
 nowned chief here introduced. There aro 
 many tr.iditions which speak of the char- 
 acter and power of Tamenund." Cooper. 
 
 This is the first of May; our Bhepherds and 
 nymphs are celebrating our glorious St. Tam- 
 manu's day. We '11 hear the song out, and 
 then join in the frolic, and chorus it o'er and 
 o'er again. This day shall be devoted to joy 
 and festivity. Old (Amer.) Plari. 
 
 "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SAK 
 
 329 
 
 SAN 
 
 Sakhrat (sSjj'rat). {Mohammedan 
 Myth.) A sacred stone of which a 
 single grain gives miraculous powers 
 to the possessor. This stone is of an 
 emerald colour, and its reflected light 
 is the cause of the tints of the sky. 
 Upon it rests Mount Caf. See JIount 
 Caf. 
 
 Salamanca, Bachelor of. See Don 
 
 ClIEKUBlM. 
 
 SS-la'ni-o. A fi-icnd to Antonio and 
 *Bas.<anio, in Shakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice." 
 
 S5'l5-ri'no. A friend to Antonio and 
 Bassanio, in Sliakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice." 
 
 Sal-mo'neus. [Gr. SaVcoveu's.] ( Gr. 
 t^- Rum. Myth.) A king of Elis, son 
 of yEolus, and brother of Sisyphus; 
 celebrated for his arrogance and im- 
 piety. He ordered sacrifices to be 
 offered to himself, as if he were a 
 god, and even imitated the thunder 
 and lightning of .Jupiter, for which 
 he was struck by a thunderbolt, and 
 punished in the infernal regions. 
 
 It was to be the literary Salmonem of the 
 poUticalJupiter. Sir E. Bulitrr Li/tton. 
 
 Salt River. An imaginary river, up 
 ■which defeated political parties are 
 supposed to be sent to oblivion. 
 [Cant, U. <S.] 
 
 JS£S' " The phrase, ' To row up Salt Kiv- 
 er,' has its origin iu the fact that there is a 
 sniall stream of that name in Kentucky, 
 the passage of which is made difficult and 
 laborious as well by its tortuous cour.«e as 
 by the abundance of shallows and bars. 
 The real application of the phrase is to 
 the unhappy wight who has the task of 
 propelHog the boat up the stream ; but, 
 in political or slang usage, it is to those 
 who are rowed up." J. Inman. 
 
 Sam. A popular synonym in the Unit- 
 ed States for the Know-nothing, or 
 Native-American, party. The name 
 involves an allusion to Uncle Sam, 
 tlie common personification of the 
 government of the United States. 
 
 Sam, Dicky. See Dicky Sam. 
 
 Sam, Uncle. See Uncle Sam. 
 
 Samael (sA'mS-el). In the old .Jewish 
 demonolog\', the prince of demons, 
 who in the guise of a serpent tempted 
 Eve. JIany Kabbins, however, say 
 
 that he is the angel of death, who is 
 armed with a sword, or with a bow 
 and arrows. By some, he is identified 
 with Asmodeus. 
 
 Sam'bo. A cant designation of the 
 negro race. 
 
 No race has ever shown such capabilities of 
 adaptation to varying soil and circumstances 
 as the ncRro. Alike to tlicm tlie snows of 
 Canada, the hard, rocky land of New Eng- 
 land, or the gorgeous iniifusion of tlic Soutn- 
 ern States. Sambo and CutTov expand \in(ler 
 them all. JIarrici Becchcr Slowe. 
 
 Samian Sage. An appellation be- 
 stowed upon Pythagoras (about 58'i- 
 50(> R. c), one of the most celebrated 
 philosophers of antiquit}', who, ac- 
 cording to the received opinion, was 
 a native of Samos. 
 
 Sampson. A servant to Capulet, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " Komeo 
 and JiUiet." 
 
 Sampson, Dominie. See Dominie 
 Sampson. 
 
 Sam'son (-an). A judge of Israel in 
 the twelfth century before Christ ; fa- 
 mous for his wonderful strength, — 
 which was dependent on the length 
 of his hair, — and for his unfortunate 
 marriage with the artful Delilah, a 
 Philistine, who betrayed him to his 
 enemies. Milton's magnificent clas- 
 sical tragedy of" Samson Agonistes " 
 — that is, Samson the Cluimpion, or 
 Combatant — is founded upon and 
 embodies the Scriptural account of 
 Samson. 
 
 Sancho. See Panza, Sanciio. 
 
 Sanction, Pragmatic. Sec Pkag- 
 JiATic Sanction. 
 
 Sand, George (jorj sand, or zhofzh 
 so", G2). A pseucion^'m of Madame 
 Dudevant, a distinguished French 
 authoress of the present day (b. 1804). 
 The name Sand was assumed in con- 
 sequence of Mme. Dudevant's friend- 
 ship for .Jules Sandeau, a .young stu- 
 dent, conjointly with whom she wrote 
 her first novel, " Rose ct Blanche," 
 which was published (1832) with 
 ".Jules Sand" on the title-page as 
 the author's name. 
 
 San-dal'phon. In the Rabbinical sys- 
 tem of angelology, one of three angels 
 who receive the prayers of the Israel- 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 SAN 
 
 330 
 
 SAT 
 
 ites and weave crowns from them. 
 Long-fellow lias made this superstition 
 the subject of a beautiful poem. 
 
 Sand'ford, Harry. One of the lead- 
 ing cliaraeters in Thomas Day's pop- 
 ular juvenile work entitled " The 
 Histoi-y of Sandford and Merton." 
 
 Now the poor cottager lias . . . something 
 of the pleasure which Snn((lhril and Mertou 
 felt when thev had huilt iiiul thatched their 
 house, and then sat within it, fjravely proud 
 and happy. -i- A' J'- J^>"jd. 
 
 San'gla-more. The sword of Brag- 
 gadoehio, in Spenser's " Faiir}' 
 Queen." 
 
 Sangrado, Doctor (sSn-gra'tlio, 5G). 
 The name of a physician in Le Sage's 
 novel of " Gil Bias," who practises 
 blood-letting as a remedy for all .sorts 
 of ailments. By Le Sage's contem- 
 poraries, this character was generally 
 thought to be intended for the cele- 
 brated Helvetius. 
 
 If this will not be sufficient, may wc have 
 plenty of Sain/rados to pour in plenty of cold 
 water till this terrible fermentation is over! 
 
 Sterne. 
 
 I was obliged to send for a physician, who 
 
 seemed to liave been a disciple of SanffraiJo ; 
 
 for he scarce left a drop of blood in my body. 
 
 Smollett. 
 
 The results were "bad nights and much 
 feverish agitation ;" and the remedies were of 
 the usual desperate Sanr/rado order, — bleed- 
 ing two days in succession, leaving him " al- 
 most dead." I'ercy Fitzgerald. 
 
 Sangreal. See St. Gr.v.vl. 
 
 Santa Claus, or Klaus (Dutch pron. 
 p.ln'tu kliiwss). The Dutch name of 
 tSt. Nidirliis. See St. NicnoL.\s. 
 
 Sappho of Toulouse (saf'fo, too'- 
 looz'). A title given to Clemence 
 Isaure (b. 1GG4), on account of a 
 beautiful ode to Spring which she 
 composed. 
 
 Sar'as-wa'ti. [Hindu Myili.) The wife 
 of Brahma, and the goddess of poetiy, 
 painting, sculpture, eloquence, and 
 music. [Written also Seriswat- 
 tec.] 
 
 Sar-ma'ti-ii (sar-ma'shi-a). The 
 coiuitry of the Sarmata^, a gr(!at 
 Slavic people of ancient times, dwell- 
 ing between the Vistula and the 
 Don. It is often used in modern 
 poetry as synonymous with Poland. 
 
 Oh, bloodiest picture in the hook of Time! 
 Sarmatia fell unwept, witliout a crimei 
 
 Found not a generous Wend, a pitying foe, 
 Strength in her arms, nor mercy in her woe. 
 Vamphell. 
 
 Sar-pe'd6n. [Gr. :Sap7n)6wf.] {Or. ij- 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of Jupiter, and 
 king of Lycia, who went into xXn- 
 Trojan war to assist Priam, and was 
 slain by Patroclus. 
 
 Sa'tan. [Heb., an adversaria I-at- 
 Sat' a-nas.'\ One of the names of 
 the Devil, and that by which in the 
 Bible, in poetrj', and in popular 
 legends, he is often designated. Ac- 
 cording to the Talmud, lie was orig- 
 inally an archangel, but revolted 
 from' God, together with one third 
 of the host of heaven, on being re- 
 quired to bow down and do reverence 
 to Adam. He was thereupon ex- 
 pelled from heaven, vanquished in 
 battle by Michael and the other 
 angels "Vho kept their first estate," 
 and cast with all his crew into the 
 abyss of hell. Satan is the most con- 
 spfcuous figure in Milton's sublime 
 epic, the "Paradise Lost," and he 
 figures also in the " Paradise Re- 
 gained" of the same author. Those 
 mediiEval writers who reckoned nine 
 kinds of demons, placed Satan at the 
 head of the fifth rank, which con- 
 sisted of cozeners, as magicians and 
 witches. Wierus makes him leader 
 of the opposition in the infernal em- 
 pire, of which Beelzebub was con- 
 sidered the sovereign. See Devil, 
 The. 
 
 je®=- " The legendary Satan is a being 
 Trholly distinct from the theological Lu- 
 cifer. He is never ennobled by the sullen 
 dignity of the fallen augel. No traces of 
 celestial origin are to be discovered on his 
 brow, lie is not a rebellions a:on who 
 was once clothed in radiance ; but he is 
 the fiend, the enemy, evil from all time 
 past in his very essence, foul and de- 
 graded, cowardly and impure : his rage 
 is oftene.st impotent, unless his cunning 
 can assist his power. Eqvially dramatic 
 and poetical is the part allotted to Satan 
 in those ancient romances of religion, 
 'The Lives of the Saints.' But in the 
 conception of the legendary Satan, the 
 belief in his might melts into the ideal 
 of his character. Amidst clouds of infer- 
 nal T.apour he develops his form, half in 
 allegory, and half with spiritual reality ; 
 and his horns, his tail, his saucer-eyes, 
 his claws, his taunts, his wiles, his mal- 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SAT 
 
 331 
 
 SAU 
 
 ice, all bear witness to the simultaneous 
 yet coutr.tdictoi-y impressions to whicU 
 the Uagiologist is compelleil to yield." 
 
 Pai^rave. 
 
 J6g- " Milton has carefully marked in 
 his Satan tlie intense selnshness, the 
 alcohol of o;;otism, which would rather 
 reign in hell than serve in heaven. To 
 place this lust of self in opposition to 
 denial of self or duty, and to show what 
 exertions it would make, and what pains 
 endure, to accomplish its end, is Milton's 
 particular object iu the character of Sa- 
 tan. But around this character he has 
 thrown a sini^ularity of daring, a gran- 
 deur of sufferance, and a ruined splen- 
 dour, which con.<titute the very height of 
 poetic sublimity." Cokriilge. 
 
 Satanic School. A name often given 
 to a class ot' writers whose produc- 
 tions arc thought to be characteriseil 
 by an imi)arience of all restraint, 
 a disgust at the whole constitution 
 of society, an impassioned and ex- 
 travagant strain of sentimentality, 
 and a presumptuous scorn of all 
 moral rules, as well as of the holiest 
 truths of religion. Southey, in the 
 preface to his "' Vision of Judgment," 
 was the first to use this degrading 
 appellation. Of the ^\Titers wlio 
 have been included under it, Byron, 
 Shelley, Moore, Bnhver, Ilonsseau, 
 Victor Hugo, Paul do Kock, and 
 George Sand are the most prominent. 
 
 j9^ "Immoral writer.';, . . . men of 
 diseased hearts and depraved imagina- 
 tions, who. forming a .system of opinions 
 to suit their own unhappy course of con- 
 duct, have rebelled against the holiest 
 ordinances of human society, and, hat- 
 ing that revealed religion which, with all 
 their efforts and bravadoes, they are un- 
 able entirely to disbelieve, labour to make 
 others as miserable as themselves by in- 
 fecting them with a moral virus that o^ts 
 into the foul. The school which they 
 have set up may properly be called the 
 Satanic School; for, though their pro- 
 ductions breathe the spirit of I5clial in 
 their lascivious parts, and the sjiirit of 
 Moloch in their loathsome images of 
 atrocities .and liorrors, which they de- 
 light to represent, they .are more espe- 
 cially characterised by a P.itanic spirit 
 of pride and audacious impiety which 
 Still betr.ays the wrotclied feelingof hope- 
 lessness wherewith it is allied." 6'o!(iAfy. 
 
 This ["Wcrthor'T and " Ooctz von I!er- 
 lichin^cn "... have proflnced incnlculnt)lo 
 effects, — which now, indeed, however sciine 
 
 departing echo of them may lini;;er in the 
 
 wrecks <it' our own -Mu.s.stroopor [imitation of 
 Sir Walter Seott'.s •■ Lay ot tile Liisl .Min- 
 strel "J ami Sitlanic ScUuoU, do at length all 
 hupiiily lie behind us. <Mrtylv. 
 
 Sat'urn. [Lat. Saturnus, cognate 
 with severe, to sow, satur, a planter.] 
 ((V/-. (J- Jium. iMijtli.) The lir.st king 
 of Latiuni, who came to Italy in tlie 
 reign of James, lie was aitcrward 
 worshipped as the god of agriculture, 
 and ot civilisation and social order. 
 At a very early period he was identi- 
 fied with the Cronus of the Greeks, 
 and hence was said to be the son of 
 Calus and Terra, and the husband 
 of Ops, or Cybele. He was de- 
 throned and imprisoned b}' his brother 
 Titan, but was set at liberty and re- 
 instated in his rights by his son 
 Jupiter, who, however, afterward de- 
 posed him and divided his kingdom 
 with Neptune and I'luto. ^^aturn 
 Hed to Italy, where his reign was so 
 mild that men called it "the golden 
 age." 
 
 Sat'y-rSne, Sir. A knight, in Spen- 
 ser'.s " FaiJry Queen," who helps 
 Una escape from the satyrs who 
 rescued her from the lust of Archi- 
 mago. 
 
 And passion, orst nnlcnown, could gain 
 The breast of blunt Sir Hali/rane. 
 
 air IV. Scott. 
 
 Sat'yrs, or Sa'tyrs. [Or. larvpoi, 
 L.-i't. 'Salijn.] (dr. tf Rom. Myth.) 
 Woodland deities with horns, pointed 
 ears, tail.*, and goat's feet. They are 
 described as fond of wine and every 
 kind of sen.sual pleasin'C. 
 
 Saun'ders, Clerk. The hero of a 
 well-known Scottish ballad. 
 
 Saun'ders, Richard. A feigned name 
 inider which Dr. Franklin, in 1732, 
 commenced the publication of an 
 Almanac, commonly called " Poor 
 Richard's Almanac," of which the 
 distinguishing feature was a series of 
 maxims of prudence and industry 
 in the form of proverI)s. 
 
 /Kr" " T endeavoured to make it both 
 entertaininff and useful. . . . .\nd, ob- 
 serving that it was generally road, scarce 
 any neighboxirhood in the province being 
 without it, I considered it as a proper 
 vehicle for conveying instruction among 
 the common people, whoboucrht scarcely 
 any other books. I therefore filled all the 
 
 snd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 SAW 
 
 332 
 
 SCA 
 
 little spaces that occurred between the 
 remarkable days ia the calendar with 
 proverbial sentences, chiefly such as in- 
 culcated industry and frugality as the 
 means of procuring wealth, and thereby 
 securing virtue ; it being more difficult 
 for a man in waut to act always honestly, 
 as, to use here one of those proverbs, ' It 
 is hard for an empty sack to stand up- 
 right.' These proverbs, which contained 
 the wisdom of many ages and nations, I 
 assembled and formed into a connected 
 discourse prefixed to the Almanac of 
 1757, as the harangue of a wise old man 
 to the people attending an auction. The 
 bringing all these scattered counsels thus 
 into a focus, enabled them to make great- 
 er impression. The piece, being -miver- 
 pally approved, was copied in all the 
 newspapers of the American continent ; 
 reprinted in Britain, ou a large sheet of 
 paper, to be stuck up in houses ; two 
 translations were made of it in France, 
 and great numbers bought by the clergy 
 and gentry, to distribute gratis among 
 their poor parishioners and tenants. In 
 Pennsylvania, as it discouraged useless 
 expense in foreign superfluities, some 
 thought it had its share of influence in 
 producing that growing plenty of money 
 which was observable for several years 
 after its publication." 
 
 Frankliii's Autobiography. 
 
 Saw'ney. A sportive designation ap- 
 plied by the English to the Scotch. 
 It is a corruption of Samlie, the Scot- 
 tish abbreviation of Alexander. 
 
 I muse how any man can say that the 
 Scotch, as a people, are deficient in humour! 
 Why, Smaiey has a humour of his own so 
 strong and irrepressible that it broke out all 
 the stronger in spite of worldly thrift, kirk- 
 session, cutty-stool, and lectures. 
 
 Hartley Colerklrjc. 
 
 Saxon Switzerland. A name com- 
 monly given to the mountainous re- 
 gion of the kingdom of Saxonj' south- 
 east of Dresden. Although the scen- 
 ery is highly picturesque, its moun- 
 tains are of no great elevation, the 
 highest not exceeding 2000 feet. 
 
 iSf " To readers of a touring habit, 
 this Saxon country is perhaps well known. 
 For the last half-century, it has been 
 growing more and more famous, under 
 the name of ' Saxon Switzerland ' ( Sdrh- 
 sisc/ie Sc/nveitz). instead of ' Misnian 
 Highlands' {Maissiiisdie HochlatuI). 
 which it used to be called. A beautiful 
 enough and extremely rugged country ; 
 interesting to the picturesque mind. He- 
 gins rising, in soft hills, on both sides of 
 the Elbe, a few miles east of Dresden, as 
 
 you ascend the river ; till it rises intohilte 
 of %vild character, getting ever wilder, and 
 riven into wondrous chasms and preci- 
 pices; . . . torn and tumbled into stone 
 labyrinths, chasms, and winding rock 
 walls, as few regions are. Grows pine- 
 wood, to the topmost height ; pine-trees 
 far aloft look quietly down upon you, 
 over sheer precipices, on your intricate 
 P^th." Carhjle. 
 
 Scs6v'o-la. [Lat., diminutive of scm- 
 va, the left-handed.] A sm-name or 
 sobriquet of Caius Mucins, a j'oung 
 Roman patrician, who made his way 
 into the camp of King Porsena to 
 kill him, and, on his intention being 
 discovered, burned off his own riglit 
 hand, to show that he did not fear 
 torture or death. 
 
 Scan'di-na'vi-a. The classic name 
 of the great peninsula of northern 
 Europe, consisting of Sweden and 
 Norway ; often used in modern poe- 
 try. 
 
 Scapino (ska-pe'no), or Sca'pin {Fr. 
 jnyn. ska'pan', 02). [From It. scap- 
 jnno, a sock, or short stocking.] 
 
 1. A mask on the Italian stage; 
 represented as a cunning and knavish 
 servant of Gratiano, the loquacious 
 and pedantic Bolognese doctor. 
 
 2. A valet in Moliere's comedy, 
 " Les Fourberies de Scapin." 
 
 Both were a-ngry, and a war began, in which 
 Frederick stooped to the part of Ilarpagon, 
 and Voltaire to that of Scajnn. Macaulay. 
 
 Scar'a-moiich'. [Originally the name 
 of a celebrated Italian comedian.] 
 A military personage in the old Ital- 
 ian comedj% derived from Spain, and 
 dressed in the Spanish or Hispano- 
 Neapolitan costume. His character 
 is that of a great boaster and poltroon, 
 and in the end he always receives a 
 beating from Harlequin. The term 
 is used in a general way to stigmatise 
 a buffoon or braggadochio. 
 
 f^caramoiich is to have the honour of the d^, 
 and now ni:irches to the engagement on the 
 shoulder of tlie philcsopher. Dryden. 
 
 Scarlet, Will. One of the companions 
 of Robin Hood, as appears from an 
 old ballad. 
 
 "I have heard tnlk of Robin ITnod, 
 
 Derry, dcrry, derry down; 
 And of brave Little John, 
 Of Friar Tuck, and Will Scarlet, 
 Stokesby, and Maid Marian. 
 Hey down." 
 
 • For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SCA. 
 
 333 
 
 SCO 
 
 Scarlet "Woman. In the controver- 
 sial writinjjs of the Protestants, a 
 common designation of tiio church 
 of Konie, nitended to svnibolise its 
 vices and corruptions, 'fhe allusion 
 i.s to the description contained in 
 lievdation, xvii., where it is said, 
 that " the woman ... is that fjrcat 
 city which reigneth over the kings 
 of the earth." 
 
 Scaffie'ldbke. The name of one of 
 liobin Hood's followers. See Kobin 
 Hood. 
 
 Sclielierezade, Queen (shc-he'rc- 
 zfid'; Fr. pron. sha'ha'ra'zad')- 
 The tictitious relater of the stories 
 in the "Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." The sultan of the Indies, 
 exa.sperated by the infidelity of his 
 wife, resolves to espouse a new sultana 
 every evening, and to strangle her in 
 the morning, to prevent the accidents 
 of the day. At length, Scheherezade, 
 the daughter of the vizier, solicits the 
 hand of this indulgent bridegroom, 
 interrupts the progress of these fre- 
 quent and sanguinary nuptials, and 
 saves her own life, b}^ the relation of 
 tales in which she awakens and sus- 
 pends the sultan's curiosity night df- 
 ter night, till he at length repents 
 of his >'ow, and recalls it. 
 
 Pray consider, even the memory of the re- 
 nowned Scheheri'zarle, that empress of tale- 
 tellers, could not preserve every circumstance, 
 Sir IK Scott. 
 
 If we may borrow another illustration from 
 Queen Scheherezade, we would compare the 
 writers of this school to the jewellers who were 
 employed to complete the unfinished window 
 of the palace of Aladdin. Macaulay. 
 
 Schlemihl, Peter (shla'meel, CI). 
 The title of a little work bv Chamis- 
 .so (1781-1838), and the name of its 
 hero, a man Avho sells his shadow to 
 an old man in gray (the Devil) who 
 meets him just after he has been dis- 
 appointed in an application for assist- 
 ance to a nobleman. The name has 
 become a by-word for any poor, silly, 
 and unfortunate fellow. 
 
 Scholastic Doctor. An honorary 
 title given by his admirers to An- 
 selm of Laon"(b. 1117), a celebrated 
 French theologian. 
 
 Sco'gan, Jolin. A favourite buffoon 
 of the court of Edward IV. A col- 
 
 lection of his jests was published by 
 the notorious Dr. Andrew Borde. 
 Sco'ti-a (sko'slu-a). A modern Latin 
 name of Scotland, often used by the 
 poets. It was formerly, and "for a 
 long time (some say from the second 
 to the tenth century), applied to Ire- 
 land, which was sometimes called 
 Scotia ^ Magna, or Major, to distin- 
 guish it from Scotia JJinor, or Scot- 
 land. Old historians derive the name 
 from that of Scota, wife of a legend- 
 ary king of Ireland. Venerable Bede 
 says that Scotland bore the name of 
 Caledonia until a. i>. 258, when it 
 was invaded by a tribe from Ireland, 
 and called Scotia. 
 
 Scottish Ho'garth. A title given to 
 David Allan (1744-170G). whose skill 
 as an artist lay in depicting the famil- 
 iar and the humourous. 
 
 Scottish Homer. A title given by 
 his literarv friends to M'illiam Wilkie 
 (1721-1772), author of " The Epigo- 
 niad." 
 
 Scottish Solomon. James VI. of 
 Scotland and I. of England. Sec 
 SoLoJioN OF Englaxd, 2. 
 
 Scottish Ten'i-ers. A name given 
 to Sir David Wilkie (1785-1841), a 
 Scottish painter who ranks among 
 the most celebrated masters of the 
 Dutch school. 
 
 The scales fell from his eyes on viewing 
 
 the sketches of a contemporary, the SrotlisTi 
 
 Teniers, as Wilkie has been deservedly styled. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Scottish The-oc'ri-tus. A name 
 often given to Allan Ramsay (1G85- 
 1758), a popular and eininentlv 
 national Scottish poet. His " Gentle 
 Shepherd " is, perhaps, the finest 
 dramatic pastoral in the language. 
 
 Scourers. See Tityiie Tus. 
 
 Scourge of God. [Gothic Godegesil, 
 Eat. FlagtUum Dei.] A title often 
 given to Attila, king of the Huns, 
 and the most formidable of the in- 
 vaders of the Koman empire. It is 
 iirst found in the legend of St. Loup, 
 written in the eighth or ninth cen- 
 tury bjr a priest of Troyes. 
 
 4®=" " He was the son of Mundzuk, 
 and, vrith hia brother Bleda, ... at- 
 tained, in A. D. 434, to the sovereignty of 
 
 «nd for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 SCO 
 
 334 
 
 SEB 
 
 all the northern tribes between the frou- 
 tiei- of Gaul and the frontier of China, 
 an J to the command of an army of OUO.UUO 
 bu-bariaus. in this position, partly from 
 the ro.ll terror it inspired, partly from his 
 own endeavours to invest himself, in the 
 eyes of Christendom, with the dreadful 
 character of tiie predicted Antichrist, and 
 in the eyes of his own countrymen with 
 the invincible attributes attendant on the 
 possessor of the miraculous sword of the 
 Scythian god of war, he gradually concen- 
 trated on himself the awe and fear of the 
 ^7hole ancient world, which ultimately 
 expressed itself by alUxiug to his name 
 the well-known epithet of ' The Scourge 
 of God.' The word seems to have been 
 Tised generally at the time to deuote the 
 barbarian invaders ; but it is not directly 
 appUed to Attila in any author prior to 
 the Hungarian Chronicles, which first re- 
 late the story of his receiving the n.ame 
 from a hermit in Gaul. The earliest 
 contemporary approaches to it are in a 
 passage in Isidore's Chronicle speaking 
 of the Iluns as ' Virga Dei,'' and in an 
 inscription at Aquileia, -written a short 
 time before the siege in 451, in which 
 they are described as ' imminentia 
 peccatorum Jla^dla'' [the threatening 
 scourges of sinners]." A. P. Slanley. 
 Ihre (■' Glo.ssarium Suiogothicum," sub 
 voce "Gisl") suggests that Goc/egesil — 
 usually derived from Goth, God, anigesil, 
 rod, whip, scourge — may probably come 
 from the Gothic words Goth, God, and 
 gesal, given, corresponding to the Gr. 
 ©e65oT05, Lat. Dcodatus, a common title 
 of the kings and emperors who were At- 
 tila's contemporaries. The epithet would 
 then convey no injurious meaning. 
 
 Ssourge of Princes. An appellation 
 given to Fietro Aretino (1492-1550), 
 an Italian author, who distinguished 
 himselt" as a satirist. 
 
 Ssrambling Committee. A name 
 given to the '' patriots " of Ireland, 
 in the Irish parliament, ■who were 
 received into favour by the Duke of 
 Devonshire, viceroy in 1755, and Avho 
 signalised themselves for their rapac- 
 ity in regard to the division of the 
 surplus revenue. 
 
 Scri-ble'rus, Cornelius (9). The 
 name of the father of ^Martinus Scri- 
 blerus; noted for his pedantry and 
 his oddities and absiu-dities about the 
 education of his son. See Scisible- 
 I4US, Martinus. 
 
 Scri-ble'rus, Mar-ti'nus (9). A cel- 
 
 ebrated personage whose imaginary 
 history is related in the satirical 
 " Memoirs of the Extraordinary Life, 
 'W'orlcs, and Discoveries of Alartinus 
 Scriblerus," usually published ia 
 Tope's works, but chielly, if not 
 wholly, written by Arbuthnot. The 
 design of this work, as stated by Pope, 
 is to ridicule all the lalse tastes in 
 learning, under the character of a 
 man of capacity that had dipped into 
 every art and science, but injudi- 
 ciously in each. 
 
 Being a workl-sclioolmaster (and, indeed, a. 
 Martinua Scriblerus, as we here tind, more 
 ways tlian one), this was not strange in him. 
 Carlyle. 
 
 Scrog'gen. A poor hack author cele- 
 brated by Goldsmith in his " Descrip- 
 tion of an Author's Bed-chamber." 
 
 Otway could still die of hunger, not to 
 speak ofinnunicralile Scro!jr/i}>.i' s [Scroggenx], 
 wlioni " the Muse found stretched beneath a 
 rug." Carlyle. 
 
 Scrub. An amusing valet in Far- 
 quhar's comedy, " The Beaux' Strat- 
 agem." 
 
 Scylla. [Gr. SKv'AXa.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 Jlyth.) 1. A daughter of Nisus, 
 who, for love of Minos, cut from her 
 father's head a purple lock, on the 
 preservation of which his life depend- 
 ed, and was changed in consequence 
 into a lark. 
 
 2. A daughter of Phorcus, changed 
 by Circe, who was jealous other, into 
 a frightful sea-monster, and placed on 
 a rock on the Italian coast opposite 
 Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. 
 
 Search, Edward. A pseudonym 
 untler which Abraham Tucker (1705- 
 1774), an English metaphysician, 
 published his "Light of Nature Pm-- 
 sued." 
 
 Searcher, The. A surname or sobri- 
 quet given to Dr. Robert Fludd (1574- 
 1637), on account of his investiga- 
 tions in medicine, mathematics, phi- 
 losophy, &c. 
 
 Searle, January. A pseudonym- 
 adopted by George Searle PhiUips, a 
 popular writer of the present day, 
 author of " The Gvpsies of the Danes' 
 Dike." 
 
 Se-bast'ian. 1. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " Tempest." 
 
 ■ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyiog E3(planations,
 
 SEC 
 
 335 
 
 SEM 
 
 2. A character in Shakespeare's 
 ■ TwehUi Might." 
 :-ces'si-a (se-sesh'I-a). A popular 
 collective uame applied to the tStates 
 which attempted to secede from the 
 Aiiicricau Luiuii, in ISUO-Gl. The 
 inhabitants received the cant name 
 of " The Secesh." 
 Second Au-gus'tine. A title given 
 to St. Thomas Aquhias In- his admir- 
 ing scholars. See ANCiiinc Doctok. 
 
 SedTey, Amelia. A marked figure in 
 Thackeray's '• Vanity Fair;" an im- 
 persomition of virtuewithout intellect. 
 She is contrasted with liccky Sharp, 
 who is an impersonation of intellect 
 without virtue. The one has no 
 head, the other no heart. 
 
 Seekers. A name originally given to 
 the (Jnakers, or Friends, irom their 
 seeking the truth. 
 
 Self-denying Ordinance. (Enrj. 
 Jlisl.) The name givi^u to an act or 
 resolution of the ]>ong Parliament, 
 passed Dee. U, Kiii, whereby tiie 
 members boimd themselves not to 
 acctDt certain executive olKces, par- 
 ticularly commands in the army. The 
 effect of this ordinance was the trans- 
 ference of power, first in the army 
 and then in the State, from the Pres- 
 byterian to the Independent party. 
 
 Selim. 1. The hero of Byron's " Bride 
 of Abydos;" brought up as a son, 
 but treated with great cruelty, by his 
 imcle, the pasha Giaffcr, who has 
 secretly destroyed his own brother, 
 Abdallah, Selim's father, by poison. 
 The discovery of the fondness of his 
 beautiful daughter, Zuleika, for her 
 supposed brother, fills Giaffer with 
 rage and jealousy. lie informs 
 Zuleika, in the presence of Selim, of 
 Lis intention to marry her innnedi- 
 ately to Osmyn Bey; but she volim- 
 tarily gives a promise to Selim, in 
 private, never to many against his 
 wishes. At his urgent request, she 
 meets him at night in a favourite 
 grotto in the harem gardens. IIo 
 appears, not as a pasha's son, but as 
 the chief of a band of iiirates, infonus 
 her that he is not her brother, declares 
 
 . his love, and proposes that she should 
 fly with him, and become the com- 
 
 panion of his adventures and toils, 
 the sharer of his Joys and triumi)hs, 
 when distant voice's anil flashing 
 torches anuomice betraval and pur- 
 sint. Selim is shot wliiie endeavour- 
 ing to join his followers on the beach; 
 but ho dies not unrevenged, for Zu- 
 leika cannot survive her lover, and 
 Giaffer is left in childless ilesolation. 
 
 2. The hero of Moore's " Lalla 
 llookh." See Lalla liooicii. 
 Sem'e-le. [Gr. Se/^eAT,.] ( Gr. .j"- Jiom. 
 Mtjlh.) A daughter of Cadmus and 
 Thebe, and mother of Bacchus by 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Se'mir'a-mis. [Gr. Se^'paM'^-] A 
 celebrated queen of Assyria, wife and 
 successor of Ninus. She built the 
 walls of Babylon, was slain b}' her 
 owii son, Ninj-as, and was turned, ac- 
 cording to the jiopidar belief, into a 
 pigeon. 
 
 Se-mir'l-mis of the North. 1. A 
 name o'ften given to Margaret (1.353- 
 1412), daughter of Waldemar III., 
 king of Dennuirk, and a most politic 
 and able ruler. By the death of her 
 father and of her son, his successor, 
 she became queen of Denmark ; and, 
 by the death of her husband, Haco 
 VIII., king of Norway, she succeeded 
 to the throne of thai kingdom also. 
 She then turned her arms against 
 Albert, king of Sweden, who was un- 
 popidar with his subjects, defeated 
 him, and made him prisoner, upon 
 which she was acknowledged queea 
 of Sweden. She is said to have pos- 
 sessed considerable beauty of person, 
 and imusual powers of fascination. 
 
 From Scotland it [the name Margaret] went 
 to Norway with the ilauf;litcr of Alexander 
 III., whose bridal cost tlie lite of Sir Tatrick 
 Spcns! and it . . . remained in Scandinavia 
 to be the dreaded name of the 5cmiVamwo/" 
 the Xortli, and was tiketi us tlic equivalent of 
 Astrid and Grjotgard. i'ongc. 
 
 2. A title given to Catharine II., 
 empress of liussia (1729-17UG), a 
 powerful and ambitious sovereign, 
 who administered with great energy 
 the internal affairs of the empire, 
 while carrying on extensive and im- 
 portant wars with other nations. Her 
 sensuality was extreme, and she 
 lived a life of open and mrrestrained 
 A-ice. 
 
 ^ftA for tho Bcmarks and Kules to wliich the numbers aftcE certain vonU refer, ace pp. ziy-zxzU.
 
 SEN 
 
 336 
 
 SEV 
 
 Sentry, Captain. One of the mem- 
 bers of the tictitious chib under 
 whose auspices and superintendenee 
 the " Spectator" was professedly is- 
 sued. 
 
 September Massacre. (/•>. Uist.) 
 An indiscriminate .shiughter of loyal- 
 ists conlincd in the Abbaye and other 
 prisons, which took place in Paris, 
 September 2-5, 1792, on receipt of the 
 news of the capture of Verdun. The 
 number of victims was not less than 
 1200, and by some is placed as high 
 as 4000. 
 
 Seraphic Doctor. [Lat. Doc'or Se- 
 raphiciig.] An appellation given to 
 St. Bonaventura (1221-1274), an 
 Italian scholastic theologian of the 
 order of Franciscans, and one of the 
 most eminent of Roman Catholic di- 
 vines. He was so called on account 
 of the religious fervour of his style. 
 i)ante places him among the saints 
 in his " Paradise," and, in 1587, he 
 was ranked by Sixtus V. as the sixth 
 of the great doctors of the Church. 
 His own order is as proud of him as 
 the Dominicans are of Thomas Aqui- 
 nas. 
 
 What do I care for the Doctor Seraphic, 
 With all his wordy chaS'er and traffic 'I 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 Seraphic Saint. An appellation be- 
 stowed upon St. Francis d'Assisi 
 (1182-122G), founder of the order of 
 the Franciscans. "Of all the saints," 
 says Dean Milman, " St. Francis was 
 the most blameless and gentle." 
 
 SSr'S-pis. [Gr. SapoTrts, SepoTris.] 
 
 {Myth.) An Egyptian deity, after- 
 ward worshipped also in Greece and 
 Rome ; at first a symbol of the Nile, 
 and so of fertility ; later, an infernal 
 god. 
 
 Ser-ges'tus. One of the companions 
 of yEneas; the reputed progenitor of 
 the Sergian family at Rome. He 
 took part in the naval games at Drep- 
 anum, in Sicily, on the occasion of 
 the anniversary of Anchises's death, 
 and commanded the " Centaur," but 
 ran upon the rocks, and with diffi- 
 culty preserved the vessel and crew. 
 
 Servant of the Servants of God. 
 [Lat. Servus Servorum Dei.] A style 
 
 or appellation assumed by Pope Greg- 
 ory 1. (544-004) in his letters, and 
 retained by his successors. By " the 
 servants of God," the bishops are in- 
 tended. 
 
 Set'e-bos. A deity mentioned in 
 Shakespeare's " Tempest " as wor- 
 shipped by Sycorax, the mother of 
 Caliban. 
 
 nis art is of such power. 
 It would control my dam's god Hetebos. 
 
 Shak. 
 
 jg^ Shakespeare did not invent this 
 false god ; he had found him in the 
 travels of his time, in which he is men- 
 tioned as a deity of the Patagonians, — 
 an evidence, in addition to others, that 
 Shakespeare had been reading books of 
 American discovery before he wrote '" Thu 
 Tempest."' 
 
 The giants, when they found themselvts 
 fettered, roared like bulls, aud cried upon 
 Setebos to help them. 
 
 Eden's Hist, of Travwjh: 
 
 Seven against Thebes. (Gr. ()'• 
 lioin. Myth.) The leaders of an ex- 
 pedition designed to place Polyniccs 
 on the throne of Thebes, from which 
 he had been driven by his brother 
 Eteocles. (See Eteocles.) Their 
 names were Adrastus, Amphiaraus, 
 Capaneus, Hippomedon (Argives); 
 Parthenopwus (an Arcadian); Poly- 
 nices (a Theban); Tydeus (an JEo- 
 lian). The expedition was a failure, 
 as the chiefs were arrogant and 
 boastful, and despised signs sent by 
 the gods; but a second expedition, 
 conducted bj' their more pious sons, 
 — the Epirjoni, — who acted in obe- 
 dience to the will of heaven, was 
 crowned with success. One of the 
 noblest dramas of jEschylus is enti- 
 tled " The Seven against Thebes." 
 
 Seven Champions of Christen- 
 dom. St. George, the patron saint 
 of England; St. Denis, of France; 
 St. James, of Spain; St. Anthony, 
 of Italy ; St. Andrew, of Scotland ; 
 St. Patrick, of Ireland ; and St. Da- 
 vid, of Wales. They are often al- 
 luded to by old writers. " The Fa- 
 mous History of the Seven Champi- 
 ons of Christendom " is the work of 
 Richard Johnson, a ballad-maker of 
 some note at the end of the sixteenth 
 and the beginning of the seventeenth 
 centuries. 
 
 • For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SEV 
 
 337 
 
 SEV 
 
 Seven Cities, Island of. See Isl- 
 and OK THE Seven Cities. 
 
 Seven -hilled City. One of the 
 names by which Rome has for many 
 ages been desij^iiated. It was orii;i- 
 nally built upon seven hills, several uf 
 which have, in course of time, so far 
 disappeared that they are now hardly 
 recognizable. 
 
 Seven Sages. 1. See Seven AVise 
 Men of Gueece. 
 
 2. Characters in an ancient English 
 metrical romance having this appel- 
 lation for its title. 
 
 jgfg* A youug Roman prince having re- 
 jected improper advances made by his 
 step - mother, the latter falsely accuses 
 him of having attempted to offer her 
 ■violence, and persuades her husband to 
 order his death ; but the prince's in- 
 structors, the Seven Sages, preserve Iiis 
 life by each telling the emperor, his fa- 
 ther, on successive days, a story which as 
 often induces him to delay the execu- 
 tion, though each night the queen coun- 
 teracts the effect they have produced by 
 telling a story which changes her hus- 
 band's mind. At the end of seven days, 
 tht prince, who has all the while ab- 
 stained from speaking, in obedience to 
 information obtained by consulting the 
 stars, tells a story which leads his father 
 to have the queen brought to judgment 
 and put to death. The romance of the 
 Seveu Sages is of great antiquity, and 
 probably of Indian origin. Versions 
 exist in Aribic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, 
 French, German, and other languages. 
 In English there are two metrical ver- 
 sions, and also one in the humble form 
 of a chap-book, under the title of "The 
 Seven Wise Masters." 
 
 Seven Sleepers. According to a 
 very widelv diffused legend of early 
 Christianity, seven noble j'ouths of 
 Ephesus, in the time of the Decian 
 persecution, who, having tied to a 
 certain cavern for refuge, and having 
 been pursued, discovered, and walled 
 in for a cruel death, were made to 
 fall asleep, and in that state were mi- 
 raculously kept for almost two centu- 
 ries. Their names are traditionally 
 said to have been Maximian, iMalchus, 
 Martinian, Denis, .lohn, Serapion, ancl 
 Constantiiie. Their relics are said to 
 liave been conveyed to Marseilles in 
 a large stone coffin, which is still 
 
 .shown there in St. Victor's church. 
 The church has canoni.sed the Seven 
 Sleepers, and has consecrated the 
 iiTth of June to their memory. The 
 Koran relates the talc of the Seven 
 Sleepers, — deriving it probably from 
 the same source as the Christian le- 
 gend, — and declares that out of re- 
 spect for them the sun altered liis 
 course twice a day that he might 
 shine into the cavern. 
 
 JlJSf " I5y the Seven Sleepers arc com- 
 monly understood seveu Christians of 
 the third century of our era who were 
 put to death for the faith of Jesus Christ. 
 The event Iiappened at Ephesus, in Asia 
 Minor, in the reigu of the emperor De- 
 cius. . . . More than two centuries after, 
 . . . their bodies having been found in a 
 cavern where they had been enclosed, 
 they were taken out, and exposed to the 
 veneration of the faithful. The legend, 
 in speaking of their death, said, follow- 
 ing the usual form, that they had fallen 
 asleep iu the Lord. The vulgar took oc- 
 casion thence to .say that these holy nuar- 
 tyrs were not dead; that they had been 
 hid in the cavern, wliere they had fallen 
 asleep ; and that tliey at last awoke, to 
 the great astonishment of the spectators. 
 Such is the origin of the legend of the 
 Seven Sleepers. At Ephesus, the spot is 
 still shown where this pretended miracle 
 took place. As a dog had accompanied 
 these seven martyrs into their retreat, 
 lie has been made to share the celebrity 
 of his masters, and is fabled to have re- 
 mained stiinding all the time they slept, 
 without eating or drinking, being whol- 
 ly occupied with guarding their persons. 
 The Persians celebrate annually the feast 
 of the Seven Sleepers, and their names 
 are regarded as powerful talismans 
 against the decrees of fate. Their dog 
 has not been forgotten; and, to recom- 
 pense him for his zeal, he has been in- 
 trusted with the care of letters missive 
 and correspondences, and admitted to 
 Paradise with the ram which Abraham 
 sacrificed in place of his son, with the 
 ass of BaUuim, with the a.s8 upon wliich 
 our Lord entered Jeru.salem upon the 
 Day of I'alms, and with the mare upon 
 which Mohammed mounted niiraculouslji 
 to heaven." .ReinaiuL 
 
 Tropsilian's follow hath ever nvorrod, that 
 to Wiikc the carl wito (Icutli, and Mustcri 
 would W!ikc' the Smn ,S7<v7«rs themselves, if 
 hi: tluiunht they slept not hyreyuliir (irdhiance 
 of medicine. *i> ir. Srott. 
 
 Here, however, wc Rladly recall to mind 
 lh;it once we fnw liim Inngh; once only; per- 
 haps it was the lirst and last time in his lilt; 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xixii. 
 
 22
 
 SET 
 
 )38 
 
 SHA 
 
 but then ench a peal of laughter, — enough to 
 have awakuued the Seven iitcepers! Curiyle. 
 "Whoever it is, has knocked three times, 
 and each one loud enough to wake the" — he 
 had sueli a repugnance to the idea of walcing 
 the dead, that ne stopped even tlicn, with tliu 
 words upon his tongue, and said, instead — 
 " the Heren Skepcrs." JLiickens. 
 
 Seven "Wise Masters. Sec Skven 
 Sages, 2. 
 
 I think he [Don Quixote] is one of the 
 Seven ^yhr .Vci.itr}s. 1 thought lie knew notli- 
 inscbiit liis knight-errantry, but now I see the 
 devil a thintccan osc-ape him; lie has an oar iu 
 every man's boat, and a tiuger in every man's 
 pie. Cervantes^ 2'ratis. 
 
 Seven "Wise Men of Greece. Fa- 
 mous Greeks of the sixtli century b. 
 C, distinguished for their prao'ical 
 sagacity and their wise maxims or 
 principles of life. Their names are 
 variously given ; but those most gen- 
 erally admitted to the honour are So- 
 lon, "Cliilo, ftttacus, Bias, Periander 
 (in place of whom some give Ep- 
 imenides), Cleobulus, and Thales. 
 They were the authors of the cele- 
 brated mottoes inscribed in later days 
 in the Delphian temple: " Know thy- 
 self" (Solou); "Consider the end" 
 (Chilo); "Know thy opportunity" 
 {Pittacus); "Most men are bad" 
 (Bias)-, "Nothing is impossible to 
 industry" [Periaruler); "Avoid ex- 
 cess " ( Cleobulus); " Suretyship is the 
 precursor of ruin" ( T/uiles). 
 
 Seven Wonders of the World. A 
 name given to seven very remark- 
 able objects of the ancient world, 
 which have been variously enumer- 
 ated. The following classification is 
 the one most generally received: 1. 
 The Pyramids of Egypt; 2. The 
 Pharos of Alexandria; 3. The walls 
 and hanging gardens of Babylon; 4. 
 The temple of Diana at Ephesus ; 5. 
 The statue of Jupiter by Phidias, at 
 Olympia ; 6. The Mausoleum erected 
 by Artemisia, at Halicarnassus; 7. 
 The Colossus of Rhodes. 
 
 Seven Years' War. (Ger. Jlist.) A 
 war carried on by two alliances, 
 headed respectively by Austria and 
 Prussia, which commenced in 175G, 
 and was brought to a close — with- 
 out material advantages gained by 
 anv party — by the peace of Hu- 
 bertsburg, Nov. 15, 17C3. It is re- 
 markable for the extraordinary cam- 
 
 paigns of Frederick the Great, the 
 Prussian king. 
 
 Seyd. A fierce and revengeful pash;\ 
 ill B>Ton's poem of "The Corsau-." 
 See GuLSAUE, 1. 
 
 But a scene ensued like that in the hall of 
 Sci/d. Sir (('. Scott. 
 
 Sey'ton (-tn). An officer attending 
 Macbeth, in Shakespeare's tragedy 
 of this name. 
 
 Sganarelle (sga'na'rel'). 1. The hero 
 of Moliere's comedy, " Le Mariagc 
 Force." He is represented as a hu- 
 mourist of tifty-three or four, who, 
 having a mind to marry a fashionable 
 young woman, but feeling some in- 
 stinctive doubts and scruples, con- 
 sults several of his friends upon this 
 momentous question. Receiving no 
 satisfactory counsel, and not much 
 pleased with the proceedings of his 
 bride elect, he at last (tetcrmines to 
 give up his engagement, but is cud- 
 gelled into compliance by the brother 
 of his intended. 
 
 ,K3= The plot of this play is founded 
 on nn adventure of the Count de Gram- 
 mont, •who, -when leaving England, was 
 followed by the brothers of tn belle Ham- 
 ilton, who, with their hands on the pom- 
 mels of their swords, asked him If he 
 had not left something behind. " True," 
 said the count, " I forgot to marry your 
 lister ; " and instantly went back to re- 
 pair his lapse of memory by making her 
 Countess de Grammont. 
 
 2. A simple-minded valet in BIo- 
 liere's " Festin de Pierre," who is 
 ever halting between the fear of be- 
 ing drubbed by his master, Don Juan, 
 and the far deeper horror of abetting 
 or witnessing his crimes. See Don 
 Juan. 
 
 3. The same name occurs in sev- 
 eral of Moliere's other plays ("Le 
 Cocu Imagiiiairc," " L'Ecole des 
 Maris," &c.), and is usually assigned 
 to a bluff, wilful, and domineering 
 character. 
 
 De Pradt answered by saying that . . . the 
 country was in the situation of the wife of 
 SjanarcUe in the farce, who quarrelled with a 
 stranger for interfering with her husband 
 when he was beating her. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Shac'a-bac. See Barmecide, The. 
 Shaf'ton, Sir Pier'cie (2). A fantas- 
 tical character in Sir Walter Scott's 
 
 e3~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SUA 
 
 339 
 
 SUA 
 
 "Monastery;" drawn in imitation 
 of the pedantic courtiers of Queen 
 Elizabeth's reign, and made to tallc 
 in the unnatural and higli-llown style 
 ■\viiich Lyly rendered fashionable by 
 his " Kupliues." lie turns out to bo 
 grandson of one Overstiteh, a tailor. 
 
 His (Johnson's] spppch, like Sir Pifrric 
 Slmfloii'^ fii|)liuistlc I'loiiuencc, bcwrayi-d liim 
 iiiuier every di&i^Luac, Jlacaukti/. 
 
 Shakespeare of Divines. An c]m- 
 tliet sometimes applied to Jeremy 
 Taylor (1G1;3-16G7), one of the great- 
 est ornaments of the English pulpit. 
 His devotional writings arc charac- 
 terised by a fervid eloquence and an 
 nlHucnce and aptness of illustration 
 that entitle them to the praise of 
 belonging to the loftiest and most 
 sacred description of poetry, " of 
 which," as Heber remarks, " they 
 only -want what they cannot be said 
 to need, the name and the metrical 
 arrangement." 
 
 Old Clirysostom, host Augustine, 
 And lie wlio blent both in his line, 
 The younger Golden Lips or mines, 
 Taylor, the IShaJxapcarc vf jUivines. 
 
 Emerson. 
 
 Shallow. A country justice, in Shake- 
 speare's " Meny Wives of Windsor," 
 and in the Second I'art of " King 
 Henry IV.;" a braggart, a liar, a 
 rogue, and a blockhead. It is sup- 
 posed that this character was in- 
 tended as a satirical portrait of Sir 
 Thomas Lucy, of Charlccote, near 
 Stratford-upon-Avon, who is said to 
 liave prosecuted Shakespeare for a 
 youthful misdemeanour. 
 
 A nurse of this century is nswise asn.instire 
 of the quorum and cust-alorum in ,Sh\illu:i''x 
 time. Maciiulwj. 
 
 Shan'dy, Captain. Tlie uncle of 
 Tristram Shandy, in Sterne's iiovtl 
 of this name ; the same as Uncle, 
 Tohy. Sec Uncle Touy. 
 
 When Mr. Southcy takes tip his pen, he 
 rliaii;es his nature asinuch as Caijtain Shainhi 
 'when he girt on his sword. Miicaulay. 
 
 han'dy, Dinah. See Dinaii, Aunt. 
 
 Shan'd^, Mrs. Elizabeth. The 
 mother of Tristram Shandy, in 
 Sterne's novel of this name. Slie is 
 the ideal of nonentity, a character 
 profoundly individual from its very 
 absence of individualitv. 
 
 Shan'dir, Tris'tram. The nominal 
 hero of Sterne's novel, " The Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 
 Gent." 
 
 The author proceeds, with the most im- 
 feeliu?; pnjlixity, to give a minute drtiiil of 
 the ci\ il luul cuimnon law, ofthi- feiulid iu-iti- 
 tutiYlls, .if the ;ULl,ite.-tllie ,.f .•hurehes and 
 castles, ot sculpture iindjiaintin;;, of minstrels, 
 of players, of paiisli clerks, \e., &.C.; while 
 poor Chaucer, like 'I'lixti-am f<liiniilii can 
 hardly be said to be faiily born, although his 
 life has attained the size of half u volume. 
 
 •Sir W. iicott. 
 
 Shan'dy-, "Walter. The name of 
 Tristram Shandy's father, in Sterne's 
 novel entitled " The Life and Opin- 
 ions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." By 
 reading antiquated books he has got 
 his head tilled with absurd or idle 
 fancies and theories; but all his no- 
 tions are thwarted, and the exact 
 opposite of what he wishes takes 
 place. He believes in the virtue of 
 a substantial nose, and his son's is 
 crushed by the aecouehcur who at- 
 tends upon his wile. A leading arti- 
 cle of his creed is that the characters 
 of mankind are greatly intiuenced by 
 their Christian names. 'I'rismegistus 
 lie thinks the most propitious name 
 in the world, and Tristram the very 
 worst; yd his son accidentally get's 
 christened Tristram. 
 
 tSSr- " lie [Sternol . . . supposed in 
 Mr. Shandy a man of an active and met- 
 aphysical, but at the same time a whim- 
 sical, cast of mind, wliom too much and 
 too miscellaneous learning Iiad brouf;ht 
 •nithin a step or two of madness, and who 
 acted, in the ordinary afTairs of life, ujiou 
 the absurd theories adopted l>y the ped- 
 ants of past ages. He is most admirably 
 contrasted with his wife, well descrilied 
 as a good lady of the poco-ntrmite .school, 
 who neither obstructed the progress of 
 lier husband's liobby-hor.se, — to use >t. 
 phrase which Sterno has rendered clas- 
 sical, — nor could bo prevailed upon to 
 spare him the least admiration lor the 
 grace and dexterity with which he man- 
 aged it." iS'iV W. Scott. 
 
 The project of mending a bad world, by 
 fp'iebing pcojile to give new names to old 
 things, reminds us of U'alti r Shitml ji^s9>i.'\\Qmc 
 for (-(.iinpensating the loss ot bis eon's nose by 
 ehristening him Trismegistus. ilacaulay. 
 
 Foolish enough, too, was the college tntor'a 
 surprise at WaUvr Slimiihi, how, though un- 
 read in Aristotle, he could nevertheless argue, 
 and, not knowing the name of any dialectic 
 tool, handled them all to perfection. Carlyle. 
 
 id for the Kcmarkj and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxil.
 
 SHA 
 
 340 
 
 SIC 
 
 Sharp, Becky. A female sharper, 
 who is a prominent character in 
 Thackeray's " Vanity Fair; " distin- 
 guished by her intrig;uing disposition, 
 her seltishness, good-humour, energy, 
 perseverance, cleverness, and utter 
 want of heart and moral principle. 
 See Sedley, Amelia. 
 
 With Ri'cku Sliarjy, we think we could be 
 good, if we had five thousand a year. Baijne. 
 
 Shepherd Kings. [Called also Jlijh- 
 slios, or fli/ksos.] A name often given 
 to a tribe of Arabian or Phoenician 
 shepherds who are said to have in- 
 vaded Lower Egypt about twc thou- 
 sand years b. c, and to have over- 
 thrown the reigning dynasty. They 
 maintained their authority, according 
 to some accounts, about two hundred 
 and sixty years, when they were ex- 
 pelled by the Egyptian rulers of Up- 
 per Egypt. Some writers, however, 
 wholly deny the existence of any 
 such race of kings; others hold that 
 the captive Jews, the descendants of 
 Jacob, are intended by this designa- 
 tion; and various other theories have 
 been advanced in explanation of this 
 vexed question. 
 
 Shepherd Lord. Lord Henry Clif- 
 ford (d. 1543), of the English house 
 of Lancaster, and the hero of much 
 legendary narration. To save him 
 from the vengeance of the victorious 
 York party, his mother put him in 
 charge of a shepherd, to be brought 
 lip as one of his own children. Af- 
 terward, on the accession of Henr^' 
 VIL (being then at the age of thirty- 
 one years), he was restored to his 
 birthright and possessions. In the 
 " White Doe of Rylstone," Words- 
 worth speaks of 
 
 " The gracious fairy 
 Who loved the Shejiherd Lord to meet 
 In his wanderings solitary." 
 
 Shepherd of Banbury. The osten- 
 sible author of a work entitled " The 
 Shepherd of Banbury's Rules to judge 
 of the Changes of Weather, ground- 
 ed on Forty Years' Experience, &c. 
 B}' John Claridge, Shepherd," first 
 published in 1744, and reprinted in 
 1827. It is a work of great popular- 
 ity among the English poor, and is 
 attributed to Dr. John Campbell, au- 
 
 thor of " A Political Survey of Brit- 
 ain." It is mostly a compilation 
 from "A Rational Survey of the 
 Weather," by John Pointer, rector 
 of Slapton in Northamptonshire. 
 Shepherd of Salisbury Plain (solz'- 
 bfir-i). The hero of a very popidar 
 tract having this name for its title, 
 and written by Mrs. Hannah More; 
 distinguished for his homely wisdom 
 and simple Christian piety. The orig- 
 inal of this character was one David 
 Saunders, who, with his father, had 
 kept sheep upon Salisbury Plain for 
 a hundred years. 
 
 Shepherd of the Ocean. A name 
 given by Spenser, in his poem, " Co- 
 lin Clout 's come Home again," to 
 his friend Sir Walter Raleigh, cele- 
 brated lor his maritime expeditions 
 and discoveries. 
 
 Shipton, Mother. See Mother 
 Shipton. 
 
 Short-lived Administration. ( Eng. 
 Hist.) A name popularly given to 
 an administration formed b}' the 
 Hon. William Pultene}', which ex- 
 pired on the 12th of Februarj', 1746, 
 two days after its partial formation. 
 [Called also, in derision, Long-lived 
 Administration.'\ 
 
 Shufflebottom, Abel. A pseudonyra 
 of Robert Southey (1774-1843), un- 
 der which he wrote several amatory 
 sonnets and elegies. 
 
 Shylock. A sordid, avaricious, re- 
 vengeful Jew, in Shakespeare's " Mer- 
 chant of Venice." See Portia. 
 
 Of course, not Louis XVI. alone, but all 
 monarchs, might be justly put to death in 
 Carnot's estiniation ; because they are natural- 
 ly the objects of fear to their sub.iecta; because 
 we hate those we fear; and because, according 
 to the kindred authority of Shjilock, no man 
 hates the thing he would not kill. 
 
 Sir W. Scotti 
 
 Sicilian Vespers. (Hist.) A name 
 given to a memorable massacre of 
 the French which began at Paler- 
 mo, in Sicily, March 30, 1282, at the 
 hour of vespers on Easter Monday, 
 and extended throughout the island. 
 Sicily was at this time subject to 
 Charles of Anjou, whose soldiers had 
 made themselves hateful to the Sicil- 
 ians. The result of the insurrection 
 
 US" For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SIC 
 
 ■ was, that the authority of Charles 
 ^ was completely overthrown, and the 
 islanders placed themselves under the 
 protection of the king of Aragon. 
 Bick Man of the East. A name 
 popularly given to the Turkish em- 
 pire, which, under Soliman the Mag- 
 nificent (1495-1566), reached the 
 summit of its prosperity, and has 
 ever since steadily declined. At the 
 present day, Turkey is mainly in- 
 debted for "its existence to the sup- 
 port of foreign powers. 
 
 fl®» The expression, " Sick Man," as 
 applied to Turkey, originated with the 
 emperor Nicholas of Russia. He is rep- 
 resented to have said to Sir George Sey- 
 mour, the British charge d'affaires, in a 
 conversation at St. Petersburg, on the 
 11th of January, 1844, " We have on our 
 hands a sick man, a very sick man. It 
 would be a great misfortune, I tell you 
 frankly, if, one of these days, he should 
 happen to die before the necessary ar- 
 rangements were all made. But this is 
 not the time to speak to you of that." 
 The conversation then broke off, but was 
 renewed on the 14th of the same month, 
 when the emperor observed, " Turkey, in 
 the condition which I have described, has 
 b> degrees fallen into such a state of de- 
 crepitude, that, as I told you the other 
 night, eager as we all are for the pro- 
 longed existence of the man (and that I 
 am as desirous as you can be for the con- 
 tinuance of his life, I beg you to believe), 
 he may suddenly die upon our hands." 
 And again, at another interview, on the 
 21st inst. : "I think your government 
 does not well understand my object. I 
 am not so eager to determine what shall 
 be done when the sick man die.s, as I am 
 to determine with England what shall not 
 be done upon that event taking place. 
 ... I repeat to you that the sick man is 
 dying ; and we can never allow such an 
 event to take us by surprise. We must 
 come to some understanding." {Anniml 
 Register for 1853, p. 248, et seq.) The 
 minutes of Sir George Seymour's conver- 
 sations with the emperor having been laid 
 before parliament by the English ministry 
 in the course of the debates that imme- 
 diately preceded the declaration of war 
 against Russia, the expressive appella- 
 tion, " Sick Man of the Eiist," was 
 caught up and circulated by the press. 
 till it has become an established national 
 sobriquet. 
 Sid'ro-pheL A poetical name given 
 by Butler, in his " Hudibras," to Wil- 
 liam Lilly, a distinguished astrologer 
 
 341 SIP 
 
 of the seventeenth century. Some, 
 however, have supposed that under 
 this name Butler intended to refer to 
 Sir I'aul Neal, a conceited virtuoso, 
 and a member of the Koyal Society, 
 who constantly allirmed that Butler 
 was not the author of " Hudibras." 
 
 The last inroad of these protended friends 
 to cleanliness was almost as fatal to my col- 
 lection as Hudibras' visit to tliat of Sidroiihel. 
 iVV }V. Scott. 
 
 How I became a prophet, it is not very im- 
 
 fortant to the reader to know. Nevertheless, 
 feel all the anxiety which, under similar cir- 
 cumstances, troubled the sensitive Sidrophel. 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Siegfried (szeek'freet, 58, 65). The 
 hero of various Scandinavian and 
 Teutonic legends, particularly of the 
 old German epic poem, the " Nibe- 
 lungen Lied; " a young warrior of 
 peerless physical strength and beauty, 
 and in valour superior to all men of 
 his time. He cannot easily be iden- 
 tified with any historical personage. 
 In an old saga, he is represented as 
 having slain a dreadful dragon, and 
 bathed in its blood, whereby his skin 
 became as hard as horn, except in 
 one spot, where a leaf intervened. 
 But he is most celebrated for having 
 vanquished the ancient fabulous royal 
 race of the Nibelungen, and taken 
 away their immense treasures of gold 
 and gems. He wooes, and finally 
 Avins, the beautiful Chriemhild, but is 
 treacherously killed by the fierce and 
 covetous Hagen, who seeks the treas- 
 ures of the Nibelungen, and who 
 skilfully draws from Chriemhild the 
 secret of the spot where alone Sieg- 
 fried is mortal, and fatally plunges 
 a lance between his shoulders in a 
 royal chase. Siegfried is noted for a 
 cape which rendered its wearer in- 
 visible, and for a wonderfid sword 
 named Balmung. The former he 
 obtained from tiie dwarf Alberich; 
 the latter he is said to have forged, 
 while yet a boy, at a traitorous 
 smith's in the depths of a primeval 
 forest. See B.vlmung, Bkunehild, 
 Chkiemhild, and Hagen. 
 
 iggf " In this colossal figure are com- 
 bined what Greece divided, — heroic 
 .■strength and the passion for travel, 
 Achilles and Ulysses." Michelet, Trans. 
 
 Sif. {Scand. Myth.) Wife of Thor, 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 SIG 
 
 3-12 
 
 SIL 
 
 famous for the beauty of her hair, 
 ■which Loki cut otf while she was 
 asleep. Thor compelled him to tret 
 her a new head of hair made of i^old, 
 that sliould i,n-ow like natural hair. 
 This he obtained from the dwarfs. 
 Sig'is-mun'da. [It. Ghhmonda.'] 1. 
 The heroine of one of the tales in 
 Boccaccio's " Decamerone," which 
 relates her love for a page named 
 Guiscardo, and the secret, accidental 
 discovery of their f!:uilt by her father, 
 Tancred, prince of Salerno, who af- 
 terward upbraids her with her con- 
 duct, and, linding her insen. ible to 
 shame and reproof, sends her Guis- 
 cardo's heart in a golden cup, where- 
 upon the princess drains a poisonous 
 draught, after having poured it on 
 her lover's heart. 
 
 gSf No tale of Coccaccio has been so 
 often translated and imitated as this. In 
 English it is best known through the 
 " Sigismunda and Guiscardo " of Dryden. 
 
 The pale widow whom Captain Richard, in 
 his poetic rapture, compared to a Niobc in 
 tears, to a Sini^i'uniJa, to a weeping Bclvide- 
 Ta, was an olijeet the most lovely and pathetic 
 ■which his eyes liad ever beheld. Thackeray. 
 
 2. The heroine of Thomson's trag- 
 edy of " Tancred and Sigismunda," 
 the groundwork of which is the tale 
 — founded on fact — of "The Bale- 
 ful JIarriage " ("Zp Mariarjede. Vtii- 
 fjeance'") iu "Gil Bias." 
 Siguna (szc-goo'na), or Sigyn (sze'- 
 gin). {Scanil. Jf'i/tli.) The wife of Loki, 
 celebrated for her constancy to him. 
 She sits by him in the subterranean 
 cavern where he is chained, and holds 
 out a va.se to catch the venom dropped 
 by the serpents which hang over him. 
 "When she goes out to empty the ves- 
 sel, the poison falls on his limbs, and 
 his writhmgs cause earthquakes. 
 
 Sigurd (szc'goofd). The hero of an 
 old Scandinavian saga or legend, the 
 foundation of the celebrated German 
 epic, the " Nibelungen Lied." He 
 discovered Brynhild, a beautiful ral- 
 Icyrid., encased in complete armour, 
 and lying in a death-like sleep, to 
 ■which, for some offence, she had been 
 condemned by Odin. Sigurd awoke 
 her by ripping up her corselet, fell in 
 love with her, engaged on oath to 
 marry her, and took his departure. 
 
 ITe subsequently met wilh Gudrun, 
 whom her mother caused him to 
 marry by giving him a charmed po- 
 tion which made him forget Bryn- 
 hild. This ill-starred union was the 
 cause of unnumbered woes. Higurd 
 is the Icelandic or Old Norse form of 
 Sief/Jried. See Siegi--kied. 
 
 Sikes. A ruliian in Dickens's *' Oli- 
 ver Twist." 
 
 Silence. A country justice, in the 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's " King 
 Henry IV.;" a man of untamable 
 mirth ■when he is tipsy, and of asi- 
 nine dulness when he is abstinent. 
 
 Silent Sister. A name given to 
 Trinity College, Dublin, on account 
 of the little intiuence it exerts in pro- 
 portion to its resources. 
 
 Trinity Collepe itself held its ground and 
 grew wealthy only to deserve the name of the 
 ,'^ilcnt Sister^ while its great endowments 
 served effectually to indemnify it o§:ninst the 
 necessity of conforming to the conditions un- 
 der which alone its example could be useful 
 to the whole nation. Goldwiii Smitli. 
 
 Neither Oxford nor Cambridge, I am cer- 
 tain, would t)lush to own mj' labours in thia 
 department [classical criticism and exegesis]; 
 and yet I 'was an alumnus of her •whom they 
 used'to stylo the Silent Sister. Keightlcy, 
 
 Si-le'nus. [Gr. 2caT,id?.] {Or. if 
 Itoiii. Jifijih.) The foster-father, in- 
 structor, and companion of Bacchus; 
 represented as a jovial old man, with 
 a bald head, pug nose, and rubicund 
 visage, and generally as intoxicated, 
 and therefore riding on an ass or sup- 
 ported by satyrs. His fondness for 
 sleep and music, and his lascivious- 
 ness, are prominent traits in his char- 
 acter. He is further described as a 
 prophetic deity. 
 
 The tile-beard of Jourdan is shaven off; his 
 fat visage has got coppered, and stu<lded with 
 black carbuncles: the .S/Zt'^iis-trunk is swollen 
 with drink and high living. Curhjle, 
 
 Sil'la-rist, The. Henry Vaughan 
 (1G21-1095), a British poet of some 
 note ; — so called because born among- 
 the Silures, or people of South Wales. 
 
 Sil-va'nus. {Rom. Myth.) A deity 
 presiding over woods, forests, and 
 tields. [Written also S y 1 v a n u s.] 
 
 In shadier bower 
 More sacred and sequestered, tliough but 
 
 feigned. 
 Pan or Sulvaniis never slept. Milton. 
 
 • For tlie " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SIL 
 
 3i3 
 
 SIN 
 
 Silver Age. [Lat. Argentea ccUis.'] 
 ( Gr. (j- Horn. Mijth.) One of the iour 
 ages into which the history of inaii- 
 kiud was divided by the ancient po- 
 ets. It was ruled over by Jupiter, 
 and was marked by tlie clianfte of 
 the seasons, and the division and cul- 
 tivation of lands. See Bii-VZEN Age 
 and Golden Age. 
 
 Silver-fork School. A name which 
 has been given to novelists of the 
 Theodore Hook class; that is, those 
 who attacli great and undue impor- 
 tance to the etiquette of the drawing- 
 room, and the mere externals of so- 
 cial intercourse. Among the more 
 distinguished writers of this class are 
 reckoned Mrs. Trollope, Lady Bless- 
 ington, and Sir Edward Bulwer Lyt- 
 ton. 
 
 Silverpen. A nom c7e plume adopted 
 by Eliza Meteyard (b. 1824), an Eng- 
 lish authoress." It was originally be- 
 stowed upon her by Douglas Jerrold. 
 
 Silver-tongued, The. 1. An epithet 
 .ipplied to Joshua Sylvester (1503- 
 Ll618), the translator of Du Bartas's 
 "Divine Weeks and Works." 
 
 2. The same epithet has been ap- 
 plied to William Bates (1625-169'J), 
 an eminent Puritan divine, reckoned 
 the most polished writer, if not the 
 best scholar, of the whole body of 
 ministers who retired from the church 
 in 1602, on the passage of the Act of 
 Uniformity, and formed what is some- 
 times called the " Dissenting Inter- 
 est." 
 
 SiI'vi-5. The name of a lady beloved 
 
 by Valentine, in Shakespeare's " Two 
 
 Gentlemen of V'eroua." 
 Simple. A servant to Slender, in 
 
 Shakespeare's "Merry Wives of 
 
 "Windsor." 
 
 Simple Simon. The subject of a 
 well-known popular tale of early and 
 unknown authorship. 
 
 JKJf " Simple Simon's misfortunes are 
 such as are incident to all the human race, 
 since they arose ' from his \Tife Jlarsery's 
 cruelty, which began the very morning 
 after their marriage ; ' and we therefore 
 do not know whether it is necessary to 
 seek for a Teutonic or Northern original 
 for this once popular book." Qu. Rev. 
 
 Sind'bad the Sailer. A noted char- 
 acter in the "Arabian Nights' Enter- 
 tainments," in which is related the 
 story of his seven strange voyages anil 
 his wonderful adventures. ['^Vritteu 
 also, less correctly, S i n b a d.] 
 
 j(t3=- On liis first voyage, he disembarked 
 on what was supposed to be a small green 
 island, but was in reality only a huge 
 Bca-moaster, which, when a fire was kin- 
 dled on his back, in order to dress some 
 food, diTcd under water, and left Sindbad 
 aud his companions struggling for life in 
 the midst of the ocean. Siudbad him- 
 self escaped, but most of the others were 
 drowned. On the second voyage, he 
 lauded on an island to procure water, 
 strayed from his companions, fell asleep, 
 was given up as lost, and left to perish. 
 Discovering a monstrous bird, called a 
 roc, or rukh, sitting on its egg, he tied 
 himself to one of its legs, and was carried 
 the next day to the main land, aud de- 
 posited in a valley strewn with diamonds, 
 but unlucliily shut in on every side by 
 lofty and precipitous mountains. From 
 this awkward situation he extricated 
 himself by a stratagem similtir to that 
 by which he had escaped from the island. 
 Ou the third voyage, he fell among gigan- 
 tic hairy savages, with whom he had an 
 adventure precisely like that of Ulysses in 
 tlie land of the Cyclops. (See Polyphe- 
 mus.) On his fourth voyage, he suffered 
 ship\vreck on the coast of a country of 
 whicli the king took liim into favour, but 
 compelled him, though he had a wife 
 living in Bagdad, to marry a lady of the 
 court. Upon the death of tliis lady, he 
 was buried alive with her in a deep pit, 
 according to an irreversible custom of the 
 country, but was fortunate enough to 
 discover .a long passage which led to an 
 opening on the sca-shoro, whence he es- 
 caped to his own land. On his fifth voy- 
 age, ho fell into the power of the Old Man 
 of the Sea. (See Old M.\n' of the Sea.) 
 Ou the sixth voyage, his ship got into a 
 rapid current, which, aided by a strong 
 wind blowing ever directly toward the 
 shore, carried lier to the foot of an in- 
 accessible mountain, where she went to 
 pieces. Sindbad, having survived liis 
 comrades, made a raft, committed him- 
 self to a river of fresh water ininning out 
 of the sea into a great cavern at the base 
 of the mountain, floated for some days 
 in perfect darkness, and when he at last 
 came out into the light, found himself 
 in the island of Ceylon. Undismayed by 
 so many misfortunes, he maile .a ."^evcnth 
 voyage, was attacked l)y corsairs, sold 
 into slavery, and employed in shooting 
 
 and for the KcmturkB and Rules to wluch the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 SIN 
 
 3U 
 
 SIS 
 
 elephants from a tree. After a time, he 
 was attacked by a troop of these animals, 
 was caught, and carried to a hill -side 
 completely covered with tusks and bones 
 of elephants, and then suffered to depart 
 iinharmed. For communicating this dis- 
 covery to his master he received his free- 
 dom, and was sent home to Bagdad, 
 loaded with riches. 
 
 This is the first George, — first triumph of 
 the Constitutional Principle, which luis since 
 t;one to such sublime heights among us, — 
 heights which we at last begin to suspect 
 might be depths, leading down, all men now 
 ask, Whitherwards? A much admired in- 
 vention in its time, that of letting go the rud- 
 der, or setting a wooden figure expensively 
 dressed to take charge of it, and discerning 
 that the ship would sail of itself so much more 
 easily, which it will, if a peculiarly go;d sea- 
 boat, in certain kinds of sea — for a time, till 
 the Sindbad " Magnetic Mountains " begin to 
 be felt pulling, or the circles of Charybdis get 
 you in their sweep, and then what an inven- 
 tion it was! Carlyle. 
 
 Singing Tree. Sec Parizade. 
 
 Single-speech Hani'il-t6n. A bj'- 
 name given to William Gerard Ham- 
 ilton (1729-1796), an English states- 
 man. 
 
 4®- " It was on this night [November 
 13, 1775] that Gerard Uamilton delivered 
 that single speech from which his nick- 
 name was derived. His eloquence threw 
 into the shade every orator except Pitt, 
 who declaimed against the subsidies for 
 an hour and a half with extraordinary 
 energy and cftect." Macaulay . 
 
 J8®" " The preceding generation had 
 greatly esteemed the man called ' Single- 
 speech Hamilton ; ' not at all for the 
 speech (which, though good, very few 
 people had read), but entirely for the 
 suppo.sed fact that he had exhausted 
 himself in that one speech, and had be- 
 come physically incapable of making a 
 second : so that afterward, when he real- 
 ly did make a second, every body was in- 
 credulous ; until, the thing being past 
 denial, naturally the world was disgusted, 
 and most people dropped his acquaint- 
 ance." De Quincey. 
 
 Singxilar Doctor. [Lat. Doclnr Sin- 
 f/ularis.'] A title given to William 
 Occam (or Ockham), an English nom- 
 inalistic philosopher of the latter part 
 of the thirteenth and beginning of the 
 fourteenth centuries, distinguished for 
 his trenchant logic. He was the great- 
 est of the later schoolmen. His phi- 
 losophy rested to a considerable de- 
 gree upon a famous principle called 
 from him " Occam's razor; " namely, 
 
 " Entia non sunt multiplicanday Enti- 
 ties — that is, real existences repre- 
 senting general ideas, or the teniis 
 used to denote the genera and species 
 of things — are not to be unnecessa- 
 rily multiplied. 
 
 Si'nSn. [Gr. SiVajv.] {Gr. tf Rom. 
 Mijth.) A crafty Greek, who induced 
 the Trojans to take into their city tin- 
 fatal Wooden Horse, which was tilled 
 with armed enemies. See Wooden 
 Horse. 
 
 Sin'trSm. The hero of a German ro- 
 mance wTitten by Baron La Motte 
 Fouqui'', entitled " Sintram and his 
 Companions," — a tale of the old life 
 of niediicval Europe, suggested to the 
 author bj- Albert Diirer's engraving 
 of the Knight, Death, and Satan. 
 
 Si'reng (9). [Lat. Sirenes, Gr. Sei- 
 . pf,^«.] (Gr. 4- Born. Myth.) Three 
 sister sea-nymphs, who usually re- 
 sided on a small island near Cape 
 Pelorus, in Sicily, and, by their me- 
 lodious singing, enticed ashore those 
 who were sailing by, and then killed 
 them. Later writers represent them 
 as presiding over the music of the 
 spheres. Their names are usually 
 given as Parthenope, Ligeia, and 
 Leucothea. 
 Sir Oracle. See Oracle, Sir. 
 
 Sister Anne. A sister of Fatima, 
 the seventh and last of the wives of 
 Blue-beard. This unfortunate lady 
 having been condemned to death by 
 her husband, obtained the favour of a 
 brief delay ; and her sister Anne as- 
 cended the highest tower of the castle 
 to watch for her brothers, who were 
 expected about that time to make 
 them a visit, and who, happily arriv- 
 ing at the last moment, rescued their 
 sister, and put Blue-beard to death. 
 See Blue-beard. 
 
 If Painting be Poetry's sister, she can only 
 be a Si-<ter Anne, who will see nothing but a 
 flock of sheep, while the other bodies forth a 
 troop of horsemen with drawn sabres and 
 white-plumed helmets. Hare. 
 
 Ah ! why was there no clairvovant Sister 
 Anne to cry that she saw " somebody com- 
 ing," — to tell the desolate girl, staring from 
 her window into the unfriendly night, that 
 succour was afoot! T/i'eo. Winthrop. 
 
 Sis'y-phus. [Gr. SiVvi^o?.] {Gr. (f- 
 Rom. Myth.) A son of ^olus, and 
 
 i^- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying E.-cplanations,
 
 SIV 
 
 34.- 
 
 SLA 
 
 husband of Meropc, famous for his 
 fraud and avarice. He was pun- 
 ished in the lower world for his 
 wickedness by having to roll up-hill 
 a large stone, which, as soon as he 
 liad reached the top, always rolled 
 down a£;ain. 
 
 With n\nn V n weary step, and nianv n proan 
 " "' ' ;nc 
 
 - ,-,- --ound 
 
 bound. 
 
 I'd the hiKfi hill he heaves a huge round Rtnnc; 
 Tue huKe round stoue, returning with a 
 
 Thunders impetuous down, and smokes 
 along the ground. J'opi:'.i Homer. 
 
 Siva (sc'va)- [Sansk. Civa, happiness, 
 final bliss.] {Hindu Myth.) The 
 .•supreme being, in the character of 
 the avenger or destroyer; the thinl 
 person in tlie Tnmurli, or trinity, of 
 the Vedas. 
 
 Siward (se'ward). Earl of Northum- 
 berland, and general of the English 
 forces, in Shakespeare's tragedy of 
 "Macbeth." 
 
 Sbrteen-string Jack. A nickname 
 popularly given to John liann, a 
 noted English highwayman, who, 
 afler having been several times tried 
 and acquitted, was at last hanged 
 at Tyburn on the 30th of November, 
 1774. He was remarkable for foppeiy 
 in his dress, and particularly for 
 wearing breeches with eight strings 
 at each knee. 
 
 Boaiccll. " Docs not Grav's poetry, sir, 
 tower above the common niurK?" 
 
 Johnson. " Yea, sir; but wc must attend to 
 the difference between what men in general 
 cannot do if they would, and what every man 
 may do if he would. .Si-ileen - string Jack 
 towered above the common mark." 
 
 Bu.^wcU's Li/'c ofjnhns'on. 
 
 ikeggs. Miss Carolina "Wilhel- 
 mina Amelia. A character in Gold- 
 smith's " Vicar of Waketield ; " a false 
 pretender to gentility, who boasts of 
 her aristocratic connections and ac- 
 quaintance, and prides her.'jelf upon 
 her taste for Shakespeare and love of 
 musical glasses, but who turns out to 
 be no better than she should be. 
 
 Mdbladnir (skid'blSd'nef). [Old 
 Norse skid, a thin plank, and Had, a 
 leaf.] (Scnnd. Afyth.) The name of 
 a ship, made by the dwarfs and given 
 to Frey. It was so capacious that it 
 would hold all the gods, with their 
 weapons and armour, and, wlicn the 
 sails were set, it always had a fair 
 wind. When not required for naviga- 
 
 tion, it could be folded up like a piece 
 of cloth. 
 
 Skim'ming-t6n. A word of unkno-mi 
 origin, but supposed to bo tlie name 
 of some notorious scold of tiie olden 
 time. [Written aist) S k i m m e r t o n 
 and S k imi try.] 
 
 iKS" The word is used only in tho 
 phrase, " To ride Skimniington," or " To 
 ride the Skimmington," employed to de- 
 scribe a species of mock triumphsil pro- 
 cession in honour of a man who had 
 been beaten by his wife. It consisted of a 
 cavalcade in which the man (or, accord- 
 ing to old autlioritics cited by Narcs, the 
 man's no.xt neighbour) rode behind a 
 woman, with his face to the horses tail, 
 liolding a distaff in his hand, at which he 
 scorned to work, the woman all the while 
 beating him with a ladle, and tho.se who 
 accompanied them making hideous noises 
 with frying-pans, buirs-horns, marrow- 
 bones, cleavers, and the Uke. " As the 
 procession passed on," says Sir Walter 
 Scott, " those who attended it in an 
 official capacity were wont to sweep the 
 threshold of the houses in which fame 
 affirmed the mistresses to exercise para- 
 mount authority, which was given and 
 received as a hint that their inmates 
 might, in their turn, be made the sub- 
 ject of a similar ovation." 
 
 Sklm'pole, Har'Sld. A character ia 
 Diclvens's '' Bleak House; " a plausi- 
 ble, mild-marmered sponger upon his 
 friends; said to have been suggested 
 by some of the more prominent traits 
 in the char.actcr of Leigh Hunt, 
 though not intended as a portrait of 
 him. 
 
 From Paris, he wrote to his "dear Lydia" 
 one of those warm, afl'cctionate letters which 
 are delightful to read, and which, it is ap- 
 parent, no one with a particle of tlic Harold 
 Shimpole leaven in his frame could have 
 written. i'ercy Fitzgerald. 
 
 Slaw'ken-ber'gi-us, Ha'fen. The 
 name of an imaginary author, — dis- 
 tinguished by tlie length of his nose, 
 — who is (pioted and referred to in 
 Sterne's " Life and Opinions of Tris- 
 tram Shandy, Gent.," as a great au- 
 thority on all learning connected witii 
 the subject of noses. A quaint and 
 singular tale — professedly extracted 
 from his writings — about a mau 
 ^vith an enormously long nose is in- 
 troduced into the work by way of 
 episode. 
 
 No nose can be justly amputated by tho 
 
 4 for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-zzxii.
 
 SLA 
 
 346 
 
 SLO 
 
 pulj'.ic, not even the nose of Slawlcenhcrqixts 
 liiiiihcli'. Cailj/lc. 
 
 Slay-good, Giant. See Giakt Slay- 
 good. 
 
 Sleek, Aminadab. A character in 
 the comedy of " The Serious Family," 
 b}' Jlorris Barnett. 
 
 Sleeping Beauty in tlie "Wood. 
 [Fr. L<(, Bille cut Bois dormant, (ier. 
 JDcn-m-oichen.'] The lieroine of a 
 celebrated nursery tale, written in 
 French by Charles Terrault, Avhich 
 relates how a princess was shut up 
 by fairy enchantment, to sleep a 
 hundred years in a cast'e, around 
 which sprang: up a dense, impenetra- 
 ble wood, and how, at the expiration 
 of the appointed time, she was deliv- 
 ered from her impi'isonment and her 
 trance by a gallant young- )irince, be- 
 fore whom the forest opened itself to 
 afford him jiassage. 
 
 j(Jfg=- Grimm derives this popular and 
 ■widely diEfused tale from the old North- 
 ern mythology, and finds its prototype in 
 the sleeping Brynhild, and her awaken- 
 ing and deliverance by Sigurd. Dunlop 
 thinks it w;is suggested by the story of 
 Epimonides, the Cretan poet, who, when 
 a boy, is said to have been sent out by 
 his fatlier to fetch a sheep, and, seeking 
 shelter from the mid-day sun, went into 
 a cave. lie tliere fell into a sleep in 
 •which lie remained for fifty-seven years. 
 On waking, he sought for the sheep, not 
 knowing how long he had been sleeping, 
 and was astonislied to find every thing 
 around liim altered. When he returned 
 home, he found to his great amazement, 
 that Iiis younger brother had in the 
 mean time grown an old man. Tennyson 
 has given an exquisite metrical version 
 of the story of the Sleeping Beauty. See 
 EPI.MENIDES and SiGURD. 
 
 Like the prince in the nnrsery tale, he 
 [Alfieri] sought and found the Sleeping Beauty 
 ■within the recesses which had so Iour con- 
 cealed her from mankind. Macaulay. 
 These precints of Klein-Schnellendorf . . . 
 are silent, vacant, yet comfortably furnished, 
 like Sleeping Beaiity's castle. Carb/le. 
 
 Sleipnir (szllp'ner). (Scand. Myth.) 
 The name of Odin's horse, the noblest 
 of his race, wlio carries his master over 
 land and sea. He is of a gray colour, 
 has eight legs, and typifies the wind, 
 ■which blows from eight principal 
 points. [Written also S 1 e i p n e r.] 
 
 Slender. A character in Shaliespeare's 
 " Men-v^ Wives of Windsor." 
 
 iSrS' "In this play the English gentle- 
 man, in age and youth, is brouglit upon 
 the stage, slightly caricatured in Shallow, 
 and far more so in Slender. The latter, 
 indeed, is a perfect satire, and, I think, 
 was so intended, on the brilliant youth 
 of the provinces, such as we may believe 
 it to have been before the introduction of 
 newsp/ipers and turnpike roads ; awkward 
 and luoobyish among civil people, but at 
 home in rude sports, and proud of ex- 
 ploits at which the town would laugh, 
 yet, perhaps, with more courage and 
 good-nature than the laughers." Hal- 
 lam. '• Slender and Sir Andrew Ague- 
 cheek are fools, troubled with an uneasy 
 consciousness of their folly, which, iu the 
 latter, produces a most edifying meek- 
 ness and docility, and, in the former, 
 awkwardness, obstinacy, and confusion.' 
 Macuulaij. 
 
 By my faith, Dick, thou h.ist fallen inti 
 poor Slender'^! blunder ; missed Anne l-*:i_'i 
 and brought US a great lubberly postina^tri 
 boy. Sir (('. Seull 
 
 Slick, Sam. The title and hero of va 
 rious humourous narratives, illustrat- 
 ing and exaggerating the peculiaritie: 
 of tlie New-England character aiic 
 dialect, written by Judge Thoma- 
 Chandler Haliburton (d. 1805), a na 
 five of Nova Scotia. Sam Slick i- 
 represented as a Yankee cloclc-makci 
 and peddler, full of quaint drollery 
 unsophisticated wit, knowledge of liu 
 man nature, and aptitude in the usi 
 of v/hat he calls " soft sawder." 
 
 Slipslop, Mrs. One of the Icadinfl 
 female characters in Fielding's nove 
 of "Joseph Andrews;" a woman o!' 
 frail morals. 
 
 Slop, Doctor. Sec Doctoe Slop. 
 
 Slough of Despond. In Runyan' 
 " Pilgrim's Progress," a deep bo; 
 into which Christian falls, and froi; 
 which Help extricates him. 
 
 /Kg" " The name of the slough was Dc 
 ppond. Here, therefore, they -wallowe' 
 for a time ; and Christian, because of th 
 burden that was on his back, beaan t 
 sink into the mire. This miry slough i 
 such a place as cannot be mended ; it i 
 the descent whither the scum and filtl 
 that attends conviction for sin doth cod 
 tinually run, and therefore it is calle 
 the Slough of Despond ; for still, as th 
 pinner is awakened about his lost condi 
 tion, there arise in his soul many fears 
 and doubts and discouraging appreheB 
 sions, which all of them get together, an' 
 
 CQ~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyins Exphraationi
 
 SLY 
 
 3i7 
 
 SNO 
 
 Fottlc in tliis place, and this is the reason 
 of the baduess of tliis grouiiJ."' Bumjaii. 
 Every tliinjj retroj^radcd with liiin towurds 
 the verse of the miry Skiii(;li or' Jjtfpouil, 
 which yawns for iiisulvcnt debtors. 
 
 :iii- ir. Scott. 
 
 Sly, Christopher. A tinker, in tlic 
 " Induction " to Shakespeare's " Tam- 
 iny ot" the Shrew." 
 
 It was a pcood cmiinionty, as Cliristophcr 
 f^lji says ; nor were we sorry when it was 
 done. T/iaclceni!/. 
 
 Enoush, his poor Eminence [Cardinal 
 I.ouis de Rohan] sits in the fittest place, in 
 the tittcst nutoil: a newly awakened CVf/ws/o- 
 j'lierSI//: and with his "" small ale" Um bi'- 
 ^ide them. Ciiitjik. 
 
 Small-back. A cant name in Scot- 
 hinil tor Death, usually delineated as 
 a .skeleton. 
 
 Men lia\'e queer fancies when old Sinall- 
 
 htirl: is j;rippins them; but SiiifU-hacf: must 
 
 lead down the dance with us all in our time. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Small-beer Poet. A nickname j,nveu 
 Ijy Cobbett to AVilliani Thomas Fitz- 
 t^erakl (1759-1820), a ])oetaster, satir- 
 i.sed by Lord Byron in liis " Enirlish 
 Bards and Scotch Reviewers," and 
 parodied by Horace Smitli in the 
 '' Rejected Addresses." 
 
 Small-endians. See Big-exdians, 
 The. 
 
 Smec-tym'nu-us. The title of a 
 celebrated jiamphlct containinjj an 
 attack upon episcopacy, piililished in 
 1641. This work was written by live 
 Presbyterian divines, and the fitln 
 wa.s formed from the initial letters of 
 their names, — Stepiien J/arsliall, 
 .£'dmund (^'alamy, Thomas I'ounj,^, 
 J/atthew JVewcomen, and Trilliani 
 Spurstow. [Written also, but im- 
 properly, S m e c t y m u u s.] 
 
 Smel-fun'gus. A name triven hy 
 Sterne to Smollett, who. in IT'if), pub- 
 lished a volume of "Travels throuirh 
 France and Italy," filled with illib- 
 eral and splenetic observations upon 
 the institutions and customs of the 
 countries he visited. "The chroni- 
 cle of his journey," says Fitzijcrald, 
 " from the first day to the last, is 
 literally one prolonged snarl." The 
 nickname — the composition of which 
 is obvious — became exceedingly jiop- 
 ular in England, much to the annoy- 
 ance of Smollett. It is sometimes, 
 though rarely, used in a general way 
 
 to designate an ill-tempered antiqua- 
 ry, or a mousing and iiiappreciativc 
 historian. 
 
 The lamented Siiiclninini.< tr;ive!li'd from 
 Boulogne to I':uis, from I'aiis to Id. me, and 
 so on; but he .-iet out witli tlie s|ileen iiuil 
 jaundice, and every olyeet lie pas.sed bv was 
 discoloured or distorte<l. He wrote an account 
 of them, but 't was uotliinj; hut the account 
 of his miserable feelint;s. 
 
 Slcrnc, Sentimental Journey. 
 
 SmelJ'ungiia, denouncing the torpid vacuity 
 of Voltaire's bio);ra|)hers, says he never met 
 with one Frenchman, even of the literary 
 classes, who could tell him wlience this name 
 ^'oltaire originated. Cailijlc. 
 
 Smike. A broken-sjiirited prala/d of 
 Nicholas Xickleby, in Dickens's novel 
 of that name. 
 
 Smith, "Wayland. See AVaylam) 
 Smith. 
 
 Smoky City. A name sometimes 
 given to Pittsburg, an important 
 manufacturing city of Pennsylvania. 
 The use of bituminous coal occasions 
 dense volumes of smoke to fill the air 
 ill and around the place, soiling the 
 garments of passengers, and giving 
 the buildings a dark and sooty ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Smol'kin, or Smul'kin. The name 
 of a iiend or evil spirit mentioned in 
 Shakespeare's " King Lear," a. iii., 
 sc. 4. See FLiniJEnTiGiEiiET, 1. 
 
 Snare. A sheritf's ofliccr, in the 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's " King 
 Henry IV." 
 
 Sneak, Jerry. T!ie name of a hen- 
 pecked pin-maker, a noted character 
 in Foote's farce, " Tlie Mayor of 
 Garratt." 
 
 From Lucifer to Jcn-ii Sneak there is not nn 
 aspect of evil, imperfection, and littleness 
 which can elude the lij^lit of hiunom* or the 
 lightning of wit. li.l'. Whipple. 
 
 If, in the logic of character, lago or Jerr>i 
 Sneak be the premises, it is inipossiblir to find 
 Bacon in the conclusion. Atlantic llonthhj. 
 
 Sneer. A carping character in Sheri- 
 dan's " Critic," with just wit enough 
 to make him mischievous. 
 
 Sneerwell, Lady. A character in 
 Sheridan's " School for Scandal," 
 given to gossip and slander. 
 
 Snod'grass, Augustus (2). One of 
 the Pickwick Clul), in Dickens's nov- 
 el, " The Pickwick I'apers;" a sort 
 of poetic nonentity. 
 
 ind for the Remarks oad Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 SNO 
 
 348 
 
 SOL 
 
 Snout. A tinker, in Shakespeare's 
 " Midsummer-Night's Dream." 
 
 Snug. A joiner, in Shakespeare's 
 " Midsummer -Night's Dream," who 
 takes part in the " Interlude." 
 
 The jest is as flat and dull as that of .'^nvg 
 the joiuer, when he acts the lion barefaced. 
 
 Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Sofronia (so-fro'ne-a). A young 
 Christian of Jerusalem, -who is the 
 heroine of one of the most touching 
 episodes in Tasso's " Jerusalem De- 
 livered." 
 
 i8®= " The Mahommedan kin.? of .Tcru- [ 
 salem [Aladin], at the instigation of Is- 
 meus, a magician, deprives a Chiistian 
 church of its image of the Tirgin, and 
 sets it up in a mosque, under a spell of I 
 enchantment, as a palladium afrainst the j 
 Crusaders. The image is stolen ia the 
 night ; and the king, unable to discover | 
 who has taken it, orders a massacre of ; 
 the Christian portion of his .sulijects, 
 ■which is prevented by Sofronia's ac- 
 cusing herself of the offence. Her lover. 
 Olindo, finding her sentenced to the 
 stake in consequence, disputes vrith her 
 the right of martyrdom. He is con- 
 demned to suffer with her. The Amazon 
 Clorinda, who has come to light on the 
 side of Aladin, obtains their pardon in 
 acknowledgment of her services ; and 
 Sofronia, who had not loved Olindo be- 
 fore, now returns his pas.sion, and goes 
 with him from the stake to the marriage- 
 altar." Lei^h Hunt. 
 
 Sol. [Lat., the sun.] (Rom. Myth.) 
 A surname of Apollo. See Apollo. 
 
 Solar City. See City of the Sun. 
 
 Soldiers' Friend. A surname popu- 
 larly given in England to Frederick, 
 Duke"of York (170:3-1827), the second 
 son of George III., and commander 
 of the British troops in the Low 
 Countries at the period of the French 
 Eevolution. It was through his exer- 
 tions that the system of favouritism 
 was abolished, and political opinions 
 "were no longer made a ground of 
 preferment. In 1814, he was publicly 
 thanked by parliament for his excel- 
 lent administration of the army. 
 
 Solemn Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Solem- 
 nis.] An honorary appellation given 
 by the Sorbonne to llenry Goethals 
 (1227-1293), a eminent schoolman 
 ■who was a member of that famous 
 theological faculty. 
 
 Solemn Xieague and Covenant. 
 {Enrj. (f- Scut. Hist.) A bond of 
 union adopted by the Scottish parlia- 
 ment in 1638, and by the English 
 parliament in 10-13. Its main object 
 and specific obligation was support 
 of the Church of Scotland, and extir- 
 pation of popery and prelacy. Charles 
 II. subscribed to the covenant on his 
 coronation, in 1651 ; but, at the Resto- 
 ration, it was declared null by act of 
 parliament, and w&s burned by the 
 common hangman. 
 
 Solid Doctor. A title conferred upon 
 Itiihard Middleton (d. 1304), an Eng- 
 lish theologian of the order of the 
 Cordeliers; — so called from his ex- 
 tensive learning. See Profound 
 Doctor, 2. 
 
 So-li'nus. Duke of Ephesus, in 
 Shakespeare's " Comedy of Errors." 
 
 Solomon of England. 1. An ap- 
 pellation bestowed upon Henry VII. 
 (1457-1.509), first of the Tudor" kings 
 of England, whose reign, conducted 
 upon pacific principles, was, upon the 
 whole, beneticial to his country, and 
 gave an opportunity for the nation to 
 flourish by the development of its in- 
 ternal resources.' 
 
 2. The same title has been satir- 
 ically awarded to James I. (1566- 
 1625), on account of his pedantry and 
 puerility. Buchanan, his instructor, 
 said that he " made him a pedant 
 because he could make nothing else 
 of him." Sully aptly termed him 
 " the wisest fool in Christendom." 
 " He ivas, indeed," says Macaulay, 
 " made up of two men, a witty, well- 
 read scholar, who wrote, disputed, and 
 harangued, and a ners'ous, drivelling 
 idiot, who acted." 
 
 Solomon of France. 1. An ajv 
 
 pellation conferred upon Charles ^'. 
 (1336-1380), king of France. He 
 was also called " The Wise." 
 
 2. A title bestowed upon Loui'i 
 IX., or St. Louis (1215-1270), who 
 summoned to his council the most 
 able and virtuous men of his king- 
 dom, put an end to many ecclesias- 
 tical abuses, and was always intent 
 upon promoting the happiness of his 
 subjects. 
 
 J3S~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatio
 
 SOM 
 
 349 
 
 SOU 
 
 Som'nus. [Uf.] (Gr. ,^- Rom. Mi/th.) 
 A deified ijersoiiitieatioii of sleep; de- 
 M'ribed as the sou of IS'ox and Erc- 
 
 I.U.S. 
 
 Son of God. A title in common use 
 amoii;; the Jews in the time of our 
 Saviour as a desijtiiatiou of the ex- 
 pected Messiah. It was assumed by 
 .U'sus, as expressing the peculiar and 
 intimate relationship between him.self 
 and the Father. See MuU. iii. 17. 
 
 Son of Man. A designation of him- 
 srlf made use of by our Lord, who 
 Avas, "according to the flesh," the 
 s(jn of the Virgin Mary, and the re- 
 ]iutcd son of Joseph, her husband, 
 and through them both " of the seed 
 (if Uavid." But commentators arc 
 I'ar from being agreed as to the pre- 
 cise import of the term. 
 
 Son of the Last Man. A name 
 commonly given, in the time of the 
 English Commonwealtli, to Charles 
 II., whose father, Charles I., was 
 jiopularly called the "Last Man." 
 The designation is applied to Charles 
 II. ii. a parliamentary offer of reward 
 ibr his appreheusion. See Last 
 .^Lv^^ 
 
 Sons of Thunder. See Boanerges. 
 
 Bordello (sof-del'lo, 102). A celebrat- 
 ed Provencal poet whom Dante and 
 A'irgil meet in Purgatory, sitting 
 alone, with a noble haughtiness of 
 aspect, and cN'ing them like a lion on 
 the watch. On finding that Virgil 
 is his countryman, he springs forward 
 to embrace him with the utmost joy, 
 and accompanies him part - way on 
 liis journey. Browning has used the 
 name as the title of a poem contain- 
 ing an account of Sordello's progress 
 in experience and education till he 
 reaches the stature, name, and fame 
 (if poet. He chooses him as in some 
 sort an ideal man, who is identified 
 with the cause of liberty and hu- 
 man progress, and exemplifies the 
 highest and best results of human 
 ciUturc. See Farinata. 
 
 So'si-a (so'shi-a, 23). A servant of 
 Amphitryon, or Amphitruo, in Plau- 
 tus's play of this name. Mercury, 
 availing himself of his power to as- 
 
 sume disguises at pleasure, figures 
 in the play as the double of Sosia, 
 who is, m consequence, led to doubt 
 liisown identity. Hence, by an e.x- 
 tension of the term, tlie name is given 
 to any person who closely resembles 
 another. Molii're and Uryden have 
 both adapted the " Anqjliitruo " of 
 I'lautus to the modern stage. 
 
 My ris'it honourable father, 8(?ndin5 for this 
 other ^Suifla . . . from France, insisted, in the 
 face of propriety, tliat he should reside in hia 
 house, and share, in all respects, in the op- 
 portuuities of education by which the real 
 Hosia . . . hath profited in such uncommon 
 degree. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Again the book is brought, and in the line 
 just above that in which lie is about to print 
 his second name (hia rescript), his tlrst name 
 (scarce dry) looks out upon him like another 
 ,s'os(«, or as if a man should suddenly en- 
 counter his own duplicate. Charles Lamb. 
 
 So'si-i (so'shi-i, 23). The name of two 
 brothers, famous booksellers at Kome 
 in the time of Horace. 
 
 Sotenville, M. de (mos'cQ)' du so'- 
 tou'vGl', 43, U2). [That is, Fool in the 
 city.] A pompous, stolid, provincial 
 French noble of the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, who figures in Moliere's comedy 
 of "George Dandin," and who ag- 
 gravates his intrinsic insignificance 
 and vacuity by aping the manners 
 of the court noblesse. See Dandin, 
 George. 
 
 South, Esquire. A name given to 
 the Archduke Charles of Austria, in 
 Arbiithnot's humourous " History of 
 John Bull." 
 
 South Britain. A popular designa- 
 tion of iMigland and Wales, or all that 
 part of the island of Great Britain 
 lying south of Scotland, which is 
 often called North Britain. 
 
 South Sea. The name originally given, 
 and still sometimes applied, to the 
 Pacific Ocean, which was discovered 
 in 1513 by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, 
 the Spanish governor of Darien. 
 Crossing the isthmus on an exploring 
 expedition, he arrived, on tiie 29th of 
 September, at a mountain, from the 
 smnmit of which, looking south, ho 
 beheld the boundless expanse of the. 
 ocean stretched out before him, while 
 the northern portion was shut out 
 from his view. He named it, there- 
 fore, Mar del Su7; or the South Sea. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 sou 
 
 350 
 
 SPE 
 
 South-Sea Bubble. A name popu- 
 larly applied to a stupendous stock- 
 jobbing scheme, in England, in 1720, 
 characterised as '• the most enormous 
 fabric of national delusion ever raised 
 amongst an industrious and prudent 
 people." The South-Sea Company, 
 a trading corporation, having ex- 
 clusive privileges, otlered to buy uj) 
 the government annuities, with a 
 view to the reduction of the public 
 debt. The proposal was accepted; 
 great numbers of people hastened to 
 invest in the stock of the compa- 
 ny, which rose to an extraordinary 
 premium, when, on the 29th of Sep- 
 tember, this greatest of bubbles burst. 
 Merchants, iaA\-v-ers, clergymen, phy- 
 sicians, passed from their dreams of 
 fabulous wealth, and from their wont- 
 ed comforts, into penurj'. " Some 
 died of broken hearts; others re- 
 moved to remote parts of the world, 
 and never returned." 
 
 Spanisli Bru'tus. An epithet con- 
 fen-ed upon Alphonso Perez de Guz- 
 man (1258 -1320), a distinguished 
 general of Spain. It is related, that, 
 on one occasion, while besieged with- 
 in the walls of a town, he v.'as threat- 
 ened by the enemy with the death 
 of his son, who hacf been taken pris- 
 oner, imless he would surrender the 
 place ; to which he replied by throw- 
 ing a dagger over the walls, and re- 
 fusing to surrender. This incident has 
 been dramatised by Lope de Vega. 
 
 Spanish En'ni-us. A title given to 
 Juan de Mena (1-412-1456), who owes 
 his chief fame to his having been the 
 first who introduced into Castilian 
 verse some of the retioemeuts of 
 Italian taste. 
 
 Spanish Fury. (Tlisf.) A name given 
 to the attack upon Antwerp by the 
 Spaniards, Xov. 4, 157G, which re- 
 sulted in the pillage and burning of 
 the place, and a great massacre of 
 the inhabitants. 
 
 Spanish Jack. A noted felon exe- 
 cuted at Jlaidstone (Eng.), April 18, 
 175G, for stealing. He was born at 
 Alicant in Spain, and his real name 
 was Bli Gonzales. He afterwards 
 went to England, where he had con- 
 
 nections, who induced him to change 
 his name to John Symmonds. 
 
 Spanish Main. A name popularly 
 given, by the early English voyagers 
 and the English colonists of the West 
 India Islands, to the coast along the 
 north part of South America, from 
 the Mosquito territory to the Leeward 
 Islands. The term is often errone- 
 oush^ thought to apply to the Carib- 
 bean Sea, — a double mistake, for the 
 word main is not used, in this phrase, 
 as seems to have been supposed, in 
 the sense of vuiin ocean, but of main, 
 land ; and besides, the Caribbean Sea, 
 though commonly regarded as a por- 
 tion of the Atlantic, is not, properly 
 speaking, a part of the main ocean, 
 having almost the character of an 
 inland sea. 
 
 A parrot, from the Spani.olt Main, 
 Full young and early caged came o'er, 
 
 "With bright wings, to the bleak domain 
 Of Jlulla's shore. CaiujibelL 
 
 JBQf In the following citations, the 
 name is incorrectly used : — 
 
 Then up and spake an old sailor, 
 
 Had sailed the Upatiuik Main, 
 " I pray thee put into yonder port. 
 
 For I fear the hurricane." LonnfeJloV!, 
 
 ■Under which diabolical ensign he was car- 
 
 rj-ing nie and little £m'ly to the Siia/iin/i Main 
 
 to be drowned. Dickens. 
 
 Spanish Moliere (mo'le^r'). A name 
 given to Leandro Fernandez ]\Ioratia, 
 (1760-1828), a Spanish dramatic poet, 
 who took Moliere for his model. 
 
 Spasmodic School. A name which 
 has been given in ridicule to certain 
 popular authors of the present day, 
 whose productions are, in a greater 
 or less degree, distinguished by an 
 overstrained and unnatural stjie, and 
 abound, more or less, in extravagant 
 and forced conceits. In this school 
 are commonly included Carlyle, Gil- 
 fillan, Tennyson, Bailey (the author 
 of " Festus"), and Alexander Smith; 
 and these writers have been cleverly 
 satirised in " Firmilian, a Spasmodic 
 Tragedy," by Professor William Ed- 
 monstoune Aytoun. 
 
 Spectre of the Brock'en. [Ger. 
 Brocl'enr/egpenst.'] A singular colos- 
 sal apparition seen in the clouds, at 
 certain times of the day, by those 
 who ascend the Brocken, or Blocks- 
 berg, the highest mountain of the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatio: 
 
 ]
 
 SPE 
 
 351 
 
 STA 
 
 Hartz raniiije, in Pnissian Saxony. 
 
 This remarkable optical phenomenon 
 
 — which was formerly regarded with 
 iperstitious admiration and awe — 
 merely a gig;uitic projection of the 
 -crver's shadow upon misty clouds 
 
 opposite to the rising or the setting 
 
 'peed. A clownish servant of Yalen- 
 liiie, and an inveterate punster, in 
 Shakes])eare"s " Two Gentlemen of 
 Wrona." 
 
 !pens, Sir Patrick (spcnss). The 
 !uro of a famous old Scottish ballad, 
 i.])resented as having been sent in 
 tlie winter time, by the king of Scot- 
 land, on a mission to Noro'ay, and 
 :,s having been lost, with his whole 
 c row, in mid-ocean, on the homeward 
 Noyage. 
 
 {£3" " The name of Sir Patrick Spcns 
 is not mentioned in history ; but I am 
 able to state that tradition has preserved 
 it. In tlie little island of Papa Stronsay, 
 one of the Orcadian group, lying over 
 :i5:!,inst Norway, there is a large grave, or 
 iini'iiliis, wliich has been known to the 
 iuliabitants, from time immemorial, as 
 ' tliegiaveof Sir Patrick Spens.' . . . Tlie 
 ]>i-ople knov/ nothing beyosid the trjidi- 
 tioual appellation of the spot, and they 
 line no legend to tell. Spens is a Scot- 
 tish, not a Scandinavian, name. Is it, 
 rhtm, a forced conjectui-e, that the ship- 
 %.rock took place off the iron-bound coast 
 t' the northern islands, whicli did not 
 .(•n belong to the crown of Scotland ? " 
 Ai/toim. 
 
 ^^liinx. [Gr. 2tf«'vf-] C^''- # J^07n. 
 Jj'ijfh.) A monster described as hav- 
 ing a human head and the body of a 
 lion, and sometimes as having wings 
 also. It used to propose the follow- 
 ing riddle to travellers, and tear in 
 ]iii'pps fho.se who could not solve it: 
 •' What is that which has one voice, 
 lid at tirst four feet, then two feet, 
 ;.(l at last three feet, and when it 
 .i.is most is weakest?" (Edipus ex- 
 plained the enigma by saying that it 
 T,vas man, who, when an infant, creeps 
 'in all fours, when a man, goes on 
 two feet, and, when old, uses a statF, 
 a third foot; and the Sphinx there- 
 i])on destroyed herself. 
 
 pid'i-reen'. An imaginary ship 
 sometimes mentioned by sailors. 
 
 \ 
 
 Spo'rus (0). A name under which 
 I'ope satirises John, Lord llervey, ia 
 the " Prologue to the Satu-es." Sec 
 LoHu Fanny. 
 
 Let Sponis tremble. — 'WUat ! that tliiiis of 
 
 8ilk? 
 ,Spnnis, that mere white curd of as?ps' milk? 
 .><-.itire or sense, alas 1 ciin !ipunis fce\y 
 ■\V'ho breaks a butterfly upon awlicel? J'02:e. 
 
 Squab, Poet. See Poet Squab. 
 
 Square, Mr. The name of a " phi- 
 losopher "in Fielding's novel "The 
 History of Tom Jone.s, a Foundling." 
 
 Squeers. An ignorant, brutal, avari- 
 cious Yorkshire pedagogue, in Dick- 
 ens's novel of "■ Kicholas Jvickleby." 
 See DoTHEBovs Hall. 
 
 Squintum, Doctor. See DocTor. 
 
 SliUlNTUM. 
 
 Squire of Dames. A personage in- 
 troduced by Spenser in the " Faiirr 
 (•iueen " (Bk. HI., canto vii., stanza 
 51, ctseq.)^ and whose curious adven- 
 tures are there recorded. The temi 
 is often used to express a person de- 
 voted to the fair sex. 
 
 'My honest Squire of Damef, T pec 
 Thou art of her privy council. Massinger. 
 
 And he. the wanderins S'fvire of Dames, 
 I'orgot his Colunibella'd claims. 
 
 W. Scott. 
 
 Squire "Western. 
 
 Sqiire. 
 Squob, Poet. See Poet Squab. 
 
 Stag'i-rite. [Gr. 'o 2Taycipi'TT75, Lat. 
 t^iarjirites.'l A surname given to 
 Aristotle (b. c. 384-332), from Sta- 
 gira in l^Iacedonia, the place of his 
 birth. [Often improperly written 
 Stagyrite.] 
 
 See physic bcff the Stogirile's defence; 
 
 ISce metaphysic call for aid on sense. Po2)e, 
 
 Plato's lore sublime. 
 And all the wisdom of the Slarilritc 
 Enriched and beautihed his studious mind. 
 
 lyonhwurtri. 
 
 Stapli'y-la. One of the drniimtisj'^''- 
 sonic in Plautus's " Aulularia." 
 
 Starvation Dun-das'. Henry Dun- 
 das, the first Lord Melville; — so 
 called from having first introduced 
 the word stnrvathm into the English 
 language, in a speech in parliament, 
 in 1775, on an American debate. 
 
 Starveling. A tailor in Shakespeare's 
 " I\Iidsummer-Night's Dream." 
 
 See Westeek, 
 
 d for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers afler certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 STA 
 
 352 
 
 STO 
 
 StS-ti'ra (9). The heroine of La Cal- 
 prcnede's romance of " Cassandra." 
 She was the daughter of Darius, and 
 the most perfect workmanship of the 
 gods. Oroondates became enamoured 
 of her, and, after many adventures, 
 succeeded in obtaining her hand. 
 
 S. T. C. The initials of Samuel Taylor 
 Coleridge (1772-1834), the celebrated 
 English poet and philosopher. He 
 is sometimes designated by them in- 
 stead of his name. 
 
 Stee'nie. A nickname for Stephen, 
 given by James I. to George Villiers, 
 Duke of Buckingham, in allusion to 
 his line face. " And it was," says 
 Hearne, " a very singular compli- 
 ment to the splendour of his beauty, 
 having reference to Acts vi. 15, where 
 it is said of St. Stephen, ' All that 
 sat in the council, looking steadfastly 
 on him, saw his face as it had been 
 the face of an angel.' " 
 
 Stel'l|. [Lat., the star.] 1. A name 
 given by Sir Philip Sidney, in a 
 series of exquisitely beautiful ama- 
 torj' poems entitled " Astrophel and 
 Stella," to Penelope Devereux, — 
 afterward Lady Rich, — at one time 
 the loadstar of his affections, and 
 generally admitted to have been the 
 tinest woman of her age. She was 
 a sister of Lord Essex. See Astro- 
 phel. 
 
 2. A poetical name given by Swift 
 to Miss Esther Johnson, whose tutor 
 he was, and whom, in 1716, he pri- 
 vately married. The name Esther 
 (related to the Greek acrr^p, Lat. 
 aster) signifies a star. 
 
 Sten'tor. [Gr. ^reVriop.] ( Gr. (f- Eom. 
 Myth.) A Grecian herald in the 
 Trojan war, whom Homer describes 
 as "great-hearted, brazen -voiced 
 Stentor, accustomed to shout as loud 
 as fifty other men." 
 
 "With this desii^i. he raised up his cndfrel 
 for the defence of his head, and, beLakin^ him- 
 self to his heels, began to roar for help with the 
 lunga ot a. Stentor. Smollett. 
 
 Steph'a-no. 1. A drunken butler, in 
 Shakespeare's " Tempest." 
 
 2. A servant to Portia, in Shake- 
 speare's "Merchant of Venice." 
 
 Stern, Daniel (4). A nom de plume 
 
 of Marie de Flavigny, Countess of 
 Agoult, a popular French authoress 
 of the present century. 
 
 Ster'o-pes. [Gr. STcpom)?.] ( Gr. ^ 
 Horn. Myth.) One of the Cyclops. 
 See Cyclops. 
 
 Stewart, Walking. See W.vlkiso 
 Stewart. | 
 
 Sthe'no. [Gr. 28eyii.] ( Gr. 4- Rom. 
 3fyih.) One of the three Gorgojis. 
 See GoRGo^'S. 
 
 Stich, Tom. The subject of an old 
 tract, or " merrj' histor}^" composed 
 in the seventeenth century. It con- 
 sists of a collection of anecdotes re- 
 specting a young tailor who was a 
 favom'ite with the ladies. 
 
 Stiles, Jolin. See Styles, Tom. 
 
 Stink'o-ma-lee'. A cant name for 
 London University ; originated by 
 Theodore Hook. He gave it this 
 appellation for the double reason that 
 some question about Trincomalee (in 
 Ceylon) was agitated at the time, and 
 that the institution was in ill odour 
 with the members of other Univer- 
 sities because it admitted students 
 from all denominations. 
 
 Only look at Stiiikomalee and King's Col- 
 lege! Activity, union, craft, indomitable per- 
 severance on the one side: iridolence, inde- 
 cision, internal distrust and jealousies, calf- 
 like simplicity, and cowardice intolerable on 
 the other. Nodes Ambrosiana. 
 
 Stock'well Ghost. A name given to 
 a supposed supernatural agent who 
 produced a train of extraordinary 
 disturbances in the village of Stock- 
 well, near London, in the year 1772, 
 by which the inhabitants were thrown 
 into the utmost consternation. The 
 author of the imposture, a servant- 
 girl by the name of Anne Robinson, 
 was at length detected, and the magic 
 she employed found to be only an 
 imusual dexterity aided by the sim- 
 plicity and credulity of the specta- 
 tors. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson. A sobriquet 
 given, during the great American 
 Rebellion, to Thomas Jonathan Jack- 
 son (1824-1863), a general in the 
 service of the insurgents. The .ip- 
 pellation had its origin in an expres- 
 sion used by the rebel General Bee, 
 
 For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation*.
 
 STO 
 
 353 
 
 STY 
 
 on trying to rallv his men at tlie 
 twttlc'of Bull Run, July 21, 18(il,— 
 '■ There is Jackson, standing like a 
 stone wall.'' From that day he was 
 known as " Stonewall Jackson," and 
 his command as the " Stonewall Bri- 
 gade." 
 Storm-and-Stress Period. [Ger. 
 Stunn-iind-Drajig Zcit.] In the lit- 
 erary history of Germany, the name 
 given to a period of great intellectual 
 convulsion, during the last quarter 
 of the last century, when the nation 
 began to assert its freedom from the 
 fetters of an artiticial literary spirit. 
 Goethe's " Goetz von Berlichingen " 
 gave a powerful impulse to this move- 
 ment, which was increased by the 
 appearance of Schiller's "Kobbers." 
 The period derives its name from a 
 drama of Klinger (1753-1831), whose 
 high-wrought tragedies and novels 
 reflect the excitement of the time. 
 
 ,KS" " The wisdom and extravagance 
 of the age united in one stream. The 
 masterly criticisms of Lessing, the enthu- 
 siasm for Shakespeare, the mania for Os- 
 sian and the Northern mythology, the re- 
 ■N'val of ballad literature and parodies of 
 Rousseau, all worked in one rebellious 
 current against established authority. 
 There was one universal shout for ' na- 
 ture.' With the young, nature seemed 
 a compound of volcanoes and moonlight. 
 To be insurgent and sentimental, explo- 
 sive and Lachrymose, were the true signs 
 of genius." Lewes. 
 
 jQ®" " Great indeed was the woe and 
 fury of these Power-men [Kraftmdnner]. 
 Beauty to their mind seemed synonymous 
 with strength. All passion were poetical, 
 so it were but fierce enough. Their head 
 moral virtue was Pride ; their henu i ileal of 
 Manhood was some transcript of Milton's 
 Devil. Often they inverted Bolingbroke's 
 plan, and, instead of ' patronising Provi- 
 dence,' did directly the oppo.site, raging 
 with extreme animation against Fate in 
 general, because it enthralled free vir- 
 tue, and, with clenched hands or sound- 
 ing shields, hurling defiance towanls the 
 vault of heaven." Carlyh. 
 
 Stormy Cape, or Cape of Storms. 
 [Port. Cdho Tormentoso.'\ The name 
 originally given to the Cape of Good 
 Hope, in 148G, by Bartholomew Diaz, 
 the celebrated Portuguese navigator. 
 Its present name, for better augury, 
 was substituted by King John II. 
 
 .lew nirsch, run into for low smupclin!; 
 purposes, httd been a CVi;)c o/ Slorms, liinicult 
 to wuuthcr: buf tlie continual let'-shoro were 
 those French,— witli u heavy gale on, and 
 one of the raishcat pilots I VarlyU. 
 
 Strap, Hugh. A simple, generous, 
 and faithful friend antl adiierent of 
 Koderick Random, in Smollett's ac- 
 count of the adventures of that 
 notorious personage. See IIandu.m, 
 
 KODEKICK. 
 
 43= " We believe there are few readers 
 who are not Ui.sgusted with the miserable 
 reward assigned to Strap in the closing 
 chapter of the novel. Five hundred 
 pounds (scarce the value of the goods he 
 had presented to his mastt^r) and the 
 hand of a reclaimed street-walker, even 
 when added to a Highland farm, seem 
 but a poor recompense for his faithful 
 and disinterested attachment." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Stre'phSn. The name of a shepherd 
 in Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia," in 
 love with the beautiful shepherdess 
 Urania ; used by the poets of a later 
 day as the name of any lover. 
 
 Strephon and Chloe languish apiirt; join in 
 a rapture; and presently you hear that Chloe 
 is crying, and Slyephoii haa broken his crook 
 across her back. I'/iackcroii. 
 
 Struld'brugs. The name of certain 
 wretched inhabitants of Luggnagg, 
 described in Swift's imaginary "Trav- 
 els " of Lemuel Gidliver as persons 
 who never die. 
 
 Now it came to pass, that, about this time, 
 the renowned Woutcr Van Twiller, full of 
 years and honours, and council-dinners, had 
 reached that period of life and faculty which, 
 according to the great Gulliver, entitles a man 
 tu admission into the ancient order of .Stnilil- 
 hnigs. }K Irviiuj. 
 
 Sturm - und - Drang Sleit (.stoohn- 
 (wnt-drang tsit). See Stokm-anu- 
 Stress Pkeiod. 
 Styles, Tom, alias John a-Styles. 
 A fictitious character formerly made 
 use of in actions of ejectment, and 
 commonly connected with John o' 
 Nonkes. See No.vkes, John <>', also 
 Doe, John. [Written also Tom a 
 Styles, Tom o' Styles, John 
 Styles, and John Stiles.] 
 
 j(J®~ Tn the Middle Ages, the phrase 
 John at Style was in common u.se to de- 
 note a plebeian ; and it still survives in a 
 slightly altered form in thesaying, ' Jack 
 Noakes and Tom Styles.' 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant read over thi.'! friendly 
 epistle with sonic such harmony of aspect n» 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, soe pp. xiv-xxxli.
 
 1 
 
 STY 
 
 354 
 
 SWA 
 
 we may Buppose a crusty farmer reads the 
 loving letter oi'Jolin JStiles, warning iiim ot'au 
 actiou olejectmeut. • W. Irciii'j. 
 
 I have 110 connection with the company 
 further than giving them, for a certain fee anil 
 reward, niy poor opinion as a medical man, 
 
 Srecisely as I may give it any day to Jack 
 foakes or Tom styles. DlcLr.ns. 
 
 He [Doctor Burton, the "Doctor Slop" of 
 Sterne's " Tristram Sliandy "] ■ . • was often 
 seen along the Yorkshire bridle-roads, thus 
 strangely mounted, hurrying away to assist 
 the ladies of 2'oin o' Styles or John Noakes, 
 in tlieir illness. Fercy Fitzr/erald. 
 
 Stym-plia'li-an Birds. See Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Styx. [Gr. 2rv^] (Gr. ^ Hom.IIytli.) 
 One of the rivers of hell, .''I'ound 
 which it flowed nine times. The 
 gods held it in such veneration that 
 they were accustomed to swear hy 
 it, and such an oath was inviolable. 
 
 Subtle Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Subtilis.'] 
 A name given to Duns Scotus, a fa- 
 mous schoolman of the thirteenth 
 and fourteenth centuries, celebrated 
 for his "keenness and versatility in 
 detecting invisible distinctions, in 
 multiplying hypotheses which dif- 
 fered from each other only in some 
 verbal incidents, in untwisting every 
 thought and proposition as by an in- 
 tellectual prism, in speculating upon 
 themes above the reach of liuman 
 knowledge, and in the multiplication 
 of ingenious theories without proof 
 to sustain them or utUity to recom- 
 mend them." 
 
 Sucker State. A cant name given, 
 in America, to the State of Illinois, 
 the inhabitants of which are very 
 generally called Suchers, throughout 
 the West. The origin of this term 
 is said to be as follows : — 
 
 /!®= " The Western prairies are, in 
 many places, full of the holes made by 
 the ' craw-fish ' (a fresh-water shell-fish, 
 similar in form to the lobster), which de- 
 scends to the water beneath. In early 
 times, when travellers wended their way 
 over these immense plains, they very 
 prudently provided themselves with a 
 long, hollow reed, and, when thirsty, 
 thrust it into these natural artesians, 
 and thus easily supplied their longings. 
 The craw-fish well generally contains pure 
 ■water ; and the manner in which the 
 traveller drew forth the refreshing ele- 
 ment gave him the name of ' Sucker.' " 
 Providence. Journal. 
 
 Sullen, Squire. A brutal husband in 
 I'arquliar's " Country Blockhead." 
 
 Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, Sir 
 ■Wilful Witwould, Sir Francis Wronghead, 
 Squire Western, Squire Sullen, — such were 
 the people who composed the main strength 
 of the Tory party for sixty years after tlie 
 Kevolution. Macauhiy. 
 
 Super Graniinaticani. A name 
 sometimes given to Sigismund (1367- 
 1437), emperor of Germany. 
 
 J6Eg=- "At the opening of the Council 
 [of Constance, 1414], he ' ofiiciated as 
 deacon,' actually doing some litanying 
 ' with a surplice over him,' though Kaiser 
 and King of the Romans. But this pas- 
 sage of his opening speech is what I rec- 
 ollect best of him there : ' Right reverend 
 lathers, date operam, ut ilia nefandn 
 schisma eradicetur^ exclaims Sigismund, 
 intent on having the Bohemian Schism 
 well dealt with, which he reckons to be 
 of the feminine gender. To which a 
 Cardinal mildly remarking, ' Dotnine, 
 schisjna est generis neutrius ' ( Schisma is 
 neuter, your Majesty), Sigismund loftily 
 replies, '■Ego sum Rex Romanus, et super 
 grainmalicavi ! ' (T am King of the Ro- 
 mans, and above grammar 1 ) — for which 
 reason I call him in my Note-books Sigis- 
 mund Super Gramniaticam, to distin- 
 guish him in the imbroglio of the Kai- 
 sers." Carhjle. 
 
 Surface, Charles. A character in 
 Sheridan's comedy, " The School for 
 Scandal ; " represented as an extrava- 
 gant rake, but generous, warm-heart- 
 ed, and fascinating. 
 
 Surface, Joseph. A mean hypocrite, 
 in Sheridan's comedy, " The School 
 for Scandal," who afiects great se- 
 riousness, gravity, and sentimental- 
 ity. 
 
 Surtur (soof'toof). (Scand. AfyiJi.) A 
 formidable giant, who, with tiames 
 collected from Muspelheim, is to set 
 lire to the univei'se at liagnarijlv. 
 See Ragnarok. 
 
 Surya (soo're-a). {Hindu Myth.) The 
 god of the sun. 
 
 Swan, The Mantuan. See Mantu- 
 AN Swan. 
 
 Swan of Avon, Sweet. An epithet 
 conferred upon Shakespeare by Ben 
 Jonson, in some well-know^n com- 
 mendatory verses originally prefixed 
 to the second folio edition of Shake- 
 speare's works, printed in 1632. 
 
 Kg~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 SWA 
 
 855 
 
 SYM 
 
 Swan of Cam-brai' {or k5"'bra', G'2). 
 All epithet bestowed, on aceouiit of 
 the graces of his style, upon Feiielon 
 ( 1G51-1715), Arehb'ishop of Cambrai, 
 and a writer of fervid cloquenee. 
 
 Swan of Lichfield. A title cjiven to 
 .Miss Anna Seward (1747-1809), an 
 English poetess of some distinction. 
 
 Swan of Pad'u-5. A name given to 
 Count Francesco Algarotti (1712- 
 1764), a native of Venice, a man of 
 much information and taste, and, in 
 his day, an esteemed writer. 
 
 jg®" " His respectable books on the op- 
 era and other topics are now all forgotten, 
 and crave not to be mentioned.-' Carlyle. 
 
 Swan of the Me-an'der. An epithet 
 applied to Homer, on account of the 
 harmony of his verse, and on the 
 supposition that he was a native of 
 Asia Jlinor, of which the Meander is 
 one of the chief rivers. 
 
 Swedish Nightingale. A name pop- 
 ularly given to Jenny Lind (JNIadame 
 Goldschmidt, b. 1821), a native of 
 Stockholm, and one of the most cele- 
 brated of female vocalists. 
 
 Sweet Singer of Israel. A title ap- 
 plied to King David. See Royal 
 Psalmist. 
 
 Sweet Singer of the Temple. An 
 
 epithet often applied to George Her- 
 bert (159;5-10:J3), author of "The 
 Temple: Sacred Poems and Private 
 Ejaculations," and one of the most 
 charming and gifted, though quaint, 
 poets of England. 
 
 Swer'ga. ( Hindu Myth. ) A teiTestrial 
 paradise situated on the summit of 
 Mount Jleru {q. v.); the delightful 
 abode of Indra, and a place of fre- 
 quent resort for the other gods. 
 
 Swing. A fictitious and much-dread- 
 ed name signed to incendiary threats 
 in the rural districts of England, 
 about fifty years ago. 
 
 Swiv'el-ler, Dick. A careless, light- 
 headed fellow in Dickens's novel of 
 the " Old Curiosity Shop," whose 
 flowery orations and absurdities of 
 quotation provoke laughter, but 
 •whose real kindness of heart enlists 
 sympathy. 
 
 Sword of God. A surname of Klia- 
 led, the cuntiueror of Syria between 
 the years (i.'J2 and G^JS. lie was so 
 called by Mohammed. 
 
 Swordsman, The Handsome. See 
 
 llANDSU.Alli SWUKUS.MAN. 
 
 Syc'o-rax. A foul witch mentioned, 
 in Shakespeare's "Tempest," as the 
 dam of Prospero's slave, Caliban. 
 
 Joining, however, tlie various merits of these 
 authors [Wycherlcy, Vanbrugh, Farquhar, 
 Congreve]j as belonging to this period, tliej- 
 form a galaxy of comic talent scarcely to be 
 matched in any other age or country, and 
 which is only obscured by those foul and im- 
 pure mists which their pens, like the raven 
 wings of Sycorax, had brushed from fern and 
 bog. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 If you had told Sijcorax that her son Cali- 
 ban was as handsome as Apollo, she would 
 have been pleased, witch as sne was. 
 
 TJiackcray. 
 
 Sylvanus. See Silvanus. 
 
 Symmes's Hole. An enormous open- 
 ing imagined by Captain John Cleve 
 Symmes (d. 1829), a visionary Amer- 
 ican theoriser, to exist in the crust 
 of the earth at 82° north latitude. 
 Through this opening, he thought a 
 descent might be made into the inte- 
 rior of the globe, which he supposed 
 to be peopled with plants and ani- 
 mals, and to be lighted by two small 
 suliterranean planets, — named Pluto 
 and I'roscrpine, — which diffused a 
 mild radiance. According to Hum- 
 boldt, Captain Symmes publicly and 
 repeatedly invited Sir Humphry Davy 
 and himself to explore this luider- 
 world. 
 
 >83°" It is stated by the same authority, 
 that similar fantastic notions were enter- 
 tained by the celebrated astronomer Ilal- 
 ley, in the latter part of the seventeentli 
 century, and by the learned Norwegian 
 satirist and dramatist Holberg, in the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 Sym-pleg'a-des. [Gr. Sv/iin-ATjvaSf?, 
 the justling rocks.] {Gr. cf Rom. 
 Ifytli.) Two huge floating rocks in 
 the Euxine Sea, which at times were. 
 driven together by the winds, and 
 crushed all that came between them. 
 The " Argo," however, succeeded in 
 passing through in safety, losing only 
 a portion of her stern; and the isl- 
 ands thenceforth became fixed. Sec 
 Akgo. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii .
 
 SYN 
 
 )o6 
 
 SYi: 
 
 Syntax, Doctor. See Doctor Syn- 
 tax. 
 
 Sy'phax. One of the dramatis per- 
 ^oiiw ill Addison's tragedy of " Cato." 
 
 Wavcrley . . . could not help bursting out 
 n-lau{;hing, as lie checked the propensity to 
 t'xelann, with Si/phax,^ 
 
 " Cato 's a proper peraon to intrust 
 A love-tale with ! " iiir If. Scott. 
 
 Sy'rinx (9). [Gr. SOptyM {Gr. cf 
 Eom. Myth.) A m-mph beloved by- 
 Pan, and changed at her own re- 
 quest into a reed, of which Pan then 
 made his flute. 
 
 car- For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 TAF 
 
 357 
 
 TAN 
 
 T. 
 
 Ts.rtf. A sobriquet for a Welshman, 
 iir for the Welsh collectively. The 
 word is a Welsh mispronunciation of 
 Jhiri/, a diminutive of David, one of 
 the most common of Welsh names. 
 
 Tailors of Tooley Street, The 
 Three. See Three Tailors of 
 Tooley Street. 
 
 Tal'bSt, Lying Dick. A nickname 
 civcu to the celebrated Irish Jaco- 
 bite, Tyrconnel, who tilled the high- 
 est offices in Ireland during the last 
 jieriod of the rule of James II. and 
 tbe early period of William III. 
 
 Talking Bird, Singing Tree, and 
 Yellow Water. See Parizade. 
 
 Friedrich is loyally glad over his '^'oltairc; 
 eager in all way's to content him, make him 
 happy, and keep him here, as the Talking 
 J iinl', the Siiiriiiir/ Tree, and the Golden Water 
 of intelligent mankind: the glory of one's own 
 c.mrt, and the envy of the world. Carhjle. 
 
 Ta'lus. [Gr. TaAio5.] A brazen man 
 maae by Vulcan for Minos, to guard 
 tlic island of Crete. Spenser, in tlie 
 '■ Faery Queen," represents him as an 
 attendant upon Artegal, and as run- 
 ning continually round the island of 
 (Jrete, administering warning and cor- 
 rection to offenders by flooring them 
 with an iron flail. His invulnerable 
 frame, resistless strength, and passion- 
 less nature, tj'pify the power which 
 executes the decrees of justice and the 
 mandates of magistrates. 
 
 They [the Puritans] went through the 
 world like Sir Artegal's iron man. Talus, with 
 liis flail, crushing and tramping down op- 
 jiressors, mingling with human beinj^s, hut 
 iiavinjj neither part nor lot in human infirm- 
 ities ! msensible to fatigue, to pleasure, and 
 to pain; not to be piereed by any weapon, not 
 til be withstood by any barrier. Macaulay. 
 
 Talvi (tal'vee). A nom de plume as- 
 rumed by ISIrs. Robinson, — wife of 
 Dr. Edward Robinson, — a well- 
 known authoress of the present day, 
 l.orn in Germany; formed from the 
 initials of her maiden name, Therese 
 -libertine Zouise ron Jakob. 
 
 Tammany, St. See St. TA:\mANY. 
 
 Tarn of the Cowgate. A sobriquet 
 i^iveii to Sir Thomas Hamilton (d. 
 
 15G.3), one of the ablest and most 
 learned of Scotch lawj-ers. 
 
 Tam'o-ra. Queen of the Goths, in 
 Shakespeare's "Titus Andronicus." 
 
 Tannhiiuser, Sir (tan'hoi-zer, ;J8). 
 [Ger. Hitter Tannldiuser.'] A famous 
 legendary hero of Germany, and the 
 subject of an ancient ballad of the 
 same name. The noble Tannhiiuser 
 is a knight devoted to valorous ad- 
 ventures and to beautiful women. 
 In Mantua, he wins the affection of 
 a lovely ladj-, Lisaura, and of a 
 learned philosopher, Hilario, with 
 whom he converses frequently upon 
 supernatural subjects. Enchanted 
 by the marvellous tales related to him 
 by his preceptor, he wishes for noth- 
 ing less than to participate in the 
 love of some beauteous elementarj' 
 spirit, who shall, for his sake, assume 
 the form of mortal woman. Hilario 
 promises him tliat he shall kiss even 
 Venus herself, the queen of love and 
 of lovers, if he will have courage to 
 venture upon the Venusberg. The 
 infatuated Tannhiiuser sets forth and 
 ascends the mountain, upon hearing 
 of Avhich Lisaura plunges a dagger 
 into her heart. Long does Tannhiiu- 
 ser tarry among the delicious en- 
 chantments of the Venusberg; but, 
 at last, moved to repentance, he asks 
 and obtains permission to depart. 
 He hastens to Mantua, weeps over 
 the grave of his gentle Lisaura, and 
 thence proceeds to Rome, where he 
 makes public confession of his sins to 
 Pope Urban. Tlie pope refuses liim 
 absolution, saying he can no more be 
 pardoned than the dry wand which 
 he holds can bud forth and bear 
 green leaves. Tannhiiuser, driven to 
 despair, flees from Rome, and vainly 
 seeks his former preceptor, Hilario. 
 At this juncture, Venus appears be- 
 fore him, and, with seductive smiles, 
 lures him back to the mountain, there 
 to remain until the day of judgment. 
 Meanwhile, at Rome the dry wand 
 has sprouted and borne green leaves. 
 
 (1 for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain woi-ds refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 TAN 
 
 358 
 
 TEA 
 
 Urban, alarmed at this miracle, sends 
 messengers iu search of the imhajipy 
 knight ; but he is nowhere to be found. 
 j93=- This Tannhiuser legend is very- 
 popular in Germany, and is often allud- 
 ed to by German writers. Tieck, in his 
 »• Phantasus," has made it the subject 
 of a narrative, and Wagner of a very 
 ' celebrated opera. The name of the 
 trusty Eckhardt is fi-cquently joined 
 ■with that of Tannhiiuser, as a compan- 
 ion, and by some they are considered to 
 be identical. See Eckhardt, The l".iiTH- 
 
 FUL. 
 
 Tan'ta-lus. [Gr. TavroAo?.] ( Gr. cf 
 Horn'. Myth.) A son of Jujiter, and 
 king of Lydia, Phiygia, or Paplila- 
 gonia; punished in the infernal re- 
 gions with insatiable hunger and 
 thirst, and placed up to his chin in 
 ■water, under an overhanging fruit- 
 tree; but whenever he attempted to 
 drink or eat, the water or fruit re- 
 treated from his lips. His crime is 
 differently stated : the common ac- 
 count is, "that, to test the omniscience 
 of the gods, he served up the limbs 
 of his son Telops (see Pelops) at a 
 banquet to Avhich he had invited 
 them ; some, however, say that ho 
 divulged secrets which Jove had 
 confidontiallj' communicated to him ; 
 others allege that he stole nectar and 
 ambrosia from the table of the gods, 
 and gave them to his friends ; while 
 others again attribute to him inordi- 
 nate pride, and the possession of too 
 great wealth. The punishment of 
 Tantalus has passed into a proverb, 
 and from it we have derived the 
 word tantalise, that is, to hold out 
 prospects or hopes which cannot be 
 realised. 
 
 Tap'ley, Mark. The body-sers'ant 
 of Martin Chuzzlewit, in Dickens's 
 novel of this name ; noted for his irre- 
 pressible jollitj', which alwa^'s showed 
 itself most when his affairs were at 
 the worst. 
 
 Charles [VII. of France"), who wastheJ/arT; 
 Tciplcy of kines, bore himself with his usual 
 jollity under tliis affiicting news. 
 
 J?ef. John Wliitc. 
 
 Tap'per-tit, Simon. An ambitious 
 and conceited apprentice in Dickens's 
 novel of " Barnaby liudge." 
 
 Tar'ta-rus. [Gr. Xaprapos.] {Gr. if 
 
 Rom. Mjitli.) The infernal regions, 
 or, according to some, that part of , 
 them where the impious and guilty 
 were punished for their crimes. 
 
 Tartuffe (tar-tiif'; Fr. j^ron. taf'tiif, 
 34). A common nickname for a hyi>- 
 ocritical impostor, or knave, who uses 
 the garb of religion to cover his de- 
 ceit. It is derived from a celebrated 
 comedy of the same name by Mo- 
 liere, in which the hero, a hypocrit- 
 ical priest, is so called. Some say 
 that the character of Tartnffe depicts 
 the confessor of Louis XIY., Pere 
 La Chaise, whom Moliere once saw 
 eating truffles (Fr. tai-tttjf'es, It. tar- 
 iiiji) with great relish. Great oppo- 
 sition was made to the appearance 
 of the play ; but at length, in 1667, 
 Moliere succeeded in bringing it oa 
 the stage ; and for three months 
 " Tartutfe " was performed uninter- 
 ruptedly, and with great applause. 
 A comedy under the title of " Lady 
 Tartutfe " has been brought out in 
 Paris with success by Mme. Delphiue 
 de Girardin. 
 
 All types of nil characters march through 
 nil fables: tremblers and boasters; victims and 
 bullies ; dupes and knaves ; . . . Tartvffei 
 wearing virtuous clothins ; lovers and their 
 trials, their blindness, their folly and con- 
 stancy. Thackeray. 
 
 Swiss Pache, on the other hand, sits sleck-^^ 
 headed, frugal; the wonder of his own allej 
 and even of neighbouring ones, for humili^ 
 of mind, aud a thought deeper than moi 
 men's; sit there, Tartiiffe, till wanted! 
 
 Carlyb 
 
 Tattle. A character in Congreve 
 comedy, " Love for Love ; " repre 
 sented as a half-witted beau, vain ol 
 his amours, yet valuing himself fo: 
 his secrecy. 
 
 Teaclier of Germany. An epithe 
 often applied to Philip Melanchthoi 
 (1497-1560),the celebrated reformei 
 who was so greatly admired as ai 
 instructor that students flocked ti 
 him from all ]iarts of Germany, and 
 indeed, from almost every portion ol 
 Europe. 
 
 Tearless Battle. See Battle, Thi 
 Teai:less. 
 
 Tear-sheet, Doll. A strumpet, in th 
 Second Part of Shakespeare's '• Ki: 
 Henry lY." 
 
 I3@~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," ■«ith the accompanying Explanationi
 
 TEA 
 
 359 
 
 TER 
 
 Seigneur and shoe-black, ducliesa and Doll 
 Tear-sheet, flung ncU-mell into a heap, ranked 
 themselves according to method. Carbjlc. 
 
 Tea'zle, Lady (te'zl). The heroine 
 of Sheridan's comedy, " The School 
 for Scandal," and the wife of Sir 
 Peter Teazle, an old gentleman who 
 marries late in life. She is repre- 
 sented as being " a lively and inno- 
 cent, though imprudent, country girl, 
 transplanted into the midst of all that 
 can bewilder and endanger her, but 
 with still enough of the purity of 
 rural life about her heart to keep the 
 blight of the world from settling upon 
 it permanently." 
 
 Tea'zle, Sir Peter. A character in 
 Sheridan's play, " The School fur 
 Scandal; " husband of Lady Teazle. 
 
 Spite and enmity thinly disguised bj' senti- 
 ments as benevolent and noble as those wliieh 
 Sir Peter Teazle admired in Mr. Joseph Sur- 
 face. . Macaulay. 
 
 Tel'S-mon. [Gr. TeXaiuui'.] {Gr. if 
 Rom. Myth.) An Argonaut, son of 
 Jj^acus, brother of Peleus, father of 
 Ajax and Teucer, and king of Sal- 
 {•mis. He was the first to scale the 
 walls of Troy when Hercules took 
 that city in the reign of Laomedon. 
 He also took part in the famous Caly- 
 donian hunt, for a notice of which see 
 Meleager. 
 
 Te-lera'a-clius. [Gr. T>)\e>axo?.] ( Gr. 
 (/• Rom. Myth.) The only son of 
 Ulysses and Penelope. After the fall 
 of Troy, he went in quest of his father, 
 accompanied by Miuei'va in the forna 
 of Mentor. 
 
 Tel'fer, Jamie- The hero of a Scot- 
 tish ballad which contains a spirited 
 account of one of the forays so com- 
 mon on the border during the reigns 
 of Mary and James VI. 
 
 Tel'lus. {Rom. Myth.) A personifica- 
 tion of the earth, viewed in relation 
 to its productiveness. [Called also 
 
 Its p 
 Tra.\ 
 
 Te 
 
 Tem'pe. [Gr. Te'/xTrr,.] A romantic 
 valley between Mount Olympus and 
 Mount Ossa, in Greece, through which 
 the Peneus escapes into the sea. 
 
 They would have thought, who heard tlie 
 strain. 
 They saw, in Tempe's vale, her native 
 maids, 
 
 Amidst the festal-sounding slmdcs, 
 To some unwearied minstrel uaneiug. 
 
 ColUns. 
 
 Tempest, The. [Fr. La Tcmpcie.] 
 A sobriquet conferred, on account of 
 his bravery and martial impetuosity, 
 upon Andoche Junot (1771-1813), 
 one of Napoleon's generals, who was 
 educated for the law, but in 1792 
 enlisted in the army as a volunteer. 
 
 Temple, Laun'ce-lot. A pseudonym 
 of John Armstrong (1709-1779), the 
 English poet. 
 
 Templeton, Laurence. A pseudo- 
 nym under which Sir Walter Scott 
 published his " Ivanhoe," the work 
 being dedicated by Laurence Tem- 
 pleton to the Rev. Dr. Dryasdust. 
 
 ffS' " There was no desire or wish to 
 pass o£f the supposed Mr. Templeton as 
 a real person. But a kind of continua- 
 tion of ' The Tales of my Landlord ' had 
 been recently attempted by a stranger; 
 and it was supposed this Dedicatory 
 Epistle might pass for some imitation of 
 the same kind, and thus putting inquir- 
 ers upon a false scent, induce them to 
 believe they had before them the work 
 of some new candidate for their favour." 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Te'reus. [Gr. Trjpeu'?.] ( Gr. (.§• Rom- 
 Myth.) A king of Thrace, husband 
 of Progne, whose sister Philomela he 
 violated, for which he was changed 
 intp a hoopoe. 
 
 Termagant. [It. Tervarjante, Trivi- 
 fjanie; Old Er. Tervagant. Kitson 
 suggests its derivation from the Lat. 
 ^cj-, thrice, and vagare (p. pr. var/ans), 
 meaning, in the lower age of Latinity, 
 to go or turn round, — a very ancient 
 ceremony in magical incantations; 
 and he supposes Tennacimit to be a 
 corruption of Tervar/ant, just as cor- 
 morant is a corruption of corvorant ( ? ), 
 andvudmsey of malcesie. Ugo Foscolo 
 says: '■^ Trivagante, whom the prede- 
 cessors of Ariosto always couple with 
 Apollino, is really Diana Trivia, the 
 sister of the classical Apollo, whose 
 worship, and the lunar sacrifices 
 which it demanded, had been always 
 preserved amongst the Scythians." 
 According to Panizzi, Trivagnnte, or 
 Tervaganie, is the Moon, or Diana, 
 or Hecate, " wandering under three 
 names."] An imaginary being, sup- 
 posed by the crusaders, who con- 
 
 and for the Hemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxU.
 
 TER 
 
 360 
 
 THA. 
 
 founded Jlahometans with pagans, to 
 be a Mahometan deity. This imagi- 
 nary personage was introduced into 
 early EngUsh plays and moralities, 
 and was represented as of a most 
 violent character, so that a ranting 
 actor might always appear to ad- 
 vantage in it. Hence, Hamlet says 
 of one too extravagant, " I would 
 have such a fellow whipped for o'er- 
 doing Termagant." 
 Ter'ini-nus(4). (Rom. Myth.) A deity 
 who presided over boundaries. His 
 worship is said to have been instituted 
 by Numa. 
 
 Terp-sich'o-re. [Gr. Tepi^ixop')-] C^''- 
 (f- Rom. Mijth.) One of the Muses; 
 the one who presided over dancing. 
 
 TSr'rS. (Rom. Myth.) A personifica- 
 tion of the earth; the same as Tellus. 
 
 Terror of the World. [Lat. Metus 
 Orbis.] An epithet given to Attila, 
 the famous king of the Huns, by his 
 contemporaries. See Scoukgk of 
 God. 
 
 T6r'ry Alts. A lawless body in Clare, 
 Ireland, who sprang up after the Un- 
 ion, and committed various outrages. 
 Similar societies were " The Thrash- 
 ers," in Connaught, "The Carders" 
 (so called from flaying their victims 
 with a wool -card), &c. Sec Cap- 
 tain Right and Captain Eocii.. 
 
 Te'thys. [Gr. TrjBvi.] (Gn tf Rom. 
 Mylli.) A daughter of Coelus and 
 Terra, and the wife of Oceanus, to 
 whom she bore the Oceanids and 
 the river-gods. 
 
 Teu'cer. [Gr. TeOxpo;.] ( Gr. (j- Rom. 
 j\fyth.) 1. A son of the river-god 
 Scamander, and the first king of 
 Troy. 
 
 2. A son of Telamon of Salamis, 
 and brother of Ajax. He was the 
 best archer among the Greeks at the 
 siege of Troy. 
 
 But, thought he, I may, like a second Tcn- 
 ccr, discharge my shafts from beliind the 
 shield of my ally. Sir If. Scott. 
 
 Teufelsdrockli, Herr (her toi'fels- 
 drok, 43, 4G). [Ger., Devil's dung.] 
 An eccentric German professor and 
 philosopher, whose imaginary " life 
 and opinions " are given in Carlyle"s 
 
 " Sartor Resartus." " The Philosophy 
 of Clothes" is represented as forming 
 the subject of his speculations. " To 
 look through the Shows of things into 
 Things themselves he is led and com- 
 pelled." The design of the work is 
 the exposure of the illusions and 
 shams which hold sway so exten- 
 sively over the human intellect and 
 the social life of man. 
 Thaisa. A daughter of Simonides, in 
 Shakespeare's ''Pericles." 
 
 Thal'a-ba. The hero of Southey's 
 
 poem entitled " Thalaba, the De- 
 
 stroj-er." 
 Tha-les'tris. [Gr. eaATjo-rpis.] (Gr. 
 
 <f Rom. Myth.) A queen of the 
 
 Amazons. 
 
 "A perfect T/ialcxtru: ! " said the emperor ; 
 " I shall take care what offence I give her." 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tha-li'5. [Gr. ©iAeia.] ( Gr. if Rom. 
 Myth.) 1. One of the Muses ; the 
 Muse of comedy. 
 
 2. Oneofthe'Graces. See Gkaces. 
 
 Thal'i-ard. A lord of Antioch, in 
 
 Shakespeare's " Pericles." 
 Tham'muz. (Myth.) The name under 
 which the Phoenicians and Syrians 
 worshipped Adonis. He was killed 
 by a wild boar on Mount Libanus, 
 and was said to revive and be slain 
 again every j-ear. His death hap- 
 pened on the banks of a river named 
 after him Adonis, which at a certain 
 season of the year acquired a reddish 
 tinge. By this circumstance his feast 
 was regulated. 
 
 Thammuz came next behind, 
 Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured 
 The Syrian damsels to lament his fate 
 In amorous ditties all a summer's day; 
 AVhile smooth Adonis from his native rock 
 R;in purple to the sea, supposed with blood 
 Of Thaiiiiimz yearly wounded. Milton. 
 
 Tham'y-ris. [Gr. ©a/nvpi?.] (Gr. cj~' 
 Rom. Myth.) A Thracian poet of 
 such overweening conceit that he 
 boasted he could surpass the Muse.s , 
 themselves in song; in consequence j 
 of which he was deprived of his sight ' 
 and of the power of singing. He was 
 therefore represented with a broken 
 lyre in his hand. See M^eonides. 
 
 Thaumaste (to'masf, 30, 40, 94). 
 The name of a great English scholar 
 
 C5~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, '
 
 THA 
 
 301 
 
 THE 
 
 in Kabelais' celebrated satirical ro- 
 mance. He went to France to arj^iie 
 liy signs with Pantagruel, and was 
 overcome by Panurge. 
 
 Thau'mS-tvir'gus. A surname given 
 to Gregory, a native, and afterward 
 bishop, of Neo-Ca;sarea, in Cappado- 
 cia, in the third century, on account 
 of the numerous miracles ascribed to 
 him by liis early and his mediaval 
 biograpiiers. 
 
 Thau'ma-txir'gus of the West. An 
 appellation given to St. Bernard 
 (1091-1153) by his admiring disci- 
 ples. Ilis ascetic life, solitary studies, 
 and stirring eloquence, made him, 
 during his lifetime, the oracle of 
 Christendom. He became widely 
 known in connection with the disas- 
 trous crusade of 1146, which was 
 urged on by his fervid zeal. In- 
 ninnerable legions, fired by his burn- 
 ing words, hurried to the East, almost 
 depopulating, in many places, castles, 
 towns, and cities. 
 
 TlieklS {Ger. pron. tek'la). The 
 daughter of Wallenstein, in Schiller's 
 dra ua of this name. She is an in- 
 vention of the poet. 
 
 Thdleme (ta'liSm', 31). A name un- 
 der which Voltaire has personified 
 the will, in his composition entitled 
 " Thcfdeme and Macare." 
 
 Thdleme, Abbey of. The name of an 
 imaginary establishment in Kabelais' 
 " Garganlua," stored with every thing 
 ■which could contribute to earthly 
 happiness, and given by Grangousier 
 to Friar John, as a recompense for 
 his sen-ices in helping to subject the 
 people of Lernt?. 
 
 KS- " The Abbey of Theleme is the 
 very reverse of a Catholic religious house, 
 being an edifice consecrated to the high- 
 est state of worldly civilisation. As the 
 discipline of Gargantua represents Ka- 
 belais' notion of a perfect education, so 
 may we suppose the manners of the ab- 
 bey show what lie considered to be the 
 perfection of polished society. Religious 
 hypocrites, pettifogging attorneys, and 
 usurers are excluded ; gallant ladies and 
 gentlemen, and faithful expounders of 
 the Scriptures, are invited by the in- 
 scription over the gate. The motto of the 
 establishment is, ' Facey que vuuldrai,'' 
 
 [Do what thou wilt] ; and the whole reg«- 
 liitions of the convent are such as to se- 
 cure a succession of elegant recreations, 
 according to the pleasure of the inhab- 
 itants." For. Qu. Rev. 
 
 Now in this Ahliey of Thijthnr. 
 ■Which realised the fuirest dream 
 That ever dozing bull-frog had. Lowell. 
 lie apijoarcd less to be supplicating expect- 
 ed mercies, than thankful liir those already 
 found, as if . . . saying the •'graliix"m the 
 releetory of the Abbey of Theleme. 
 
 Putnam's 3ta'j. 
 
 The'mis. [Or. Ben'?.] (Gr.<^-Eom. 
 Mijlh.) The goddess of justice, a 
 daughter of Coelus and Terra. She 
 was also a ])rophetic divinity. 
 
 Affainst those Bailliagcs, against this Ple- 
 nary Court, exasperated Themis everywhere 
 shows face of battle. Carli/le. 
 
 Theodorus (the'o-do'rus, 9 ; Fr. 
 jiron. tit'o'do'riiss,' 102). The name 
 of a physician, in Eabelais' romance 
 of " Gargantua." At the request of 
 Ponocrates, Gargantua's tutor, he un- 
 dertook to cure the latter of his vi- 
 cious manner of living, and accord- 
 ingly purged him canonically ■\vitli 
 Anticyrian hellebore, by which medi- 
 cine he cleared out all the foulness 
 and perverse habit of his brain, so 
 that he became a man of great honom-, 
 sense, courage, and piety. 
 
 Ther-si'tes. [Gr. (dep<rLrq%.'\ ( Gr. </• 
 Horn. Mytli.) The ugliest and most 
 scurrilous of the Greeks before Troy. 
 He spared, in his revilings, neither 
 prince nor chief, but directed his 
 abuse principally against Achilles and 
 Ulysses. He was slain by Achilles 
 for deriding his grief for Penthesilea. 
 The name is often used to denote a 
 calumniator. Shakespeare introduces 
 him in his play of " Troilus and 
 Cressida," e.xhibitiiig him as a sar- 
 castic humourist who lavs open the 
 foibles of those about him with con- 
 summate address. 
 
 In the midst of this chuckle of sclf-gratula- 
 tion. some figure goes by, which Themites tno 
 can love and admire. JCmcrsoti. 
 
 The'seias{28). [Gr. erjo-eus.] 1. {Gr. 
 (f Rum Jfijik.) A son of yEgeus, and 
 king of Athens, who, next to Hercu- 
 les, was the most celebrated of the 
 heroes of antiquity. He vanquished 
 the Centaurs, slew tlie IMinolaur, and 
 escaped from the lai)yrinth of Crete by 
 
 tnd for the Kcmarks and Kulcs to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-
 
 THE 
 
 362 THI 
 
 means of a clew of thread given hiiu 
 by Ariadne. He was further distin- 
 guished for his friendship for I'irith- 
 ous. See Ariadne, Hippolytus, 
 and PiKiTHOUS. 
 
 2. Duke of Athens; a cliaracter in 
 Shalvespeare's " Midsummer-Night's 
 Dream." 
 Thes'ty-lis. [Gr. GeerrvAis.] A female 
 slave mentioned in one of the Idyls 
 of Theocritus ; hence, any rustic 
 maiden. 
 
 And then in haste her bower she leaves 
 AVith Thestylis to bind the sheaves. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 The'tis. [Gr. eeVts.] {Gr. f Rom. 
 Myth.) A sea-nymph, daughter of 
 N ereus and Doris, wife of Peleus, and 
 mother of Achilles. 
 
 Theuerdank (toi'ef-dauk). [Ger., 
 dear thaulis.] A sobriquet of Maxi- 
 milian I., emperor of Germany (1459- 
 1519); also the title of a German 
 poem first printed at Niiruberg in 
 1517. 
 
 Third Founder of Rome. A title 
 given to the Roman general Caius 
 Marius, on account of his repeated 
 triumphs over the public enemies of 
 his country, particularly for his suc- 
 cessful conduct of the Jugurthine war, 
 and for his decisive victories over the 
 combined forces of the Ambrones and 
 Teutones, near Aquas Sextia3 (Aix), 
 in 102 B. c, and over the Cimbri, on 
 the plain of Vercellai (Vercelli), in 
 101. 
 
 Thirty Tyrants, The. (Horn. JJUf.) 
 A fanciful designation given to a 
 number of adventurers, who, after the 
 defeat and captivity of Valerian, and 
 during the reign of his weak succes- 
 sor, Gallienus {a. d. 260-267), aspired 
 to the throne, and by their contests 
 threatened to produce a complete 
 dissolution of the empire. The name 
 was first applied to them by Trebcl- 
 lius Pollio, one of the writers of the 
 Augustan Chronicle, who has given 
 the biographies of the different usurp- 
 ers. The analogy between these ad- 
 venturers, who sprang up suddenly, 
 without concert or sympathy, in di- 
 verse quarters of the world, each 
 struggling to obtain supreme domin- 
 ion for himself, and the Thirty Ty- 
 
 rants of Athens, who, on the termi- 
 nation of the Peloponnesian war, re- 
 ceived tlie sway over that city from 
 the Spartan Lysander, is pui-ely im- 
 aginary. Even the numbers do not 
 correspond ; and the Latin historian is 
 forced to include the names of wom- 
 en and children, and many doubtful 
 names, to complete the parallel. 
 
 >8S=" The following list comprises all 
 who have been mentioned by different 
 
 authors : — 
 
 Cecrops. JIacrianus, father and 
 
 Antoninus. son; and 
 
 Cyriades. Quietus, another son. 
 
 Posturaus, father and Balista. 
 
 son. Odenathus. 
 
 L^lianus, or Lollia- Herodes, his son. 
 
 nus. Herennianus, >„.»,_. 
 
 Marius. Timolaiis, >°',,^' 
 
 Victorinus, father A'abalathus, y'^'^^- 
 
 and son. !Mieonius. 
 
 Victoria, or Victori- Zenobia. 
 
 na. Piso. 
 
 Tetricus, father and Valens. 
 
 son. ^milianus. 
 
 Ingenuus. Saturninus. 
 
 RegaUanus. Celsus. 
 
 Aureolus. Firmus. 
 
 Trebellianus. 
 
 Thirty Years' "War. (Ger. Hist.) A 
 collective name given to a series of 
 wars between tlie Protestants and 
 the Catholics in the first half of the 
 seventeenth century. It began with 
 an insurrection of the Bohemians, ia 
 1C18, and ended with the peace of 
 Westphalia, in 1G48, spreading fi'om 
 one end of Germany to the other, and 
 leaving the country one wide scene 
 of desolation and disorder. The house 
 of Austria was at the head of the 
 Catholic party, while the chief sup- 
 port of the Protestants was Gustavus I 
 Adolphus. I 
 
 This'be. [Gr. ©iV^r,.] (Gr. 4 Rom. 
 Myth.) A beautiful maiden of Bab- 
 ylon, beloved by Pyramus. They 
 lived in adjoining houses, and, as 
 their parents would not let them mar- 
 ry, they contrived to communicate ; 
 through an opening in a wall. Once | 
 they agreed to meet at the tomb of * 
 Ninus. Thisbe was first on the spot, 
 but, seeing a lioness, she became 
 frightened, and ran off, dropping in 
 her haste a garment, which the lioness 
 found and soiled with blood. When 
 Pyramus arrived and saw it, he imag- 
 ined that Thisbe was killed, and so 
 made away with himself; while shi 
 
 
 1 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatioi
 
 TIIO 
 
 363 
 
 THIl 
 
 jjaining courage, after a time returned, 
 and, tinding his dead body, likewise 
 killed herself. Shakespeare has bur- 
 lesqued the story of Pyramus and 
 Tliisbe in the Interlude in his " Mid- 
 summer-Night's Uream." 
 
 The wall he sets 'twixt Flame and Air 
 (Like that which barred youug Thisbn's 
 bUss), 
 Tliroush whose small lioles this dangerous 
 pair 
 Blay see each other, but not kiss. 
 
 T. Moore (,oii Davy's Safcty-Lamii). 
 
 Thomas the Rhymer. The name 
 under -which Thomas Learaiont, of 
 Ercildoune, a Scoteliman, — born dur- 
 ing the reign of Alexander III., and 
 living in the days of Wallace, — is 
 generally and best known. 
 
 j8®=- " This personage, the Merlin of 
 Scotland, and to whom some of tlie ad- 
 ventures which the British bards as- 
 signed to Merlin Caledouius, or The Wild, 
 have been transferred by tradition, was, 
 as is well known, a magician, as well as a 
 poet and prophet. He is alleged still to 
 live in the land of Faery, and is expected 
 to return at some great convulsion of 
 society, in which he is to act a distin- 
 guished part, — a tradition common to all 
 I ations, as the belief of the Mahommedaus 
 respecting their twelfth Imaum demon- 
 strates." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tho'pas, Sir. The hero of the " Eime 
 of Sir Thopas," one of Chaucer's 
 "Canterbury Tales," containing an 
 account of the adventures of a knight- 
 eiTant, and his wanderings in search 
 of the queen of Faery. [Written 
 also, erroneously, T o p a z.] 
 
 Bad as Sir Topaz, or Squire Quarles, — 
 
 Matthew did for the nonce reply,— 
 
 At emblem or device am I. Prior. 
 
 Thor. [Old Norse Tlu'irr, contracted 
 from Thonar, Old Saxon Thuiun; 
 A.-S. T/iunor, Old High Ger. Do- 
 llar ; all from tlie same root as ihun- 
 <7er.] (Scand. Myth.) A son of Odin 
 and Frigga; the god of war, and 
 in that capacity the defender of the 
 gods against the frequent attacks of 
 the Giants. He drives a golden char- 
 iot drawn by two white he - goats, 
 and, when it rolls along the heavens, 
 it causes thunder and lightning. 
 His principal weapon, and that on 
 ■which much of his power depends, is 
 a mace or hammer called Mjiilnir. 
 He has also a famous belt, which. 
 
 when on him, doubles his strength, 
 and a pair of steel gauntlets, which 
 arc of great u.se to him, as Mjiilnir is 
 almost always red-hot. The iifth 
 day was sacred to this god, and hence 
 it was called Thor's day, our Thurs- 
 day. See Mjolnii;. 
 
 Thorn'hill, Sir "William, or Sqtiire. 
 See BuKCHKLL, Mk. 
 
 This worthy citizen abused the aristocracy 
 much on the same principle as the fair Oliv- 
 ia depreciated Squire ThornldU ; — he had a 
 sneaking a£fectiou for what he abused. 
 
 .!>'(> £. Jjulwer L'jllon. 
 
 Thorough. An expressive name given 
 by the Earl of Strafford (Thomas 
 Wcntworth), one of the privy coun- 
 cillors of King Charles I., to a vast 
 and celebrated scheme projected by 
 himself, and designed to make the 
 government of England an absolute 
 or despotic monareliy. 
 
 Thorough Doctor. [Lat., Doctor 
 Fundaius.'] An honorary appellation 
 conferred upon William Varro, an 
 English Minorite and scholastic phi- 
 losopher of the last half of the thir- 
 teenth century. 
 
 Thoth. (Er/ypt. Myth.) The god of 
 eloquence, and the sujiposed invent- 
 or of writing and philosojjh}' ; rep- 
 resented as having the body of a 
 man, and the head of a lamb or ibis. 
 He corresponds to the Mercury of the 
 Greeks and Romans. 
 
 Thoughtless, Miss Betsey. The 
 heroine of a novel of the same name 
 by Mrs. Hey wood (1090-1758), sup- 
 posed to have suggested the plan of 
 Miss Burney's "Evelina." She is 
 represented as a virtuous, sensible, 
 and amiable young lady, but heed- 
 less of ceremony, ignorant of eti- 
 quette, and without experience of the 
 manners of the world. She is con- 
 sequently led into many awkward 
 situations, most mortitying to her 
 vanity, by which the delicacy of an 
 amiable and devoted lover is at length 
 alarmed, and his affections almost for 
 ever alienated. 
 
 Thra'so. [Lat.; Gr. epaa-otv, a brag- 
 gart, from Bpaa-a^, bold, over-bold.] 
 The name of a swaggering captain 
 in Terence's "Eunuch." From this 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kules to wliich the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 THR 
 
 name is derived the adjective thra- 
 sonical. 
 
 Three Calendars. Three sons of 
 kings, disguised as begging dervises, 
 ■who are the subject of tales in tlie 
 "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." 
 
 Jcanie went on opening doors, like the 
 second Calendar -wanting an eye, in the castle 
 of the hundred obliging damsels, until, like 
 the said prince-errant, she came to a stable. 
 
 ;Sir iV. Smtt. 
 
 Three-fingered Jack. The nick- 
 name pojiuhirly given to a famous 
 negro robber, who ^vas the terror of 
 Jamaica in 1780. He was hunted 
 down and killed in 1781. 
 
 Three Bangs of Cologne. See Co- 
 logne, The Thkee Kings of. 
 
 Three Tailors of Tooley Street. 
 Three characters said by Canning 
 to have held a meeting for redress 
 of popidar grievances, and to have 
 addressed a petition to the house of 
 commons, beginning, " "We, the peo- 
 ple of England." Tooley Street is 
 in London, in the parliamentary bor- 
 ough of Southwark. 
 
 What a queer fish Mr. Taylor must have 
 been ! Where is he now ? Why, he (your 
 ^ervant) is Taylor — Jereniy Taylor— Tom 
 Taylor — Taylor the Water- Poet — Billy Tay- 
 lor—the Three Tailors of Tooley Street— . . . ; 
 and — he is asleep ! Sala. 
 
 Thresher, Captain. The feigned 
 leader of a body of lawless persons 
 meeting as confederates, who attack- 
 ed the collectors of tithes and their 
 miderlings in Ireland about the year 
 1806, in consequence of the exactions 
 of the latter in the counties of Mayo, 
 Sligo, Leitrim, and part of Roscom- 
 mon. Their threats and warnings 
 were signed Captain Thresher. 
 
 Thrym. {Scand. Myth.) A giant 
 ■who fell in love with Freyja,and stole 
 Thor's hammer, hoping to receive her 
 hand as a reward for returning it. 
 See Mjolnik. 
 
 Thumb, Tom. [Fr. Le Petit Poucef, 
 Ger. JJnumlinff.] The name of a di- 
 minutive personage celebrated in the 
 legendary literature of England. He 
 is said to have been buried at Lin- 
 coln, where a little blue flag-stone was 
 long shown as his monument, which, 
 however, has been displaced and lost. 
 
 364 THU 
 
 i 
 
 >IJ®= In the Bodleian Library there is a 
 work bearing the following title : " Tom 
 Thumb his hfe and death : wheria is de- 
 clared many maruailous acts of man- 
 hood, full of wonder and strange merri- 
 ments. Which little knight lived in 
 King Arthur's time, and famou.s in the 
 Court of Great Brittaine. London : 
 printed for John Wright, 1630." It bo- 
 gius thus : — 
 
 "In Arthur's court Tom Tliumhc did liuc, 
 A man of mickle might. 
 The best of all the Table Round, 
 And eke a doughty knight. 
 " His stature but an inch in height. 
 Or quarter of a span ; 
 Then thinke you not this little knight 
 ■Was prou'd a valiant man?" 
 
 j(Kg= " As to Tom Thumb, he owes hia 
 Christian name, most probably, to the 
 spirit of reduplication. Some Teuton, or, 
 it may be, some still remoter fancy, had 
 imagined the manikin, called, from his 
 proportions, Daumling, the diminutive 
 of Dauni, the same word as our thumb ; 
 while the Scots got him as Tamlane,and, 
 though forgetting his fairy proportions, 
 sent him to Elfland, and rescued him 
 thence just in time to avoid being made 
 the ' Teind to hell.' As Daumling, he 
 rode in the horse's ear, and, reduplicated 
 into Tom Thumb, came to England, and 
 was placed at Arthur's court, as the true 
 land of Romance ; then in France, where 
 little Gauls sucked their Latin pollex as 
 their pouce, he got called ' Le Petit Pou- 
 cet,' and was sent to the cave of an ogre, 
 or orco, — a monster (most likely a cuttle- 
 fish), — straight from the Mediterranean, 
 and there performed his treacherous, but 
 justifiable, substitution of his brother's 
 night-caps for the infant ogresses' crowns, 
 and so came to England as Hop-o"-my- 
 Thumb, too often confounded with the 
 true Tom Thumb." Yonge. 
 
 i3®= " On ballad authority we learn 
 that ' Tom a lyu was a Scocttsman born.' 
 Now . . . Tom-a-lin, otherwise Tamlano, 
 is no other than Tom Thumb himself, who 
 was originally a dwarf, or dwergar, of 
 Scandinavian descent, being the Thaum- 
 lin, ?'. e. Little Thumb, of the Northmen. 
 Drayton, who introduces both these he- 
 roes in his ' Nymphidia,' seems to have 
 suspected their identity. . . . The pro.'io 
 history of Tom Thumb is manufactured 
 from the ballad ; and by the introduction 
 of the fairy queen at his birth, and cer- 
 tain poetical touches which it yet exhib- 
 its, we are led to suppose that it is a rifac- 
 ciamento of an earlier and better origi- 
 nal." Q». Rev. 
 
 Thunderbolt of Italy. A sobriquet 
 or epithet given to Gaston de Foix 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, |
 
 Tim 
 
 365 Ti.M 
 
 (1489-1512), nephew of Louis XII. 
 of France, and commander of the 
 French armies in Italy, where he 
 gained a series of brilliant victories, 
 and distinguished himself by the ce- 
 lerity of his movements. 
 
 Thunderer, The. A popular appel- 
 lation of the London "Times;" — 
 originally given to it on account of 
 the powerful articles contributed to 
 its columns by the editor, Edward 
 Sterling. 
 
 Thundering Legion. [Lat. Legio 
 Fulminatrix.] A name given to a 
 Roman legion, a. d. 170, from the 
 praj'ers of some Christians in it hav- 
 ing been followed, it is said, by a 
 
 • storm of thunder, lightning, and rain, 
 which not only enabled them to re- 
 lieve their thirst, which had been ex- 
 cessive, but tended greatly to dis- 
 comfit the Marcomanni, the invading 
 enemy. 
 
 JOS" Thia legend has been the subject 
 of considerable controversy ; and, though 
 there would appear to have been some 
 foundation for the story, it is certain 
 that the name " Thundering Legion '' 
 existed long before the date whea it is 
 said to have originated. 
 
 Thu'ri-o (9). A foolish rival to Val- 
 entine, in Shakespeare's " Two Gen- 
 tlemen of Verona." 
 
 Thwackum. A famous character in 
 Fielding's novel, " The History of 
 Tom Jones, a Foundling." 
 
 While the world was resounding with tlie 
 noise of a disputatious pliilosophy, tlie Baco- 
 nian scliool, lil^e AUwortlij', seated l)et\veeix 
 Square and Thtvackmn, preserved a calm 
 neutrality, half scornful, lialf benevolent, and, 
 content with adding to the sum of practical 
 sood, left the war of words to tlioso who lilted 
 it. Macaulaij. 
 
 Thy-es'tes. [Gr. ©ueVri)?.] {Gr. ()'■ 
 Rinn. Jfyth.) A son of Pelops and 
 Hippodamia, and brother of Atreus, 
 with whose wife he committed adul- 
 tery. In requital of this act, Atreus 
 invited his brother to a feast, at which 
 he made him ignorantly eat the flesh 
 of his own son. Thycstcs consulted 
 an oracle, to learn how he might 
 avenge himself; and having been told 
 that his offspring by his own daugh- 
 ter should avenge him, he begot by 
 her ^gisthus, M'ho afterward slew 
 Atreus. 
 
 A natural repast; in ordinary times, a 
 
 harmless one : now, fatal as that of Tlii/estcs. 
 
 Viirhjle. 
 
 Thyr'sis (4). [Gr. ©vpcns.] The name 
 of a herdsman in Theocritus; also, a 
 shepherd mentioned in Virgil's sev- 
 enth Eclogue, who has a poetical con- 
 test with Corydon ; hence, in modern 
 poetry, any shepherd or rustic. 
 
 Hard by, a cottage chimney smokes 
 From betwixt two a;;ed oaks. 
 Where Corydon and 7'hiirsis, met. 
 Are at tlieir savory dinner set. Milton. 
 
 Tibbs, Beau. See Beau Tibhs. 
 
 Tib'ert, Sir. A name given to the 
 cat, in the old romance of " Kenard 
 the Fox." See Kenard. 
 
 Tickler, Timothy. One of the inter- 
 locutors in Wilson's " Noctes Ani- 
 brosian;\>;" an idealised portrait of 
 an Edinburgh lawyer named Robert 
 Sym (1750-1844). 
 
 Tiddler, Tom. A personage well 
 known among children froni the 
 game of "Tom Tiddler's ground." 
 One of Dickens's minor tales is enti- 
 tled " Tom Tiddler's Ground." 
 
 Tiddy-doll. A nickname given to 
 Richard Grenville, Lord Temple 
 (1711-1770), in the pasquinades of 
 his time. 
 
 Til'bu-ri'na. [Latinised from the 
 Eng. Tilbury.'] A character in Sher- 
 idan's play, " The Critic," whose 
 love-lorn ravings constitute the acme 
 of burlesque tragedy. She is the 
 daughter of the governor of Tilbury 
 Fort. 
 
 An oyster may be crossed in love, says the 
 gentle Tilburimi, — and a drover may be 
 touclied on a point of honour, says the Cliron- 
 icler of tlie Canoiigate. Sir IV. Scott. 
 
 Like Tilhurina in the play, they [Mrs. Rad- 
 cliffc's heroinesl are "inconsolable to the 
 minuet in Ariadne." Duiilop. 
 
 Til'bu-ry Fort, Governor of. A 
 
 character in Mr. Pairs tragedy of 
 " The Spanish Armada," in Sheri- 
 dan's dramatic piece entitled " The 
 Critic;" "a plain matter-of-fact 
 man; that 's his character." 
 
 Though the parliamentary major stood 
 firm, the father, as in the case of the Gnrernor 
 of Tilburii, was softened, and he agreed that 
 his friends should accept a compromise. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tim'i-SLs. The name of a character in 
 Spenser's " Faery Queen," intended 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 TIM 
 
 ;6G 
 
 Tlli 
 
 to represent the spirit of chivalrous 
 honour and generosity. 
 
 J8®= " The affection of Timias for Bel- 
 phoebe is allowed, ou all hands, to allude 
 to Sir Walter Kaleigh"s preteuded admi- 
 ration of Queen Elizabeth ; and his dis- 
 grace, on account of a less platonic in- 
 trigue with the daughter of Sir Nicholas 
 Throgmorton, together with his restora- 
 tion to favour, are plainly pointed out in 
 the subsequent events. But no commen- 
 tator has noticed the beautiful insinua- 
 tion by which the poet points out the er- 
 ror of his friend, and of his friend's wife. 
 Timias finds Amoret in the arms of Cor- 
 flambo, or sensual passion : he combats 
 the monster unsucces.sfuUy, and wounds 
 the lady in his arms." Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Ti'mon. [Gr. Ti>wc.] An Athenian 
 who lived in the time of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war, noted as an " enemy to 
 mankind." He is mentioned by Plu- 
 tarch, Lucian, Aristophanes, and other 
 Greek writers, but is best known to 
 English readers as the misanthropical 
 hero of Shakespeare's " Timon of 
 Athens." 
 
 jKS=" "The story [in Shakespeare] is 
 treated in a very simple manner . . . : — ■ 
 in the first act, the Joyous life of Timon, 
 his noble and hospitable extravagance, and 
 the throng of every description of suitors 
 to him : in the .second and third acts, his 
 embarrassment, and the trial which he is 
 thereby reduced to make of his supposed 
 friends, who all desert him in the hour 
 of need ; in the fourth and fifth acts, 
 Timon's flight to the woods, his misan- 
 thropical melancholy, and his death." 
 
 Schlegel, Trans. 
 
 "When he [ITorace "Walpnlc] talked misan- 
 thropy, he out-Tinioncd Timon. Macaulay. 
 
 Tin-cla'ri-Sn Doctor, The Great 
 
 (9). A title assumed by William 
 Mitchell, a white-iron .smith, or tin- 
 plate worker, of Edinburgh, who pub- 
 li.^hed many indescribable books and 
 broadsides there and in Glasgow at 
 the beginning of the last century. 
 " The reason why I call myself Tin- 
 clarinn Doctor,^'' quoth he, " is be- 
 cause I am a Tinklar, and cures old 
 Pans and Lantruns." His great work, 
 the" Tinkler's Testament," was dedi- 
 cated to Queen Anne. 
 Tin-tag'el. A strong and magnifi- 
 cent castle situated on the coast of 
 Cornwall ; .''aid to have been in part 
 the work of giants. It is renowned 
 
 in romance as the birthplace of King 
 Arthur, and the residence of King 
 Mark and Queen Isolde. Its walls 
 were washed by the sea, and imme- 
 diately below it were extensive and 
 beautiful meadows, forests abounding 
 with game, and rivers filled with iish. 
 According to Dunlop, some vestiges 
 of this castle still remain. [Written 
 also T i n t a g g e 1 and T i n t a d i e 1.] 
 
 Tin'to, Dick. 1. The name of a poor 
 artist in Scott's novels, " The Bride 
 of Lammennoor" and "St. Ronan's 
 
 , Well." 
 
 2. A pseudonym adopted by Frank 
 Boott Goodrich (b. 1826), a popular 
 American author. 
 
 Tip'pe-c§-noe'. A sobriquet con- 
 ferred upon General William Henry 
 Harrison, afterward president of the 
 United States, during the political 
 canvass which preceded his election, 
 on account of the victory gained by 
 him over the Indians in the battle 
 which took place on the Gth of No- 
 vember, 1811, at the junction of the 
 Tippecanoe and AVabash Rivers. 
 
 Ti-rante' the "White. The hero of a 
 fine old romance of chivalry, com- 
 posed and published in the fifteenth 
 century. His name is derived partly 
 from his father, and partly from his 
 mother, the former being " lord of 
 the seigniory of Tirania, on the bor- 
 ders of England," the latter, Blanca, 
 daughter of the Duke of Brittanj'. 
 
 Ti-re'si-as (2-3). [Gr. Teiprjo-t'a?.] (Gr. 
 L^- Rom.' Myth.) A celebrated blind 
 soothsayer of Thebes who lived to a 
 great age. He plays a prominent 
 part in the mythical history of Greece. 
 His blindness is said to have been 
 sent upon him for some offence which 
 he unintentionally gave to Minerva 
 or to Juno, or because he imprudent- 
 ly revealed to men things which the 
 gods did not wish them to know. 
 
 Thee, Sion, and the flowery brooks be- 
 neath . . . 
 Nightly I visit; nor sometimes forget 
 Those other two equalled with mc in fate, 
 So were I equalled with them in renown, — 
 Blind Thamyris and blind Mseonides; 
 And Tiresias and Phineus, prophets old. 
 
 Mihon. 
 
 Tirso de Molina (tiir'so damo-le'nS). 
 A pseudonym of Gabriel Tcllez 
 
 c©- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 TIS 
 
 ;g7 
 
 TIT 
 
 (1570-1648), a Spanish monk and 
 dramatist. His ditf-tl'atirre, a com- 
 edy founded on the legend of the 
 vorld-famous Don Juan de Tenorio, 
 is one of the most ri:'markable plays 
 in the dramatic literature of Spain. 
 
 Tisbina (tez-bc'na). See Pkasildo. 
 
 Ti-siph'o-ne. [Gr. Ti<Ti<|>d»T).] (6'r. 
 ^ Rom. Myth.) One of the three Fu- 
 ries; a minister of the vengeance of 
 tlie gods, who punished the wicked 
 in Tartarus. See Fukiks. 
 
 Ti'tan. [Gr. Tirdv.'] {Gr. <f Bom, 
 Myth.) A son of Coelus and Ten-a, 
 elder brother of Saturn, and father 
 of the Titans, giant deities who at- 
 tempted to deprive Saturn of the 
 sovereignty of heaven, and were, by 
 the thunderbolts of .lupiter, the sun 
 of Saturn, hurled into Tartarus. By 
 some poets, Titan is identified with 
 Hyperion, Helios, or Sol; but this 
 pomt is involved in obscurit}% 
 
 Ti-ta'ni-S. {Fairy Mytli.) "Wife of 
 Oberou, and queen of the fairies. 
 
 j6®=" "The Shakespearian commenta- 
 tors have not thouglit fit to inform ns 
 ■wh> the poet designates the fairy queen 
 'Titania.' It, however, presents no dif- 
 ficulty. It was the belief of those days 
 that the fairies were the same as the clas- 
 sic nymphs, the attendants of Diana. . . . 
 The fairy queen was, therefore, the same 
 as Diana, whom Ovid (' Met." iii. 173) styles 
 Titania." KeigluUy. 
 
 Her fiffure, hands, and feet, were formed 
 upon a model of exquisite symmetry witli tlie 
 size and lightness of her person, so that Ti- 
 tania herself coidd scarce have found a more 
 fitting representative. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Tit'comb, Timothy (tit'kum). A 
 nam deplume adopted bv Josiah Gil- 
 bert Holland (b. 1819), a popular 
 American author and journalist. 
 
 ri-tho'nus. [Gr. Ti.eu>v6<;.] {Gr. rf 
 Horn. Myth.) A son of Laomedon, 
 king of i'roy. He was so beautiful 
 that Aurora became enamoured of 
 him, and persuaded the gods to make 
 him immortal ; but, as she forgot to 
 ask for eternal youth, he became de- 
 crepit and ugly, and was therefore 
 changed by her into a cicada. 
 
 rit'marsli, Mi'chi-el An'ge-Io. A 
 pseudonym under which Thackeray, 
 for a series of years, contributed 
 
 talcs, essays, and sketches to " Fra- 
 ser's ^lagazine," all " distinguished 
 by shrewd observation, exquisite 
 style, and the play of keen wit and 
 delicate irony over a hard and phil- 
 osophic meaning." He afterward 
 published several volumes under tlie 
 same name. He is said to have been 
 called "Michael Angelo " by a friend 
 who admired his broad shoulders and 
 massive head, and to liave added 
 " Titmarsh " by way of contrast and 
 depreciation. 
 
 Let whosoever is qualified toll forth the 
 pecuUar experiences of those classes [the 
 fashionable classes] in any serious form that 
 may be possible; and let what is ridiculous or 
 despicable among them live under the terror 
 oi ilichacl Anguo Titmarsh. Jlassou. 
 
 Titmouse, Mr. Tittlebat. The hero 
 of Warren's " Ten Thousand a 
 Year; " a vulgar, ignorant coxcomb 
 of the lowest order, a linen-draper's 
 shopman suddenlj^ exalted, through 
 the instnmientality of certain rascal- 
 ly attorneys, who discover a defect in 
 a pedigree, to the third heaven of 
 English aristocracy. 
 
 We who have not had the advantage of 
 personal observation, supposed "gent." to he 
 litly given up to the use of those execrable 
 animalswhoare the triuniphsof John Leech'a 
 pencil, and the butts of his gentlemen, — in 
 short, the Tittlebat Ittmice of the English part 
 of the British nation. Ji. G. White. 
 
 Tit'^-re Tiis. Under this name, and 
 under those of Muns, Hectors, Scour- 
 ers, and afterwards Nickers, Hawka- 
 bites, and Mohawks, dissolute young- 
 men, often of tlie better classes, 
 swaggered by night about London, 
 towards the latter end of the seven- 
 teenth century, breaking windows, 
 iipsetting sedans, beating quiet cit- 
 izens, and rudely caressing pretty 
 women. Several djmasties of these 
 tyrants, after the Restoration, accord- 
 ing toMacaulay, domineered over tht! 
 streets. The Tityre Tus took their 
 name from the first line of the first 
 Eclogue of Virgil, — 
 
 " Tityre tu patulai rccubans sub tegmino 
 fagi." 
 
 Tit':5'-rus. [Gr. TiTvpo?, a Doric form 
 of craTvpoj, a satyr.] A character in 
 Virgil's first Eclogue, borrowed from 
 the Greeks, among whom this was a 
 common shepherd's name. He is 
 thouglit to represent Virgil himself. 
 
 md for the Kematks and Bules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. ziv-zxxii.
 
 TIT 
 
 3C8 
 
 TOIi 
 
 Chaucer is affectionately commemo- 
 rated imder this name iii Spenser's 
 " Shepherd's Calendar." 
 
 Heroes and their feats 
 Ftttisued me, never weary of tlie pipe 
 Of Titijrus, ttssemblinj;, as he san;,', 
 The rustic throng beneath his favourite hpcch. 
 
 Tit'y-us. [Gr. Tirud?.] ( Gr. <f lio}ii. 
 Myth.) A famous giant, son of Jupi- 
 ter and Terra. His body was so vast, 
 that it covered nine acres of ground. 
 For attempting the chastity of Lato- 
 na, or, as some say, of Diana, he was 
 punished in the infernal regions by 
 having two vultures or serpents kept 
 feeding upon his liver, wi.ich was 
 made to grow again continually. 
 
 Tizona (te-tho'nS, 70). The name of 
 a sword of the Cid. See Cm, The, 
 and CoLADA. 
 
 To'bj^. The name of a dog in the 
 common English puppet-show of 
 " Punch and Judy." See Punch. 
 
 JO®- " In some versions of the great 
 drama of ' Punch,' there is a soiall doi^, — 
 a modern innovation, — supposed to be 
 the private property of that gentlomau, 
 whose name is always Toby. This Toby 
 h;i/S been stolen in youth from another 
 gentleman, and fraudulently sold to the 
 confiding hero, who, having no guile him- 
 self, has no suspicion that it lurks in 
 others; but Toby, entertaining a grate- 
 ful recollection of his old master, and 
 scorning to attach himself to any new 
 patrons, not only refuses to smoke a pipe 
 at the bidding of Punch, but, to mark 
 his old fidelity more strougly, seizes him 
 by the nose and wrings the same with 
 violence ; at which instance of canine at- 
 tachment the spectators are deeply affect- 
 ed." l)kkens. 
 
 Toby, Uncle. See Uncle Tonv. 
 
 Todd, Lau'rie. A poor Scottish nail- 
 maker, — the hero of Gait's novel of 
 the same name, founded on the auto- 
 biography of Grant Thorburn, — who 
 emigrates to America, and, after some 
 reverses of fortune, begins the world 
 again as a backwoodsman, and once 
 more becomes prosperous. 
 
 Tod'ger§, Mrs. M. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of " Martin Chuzzle- 
 wit; " the proprietor of a " Commer- 
 cial Boarding-House " in London. 
 
 Tom-a-lin. The same as Tom Thimh. 
 See Thumb, Tom. 
 
 jOS" The name is sometimes written, in 
 ignorance of its etymology, Toyn-a-Lin- 
 colii. An old book, formerly very popu- 
 lar, relates " The most pleasant History 
 of Tom-a-Lincoln, that ever renowned 
 .soldier, the Red Hose Knight, surnamed 
 the Boast of England, showing his hon- 
 ourable victories in foreign countries, 
 with his strange fortunes in Faery Land, 
 and how he married the fair Angliterra, il 
 daughter to Prcster John, that renowned 
 monarch of the world." It was written 
 by Richard Johnson, and was entered on 
 the books of the Stationers' Company, 
 December 24, 1599. 
 
 Tom, Dick, and Harry. An appel- 
 ];ition very commonly employed to 
 designate a crowd or rabble. 
 
 Tomes, M. (mos'e'^' to'mi'). A char- 
 acter in Moliere's " L'Amour Mede- 
 cin." 
 
 M. Tomit liked correctness in medical prac- 
 tice. Macatdwj. 
 
 Tom Long. See Long, Tom. 
 
 Tom Noddy. A name given to a 
 fool, in various parts of England. 
 
 Tom o' Bedlam. A name given to 
 wandering medicants discharged from 
 Betlilem Hospital on account of in- 
 curable lunacy, or because their cure 
 was doubtful. 
 
 Tooley Street, The Tliree Tailors 
 of. See Thkee Tailoks of Tooley 
 Street. 
 
 Toots, Mr. An innocent, honest, and 
 warm-hearted creature in Dickens's 
 " Dombey and Son," " than whom 
 there were few better fellows in the 
 world." His favourite saying is, 
 " It's of no consequence." 
 
 Topaz, Sir. See Thopas, Sir. 
 
 Top'sy. A young slave-girl in Mrs. 
 Stowe's novel, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
 who is made to illustrate the igno- 
 rance, low moral development, and 
 wild humourof the African character, 
 as M'ell as its capacity for education. 
 
 The book was not deliberately made ; but, 
 like Topsy, it "growed." S. O. iVhiti. 
 
 Tormes, Lazarillo de (la-thS-reel'yn 
 da tor'mes, 70, 82). The hero of a 
 Spanish novel of the same name, by 
 Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (d. 1575), 
 a novel of low life, the first of a class 
 well known in Spanish literature un- 
 der the name of the gusto picaresco, 
 
 C^" For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanationj, 
 
 I
 
 TOT 
 
 369 
 
 TKI 
 
 or the style of tlie vogues, and made 
 lamous "all over the world in the 
 brilliant iinitatiou of it, Le Sage'B 
 '• Gil Bias." 
 
 Faithfully executed, [it] would exhibit . . . 
 the type ot the hiw-niindcd, ineny-iiinkinK, 
 vuljiir, and shallow " Yunkce," the ideal 
 Yankee in whom European pnjudiiis find, 
 {iracefnlly eoinhined, the attraelive traits of a 
 Gines de Passanuinte and a Joseph Suifaee, a 
 Liiztirillo lU' '/'urines and a Scapin, a Tliersites 
 and an Autolycus. if. 11. JJurWul. 
 
 Tot'ten-h&m in Boots (tot'tu-ilni). 
 A popular toast in Ireland in the year 
 IT-'il, during the administration of the 
 Duke of Dorset. The government, 
 being anxious to free themselves 
 from the control of the Irish parlia- 
 ment, attempted to obtain a grant of 
 the sup])lies for twenty -one years; 
 but they were out-voted by a majority 
 of one. The casting vote was given 
 by Mr. C. Tottenham, of New Ross, 
 who had come up from the country 
 ■without having had time to change 
 his dress, which was considered a 
 remarkable breach of etiquette. 
 
 Touchstone. A clown, in Shake- 
 speare's " As You Like It." 
 
 Arlecchino is, . . . in his original concep- 
 tion, ... a buffoon or clown, whose moutii, 
 far from being eternally closed, as amongst 
 us, is filled, like thatof ToucliMunv, with <iuips, 
 .ind cranks, and witty devices, very often de- 
 livered extempore. Sir ]\'. Hcott. 
 
 Touchwood, Lady. A character in 
 " The Belle's Stratagem," a comedy 
 by Mrs. Crowley. 
 
 The Dorimants and the Laihi Tourhwnmh, 
 in their own sphere, do not offend my moral 
 sense; in fact, they do not appeal to it at all. 
 Ouirks Lumh. 
 
 Touchwood, PSr'e-grlne. A touchy 
 old East Indian, who figures in Scott's 
 novel of " St. Ronan's Well." 
 
 That Boswcll was a hunter after spiritual 
 notabilities, that he loved such and loiured to 
 be near them, that he first (in old Tinidumntl 
 Auehinleck's phraseology) " took on with 
 Paoli," and then took on with a Hchoolmnster, 
 that he did all this, and could not help doing 
 it, we count a very singular merit. Carhjlu. 
 
 Tox, Miss. A grotesque character in 
 Dickens's " Dombey and Son;" a 
 little, lean old maid, of limited inde- 
 pendence, and " the very pink of gen- 
 eral propitiation and politeness." 
 
 Tram, Tom. The hero of an old work 
 entitled " The INIad Rranks of Tom 
 Tram, Son-in-law to Mother Winter; 
 whereunto is added his Jlerry Jests, 
 
 Odd Conceits, and Pleasant Tales; 
 very delightful to read." This work 
 was prolJably written in the seven- 
 teenth century. It was for a long 
 time very jjopular, and continued to 
 be republished until within thirty or 
 forty years. 
 
 AH your wits, that fleer and sham, 
 Down from Don Quixote to 'I'um Tram. 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Tranchera (tran-ka'ra). [It., from 
 the Fr. tvimvhcr^ to cut.] The name 
 of a sword of Agricane, which after- 
 ward came into the possession of 
 Brandimart. 
 
 Tra'ni-o. A servant to Lucentio, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 
 Shrew." 
 
 Translator General. ,_A title borne 
 by Philemon Holland Cd. 1G3G), the 
 translator of Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, 
 Suetonius, Xenophou, and other 
 Greek and Latin authors. It was 
 given to him by Dr. Thomas Fuller, 
 in his " History of the Worthies of 
 England." 
 
 » Trap'bois. A superannuated usurer 
 ill Sir Walter Scott's novel of " The 
 Fortunes of Nigel," " who was be- 
 lieved, even at his extreme age, to 
 understand the plucking of a pigeon 
 as well [as], or better than, any man 
 of Alsatia." 
 
 It was as dangerous to have any political 
 connection with Newcastle as to buy and sell 
 with old Traphois. Macaulnii. 
 
 Trap'bois, Martha. A cold, decisive, 
 masculine woman in Scott's " For- 
 tunes of Nigel." 
 
 Trav'ers. A retainer of the Earl of 
 Northumberland, in the Second Part 
 of Shakespeare's " King Henry IV." 
 
 Tre-mont'. The original name of 
 Boston, Massachusetts; — given to it 
 on account of the three hills on which 
 the city was built. [Called also Tri- 
 mount, or Trimountain.~\ 
 
 j9fg= By many persons erroneously pro- 
 nounced trem'ont, or tre'mont. 
 
 Trim, Corporal. Uncle Toby's at- 
 tendant, in Sterne's novel, " The Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 
 Gent.; " distinguished for his fidelity 
 and affection, his respectfulness, and 
 his volubility. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-xxxii. 
 
 24
 
 TRI 
 
 370 
 
 TKI 
 
 ;8®=- "Trim, instead of being the oppo- 
 site, is, in his notions, the duplicate of 
 Uncle Toby. Every fresli accession of the 
 captain's military fever infected the cor- 
 poral in a like degree ; and, indeed, tliey 
 keep up a mutual excitement, which ren- 
 ders them both more eager in the pursuit 
 than either would have been without the 
 other. Yet, with an identity of dispo- 
 sition, the character of the common sol- 
 dier is nicely discriminated from that of 
 the officer. Ilis whole carriage bears 
 traces of the drill-yard, which are want- 
 ing in the superior. Under the name of 
 a servant, he is in reality a companion ; 
 and he is a dehghtful mixture of famil- 
 iarity in the essence and the most defer- 
 ential respect in forms. Of his sim,>licity 
 and humanity, it is enough to say that 
 he was worthy to walk behind his mas- 
 ter." Elwin. 
 
 Selkirkshire, tliough it calls the author 
 Sheriff, has not, like the kingdom of Bohemia, 
 in Corporal 'Trim's story, a seaport in its cir- 
 cuit. Sir fV. Scott. 
 
 Trimmers. A memorable set of poli- 
 ticians contemptuously so called by 
 the two great jiarties in the time of 
 William III. The chief of this junto 
 Avas Halifax, who assumed the nick- 
 name as a title of honour, and warmly 
 vindicated its dignity, because, as he 
 remarked, every thing good ' trims ' 
 between extremes. 
 
 Triric'u-lo. A jester, in Shakespeare's 
 " Tempest." 
 
 Conscious that a miscarriacc in the matter 
 ■would, like the loss of Trincmo's bottle iu the 
 horse -pool, be attended not only with dis- 
 honour, but with infinite lo.«s, she determined 
 to proceed on her high emprise with as much 
 caution as was consistent with the attempt. 
 
 Sir jr. Scott. 
 
 Trinity Jones. A sobriquet of Wil- 
 liam Jones, of Nayland (1726-1800), 
 distinguished for his treatises in de- 
 fence of the doctrine of the Trinity 
 and also for having originated " The 
 British Critic." 
 
 Trin'o-vant. or Trin'o-van'tum. 
 An old name of London, corrupted 
 from Tro/'a Nom (New Troy), the 
 name given to it by Brutus, a legend- 
 ary or mythical king of England, who 
 is said to have been the founder of 
 the city, and the great-grandson of 
 iEneas. [Written also T r i n o b a n t 
 
 . and T r o y n o v a n t.] 
 
 For nnble Britons sproug from Trojans bold, 
 
 And Troiiiiovwtt was built of old Troy's ashes 
 
 cold. Spenser. 
 
 Triple Alliance. (Hist.) 1. A treaty 
 entered into in 1C88, by Great Britain, 
 Sweden, and the United Provinces, 
 for the purpose of checking the am- 
 bition of Louis XIV. of France. 
 
 2. A treaty between George I. of 
 England, the United Provinces, and 
 Philip, Duke of Orleans, regent of 
 France, designed to counteract tlie 
 plans of Alberoni, the Spanish minis- 
 ter. It Avas signed in 1717. 
 
 Trip-tol'e-mus. [Gr. TpiTrroAe/ios.] 
 ( Gr. (f Bom. Myth.) A favourite of 
 Ceres, who taught him husbandry. 
 He was a great liero in the Eleusinian 
 mysteries. Plato makes him one of 
 the judges in the lower world. 
 
 Trissotin (tres'so'ta"', 62). [That 
 is. Thrice fool, or Fool cubed, from 
 trl, thrice (used in composition), and 
 so<, fool, blockhead.] Tlie name of 
 a poet and coxcomb in Moliere's 
 comedy, " Les Femmes Savantes." 
 
 ^gg^- Under this character, Moliere sat- 
 irised the Abbe Cotin, a personage who 
 affected to unite iu himself the rather in- 
 consistent characters of a writer of poems 
 of gallantry and of a powerful and excel- 
 lent preacher. Ilis dramatic name was 
 originally Tricotin, which, as too plainly 
 pointing out the individual, was softened 
 into Trissotin. 
 
 "Wc hardly know any instance of the strength 
 and weakness of human nature so striking 
 and so grotesque as the character of this 
 haughty, vigilant, resolute, sagacious blue- 
 stocking fFrederick the Great], half Mithri- 
 dates and half Trissotin, bearing up against a 
 world in arms, with an ounce of poison in one 
 pocket, and a quire of bad verses in the oth- 
 er. Macaulay. 
 
 Tris'tram, Sir. One of the most 
 celebrated heroes of mediajval ro- 
 mance. His adventures form an 
 episode in the histoi-}' of Arthur's 
 court, and are related by Thomas the 
 Rhymer, as well as by many roman- 
 cists. He is noted for having been the 
 seducer of his uncle's wife. Tradi- 
 tion long ascribed to him the laws reg- 
 ulating the practice of vener}% or the 
 chase, which •were deemed of much 
 consequence during the Middle Ages. 
 See Isolde. [Written also T r i s- , 
 tan, Tristre m.] 
 
 J9®" "The original meaning of the name 
 is said to have been noise, tumult; but, 
 from the influence of Latin upon Welsh, 
 it came to mean ■•>ad. In Europe, it reg-J 
 
 0S~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation
 
 TKI 
 
 371 
 
 TRU 
 
 ularly enterpd tlie ranks of the names of 
 sorrow, and it was, no doubt, in allusion 
 to it, that Don Quixote accepted the so- 
 briquet of ' The Knight of the Ilueful 
 Countenance.' " Yonge. In '• Jlorte 
 U'Arthur,"' the name is explained as sij;- 
 uifyiug sorrowful birth, and is said to 
 liave been given to Tristram by his moth- 
 er, who died almost as soon as she had 
 brought him into the world. 
 
 " Thoti canst well of wood-craft," said the 
 king after a pause ; " and hast started thy 
 {.'anie and brought him to bny as ably as if 
 Trislram himself had taught thee." 
 
 Sir W. Scot I. 
 
 Tri'ton. [Gr. Tp^Voov.] ( Gr. </• Bom. 
 Myth.) A powerful sea-deity, son of 
 Neptune and Amphitrite; a green- 
 haired being, with the upper part of 
 the body human, and the lower part 
 that of a fish. At the bidding of his 
 father, he blows through a shell to 
 rouse or calm the sea. Later writers 
 speak of a plurality of Tritons. 
 
 Great God ! I 'd rather be 
 A pagan suckled in a creed outworn ; 
 
 So might I, standing on this pleasant lea. 
 Have glimpses that would make rac less for- 
 lorn ; 
 Have si"ht of Proteus coming from the sea. 
 Or hear old lYiton blow his wreathed horn. 
 
 M'orclswort/i. 
 
 1Av'S-gS,nt. The same as Termagant, 
 a supposed deity of the Jlohamme- 
 dans, whom our early writers seem to 
 have confounded with pagans. See 
 Termagant. 
 
 Triv'i-a. [Lat., from ter (in composi- 
 tion tri), three, and via., waj^] (Rom. 
 Myth.) A name given to Diana, be- 
 cause her temples were often erected 
 where three roads met. 
 
 Troil, Brenda. See Brexua. 
 
 Troil, Magnus. A character in Sir 
 Walter Scott's novel of " The Pi- 
 rate;" a Zetlander of wealth and 
 rank, but of neglected education, 
 brought up among inferiors and de- 
 pendents, and having, in conseq uence, 
 both the vices and the virtues natu- 
 rally produced by such limited social 
 intercourse. 
 
 Troil, Minna. See Minna. 
 
 Tro'i-liis. [Gr. Tpun'Aos.] ( Gr. <f- Rmn. 
 Mi/th.) A son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 slain by Achilles. lie is the hero 
 of Chaucer's poem of " Troihis and 
 Cresseide," and Shakespeare's play 
 of " Troilus and C'ressida." There 
 
 is no trace of the story of Cressida 
 among the ancients. 
 
 4KS" " This [the vehement passion of 
 Cressida] Shakespeare has contrasted 
 with the profound affection represented 
 in Troilus, and alone worthy the name 
 of love; affection, pa.ssionate indeed,— 
 swollen with the confluence of youthful 
 instincts and youthful fancy, and grow- 
 ing in the radiance of hnpe"newly risen, 
 in short, enlarged by the collective sym- 
 pathies of nature, — but still having a, 
 depth of calmer element in a will stronger 
 than desire, more entire than choice, 
 and which gives permanence to its own 
 act hy converting it into faith and duty. 
 Uence, with excellent judgment, and with 
 an excellence higher than mere judgment 
 can give, at the close of the pl.iy, when 
 Cressida has sunk into infamy below re- 
 trieval and beneath hope, the same will 
 which had been the substance and the 
 basis of his love, while the restless pleas- 
 ures and passionate longings, like sea 
 waves, had tossed but on its surface, — 
 this same moral energy is represented as 
 snatching him aloof from all neighbour- 
 hood with her dishonour, front all lin- 
 gering fondness and languishing regrets, 
 while it rushes with him into other and 
 nobler duties, and deepens the channel 
 which his heroic brother's death had left 
 empty for its collected flood." Coleridge. 
 
 Tro-pho'ni-us. [Gr. Tpo^wrios.] ( Gr. 
 4- Rom. Myth.) A celebrated archi- 
 tect who, with his brother Agamedes, 
 is said to have built the temple of 
 Apollo at Delphi. After death, he 
 was worshipped as a hero, and had a 
 famous oracle in a cave near Lcbadia, 
 in Boeotia, which was entered only 
 in the night. 
 
 Trotwood, Mrs. Betsy. A kind- 
 hearted but ogreisli-maunered aunt, 
 in Dickens's novel of " David Cop- 
 perlield." 
 
 Triil'li-ber, Parson. A fat clergy- 
 man in 'Fielding's ''Adventures of 
 Joseph Andrews ; " noted for his ig- 
 norance, scllishncss, and sloth. 
 
 Trun'nion, Commodore Hawser 
 (trun'yun). The name of an eccentric 
 naval veteran in Smollett's novel, 
 " The Adventures of Peregrine Pick- 
 le." He is represented as having 
 retired from service in consequence 
 of injuries received in engagements; 
 yet he retains his nautical and mil- 
 itary habits, keeps garrison in his 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. siv-.xxxii.
 
 TRY 
 
 •ii: 
 
 TWE 
 
 house, wliich is defended by a ditch 
 and entered through a draw-bridge, 
 obliges his servants to sleep in ham- 
 mocks and to talce turns on watch 
 all the year round, and indulges his 
 humour in various other odd ways. 
 Try'a-mour', Sir. The hero of an old 
 metrical romance, and a model of all 
 knightly virtues and good qualities. 
 
 Tu'bal. A Jew, friend to Sh.ylock, in 
 
 Shakespeare's " Merchant of Venice." 
 
 Tuck, Friar. See Friak Tuck. 
 
 Tvilk'ing-h.orn, Mr. A law^xr in 
 Dickens's novel of " Bleak House," 
 in possession of family secrets which 
 are of no importance to any body, 
 and which he never divulges. 
 
 Finally, it is said to the phonotypc, in tho 
 words of Ticl/cingliom, "I tell you, I do not 
 like the company you keep." Thomas Hill. 
 
 Tupman, Tracy. A character in 
 Dickens's "Pickwick Papers;" rep- 
 resented as a member of the Pick- 
 wick Club, and as a person of so 
 susceptible a disposition that he fell 
 in love with every pretty girl he met. | 
 
 Turcaret (tiii-'ka'ra.', .34). A charac- i 
 ter in a comedy of the same name by j 
 Le Sage ; a coarse and illiterate man 
 ■who has grown rich by stock opera- 
 tions. The name is proverbially ap- ; 
 plied to any one who grows suddenly ! 
 rich by means more or less dishonest, i 
 and who, having nothing else to show, I 
 makes a display of his wealth. 
 
 Turk Gregory. The name given by 
 Falstalf, in Shakespeare's historical i 
 play, " 1 Henry IV." a. v., sc. 3, to \ 
 Pope Gregory VH. (the belligerent 
 Hildebrand), who became a bj'-word 
 with the early reformers for vice and 
 enormity of every description. 
 
 Turnip-hoer. A nickname given to 
 George I., because, it is said, when 
 he first went to England, he talked 
 of turning St. James's Park into a 
 turnip ground. 
 
 Tur'mis. A king of the Eutuli in 
 Italy, slain in single combat by 
 jEneas, who was his rival for the 
 hand of Lavinia, daughter of King 
 Latinus. See Lavinia, 1. 
 
 Turpentine State. A popular name 
 for the State of North Carolina, which 
 
 produces and exports immense quan- 
 tities of turpentine. 
 
 Tur'pin, Dick. A noted English felon, 
 executed at York, for horse-stealing, 
 April 10, 1739. His celebrated ride 
 to York, on his steed Black Bess, is 
 gi-aphically described in Ainswortli's 
 '• Ilookwood," but a great portion of 
 the description is said to have been 
 written by Jlaginn. 
 
 Tur'vey-drop, Mr. A character in 
 Dickens's novel of " Bleak House; " 
 represented as li\-ing upon the earn- 
 ings of his son, who has a most slav- 
 ish reverence for him as a perfect 
 " master of deportment." 
 
 Tu'ti-villus. An old name for a 
 celebrated demon, who is said to have 
 collected all the fragments of Avords 
 which the priests had skipped over 
 or mutilated in the performance of 
 the service, and to have carried them 
 to hell. 
 
 Twelve Apostles of Ireland. A 
 name given to twelve Irish prelates 
 of the sixth century, who appear to 
 have formed a sort of corporation, 
 and to have exercised a kind of juris- 
 diction or superintendence over the 
 other ecclesiastics or " saints" of the 
 time. They were disciples of St. 
 Einnian of Clonard. 
 
 4®" Their names were as follows: 1. 
 Ciaran, or Kieran, Bishop and Abbot of 
 Stiighir (now Seir-Keiran, King's Coun- 
 ty) ; 2. Ciaran, or Keiran, Abbot of Clom- 
 nacnois ; 3. Colum-cille (or St. Coluni- 
 ba) of Hy (now lona) ; 4. Brendan, Bish- 
 op and Alibot of Clonfert ; 5. Brendan, 
 Bishop and Abbot of Birr (now Parsons- 
 town, King's County); 6. Columba, Ab- 
 bot of Tirdaglas ; 7. Molaise, or Laisre, 
 Abbot of Damhiris ( now Devenish Island, 
 in Lough Erne); 8. Cainnecli, Abbot of 
 Aichadhbo, Queen's County ; 9. Uuadan, 
 or Rodan, Abbot of Lorrha, Tipperary 
 County ; 10. Mobi Clairenech, or tho 
 Flat-faced, Abbot of Glasnooidhan (now 
 Glasnevin, near Dublin) ; 11. Senell, Ab- 
 bot of Cluaiu-inis, in Lough Erne ; 12. 
 Nannath, or Nennith, Abbot and Bishop 
 of Inismuige-Samh (now Inismac-Saint), 
 in Lough Erne. 
 
 Twelve Peers. Famous warriors 
 of Charlemagne's court; — so called 
 from the equality which reigned 
 among them. They were also termed 
 "paladins," a term originall)' signi- 
 
 ' For tlie " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanyins Explanations,
 
 TWI 
 
 TYR 
 
 fyinp officers of the palace. Their 
 names are not always p;iv(;n alike by 
 the romancers. The most famous of 
 them were Orlarido, liinaldo, Astol- 
 fo, Oliver, Ogier le Danois, Ganelon, 
 Florismart, Namo, Otuel, L'erumbras, 
 Malag'igi. See these names. 
 
 Twickenham, JBard of. Sec Bakd 
 UK Twickenham. 
 
 Twist, Oliver. The hero of Dickens's 
 novel of the same name ; a poor boy 
 born and brought up in the work- 
 house of an English village, starved, 
 beaten, and abused by every body, 
 but always preserving a saint -like 
 purity and lovableness, even vmder 
 circumstances of the deepest misery, 
 and when surrounded by the very 
 worst of evil influences. 
 
 Twitcher, Harry. A sobriquet 
 j)opularly given to Lord (Henry) 
 Brougham (b. 1778), on account of 
 a partial chorea, or tic, in the muscles 
 of his face. 
 
 Don't you recollect, North, some years ago, 
 that Murray's name was on our title-page; 
 .lud that, being alarmed for Subscrijjtion 
 
 .lamie [Sir James Maekintoshl and llarrii 
 Twitchcr, he took up his pen, and scratched 
 Jiis name out, as if ho had been emperor of 
 the West signing an order for our execution ? 
 Aoctes Ambroslana:. 
 
 Twitcher, Jemmy. 1. The name of a 
 
 character in Gay 's " Beggar's Opera." 
 
 2. A nickname sjivon to John, 
 
 Lord Sandwich (1718-1792), by his 
 
 contemporaries. 
 
 When sly Jemmy Twitchcr had smugged up 
 
 his face 
 With a lick of court -whitewash and pious 
 
 grimace, 
 A-wooing he went where three sisters of old. 
 In harmless society, guttle and scold. Gray. 
 
 Two Eyes of Greece, The. A name 
 given by the ancients to Athens and 
 Sparta, the most celebrated of all the 
 Grecian cities. 
 
 Behold, 
 Where on the ^gean shore a city stands, 
 Built nobly; pure the air, and light the soil; 
 Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
 And eloquence, native to famous wits 
 Or hospitable. Hilton. 
 
 Two Kings of Brentford, The. See 
 
 Bkentfokd, The Two Kings of. 
 Two-shoes, Goody. See Goody 
 
 Two-shoes. 
 Tyb'ait. A nephew to Lady Capulet, 
 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Eomeo 
 
 and .Fuliet." 
 
 Were we to judge nf tlioir strength in other 
 resijccts from the elforts of their writers, we 
 should esteem them very unworthy of Dry- 
 den's satire, and exclaim, as Tybalt does to 
 lienvolio, — 
 
 "What! art thou drawn among these heart- 
 less hinds ? " Sir ))'. Scott. 
 
 Ty-bur'ni-a. [A Latinised form of 
 Tyburn.} A cant or popular name 
 given to the Portman and (Jrosvenor 
 Si]uare districts in London. 
 
 Ty'deus. [Gr. TuScv';.] ( Gr. <;■ Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of CEneus, king of 
 Calydon, and father of Dioniedes. 
 He was one of the seven chiefs who 
 besieged Thebes, where he greatly 
 distinguished himself. See Seven 
 AGAINST Thebes. 
 
 Ty-di'des. [Gr. TvSeiS,,!.] (Or. <J'- 
 Rom. Myth.) A patronymic of Dio- 
 modes, the son of Tyde'us. See Di- 
 
 OMED. 
 
 Tyn-da're-us (9). [Gr. Tui-aopeo?.] 
 {Gr. (/• Rom. Myth.) A king of 
 Sparta, husband of Leda, and the 
 reputed father of Castor and Pollux. 
 See Castok. 
 
 Tyn-dar'i-dse. [Gr. Ol Tw&api&a.i.'] 
 {Gr. (J'- Rom. Myth.) A patronymic 
 of Castor and Pollux, the sons of 
 Tyndareus. See Castoe. 
 
 Tyne'mSin. [That is, losing man.] 
 A surname given to Archibald IV., 
 Earl of Douglas, from his manj' mis- 
 fortunes in battle. 
 
 Ty'phon. [Gr. Tu<^<ir.] 1. ( Gr. cf- 
 Rom. 3fylh. ) A famous lire-breath- 
 ing giant, struck by Jupiter with a 
 thunderbolt, and buried under Mount 
 yEtna. ["Written also T y p h o e u s 
 (ti-fo'iis).] 
 2. See OsiF.is. 
 
 Tyr (ter, or tei'). (Scand. Myth.) A 
 son of Odin, and younger brother of 
 Tlior. He was a warrior deity, and 
 the protector of champions and brave 
 men ; he was also noted for his sagac- 
 ity. When the gods wished to bind 
 the wolf Fenrir, T3'-r put his hand 
 into the demon's mouth as a pledge 
 that the bonds should be removed 
 again. But Fenrir found that the 
 gods had no intention of keeping 
 their word, and revenged himself in 
 some degree by biting the hand off. 
 
 ond for the Remarks and Rules to whicji the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 UGG 
 
 374 
 
 UNC 
 
 U. 
 
 TJggero (oocl-ja'ro). See Ogier le 
 Danois. 
 
 Ugolino (oo-go-le'uo). [It. Ur/oUno 
 f/e' GherardeschiJ\ A Pisan noble of 
 the thirteenth century, and leader of 
 the Guelphs. Having been defeated 
 in an encounter with Archbishop 
 Ruggieri, a leader of the Ghibellinc 
 faction, he is said to have been im- 
 prisoned, together with his f^ns, in 
 the tower of the Gualandi (since 
 called the Tower of Hunger), where 
 they were left to starve, the keys 
 having been thrown into the Arno. 
 Dante has immortalised the name 
 and sutlerings of Ugolino. He is 
 represented as voraciously devouring 
 the head of Ruggieri, in hell, where 
 they are both frozen up together in a 
 hole in a lake of ice. 
 
 Nothing in history or fiction — not even tlie 
 story whicli Ugolino told in the sea of ever- 
 lasting ice — approaclies tlie liorrors wliicli 
 ■were recounted by the few survivors of that 
 sight [spent in tlie Blaclc Hole of Calcutta]. 
 
 Macaiday. 
 Woe to him who lias fountl 
 The meal enough: if Urjoliiio's full. 
 His teeth have crunched some foul, unnatural 
 
 thing. 
 For here satiety proves penury 
 More utterly irremedialjle. 
 
 Mrs. E. U. Browning. 
 
 Ulen-Spiegel (oo'len-spe'gel). See 
 
 OWLE-GLASS, TyLL. 
 
 Ulivieri (oo-le-ve-fi'ree). See Oli- 
 ver, 1. 
 
 tri'lur {or ool'loof). (Scand. Myth.) 
 A warlike deity who presided over 
 single combats, archery, and the 
 chase. He was accustomed to run 
 so rapidly on snow-shoes, that no one 
 was a match for him. [Written also 
 Uller and Ullr.] 
 
 Ul-ri'ca. A hideous old sibyl in Sir 
 Walter Scotfs " Ivanhoe.'" 
 
 U-lys'ses. [Gr. 'oSuo-o-eu's.] (Gr. ff- 
 Rom. Mijth.) A son of Laertes, king 
 of Ithaca; husband of Penelope, and 
 father of Telemachus; distinguished 
 above all the Greeks at the siege of 
 Tro_y for his craft and eloquence. On 
 his way back to Ithaca, after the fall 
 
 of Troy, he was G^cposed to incredible 
 dangers and misfortunes, and at last 
 reached home without a single com- 
 panion, after an absence of twenty i 
 years. His adventures form the sub- 
 ject of Homer's " Odyssey." See 
 Circe, Penelope, and Polyphe- 
 mus. 
 TJ'na. A lovely lady in Spenser's 
 *' Faery Queen," intended as a por- 
 sonitication of Truth. The name 
 Una signities one, and refers either to 
 the singleness of purpose characteris- 
 tic of truth, or to the singular and 
 imique excellence of the lady's char- 
 acter. See Red-cross Knight. 
 
 The gentle lady married to the Moor, 
 And heavenly Vna with her milk-white lam Ij. 
 Wonlswort/i. 
 
 Mindful oft 
 Of thee, whose genius walltetli mild and soft 
 As Una's lion, ehainless though subdued, 
 Beside thy purity of womanhood. 
 
 Mrs. E. B. Browning. 
 
 Uncle Sam. A jocular or vulgar name 
 of the United States government. 
 
 j85r- " Immediately after the last decla- 
 ration of war with England, Elbert An- 
 derson, of New York, then a contractor, 
 Tisited Troy, on the Hudson, where was 
 concentrated, and where he purchased, 
 a large quantity of provisions, — beef, 
 pork, &c. The inspectors of these arti- 
 cles, at that place, were Messrs. Ebenezer 
 and Samuel Wilson. The latter gentle- 
 man (invariably known as ' Uncle Sam") 
 generally superintended in person a large 
 number of workmen, who, on this occa- 
 sion, were employed in overhauling the 
 provi.-ions purchased by the contractor 
 for the army. The casks were marked 
 ' E. A. — U. S.' This work fell to .the lot 
 of a facetious fellow in the employ of the 
 Messrs. Wilson, who, on being asked by 
 some of his fellow-workmen the meaning 
 of the mark (for the letters U. S., for 
 United States, were then almost entirely 
 new to them), said ' he did not know, un- 
 less it meant Elbert Anderson and Uncle 
 Sam,' — alluding exclusively, then, to the 
 said ' Uncle Sam ' Wilson. The joke took 
 among the workmen, and passed cur- 
 rently ; and ' Uncle Sam ' himself, being 
 present, was occasionally rallied by them 
 on the increasing extent of his posses- 
 sions. . . . Many of these workmen, be- 
 
 S@~ For tlie " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 UNC 
 
 375 
 
 UNI 
 
 ing of a character denoniinateii ' food for 
 powder,' were found, sliortly after, fol- 
 lowing the recruiting drum, and pushing 
 toward tlie frontier lines, for the double 
 purpose of meeting the enemy and of eat- 
 ing the provisions they had lately laboured 
 to put in good order. Their old jokes ac- 
 companied them, and before the first cam- 
 paign ended, this identical one first ap- 
 peared in print ; it gained favour rapidly, 
 till it penetrated, and was recognised, iu 
 every part of the country, and will, no 
 doubt, continue so while the United 
 States remain a nation." Frost. 
 
 ITncle To'b;?'. The hero of Sterne's 
 novel, " Tlic Life and Opinions of 
 Tristram Shanily, Gent. ;" represented 
 as a captain who had been wouikUhI 
 at the siege of Namur, and forced to 
 retire from the service. He is cele- 
 brated for his kindess and benevo- 
 lence, his courage, gallantry, and sim- 
 plicity, no less than for his extreme 
 modesty, his love-passages with the 
 Widow Wadman, and his military 
 tastes, habits, and discussions. It is 
 thought that he was intended as a 
 portrait of Sterne's father, who was a 
 lieutenant in the army, and whose 
 character, as sketched by his son, is 
 the coiuiterpart of Uncle Toby's. 
 
 f^S' " But what shall I say to thee, 
 thou quintessence of the milk of human 
 kindness, thou reconciler of war (as far 
 as it was once necessary to reconcile it), 
 thou returner to childhood during peace, 
 thou lover of widows, thou master of 
 the best of corporals, thou whistler at 
 excommunications, thou high and only 
 final Christian gentleman, thou pitier of 
 the Devil himself, divine Uncle Toby I 
 Why, this I will gay, made bold by thy 
 example, and caring notliiug for what 
 any bodj' may think of it who does not, in 
 some measure, partake of thy nature, 
 that he who created thee was the wisest 
 man since the days of Shakespeare ; and 
 that Shakespeare himself, mighty reflect- 
 or of things as they were, but no antici- 
 pator, never arrived at a character like 
 thine." Leigh Hunt. 
 
 jB®°" " My Uncle Toby is one of the 
 finest compliments ever paid to human 
 nature, lie is the most unoffending of 
 God's creatures ; or, as the French ex- 
 press it, ((n tel petit bonhnmme .' Of his 
 bowling-green, his sieges, and his amours, 
 who would say or think any thing amiss ? ' ' 
 Hazlitt. 
 
 Uncle Tom. The hero of ]\Irs. Har- 
 riet Beecher Stowe's novel entitled 
 
 " ITncle Tom's Cabin ; " a negro slave, 
 distinguished for unaffected jiietj' and 
 the faithful discharge of all his duties. 
 His master, a humane man, becomes 
 embarrassed in his aflairs, and sells 
 him to a slave-dealer. After jiassing 
 through various hands, and suffer- 
 ing great cruelties, he linds relief in 
 death. 
 Underground Railroad. A pojuilar 
 embodiment of the various ways in 
 which fugitive slaves from the South- 
 ern States of the American Union 
 were assisted in escaping to the 
 North, or to Canada, before the abo- 
 lition of slavery took place; often 
 humourously abbreviated U. G. \i. K. 
 
 Undertaker, The General. See 
 Genkual Undi;i:t.vkki:, The. 
 
 Undertakers. Parties in the Irish 
 parliament, in the last century, who 
 bargained with the government to 
 carry its measures, and who received 
 in return places, pensions, and profit- 
 able jobs. 
 
 Un-dlne' or Un'dine ( Ger. pron. oon- 
 de'na). The name of a water-nymph 
 who is the heroine of La Motte Fou- 
 que's romance of the same name, one 
 of the most delightful creations of 
 German fiction. Like the other wa- 
 ter-nymphs, she was created without 
 a soul, which she could gain only by 
 marriage with a mortal. By such 
 marriage, however, she became sub- 
 ject to all the pains and miseries of 
 mortal men. 
 
 Unfortunate Peace. (Hist.) The 
 peace of Cateau - Cambresis (April 
 2, 1550), negotiated by England, 
 France, and Spain. By this treaty, 
 Henry II. of France renounced all 
 claim to Genoa, Corsica, and Naples, 
 agreed to restore Calais to the Eng- 
 lisii within eight years, and to give 
 security for live liundred thousand 
 crowns in case of failure. 
 
 U'ni-gen'i-tus. {Ecdeslnstical Ilht.) 
 The name given to a famous bull 
 issued by Pope Clement XL, in 1713, 
 against the French translation of the 
 New Testament, with notes by Pas- 
 quier Quesncl, jiriest of the Oratory, 
 and a celelirated Jansenist. The 
 bull began wil lithe words, '''■ Unigeni- 
 
 and for the Remarka and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxsii.
 
 UNI 
 
 37G 
 
 UTII 
 
 Ins Dei FlUus,'' and hence the name 
 given to it. 
 
 Unique, The. See Only, Tin:. 
 
 Universal Doctor. [Lat. Bocioi- 
 Lhiiversalis.] 1. An honorary title 
 piven bv his admireii^ to Alain de 
 Lille (1114-1203), one of the greatest 
 divines of his age. 
 
 2. A designation applied, in allu- 
 sion to his extensive and profound 
 learning, to Thomas Aquinas (1227- 
 1274). See Angelic Doctor and 
 DuaiB Ox. 
 
 Unlearned Parliament. See Pau- 
 
 LLVMENT OF DUMCES. 
 
 U-ra'ni-ii. [Gr. Ouparia.] ( Gr. (f- 
 Jiom. Myth.) One of the Muses; the 
 one who presided over astronomy. 
 
 U'r$-nids (9). [Gr. OiparlSat.] {Or. 
 ip'Hom. Myth.) The descendants of 
 Uranus ; by some identitied with the 
 Titans. See Titan. 
 
 U'ra-nus (9). [Gr. OOparo!.] {Gr. 
 Myth.) One of the most ancient of 
 the gods, husband of Tellus or Terra, 
 and father of Saturn; the same as 
 the C<xlus of the Romans. 
 
 Urban, Sylvanus, Gent. The ficti- 
 tious name under which the " Gen- 
 tleman's Magazine " is edited, and by 
 which is expressed its universality 
 of town and country intelligence. 
 
 True histories of last year's ghost, 
 
 Lines to a ringlet or a turhan. 
 And trifles for the " Morning Post," 
 ' And notliing for Syh'anus i'rb^in. 
 
 ri-nnl. 
 
 Here, through Si/lvamis Urban himself, are 
 
 two direct glimpses, a, twelvemonth nearer 
 
 hand, which show us how the matter has been 
 
 proceeding since. Carli/le. 
 
 Urganda (oof-gan'dii). The name of 
 a potent fairy in the romance of 
 " Amadis de Gaul," and in the ro- 
 mances of the Carlovingian cycle and 
 the poems founded upon them. In 
 the Spanish romances relating to the 
 descendants of Amadis, she is in- 
 vested with all the more serious ter- 
 rors of a Medea. 
 
 This Vrgan'la seemed to be aware of her 
 own importance, and perfectly acquainted 
 with the numan appetite. Hmollctt. 
 
 This ancient Urganda perceived my dis- 
 order, and, approaching with a languishing 
 air, seized my hand, asking in a squeaking 
 tone if I was indisposfd. Smollett. 
 
 Wo will beat about together, in search of 
 
 this Urganda, . . . who can read this, the 
 liddle of thy fate, better than . . . Cassandra 
 herself. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Urian, Sir (yoo'ri-an, 9; Ger. jii'on. 
 oo're-5n). [Ger. Hei-r Urian.'] 
 Among the Germans, a sportive des- 
 ignation of a man who is A'ery little 
 thought of, or who is sure to turn up 
 unexpectedly and inopportunely. In 
 Low German, the name is applied to 
 the Devil. 
 
 U'ri-el (9). [Heb., fire of God.] An 
 angel mentioned in the second book 
 of Esdras. Milton makes him "re- 
 gent of the sun," and calls him " the 
 sharpest-sighted spirit of all in heav- 
 en." 
 
 Ur'sa Ma'jor. A nickname given by 
 Boswell, the father (Lord Auchin- 
 lech), to Dr. Johnson. 
 
 ;86S" " My father's opinion of Dr. John- 
 son," says his biographer, " may be con- 
 jectured from the name he afterwards 
 gave him, which was ' Ursa Major.' I5ut 
 it is not true, as has been reported, that 
 it was in consequence of my saying that 
 he was a constellation of genius ami lit- 
 erature." Goldsmith remarks : ".John- 
 son, to be sure, has a roughness in his 
 manner ; but no man alive has a more 
 tender heart. He has nothing of the 
 bear but his skin." 
 
 Ur'su-lt. A gentlewoman attending 
 on Hero, in Shakespeare's " Much 
 Ado about Nothing." 
 
 Useless Parliament. [Lat. Parlia- 
 menlum Vanum.] {Eiuj. Hist.) A 
 name given to the first parliament 
 held in the reign of Charles I. It 
 met June, 18, 1625, adjourned to Ox- 
 ford, August 1, on account of the 
 plague, and, having oifended the 
 king, was dissolved on the 12th of the 
 same month. 
 
 Utgard (oot'gafd). [Old Norse, outer 
 ward or enclosure.] {Scand. Myth.) 
 A circle of rocks surrounding the 
 vast ocean supposed to encompass 
 the earth, which was regarded as a 
 flat circular plane or disk; tlie abode 
 of the Giants ; the same as Jolun- 
 heim. 
 
 Utgard - Loki (oot'gafd-lo'kee). 
 
 {Scand. Myth.) The king of Utgard, 
 and chief of the Giants. See Loki. 
 
 U'ther. Son of Constans, one of the 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 UTO 
 
 377 
 
 UTO 
 
 riibulou? or legendary kings of Brit- 
 ain, and the father of Arthur. Sec 
 Igeisna. 
 
 And whnt resounds 
 In fable or romance of Vther's son, 
 Becirt with British and Armoric knights. 
 
 Milloii. 
 
 Mythic Utlirr's deeply woiindod son. 
 In some fair space of slopinf; screens, 
 
 Lay, dozing in tlie vale of Avalon, 
 And watched by weeping queens. 
 
 U-to'pi-a. [From Gr. ou, not, and 
 Toiro?, a place.] A term invented bv 
 Sir Thomas More (1480-1535), anil 
 applied by him to an imaginary 
 island which he represents to have 
 been discovered by a companion of 
 Amerigo Vespucci, and as enjoying 
 the utmost perfection in law.s, poli- 
 tics, &c., in contradistinction to the 
 defects of those which then existed 
 elsewhere. The name has now passed 
 into all the languages of Europe to 
 signify a state of ideal perfection. 
 
 X^S' " Tlic second book . . . k'^'cs ^ 
 Kcographiciil description of the isl.'ind ; 
 the relations of the iuhiibit;ints in social 
 life, thoir magistrates, their arts, their 
 systems of war and religion. On the lat- 
 ter subject, — which could hardly be ex- 
 pected from the practice of tlie author, 
 — the most unbounded toleration in 
 granted. The greater part of the inhab- 
 itants believed in one Spirit, all-powerful 
 auJ all-pervading ; but others juvictiseil 
 the worship of heroes and the adoration 
 of stars. A community of wealth is a. 
 fundamental principle of this republic, 
 and the structure [is] what might bo ex- 
 pected from such a basis." Diinlop. 
 
 iS:^' " That he [Sir T. 5Iore] meant this 
 imaginary republic seriously to embody 
 his notions of a sound system of govern- 
 ment, can scarcely be be]i<'ved by any 
 one who reads it and remembers tliat the 
 entirely fanciful and abstract existence 
 there depicted was the dream of one who 
 thoroughly knew man in all his compli- 
 cated relations, and was deeply conversant 
 in practical government." 
 
 J. H. Burton. 
 
 and for the Remarks aud Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 VAD 
 
 378 
 
 VAN 
 
 V. 
 
 Vadius (vS'de-iis', 102). The name 
 of a grave and heavy pedant in 
 Moliere's comedy, " Les Femraes Sa- 
 vantes." 
 
 jB®" The character of Vadius is sup- 
 posed to be a satire on Menage, an eccelesi- 
 astic celebrated for his learning and wit. 
 It is said, however, that Menage bore the 
 attack upon his pedantry with such per- 
 fect good humour and good sense that Mo- 
 liere always refused to acknowUlge that 
 he had taken him for his model in con- 
 structing the character of Vadius. 
 
 Val'en-tine. 1. One of the heroes in 
 the old romance of "Valentine and 
 Orson," -which is of uncertain age 
 and authorship, though it probably 
 belongs to the tiftcenth century. See 
 Oeson. 
 
 Do not think von will meet a gallant VaJen- 
 tine in every lingUsli rider, or an Orson in 
 every Iligliland drover. <SiV W. Scott. 
 
 2. One of the " Two Gentlemen 
 of Verona," in Shakespeare's plaj' of 
 that name. 
 
 3. A gentleman attending on the 
 Duke in Shakespeare's " Twelfth 
 Night." 
 
 4. One of the characters in 
 Goethe's " Faust." He is a brother 
 of Margaret, whom Faust has seduced. 
 Maddened by his sister's shame, he 
 interrupts a serenade of Faust's, at- 
 tacks him, is stabbed by Mephistoph- 
 eles, falls, and expires uttering vehe- 
 ment reproaches against Margaret. 
 
 Val-hal'la. [Icel. valholl, hall of the 
 slain, from rnlr, slaughter, and /(/)//. a 
 royal hall. Old Saxon and Old High 
 Ger. halla.'] (Scn7ul. Myth.) The 
 palace of immortality, inhabited by 
 the souls of heroes slain in battle. 
 [Written also V a 1 h a 11 and W a 1- 
 h a 1 1 a.] 
 
 Val-kyr'i-or, o?- ValTiyTs. [Old 
 Norse valkyrja, from vale, crowds of 
 .slain, and kiora, kera, to select ; A.- 
 S. valcyrie, Ger. Warlkiiren, Wnlky- 
 ren.1 or Walkyrien.'\ (Scand. Myili.) 
 Beautiful and awful maidens, messen- 
 gers of Odin, who visit fields of bat- 
 
 tle to carry off to Valhalla the souls 
 of heroes who fall. At the banquets 
 of Valhalla, they hand round to the 
 guests mead and ale. [Written also 
 A' a 1 k y r i a s.] 
 
 Valley of Humiliation. In Bun- 
 
 yan's " Pilgrim's Progress," a valley 
 in which Cliristian was attacked by 
 ApoUyon, who nearly overpowered 
 him, but was at length wounded and 
 put to flight. 
 
 VaUey of the Shadow of Death. In 
 
 the "Pilgrim's Progress" of John 
 Bunj'an, the valley through which 
 Christian, after his encounter with 
 Apollyon, was obliged to pass on his 
 Avay to the Celestial City. "Now 
 this valley is a very solitary place; 
 the prophet Jeremiah thus describes 
 it: 'A wilderness, a land of deserts 
 and pits, a land of drought, and of 
 the Shadow of Death, a land that 
 no man' (but a christian) 'passeth 
 through, and where no man dwelt.' " 
 See Psalm xxiii. 4. 
 
 One would have thought Inverary had 
 been the VaUcii of the Shadow of Death , i\\r. 
 inferior chiefs showed such reluctance to ap- 
 proach it. Sir jr. Scott. 
 
 Van-dyck' of Sculpture. A desig- 
 nation confciTed upon Antoine Coy- 
 sevox (1640-1720), a French sculptor, 
 on account of the beauty and anima- 
 tion of his figures. 
 
 Va-nes'sa. [Compounded of Van, 
 the first syllable of Vanhomrigh, and 
 Essa, diminutive of Esther:'] A po- 
 etical name given by Swift to INIiss 
 Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady 
 who had fallen in love with him and 
 proposed mamage. How her decla-. 
 ration of affection was received is re-j 
 lated in Swift's poem of " Cadenuq 
 and Vanessa." See Cadenus. 
 
 Vanity. 1. An established charactej 
 in the old moralities and puppet 
 shows. 
 
 2. A town in Bunyan's " Pilgrim'l 
 Progress," on the road to the CeleSi 
 tial City. 
 
 • For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanation^
 
 VAN 
 
 379 
 
 VEX 
 
 Vanity Fair. In Bunyan's spiritual 
 allegory, " The Pilgrim's Progress," 
 the name of a fair -which was held 
 all the j'ear round in the town of 
 Vanity. " It beareth the name be- 
 cause the town where it is kept is 
 lighter than vanity {Ps. Ixii. 9), and 
 also because all that is there sold, 
 or that Cometh thither, is vanity." 
 Thackeray has made use of this name 
 as the title of a satirical novel. 
 
 iKg=" The origin and history of this fair 
 are thus described : '• Almost five thou- 
 sand j'ears ago tliere were pilgrims walk- 
 ing to the Celestial Cit\-, and Beelzebub, 
 ApoUjon, and Legion, with their com- 
 panions, perceiving by the path that the 
 pilgrims made that their way to the city 
 lay through this town of Vanity, they 
 contrived here to set up a fair, — a fair 
 wherein should be sold all sorts of van- 
 ity, and that it should last all the year 
 long. Therefore, at this fair are all such 
 merchandise sold as houses, lands, trades, 
 places, honours, preferments, titles, coun- 
 tries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures ; and 
 delights of all sorts, as harlots, wives, hus- 
 bands, children, lives, blood, bodies, souls, 
 silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and 
 what not. And, moreover, at this fair 
 there is, at all times, to be seen jugglings, 
 cheats, games, fools, knaves, rogues, and 
 that of every kind. And, as in other 
 fairs of less moment, there are several 
 rows and streets, under their proper 
 names, where such and such wares are 
 vended, so here, likewise, you have the 
 proper places, rows, streets, (namely, 
 countries and kingdoms,) where the 
 wares of this fair are soonest to be found. 
 . . . Now, as I said, the way to the Celes- 
 tial City lies just through this town 
 where this lusty fair is kept ; and he 
 that would go to the city and yet not go 
 through this town, must needs go out of 
 the world." 
 
 I charge you to withdraw your feet from 
 the delusion of that Vanitij Fair in whilk ye 
 are a sojourner, and not to go to their worship, 
 whilk is an ill-mumblcd mass, as was weel 
 termed by James the Sext. Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Va'pi-S,ns. A name — probably a 
 feigned one — occurring in Shake- 
 speare's " Twelfth Night," a. ii., sc. 
 3. See PiGROciEOjiiTu.s. 
 
 Ya,-Ti'n%. A poetical name given by 
 Swift to Miss Jane Waryng, for 
 whom, in early life, he professed an 
 attachment. It is a Latinised form 
 of Waryng. 
 
 VS-ru'nf. (Hindu Myth.) The ruler 
 
 of the ocean ; represented as a white 
 man riding on a sea-monster, with a 
 chib in one hand and a rope in the 
 other. 
 Vath'ek. The hero of William Bcck- 
 furd's celebrated novel of the same 
 name ; a haughty and eHiMuinate mon- 
 arch, led on bj-'thc temijtations of a 
 malignant genie, and tlie sopliistries 
 of a cruel and ambitious mother, to 
 commit all sorts of crimes, to abjure 
 his faith, and to offer allegiance to 
 Eblis, the Mohammedan Satan, in 
 the hope of seating himself on the 
 throne of the pre-Adamite sultans. 
 
 We sa%T men, who, not yet in the vigour of 
 life, were blasd with its pleasures ; men 
 with the poi.soncd youth, Vat/teK-Wke, to find 
 tlieiiiselves someday with fires, unquenchable 
 and agonising, in the place of those liearts 
 they had sileueed, perverted, and destroyed. 
 J'litnam'i Mag. 
 
 Ve (vee, or va). (Scand. Myth.) One 
 of the three deities who took part in 
 the creation of the world ; a brother 
 of Odin and Vili. 
 
 Veal, Mrs. An imaginary person 
 whom De Foe feigned to have ap- 
 peared, " the next day after her 
 death, to one Sirs. Bargrave, at Can- 
 terbuiy, on the 8th of Sept., 1705," 
 — one of the boldest and most adroit 
 experiments upon human credulity 
 that ever was made. 
 
 Vegliantino (val-ySn-te'no, 77). The 
 name of Orlando's horse. 
 
 Venerable Bede. See Bedk, The 
 Venehahle. 
 
 Venerable Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Venerab'dis.'] A title given to Wil- 
 liam de Champeaux, a celebrated 
 philosopher and theologian of the 
 twelfth century, regarded as the fir.st 
 public professor of scholastic divinity, 
 and the founder of scientific realism. 
 
 Venerable Initiator. [Lat. Venerah- 
 il'is Inceptor.] An honorary appel- 
 lation conferred upon William of 
 Occam (<l. 1347), a famous English 
 scholastic philosopher. 
 
 Venice of the West. A name some- 
 times given, rather inappropriatel}', 
 to Glasgow, the chief city of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 A bird proper, on the shield argent of the 
 city of Glasgow, has been identified with the 
 resuscitated pet of tlie patron saint. The 
 
 and for the Kemarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, eec pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 YEN 
 
 380 
 
 VET 
 
 tree on which it is there perched is a com- 
 memoration of anotlier ot the saints mira- 
 cles . . . Anotlier element in the blazon ot 
 the Venice of the Went is a flsh, laid across the 
 btem of the tree, " in base," as the heralds say. 
 J. II. JJurtou. 
 
 Ve'nus. (Gr. cj- Eom. Myth.) The 
 goddess of love and beauty, said to 
 liave sprung from the foam of the 
 sea. She was the wife of the de- 
 formed blacksmith Yiilcan, but was 
 not remarlvable for her fidelity to 
 him. Her amour with Adonis is par- 
 ticularly celebrated. By the Trojan 
 Anchises, she became the mother of 
 jEneas, and hence was regarded by 
 the Komans as the progenitor of then- 
 nation. See yENKAS. 
 
 Ve'nus-berg. See Eckhakdt, The 
 Faithful. 
 
 Ver'ges (4). A watchman and niglit- 
 constable, in Shakespeare's " Much 
 Ado about Nothing," noted for his 
 blundering simplicity. 
 
 Vermilion Sea. A name formerly 
 given to the Gulf of California, on 
 account of the red colour of the infu- 
 soria it contains. 
 
 Ver'non, Die {or Di-an'a). The he- 
 roine of Sir Walter Scott's novel of 
 '•Kob Ptoy;" a young girl of great 
 beauty, talents, and excellence of 
 disposition, to which are superadded 
 pride of high birth, and the enthusi- 
 asm of an adherent to a persecuted 
 religion and an exiled king. She is 
 excluded frona the ordinary wishes 
 and schemes of other young ladies 
 by being predestined to a hateful 
 husband or a cloister, and bj' receiv- 
 ing a mascvdine education, under the 
 superintendence of two men of talent 
 and learning. 
 
 Ver-tum'nus. [Lat., from verlere, to 
 turn, to change, to transform.] (Rom. 
 Mytli.) The god of the seasons, and 
 of their manifold productions in the 
 vegetable "world. He fell in love 
 with Pomona, and, after vainly en- 
 deavouring to get access to her under 
 a thousand different forms, at last 
 succeeded by assuming the appear- 
 ance of an old woman. In this 
 guise, he recounted to her lament- 
 able stories of women who had de- 
 spised the power of love; and, when 
 
 he found that her heart was touched, 
 lie suddenly metamorphosed himself 
 into a beautiful youth, and jiersuaded 
 her to marry him. 
 
 Very Ctiristian Doctor. Sec ^Iost 
 Chkistian Doctok. 
 
 Very Methodical Doctor. Sec 
 Most Methodical Doctok. 
 
 Very Resolute Doctor. Sec IMost 
 IIesolute Doctoii. 
 
 Ves'ta. [Gr. 'Eo-Wa.] (Gr. <f Rom. 
 Mijt'h.) A daughter of Rhea and 
 Saturn, and sister of Ceres and Juno. 
 She was the goddess of lire, and she 
 also presided over flocks and herds. 
 Her mysteries were celebrated by 
 maidens, called vestal virgins, who 
 kept a fire constantly burning on her 
 hearth or altar, and who were re- 
 quired to lead lives of perfect purity. 
 
 V6to, M. et Mme. (mos'e^ij' S mti'- 
 dam' va'to'). Injurious names often 
 given by the anarchists of the French 
 Revolution to Louis XVI. and his 
 queen, Marie Antoinette. The ex- 
 pression originated in the indignation 
 of the people at the veto allowed the 
 king on the resolves of the National 
 Assembly. The name occurs in the 
 celebrated song, " La Carmagnole," 
 which, with the accompanying dance, 
 was performed at popular festivals, 
 executions, and outbreaks of popular 
 discontent during the Reign of Terror. 
 
 That is the pass yc have brought us to. And 
 now ye will break the prisons and set Capet 
 ] 'I'to on horseback to ride over us. Carlyle. 
 
 Ve'tus. A novi de plume of Edward 
 Sterling (1773-1847), an English 
 writer. 
 
 4S" " He [Sterling] now furthermore 
 opened a correspondence with the ' Times ' 
 Newspaper ; wrote to it, in 1812, a series 
 of Lette« under the signature of Vetus: 
 voluntary Letter.s I suppose, without pay- 
 ment or pre-engagement, one successful 
 Letter calling out another; till Vetus and 
 his doctrines came to be a distinguish- 
 able entity, and the business amounted 
 to something. Out of my own earliest 
 Is'cw.spaper reading, I can remember the 
 name Vetus as a kind of editorial hacklog 
 on which able editors were wont to chop 
 straw now and then. Nay, the Letters 
 were collected and reprinted ; both this 
 first series, of 1812, and then a second of 
 next year." Carlyle 
 
 # 
 
 ■ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,|
 
 VIA 
 
 381 
 
 VIC 
 
 Vi'a Dol'O-ro'sS. [Lat., way of pain.] 
 a' name jRipular)}' given, since the 
 Christian era, to the road at Jerusa- 
 lem leading from the INIount of Ol- 
 ives to Golgotlia, which Jesus passed 
 over on his way to the place of cniei- 
 lixion. Uponthis road are situated 
 the house where the Virgin Mary was 
 born; the church erected upon the 
 ppot where she fell when she beheld 
 Jesus sink under the weight of the 
 cross; the house of St.Veronica, upon 
 whose veil, emploj'ed to wipe away 
 his blood and sweat, the image of his 
 face was miraculously impressed ; and 
 many other objects consecrated by 
 Christian traditions. The road, which 
 is about a mile in length, terminates 
 at the Gate of Judgment. 
 
 Vicar of Bray. A name originally 
 given to an I'^nglish clergyman who 
 ■was twice a Papist and twice a Prot- 
 estant in four successive reigns. It is 
 now commonly applied to one who 
 deserts his parly when it is no longer 
 for his safety or his interest to remain 
 in it. 
 
 JKS= Bray is a village in Berkshire. 
 ' The vivacious vicar hereof," says Ful- 
 ler, " living under Henry VIII., Edward 
 VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, 
 ■was first a Papist, then a Protestant, 
 then a Papist, then a Protestant again. 
 He had seen some martyrs burned (two 
 miles off ) at Windsor, and found this fire 
 too hot for his tender temper. This vic- 
 ar, being taxed by one for being a turn- 
 coat and inconstant changeling, ' Not so 
 neither,' said he ; ' for, if I changed my 
 religion, I am sure I kept true to ray prin- 
 ciple, ■which is to live and die the 'Vicar 
 of Bray.' " According to Haydn, the 
 name of this consistent personage was Sy- 
 mon Symonds ; according to a Mr. Bromc 
 ("Letters from the Bodleian," vol. ii., 
 part i , p. 100), it was Simon Alleyn, or 
 Allen. The former is said to have held 
 the vicarage from 153-3 to 1558 ; the latter 
 from 1540 to 15S8. Another statement 
 gives the name as Pendleton ; and it is re- 
 lated, that, in the reign of Edward VI., 
 Lawrence Sanders, the martyr, an honest 
 but mild and timorous man, having ex- 
 pres.sed a fear that his own strength of 
 mind was not sufficient to endure the 
 persecution of the times, Pendleton an- 
 swered, that, for himself, he would sec 
 every drop of his fat and the last morsel 
 of his flesh consumed to ashes ere he 
 ■would swerve from the faith then estab- 
 
 lished. Ho, however, changed with the 
 times, saved his fat and his llesh, and be- 
 came rector of St. Stophcti's, whilst the 
 mild and diffident Sanders was burnt 
 at Smitlifield. Towuseud (■' Manual of 
 Dates") says that the story in regard 
 to the Vicar of liray is not borne out 
 by the church records, the living not 
 having been held by the same person for 
 so long a period as that required to prove 
 the truth of the anecdote. The celebrat- 
 ed song of the " Vicar of Bray," though 
 founded on the historical fact, makes the 
 vicar a subject successively of Charles 
 II., James 11., William III., Anne, and 
 George I., and a politicnl as well as re- 
 ligious renegade. It is said (Nichols' 
 " Select Poems," 1782, vol. viii., p. 23-1) to 
 have been written by an officer in Colonel 
 Fuller's regiment, in the reign of George 1. 
 
 He [Shult] obeyed, he says, not as in any 
 respect an enemy of the kiiij; [Louis XVIII.), 
 but as a citizen and a soldier, wliose duty it 
 was to oln'v whomsoever was at the head of 
 the Riivcniinent, as that of the Vunrd/Mm;/ 
 suhicctcd liiiii in ghostly suhmission to each 
 head of tlie church uro tempore. 
 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 Vicar of Christ. A title asstmied by 
 the pope of Kome, who claims to ex- 
 ercise a delegated authority as the 
 representative or vicegerent of Christ. 
 
 Vicar of 'Wakefield. The hero of 
 Goldsmith's novel of the same name. 
 See PiuJiKoSE, The Kev. Docrou. 
 
 Thus an era took place in my life, almost 
 equal to the imiiortant one mentioned by the 
 I icar of WnkcJicUl , when he removed from 
 the Blue room to the Urown. Sir ]V. ScoU. 
 
 Vice, The. A grotesque allegorical 
 character who invariably tigurcs iu 
 the old English mysteries and moral- 
 ities which preceded the rise of the 
 regular modern drama. lie was fan- 
 tastically accoutred in a long jerkin, 
 a cap with ass's ears, and a dagger 
 of lath. His chief employment was 
 to make sport for the multitude by 
 leaping on the back of the Devil, — 
 another personage always introduced 
 into these plays, — and belabouring 
 him with his dagger till he roared. 
 The Devil, however, always carried 
 him off in the end. He bore tlu^ 
 name sometimes of one particular 
 vice, and sometimes of another; but 
 was generally called "The Vice." 
 simply. He was succeeded in his 
 olfice by the fool and the clown, and 
 is now best remembered by the allu- 
 sions which occur in the plays of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiy-xxjcu.
 
 VID 
 
 382 
 
 TIR 
 
 Shakespeare to his character and of- 
 fice. 
 
 Vidar(ve'dar). (Scand. Math.) The 
 god of wisdom and of silence. His 
 look is so penetrating that he reads 
 the most secret thoughts of men. 
 He wears very thick shoes, and 
 hence is sometimes called '' the god 
 with the thick shoes." 
 
 Vil. (Scand. Mijth.) The brother of 
 Odin and Ve, who, with him, were 
 the progenitors of the Asir race. 
 
 Vin-cen'ti-o (vin-sen'shi-o). 1. The 
 Duke of Vienna in Shakespeare's 
 "Measure for Measure." He com- 
 mits his sceptre to Angelo (with 
 whom Escalus is associated in a sub- 
 ordinate capacity), under the pre- 
 text of being called to take an ur- 
 gent and distant journey; and, b}- 
 exchanging the royal purple for a 
 monk's hood, observes incognito the 
 condition of his people, and especial- 
 ly the manner and effect of liis vice- 
 gerent's administration. 
 
 2. An old gentleman of Pisa, 
 in Shakespeare's " Taming of the 
 Shrew." 
 
 Vinegar Bible. A name given to 
 an edition of the Bible published in 
 1717 at the Clarendon Press, Oxford. 
 By a ludicrous misprint, the title of 
 the twentieth chapter of Luke was 
 made to read, " Parable of the Fiwe- 
 f/ar" instead of, "Parable of the 
 Vineyard; " hence the name. 
 
 Viniand. A name given, according 
 to Snorro Stm'leson, by Scandina- 
 vian voyagers, to a portion of the 
 coast of North America discovered 
 hy them toward the close of the 
 tenth century^ well wooded, and pro- 
 ducing agreeable fruits, particularly 
 grapes. It is thought to have been 
 some part of the coast of Massachu- 
 setts or Rhode Island. 
 
 Vi'o-la. A lady in love with Duke 
 Orsino, in Shakespeare's "Twelfth 
 Night." 
 
 4®°" " As for her situation in the drama 
 (of vfhich she is properly the heroine), it 
 is, shortly, this : She is shipwrecked on 
 the coast of Illyria ; she is alone, and 
 without protection, in a strange country. 
 She wishes to enter into the service of the 
 
 Countess Olivia ; but she is assured thafclj 
 tbis is impossible, 'for the lady, having 
 recently lost an only and beloved brother, 
 has abjured the sight of men, has shut 
 herself up in her palace, and will admit 
 no kind of suit.' In thi.s perplexity, Viola 
 remembers to have heard her fither speak 
 with praise and admiration of Orsino, the 
 duke of the country ; and, having ascer- 
 tained that he is not married, and that, 
 therefore, his court is not a proper asy- 
 lum for her in her feminine character, 
 she attires herself in the di,«guise of a 
 page, as the best protection against un- 
 civil comments, till she can gain some 
 tidings of her brother. . . . To pursue 
 the thread of Viola's destiny : she is en- 
 gaged in the service of the duke, >yhom 
 she finds ' fancy-sick ' for the love of 
 Olivia. TVe are left to infer (for so it is 
 hinted in the first scene) that this duke 
 . . . had already made some impression 
 on Viola's imagination ; and when she 
 comes to play the confidante, and to be 
 loaded with favours and kindness in her 
 assumed character, that she should be 
 touched by a passion made up of pity, 
 admiration, gratitude, and tenderness, 
 does not, I think, in any way detract 
 from the genuine sweetness and delicacy 
 of her character ; for ' she never told her 
 love.^ . . . Viola, then, is the chosen fa- 
 vourite of the enamoured duke, and be- 
 comes his messenger to Olivia, and the 
 interpreter of his sufferings to that inac- 
 cessible beauty. In her character of a 
 youthful page, she attracts the favour of 
 Olivia, and excites the jealousy of her 
 lord. The situation is critical and deli- 
 cate ; but how exquisitely is the charac- 
 ter of Viola fitted to her part, carrying 
 her through the ordeal with all the in- 
 ward and spiritual grace of modesty." 
 
 Mrs. Jameson. 
 
 Vi'o-len't$. A character in Shake- 
 speare's " All 's Well that EndsJ 
 Well." 
 
 Violet, Corporal, or Daddy. [Fr.j 
 Caporal la Vioktle, or Pajxi la Vio 
 lette.] A name given to the em-^ 
 peror Napoleon lionaparte, by hi9| 
 partisans in France, after his banish- 
 ment to Elba, and designed to be ex-l 
 pressive of their hope that he would] 
 return in the spring (of 1815). The 
 flower and the colour were publicly! 
 worn by them as a party distinction. 
 
 Virginie (vef'zhe'ne', 64). The 
 heroine of Bernardin de St. Pierre'a 
 romance entitled " Paul et Virginie,'" 
 — "a tropical Arcadian romance 
 
 erf~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 VIR 
 
 383 
 
 VUL 
 
 which [for a time] veigneil supreme 
 over French, English, and German 
 imaginations of a certain calibre, and 
 rendered the name Virginie trium- 
 phant in France."' 
 
 Virgin Modesty. A sm-name given 
 by Charles H. to the Earl of Rochester 
 (John Wilmut), because he blushed 
 so easily. 
 
 Virgin Queen. An appellation pop- 
 ularly given to Queen Elizabeth 
 (1533-1603). She may, in fact, be 
 said to have assumed it; for, on the 
 10th of February, 155!), less than 
 three months after her accession to 
 the throne, in a speech which she 
 made to the privy council and a 
 deputation from the house . of com- 
 mons, who had requested her, in the 
 name of the nation, to be pleased to 
 take to herself a husband, she said 
 that for herself it would be enough 
 " that a marble stone should declare 
 that a queen, having reigned such a 
 time, lived and died a virgin." His- 
 torians, however, agree that her right 
 to the title is at least questionable, 
 even if it be not demonstrably ill- 
 foimded. See Maiden Qukex. 
 
 Virgins, The Eleven Thousand. 
 See Eleven Thousand Virgins, 
 Thk. 
 
 Vish'nft (G). [Sausk., from vish, to 
 pervade, to extend through nature.] 
 {flindu Mylh.) One of the chief 
 deities of the later religion, and the 
 second person of the holy Trimurli, 
 or triad; regarded as the preserver, 
 while Brahma is the creator, antl 
 Siva the destroyer. He accomplishes 
 the objects of his providence by suc- 
 cessive avatars or incarnations, in 
 which he appears and acts on earth. 
 Nine of these have already taken 
 place; in the tenth, which is yet to 
 occur, he will appear on a Avhitc 
 horse, with a flaming sword, for the 
 everlasting punishment of the wicked. 
 Buddha and Juggernaut are botli 
 regarded as avatars of Vishnu. 
 
 Vitalis (ve-ta'lis). A name assumed 
 by Erik Sjoberg (1794-1828), a dis- 
 tinguished Swedish lyric' poet. By 
 
 this pseudonym he intended to con- 
 vey the notion of " \'ita lis," Life is a 
 struggle. 
 
 Viv'i-Sn. Jlistress of the enchanter 
 jMerlin. She forms the subject of 
 one of the poems in Tennyson's 
 " Idylls of the King." See Lady ov' 
 THE Lake, 1, Merlin, and Lance- 
 lot DU Lac. [Written also Viv- 
 ien, Vivian a, and Vi via lie.] 
 
 Voland, Squire (fo'lant, 50, G7). 
 [Ger. Junker VolaniLI Among the 
 (Jermans, a flimiliar name for the 
 Devil. 
 
 Vol-po'ne. [It., an old fox.] The 
 title of a play by Ben Jonson, and 
 the name of its chief character. 
 
 Volscius, Prince. See Princk 
 
 VoLscirs. 
 Voltaire, The German. See Gek- 
 
 JIAN VoLTAIRl:. 
 
 Voltaire, The Polish. Sec Polish 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Vol'ti-mS,nd. The name of a courtier, 
 in Shakespeare's tragedy of " Ham- 
 let." 
 
 Volund (vo'loont). {ScancL Myth.) 
 A renowned smith, corresponding to 
 the Vulcan or Uredalus of classical 
 mythology. Like Vulcan, he Avas 
 lame, was always busy at the forge, 
 and executed all kinds of smith-work, 
 from the finest ornaments in gold 
 to the heaviest armour. See Way- 
 land S:mith. 
 
 Vor'tl-ger. Seneschal of Constans (a 
 fabulous king of Britain), and usurper 
 of the throne after Constans had been 
 killed by his subjects. 
 
 Vul'cSin. [Lat. Vulcnmis.'] ( Gr. (f- Rom. 
 Jfyth. ) A son of Jujjiter and Juno, — 
 according to some accounts, of Juno 
 alone, — and the husband of Venus. 
 He was the god of fire, and the 
 patron of blacksmiths and all workers 
 in metal. His workshop was sup- 
 posed to be under Mount iEtna; and 
 there, assisted by the Cyclops, he 
 forged the thunderbolts of Jupiter, 
 and arms for the gods and for cele- 
 brated heroes. See Mulciber. 
 
 and for the Bemarks and Bulcs to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. ziv-sxxii.
 
 WAD 
 
 384 
 
 WAP 
 
 w. 
 
 "Wad'aaSii, "Widow. The name of a 
 lady, in Sterne's novel of " Tristram 
 Shandy," who tries to secure Uncle 
 Toby tor a husband. 
 
 "Waggoner Boy. A popular sobri- 
 quet of Thomas Corwin (b. 1794), an 
 American statesman. While yet a 
 lad, General Harrison and his army 
 ■were on the northern frontier, almost 
 destitute of provisions, and a demand 
 •was made on the patriotism -of the 
 people to furnish the necessary sub- 
 sistence. The elder Corwin loaded a 
 ■waggon with supplies, which were de- 
 livered b}' his son, who remained with 
 the army duriug the rest of the cam- 
 paign, and who is said to have proved 
 himself " a good whip and an excel- 
 lent reins-man." 
 
 "Wagner (vak'nef, 58, G8). The name 
 of a character in Goethe's '"Faust." 
 This name is not original with Goethe, 
 but was borrowed by him from old 
 legends, in which it occurs under 
 the form of Cristoph Wagner, who 
 is represented to have been the at- 
 tendant, or famulus, of Faust. 
 
 iKS= " Wagner is a type of the p/iilis- 
 ter and pedant ; he sacrifices himself to 
 books, as Faust does to knowledge. lie 
 adores the letter. The dust of folios is 
 bis element, parchment the source of his 
 inspiration. . . . IIeisoneoftho.se who, in 
 the presence of Niagara, would vex you 
 ■with questions about arrow-headed in- 
 scriptions ; who, in the presence of a vil- 
 lage festival, would discuss the origin of 
 the Pelasgi."' Lewes. 
 
 "Wakefield, Pindar of. See George 
 
 A-GUEEN. 
 
 "Walking Ste^wart. The sobriquet 
 of .John Stewart, an English traveller, 
 born in the first half of the eighteenth 
 century, died in 1822. This cele- 
 brated peripatetic travelled on foot 
 through Hindostan, Persia, Nubia, 
 Abyssinia, the Arabian Desert, Eu- 
 rope, and the United States. 
 
 /Kg= " A most interesting man, whom 
 personally 1 knew ; eloquent in conversa- 
 tion ; contemplative, if that is possible. 
 
 in excess ; crazy beyond all reach of helle- 
 bore (three Anticyrae ■«ould not have 
 cured him), yet sublime and divine! 
 benignant in his visionariness ; the hki 
 who, as a pedestrian traveUer, had secu 
 more of the earth's surface, and commu- 
 nicated more extensively with the chil- 
 dren of the earth, than any man before 
 or since ; the writer, also, who published 
 more books (all intelligible by fits and 
 starts) than any Englishman, except, 
 perhaps, Kichard Baxter, who is said to 
 have published three hundred and sixty- 
 five, plus one, the extra one being, proba- 
 bly, meant for leap-year."' Be Quiiicey. 
 
 "Walpurgis (val-poof'gis, 58, 68). The 
 name of the female saint Avho con- 
 verted the Saxons to Christianity. 
 May -day night is dedicated to her, 
 and is popularly thought to be the 
 occasion of a great witch festival on 
 the summit of the Brocken, in the 
 Hartz mountains, — a superstitioi; 
 supposed to have originated in the 
 secret celebration of heathen rites, in 
 remote places, by those who adhered 
 to the ancient iaith when their nation 
 ■was forcibly converted to Christianity. 
 
 "Wim'ba. The "son of Witless," and 
 the clown or jester of Cedric of Roth- 
 crwood, in Sir Walter Scott's " Ivan- 
 hoe." 
 
 "Wandering Jew. See JE^v, The 
 Wandering. 
 
 "Wantley, Dragon of. See Dragon 
 OK Wantley. 
 
 "Ward, Artemus. A pseudonym 
 adopted b}' Mr. Charles F. Browne, 
 an American humourist of the present 
 day, author of a series of popular 
 comic productions purporting to be 
 written by an itinerant sho■^^-man, 
 and remarkable for their perverse 
 orthography. 
 
 ■War of 1812. (Amer.Eist.) A name 
 commonly given to the war between 
 the United States and Great Britain, 
 which began on the 18th of .Tune, 
 1812, and ended, Feb. 17, 1815, on 
 the ratification by congress of the 
 treaty of peace concluded at Ghent 
 
 ES" For tlic " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatio; 
 
 I
 
 "WAR 
 
 385 
 
 WAT 
 
 on the 24th of the preceding Decem- 
 ber. 
 
 "War of Liberation. (Gir. Jllst.) 
 The name commonly f;iven to the 
 ■war undertaken by the (iormans, in 
 181.3, to throw olV'tlie French yoke, 
 in consequence of the destruction of 
 Bonaparte's grand army in the Kus- 
 8ian campaign of ]81'2. 
 
 "War of the Barons. (Kng. Ilht.) An 
 insurrection against the authority of 
 Henry III., which broke out in 12G2, 
 and was excited by liis faithlessness 
 and the oppressions of his favourites. 
 The barons were headed b}' Simon de 
 Montfort, whose death, in 1205, at the 
 battle of Evesham, occasioned their 
 submission. 
 
 War of the Seven Captains. See 
 Seven acjainst Thebes. 
 
 "War of the Succession. (Ilisi.) A 
 celebrated struggle between Eng- 
 land, France, Austria, and the Unit- 
 ed Provinces, to determine whether 
 Philip, Duke of Anjoii (grandson of 
 Louis XIV. of France), or the Arch- 
 duke Charles (son of the Emperor 
 Leopold I.), should succeed to the 
 throne of Spain, left vacant by tlie 
 death of Charles II. It connnenced 
 Jfay 4, 1702, and ended with the 
 peace of Utrecht, March 13, 17l;J, by 
 which Philip was acknowledged and 
 confirmed as king. The contest was 
 signalised bj"^ the splendid achieve- 
 ments of the Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 War of the Three Henries. { Fr. 
 Jlist.) A war between Henry III. 
 king of France, Henry de Pourbon, 
 king of Navan-e, and Henry, duke 
 of Guise, growing out of a project 
 of the last to exclude the king of 
 Navarre from his right of succession 
 to the French throne. 
 
 Wars of the Koses. (Enrj. Hist.) A 
 name given to the intestine wars 
 which rased in England from the 
 reign of I lenry "VI. to that of Henry 
 VII. (1452-1486). It refers to the 
 badges or emblems of the parties to 
 the strife, — that of the house of York 
 being a white rose, and that of the 
 house of Lancaster a red rose. 
 
 Washington of Colombia. A name 
 given to Simon Bolivar (1785-1831), 
 
 who established the independence of 
 the Spanish provinces of Venezuela 
 and New Granada, which were there- 
 upon united into a republic, called 
 Colombia, of which he was chosen 
 the lirst president. 
 
 "W&s'tle, "William (wos'l). A pseu- 
 donym of John Gibson Lockhart 
 (17'J4-1854), under which he contrib- 
 uted to " Blackwood's Jlagazine." 
 
 "Water -poet. A title assumed by 
 John Taylor, an English poet (1580- 
 1G54), who for a long time followed 
 the occupation of a waterman on the 
 Thames. 
 
 "Wiit'ling Street. A name ver\- gen- 
 erally given in England, during the 
 Middle Ages, to the Via Laden, or 
 "Milky Way." It occurs in Chau- 
 cer's " House of Fame," Book II.: — 
 
 " Se yondir, lo, tlip galnxie. 
 The wichp men clepc the milkv vray, 
 E<ir it is white; and some, parfny, 
 Y-callin it han it'ullun/c-strete.' 
 
 In " The Compleynt of Scotland," 
 the comet, it is said, " aperis oft in 
 the quhj't circle, the quhilk the mari- 
 nalis callis VatlunstreiV The name 
 occurs again, in the translation of the 
 "^Eneid" by Gawain Douglas: — 
 
 " Of every stcrnc the twinkling notis he, 
 That in the btill hevin move cours wo se, 
 Arthuris house, and Uyades, betaikning 
 
 ranc, 
 Walliiigi-ftrete, the Home, and the Charle- 
 
 wane, 
 Tlie fcirs Orion with his golden glavc." 
 
 This, however, was only an applica- 
 tion of the word, not its proper and 
 original meaning. The real Watling 
 Street was a road extending across 
 South Britain in a general direction 
 from east to west. Beginning at 
 Kichborough or Dover, it ran through 
 Canterbury to London, and thence 
 across the island to Chester. It is 
 yet, in some parts, an important 
 higliway, and the portion which ran 
 through London still preserves the 
 old name. Under the Britons, Wat- 
 ling Street existed as a simple forest- 
 lane or track-way; the Romans made 
 a great military Voad of it; and the 
 Anglo-Saxons adopted it, as they did 
 all the Roman roads and bridges in 
 every part of the island. 
 
 jKiT" The origin of the name is uncer- 
 tain. By some the street is siippofed to 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-xxxii. 
 25
 
 WAY 
 
 38 G WEL 
 
 have been called, in honour of yitetlius, 
 the Via (or Strata) Viteltina, of which thu 
 modern name is an Anglo-Saxon cor- 
 ruption. According to Camden, it was 
 named after Vitellianus, who directed the 
 work, and whom the Britons, in their 
 language, called Guetalin. Florence of 
 AVorcester (Chron. sub. an. 1013) derives 
 the name from the WceMings, or sons of 
 King Weetla, who, Wright says, •' was, no 
 doubt, a personage of the Anglo-Saxon 
 mythology." Grimm offers no expla- 
 nation, but merely remarks, " Who the 
 Witlings were, and how they came to give 
 their name both to an earthly and a heav- 
 enly street, we do not know." This glit- 
 tering pathway in the sky has, 'n otlier 
 countries, been called after roads on 
 earth. By the Italians, it was denomi- 
 nated the " Santa Strada dl Loretto.'^ 
 Aventin, a German writer in the sixteenth 
 century, calls it " Ei'ringstmsse," and 
 makes it belong to a mythical King Eu- 
 ring on the Danube. 
 Way'land Smitli, or "Wayland the 
 Smitii. A mythical and invisible 
 l-;^i.ner — the Volund or Wieland of 
 Korthem fable — whose name has 
 been handed down to the present 
 time by English traditions. He 
 haunted" the Vale of White-Horse, in 
 Berkshire, where three squarish flat 
 stones supporting a fourth are still 
 pointed out as his stithy. His fee 
 was sixpence, and, unlike other work- 
 men, he was offended if more was 
 offered him. Sir Walter Scott, by a 
 strange anachronism, introduces him 
 .into the romance of "Kenilworth" 
 as a living person of the reign of 
 Elizabeth. See Volund and Wie- 
 land. 
 Weeping Philosopher. An epithet 
 given to Heraclitus, a native of 
 Ephesus, who flourished about 500 
 vears b. c. He was of a gloomy and 
 melancholy disposition, and is said 
 to have been perpetually shedding 
 tears on account of the vices of man- 
 kind. 
 
 g<^ The name of Democ'ritus, the 
 laughing philosopher, being often coupled 
 with that of lleracli'tus, the weeping 
 philosopher, many speakers are apt to 
 accent the latter, incorrectly, on the sec- 
 ond syllable. 
 Weird Sisters. Three witches, in 
 Shakespeare's tragedy of " Mac- 
 beth." 
 
 1 
 
 jgg=> " The Weird Sisters are as true a 
 creation of Shakespeare's as his Ariel and 
 CaUban, — fates, furies, and materialising 
 witches being the elements. They are 
 wholly different from any representation 
 of witches in the contemporary writers, 
 and yet present a sufficient external re- 
 semblance to the creatures of vulgar prej- 
 udice to act immediately on the audience. 
 Their character consists in the imagina- 
 tive, disconnected from the good. They 
 are the shadowy obscure and fearfully 
 anomalous of physical nature, the law- 
 less of human nature, — elemental aveng- 
 ers without sex or kin." Coleridge 
 
 Weissnichtwo (vls'nikt-vo', C8, 71) 
 [Ger., I-know-not-where. Compare 
 Scot. Kennarjuhalr.] A name given, 
 in Carlvle's " Sartor Resartus," to a 
 place (probablv meant for London) 
 spoken of as containing a university 
 in which Herr Teufelsdrockh is pro- 
 fessor. See Teufelsdrockh, Heke. 
 
 Wel'ler, Samuel. Mr. Pickwick's 
 man,' in Dickens's celebrated "Pick- 
 wick Papers ; " designed as an epit- 
 ome of London low life in its most 
 agreeable and entertaining form. He 
 is an inimitable compound of wit, sim- 
 plicity, quaint humour, and fidelity, .j 
 jKg=" " The far-famed Sam Weller corre- 
 sponds to no reality. The Londoner born 
 and bred is apt to be the driest and most 
 uninteresting of beings. All things lost 
 for him the gloss of novelty when he was 
 fifteen years old. He would suit the mu- 
 seum of a nil adrnirari philosopher, as a 
 specimen, shrivelled and adust, of the ul- 
 timate result of his principle. But Dick-' 
 ens collected more jokes than aU the cab-' 
 men in London would utter in a year, 
 and bestowed the whole treasure upon 
 Sam.-' Bayne. 
 
 Wel'ler, Tony. The father of Sam 
 Weller, in Dickens's " Pickwick Pa- 
 pers;" a representative of the old 
 broad-brimmed, great-coated, m.any-, 
 waistcoated, red-faced race of Eng- 
 lish stage-coachmen. 
 
 Well-founded Doctor. [Lat. Doc- 
 tor Fundatissimus.] An honorary, 
 appellation conferred, on account of ' 
 his profound learning, upon iEgidius 
 Romanus (d. 1316), of the family of, 
 Colonna, Archbishop of Bourges, and 
 general of the Augustinians. 
 
 Well-languaged Daniel. See Dajt 
 lEL, The Well-languaged 
 
 BS- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanatioi
 
 ^YEK 
 
 5S7 
 
 Win 
 
 Werther (wer'ter, 4; Ger.pron. vvr'- 
 tii; 04, 08). The hero of Goethe's 
 sentimental romance, '• The Sorrows 
 of AVerther," in which lie portrays 
 the character of a yoimg and higlily 
 cii(l<jwed spirit who has become ilis- 
 ;i-tL'd with life. 
 
 i • •" AVerther,' infusing itself into tho 
 ^uic and whole spu'it of literature, gave 
 birth to a race of sentimentalists who have 
 raged and wailed in every part of the 
 world till better light dawned on them, or, 
 at least, exhausted nature laid itself to 
 sleep, and It was discovered that lament- 
 ing was an unproductive labour." Carlyh:. 
 
 The practical, not the sentimental, is Frinl- 
 rich's interest, not to say that ]Vertlier and the 
 sentimental were not yet bom into our atllk-t- 
 fd earth. Carli/lc. 
 
 ■Western, Miss Sophia. The sweet- 
 heart of Tom Jones, in Fielding's 
 "History of Tom Jones, a Foimd- 
 ling." 
 
 "Western, Squire. A jolly country 
 gentleman in Fielding's " History of 
 Tom Jones, a Fouudling." 
 
 ;(E3=" "Amongst these [the characters of 
 the story]. Squire Western stands alone ; 
 imitated from no prototype, and in him- 
 self an inimitable picture of ignorance, 
 prejudice, irascibihty, and rusticit}', unit- 
 ed with natural shrewdness, constitution- 
 al good-humour, and an instinctive affec- 
 tion for his daughter, — all which qual- 
 ities, good and bad, are grounded upon 
 that basis of thorough selfishness natural 
 to one bred up from infancy where no one 
 dared to contradict his arguments, or to 
 control his conduct." 6'i> W. Scott. 
 
 There now are no Squire Westerns, as of old, 
 
 And our Sophias arc not so emphatic. 
 But fair as them or fairer to behold, Byron. 
 Rants which in every thins; but diction re- 
 sembled those of <Sgw/re jres(era, Maraiilcf. 
 Conceive a rugsed, thick -sided Squire 
 We.^tem, of supremo degree, — for this S'/iiire 
 Western [Frederick William I., of I'rus.-ial is 
 a hot Ilohenzollem, and wears a crowu roy- 
 al, — conceive such a hnrly iiepiirsvitrn of a. 
 Squire, with his broad-based rectitudes and 
 surly irrefragabilities. Carhjh:. 
 
 "Western Reserve. A name popu- 
 larly given to a tract of country 
 reserved by the State of Connecticut, 
 at the time of the cession of the 
 North-west Territory to the United 
 States. Disputes arose, after the war 
 of the Revolution, between several 
 of the States, respecting the right of 
 soil in this teiritory, which were only 
 allayed by the cession of the whole 
 
 to the United States, Connecticut 
 reserving a tract of -"{.(iGOjiiiil aeries 
 near Lake Erie. In 1800, jurisdietiou 
 over this tract was reliiu|uislied to 
 the federal government, the State re- 
 serving the right to tlie soil, and dis- 
 posing of it in small lots to settlers 
 (from which sales she obtained her 
 magnilicent school-fund), while the 
 Indian titles to the rest of the soil 
 were bought up by the general gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 "Westminster, Long Meg of. Sec 
 Lo>G Meg of Wfstjiinstek. 
 
 "Westminster's Glory. See Eno- 
 
 LANU'S PkIDE AND WeSTMINSTKH'^S 
 
 Gloky. 
 
 "Weffi'er-ell, Elizabeth. A pseudo- 
 nym adopted by Bliss Susan A\'ar- 
 ner, an American writer of the lu-cs- 
 ent day, author of " The Wide,"\Vide 
 World" and other works. 
 
 "Whar'ton, Eliza (-tn). The heroine 
 of a novel of the same name, founded 
 on fiict, by Mr.s. Hannah Foster, an 
 American authoress. 
 
 "Whar'ton, Grace (-tn). A pscndo- 
 uym adopted by Mrs. Anthony Todd 
 Thomson (nee Katharine Byerley), a 
 popular and voluminous author of 
 the present day. 
 
 "Whar'ton, Philip (-tn). A pseu- 
 donym adopted by J. P. Thomson, 
 a popidar English author. 
 
 "Whirling Kocks. See SYjirLEc;- 
 
 ADES. 
 
 "WWs'ker-an'dos, Don Pe-r61o. 
 The lover of Tilburina, in Sheridan's 
 farce of " The Critic." 
 
 I dare sav I blushed: for I . . . had chris- 
 tened lum t)on Ferolo Whiskerandos. 
 
 Tliackeriii/. 
 
 "Whiskey Insurrection. {Amcr. 
 Ilht.) A name given to an outbreak 
 in Western I'ennsjdvania, in 17!)4, 
 resulting from an attempt to enforce 
 an excise law passed in 17'Jl, which 
 imposed duties on domestic distilled 
 liquors. The insurrection spread into 
 the border counties of Virginia, and 
 called forth two iirotlamations from 
 President Washington, which had no 
 effect. It w\as linally sujjpressed by 
 
 and for the Bcmarka and Kules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. ziv-xxxli.
 
 WHI 
 
 388 
 
 will 
 
 General Henry Lee, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, witli an armed force. 
 
 "Wliistlecraft, "William and Robert. 
 
 A 7i<)7)i de plume of John Hookham 
 Frere(1769-184G), an English author 
 and statesman. 
 
 White Devil of ■Wallacliia. A so- 
 briquet given by the Turks, to whom 
 he was a great terror, to George Cas- 
 triota (1404-1407), a celebrated Al- 
 banian chief, commonly called Scan- 
 derbeg, that is, Bey, or Prince, Alex- 
 ander. 
 
 "White House. In the United btates, 
 a name popularly given to the ex- 
 ecutive, or presidential, mansion, at 
 Washington, which is a large build- 
 ing of freestone, painted white. 
 
 "White Lady of Av'e-nel. A kind 
 of tutelary spirit protecting the for- 
 tunes of a noble family in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel, " The Monastery." 
 
 Noon gleams on the lake, 
 
 Noon glows on the fell; 
 Wake thee, oh, wake, 
 
 White Maid o(Avencl. 
 
 Sir IF. Scott. 
 
 "White Rose. A common designation 
 of the house of York, from its emblem, 
 which was a white rose. See Waks 
 OF THE Roses. 
 
 "White Rose of Ra'by. Cecily, wife 
 of Richard, Duke of York, and mother 
 of Edward IV. and Richard III. ; — so 
 called in allusion to her private char- 
 acter, as well as to the distinguishing 
 colour of the Yorkists in the Wars of 
 the Roses. She was the youngest 
 of twenty-one children. A novel of 
 some popularity entitled " The White 
 Rose of Raby " was published in 
 1794. 
 
 Whit'ting-ton, Dick. The hero of 
 a famous old legend, in which he is 
 represented as a poor orphan boy 
 from the country, -who went to Lon- 
 don, where, after undergoing many 
 hardships, he attracted the notice and 
 compassion of a rich merchant, who 
 gave him a situation in his family as 
 an assistant to the cook. Here he led 
 a miserable life, abused by the cook, 
 and sleeping in the garret, which 
 was overrun with rats and mice. At 
 length, having obtained a penny, he 
 
 purchased a cat. His master, shortly 
 after, being about to send a ship to 
 sea, gave all the servants permission 
 to send a venture in her. Dick had 
 nothing to risk but his cat, and sent 
 her. Th» ship was driven to the 
 coast of Barbary, where the master 
 and chief mate M'ere invited to court. 
 At an entertainment given to them 
 by the king, rats and mice swarmed 
 over the tables, and disputed with 
 the guests possession of the banquet. 
 The captain thereupon sent for Dick's 
 cat, Avhich, being produced, made a 
 terrible havock among the vermin, 
 and was gladly purchased by the 
 king at a very high price. With the 
 money thus acquired, Dick com- 
 menced business, and succeeded so 
 well that he finally married his former 
 master's daughter, was knighted, and 
 became lord maj'or of London. This 
 tradition has probably no foundation 
 in fact, though there was a real Sir 
 Richard Whittington, who was thrice 
 mayor of London in the reign of 
 Henry V. 
 
 .Ogr According to Mr. 11. T. Riley (" Rc- 
 rum Britannicarum Medil iEvi Scrip- 
 tores, Munimenta Gildhallas Londioen- 
 sis," vol. i., ^^ Liber Albus," Preface, p. 
 xviii.), in the fourteenth century and 
 the beginning of the fifteenth, trading, 
 or buying and .selling at a profit, was 
 known to the more educated classes ia 
 England under the French name achat, 
 which they wrote, and probably pro- 
 nounced, acat. To acat of this nature, 
 Whittington was indebted for his wealth ; 
 and as, in time, the French became dis- 
 placed by the modern English, the mean- 
 ing of the word probably was lost, and 
 thereby opportunity was given to some 
 inventive genius, at a much later period, 
 of building a new story upon the double 
 meaning of an obsolete word. By Sir 
 William Ouseley, the story is said to bo 
 founded on an Oriental narrative ; and it 
 is related in a Persian MS., according to 
 Ilalliwell, that, in the tenth century, one 
 Keis, the son of a poor widow of Siraf, 
 embarked for India with his sole property, 
 a cat ; there he fortunately arrived at a 
 time when the palace was so infested by 
 mice or rats that they invaded the king's 
 food, and persons were employed to drive 
 them from the royal banquet. This cat 
 was useful in the same manner as Whit- 
 tington's, and its owner was similarly re- i 
 warded. In a " Description of Guinea," i 
 
 For the " Key to the Scheme of rronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations, I
 
 WIG 
 
 380 
 
 WIL 
 
 1665, it is recorded '■ how Alphonso, a 
 Portuguese, being wrecked on the coast 
 of Quiuney, and being presented by the 
 Icing thereof with his weight in gold for 
 :i cat to kill their mice and an oyntment 
 to kill their flies, which he improved, 
 witliin five years, to £6000 on the jilacc, 
 and returning to I'ortugal, after fifteen 
 years traffick, became the third man in 
 the kingdom." See further in ICeight- 
 lev's "Tales and Popular Fictions," pp. 
 241-266. 
 "Wicked Bible. A name given to an 
 edition of the Bible published in lGo2 
 by Barker and Lucas, because the 
 ■word nut was omitted in the seventh 
 commandment. The printers were 
 called before the High Commission, 
 lined heavily, and the -whole impres- 
 sion destroyed. 
 _"Wick'field, Agnes. The heroine of 
 Dickens's " David Copperfield," one 
 of the most charming female charac- 
 ters in the whole range of fiction. 
 
 "Wieland (vee'lant, 56, 68). A famous 
 Northern smith ; the same as VOlund. 
 See VoLUND and Wayland Smith. 
 4®=" In a contest with a smith named 
 Amilias, as to who would manufacture 
 the best sword, he clove Amilias down to 
 the waist with a blade of such sharpness 
 that it cut through steel helmet and ar- 
 mour and body, and yet AmiUas did not 
 feel it ; but, on attempting to rise from 
 )iis seat, he discovered its effects by fall- 
 ing asunder. This sword was caUed Bal- 
 mung. 
 
 "Wife of Bath (2), One of the pilgrims 
 who are represented by Chaucer in 
 his " Canterbury Tales " as travelling 
 from Soiithwark to Canterbury, and 
 each relating a story on the road for 
 the common amusement. The " Wife 
 of Bath's Tale" seems to have been 
 taken from that of Horent, or Floren- 
 lius {q. v.), in Gower's "Confessio 
 Amantis;" or perhaps from an older 
 narrative in the " Gesta Romanorum," 
 or some such collection, from which 
 the story of Florent was borrowed. 
 
 Oh, she is well attended, madam, replied the 
 dame, who, from her jolly and laughter-loving 
 demeanour, nii};ht have Deeu the very cmblcni 
 of the Wife of Jiuth. Sir W.Scott. 
 
 "Wife ot Keith, "Wise. See Wise 
 WiFK OF Keith. 
 
 Wild, Jonathan. A notorious Eng- 
 lish robber, who was executed in 
 
 1725. lie is chieily known to readers 
 of the j)rescnt day as the hem i.<\' 
 Fielding's novel, " The History of 
 Jonathan AVild." 
 
 J3®^ ''In that strange apologun, the 
 author takes for .a hero the greatest ras- 
 cal, coward, traitor, tyrant, hyiiocrite, 
 that his wit and experience, both" large in 
 this matter, could enable him to devise 
 or depict ; lie accompanies this villain 
 through .'ill the actions of his life, with a 
 grinning deference and a wonderful mock 
 respect, and does not leave him till he is 
 dangling at the gallows, when the satirist 
 makes him a low bow, and wishes the 
 scoundrel good-day." Tharkeray. '■ It 
 is not easy to see what Fielding proposed 
 to himself by a picture of complete vice, 
 unrelieved by any thing of human feel- 
 ing, and never, by any accident even, de- 
 viating into virtue ; and the ascribing .a 
 train of fictitious adventures to a real 
 character h.as in it something clumsy and 
 inartificial on the one hand, and, on the 
 other, subjects the author to a suspicion 
 that he only used the title of ' Jonathan 
 Wild ' in order to connect liis book with 
 tlie popular renown of that infamous 
 depredator." Sir W. Scott. "It has 
 been justly remarked by Blr. Murphy, 
 that Fielding wrote ' The llistory of .Jon- 
 athan Wild' for a noble purpose, and 
 one of the highest importance to society. 
 A satire like this strips off the spurious 
 ornaments of hypocrisy, shows the beau- 
 ty of the moral character, and will always 
 be worthy the attention of the reader who 
 desires to rise wiser or better from the 
 book ho peruses." Roscoc. 
 
 "Wildair, Sir Harry. The hero of 
 Farquhar's comedy of the .same name, 
 and also of his " Constant Couple." 
 He is represented as an airy gentle- 
 man, aft'ecting lunnourous gayety and 
 great freedom in his behaviour, but 
 not altogether profligate or unfeeling. 
 
 "Wild Boar of Ardennes (af'den', 
 or ar'den). [Fr. Lc Saiif/He)- des Ar- 
 dennes.] A st>briquet given to Wil- 
 liam, Count of La Marck (d. 1485), on 
 account of his ferocity and the div 
 light he took in haunting the forest 
 of Ardennes. According to Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott, who introduces him into 
 " Quentin Durward," he was remark- 
 able for an unusual thickness and 
 projection of the mouth and u])per 
 jaw, and for huge protruding side- 
 teeth, which gave him a hideous and 
 brutal expression of countenance. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after ecrtaiu words refer, see pp. ilv-xxiii.
 
 WIL 
 
 390 
 
 WIL 
 
 Wild Boy, The. A savage creature 
 found, iu November, 1725, in the 
 forest of Hertswold, Hanover, and 
 supposed to be at that time about 
 thirteen j'cars old. He was accus- 
 tomed to walk on all fours, and would 
 .climb trees like a squirrel. His food 
 consisted of wild plants, leaves, grass, 
 moss, and the bark of trees. Many 
 efforts were made to reform his sav- 
 age habits, but with little success, nor 
 could he be taught to utter one dis- 
 tinct syllable. He commonly went 
 by the name of Peter. His death 
 took place in February, 1785. 
 
 "Wildfire, Madge. The sobriquet of 
 a prominent character in Sir Walter 
 Scott's novel, " The Heart of IMid- 
 Lothian," whose real name is given 
 as Margaret Murdockson. She is 
 described as having been a beautiful, 
 but very vain and giddy girl, crazed 
 by seduction and the murder of her 
 infant, and exhibiting in an exag- 
 gerated degree those weaknesses of 
 character to which she owed her 
 misery. 
 
 Wild Huntsman. [Fr. ie Grand 
 Vtneui; Ger. Be?' Wilde Jdger.'] The 
 subject of a popular and widely dif- 
 fused tradition concerning a strange 
 and spectral hunter who appears liv 
 night, surrounded by dogs, and some- 
 times with a train of attendants, driv- 
 ing on the chase. The well-known 
 cheer of the hunter, the cry of his 
 hounds, and the tramp of his horse's 
 feet, are distinctly audible. The su- 
 perstition probably has its origin in 
 the many and various strange sounds 
 which are heard in the depths of a 
 forest during the silence of the night. 
 In Germany, this tradition has been 
 made the subject of a ballad b}^ 
 Burger, entitled " Der Wilde -Jiiger," 
 which has been translated into Eng- 
 lish by Sir Walter Scott, under the 
 name of " The Wild Himtsman.' ' In 
 this poem, the hunter is represented 
 not as driving, but as himself driven 
 by the Devil, from whom he seeks to 
 escape. The French have a similar 
 tradition concerning an aerial hunter 
 who infests the forest of Fontaine- 
 bleau. Some account of him may be 
 found in Sully's " JMemoirs," in which 
 
 he is style>- Le Grand Veneur. Father 
 Matthieu relates, that the shepherds 
 of the neighbourhood hold it to be 
 the hunt of St. Hubert, which is also 
 heard in other places. The super- 
 stition would seem to be quite general. 
 In a Scottish poem entitled " Alba- 
 nia," there is a poetical description 
 of this phantom chase. In England, 
 the tradition seems to have estab- 
 lished itself under the figure oiHerne 
 the Hunter, as in Shakespeare's 
 " Merry AVives of Windsor." 
 
 Wil'kins, Peter. The hero of a 
 work entitled " The Voyage of Peter 
 Wilkins," written by Eobert Pui- 
 tock, about the year 1750. He is a 
 mariner, who, like Kobinson Crusoe, 
 is thrown on a distant uninhabited 
 shore, after midergoing various ca- 
 lamities at sea, and who is furnished 
 with stores, utensils, and provisions, 
 from the wreck of the ship in whicli 
 he sailed. His solitary abode is in a 
 beautiful twilight country frequented 
 by a race of flying people, or beings 
 provided with a sort of elastic natural 
 investment which will open and shut 
 at pleasure, thus furnishing the pos 
 sessor with wings or a dress, accord- 
 ing to the requirement of the moment. 
 
 g:^ " The hero's name was most likely 
 suggested by that of a celebrated advo- 
 cate of the possibility of iiying, — Wil- 
 kins, Bishop of Chester." Leii^h Hunt 
 
 I car.iiot image to myself whereabout yoii 
 arc. Wheu I try to fix it, Peter Wilkhis's isl- 
 and comes across me. Charles Zainb. 
 
 Willet, John. A burly and ob-stinate 
 English country innkeeper of the last 
 century, who figures in Dickens's 
 novel of " Barnaby Rudge." 
 
 William of Cloudeslie. A famous 
 Xorth-country archer celebrated in an 
 old " popular history," and in a poem 
 which has been reprinted by Ilitson 
 and by Percy. 
 
 Williams, Caleb. The title of a novelB 
 
 by William Godwin (1756-1836), anSJ 
 
 the name of its hero. 
 Will-witli-the-Wisp. Another nam& 
 
 for Jack-with-the-Laniern, q. v. 
 Wil'mot. 1. A character in Lillo's 
 
 "Fatal Curiosity." 
 2. (Arabella.) A lady belovei 
 
 e3~ For the "Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," -with the accompanying ExplanatioBSi
 
 ■WIL 
 
 391 
 
 WIN 
 
 by George Primrose, in Goldsmith's 
 "Vicar of Wakctiuld." 
 Wil'mot Proviso. (Amer. Hist.) 
 A name popularly given in America 
 to an amendment to a bill placing 
 ?-2,000,000 at the disposition of Pres- 
 ident Polk to negotiate a peace Avith 
 Mexico. It Avas introduced in the 
 national house of representatives, on 
 the 8th of August, 184G, by the Hon. 
 David Wilmot, a Democratic repre- 
 sentative from Pennsylvania, and 
 was in these -words: "Provided, 
 that, as an express and fundamen- 
 tal condition to the acquisition of 
 any territory from the republic of 
 Mexico by the United States, by 
 virtue of any treaty' which may be 
 negotiated between them, and to the 
 use by the executive of the moneys 
 herein appropriated, neither slavery 
 nor involuntary servitude shall ever 
 exist in any part of said territory, 
 except for crime, whereof the party 
 shall first be duly convicted." The 
 bill with this amendment attached 
 was passed in the house by a vote of 
 87 yeas to Gi nays, but failed in the 
 senate in consequence of the arrival 
 of the hour for the final adjournment 
 of the session before a vote could be 
 reached. At the next session of con- 
 prress (1846-47), a bill appropriating 
 $3,000,000 for the same puriiose as be- 
 fore had a similar provision affixed to 
 it by the senate, but was rejected in 
 the house by a vote of 102 to 97. 
 On the tennination of the war, the 
 practical question involved in the 
 Wilmot Proviso, whether the intro- 
 duction of slavery should be allowed 
 or prohibited in the territories newly 
 acquired from Mexico, became the 
 source of great agitation throughout 
 the countrj'. 
 "Wimble, Will. The name of a cel- 
 ebrated character in the " Spectator," 
 distinguished for his delightful sim- 
 plicity and good-humoured officious- 
 ness. He is said to have been in- 
 tended for a Mr. Thomas IMorecroft, 
 Avho died at Dublin, July 2, 1741. 
 ■Wimbledon, Philosoplier of. See 
 
 PmLosoriiKit OF Wi.muledox. 
 "Wintle, Mr. Nathaniel (wingk'l). 
 One of the club, in Dickens's " Pick- 
 
 wick Papers ; " represented as a cock- 
 ney pretender to sporting skill. 
 
 "Win'kle, Rip Van (wingk'l). The 
 name of one of the Dutch colonists 
 of New York, whose adventures 
 are related in Washington Irving's 
 " Sketch-book." He is represented 
 as having met a strange man with 
 a keg of liquor in a ravine of the 
 Kaatskill Moinitains, and as having 
 obligingly assisted him to cany the 
 load to a wild retreat among the 
 rocks, where he found a company of 
 odd-looking personages playing at 
 ninepins, with the gravest of faces 
 and in the most mysterious silence. 
 His awe and apprehension having by 
 degrees subsided, he ventured, when 
 no eye was fixed on him, to steal a 
 taste of the beverage which he had 
 helped the strange man bring along. 
 He repeated the draught so often that 
 at length his senses were overpow- 
 ered, and he fell into a deep sleep, 
 which, strange to say, lasted for 
 twenty years,"though they seemed to 
 him but as one night. Meanwhile, 
 remarkable events had taken place: 
 his wife had died, his daughter was 
 married, his former cronies were dead, 
 or scattered, or much the worse for 
 the wear and tear of time; and, more 
 than all, there had been a war of 
 revolution, the colonies had thrown 
 ott' the 3'oke of the mother countrj-, 
 and were now known as the United 
 States of America. See Epimeni- 
 ])Es; Klaus, Peter; and Sleei»- 
 ixG Beauty in the Wood. 
 
 "Winter King. A title derisively 
 given to Frederick V., elector palatine 
 U596-1632), who was elected king 
 of Bohemia by the Protestants, in 
 1619, and was defeated, and his reign 
 brought to an end, in 1620. 
 
 jBSf " Wliat kind of a ' King of Bohe- 
 mia ' this Fricdrich made, . . . and what 
 sea of troubles he and his entered iuto, 
 we know: the ' Winter- Kii nig'' (Winter 
 King, fallen in times of frost, or built of 
 mere frost, a siioic-king altogether solublo 
 again) is the name he gets in German 
 Histories." Carlyle. 
 
 Winter Queen. A mocking appel- 
 lation given to Elizabeth, daughter 
 of James I. of England, and wife of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 WIS 
 
 392 
 
 WIZ 
 
 Frederick, elector palatine. See su- 
 pra. 
 
 Wise Men of Gotham. See Go- 
 tham. 
 
 Wise Men of Greece, The Seven. 
 See Seven Wise Men of Gkeece. 
 
 Wise Men of the East. See Magi, 
 The Three; also, Cologne, The 
 Three Kings of. 
 
 Wise Wife of Keith. A popular 
 designation given to one Agnes Sinip- 
 son,"or Sampson, a Scottish woman 
 executed about the latter part of the 
 sixteenth century for witchcraft, and 
 especially for taking part in an al- 
 leged conspiracy against the life of 
 the king, James VI. See Scott's 
 " Letters on Demonology and Witch- 
 craft," Letter IX. 
 
 Wishfort, Lady. A character in Con- 
 greve's comedy, " The Way of the 
 World;" distinguished for her mix- 
 ture of wit and ridiculous vanity. 
 
 Witchfinder General. A title as- 
 sumed by one Matthew Hopkins, an 
 impudent and cruel wretch, who, for 
 three or four years previous to 1G47, 
 travelled through the counties of 
 Essex, Sussex, Norfolk, and Hunting- 
 don (in England), pretending to dis- 
 cover witches, superintending their 
 examination by the most unheard- 
 of tortures, and compelling them to 
 admit and confess matters e([ually 
 absurd and impossible, the issue of 
 which was the forfeiture of their lives. 
 /JtS" At first the current of popular 
 feeling was strongly with Hopkius ; but at 
 length it set against him with such vio- 
 lence, that he was seized and subjected to 
 his own favourite test of swimming, and, 
 happening to float, was convicted of 
 witclicraft, and put to death. He has 
 been pilloried by Butler in "Iludibras" 
 (Part II., canto '3). 
 
 Witch of Atlas. The heroine of 
 Shelley's poem of the same title. 
 
 Witch of Balwery, The Great. 
 See Great Witch of Balweky. 
 
 Witch of Ed'm6n-t6n. The heroine 
 of a tragi-comedy of the same name 
 by William Rowley, assisted by Ford 
 and Dekker. It was published in 
 1658. 
 
 Witch of Endor. A divining woman 
 consulted by King Saul, wlien, hav 
 ing become disheartened and dis- 
 couraged by the general defection of 
 his .subjects, and being conscious of 
 his own unworthy and ungrateful dis- 
 obedience, he despaired of obtain- 
 ing counsel and assistance from the 
 offended Deity, who had previously 
 communicated with him through his 
 prophets. At the direction of Saul, 
 she called up the spirit of Samuel, 
 who foretold the defeat and death of 
 the king. 
 
 With'ring-t6n, Roger. A gallant 
 squire celebrated in the ballad of 
 "Chevy Chase." His legs having 
 been smitten otf, he continued to light 
 " upon his stumps." [Written also 
 W i d d r i n g 1 n.] 
 
 Some stone saints were brought on their 
 marrow-bones, like old Widdrinytun at Chevy 
 Chase. Hir W. Bcott. 
 
 Witling of Terror. A nickname 
 given to Bertrand Barere (or Bar- 
 rere), in the time of the first French 
 Revolution. See Anaceeon of this 
 Guillotine. 
 
 But though Barere succeeded in earning 
 the honourable nicknames of the Witlinr/ of 
 Ten-or and the Anacreon of the Guillotine, 
 there was one place where it was long re- 
 membered to his disadvantage that he liad, 
 for a time, talked the language of humanity 
 and moderation. Macmday. 
 
 Wit'would, Sir Wilfiil (wit'wood). 
 A character in Congreve's comedy, 
 "The Way of the Worid." 
 
 Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, Sir 
 Wilful Witii'Dvld, Sir Francis Wronghcid, 
 Squire Western, Squire Sullen, — such were 
 the people who composed the main strength 
 of the Tory party for sixty years after the 
 Revolution. Macaulai/. 
 
 Wizard of the Worth. A name oft- 
 en given to Sir Walter Scott (1771- 
 1832), in allusion to the extraordinary 
 charm and descriptive power of his 
 writings, which excited unbounded 
 enthusiasm on their first appearance, 
 and which still retain a large meas- 
 ure of their original popularity. 
 
 ;KS=- " Sir Walter Scott earned the titlo 
 of ' Wizard of the North ' by the magic 
 power which reproduced old Scotland, 
 refought its battles, remounted its steel- 
 harnessed warriors, re-enacted its Border 
 feuds, repeopled its Highlands, restored 
 the dark days of its Covenanters, revived 
 
 .1 
 
 OS" For the " Key to the Scheme of Fronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 AVOD 
 
 393 
 
 WUO 
 
 its by -gone superstitions, raised Claver- 
 Uouse and his troopers from the dead." 
 Christ. Examiner. 
 
 Wo'den. (Jfyth.) The German and 
 Anglo -Saxon form of Odin. See 
 Ouix. 
 
 "Wolfland. A nickname sometimes 
 rriven to Ireland, in the time of Wil- 
 liam III., in consequence of a preva- 
 lent belief that wolves abounded there 
 to an extraordinary extent. 
 
 "Wolverine State. The State of 
 Michigan ; — pojuilarly so called from 
 its abounding with wolverines. 
 
 "Wonderful Doctor. [Lat. Doctor 
 Jlirabilis.] Roger Bacon, a cele- 
 brated philoso))her and mathemati- 
 cian of the thirteenth century; — so 
 named on account of his extensive 
 knowledge. [Called also Admirable, 
 Doctor.'] See Admirable Doctoi;. 
 
 "Wonderful Parliament. {Enri. 
 Hist.) The name given to a parlia- 
 ment which met on the 3d of Febru- 
 ar}-, 1388, and which, by playing into 
 the hands of the Duke of Gloucester, 
 thwarted an attempt made by the 
 king (Richard II.) to assume the 
 reins of government in fact as well as 
 in seeming. 
 
 "Wood, Babes, or Children, in the. 
 See Children in the Wood. 
 
 "Wood, Babes of the. See Baees 
 OF THE Wood. 
 
 "Wooden Horse. ( Gr. ^- Rom. Miith.) 
 A monstrous image of a horse, made 
 of wood and tilled with Greeks, 
 which the Trojans were induced to 
 take into their city by the artful rep- 
 resentations of Sinon, a pretended 
 deserter from the Grecian army, who 
 asserted that it had been constructed 
 as an atonement for the stealing of 
 the Palladium b}' Ulysses and Dio- 
 med, and that, if the Trojans should 
 venture to destroy it, Troy would fall, 
 but if, on the contrary, they were to 
 draw it with their own hands into the 
 citj-, they would gain the supremacy 
 over the Greeks. Though warned, 
 by Laocoon, Calchas, and Cassandra, 
 that he was an impostor, the Trojans 
 took the advice of Sinon, and drew 
 the horse within the walls. In the 
 
 night, Sinon stole forth and imlocked 
 a concealed door in the horse, and the 
 Greeks, rushing out, ojirncd liu' city- 
 gates to their Iriends waiting without, 
 who poured in, and thus gained jios- 
 session of Troy. 
 
 "Worldly-'Wiseman, Mr. One of 
 the characters in Buiiyan's " I'il- 
 grim's Progress," who converses 
 with Christian by the way, and en- 
 deavours to deter him from proceed- 
 ing on his journey. See Christian. 
 
 "Worthies, The Nine. Famous per- 
 sonages often alluded to, and classed 
 together, rather in an arbitrarj- man- 
 ner, like the Seven Wonders of the 
 World, the Seven Wise Men of 
 Greece, &c. They have been countetl 
 up in the following manner : — 
 
 fl. Ilcctor, son of 
 Priam . 
 
 2. Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 3. .Tulius Oxsar. 
 
 4. Joshua, con- 
 queror of Ca- 
 naan . 
 
 5- David, king of 
 Israel. 
 
 6. Judas Macea- 
 ba^us. 
 
 7. Artluir, king of 
 Britain. 
 
 8. Charlemagne. 
 
 9. Gnafi'py ■ of 
 Bouillon. 
 
 In Shakespeare's "Love's Labour's 
 Lost," a. v., sc. 2, Hercules and Pom- 
 pey appear as two of the Nine Wor- 
 thies. 
 
 Ay, there ■were some present thnt were the 
 yinc Worthies to liim, i' faith. XVn Jniison. 
 
 "Wray, Enoch (ra). The "Village 
 Patriarch," in Crabbe's poem of that 
 name. He is rej^resented as having 
 numbered a hundred years, and as 
 being poor and blind; but he has be- 
 come the chronicle of his neighbour- 
 hood, and is reverenced by all for his 
 meek resignation, his wisdom, and his 
 elevated piety. 
 
 "Wronghead, Sir Francis. A char- 
 actor in Colley Gibber's comedy of 
 " The Provoked Husband." 
 
 "Wu-o'ta.n. (Myth.) The same as 
 Odin, or Wodei'i. See Odin. 
 
 TuREE Gentiles. 
 
 Thuee Jews. 
 
 Three CnRiSTi.\NS. 
 
 and for the Remarks and Kulea to which the numbers after certain words refer, sec pp. xiv-zzzii.
 
 XAN 
 
 394 
 
 YGG 
 
 X. 
 
 Xan'a-du (zan'ri-doo). The name of 
 a t-ity meiiti(iiu;d in Coleridge's poein 
 of " Kubla Khan." It is an altered 
 Ibrm of Xaimlu, the residence; of the 
 Khan Kublai, as given in rin-ehas's 
 "Pilgrimage," from which book the 
 idea of the poem was derived. 
 
 Xan-tip'pe. [Gr. Safeinnri.'] The 
 wile of Socrates, the famous Grecian 
 jihilosopher; so notorious ateri.iagant 
 that her name has passed into a ju'ov- 
 
 crb. [Written also, less usually, but 
 more correctly, Xanthippe.] 
 
 Xavier (zav'i-5r; Fi: pron. zS've^it'). 
 A nom de 2)lume of Joseph Xavier 
 Boniface (b. 1797), a popular Frenili 
 writer. See Saimtink. 
 
 Xu'ry (zu'ry, 9). A INIoresco boy, in 
 De Foe's romance of " Itobinson Cru- 
 soe ;" servant to Crusoe. 
 
 Xiirii nnd Friday . . . can never be to him 
 the realities they once were. Macaulan^ 
 
 Y. 
 
 Ya'lioo. A name given by Swift, in 
 his satirical romance entitled " Trav- 
 els into several Ecmote Nations of 
 the World, by Lemuel Gulliver," to 
 one of a race of brutes having the 
 form and all the vices of man. The 
 Yahoos are represented as being sub- 
 ject to the Ilouyhnhnms, or horses 
 endowed with reason. See Hou- 
 
 YIINIINMS. 
 
 Art thou the first who did the coast explore? 
 
 Did never i'alwo tread that ground before? 
 
 Fo/X!. 
 
 The filtliiest and most spiteful Yalino of tlie 
 fiction was a iiohU^ crputiirc when eomparod 
 with tlie Barreru of hiatory. MacauUiij. 
 
 Yama (yS'mfi). [Sanslc, a twin.] 
 (Hindu Rfytli) A lierco and terrible 
 deity, the lord of hell and tiic tor- 
 mentor of the wicked ; originally 
 conceived of as one of the lirst pair 
 from whom the human race is de- 
 scended, and the beneficent sovereign 
 of his descendants in the abodes of 
 the blest. He is r(|ircscuted as of a 
 green colour, with inflamed eyes, sit- 
 ting on a buffalo, clothed in red gar- 
 ments, a crown on his head, and a 
 club in his hand. 
 
 Yar'i-co. See Inkle, Mr. Thomas. 
 
 Yellow Dwarf. [Fr. Ze N(tin Jaime.'] 
 A hideous pygmy who figures in a 
 fairy tale originally written in French 
 
 by the Countess d'Aunoy (1650- 
 1705). He was so called on account 
 of his complexion, and his living in 
 an orange-tree. lie abducts a beau- 
 tiful princess, and stabs her lover, 
 whom chance has thrown into his 
 power, before her eyes, whereupon 
 •she expires from excess of grief. 
 
 Yellow Jack. Among sailors, a com- 
 mon persduification of the yellow le- 
 ver. Althiiugh used as ajiroper name, 
 it is probable that (he original mean- 
 ing of the appellation was nothing 
 more than ytllow jUiij, a Hag being 
 termed a. jack by seamen, and yelloio 
 being the colour of that customarilv 
 dis]>la3X'd from lazarettos, or naval 
 hospitals, and from vessels in quaran- 
 tine. 
 
 Yel'16w-ley, Trip-tol'e-mus. An 
 agricultural enthusiast, of mixed 
 Scottish and Yorkshire blood, who 
 figures in Sir Walter Scott's novel, 
 " The Pirate." 
 
 Yellow "Water. Sec Paiuzade. 
 
 Yen'dya, Syd'ney. A literary namo 
 adopted by Sydney Dobell (b. 1824), 
 an English poet of the present day. 
 Yendys is merely S/jdneij reversed 
 
 Ygg'drS-sil. (Scand. Jilyfh.) An ash- 
 tree, called " the tree of the uni-" 
 verse," under which the gods assem 
 
 CXS- For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," irith the oceompanying Explanations
 
 YGU 
 
 395 
 
 YOU 
 
 blc CYcrj- day in council. Its branches 
 spread over the whole world, and 
 tower up above the heavens. It has 
 three roots, one of which reaches to 
 the Asir, another to the (VonL-tciants 
 where was fbrnicrly Ginnunna-,!j,aii, 
 and the third stands over Nitiheim. 
 See NiDiioGG and Norns. 
 
 '£'-guerne' (4). Another spelling of 
 Jfjerua. See Igekn.v. 
 
 Ymir (ee'mcf). (Scand. Myth.) The 
 lirst of all beings, a giant and the 
 progenitor of the giant race. He was 
 slain byOdin, Vili, and Ve, and from 
 his body the world was eonstructetl. 
 lie is a type of chaos. FWritteu also 
 Ymer.] 
 
 Yor'ick. 1. The king of Denmark's 
 jester, mentioned in Shakespeare's 
 '' Hamlet," a. v., sc. 1. Hamlet, pick- 
 ing up his skull in a church-yard, 
 apostrophises it, moralising upon 
 death and the base uses to M-liich we 
 may return. 
 
 2. A humourous and careless par- 
 son, in Sterne's famous novel of 
 ''Tristram Siuiiidy;" represented as 
 of Danish origin, and a descendant 
 of the Yorick celebrated by Shake- 
 speare. 
 
 iKS^ " Yorick, the lively, witty, sensi- 
 tive, and heedless panson, is the woll- 
 known iiersonilicatioa of Stfrne himself, 
 and, undoubtedly, — like every portrait; 
 of himself drawn by a master of the art, — 
 bore a strong resemblance to the original. 
 Still, liowever, there are shades of sim- 
 plicity thrown into the character of Yor- 
 ick which did not exist iu that of Sterne. 
 We cannot believe that the jests of the 
 latter were so void of malice prepense, or 
 that liis satire Howed entirely out of hon- 
 esty of mind and mere jocundity of hu- 
 mour." Sir W. Scon. 
 
 Yorke, Oliver. The name assumed 
 by the editor of " Fraser's Maga- 
 zine," when it was first started. 
 
 Thou too, niiraculnus Entity, Hint namest 
 thyself Vui-kK and Oliiei-. unci, with thv vi- 
 vacities and genialities, with tli.v uU-too Irish 
 mirth and iriadncsu, and odour ot' palled puncli 
 makest such Btrange work, farewell; lon^; as 
 thou canst, fare-wcH.' t'arhjk. 
 
 Young America. A popular collec- 
 tive name for American youth, or a 
 personilieation of their supposed char- 
 acteristics. 
 
 ;(Kg~ " What wo call ' Young America ' 
 i.s made up of about equal parts of irrev- 
 erence, conceit, and that popular moral 
 quality familiarly known as • brass.' ■' 
 
 J. O. Holtnnd. 
 Young Chevalier. A title popular- 
 ly given to Charles Edward Stuart, 
 grandson of James II., and a claim- 
 ant for the crown of England. He 
 is otherwise known as the Younger 
 I'reteuder. See PKETiiNUKits, Tiiic. 
 
 Young England. A collective des- 
 ignation given some thirty years ago 
 til a number of ])Crsons of rank and 
 character in England, who attempted 
 to give a new form and application 
 to Tory princii)les. One of their 
 chief aims was tiie revival of the man- 
 ners of medi;eval times, whicli they 
 held to have been destroyed or great- 
 ly changed and injured by the growth 
 of a commercial spirit among the 
 higher classes. Their cry was, — 
 "Let wealth and commerce, law.-i and Icai-n- 
 iu;;;, die, 
 But give us back our old nobility." 
 
 Ld. John 3ftmncrs. 
 
 JUQT " Young England was gentlemanly 
 and cleanly, its leaders being of the patri- 
 cian order ; and it looked to the Middle 
 Ages for patterns of conduct. Its chiefs 
 wore white waistcoats, gave red cloalvs and 
 broken meat to old women, and would 
 have lopped olf three hundred years 
 from Old England's life, by ]iushing her 
 back to the early days of lieury VHI. 
 . . . Some of the cleverest of the younger 
 members of the aristocracy belonged to 
 the new organisation, and a great genius 
 [B. Disraeli] wrote some delightful novels 
 to show their imrpose, and to illustrate 
 their manner ofhow-not-to-do-it in grap- 
 pling with the gi-and social fjuestions of 
 the age. . . . Young England went out 
 as soberly and steadily as it had lived. 
 The select few who had composed it died 
 like gentlemen, and were as polite as 
 I.i0rd Ohcstorfielil in the act of death. 
 Some of them turned Whigs, and have 
 held office under Ix)rd Pahnerston ; and 
 others are Tories, and expect to hold office 
 under Lord Derby, when ho shall form 
 his third ministry." C. C. Hn'.iwcll. 
 
 Young Europe. An association or- 
 ganised April 15, 1834, by delegates 
 from the various national leagues, 
 '■ Young Italy," " Young Switzer- 
 land," &.C., on the basis of the jiolit- 
 ical, social, and religious views ad- 
 vanced by Mazzini, and with the 
 
 and for the Bcmarka and Bulcs to which the numbers otter certain words refer, ecc pp. ziv-xxzii.
 
 YOU 
 
 396 
 
 YVE 
 
 avowed design of exciting the na- 
 tions of Europe to rise against their 
 despotic rulers. 
 
 Young France, Spain, Switzer- 
 land, Poland, &c. Social and lit- 
 erary parties which sprang into being, 
 in nearly all the countries of conti- 
 nental Europe, in consequence of the 
 political agitations resulting from 
 the French Revolution of 1830, and 
 •whose aim was to reconstitute socie- 
 ty, literature, the arts, in short, every 
 thing, upon a new basis. See Younu 
 Italy, also. Young Eukoi'f. 
 
 Young Germany. A name assumed 
 by a revolutionary and literary 
 school in Germany which claimed to 
 represent the tendencies of modern 
 thought, and to embody the political 
 sympathies and aspirations conse- 
 quent upon the late revolutionary 
 struggles in Europe. Heinrich Heine 
 (1800-1850) may be regarded as the 
 best exponent of this school. The 
 other principal representatives of 
 Young Germany ^^•ere Karl Gutz- 
 kow, Heinrich Laube, Gustav Kiihne, 
 and Theodor Mundt. The organisa- 
 tion was broken up after the lailure 
 of the revolutionists of 1848-49. 
 
 Young Ireland. A name adopted by 
 a party of Irish malcontents, about 
 the year 1840, who were in sympathy 
 with the progressive movements in- 
 stigated by O'Connell, — himself a 
 member of the organisation, — but 
 who ridiculed his renunciation of 
 physical force in seeking political re- 
 forms, and who were impatient to in- 
 itiate insurrection and war. 
 
 Young Italy. [It. Ln Giovine Italia.'] 
 The name assumed by an association 
 of Italian refugees in France, who 
 seceded from the "Charbonnerie De- 
 
 mocratique," — a secret political un- 
 ion founded shortly after the devolu- 
 tion of July, and which endeavomx'd 
 to make Paris the centre of all politi- 
 cal movements. The league was or- 
 ganised mainly at the instigation of 
 Alazzini, who was dissatislied with 
 the centralising tendency of the 
 Charbonnerie. It was instituted at 
 Marseilles, — at that time the liead- 
 cjuarters of the Italian refugees, — 
 in 1830, and its main object was to 
 republicanise the Italian peninsula. 
 The motto of Young Italy was " Now 
 and Ever," and its emblem a branch 
 of cypress. 
 
 Young Koscius, The (rosh'i-ns). An 
 epithet conferred upon AVilliam Hen- 
 ly West Betty, an English actor, who 
 made his dibut at the Belfast Thea- 
 tre, August 1, 1803, when not twelve 
 years old. In tifty-six nights he 
 drew ^34,000. After ivinning im- 
 mense popularity, and accumulating 
 an ample fortune, he retired from the 
 stage in 1807. 
 
 Ysaie le Triste (e'za' lu trest). A 
 valiant knight of the Hound Table, 
 son of Tristan, or Tristram, of Leon- 
 noys, and Yseult, or Isolde, the wife 
 of King Mark of Cornwall. His ad- 
 ventures are the subject of an old 
 French romance published at Paris 
 in 1522. 
 
 I did not think it necessarv to contemplate 
 tlie exploits of chivalry with tlie frravitv of 
 Ysaie le Triste, or the productions in which 
 they are detailed with the sad and sorrowful 
 solemnity oftlie Knight of the AVoful Coun- 
 tenance. Dunlop. 
 
 Yseult (iz'oolt), Ysolt (iz'olt), Ysolde 
 (iz'old), or Ysoude (iz'ood). See 
 Isolde. 
 
 Yvetot, Bang of. See Kisc. 
 
 YVLTOT. 
 
 For the " Key to tlie Scheme of Pronunciation," with the accompanying Explanations,
 
 ZAD 
 
 397 
 
 ZOI 
 
 Zadig (za'deg'). The title of a fa- 
 mous novel of Voltaire, and the 
 name of its hero, a wealthy yoiinj^ 
 IJabylonian. The -work is intended 
 to siiow that the events of life are 
 placed beyond our control. 
 
 Za,d.'ki-el. 1. According to the Jew- 
 ish IJabbins, the name of one of the 
 angels of the seven planets; the an- 
 gel of the planet Jupiter. 
 
 2. A pseudonym of Lieutenant 
 ^Morrison, of the British navy, a 
 writer of the present daj'. 
 
 Zang'bar. The name of a fabled isl- 
 and in India. The Persian zanr/i sig- 
 nifies an Egyptian, Ethiopian, or sav- 
 age. The root is probably the same 
 as that of the country Zanguebar, on 
 the east coast of Africa. 
 
 Za-no'ni. The hero of Sir Edward 
 Bulwer Lytton's novel of the same 
 name; one of a secret brotherhood 
 Vi'ho possess a knowledge of the 
 means of communicating with spirit- 
 ual beings, of prolonging life to an 
 indefinite term, and of copying many 
 of the processes of nature, such as 
 the production of gold and precious 
 stones. 
 
 Ze-lu'co. The hero of a novel of the 
 same name by Dr. .John Moore ( 1730- 
 1802), the object of which is to prove, 
 that, in spite of the gayest and most 
 prosperous appearances, inward mis- 
 ery always accompanies vice. Ze- 
 luco is the only son of a noble family 
 in Sicily, accomplished and fascinat- 
 ing, but spoiled by maternal indul- 
 gence, and at length rioting in every 
 prodigality and vice. 
 
 Ze'phSn. [Heb., the searcher of se- 
 crets.] The name of a cherub in 
 Milton's "Paradise Lost," a " strong 
 and subtle spirit," " severe in youth- 
 ful beauty," whom Gabriel des- 
 patched, together with Ithuriel, to find 
 Satan, after his escape from "the bars 
 of hell." See Ithuriel. 
 
 Zeph'y-rus. [Gr. Ze'<^vpo?.] (Gr. (f 
 
 Eom. Myth.) A personification of 
 the west wind, described as a son of 
 yEolus and Aurora, and the lover of 
 Elora; the same as Favoniiis. See 
 Favonius. [Written also, in an An- 
 glicised form, Z e p h j r.] 
 
 Zerbino (dzef-be'no, 64, 70). A fa- 
 mous warrior in Ariosto's poem of 
 "Orlando Eurioso." He is repre- 
 sented as the son of a king of Scot- 
 land, and as the fast friend of Or- 
 lando. 
 
 Ze'tes. [Gr. Z^V.,?.] {Gr. cf Rom. 
 Myth.) A son of Boreas and Orithy- 
 ia; generally' described as a winged 
 being. With his brother Calais, he 
 accompanied the Argonautic expe- 
 dition, and drove the Harpies from 
 Thrace. Hercules is said to have 
 killed them with his arrows near the 
 island of Tenos. 
 
 Ze'thus. [Gr. Zijeo?.] {Gr. ff- Rom. 
 Jfyth.) A son of Jupiter and Anti- 
 ope, and twin brother of Amphi(jn. 
 
 Zeiis(G). [Gr. Zev?.] (Gr. Myth.) The 
 Greek name of Jvpitcr, the king of 
 gods and men. See Jupiter. 
 
 Zeyn Alasnam, Prince. See Alas- 
 
 NAM. 
 
 Zim'ri. A nickname under which 
 I)ryden satirised the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, in his " Absalom and Achit- 
 ophel," in return for Buckingham's 
 attack on him in " The Rehearsal." 
 See Bayes. 
 
 Zi-pan'gi, or Zi-pan'gr!. See Ci- 
 
 TAXCO. 
 
 Zobeide (zo-bad')- A lad)' of Bag- 
 dad whose history is related in the 
 story of the "Three Calendars" in 
 the "Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
 ments." The caliph Haroun-Al- 
 Easchid became enamoured of her, 
 and married her. 
 
 Zo'i-lus. [Gr. ZcuiAo?.] A gramma- 
 rian of antiquity whose place of 
 birth and the age in which he lived 
 are not known with any degree of 
 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to which the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxii.
 
 ZOP 
 
 398 
 
 ZUL 
 
 certainty. lie is celebrated for the 
 extraordinary asperity with wliicli he 
 commented on the poems of Homer. 
 He appears also to have assailed Pla- 
 to and Isocrates. His name has be- 
 come proverbial for a captious and 
 malignant critic, and has given rise 
 to the words Zu'ilaan and Zullism. 
 
 Zo'phi-el. [Heb., spy of God.] In 
 Milton's "Paradise Lost," an angelic 
 scout, "of cherubim the swiftest 
 wing." 
 
 Sorphee (zor-fW). A faiiy, in the ro- 
 mance of " Amadis de Gaul." 
 
 Zu-lei'ka. 1, A pattern lover whose 
 courtship and fortunes are -a staple 
 subject of description or allusion 
 with the Persian bards. 
 
 2. The name of the heroine of By- 
 ron's poem, " The liride of Abydos." 
 See Selim. 
 
 4J®=" " Never was a faultless character 
 more delicately or justly delmeated." 
 
 Geo. Ellis. 
 
 I®~ For the " Key to the Scheme of Pronunciation," with the nccompanying Explanations, 
 and for the Remarks and Rules to wbicU the numbers after certain words refer, see pp. xiv-xxxJi.
 
 INDEX 
 
 of the real names of persoxs, places, etc., whose 
 . nickxa:n[es, pseudonyms, ok popular appellations, 
 are given in the preceding dictionary. 
 
 " Qui sera en cherchc do science, si la pcsche oil ello sc loge." — Moxtaigxb. 
 
 A.artsen, Peter. Lons Peter. 
 Abernethy, Jolin. Doctor M_v-book. 
 Abraliam. Father of tiie Faithful. 
 Abyla. and Calpe. See Gidh.\ltak, Rock 
 
 OF, AXD JEBEL ZvTOUT. 
 
 Accolti, Bernardo. The Only Aretino. 
 
 Adair, Serje.ant. Junius (?). 
 
 A lams, John Quincy. Old Man Eloquent. 
 
 AdauLS, William T. Oliver Optic. 
 
 Addison, Joseph. Attious, Clio. 
 
 .ll^idius Romanus. See Ro.h.vnus, JEgidius. 
 
 .iiscliylus. Father of Tragedy. 
 
 Aetius. La.«t of the Romans. 
 
 Africa. Afric. 
 
 Agamemnon. Kinf;of>ren. 
 
 Agoult, Countess of. {Marie de Flavigny.) 
 Daniel Stern. 
 
 Aiken, Margaret. Groat Witch of Balwery. 
 
 Ailly, Pierre d\ Eagle of French Doctors, 
 Hammer of Heretics. 
 
 Albani, Francesco. Anacreon of Painters. 
 
 Albert {Mars:rave of Bmndi'nhur^ aiirl 
 Culmhach). Achilles of Germany, or 
 German Achilles. 
 
 Alboquerque, Alfonso de. Portuguese 
 Mars. 
 
 Alcaforada, Mariana. Portuguese Nun. 
 
 Alexander the Great. Madman of Mace- 
 donia. 
 
 Alfonso I. (of Spain). Catholic Majesty. 
 
 Algarotti, Count Francesco. Swan of Pad- 
 ua. 
 
 Algiers. Argier. 
 
 All ( uncle of Moliammed). Lion of God. 
 
 Allahabad. Uoly City. 
 
 Allan, David. Scottish Hogarth. 
 
 Allen, Ralph. Alhvorthy, Man of P,ath. 
 
 AUen, or AUeyn, Simon. Vicar of liray (?). 
 
 Amazon. King of Waters. 
 
 America. Columbia, New World. 
 
 American Indi.an ( The). Red Man. 
 
 Amory. Thomas. English Rabelais. 
 
 Anasta.sius. New Mo.ses. 
 
 Andouins, Diane d'. ( Countess of Gitidie 
 and Grnintnunt.) Beautiful Corisaude. 
 
 Andreas, Antony. Dulcitluous Doctor. 
 
 Angus, Archibald, Earl of. Good Earl. 
 
 Aujou, Duke of. (Pliilip Bourbon.) Philip 
 Baboon. 
 
 Anjou, Rene d'. See Rene d'Anjou. 
 
 Anne (queen ofjaines I.). Oriana. 
 
 Anne, Queen. Brandy Nan, Mrs. Morley. 
 
 Anschariiis. Apostle of the North. 
 
 Anselm of Laou. Scholastic Divine. 
 
 Antioch. Queen of the East. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. The Philos- 
 opher. 
 
 ApoUonius of Alexandria. Prince of Gram- 
 marians. 
 
 Apperley, Charles J. Nimrod. 
 
 Appiani, .'Vndrea. Painter of the Cir.ices. 
 
 Aiiuinas, St. Thomas. Angelic Doctor, 
 Angel of the Schools, Dumb Ox, Eagle 
 of Divines, Father of Moral Philosophy, 
 Fifth Doctor of the Church, Second 
 Augustine, Universal Doctor. 
 
 Arabia. Araby. 
 
 Arcadia. Arcady. 
 
 Aretino, Pietro. Scourge of Princes. 
 
 Argyleshire. Morven (?). 
 
 Aristarchus of Samothrace. Coryphaeus of 
 Grammarians. 
 
 Aristophanes. Father of Comedy. 
 
 Aristotle. Pope of Philo.sophy, Stagirite. 
 
 Arkansas (67a<p). Bear State. 
 
 Armstrong, Jolin. Launcelot Temple. 
 
 Armstrong, Willi.am. Kinmont Willie. 
 
 Arrom, Cecilia. Fernan Caballero. 
 
 Artaxerxes. King of Kings. 
 
 Arte veld, Jacob. Brewer of Ghent.
 
 ART 
 
 400 
 
 BRI 
 
 Arthur ( King). Flower of Kings. 
 Ascbam, Roger. Father of English Prose. 
 A.ssi.ii, St. Francis d'. Seraphic Saint. 
 Athanasius, St. Father of Orthodoxy. 
 Athens. City of the Violet Crown. 
 Athens and Sparta. The Two Eyes of 
 
 Greece. 
 Atlanta. Gate City. 
 Attila. Scourge of God, Terror of the 
 
 World. 
 Auersperg, Anton Alexander von Anas- 
 
 tasius Griin. 
 Augustine, St. Bishop of Hippo. 
 Augustine, or Austin, St. Apostle of the 
 
 English. 
 Aureolus, Peter. Eloquent Doctor. 
 Austria, Charles, Archduke of. Esquire 
 
 South. 
 Avicenna. Prince of Physicians. 
 Awbeg. MuUa. 
 Aytoun, William E. Augustus Dunshun- 
 
 ner. 
 Aytoun (William E.jand Martin (Theodore). 
 
 Bon Gaultier. 
 
 Baalbec. City of the Suu, or Solar City. 
 
 Babelmandeb. Gate of Tears. 
 
 Bacon, Roger. Admirable, or Wonderful, 
 Doctor. 
 
 Baconthorp, or Bacondorp, or Bacon, John. 
 Resolute Doctor. 
 
 Bagouly. Pactolus. 
 
 Bagshaw, William. Apostle of the Peak. 
 
 Balkh. Mother of Cities. 
 
 Ballantyne, James. Aldiborontcphosco- 
 phornio. 
 
 Ballantyne, John. Rigdum Funnidos. 
 
 Balsamo, Joseph. Count de Cagliostro. 
 
 Baltimore. Blonumental City. 
 
 Bandarra, Gon^alo Anncs. Portuguese 
 Nostradamus. 
 
 Bank of England. Old Lady of Thread- 
 needle Street. 
 
 Bank-of-England Note. Abraham Newland. 
 
 Barbadoes. Little Eugland. 
 
 Barere, Bertrand. Anacrcon of the Guillo- 
 tine, Witling of Terror. 
 
 Barham, Richard. Thomas Ingoldsby. 
 
 Baron, Michael. French Uoscius. 
 
 Barre, Isaac. Junius (?). 
 
 Barros, Joao de. Portuguese Livy. 
 
 Barth, or Bart, Jean. French Devil. 
 
 Barton, Bernard. Quaker Poet. 
 
 Barton, Elizabeth. Holy Maid of Kent. 
 
 Basselin, Oliver. Father of the Vaudeville. 
 
 Bassol, John. Most Methodical Doctor. 
 
 Batavia. Queen of the East. 
 
 Bates, William. The Silver-tongued. 
 
 Bath {Ens-}- Mount Badon (?). 
 
 Bayard, Chevalier. (Pierre de Terrail.) 
 Good Knight without Fear and without 
 Reproach. 
 
 Becket, Gilbert. Lord Beichan, or Batc- 
 man (?). 
 
 Bede. The Venerable. 
 
 Beham, Hans Sebald. Little Master. 
 
 Behn, Aphra, or Aphara. Astrtea. 
 
 Bell, Adam. Abraham-Cupid (?). 
 
 Bellay, Joachim du. Prince of the Sonnet. 
 
 Benares. Holy City. 
 
 Benton, Thomas H. Old Bullion. 
 
 Berkshire (£»!§■.). Mount Badon (?). 
 
 Berlichingeu, Goetz von. Iron Hand. 
 
 Bermuda Islands. Bermoothes. 
 
 Bernard, St. Honeyed Teacher, Last of the 
 Fathers, Mellifluous Doctor, Thauma- 
 turgus of the West. 
 
 Betty, William II. W. Young Roscius. 
 
 Bible. (Genevan) Breeches Bible; {Lon- 
 don, 1578) Dotted Bible; {Oxford, 
 1717) Vinegar Bible; {Barker and Lu- 
 cas's, 1632) Wicked Bible. 
 
 Billaut, Adam. Master Adam. 
 
 Bitzius, Albert. Jeremias Gotthelf. 
 
 Blackwood, William. Ebony. 
 
 Blackwood's Magazine. Ebony, Maga. 
 
 Blake, Joseph. Blueskin. 
 
 Bliicher, Lebrecht von. Marshal Forwards. 
 
 Boleslas I. {of Poland). Cteur de Lion. 
 
 Bolivar, Simon. The Liberator, AViishing- 
 tou of Colombia. 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon. Armed Soldier of 
 Democracy, Bouey, Corporal Violet, 
 Father Violet, General Undertaker, 
 Heir of the Republic, Jeau d' Epee, 
 Jupiter Scapin, Little Corporal, >Ian 
 of Destiny, Nightmare of Europe, The 
 Other One. 
 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon Francis Charles Jo- 
 seph. King of Rome. 
 
 Bonaparte. See Napoleon, Prince. 
 
 Bonaventura, St. Seraphic Doctor. 
 
 Boniface, Joseph Xavier. Saintine, Xavier. 
 
 Boniface, St. Apostle of Germany. 
 
 Bonuivard, Francois de. Prisoner of Chillon. 
 
 Borde. Andrew. Merry-.indrew. 
 
 Bordeaux, Duke of. {Henri Charles Fer- 
 dinand Marie Dieudonni WArtois.) 
 Miraculous Child. 
 
 Bossuet, Jacques Benigne. Eagle of Meaux. 
 
 Boston ( U. 6'.). Athens of America, City of 
 Notions, Ilub of the Universe, Modern 
 Athens, Puritan City, Tremont or Tri- 
 mountain. 
 
 Boston State-House. Hub of the Universe. 
 
 Boswell, James. Bozzy. 
 
 Bourbonnais, Charles, Duke of. Constable 
 de Bourbon. 
 
 Bourdaloue, Louis. King of Preachers 
 
 Bourette, Charlotte. La Mu.se Limonadiero, 
 
 Bourgogne, Antoiue de. Great Bastard 
 
 ■Bourgogne, Louis, Duke of. Great Dauphia 
 
 Bourgogne, Louis, Duke of {son of tlie pn 
 ceding). Little Daupliin. 
 
 Boyd, A. K. H. Country Parson. 
 
 Boyd, Hugh. Junius (?). 
 
 Boyle, Richard. Great Earl of Cork. 
 
 Bozzaris, Blarco. Leonidas of Mode; 
 Greece. 
 
 Bradley, Edward. Cuthbert Bede. 
 
 Bradwardine, Thomas. Profound Doctor. 
 
 Brentano, Elizabeth. Bettina. 
 
 Bridgewater, Duke of. ( Francis Egerton. 
 Father of British Inland Navigation 
 
 I
 
 BRI 
 
 401 
 
 CIIU 
 
 Britain. Albion, Mistress of the Seas. 
 
 British Isles. Old Country. 
 
 British Keview. My GrauJmothcr-s Review. 
 
 British Soldiers. Ked-coats. 
 
 Bronte, Anne. Actou Bell. 
 
 Bronte, Charlotte. (Mrs. NicJioUs.) Cur- 
 
 rer Bell. 
 Bronte, Emily. Ellis Bell. 
 Brooklyn. City of Churches. 
 Brooks", Mari;i. Maria dell' Occidente. 
 Brougham, llenrj', Lord. Harry Twitcher. 
 Brown, Launcelot. Capability Brown. 
 Browne, Charles F. Artemus AVard. 
 Browne, llalbot K. Phiz. 
 Brydges, Cirey. (Lord Cliandos.) King of 
 
 Cotswould. 
 Buchanan, James. Old Public Functionary. 
 Buckingham, Duke of. (George Villiers.) 
 
 Steenie. 
 Buckingham, 2d Duke of. ( George Villiers.) 
 
 Zimri. 
 Buda. Key of Christendom. 
 BuSalo. Queen City of the Lakes. 
 Bultadoeus, John. Wandering Jew. 
 Bulwer Ly tton, Edward Robert. Owen Mer- 
 edith. 
 Bunbury, Mrs. See Horneck, Catharine. 
 Bunyan, John. Bishop Bunyan. 
 Burdett, Sir Francis. Eugland's Pride and 
 
 Westminster's Glory. 
 Burgoyne, John. Chrononhotonthologos, 
 
 Sir Jack Brag. 
 Burke, Edmund. Junius (?). 
 Burleigh, Walter. Plain and Perspicuous 
 
 Doctor. 
 Burns, Robert. Bard of Ayrshire, Peasant 
 
 Bard. 
 Burritt, Elihu. Learned Blacksmith. 
 Burton, Robert. Democritus Junior. 
 Byron, Commodore John. Foul-weather 
 Jack. 
 
 Cairo. City of A'ictory. 
 
 Calcutta. City of Palaces. 
 
 California ( Gulf). Vermilion Sea. 
 
 California ( State ). Golden State. 
 
 Calpe and Abyla. See Gibraltar, Rock 
 
 OF, AND JEBEL Z.WOUT. 
 
 Cambrai, Peace of. Ladies' Peace. 
 
 Camden, William. British Pausanias. 
 
 Cameron, Donald. Gentle Lochiel. 
 
 Cameron, Sir Evan. Lochiel. 
 
 Camoens, Luis. Portuguese Apollo. 
 
 Campbell, .John. Shepherd of Banbury (?). 
 
 Campbell, Mary. Uighland Mary. 
 
 Campbell, Robert. See Macgregor, Rob- 
 ert. 
 
 Campbell, Thomas. Bard of Hope. 
 
 Canaan. Promised Land. 
 
 Canada. New France. 
 
 Canadians. Cannucks. 
 
 Canadians ( The French). Jean Baptiste. 
 
 Cannae (Bnttle-fitld of). Field of Blood. 
 
 Canning, George. Cicero of the Senate. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. Head of Africa, Lion 
 of the Sea, Stormy Cape. 
 
 Carew, Bampfylde Moore. King of Beggars. 
 2G 
 
 Carlisle. Carduel. 
 
 Carlyle, Ale.\ander. Jupiter Carlyle. 
 
 Carvalho, Sebastiao Jose de. (Marquis cle 
 
 Ponbal.) Great Marquis. 
 Cassius, Caius. Last of the Romans. 
 Castlereagh, Lord. (lioOtrt Stewart.) Der- 
 
 rydowu Triangle. 
 Castriota, George. White Devil of Walla- 
 
 chia. 
 Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of. Unfortunate 
 
 Peace. 
 Catharine II. (of Russia). Modern Messa- 
 
 lina, Semiramis of the North. 
 Catiuat, Nicholas. Father Thouglitful. 
 (!enci, Beatrice. Beautiful Parricide. 
 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel do. Cid Ilamct 
 
 Benengeli. 
 Chambord, Comte de. Miraculous Child. 
 Chanipeaux, AVilliam de. Pillar of Doctors, 
 
 A"enerable Doctor. 
 Chandos, Lord. See Brtdqes, Grey. 
 Charles, Archduke of Austria. See Austria, 
 
 CuARLEs, Archduke of. 
 Charles I. (0/ EiiglancJ). Last Man, Man 
 
 of Blood, Royal Martyr. 
 Charles II. (of England). Merry Mon- 
 arch, Old Rowley, Son of the Last 
 
 Man. 
 Charles II. (of France). Most Christian 
 
 King, or Miijesty. 
 Charles II. (of Spain). Lord Strutt. 
 Charles lA'. (of Moravia). Parsons' Em- 
 peror. 
 Charles A', (of France). French Solomon, 
 
 or Solomon of France. 
 Charles V. (of Spain). Picrochole (?). 
 Charles XII. (of Sweden). Alexander of 
 
 the North, Madman of the North, 
 
 Qui.xote of the North. 
 Chatham, Earl of See PrrT, William. 
 Chatterton, Thomas. Marvellous Boy, 
 
 Thomas Rowley. 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey. Father of English Poe- 
 try, Flower of Poets, Tityrus. 
 Chiabrera, Gabriello. Itahan Pindar. 
 Chicago. Garden City. 
 China. Cathay. Celestial Empire, Flowery 
 
 Kingdom, Middle Kingdom. 
 Chinese ( The). John Chinaman. 
 Christ. Good Pliysician, Good Shepherd, 
 
 King of Kings, Kriss Krinsle, Prince 
 
 of Peace, Son of God, Son of Man. 
 Christian 11. (of Denmark and Sweden). 
 
 Nero of the North. 
 Christian III. (of Denmark). Father of his 
 
 People. 
 Christopher III. (of Denmark, Sweden, and 
 
 Norway). King of Bark. 
 Christ's Hospital (London). Blue -coat 
 
 School. 
 Chry.sostom, St. John. Glorious Preacher. 
 Chubbuck, Emily. See Judson, Mrs. 
 
 Emily. 
 Chulkhurst, Mary and Elizab(^th. Bidden- 
 
 d«n Maids. 
 Churchill, John. See MARLBOROuan, Djkb
 
 CIC 
 
 402 
 
 DUN 
 
 Cicero, IMarcus TuUius. Father of his 
 Country. 
 
 Cincinnati. Losantiville, Porkopolis, Queen 
 City, Queen of the West. 
 
 Clare, John. Peasant Poet of Northamp- 
 tonshire. 
 
 Clarlc, McDonald. Mad Poet. 
 
 Clay, Henry. Mill-boy of the Slashes. 
 
 Clement Xiv. [GiaiiVincenzo GanganelU.) 
 Protestant Pope. 
 
 Cleopatra. Queen of Queens. 
 
 Cleveland. Eorest City. 
 
 Clifford, Henry, Lord. Shepherd Lord. 
 
 Clifford, Rosamond. Fair Kosamoud. 
 
 Clodia. Lesbia. 
 
 Ciootz, Baron Jean Baptiste. Anacharsis 
 Clootz. 
 
 Cobbett, Arilliam. Peter Porcupine. 
 
 Coello, Alonzo Sanches. Portuguese Titian. 
 
 CofRn, Robert Barry. Barry Gray. 
 
 Coffin, Robert S. Boston Bard. 
 
 Cold-Bath Fields, Jail of. English Bastille. 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. S. T. C. 
 
 Collins, John. English Mersenne. 
 
 Columba, St. Apostle of the Highlanders. 
 
 Confederate Soldiers. Johnny Rebs. 
 
 Confederate States. Secessia. 
 
 Connecticut (State). Freestone State, 
 Land of Steady Habits, Nutmeg State. 
 
 Constitution ( Thi'. Frigate). Old Ironsides. 
 
 Cordova, Gonsalvo de. See Gomsalvo de 
 Cordova. 
 
 Corinensis, Ricardus. See Richakd of 
 Cirencester. 
 
 Corinna. Lyric Muse. 
 
 Cork. Athens of Ireland, Brisheen City. 
 
 Corwin, Thomas. Waggoner Boy. 
 
 Cosmo de' Medici. See Medici, Cosmo de". 
 
 Cotin, Abbii. Trissotin. 
 
 Courtray {Battle of). Battle of Spurs. 
 
 Cowper, William. Bard of Olney. 
 
 Coysevox, Antoine. Vandyck of Sculpture. 
 
 Crichton, James. Admirable Crichtou. 
 
 Croly, Mrs. J. C. Jennie June. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver. Old Noll, Man of Sm. 
 
 Cromwell, Tliomas. Maul of Monks. 
 
 Cromwell's Soldiers. Ironsides. 
 
 Cruden, Alexander. Alexander the Cor- 
 rector. 
 
 Cuba. Key of the Gulf, Queen of the An- 
 tilles. 
 
 Cumberland, Duke of. Bloody Butcher. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard. English Terence, 
 Sir Friitful Plagiary. 
 
 Cunningham, Allan. Mark Macrabin (?). 
 
 Cusa, Nicolas de. Most Christian Doctor. 
 
 Cuzco. Holy City. 
 
 Cyril, St. (of Alexandria). Champion of the 
 Virgin, Doctor of tlie Incarnation. 
 
 Cyril, St. Apostle of the Slaves. 
 
 Czacki, Thaddeus. PoUsh Franklin. 
 
 Damiens, Robert Francois. Robert the Devil. 
 Daniel, Rose. Rosalind. 
 Daniel, Samuel. Well-languaged Daniel. 
 Davaux, Jean Baptiste. Father of the 
 Rondo. 
 
 David. Man Of Blood, Royal Psalmist, 
 Sweet Singer of Israel. 
 
 Davidoff, Dennis. Black Captain. 
 
 Death. Davy Jones, King of Terrors, Small- 
 back. 
 
 Delaware (State). Blue Hen, Diamond 
 State. 
 
 Democritus of Abdera. Laughing Philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Denis, St. Apostle of the French. 
 
 De Quincey, Thomas. Enghsh Opium-eater. 
 
 Derby, Earl of. (Edward Geoffrey Smith- 
 Stanley. ) Hotspur of Debate. 
 
 Derlsy, George H. John Phoenix, Gentle- 
 man. 
 
 Desbillons, Francois Joseph Terasse. Last 
 of the Romans. 
 
 Desforges, Evariste Desire. French TibuUus. 
 
 Desmoulius, Camille. Attorney-General to 
 the Lantern. 
 
 D'Espremenil. Crispin-Catiline. 
 
 Detroit. City of the Straits. 
 
 Devereux, Penelope. Stella. 
 
 Devil ( The). Auld Ane, Auld Clootie, Auld 
 Hangie, Auld Hornie, Blacli Man, Eblis, 
 Evil One, Father of Lies, Lord Harry, 
 Lucifer, Nickie-Ben, Old Bendy, Old 
 Gentleman, Old Harry, Old Nick, Old 
 One, Old Scratch, Satan, Sir Urian, 
 Squire Voland. See Satan. 
 
 Dickens, Charles. Boz. 
 
 Dickinson, John. Pennsylvania Farmer. 
 
 Disraeli, Benjamin. Dizzy. 
 
 Dobell, Sydney. Sydney Yendys. 
 
 Dobson, William. English Tintoret, Eng- 
 lish Vandyck. 
 
 Dodge, Mary A. Gail Hamilton. 
 
 Dogs. (Of Fingal) Bran; (of Llewellyn) 
 Gelert ; (of the Seven Sleepers) Al 
 Raklm. 
 
 Donald of Islay. Lord of the Isles. 
 
 Dorat, Jean. French Piudar. 
 
 Doria, Andrea. Father of Peace. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald. Bell-the-Cat, Great 
 Earl. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald XV., Earl of. Tynemau. 
 
 Douglas, Ellen. Lady of the Lake. 
 
 Douglas, Margaret, Countess of. Fair Maid 
 of Galloway. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A. Little Giant. 
 
 Douglas, William of. Flower of Chivalry. 
 
 Dowling, Vincent. Long Scribe. 
 
 Draper, Elizabeth. The Bramine. 
 
 Dryden, John. Bayes, Poet Squab. 
 
 Dublin University Magazine (Editor of). 
 Anthony Poplar. 
 
 Duchesne, Andre. Father of French His- 
 tory. 
 
 Dudevant, Mme. George Sand. 
 
 Du Guesclin, Bertrand. E.agle of Brittany. 
 
 Dundas, Henry. (Lord Melville.) Starva- 
 tion Dundas. 
 
 Dundee, Viscount. See Graham, Jo^^^ 
 
 Dunning, John. (Lord Ashburton.) Ju- 
 nius (?). 
 
 Dunois, Jean. Bastard of Orleans. 
 
 Duns Scotus. Subtle Doctor. 
 
 I
 
 DUR 
 
 40^ 
 
 GHI 
 
 Durand do St. Pourc^ain. Most Resolute 
 
 Doctor, or Resolute Doctor. 
 DUrer, Albert. Triuce of Artists. 
 Dutch (r/i«)- NicFrog. 
 Dyer, Samuel. Junius (?). 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere. Old 'World. 
 
 East India Company. John Company, or 
 Mother Company. 
 
 Eden. Aidenn. 
 
 Edinburgh. Auld Reekie, City of Palaces, 
 Dun Edin, Edin or Edina, Embro, 
 Maiden Town, Modern Athens, North- 
 ern Athens, Queen of the North. 
 
 Edinburgh, Jail of Heart of Mid-Lothian. 
 
 Edmund II. Ironside. 
 
 Edward I. {of England). English Justinian. 
 
 Edward, Prince of Wales {son of EUii-ard 
 HI). Black Prince. 
 
 Edwards, George. Eather of Ornithologists. 
 
 Egcrton, Francis. See Eridgewaibk, Duke 
 
 OF. 
 
 Egypt. Land of Bondage. 
 
 Eleanora of Brittany. Damsel of Brittany. 
 
 Eldon, Lord. (John Scott.) Old Bags. 
 
 Eliot, John. Apostle of the Indians. 
 
 Elis. Holy Land. 
 
 Elizabeth {of England). Belphoebe, Glori- 
 ana, Good Queen Bess, Maiden Queen, 
 Oriana, Virgin Queen. 
 
 Elizabeth {of Bohemia). Goody Palsgrave, 
 Queen of Hearts, Winter Queen. 
 
 Elizabeth Petrowna {of Russia). lutamous 
 Northern Harlot. 
 
 Elliott, Ebenezer. Corn-law Rhymer. 
 
 Emma {nf Normandy). Gem of Normandy. 
 
 England. Loegria or Logres, Merry Eng- 
 land, Ringing Island, South Britain. 
 
 England, Bank of. See Bank op England. 
 
 England, King of. Defender of the Faith. 
 
 English {The). Bono Johnny, Godon or 
 Godam, John Bull, Nation of Shop- 
 keepers. 
 
 Este, Prince of. Azo. 
 
 Ethelwold of Winchester. Father of Monks. 
 
 Eusebius of Cresarea. Father of Ecclesi;is- 
 tical History. 
 
 Evaus, Mary A. See Lewes, Marv A. 
 
 Faher, John. Hammer of Heretics. 
 
 Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus. 
 Cunctator. 
 
 FaneuU Hall. Cradle of Liberty. 
 
 Faulkner, George. Atticus. 
 
 Fenelon.(F/-aHf o/s de Salignac de la Mothe.) 
 Swan of Cambrai. 
 
 Fonner, W. Martin Mar-Prelate (?). 
 
 Ferdinand II. {of the Two Sicilies). Bomba. 
 
 Ferdinand V. {of Spain). Catholic Majesty. 
 
 Ferguson, Richard. Galloping Dick. 
 
 Fermor, Arabella. Belinda. 
 
 Fessenden, Thomas G. Christopher Caustic. 
 
 Field, John. Martin Mar-Prelate (?). 
 
 Finch, Heneage. {Lord Nottingham.) Fa- 
 ther of Equity. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Elizabeth. Fair Geraldine. 
 
 Fitzgerald, 'William T. Small-beer Poet. 
 
 Flavigny, Mario de. Sco Agoult, Countess 
 
 OF. 
 
 Fleet Prison ( London). Fleta. 
 
 Florida. Peninsular State. 
 
 Florio, John. Don Adriano do Armado, 
 Holofernes, The Resolute. 
 
 Fludd, Robert. The Searcher. 
 
 Koi.K, Gaston de. See Gaston dk Foix. 
 
 Foote, Samuel. English Aristophanes, Mod- 
 ei-n Aristophanes. 
 
 Forrester, Alfred II. A. Crowquill. 
 
 Fouquet, Nicolas. Man with the Iron 
 Mask (?). 
 
 Fox, Charles James. Carlo Khan, Man of 
 the People. 
 
 France. Gallia, La Belle Fr.anco. 
 
 France, King of. Most Christian King, or 
 IMajesty. 
 
 Francis I. (of France). Father of Letters. 
 
 Francis, Sir Philip. Junius {>). 
 
 Francis d'Assisi, St. See Assisi, St. Fran- 
 cis d'. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin. Richard Saunders. 
 
 Frascr's Magazine (Erft'/or of). Oliver Yorko. 
 
 Frederick V. (EUctor Palatine). Goodman 
 Palsgrave, ^Viuter King. 
 
 Frederick the (ireat. Alaric Cottin, Dor Altc 
 Fritz, Philosopher of Sans-Souci. 
 
 Frederick Wilham (of Brandenburg). Great, 
 or Grand, Elector. 
 
 Fremont, John C. The Path-finder. 
 
 French ( The). Jean, or Johnny, Crapand, 
 Robert Macaire. 
 
 French Canadians. See Canadians (The 
 French). 
 
 French Peasantry. Jacques Bonhomnie. 
 
 Frore, John Ilookham. William and Rob- 
 ert Whistlecraft. 
 
 Frith, Mary. Moll, or Mall, Cutpur.se. 
 
 Fry, Elizabeth. Female Howard. 
 
 Galway. City of the Tribes. 
 
 GaugancUi, Oian Vincenzo. See Clement 
 
 XIV. 
 Garcilaso de Vega. Prince of Spanish Poetry. 
 Garrick, David. English Roscius. 
 Ga.ston do Foix. Thunderbolt of Italy. 
 Gautama. Buddha. 
 Gay, John. Orpheus of Highwaymen. 
 Geneva Bible. See Bible. 
 Gentleman's Magazine (£rfi7or of). Sylvanus 
 
 Urban, Gent. 
 George T. (of England). Tumip-hoer. 
 George III. Farmer George. 
 (Jeorgo IV. First Gentleman of Europe. 
 George, L;ike. Horicon. 
 George, Prince (of Denmark). Est-il-possi- 
 
 ble. 
 Germain, Lord. Sec Sackville, Lord 
 
 GEORr.E. 
 
 Genn.ans ( The). Cousin Michael. 
 
 Germany. Almain. 
 
 Germany, Heir of the Emperor of. King 
 
 of the Romans. 
 Gcrson, Jean de. Most Christian Doctor. 
 Ghika, Helena. ( Princess Kollzoff- Massal- 
 
 skuA Doria D'Istria.
 
 GIB 
 
 404 
 
 HOO 
 
 Gibraltar, Rock of. Key of the Mediterra- 
 nean. 
 
 Gibraltar, Rock of, and Jebel Zatout. Pil- 
 lars of Hercules. 
 
 Gildas. British Jeremiah. 
 
 Giles de Laval. Blue-beard. 
 
 Gillies, Robert Pearce. Kempferhaiisen. 
 
 Gilmore, James R. Edmund Kirke. 
 
 Gilpin, Bernard. Apostle of the North, Fa- 
 ther of the Poor. 
 
 Girardin, Delphine de. Le Ticomte Delau- 
 nay. 
 
 Glasgow. City of the West, Venice of the 
 West. 
 
 Glasgow {Inhabitants of). MordecaiMullion. 
 
 Glastonbury. Avalon. 
 
 Glover, Catherine. Fair Maid of Perth. 
 
 Goderich, Viscount. {Frederirk Robinson.) 
 Goosey Goderich, Prosperity Robinson. 
 
 GoJoy, Manuel de. Prince of the Peace. 
 
 Gocthals, Henry. Solemn Doctor. 
 
 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. German 
 Voltaire, The Master. 
 
 Goetz von Berlichingen. See Berlichingen, 
 
 GOETZ VON. 
 
 Goldoni, Carlo. Italian Moliere. 
 
 Goldschmidt, JIme. SeeLoB, Jenny. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver. Goldy, Inspired Idiot. 
 
 Gomorrah and Sodom. Cities of the Plain. 
 
 Gonsalvo de Cordova. Great Captain. 
 
 Gonzales, Bli. See Stmmonds, John. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape of. See Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 Goodrich, Frank B. Dick Tinto. 
 
 Goodrich, Samuel G. Peter Parley. 
 
 Gordon, Duke of. Cock of the North. 
 
 Gougon, Jean. French Phidias. 
 
 Gower, John. The Moral Gower. 
 
 Graham, James. (Marquis of Montrose.) 
 Great Marquis. 
 
 Graham, Johu. ( Viscount Dundee.) Claver- 
 house. 
 
 Great Britain. See Brit.\in. 
 
 Gregory I. ( Pope). Servant of the Servants 
 of "God. 
 
 Gregory A'll. {Pope). Turk Gregory. 
 
 Gregory, St. (of Armenia)'^ The Illumi- 
 nator. 
 
 Gregory of Neo-Cassarea. Thaumaturgus. 
 
 Gregory of Rimini. Authentic Doctor. 
 
 Grenviile, George. Gentle Shepherd. 
 
 Grenville, Richard. See Temple, Lord. 
 
 Grey, Lord. Artegal. 
 
 Guernsey. Holy Island. 
 
 Guesclin, Bertrand du. Eagle of Brittany. 
 
 Guilford. Astolat. 
 
 Guinarda, Pedro Rocha. Roque Guinart. 
 
 Guinegate (Eatt/e of). Battle of Spurs. 
 
 Oustavus Adolphus. Lion of the North. 
 
 Guzman, Alphonso Perez de. Spanish Bru- 
 tus. 
 
 Guzmau, Fernan Nunez de. Greek Com- 
 mentator. 
 
 Gwyn, Mary. See IIorneck, Mart. 
 
 Ilaflz. Anacroon of Persia, or Persian 
 Anacreon. 
 
 Hales, Alexander. Fountain of Life, Irre- 
 fragable Doctor. 
 
 Hales, John. The Ever-memorable. 
 
 HaUburton, Thomas C. Sam Slick. 
 
 Hall, Joseph. Christian Seneca, English 
 Seneca. 
 
 Ilalpine, Charles G. Private Miles O'Reilly. 
 
 Ilamann, Johann Georg. Magician of the 
 North. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander. Pubhus. 
 
 Hamilton, Patrick. First Scotch Reformer. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir Thomas. Tarn of the Cow- 
 gate. 
 
 Hamilton, William Gerard. Junius (?), 
 Single-speech Hamilton. 
 
 Hannibal. Bluff City. 
 
 Hardenberg, Friedrich von. Novalis. 
 
 Harley, Robert. (Earl of Oxford and Mor- 
 timer.) Harlequin. 
 
 Harrison, AVilUam II. Tippecanoe. 
 
 Harrow, William. Flying Ilighwayman. 
 
 Harvey, Gabriel. Hobinol. 
 
 Hassan Ben-Sabbah-el-Homairi. Old Man 
 of the Mountain. 
 
 Haynau, Julius Jakob von. Austrian Hy- 
 ena. 
 
 Heaven. Celestial City, New Jerusalem. 
 
 Heber, Richard. Atticus. 
 
 Hebert, Jacques Rene. Le Pere Duchesne. 
 
 lleenan, John C. Bcuicia Boy. 
 
 Henley, John. Orator Ilenley. 
 
 Henry I. (of England). Beauclerc. 
 
 Henry II. (of Germany). King of the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Henry IV. (of France). King of Brave 
 Men, Lo Bearnais. 
 
 Henry VII. (of England). Defender of 
 the Faith, Solomon of England. 
 
 Henry VIII. (nf England). Blue-beard, 
 Bluff Hal, or Burly King Harry, De- 
 fender of the Faith. 
 
 Henry de Loudres. Burnbill. 
 
 Henry the Minstrel. Blind Harry. 
 
 Heraclitus. Weeping Philosopher. 
 
 Herbert, George. Sweet Singer of the Tem- 
 ple. 
 
 Herbert, Henry W. Frank Forester. 
 
 Herodotus. Father of History, Father of 
 Lies. 
 
 Horvey, Lord. Lord Fanny, Sporus. 
 
 Hesiod. _Ascrtoan Sage. 
 
 Ilil.aire, Emile Marc. Marco de St. Hilaire. 
 
 Hildebrand. See Gregory VII. 
 
 Hill, Sir John. Mrs. Glasse (?). 
 
 Hippocrates. Father of Medicine. 
 
 Hobbes, Thomas. Philosopher of Malmes- 
 bury. 
 
 Hogg, James. Ettrick Shepherd. 
 
 Holland. Batavia. 
 
 Holland, Jo.«iah G. Timothy Titcomb. 
 
 Holland, Philemon. Translator General. 
 
 Ilolman, James. Blind Traveller. 
 
 Homer. Father of Epic Poetry, Father of 
 Poetry, Father of Song, Mseonides, 
 Mele.«igenes, Swan of the Meander. 
 
 Hood, Robin. Locksley. 
 
 Hooker, Richard. The Judicious. 

 
 HOP 
 
 405 
 
 LEA 
 
 Hopkins, Matthew. Witchfinder General. 
 Horneck, Catharine. Little Comedy. 
 Ilorueck, Mary. Jessaiuy Bride. 
 Home Tooke. See TooKE, John Horne. 
 Horns. (Of Heimdall) Ujallar ; (of Orlando) 
 
 Olivaat. 
 Horses. See Steed.s. 
 
 Hortensius, Quintiis. King of the Courts. 
 Howard, Lord William. Belted Will. 
 Howard, Sir John. Jockey of Norfolk. 
 Howe, John. Platonic I'uritan. 
 Howe, Richard. Earl. Black Dick. 
 Hubert, St. Apostle of Ardennes. 
 lIud.son, George. Railway King. 
 Hughes. John. BuUer of Brazeiiose. 
 Hume, Joseph. Adversity Hume. 
 
 Illinois. Garden of the West, Prairie State, 
 
 Sucker State. 
 Illinois ( So«^/ieni.). Egypt. 
 India. Ind. 
 Indiana. Hoosier State. 
 IndianapoUs. Railroad City. 
 Indre-et-Loire. Garden of France. 
 Iowa. Hawkeye State. 
 Ireland. Emerald Isle, Erin, Green Isle, 
 
 Hibernia, Holy Island, Innisfail, Isle 
 
 of Saints, Old Country, Sacred Island, 
 
 Scotia, Wolfland. 
 Irenrens, St. Apostle of the Gauls. 
 Irving, Edward. Doctor Squintum. 
 Irving, Washington. Diedricli Knicker- 
 ■ booker. Fray Antonio Agapida, Geoffrey 
 
 Crayon, Esq., Jonathan Oldstyle. 
 Irving (Washington), Irving (William), and 
 
 Paulding (James K.). Launcelot Laug- 
 
 staff. 
 Isabella {of Valois). Little Queen. 
 Isaure, Clemence. Sappho of Toulouse. 
 Ishmonie. Petrified City. 
 Isocrates. Old Man Eloquent. 
 Italy. Garden of Europe. 
 Iturbide, Augusto. Napoleon of Mexico. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew. Old Hickory. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas .1. Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 Jacobi, Friedrich Ileinricli. German Plato. 
 
 James I. (of Englnnrl). English Solomon, 
 or Solomon of England, Roj'al 'Prentice 
 in the Art of Poetry, Scottish Solomon. 
 
 James V. (of Scotlaiul). Goodman of Bal- 
 lengeigh. 
 
 James VI. (of Scotland). See J.\mes I. (OP 
 Exgl.\nd). 
 
 James and John (the .loii': of Ziberlee). Bo- 
 anerges, or Sons of Thunder. 
 
 Janjn, Jules Gabriel. King of Feuilletons. 
 
 Japan. Cipango, Zipangi, or Zipangri (?). 
 
 Jasmin, Jacques. Barber Poet, Last of the 
 Troubadours. 
 
 Java. Queen of the Eastern Archipelago. 
 
 Jebel Zatout and Rock of Gibraltar. Pillars 
 of Hercules. 
 
 Jefferson, Thom.%s. Sage of Monticello. 
 
 Jeuings, Mrs. E. W^ycliffe Lane. 
 
 Jerusalem. City of David, City of Peace, 
 City of the Great King, Holy City. 
 
 Jews ( Porn/ir«f '«i of the fifteenth century). 
 New Christians. 
 
 Joachim II. (of Brandenburg). Hector of 
 Germany. 
 
 Joan ( Countess of Salisbunj, and afterward 
 wife of Edward the Black Prince). Fair 
 Maid of Kent. 
 
 Joan of Arc. La Pucelle, Maid of Orleans. 
 
 Jolin III. (of Brandenburi;). Cicero of 
 Germany, or German Cicero. 
 
 John V. (of Portugal). Most Faithful Maj- 
 esty. 
 
 John, St. Beloved Disciple. 
 
 Johnson, Anna C. Minnie Myrtle. 
 
 Johnson, Esther. Stella. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel. Great Cham of Litera- 
 ture, Great Moralist, Leviathan of Liter- 
 ature, Ursa Jlajor. 
 
 Johnstone, Mrs. Meg Dods. 
 
 Jones, Inigo. English Palladio, English 
 Vitruvius. 
 
 Jones, 0. Devonshire Poet. 
 
 Jones, William. Trinity Jones. 
 
 Jonson, Ben. Rare Ben Jonsou. 
 
 Judsou, Mrs. Emily. Fanny Forester. 
 
 Junot, Andoche. The Tempest. 
 
 Kansas. Garden of the West. 
 
 Keats, John. Adonais. 
 
 Kendal, Duchess of. The Maypole. 
 
 Kentucky. Dark and Bloody Ground, 
 Corn-cracker. 
 
 Keokuk. Gate City. 
 
 Khaled. Sword of God. 
 
 liing, Edward. Lycidas. 
 
 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb. German 
 Milton. 
 
 Know-nothings. See N.^tive Americ.vns. 
 
 Knox, John. Apostle of the Scottish Ref- 
 ormation. 
 
 Koltzoff-Massalsky, Princess. See Quika, 
 Helen.a.. 
 
 Krasicki, Ignatius. Polish Voltaire. 
 
 Kyle. Coila. 
 
 Kyrle, John. Man of Ross. 
 
 Labe, Louise. Beautiful Ropcmaker, Cap- 
 tain Loys. 
 
 Labrador. Estotiland. 
 
 Laeepede, Count. (Bernard Germain Eti- 
 enne de la Ville.) King of Reptiles. 
 
 La Chaise, Pore. Tartuffe (.'). 
 
 Lactantius, Lucius Coelius. Christian 
 Cicero. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis do. Grandison Crom- 
 well. 
 
 La Marck, William, Count of. Wild Boar 
 of Ardennes. 
 
 Lamb, Charles. Elia. 
 
 Lancaster, House of. Red Rose. 
 
 Lances. See Spears. 
 
 Landon, Letitia Elizabeth. L. E. L. 
 
 Lanoue, Francois de. Iron Arm. 
 
 T*aval, Giles de. See Giles de Laval. 
 
 Law, .John. Paper King. 
 
 Laynez, Rodrigo. The Cid. 
 
 Learmont, Thomas. Thomas the Rhymer.
 
 LEE 
 
 406 
 
 MIR 
 
 Lee, Ann. Mother Ann. 
 
 Lee, Charles. Junius (?). 
 
 Lee, Uenry. Light-horse narrj". 
 
 Lee, Nathaniel. Mad Poet. 
 
 Legendre, Louis. Peasant of the Danvibe. 
 
 Leipsic {Battle of). Battle of the Nations. 
 
 Leo VI. The Philosopher. 
 
 Jjeo^olOiiof Anhalt-Dessau). Old Dessauer. 
 
 Le Sieur, Eustace. French Raphael. 
 
 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim. Father of 
 German Literature. 
 
 Leucate. Lover's Leap. 
 
 Lever, Charles J. Cornelius O'Dowd, Harry 
 Lorrequer. 
 
 Lewes, Mary A. George Eliot. 
 
 Lewis, Matthew G. Monk Lewis. 
 
 Ligne, Prince de. Prince of Coxcombs. 
 
 Lilburne, John. Free-born John. 
 
 Lille, Alain de. Uniyersal Doctor. 
 
 Lilly, William. Erra Pater, Sidrophel. 
 
 Limerick. City of the Violated Treaty. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham. Rail-Splitter. 
 
 Lind, Jenny. (Mme. Goldschmidt.) Swed- 
 ish Nightingale. 
 
 Lindisfarne. Holy Island. 
 
 Liuley, Miss. {Mrs. R. £. Sheridan.) Maid 
 of Bath. 
 
 Lippincott, Sara J. Grace Greenwood. 
 
 Liverpool {Inhabitants of). Dicky Sam. 
 
 Lloyd, Charles. Junius (?). 
 
 Lockhart, John G. Peter Morris, William 
 Wastle. 
 
 Lockhart, John Hugh. Hugh Little-John. 
 
 Lombard, Peter. Master of Sentences. 
 
 London. City of Masts, Cockagne, Lubber- 
 land, Modern Babylon, Trinovant or 
 Trinovantum, Weissnichtwo (?). 
 
 London University Stinkomalee. 
 
 Loudres, Henry de. See He\p.y de Londres. 
 
 Longinus, Cains Cassius. See Cassius, 
 Caius. 
 
 Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici, Lorenzo 
 de'. 
 
 Louis V. {of France). Lc Faineant. 
 
 Louis VIII. Cceur de Lion. 
 
 Louis IX. ( .SV. Louis). Solomon of France, 
 or French Solomon. 
 
 Louis XI. Most Christian King, or Majesty. 
 
 Louis XII. Father of his PeoiJle. 
 
 Louis XIV. Le Grand Monarfiue, Lewis 
 Baboon. 
 
 Louis XVI. M. Veto. 
 
 Louis XVin. King of England's Viceroy. 
 
 Louisiana. Creole State. 
 
 Louis Napoleon. See Napoleon III. 
 
 Louis Philippe. Citizen King, Napoleon of 
 Peace. 
 
 Louisville. Fall City. 
 
 Lowell. City of Spindles. 
 
 Lowell, James B. Hosea Biglow. 
 
 Luke, St. Beloved Physician. 
 
 Lulle, or LuUy, Raymond. Illuminated 
 Doctor. 
 
 Lytton, Edward Robert. See Buiwer Ltt- 
 TON, Edward Robert. 
 
 Hacdonald, or Mac Ian. Glencoe. 
 
 Macdonald {of Glengarry). Glengarry. 
 Macgregor, Robert. Rob Roy. 
 Mackenzie, Henry. Addison of the North, 
 
 Man of Feeling. 
 Maerlant, Jakob. Father of Dutch Poetry. 
 Magiun, William. Modern Rabelais, Sir 
 
 Morgan Odoherty. 
 Mahomet. Macon, Mahoun, or INIahouud. 
 Mahony, Francis. Father Prout. 
 Maine. Lumber State, Pine-tree State. 
 Mairone, Francois de. Illuminated Doctor. 
 Manuel I. {of Trebizond). Great Captain. 
 Margaret {daughter of Eric II. of Norway). 
 
 Maid, or Fair Maid, of Norway. 
 Margaret {of Deiunark). Seniiramis of the 
 
 North. 
 Maria (daughter of Robert ., king of Naples). 
 
 Fiammetta(?). 
 Marie Antoinette. Mme. Veto. 
 Marignano (Battle of). Battle of the Giants. 
 Marius, Caius. Third Founder of Rome. 
 Marlborough, Duchess of. ( Surah Churchill.) 
 
 Atossa, Mrs. Freeman. 
 Marlborough, Duke of. (Jnlm Churchill.) 
 
 Handsome Englishman, Humphrey Ho- 
 cus. 
 Martin (Theodore) and Aytoun (William E. ). 
 
 Bon Gaultier. 
 MarvcU, Andrew. British Aristides. 
 3Iary I. {of England). Bloody Mary. 
 Mary (of Modena). Queen of Tears. 
 Massachusetts. Bay State. 
 Mathew, Theobald. Apostle of Temperance. 
 Matilda (Plantagenet). Lady of England. 
 Matthioli, Count. Man with the Iron 
 
 Mask (?). 
 IMaura, Sta. See Sta. M.wra. 
 Maximilian I. (nf Germany). Last of the 
 
 Knights, Pochi Danari, Thouerdank. 
 Mecca. Holy City. 
 
 Medici, Cosmo de'. Father of liis Country. 
 Medici, Lorenzo de'. Father of Letters. 
 Medina. City of the Prophet, Holy City. 
 Melanchthon, Philip. Teacher of Germany. 
 Melendez Valdes, Juan. Restorer of Par- 
 nassus. 
 Mena, Juan de. Spanish Ennius. 
 Menedcmus. Eretrian Bull. 
 Meteyard, Eliza. Silverpen. 
 Michigan {State). Lake State, Wolverine 
 
 State. 
 Mickiewicz, Adam. Polish Byron. 
 Middleton, John. Child of Halo. 
 Middleton, Richard. Profound, or Solid, 
 
 Doctor. 
 Midway Oak {Battle of). Battle of the 
 
 Thirty. 
 Milan. Little Paris. 
 Milburn, William H. Blind Preacher. 
 Milky Way. Watling Street. 
 Miller, Joseph. Father of Jests. 
 Miloradowitch, Michael. Russian Murafc. ' 
 Mind, Godefroi. Raphael of Cats. 
 Mirabeau, Marquis de. ( Victor Riquetli.) 
 
 Friend of Man. 
 Mirabeau, Viscount de. (Boniface Riquet- 
 
 ti.) Barrel-Mirabeau. 
 
 I
 
 MIS 
 
 407 
 
 PHI 
 
 Mississippi ( Rlv(r). Father of Waters. 
 Mississippi ( Slalt). Bajou State. 
 Mississippi ( Valley). Garden of the World. 
 Mitchel. Ormsliv M. Old Stars. 
 Mitchell, Donald G. Ik Marvel. 
 Mitchell, William. Great Tinclarian Doctor. 
 Mogridge, George. Old Humphrey. 
 Moir, David M. Delta. 
 Monmouth, James, Duke of. Absalom, 
 
 Protestant Duke. 
 Montbars. The Exterminator. 
 Montluc, Blaise de. Koyali.>it Butcher. 
 Montmorency, Anne, Duke of. French 
 
 Fabius. 
 Montreal. Island City. 
 Montrose, JIarquis of. See GR.iHAM, James. 
 Moore, Thomas. Anacreou Moore, Thomas 
 
 Brown the Younger, Thomas Little. 
 Moratin, Leaudro Fernandez. Spanish 
 
 Moliere. 
 Mornay, Philippe de. Huguenot Pope. 
 Morning Post {London). Jeames. 
 Morris, James M. K. N. Pepper. 
 Morrison, Lieut. Zadkiel. 
 Mucins, Cains. Scasvola. 
 Murat, Joachim. Handsome Swordsman, 
 
 King Franconi. 
 Murray, or Moray, Earl of. {James Stewart.) 
 
 Good Regent. 
 Murray, John. Emperor of the West. 
 
 Naples. Regno. 
 
 Napoleon III. ( Louis K'apoleon.) Badin- 
 
 guet, Boustrapa. 
 Napoleon, Prince. {Napoleon Joseph Charles 
 
 Bonaparte.) Prince Plon-plon. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte. See Bonaparte, Na- 
 
 P0L30N. 
 
 Nash, Richard. King of Bath. 
 
 Nashville. City of Rocks. 
 
 Nasmyth, Patrick, or Peter. English Hob- 
 bema. 
 
 Native Americans. Hindoos, Know-noth- 
 ings, Sam. 
 
 Neal, John. Jehu O'Cataract. 
 
 Neal, Sir Paul. Sidrophel (?). 
 
 Negroes. Cutfee, Quashee, Sambo. 
 
 Nelson, Horatio. Hero of the Nile. 
 
 Neo-Cresarea, Gregory of. See Gregort op 
 Neo-C.es area. 
 
 Nevil, Richard. See Warwick, Earl of. 
 
 Newell, Robert II. Orpheus C. Kerr. 
 
 New Brunswick {Inhabitants of). Blue- 
 Noses. 
 
 New England and Nova Scotia. Drogio. 
 
 New Hampshire. Granite State. 
 
 New Haven. City of Elms, or Elm City. 
 
 New Orleans. Crescent City. 
 
 New York ( City). Empire City, Gotham, 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 New York ( State ). Empire State, Excelsior 
 State, New Netherlands. 
 
 Ney, Marshal. Bravest of the Bravo. 
 
 Nicholas, St. Boy-bishop, Kriss Kringle. 
 
 Nicholls,' Mrs. ^oe Bronte, Charlotte. 
 
 Nightingale, Florence. St. Filomena. 
 
 Ninian, St. Apostle of the Picts. 
 
 Norbury, Earl of. Hanging Judge. 
 
 Normandy. Land of Wisdom . 
 
 Normandy, Robert, Duke of. Robert, nr 
 Robin, the Devil. 
 
 Northallerton {Battle of). Battle of the 
 Standard. 
 
 North Carolina. Old North State, Turpen- 
 tine State. 
 
 Norway and Sweden. Scandinavia. 
 
 Norwich, Bishop of. See Spenser, IIenkt. 
 
 Nottingham, Lord. See FiNCU, Henea(;e. 
 
 Nova Scotia. Acadia. 
 
 Nova Scotia and New England. Drogio. 
 
 Nova Scotians ( The). Blue-Noses. 
 
 Occam, William of. Invincible Doctor, Sin- 
 gular Doctor, A''enerable Initiator. 
 
 O'Connell, Daniel. Irish Agitator, The Lib- 
 erator. 
 
 Ohio { State). Buckeye State. 
 
 Oldham, John. English Juvenal. 
 
 Omar I. Emperor of Belicver.s. 
 
 Orleans {Battle of). Battleof the Herring.'. 
 
 Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of. 
 ^Egalite. 
 
 Orpheus. Father of Poetry. 
 
 Otterburn (.Brt«/e of). Chevy Chase (?). 
 
 Oxford, Earl of. See Harley, Robert. 
 
 Pacific Ocean. South Sea. 
 
 Paige, Eldridge F. Dow, Jr. 
 
 rala>ologus, Andronicus. Father of his 
 
 Country. 
 Palestine. Holy Land. 
 Palestine {Western). Land of Promise, or 
 
 Promised Laud. 
 Palestrina, Giambattista Pictro Aloisio da. 
 
 Father of Music. 
 Palmcrston, Lord. {Henry John Temple.) 
 
 Pam. 
 Paoli, Pasqu.alc de. Corsica Paoli. 
 Paris. Lutetia. 
 Parrhasius. King of Painters. 
 Parton, Sarah P. Fanny Fern. 
 Patrick, St. Apostle of Ireland. 
 Patterson, Robert. Old Mortality. 
 Paul, St. Apostle of the Gentiles, Prince 
 
 of the Apostles. 
 Paulding, James K. See Irving. 
 Peel, Sir Robert. Orange-Peel. 
 Pekin. Cambalu. 
 
 Pendleton, Rev. Mr. A'icar of Bray (?). 
 Pennsylvania. Key-stone State. 
 Penrose, Elizabeth. Mrs. Markham. 
 Penry, or Ap Henry, John. Martin Mar- 
 Prelate {?). 
 Pepin the Short {of France). Most Christian 
 
 King, or Majesty. 
 Percy, Harry. Hotspur. 
 Perrers, or Pierce, Alice. Lady of the Sun. 
 Perth. Fair City. 
 Peter, St. Prince of the Apostles. 
 Petersburg. Cockade City. 
 I'ezza. Michele. Fra Diavolo. 
 Philadelphia. City of Brotherly Love, 
 
 Quaker City. 
 Philip of Anjou. See Anjou, Duke op.
 
 PHI 
 
 408 
 
 SCO 
 
 Phillips, George S. January Searle. 
 
 Phillips, Katharine. The Matchless, or In- 
 comparable, Orinda. 
 
 Philo Jud;eus. Jewish Plato. 
 
 Philopoemen. Last of the Greeks. 
 
 Pierce, Alice. See Perrers, Alice. 
 
 Pi^alle, Jean Baptiste. French Phidias. 
 
 Piukerton, John. Robert Heron. 
 
 I'into, Ferdinand Mendez. Prince of Liars. 
 
 Pitt, William. (Lord Chatham.) Great 
 Commoner, Junius (?). 
 
 Pittsbur;^. Iron City, Smoky City. 
 
 Plantagenet, Edith. Fair Maid of Anjou. 
 
 Plantagenet, Humphrey. Good Duke Hum- 
 phrey. 
 
 Plantagenet, Matilda. Lady of England. 
 
 Plato. Athenian Bee. 
 
 Plymouth Colony. Old Colony. 
 
 Poland. Sarmatia. 
 
 Pole, Slichael de la. Beloved Merchant. 
 
 Pouiatowski, Joseph. Polish Bayard. 
 
 Pope ( The). Lord Peter, Man of Sin, Servant 
 of the Servants of God, Vicar of Christ. 
 
 Pope, Alexander. Bard of Twickenham. 
 
 Porphyry. The Philosopher. 
 
 Portland {Maine). Forest City. 
 
 Portman and Grosvenor Square Districts 
 (London). Tyburnia. 
 
 Portugal. Lusitauia. 
 
 Pot, Phihppe. Cicero's Mouth. 
 
 Powis, Lucia. Castara. 
 
 Pratt, Samuel J. Courtney Melmoth. 
 
 Presbyterians (T/ic). Blue-Skins. 
 
 Procter, Bryan W. Barry Cornwall. 
 
 Puget, Pierre. Michael Angelo of France. 
 
 Pushkin, Alexander Sergeivitch. Russian 
 Byron . 
 
 Putnam, Lsrael. Old Put. 
 
 Pym, John. King Pym. 
 
 Pythagoras. Samian Sage, or Sage of Samos. 
 
 Quakers, or Friends. Seeker.*;. 
 Quebec. Gibraltar of America. 
 Queen's Camel. Camelot. 
 
 Rabelais, Francois. Alcofribas Nasier, Cu- 
 rate of Meudon, Father of Ridicule. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter. Shepherd of the Ocean. 
 
 Ramsay, Allan. Scottish Theocritus. 
 
 Riinn, John. Sixteen-striug Jack. 
 
 Riithbone, Mrs. Richard. Mary Powell. 
 
 Redden, Laura C. Howard Glyndon. 
 
 Rene d' Anjou. Good King Rene. 
 
 Rhode Island. Little Khody. 
 
 Ricardus Corinensis. See Richard op Ciren- 
 cester. 
 
 Rich, John. Lun. 
 
 Rich, Lady. See Devereux, Peneiope. 
 
 Richard I. (of England). Coeur de Leon, 
 Le Noir Faineant. 
 
 Richard II. (of England). Defender of the 
 Faith. 
 
 Richard of Cirencester. Monk of Westmin- 
 ster. 
 
 Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich. Jean Paul, 
 The Only. 
 
 Bimini, Gregory of. See Gregory of Rimini. 
 
 Roberts, John. Junius (?). 
 
 Robin Hood. See Hood, Rohin. 
 
 Robinson, Frederick. See Godeeich, Vis- 
 count. 
 
 Robinson, Mary. Beauty of Buttermere. 
 
 Robinson, Mary Darby. English Sappho, 
 Perdita. 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. Edward. Talvi. 
 
 Rochester (iVeiti York). Flour City. 
 
 Rochester, Earl of. (John Wilmot.) Virgin 
 Modesty. 
 
 Roderick. Last of the Goths. 
 
 Rogers, Samuel. Bard of Memory. 
 
 Roman Catholic Church. Mystical Baby- 
 lon, Scarlet Woman. 
 
 Romanus, ^Egidius. \Vell-founded Doctor. 
 
 Rome. Eternal City, Imperial City, Mis- 
 tress of the World, Nameless City, 
 Queen of Cities, Seven-hilled City. 
 
 Ronsard, Pierre de. Prince of the Ode. 
 
 Rosenhagen, Rev. J. Junius (?). 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Jean Jacques, 
 J.J. 
 
 Royal Marines. Mistress Roper. 
 
 RUgen. Holy Island. 
 
 Rupert, Prince. Mad Cavalier. 
 
 Russell, Lord John. (Earl Russell.) Finality 
 .John. 
 
 Russia. Northern Bear, Northern Giant. 
 
 Russians ( The). Ivan Ivanovitch. 
 
 Ruysbroek, Jean. Divine Doctor, Ecstatic 
 Doctor. 
 
 Sacheverell, Lucy. Lucasta (?). 
 
 Sackville, Lord George. Junius {?). 
 
 St. Hilaire, Comte de. (Louis Vincent Joseph 
 Le Blond.) Roland of the Army. 
 
 St. \jO\i\s (Missouri). Mound City. 
 
 St. Martin, Louis Claude de. Philosopher 
 of the Unknown. 
 
 St. Pour^ain, Durand de. See Durand de 
 St. P0DR9AIN. 
 
 Sampson, Agnes. See SurpsoN, Agnes. 
 
 Sandwich, John, Lord. Jemmy Twitcher. 
 
 Sta. Maura. Lover's Leap. 
 
 Sarpi, Peter. Father Paul. 
 
 Satan. Belial, Prince of Darkness, Prince 
 of the Power of the Air. See Devil. 
 
 Saunders, David. Shepherd of Salisbury 
 Plain. 
 
 Savannah. Forest City. 
 
 Saxony ( South-eastern). Saxon Switzerland. 
 
 Scanderljeg. White Devil of Wallachia. 
 
 Schwerin, Count von. Little Marlborough. 
 
 Scotch ( The). Nation of Gentlemen, Sawney. 
 
 Scotland. Albania or Albany, Albyn, Cale- 
 don or Caledonia, Coila, Land of Cakes, 
 North Britain, Scotia. 
 
 Scott, Adam. King of the Border. 
 
 Scott, John. See Eldon, Lord. 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter. Border Minstrel, or Min- 
 strel of the Border, Captain Cuthbert 
 Clutterbuck, Chrystal Croftangry, 
 Great Magician, Great Unknown, Jede- 
 diah Cleishbotham, Laurence Temple- 
 ton, Malachi Malagrowther, Peter Pat- 
 tieson, Wizard of the North.
 
 SCO 
 
 409 
 
 THO 
 
 Scotus, Duns. Seo Dn.vs Scotds. 
 
 Scoville, Joseph A. ^V'alter Barrett, Clerk. 
 
 Settle, Elkanah. Doeg. 
 
 Seward, Anna. Swau of LichfielJ. 
 
 Seymour, Charles. (Duke of Somerset.) 
 Proud Duke. 
 
 Shadwell, Thomas. Mac FIccknoe. 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of. Achitophel. 
 
 Shakespeare, William. Bard of Avon, 
 Sweet Swan of Avon. 
 
 Sharp, Samuel. Mundungus. 
 
 Sharpe, KicharJ. Conversation Sharpo. 
 
 Shelburne, Lord. Malagrida. 
 
 Shelley, Percy 15. Poet of Poets. 
 
 Sheppard, Elizabeth S. Mme. Kinkel. 
 
 Shield of Arthur. Pridwin. 
 
 Sicily. Garden of Italy, Granary of Europe. 
 
 Sicinius Denfatus. Roman Achilles. 
 
 Sidmouth, Viscount. {Htnry Aldington.) 
 The Doctor. 
 
 Sidney, Lady Dorothea. Sacharissa. 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip. Astrophel, English 
 Petrarch, Philisides. 
 
 Sigismund (emperor of Germany). Super 
 Grammaticam. 
 
 Simmons, Thomas. Man of Blood. 
 
 Simpson, Agnes. Wise Wife of Keith. 
 
 Sjijberg, Erik. Vitalis. 
 
 Smith, Seba. Jack Downing. 
 
 Smith, Sydney. Peter Plymley. 
 
 Smith, William. Father of English Geology. 
 
 Smolensk. Key of Russia. 
 
 Smollett, Tobias. Smelfungus. 
 
 Society of Medical Observation (in Paris). 
 Mutual Admiration Society. 
 
 Sodom and Gomorrah. Cities of the Plain. 
 
 Solomon. The Preacher. 
 
 Somerset, Duke of. See Seymour, Charles. 
 
 Sophie Charlotte (of Prussia). Republican 
 Queen. 
 
 Sophocles. Attic Bee, Attic Homer. 
 
 Soult, Marshal. Old Fox. 
 
 South Carolina. Palmetto State. 
 
 Southern States ( ir S.). Di.\ie. 
 
 Southey, Robert. Abel Shufflebottom, Es- 
 priella. 
 
 Spain. Hispania, Iberia. 
 
 Sparta and Athens. The Two Eyes of 
 Greece. 
 
 Spears. (Of Arthur) Ron ; (of Odin) Gung- 
 nir. 
 
 Spenser, Edmund. Colin Clout, Prince of 
 Poets. 
 
 Spenser, Henry. (Bishop of IVonvick.) 
 Fighting Prelate. 
 
 Springfield (Illinois). Flower City. 
 
 Spurzheim, John Gaspar. Dousterswivol. 
 
 Steeds. (Of Alexander the Great) Buceph- 
 alus ; (of Apollo and the Muses) Peg- 
 asus ; (of Argalia) Rabicano ; (of the 
 four sons of Aymon) Bayard ; (of Bevis 
 of Southampton) Arundel ; (of the Cid) 
 Bavieca ; (of Don Quixote) Aligero Cla- 
 vileno a7i/l Rozinante ; (of .'^ir Launce- 
 lot Greaves) Bronzomnrte ; (of Moham- 
 med) Al Borak; (of Odin) Sleipnir; (of 
 Orlando) Brigliadoro and VegUantino ; 
 
 (of Rinaldo) Bayard ; (of Ruggiero, or 
 Rogero) Frontino ; (of Siegfried) Granc ; 
 (of Tristram) Passetreul. 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard Nestor Ironside. 
 
 Sterling, Edward. Vetus. 
 
 Sterne, Lawrence. The Bramin, English 
 Rabelais. 
 
 Stevenson, John II. Lord of Crazy Castle. 
 
 Stewart, James. See Mlkiuv, or Moray, 
 Eakl of. 
 
 Stewart, John. Walking Stewart. 
 
 Stoddart, John. Doctor Slop. 
 
 Stowe, Harriet B. Christopher Crowfield. •■ 
 
 Strother, David II. Porte-Crayon. 
 
 Stuart, Charles Edward. Young Chevalier, 
 Younger Pretender. 
 
 Stuart, James Francis Edward. Chevalier 
 de St. George, Elder Pretender. 
 
 Sturle.son, Snorro. Northern Hei'odotus. 
 
 Sunderland, Anne, Countess of. Little 
 Whig. 
 
 Swain, Charles. Manchester Poet. 
 
 Sweden and Norway. Scandinavia. 
 
 Swift, Jonathan. Cadenus, Dean of St. 
 Patrick's, English Rabelais, Presto ; 
 M. B., Drapier. 
 
 Swiss ( The). Colin Tampon. 
 
 Switzerland. Helvetia. 
 
 Swords. (Of Agricane) Tranchcra ; (of Ar- 
 thur) C.aliburn, or Excalibar ; (of Bevis 
 of Southampton) Morglay ; (of Bragga- 
 dochio) Sanglamore ; (of Charlemagne) 
 La Joyeuse ; (of the Cid) Colada and 
 Tizona ; (of Doolin of Mayence) Merveil- 
 leuse ; (of Edward the Confessor) Cur- 
 tana ; (of Frithiof) Angurvardel ; (of 
 Ilako I.) Quern-biter ; (of Lancelot of 
 the Lake) Aroundight ; (of Ogier le 
 Danois) Curtana ; (of Orlando, or Ro- 
 land) Durandiil, or Durlindana ; (of Sir 
 Otuel)Corrouge; (of Rinaldo) Fusbcrta; 
 (of Ruggiero, or Rogero) Balisardo ; (of 
 Siegfi'ied) Balmung, Gram, Mimung ; 
 (of Thoralf Skolinson) Foot-breadth: 
 (of Wittich) Mimung. 
 
 Sylvester, Joshua. The Silver-tongued. 
 
 Sym, Robert. Timothy Tickler. 
 
 Symmonds, John. Spanish Jack. 
 
 Symonds, Symon. Aicar of Bray (?). 
 
 Syrus, Ephraem. Prophet of the Syrians. 
 
 Tamerlane. Prince of Destruction. 
 
 Tammenund. St. Tammany. 
 
 'rtit\eT (Editor of the). Isaac Bickerstaff. 
 
 Tauler, John. Illuminated Doctor. 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy. Shakespeare of Divines. 
 
 Taylor, John. Water-poet. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary. Rough and Ready. 
 
 Teilez, Gabriel. Tirso de Molina. 
 
 Temple, Lord. (Richard Grenville.) Lord 
 
 Gawky, Tiddy-doU. 
 Terpander. Father of Greek Music. 
 Texas. Lone-Star Sbite. 
 Thackeray, William M. George Fitz-Boodle, 
 
 Michael Angelo Titmarsh. 
 Thompson, Mortimer. Q. K. Philander 
 
 Doesticks.
 
 THO 
 
 410 
 
 ZOR 
 
 Thomson, J. P. Philip TTharton. 
 
 Thomson, Mrs. Anthony T. Grace Wharton. 
 
 Throckmorton, or Throgmorton, Job. Mar- 
 tin Mar-Prelate (?). 
 
 Times, ( The London). The Thunderer. 
 
 Timoiir. See Tamerlane. 
 
 Titus [emptror of Rome). Delight of Man- 
 kind. 
 
 Tooke. John Ilorne. Philosopher of Wim- 
 bledon. 
 
 Trinity College [Dublin). Silent Sister. 
 
 Trowbridge, J. T. Paul Creyton. 
 
 Ti'oy. Ilium, or Ilion. 
 
 Tucker, Abraham. Edward Search. 
 
 Turkey. Sick JIan of the East. 
 
 Tyrconnel. Lying Dick Talbot. 
 
 TJdall, John. Martin-Prelate (?). 
 Vncas. Last of the Mohicans. 
 XTnited States. Columbia, Uncle Sam. 
 Uuited States (F/-(g«/er). Old Waggon. 
 United States (People of). Brotlaer Jona- 
 than. 
 United States Flag. Old Glory. 
 Uther. Pendragon. 
 
 VanBuren, Martin. Little Magician. 
 
 '\'anhomrigh, Esther. Vanessa. 
 
 Varro, Marcus Terentius. Most Learned of 
 
 the Romans. 
 Varro, William. Thorough Doctor. 
 Vaughan, Henry. The Silurist. 
 Vaughan, Thomas. Dangle. 
 Vendome Beaufort, Francois de. King of 
 
 the ^Markets. 
 Venice. Bride of the Sea. 
 Vermont. Green-Mountain State. 
 Vernon, Admiral Edward. Old Grog. 
 Victoria, or Victorina. Mother of the 
 
 Camps. 
 Vida, Marco Girolamo. Christian Virgil. 
 Villiers, George. See Buckingham, Duke of. 
 Virgil. Mantuan Swan. 
 Virginia. Mother of Presidents, Mother of 
 
 States, Old Dominion. 
 Vivian. Lady of the Lake. 
 Voltaire, Francois. Apostle of Infidelity, 
 
 Philosopher of Ferney. 
 
 Wales. Cambria. 
 
 Wales, Edward, Prince of. See Edward, 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 Walker, John. Elocution Walker. 
 
 Walker, John. Hookey Walker. 
 
 Aralpole, Sir Robert. Robin Bluestring, 
 Grand Corrupter. 
 
 Walton, Izaak. Father of Angling. 
 
 Warner, Susan. Elizabeth WethereU. 
 
 Warwick, Earl of. (Richard Nevil.) King- 
 maker. 
 
 Warwick and Eccleston Square Districts 
 (London). Oubitopolis, Mesopotamia. 
 
 Waryng, Jane. Varina. 
 
 Washington. City of Magnificent Dis- 
 tances. 
 
 Washington, George. American Fabius, 
 Father of his Country. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony. Mad Anthony. 
 
 Webster, Daniel. Expounder of the Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 AVedeU, C. U. Leonidas Wedell. 
 
 Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wfllesley.) 
 Great Duke, Iron Duke, Old Douro. 
 
 Welsh (r/(f). Tafify. 
 
 1\'estern Hemisphere. New World. 
 
 Western Reserve. New Connecticut. 
 
 AVestminster Review. Breeches Review. 
 
 West Virginia ( Northern ). The Pan-handle. 
 
 A\'hite, John. Century White. 
 
 ■\\'hite. Rev. John. Patriarch of Dorches- 
 ter. 
 
 AMiitefriars. Alsatia. 
 
 "White Mountains. Crystal Hills. 
 
 Whitfield, George. Doctor Squintum. 
 
 Whittier, John Greenleaf. Quaker Poet. 
 
 AVieland, Christoph Martin. German Vol- 
 taire . 
 
 Wilbrord, or WilUbrod, St. Apostle of the 
 Frisians. 
 
 Wild, Henry. Arabian Tailor, Learned 
 Tailor. 
 
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 AVilkie, Sir David. Scottish Teniers. 
 
 Wilkie, William. Scottish Homer. 
 
 William I. (of England). The Conqueror. 
 
 AVilliam IV. Sailor King. 
 
 Williams, John. Tony Pasquin. 
 
 Williams, Rev. John. Redeemed Captive. 
 
 Williams, Renwick. The Monster. 
 
 Wilmot, John. See Rochester. Earl of. 
 
 Wilson, John. Christopher, or Kit, North, 
 IMordecai MuUion. 
 
 Winchcomb, John. Jack of Newbury. 
 
 Winchester. Camelot {?). 
 
 "Wisconsin. Badger State. 
 
 AVise, Henry A. Harry Gringo. 
 
 Wolcott, John. Peter Pindar. 
 
 AVorcestershire. Garden of England. 
 
 AVordsworth, AVilliam. Bard of Rydal 
 Mount. 
 
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 Doctor, Morning Star of the Reforma- 
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 Xeuophon. Attic Muse, Muse of Greece. 
 
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 York, House of. White Rose. 
 
 Zaragoza, Agustina. Maid of Saragossa. 
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 Zoroaster. Bactrian Sa"'?. 
 
 
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