Gr&^<^ yC-NRLF B 3 543 T3, QIFT Negro Journalism An Essay On The History And Present Conditions Of The Negro Press George W. Gore, Jr. Journalism Press Greencastle, Indiana 1922 V Negro Journalism An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press By GEORGE W. GORE, JR. Junior in Course in Journalism De Pauw University Greencastle, Indiana 1922 Price 35 Cents Copyright, 1922 By George W. Gore PREFACE This pamphlet does not pretend to be a detailed or scholarly discussion of the subject. Lack of experience and funds have lim- ited the author to_a mere outlining or suggesting of the field. In fact, this essay is only the expansion of a term paper submitted in fulfillment of a semester requirement in the Course in Journal- ism. The main purpose of this essay is to show the various stages of development through which the Negro press has evolved with a view of furnishing a background for the better understanding of its present status. It is written, too, to present the problems and inherent possibilities of Negro Journalism; to point out the progress which is being made today; and to suggest future possibilities. If this attempt, amateur and incomplete as it may be, in any measure awakens an interest in the achievements and efforts of Negro news- papers and magazines it has served its purpose. For the period up to 1890, the author frequently has referred to The Afro-American Press and Its Editors by I. Garland Penn — a work which is an authority on the subject for the period covered by it. A large part of the biographical data and information on present day newspapers was obtained from the Negro Year Book and communications. I especially wish to thank those editors and publishers who so kindly gave me the information which I desired. I am also very grateful to The Chicago Defender and The South- ern Workman of Hampton, Va., for the loan of some cuts. Especially do I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance and helpful criticism of my instructor. Prof. L. E. Mitchell, director of the Course in Journalism, in DePauw University. GEORGE W. GORE, JR. Greencastle, Indiana. CONTENTS I. Preface — II. Early Attempts (1827-1847) — 1. Discussion of nine pioneer papers. 2. Biographic sketches of their editors. III. The Abolitionist Press (1847-1865) — 1. Discussion of eleven papers. 2. Biographic sketches of editors. IV. The Reconstruction Period (or the Period of Free- dom) 1865-1880. 1. Discussion of principal papers and their editors. ^ — ^ 2. Statistics as to paper published. Np\C The Transition Period (1880-1900) — 1. Discussion of papers established that still exist. 2. The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers. VVlT The Dawn of a New Era (1900—) — 1. Journalism regarded as a vocation. 2. Discussion of organization, staffs, circulation and advertisements. 3. News service and syndicates. V/Vll. Present Day Newspapers- — 1. Discussion of mechanical equipment, news hand- ling, etc. • 2. Circulation and staffs. 3. Twelve best Negro newspapers. \yill. Daily Negro Newspapers^ 1. Early attempts. 2. Daily editions for special periods. 3. Present day dailies. IX. Negro Magazines — 1. Precursors. 2. Discussions of the development. 3. Present day publications — characteristics, size, cir- culation, and aim. X. Journalism and Negro Schools — 1. High School and College papers. 2. College .courses in Journalism — Howard, Fisk, and Wilberforce. 3. Training in printing — Tuskegee and Hampton. XI. A Forecast of the Future — 1. Development, opportunity for advancement, and achievement. XII. Appendix — List of Newspapers and Magazines Published A History of Negro Journalism In the United States CHAPTER I. EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS Freedman's Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began Journal The Genius of Universal Emancipation, and four years before William Lloyd Garrison started to publish The Liberator, Negro Journalism in America was born. The first publication was Freedom's Journal', issued March 16, 1827. It was in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed weekly, about nine by twelve inches. Freedom's Journal was a thorough-going abolitionist sheet, having been called into being to defend the Negro against the vile attacks of a New York editor of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and Negro-hating tendencies. This new organ had for its motto, "Righteousness Exalteth a Nation," and its columns were filled with long dissertations on the immorality of slavery. John Russwurm The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first First Editor Negroes to graduate from a college in the United States, graduated from Bowdoin Col- lege in 1826. Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He pub- lished The Journal until 1829, when he went to Liberia, where he became editor of The Liberia Herald. The Colored A period of about eight years elapsed before American the founding of a second Negro newspaper. In Januarv, 1837, Rev. Samuel Cornish began the publishing of The W^eekly Advocate. The name was changed in March, however, to The Colored American, and under that name it continued to be issued weekly until 1842. The first editor. Rev. Cornish, was one of the leading Negro journalists of the period. He had been associated with Freedom's Journal, and throughout a period of twenty years he was actively connected with some news- paper. Advocated The subscription price of The Colored Ameri- Emancipation can was two dollars per year in advance. Its objects were, according to its flag, "the moral, social and political elevation of the free Colored people; *March 21, 1828, the name was changed to Rights of All. 5 507803 A History of Negro Journalism and the peaceful emancipation of the enslaved." The paper was well received by the American press of the period, and many favorable comments on it appeared from time to time. • The Elevator The first two Negro newspapers had their headquarters in New York City, but their " successor was established in Albany, N. Y. The Elevator came into being in 1842, with Stephen Myers as its publisher. The paper was strongly backed by the Abolitionists. Among its influential supporters and backers was Horace Greeley of The New York Tribune. The National Contemporaneous with The Elevator ap- Watchman peared The National W atchman and Clairion. which was established in Jroy, N. Y., in the latter part of 1842. Its publisher and editor was William G. Allen. It was short-lived, as was also The People^s Press which was pub-, lished by Thomas Hamilton in New York City the following year. The Mystery Following the lead taken by the empire state, Pennsylvania became a field of activity for the Negro journalist. In 1843, The Mystery was published at Pittsburgh by Dr. Martin Delaney, a graduate of Harvard College. At first it was conducted as the personal property of its editor, but as such it survived only nine months when it became necessary to transfer its ownership to a joint-stock company. After the change Delaney was retained in the capacity of editor. Delaney was the first Negro editor to be sued for libel. He was fined for his statements; but his popularity was so great that the fine was paid by popular subscription. The Mystery ceased publication under that name in 1848, at which time it was purchased by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Statement by As the result of a statement by the editor of N. Y. Sun, Origin The New York Sun, "The Sun shines for all OF The Ram's Horn white men and not for colored men," in January, 1847, The Rani's Horn was begun. Its editor was Willis Hodges, who according to The Afro-American Press and Its Editor'', furnished the money necessary to publish the first issue by whitewashing in New York City for two months. Within a short period of time the circulation of the paper reached two thousand five hundred copies. The subscription price was $1.50 to subscribers within the state, and SI a year to those outside the state. Its motto was — "We are men, and therefore interested in whatever concerns men." The publication was a five column folio, printed on both sides. It suspended publication in June 1848. *■ Published by I. Garland Penn in 1891. A History of Negro Journalism CHAPTER 2 THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865) Douglass Founds With the founding of the North Star, at North Star Rochester. N. Y., November 1, 1847, a new era in Negro Journalism was begun. The new paper was conducted on a much higher plane than any of the preceding publications. The editor of the North Star was Frederick Douglass, a man who stood head and shoulders above his colleagues. In fact. Douglass is in Negro Journalism what Bennett, or Pulitzer, or Greeley, or Dana is in American Journalism. The personal fame of the man gave his paper at once a place among the first journals of the country. The columns of the North Star were filled with contributions from correspondents in Europe and the West Indies, as well as from all parts of the United States. It was the first Negro news- paper to have anv considerable circulation among the American people outside of its own race group. Life of The life of the founder of this paper is a Fred Douglass most interesting one. Born a slave at Tucka- hoe, Md., February, 1817, he escaped from his master in 1833, going first to New York City, and then to New Bedford, Mass. In 1841, he was sent out as a lecturer under the auspices of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He was one of the most prominent anti-slavery agitators of his day; a series of lectures on the immorality of human slavery was given by him in England. Douglass' power as a writer was great, and his ready and vigorous use of the English language was always effective. The paper was discontinued shortly after the abolition of slavery. The Impartial Around the brilliancy of the North Star Citizen moved several satellites, which somewhat reflected the light of the major planet. Among these was The Impartial Citizen, published at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1848, by Samuel Ward. It is said that the paper was conducted on a high plane and was ably edited. Colored Man's The suspension of The Ram's Horn in 1848 Journal Runs left the Negroes of New York City without a Ten Years newspaper. However, in 1851, Louis H. Put- man began the publication of The Colored Mans Journal. It was backed by a friend who financially sup- ported it, and as a result the paper was able to run for a period A History of Negro Journalism of ten years — a record unequalled during the period before the Emancij3ation by any paper with the exception of the JSorth Star. Alienated The 'Alienated American, edited by W. H. American Day, was the first Negro newspaper published in Ohio. It entered upon its career in Cleve- land, Ohio, in 1852, five years after its editor was graduated from Oberlin College. The Alienated American was one of the best journals published by Negroes in the nineteenth century. Day was a prolific, scholarly writer. His publication was a creditable one and realized a good support. The paper ceased publication in 1856, when its editor made a trip to England. A. M. E. Church In 1848, the African Methodist Episcopal Buys The Mystery Church purchased The Mystery of Pittsburgh, Pa., of which Martin Delaney was editor. During the four years of its existence in Pittsburgh, the paper was known as the Christian Herald. In 1852, the paper was moved to Philadelphia, and its name was changed to Christian Recorder. Rev. M. M. Clarke became its first editor. Christian The beginning of the Christian Recorder in Recorder Oldest 1852, marks the founding of the oldest Negro Negro Newspaper newspaper in existence today. It is also significant in that it marks the first serious attempt in Negro Journalism to establish a religious newspaper. The early years of the paper were beset with many difficulties, and oftimes the paper was not issued regularly. Not until Elisha Weaver became editor in 1861 did it appear weekly. The size of the paper has increased from 5 columns, 4 pages, 12 by 16 inches, in 1848, to its present size, 4 columns, 16 pages, 10 by 16 inches. The present circulation of the paper is about 5,000. Its editor is R. R. Wright Jr., who received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1911. Negro Journalism The year 1855 saw Negro Journalism starting on Pacific Coast on the Pacific coast. Within a space of less than thirty years Negro Journalism had made its way from the Atlantic to the Pacific seaboard. The first publi- cation was established at San Francisco under the name of The Mirror of the Times. Its editor was Judge Gibbs. It was published for seven years, and in 1862 was merged into The Pacific Appeal. The Herald Another contemporary of the \orth Star was of Freedom The Herald of Freedom, published in 1855, in Ohio, by Peter H. Clark. It was short- lived but during its existence it was one of the best advocates of A History of Negro Journalism Abolition. lis editor was a man of good common sense and vast knowledge. After the suspension of his paper, Clark was associated with Douglass on the North Star. The Anglo- Thomas Hamilton, the publisher of the short- African lived People's Press, again attempted a publication in New York City. On July 23, 1859, he began publishing The Anglo-African. The paper was well printed and in the opinion of Frederick Douglass "had more promise and more journalistic ability about it, than any of the other papers.'' The motto of the papers of the period was highly indicative of their editorial outlook and policy. Practically every paper had its motto, and The Anglo-African was no exception. Its motto was: "Man must be free; if not through law, then above the law." Advocates Haytian In 1860, the paper was bought by James Emigration Redpath — the object of his purchase being to advocate the Haytian Emigration Move- ment. With the change in ownership the paper was known as The Weekly Anglo-African. Later, in 1861, the paper reverted to the Hamilton family, being published by Robert Hamilton. The original name of the paper was resumed, and under its new pub- lisher became an ardent supporter df the Republican party. With the freeing of the slaves. The Anglo African began to advocate the need of educational facilities for the freedman, especially in the South. The paper was suspended shortly after Emancipation. Colored Citizen During the period of the Civil War only two Organ of Negro Negro newspapers were established, one of Soldiers During which was The Colored Citizen, published at War Cincinnati. Ohio, by John P. Sampson. It was issued in the interest of the Negro soldiers fighting in the war. It was commonly referred to as the ■'Soldiers' Organ," and was widely disseminated among the soldiers. Sampson was well educated — being a product of the Boston public school system — and as an editor he was both able and enterprising. The Colored Citizen was suspended the latter part of 1865. The Pacific In 1862, The Pacific Appeal came into be- Appeal ing in San Francisco, but it was not a new publication, however, it was merely the suc- cessor to The Mirror of the Times. Its editor was William H. Carter. It became the index of the activities of the Negroes on the Pacific coast. The paper's motto was: "He who would be free, himself must strike the blow." It was a six column folio, well-printed, and contained editorials which on the whole were sober and sound. A History of Negro Journalism The Elevator, The second paper established on the western Edited by Bell coast was The Elevator, which was begun by Phillip Bell, April 18, 1865, in San Fran- cisco, Cal. The paper stated its mission thus: "We shall labor for the civil and political enfranchisement of the Colored people — not as a distinct and separate race, but as American citizens." The publisher encouraged advertisements and quoted his rates as being 60 cents for one insertion and 25 cents for each subsequent insertion. Bell a Man Bell had been connected with the journalistic OF Learning field for twenty-five years, and as a result was experienced in the work. His editorials were of a high quality. His paper was neatly printed and con- tained contributions relating to science, art, literature and drama. In fact, it is said that Bell himself was well-versed in belles-lettres and dramatic criticism. By many of his contemporaries he was considered the Napoleon of the Negro press. Although he died in 1889, his paper continued for many years thereafter. CHAPTER HI THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1865-1880) Emancipation W?th the emancipation, a new period in Goal of Negro Negro Journalism is begun. For nearly forty Press years newspapers had been published by Negroes who had obtained their freedom, but the circulation of these papers among the race group of necessity was limited. Emancipation marked the realization of the goal of the Negro press prior to that time, and with the ushering in of free- dom many of the newspapers ceased publication. There was, how- ever, still another great, if not even more important task for the Negro press — the education of the masses of illiterate. This task the surviving newspapers, together with many new ones, set out to accomplish. First Southern The first notable development of the period Negro Newspaper was the beginning of Negro newspapers in the South, where the large majority of Negroes were located. The first Negro newspaper published in the South was The Colored American of Augusta, Ga., issued for the first time in October, 1865. The following paragraph from its propectus will suffice to show the paper's attitude and policy: 10 A History of Negro Journalism Colored "It (The Colored American) is designated to American's be a vehitle for the diffusion of Religious- Propectus Political and General Intelligence. It will be devoted to the promotion of harmony and good-will between the whites and Colored people of the South, and untiring in its advocacy of Industry and Education among all classes; but particularly the class most in need of our agency. "Accepting, at all times, the decision of public sentiment and Legislative Assemblies, and bowing to the majesty of law, it will fearlessly remonstrate against legal and constitutional proscription by appeal to the public sense of justice.""''^ Shuften's The editor of the paper was J. T. Shuften, Editorial on th-e who was ably assisted by Dr. James Lynch. Race Problem Shuften was credited by The Neiv York World as having written the best article of the time on the "Negro Question." The paper was short-lived and suspended February, 1866. Precursors in With the beginning of Negro Journalism in Southern States the South, papers sprung up in other states: The Colored T ennessean and The True Com- municator, of Baltimore, Md., being among the more noted ones. Many of the papers were short-lived; others changed hands and names frequently and continued for several years. Papers Grow in The year 1868 saw^ the founding of The Influence and Charleston Leader, at Charleston, S. C. By Circulation 1870, the Negro press began to make itself felt. The People's Journal, with a circula- tion of over 10,000 was being edited by Dr. R. L. Perry. In Mississippi, James J. Spellman nad John Lynch began The Colored Citizen. December, 1870, marked the founding of The New Or- leans Louisianian> by P. B. S. Pinchback*, who in 1873 became governor of Louisiana, being the only Negro ever to hold this position. August 1861, John J. Freeman started The Progressive American, in New York City, which existed for ten years. The one outstand- ing achievement of this paper is the fact that as a result of its fight for Negro teachers in the public schools twenty-three were appointed. Editors Highly Between 186.5 and 1880, over 30 newspapers Educated of more or less merit came into existence; Negro newspapers were being published in 21 states. The papers of the period were ably edited and were the product of some of the most highly educated Negroes. *Pinchback died in Washington, D. C, Dec. 22, 1921. ** Afro- American Press. 11 A History of Negro Journalism CHAPTER IV THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1880-1900) Number of Papers The last twenty years of the ninteenth cen- Increases tury were marked by an increase in the num- ber of papers published. More than 150 papers were being published by Negroes in thirty different states before the dawn of the new century. To trace the history of all of these papers would be useless, if not well nigh impossible, as but few of them were long-lived or permanent. Most of them were started for the achievement of a single end, and having served the temporary need disappeared. There are, however, several papers which were established during this period that demand treatment because of their longevity and present existence. Philadelphia Among this group is The Philadlephia Tri- Tribune bune. founded by Christopher J. Perry in 1884. Perrv, who was sole owner of his paper, had had much experience in Journalism before becoming a publisher. His work as editor of the Colored Department of The Sunday Mercury, had established his reputation as a journalist. Remarkable Since its founding, its editor has worked un- Success Under ceasingly towards its development' and as a Perry result the success of the paper has been remarkable. Today the paper exists, and decess under Perry in spite of the death of its founder in 1920, is still carried on by his heirs. Today The Philadelphia Tribune occupies an enviable position among Negro papers, and is undoubtedly* one of the twelve best Negro papers in the United States. At the time of his death, Christopher Perry was president of The National Negro Press Association. The Age Oldest The oldest Negro newspaper published in Negro Paper in New York City at the present time is The New York City ISew York Age. It was founded in 1888 by T. Thomas Fortune, the living dean of Negro newspaper editors. Fortune began his journalistic career as a boy in the office of a white paper published in Marianna, Fla. His first editorship came in 1880, when he became connected with The New York Globe. Under the guidance of Fortune, The Age was perhaps the greatest Negro newspaper of the period. Garland Penn, in his Afro-American Press (published in 1891), styles, Fortune as "the most noted man in Afro- American journalism." 12 A History of Negro Journalism Richmond Planet The Richmond Planet, founded by John Mit- Editer by chell, Jr., in 1884, is another Negro news- Mitchell paper that has enjoyed longevity. Mitchell seems to have been a born newspaperman, and practically all of his life he has devoted himself to journalism. Despite his location in the Southland, Mitchell has ever been a bold and fearless writer. Today The Richmond Planet still exists, with John Mitchell, Jr., at its head, and has a circulation of over 25,000. Smith and The The Cleveland Gazette was begun in August, Cleveland Gazette 1883, with H. C. Smith as sole owner. It was considered as one of the best edited papers in the United States. Smith was an ardent politician, and his editorials advocating Republicanism were exceptionally pointed and well put. The paper was one of the few Negro papers of the period that was a financial success. The Cleveland Gazette is still published bv H. C. Smith. It has a circulation of approximately 20,000. William Chase Perhaps the strongest Negro newspaper ever and The Bee published in Washington, D. C, is The Washington Bee, of which William Calvin Chase is editor and founder. Chase is especially noted for his bull-dog tenacity in exposing and attacking fraud. He has always been one of the "big guns" in editorial artillery. Chase is still editor of his paper, and The Bee buzzes as of old. The Freeman The first illustrated Negro newspaper was First Illustrated The Indianapolis Freeman, founded by Ed- Negro Weekly ward Cooper of Indianapolis- Ind., July 14, 1888. The paper consisted of eight pages, and gave a complete review of the doings of Negroes everywhere. The extensive use of cuts and illustrations made the paper famous. As an all around newspaperman. Cooper was without a peer, and under his management the paper reached a pre-eminent position in Negro Journalism. Today The Freeman is owned and controlled by George L. Knox, and it still enjoys a wide range of popularity. The paper features theatricals and sports. The present circulation is about 30,000. Afro-American The founding of The Afro-American in 1893, Founded in 1893 by W. M. Alexander marks the beginning of a paper which today figures most conspicu- ously in Negro Journalism. About 1896, the paper came into the hands of J. H. Murphy, Sr.,* who is now its managing editor at 1 •> iO A History of Negro Journalism the age of eighty. More will be said of The Afro-American in connection with the chapter on Present Day Papers. Leading Papers A list of the leading Negro newspapers in IN 1897 America in 1897, compiled by J. T. Haley in his book Sparkling Gems of Race Knowl- edge, includes the following: The Colored American, Washington, D. C; TheJ^iew Itork Age; The Indianapalis Freeman; The Cleve- land Gazette; The Boston Courant; The Richmond (Va.) Planet; The Huntsville (Ala.) Gazette; The Southern Age, Atlanta, Ga. ; The Progress, Helena, Ark.; The Elevator, San Francisco, Cal.; The Colorado Statesman, Denver Colo.; The Appeal' Chicago, 111.; The A f ro- American, Bahimore.Md., and The Denver (Colo.) Star. *MurpKy died in April, 1922, at the age of 80 years. Organization It would be improper to close a discussion of Negro ^ of the period without mentioning the organ- Correspondents izing of the "Associated Correspondents of Race Papers" on April 23, 1890. The object of the organization was to establish a better medium of communica- tion from the capital. This step was perhaps the first real effort for unison among Negro newspapers, and marked a growing spirit of journalistic co-operation and interdependency. CHAPTER V THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA •(1900 ) Journalism Without doubt the first two decades of the Becoming twentieth century mark the highest progress A Profession in Negro Journalism. More papers have been established, and better papers have been produced. A realization of the power of the press has grown as the period of freedom has increased and race consciousness has been developed. More men with capital have invested in news- papers. Publishers and editors began for the first time to consider Journalism a profession from which a living could be derived. Lack Funds and Lack of adequate funds to fully develop a Need Equipment well-balanced newspaper has been and still is the greatest drawback to the Negro pub- lisher. Lntil in very recent years, no Negro newspaper did all of its mechanical work. In many cases the newspaper office merely collected and arranged the news, and then carried it to some pub- 14 A History of Negro Journalism lishing concern. In other cases, the paper was printed by a pub- lishing house, although the "forms" were made-up in the papers own shop. Thus, Negro newspapers have not been independent concerns. Lack of Live In his effort to seriously make journalistic News Stories progress, the publisher of a Negro newspaper has always found it difficult to obtain suffi- cient live material to fill up his sheet. There have been no news bureaus or syndicates to supply him with the type of news needed to make his paper a real newsy sheet. In his endeavor to "pad out" in order to continually fill the standard size of his paper, the Negro publisher has been compelled to "clip" news previously featured by the daily newspapers or rewrite news from other Negro papers — a task rendered difficult by the corresponding dearth of real news in all Negro papers during "dull" seasons. Poor Organization Prior to and at.the beginning of the twentieth A Serious Handicap century, the organization of the average Negro newspaper amounted to a printer- editor, perhaps an assistant whose duties were varied and manifold, an office girl, who in addition to keeping books, also performed the duties of copy-reader, and two or three agents who worked part time on a percentage basis. The typographical and grammati- cal structure of many of the papers suffered greatly through the lack of having a staff sufficientlv trained and equipped with the proper facilities for turning out a well-edited, well-printed sheet. Dependence on a small, under-paid and inefficient organization — a condition analogous, and in many instances worse than that which exists on the small town newspaper — has seriously handicapped the Negro newspaper of the past. News Bureaus The past twenty years have witnessed the AND Syndicates evolution of a new Negro press. Stronger Founded papers have been begun, and news syndi- cates and news associations have been founded. Examples of the latter are: The Hampton Institute Service, The Tuskegee Institute Press Service, Allen's News Agency, The R. W. Thompson News Agency, The National Negro Press Association and The Associated Negro Press. Especially is the last named organization rendering a great service and filling a great need. Associated The Associated Negro Press has been in Negro Press existence less than four years but during that time it has rapidly grown and achieved great success. Today it has a membership of more than 100 newspapers. 13 . A History of Negro Journalism The establishment of the A. N. P. was the first eflfort in Negro Journalism to assemble and distribute regularly general news from all sections of the United States and other countries affecting Col- ored people. Through the work of this organization big news stories now appear simultaneously in all of the leading Negro news- papers. The A. N. P. maintains executive offices in Chicago and permanent bureaus in Washington and New York. Papers of Among the present day papers established THE Period in this period are: The Boston Guardian^ The Nashville Globe. The Atlanta Indepen- dent, The Chicago Defender, The Detroit Leader, The Pittsburgh Courier, TWe St. Louis Argus. The Dallas Express, The Cleveland Advocate. The Negro World. The Indianapolis Ledger, The Indian- apolis Recorder, and The Chicago Whip. CHAPTER VI PRESENT DAY PAPERS 250 Secular Today over 250 secular Negro newspapers Weeklies are being published in the United States, with a total circulation of over one million five hundred thousand copies. These papers are published in 34 states and in the district of Columbia. Papers Have Papers published in the larger centers where Journalistic the Negro population is large, such as New Appearance York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, St. Louis, Washington. Detroit- Indianapolis, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Nashville and Atlanta have developed to a high degree. Their make-up on the whole is good; their news stories for the most part conform with accepted journal- istic style; their leads are of the summary type; their headlines, although somewhat sensational, are usually well constructed; their news treatment is becoming more impersonal ; on the whole they are a great improvement over the Negro papers of the past. Defender Housed Negro newspaper offices are being trans- IN $200,000 Plant formed from mere receiving stations for news to newspaper plants. During May, 1921, The Chicago Defender, one of the leading Negro newspapers, moved into a new building fitted up by its owner, Robert S. Abbott, at an expense of over $200,000. The new Defender plant compares favorably with that of any paper of its size in the United States. 16 A History of Negro Journalism Abbott, Editor and Owner of The Chicago Defender, Chicago, Illinois Its equipment includes four linotype machines, each equipped with two magazines, geared to cast seven lines per minute. The press on which The Defender is printed is a 32-page and color machine, made by the celebrated Goss Printing Press Company. It is driven by a 30 H.P. motor and six men are required for its operation. It prints, folds and counts the papers all in one operation at a speed of 35>000 copies per hour. The paper's circulation is over 200,000. Afro-American Another paper which is representative of the Employs 21 new order of things in Negro Journalism is The A fro- American of Baltimore, Md. The Afro-American was among the first Negro papers to own and oper- ate its own plant. Today the plant consists of a three-story build- ing, Goss Press, three linotype machines, etc. The paper has twenty- one active employees and over two hundred agents in the state. The sworn circulation of the paper for 1920-21 was twenty thousand and one hundred copies weekly. Tribune Owns From a humble beginning in 1884, The $100,000 Plant Philadelphia Tribune has grown until today its own hundred thousand dollar plant, fully equipped to do modern job and commercial work in addition to printing the paper. Christopher J. Perry remained sole owner 17 A History of Negro Journalism FORMER TULSA POLICE EXPOSES RIOT PLOT ^pu^J#>; FIEND IS CAPTURED n'ir\_ C'Mis^s Murder ol Iiaollclt Ceiluii iaitirlu First page of the Chicago Defender, a leading Negro weekly newspaper with a $200,000 plant and a subscription list which is over 175,000. A view of the plant is also shown. A History OF Negro Journalism of the paper from its founding; to the time of his death. Today the paper is being published by his children, and is continuing along the conservative lines which have characterized the paper for more than 35 years. Better Staffs In the past, the editorial page has been the AND News one redeeming feature of the average Negro newspaper. Today the papers are beginning to have well-balanced staffs, reporters, city editors, cartoonists, etc. News stories are being better written, copy is being handled more carefully, accuracy is being insisted upon, and make-up in general is being improved. Sectional Papers printed in different parts of the Differences in country varv quite significantlv in their make- Development up and qualitv. The best papers are proba- bly published in the Middle West and the East. The Southern press is still in the rear, although signs are evident that it is beginning to wake up. At the present four South- ern papers have a very high national rating. They are The Afro- American. The Atlanta Independent' The Nashville Globe and The Dallas Express. Papers Having Seven papers have over 30,000 subscribers. Over 30,000 The list includes the following papers in the order named: The Chicago Defender. The Negro World, The Indianapolis Ledger, The Atlanta Independent. The New york News, The Pittsburgh Courier and The Birmingham Reporter. Twelve Leading Any attempt to select the leading Negro news- Necro Weeklies papers of necessity must be more or less arbitrary, and dependent upon prejudices toward certain types of journalism. A probable list of the best twelve weekljes^might include: The^hicggo Defender, The Afro- American, The Cleveland Advocate. The Philadelphia Tribune. The New York Age, The Pittsburgh Courier, The Chicago Whip. The St. Louis Argus. The Indianapolis Ledger, The .Atlanta Independent, The Detroit Leader and The Boston Guardian. CHAPTER VII DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS First Daily The first attempt of the Negro journalist to Cairo Gazette publish a daily newspaper was The Cairo {l\\.)-Gazetle. which was first issued April 23- 1882. The editor was W. S. Scott. The paper was issued regu- 19 A History of Negro Journalism larly for six months when the plant was destroyed bv fire. It was a readable sheet, contained much original matter, and had a good force of reporters. Columbus The next attempt was The Columbus Mes- Messenger senger. published at Columbus. Ga. It was first issued as a daily in 1888. It was edited by B. T. Harvey, a graduate of Tuskegee Institute. The sheet was 12 by 20 inches. Dailies Issued for Several newspapers have issued daily edi- Short Periods tions for short periods. The Knoxville (Tenn.) Negro World was issued daily as an advertising medium for two weeks. About 1890 The Public Ledger of Baltimore, Md., was issued daily by Wesley Adams, for a short period. The Nashville Globe published a dailv during the $30,000 Y. M. C. A. campaign in Nashville, Tenn., June 1-12, 1913. It proved a tremendous success for the twelve davs and had an average circulation of 5,000 per day. During the World War The Herald of Baltimore, Md., edited by W. T. Andrews, was issued daily. Dailies in Form Three daily papers are being published at OF "Broadsides" present. Two of these, The Richmond (Va.) Colored American and The Washington Col- ored American are published by the American Publicity Bureau, Inc. and The National Negro Publicity Bureau, Inc., respectively with D. Eugene Taylor listed as general manager of both. In form these papers are "broadsides"^ — a bulletin type of sheet printed on only one side. They are printed on a sheet measuring 24 inches by 36 inches. The news is set in two double columns, running down the center of the page between a double column of advertis- ing on each side. Daily The third paper is The Indianapolis Daily Standard Standard which began publication the latter part of April, 1922, under the editorship of C. C. Shelby. It is a 7 column. 4-page paper and retails at 2 cents per copy. Drawbacks to The slow development of the Negro daily is Negro Daily due chiefly to the fact: (1) That the field of such papers is already covered to a large extent by the American daily press: and (2) That a daily paper, with a restricted field from which to gather news, and denied the service of the Associated Press, is well nigh impossible. With the further development of the Associated Negro Press more Negro dailies may be possible. 20 A History of Negro Journalism CHAPTER Vni NEGRO MAGAZINES Early The magazine field has not been entered as Magazines rapidly or as fully by the Negro journalist as the newspaper field. The first Negro magazine, nevertheless, early followed the beginning made by the first Negro newspaper. In 1837, the first magazine — The Mirror of Liberty — was published by David Ruggles. It was devoted to the advancement of the free Negroes in the North, and was issued quarterly from New York Citv. Anglo-African The next serious attempt to publish a Negro Magazine magazine was in 1856, when Thomas Hamil- ton, of New York City, issued The Anglo- African Magazine, which was the outgrowth of his newspaper. The Anglo-African. It was devoted to literature, science, statistics and contained articles on the abolition of slavery. It existed for about four years. A. M. E. Review The oldest Negro magazine, like the oldest Oldest Magazine newspaper, was established by the A. M.E. Church. In 1884, that denomination began the publishing of The A. M. E. Review in Baltimore, Md. Today it still exists and is published in Philadelphia, Pa. Our Womejv Another noteworthy periodical is Our Women and Children and Children, first published in 1888, by Dr. William J. Simmons. It was unique in that it practically confined itself to the feminine world. Its contributors were chiefly women and the articles which appeared on its pages concerned themselves primarily with questions which affected home- life. Over 100 Many other Negro magazines have been at- Magazines tempted: many of more or less note, but of in Existence the magazines established prior to 1900, scarcely a one, if any, are in existence today. Of the leading present day magazines, none can boast of as long a period of publication as the present day newspapers. At present about one hundred magazines are being published by Negroes. However, this number includes school periodicals, church organs and fraternal organs, and only a small fraction of the total number are purely literary ro secular publications. 21 A History of Negro Journalism The Crisis Edited Among the foremost Negro magazines of BY Dr. DuBois general literature is The Crisis, published at New York City, under the editorship of Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, perhaps the leading literary figure among the race today. While the publication is the official organ of "the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, it contains short stories, essays, sketches and poetry of a high literary quality. Special A special feature of The Crisis is the em- Educational phasis it places on higher education. Each Number July it publishes an educational number con- taining the photographs of Negro college graduates from white Northern institutions during the past school year. The issue also contains a resume of the educational progress of the year. The Messenger, The Messenger, published in New York City a Journal of by Phillip Randolph and Chandler Owen, is Social Science devoted to economic, political and sociologi- cal subject-matter, with special emphasis upon the Negro and his relation to the labor problem. The tre- mendous influence of this magazine, devoted as it is to such a special field, is clearly shown by the fact that at present it has a cir-culation of over 26,000. A Magazine Another magazine which confines itself to a Devoted to Music limited field is The American Musician and AND Sports Sportsman Magazine. This publication is printed in Philadelphia, Pa., by William A. Potter, editor. It is intended to aflford opportunity for the ex- pression of opinion on things musical, and in addition to its emphasis on music it deals with all branches of professional and amateur sports. The magazine has a circulation of 5500. Journal of One of the most scholatly periodicals pub- Negro History lished by Negroes is The Journal of Negro History edited by Carter G. Woodson, Ph.D., at Washington, D. C. The publication treats in a thorough-going and detailed manner the history of the Negro race. Brownies' Book The Brownies' Book, a magazine devoted to FOR Negro Youth the activities of the Negro youth, is also published in New York City and has at its head Dr. DuBois and Augustus Dill. It contains stories, the life and deeds of famous men and women of the Negro race, and cur- rent events of the world told in language suitable for children. In a similar manner to the The Crisis, it features the photographs of Negro high school graduates. 22 A History of Negro Journalism Feature Negro Two magazines of national importance and Short Stories published in Chicago, 111., are The Half- Century, edited by Katherine Williams Irmin and The Favorite, edited by Fenton Johnson. Both of these peri- odicals feature literary material and short stories dealing with Negro life. The Radiator Another periodical dealing with a special field is The Radiator, a bi-monthly insurance magazine, edited by Sadie T. Mossell at Durham, N. C. Its pur- pose is to disseminate news and information to Negro insurance companies and workers. Leading Present Other magazines published at the present Day Magazines time are: The Journal of the National Medi- cal Association, issued quarterly bv the National Medical Association at Tuskegee Institute, Ala.; The Pull- man Porter's Review, Chicago, 111.; The Search Light, Raleigh, N. C; The Rainbow, New York City, and The Crusader, New York City. CHAPTER IX TRAINING IN NEGRO SCHOOLS Elementary Definite steps are being taken by Negro Training in schools and colleges to provide academic High Schools training in Journalism. Even in the high schools, the development of a vague apprecia- tion of, and elementary training in Journalism is afforded by the publishing of school papers, under the supervision of the English department. Such schools as Dunbar High School, Washington, D. C; Summer High School, St. Louis, Mo.; Central High School, Louisville, Ky.; Pearl High School, Nashville, Tenn., and Langston High School, Hot Springs, Ark., illustrate the point. College What is true of the high schools is true of Publications the Normal and Industrial schools and col- leges on a larger scale. Approximately one hundred periodicals are published by such institutions at least once a month. Some of these are purely the product of the student body; a few of them are the product of both students and faculty; still others are the publication of the administration and faculty, and under the supervision of a university editor. Many of the latter have developed to the place where they are national Iv known. 23 A History of Negro Journalism Such periodicals as The Fisk University News. The Southern Work- man (Hampton Institute), Howard University Record (quarterly), The Tuskegee Student and The Atlanta University Bulletin (quarter- ly) are among the best Negro publications in the United States. Journalism This, however, is not all. The training of Courses at Negro journalists is being attempted through Fisk University college courses. Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn., perhaps, was the first school to give such courses. Under the professorship of Isaac Fisher, one of the foremost Negro editors today, four courses in Journalism are offered. The course as outlined in the latest Fisk University cata- log includes: (1) Essentials in Newspaper Technique — a course including practise in writing, editing, and methods of presentation; (2) The Law of Journalism — a study of libel, copyright, rights and duties of the press in reporting judicial proceedings, and the liabilities of the publisher, editor, reporter and contributor; (3) Ethics of Journalism — lectures discussing the proper responsibil- ity to the public on the part of newspaper writers; (4) Art of News- paper and Magazine Making — a course devoted to the studying of actual work of making a newspaper and magazine, with laboratory practice to supplement the theory studied. Professional What will in all probabilities mark the real Training beginning of professional training in Journal- ism among Negroes is the opening of the proposed School of Journalism by Howard University, Washing- ton, D. C. Owing to a limitation of finances, unfortunately the school has not yet been put in operation. Proposed Courses The course as outlined in the Howard Uni- AT Howard Uni- versity catalog is based upon two years of versity Journalism college work, including a reading knowledge School of at least two modern languages, and ad- vanced work in English Composition. The professional work covers two years and leads to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Journalism. The subjects offered are: Practice in Writing, Newspaper Technique, Newspaper Editing, The History of Journalism, Advertising, Journalistic French, Journalistic German, Journalistic Spanish, Elements of Law. Freehand and Applied Drawing, and certain college courses in History, Eco- nomics, Sociology, Literature and Politics. Journalism at While it does not have a separate department Wilberforce in Journalism. Wilberforce Universitv offers courses in journalistic writing as a part of the work in the department of English. Three courses are given 24 A History of Negro Journalism at present: Business English, Short Story Writing and Editorial Writing. Printing On the mechanical side of newspaper pub- lishing, work is offered in printing at Hanip- andton Institute (Va.l, Tuskegee Institute (Ala.), and Wilberforce University (Ohio). Many of the present printer-editors are prod- ucts of these school^. CHAPTER X .A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE From its small beginning in 1827, Negro Journalism has steadily grown in the United States. Today it stands as a definite factor in Negro life. In truth, the Negro press reflects the growing race consciousness of eleven million American citizens of African decent. The status of the Negro newspaper is fixed — it is here to stay. While daily newspapers may devote space to "News of Interest to Colored People;" yet they can never take the place of the news- papers which are published solely for the race group. The appeal of the Negro newspaper is direct and racial. In a manner similar to that of the rural press, the Negro paper has an unlimited field because of its personal relationship to its readers. During the first half century of Negro Journalism, it is doubtful if any of the papers were financial successes; in truth, most of them were published as purely partisan or propagandists organs, and were supporte dthrough the contributions of sympathizers. Today Negro newspapers are conducted on business principles and pay reasonable returns to their investors. Papers in the large cities have built up enormous subscription lists of bona fide, paid-up subscribers. Likewise, they carry a large amount of well-paying advertisements, and as a result of these sources of income they are able to give attractive renumeration to their publishers, editorial staff and business staff. No longer must the Negro journalist necessarily be an unpaid worker. Trained journalists can obtain respectable salaries and find as many openings as their fellow workers on metropolitan dailies and national weeklies and monthlies. That the calibre of the work done on Negro publications will continue to improve is highly probable in view of the fact that every year an incieasing number of trained young men and women 25 A History of Negro Journalism are entering the field, and bringing with them burning enthusiasm and high professional ideals. The Courses in Journalism in the Negro colleges, also, will soon be having a telling effect on the future Negro journalist. Already a few of the twentieth century Negro youths are being attracted to the professional study of Jour- nalism, preferring the possibilities of its virgin field to the over- crowded professions of law, teaching, medicine and theology. The future of Negro Journalism is limited only by the zeal and conscientious effort which its workers bestir themselves to exert. A marvelous growth and success has been recorded within the past 95 years, but greater achievement is yet to be accomplished. Negro semi-weeklies, and eventually dailies in the larger cities, will un- doubtedly be developed within the next decade. The size of many of the present weeklies will be increased of necessity. Better news stories and more real news will be the result of the successful func- tioning of such news syndicates as the Associated Negro Press. The decreasing of illiteracy among the Negroes will 'continue to be carried forward by the Negro press, with a mutual benefit to the race and its publications. Higher standards of literacy will bring greater appreciation for reading and thereby create a stronger support for the Negro publisher. In the immediate future, perhaps, the great field for development in Negro Journalism is in the South where the great mass of Negro population, despite the Northern immigration, resides. There Negro Journalism needs and will continue to need its best trained editors and managers. There it will need men of sound judgment and common sense; men of purpose and high professional ideals; men of broad sympathy and great patience. 2(1 A History of Negro Journalism PARTIAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES ALABAMA The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham The Emancipator Montgomery The Mobile Forum Mobile The Mobile Advocate -. Mobile The Mobile Weekly Press Mobile The Negro Leader Uniontown The Times Plaindealer Birmingham The Voice of the People Birmingham The Voice of the Negro Dothan ARKANSAS Hot Springs Echo Hot Springs Arkansas Banner Little Rock The Appreciator-Union Fort Smith The Negro Advocate Fordyce The Interstate Reporter Helena The Opinion-Enterprise Marianna Western Review Little Rock White River Advocate Newport The School Herald Warren ARIZONA The Phoenix Tribune Phoenix CALIFORNIA The Eagle Los Angeles The Liberator Los Angeles The Citizens Advocate Los Angeles Oakland Sunshine Oakland The Western Outlook Oakland The New Age Los Angeles The Western Review Sacramento COLORADO Colorado Statesman Denver The Denver Advocate Colorado Springs The Rising Sun Pueblo CONNECTICUT Hartford Herald Hartford DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA The Washington Eagle Washington The Washington Be*e Washington 27 A History of Negro Journalism FLORIDA Florida Sentinal Jacksonville Labor Templar Jacksonville West Florida Bugle , Marianna The Tampa Bulletin Tampa Metropolitan Tallahasse The Palatka Advocate Palatka The Colored Citizen Pensacola GEORGIA The Savannah Journal Savannah The Savannah Tribune Savannah The Americus Chronicle Americus The Athens Clipper Athens The Atlanta Post Atlanta The Atlanta Independent Atlanta Rome Enterprise Rome The Advocate Brunswick The Augusta News Augusta Supreme Circle News Albany ILLINOIS Inter-State Echo Danville The Broad Axe Chicago The Chicago Defender Chicago The Chicago Idea Chicago The Peoples Advocate Chicago The Searchlight Chicago The Whip Chicago The Forum Springfield The Weekly Star Mound City The Illinois Conservator Springfield Advance Citizens ^ . Springfield INDIANA The Indianapolis Freeman Indianapolis The Indianapolis Recorder Indianapolis The Indianapolis Ledger Indianapolis The Indianapolis World Indianapolis The Terre Haute Citizen Terre Haute National Defender and Sun Gary The Gary Dispatch Gary IOWA Iowa State Bystander Des Moines Buxton Gazette Buxton KANSAS The Topeka Plaindealer Topeka The Negro Star ' Wichita Wichita Protest Wichita The Coffeyville Globe '. . Coffey ville Hutchinson Blade Hutchinson A History of Negro Journalism KENTUCKY The Kentucky Reporter Louisville The Columbian Herald Louisville The Louisville News Louisville Kentucky Home Finder Louisville Lexington Weekly News Lexington The Torchlight Danville Saturday News Hopkinsville The New Age Hopkinsville LOUISIANA The Advance Messenger Alexandria The News-Enterprise Shreveport The Watchman Shreveport MARYLAND The Afro- American Baltimore The Crusader Baltimore The Herald-Commonwealth Baltimore MASSACHUSETTS The Guardian Boston The Boston Chronicle Boston MICHIGAN The Michigan Age Ann Arbor The Detroit Leader Detroit MINNESOTA The National Advocate Minneapolis The Appeal St. Paul MISSISSIPPI The Cotton Farmer Scott The Delta Lighthouse Greenville The Natchez Weekly Herald Natchez The National Star Vicksburg The Star '. Columbus The Morning Star Columbus The Mississippi Monitor Meridan The Light Vicksburg The New Era -. Indianola The Weekly Times Hattiesburg The Weekly Reporter Natchez Central Mississippi Signal Kosciusko The Progressive Torchlight Greenwood The Advance Mound Bayou The National Defender Clarksdale The Informer Gulf port The National News Digest Mound Bayou 29 A History of Negro Journalism MISSOURI The St. Louis Independent-Clarion St. Louis The St. Louis Argus St. Louis The Anchor Caruthersville The Missouri State Register Hannibal Kansas City Sun Kansas City The National Mirror Kansas City The Western Messenger Jefferson City The St. Louis Independent News St. Louis NEBRASKA The Monitor Omaha NEW JERSEY The Eastern Observer Montcl^ir The Echo Red Bank The Atlantic Advocate Atlantic City The New Jersey Informer Newark NEW YORK The New York News New York City The Amsterdam News New York City The New York Age New York City The Negro World New York City The Commoner New York City NORTH CAROLINA The Gate City Argus Greensb'oro High Point Colored American High Point The Charlotte Advertiser Charlotte The Voice Rocky Mount The Raleigh Independent Raleigh The Home News Wilmington The Gazette Charlotte Signs of the Times Elizabeth City The Winston-Salem News Winston-Salem OHIO The Dayton Forum Dayton The Cleveland Gazette Cleveland The Cleveland Advocate Cleveland The Union Cincinnati The Cincinnati Journal Cincinnati OKLAHOMA The Boley Progress Boley The Oklahoma Guide Guthrie The Muskogee Scimetar Muskogee Rentiesville News Rentiesville Clearview Patriarch Clearview The Tulsa Star Tulsa The Oklahoma Sun Tulsa The Black Dispatch Oklahoma City 30 A History of Negro Journalism OREGON The Advocate Portland PENNSYLVANIA The Advocate Verdict ; . . . Harrisburgh The Philadelphia Courant Philadelphia The Philadelphia Tribune Philadelphia The Philadelphia American Philadelphia The Public Journal Philadelphia The Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh The Pittsburgh American Pittsburgh The Advocate Wilkes-Barre RHODE ISLAND The Advance . .' Providence SOUTH CAROLINA The Charleston Messenger Charleston The New Era Charleston The Allendale Advocate Allendale The Southern Indicator Columbia The Informer Columbia The Light ; Columbia The Plowman Columbia The Negro Chronicle Greenville The People's Recorder r.Organeburg The Rockhill Messenger Rockhill TENNESSEE Bluff City News Memphis East Tennessee News Knoxville Chattanooga Defender Chattanooga Memphis Times Memphis The Western World Reporter Memphis The Nashville Globe Nashville The Nashville Clarion Nashville TEXAS Texas Guide Victoria The Victoria Guard Victoria The Calvert Bugle Calvert The City Times Galveston The Galveston New Idea Galveston The Dallas Express Dallas The Industrial Era Beaumont The Herald Austin The Watchman Austin The Houston Informer Houston The Houston Observer Houston The Texas Freeman Houston The Western Star Houston The Houston Informer Houston Independence Heights Record Houston The San Antonio Inquirer San Antonio 31 A History of Negro Journalism The Gem City Bulletin Denison The Conservative Counselor Waco Forth Worth Hornet Fort Worth VIRGINIA The Charlottesville Messenger Charlottesville The Colored Virginian Petersburg The Weekly Review Petersburg The Richmond Planet Richmond The Virginia Headlight Charlottesville The Virginia Advocate Roanoke The Star Nevi^port News The Journal and Guide Norfolk WASHINGTON The Seattle Searchlight Seattle WEST VIRGINIA The Advocate Charleston The Mountain Leader . Charleston The Charleston Observer Charleston The Pioneer Press Martinsburg WISCONSIN The Wisconsin Weekly Blade Madison 32 iiiilipiiiiiiiiiiyiiyiyiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ —LINOTYPE MARKO Every important improvement in methods of composition for the 36 years lias been the result of Linotype initiative. Every part of the Linotype is there because the machine is better for it and every part fits into the big scheme of simple operation. The Linotype is the machine of no compromise. The illustration shows the Model 21, text and display Linotype. As many as ten faces in six different sizes are immediately available from the keyboard. This advertisement composed entirely on the Linotype A History of Negro Journalism We represent at the present time in the advertising- field, practically every paper of conse- quence reaching the Colored peo- ple of the United States. We are pleased to extend our most cordial greetings to our newspaper friends and will con- (tinue to extend the same reliable service in the future, we have given in the past. W. B. ZIFF CO. Per E. C. Auld, General Mgr. Transportation Bldg., Morton Bldg. Bryant Bldg. Chicago, 111. New York, N. Y. Kansas City, Mo. 34 A History of Negro Journalism DePauw University Greencastle, Indiana -OFFERS- COURSES IN— Introduction to Writing News Writing News Editing Editorial Writing Feature Writing Advertising Writing History of American Journalism Country Weekly Also Business English Write for Bulletin DIRECTOR COURSE IN JOURNALISM HOWARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D. C. Founded by GENERAL O. O. HOWARD J. STANLEY DURKEE, A. M., Ph. D., D. D., President EMMETT J. SCOTT, A. M., LL. D.. Secretarv-Treasurer COLLEGIATE AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS Junior College, covering the Freshman and Sophomore years and leading to the Senior Schools. Senior Schools, consisting of the Schools of Liberal Arts, Education, Journalism, and Commerce and Finance, granting respectively the degrees, A. B., or B. S., A. B. or B. S. in Education ; B. S. in Journalism ; B. S. in Commerce and Finance. School of Applied Science, four year course, granting the degree, B. S. in Civil Engi- neering, B. S. in Electrical Engineering, B. S. in Mechanical Engineering, B. S. in Architecture, B. S. in Agriculture, and B. S. in Household Economics. Evening Classes. The work of the Junior College and the Senior Schools may be taken in evening classes with full credit. School of Music, four year course, granting the degree of Mus. B. School of Religion, three year course, granting the degrees of B. D. and Th. B. Courses are offered also by correspndence. School of Law, three year course, granting the degree of LL. B. School of Medicine, including Medical, Dental, Pharmaceutical Colleges. Four year courses for Medical and Dental students ; three year course for Pharmaceuti- cal students. Following degrees granted: M. D., D. D. S., Phar. C. Students may enter for- collegiate work at the beginning of any quarter. REGISTRATION Autumn Quarter Sept. 29, 30, 1922 Winter Quarter Jan. 2, 1923 Spring Quarter March 17, 1923 FOR CATALOG AND INFORMATION WRITE F. D. WILKINSON. Registrar HOWARD UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON, D. C. 35 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed This book is DUE on the las. date stamped below. .'> ^W,\