I 
 
SYLLABUS OF LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT 
 
 CORNER UNIVERSITY 
 
 ITHACA 
 
 ANDRUS & CHURCH 
 
 1899 
 
SYLLABUS OF LECTURES 
 
 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT 
 
 CORNBIX UNIVERSITY 
 
 ITHACA 
 
 ANDRUS & CHURCH 
 
 l8 99 
 
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INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LECTURE I. 
 
 i. Purpose and plan of course. 
 
 2. Bibliography. 
 
 3. Sketch of Roman civilization. 
 
 O) Regal period, 753-502^8.0. Stages: 
 
 (1) Patriarchal state. 
 
 (2) Priest-kings: Numa, Ancus. 
 
 (3) Warrior kings : the Tarquins. Indications of 
 an Etruscan conquest. 
 
 (4) Overthrow of the kings (expulsion of the Tar- 
 quins) and establishment of the Republic, 509 
 B.C. 
 
 (b) The Early Republic, 509-367 B.C. Strife of Pa- 
 tricians and Plebeians. 
 
 ( 1 ) Early republic aristocratic. 
 
 (2) Secession of the Plebeians Institution of trib- 
 unes, 494 B.C. 
 
 (3) Decemviral Legislation, 449 B.C. 
 
 (4) Canuleian Law Right of intermarriage, 445 
 B.C. 
 
 (5) Licinian Rogations, 367 B.C. Equalization of 
 the Orders. 
 
 0) The conquest of Italy, 367-275 B.C. 
 
 (1) Latin War, 340 B.C. 
 
 (2) Samnite War, 295 B.C. 
 
 (3) War with Pyrrhus, 275 B.C. 
 
 (d) The conquest of the world, 275-146 B.C. 
 
 (1) Punic Wars. 
 
 (2) Greece and Macedonia. 
 
 (3) Beginnings of Literature. 
 
 (<?) Decay of the Republic, 146-46 B.C. 
 
 228272 
 
(i) The Gracchan disturbances, 1 30-1 21 B.C. 
 
 (2) Social War, 90 B.C. 
 
 (3) Marius and Sulla, 88 B.C. 
 
 (4) Pompey and Caesar, 49 B.C. 
 
 (5) Progress of Literature. 
 
 (/) The Empire, 46 B.C.-476 A.D. Decline of Politi- 
 cal Life General Prosperity Art and Literature. 
 
 LECTURE II. 
 
 SALIENT FEATURES OF ROMAN CHARACTER. 
 
 References. 
 
 Smith, Goldwin, The Greatness of the Romans, in Lectures and 
 Essays, p. 1 ff. 
 
 Horace, Odes, iii, 1-6. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer of Roman Antiquities, chapter i. 
 
 i . The Romans contrasted with the Hebrews. 
 
 2. The Romans contrasted with the Greeks. 
 
 3. Positive traits : 
 
 (a) Courage and steadfastness (virtus et constantia). 
 
 () Practical character (utilitas). 
 
 (V) Thriftiness and simplicity (frugalitas). 
 
 (d) Love of formality and dignity (gravidas, dig?iitas, 
 severitas) . 
 
 (e) Genius for organization Legal sense. 
 
 (/) Subordination of the individual to the state. 
 (") Cato viewed as a typical Roman. 
 
 LECTURE III. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND PRODUCTS OF ITALY. 
 
 References. 1 
 
 Tozer, H. F., Classical Geography, in the series of Literature 
 Primers, edited by J. R. Green. 
 
 The references in this syllabus make no pretense at being a bibli- 
 ography of the subject. 
 
$ 
 
 Jung, Julius, -Geographie und Geschichte des romischen Altertums, 
 Part I. Geographie von Italien ; in Miiller's Handbuch der Klassi- 
 schen Altertumswissenschaft, Band iii. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, Chap. i. 
 
 On climate and products, see Encyclopaedia Britannica, article 
 Italy, pp. 441 ff. 
 
 A. Geography. 
 
 1. Three-fold division of Italy Northern, Southern, 
 Central General characteristics Coast line compared 
 with Greece and Spain Mountain ranges No isolation 
 as in Greece. 
 
 2. Northern Italy Vast plain drained by Po and its 
 tributaries. Three subdivisions Cis- Alpine Gaul, Venetia, 
 Iyiguria Mountains Lakes. 
 
 3. Southern Italy Extensive coast line Few streams 
 Four subdivisions : Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, Bruttii. 
 
 4. Central Italy Seven subdivisions : Etruria, Umbria, 
 Sabine Territory, Picenum, Samnium, Campania ("The 
 Crater "), Latium. 
 
 5. Iyatium Level plain (Campagna) Alban hills 
 Pontine Marshes Rivers Towns. 
 
 B. Climate. 
 
 1. Great differences in different sections Three climatic 
 zones, corresponding to the three geographical divisions 
 Differences between mountains and coast. 
 
 2. (a) Northern Italy Temperate Average temperature 
 55 (N. Y. 46 ) Riviera. 
 
 (b) Central Italy. Average 58 . 
 
 (cS Southern Italy Semi-tropical Average 63 . 
 
 3. Malarial spots. 
 
 C. Products. 
 
 1. Vegetable The staples : olive, wine, wheat, flax. 
 
 2. Animal Cheese, honey, wool. 
 
 3. Mineral Marble, some iron, copper. 
 
6 
 LECTURE IV. 
 
 THE RACES OF ITALY. 
 References. 
 
 Mommsen, History of Rome (English translation), vol. i, chapters 
 ii, iii, viii, ix, x. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, chapter ii. 
 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, article Italy, p. 443 ff. 
 
 Jung, Julius, Geographie von Italien, in Miiller's Handbuch der 
 klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. iii, pp. 472 ff. 
 
 Niese, Bernard, Romische Geschichte, in Miiller's Handbuch, vol. 
 iii, pp. 580-584. 
 
 A. Indo-European Races. 
 
 1. Original home of the Indo-European family. 
 
 2. Italic group. 
 
 (a) Latin tribes : Romans (Volsci, Aequi?). 
 () Umbro-Samnitic tribes. 
 
 (1) Umbrians. 
 
 (2) Sabini. 
 
 (3) Marsi, Vestini, Marrucini, Paeligni, Frentani, 
 Picentini. 
 
 (4) Samnites. 
 
 (5) Lucani. 
 
 (6) Bruttii. 
 
 3. Gauls. 
 
 (a) Insubres. 
 
 (b) Senones. 
 
 4. Greeks. In Magna Graecia. 
 
 5. Veneti (?). 
 
 B. Non-Indo-European Races. 
 
 1. Etruscans. 
 
 2. Iapygians. 
 
 3. Ligurians. 
 
PART I. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY AND REMAINS OF ANCIENT 
 
 ROME. 
 
 LECTURE V. 
 
 GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITY OF ROME. THE 
 EARLY REMAINS. 
 
 References. 
 
 Middleton, J. H., Ancient Rome, 1 vol. i, chapters iii-iv. 
 
 Lanciani, Rodolfo, Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, Book i. 
 
 , Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, 
 
 chapter ii. 
 
 Richter, Otto, article 'Rom' in Baumeister's Denkmaler des 
 klassischen Altertums. 
 
 , Topographie der Stadt Rom, in Miiller's Handbuch der 
 
 klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Band iii, p. 716 ff. 
 
 Schneider, A., Das alte Rom, Tafeln i-iii, and Plans at end. 
 
 Kiepert and Hiilsen, Forma Urbis Romae Antiquae, Map I in pocket 
 at end. 
 
 Burn, R., Ancient Rome and its Neighbourhood, p. 1 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, W. , Manual of Roman Antiquities, pp. 1-14. 
 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna, chapters i, iii, iv, v. 
 
 Photographs 10.003, 10.004, 10.071, 17.010, 32.045. 
 
 1. Topography of Rome and vicinity Volcanic origin of 
 the hills Their richness in building material Importance 
 of this. 
 
 2. Six stages in the topographical development of Rome. 
 (a) Palatium. 
 
 () Septimontium. 
 
 (c) City of the ' Four Regions.' 
 
 (d) The Wall and Agger of Servius. 
 
 1 The earlier editions of this work in one volume may also be consulted. 
 
8 
 
 (e) The Open city of Fourteen Regions under Augustus. 
 (/) The Aurelian Wall. 
 
 3. Existing remains of the early periods: "Walls of 
 Romulus" Wall and Agger of Servius Cloaca Maxima 
 Other cloacae The river embankment Tullianum Career. 
 
 4. Subsequent architectural eras of Rome. 
 
 (a) Augustus, 30 B.C. -14 A.D. 
 
 (b) Nero, 54-68 A.D. 
 
 (c) The Flavian dynasty, 69-96 A.D. 
 
 (d) Trajan, 98-117 A.D. 
 
 (e) Hadrian, 1 17-138 A.D. 
 
 (/) Septimius Severus and Caracalla, 193-217 A.D. 
 
 (g) Aurelian, 274 A.D. 
 
 (k) Constantine, 306-337 A.D. 
 
 LECTURE VI. 
 
 THE ROMAN FORUM. 
 
 References. * 
 
 Middleton, J. H., Ruins of Ancient Rome, vol. i, chapters vi, vii. 
 
 Lanciani, R., Ruins and Excavations, Book iii, p. 216 ff. 
 
 , Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, chap- 
 ters iv, vi. 
 
 Ramsay, W., Manual of Roman Antiquities, pp. 15-35. 
 
 Baedeker, Karl, Guide Book to Central Italy, p. 217 ff. 
 
 Strack, H., Die Baudenkmaler des alten Rom, p. 20 and Plates 1, 
 2, 8, 16, 21, 22. 
 
 Parker, J. H., Forum Romanum (gives illustrations of early state 
 of F.) 
 
 Hiilsen, Das Forum Romanum, Plates. 
 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna, chapter vi, part i ; chapter vi, part ii. 
 
 Burn, Ancient Rome and its Neighborhood, p. 41 ff. 
 
 Photographs: A, B, C ; 18.015, 98.072 ff. 
 
 1. Historical importance of the locality. 
 
 2. State of the Forum in the Middle Ages Stages in its 
 excavation. 
 
 3. The original site Made available by drainage Taber- 
 nae of Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
4. Curia Comitium Rostra Umbilicus Romae Milli- 
 arium Aureum. 
 
 5. Temple of Saturn Basilica Julia Temple of Castor. 
 
 6. Temple of Vesta Atrium Vestae Temple of Julius 
 Caesar Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. 
 
 7. Temple of Concord Temple of Vespasian Arch of 
 Septimius Severus. 
 
 8. Central Area Reliefs of Trajan Bases of Honorary 
 Columns Column of Phocas. 
 
 9. Sacra Via The Unexcavated Environs. 
 
 LECTURE VII. 
 
 THE IMPERIAL FORA. 
 
 References. 
 
 Middleton, J. H., Ruins of Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapter i. 
 Lanciani, R., Ruins and Excavations, See Index on p. 598 f. 
 
 , Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, 
 
 chapter iv. 
 Ramsay, Manual of Roman Antiquities, pp. 35-39. 
 Baedeker, Karl, Central Italy, p. 233 ff. 
 
 Strack, H., Baudenkmaler des alten Rom, Plates 7, 15, 26, 29. 
 Schneider, Das Alte Rom, Tafel vi, No. 12 ; vii, No. 11. 
 Cichorius, C, Die Reliefs der Trajanssaule, (Plates). 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, see Index under Trajanssaule. 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna, chapter vii. 
 
 , Ancient Rome, p. 100 ff. 
 
 Photographs : D ; 18.040, 18.041, 18.051, 18.060, 18.061, 20.025-27. 
 
 1. The Forum Julium Temple of Venus Genetrix. 
 
 2. Forum Augusti Temple of Mars Ultor. 
 
 3. Forum or Templum Pacis Vespasian. 
 
 4. Forum Nervae (Forum Transitorium) Temple of 
 Minerva. 
 
 5. Forum of Trajan Extent of the excavations for its 
 construction Basilica Ulpia Trajan's Column Temple of 
 Trajan. 
 
IO 
 
 LECTURE VIII. 
 
 THE CAPITOLINE AND THE PALATINE. 
 
 References. 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. i, chapters iv, viii. 
 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, Book ii ; also p. 296 ff. 
 
 , Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, chapter v. 
 
 Ramsay, W., Manual of Roman Antiquities, pp. 39-46. 
 
 Baedeker, Karl, Central Italy, p. 208 ff. ; 237 ff. 
 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna, chapter viii, part i, part ii. 
 
 , Ancient Rome, p. 120 ff. ; p. 13 ff. 
 
 Photographs : E, F ; 32.038, 32.050, 32.060, 32.062. 
 
 1. The Capitoline Arx and Temple of Juno Moneta 
 Capitolium Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus Tarpeian 
 Rock Inter Duos Lucos. 
 
 2. The Palatine Succession of Palaces Augustus, Ti- 
 berius, Caligula, (Nero?) Flavian Emperors Septizonium 
 Temple of Apollo ; the Palatine Library (27 B.C.). 
 
 LECTURE IX. 
 
 OTHER IMPORTANT STRUCTURES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapter ix, and see Index. 
 
 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, see Index. 
 
 , Atlantic Monthly, vol. lxxi, p. 721 (on the Pantheon). 
 
 Ramsay, W. , Manual of Roman Antiquities, see Index. 
 
 Strack, H., Baudenkmaler des alten Rom, Plates, 3-6; 12-14; !8> 
 20, 23, 32. 
 
 Schneider, Das alte Rom ; see Tafeln passim. 
 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna ; see Index. 
 
 Burn, Ancient Rome, p. 159 ff. 
 
 Baedeker, Central Italy ; see Index. 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold, Canto iv, Stanza cxlvi f. 
 
 Photographs : G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N ; 10.042, 19.010, 19.01 1, 19.014, 
 19.025, 19.030, 19.040, 19.041. 
 
 i. Pantheon Agrippa 27 B.C. 
 
II 
 
 2. Triumphal and other Arches. 
 
 (a) Titus the reliefs capture of Jerusalem, 70 A.D. 
 
 () Constantine, 325 A.D. 
 
 (V) Drusus. 
 
 (d) Janus Quadrifrons. 
 
 3. Column of Marcus Aurelius (176 A.D.) Temple of 
 Fortuna Virilis Temple of Hercules Temple of Venus 
 and Rome Basilica of Constantine. 
 
PART II. 
 PRIVATE ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 LECTURE X. 
 
 MARRIAGE, STATUS OF WOMEN, CELIBACY, DIVORCE. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual of Roman Antiquities, p. 293 ff. ; 477 ff. 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life of the Romans, pp. 8-17. 
 Maine, Sir Henry, Ancient Law, chapter v, Patria Potestas. 
 Wilkins, Primer of Roman Antiquities, chapter iv. 
 Inge, W. R., Society in Rome under the Caesars, chapter vii. 
 Becker's Gallus, p. 153 ff. 
 
 Smith 1 , Dictionary of Antiquities, article matrimonium. 
 Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer, pp. 28-80. 
 Zoeller, Romische Privataltertiimer, p. 204 ff. 
 
 Friedlander, Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms, 5 vol. i r 
 chapter v. 
 
 Catullus, Carmen lxi. 
 
 1. Qualifications necessary to a valid marriage Political 
 Age Nearness of relationship. 
 
 2. Origin and significance of patria potestas. 
 
 3. Marriage with manus Without manus. 
 
 4. Betrothal Wedding ceremonies Their religious char- 
 acter Different methods of marriage in manum ; confar- 
 reatio ; usus ; coemtio Special significance of these. 
 
 5. Status of woman Her freedom and dignity Contrast 
 with conditions at Athens. 
 
 6. Changes in the character of the Roman matron under 
 the later Republic and Empire. 
 
 7. Divorce Originally rare Increasing frequency in 
 later times Causes. 
 
 8. Celibacy Causes Fruitless attempts to check it by 
 legislation. 
 
 1 All references to Smith apply also to Harper's Classical Dictionary. 
 
!3 
 
 LECTURE XI. 
 
 CHILDREN, THEIR LEGAL STATUS, CEREMONIES AT AND 
 AFTER BIRTH. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 475 ff. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 57 ff. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter iv. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 178 ff. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under susceptio, bulla, dies lustricus, crepundia. 
 
 Inge, Society in Rome, p. 69 ff. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 81 ff. 
 
 Zoeller, Romische Privataltertiimer, p. 219 ff. 
 
 1 . Exposure of children patria potestas susceptio Cruel 
 treatment of foundlings. 
 
 2. Religious ceremonies at the birth of children primor- 
 dia dies lustricus crepundia fascinatio bulla aurea 
 bulla scortea. 
 
 3. Tutelary deities of children. 
 
 4. Registration of births professio. 
 
 LECTURE XII. 
 
 ROMAN NAMES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 88 ff. ; 125 ; 131. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under nomen. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life ; see Index. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 7 ff. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Privataltertiimer, p. 222 ff. 
 
 A. Men's Names. 
 
 1 . Three periods. 
 
 (a) Original method, single name, e. g. Lucius, 
 {b) Early historical period, two names, e. g. Lucius 
 Quinctius. 
 
i 4 
 
 (c) L,ater historical period three names (the normal 
 method), e.g. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. 
 2. Praenomen, nomen, cognomen, agnomen Paucity of 
 praenomina Inversion of nomen and cognomen. 
 
 B. Women's Names. 
 
 Four stages : 
 
 (a) One name, e.g. Gaia(Luci). 
 \b) Two names, e. g. Gaia Cornelia, 
 (c) Gentile name alone, e. g. Cornelia. 
 
 (dO Gentile and family name, e. g. Cornelia Scipio. 
 
 C. Slaves' Names. 
 
 Three stages : 
 
 (#) Designated by master's name, e. g. Marcipor. 
 
 (b) Individual names, mostly foreign, e. g. Aphrodisius. 
 (V) Individual name followed by master's name in the 
 
 genitive. 
 
 D. Freedmen's Names. 
 
 First two names of master followed by the slave name. 
 
 E. 
 
 Breaking down of Roman system of names under the 
 Empire. 
 
 LECTURE XIII. 
 
 EARLY LIFE, SPORTS, AND EDUCATION OF ROMAN 
 CHILDREN. 
 
 References. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter iv. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 57 f. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 182 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, W., Manual, p. 475 f. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under Education. 
 
 Clarke, Geo., Education of Children at Rome. 
 
i5 
 
 Laurie, S. S., Roman Education, in School Review, vol. iii, p. 143 
 ff. ; p. 211 ff. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 81 ff. 
 Zoeller, Romische Altertiimer, p. 230 ff. 
 Photographs : 52.030, 52.040, 81.010. 
 
 1. Games of children Existence at Rome of modern 
 games Nut-games Ball-games Their simplicity. 
 
 2. Training of children Theory of Roman education, 
 practical, to subserve the public welfare (Greek education 
 individual and ideal) Strong home influences at Rome 
 The mother. 
 
 3. Formal instruction. 
 
 O) Elementary ' The Three R's 'Teachers: the 
 litterator and calculator Small fees Long terms 
 Holidays The paedagogus. 
 
 (b) Grammatical (/. e. , literary) Our high school 
 Study of Greek and Latin authors The grammaticus . 
 
 (c) Rhetorical In rhetoric and oratory Modelled on 
 Greek plan Lectures by teacher Exercises by 
 pupils Declamation Controversiae and Suasoriae. 
 
 4. Higher education Absence of facilities for specializa- 
 tion The philosophical schools Foreign study Hadrian's 
 universities. 
 
 5. Instruction of girls Essentially domestic. 
 
 6. Assumption of toga virilis Ceremonies Consequences 
 Tirocinium. 
 
 LECTURE XIV. 
 
 SLAVES, THEIR STATUS, EMPLOYMENT, AND TREATMENT. 
 
 References. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter iv. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, pp. 66-72. 
 
 Ramsay, W., Manual, p. 124 ff. 
 
 Inge, Society in Rome, p. 159 ff. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under servus, peculium. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 199 ff. 
 
i6 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 135 ff. 
 Zoeller, Romische Altertiimer, p. 245 ff . 
 
 i . Importance of Roman slavery Causes of increase in 
 number of slaves. 
 
 2. Familia rustica Agricultural and pastoral pursuits. 
 
 3. Familia urbana 
 
 (a) Management of house. 
 
 (b) Personal attendance. 
 
 (c) Cuisine. 
 
 (d) Table-service. 
 
 (*) Escort about the city. 
 
 (/) Clerical and literary service. 
 
 4. Management, care, and education of slaves paedago- 
 gia. 
 
 5. Number of slaves Chiefly employed in agricultural 
 and industrial occupations. 
 
 6. Sources of supply. 
 (a) Captives in war. 
 () By kidnapping. 
 
 (V) From foreign slave-markets. 
 
 (d) By legal process. 
 
 (e) By birth in house of master {yernae). Slave-trade 
 controlled by aediles Prices. 
 
 7. Treatment of slaves Slave marriages peculium 
 Harsh treatment toward close of republic Modes of pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 8. Amelioration of condition of slaves under Empire 
 Causes. 
 
 LECTURE XV. 
 
 FREEDMEN, GUEST-FRIENDS, CLIENTS. 
 
 References. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter iii. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, p. 72 ff. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 226 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, W., Manual, see Index under hospites, clientes, liberti. 
 
i7 
 
 Inge, Society in Rome ; see chapter vi. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under hospitium, cliens, sportula, libertus. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 195 ff. 
 
 Zoeller, Romische Altertiimer, p. 255 ff. 
 
 1. Modes of manumission Political status of liberti 
 Social status. 
 
 2. Guest-friends Antiquity of the institution Definite- 
 ness of obligation Cities as guest-friends. 
 
 3. Client and patron Obligations mutual Recognized 
 legal character Clients originally plebeians. 
 
 4. Changed clientship of the later Republic and Empire 
 A purely voluntary relation Artificial character The 
 sportula Decline of independence. 
 
 LECTURE XVI. 
 
 THE ROMAN HOUSE. 
 
 References. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 28 ff. 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter ii. 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 516. 
 Smith, Dictionary, under Domus. 
 Bulwer-Lytton, Last Days of Pompeii, chapter iii. 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 357 ff. 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 231 ff. 
 Overbeck, Pompeii, chapter iv. 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 213. 
 Zoeller, Romische Altertiimer, p. 267 ff . 
 
 Photographs : 77.005, 12.045, 12.050, 13.050, 60.010, 60.012, 60.016, 
 60.025, 60.030, 60.034, 60.040, 60.070, 61.005, 61.050, 61.070. 
 
 i . Scanty remains of houses at Rome But one or two 
 specimens preserved Pompeii the source of our knowledge. 
 
 2. Fundamental difference between ancient and modern 
 houses found in the method of securing light Romans 
 lacked glass. 
 
 3. The Roman house a development from one room, the 
 atrium Proofs of this Etymology of atrium The com- 
 pluvium and impluvium. 
 
i8 
 
 4. Steps in the extension of the atrium : alae, tablinum y 
 peristyle, hortus. 
 
 5. General adherence to type Free variation in detail. 
 
 6. Sacraria (lararia). 
 
 LECTURE XVII. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD DECORATION, FURNITURE, AND UTENSILS. 
 
 References. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 39 f. 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 437 ff . 
 Overbeck, Pompeii, chapter v. 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 285 ff. 
 Smith, Dictionary, under Domus. 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 646 ff. 
 Zoller, Privataltertiimer, p. 281 ff. 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, under Pompeii. 
 
 Photographs : 46.020, 46.030, 46.031, 46.032, 62, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 
 72, 73, 74, 75, 92.025, 94.001, 98.042052. 
 
 A. Decoration. 
 
 1. Wall Paintings. 
 
 2. Mosaics. 
 
 B. Furniture. 
 
 1. Small variety of Roman furniture as compared with 
 modern standards Scanty remains of wooden furniture at 
 Pompeii. 
 
 2. Beds. Bedsteads probably uncommon No samples 
 preserved Usually built in Wash-stands Often of stone. 
 
 3- Seats Often of stone or bronze bisellia. 
 
 4. Tables Marble stands Tripods Tetrapods Artistic 
 designs. 
 
 5. Iyamps Candelabra Lanterns Imperfection of 
 ancient lighting No chimneys Sooty deposits. 
 
 C. Utensils. 
 
 1. Ovens Portable furnaces Braziers. 
 
19 
 
 2. Kitchen Utensils : Skillets, strainers, kettles, ladles. 
 
 3 . Pottery Glass-ware Spoons Knives. 
 
 4. Axes Hatchets Spades Steelyards Sundials {horo- 
 logia, solaria) Reckoning of time Clepsydras. 
 
 5. Keys Knockers Draw-pulls. 
 
 LECTURE XVIII. 
 
 MEALS, FOOD, DRINK. 
 
 References. 
 
 Becker's Gallus, p. 451 ff.; 476 ff.; 485 ff. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter iii. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 77. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 490 ff. 
 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 501. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 414 f. 
 
 Zoeller, Privataltertumer, p. 289. 
 
 Inge, Society at Rome, p. 196 ; 202 ; 262. 
 
 Horace, Sat. ii, 8. 
 
 1. Names and order of meals At first jentaculum, cena y 
 vesperna ; later jentaculum, prandium, cena. 
 
 2. The cena : 
 
 (a) gustus (gustatio), 
 
 (b) fercula, 
 
 (c) mensae secundae. 
 
 3. Table customs Reclining at table (accumbere, dis- 
 cumbere) The triclinium The lecti : medius, summus, 
 imus Sigma or stibadium Umbrae. 
 
 4. The table Knives and forks lacking Spoons used 
 Napkins and table-cloths a late luxury Platters. 
 
 5. The Comissatio (o-v/attoo-ioi/) Magister bibendi 
 Nomen bibere. 
 
 6. Food Simple in early time -Later more elaborate. 
 (a) Fish Extravagant taste of Romans for this 
 
 Enormous prices Mullets, lampreys, etc. 
 () Fowl Peacock, pheasant, etc. 
 (V) Beef little used Pork, game, boar, hare. 
 
20 
 
 (d) Vegetables and fruits in great variety. 
 
 (e) Oil, cheese, honey, pastry. 
 
 7. Drinks Wine the staple Beer, spirits, and decoctions 
 unknown. 
 
 8. The public grain supply. 
 
 9. Roman luxury. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 DRESS OF MEN AND WOMEN. 
 
 References. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 95. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, chapter iv. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 408 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 504 ff. 
 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 476 ff. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary under toga, calceus. 
 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, under Toga, Fussbekleidung . 
 
 Weiss, Kostiimkunde, I, p. 957. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 550. 
 
 Zoeller, Romische Privataltertiimer, p. 298. 
 
 Photographs 81.024 ff., 81.070 ff. 
 
 i. Dress of men subucula tunica toga. 
 
 2. The toga Styles of wearing sinus umbo cinctus 
 Gabinus at sacrifices toga picta Material of toga Color. 
 
 3. Paenula, sagum, lacerna. 
 
 4. Dress of women tunica interior stola palla tunico- 
 p allium. 
 
 5. Footwear calcei (shoes) soleae (sandals). 
 
 6. Headgear Less used than by us pileus, petasus. 
 
 7. Men's hair The beard tondere, radere Wigs. 
 
 8. Women's hair Elaborate coiffures False hair. 
 
 9. Jewelry and ornaments Rings, bracelets, brooches 
 Mirrors, fans, etc. 
 
-21 
 LECTURE XX. 
 
 BATHS AND AQUEDUCTS. 
 References. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 366. 
 
 Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 49. 
 
 , Ruins and Excavations ; see Index. 
 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 351 ; 396. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 487 ; 78-84. 
 
 Parker, J. H., The Aqueducts of Rome (with admirable illustra- 
 tions). 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapters v, x. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, p. 38. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 48. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under balneae, etc. 
 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, under Thermen. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 269. 
 
 Parker, J. H., Archaeology of Rome, vol. viii. 
 
 Herschel, Clemens, Frontinus and his Two Books on the Water 
 Supply of the City of Rome. 
 
 Strack, Baudenkmaler des alten Rom, Plates 28, 33. 
 
 Photographs: O, P; 10.041, 15.010, 15.011, 15.015, 15.016, 15.018, 
 15.030, 15.040, 15.060, 16.005, 16.060, 31.030, 31.040, 31.041, 31.050, 
 31.060, 31.070, 31.090, 31.095, 86, 68.020-68.090. 
 
 1. Baths, foreign origin balneae, thermae The latter 
 modelled on the Greek gymnasium. 
 
 2. The important thermae at Rome of Agrippa, of Titus, 
 Trajan, Caracalla, Diocletian, Constantine. 
 
 3. The Baths at Pompeii. 
 
 4. Description of one of the great thermae apodyterium, 
 elaiothesium, tepidarium, calidarium , frigidarium , Laconicon, 
 hypocausts , suspensurae The service Athletic grounds 
 Dining rooms, libraries, etc. 
 
 5. Aqueducts Earliest aqueducts entirely subterranean 
 Later ones built partly on arches Principles of construc- 
 tion Fall not pressure Enormous length Castella Dis- 
 tributing mains List of chief Roman aqueducts. 
 
 6. Aqueducts outside of Rome. 
 
 7. Fountains. 
 
22 
 
 LECTURE XXI. 
 
 THE CIRCENSIAN GAMES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Wilkin s, Primer, p. 93. 
 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 422 ff . ; 546 ff, 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 394 f. 
 
 Richter, Spiele der Griechen und Romer, p. 152. 
 
 Lanciani, Ancient Rome ; see Index under Circus Maximus. 
 
 Inge, Society in Rome, p. 216 ff. 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapter ii. 
 
 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations ; see Index under Circus. 
 
 Friedlander Sittengeschichte 5 ii, p. 283. 
 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, under Cirkus. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under Circus, Circenses. 
 
 Wallace, Ben Hur, book v, chapter xiv. 
 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna, p. 295 ff. 
 
 Zoeller, Privataltertiimer, p. 379 ff . 
 
 Photographs : 29.005, 29.050, 88. 
 
 1. The Circus Maximus Location Size 2000 x 600 
 feet 150,000-385,000 spectators spina metae Eggs and 
 dolphins carceres calx pulvinar Circus of Maxentius. 
 
 2. Early religious character of the Circensiau Games 
 Imposing ceremonial The presiding official. 
 
 3. The races Four chariots Four or two horses Seven 
 laps {missus) Number of races The jockeys Colors and 
 factions : red, white, blue, green Political significance of 
 these Pay of the jockeys. 
 
 4. Increased frequency of the games under the Empire 
 Passion of the Romans for them ' ' partem et Circenses. ' ' 
 
 LECTURE XXII. 
 
 THE GAMES OF THE AMPHITHEATRE. 
 
 References. 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapter iv. 
 Smith, Dictionary, under Coliseum, Gladiators. 
 Wilkins, Primer, p. 103. 
 
23 
 
 Parker, J. H., Coliseum. 
 
 Richter, Spiele der Griechen und Romer, p. 173 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 404-409. 
 
 Cuhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 553 ff. 
 
 Burn, Rome and the Campagna, p. 234 ff. 
 
 , Ancient Rome, p. 71 ff. 
 
 Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, 5 ii, p. 318 ff. 
 Inge, Society in Rome, p. 53 ff. ; 210 ff. 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, under Amphitheater. 
 Post, American Journal of Philology, vol. xiii, p. 213. 
 Strack, Baudenkmaler des alten Rom, Plates 9-1 1. 
 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, p. 367. 
 Zoeller, Privataltertumer, p. 384 ff. 
 Byron, Childe Harold, Canto iv, Stanza cxlii ff. 
 Photographs : Q, R, S ; 27.005, 27.010, 27.015, 27.020, 27.025, 27.030, 
 89. 
 
 i. Coliseum Origin of the name Its Roman name 
 Amphitheatrum Flavium Vespasian and Titus, 80 A.D. 
 Three stories Later four Capacity 100,000 arena 
 podium The seats Four tiers Canopies Masts Sub- 
 structures. 
 
 2. Gladiatorial contests Fought in Coliseum and other 
 amphitheatres Gladiatorial schools Severity of the train- 
 ing. 
 
 3. Classes of gladiators retiarii, mirmillones , Sabines, 
 Thracians Weapons, and modes of fighting Character of 
 the contests Conditions of mercy pollice verso. 
 
 4. Contests with wild beasts. 
 
 5. Sham naval fights naumachiae. 
 
 6. Boxing. 
 
 LECTURE XXIII. 
 THEATRES. 
 References. 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapter iii. 
 
 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, see Index under Theatres. 
 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 1757. 
 
 Friedlander, Sittengeschichte, 5 ii, p. 391 ff. 
 
 Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, vol. iii, p. 528. 
 
24 
 
 Zoller, Privataltertiimer, p. 389 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 59 f. ; 401 ff. 
 
 Strack, Baudenkmaler des alten Rom, Plate 25. 
 
 Photographs : 87. 
 
 1. Early prejudice against permanent theatres at Rome 
 Theatre of Pompey Theatre of Marcellus. 
 
 2. Details of construction cavea, cunei, aulaeum, orches- 
 tra. 
 
 3. Early disappearance of legitimate drama at Rome 
 Roman love of the spectacular. 
 
 4. Successors of tragedy : 
 
 (a) Pantomimes, i.e., acting of striking scenes from 
 familiar tragic legends Gesticulation prominent A 
 simple text chanted by chorus Immoral tendencies. 
 
 (b) Dramatic songs Nero's famous role. 
 
 5. Atellanae and Mimi. 
 
 6. Ballet dancing Pyrrhicha. 
 
 7. Social position of actors at Rome Pecuniary compen- 
 sations Factions Tumults. 
 
 LECTURE XXIV. 
 
 BOOKS, AUTHORS, RECITATIONS, PUBLISHERS, LIBRARIES, 
 CORRESPONDENCE, SHORTHAND, NEWS- 
 PAPERS, THE POST. 
 
 References. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 36. 
 
 Putnam, G. H., Books and their Public in Ancient Times, chapter v. 
 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 529. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 325 ff. 
 
 Lanciani, Ancient Rome, chapter vii. 
 
 Birt, Das Antike Buchwesen. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 799 rT. 
 
 Zoller, Privataltertiimer, p. 349 fF. 
 
 i. Materials and construction of the book Papyrus Its 
 Preparation Parchment Leather Other materials Ink 
 Pens The roll (volumen) Umbilicus Pages Scrinia 
 Titles Opisthographa The Codex. 
 
25 
 
 2. Publication Multiplication of copies by dictation 
 Arrangements with authors Royalties Size of editions 
 Prices of copies Publishers Book-shops. 
 
 3. The recitation Way of introducing new works to the 
 public. 
 
 4. Libraries. 
 
 5. Note-books and correspondence Use of wax-tablets 
 (pugillares) Stilus Amanuenses Shorthand. 
 
 6. Newspapers. 
 
 7. Postal system. 
 
 LECTURE XXV. 
 
 ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, Theil II, chaps. 3, 4. 
 
 G611, Culturbilder, i, p. 162. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 105. 
 
 Guhl u. Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 519-533. 
 
 Zoller, Privataltertiimer, p. 340 ff. 
 
 Photographs : 94.015-.018, 94.066 ff., 95. 
 
 1. Contempt of the Romans for industrial occupations, 
 except farming. 
 
 2. Organization of Roman artisans into guilds {collegia) 
 Tutelary divinities. 
 
 3. Classification of industries : 
 
 A. Manual Industries. 
 
 (a) Farming and cattle-raising Bee-keeping Fish cul- 
 ture. 
 
 (b) Wine-making. 
 
 (c) Milling and baking. 
 
 (d) Fulling and dyeing. 
 0) Pottery. 
 
 (/) Metal- work. 
 (jr) Glass. 
 
26 
 B. Learned Professions. 
 
 (a) Teachers. 
 
 (b) Physicians. 
 (V) Lawyers. 
 id) Artists. 
 
 LECTURE XXVI. 
 
 DEATH AND BURIAL. 
 References. 
 
 Becker, Gallus, p. 505. 
 
 Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 377 ff., 591 ff. 
 
 Preston and Dodge, Private Life, p. 17. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary of antiquities, under columbarium, funus. 
 
 Marquardt, Privatleben, Theil i. Abschnitt viii. 
 
 G611, Culturbilder, ii, p. 326. 
 
 Baumeister, Denkmaler, p. 308. 
 
 Zoeller, Privataltertumer, p. 323 ff. 
 
 Middleton, Ancient Rome, vol. ii, chapter viii. 
 
 Byron, Childe Harold, Canto iv, Stanza xcix ff . ; clii. 
 
 Photographs : T, U, V, W ; 11.050, 11. 051, 11.052, 98.045 ff., 99.072 ff. 
 
 i. Death The conclamatio . 
 
 2. Funeral ceremonies Undertakers {libitinarii) Hired 
 mourners {praeficae) The funeral procession Ancestral 
 imagines Funeral oration (laudatio). 
 
 5. Disposition of the body Regularly outside the walls. 
 
 (a) Interment. 
 
 ( 1 ) In sarcophagi and tombs. 
 
 (2) In the ground poorer classes. 
 
 (b) Cremation. 
 
 (1) The bustum burning over an open grave. 
 
 (2) The rogus or funeral pyre Ustrina Ashes 
 gathered in urns. 
 
 4. Funeral feasts Services in commemoration of the 
 dead novemdial par en talia . 
 
 5. Funeral monuments. 
 
 (a) Tombs, e. g., of the Scipios. 
 
 (b) Columbaria. 
 
27 
 
 (c) Special memorials Tomb of Caecilia Metella 
 Mausoleum of Hadrian Pyramid of Cestius Street 
 of Tombs at Pompeii. 
 
 LECTURE XXVII. 
 
 BELIEF OF THE ROMANS IN IMMORTALITY. 
 
 References. 
 
 Friedlander, Sittengeschichte 5 , iii, p. 681-716. 
 Boissier, La Religion Romaine, vol. i, p. 263 ff. 
 
 A. Views of the Educated Classes. 
 
 1. Opponents of the doctrine Pliny the Elder The 
 Epicureans. 
 
 2. Arguments in favor of immortality (Plato). 
 
 3. The Stoic view Immortality for a limited period 
 -Seneca Striking resemblance to Christian teaching. 
 
 B. Views of the Uneducated Classes. 
 
 1. General belief in immortality. 
 
 2. Belief in the Greek mythological conceptions of the 
 environment and occupation of souls after death Materi- 
 alistic character of these views. 
 
 3. Belief in shades and apparitions as a ground for the 
 belief in immortality. 
 
 C. Contrast between the Roman and Christian Conceptions 
 of the Future Life. 
 
 1. The Christian faith, a revelation The Roman a result 
 of experience. 
 
 2. Clear connection between the dead and living to the 
 Roman mind. 
 
 3. Relatively greater importance attached by the Romans 
 to the present life. 
 
PART III. 
 PUBLIC ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 LECTURE XXVIII. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 i. Plan and scope. 
 2. Bibliography. 
 
 LECTURE XXIX. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE REGAL PERIOD. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, W., Early Rome, chapters ii-iv. 
 
 , History of Rome, vol. i, book i, chapters i-xii. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, pp. 20-40. 
 
 Allen, Short History of the Roman People, p. 13 ff. 
 
 Tighe, A., Development of the Roman Constitution, chapter i. 
 
 Granrud, J. E., Roman Constitutional History, First Period. 
 
 I. Character of Early Roman History. 
 
 1 . Views of the Romans themselves as to the credibility 
 of their early history. 
 
 2. Beginnings of modern criticism Vico, Pouilly, Beau- 
 fort, 1725-1750. 
 
 3. Niebuhr Roman History 181 1 Shows mythological 
 and legendary character of early history. 
 
 4. Lewis Credibility of Early Roman History, 1855. 
 
 5. Grounds of Niebuhr' s views. 
 
 (a) Lack of contemporary evidence Earliest annalists 
 200 B.C. 
 
 {b) Untrustworthy character of oral tradition Influ- 
 ence of family pride. 
 
29 
 
 (V) Internal inconsistencies. 
 
 (d) Chronological difficulties Extraordinary duration 
 of the reign of the Kings. 
 
 (e) Moral impossibilities Institutions of Numa. 
 
 (/) Traces of late borrowing under Greek influence 
 Story of Sextus Tarquinius Brutus' s mission to 
 Delphi. 
 
 II. Reconstruction of History of Regal Period. 
 
 i. Rome a Latin settlement. 
 
 2. The original city a small fortified enclosure on the 
 Palatine. 
 
 3. Amalgamation with the Sabines. 
 
 4. The original monarchy sacerdotal. 
 
 5. Overthrow of the sacerdotal monarchy ; establishment 
 of the military monarchy (an Etruscan conquest?). 
 
 LECTURE XXX. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE ROMAN STATE IN THE REGAL 
 
 PERIOD. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, Early Rome, chapters v-ix. 
 
 , History of Rome, vol. i, book i, chapter xiii. 
 
 Mommsen, History of Rome, vol. i, chapters v/vi. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, pp. 40-47. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 165 , 87-93 ; 147-150. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, pp. 154-167 ; 8-26 ; 73-79. 
 
 Tighe, Roman Constitution, chapter iii. 
 
 Allen, Short History, pp. 18-37. 
 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, pp. 164-169. 
 
 Granrud, Roman Constitutional History, First Period. 
 
 A. The King. 
 
 1. Mode of Appointment interrex decuriae auctoritas 
 patrum lex curiata. 
 
3o 
 
 2. Powers and functions of the King;. 
 
 (a) Executive Commander in wars Oversight of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 (b) Judicial. 
 
 (c) Legislative. 
 
 3. Emoluments and insignia of the king : trabea, sceptre, 
 lictors. 
 
 4. Assistants of the King : praefedus urbi ; quaestores ; 
 duumviri Sacerdotal assistants ; flamens, augurs, etc. 
 
 B. The Senate. 
 
 1 . Membership 1 00-300. 
 
 2. Functions Representative and advisory auctoritas 
 t>atrum Absence of legislative powers. 
 
 C. The People. 
 
 1. The different orders. 
 
 (a) Before Servius Tullius : citizens, clients. 
 
 (b) After Servius Tullius The Plebeians. 
 
 2. Organization of the People. 
 
 (a) Before Servius Tullius The Curiae. 
 
 (b) Servius's reforms Tribes, classes, centuries. 
 
 3. The political functions of the people The Comitia 
 Curiata. 
 
 LECTURE XXXI. 
 
 SKETCH OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF REPUBLI- 
 CAN ROME FROM THE EXPULSION OF THE KINGS TO 
 THE EQUALIZATION OF THE ORDERS (510-367 B.C.) 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. i, pp. 127-334. 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, pp. 47-94. 
 Fowler, W. W., The City-State, chapters vii, viii. 
 Allen, Short History, pp. 38-76. 
 
 Granrud, Roman Constitutional History, Second Period, chap- 
 ters i-v. 
 
3i 
 
 i . Constitutional significance of the establishment of the 
 Republic The consuls as compared with the kings. 
 
 2. General features of the period from 510-367 B.C. 
 Gradual advance of the plebeians to full political equality. 
 
 3. Grievances of plebeians : 
 
 (a) Unjust laws regarding debtors. 
 
 () Unfair administration of laws in general. 
 
 [e) Maladministration of public lands. 
 
 4. The first secession of the plebs (494 B.C. ) Institution 
 of tribunes and of the concilium plebis. 
 
 5. The Terentilian Rogations (462 B.C.) Plebeiansde- 
 mand a code The Decemvirate (450 B.C.) Laws of the 
 Twelve Tables The Second Secession (449 B.C.) Valerio- 
 Horatian laws. 
 
 6. Canuleian Law (445 B.C.) Right of intermarriage. 
 
 7. Institution of consular tribunes (445 B.C.). 
 
 8. Establishment of the censorship (443 B.C.) The 
 cruaestorship opened to plebeians (421 B.C.). 
 
 9. Plebeians first elect consular tribunes in 400 B.C. 
 10. The Licinian Rogations (367 B.C.). 
 
 LECTURE XXXII. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF REPUBLICAN ROME FROM 
 
 THE LICINIAN ROGATIONS TO THE 
 
 GRACCHI (367-133 B.C.). 
 
 References. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, pp. 93-97 ; and chapters xxviii, 
 xxix. 
 
 Allen, Short History, pp. 76-153. 
 
 Granrud, Roman Constitutional History, Second Period, chapters 
 vii-ix ; Third Period, chapters i-v. 
 
 1. Admission of the plebeians to the minor civil offices : 
 
 (a) Curule aedileship. 
 
 (b) Censorship, 351 B.C. 
 
32 
 
 2. Publilian laws Greater freedom of action for popular 
 assemblies Practical abrogation of auctoritas patrum, 339 
 B.C. 
 
 3. Praetorship opened to plebeians 337 B.C. 
 
 4. Priesthoods opened to plebeians by Ogulnian law, 300 
 B.C. 
 
 5. Hortensian law, 287 B.C. Recognition of validity of 
 resolutions (plebis scita) of Concilium Plebis. 
 
 6. General Character of the government in this period 
 The new nobility An aristocracy of ex -officeholders 
 Supremacy of the Senate. 
 
 7. Reform of Comitia Centuriata 35 tribes 369 cen- 
 turies (35 X 10 -f- 18 Requites) -f 1 (capite censi). 
 
 8. Growing influence of the Comitia Tributa. 
 
 9. Beginnings of the provincial system. 
 
 10. Rise of the Equestrian Order It becomes a capitalist 
 class. 
 
 11. The clientship of this period. 
 
 LECTURE XXXIII. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF REPUBLICAN ROME FROM 
 
 THE AGE OF THE GRACCHI TO THE DEATH OF 
 
 JULIUS CAESAR (133 TO 44 B.C.) COLLAPSE 
 
 OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 References. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome, pp. 331-551. 
 
 Allen, Short History, pp. 147-220. 
 
 Granrud, Roman Constitutional History, Fourth Period. 
 
 1. Agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus (133 B.C.) Rev- 
 olutionary measures employed for its adoption Gracchus' s 
 murder Execution of the law. 
 
 2. Gaius Gracchus (123 B.C.) His reforms Aims at 
 at diminution of powers of nobility His corn law His 
 death, 121 B.C. 
 
 3. The Conservative reaction after Gracchus' s death. 
 
33 
 
 4. Marius, Saturninus, Glaucia Laws of Saturninus 
 (ioo B.C.). 
 
 5. The Social War Drusus The franchise granted to 
 the Italians (90 B.C.). 
 
 6. The First Civil War Laws of Sulpicius (88 B.C.) 
 Cinna, Marins, and Carbo Triumph of Sulla (82 B.C.). 
 
 7. The Sullan constitution Restoration of senatorial pre- 
 dominance Sulla's death. 
 
 8. Conspiracy of Catiline (63 B.C.) Significance of the 
 movement. 
 
 9. First triumvirate (60 B.C.) Caesar, Pompey, Crassus 
 Popular trend of affairs. 
 
 10. Conflict between Caesar and the Senate (49 B.C.). 
 Triumph of the monarchical idea Caesar's rule (46-44 
 B.C.). 
 
 11. Review of the period Forces at work Causes of 
 collapse of Republic. 
 
 LECTURE XXXIV. 
 
 THE ROMAN ASSEMBLIES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, pp. 9-41. 
 
 How and Leigh, History of Rome : see Index, under comitia. 
 
 Allen, Short History ; see Index, under Assemblies. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, chapter iv. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under comitia. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 79 ff. 
 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 198 ff. 
 
 Granrud, Roman Constitutional History, Third Period, chapter iii. 
 
 A. Comitia Centuriata. 
 
 1. Method of convening Com. Cent. The presiding offi- 
 cers : consul or praetor dies comitiales. 
 
 2. Place of assembly Outside pomerium. 
 
 3. Importance of the auspicia obnuntiatio de caelo ser- 
 vare Other omens. 
 
34 
 
 4- Methods of transacting business In electing magis- 
 trates In passing laws In judicial cases. 
 5. Competency of Com. Cent. 
 
 B. Coxnitia Tributa and Concilium Plebis. 
 
 1. Origin and organization of Com. Trib. outgrowth of 
 Concilium Plebis. 
 
 2. The presiding magistrate consul, praetor, curule 
 aedile. 
 
 3. Place and time of meeting The auspices. 
 
 4. Competency of the Com. Trib. 
 
 (a) Elections. 
 
 (b) Imposition of fines. 
 
 (V) Laws introduced by consuls or praetors. 
 
 5. Competency of Cone. Plebis. 
 
 (a) Election of plebeian magistrates. 
 
 (b) Laws introduced by tribunes. 
 (e) Judicial functions. 
 
 6. Conduct of business in Com. Trib. 
 {a) Method of electing magistrates. 
 
 (b) Procedure in judicial cases. 
 
 (c) In legislation. 
 
 LECTURE XXXV. 
 
 ON MAGISTRACY IN GENERAL. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, pp. 75-98. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under magistratus. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 135 ff. 
 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 182 ff. 
 
 Granrud, Roman Constitutional History, Second Period, chapter vi. 
 
 i. Potestas, imperium General prerogatives inherent in 
 all magistrates. 
 
 2. Classification of magistrates : 
 (a) Patricii and plebeii. 
 
35 
 
 (b) Cum imperio and sine imperio. 
 
 (c) Majores and Minores. 
 
 (d) Curules and non-curules. 
 
 {e) Ordinarii and extraordinarii. 
 
 3. Sequence of offices Intervals between offices Pre- 
 scription as to age Lex Villia Annalis. 
 
 4. Entrance upon office Abdication and removal Ex- 
 tension of terms. 
 
 5. Auspicia of magistrates. 
 
 6. Insignia and privileges. 
 
 7. Safeguards against abuse of power. 
 
 8. Table of historical development of Roman magistracy. 
 
 LECTURE XXXVI. 
 
 THE MAGISTRATUS MAJORES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, p. 117 ff. 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 166 ff. ; 187 ff. ; 198 ff. 
 Smith, Dictionary, under consul, praetor, censor. 
 Zoller, Romische Staatstaltertumer, pp. 176-225. 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 173 ff. 
 
 A. The Consulship. 
 
 1. Meaning of the name consul Earlier designations: 
 praetor, judex. 
 
 2. Election and inauguration. 
 
 3. Military functions Triumphs and ovations. 
 
 4. Civil functions General executive Initiative in legis- 
 lation Relations with Senate Conduct of elections. 
 
 5. Consulares Proconsules. 
 
 B. The Praetorship. 
 
 1. Origin and development. 
 
 2. Election Insignia of office. 
 
- 3 6- 
 
 3. Functions. 
 
 (a) Civil jurisdiction. 
 
 (b) Conduct of quaestiones perpetuae. 
 (V) Provincial administration. 
 
 C. The Censorship. 
 
 i. Origin and purpose of the office. 
 
 2. Term of service Election Inauguration. 
 
 3. Functions. 
 
 {a) Taking of census. 
 
 (b) Recognitio equitum. 
 
 (c) Lectio Senatus. 
 
 (d) Regimen morum. 
 
 (<?) Financial powers and duties. 
 
 LECTURE XXXVII. 
 
 THE MAGISTRATUS MINORKS. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, chapters vi, viii. 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 194 ff., 189 ff., 175 ff. 
 Smith, Dictionary, under quaestor, tribunus, aedilis. 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, pp. 225-264. 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 177 ff. 
 
 A. The duaestorship. 
 
 1. Origin Name Development of the office. 
 
 2. Quaestores urbani Financial duties Management of 
 the aerarium. 
 
 3. Military quaestorsManagement of war-chest Be- 
 come provincial servants. 
 
 B. The Tribunate. 
 
 1. Origin and development of the tribunate. 
 
 2. The Powers and Prerogatives of the tribunes : 
 
 (a) Intercession : against magistrates, Senate, comitia. 
 
37 
 
 (b) Positive functions Legislative and judicial initia- 
 tive in Cone. Plebis Conduct of.elections for tribunes 
 and plebeian aediles. 
 
 (e) Prerogatives : coercitio, jus cum plebe agendi, aus- 
 picia, edicta,jus senatum consulendi. 
 4. Decay of tribunate. 
 
 C. Aedileship. 
 
 1. Origin and development of aedileship. 
 
 2. Duties of aediles. 
 
 (a) cura urbis. 
 
 (b) cura annonae. 
 
 (c) cura ludorum. 
 
 LECTURE XXXVIII. 
 
 THE SENATE. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, chapter ii. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 254. 
 
 Smith, Dictionary, under Senatus. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 287 ff. 
 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 191 ff. 
 
 1. Composition of the Senate Patrician and plebeian 
 elements Patres conscripti curulespedarii. 
 
 2. Method of convening Senate Time and places of 
 meeting. 
 
 3. Procedure Methods of voting. 
 
 4. Resolutions of the Senate : 
 (#) Senatus auctoritas. 
 
 (b) Senatus consultum. 
 (V) Senatus decretum. 
 
 5. Competency of the Senate : 
 
 (a) Participation in legislation. 
 
 (b) In elections. 
 
-38- 
 
 (V) Judicial functions. 
 
 (d) Religious control. 
 
 (e) Financial control. 
 
 6. Senate as director of foreign policy and diplomatic 
 relations. 
 
 7. The Senate under the Empire. 
 
 LECTURE XXXIX. 
 
 ROMAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, chapter iv. 
 
 Judson, H. P., Caesar's Army. 
 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 221 ff. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 428 ff. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 348 f. 
 
 A. Army of the Republic. 
 
 1. Liability to service Mode of levy. 
 
 2. The Legion Strength Organization Officers. 
 
 3. Weapons and equipment. 
 
 4. Arrangement in battle Tactics. 
 
 5. Marching order. 
 
 6. Methods of siege Artillery. 
 
 7. Cavalry. 
 
 8. Auxiliaries. 
 
 9. The Roman camp. 
 
 10. Pay of soldiers Discipline Special rewards. 
 
 B. Changes in the Army. 
 
 1. Changes under Marius. 
 
 2. Changes under the Empire. 
 
 3. The city troops. 
 
 4. Auxilia. 
 
39 
 LECTURE XL. 
 
 MONEY AND THE ROMAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM. 
 
 References. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, chapter vii. 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 464 ff. ; p. 281 ff. 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 252 ff. 
 Zoller, R.6mische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 318 ff. 
 
 i. Coinage Metals used Unit of reckoning Different 
 coins Modern values Notation. 
 
 2. The Roman revenues tributum vectigalia From 
 booty in war portoria Land revenues Other sources. 
 
 3. Expenditures Civil and military purposes For pub- 
 lic buildings Religious purposes For special donations. 
 
 4. Financial administration Responsible officials Meth- 
 ods of collecting revenues Management of funds The jiscus 
 of the emperors. 
 
 5. Interest on money. 
 
 LECTURE XLI. 
 
 ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE. 
 
 References. 
 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chapter xliv. 
 
 Hadley, Introduction to Roman Law, chapters, ii, iii. 
 
 Morey, Outlines of Roman Law. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 285 ff. 
 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 233 ff. 
 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 379 ff. 
 
 i. Development of Roman law Codes Praetorian edicts 
 Responsa. 
 
 2. Private law : 
 
 (a) Law of persons. 
 
 (b) Law of property Kinds of property Titles 
 Transfers Inheritance The centumvirijudices 
 arbitri recupera tores . 
 
4o 
 
 3. Lawyers Emoluments. 
 
 4. Criminal law. 
 
 (a) Crimes: political, civil. 
 
 (5) Penalties. 
 
 (V) Criminal process : by people ; by quaestiones per- 
 
 petnae ; by assessor es. 
 (d) Mode of procedure. 
 
 5. The Roman law as a contribution to civilization. 
 
 6. The Roman law as contrasted with Anglo-Saxon law. 
 
 LECTURE XLII. 
 
 ROMAN RELIGION AND WORSHIP. 
 References. 
 
 Mommsen, History of Rome, vol. i, book i, chapter xii ; book ii, 
 chapter viii ; vol. iii, chapter xii ; vol. iv, chapter xii. 
 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, chapter xiii. 
 
 Wilkins, Primer, p. 105. 
 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 364 ff. 
 
 Tighe, Roman Constitution, p. 35 ff. ; p. 102 ff. 
 
 Madvig, Verfassung und Verwaltung des romischen Staates, vol. ii, 
 p. 580 ff . 
 
 Granger, Frank, The Worship of the Romans. 
 
 Boissier, G., La Religion Romaine. 
 
 Allen, The Religion of the Ancient Romans, North American Re- 
 view, vol. cxiii, pp. 30-62. 
 
 Clarke, J. F., Ten Great Religions, chapter viii. 
 
 Inge, Society in Rome, p. 1 fT. 
 
 Photographs : 98.030 ff. 
 
 1. The Roman religion as a system Contrast with our 
 modern conception of religion. 
 
 2. Original character of the Roman religion Contrast 
 with Greek religion. 
 
 3. Later de-nationalization and Hellenization of Roman 
 religion. 
 
 4. The chief divinities. 
 
 5. The priestly colleges and their functions. 
 
 6. Worship Sacrifices Special cults. 
 
 7. Deification of the Emperors The Augustales. 
 

 \ ... . .. . 
 
 41 
 
 LECTURE XUII. 
 
 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE ROMAN 
 DEPENDENCIES AND PROVINCES. 
 
 References. 
 
 Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire. 
 Ihne, History of Rome, vol. iv, chapter x. 
 Ramsay, Manual, p. 115 ff. ; 218 ff. 
 Gow, Companion to School Classics, p. 209 ff. 
 Zoller, Romische Staatsaltertiimer, p. 409 ff. 
 
 A. Italian Dependencies. 
 
 1. Different kinds of dependent Italian communities. 
 
 2. Colonies. 
 
 3. Municipia Organization and government. 
 
 4. Praefedurae . 
 
 5. Socii Latini and Italici The Lex Julia et Plautia 
 Papiria. 
 
 6. Augustus's division of Italy into regions. 
 
 B. The Provinces. 
 
 1. Administration of the Roman Provinces. 
 (a) Under the Republic. 
 
 () Under the Empire. 
 
 2. Civil and political status of the provincial communities 
 and their citizens. 
 

 V