P K 2813 C32 1860 MAIN UC-NRLF "I $B 2S5 3m GIFT OF ENGLISH AND SINGHALESE L E S S N B K ON OLLENDORFF'S SYSTEM. BY THE REV. CHARLES CARTER. DESIOKBD TO TEACH SINGHALESE THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, C33 s) ©, ®03..Z5> -555 CO. ;■; COLOMBO: AVILLIAM SKEEN, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON. MDCCOr.X. PREFACE. / ^^ <^ The prefeent work is compiled upon a system which has been applied with the greatest success to nearly every Eu- ropean language ; and I, therefore, present it to the Public with confident hope that it will in no slight degree assist Europeans in the acquisition of Singhalese. Whatever of merit there may be in the work, is mainly due to Ol- lendorff's system; and whatever of defect, must be charged upon myself. I have made one addition to Ollendorff's system: — Reading Lessons at intervals of 12 or 14 lessons, made as difficult as possible within the range of those lessons. They will not, however, be found too difficult, if the preceding lessons have been well learnt ; nor should ability to understand the Reading Lesson well, be taken as a proof that the others have been thoroughly mastered : remembering that it is much easier to read and understand than to compose ; much easier to occupy a house than to build one ; to look at a picture than to paint it. Persons not in Ceylon, and who cannot have access to a native teacher, may, by careful study of the directions about pro- nunciation, commence the study of the language and make considerable progress in it; but it is desirable to have an intelligent native assis^tant at hand as much as possible. 313508 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.oi:g/details/englishsinhaleseOOcartrich INSTEUCTIONS. I. As soon as the stuJeut has learnt the Alphabet, and is able to read a little, let him learn . the words at the commencement of the First Lesson, repeating each word, if necessary, a hundred times, until he can pronounce it dis- tinctly, correctly, and with facility, and until he can trans- late them all upon sight of the English with the utmoijt readiness. II. Let the student proceed with the Singhalese sen- tences in the same way, mastering one before proceeding to another, so that he can repeat it aloud without hesitation or mistake. When in this way he is able to translate them all from the English, and after having, if necessary, com- mitted to memory the notes; let him — III. Proceed to translate the Exercises. Here it would perhaps be an advantage, and shorten the time necessary to spend with the teacher, were the student to write out a translation of the Exercise and get it corrected, to which he could refer in practising alone for facility in translating from the English. The student will find nothing in the Exercises for which he has not had an example in the preliminaries, and may therefore proceed with confidence. Again I say, let him practise every sentence until he can translate the whole without hesitation or mistake; and when he can do this, he may, with advantage, if he is disposed, talk with his teacher and make up similar sentences either from the same or other words. One lesson thus thoroughly learnt, is worth twenty only half mastered. 6 ly. After learning the second lesson in the same way, the student should go over the first again, and by repe- tition, grasp firmly anything he may find escaping him. V. Rules of Grammar are given as they are required in the form of notes. But it would be an advantage to the student to take Lambrick's or Chater's Grammar, and study the portion, and that only, required for each lesson. VI. Let not the student suppose that any book will supersede the necessity of labour on his part. He must make up his mind for a vigorous and continuous effort for some time. This work is intended, not to supersede, but to direct the student's labours; to mark out and to smooth his path, and furnish the explanations he needs. In this way it will, indeed, save him an immense amount of toil, and, by directing his strength into the right channel, and towards some one definite object at a time, will lead to a comparatively easy conquest of what has hitherto been considered so difficult. The student will find that he is making definite progress, and will be encouraged; and the sense of toil as well as the toil itself, will diminish as he proceeds. Still, labour will be required: a good system may reduce, but cannot supersede it. STXGHALESK ALPHABET. I. Vowels. Short. Long* cp a, as in America. (^ i, as in pin. (^ 00, as \i\foot, e3 e, as in men. © o, as in & CO. ^ a, as in ah ! ^ or ^ i, as in marine, (5*1 00, as in food, S e, as in mane, (^^ ai, as in time, © o, as in moan, ©*i ou, as in our, ^X - - The above are the full vowel signs, and are always initial, II. Pronunciation of Vowels. 1. cp Varies slightly in pronunciation, depending some- times on the meaning or derivation, and sometimes on the consonants with which it is combined. It has the sound of in dove, of o in not, and the clear, distinct sound obtained by shortening ah ! In the absence of a living teacher, let the student choose the last of the three. 2. ^ and ^ have a fine, sharp sound. 3. 6 and ^ have a full, broad and — to Englishmen — vulgar sound, like the Irish pronunciation of meat=^matc, 4. @^,6 has the polite sound of i in time, somewhat prolonged 5. S) and ^ have the English broad, vulgar sound. 6. cptandefx have the vowel sound of the bleating of the V sheep, minus the quivering. Ci?^ and Or/, if pro- nounced very vulgarly, not in the direction of au in caught^ but in that of a in ram, will express the sounds ; and as there is no letter in English to express them, let one hyphen - represent the short vowel, and two, - - the long one. III. The non-initial Vowel signs. (C) L and >j (C^) X and ^j (6) ®^ (6) f ■> Unaspirated Aspirated. Unaspirated Aspirated Nasal. K. class. «255 k Q) CD g ^ ■ §)* ng Ch. class. ch t^ ^ J ^D z:^ ny T. class. t a S) d e ^ H !«-' ?f 8 888 8 i ft 8 8 8 > '■+3 ^ *^ ^ 8 8 8 o i*-* „ 8 8 8 " -88§ V. 8 8 8^8 § 8 88 8 ^q^ 003^5 O >r> jcJ ^J o 8 8 8 8 8 •^ >. :3 ^iSdS^S'^ 08 8 8 8 8 8 Q 88888 .^) o Jto <1> o Oi u Ph •5 C? 8 8 8 S CO . . . t> — I c5 o o ® - ^ ^ "^ ^ f^ 8 8 8 a (M =2 .2 o i*-* r» 8 8 8 "I® ^ 8 88 ri4 I§88 (5) ^ ^ fe k)Oc) ^ q5^©^c8^ ^ ^ ?r> jcJ O 8 8 8 8 8 >A6 ^888 .r ••©(§ (U* ®, 8 8 8 \1. Id & s (D §8Sg ^ 2 J;? ^ ^ Jo " « (a) oQ R a® ^ § Kr ^ ^ ^ 8 8 8 8 f^f^ •Si (a) 'V 8 r^ !«-' 8 8 8 8® ^ S tS J3 -33 8 " 8 8 ? 8 8^° 8^ (2 O s ^ o o ^ 8 8 S 8 @ (§ o a, 8 O iUT W o a >► 8 ^ M *^ 03 »2 fi^ =5 P^ (§ M 8 S 5S S ftnOH CO .go 8 8 8 si ^ ^9S 00 D (if SfL); (u- 5;^^ 8 8 ?3 T^ H -5v o H o P^ 8 8 8 Vll. o i o en O sJ CO 5S Ph 1 I (3 o (5) «^ o s CD Q «a) 8^? 8 Gy o I f3 g c Oct: 5^-^ g-s ® ^ « tB -*^ a> o H o o o H St* H Pi C3 l-^ Q 8 Q3(5) ^-<9 oi^or^ @5C^ (3 o o . ^ ) ^ :;@ (irQ Ga) ^ ©=03(5) 15 15 ODQ?) (TOO 03 (9 03 iiJ^J) ^ ^ ° -^ "5^ ©Ci) "5 '^ 8 8(8 I ^ 8 85 s fe-OO jf O H O I^SA) q 5J3 O g i; (1) li '^J x> «^ iw o X o lliillli H ADDENDA. To page 9, VII. add 5. ® Is a combination of© (very short) and ©, as: — ef ® amba, 4S^^ koomba ; -a® of -95^ and 8 ; eg) of ed and 8 ; ^es) of ed and S) ; >s^ of ai and c^ ; co^ of 555 anS q ; To page 18, N.B., add III. In the termination 8, the cs is not pronounced. The re- maining vowel sound (^ is merged into a preceding (f, and slightly lengthens it; as: — 55)i®^8 nearly equal to z,®-63. Where the final 8 is preceded by ef or ^, it forms a diphthong, as : — ^%^=mamy, the final syllable being pronounced exactly like the English word my. EERATA. Page 9, line 31, for 9^, read ®(a. Lessons XVIII. and XIX., for ^cgB, read f ^8. Page 50, line 3, for ®^C3o<:5^i?, read ®OD-e5^cS. 53, line 27, omit ^g^ C®. 53, line 32, for ^e)3, read -aScs^^Sj. 53, last line, for -SDiCJ), read «^x- 64, line 15, for -d^t^o), read -63®©. 64, line 37, for ®®©>6).s?-C2c5'l, read ©©©^0^-C^(5'i.. 67, line 5, for ©i©cS, read ®©^. 68, last line, for %ve and r/5, read ^o?«. 70, line 1, for -d^g, read -sS^s^. 83, line 13, for cse) read caaiO. 85, line 19, for gcs^O, read gc3^0. 85, line 24, for ^^^\, read ^^^\. 89, line 25, for f ^3f5>^®, read f a3D®a5®. 93, line 7, for ^«255, read 6^, twice. 94, line 10, for aa)ge^o§, read ^©g^Da 95, line 23, for ^g, read ^g. 95, line 44, for e)cs, read ©ocs. 96, line 17, for ^g, read -dJeg. 9 2. (S) Is always hard. 3. © Has less of the hissing sound than the English eh in rich. 4. ^ Is much lighter than the Engli.^h ih. It has tlie sound which the Irit^h sometimes give to t when followed by r ; e. g. tnck, trip, straight, pronounced something like thrick, thrip, sthraiglit, 5. <^ This, too, is a real dental, and has the sound heard in the Irish pronunciation of d in such words as drink, drip, drop. 6. 6 Is always trilled. 7. C5a Is very light — like c in cinder, and its inherent vowel is generally e^L not ef. 8. OS Has less of the hissing sound than the English sh, and is often pronounced like the ordinary s ea. 9. o Is the guttural k ; as hard as the German ch, and never followed by a vowel in the same word. VII. In some words c3, 6 and ^o are expressed by other signs: — c3 by », (5 by ® and ^, eo by '' 1. » Suppresses the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is added, and is pronounced after that consonant: — as ©(530:3 Mangal-ya. 2. ^' Is written on the upper part of a consonant, and is pro- nounced before it with its own inherent vowel sup- pressed: — as c8^ Parwatha. 3. J Suppresses the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is joined, and is pronounced after that consonant: — as ^^-S^cCD Poothrayah. 4. ( Is used for three purposes: — a. When joined to the aspirated consonants cS, ^, oD, the corresponding unaspirated consonants respec- tively precede them :— as ^^ Kat-^a*, ®^- Mad- da 6iS^, Roodh-r//m. b. When joined to 8, dli (<^) precedes the S: — as ©0 Madhwa. c. When joined to any of the other consonants, it signi- fies that a very short sound of ^'i precedes them: — as *s:g Kandhoo. VI n. Vowel-consonants. 1. Ci Roo Ct? Roo; a2> Loo gsi Luo ; (6 or 6c Loo, <^\ Lou. 2. They are joined to other consonants, and pronounced thus: — * In the Romanized Singhalese words, the consonants in Italics represent respec- tively the aspirated consonants. B 10 *^9_kroo ^99 kvoo, ^s:^'] kloo ..-b-^q kloo ^16 kaloo, ^j)6^t kaloo. 3. The beginner may omit all the vowel-consonants, except the last two. IX. Illustration of the combination of Yowel and Consonant. N.B. — I. The non-initial vowel signs are invariably pro- nounced after the consonant. 11. In all Singhalese ^vords each syllable must be pronounced separately and distinctly, with as little accentuation as possible even on the long vowels. 1 votvel ^3 aka ep.^ 2 vowel -^^ ichi (§9 ichi ^^ — — f 8 ipi <|43 ithi __^8 3 vowel Qcj ootoo o»ig oodhoo (5^ 4 vowel 6f^iQ ebe €5®© ebe ^s^.d" amai ono 5 voivel (5^.£>(2©^® aimai ef '^iS^© 6 vowel ^'^.^:) osho ®c?.«D3 7 vowel ^']®\<^^ ourou ®sS5i \ 8 vowel C^i.®L -ni - ^i-3CS«555 (5C28c3c04J55 q'ceS©^.ce-s5i Make on^d^cT^ Anything ©(^.02-535 Nothing ®e5J^>8D, or (a^csj'S^ 6^^8:, or ©.gsd ^-D*^ ^e)o or eso q eo83 coe)s55 ^£)884si, or 'e,©:)^! I make, am making, do make ©© C33^^5?83 Am I making, do 1 make You write, &c. He does not read, &c. Do tliey buy anything ? They buy nothing Does he sell a book ? He does not sell a book 8® cso<^<5:0o^ ? S)^ 5S(x6®^,^odd ^1 or ^l<:j> £|^ai cs®4J55 §5^dO C5D20?:>©3«5 ? ©g^55 cs©555 (or c8^B8^ or ©.©a ^"5e)<55) i(3.cj0 C5?@^<5>2d <5Dx. N.B. I. — The verb terminates in all the persons of the present tense in ^e)3. II. — Nouns neuter, indefinite, in the singular number, terininate in ^, and those of the masculine and feminine gender, in €1-25) or ®c3-555. Exercise. Do I make '^ You do make. Is he writing ? He is writing. Are you writing? I am writing. Does he make? He does make. Are you bringing ? You are bringing. Does he buy ? He does buy. Are we selling ? We are selling. Are they reading ? They are reading. Do we go ? We do go. Am I buying ? You are not buying. Does he go ? Pie does not go. Do we read ? We do not read. Do I sell ? You do not sell. 12 Is he making ? He is not making; we are making. Are they reading ? They are reading ; he is not reading. Are you reading ? We are not reading ; we are writing ; they are selling. Am I making anything ? You are making nothing. Are you doing anything ? 1 am doing nothing. Is he selling a horse ? He is selling a horse ; they are selling a pig. Do we buy a horse ? We do not buy a horse; we buy a box. Are they reading anything ? They are reading a book. Is he selling a pig He is selling nothing ; he is buying a horse. Do they make a box ? They do not make a box ; they make a house. Do we write anything? You write a book. Is he doing any- thing? He is doing nothing. Is he bringing a house ? He is not bringing a house ; he is bringing a box. Are you writing a losson ? We are not writing a lesson ; we are reading a book ; they are buying a book. Is he selling anything ? He is selling uothinjr. SECOND LESSON.— ©(^(^8^ odS)9c5. Good ^.^3^ Old (of things) C5^ Bad ^0<3^ New €^a^^ Long ^^ Beautiful Q^3^ Home ®\'S>qcS What? (sSo.'Siq My His Their At all @^x^o®^.csD ^© I make a good box What do you make ? 1 write a long letter Does he read a bad book ? He does not read a bad book ®® ^CK) (Sg®-555 (3cC'3?©3 e)j^? Do you bring his good horse ? c® ©^(^'^J (3^cs:)aq efeQe)c3D ®cd<£o03^ ? No, I take my bad horse ^\, ©9 ®®o5 ^C)^ efcoScca Do you sell your old book ? C®'^ o6^ (?Oi^ O® §^^ ^oSj^ ? No, I buy their new book ^\, ®® S)g^t^c55 i^S-^ ©Co Do they buy our beautiful chair? i)g^ e^@d c^^^ S9^ ^ @^(30 CK),2OS0£)3^ ? They buy nothing at all ©ge.:f ^S6<555 g®)(^0 (53®\^j:^ Does he go home ? ®s^ ®.(5D^(5' cs^Soq ? He does not go home at all ©^ ©^"jjs^^^^i® ®^5D^<^ c3^ 13 N.B. — Nouny, tlefinlte, of the masculine fjender, terminate in the singuhir number in q?), as: — C^> '^he pig ; those of the feminine gender, in (g, as : - ®®C5J S5i) Lead ^c3^ Silk ®\d^ Coat ^'«)3c3 Eat -355 ^£)a Drink A ring i^^ A stone c^C^ Very ®>'«)3©^SdJ® Small s© Large (?03^ Stone (a) <^d Yes ®g, e@^.c»a Which one ? ®5)53g ^<2j;^? Rice(raw)csD3C^,(boiled)^cr^8j^ ? No, he is doing nothing good ^^x, ^^ ^8 ®3:)oq555 ^(S^ Are they making sometldng ©g^d oj© e<5^J© gg ©iqco^ very small €so<5s^03 Are you taking my gold ring? o^ ©^cd (5^ai gc^ (5^2O>0 03^ ? I am not (i. e., I take not) ©© C3<^®erf ^^x Which hat' do they wear ? ©g^ 53:)3(3 &~^o63^ e©D C55/5>2$3834' ? They wear the large silk one cDga:^ s^O^^ (§^c6q 6<-'5'^ (^©3 c53^oeoe)3 Do you not bring me home ? No, Sir, I take him home Does he use my lead pencil ? Yes, he (does) uses epe)33o:'(5D20 '^x, ©SDa5©cS3, ©© ®S]5) ©ics: ®C|;) ©^.(^ ^-cs^d" Cc.<2>ia3(3 C3 So© <5>(5^?83C7? ®g, ©^ C3S©S ^^■d'.^So N.B. — I. ce©, ^B " any " ceS is seldom, and ^S never, used with an affirmative. 11. ^S)^5^c53^-d6^d£)3 and e^©c53C5D(53^cs^83 T^? ^rmy and To take — literally. Having called to come ; and. Having culled to go — must be used only of persons. III. The vocative masculine singular often shortens thefinal vowel: — as ©2^<55©c33 — Master, Sir, Gentleman. Exercise. Does he do nothing good ? He reads a good book. Do I drink your good water ? Yes, you drink (it. ) Am I writing anything beautiful ? You are writing a beautiful letter. Is he eating any good rice and curry ? He does not eat rice and curry at all ; he drinks your bad wine. Are you taking home my beautiful horse ? I am not ; I am taking home your pig. Are you killing me ? I am not ; I am killing your large pig. Is he now using my soap ? He is not. Arc they now taking 1 5 hoi* homo? Tlioy arc. Do you wear iny silk hat? No, I wear your old hat. What are you now killing ? We arc killing an old horse. Is he killing her? No, she is killing him. Are you now taking them home ? T am. Is he now making a gold pen ? He is. Are they now selling anything good ? No, thuy are buying good bread. Is he bringing the iron table ? He is. Which coat are you taking ? I am taking your large silk one. Are they not taking my leaden table ? Yes, they are. Which water are we drinking ? You are net drinking water ; you are drinking your wine. Is she using our leaden table ? She is now using our iron table. Which are you using ? I am not using a table at all. What does he eat? He eats broad. Which milk are you taking? lam taking their old milk. Do they drink milk? They do. Which ? Our old milk. Which house are you buying ? I am selling her large old house. Are you selling me ? No, we are now taking you home. Which rice and curry are you eating ? My good rice and curry. Which onions are you using ? I am not using onions at all. I am now eating rice. Are you selling the stone house? No, I am selling a large pig. Are you buying the stone house ? No, I am selling it. What good horse is he selling ? He is selling a very large pig. FOURTH LESSON.— :5D<^d'®a^ cd5}®c3. They, them (neu.) €^83 It €J<2D One 6^->, (absl.) €)<2S)^ Break 6B^<55 .S5^5^0^ AVhat do you do at home ? C® ®C53c;;«5^ <5)"3<5® £5D2rff?®D^"}^? 1 eat and drink at home ©9 ^'^q(j^ .ssi^^^Q:^ ®.©oaD83, or <2j>^05D9-5i ©.©o.e^30<55 Are you reading or writing. c^ ^<^^^^^^*^? Q^^Boq? 16 K.B. — I. Such forms as (S^ca^Cf^ (at home) cannot be nsod with the verb"To be." The ^ hseU luenns'^whilst bei?if/.'^ II. The conj: aj is joined to words which close without a vowel, by the addition of (^, as i—c^o^, cj^<55. Exercise. Are you bringing my new box ? No, I am bringing this old box. Is he killing that old horse ? Yes, he is. Do 1 use that new knife ? No, do you not use this old one ? Yes, I use it at home. Do they eat our bread and salt ? No, they eat our new onions and old salt. Are you taking that salt and soap ? Yes, Sir, I am taking them. Is he taking them home ? No, he is taking those home. Am I selling the old horse ? No, you are selling that young horse. Which pig are you killing ? I am killing this large pig. What do you do at home ? We read a very good book at home. Do they drink water at home ? No, they drink bad wine and good milk. Are you using that bad old knife ? No, I am using this good new one. Does he eat soap ? No, he eats rice and curry, and drinks good water. Are you now breaking anything ? No, I am mending the old chair. Are we making anything new ? Yes, you are making a new chair, and a new box, and a good hat. What new thing is this man making ? He is making a new knife and a large new house. What does that young man do at home ? He eats (and) drinks. Is he now killing that large pig ? No, he is killing that little pig. Do you wear my new coat ? No, I wear this. Which coat do you wear at home? I wear the silk one. Do you wear (put on) your hat at home ? I do not. Do you use the gold or the iron ring ? I use the iron one. Does that man use the lead pencil at home, or the gold one ? The gold one. Wiiat is this man doing ? is he breaking that box or mending it ? Pie is now doing nothing. Are you taking me or that man home? I am taking him home. W^hat does this man wear ? At home, he puts on a hat and wears a coat. FIFTH LESSON.— c?ed@^0^ odS)®cs. Brother c£(3.C5:^j^c5'c3a Sister ta^s^^^qS Young man cs^S^Qcso Father Scs^^, CDdcj^sdo, 8cS3 Mother ©x^csl^^o, £)x^ Neither, nor 8 ^—S^^x Buy ^-dd86^c^ ck)^^^8o Both ^q^y^j) Both kinds (^^Sx^cd© Mine ®<5^.cd ^<,^, &c. It is generally better to repeat the noun Do you write or read at home? o® ®^c5^q(J^ gce^0J<^ ^csS) 17 T do l)otli 99 (5<^!»e) ^(S^B^i Is he using my pen or my s)^^ Oj9©§S3'5«5'5^irf ©(S^cd knife ? Cx^<5 ^'Sssi 6i3^.c5<^ ? He is using neither your pen S)^C'(9>^ C3t^5?8'55 (^'^©8 nor your knife 33S^c5£)ai O^S9©^5535(^.^5^ed Docs she drink water or milk ? ^\ ©^Qo^c^.^vf 8-0^ :5'<^ «S5<^ ? She drinks both e^x, ®^<^€)(5^cd0 ®l«)^^5:^8J Are they reading my book or cD§^ ^:^0^c^^^7S ^^csi ®C3 his? ^^ ^^®»cd @^C3S:>c^ ? They are reading mine ®g^ ®??cd (?0)<5^ cS^c3£)25:>©3 Which bread is her brother cpL(5^c55 cs^^sDJe^^cso ^S3<255(5^.^^ eating ? ©^.2)->D(S 03^5^ ? He is eating ours and theirs ©33 e^®.d C3j^cd, as: — ®^C2x Exercise. Are you making a book or a chair ? I am making both. Is he taking the pig or the horse ? He is taking neither the pig nor the horse. Is your father mending this old knife or that new chair? He is mending both. Is his brother killing the old horse or the young pig ? He is killing my old pig. Are you mending my beautiful hat and coat? Yes, Sir, I am mending both this and that. Is this young man breaking or mending anything good? He is neither mending nor breaking anything. Does your sister eat bread or rice and curry ? She eats both bread and rice. Does this young man take home this or that ? He takes home neither this nor that. Are you using my horse or your horse ? Does their mother eat both rice and curry? She does. Does your father buy my silk hat or yours? He neither buys mine nor yours. Is her brother now reading her letter or mine ? He is reading neither hers nor yours Does your sister eat this rice or that ? She eats neither this rice nor that. Does this man eat anything good? Yes, he eats my brother's good rice. Are you putting on my ring or my sister's ? I am now putting on my sister's. Are you buying this man's pig or buying mine ? I am neither buying his pig nor yours. Are you bringing my box or theirs ? I am bringing both. Is your brother killing me or my father ? He C 18 is killing neither you nor your fatlier. What do you eat and drink ? I neither eat nor drink. Are you using both this old man's new knife and his pen ? Yes (L) am using both. Does this young man sell or buy ? He neither sells nor buys. SIXTH LESSON or building Circle ^S)Qcs — ©^c3 Ring (for the finger) gg£) or §^ ,(any other ring) £)C03 Live (exist) d'8<55®e)^De)3 Live (dwell) e?§©®8,SD83 Either — or ShS — 0a5 Both (of persons) (5^,«^.^3^9 or @^^^3^d9 — There 6e9 c^^C^c) C5D20>08j^ ? ®ge.-5 (^sDc^d" o§g8 8a^o ©3^ ? or o8^q ? or 83^ «DX, ^S^ ^1^ C®^3 ^^ N.B. — L The words 85§ ((3®ccd) and (K)i^ ((^©cso) are not used, unless there is a special reason for making the distinction. ir. When the verb To he is omitted, the word to which it belongs must terminate in S, as: — ®^3^ good, @^c5:>Dq(Sis good; O^© — C3§©8. It may, however, in the case of nouns, often be omitted. Exercise. Boy Girl Child Tea (to drink) Coffee Home, house House (as a place) Are you now buying anything new ? I am selling an old coat and a new hat Is he mending either this or that ? lie is mending neither Do you kill neither the pig nor the horse ? I kill neither Do they live at home? No, they live at school Does this boy live at his father's house ? No, but the girl does Are you taking home neither my good horse nor his large ? i am taking home neither ; but I am bringing the good pigr chair. thing. she mends neither. Is our father taking my brother's iron ring? What does your father bring ? He does not bring any- Does his sister mend neither his hat nor his coat? No, 19 He is noMakIng it. AVliat does tliid boy'a mother sell? She sells good rice and curry. Arc you eating either my rice or his ? No, I am eating neither yours nor his. Are you mend- ing neither my house nor his? I am mending both. Does your father sell neither anything good nor anything bad? He sells nothing. Is he breaking either this box or that? He is breaking neither. Are you taking to our house either my horse or pig ? I am taking neither to your house ; I am takincr them both to our house. Do you live at home or at school ? 1 live at home. Does this girl do anything good at home? No, but I do. What good do you do at home ? I eat both good rice and good curry. Are you taking home my boy ? No, but I am taking home your girl. Does this big boy neither eat nor drink at school ? No, but he does both at home. Does your brother drink good wine neither at home nor at our house ? No, but he drinks coffee at our house. What does this boy do at school ? He writes and reads. Do you live at our brother's ? No, but our mother does. Does our father drink either tea or coiFee ? He drinks neither. What coat does this young man wear? He wears a very good silk one ; but his brother wears a very bad one. Do you write your father's letter at school or at your sister's house ? I write it at home. SEVENTH LESSON.— cs3^^,a^ cj£9ce. Work (v) E}iS)<23)cS^5:iBo Work (s) 8lS) or DiG^B Play ®fi3033^'3:5.^€)3 Play (s) ©cao^S) Learn (|33^GD2oeo03 The caq)enter §g€)3 Shoe cscsa^-q^O Shoemaker CQO®\^di€d Much, a great deal (S^S)d@^sd30, ^©3^ A little Q5®^3«2d£)*55 ca.QWs^^'i I do both : I eat a little and ®® @^^<2)3© ^s^cS^s^Bo : ©9 9<20 drink a little «5 <2)5«d0j 8^^ ©©oeo^D Does the carpenter work much? 0gO3 6^©3(3C5DJ0 8l^ ^ssiC^^s^ Yes, he works a great deal ©g, ®^ @^©3®iC3D3® 0i5) ^(^ AVho does this work ? ^B €)ls) ^5^(5®l^oe^J <2)5g<^ ? The blacksmith and the mason ^©o^coaa^ (^>^q'^d Do you either write or read ? C^C^ 6^^^^^^ -eS^csSedc) N.B. — The form ®® gcS-^O ©\ca(9^<^^€)3 corresponds to ''I do (to) lorite:' Exercise. Do you neither sell nor buy ? I do neither. Does your sister either eat or drink anything ? She neither eats nor drinks any- thing; but I do. Does this boy neither make nor mend any- thing ? Yes, he does both. Does my little brother eat curry ? Yes, a little. What is the carpenter doing? He is making a beautiful box and a large chair. Does your sister learn much ? No, she does not learn much. Who learns much ? My brother and I. Do you both play much ? We do not both play much ; but I play much. Does he either learn anything at school or play ? He learns a little and plays much. What work is this old shoemaker now doing ? He is not doing any work now ; but his brother works a great deal. Who learns anything good ? My brother and my sister. Does any one work at home ? Yes, the blacksmith works at home. Does any one learn at your brother's school ? Yes, you and I learn. Does this little child eat much ? He eats a great deal. Does your brother play much ? No, but he learns and works a great deal. Does the blacksmith work and play at your father's ? Yes, he does both at my father's. Does any one learn at my mother's ? Yes, you and your brother learn there. Does any one play at the shoemaker's ? No one plays there ; but some one eats and works there. Who works and eats there ? The shoemaker and the mason. Does any one live at my sisters ? Yes, either your or our sister lives there. Does any one do any Avork? Yes, I do a great deal at the blacksmith's. EIGHTH LESSON.— ep0G^0^ C3S)®co. Book, books (s^Oo^, 6^0d^^8 0® ®®C55 8ce3Sic55 ec5D«^(50 cs e:583? ^ 23 Xo, I wear my brother's (those ^ox.* ®® ©G^crf co'S^C»J<^d'cC3ecd of my brother) oj^Sg^, 6O3da:5©) C® ©e55^(5^^>5 B^^doq ? <^x^020^^ ©© -25)63-S5)(5>^'25^ ?5c^ 88^?83 ©© ^-D^cDdesi^ai ^S)^^<5j 88^003 sScs8§^ to&'D gcsf ^-55 88 xSD (5©CS3 ©^<*d ^^to? ? _ 6^ 555© si ^^si^azf 20x ; C®^© ©3€scs^iO 6-e5)<055 N.B. — I. The aj)0ve construction of the present participle with an auxiliary verb can be used only with active verbs which admit the idea of repetition or of con- tinuing to do. II. The form Qci (^oZd expresses rather the repetition, and QiX^^'5 the continuance ; but all verbs do not admit the form Qoz QcQi, III. These forms are only used to express emphatically the idea of l/eingi in the very act of doing at the time re- ferred to. EXEHCISE. Am I now writing something which you read ? No, you are reading something which I am writing. Are the men who are there saying anything about me ? They are saying many things about every one. Who is saying anything about us? Every one is saying something bad about you. Is that little boy just now eating the sugar which we bring? Yes, he is eating a great deal of it. Is he learning the lessons of my book? He IS not learning even one. Is this man who does at least one thing a week now talking to us ? He is talking to no one now. Are we now killing the man who kills our servant? No, we are killing the man who sells our pigs. Is that man drinking the wine we buy? No, he is drinking the water we take. Is any one spoiling the coat we wear? Yes, we are spoiling, and selling, and breaking everything. Are you now both playing and learning your lessons? I am now both play- ing, and working, and learning mv lessons. ELEVENTH LESSON.— a®^^o(?.e33d®>0^ CJe-9cc. Well ®.C5DDq0 Perfectly ©^^oqQ© Many, much ®©3'5^3:j^ Can you write ? I can Can the cook make anything? He can Can this horse run well '■ It c^in, but it does not I can read many to-day Can our servant cook well ? Can our teacher go anywhere? The place c>aS)3^cs, f S® Cook c^'^^^ Write (Inf.) gcsedO, or gcsei ^0, or gccaii) C^g) 6csedGga0^? 6aed<^ ? £^0 CJ<£)0e)<5q ? ^<55 ce,53^0 ;:,«6£)e5q? 26 Sometimes he can, but not now csQcsD^ B^joBc ^^€)^, «o JNo, I cannot ®0 'q)^ or ©l^i or 'q)i8c2 or I can read yours and your ©9 C®.^^ C^^ 8cS3®cd5^0 C)330^ ? Our teacher can teach the first ef(^.d C5^6-iO(jQSdQ CJ(3e)'5>E)<55 lesson co£§) c^^"^^ g&)^ Cannot he teach the second ? ®i<^®i8i6 660«^ ? ©0 0S)D C®^ <»)\© ^"3.K>SO0 N.B. — I. The compamtive is expressed by 0i)3 preceded by the dative case. II. Adjectives in apposition, and other words having the verb To be understood, require the verbal termination 03 to precede the dative, as: — ®C33 qO'jO 05)3 ; ©1(^1030 0^0 ; g60ee30 0e)). Can you do something I cannot do? Do you know what I am doing ? Can he cut more books than you can ? Can you eat more food than I ? 29 KxEIiClSK. AVlierc do tbcsc iiion work ? They work at our liouse. AVhere does your mother work ? She works at home. What does she ilo ? She sews^ clothes. Can your little lister work anywhere ? Yes, she can sew clothes at home. Can you uowhere eat rice and curry ? Yes, I can eat rice and curry at my brother's house. Does this girl nowhere do the work which 1 do ? Yes, she does it somewhere. How many books can you spoil ? I can spoil those which you and I read. How many horses can this carpenter buy ? He can buy only one ; but he can make many wooden horses. How many pigs can you take home ? I can take only two to my brother's house. Uow many things can you believe ? I can believe a great many good things. Can you do anything which I can do ? How can 1 do anything which you can do ? Can we believe what this bad man says ? \Ve cannot believe anything he says. Can this servant clean the clothes which I cannot clean ? Y^es,he can clean many things which you cannot clean. Do the carpen- ters know many things which we do not know ? They do. Do the blacksmiths know what I sell ? They do not know ; but 1 know. How can I sew these clothes ? Y^ou can. How ? You can sew well. How much bread can these children cut ? They cannot cut bread at all. Cannot they ? They cannot ; they can cut their clothes. Do you know more subjects than I ? Yes, I knoAv more than you. Can this little child eat more rice than this big man ? Cannot, but the little child can eat more sugar than he. Can you say more lessons than our brother ? Yes, 1 can say more lessons than he : he can say only two. Can you build more houses than I ? Cannot. How many onions can you eat ? FOURTEENTH LESSON.— ^6o:5D^d'@^00D*5^.£^ I A few hats ©^i^adS teS)c^ccs -jd : Those few 6 ©C2^o63 C3e)cj I hats Cc3 I So many (as these) @©C0v5O (as those) ©C0a?, -^c©^^ I can go to a place to which you (^S)0 ce^-^O 'aiiS vc632€)3 8^'5 ©0©\O3<5i he can ? ^cae).^© g6E)^ ? iTou cannot read so many as he ©'gjQ ©^(5 C®^ -sScsS^© S)^ Can you take as large a horse ©® ®c55v^ca«SD e^taScsn ScD(5 as I ? 6>c^<2s^ ^(^.^Si^ ^g©d0 C-C53 I can take as large a horse as (5^g'5^sd08(5 ©0 ©O^'^ c^toS Do you eat a dozen iish at ^ge^sd o^<^ <233\,©0 ©ga5 gB breakfast ? ©xS>^,^X I do eat one either in the o(s^2r33 ever, sir ? '^g^^Q ^s)^il^o<^Q^^? No, but I can eat a few small S)i, ^S)d ©g^ (Se)(5ccs-a^^ d^^^ ©0 -25^a5^ N.B. — I. The word governed by ^<5^(S — as much as — takes the same case as the word in apposition to it. II. (^S) is used in addressing a person of the lower orders, such as servants, &c.; <5^§®ed implies a somewhat higher grade ; O^gai^oo^s^c^ is used to the higher classes generally, and ci)c5)S)c3D^®^^s^ to persons in very high positions, or who are so, relatively to the speaker. III. The plural of all these is formed by the addition of Qo, Exercise. Where is this old man now going? He is going to my father's house. Where do these three children learn their lessons ? They learn them at school. Where can you write your letters well ? I can write them well anywhere. Can this young man work where I can ? He cannot work anywhere. Can these four carpenters go to a house to which I cannot go ? Yes, thoy can go to many houses to which you cannot go. Do you know the place where these five children play ? No, but I know the place where they learn. Do these six horses sleep anywhere ? They sleep somewhere. Do our seven brothers wash clothes anywhere ? Yes, they wash somewhere many clothes which we cannot wash. Can these women make eight coats to-day ? They cannot sew any coats at all. Can you write as many books as I ? I can write more than you. Can you run as much as these horses ? Neither you nor I can run as much as they. Can you eat as much rice as these three pigs ? Cannot to-day. Can you work as much as the blacksmiths ? I can work more than they. Do you bring as many pigs home as I ? Yes, I bring home as many pigs and horses as you. Do you eat as many fish as I ? We eat more than you : at breakfast we eat two dozen fish. Do they learn their lessons as well as I ? They do not learn them as well as you. Can these masons build as many houses as either you or 1 ? They can build more houses than either you or I. Can you eat nine or ten fish ? I cannot eat even one at dinner ; but I can eat a few at breakfast. FIFTEENTH LESSON.— okj^C^s^®^^ coi)®c3. 8^ gc3^0e)<55 S)i.8c3 ^§"55 ®© ©x^^® eOc^d'^ @CC«^ OoS)^ C®C> (^^do) (53«:i0 S)i(^«^ ? ^gei^o^®d0 6^.® B<6£)6^^:J" (^.^5 @^^5^3C^6^^ cs^'25586'^a5 cs8gacS555 .^(^d© cK)S:f0 g6 8ed e<^:6^©<^ ? ©0 c?<5 ©ic^cs ©© q^^ ©®g5 ©C5d6 Bccov^cd ^d^(^^ (9^©^^8^^ ? ©© e^§^ (3^6^ C36^ eoo^<5^a5 c®0 ga-sad"^© 'Q)i8q ? ©e53d^0 c<£)aed^'? S)g^0 ©a5 ©3^a5 cf6 32 cs^'Sdi.^ 655) d -50 q62)e-5 (?&i'T8 ^<^cs.355 ©.(5^oS}eoo5^Q cc©e)<55^S Cv^S^dc? ®g, .es^DO-s^e^^j €8:> <^(5 B8^? £,g0D0 (?^<2d5:->©&-d<559 £'? £<25)Ce5DD® § C3C33 ^e3©^?(3'55 ^55edeD00<5j g<£)6^d«^ ? •Q)t.(5c3 ^g^ ®>3 ©3(3 e<^coe)ceed0 ©es^oq© e0ai0^ 8 csc^^ ^^©^..25^'^C ^<253-^-^ .255^d^0a5 c€)0«:>. ®©c9 8iS).S)d''2^ ®^c2^'8-55 <25>a:f^.0 ca'£0ed^? ©(.^cs ^|,-55 coed^sisdcsj ^o<^eo C33^0g^ cse)(fcce^o68qz^ 8^ ®© c^S §cd'(5 ^5^3(5^0 8cQSoco.S3d'a:^i) q6©^5^? ©© ©aj C®© -25^^e:>3 §-:3©jaj^ic5'^d©^i ec53^c5D^d©a5 gd© 5?. ®®CJ ©^ C3d£© ®© (^<3^'^(5>.ed e3t<5^ e^-'8 cc.s)i) S^S^fa C3S©S«:sdc5'«d ©jcs. ^^^ ^'B -C363^?®c5 ©ii)^5)C5'^:) it 5" 05^ §g'55 (S^.dc^ ®^,<533d8^ (3 ■eo:3^02<55 e^f^.©3c3. s^cscsdJc ce© CS^^^Oog C^© ^CS©^© '0)18 ?C53 ggl Qqz^^o^ ©0 ®6^cd ^©©3 ^6^d^ C53«^^ 8v^©e^a5 ©d©6^^ 03e'5©g©^^ ^C53^ «S3^©3 ®^3©^©<^ ? q® 6^^ d <2J3C5' *^©3cs. ®©^ ®ics®(^ eO©3 (^^^D^e^g^ ? ®© 6c5^£^ ^S3Cr^^©3C3. >^g^ ®© (S^'Qa^ ®^ej:f ©^.S338 €5©3^ ? c;^® £J©3«^ efl6^cd 6©3^ ? c® ^^cd €J©3©ai ^!^^.(P^,cd €^©3©^ ®'Q)d^(3^^ ^i^. c® C®'^^ ^^3 ©^©3.5D©3CS. ®© §<35^^^^? ©,C33^ (^S)© @S^(^© C53^© p<6©^'^ ©id<^ ? €J©3 ©© §'5'.d© CS3^© S)l5cS ^©^ ©© £J©3 2gic3 ©id'©^^ ©33^(53^©^ g<£l©.^. Q® S^SS5(5\ey5 6^^533^ 6©3 ^ ? ®N©©3C3. '^ SIXTEENTH LESSON.— <^C33e3@©<55 coi)®c». Must you go to school to-day ? C® e^^ (5^c3s5)3Jc<^^ cs^d© © No, but I must go to my bro- ^SDi, ^§^ ©G^cd C0(s^^d'^c5' ther's ceo^iod ec53i^c5© ©© c*^d© What must this boy do ? ^B c©cS3 -es)^^^^© ©a3\ g ©3 He must do what I say ®® ^cc^ Q^ i)^ @(^£^Q Co^iB -eS I ? c3^dO aaae^f<^ ? I cannot say so many as you ^g^^e^O ^D3cS, ©^.^33 is a negative, and ^3)0, Q, the perfect participles of ^i^dOj, @i©3 II. The perfect participles in the affirmative have often Qd added, as ^:)303, ©C^, ^S)6q:). Exercise. Must you do something now ? Yes, J must work now. "What must these men do ? They must go home. Must you go to your brother's house or to your sister's house ? I must now go to my sister's house. How many lessons must we learn ? You must learn a great many. How many ? More than twelve or thirteen. Must we eat much rice ? You must only eat a little. Must you go anywhere to-day ? Yes, I must go somewhere ; I must go to our new house. Must you go to the place to which I must go ? No, I must go somewhere else. Must you do the work which I do ? No, I can do some other Avork. Must the blacksmith do what the carpenter does ? The blacksmith must do many things which the carpenter does. jNIust they sleep in the place which I sleep in ? No, they must sleep somewhere else. Must these old men play as much as I play ? They must not play as much as you. Must I write as much as I read ? You must not write as much as you read. Must I read more books than I write ? Yes, you must. Must the shoemaker work more than either I or my brother ? Yes, must. Must I bring either fourteen or fifteen books ? oO \o\\ must not bring cither fourteen or fifteen. IVfiist T go to school or stiiy ;it home ? You must both go to school and {?tay at home. Must we eat as much sugar as you ? You must eat more than we ; we eat very little. Who must take this horse home ? You must take. Who must eat sugar ? We both nuiet eat. What else must we eat ? We must eat bread, and pork, and beef, and onions. SEVENTEENTH LESSON —qcD:5Da5s^0<6 oo£®ce. Send (to the 3rd / ef 52oe)3 person) ( c^^e^.Od (to the 1st & f jvrs^rN alk, speaS ST63<2)3c5'eD8D Talk, Why must you stay at home ? Because X cannot go to school Why do you eat much more than I ? Because I work much more than you Does your teacher give books to you all ? He does. Why (is that) ? Because we can all read well The man who writes and reads and works Must we sen d all the books to you ? ' Yes, you must send them all to us ]\lust I send all these men to that place ? No, you must send them all here ^lust he eat all this sugar ? No, he must cat only a little of it Hold conversation ^S^^oQcQ Truth fOiQtS, efiCDS) A falsehood ^■'0)2^1^^ Fact epi'lTiS^ To-morrow @\^q)- (^S) ©0 8S)3 ®-cDj©^^30 ^^-5 C®© ©S)3 ©© (3".'R)3e,553J© 01 S) ®<5556^<^-iD© ^c 0^5:0 a©^0 ©20^ 6©«55'0©^'c ®S5 'S^© 8<^ ®«5®^53:© ^55^ ,^© ©eo\<^ ? ^1, ©^ 68^ 9.e^(5(^cd©, ©-555® ^03 or ©.^\8 ©0 ©.<5e>-50 ©l5 <^©^ c®0 -253Se,6<35 ©^l555d'^5De)3^ ? ©© <^(^^?D <^.<^ (^'a)0 Cfi<3iS3^ Eioq ? (^® ^'tD-S? ^£03 ©©^ 553^3tK)0 . ©^\.«^ ? ^s^x© ©«Dx Yhy does he always speak iu a language I do not understand ? but I can speak Singhalese well Do you understand what I say in English ? Yes, 1 understand these easy sentences Do I speak too much in English ? No, you must speak as much as ycu can Must 1 always speak to you in English ? You must always speak in a lansuao-e I understand "What do you want ? I want (or need) many things Do you ever need anything which I cannot give ? Do you hear what 1 say ? Must I eat because you eat ? No, you must eat because you need food as He never does so. Do you want books or horses ? I require both kinds. How many things do these horses want ? They want only a little grass and a little paddy. Do you require all I give you ? I require more than you give me. Do you cut bread because I cut ? because I want it I do not cut because you cut, I cut it NINETEENTH LESSON.— ^^a3©6^€)^ 03S)9c5. €J e^i.d' Besides that, moreover, and. Others (neu.) ®i0^60j ; (mas. fern.) (^D^^<:zd(i; (not one's- self) ef^aij. (or wish) C® ®^-25)C5'^0 ^t^^q ? What do you want to do ? I wish to go home ; I want (or require) to go home Do you want the English book Avhich 1 am using ? Does he wish to speak English ■ with me ? He wants to speak English with many other persons besides you Can they talk with us in any other language besides Sin- glialese ? Yes, they can talk with us in many others too Do you wish to hear what I ' say ? I wish to hear what others say too Does no one wush to speak besides you ? Every one wishes to speak English ; therefore, many wish to speak besides me Do you wish to take home c'M every book you see ? No, but I wish to read every English book I can Must not each boy bring his own books to school ? O®0 ©^1^? ©^.^'^^D-SSi C30(5D ©S^ ^§B 80^® (3^^ epLc5 e0.SD ce© S03C3D E>^^^ a)g^0 ^o ea0c53 <^(3D^d'5d0 c^^Q^Sq ? ©g, ©10^^ ©Qos^^J ^De330 ^6os5)5ed0 a(£)0<^ 00 ^c^^®^-^-:^ ®®3«5D9 ^Scsa efa)^0 o® ^s)i^Sq ? ®0^D e^c30(5 -eScs^D (^<^0 6-55 0© ef3:)^0 ^-^l©6^8 O^ £pi.(^ ®0^ <253gC5'i0a5 3 a:)i®^S e)® q^^ £ox® ®C3^® ©c^ ^o' ®.c53^ce^0 a^i®^^ ? ^1, ^|a5 ®0 g^€)B^ -Scc^® (§£§8 ®C3a5 ®® 5Scs0e50 sS:i003® ©^ ? Yes, k\m] 110 boy must bring ©20\., S ^i6 dS^Q C^®^^ uiiy book but his own o^03{3^o®©<^? Expects affirmative answer: c^j^^^rfs^ar^D (5,Qq ? — Can, can (they) not? ^DiCt^ ? Generally ex- pects a negative answer. III. 6CD (1st person — governs dat.) I don't want. (2nd person — governs nom. with a verb), you must not ; (it is not applied to 3rd person.) lY. Where " icant to do" means " require to doy''^ ©aox must be used. Exercise. "What do you wish to write ? I wish to write a few letters. Do you want to write as many as I? I want to write more than you. Do you want to wear the clothes I am washing ? No, I want those you are making. Must I speak English with any one ? Yes, because you wish to learn you must speak with your teacher. How many books do you want ? I w\aut more than I can use. Do you wish to hear what I say or what this man says ? I wish to hear both what he .says and what you say. Does your sister wish to learn with us at scliool ? She does not wish to learn with you, but she must learn. How many languages do they wish to speak ? They wish to speak more languages than we can. Do you wish to do what others do ? No, I wish to do something which others do not do. ]\f ust I take anything besides the horses ? Do not take anything besides your own things. Do you wish to buy each thing which I buy ? I wish to buy all I can ; therefore, I wish to bring all my money here. Do you wish to run with any one besides me ? I do not wish to run either with you or any one else. TWENTIETH LESSON.— ga©,8d5 ooS®cs. Enough ^i& Too much 81 § I Employment ^^3 Insufficient©^ Receive Ci'^'®^^3 1 ■Q^^^,€)lS},C^^s^^e) Does this boy work enough ? G\'B c^(Zo BiB^5)(S^Bd ^i^q ? Do you wish him to work still ©s^ CdE) 0i)3 €)i8^-5d',s?£)oO more ? ^^ed C5:»S ®ejC5'0(5 2;?t^eDcdc3a50 ney to mend tlie doors of C% ^.'o^or^^.^S So^oSc Sj«^d this house ? QQi)C^.?$:itoB:iq ? I do, for this boy often loosens Q'Q)d<^^^s:^So (0555 '^C33<^ ^ the nails of the doors ©^^o-SJ) ®.©(30cso (5^^^s^c5C5i N.B.— ^iCr^So 0?8, ^55(^^030 ^L©49(S, &c., are the adjec- tive construction, grammatically equal to *2J5d'«D h-^ 0^8, <53C5'^ 6^-^0 ^2^^0-63(3, &c., and may be used also in the ablative case, as: ^(S^dbo^i>i. 42 Exercise. Do you like mutton, Sir, or beef? I like both kinds. Do you always like rice and curry ? No, I like rice and curry only when I wish to eat. Does this man like . many things ? He likes very few. Do you like this man ? No. Why ? Because he often beats me. Do you like the eggs which I break ? I like any eggs I can obtain. Do you like to do what I tell you ? I like to do. Sir, anything you tell me. Is it a pleasure to you to listen when I talk ? It is not pleasant to me to hear anything you say. Does he like to work whilst you play ? No, he likes to play when I play. When my brother goes to school do you also like to go ? No, it is no pleasure to me, for he often beats me. Is it often a pleasure to your echoolmaster to wash his clothes? It is never any pleasure at all to him to wash his clothes, but he likes me to wash them. Does he like to preach ? It is a pleasure to him to preach when the minister does not come. Do you like to eat the leaves of this tree ? I do not like to eat either the leaves of that tree or the leaves of this. Who spoils the leaves of my beautiful trees, whilst I am learning at school ? It is a pleasure to those bad boys to spoil the leaves of all your trees whilst you are talking to me. Do you like to obtain work from my father when he works at home ? I am willing to obtain work from any one. Do you now receive many letters from your father ? No, but we receive letters every day from our brother. TWENTY-SECOND LESSON.— §2®^®a^ 03H)®c3. Ask efCSD2r8) Ask for f CC^^^ A piece of cloth (S^cI^^^s^xC^q-cSj A piece of my coat 9(3icd .,'i5)'S)d To be (to exist) mas: and fern: 8§^rI0, (^^^o) ; neu: ^'^QM8. To be (something) 9jQ^q), B f ^c), 6 ^(S^^q^^q), and some- times ®\0^iO To become. Where are you ? C® ®>^^3^^ c^^^2o£)o^ ? 1 am here " ©® B&i (.^^5:)2o£>3) Is your brother there ? C'~ ^ £0S csDjqd'cso ^?2>^ f ^ ^83<^ ? He is not here ©^ ®®'^ ^\ Is he a bad man ? ©^ ^S^t ©^^^®^cs.35i<^ ? He is a very tall man ©-g) ®^'3'^e<03® C^ ^i^ '^^1 Is this a book or a box ? ©^©^53 ©oj^^'<^ © C©5c5«35<^ ? It is neither. It is a piece of ^."05 ®<^^® (5^«?-® ©. 6^s^ Q v70od <^\(32^ or Q ^"^tOC-^ Is this a (the) horse or an (the) ass? § e^cs©ceo<^ @(^i.€)3<^ ? 43 It is neither. It is a pig c ej^o*03®©,iO®©. (^-,05 or (^►iCS'a 1 am your triend and your 9© (^'5® ^^ceoe) ((^e©) co brother ®^Jcc-23:j N.B. — I. The £3 and C5D are generally interchangeable: as, B3 II. Where the verbs " To be" (something) are not abso- lutely required, their omission gives elegance and force to the sentence. III. To express one of a number, the indefinite form is used: as, ^f^^.o^^. To express the /and, even where only one individual is referred to, the definite is frequently used : as, Get out of the way ; e^csScsa is coming. IV. ©^22»s^csS^ is a contraction for ®^^®cc^S. Vide Lesson VI, Note 2. Exercise. Where is your father ? He is at home. Do you need to see him ? Yes, I much wish to see him. Is the schoolmaster at school or at home 'i He is neither at school nor at home ; he is at my father's. Is the boy who learns so well now here? No, but why do you ask ? Because I wish to give hin;^ a book. Are your friends where you are ? No, they are there. Is he your brother or your father ? He is neither my brother nor my lather; he is my servant. Is he not your schoolmaster? No, our minister. Is this a very good boy ? Sometimes he is a very good boy, but frequently he is a very bad boy. Is that man who is coming a very bad man ? No, he is a very good little man. Is this a big box or a small one ? It is as large as your box, but not so large as my box. Who is here ? You and I are here. Are these men carpenters or shoemakers ? They are neither carpenters nor shoemakers; they are servants. Are you my father or my brother ? I am neither; I am your friend ; do you not know me? Yes, are you not ray old friend? Yes, I am your old friend and your new friend. Are you ask- ing for a piece of bread ? No, I am asking for a piece of your old hat. Must what I sew be a piece of cloth or a piece of ii-on ? It must be a piece of cloth ; how can you sew a piece of iron or gold ? Do you wish me. Sir, to be a good boy ? Yes, I very much wish you to be a good boy^; and I "wish you to learn your lessons well. 44 TWEXTY-THIRD LE8S0X Is there a book in voiir box ? There are several books in the box Is there any one at your house who speaks English ? Are the things in this room good ? No, all the things in this room must be very bad; for this room is very damp and dark Is this bed larger than that ? ^Of it is much smaller Is this well very deep ? It is deep/ but this is deeper, and that is deepest of all If your horse is taller than mine brinsr it fC§8 f ^53 d'a5-5.cr><^ (or '^^esScso^eSM) co^d0 c6a ^QjO 0£d 00 cS^ cs«50 If the Conjunction ^/i«^, introduces a quotation or opi- nion, 56^cCo must be used, e. g. — I say that, think that, &:c.; otherwise ©0 must be used, e. g. — I know that, I perceive that, it is evident that. ^(^ .so®c3 a half high 61^0(5^355 C^^ How^ much is this horse worth? 6\D e^03e)cS3 ejQc^^ai^d (3><25)O09 (5^? (^ce^) It is not worth even a challie C*i £Sc5gcS5358?53e'5 -s:>x Tell him to make this very (q\^^S) ^QoG^o^d"® (^Q.)^^ ? Work daily and hourly for Q^c^^csi 6 2^i:)0 8<^ee «^e)5J your living C^3<^ Ct(5\cs<2^ Otce©<5 0L^ -25^'50C530 Can you eat though there is no Q rice and curry ? «^>d0 p.(6e)>25^ ? Tell him to write (the letters ep^^i 8a)o ©C0'3s^^s5^'5 Qa^,^Q) larger) a larger hand -eScSa S)c^0 -e^^cSjOed N.B. — If and Thnvgh are never interchangeable in Singhalese, as they often are in English. Exercise. Can you read though there is not a book ? How can I read if there is not a book ? Do you not know that if there is a letter you can read it? Though you believe what I say you do not do it. Though this book is better than yours it is not so good as mine. Though this is the largest hat there is in 49 Ins shop It is not large enough. Is this horse very old ? It is fifteen years three months and a few days old. Are you older than I ? I am not so old as you. Are you very tall ? I am not very tall. 1 am only four feet and half an inch high. What is the width of this room ? Its width is nineteen feet five and a half inches. Is this wood very thick ? Its"thickness is only nine inches, but it is twenty-five feet long. How much are these old shoes worth ? They are not worth a challie ; l)ut these new goods are very valuable. Tell him to make this house very large. If you wish me to tell him so, Sir, I must tell. Ask him whether he is making that box very small. He says he is not making it very small. What must I do in order to make these pens very good ? I do not know what you must do. Do you know what I must do in order^to bring all the books which are there ? How do I know ? Do you not sometimes bring all these boxes? When I go there 1 take several horses and bullocks in order to bring those boxes. What do you do for a living? I wash clothes daily. For whom do you work ? I work for you, Sir, in order to obtain a living. 1 hough this man works daily and hourly he does not obtain a living. Why ? Because he does not work well. TWENTY-SEVEKTH LESSON.— §Bc»^©,0^ OdS®co. Occasion (s) 9f«5o8, es^^cs Indigent Was my book in the box ? Pitiful, destitute, comfortless efeet^.^ was at school Was he where they were ? No, he w^as where I was 'S^oq ? It was when you were at home (^S) (^Q^q6 C^ cq^^g\q6 (6<35) Was I at home when you were c® 6^£S^Jo®'<^ C*"^ gec^o©.^ at school? ®® @(5D<^(5 6^ScS3^ ? You were all at home whilst I ®S @\ts^5)5Qf^d> <^^i4^ C^C^ cot®®^^"^® (§^^qc5 C^-203 ^^> ®^ C®^^e5Xd ©© BScs tc63 Was there a poor old man in c.da'SS ©i^6 ®^?^^3S(^cS555 §§ the street ? "^ ®^d (^ed^OD^ ? There was when I was coming ©® @^,C5D^ J 6<;^'^ (^^n5D3 home Were there many workmen 6^ (S^'q)^^^5 <5)^^jed^<2S)3dr and many tools there ? ©iced" -^e^fOa^ c$D3q ^Q\. Exercise. Where was m}^ horse yesterday ? It was at home. Was your ass anywhere yesterday ? He was somewhere. What was there in the boxes when you were there ? There was nothing. Was the article which was there very valuable ? It was very valuable. Was I at school whilst you were breaking my goods ? No, you were at your brother's. Where were you whilst I was reading the letters ? I do not know where I was. Were you able to do all the work there was ? I was able, but not willing. Was your father able to mend the box which was in my room ? Though he was willing, he was not able ; but I think he can do it now. Were all your brothers and sisters at home when you were at home ? No, there were only some of them. Who else was there when I was ? I do not know who was there. Where -were those destitute old men yesterday ? I think they were in the street. AVere you not taking them home when I was coming from school ? No, I was giving them food. Were they good men ? I think they were good men. Was your father a doctor ? He was. Was your mother old when you were young ? She was not very old, but she is now very old. Were you all young when your father was at home ? We were very young. Was this a very good book ? It was never a very good book ; but if you wish, Sir, I can make it a very good one. Were there many goods in your house yesterday ? There were not many. What there were I was selling. A few which were here I am now selling. TWENTY-EIGHTH LESSON.— 8B^0(5^a<6 C3S)®cs. Before (loc: gov: ace:) f §860; (tern: gov: dat:) f edcsf^, 96 ©®cs^, oc§^^^' 1^ "t^s presence of (govi ace:) (g§d ©)c6. First (tem:) <§d^6B. Do you know that I was a cQcs eg®D,^(s^c5 ®® G^Qog^CsdJ® very good boy last week ? ©csddc^ e®®^<^^ 8Qcc©S C® I know you do as your father c®^ ^3 5:5^.0 ^cs.^ 2Dl8csQ says C® ^^'^ ©a ®® q^e^E)o Do you believe that I was ©® cs®50 8s)o ^<33) ^C3^3, (s^B ©^^2scs3 e^§^ ©^o^adBca @^^3 c®250 -s^cj^^ ^^^ C®c) 2Sc3icq <:ScS3 c® q^^^^Oo^ ? C® e©®^-^ 8^<^^ C® 2g^6^CC©' @O0<35 ®®CS ^g^ ©0 ©© «5^O^03CQ. C® 6-£5)3C®c) CC<^^ OdG^d CS©<355 d5§^03<:? ? ©©-^ C3(5^ ^tS @^0^ ©-.©O^-^©^ G^^O^g^ S)0si<:^J ^i<3^0 ©s^ Qa^ ? ©x., c®© C'^'-^'^^^ c^^3g £3x© ®c^©d© ©0^ ®eC^ g60x^. ©.S ©^5S3scs30 cs© i^^cS'Ki ^CC'^© 9(^0>e3^ ? ©^ , 6eD e3\.© C2cS3^0g^© CS©<355 ^QQ^O ©^0 c60^. C®^ ^ ecC3®c^<^ cs© ®<^c3<555 oc5)363ed0 «^300s^l38 §03S ©.^cs^^§<3i §eQ©3e3^"5(5s3ef33g C® ©© C!g^CSaD^3g £0'L©®<^''© §t8e)3£a3D«5^0 i©<55^ ? €5^© ®4 0(5© ^^l^CD^f© ^L©4Sg ©0 ®^a33(3 ®«^C2-3550«55 §CQ83e33g ©■c^'^:^ JS)i> ©(§^.oc5«L^ ^^3 e-^SS-SD ®.®3A-><;f -egicSD ®.€)o©.2>-:)d' ®4®(5 25)Jed® c,^®edg, a^®3S^>GrJ cs®&':.J<^(5cS3®.g5 ©iKq(5 £Seo5D3g c© c®®^^^ c^iS:c£5e?50 <»>i®45c^. ^ ©CDsq ©033 c^^'^ ^e) ®® e[e532D£)3cs ^§<:55 (^-n® ®i)o ^ gg (3®cS3 co^o ®®a3 <^.©3®&-:\d'e<^S<^^ C'^t^'^cs- ®® C^O®^^ C3\® ©«^®(3® <20(5555<253(5®<5'>2d ®^ ? C® ®^ @^^^ (^3<25>(5.S3 ©<^®(5 (5^eD3©ce^ ®^0®C ^3)6e5iQ) ©s^ c^c® ^Sc3 v^ ©® o®^-s55 ®® (^ederSscs. e?(?d c^(5L®i'cSj© c^©d ©^C53^ ©C'^'^®3^© et"8 fc5D«3C5:e5® ©^1 C3£® ©^^"538 €)4s:^ ^cS3 e^o® ^Siceerf® ©^® c6®^ ? e^©d ©caai ©^0 ©■o^^^Bo-^B ti8 f.(s^^o^^Q)'^^2^\ C3£® ©^^5538 it^Sjq «Scso ^csed®^ £J.255 f C5D^2D*5® efo® ccD^a5®a5 ©^5® c6 ®^. ©0 ®i}3 ©.2D3^" ©^(r§ ®(o^,e^® (5D^2d® o?.® S)i.S<^ ? ©® ©eDi^d'^ ^*^d <5^2;'2d«03ed©^,c^ ©^<^e?®3xSDS clr® ®£)3 ©ccs^ «®3 .^©(^® (£>a5® ©® c6a^c. c® ®®^ S§<^ C® ^ e2©c^J 1^(5033 ©c5De(5^ ^e^^sid'^Q^q ^czo c® q©,253i>:J ®^3©c$33©ej -6^cC3 ©® eg^csoced^. ©© ©^©^ Bd^^ ©s^ 6c9 <25D(5©,2$x>5 © ©d es^q cQces ©® sg^csed® q6®^ ©^,<55}o©^3©3®a'i55 6cs3 ^s^eo^w s e§^ ®® ®c3 2^3oed«D. ®© gg© gcs^as a^gcs ^ScSD c® S^ce«:a3<^ ? 'K^L^, C® Sco^ao ©?ce 5^ce3 ®© sScceoascc. ©^^ ©s^osascoa 54 ©^\c3. e\so0 ®0 ^csoc^da:?. THIRTIETH LESSON.— <:9cd®8^ ooi}©ce. Is this idle man unable to work? ©\© 3^^ -65®^S)<^83 Have you a beautiful picture ? epQ^^^^^ 8^cS3)a55 {Q^^no(^t I have no picture at all. ©3 C^ (or ©0) ^^ 84jcs©6*55 Has this tailor really a power- (S:B ©t^5d^o50(5cS3 O^ ej?i"\)55 ful machine ? 0© ©C^^ ^coS)c3<355 <55®Q ^83C^? He has nothing but a pair of ^5^<5^c5'-555 ^S3 ®\B^:i @^^©3<^0S3 breakfast ? 03£) 8^3 ©d^B >^i-^z) out much trouble. cpo0 6Sa5 ^^^^ C®^^' ink, but many other things ©^>^j0 ©^8^3 ®'Q)}©^^e$DJ' ®c^e) too 6^5 ©gedO ^ge?D Was there anything to pay for ©i© epS3e)c3D0 (5^©'j.2350<55 ©^C53 this horse ? a^^O ^g^D^ ? ^ I had much trouble on your q® 65ei33 ©0 ©Qj^ssdJ"© ©3® account (^-^ sorrow) Cl§<^^3d Indeed! I am sorry for it ^i'Si\c^ ! ©© 5"© 0 Exercise. Had you anything good last week ? I had something good when my brother was here. A¥hat had I before last week ? I had nothing until last week. Do you do anything before breakfast ? Yes, I have many things to do before that time. Had you then as many things to do as I ? When I was at your father's house I had every day more things to do than you. At what time do you write your letters ? I write them before three. Had you ever the cattle which I had ? I never had the cattle which you had at that time. Had you much trouble to obtain the money at that time ? No, for my friend was not unwilling to give me money immediately. Had you ever any- thing before me ? Though I never had anything before you, I had at that time many things in your presence. If these chil* dren had books, why did they not read them ? Because they did not like to read them before us. Do you say that they not only had books, but also that they were unwilling to read them? I say not only that, but many other things also. Do you pay the shoemaker for this pair of shoes ? I had to pay for them before bringing them home. Was there much to pay for these clmlrs ? T liad to pay nioro tlwm I liked to pay. Did yon over \fo before the king, Sir? No, but at that time I often went before the queen. Were you l)ehind me whilst you were talk- ing? No, I was before you. Was there much ink before you before writing ? No, the ink was all behind me before writing the letters. Tell liim to do this immediately. I cannot tell him to do it. If you cannot, go home. Are you not sorry for that ? Yes, on your account 1 am very sorry fur it. THIRTY-SECOND LESSON.— ^i£®<^ ©^8^ cd£9cc. Did you once live with your relatives ? I lived with them a great num- ber of years Did he kill that man ? Yes, he killed him, and damag- ed his own coat (purposely) They came on foot very fast in order to dine with us Nevertheless, they dined with you I myself mended the roof of this house He paid me all he owed Did you go to school when you were a boy ? 1 went every day and learned my lessons Did you always then dine at twelve ? Did you ever, when young, do anything important? I never did anything more im- portant than learning my lessons Did these boys obey their pa- rents ? They never disobeyed them This is the letter I said you wrote «5D<555 ©g-^^) €30^5^ ©^©0 8 8c53 ^^^-D-M, ©gerif C®C3 es^eo ^00 or e^6-55 8lScsd&->C3 ©^ '25?cfl_^ C55^3C552a>D83 0i)3 €)l<^(3:i'i5 6^ejCS555 ®© ©g=5d ^5^S£,S^ ©gedO ^^ c® egsoce ^scso ©© 42gig e g© 'k.^^Q N.B. — I. Perfect participles are to be construed by the same tense and mood as the principal — not auxiliary — verb which closes the sentence or clause, e. g.\ 'r)<35 <2j:iO(23 C^csed" Eat your rice and go. ©Q^ ©^ <2)}30D (iDcso He ate his rice and went. II. Such forms as «s^d'^v25^(33, ^:i6 ?^ss^6^?3SS^'^i &c., . can never be involitive, as in EnolijAh. Exercise. Had you once many relatives ? Yes, when I was young I had many relatives and friends. What did your relatives do at that time for a living? They worked with you. Did he do the work which I did ? He did not do the work which you did, but the work which I am doing now. Did you write last Tues- day the letters which I'told you to write? No, I wrote those which I sent to my brother. Did he himself write this letter to you ? He did not write it himself, his mother wrote it. Did you read anything yesterday ? I read my new English book. Did these men make the horse whilst I was here ? They made the wooden horse before breakfast. Did he take anything from you when I came here? He took all I had. Did you sell any of the goods which the carpenter brought ? I sold nothing but a little chair ; but I bought again a iQ\N old goods which he took from our house. Did you eat at ten this morn- ing the rice and curry which I made ? I ate all the rice and curry which you made before ten. Did you drink at nine the water and coifee which I told him to bring ? I neither drank water nor coffee at nine, but I drank a little tea before that. Did you see. Sir, the clothes he wore that day ? I saw nothing that day, for I was very sleepy. Did you mend yesterday morning the goods which your little boy broke ? I mended them immediately. Did ^^ou yourself wish to build my house ? I not only wished, but I built it. Did they themselves show you the coat which I tore ? They showed me the coat which they thought you tore. Did he not believe that you were dis- obedient to your parents ? v He believed so when he got that letter. Did you eat for dinner the meat which you said your servant cooked ? No, I ate that which I thought you bought. THIRTY-THIRD LESSON.— 43e^<^^d®8^ co8©cs. Diligently ^:)Se5d'®(3C3 With diligence -^^.'€^^6^^ fpL Knock any one down css>®^0 Break down ^■55)3<^®.^8j Tear up (|)d5q®^?0D Split up 023<^®^^^ Something wrong, a fault ^-i6:cp^-^ .■jj> Are you going to eat rice now ? eog? td^^'i^ Qedca^0 cr^ ap^e ©^t«^ ? ffointj and then going to work I was going to write, but I cannot now What am I to do ? I thought I told you what to do You are to brrak down the fence, and tell your brother not to mend it auain How many times is this boy to run round the garden ? He is to run round once or twice after breakfast, (or after he has eaten rice in the morning) Tell him exactly all about that affair I saw hira steal something after entering the house I lieard him telling. I over- heard him tellino: I saw him o[)en the box and take somethino; Ci3LO'c3535 ©.ee3d'cso into the house. THIRTY-FOLTETH JuESS0N—Sd^^(S^B6^ C5oS©ce. One book 6.S55 ©Oo^as^ One (and the same) book 6.25^ c^^O^^ The only book 6^)3® ©ooO That very book € ^oo^® The (or that) same book €)9 6C3C^ The (or that) very same book 6® ^.03^® I was working very diligently ^"^ €)=s?(^55>30 ©® 6^Qo©^C5DJ® when he came i^e\^:>d'?S)dt^^ G^-^S) person who never works ? (s^eD535 cs)i0C55 (l^cscJcCD C^joeoog writing here (fl<^@^.c'5>20^ Three j)ersons who (thein- Og^i;C55 G^iiDc^ co:^e,C53*J selves) buildtheir houses and ^^oog, CDgM®^(si cfigi) ^p,(i Avash their clothes Cj^^5>bo jg ^'^©\C^Q\^^^ Four or five men who (them- ^^(3\a5^ ^550(5-^3 cDc^ocsD and attend to their own edc^^ 6>c36^(^,l5D<5DDg §dbdg aifairs C53cD(5ocdG<^(£^e3-S55 Is there (can there be) any- S)^@^^3^'5i)^s:) 6sd ^^z/Si^© thing which he does not ^3(5<355 ®\'S^o^<^'2^ co®d'&502dE)d>:)0a5 ^5^^-63 6^cs<355 ^ I am a person who knows ®© S q^i^:>E)^ 6^8<^ csQ^sJ nothing either about that cs^^^dS^ c^Be)^ @^«Do^<5i or anything else ^3 (£.^^'>6^aD^ Whilst he was eating and ©^ ^5?^^ ©^.©d^^ %^i4^ drinking we were writing and c^8 gca gcSD ®oo^ ^o ©03 (busy) looking at the book C203 precedes a verb which com- mences with a vowel, the vowel of the ®.^33 generally merges into that of the verb, and lengthens it :— as, e^g:, © ed^^S^; g 533, ^^a. II. It is often assimilated too to the vowel of the first consonant of the verb: — as, g§^9, ^S9^^ » 6.0e^eD III. If the verb is a compound, the negative precedes the last constituent: — as, ^5) 53 s^ ^5^3^(5^003, ^(3^ ^Kc5@^SDJC5D«SD^oE)3, 8S)S^aD3®:0a^03. IV. Active verbs become reflexive by the addition of (55«:53£oS3(take to one's self) to the pft. ppl; — as, ©3^ ^S)Q3CC^ cc3ejC3?53;3:3 He made (himself) a coat, ©eg :>^^:^ CGc3)g.^3^? ^ed0 00^^0530^3 S)^""o0^^eD^^':'^e)3^ ? cS3'5ei0 O0^C5D^:>2O0J ©^3 e^So8s3 (or q?3030) ceg (^Ol(^0) ^8 <1() «S^80as^' <^SS)£>^^^(5e'i0 6ojc3 I was looking tor a mat until (^S; ^aD-Q^c^t ©0 Oie^d'-esi you came (acsocs ©tsocso (^eoeoo 1 worked until 1 was (luitc 0S (5C53oqOS) G^^'SiCSDeo (or ©^^D weary (^.C5D©g) ®i0^^-)(^ 0© 8j.«) I fasted till extremely hungry ®<5^j0<55 ©5)f^^ ®N82r)s!53(i 00 ^-^1(^0 ®^^3sS}0 (^,2O50D N.B. — The subject of the adjective sentence may itself be either the subject or object of a following verb, and may be put in any case: — e. g., ®i^<2)3 ^S ©Q ©^ ©.C33 C^<355 c .s:\533C3. A personal pronoun, however, in the gen : case is generally ambiguous: — e. g., ^^^ -eSg ©®.c;5 p-s^cco. The son of me who said this. Exercise. Did this whip belong to this man before he entered your shop ? I do not know whether it belonged to him or not before he entered. 1 saw him enter and take it. Did you think he overheard us say anything about it? Yes, I think he overheard us talking about it. Did you hear us telling about that impor- tant business we did yesterday ? I saw you shewing exactly what you did. Did you see me saying a lesson at school? Yes, I saw you open a book and say two. Did any one see this child steal anything after entering the school ? Though none saw him steal, we know, he did steal. What belongs to the man you saw going home? Nothing ever belonged to the man you met. Did you meet a horse which belonged to this gentle- man last year ? I met several horses which never belonged to him. Did you ever find anything you never sought ? I once found an article which I never sought. Tell him, instead of sitting there he must find the article which was lost this morn- ing. Is he beginning to be a good boy now ? I think yes. Did you ever finish anything which you never began ? Kow can 1 ever finish anything which 1 never began ? Are you going to ask anything more ? No, instead of speaking I wish to give ear. Did you think of finishing that work before going to bed ? No, I thought of beginning it after supper. Did you think of playing instead of working after he came ? Yes, and we thought of learning our lessons before he came (or comes). Did you run much after I sat down (or had sat down)? I ran until quite tired. What was he seeking until I began to speak? Instead of seeking anything he was sitting until you spoke. Instead of fasting he ate a large quantity of rice. He did not begin to drink until very thirsty. Did he work well until you 64 and I came ? I think he did, birt I am not certain (®0 tt^^ SSi ^D\.) or, I do not certainly know. Does any one know to whom this hat belongs which I have on? Yes, it belonged to me until you bought it, (and) now it belongs to you, does it not ? I think yes (it does). THIRTY-SIXTH LESSON.— 49 edcsDSi^^ C3i)®c5. I have done that work He has written the letter and come here I have taken the coat you have worn so much We have eaten the rice and broken the plate He has spoken to him, and I have torn his hat Have they told you what has happened to them ? They have begun to settle their affairs Has he e\'cr asked you siiclia difficult question ? Have I ever struck you with my hand ? No, but you have often beaten me with a stick Have you eaten anything since I came ? What kind of a horse have you bought? He has gone home. He has gone, and is at home Have I at any time spoken either about him or with him? You have not spoken either with him or with me until now 0® ^ 8lS) ^1(^co ^®©a?a3 or -ss^Qo ®;|] 6 eg® gcea ©i®c^ eft©^ <^6^Q^0^ or ^^e, ^?®:i, ®® ^(^©rs5 ©i^odBcs ^2*:f0 (or c^g^rf®) 8a)g'5^^ii G^®^-^c^ fiScCD ®ged qSO ^sa:.<^ ? 60®"^ ^®o6i. O^iCS®^ ®S] ^i®e,®-^ oc^dii c^?,^03^? ®'5.cd ^^ed" ®® c^Q ^5^®e, ®© (SpSoO'og C® (sSdCSiQ'^ (^^ f5^.:b"53(3cso<5S53d' e^CQ®(3'cs^ ©(|^ 6^(5?(^5 cScS^d ^^o>o®o ©® ^®e, ^§-25 ®K^ cs^i^ 8-55 ®D £S®C5^®^ <2j^63^"3 6^d ^^x N.B. — There is not that distinction in Singhalese, as in English, between the past and the perfect tenses. I. The past does not imply, as in English, that some parti- cular time is referred to. 0.3 II. The perfect, ». e.^ the pft. ppl. with the aux : present, is used either Ist, to express continuance of the action or its effc cts, as :— ®® ei© (geo«e)'j, ®® 6 8©eo gcSQ <9!§Q eo0D, or 2nd, to emphasize the completeness of an action as having transpired, often with the force of already, as; — 00 ^6:i^^(5 ^(S^Q^Sd; ©0^5:^^ 4^®^aaj03. III. (gx$5D5o83 is generally to be preferred to BS^soSo as an aux* verb to the pft. ppl. IV. The use of (^.150^003 and <53s«)'2o6)3 as aux. verbs is never arbitrary. ^ 1st. (g<5D^o£i3 expresses the state of the subject of the verb, or his continuing to act, e, g,, '^^ cw5^<^ <^^ e?83 He is (there, having) gone there. S)S] ^ 0lS) 2nd. -eSta^S-sr^Ss expresses the state of the object of the verb, or the mere fact that an action has been per- formed, e. g., '^^^ 6 Big) ^Si'^ ■d5^i©<^83 (Here 83 ^5D©3 or <^'^^t)d would be unintelligible). He has done the work. (The work is — continues — done). © ^ (^^^ -63s.'S)«De)3 He has been (or went, some time or other), ci)^ ^C333 -c5^@^©^^03 He has asked. V. The difference between such constructions as Si ©.255 «:^^3gcS (5ci)3CK)eo5D3g ; Qi^'Ss^d^^ c§ (3«)^a^ SS^OiOog ©€g5SxcS3, and E)ii)\c6 dy^S^&x£ iA^(Bed> Cj fell asleep last night? ®0 o®^5^3 ©(o^cd 8c3D or 8c3o o©^^ N.B. — The locative case does not now differ in form from the genitive, except that sometimes ^ may be added ; as Exercise. Have you ever had any old books ? I have never had any but new ones. Have you had (received) anything good to eat since I came home, or did you eat anything good, &c.? Not only have we had something good to eat, but we have eaten it. Have we ever had anything which did not belong to us ? Yes, Have they had (received) any- thing to eat to-day ? No, but they have had plenty to drink What have you had to do since I went away ? What have you had to do since I came here ? We have had to load the bul- lock bandies Have you written anything since breakfast ? Have you been writing any- thing since breakfast ? I have been working hard and (am perspiring) made my- self perspire There is only one person in this house The only person in this place is my father 69 we have often had things wliich belong to you, but we always gave them to you again. Has this old man had a bad cold this week ? Yes, he has had a cold this week, and he had a cold last week also. What do you think I had at dinner to-day ? {say ate <^C)oC^)' I cannot say, but I know what you ate this morning after I came. If you have had so much to do this year, why have you not. done it ? I have tried to do it, but have not been able yet. Have you had (received) any work to do since your father died ? All my friends have given me a great deal of work in order that I may be supported. Has he bad to go (required or did he go) on foot since he began to go to school? Thou»3C530 That is all I wanted during my ©^ ®q€^'^ §'*5<^i(5cfc553'C^d'>2D6.©^) ©0 You must become a good boy cc^^O ^@©<^^ (or e^^^CS^.cs whilst in health ^ <^^c^l<^'^) C® (a^^o^ When I have become so, I wish ©9 €>(st£ g«^o® ®© ^^iB^ to return home ec5D<^(5 cC'^O 55)i©'63(3 What has become of your bro- (^@.© co<^^C5Dd'^d'ce^ ©.^"iJ ? ther? Alas ! he became a soldier, and ^Q\^ ! ©S] 6^^03'5^cs-555g^o ; ^ died soon after © Q^Si ^.Q^sio) oeg ©id'i^ro He is living with us at the old ®J5^ od'e^ Gs(s^c^6 e^O cs©c5D C3 house ^©8 aa^So (or C^^S) When you have finished your C^^ 6§® S^3 45Df g<^ ^^3 letter come to me. © ©o c^^ s^^.d"' 70 When you liave done writing <5§) gcSD -63^^5^(33© (or §^3 shew it to me ®) S^S) 't>Q) (5D3^ ? How many times a day — a week ^e^co^Q, eo::Sc3^i0, ®3csce<5)3 — a month — a year? 0, c^^cSiC^ssio), (or «^8cs0 Whilst I have been working ©0 <^0ea g^C^s^d 0lS)<2»(5 '^ all day, you have been play- <53^6 <^^^i^^ C® ®^e^02^ ing -so03, but ©^ g65(s\cee5 f ^^o^sd^d. Exercise. Have you been able to do anything during my absence (since I went away)? Yes, we have been able to do everything you told us. Why have you not yet asked anything from your friend ? I have often asked him for many things, but he has not given me anything yet, therefore I do not wish to ask him for anything more. Did you obtain all you required whilst he was alive (^^ (^^^s^e^ 3Sioc®<^ or c?0-^ 8§q'^) ? No, but 1 obtained anything I required whilst my father was alive. Is that all you can say ? That is not all I can say ; we have often said (and) done more than that. If you have become a good boy you must now learn your lessons well. What has become of my English lesson book ? I have often seen your little child reading it. Perhaps he has torn it up. I think he has not torn it up, for I saw him writing in it this morning. How many times have you spoken English to-day ? I always speak English five times a day. I learn geography once a week, and arithmetic twice a month. When you have finished play- ing, go to bed (to sleep.) When you have put your boots on, I wish you to take this to your father before breakfast. When I have finished what I am doing, I not only wish to do some- thing else, but I must do it. Have you had the arithmetic I was using this morning ? I had it and the other book too ; but I have not them now. Whilst you were working to-day, I was playing and writing letters and reading books. How many times a day do you play whilst I work ? I play and run twice a day whilst you work; but whilst I work, you sleep four or five times a day. When you have finished talking, sit down and hear what I have to say about that. FORTIETH LESSON.— C5:^eei{®.0^ O3£0c5. Had you gone home before I came? As he had done tlie work I did not go Ay soon as they had •written it 1 tore it up When I had finij^hed speaking he laughed at me He reviled me, although I had not said a word Had there been a liorse in stable previous to that? ®0 ^^-j^^oO ^effco(5' c® (^xsi^'^ ©ged 6^1 g£) (or gcC3 <555©§ ®^ 00 CD^£5?K53g,K> ©0 e)©^cs<355 cSg(5^© er^i-d^ (or 6>«S?32g^^) ^§^ ©G] 00 (33 '^ the c^0 960(§^.csej5 epte£©.ce-555 €3553 ^0Dc3. ©^C^Z'^C^' C3.S:)83 ©® gg^Dg (5®(30®C$J tQ'^^5q6cz^Q) c®C^s^«s5 teSoe'^c^ BcJ^So ®® eQ efg^-^O ^' <^^K^d' ®>'^S^^SDa55 ©g<^0 £^9c33C3 ^C30 ©® ^'^CD^SocS. ^8<^ 6^3(5C3©ci? C^^ ©©^'5^^J §<5d CK>^'^2O0 ®0 C2)i(^g^3cs. (^8^^ e®^ ^^ ®<5®i^so55i es®e3 ©csos^ ^(5^55 8§c33g C© e®<^3^ 03(5^c5 C3^83 C® S9^3§ 6^cc-s55 ©ce^0 @i©3^csd:)0 q 8 88c5 e®'^ 0C5DC3555 ®'33 6^03 <^^ d ©^^2CS3 CS^ ^^'^^9 ©^^55!Sre?-S55 ep^^Si C^S^dQ ©i^ cc^oO ®.C5D3q S0&-i©50a5 e>^^3eS8^|^ ^ ga^siGSD^ 6'^^®^-ssi^^^ e^z.§a5 ®S]®>g5 203g'2d C3S)i) ^C53e?(53<^0C3 e?3'?.©<^ ? 6(K)i^C® CS®'S55 «65cS^303 00 efi^^M ^5Dr<^ ^0^ (S^C^^S^ ©:C0ScS.355 CSC3C5D^ b3®>c5 CS^03 c^^) CSS)g^ ^^613 C3'^C53 (^S) «23363 .^(5^303 ©0 gg03Ce. Cf<^ (I^S^xlJ C3®^3 OQ^i 0® ©^S)3@^e5:>i'® C3i®d0 0lS)25)<5 ©.C533q0® ©ScS ^0 B§^ <55ca3 c® ©^ ®^ ®3^ 9q^Q ^a^®L 4j «?i-55^© «^03CQ ©^ <533^D 8c6e3 c^i) 6ce3®G5 ®c5^qdO C5^?03 ®>0^00 ®>®^ S8ai0 0® d5O^3C0,SD (g2O*O03C3. C® ©.©C9 CpO0D0 eg C®®^^ C^'^ ea(2iC53J'«^(5cS300^ CS®55J ®,efe50 0® ^0e,0<35 ef.^®L^geD3<:j ? q®0 ©^5?*^g^ ce® -cS-'^.a^ ^tD3 0i.<^c53a5 e?L^0 ^^<^ ? ^i^, C®® c3^£5dJ<:;^c5' csog cs3®^&>5d8o<5 ? .srtoO ©5)3 ^Sj 8.?55^ 6^053^ ^§^ ^0® ®r|^0 @)S)3(^e5Dd'® ^£0^C3 <^* ^iS) ^gesi ^vsi e^® cpSs® eg ®@^c55 8cs6 g^csM Qc^^ ®® cse::f0 o0e55(5D'T>5D3cs. o®3<^3C ce<6 ®^(^3S®^C0J ^^ ©1^536 S5 (^tO£0€):)^ ? ©g^®C53^ ^©3 CC^^^C^^ ©)CS)3£d Og® ®i.&.(5a50 ®C5g20DC3. ®g^5i®^C53^>5 -s^£)25^ c60 ®® C§®3C5. ©S^ (^e^£S(5 6o®aO ^5^^d nSD-«c We shall be afraid of the lion efS Boe53cS30 ^cs®®^®3efz^ The lions will not fear you Bo^^xxd C^C^^. c;3cs©^®'^ Shall I (am I to) extinguish ®® fSo^® <^B^Oq? the candle ? Shall I be afraid of the tigers ? 8® ®:§3CS9cs^0 C^c0(5^®^®3 75 Docs he think that you will for- (*S) ^o c^^^SeoOo e^L^ «Sc03 sake me ? S)^^ J5^^5De:>S3<^ ? ^ Will not the wolf frighten g«2nc03 ©gedO CSDcsgjdCo'^ them ? ^^ ^I'^i'^ ? They will not be frightened at ©ged g^co<^0 ^cC6^0^ the wolves . (^^eJ:f ^J?x We shall want nothing for the ©e^f ®qx3dO e^oO 5S80'355 i) future ^sDX@^,0@^^o<55 ^sdx. Shall you go to-morrow ? I (^® ©caO cS2srSj<^ ? cs,25DC)j shall About — more or less — Bo^s^xsi ; Near C^ ; Concerning (S^i^ ; From this time (S\W ^s^oc®^dShQ, @0O3l^c0<^. N.B. — I. Some few names of places are put in the accusative where we should expect the dative. II. The above forms are intended to shew the simple future ; though in some cases, which exactly cor- respond to the English, intention may also be understood. III. There are two forms for the future tense : the verb inflected, and the common present tense with the auxiliary ept^. See Lesson 44, N.B. II. Exercise. I shall go to Kandy to-morrow, if my father comes to-day. Where are you going next week ? I think I shall go to my brother's house, but I cannot say positively. Am I to do whatever he wishes? Yes, do. Do you think that he will start before you ? He will start first, if I do not start very soon. Will he start from the place you mentioned to me ? I do not know whether he will start from there or not, but ho will arrive here about twelve. Does his mother think that he will be afraid of our lion when he comes ? If she knows that we have a lion, she will think that it will kill him. If we go to his house we shall be afraid of the big tiger which is there ; therefore we shall not go. Shall you for the future be afraid of anything? As we have killed a lion, I shall be afraid of nothing for the future. He wishes to know whether you will be hungry if you do not eat. Tell him we shall certainly be hungry if we do not eat. They will think that you will forsake us. Go and tell them they need not think so. Can they think that we shall do such a thing as that ? They can believe any- thing which their people say. Will they be able to frighten the wolves ? They will not be able to frighten the wolves ; but as the wolves are so large and fierce, they will, without doubt, be frightened at them. Shall I tell you anything ? Do not tell me anything, for I shall not be able to understand 76 what you say in English. Will he be willing to do what joii say for the tiitiire ? Yes, I think he will be willing to do every thing I tell him. Will he think that I shall be afraid of him ? If you run away he will think that you are afraid of him. rORTlMHIRD LESSON.— ^^gcd^^s^a^ q35)®cs. gce^83 (gc3<^^^o or gc5 ©© 6^-3 ^-^^dSocS 5g^CS3 ©© eS^l c^e^ ^^ ®ga:f <255i©^ ©^^38 ©.qczed e50 ©x^\c3 ^ceo ©© ^cQ © 553(5(55^ (§<53aD©3 ®^^ ©©ai ^8 ^i©^ ©<^ ©g <253d'©^.^D>0§ I^.B. — I. The above, with the exception of the 8th and 12th sentences, exhibit, as in English, the future with the will of the 1st person. II. The form QcSf^^^p implies either that its subject is asking leave or offering or consenting to do I will write night and day if you wish We will reward the good You shall punish the wicked They shall aid the desolate Do you think that I will (or shall) do it ? Do I say I will do it ? You shall do it whether you wish or not Shall he (is he to) go away to- day ? He shall not go out at all Will we do such a thing? You shall do it if I wish Shall they do (shall I permit them to do) whatever they wish? I am determined they shall not do anything He and I will do what we like 77 something, as : — I will now go (shall I ?) I will do that (for you). AVell, I'll do it. v III. The forms gcC(5^eo*o§ and gct@^^02o§ are not much used in ordinary conversation, though they are worthy of it. Exercise. Do I say that I will work night and day ? Not only have I not said so (^c3D03 ^^i<5^S>3) but I never will say so. Though he says you must give me advice, I will not suffer you to do so. Shall he spoil all our books ? He shall not spoil even one of them. Do you think that I will go there ? You shall go everywhere I wish. Do you say, Sir, that he must destroy the good. I say that he shall do nothing whatever. Do I say that you must punish the good ? No, I say that you shall (must) punish only the wicked. Whom do I say he shall assist ? Do you not say that he shall assist the desolate, though he does not wish? Shall he punish the desolate? No, we will not suffer him to do so. Will we do anything which is wrong ? We will do no such thing. Do you think w^e will destroy the desolate because they once injured us ? We will never do such a wicked thing. We will determine to do what- ever is right. You shall do all we wish w^hether you wish or not. Their parents are determined they shall go to school, though they do not wish. Are you tw^o determined that I and my brother shall do something we do not wish to do ? No, we are determined that we will do nothing that we do not wish. Besides that, {^^i(j) we are determined that the soldiers shall destroy all the forts which are in the land. FORTY-FOURTH LESSON, ^-^^:^i>Qt£^^(S^B65 c3o£©c5. Will you tell me what you C®^ ©^?x ®®3^"5^ ^033 c^ want? ^ ^ ©q) iS^Q2dQ\q^^Boq? I will, if you will give it me C® ^<^ ^^ ©i^eD^Ox^© ©0 -aScC3 ®cj^^e)3 (or ^ScSD ®\q (30 ^^ 6i G\Z)^^o &icq ? (or ®© ^?) I fear (think) he will not e^^^ (or ^^S)6i ®>8®>,s>255 Will they submit to our will ©g*5 cf® d ssii^i^^^^Q cs©25 or not ? %Bq ^i^ ? 78 I hope you will be very kind C^C^ ©§<^0 6^S)3(5^K)J <23>c5'j, to them .^o0<^C5)8 8S^©3 epi^ § (or, less formally, ®® Q We will if they are submissive ; i)g^ csOai ®i^v^8d (or ^<:5^ otherwise, we shall have to 61) ^?© e^8 <^d'?,^?3 ©ad" punish them ^0 £§^83 ; 6©^d ^i^ eD© ©geiQ qg€>f ^-jO"^ epC30'"©^x®'a<3 If I, we, you, he, or they write ©©, ^6, c% C^QO, @S], ®g (or, will write) ^ gcs^5D83^3^ Do you think he will do any- ©;|5 ©0 cs®^ ,85)d'@^<^^DE)3 thing for me ? cpt^ ^tso C® ^?2^^^oq ? N.B. — I. The above exhibit the future tense with the will of the subject of the verb. II. The forms given in the two preceding and the present lesson for the 1st person singular and plural of the future, must be well studied ; they are in no case arbitrary. A. Where ^ic^8 or ^s^rS^^Bo epi^ is used with the 1st person, it implies either that every idea of will or intention is excluded from the verb for the time being, or, that the idea of the 2nd or 3rd person is transferred to that of the 1st — as in many subor- dinate clauses ; — e. g., ®® ^1(^6^2^10 epi©3e^^c)<55 ^o©(^co tf^Q^o^Od qi^ No, but he will roll up the mats and sweep the room 80 Will you be a good boy if I ©9 ^®Q ^Bd G^8^e)^^f forgive you ? ^-^ g^^oq c®®tS35i (^z)^ There will be some one there <^6^g^^(S^BqoE)0 6:^ ^gcTt at noon 8^ -2S^e)3 f^?^ Shall you (will he) be hungry ^0 f des(5 (^®0 (©stiO) ©S) before then ? c9^ ®^Bq ? I hope I shall (he will) not ©0 (^^©) ^^c©<£ ®>e)@^c^5D5d Shall I be able to reach home -55)6© (5(^,0x^0 0(5g!©^S^ ©cs) before dark? qSQ C3l^6^^d^c) ©G q<6 You will, if you do not delay ©33§ 9©3^ (^^ot^B^Bo^B on the road g'^0M®i0S N.B. — In constructinfr a sentence with several verbs, it must be well considered whether those verbs are indepen- dent of each other or not. See above, sentences 4, 6, and 7, and also. Lesson 32, N.B. I., and Lesson S6, N.B. V. Exercise. I)o you intend either to make or to mend anything ? I intend to make a new box and mend an old chair. Does he intend to learn, and to do many things which he has not yet done ? He says he does not intend to do anything which is contrary to his old habits. Where were they thinking of going ? They were all going to England, but now they say they shall tiot go, as their father (has) died. What did they think of doing there ? They thought of sending their children to school, and selling various kinds of goods for a living. When do you expect to see your father ? I hope to see him as soon as I return (have returned) home. Will you light a fire and cook me a little rice and curry ? If you wish me, Sir, to do so, I will do. Will you remember what I am going to tell you ? I will re- member if I can, but perhaps I shall forget. Will they drink wine and eat various kinds of meat as soon as they have come ? They say they will neither eat nor drink anything. Will this house ever be a good house ? If the owner makes it good it will be good. If I forgive what this bad man has done, will he behave better for the future ? I think he will not bi^have better; for he will do nothing contrary to his old habits* Shall I find your father at home? I think you will not find. Will any one be sleepy before we return ? We shall all be sleepy (and) be hungry too.^- -What will happen to us if we delay on the road ? We shall be unable to reach home before it becomes dark. Do you think he will be unable to finish that work to day ? If he delay so much^ he will be unable. 5l FORTY-SIXTH LES80X.— :s)^gcfc5D.c®^D-5 co£0c5. Happy 03C3^38edo, ^lO Happiness 8jcxj>s?d8^^vSd£), End cfed<539 I shall have written tlie letter before you come Will he have finished this before night? He says he is afraid he shall not Shall you have bathed before five to-morrow? I shall if 1 get up soon enough They will have become miser- able beings ere that He will then have been here a long time: i. c, if he re- mains here till then, it will be a long time I shall have been to see you long before then He must have done it out of spite: i. e., it must be that he did it out of spite He cannot have done it from such a motive He ought not to have done it at all You ought not toliave worked so much He could not have finished writing then. Soon, early ©©(^dco^scs^ Awake i\ a. C5gc;O.SD0D ; n. v. The dawn Ojed<^fj Jinjoy §555^ 8§^8j gq^ ^:5(5'eo8o cfi.«j? (or ^s) 0i8c3 cg^c33 ©^ ^CDes:03ca ^^ e{?c3S)d S aa^83 efL ^(or e^csSci @^D^E)J ^4^) cDs^ d^") S^vSi^O 6^553^9 S^3 ^bid" 83-^S ©a?^€) ^§^33 O® 6o })e^ 0lS s..sd3^^(j'3 (or @^a?o^(5 BScs:)) ^^ S£3 6.&-3oqa 6e).25)0 ^(^ gc3) ^1 N.B. — It will be seen from the above examples that the future perfect is generally to be rendered l)y the simple fu- ture, though in some cases with the addition of a verb signifying tojinisk. 82 Exercise. Will he have done (will he do) anything before we arrive? If we delay on the road I think he will have begun to break down the house. ^ Will they start before we reach home ? With- out doubt they will start. Though they have started, we can stay at their house all night, for their father will be at home. Will he do anything wrong before his father arrives at this place? If his teacher has not taught him not to do, he will. When I have been to see you, shall I have seen all my friends ? I do not know whether you will have finished seeing all your friends or not. I thought you knew (know) all my affairs. Shall you have finished sleeping before five to-morrow morning? If you awaken me before then, I shall. Will he have become happy before that time? He will if he tries. Will anything have fallen down before they arrive there ? I think'not (I think no- thing will fall) if their brothers awaken before. Will he at the end of this life have enjoyed more happiness than you ? or, will the happiness which he enjoyed in this life be greater, &c. ? Per- haps he will, if he rises earlier than I. At what time do you rise? I always try to rise very early if anything has happened in the night. I know you awaken and rise early whether anything has happened or not ; but I think you ought not to have risen so early to-day; for you have a little fever. Do you think I shall have finished (shall finish) reading this book before night? You ought to have finished it before this; but did I not tell you you could not do it? You told, but you must have said it out of spite. Could not I have said so from a better motive than that? I think not (could not). Will they soon have finished (will finish) eating? Perhaps (they) will finish soon. FORTY-SEVENTH LESSON.— SD^ge^soai® 8^ c3oS®cc. Court ^gesoeoe) Judire f3^£d©<25^od'cSD. Witness C3023@c3 Witnesser c^d^^-ss^oc^'csd Case (in law) «3gD He says he will not go i)^ cs;5^x2SD^d ^^^ ^ceo ©''|^ He said he would not go ^rs^ cs<3^.eo2d ^^^^ -sSceo ©s^ I know he will not go ®^ qz©\^D25^ ^z& ©0 ©® ^ I knew he would not go ©s^ cs®.S02rf e^i^ ©8 ®® «^^ .^(55^3 S9cSD (or ^x5^^5D2)a) I say he shall go whether he ®S] -^-iS^^^^^ ^^S)^i®'^^^'^ 8§C23 Exercise. Does he say he will do nothing at all? I think he does say so. If so, tell him to go home at once. Do you say you will not write a lesson to-day? No, I say that I w^ill write as much as you wish. Sir. Then (if so) begin at once. What is it they say they will not do ? They say they w ill not go to-morrow to church to hear our new minister preach. Did I promise that I would become your witness ? Did I promise to become your witness ? No, you said previously, that you would give witness against me. Did you not promise that you would go to the Court with me, to assist me about that difficult case ? I think I said that I would go ; but I forgot at that time. Does he think that we will go whether he goes or not ? He said he hoped to meet you at the court whether there was anything to be done or not. He expects we shall go after we have written the letter. He expected we should come to dlaner after we had done all the work. Do they think that he will go before I come ? They think that he will go if you do not come soon. Did he think that wc should go to Court about a very important matter before we had found witness ? He could not have thought so. He, thinking that matter was not a very important one, said, he could not come. My friend started out to meet us, hoping (©(33 (?.03®.c^«55-c^9) we should come to see his son before he died. He said previously that we should start for Colombo immediately, whether we wished or not. Did you ever believe that he would come, after we had started for Ceylon ? No. 84 FOKTY-EIGHTH luESS0'^\—Z:^^3d(fQ)(S^^^ cdS9cc. Decide ^esg (or ^3ca®) o@^cs83 He said I should have become C-^ 6e able to speak Kiiglisli well ? I think he has no sucli hope. He said, he hoped we should be able in a short time to read English without his assistance. Will he (have) become able to decide important cases, before the other Judge goes ? He will by then be able to undertake them ; but I know that some per- sons thought that he would not be able to undertake so much work in so short a time. FOKTY-NINTH LESSON.— c^o^s^ae^^^G^^^ C3£0c3. ®® ©csdO gc3^0 ©e:?x ; ^^i ^6^d gcsedO ®0 ©^0\g^3 ; ggs^ ^l^^^B (or ®.S3og ^6^c6 gceedO epoO ©,s?l8^^3 ; G^^^g^0^^© ®C5D0 gceed ^C0 ©i5®,SS c?<^ gcSx^0 cfC0 i)2s:)\g.s:5o ; ef8 6^0 f dc8(5 ^§^0 gc3 ^0 ©.SDxg'SDO ^q gcS'^0'^®0 S)ea\®©cs ep<^ gcs^"0 ©0 ©^\.(9^©c5 e^<^ gc3^0 c£)s^0 ©ao\f9^^ce ^©033 ©0 5g^fe3 ©© C^q gc2'^0© ©^X 6<235C5D!^.©^0 ©0 ©^X.0£a I must write now, or I shall be unable to go I must write to-morrow, or I shall be unable to go I was obliged to write yester- day, or 1 should have been unable to go to-day We were obliged to write yes- terday, or, we should have been unable to do so to-mor- row We have been obliged to write to-day, or he would have been unwilling to come They had been (or were) ob- liged to write before we came He says I shall be obliged to write to-day He said I should be obliged to w^ite to-day I said he would be obliged to write to-day I am obliged to write to-day I shall be obliged to agree Exercise. I must go at once, or I shall never be able to go. You must do to-day all you have to do. If you do not, you will never after- wards be able to do it in this life. He must agree with me to- day, otherwise he will afterwards be unable to agree. AVe must learn our lessons well to-morrow, otherwise we shall be unable to get a prize (^^cdoKJ-ssi) this year. Will he be obliged to agree with us about that case ? If he cannot settle it in any other way, he will. They will be obliged to do what w^e say ; if they do not, we will pay them nothing. Shall you be obliged 86 to write to us often? We ghall be obliged to write to you every day, otherwise we shall be unable to finish our affairs before next year. I was obliged to stay at home yesterday, for I was very ill. Though you were very ill you were not obliged to stay at home. You (were well enough) had health to go to the doctor's. We have often been obliged to do many difficult things whether we liked or not. They were obliged to begin without us, otherwise they would have been unable to have finished before night. He says he was obliged to do all I told him. He told me yesterday, that he had been obliged to finish learn- ing all his lessons before breakfast. Did you think our servant was obliged to finish all the work before twelve ? I know he has often been obliged to finish it before that time. I was ob- liged to go to Court every day before breakfast during the time there was no Judge. I think you will be obliged to go a great journey to-day. You thought I should be obliged to go yester- day. They hoped we should have to go to Court to-morrow ; but since we can settle this matter at home, we shall not have to go to Court at all. FIFTIETH LESSON.- c«?£d6D^ CO s)©cs. Lately During I have a book I had a book I have always had a book when 1 wanted one I had (had) a book previous to that I think I shall have (receive) a book to-morrow I thought I should have a book to-morrow He will have had something before then We hoped he would have had something before then I will have (eat) dinner if it is ready Within (during) ^i^Q^^ Serious (important) '^6c<:^Q ©0 Tor ©30C53) @1C0^-SSJ -e^©!© «2J3e)3 ©Q (or ©oocd) ®^co^^ <55g xS33 ©0 ®Od?2^^ ©^\g^ cai© ©.©®^d© (or <^0e,^@<5i) ©c) £)^"5<355 ^g^?o tf© 9^©©lcc^^:i ©0 G)ao^^ 43g^3 G]^q) ©0 ©OD^-855 (5l®^C8 ^CSO ©© ^^^©3 (S^txiQ ©0 ®C3^^ Ol®'^<^ sacs3 ©© ^<^aj ^Q (geseQ(5 ©s^O c5©555 Ci®-^ ^ (or Ci^e^ ^®^®S or ^ ®^aS)' d-Q <§£Q£3d' ©^9 cc©^ Oi®^ ^€) S?CC3 ^1© Cx"^^^ ®^ ^'S^^d I will have (accept) a l)(M)k if c^ ®0 ®C3iCD>d ®.^!;^^)0D^o^ yoii will give me one ®® (6^S3) QQ(S^^O^€h I hope we shall have good news @^C5D0 efcO (5^cs?3^ qp)(^© Ci®^ to-morrow cs -eS^cSD ®® ©C^G^OoS^C^'d^^ He says he will have (take) (5®o«255a55 ^§^5 ^^ C5D^02d83 something or other c3 ^CS3 ©^ ci^cs^Ji^Sa I will have nothing which I qd^Q ^8 ^i^ 5g^88e55 ®9 ought not to have C53®<&xd5s3\, Have you had any case (law e^^O^? C®^ <^'^'^9^^ -^9 suit) lately ^o^? or C^O 0©)? Not only had we had our breakfast, but we had had our dinner too before that, I had had (there was) nothing in my hand this morning before five. I have no doubt I shall receive good news to-naorrow. I thought I should have got a letter before this. 1 thought he would have got an answer from his father this morning. If I bring a book will you have it to read, Sir ? I will have nothing you bring. FIFTY-FIRST LESSON.— C3^di64jsj(^.8^ c:>S9c5. Assist C^ <2553d'^S03©^ <£e33 ^ §a5 ©0 csedO (ge) ©i^^^jzy^j Sdl^^CSo ©cS^ sS^©3 ^0 ®'S)3(5^SDi'^-:(3.5350 ^^t3(J ©© ©S^.g5 8cS3 ^5g^S0©3 Cf tC^ ©^9 CK)fi 0.3DC3535 ^08^ ^6 C®0 @^d<^©o^? ©S3 C^^^ C5DSD5n, ®^?30, gee Displeased epe^coij^ao, e^®^330, cpgcs. I am poor, but you are rich He is miserable, though we are happy I was extremely agitated; ne- vertheless, you were ciuite calm He was exceedingly delighted at that fortunate event been much interested every thing I have I have with seen ever since I came here They had been very fortunate in every thing they did We shall be much alarmed if that terrible battle takes place in the night 1, we, will be obedient to all reasonable orders ®® ?es3©^® £;0(5g<5?3 ; d Q^ 00 c^Q est© 6^.<^'e)cQ0 ®© <5^©^(^e^J© g^gaco ®g«5 <5S)G ac^tis^ci^ ®g<5df f CDD €):es20D©edc5^8 SScsa eg)-ae>?03^e q-8 @.©D £cScsO e^d'tg BozS q^e^c«G,8 I, we, you, he, they, will not ^^ «Scs*3 ^S8e)<5^© 0®, &c., be obedient to anything he ^'^di N.B. — Used to do, &^c,, is not employed so frequently in Sing- halese as in English to express the repetition of the verb ; for this purpose the present tense is often used for the past also, but in some connection which indi- cates the time referred to : — see above. Exercise. I was accustomed to do many things in my youth which I do not do now. Was this man ever a friend of yours ? He was never a friend of mine, but he was once a friend of my father's. Were you accustomed to (or did you) see all your friends every day ? No, I was accustomed to see them only once a week. Were you accustomed to do all you wished (wish) ? No, but he is accustomed to do all he wishes. Are you always at peace with your father's sisters ? I am not at peace with them now, but I was last year. Are some friends of ours come ? No, those who are^ome ai:£jtlie_„carpenter's friends. Is this child a son of your son's ? No, he is a child of my brother's. Is this one of your brothers who were accustomed to fight so much ? No, he is my brother who was accustomed to learn so much. They must become accustomed to do one thing at once. Has he not the habit of failing in what he tries to do ? Sometimes he fails, but generally (^€)So®) he succeeds. Were you accus- tomed to obey yo"ur parents ? Yes, I was always accustomed to obey them. Have some of her friends succeeded in catching that wicked thief? They are accustomed to accomplish all they undertake. \Ycre you accustomed to (did you) write to 94 your father once a week ? AYe wrote to liim every day. la this the boy who used to quarrel with us so much when we went to school ? Ko, this is a brother of his. I always failed to learn my English lesson before a brother of mine assisted me ; but after he came I always succeeded in learning them well. If I succeed he will be extremely delighted. Do not fail to find all the things we want, He must not fiiil to coiiie (without fail S^^(^<^De^ .£5?t-C^£)) at the time I want. I must see my father to-day without fail. FIFTY-FIFTH LESSON.—c^edceds.a^ ooi)9cc. ^6 ^^o^^3 ©3^0 5Scs^o 0320© qDs^ ©i q?i':5? ^cso ®8 S^^0 ^cs6^3i2o§. ©:j)S:0 0® ^-^i^^.g (5^^-^d8 (3.<^CC^ b053^. ©0 6^ ^©J50 :;53CrG5D 5D §^a>o83C3. c^ ©0 -^^^Dg esSc^O (9^<^0(^ fftCf ©^©eJD© @,8^ cs© ®.^CP"255 c®0 ©«? X® © ^ ? ^c^^'SS' 6'-:s)^cZ'^ ^ © es;>o q e;- ed 8 csS)25:i cs:)<55 ^os^ €)3^'l®ge:/a®£d^-5d'e5?8o e^is^? ®g^ ao©^®oo^(3:?®^5D25J '^L^ ^ce3 ©©j6<:5^eo©3C3. €J^CS3 S)©<5>S03'2d'S'.d© <§^C5:)3^<^ ^^^d'ed© ©^xcs. ^g2o>oa<255®^.£^'"^©© ^s)($z^o€)B^eo ^)^©3 ^^od^^Bc^ .S^<5S)6i g §6©<£S© ^§^$3iD3^^d?cd^53L©L<5J45^0C^0C5O^6^8(^^^53aD © 6©-d ^1.^3::© ®© ^^^©ai© 6^9 cei:o>20(5^c3e5 efSD^®!© 6^^5D^l'^. CpS^.d Bcs£) ©g ®,6:)^C3^0 6^00©.(53>2^g'^3§ ©i.S)^'3a dcso Oz.^eo cSc3 ©L©^ (run away) ©6^cd Bee) 0^®36^Gd C2(5^ 6K5D<^(50 cScSei ©g 8cs(^® <^B ^^©© ^^'Sie^Boq ^cso 'g) 95 cSo)3(iO«5 C^'^>^^^» (g3sJ©«D8 e\'s:if^(S csii86^Q ©C^soj gq'c) <5^vK>DoS^-J e^oS (S^©3 CDSJ^© £>-Ci2<^ 8.?5)'555 @^C55«OS3 Cfi^ 2!^ ceo c^® c^CD^oSo^ ? CH^ a)c]0 f?204)5d'eo8oi^^ eso^es-es^©® S)(S^ ®X55^?03 iu^- C^^^^ d^i^^d (5C53<^(50 ol@ ? ^J?ed0 96 cp8 6ea?o0 ccS®^^*"^ C^® t8feK'oJ'«^d'c33 gg^ Scsos© 8 ceo «S5©g-0^©.Sci 25^CS3 Qf^^ 80^0 cScr;^©3«^? ^OtCD ®S9 Q C^(9^.^"C<^ <5j:£3(^©>5:)83CC cSc33 cg^g C^^i-^ e3i^<55©c5 f ^:^25D3 epc5:^3(fc)id0 efo0 g^0a5(9^§cs. c® 5^© €)<3Si (s^^o^ ce3 €f.35:3'5eDo0 ce^g^Jife'^'^csacf® ^(^3CK)<5^2d'0 ©a3\0 -655] eo3cs. ©9 sag 6^5^ ©0 ®^<^-D ^t^ ^©^ ®© e.^sc^^S-ss? 45^^03 e,0,id©'©tcS©0 ©0 es.C5^^.25^8. ©© cS)0 .s:>l8^ ^ -cS^^s>2^J0 g6©®cser5 6©0 c^Q cE)dg 5^(5^50 ©0 g60<^ (§0 CO eS^cso ©© ©03^^<^3C9^cj5c5-o^ 6^,©e:>e)3cs. ©ceiceid C^ ©3e^.&.-Dd© csei^.c^Jsacs. S 8id cs©C5Dd'^5:0 <^§<5:)eo3^6 d ©.©3(5^3:^3© aeee>iD 6^0e^ Q0 ©0 cea5o)555€S. e^8 g 5^25^3 ecs0 g«.«50 80S5 ©^.0^0^30 8 ccsai ©® 55^t®.dj ^S^ ef)©i"63 ^§-55 6£csoe© ©© 6^c3d^ c&^Qh ©^xc3 cScsJsi ^docs. 6S)ie'S:J ®® ^cs6© (^.03<5^<55 c&^d CxS 6^'^^-^ i!^cra:f ^03 0So ©:J ^i^ <£s33^ ©s^abi/p C5 ©«J0 CC^eOi^ e^CQO^ ©^ (^0^^£0 ^e)3 ©\CK)^C3^0 i):!) (S^^^(55':)"i5© e{?^55©i63 ^i<^ ^||aj^i)s3 6:3©^ q»i)S)c5'g <2)5© ®ifi0 c®®c2^^ 83^5? ©L&sij ©© &-5a?G53gco ^(^0 ©© ^03C3. ©^5 55:c ^<^"50 ©^ dd'e5.g^3cs ^g^ceo ©© c^^aD 0C3 ®555^s2oq e^8 (? ts^yjcfc^ca^ ^iGde^BQ ©©©oo^i ©055 ^.^3© ^c^^dJccs© (s)C55^03 '2^ee3 ©G^ «^e)3 8cs(^© ^c;>":<^'5 ©cs> aOCCed0 'i^C£©.25)r5'c5D^ (^.25>eO03C3 ^CS3 ^'S^ S^03C3. ©OXS)© ©^ 8^3 e5)<:Sz^oz)'^cyB 88ed0^ ©® ©^®g5 cgcSca 3^5?i<9-253©0 )5 96 O g^S'^ ^§.5?JC3. qBcQa5)0 C5?iCDl-355© C5)a:)^555 ^8^50^9 ©O (9^,s^^(&^c^-^§^ g6£)e5g^ ^fi^ 69555c30a:J ©9 @^a53®i555 ^© e8>sD2?:)9 g'£)0a::fg(5^a:^ ^DiO^ ^S^ ®C5:)0 ©®^g5 ©o®3 ©e^Q^^ c^^o^o0 ©0 gdE)ad'®8c3'1S^ce.o^ C^S)^ ^^^Q^ ®^<^2O2O30© ©3 CS©C5:> C3 2O^0 C,(6£)^ (§^©C3 ^C53la5a:)^ ^«^cs-ssJ s^^D0 ^(^S ®2O3®cs<355S0 ^<^^g «5DC3 5§^CC3a5 i^i^>2^B CD©3®cd Ce83^C330 ^ sScssaJ ef^d 8c53£) c^g€0<5D^ (^^a^^(S^^"3^(5•^ 8^6 :o ^Di8 C5<55 e^o0 e^gc^'^joa:) <55^f5ed0 ©^\,©,^cs 2Scs3':r*59 cj^iSo^) «?©D ^i^? ^^ cgi5©5r59 ©tc^zf^.^cDo-si C® ®555^'5«d83 er tc;^ ? ©g^ (iScSg©02Q5c5 ©lC5'l«2J33 Exercise. If he brings the books here, I will buy them of him. If he sells books why does he not bring (some) to us ? If any one works well we pay him good wages. If we have eyes, we ought to use them. If you have been to school to-day, you must have No. 6 O 98 seen the teacher. "VVill you give me a reward, if I ]iave learned the fifty -fifth lesson ? I will (give) if I find you have learned it well. Would your father be sorry if I were not to write to you ? We should (shall) all be sorry, unless you wrote (write) at least once a week. IF you went there I am sure you must have seen (saw) me. If you have once effected ((gdO<2S3d') this, you must know well how to do it. Had you done what I told ^}' you, this would not have happened to you.. Had he been careful and diligent in youth, he would now have been a happy man. Should I have been well by this (;§S)(3oD<5)?0) had I taken medicine ? You would, if you had taken proper medicine. If you were working in the garden at the time I came, I must have seen you. Certainly, had you come. Sir, at that time, you would have seen me. How can I write, if I have no pen and ink? You can if I give you pen and ink {^^^ 0\is?), What can the cleverest person do, if we oppose ? And what can he not do, if you arc not opposed ? What could we do, if any danger (accident) happened on the road ? If I were to go with you I could assist you when any danger happened (£e)Q.K)o®), What could this infant do if it should fall ? We could lift it up (qsi^cs^oSd) if we wished (present tense.) What could this old man have done, if the thieves had seen him ? Had he wished he could quickly have run to our house. Could we have finished this work last week, had he not come ? We could if you also had not come. We could not, if you also had not stayed awjiy (^X^aj ®,^DoB§cS3^E). What shall I say, if I cannot find those articles ? Where would he go to, if you were to forsake him ? Where would he have gone had I forsaken him last year? I fear he would have died of (by) grief had you done so. FIFTY-SEVENTH LESSON.- o^ed^^oSeQ 03i)®ce. If it is here now, it was here 6^ ^j,^ ®®^ 43?Qa:>e)D^© yesterday {^^S)) cj'-^icea^' (®®^) ■63g203 If he is alive now, he must ®r^ qi^^S 6°8-C® 8Qs:0o^d© have been alive yesterday c^^ce^ c?£)-e® BQceo 6^0ed If I am in Ceylon to-day, I ®© ep^ C^^^'^ £9^83<^© shall not be in (cannot go to, (SZqQ ^cs^c^'S^'^Q csedQ reach) England to-morrow ©0 'q)i8(S)Z)Q If they are in Ceylon to-day, ©ge^i ^q Qo,3Sio^B 8§.^8a they could not have been ^z*© ©g^ 5"^.(£ 6<^Q^^<9^ (were not) in England 88csd ©82O£o0 Q^ (B8s^c5 yesterday '^'l) If I were now in that room, 9® qi^^O epcT <2550©(5©^d 8820 I should not be here, (how Soa:>© ®® @^.®C^ «3x (®® should I be here ?) ^©c9 896^.^5^ Q\0ereo© ^^^\ cScs g03ee6^c5 ®e5 g^d®(i C® ^SS (qp eo<555?®.c5) 00 ®^^3 (56) S8cc3^3 ©0 fpi.S<^ O0 ^ ^i§?^0 00 QtS®,0a Exercise. If those things are in my box now, they were in (there) before you came. Must I have been well yesterday if I am well to-day ? If you are well now, you could not have been very ill yesterday ? If he is no cleverer than you, he could not have done this work so well. Would he attempt to do it, if he were no stronger than I ? He would try, if he were a little taller than you. What would they do, if they were now as hungry as I ? If they had (any) money, they would buy (some) bread. Should we be thirsty if we had nothing to drink for several days? If we were not now thirsty, you would not ask that question. ' If those boys were now very ill, would they be thus playing out of doors (6gG^c6 ? But if they were not ill, would the doctor come every day to see them ? If your brother were now in England, how could he be standing here before us as you see ? If I was tired last evening, undoubtedly I was also sleepy. If he was in your garden yesterday morning at nine o'clock^ he could not have been at home, and if he was not in 100 your garden he must liave been at home, If they were with you the day you saw me, they Avill soon return. If he was ill of dysentery at that time, he would be ill now. Had you all been willinoj you could have done the work. Had we had time, we should have done it. He says he should not have stolen the bread had he not been very hungry. I think they would not have become so ill, had they not been so careless about their health. Would they have got well so soon, had we not called in a clever doctor ? They would not have got well at all, had they not been very calm (<33d0O)- Could they have jumped over the stile had they been as weak as they say ? i£ their legs were not very strong they could not even have gone up that hill (.S5C5^©). Had I been sleepy, hungry and tired, you would have seen some sign of it. True, I should (have seen) ®0 (S^O.?^:)S. Had they been as wicked as you suppose, their father must have seen it. Had they been so, ho would have seen it. FIFTY-EIGHTH LESSON. -.O«)d:^0(3i0a5 c® ®C53© 6£O 0© gg© QB^B^es^^^ (gcs> ©© ©s^© gcS3 ^i8cz^ ©^ ©0 101 Though he wrote tome I would ®cj e)c5 gcQo: ^S)€l5> e|© p^igO (should) not answer him C-5^^^^ cfd@'<50cd^dx. Tliough he should write to me ©^ 90 gcsj ^LieiO @\cs®qc^ he would not come <5i a)^^ 6®^:x:.i eD^, Though he should write to me ©K) ®Q gcso €8^0 ©^it ^§ he does (will; not >55 S)^ gcso ^©©^^s:)^^) ^o^ Though I spoke to him y ester- ©© ^'sS^ ©i^^O ^5)6j«S5(5 ^§<55 day he did (would) not an- ®^ ®0 (^csdSDC^ ^(5 ^02d (C^^ swer ^d'®.«^^dO^X^'? You can, if you have done your (^. © 03 S^ c^® ^ck)«3C5D.5D <5a lessons ©g^a^^ c;<^£>^3 His death may take place any (S^55^^ ^§^ moment Q<^Q ©c^^^co Ol^s^-^sd^Q Indeed ! I did not know that S3t^x<^ ? ci}^0 ^o®«D cfC3^ he was so ill o ©0 ®® ^^^joed «d^ It may be so, but I am not 6*^05 ®B^^ g<6€)i©^'K)©e^o0 6©3®C»3 he would ®es^^ c^i©-d3g«:3'»:© cs^o) ^ would ga^ or ^^Q csesi© g6 030 ^?\i^d 104 Were you at liberty to do c® C5©'?ce^8 8§ce ^0(3®c6 whatever you pleased when ^® ^t®^ (§^^) ©^^©3-^"^^ you were a boy g^ «S5(5^d0 C^o) ^B (^<5 What is the difference between (S^© 8©20 ®^<2D e^^^^'^^d -S^s© these two words ? «D ©8^3 £3 ®^®o'^d9 but perhaps 1 shall be able ca®3^DS ^S|<35 0*5^ ooS)© to learn (how) to use them ecoCD OogS^^s^CTv^dO ©Q properly, if I may use your Oi®^©^"83 20© 68o Sx^ j®^C5 lesson book es coS€)©5^25^5©0 §(55«:sc53 May no danger happen to him ! S^G^S ^B eped-G^jS^ -£© May he always be happy I ©S^ <53C5:(5® 8De3^oe)^C5^8 a©e)o ! May you ever be happy ! C®® cs^Q^C^QeSiO^S'^' 83 May we (have we authority epajCe© efcsJ53(5<5:f0 epw0 efS to) collect taxes? £a>5 (Slc^s) -6^(2 ©^dS; c^ ? Exercise. Has the teacher given the boys permission (cp^cad") to do whatever they like ? They are at liberty to do anythinoj except breaking down the school. Surely they are not at liberty to tear up their books, are they (^^x 6^«?^(S©«^) ? Did I not say, they might do whatever they pleased (e^0c3c5 or g68<£). This boy wants to know (asks) whether he may go home to-morrow. He can go just now, if he wishes. Did he tell you when we might (may) begin this work ? He said he would not give 11 s permission to do it at all. It may be so, but we are not at liberty (ought not) to suppose that he did it out of cruelty. Such an event {^06 e^:^^) may happen when we ar^ not at all expecting (it). Do you think we miolit go home if we wished ? I dare say (cScD^'0 g6S>-£$^) our uncle would give us permission, if we asked. He might have done a great deal of good amongst the poor, had he wished. Had you no oppor- tunities (^Sg^o^o) of doing good ? I had many, but I was not at liberty to do what T would. If I may use your valuable books, I shall soon be able to learn a great deal, though I am now so ignorant. The man who has permission to do such things, can do anything. We cannot suppose {^^^^iQ) that (so). Have you power to condemn to death ? I have not, but the king has. May you never fall beneath that power (©(^ce© c^e95^8«De)o) ! May you ever live in peace till the end of life ! May (it) be so to you also, and may your brothers receive much honor and happiness too ! 105 SIXTIW'IRST LESSON.— K>i0a-335@>.©^ ooS^ce. Children, did you knowingly C®^j C®C"» <^i^^'^ qB ^ do this injury ? No, Sir, we did it unintention- ally For what purpose is he learn- ing to spell ? That he may know how to write correctly Can you tell me how to do © this? Yes, if you will shew mc how to open this box With what design do you ask me to fetch your book ? VYith the design of amusing you for half an hour Have you no other object ? Yes, I have another : that of instructing you in English "I (We) may not only say learn to write " and teach any one to write," &c., (but we) may also say " I know, ascertain, understand to write, I instruct, shew, inform, tell any one to Avrite," &c. Tell him to write this letter well, and tell him how to write it well 1 not only wish, but I can do it 8-2® £J^-5 (5D ®S5 c^^cTt ^\,qQo n^czeriO C5D£3^&>so83 C33D QcQ^Q CS(?©!5J^0 qC55 *^3:03CS C?.^3§ cg^c3^0 g'^0x2€)3 C3©S?-555 @^,5?39, ©© gcsa:j0 ^xf50^83-<^i^o C53 2?:>^e)3-©0 . . .® ^S'.c5^5d83 — gce'^0 ©© CS®^©i©d383 d©^.35:f «,2J?38 ©0 6 ^E) ing-delaying; him so long ? <^<^^5^5 (^8^JC5D«s:5-^d .©>,£5D<:d) ®^<£eQo^ ? Let them go, if they wish a)g^ (csai©) ^j^^^^W cQ ceo©.& Why should we trouble our- ©g^ ^8^dc5D*50 e^8 ©3o selves to keep them ? cQ®0® eDai®^^eoo^ (©^©3 ^0<^)? Let him go (send him) imme- ©^ ^i'^® cz^Q ©253\ (©^D diately ^i^si® cea^oarf) Let them work until six ^i^q\,(§B ^-Dcs^S^^d ®§ o'clock at night, or I shall ^ eia}^d^€}^^\^i^ not pay them "^^ ®© a)g^0 (^^^B(S)^X^ ^\ 107 Let him take (sec that he oB S^Q^CO-SJ ©03.20200 ®KJ takes) this medicine to-mor- (S>^S)oO^-s^ Cf9co^5^^o '^§<£) row, however unwilling ho ©s^ ®C5d8 ^8o ®i©ae>s^j9 may be to do so ®«DX. (©©DiO C»i9cc0 C® ©e3CK)<53«»5) Let us go away from this place e© eo^oeo^csaiJ i^B caSo'SOco Let us prepare for what we ^«5®^e55 B€)-&B^O S<^€) know may happen very soon ^ ©8 efS <^^o^5^ (^(^'Bc© (6<5a0) ^e,^"(^S'g Did you do this on purpose ? ^S) ©«D\e)D0 ®©^ -dff'Co*^ ? It was not on purpose that I ©9 ^^-(53?5^3@^S, &c., are always permissive not imperative ; and the forms CC303-253<^03-gc8303-(5^^£)3-(3L®^e)3-G3^'583, &C., are optative, and are also used to express obligation. Exercise. Pray let me write this letter first. Will you let me take it to the Post Office, when you have written it? I will, if you (will) let me go with you. Let that dog come with me ; why are you holding him ? Because I don't wish to let him go with you. Whether you wish or not, let go of him. Why did the teacher detain you so long at school ? Because I did not let go immediately he told me of a boy I was holding. Don't hinder (e)p ^8^303) them ; let them play. Let them run, if they wish. But after they have done running, let them come and work, whether they wish or not. Let them do what they like until ten o'clock, and then let them go home and write their letters, however much they (may) wish to stay here. Let (B9c03®^-(^<53:?D3@^8) your brother stay at home to-day, (and) if he is not well to-morrow, let (see that) the doctor come to see him. Let go of him, and let him go ; but if he does any mischief on purpose, let him receive punishment. Let us go then and see what he does. Let this broken tree fall, and let us finish this work first. Is it in order to obtain your living that you work so much ? No, it is in order to obtain money to do good, that I strive. Can such a poor person as you do good ? Yes, such persons as I too can do much good, if (they) wish. Let us all do as much good as possible. 108 SIXTY-THIRD LESSON.— C5DL0^^®a<:£ C23i)©c3. Verbal Nouns. The doing, a doing Shewing, shewings Saying, sayings Coming, going It is a good thing to learn obe- dience (to be obedient, to obey) in youth It is not well to imitate (to take for example) that w^hich is evil It was not difficult for you to shew me how to write To be poor is no disgrace How delightful it is to con- template the works of God ! Is it well to work both night and day ? Is it possible -for any one to do so? How is it that he does not come to school now ? It will not be difficult to tell you that It must be because he is ill Had it not been so difficult to find the road I should have come yesterday What need is there to do this ? ® I am not only your friend, but also your brother This is not only good but strong and beautiful It is not only proper to go, but you must go Besides that it is your duty to obey, it is also your interest 6^c^§i), ©o^^B or ©lO'^ C^'®, C3D® ©,0ejJ0)(gc5D^cai^^© ®£5:oq e? ©>®S^^v)^@^5555®) (5^5533 c® ef®o(5t x^iai^o© 0® c5'®c5 6^©3 e^L-eS (^"®c5 6^0 ^^ ©^3^ ' .^® ^^0'2S)q ? 0® (3@^ ©^CS38d C®^555 ^'8 £a^D€)3 t2§0 C^^^'^ -d^^S)aD0O CQ^0 ^-^203 O®^^ @^^D30 £^^^6i(^€)^Q C^Q ^<2^0aai 109 EXEKCIbE. It is bad to be disobedient. Is it well to try to do two things at once ? (It) is good, if (you) can do them both well. Is it a dangerous thing to imitate bad men ? It is not difficult for you to ascertain that yourself. Is it not bad to delay till to-morrow what (we) can do to-day ? I think it is /extremely improper. Was it difficult for you to travel yesterday ? It was difficult, because we were very uncertain about the road (cs®© -c^O ^^®0 2O •63®©ao8o.) Did men think it a wicked thing to be poor at that time ? No, but they thought it {&es)) a very unfortunate thing. Have men ever thought it a disgrace to work ? Not only did they formerly think it a disgrace, but even now many think it a very vile (^^© low) thing to do some (kinds of work) works. Is it possible for me to think it a disgrace to do such good things as these ? Is it possible (G!60c^ or c6e)^^-5!i) d^^'Q)^^E}jq) for us to do all this work to-day ? Not to-day, but I hope we shall be able to do it to-morrow. How is it you have not been to see us yet? Because it has been so difficult for us to find time (obtain leisure. ) How sad it is to see men caring onTy for the things of this world (@^®s^c^8 ®<^0.c^)! Is there any need (©«Dx, 50) many days ; but I hope it will stop soon, and the sun (begin to) shine well (^^li)^ C3CS^D03.) Is the word q^^^s^^ a good word for use ? Not very good ; but it is necessary to know it. The words £ fd^) and ee©C5D are better. By whom did you send the letter to me ? I sent it by your brothers, William and Charles ; and they promised on oath that they would give it you. Had you sent word by your other brother, he would have told me Ill nt once. If you send letters by your servant Thomas (® C^J^cd ^cseo 8iS)J533«5c53 or 8ii)is^^$Xj^E)d) his boat which was caught by the current and carried to the sea? It did not go to the sea, but was caught (active) by a boy as it passed your garden. Have you got wet with the rain ? No, [ have (been bathing) bathed. Do not get wet with the rain. If (you) get wet (you) may catch a severe cold or fever. How was this bottle broken ? It fell from the table and broke. Did you not break (553£^£)j) this stick ? It is true it w^as broken (broke) by me (^"3if^a:^^ C3i©i8). Will this coat tear if we hang it on a nail ? It will tear by its own w^eight. Then let it be on the chair. Let the dog alone. Why do you tease him ? Is he not near death ? SIXTY-SIXTH LESS0N.-e5?L0K)®.E)^ OD^©ce. Become eaten, w'ritten, said, done ; i. e. eat, &c., invo- luntarily To catch a disease or become ill Has he fever now ? He gets fever every other day My whole body aches If a needle runs into your hand it will hurt you A brick fell on my foot, and hurt me much What shall we do if the faults we have (happened to do) done should be discovered Let us make our escape (go away secretly) before the faults committed by us come to light CS®®<35^0 ®.<5fec3-S55 (^OS)-^) ®.®555 ®(3i) (^<5J'c53D^d' — (or ecC^^<^^^^3 S;^ f§s^-^g9c55 c^^ ^'^S eft 0t© ©0 ®.S)3'5C5D3® 8q^0 {B6q) e^esSj^sDo^ ®-k5 ^ 6Qq ? " Was he killed by falling from ®^ CSCa^S^^ ©lS 3i(j'i»?3<:j? a tree? (Did he fall from a tree and die?) He died by drinking poison SDc^ 6c3 Q(3o ®tc5'i«53 (vol; rather) Iledrank (in vol:) some poison, ©S^Q 0C3 ©oSc^ (S)^)2'i(5'- and died ^Od I poisoned the dog ©9 ©CCo^ ®cs ^ (C*i^) ®i He ate (invol:) some poison, ©s^O €)ca <2S5i9 ©iCTi^esDa and died. He was accident- ally poisoned EXEHCISE. Did you get fever yesterday ? No, I got dysentery. Last year I had a headache (^(ScS e^t©©«5) every other week. Does your finger ache ? Yes, and my whole back ached tintil I ate this medieine. A needle ran into m^- hand and hurt me much. He took a knife and pierced (stabbed) himself (efi^K) <55'-^S^;i (to death e?t^C53^o ^idiiro). Has he stabbed iffi^ «Q3) you with a knife? Ko, he has pricked (e^i^yrjo) me with a pin. He is very ill (c553c3^0(5d BS«je)i), a knife having fallen and run into his f(X>t. Did he not go off clandestinely on account of the injuries he had done you ( 5^(3 e^CD'Q -J^esD)? Yes, he was afraid they would come to light. Had they been found out before he went, he would have poisoned himself. I fell from the roof and broke my leg (®© e)?© SSi^s^C^ nora : 42j5t©«DD invol.) A stone fell on this boy's head and broke it. (A stone having fallen, this boy's head split). He fell into a pond and wet his clothes. Do cattle eat (invol.) any soil when they eat grass? They do eat a little. Who poisoned your horse ? No one poisoned him ; he ate some poisonous leaves along with (his) grass. I was going to do one thing, and did (invol :) another. Good men are sometimes betrayed into (do-in vol :) faults. Often when intending to say fto 1 say Come, He was going to write my name, but wrote his own. 1 intended to take an orange, but through my haste took (ef^S e?e5®,0,^8j) a potatoe which was near it. How often when we attempt to do one thing do we do another! Why do people say that wrong which they did voluntarily, occurred {^ssiCSi^^d). Because it is pleasanter to speak of their fiaults in that wav. SIXTY-SEYENTH LESSON.— C5Dlc)C5?«5§ 8^ coSQcs. Our house caught fire, and c^csd @^(K)^ cS^B cfCCo §^ the whole house was burnt ©ed C^C^ ^^^ down No. 2, t 114 He set fire to oiir house, and it was burnt down He set fire to the whole city, but the inhabitants put it out He burnt his house down I drank some hot coffee, and burnt my mouth My feet burn with walking rn the sun If I am burnt to death They burnt him alive They sunk (were drowned) in the boat The ship was wrecked and sunk, and the people drowned He sunk (went down) in (his) clothes I sunk when h^ struck me He drowned himself He fell in the river and was drowned The stone he threw barely struck me He barely escaped alive ^(^■6 ^C550 S^ ^cSt> S^3l c^^d cScsa ©e)3 ©0 qrB^B ^i^q ©®g5 'SSi^d ©3 £5(53 ©L^Cr^oSn^D"^ '(C(£)£de33) eiD©3 ©g2>^ ®(5i€)^ ea^JzT cSg ©lc5i.^^d ©^ e^LgS B^'^iif cS6e5?o (vol :> ©^ ©0 (551^00© ©3 cQ6«0d ©S9 €)<5^^c5 Cj^O ©1.(^4. «D3- ®K9 CD©©D ©lQ cSg ©L(^l^D3 from the The nail cam« out He has escaped watchmen He has entirely escaped that danger e;L^^3 ©15 §522)Jd(3^®CS)^ (5>tC^ S3^3 ©S^ €J Cp<55^3(5^2)ai §^©^© © 3DiC§'^3 or €p55.^3©8 N. B. — I. A new subject can only follow a perfect participle when, as above, the pft. ppl: expresses the cause of what follows. II. The Invol : Mood is also used as a Vol ; or active in- transitive. In this latter case the subject must be a livino; aojent in the Nom. case. Exercise. A brother of the boy who was drowned in the lake last year, was burnt to death yesterday, through his clothes taking fire. Did he set fire to himself (<:ycC0(53C5^3^) ? No, a fire stick fell near him, and set fire to his clothes. Can you put out the 115 fire wliich I light (c^C^ 453(5 «38o)? I can, if it is not very violent (cs^C;). There (^20£o) tliat bullock Jiaa burnt its mouth with the hot congee (-25^1 q). My feet burn becaui^e I have been keeping them a long time near the fire. A child fell in the fire (cfe^ 's.sdj®!^), and was burnt to death. Did you ever burn any animal alive ? I never voluntarily did such u cruel action ; but a cat once fell from my hand into hot water and was scalded (C^Co) to death. Were they drowned at (in the) sea in the ship? Yes, the ship filled with water and sunk, and they were all drowned. Did they (voluntarily) sink (5^^03(53^) the ship and drown themselves? iS'o, the ship struck (C5:>t8-0i^) against a rock which was under water, broke, filled with water and went down. Does he boil (^®^?3 t)o) the potatoes with the peel on {<^qQ 83^) ? Yes, and I eat them with the peel (8Q^ or ©cgai 6^-i3^). Do you go down (©cS^5D0d) into the water with your clothes on ? Yes, and I go with my hat on too (@^^Dd8a:a:f0 ®t«Dj^-c^^@0e:/O cz<^^.) Has he escaped from prison ? Yes, he escaped whilst the guards were asleep ; and two of the guards immediately drowned themselves, and another shot himself (©»€)© ^cS:c5D<53 ©id'^.^ro). He escaped (^iC8^^) because some of the nails of the doors became loose (g^id6^e)C3) and fell out ((i"DiC^ e)i(5^©«3£)3.) SIXTY-EIg^HTH LESSON.— csdlO^Os^S)^ ooi)0cs. A large quantity of earth fell oe^ s^coos^ ^^ 8© €)?© ©c^Q on him, and has injured ©Qd^csdo© "O^Ddc^S -63t>.cD (wounded) him much ^003 That is no matter ; unless he &^) ^S)o8c^^ ^^g^B^ ^^ brings a bag of coffee and a &, -53)53 ©02-a^<£)5<§®0 KJ^.e^ €)Dec-cc63«:)csS C3S^^«3£)^) .^^ 6€)t ®e)tK> cd ©ceo £ii©e@^0(3 pronounced (csi^c^s^DaDSo or esid^^Od) alike ? That depends upon (is according to) the meaning. I am sorry I have not had an opportunity before this of telling you a matter or two I have to say. That is no matter ; that you failed (S)i.8g«D ^■ssi) to tell me hitherto is no reason («5>5D(5^D3€)-S55) for not telling me now also. This book is a Singhalese lesson book. As for the names (<^D©e)(^SD3) of these men, I do not know (them) : I am acquainted with them only by sight (face). No matter (^5)o8(X)^ ^^x) you will have to give witness against them. SIXTY-NINTH LESSON.— K>i.0^©5^a^ ooSScs. Even a feeble person can (or could) do this Do not follow that bad man's example Do not imitate (be like) that bad man In what century did this hap- pen? ^ He was born in the eighth century Was it not about the tenth century that evil began to be called good ? How is this word pronounced ? The vowel is pronounced long Is not your house finished cleaning yet ? It was finished yesterday When was your house built ? 2©v3 (S^vSos^^D^O ^§^ ^or C3e)3) ®>©<^-^ ^6^Q)c^5D3<^ ? 93.2SD^5^(5c3 cp^eeo (drawn) (or ^SiQo) 118 It is not built yet ; it is now ^5^8® ^iC^^^B ^x ; '^i*^ ^^^ building «d89 About when will it be finished S5)Z)C^ £)j©cd ^^Si coae, <23)© building ? §^®©<^ ? It was originally built of wood, €J^) §(3^ Q^Q^ csoe, -^g but afterwards it was pulled «^3 (or £3\e;8o) ^§^ o^S) down, and built of stone 6^s) 'Ss^^oq^o (^^bQ^ £3^ N. B. — I. See Lesson 65, II, 1, b — and Lesson 70, I. and 11. II. The active voice without an expressed agent may be compared to the English active with an indefinite They, One ; and to the German man : as — They say or do. One cannot, must, &c. Exercise. Even a beggar would not do such a mean action. Even a king would accept such a valuable present as that. Though you have followed the example of the bad (v*s3cg'^(5j) hitherto, do so no more. Imitate the good and lowly. Do you know in what century this old church was built? It was built in the century the builders of it (those who built it) were born. That must be the century in which the wisdom displayed (®c®nSD^) by your answer was to be obtained ((jQocaadO •63Qi5D.) Was it not in the past (ogcQcs) century that this vowel began to be pronounced long ? No, it never was pronounced long, and is not now pronounced long. Some words are pronounced in various ways. Is not your coat finished making yet ? Both my coat and my shoes were finished making yesterday. Has not this new table been polished (©^sdS'd) yet ? The table is (has been) polished, and the chairs are now polishing. When are (must or will) my boots to be polished ? They must be well cleaned first, and then polished. When #111 this box be finished nailing ? It will be finished before night. When will the trees be planted in your garden ? They are all (already) planted. Are they not seen from the road (cad"© ®id^:€)o) ? Not yet, they wdl (begin to) be seen in about a year. Was the road which goes to your house made many years ago ? It was made before our house was built. How are books made? The subjects (xc>25Dx6^a^ C5Da)0c5. Onions arc eaten with a little salt Was this tree cut down with ©^^ axe or with knife ? (§ Never mind that, you see it is (has been) cut down Cannot it be set up again ? It can, but I think it will not stand (remain) I do not think it will stand AYhat is your opinion ? If it stood yesterday when lifted up, it will stand now Though the cloth be placed upon the house, it will not stay Where is the book kept ? Where is (has... been) the book (now) put ? It is put every day in the box ®\2)^ 8oS<^CS39? ga^^^, ^§a5 (6.tD) cS3^ <^c5 dq) ? ^eri ^'i^Cd ®i.(5ido<^ ? (^ €3 121 He was poiaoned S)r^t) ©rent's© Qci^(^d3 (®^ By whom wjis this clone ? ®©.25^ <:b^oyB«i J»(53<^ (or © teml him 25)6 ^oc^isy&:>So These houses arc gradually fall- ®^© ®^cK)8(^ ^(^ist'^Q^Si e5)£3 ing down 0lQGDe:?c^^o0^ This tree is now fallliig down (s?-© cf)C5D «^«i 8-c§^^^'^^3 Is lie accomplishing his (pre- S)K) 0^©3'^c55 ef<^^£3 @^&^3€; sent) design well ? q^vS^DJc^ceaif tg^0) too must have drag- ged upon the ground, for it has caught (0 ^(ic^) a great deal of dust. If the box be placed there, the door when opened will strike against it. The branches of the trees which were planted here last week have struck against each other, and all the leaves are fallen off. Did the branch which he let go of strike you. He bent it and let go of it, in order that it might strike me. That is, he pulled it down with all his strength, and (then) let go, to make it strike me. Had you previously struck (c53eo^:i€)o) him ? I had not struck (him), but a stone I threw struck him. Was not your brother getting better a short time before he died ? Alas ! No ; he was getting worse from day to day. Is this bread spoiling ? It gets worse the longer it is kept. The more bread we take of the baker (^csD^reo 6Tii6c£0) the worse he gets too. The mangoes which were got from the tree a month ago, are now ripening. Did you ever doctor yourself? No, but I have doctored many other persons. AVhom did you get to doctor you last year, when your disease was becoming so violent ? Several very clever doctors were called in (£^©cfica3 cs^eosoQo with ace :), but our old (former o6^s^) doctor was employed. Is not this old court-house gradually falling down ? Yes, it will fall down altogether soon. How, if it should fall down upon the judges, the prisoners, the witnesses and lawyers, and bury them all in one common ruin (^©^©•.25)3® Sss^O czQB e?3e365^i£)e:^0o) ! It would put an end to their cases (will end) for that day at least (6 qBcsQ)^^.) These boys arc going along breaking all the fences. These boys are breaking their way through all the fences. It would be well, if instead of thatj they would go on learning their lessons well from day 124 to day. Did you hear a gun (firing) a few minutes ago ? No, but 1 heard a bell ring. At what time is the bell rung ? It is rung as soon as the work is all done. I wish it to be rung now. SEVENTY-THIRD LESSON.— j^l^)^:)^^^^®^^^ 03S)©cs. Did you see this done ? @©<253 55)C?«SDe)3 ^g(5.sd eg I saw the soldiers driven away (§^.^£)Dcses5 Ov20d^®,^8d ©0 Do you wish anything to be @^D ©25)303^^ @®o<2550<5f e^q given to this lad, Sir ? ^d€)jO ^§.^3^03 '^©^d ^i0 ^^? Where was he brought up ? ©^ e^i^gs^*^ (- ^^ e?i^55D Are birds reared in the country (^B ©xS^dS epi^g^ (j@^ ^ where this girl was brought C^iCC'^ efL-65^'^(5«^93«5 ? up ? Has the old horse been given .SDo^ e^CQE)cso ^03^iE®3<^ ? away ? No, it has been sold oiF (got eD\, (^'nS §^^^iS®o rid of by selling) How long is it since your q©^ 8ceo ©i8 qi^ (§^<^o©9 father died ? d'-^s^ds^S^^Saq (or g^^j^- S(Xoq) ? How long is it since you got up? (*® <^tcS0 (3^€)3 This box has been broken open ®i© ©^c89cs ^aSoC^ cpL(5 -63 Has that tree come up by the & C^CSD (^^8 ^®>€)2J:e)3ej ? roots ? It has been pulled up (by some €Jl^ 43@^«)^?e)3 is simply. Is broken^ it being uncertain whether any one did it voluntarily or not. ^5)s)o<55®'r)^303 Has been broken (by some.) Exercise. Did you ever see an elephant caught ? No, but I have seen (them) hunting elephants. Who wishes an elephant to be caught now. I wish a wild buffalo to be caught and killed before sunset. Do you think it can be done ? Where was this cow reared ? It was reared on the coffee estate where my cow was reared. Our beautiful dog has been given to my cousin. Why do you not give away that ugly dog, what is the use of keeping it ? How long is it since you sold off your old furniture? It is now about six months. It is now four years, four months and a few days since my mother died. I have been unwell ever since then. Has this old man been ill for many years ? He has been ill ever since I remember. Is it not more than ten days since this box was nailed up ? It is not ten days since it was brought here. Are my clothes put in the sun to dry ? Your clothes, Sir, were all torn to i)ieces yesterday, by the very dog that was reared here from the day (it) was born ((^c^Jsia, oO*^). I saw they were (are) torn to pieces, but I did not know how it happened. Are all the cups and saucers (®^25)Jd O BSe^) broken thus? It is noAV three days since they were broken. Who has broken your walking-stick to pieces {SSixQ •3Si\S -«2?ig®^) ? I do not know ; I found it broken in the street. Have all the weeds in your garden come up (by the roots)? What weeds come up of themselves ((^@^®)? They have been pulled up by the coolies. Is it very long since you caught this cold ? It is five days and ^en hours. This medicine box is broken open. Indeed ! it cannot have broken open of itself; it must have been broken open by some one (^53g(3<5f). Is it long (©©(3^) since you first (o^§®25)oc)) saw that it was (is) broken open ? It is about three hours. 126 SEVENTY-FOUETII LESSON.- ^iQS^x^^^cSqB^ 1, looking about as I went, ran against him. He, staring about, ran against me As he ran his foot struck against a stone and became lame Did he not afterwards hang himself ? My hat is hung on a nail every day The sack is hanging on the wall The bat hangs on what it pleases That monkey is hanging by its tail from a branch of the tree At what time is the gun fired ? It is nearly time to fire it now What or what time is called noon ? I wish you would tell me what this is called Please (be so kind as) to tell me what you call ^tsScso Did I not tell you (what animal it was) it was such an ani- mal ? I said to him, go and see whe- ther such a person is ill or well He replied, I met such and such persons, and they told me such and such thing's Whether (though) he be well or ill he must work ©9 efe$DcS5 ©03(33^3 65^^ S) €)^C3 ?©3^ £SCS3 CQ c^ad" ©c^O53^0 ^cS3 ®© e^C5D©d ^esD^c^ ^3ieoia5^^d ©0 es®g^jcs ®9^ ef £330(5 127 I slioukl be gltul if the Gover- (?)© ^C^^ C^CoSrf C^ieOt^ nor woiikl tell me what CD3€) C<55A■5C^^^f0c3 ^ce^ particular per»oii to appoiut (^-o^9j25.^^0SDed@cd 99 eS to this office cSx^£)o«3^ 0® £5)i©45S T will tell you what to do CfC5D£)c? ^'"^ e5)Cr«5dOco ^cC3 Exercise. Do not stare about in that way as you go, child ; if you do, you will run against some one or other. Were either of you two hurt, who ran against each other (through) not looking where you were going ? As he ran staring about, his head struck against a tree, and he fell and died at once. Had not his brother hung hhnself about a week before? No, he suddenly (^^cdBs^^cQ^) fell down dead (eii<50i^0^JD83). Where do you hang your clothes ? I hang them on a chair. Can a hat be hung on a chair ? Yes, it can both be put on and hung on. As he was falling from the tree lie caught liold of a branch, and hung until a ladder was brought {^c,& fcScSJ.) A bat came one day, and hung itself on a rafter of our house. Will any animals come and hang from the roof of our house to night ? Our monkey sometimes hangs five minutes by his tail from something. Can you hang long by your hands on anything ? What do (you) call long ? Let us suppose half an hour. I do not think I can hang so long as that. Have you heard the gun (5^8^(33)? It fired about five minutes ago. At what time was it generally fired ? It was always fired at one time. Have (they) not begun yet? ]^o, but it is now nearly time to begin. What is called the world ? Did I not tell you what it is? I wish some one would tell me what this strange piece of iron (dative) is called. No one can say exactly what it is. Be so kind as to tell me what (you) call a piece of iron (nom. case). What is this servant called (dat.) ? He (dat.) is called John. What do (you) call servant (nom.;? One (dat.) who serves another is called (a) servant. The sun is near to rise (it is near sun-rise). He started near sun-rise. Did I not tell you what animal the lion was ? Yes, you said it w^as an animal of such a kind, but I forget what kind. I wish some one would go and see whether the work has been done or not. Whether the work has been done or not, I must be paid. If he has not told you what parti- cular person to appoint to this office, I will tell you. SEVENTY-FIFTH LESSON.-.^i^^xoe^(3^0^3 03£®cs. Hot and bring this water ©.© ©■0^'^ C^^^C^ '5>C5D@)SD Hot this iron for me ©B ce^^^ ©0 cr^^ ^Si^ot)D)? No, he eats it along with the skin (e^999ed). These children play quite enough ( ?>q)3^ $sDj0 ff 1-63), but learn too little. This iron has been heated enough {-^.6(^0 ^i^)- This water has become quite hot enough. Make this gruel (^i^) a little thinner (^ca^'^d' ^qe-o^d). This gruel is too thin (^c3 ® €)(53 Qi ©S). How did it get so thin ? The coolie poured in some water by mistake (e)5c^e>CK>s?-te){.cd)ideg'5:-C5?7Q^c6® ©0 ©g^d 6e?e^^^^ e0 with his father, his unconcern might have been lessened a little {®3© csDf^). Q^^^B^^Oo is used only of proxi- mity (^©§^©). Go close by the old house, and stand near the fence (0lOc) ^^Sg^Sv^). I saw a man standing close to the tree with an axe in his hand (ef®^«s5 -^^cODCS^ao). SEVENTY- SEVENTH LESSON.- ■^ic:^^\,^^^.Qd^ "We salute honorable persons "We worship only one being (person), but bow to many Are not bow and worship often understood in the same sense ? True, but we must learn to understand them differently All have their faults and weak- nesses This earthen vessel has holes (or a hole) in it Yes, this boy has made it full of holes Are you boring that board? I am boring only one hole in it Hunters shoot (with arrows) deer and elk and bulls 8 CP©JC5'<25)C5'^03 c^8 J^S:6^ocS (or ©L^^o®cd eeo3(S^cc^£0 €)^ ^Sgo €)0 ©^^<5i©Ci5320202)3 ®^^03 s^a dl©C ^5)C}C53«3i25:)0.«^ shaven by the barber? (S^^o^&oa^ o:^S5i^(^0(^^^ Do you dress yourself? C^® ^?^C320536o^ ? No, the nurse dresses me eD\, q?)cC3 ©Q qi?-s^£)^D£)o The king and the whole com-t <5dy'f5'Lroi6d'^gi<£) 6^ S8go^ arrayed themselves in the (retinue) <^<5^:©^0 ^Qo^^d most beautiful garments C Ot^^S) OjQ^Q^^^o The queen too had put on ®?cdB i»33®€)o^ ^^3 ef^^esfs:* most costly jewels, and was cpOv^-ssD OiC^^'^^^ §^3 ?^ arrayed (adorned) in the !5D3 or ^^^eOQXSDO ^:> s^cJ'^.^oed ©^<2))3©>C5Dd9^ ? ®d-8^o0 ®<^^0 ^^S 134 He is far gone (at the last) ; I ©^ (^^©^®csDo® cf^-639®©C3 fear he will not survive (g^Daie):) ®3^ (^^6id@\W^ ) I You too have much altered of late (ef <6?^ ©38© CSC"^^^5)(5' O-Si (C25^^^'^^C3'^') ^^l^'QS^ «^§0C^ S«>2J3 C^^CCJ C^0C38C'^'^ C^-^cSo fi«)d0 C5g^ C3ix)535 ©ic^erf ©©NcrJ §<^0^ ^ooQ Ci®^® «:©3 136 My money is put out to in- Bs^dS c§ed ocjogs^^cs^*:/ (or terest at the rate of five per ©icS^Jd) ©ecd §^d ®oog cent. ceO ^ <:9o^6)<^.d3 Exercise. Is wood attracted by the magnet? No, but iron is. As the needle is attracted by the magnet, so is the heart of man by worldly things. If these trees are to take root (©(^-sf-^^'^Osr©) the soil must be loosened a little w^ith the mammotie. Your cloth is dragging after you on the ground. As the heart of one m.an hanl:cr8 aittr diuukenness, the heart of another is drawn towards good things. Every one was much attached to your father. Those we are most attached to are often taken from us first. It is not right to be much attached to the world and to worldly thinsjs. The hearts of some men are covered with the dust of worldly things (© <:J©(5 ^i^<^ S^S) and the hearts of others are filled with it and quite spoilt. My coat is very dusty (e^CCJ>)' This table is very dusty {f)i^). Put that fire out, it makes much smoke. We cannot stay in that room, it smokes (so) much. I dreamed last night that five and six were ten (^s^eo^ c=3"0^«03-^"^(^O (^^^-z^) subtract three, and add ten to the remainder ((^^cfi C552??«~^); then the last sum is twelve, is it not? Is your house in the village itself? Yes, but we formerly lived outside the village. Do you think it is better living inside the village or outside ? I like living within the village myself (©Seo©) ; but my father likes the old place best. Are the mountains which are beyond Kandy seen at sea ? Those which are to the south of Kandy are seen a long way out at sea. Go and stay a little on this side the twentieth mile-post, and you will* then see me standing a little on the other side of it. No one's goods sell like those of the man who lives about four- fifths of a mile beyond your house. Fowls roost in trees, and wild beasts in forests. This door will not shut, because it is broken. EIGHTIETH LESSON. ~q^^3^E)^ 03s)®c8. There is preaching in our egS^^DCS^D ep-^d odQ^dt (»<^ church (or chapel) weekly ca^DD© -(^©iQ^dCO There will be (is) preaching in 6.S3 ©e^a, (g«§2<5^Cv^ ©^c^ss EngHsh next Wednesday .&D02) ^'5,©a?€)D At w^hat time does the service ©<^e3*:?3© ®^>O(S@©0d£0 {^ commence ? cs0j aQ^^is:>eyOd^ ? 137 ^he preaching (or service) will begin at six There was preaching here last week too (They) sing first, then pray, and preach last There will be a meeting held here in a fortnight I think there Avill be meetings held throughout the year I would rather burn that coat than wear it I would rather all my riches were lost than my good name Do not lose your good name Pour out a glass of wine, and a little water into another glass, and bring (them) He told me, shedding tears, of all his difficulties and hardships He made great supplication, weeping and lamenting They are disputing who shall (must) speak first They are disputing (divided, opposed) about what time the eclipse of the sun will take place We have long been at variance about our inheritances What place are you going to (favour), Sir ? I am going to (my) village Some thieves broke into our house, and plundered all our goods 6^ q6cdc3De0edS a3 (('<5>c^ Our affairs always get deferred ef 6 d ^)3(Se$^o ^^2^6^ e^^OQ It is dangerous to defer the go^^ epa50) g^lO©© c^^oeg salvation of the soul ^^d^ ^^^o epi<^ ® qcs^ 139 This life is short and uncertain The rehitionship between ns and our parents is a close one, but it is insignificant when compared with the relationship between us and our Creator Appropriate the exalted pro- mises contained in the Divine Word Apply (compare, fit) what has been said to yourselves, and see what sort of persons you are You cannot claim (obtain as belonging to you) pardon of the king; you must obtain it as (in the manner of) a favour Few are content to wear the beautiful robe of humility Nevertheless, many desire to wear the crown of life Will such sinners as we (like us) be permitted to eat of the tree of life (life tree) ? There is One who can exalt (bring) us to that dignity (You) must obtain pardon through the fountain (stream) of His blood, and become reconciled to God (You) must forsake the way of sin (sin way) and go (travel, act) in the ways of holiness We must through Him obtain a new vitality, and live (act, pass time in) a new life ^CS^^Q ©COg^ (5^«^£)(^ ^^ e)£a(3>cce5 (or ^2S^6i^0Q^^) 0C£5)C5 CiCqSD^O CSC^g C5Ded0 ep£S3®.0«O03 (or (gs), c^0csc^ Cl®^*?) ? 6 C^^<^®© (C£S£^<3K)®9 C5'«36\v25:O0(^.CK)^O o CiCq^'^^'SSD© ©;§ world, (you) must wear the (S^QdB^ o^^^G^c^^cd Q robe of His righteousness ®dO) duties hitherto from day to day ; but consider how dangerous it is to defer the salvation of the soul. I suppose {®^^B) you liave made a covenant with death, that (he) shall warn (inform) you in time, and give you opportunity to repent. But such covenants and promises are not valid (©CC^ «0x) before the Almighty Judge. You will find even in this world that they are annulled (cf£c^®^'^^3)- He can annul them any day he pleases, and some time or other will do so. We consider him a wicked (e^0) person, who disregards the relationship between himself and his parents. How much more wicked then is he who, knowing the relationship between himself and his Creator, does not act according to it ! What is the rela- tionship between us and God ? He is our Creator, Governor, Preserver, and Saviour. We belong altogether to Him, and to serve Him with all our mind (B^®cs^) and heart and strength all our life, is not only our duty, and a thing most profitable to us, but it is absolutely (§<6©^©®) necessary for our happiness (©a3i®^5)c5^^€)o). Shall we be saved if we do that? Certainly. I thought Paul has said (2ScS3-636^©^JD0o) that by deeds of law no man can be justified (6j(^^0<^(5^ (3q)^D2)3). True, and my meaning is, not that any one can be saved through that state itself, but that only those are saved (cS)LG6©'&DS)fjS) who have thus given up (©Dd'©^^o€)^) their hearts entirely to God. And who are those who have thus given up themselves (©3d'®e)^D6)3) to the will of God ? Only those who have repented, believed on Christ, obtained pardon through His merits, and have their only hope of entering Heaven fixed, not upon themselves, but upon Christ alone. Therefore, 1 may say again what J said before, that if we are in that way consecrated (^s^icS ^3«:?8d) to God, we shall un- doubtedly be saved : it is the proof that we are united to Christ, (eQ®^a)9, ^l§), are one (6<2x)8) with Him, have ob- tained salvation through Him, are partakers of Divine mercy 141 and peace now, and are heirs of eternal happiness. Have such beings as we pcrmifc»sion to appropriate the glorious promises contained in the Holy Scriptures ? They are all given to sinners who perceive that they need the Gospel, and who obey it. We are all related (csS)^a)8 &8^:e)j) to God, but that relationship will become a curse to us sinners, unless we be- come related (united caS)«DcJ5€)<25:)03) to Jesus Christ. We Ciinnot obtain the crown of life by way of merit (^cc(^0ca (s^cs>^). We must ,not only be content, but must with joy (gdjc- c3^) desire to accept it as a gift of God. Many persons instead of applying what the minister says to themselves, con- sider how it applies ('e^ejO^^^^iQ^ Sj.0!9e5D^C53iS) to others. How many persons there are who, whilst desiring to wear the crown of life in the next world, are quite unwilling to wear the robe of humility in this world ! If we wish to drink of the river of life and eat of the tree of life in Heaven, we must here drink the blood and eat the flesh of the Son of God. Plow can He give us His flesh to eat and His blood to drink ? Is that a hinderance (©oo)o6<6*i * Can man do good works 0i§g(5 c£C5:oSD«i c$3i«K) ep6 ^di^Qo 142 It is now after five You have spent your life in idleness The proper time for repent- ance has now altogether passed away The darkness has passed away, and the true light now shines What (how) is his appearance? He seems like a very low (vile) person He speaks as if he were some great person They look like (as if they were) servants They look like (to) servants He is not a friend, but an acquaintance He seems angry only He is soon irritated They seemed satisfied He looked very aagrily at me I have learned this by experi- ence Things which have been ex- perienced are not soon for- gotten cp'^a)^'33(5co 03D© est^ig ^ (■©t^s^e^^^) «?03 ®)^:^-&03 c®^S " @^d=^:03 ©9 (^©<2x) ef^<^ia5C3 (or e^^ C^^eg !5)<5i 20D©) accepts the service we do in faith (cfi.<;;c8g9vid) though it is defective and short (efg<^r^gE)). Have you passed any one on the road to-day. I passed three persons I met (|)«3 csDi^iJD), and five who (were) coming this way ('5>iJ§CS3. 0c) ^2??). Will they pass much time here ? If they meet (csS)(3'.9 eoc)j) their father returning, they will not pass much time here. Is it not past six ? It is past seven. If man passes his life without repentance, he will repent when the proper time has passed away, and pass eternity without joy, in sin and sorrow. Dispel (C3CiSDaDc5'.K50o) the darkness from your mind, and accept with joy the true li<2;ht which now shines. What sort of a person did he seem like ? He *seemed like a very honorable person. Did you observe (©;.<^£)3) how his appear- ance (was) ? As soon as we faced (§ ^:: CD l 6^250^:^/83) each other I saw that he was very angry. He is not my Either, but only a brother. He was not only an acquaintance, but a trusty friend. Do the things you have experienced seem good ? Some of the things I have experienced seem good, and some seem bad. Have you forgotten anything which you once learned by experience ? I have forgotten more than I remember. How soon you get angry about things you have not experienced. I should have been unable to learn these things so well^ had it not been for having experienced and learned them myself EIGHTY-THIRD LESS0N.—^^<3^^®:S^ caS©cc. Do not set free or unloose a ©iqc^ ^^5^^ ©^(32555 §<^^ dog which is tied ©8a5 gso^SSij 6od He delivered me from a heavy 'Q)<:So^:i^'SS)^ ©3^<^ e^0 Qt Budhists say that beings suffer co-S^S-cei ^5)^(^5^ efCa^ac^ g-355 misery for a time in hell, and ©q -^1.80) £3^ ^s^^^ again get free from it 8ocQ ^csd g8:sD©£)3 C5L^§&d £)d) this arrack farm (ef6^^ ®(5^c3) this time ? My brother has given security, and taken both it and the bridge toll for two years, for £1,000. Did (they) not bind you over to keep the peace for a year, in four securities of £100 each ? No, I bailed myself out on security for £300. The magistrate says he will liberate all the prisoners if they (will) give bail. Did the com- plainant win or lose ? He both won and lost : he won his case, but lost i^^i^'22)6e^bo) his money. EIGHTY-FOURTH LESSON.— if^^^cTcs^S^ ooSScs. invited a few friends, they did not come but I called in (invited and got) some friends to our house yesterday He pretended to be a pandit He tried to make me think he was a king I perceived that he was a learned person I understood from his conver- sation that his brother was ill Protect these plants from the sun Your house cannot be (is not) seen here, because it is shielded (hidden) by that large tree During the eclipse of the moon, the moon is hidden from the sun by the earth Can we conceal oui*selves by anything from death There is no way of protection so as not to be overtaken( caught) by common calamities No. 2. ©9 ^.q^csaj 't33(5os^.^®>.^«i q03(K)SXS)3) @Qo(5i€)0 6^oee)'^0 c^ ^©j <5c^(9^-25^®eo^cS5Sce3 ©0 fe)€) i)s;5®>c$5 ^6j(sBi^ ©O ®© Cicx^ c^Ss.aed (c?©00) ©©5030 (sds^^s^e5i s^x 00 ©®^ ^g^iCSed g0^G^a Cd 5S®>©«D03 ©J^^^^ca^d CS©vS50 §03®0ej5 e;^o0 ^60^3^ ? ®,C53g So<55-630e0 Cf^6^«3D e0^ C5^i.ScS0 §03©0'2550 T 146 There is nothing here to pro- tect us from the sun This umbrella is a protection from the sun I was amazed at his impudence I am delighted that I have made your acquaintance. Sir How soon this water clears ! ■6^^©^£i3 '(o©Ci^, gcegcjS, '2s.Q'S)Q S) ^(5^,©a?:i83 Exercise. I invited them all to come to the marriage feast (6^0 ^:^d 'ds^i'S'ciBQo), but not one came. Afterwards I called in some poor and blind and lame, and made them a feast (©^(32? vS5\©555 •£S3ej e^^^^o). He pretended that he was my brother (eoi^CK^J^ Cfctj ©S). He tried to make us think that black was white. You made him think that he was some great person. I wished to make him think that he was a very insignificant (^'6) person. Did you not perceive that some calamity had befallen him ? Yes, I understood from his conversation and from what he had before said, that he was in trouble. Explain to me these confused matters, so that I shall understand them (©Q C5;>id3cs^3 C5Di§cs0). How can I ? You comprehend notliing (25^i'?(L$:><^83). I intimated (C»i^(25D©83) to him that he would be jninished, if he did not pn^tect all the plants from the sun. I made him comprehend i^i^O^c^^^^j) Vrhat great danger This blind man^s eyes are now cleared (restored, opened) My heart is now cleared (re- lieved of all) This matter is (has been) clear- ed up Tliis man clears up (expliiins) involved (confused) matters This thread is raveled The cow has got the rope twisted about the post All his affairs are confused Bring a small qimntity (a morsel) of sugar or paper Hain particles (small min) are now falling everywhere alike jt drizzles 147 lie was in. lie explained (<^^(jiB^S)C)(S^^Z>3) to me why flowers protected from tlic sun do not fade so soon. If I go along^ hidden by you I shall not be seen by any one. As you pass that wickeil man on the road, you must go shielded by something so as not to be seen by him. Who can protect himself from (or against, dat. or abl.) death ? This umbrella is so torn, it is no protection at all from the sun. The eyes of the blind are sometimes restored. During my illness, my €yes became very dim (e^cTi), but now they are quite restored. If we are at peace with the great Governor and Father of all, the eye of our mind is opened, and all things appear to us in their true light (according to the reality — efi®'^as5 ^lQc30® or 6€)o®c5 <^czQ C3£&'3j^£)^©). I should be glad if you would clear up this difficulty for me. There is not a morsel {e^Ooqssi €>^) of sugar in the whole house. He has got all his affairs confused, so that he can neither move hand nor foot (efO> Oco ® c30C5e)ey:fG£)-SJ), like the ox that has twisted the rope about the post and got fast (^C0O^^<^^ ^6^ 86^D ®(^;^?3). Hintit .V. Page. Ability g'£)8<5d^e)3 - 86 Accidentally - - 113 Accomplish %dS^(^^^Bo 92 Accordant with ^sSjICsd, (^6i - - 89 Account (5) c^^D^o - 9 1 Accustomed ^^i£* - 92 Ache (S®^.sdI)3 ' - 112 Acknowledge 6a5-C5^c55^ «o8d - - 133 Acquaintance - - 142 Acquainted, to be, efg«3 03 - - 117 Act, to e@ce3J55(5'^c83 - 140 Action e§cso8, i§cS3'5>25) 5® - - 118 Add €)Z5)^?5id^^Bo - 135 Adorn C3(5cS'Kd€)3 - 132 Advantage 8d8c3 - 116 Advice <^t^§^25)® - 77 Affair ^0^83 - 85 Aid CO<2j5jC5'e5^c5'ejD03, (^ <:;©s^©«&:€)3 - - 76 Alarmed SOcs (or C^cso^) 6^0e?e)3 - - 89 Alas ep6^^^:^, c^^csdJ - 69 Alike C3®3«D - - 104 Alive, to be c?e>^8S«D 8d - - 98 Alive, adv. C^OS^d - All- - - 57 All-day ^^ca §<^d®*d^ g"^ ^£>G^d - "^ - 128 Almighty ca8oc^^® - 140 Almirah ef(^®3^cs - 129 Alms q^, e,*Dc3 - 129 Alone <^^ce© - HI Along §@^g5 - -24 Already - - 97 Also - '56 Alter (^E)e^GS5® - - 142 Ahvays '2QtDC5'®, cox©®^ (S^C®, cs\©s2jsd® - 36 Amazed §d®C3a5®0.5j03 146 Amongst ep^^d - 129 Amuse CQ^6\^Jes-25)C5''K) 03 - - 105 And - - 15 Angel ©<^8g^c5D - 112 Angry, to be ^6^B, ^ d'&i00^JD03, C3^d'®»aD'5i 8§^o0^ - - 97 Animal S3^3, ce-5£)cC3, g (5DC33, ^Sese?3 - 127 Annoy ^o^d'OsxS^s^Qo, c^ 5C5Did'<255(5^03 - 143 Annul cp0(3^^^<^<^^^3 - 101 150 INDEX, Page. Anticipate, expect Q^) ®oo®iC^'35^®iS)eD03 - 83 Any - - 39 Any one ce^®«J - 19 Any other ^€)2Q cei) - 38 Anything cs®S55 - 11 Anywhere 0^-DO®,s50o - - 139 Arithmetic (K)^^C5a52S}C3 70 Around E)0^Si6, e)@ ©J - 66 Arrack e^cT 455-2^ - 122 Array co^B^:)B3 - 132 Arrive OL^5'e3«D€)3, <5cd eg®,e^03 - 74, 130 Arrow ^o)^o - - 131 Article ©§£> - - 45 As 0o'5^Qd> ^<:^c5® - 79 At all <5^^3®C5D^9 - 12 At least - - 24 At once 6£D3 - 23 Bandy SSi^r^^^oQ - 68 Barber C<^«55^cC3 - 132 Barely cQ«5^B - 114 Basket es^©^ - 110 Bathe ^^d^^Qo - 8^1 Battle g©)cs - - 89 Be, to ^e8^03, t^8<^83, (^^n^o0^, ^-^©sdSo - 42 Beat, flog, bruise ^Q^ 03 - - 42 Beat, win §^^?83 Beautiful C'^^'^j ^C° <2)>3(5 ^ - - 40 Because (conj.) <:6c33 - 35 Because (adv.) ®-ss5<:53cs3 Become @^8<2?d83 - 69 Bed efL^, cses?eo - 44 Beef 60(5^®cd - 26 Before fsdas-^, ccS5^8 Before-hand ^(^d^css, ^ ^De;3 - 63 Beginning C0«£di(S5L^®, 0©e5©3L>56® - 62 Behave ^i^^'(j ^>':>E)o - 79 Behaviour 6Oie<50 - 120 Behind ccd^Ned - 57 Being (person) es-e©ceo, (^^^55@^^53-S55 - - 131 Beings (persons) efcs8(5. INDEX. 151 Page. Believe 8co^)»«>c5'^o£)D- 50 Believe (religiout^ly) ^q C5D«)0D - - 28 Belong efSdS- - 62 Beneath coO - Besides cfi(5^ - 129 Besides that 6^id - 38 Beti-ay C30o®.^^€)d - Between e^o^e^d - 135 Beyond 680, ^C^dSs^ - Big @^C3^ - - 43 Bind ©§^83- - 120 Bind over 'i^i'^'Q^B^^Bd 144 Bird '^6iQQd " 66 Black ^53<£) - - 69 Blacksmith cp30o5cS3 - 19 Blame (^offiS {B6q) ^Q «d83 - - 120 Blind man efaio)c33,<253a?D 146 Blood ®(S - - 139 Board (s) CxCC - l^^ Boat ©c5ia,03(5ia - 114 Body eoi<5Jcc, cpicQ3cs - - 45 Bread 03«:f, ®^^9 - 15 Break ^S)^^^^Zo,^^^^^^ 15 Break down 55^i)o<^©^ €)d, Q<^<;0^03 - 41 Breakfast C^6§g - 30 Bribe qcC^'»<^*^^3 - 143 Brick C5DC5^S):^e - 112 Bridge CjC©- - 130 Bright, shining ^d<90^ 46 Bring (^l(3i^o§^ - 46 Brother c3©CK>Jq<5c03 - 16 Page. Buddha 9s*:f- - 132 Buddhist g©)^5^^<55^^dcc^ 143 Build ©^c»03«)'K)(5D5JdQ3, cod q^oOd - - 21 Burn g6cdcoesD0D, «:;Seo 03, <^^D3 - - 111 Business ^iSc© - 58 But ^§^ - - 25 «2J3iO0D - - 11 Cage -25^g0 - - 66 Calamity Sc<55^cO - 145 Calm ^cd©e - 89 Can ^ - 110 Century Bc^B^ - 133 Certain es^5>5D^2)3 - 92 Chair gg€) - - 58 Challie cadScS - 48 Change ©J'5lvi»c:^^5^€)^ - 133 Chapel cdScs - 136 Chatty ^■:^(3-:c5^§ce, e>3i gcc - - 133 Chest @^o99cc (box), og (the breast) - 68 152 INDEX. k Page. Child e®cS3 - - 18 Child-hood (3©aE)c5c3, C ®3^3(3C3 - - 84 Church od6c8 - 41 Circle 3 - - 146 Clever£S®^,C53Ca5,^^^ 100 Close C253, «S8g - 130 Cloth ®(^c^ - ' - 42 Clothes e?Lg^, ^ecS} - 22 Cloud €)c^^C Coat ?:5oeq^c5'aDe)3 - 92 Come £)^03 - - 1 1 Come to light 6QczQ €) ^03 - - 112 Comfortless e^esd'^D - 49 Command e^^D3 25S,3 - 24 Common @^^03g - 145 Compare ca93o (5cS3 - - 144 Comprehend ®K583 - 133 Confused, to be, 03 - - 28 Crowd ea§253c3 Crown (v.) ©g^o^ ce^ 02O03(CiC^C532C^03) 139 Cruel ^(5" - - 115 Cruelty ^(^-^3© Curdle ©^.q^03 - 144 INDEX. 153 Page. Current csii:oo(5 - 112 Curry ©^ - - 40 Curse C3302^d'^J?0^ 5 7 Damp @0^cr> - - 44 Danger q^ed^)€) - 129 Dangerous qped^D cfi45j ^o§ - - 66 Dark ^«5o) s^-x^, ^53'5cS3 144 Defer e^^"50£Sv»j'eDc)3, g ©3C^^i5^a3 "- 138 Delay g^j^^'^Q^Sj - 80 Delighted, to be gd5<§^0 ^e)3 - - 89 Delightful §^9^ - 108 Deliver, commit to S)jd' Sdj^D^o - - 143 Design (s.) ^(^^^ - 105 Desire (5.) qpesD© - 140 Desolate cfcov5is3 - 76 Destroy *Oi.^^<5eDS3, es3 eec53>»c5^D8j - 77 Detain ^5D0^^03, g93 <^^6^^i):i - - 107 Determine e^co®<2a(5'2o£)o 76 Die ©L^C^^^J, ^B«d£)3 97 No. 2. Paov Difference @ e)^oc3, ®.©eo dA-:® - - 104 Differently <5 0«?cd<§^c•ce- 131 Difficult q®35i, cf8 :i - 24 Difficulty c^^jCTt©, c^^ (5ia - - 137 Diligently >5))©C3 5@^ceo - 58 Dine - - 57 Dinner, food <2»\0 - 30 Discover e^teoca-cieD^o, @^C33CC3 <^7,S-CK)2O2003 - 119 Disgrace (5.) 6^^Cifi, 65 «:i^^4S:® - - 108 Disinclination e^^5a®?.OX5) 54 Disobedient ^.•^■ss:i6\. Disobey q^5Si6i(^Bi^Z)d 57 Display @^ce8«:83 - 118 Displeased e^gc320>o, c^0 ^.^30, e^§c3 - - 89 Dispute 0^^0^c$(5 - 43 Dog ©033 - - 11 Door ®ej'5, ©jr^cs - 41 Door way @e,'5«SDS} - 130 Doubt, to c^^®5^o®^E)^sD 03, c^aQSoao^sjc^eDSs - 54 Doubtless ef^®3iJD e^i <3g0, C3)o.^3s @©(3.K) &, (the body) @^S)0^ ©3 5?'<3g.!K(5.^8o - 109 Drunkenness 6^^Sg0- - 108 Dysentery e^C3C^,^'^tc?, g^Sce, (5c^25)ce - 145 Eanh, soil, ocd Earthen ®z8 - - 131 Easily ©(^^^co*^? ^^S @ao«^C5c3 - 39 End ^^5)C^^, e^^i(§3®ce, ®a^:i(c$:)0 - - 81 Enemy es-OJC^- - 120 English <§'<§B - - 36 Enjoy §<555^Sfa303 - 81 Enough e^i<9- - 39 Enter efi<5^H@€)-2r8o - 59 Entirely ©6®<£t©,6?^C5D ®83f S, C35?§ga:i® - 1 (4 Era gs^cs, <2550Cc3 - 133 Ere 9a0®cs«i - 81 Page. Escape GOiC* ^^^3 ^ <^:^«? caed^8^o^^- - 112 Eternal £?e,s^3gc2a - 141 Eternity ^C^^dqc?, (for ever) eeej.'s^D^c^G® - 143 Even - - 24 Evening caSeo, ^i^B - 60 Event ^>^D(5^:)[}8 - 89 Ever ^5^e)e>e)^...i^? - 66 Every, all cat®, 8cs^ vzWe each - - 89 Elk ©cs^i^o - - 121 Else (^'V^s^ - - 61 Everyday «3\®e>® - 119 Every thing e3x®(s^<^^d- 88 Every- where £0\®<^teo ®, &':>i®a:^z,^"© - 74 Evident (plain) OiZ>ii^Q Evident, to be, (appear) Evil(5.)«D^(5,2oad'z^-® 117 Evil [adj.) ^oocfi.^ «5Dcf^(^(^.^©3 - 146 Extinguish ^8.so€)3 - 14 Extremely, vide exceed- ingly - - 63 Eye cpi2S3, efica - 146 Face §^D Fact epL^»S), C3iQx8 Fade oc5®8^S3 Fail QL(^®.aa:ia3 - 93 INDEX. 155 Page. Faith ^i^i&d Fall et&Q^Oi - 113 Falj^e (^Qdc^i - Falsehood <9>©)c5'i0 - 35 Far ^d, (^\Zn - 47 Farm - - 145 Farthhig Od§©, cod6^:)o(5^,c8ed 8c3eo0D - 63 Father 8cS3, c:>3^5)3}s 8 cC)«?{«:fe, - - 16 Fault 9Ji^,ai(5^c^ - 58 Favour (s.) *253(5ia:D€) - 139 Fear tocee^©,|)5 - Fierce ®(5*i5, -^c^, fees - Fight Cf)2>-DC5D,&D^oe)D, ^© Cb■D<5^o0^ - - 92 Figuratively C^^^, (C^ Find @e3}c33(3:) C5C§ Fish ®3^, ®3(£)^(5c03, © <252S3SCS3 - - 30 Fix 32^02)^2)3 - 140 Page Flog eD(5^o^^ Flower ©(* - -91 Fly-about €cQ 6 ©3^ ^c9 ®C2S3t)3 - - 66 Follow Od(^^C^ CS^03, 3x ©, cpc5D(5 - 28 Foot ^^e* co<^c?, (a measure) e^Sco - 48 For G'J^css, (^'Sh^csD, esq C5D3, ^CQ3 - - 56 Forest e)a?D'5:f^cs, ^b":^ Forget ©^®,<^<2S5555 137 Fortunate 83ca^30«2do^ 89 Fountain cd^^ - "139 Four-fifths c^csD«;J es^cs^u Fowls •^^'^(^5 Free ^(^csDeoS 83a:>aj - 143 Freeze ©.^^^^sd©) French g^eo - Frequently ^^o^6^c^0559 ©,©^©30^53^8© - 41 Fresh e^g-p^, ef§ - 15 Friend ®^cs>, c3«i6S3 - 27 Frighten S3ccc532e)«:;€)3 - 75 From (abl. case) 8©, ^©, OQ)^-i, &c. - Fruit ©cs^S, 6q - 54 Fulfil (§d©sSD(5>20€)D, CQ^ q^55b355^f52530) - 92 Full, to be gc5;fe©(S5) ^r5,a^03 - - 131 Furnish (supply) C3Cc33, (CC®25^(5) (S^(^*^^^ - 115 Future, for the ©Cj^j©, ©<^ - - 75 Future (time) ©-0^ <^dC^ Gardeu ©0'>:5:- - 59 156 INDEX, Page. Geography tb-j^c5a\c£S}cC- 70 Generally 083® - 127 Gentleman ®o:)<3J®cej - 62 Get done ^Si6B^E)j, (fi- nish) ^f §^:5Dc5«o03- 90 Get written gcc0^j?0j, g CS3 e)3 - 41 Glass (adj.)^c^6i,{s.) §5 (5ia - - 102 Glorious ®.^d^8A:Jc^ - 17 Go CS«383 - - 11 God (s<^9cs2e.6o23e:s>-:>a:f@d - - 140 Graciously <55^(5ie03£^ c:^@ece - - 143 Grain Q3'^x - - 120 Grass C^^53®<2>?3C5, ^20 - 21 Great ®c^-a^> ®c^<5j - 57 Great deal ^<^ss) - 19 Grief c.^, :e eeJ<2)3c3 - 9s Ground ^®, (5rc53Q€) - 136 Grub (worm) C^03 - 132 Gruel ^5^iq Guard (sentry) gcTo(5 - 138 Hand ^<2^ - - 20 Hang €ir^^E)o, tOc^ q^e^eo - - 112 Page. Hanker (draw) e^(,^©®8 «D©3, e?c(se^^£>3 - 135 Happen 8a),; 8*083 - 104 Happiness csiOO>, C3iO, 83C3^O30erj^<5b:!® - 19 Happy 63es^o0^C?3, g ^®8*d83, estcosO ^03 - - 145 High CC3 - - 135 Hill ^^ Himself ^^®, ^03® - Hiuderance S)3oJo8 - 141 Hire «^(3co0 c5D20?o83 - 144 Hitherto ©,^(^>Z)^^(Siy ®B®Ej^^^3i(i - 1 1 7 Hold ef03^8D - 35 Hole Oq, ^e - 66 Holiness ege)^^:)®, 888^ ^® - - 139 INDEX. 157 Page. I Home (^(S^f^d- - 12 Honor ®^(K)i'50cc, «5g© Honorable ®(ai^8«2^c3 eng3D(5 - - 131 Hope €)C3^0D@>(^<55^ ®^e)eo£)j - - 78 Horse e^c3e)cC3 Hot (gcd®, c^> ^^ - 1^^^ Hour 0(CS - * - 74 Hourly Oi(5co*5 OiOtO - 48 House ^(si, (»(S^^'^ - 11 Household (family) c!)e 134 How @^S)0(?;6?3®<;f - 28 However ®i, e^Bq ^S?3.!53(5^5?83 - 112 Husk (SCC53 - Hymn (S-^^d^ - 138 I ©0 - - 11 Idle 65^d^6^5)^ - 69 Imitate - - 108 Immediately d, ef^^'^cj - Insignificant g^ - 139 Instead ®.^^dQ, c^c^ 10 - - 62 Instruct C"^^^^^^^ - 1^5 Instrument Cpg6)c3 Insufficient ©^ - 39 Intend q^ga (<3R(^C5^5D3) (,2)o0- 105 Interchange ©jc5i<5i5(5«£?? 03 - - 130 Interest(of money) ©cog 135 Interested, to be gcse?5 «^ 6 0^00 - - 89 Intimate CO(25D0^03 - 146 Invite ^iiq0aD03 - 145 Involve (confuse) Scsg(^ J5DC5'^^0^, 0000,^03 - 146 Iron ce^S) - - 13 Irritated, to be C^(5soc3 ^03 - - 142 Jack wood @^<25^3cdg Jail :i^6(scf5, &6<^(^qd - 5ft Jewel ^fs^6^>:> - 71 Journey (5D©^3 - 79 Joy geScs Judge ^<^^Qc^e5)CS^E)o 82 Just a)l©^0, £330)3(520- 24 Justified, to be Qt©d0 4»(5^C©ec03 - 140 158 1^DEX. Page. ; Kancly ©"^T^^Sd* Keep e)D - - 58 Know <^ea2?D83, qgisr^D 03 - - 28 Lad ® 55)3(333 - 138 Lake 010 - - 114 Lame @^^S)o6 - - 68 Lament 0^e6^o^o0o - 137 Land a® - - 135 Language ^3''s2o0 - 36 Large ©c^^j ®SDv)03 - 19 Learned {aaj.) (^cs^^ - 145 Lease, to ©eqQ ®.^t^0o, (C55<5:>^O03) - - 144 Least, at - - 24 Leave (over) ^^c5'i^')C5' «D03 Leg 'a5^e - - 68 Lesson coS)®- - 21 Letter 68©, 6^3®^ - Liar ®i©3d't«2553<^c33 Liberate ^q^ti<2s>6 5S?03 - - 144 Liberty ^q^d^S - 104 Page. Life (concrete) c^S^co, (abstract) c?0aDca - 138 Lift Qd£Q03 Living, a (55^j0<555 - 48 Load (f.) ^^^^^3 - 68 Load (5.) ©i5 - Loaf o:>^(§\Q^z^ci - 142 Long §3^ - - 12 Look ©C^5D03 - 88 Loosen ^^i(i<5Si6^Bd - 41 Lose ^5Di<:9.^(5'^0o, '^L ^'^,0^03 - - 137 Loudly C538(?cs^ - 102 Love ^j«^(9)d®.0'©:'03, eg" ©^0^D03 - Low ocsDaj - Low, vile, ^0, C5&iai - 142 Lowly c30^®C^ - 118 Lust (5.) ^e&e:;330 - 140 Machine s3^esS)cs - 54 Magistrate .K}g, ,^g ^-33^50:3 - 144 Magnet 3J, © ©3 ©cjdJ© - - 25 Mark C^^ (csC^^) ^(5<^03 - - 144 INDEX. 159 Page. Marriage, to give in 63(5 «^c3jc)3^eja30j - 144 Marriage feast ®c^C> ^ q)d^x.® - - 146 Marry <555C3o<:^©§5?8d, C3 (5«:>O)0DCK)^co£)3 - 144 Mason ®^:^eJ^(5*5L0J - 19 Master csSd^csd - 101 Mat OzgO - - 63 Matter ^od^s:i:iE> - 146 Matter, no <5^0555 «?\, G^aDC?^© - - 115 ISIean (a://-.) ^£) - 118 Means, no aDz,9cS555 ^\, epes^Q^jD ^so'i, - 47 Meat S^ - - 26 Medicine ®©^.C5l<55, cfg csa) - - 99 Meet co^«0^^83 - 62 Meet, (assemble) d^ed^E) Meeting ^da, doed§® ^ 137 Melt C^-^C^'^^3, C^ @^a^aJ - - 128 Melt (dissolve) ^cz^Si(S^ Mend ^i^csDcdeo^So, (of clothes) ®3D5?83 - 15 Mention tQC^Z'^^ ^^6 'S^Bo 75 Mercy ^:)(5i^oo£>, <^coo8- 140 Merely ^q - 38 Morning C<^c5, C(^\ca^ 30 Morsel SO:ie;?<553, S£SD355 - 147 Mother e^i)^3, ©a, ©^ ^sccd" - - 16 Motive f:p«:;s^cQ - 81 Mountain -^^ - 135 Mouth <^:)0, gac3 - 114 Much ®S)j(3ic»o® - 19 Mud ®i) - - 143 Must ©^x - - 33 Mutton 66^c6 - 26 Nail eft^co - - HI Name e]5 - 112 Neighbour cfC3(j€)38cS3 - 79 Nest es^ga - - 135 Net ^^e - - 118 Never ^:8e,0^ a^x - 57 Nevertheless ^®C53^5 - 57 New ^6-35, e^'g^ - 12 News ^^© - - 86 Next - - 74 Nice d'csS - - 54 Night d5cs@A Oo^ce, c£ 67 No «3\, «?i.^ , ^^ i^ - 14 Noon <%j%c^^®Bc^^ - 80 Not ^^l^, (5^^^>'5B, (^.^^3 ®^g - - 47 Nothing ®^03^8ai, (^Sfi ©<355) &^\ - - 86 Now ^^i'^, ^d^^ - 26 Nowhere s^Ai-^cj^ssrfS^SJ (SN^oCD^S^) ^ox - 28 Number c^eo-eD, coog);§30 57 160 IXDEX. Page. Oath ^©(5?®- - 110 Obedience .e^^d'^.S)!® - 108 Obedient ^.•b:jc5'i. - 89 Obey ^:t)^d-i'^>z)^:'So - 57 Object (design) ept^i^cs - 105 Obliged ^-s^x - b6 Obtain Q'q)oc5^ ^^^oBd - 40 Occasion \^s.) 9::s630, t) CD30 - - 49 Occur £S)?^€)^8d - 113 O'clock, what, c;i^ .2^cs^ 93 Office, (place) ^55«^><:5^j ^10 - - 133 Often (o>i??3S^c3555§0 - 64 Oil <>^S)^ - -144 Old 0(5^5?, ^j^, ®^^'- 12 On Cs), 8©, <^^^ '= c5^ - 56 Once ^^:sid«s5 - 29 One (person) 6"855®^ - 131 Oppose Sd'ieD^^S^e):^, e3 <^L©:5^fo»c5'^5:)^3 - 98 Oranges ^i^^sc^^B Order (5.) 83^- C Ordinary es3®:«5x, '45^© 132 Originally §C?^ C®^ <^iB(3\B^^ - - 117 Others ®^e)aDd€)3, ^E)^^ c?c39d - - 38 Other side ef^ai OlO^^Sd Otherwise (6®ed) eDi<5i ^© - .. 78 Ought - - 81 Overtake 5g^S§^-:c5^®3, C€5D® Oi"^5.<5D^03 - 130 Overtake (in a fault) epeg )3 Paddy 8 - - 21 Pair *^5^Q0® - - 54 Paper ot):e:c,B - 56 Pardon, to, crj - Pass by, to C?^^">(5a:^£D 140 Pass away O^^O^So, o C5Ds©25D0j - - 142 Past (la-^t) C^cScs Pay @^539^& - 56 Peace CQ^.e^;5:^cQ - 92 Peel (?CCC ~ Pen CDi^i' ' - 17 Pencil Ciaieeocs - 14 People @^^eo5-c5:), ^^cdgg- 133 Per cent. ^^dQ - 1 35 Perceive qi^^e^^o, ^-^i ©^.t53^5.^©3 - - 145 Perfectly ce©9^5:fe?0£a ©-eosqc® - - 25 Perform ,BQdBS, ee Q^cS^Q - - 104 Permission ef8e3'5, (f i) - 131 Permit ^^/{^E)C36) @q aD03, (^^^8 - ^e)3 - 76 Person ®\J5)e^:5.355 - 60 Perspire e^^cSqQ^^o - 6S Picture B^ct®, 6a^a)3 61^ - - 54 Piece ^S)\C^.j <2Sii'(s'^OQ 42 Pierce e^^^?®a - 132 Pig c^<^ - - 11 Pin ^i^^'O^^^^S^ - 66 Pit F^C Place te63'K)cs, (^i:® - 25 Plain OiCSDi^g - 101 Plants OiCcQ - 145 INDEX. ir,i Pago. riant, to cSSOaoDo - H8 Plate 6^00 eJD- - 64 Play eca(33^<2)3'^'£^^^, ^.2j^(9«?e)o - - 19 Pleased, to be csed'^^i'ca (gfi3^>5j) ^05:;83 - 41 Pleasure cs^^-d^^es^icgcs, g Plenty ®^S)3'5^C5dJ'®, (suffi- cient) c^i6^:3^® - 68 Plough csdd^Qd Plunder (5^^a(^(^cb•3^2539J- 137 Poison (s.^ 9», Qco - 113 Poisonous ©C3 Policeman ^CJDg£d.5))Dd'cSD Polish ©§^83 - 118 Pond ® CO <552 53 Poor §(S9, gdoa5 - 89 Pork C*5<^l.^^ - 26 Positively tQ^'5)25)^C^ - 54 Possible - - 91 Post A'^^t) - - 135 Post Office o^iCii^vSa^d Potatoe ^^c» e^^^d - Pound (weiglit) dy^^Q Pour S^^-5d'^0D - 137 Power ©OC3, q-0£a'^ Powerful ©eS)a5, Qe^ ej^^ - - 54 Pray cS3«B)^8»d£)o, csotG, ^s)6eoQd - - 137 Praise geso £33^5)5^5303 - 120 Preach @^<^c3aD3j£)Cr05JD 03 - - 77 Promise (5.) ®O3®.C^25g0- 139 Pronounce ^i^^ 03)3 'SO ©3 - - 116 Proof ®::5g0, csoC^cs - Proper Ooa5S) C^z)o, ^^61 C|6£)^ 11 Ready Ci^^j ^e,aoi)8 ■e9s©'^6>3 - - 86 Really cpz^xs)©© - 54 Reason, to ^3'5«?o @^(S) Reason (5.) 5S)du^o8 - 117 Reasonable Sc9c20 c^(5i- 89 Receive d®S)sDSo, 8(3 C5D20eo83 - - 39 Reconciled, to be ce®ja, «Dc^8^£o - - 139 Recover (health) cc^o, (gS) s>e)eD£)D (u2t/e ob- tain) Redemption (deliverance) ^^®, (S)i.c§® - 144 Regardless (S^2^oq^iQ^Q 130 Relationship .^\^":®, 63 b) edQcs - - 139 Relatives ^JD^^csd' - 57 Relics a)3^ - - 132 Remain (stay) "BQes^B.}, ^03 - - 81 Remain over ^^(Si(§\D ^^0 - - 135 Page. Remember ®s^<555®^8*:> ^03 - - 79 Rent, to ^gce0(53^3S30D 144 Repent c^a3iS8Q^0^j>::o 143 Repentance ogcS^^gg®- 142 Require (need) ^^:)\^S)'S ^Oo - - 38 Reserve (§^(51^(5 ^^0o 134 Resplendent ^d<:^®'55 - 132 Rest, the ^^61 (603), ef^^ - - 134 Restore - - 146 Return ^18 6^s?0:>, (c3^o 83), «?i8^ cs^So, (6 «?8d) - - 69 Revile ^^e,<25>d'^0,i5 ef- O05D3£0<3K(5a:?83 - 71 Revolve <&iC3'^i65(i<^83 - 47 Right ^-^8 - - 47 Righteousness a)t©^0 ^S)B - - 140 River ©5(^5, C£?£5D38 Road C3(5, ®38a^, ©3 GT^cs .. - 66 Robber (S^.^occa^od'ceo - 138 Robe 8c£S)c3, cs68 - 139 Rock (5.) cSa^cs Roof 8i:^e - - 57 Room 55)3®(^cs, (space) ^S) - - 44 Roost ecS^So - 135 Root ge - - 134 Rope C^^ - -134 Round (adj.) 80^(1'z,, (adv.) Qq)<^6, 8(500- 59 Run §8^83 - - 25 Run-over (by an animal or carriage)- - 132 (of fluids) - .■ 133 INDEX. 163 Pnge. Sad ,ac^ ^102003 - 137 Sheep C3)i0<^e)3 Shield §03<2jD(5,K)03 - 145 Shine 0003^83, ©©C «:^e)3 - - 142 Ship ^iB - - 114 Shoemaker ccO@^<3ic5'ie)3 19 Shoe C3O<55<3^0 - 19 Shoot (with powder) 6^^ ^^cs.so©^, (with ar- rows) !;§^e3 - 115 Shop C33dg0- - 45 Short (in height) ^9 (in length) <6s;)g, ©^..Sj^oO - 139 Shout fe ©3c5b'3a3;5:8o, c^ot Shower (a.) £i.d5£^C^a^ 111 Show ®C'^v3D03 - 70 Shut Bz^^Bd - 135 Side Clo:^ - - 135 Sight, to know by §©^3 '^ efg^eo93 - 117 Sign :^s.) (3 35^^D, eoC'^'^ Sign, to ^^cc^-icsiO^^Bd Silk ®daD83, 03§®.0 ^Bd, €)zi)(^^5>2o03 - 62 Skin, to C539 o^C^'^^^j C5D®3D6-3'J5d83 - 129 Sleep, to ^e,C53^5D2D03 - 31 Sleepy ^?®^ - 67 Small g©, ^©:), (5::3§- 13 164 INDEX. Page. Smash ©f^o8a,^5)S}«^?*^ 41 Smoke g©QD33<^e)3 - 135 Soap ecS)^ - Soil od - - 136 Soldier ®^s5e)jcS3 - 69 Some cs®25Dd' - -56 Some one c&s©<055 - 19 Something cs9<355 - 13 Sometimes e3©CiOd'S0, eo ®2d5 0^j0(^ - 26 Somewhere ®.2>dd(S^^3©, - ©^oS^^^-^d" - 139 Soul 5p3§ a^ - - 45 Stile ga:^ - - 100 Still, yet 45^00, <:d0 - 66 Stone (53(3 - - 13 Page. Stop «5?8^^83 - 106 Strange q:g5i,g^0 - 115 Straw Sq(5i - - 132 Stream esi.Sood' - 1 1 1 Street g§co - - 49 Strike c53>:5D^d03 - 64 String o^0 - Strive, try C^ €0^155^(5 ^^03, 0\,CC© ^-5(5^003 Strong csS - - 108 Subdue ce©<55.S35eo03, ®i£o0-ex)<2??03 - 140 Subject (5.) <2533d'eDo0 - 24 Submissive ce05^o^c©^ 137 Support 6^ss3:)S303, f ■^2 (51 6,0.2303 - 134 SweeiJ ff<3^c5D3<2?:03 - 79 Table (S^Wcscz- - 15 Tailor ©^^^^^0(^003 - 54 Take (5^^332003, (convey) (5)C53^^C3^D03 - 1 1 Take place 8a)S)0^^)03, ®0<^03 - - 137 Tall C^sS, Ceo ^l^ - 24 Tamil ®i(^®(3 - Taxes epe,cO'f- - 104 INDEX. 166 rage. Teach Cc>^e6)^83 - 27 Teacher c^':^L€)d'cSD, c^ tTi _ ^^^^o^^^i^cd- - 25 Tear, to (gc^*D8D - 41 Tear up f <^^;^^^?:5€)^ - .*>8 Tease feocsJ25)C5'^:0D, :^5 C55t(5S^03 - 114 Thunder C5^dB^D<255(5aD €)d, e^33e9®cs>o<5€)e5383 - 110 Tiger 8^,09003 - 74 TiJe, to c^ ©coag^S^c^ ^03 - - 132 Till, until - - 63 Time (of day) (^BqoB, (of year) JS^oqqq - 81 Times, how many ^^<^^ ^0^^0555- - 59 Page. Tired ®0@^:s:e3, Q.^^^^i eg - - 46 To-day ef<^ - - 132 Toe ^L<:^CC - * 129 Toll (s.) 6^dJ«c»,(toll place) 6^6€3c^S(5 - - 144 To-morrow ®c»0 - 35 Too - - 36 Tool epgace - - 49 Too much 01 S - 39 Touch e^^c5^cs3ao0a - 129 Towards ©0^530 - 136 Town ^El(J - - 135 Trample 03(53^03 - 129 Translate £0O5i<22d'^SD 03 - - 87 Travel (5^®ed, pi. o^^ - 88 Tribulation g^-5, e-a^cs- 69 Trouble g<£D, 25>«D(iO3§0 54 Trousers gcs0 - 91 Trite eoL^t. - - 45 Truth 631^10 - 35 Try (^a5cS6'3«2x)C5'<5?0\ 0->l Cc8vXD(545D03, §CCSie^i03 84 Undoubtedly ^CQ^o^^^^t ^0, 'J:^C6Le5)0 - 99 Unfortunate Cp0oc32r3 ^^ - - 90 Unintentionally @^ec^t^ 0^ - - 105 Unite isS)^Q^6^Sd, c3^Se5)v5^^3 - 140 Unkind cp^(5i.^S?o0e)5^ Unless - - 51 16(3 INDEX. Vage. Unloose Q^^Bd - 143 Until - - 51 Unwilling £^455®t-eS!, Cfg cs^rvs^D - - 107 Upon C^, 80, (S^(^S ef^cd cpi^ - - 45 Variance, to be at ©^.^(^ ®^€)eo0D - - 137 Various <5?i^o^(5,c355i Various kinds of ®^3(9^cs d3^ - - 79 Very ®,£)3SC»:)9 - 24 Vessel - - 131 Village GD® - - 137 Violence ©(3D^ ed© - - 13 Vowel gD^oe^cfcQ - 117 Wages cS - - 97 "Wall ^<55^cs, dodoes, ogcf - - 41 Walk oBisS cs^S3, q^i§ §^E)o - - 46 Walking-stick S3i<5^Scs- 45 Want, to ^^-t^sid^Bo- 69 Wami (5a5^':d'^€)3, o^g ^aj - ' 128 Warn qi^^^^SiW^q^ ©3, ^-^g'S:^ ^cs^Dd - 140 Wash ®.csJ^^303, (cloth- es) epgos^^^ - 26 Waste - - 142 Watch {noun) ©5t6^C^ Page, Watchman gcJ'-esjD (5'cS3 - 114 Water 8-0^(5, §cs, dQcs OjxSi^cs - - 13 Weak 98c e'Q)(5C^.SD - Weakness eSo^"^®, ®'^ O^^^S - - 131 Wear e;^^83 - 14 Weary (5^0®if*5D£8, ©i^^SD ©g - - 63 Week g®3^:5c3, cs-63c3 - 50 AVeep ep®<5:)0j - 137 AVeight q)(5 - -112 Well 6^:0-33^8, ©.?i3Dq0, (in health) ca^O - 25 Well (5.) g^ - - 44 Western Province ©cd^D3 Wet, damp ©i^o^ - 44 Wet, to (^^^9a:)8^, (get wet) ®^(S^®^o03 - 111 Wet season 8;.d3^"330^ •" HO What - - 12 Whatever - - 30 AVhen - - 41 Where - - 42 Whether - - 47 Which - - 30 Which one - - 13 Whilst - - 41 Whip eag^^a - 63 Who - - 60 Whole - - 132 Whom - - 40 Why - - 35 Wicked «^g'5i, e^0 - 76 Width cec ' ^ - 49 Wife SDDcsgja, ce§ - 90 Wild -beasts a^gcs^^cso- 136 Will - - 74 Wind, to (turn) ^6^S)B «:?a3 Wind ^C^ " - 111 Wine§gcS5C3320cs,aL (5i^iO - - 15 Youngman c5©025?cOJ, O^Ji^cSD - - 16 Youth S)3Q0CSC3, cs^0.K) <553Ccs ce)cse3) - 108 >tt 1 um TO to* olraulMton (tMk ol «ny Un(v«r»lty of C«llfoml« Llbmry ortoth* NOMTHIRN raQK>NAU UlAARY FACILITY •Mo^ 400, molwnond FI«M 8t«tlon UnW«f«nyotC«llloml« AU tOOKS MAY il MCAUEO AFTCR 7 OAYS t>monHt lowM must b« f«n*>N««n» mtat b* i««l>«r9«(l by brtngli^Q book* t«NRLF >H<^ w* l * tnd itebwg** m«y b* mmH 4 di^ prtof