3. 
 
 '91 
 
 epartmim of Detente auli &rt of tfye itfommttier of 
 (tfounal on <S*lwfAtiom 
 
 ObS 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 SClEiNCE COLLECTIONS FOR TEACHING AND 
 
 RESEARCH 
 
 IN THE 
 
 SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. 
 
 PAET VI. 
 MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOE HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 BY BYRE AND SPOTTISWOODB, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTT. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Price Sixpence. 
 
EXCHANGE 
 
of Detente an& &rt at t$e Ommimr of 
 (Emmril on (gtmratton* 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SCIENCE COLLECTIONS FOR TEACHING AND 
 RESEARCH 
 
 IN THE 
 
 SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. 
 
 I n 
 
 PART VI. 
 MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 FEINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Price Sixpence. 
 

PAET VI. 
 
 MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 I. CKYST ALLOGRAPH Y. 
 
 MODELS OF CRYSTALS. 
 
 A. Wire Models - 1 
 
 B. Glass Models - ... 3 
 
 C. Models in other Transparent Substances - 5 
 
 D. Wood Models - - -5 
 
 E. Models in Cardboard - 6 
 
 F. Crystal-Nets for making Cardboard Models - 8 
 
 G. Miscellaneous Models, &c. - - 9 
 
 II. INSTRUMENTS USED IN MINERALOGICAL AND GEO- 
 
 LOGICAL RESEARCHES. 
 
 A. Goniometers - - 9 
 
 B. Instruments for investigating the Optical Pro- 
 
 perties of Minerals - 12 
 
 C. Petrographic Microscopes - 18 
 
 D. Petrographic Microscopes for Students - 22 
 
 E. Apparatus for cutting Sections of Minerals 
 
 and Rocks - - - 23 
 
 F. Apparatus used in Blowpipe Analysis - 25 
 
 G. Apparatus for determining Specific Gravity - 26 
 H. Clinometers and other Instruments used in 
 
 Geological Surveying - - 30 
 
 III. GEOLOGICAL MODELS ILLUSTRATING VOLCANIC ACTION 31 
 
 IV. SEISMOGRAPHIC APPARATUS - - 32 
 
 V. SETS OF MINERALS, ROCKS, FOSSILS, AND MICRO- 
 
 SCOPIC PREPARATIONS FOR TEACHING PURPOSES - 37 
 
 U 69149. 1500 & 6. 1/92. Wt. 21621. ^ 2 
 
IV 
 
 Page. 
 
 VI. PLASTER CASTS OF FOSSILS - 46 
 
 VII. DIAGRAMS FOR TEACHING PURPOSES - 47 
 
 VIII. BELIEF MODELS - - 49 
 
 IX. GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MAPS: 
 
 A. Geological : General Maps - - 57 
 
 B. Local Maps, including Surveys - 60 
 
 C. Physical Maps - 64 
 
 X. PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING GEOLOGICAL PHENO- 
 
 MENA - - - 65 
 
 XI. MISCELLANEOUS - 66 
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS - - - - 71 
 
 *,* Maps and Specimens similar to those described under 
 Nos. 97, 106, 151, 166, and 175 are circulated on loan for the 
 use of Science Schools and Classes. 
 
MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 I. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 
 
 MODELS OF CRYSTALS. 
 A. Wire Models. 
 
 1. Wire models of the five regular solids. 
 
 1860. Exhibited by J. R. LarJcin. 
 
 Six inches in diameter. They comprise (1) the tetrahedron 
 the solid edges represented in blue wire, and those of the enclosed 
 octahedron in white wire ; (2) the cube in blue wire, with the 
 enclosed tetrahedron in white wire, and the hexagonal section of 
 the cube in green wire; (3) the octahedron in blue wire, the 
 combination of this form with the cube in white, and the 
 hexagonal section coinciding with the edges of the latter, in 
 green ; (4) the pentagonal dodecahedron in blue, and enclosed 
 cube in white; (5) the triangular icosihedron in blue, with 
 contained octahedron in white. These last two are not possible 
 crystallographic forms. 
 
 2. Wire models of the five regular solids. 
 
 1861. Exhibited by /. B. LarJcin. 
 
 These are of 4-inch size, viz., tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, 
 pentagonal dodecahedron, and triangular icosihedron all repre- 
 sented by blue wires along the solid edges. 
 
 3. Large wire model, containing an example of each 
 species of simple form in the cubic system of crystal- 
 lography, with its corresponding hemihedral forms 
 inscribed within a sphere of the chief zone circles of the 
 system. 
 
 1876. Lent by Rev. Nicholas Brady, M.A. 
 
 In this model, the lines meeting in the centre are the 
 crystallographic axes, those of quaternary symmetry are coloured 
 red, those of ternary symmetry blue, and those of binary sym- 
 metry green. Nineteen simple forms are represented by their 
 solid edges. Those of the cube are coloured vermilion, those of 
 
the octahedron and tetrahedron French blue ; of the dodeca- 
 hedron, emerald green ; of the 3 faced octahedron and 12-faced 
 trapezohedron, deep cadmium yellow ; of the 24-f aced trapezo- 
 hedron and 3 -faced tetrahedron, burnt sienna ; of the 4-facedcube 
 and pentagonal dodecahedron, violet carmine ; and of the 6-faced 
 octahedron, 6-faced tetrahedron, and irregular 24-f aced trapezo- 
 hedron, Scheele's green. Thus there are 7 holohedral and 12 
 hemihedral forms shown. The several zone-circles are repre- 
 sented by flat steel rings surrounding the forms, those which 
 pass through the ends of the axes being coloured red, the 
 others green, and on them are marked by dots all the poles of 
 the chief forms of the cubic system, except those of most of the 
 6-faced octahedra, which lie in the triangles made by the zone 
 circles. Made by the contributor. See Science Conferences, 1 876, 
 p. 430. 
 
 4. Models of crystals (16 small and 2 large) in wire, 
 showing planes of symmetry, axes, diagonals, &c. By 
 J. P. Stroesser. 
 
 B. 4. 1871. Presented by the Belgian Government. 
 
 The two large ones are : 
 
 1. Cubic. The three axes in brass wire, and the hexakis- 
 
 octahedron in the same; the octahedron in thick zinc 
 wire. 
 
 2. Tetragonal. The axes in brass wire ; combination of prism 
 
 of the first order with the pyramid in thick zinc wire. 
 
 The 16 small are: 
 
 1. Cubic, showing the trapezohedron and octahedron. 
 
 2. Cubic, showing the rhombic dodecahedron and octahedron. 
 3 Cubic, showing the pentagonal dodecahedron and cube. 
 
 4. Cubic, showing the 3-faced octahedron and octahedron. 
 
 5. Cubic, showing the hexakis-octahedron and octahedron. 
 
 6. Tetragonal, showing the pyramid. 
 
 7. Tetragonal, showing a combination of a prism of the first 
 
 order with the pyramid. 
 
 8. Hexagonal, showing the hexagonal pyramid. 
 
 9 Hexagonal, showing the scalenohedron with the limiting 
 rhombohedra. 
 
 10. Hexagonal, showing the rhombohedron. 
 
 11. Hexagonal, showing a combination of the hexagonal prism 
 
 and pyramid. 
 12. Rhombic, showing the pyramid. 
 
 13. Rhombic, showing a combination of a prism of the first 
 
 order with the pyramid. 
 
 14. Oblique, showing the pyramid. 
 
 1 5. Doubly oblique, showing the pyramid. 
 
 16. Loosely jointed wires forming a parallelepiped. 
 
B. Glass Models. 
 
 5. Four glass models, showing the principal crystal- 
 line forms contained in the cube (as arranged by Dr. 
 Leeson) 3 in. size. 
 
 1857. Exhibited by J. E. Larkin. 
 
 These are cubes formed by sheet glass. The crystallographic 
 axes are all marked by red wire. The derived forms are re- 
 presented by wire edges within the cube. 
 
 1. The four-faced cube is shown by green wire, the rhombic 
 
 dodecahedron by blue, the octahedron "by yellow, the 
 trapezohedron by orange, and an inner cube by red. 
 
 2. The rhombic dodecahedron in blue, 3-faced octahedron in 
 
 yellow ; the edges of the octahedron contained in the same 
 are marked inside by white, and an inner cube in red. 
 
 3. The two derivative tetrahedra are marked by blue and 
 
 white lines respectively on the glass, the octahedron by 
 yellow wire, an inner cube by red and a combination of 
 the cube and octahedron by white. 
 
 4. The trapezohedron in white, the hexakis-octahedron in 
 
 blue, an inner cube in red. The edges of the rhombic 
 dodecahedron contained in this are marked on the inside 
 in white, and those of the octahedron in yellow. 
 
 6. Glass cube, 3 in. size. 
 
 1866. Exhibited by J. R. LarJcin. 
 
 The crystallographic axes are marked by red wire ; one 
 derived tetrahedron by dark lines on the glass, the octahedron 
 by yellow wire, the rhombic dodecahedron by blue, and an 
 inner cube by red. 
 
 7. Glass cube, 2 in. size. Under small shade. 
 
 1857. Exhibited ly J. R. Larkin. 
 
 The crystallographic axes and an inner cube are marked by 
 red wire, the octahedron by yellow, and the rhombic dode- 
 cahedron by blue. 
 
 8. Hexagonal prism. Under small glass shade. 
 1857. Exhibited by J. R. Larkin. 
 
 The prism faces are formed of sheet glass, as are also the basal 
 planes ; the crystallographic axes are marked by red wire ; 
 the rhombohedron by white, and the corresponding scaleno- 
 hedron by blue, 
 
9. Six glass models, representing the six systems 
 of crystallography. 
 
 1860. Exhibited by J. R. LarJcin. 
 
 The fundamental forms or combinations are formed through- 
 out of sheet glass, and the crystallographic axes marked by red 
 wires. 
 
 1. Cubic. The octahedron is marked by orange-coloured 
 
 wires, and the edges of fche two tetrahedra are marked 
 on the faces of the cube by blue and white lines respec- 
 tively. 
 
 2. Tetragonal. The square prism of the second order with 
 
 the basal planes in glass. A long pyramid marked by 
 yellow wire, and a short one by white. The square 
 prism of the first order is marked by dark lines on the 
 surface of the glass, and the corresponding short prism 
 of the second order by white lines. 
 
 3. Rhombic. The rectangular prism is in glass, the corre- 
 
 sponding rhombic prism is marked by dark lines on the 
 glass, and the rhombic pyramid by yellow wires. 
 
 4. Hexagonal. The hexagonal prism is in glass, the corre- 
 
 sponding rhombohedron is marked by white wires, and 
 the derived scalenohedron by blue wires. 
 
 5. Oblique. The oblique rhombic prism of the second order 
 
 is in glass. The corresponding prism of the first order 
 is marked by dark lines on the glass, and the oblique 
 rhombic pyramid corresponding to the latter by brown 
 wires. 
 
 6. Doubly oblique, the oblique prism of the second order is in 
 
 glass. The corresponding prism of the first order is 
 marked by dark lines on the glass, and the corresponding 
 oblique pyramid by brown wires. 
 
 10. A glass cube, containing a cardboard model of a 
 combination of a tetrahedron in blue, with a three-faced 
 tetrahedron truncating its edges in green. 
 
 1876. Lent by Rev. N. Brady, M.A. 
 
 11. Models in glass (20) to illustrate the simple 
 crystallographic forms. In cardboard box. 
 
 1886. Exhibited by Messrs. Townson fy Mercer. 
 
 12. Glass models of crystals (30). ij in. size. In 
 two leather cases. 
 
 E. 14. 1887. 
 
 Bought of Steeg $ Renter, Homburg vor der Hohe. 
 
13. Glass models of crystals (60), contained in two 
 cases. 
 
 1886. Exhibited by F. E. Becker tf Go. 
 
 Includes solids which are not possible crystalline forms, though 
 symmetrical. 
 
 C. Models in other Transparent Substances. 
 
 14. A tetrahedron in transparent mica, with the corre- 
 sponding octahedron within in cardboard. The faces of 
 the octahedron which correspond to the tetrahedron 
 shown are coloured in dark blue, the others in light 
 blue. 
 
 1876. Lent by Eev. N. Brady, M.A. 
 
 15. Models in transparent horn (34) of German manu- 
 facture. 
 
 E. 19. 1858. Presented by the Society of Arts. 
 
 The crystallographic axes are marked by threads within, 
 visible through the horn. Two of them contain second forms, 
 viz., the octahedron and rhombic dodecahedron within the cube. 
 10 represent the cubic system, 4 the tetragonal, 6 the rhombic, 
 9 the hexagonal, 3 the oblique, and 2 the anorthic. 
 
 D. Wood Models. 
 
 16. Set of wood models to illustrate the five regular 
 solids. 1-| in. size. In mahogany box. 
 
 1873. Exhibited by J. E. LarJcin. 
 
 17. Set of models of crystals similar to No. 16, but 
 of 1 in. size. 
 
 1873. Exhibited by J. R. LarJcin. 
 
 18. Set of half -inch wood models (14), in glass case, 
 representing the fundamental forms and most important 
 combinations in the six systems of crystallography. 
 
 1873. Exhibited by J. E. LarJcin. 
 
 19. Models of crystals in wood (42). f in. size. In 
 mahogany box. To illustrate Dana's Mineralogy. 
 
 1874. " Exhibited by J. E. LarJcin. 
 
6 
 
 20. Models of crystals in wood (40). f in. size. To 
 illustrate Ansted's " Elementary Course of Mineralogy." 
 
 1857. Exhibited by J. R. Larkin. 
 
 21. Models of crystals in wood (25). -| in. size. To 
 illustrate Fownes' Elementary Chemistry. 
 
 1874. Exhibited by J. E. LarUn. 
 
 
 
 22. Models of crystals in wood (31). 1 in. size. In 
 mahogany box. To illustrate the section on crystal- 
 lography in Orr's " Circle of the Sciences." 
 
 1873. Exhibited by J. E. Larkin. 
 
 23. Models of crystals in wood (55). 1 in. size. To 
 illustrate Pereira's " Materia Medica." 
 
 1874. Exhibited by J. E. Larkin. 
 
 24. Models in wood (36). 2 in. size. .Representing 
 different crystalline forms belonging to the cubic system, 
 Made at Brussels. 
 
 E. 113. 1862. Presented by the Belgian Government. 
 
 25. Models of crystals in wood (26). f in. size. 
 
 E. 94. 1857. Made by Hachette $ Co. 
 
 These belong to the various systems, and are so fixed in a box 
 that all their crystallographic axes are, as far as possible, parallel 
 to each other throughout. 
 
 26. Models of crystals similar to No. 25, both 
 in specimens and method of fixing, only the order is 
 different. 
 
 E. 107. 1862. Presented by the Belgian Government. 
 
 27. "Wooden models of crystals, 80 of large size, in 
 compartments 3^ in. by 2^ in., in two trays contained in 
 a box. By Stroukoff. 
 
 E. 749. 1877. 
 
 From the Pedagogical Museum, St. Petersburg. 
 
 E. Models in Cardboard. 
 
 28. Collection of models of the cubic system of 
 crystallography to a scale of three inches for the cir- 
 
7 
 
 cumscribing cube, made in cardboard, and painted 
 according to their simple forms. 
 
 1876. Exhibited by Rev. Nicholas Brady, M.A. 
 
 The collection consists of simple forms and common combina- 
 tions, so graduated as to show the passage of one simple form 
 into another, the intermediate forms being combinations of the 
 two in different proportions. 
 
 Throughout the whole series the cube is coloured in red, the 
 octahedron in blue, the rhombic dodecahedron in green. The three 
 faced octahedron is yellow, the four faced cube is purple, the 
 icositetrahedron is brown. 
 
 The two derivative forms produced from any of these by the 
 same kind of hemihedrism are coloured in light and dark shades 
 of the same colour. Thus the two tetrahedra are coloured light 
 and dark blue, the positive by the lighter tint. The three-faced 
 tetrahedra are yellow and orange. The pentagonal dodecahedra 
 are light and dark purple and the two triakistetrahedra light 
 and dark brown. 
 
 Of these models 
 
 12 show the cube modified by an octahedron, the two com- 
 ponent tetrahedra being indicated by the tint. 
 
 12 show the cube modified by the rhombic dodecahedron, with 
 or without the octahedron. 
 
 6 show the cube modified by the four-faced cube and also a 
 gradation from one simple form to the other. 
 
 10 show the cube combined with positive and negative penta- 
 gonal dodecahedra. 
 
 5 show the cube combined with the icositetrahedron. 
 
 6 show the cube combined with the positive and negative 
 
 triak is-tetrahedra. 
 
 6 show the cube combined with the 3 -faced octahedron. 
 
 10 show the cube combined with the positive and negative 
 3 -faced tetrahedra. 
 
 24 show the octahedron and its derived tetrahedra in com- 
 bination with each other, and with the rhombic dodeca- 
 hedron. 
 
 18 show the octahedron or tetrahedron combined with the 
 icositetrahedron or its hemihedral forms. 
 
 6 show the octahedron or tetrahedron combined with the 
 3 -faced octahedron. 
 
 20 show the octahedron or tetrahedron combined with the 
 hemihedral forms .of the 3-faced octahedron and icosi- 
 tetrahedron. 
 
 15 show the rhombic dodecahedron with the 4-faced cube,, 
 and its derived pentagonal dodecahedra. 
 
 22 show the rhombic dodecahedron with the positive and nega- 
 tive 3-faced tetrahedra. 
 
 3 show the rhombic dodecahedron with the icositetrahedron^ 
 
8 
 
 15 show 3 -faced octahedra of various parameters with the 
 
 derived tetrahedra. 
 9 show 4-faced cubes of various parameters. 
 
 16 show pentagonal dodecahedra of various parameters with 
 
 unequal combinations of the two. 
 12 show icositetrahedra of various parameters. 
 9 show the two derived triakis-tetrahedra, and their unequal 
 
 combinations. 
 
 29. Collection of models of the rhombohedral system, 
 with its holohedral, hemihedral, and tetartahedral forms. 
 
 1876. Lent by Rev. Nicholas Brady, M.A. 
 
 In this collection the faces are coloured uniformly through- 
 out. The basal planes are white. The rhombohedral or 
 pyramidal forms are coloured pink, light green, light yellow, 
 or light blue, according to their relation to the axes chosen. The 
 prismatic faces into which these rhombohedra pass respectively 
 are distinguished by darker tints of the same colours. 
 
 30. Cardboard models of crystals of various systems. 
 2 in. size. 
 
 1876. Lent by Rev. Nicholas Brady, M.A. 
 
 1 6 of these represent tetrahedra, their modifications by various 
 other forms, and their twins. They are coloured light 
 and dark blue according as they are positive or negative. 
 
 6 show rhombic pyramids and their modifications, also in 
 blue. 
 
 2 show oblique pyramids. One pair of faces coloured white. 
 
 5 show prismatic forms. The rectangular in red, oblique in 
 brown, and doubly oblique in pink. 
 
 1 shows the rhombic dodecahedron in green. 
 
 F. Orystal-Nets for making Cardboard Models. 
 
 31. Models of crystals in cardboard (39) illustrative 
 of the crystalline systems. 
 
 1876. Exhibited ly /. B. Jordan. 
 
 These are coloured according to the system to which they belong. 
 The cubic forms (11) are pink, &c. The tetragonal (6) are 
 orange. The rhombic (6) are brown. The hexagonal (6) are 
 green. The oblique (5) are blue, and the anorthic (5) are 
 grey. 
 
 (Note, the systems are called respectively by the author the 
 tesseral, tetragonal, rhombic, hexagonal, monoclinohedric, tricli- 
 nohedric.) 
 
9 
 
 32. Nets for the construction of the models, No. 31. 
 9 sheets. Published by Thos. Murby. 
 
 1876. Exhibited by J. B. Jordan. 
 
 Gr. Miscellaneous Models, fyc. 
 
 33. Models of natural crystals of diamonds. 
 
 1877. Exhibited by the late E. Damon. 
 
 12 glass models in a case. 
 
 34. Models of the most celebrated precious stones. 
 1877. Exhibited by the late R. Damon. 
 28 glass models in a case. 
 
 35. Models to illustrate the colours of various gems. 
 As used in Austrian schools. 
 
 1882. Exhibited by E. J. Gehlsen $ Co. 
 
 24 coloured glass models, cut in rose form, in a box. 
 
 2. INSTRUMENTS USED IN MINERALOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL 
 
 KESEARCHES. 
 
 A. Goniometers. 
 
 36. Large goniometer and spectrometer, with heating 
 apparatus to allow of the examination of crystals at high 
 temperatures, and case of accessory apparatus. 
 
 E. 84. 1885. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This instrument is arranged for the observation of the angles 
 of crystals with extreme accuracy, and the changes they 
 undergo with changes of temperature. 
 
 It consists of a tripod, with three levelling screws, the centre 
 of which is perforated and encloses a vertical cylinder, which 
 supports at the top a horizontal divided circle, which can 
 be rotated by means of the large screw beneath the table 
 of the tripod, or by another large parallel screw below, 
 which is bound to the first by upright bars. The fine adjust- 
 ment is effected by a tangential screw on an arm projecting 
 from beneath the tripod table, and it is clamped in position by a 
 radial screw on the same arm. Through the centre of this 
 cylinder passes a smaller cylinder, independent of the first, and 
 carrying the central support. This can be rotated by the 
 uppermost of the smaller screws beneath the tripod table, which 
 
10 
 
 has also a fine adjustment and clamping screws in connexion. 
 This contains in its centre a vertical rod, on the top of which 
 the support for the crystal is fixed, and which can be raised or 
 lowered by means of the lowest of the small central screws 
 below the tripod table. The support for the crystal consists at 
 the base of two plates, one over the other, which can be moved 
 horizontally in two directions at right angles to each other by 
 means of screws at the sides. To the uppermost of these 
 are fixed two circular arcs one above the other, the upper one 
 having a table to which the crystal is fixed. These arcs are 
 worked by screws at the sides, so that each rotates about an 
 axis lying a little above the topmost table, and therefore some- 
 where near the edge of the crystal to be examined. The axes 
 of rotation of the two arcs are at right angles. By these 
 arrangements the crystal may, within certain limits, be placed 
 in any desired position, and moved from one position to 
 another. 
 
 The several cylinders work in a vertical projection from the 
 tripod table, on the outside of which are two movable supports for 
 the telescopes, &c. Each of these supports consists of a central 
 ring which works on the projection, to which is fixed on one 
 side a radial arm for the telescope, and on the other a counter- 
 poise. The telescope arm may be rotated by a small projecting 
 handle, and below there is a second arm also connected with a 
 central ring, which has a tangential fine adjustment screw, and 
 a radial clamping screw. The telescopes are fixed on vertical 
 supports, and each is provided with a peculiar form of cross 
 wire, and also an analyser, to which is attached a graduated 
 circle for use with polarised light. A light signal, fixed in the 
 neighbourhood of the instrument, is reflected from one face of 
 the crystal under examination, and its image is brought to the 
 cross-lines of the telescope by the rotation of the latter. The 
 exact position of the telescope is then determined by the micro- 
 scope above. This microscope is fixed behind the objective 
 of the telescope, the tube being pierced, the objective of the 
 microscope is focussed opposite the divisions of the horizontal 
 circle, which are at a distance of 10' apart. It is illuminated 
 through an oblique cut at the side. The rays pass upwards to a 
 prism within which they are totally reflected and enter the 
 ocular of the microscope, which is provided with two parallel 
 threads. The ocular portion of the microscope can be moved 
 horizontally by means of a screw just above the telescope, so 
 as to bring the threads to coincidence with the 10' divisions. 
 The amount necessary to do this may be determined by the 
 graduation of the micrometer screw, which may be read to -gfo 
 of its circumference, and thus V of arc on the horizontal circle 
 determined. 
 
 For a further description of this instrument see Groth, Physi- 
 kalische Krystallographie, 2nd edition, 1885, p. 567, fig, 578-9, 
 
11 
 
 37. Apparatus for examining crystals at a high tem- 
 perature. 
 
 E. 84A. 1885. Made by E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 Consists of a metal box, supported on two uprights with three 
 windows in the central part, one for the light from the signal to 
 enter and the other two for the telescopes. The box has a circular 
 perforation below to fix over the adjusting portion of the gonio- 
 meter ; its two ends are provided with hollow tubes of iron to be 
 heated in Bunsen burners, thereby heating the air within the box 
 and thus also the crystal, which is held by a pair of pincers in the 
 centre. The temperature is read off by two thermometers fixed 
 in perforations on the top. 
 
 38. Wollaston's reflecting goniometer. 
 
 B. 85. 1885. Made by E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 In three separate parts fixed to a marble stand. One part is a 
 mirror turning about an axis ; opposite to this is the telescope, 
 sliding parallel to the same axis and provided with cross wires in 
 the eye-piece. The third is the silver graduated circle with 
 vernier and telescope, with the crystal holder rotating on the same 
 axis on an inner tube and provided with two screws at right 
 angles to the axis for adjustment. 
 
 39. Wollasfcon's reflecting goniometer, belonging to and 
 used by the late Dr. Whewell, D.D., F.R.S., Master of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, when Professor of Mineralogy. 
 
 1876. Lent by Eev. Nicholas Brady, M.A. 
 
 Early form, such as that described by Bauerman (Systematic 
 Mineralogy, p. 192), and in most treatises on Mineralogy. 
 
 40. A simple substitute for a goniometer. 
 Contrived by the late Professor W. E. Miller, Cambridge. 
 
 1876. 
 
 The instrument consists of a long piece of wood with smooth 
 sides, to one end of which is screwed a vertical piece of brass 
 wire bent horizontal at the top and passing through a cork. 
 Through this cork is passed another horizontal brass wire at right 
 angles to the first, and its end is bent down vertically, and passes 
 into a third cork ; all these are movable about their axes, so that 
 a crystal fixed to the third cork can be turned about three axes 
 at right angles and made to take up any position. By means 
 of this a crystal can be measured by Wollaston's method, and the 
 angle of an edge determined by the determination of the angle 
 between two lines drawn on paper along the wooden part of the 
 instrument in its two different positions. 
 
12 
 
 41. Contact goniometer. 
 
 E. 87. 1885. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 Consists of a broad steel arc graduated from to 90, the 
 same subdivisions being also marked from 90 to 180 for con- 
 venience ; radially to this are two bars with straight edges over- 
 lapping in the centre, the one is fixed at and the other is mov- 
 able by means of a carrier fitting over the arc, the straight edge of 
 which passes over the subdivisi<5ns. Both arms slip in a radial 
 direction in their sockets. 
 
 42. Contact goniometer. 
 
 E. 86. 1885. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 A silvered brass circular flat ring, graduated to degrees. Flat 
 radial bars slide in slots in the direction of their length, and 
 can then be fixed so as to move only about the centre. The index 
 and arms are of steel, and both arms are movable. 
 
 B. Instruments for investigating the Optical Properties of 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 43. Haidinger's dichroiscope. 
 
 E. 90. 1885. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 At one end of the tube is a convex lens to which the eye is 
 applied ; at the other, a small square hole ; between them is 
 a rhombohedron of Iceland spar, so cut that the two surfaces 
 are opposite rhomb faces, the shorter diameters of which are 
 parallel to the median plane of the tube. The thickness is so 
 chosen that the two images of the square aperture seen through 
 the lens at the other end may lie side by side. When a plate of 
 crystal in which the ordinary and extraordinary rays are separated 
 is placed before the aperture, the one image formed by the di- 
 chroiscope when its axial plane is parallel to that of the crystal, 
 will be formed by the ordinary and the other by the extraordi- 
 nary ray. If there is any difference in colour or intensity 
 between these, as they are side by side it may be immediately 
 perceived. 
 
 44. Brezina's stauroscope. 
 
 E. 89. 1885. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 An apparatus for determining the positions of the planes of 
 vibration in crystal sections, by their coincidence or otherwise 
 with the planes of vibration in the polarizer or analyzer. The 
 instrument is vertical and consists of a tube carrying lenses 
 above, and another tube carrying lenses for illuminating the object 
 from below. The stage rotates and is graduated, and there is a con- 
 Cave reflector on the stand. The polarizing portion consists of a 
 
13 
 
 nicol as polarizer, and a second nicol as analyzer, which carries a 
 graduated circle and contains the essential part of the instrument. 
 This is the plate fixed below the analyzer, consisting of two 
 slices of calcite cut nearly, but not quite, perpendicularly to the 
 axis, and placed one over the other, so that their optical axes lie 
 in the same plane but yet do not coincide. These produce, when 
 viewed alone, an interference figure of peculiar form, with a 
 straight arm of a cross through the centre. When, however, a 
 crystal plate is laid on the stage, unless its plane of vibration 
 coincides with those of one or other of the nicols, this figure is 
 altered by the dislocation of the central part of the arm of the 
 cross. The amount of rotation necessary to restore the figure, 
 and so make the planes of vibration coincide with those of the 
 nicols can be measured on the graduated stage. 
 
 45. Kohlrausch's total reflectometer, with, improve- 
 ments by Klein. 
 
 E. 145. 1886. Made ly W. Apel, Gottingen. 
 
 This instrument is devised for the purpose of determining the 
 refractive indices of crystalline minerals and other substances by 
 comparing them with a fluid of known higher refractive index. 
 It consists of a triangular foot with the sides hollowed out so 
 that a source of light may be brought quite close to the centre 
 and on one side an upright beam, to the summit of which is 
 fixed, by a horizontal side support, a circle graduated in half 
 degrees and movable about a central axis, and with a fine 
 adjustment screw at the side. The readings are made by two 
 magnifiers and verniers. To the under side of the circle opposite 
 the vertical beam is fixed a horizontal telescope at the end of a 
 vertical arm. A glass jar, one side of which has a piece of plate 
 glass fixed vertically against it, is filled when in use by the dense 
 liquid employed, either carbon bisulphide, or bromnaphthaline, and 
 is supported in slots on the under side of the horizontal ring, so 
 that when placed in position the plate glass is opposite the tele- 
 scope. Through the centre of the axis of the horizontal circle runs 
 a vertical bar, which is attached below by a pair of ball and socket 
 joints to the crystal carrier, and is movable up and down in 
 its socket until fixed by a screw near the top. This crystal 
 carrier is a circular frame, to the surface of which the crystal 
 may be attached, and which is rotated by means of an endless 
 screw working on its circumference and attached to a rod with 
 a Hooke's joint passing through an aperture in the horizontal 
 circle. The object of these arrangements is to place the surface 
 of the crystal to be examined in the same plane as the axis of 
 the circle, to test which a mirror is attached to the outside 
 stem of the instrument, to which it must be placed optically 
 parallel. From the centre of the base of the instrument stands 
 up a paper holder in the shape of a double arc, and which may 
 be turned about its axis. The source of light is placed behind 
 
 U 69149. 
 
la- 
 this paper so as to produce a diffused light. When the crystal 
 is in place in the denser fluid, only those rays which have less 
 than a certain obliquity can enter the crystal, the rest are "totally" 
 reflected and enter the telescope, one of whose cross lines is 
 brought to coincidence with the sharp line marking the limit 
 of total reflection, and its position is read on the horizontal 
 circle. The light is then transferred to the opposite side of the 
 instrument and the limit on that side observed in the same way. 
 Half the angle between these two positions is the limiting angle 
 of incidence whose sine is the index of refraction between the 
 crystal and the surrounding fluid ; the latter being known the 
 refractive index in air of the crystal can be obtained at once. 
 The accessory apparatus consists of extra glass holders, a 
 condenser on stand, a thermometer to test the temperature of 
 the enclosing fluid which will affect its refractive index, <&c. 
 
 46. Norremberg's polarizing apparatus. Specially 
 adapted for crystallographic work. Can also be used 
 as a goniometer; 
 
 E. 13, 1887. Made by Steeg and Renter. 
 
 This consists of a vertical fixed bar to the lower part of which 
 is fixed a pair of mirrors each movable about a horizontal axis 
 for polarizing the light. Three tubes slide by means of side 
 sockets on the upright bar, and can be fixed in any given 
 position by screws. The lowest contains a series of converging 
 lenses ; the middle a series of magnifying lenses. Between these 
 two tubes the crystal section is laid. The upper tube contains a 
 nicol and is graduated on its circumference. There is also a 
 separate fitting to act as a goniometer. 
 
 47. Polariscope with lens for parallel light and a 
 large nicol, for measuring the angle between the axes. 
 
 E. 87. 1877. Made by L. Laurent, Paris. 
 
 On the same principle as the Norremberg polariscope. It has a 
 tripod with a movable joint to the upright, so that the instrument 
 can be put at any angle ; it has two mirrors for polarizing, and 
 a graduated stage. 
 
 48. Grroth's universal apparatus for crystallographic 
 optical research. 
 
 E. 37. 1884. Made by E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This apparatus consists of several parts, which can be fitted 
 together in various ways for various purposes. 
 
 First, there is a vertical stand, on the horizontal base of which 
 is placed a rotating mirror ; on the upright bar two carriers slide, 
 each of which may be clamped by a screw. Into the circular 
 apertures of these slides fit two pairs of polarising apparatus. 
 The one pair for parallel light consists of (1) the polarising part, 
 
15 
 
 to fit into the lower carrier, having a large nicol between two 
 moderately convex lenses, and a centrally perforated cap to sup- 
 port the crystal, so arranged that the boundary of the perforation 
 points to 90 on the graduated rim ; (2) the analysing part con- 
 sisting of a small nicol at the ocular end, and diaphragms at both 
 ends, having minute central apertures to ensure the parallelism 
 of the light. On the upper end of this fits Calderon's stauro- 
 scope, consisting of the two halves of a rhombohedron of calcite 
 cut through the short diameter, which are then placed so as to 
 form an artificial twin, and ground into a plate, which thus con- 
 sists of two halves divided by a plane. When this plane is parallel 
 to the principal section of either nicol, the two halves have the 
 same tint, but when a crystal intervenes they will have different 
 tints, except when the plane of polarisation in the crystal coin- 
 cides with the principal plane of a nicol. The other pair, for 
 convergent light, consists of a polariser having a large nicol with 
 a single lens below, but a combination of five lenses above and a 
 crystal holder of wide aperture. The analyser has a combination 
 of four lenses at the objective end, above which is a glass micro- 
 meter, which is rendered visible at the same time as the inter- 
 ference figures by means of an ocular lens, which is surmounted 
 by a small nicol, a slit being made between the two for the 
 insertion of quartz wedge or a quarter-undulation plate. 
 
 Secondly, there is a double stand, the uprights of which are 
 enlarged near the base into two rings, into which fit the two 
 parts for convergent polarised light just described. The uprights 
 are continued upwards as supports for a horizontal divided circle 
 with its appendages. This portion may be arranged first as an 
 axial angle measurer. When so used the analyser and polariser 
 are fixed horizontally in the tubes, leaving only so much interval 
 between them as to allow of the crystal being rotated. The crystal 
 to be examined is suspended from the centre of the horizontal circle. 
 The suspender works in an externally conical tube, which can be 
 clamped to an upright from the circle. Within this tube works 
 &, vertical shaft by which the crystal may be raised or lowered, 
 and this can be clamped to a projecting piece which works in a 
 narrow horizontal box below the circle, so as to place the crystal 
 in any position horizontally. The shaft ends downwards in a 
 Petzval's holder, or shallow curvilinear box, in which a curvi- 
 linear process connected with the crystal carrier below can work 
 tangent ially, the centre of the circular arc being about where 
 the centre of the crystal will be, which may thus be adjusted 
 to its proper orientation parallel to the faces of \,h& nicols. 
 When it is in position it is clamped to the circle, and a reading 
 taken by two verniers. The angular distance through which the 
 circle has to turn to bring one axis after the other into the centre 
 of the field of the analyser can then be read. If the angle is to be 
 measured in oil the oil carrier is placed on the small table between 
 the uprights. If it is to be measured at a high temperature the 
 enclosing box is put on the same support. This box is a long 
 
 B2 
 
16 
 
 parallelepiped, at the opposite ends of whose short diameter are 
 two windows on telescopic bearings to allow of the crystal being 
 seen ; the long diameter is set perpendicularly to the polarisers, 
 and the ends are heated, the temperature attained being deter- 
 mined by two thermometers inserted into holes in the box. 
 
 The rotation of the plane of polarisation by any given thick- 
 ness of crystal is measured by the same portion of the apparatus, 
 only that the polarisers for parallel light are inserted in the 
 rings instead of those for convergent light. The ring to contain 
 the analyser has a vertical divided circle, over which a vernier on 
 the analyser works, and thus the angle through which this has 
 to turn to counteract the effect of a crystal plate between it and 
 the polariser can be read. 
 
 The horizontal circle has further attachments for other pur- 
 poses. When it is to be used as a goniometer two telescopic 
 tubes are affixed to verticals attached to horizontal radial arms, 
 which work on pivots fixed below the circle, and are of such a 
 length as to allow each tube support to pass freely all round the 
 circle, to which each may be clamped in any particular position. 
 One of these tubes is a telescope with cross lines ; the other con- 
 tains a peculiar form of aperture, called Websky's, to admit the 
 light in a definite direction. The centre of the table is per- 
 forated, and through it passes an arrangement for fixing the 
 position and orientation of the crystal to be observed as in the 
 large Fuess's goniometer already described. 
 
 When it is to be used to measure the index of refraction of a 
 prism, the rotating arm of the telescope is reversed in position, 
 and is clamped to the rotating arm of the table, so as to rotate 
 with it ; the light signal is made to rotate about the axis of the 
 instrument, and the adjusting arrangement in the centre is set 
 free from its clamps, and may be rotated so as to set the prism 
 in the position of minimum deviation ; contrivances for carrying 
 out all these changes are provided in the instrument. 
 
 49. Apparatus for demonstrating double refraction by 
 pressure. 
 
 E. 92. 1885. Made ly E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This consists of a screw vice with convex cheeks, which, by 
 means of the screw, can be made to compress a crystal placed in 
 the jaws of the vice, and this can be examined when so placed. 
 
 50. Apparatus for producing double refraction by 
 pressure. 
 
 E. 91. 1885. Made ly E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This is also a screw vice, but it is so arranged as to measure 
 the pressure applied. The screw end has projections to come in 
 contact with the crystal, or its holder, and forces it against a 
 movable cheek on the opposite side. This slides between bars, 
 and when no pressure is applied, stands at ; but behind it is 
 
17 
 
 a strong spiral spring, the compression of which measures the 
 pressure employed, by means of a graduation on one of the bars 
 from to 50 kilograms. 
 
 51. Apparatus for demonstrating double refraction by 
 flexure. 
 
 E, 93. 1885. Made by B. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This consists of two pieces of plate glass, screwed together at 
 the two ends. When it is to be used for the purpose named, a 
 metal rod is placed crosswise between the plates of glass at the 
 centre, and the two screws on either side are made to draw 
 the ends together. By this means the glass is bent, and the 
 double refraction is observed. 
 
 52. Apparatus for demonstrating double refraction by 
 heating. 
 
 E. 94.- 1S85. Made by B. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This is merely a handle with a spring lever on one side, and at 
 the end, two rectangular holders of such a shape that when 
 closed they leave a cubical space within, by which cubes of glass 
 may be taken up, heated, and put down again on a stage for 
 examination ; with this holder are 12 glass cubes to be used for 
 the purpose. 
 
 53. Crystals for heating. 
 
 E. 79. 1877. Prepared by L. Laurent, Paris. 
 
 These are sections of crystals with parallel faces fitted on to 
 tongues of brass, with perforated plates, between which the 
 crystal is placed and secured by screws, when it can be heated. 
 The specimens are, Felspar, Gypsum, Carbonate of Lead. 
 
 54. Collection of plates of crystals (31) containing 
 uniaxial and biaxial species. Prepared for examination 
 with, the polariscope. 
 
 E. 17 to 47. 1885. Prepared by B. Sturtz Bonn. 
 
 These are selected from a larger list, with numbers attached, 
 corresponding to their position in that list. The selected types 
 are: 
 
 Uniaxial Crystals. 
 
 17. Quartz, left handed. 
 
 18. Quartz, right handed, 
 
 4 mm. thick. 
 
 19. Dioptase, Siberia. 
 
 20. Quartz, 8 mm. thick. 
 
 21. Brucite, Texas. 
 
 22. Apophyllite, Poonah. 
 
 23. Zircon, Ceylon. 
 
 24. Apatite, Tyrol. 
 
 25. Beryl, Brazil. 
 
 26. Corundum, Ceylon. 
 
 27. Calcspar, | mm. thick. 
 
 28. Calcspar, 1 mm. thick, 
 
 29. Calcspar, 3 mm. thick. 
 
 30. Calcspar, hemitrope. 
 
 31. Meionite, Vesuvius. 
 
 32. Tourmaline, Elba. 
 
18 
 
 Biaxial Crystals. 
 
 33. Adularia, S. Gothard. 
 
 34. Anhydrite. 
 
 35. Aragonite, Bilin. 
 
 36. Axinite, Oisans. 
 
 37. Barytes. 
 
 38. Celestine, Erie. 
 
 39. Diopside, Tyrol. 
 
 40. Disthene, S. Gothard. 
 
 41. Epidote, Tyrol. 
 
 42. Mica. 
 
 43. Gypsum, Sicily. 
 
 44. Labrador! te. 
 
 45. Cryolite, Greenland. 
 
 46. Topaz, Brazil. 
 
 47. Cordierite. 
 
 C. Petrographic Microscopes. 
 
 55. Petro graphic microscope. Designed by Prof essor 
 H. Bosenbusch, of Heidelberg., and described by him in 
 the Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, 1876. 
 
 E. 88. 1885. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This is interesting as being one of the earliest microscopes 
 which were constructed for purely petrographical investigation. 
 It has the ordinary horseshoe stand of continental microscopes, 
 but is fixed in a vertical position. It has a sliding coarse ad- 
 justment, and reflector on a crank arm. It is provided with three 
 of Hartnack's objectives, Nos. 4, 7, 9, three eyepieces, and a lamp. 
 Its distinct petrographical features are as follows : -It has a 
 polariser easily thrown in and out of position, and the analyzer 
 which fits over the eyepiece has a graduated ring, whose zero 
 corresponds to the crossing of the Nicols. The stage rotates, and 
 is graduated in degrees on the circumference, and along two 
 lines at right angles on the surface in millimetres, for the pur- 
 pose of recording the position of any spot in the slide examined. 
 The accurate centring of the ocular portion, so that its axis may 
 pass through the centre of rotation of the stage, is secured by 
 means of a second tube outside the first which supports the inner 
 by springs, and contains two screws, which work near the end 
 of the tube carrying the objective, so as to move the latter in 
 either or both of two horizontal directions at right angles to each 
 other. Two eyepieces are provided with cross lines. The 
 fine adjustment has a graduated circle. There is a slit in the 
 side immediately above the objective, for the insertion of a 
 quartz plate or wedge, and there is also a calcite plate to fit 
 over the eyepiece. An apparatus for heating sections during 
 examination consists of a long hollow metal box, at one end of 
 which is placed a lamp within a mica shade, by means of which 
 the air within the box is heated, and communicates its heat to 
 the slide, which is placed over a perforated disc in the centre, 
 the perforations being covered by glass and a thermometer with 
 a branched bulb, placed with one branch on each side of the 
 object. To this instrument a Bertrand-Lasaulx combination 
 
19 
 
 has been added to be placed over the polariser to render the light 
 strongly convergent for producing interference figures in the 
 crystal. 
 
 56. Fuess's petrographic microscope. 
 
 B. 38. 1884. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This is of the same general type as the last, but of larger and 
 improved form. It is provided with four objectives, No. 3, 5, 7, 
 and 9, which are attached to a revolving nose-piece at the bottom 
 of the microscope tube. This prevents any vertical motion of 
 the tube in its holder, and consequently the coarse adjustment 
 is made by means of screw and rackwork near the base of the 
 stand which raises the stage and its attachments. The fine ad- 
 justment reads to 001 mm. The stage is divided as before, but 
 has a vernier reading to 5'. 
 
 The centring of the axis of rotation is brought about by 
 adjusting the stage instead of the objective. This is done by 
 means of two screws working at right angles, One of these 
 has a graduated milled head, so as to serve as a micrometer 
 whose subdivisions correspond to 002 mm. The polariser as 
 well as the analyser has its circumference graduated, and can 
 be raised or lowered in its containing tube by means of a screw. 
 There are four eyepieces, one of which is provided with a 
 Calderon's stauroscope, as described in Groth's universal appara- 
 tus, instead of the cross lines. The instrument has also Ber- 
 trand's system of lenses for magnifying the interference figures, a 
 Biot- Klein's quartz plate, a quartz wedge, a Bertrand-Lasaulx 
 combination for producing strongly convergent light, and an 
 apparatus for determining the critical points of liquids enclosed 
 in cavities of minute crystals, similar to that for examining 
 heated crystals. 
 
 57. Petrographic microscope. 
 
 E. 115. 1886. Made by A. Nachet, Paris. 
 
 This is the instrument recommended by MM. Fouque and 
 Michel Levy in their Mineralogie Micrographique, Paris, 1879 2 
 where its chief features are described. 
 
 It is supported on two uprights on the usual horseshoe stand,, 
 and rests on a horizontal axis, about which it can be inclined. 
 There are two superstages which move in two directions at right 
 angles over graduated surfaces, so that the position of any object 
 on the slide can be recorded. The principal feature of this 
 microscope is the separation of the objective and eyepiece, which 
 are attached to distinct tubes. The objective carrying tube is 
 connected by an upright with the stage itself. Its position on the 
 upright is controlled by coarse and fine adjustments, and the whole 
 rotates together. Thus the necessity for centring is entirely 
 done away with, the polariser being on a distinct support. The 
 
20 
 
 stage is graduated, is provided with vernier, and has also two rect- 
 angular motions. It can be rotated by hand or clamped, when it is 
 rotated either way by an endless screw working on its circum- 
 ference. The ocular portion is supported by an outer upright, and 
 has its own adjusting screw. The analyser is placed in a slit in 
 the base of the tube, so as always to be in a fixed position when 
 in use, but can be removed by turning about a hinge, but the 
 polariser rotates. The cross lines of the eyepiece are illuminated 
 when the nicols are crossed by a small side mirror, and in 
 the base of the ocular tube a B^rtrand lens is fitted, which can 
 be focussed by means of a screw. Six objectives, one of very 
 long focus, which may be'rapidly attached by a spring ar- 
 rangement are supplied with the instrument. It has also the 
 Bertrand-Lasaulx combination for producing strongly con- 
 vergent light, and the usual quartz wedges, &c. to fit into a slit 
 above the objective. The accessory apparatus consists of two 
 extra eyepieces, three additional lenses, a right angled prism, 
 forceps, six quartz-plates, a stage micrometer, and condensing 
 lens on stand. 
 
 58. Petrographic microscope designed by Prof. C. 
 Klein of Gottingen. 
 
 E. 127. 1886. Made lij Voigt and Hochgesang. 
 
 This stand is on the usual horseshoe base, on a short upright 
 support, about which the upper part turns on a horizontal axis. 
 The stage is graduated to half degrees, and there is a vernier 
 of 30, making the reading to minutes. It is rotated coarsely by 
 hand, or slowly by a tangential screw. The polariser, which is 
 graduated to 5, slides into its carrier and then may be elevated or 
 depressed by a screw. Over the polariser the Bertrand-Lasaulx 
 condensing lenses provided may be fitted also. Diaphragms are 
 provided to fit the same carrier. There are two circular super- 
 stages, with motions in perpendicular directions, effected by 
 means of screws with graduated heads. The surface of the upper 
 one is also graduated in directions parallel to the motions, by 
 which means the position of an object can be recorded. Each turn 
 corresponds to J mm., and the graduation is to 50 parts, so that 
 the arrangement serves as a micrometer reading to -01 mm. 
 The coarse adjustment is by rack and pinion, and the fine by 
 a large screw head working vertically and graduated into 
 250 parts each corresponding to J mm. descent, so that a thickness 
 of -002 mm. may be determined. The objectives are centred by 
 two screws at right angles. The analyser fits over the eyepiece 
 and is graduated to 5 degrees. There is also a second fixed 
 analyser which slides into the tube near the objective. Into the 
 same slot slides a Bertrand lens, and both may be raised or 
 depressed by a screw. Below there is a slit to receive a quartz- 
 plate, quarter-undulation-plate, mica-plate, or selenite-plate, of 
 such a thickness as to give the red of the first order, which are 
 provided. There are six objectives, Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 9 of 
 
21 
 
 Hartnack's, and six oculars, two with micrometers, Calderon's 
 stauroscopic plates in one, Bertrand's quartz plate stauroscope in 
 another, and two with simple cross lines. There are supplied 
 also an objective micrometer, reading to * 1 mm. and additional 
 condensing lenses and diaphragms. 
 
 59. Petrographic microscope. 
 
 E. 68. 1888. Made by Seibert, Wetzlar. 
 
 Usual horseshoe stand with tube rotating about a horizontal axis. 
 The stage is graduated and rotates. The centring is effected by 
 screws working on the stage, as in Fuess's model. The polariser 
 slides in, and is graduated. Over it is placed the condensing lens, 
 and diaphragms are provided to fit in the same place. The coarse 
 adjustment is by rack and pinion with one screw only ; the fine 
 adjustment, by a screw working vertically from the base, with 
 a graduated head. The analyser is placed in a slot, and does 
 not rotate, but is removable, and the gap in the tube closed by 
 a revolving shutter. Above the analyser is a rising and falling 
 tube within the main one, with a slot at the bottom to receive 
 a Bertrand lens, which is thus adjustable. Four eyepieces with 
 cross wires are provided, and a second analyser fitting over the 
 top with a graduated circle. There are five objectives, Nos. 1, 2, 
 4, 5, and 7, an additional Bertrand lens, an extra lens to fit 
 over the polariser, a box of selenite and quartz plates, a thick 
 plate of calcspar, and two test objects. 
 
 60. Petrographical microscope. Price, 171. 
 
 1887. Exhibited by J. Swift and Son. 
 
 English tripod stand, with tube rotating about horizontal axis. 
 The stage is glass-covered and has a rim reading to 5'. Polariser 
 on a crank arm, rotating with slot for fixed position, graduated, 
 but not capable of vertical motion. A set of converging lenses 
 are provided to fit over it. Coarse adjustment by rack and 
 pinion, fine adjustment with graduated head. Optical tube 
 fitted with a nosepiece for the two objectives 1 in. and J in. pro- 
 vided. The main analyser fits into a slit near the base of the tube. 
 Below it is a slit for inserting a quartz plate. The eyepiece 
 has cross wires, and over it fits another analyser with graduated 
 rim, below which is an arrangement for inserting, rotating, and 
 removing a calcite plate. 
 
 61. Petrographical microscope. 
 
 1888. Exhibited by Watson, Bros. 
 
 English tripod stand, with body movable about a horizontal axis, 
 and has an arrangement for fixing the tube in a horizontal position. 
 Has a large polariser on a crank arm with graduated edge with 
 lens, and extra condensing lenses fitting on above ; has a circular 
 stage, with rim divided to half degrees with vernier. Can be cen- 
 tred by use of a key ; superstage movable in one direction. Fine 
 
22 
 
 adjustment in front ; coarse adjustment by rack and pinion. 
 A slot above the objective for the insertion of quartz-plate, 
 quarter-undulation-plate, and Bertrand-lens, which are pro- 
 vided. The analyser fits over the eyepiece, which is of low 
 power and provided with a graduated circle, and an additional 
 eyepiece is provided. There are three objectives of 1J in., | in., 
 and in. focus. The accessories are a condenser on stand, a 
 live box, stage and hand forceps. 
 
 D. Petrographic Microscopes for Students. 
 
 62. Petrographic microscope. 
 
 E. 116. 1886. Made by A. Nachet, Paris. 
 
 As in the larger microscope, the stage and objective rotate 
 together on a separate support, with focussing screw. The 
 ocular portion slides in its tube. The stage is graduated and 
 rotates, but there is no superstage. It is fixed in a vertical 
 position, and is not capable of inclination. The polariser is on a 
 crank arm, and has a weak converging lens over it. The analyser 
 fits over the eyepiece, which has cross wires and is not graduated. 
 A second eyepiece is provided, and three objectives, Nos. 3, 5, 
 and 7. 
 
 63. Petrographic microscope. 
 
 E. 69. 1888. Made by Seibert, Wetzlar. 
 
 The polariser is on a sliding plate. Has a graduated rotating 
 stage, diaphragms, and converging lens. The optical tube 
 slides in a sheath, and the graduated fine adjustment is at 
 the top. The analyser fits over the eyepiece, and is coarsely 
 graduated. There are no slots in the side of the tube. The 
 instrument is fixed in a vertical position, and is not capable of 
 inclination. Two objectives and three eyepieces are provided, 
 with a second condensing lens. Selenite and quartz plate, and 
 three test objects. 
 
 64. Petrograpliic microscope. 
 
 1888. Exhibited by Watson Bros. 
 
 English tripod stand ; body movable about a horizontal axis, 
 and with a stop to indicate when it is in a horizontal position. Has 
 a large polariser on a crank arm, graduated to 45 ; a circular 
 graduated glass-topped stage ; coarse and fine adjustment not 
 graduated. Analyser to fit over eyepiece, not graduated ; cross 
 lines to eyepiece ; has 1 in. and J-in. objectives. Condenser on 
 stand. Live box and forceps. 
 
 65. Star microscope. Price, 61. 15s. 
 
 1891. Exhibited by R. and J. Seek. 
 
 Has a triangular base, with oblique support, with a horizontal 
 axis, about which the microscope rotates. Has a circular 
 
23 
 
 rotating stage, graduated to degrees. The polariser is on a 
 crank arm, and has spring catches to fix its diameter at right 
 angles to that of the analyser. The centring is secured by 
 screws working at right angles on the objective holder. The 
 eyepiece has cross lines, and is fixed by means of a slot. The 
 analyser, which is graduated, fits over it and can be rotated, 
 and has spring catches to indicate the crossing with the polariser. 
 It has rackwork coarse adjustment, and micrometer screw fine 
 adjustment, not graduated. It is supplied with 1 in. and in. 
 objectives. This instrument can also be provided with a set of 
 converging lenses to produce the interference figures, and is 
 sometimes made with a slit for the insertion of a quartz-plate 
 and quarter-undulation-plate above the objective. 
 
 66. Petrographic microscope with inclinable tube on 
 bronzed tripod stand. Price SI. Ss. 
 
 1889. Exhibited by H. Crouch $ Go. 
 
 The polariser is carried by a crank arm ; the analyser is- 
 contained in a block, which slides in a slot above the objective. 
 
 The stage rotates, and is graduated. 
 
 One eyepiece is supplied, which is fitted with an indicator ;. 
 and a revolving double nose-piece carries a J in. and 1^ in. 
 objectives. 
 
 E. Apparatus for cutting Sections of Minerals and 
 
 Rocks. 
 
 67. Lapidary's wheel for cutting large specimens. 
 E. 39. 1884. Made by R. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This is adapted for cutting sections several square inches in 
 area. It has a heavy cast-iron stand and plain wood treadle. 
 The axle of the wheel is attached to one side only of the stand ; the 
 diameter of the wheel is about 22 in. The upper part of the casting 
 consists of two broad parallel bars, leaving a groove between, 
 which is edged with steel, and along which the movable parts 
 can slide and can be fixed by nuts below. The first of these 
 movable parts consists of the small wheel, with a diameter of 
 6 in. on a double horizontal support, the other end of its axle 
 carrying the vertical slitting disc, round which, except near the 
 base is a loose tin case. The second movable piece is the rock 
 carrier. This consists of a platform fixed on the short arm of a 
 lever, whose fulcrum rests on the slider, and to which it can be 
 secured by nuts. It can thus be fixed in any required horizontal 
 position, and it can also be raised or lowered for changing the 
 vertical position. The other end of the lever is a long bar 
 carrying cylindrical sliding weights, by which the upward 
 pressure of the platform end can be modified at pleasure. On 
 
24 
 
 this platform are two screws fixed in position at one end, and at 
 the other is a movable toothed bar, which slides up and down in 
 a slit, by which means the rock to be cut may be held firmly 
 between three supports. There is also a square box, provided 
 with wax, to which to fix smaller specimens. These movable 
 parts have beneath them a zinc tray, perforated where necessary. 
 There is no arrangement for polishing the sections. 
 
 68. Apparatus for cutting and grinding rocks and 
 fossils for microscopical examination. 
 
 E. 49. 1885. Made by E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This is adapted for cutting sections of a not greater diameter 
 than 1^ inches. It has the same form as No. 67, but on a 
 smaller scale. The arrangements for rotating the vertical slitting 
 disc are identical, but the tin covering is more open, the specimen 
 to be cut being brought to the slicer from the side and not from 
 below. The rock holder as before is on a lever worked in the same 
 way by two forked weights moving on the longer arm, but instead 
 of being a platform it consists of a vertical bar movable and clamp- 
 able in its own direction. At the end it carries a second bar, 
 movable through it in a horizontal direction, and this carries a 
 third bar movable through it in another horizontal direction at 
 right angles, to the end of which is fixed a circular disc, 1 \ in. in 
 diameter, to which the rock specimen is cemented. These arrange- 
 ments allow of the placing of the specimen in any desired posi- 
 tion in relation to the slitting disc. But as in all positions the 
 face of the supporting disc is parallel to the surface of the slitting 
 disc, the specimen must be orientated with the surface of the 
 support in the process of cementation. There are additional cut- 
 ting discs of various diameters. The grinding portion of the 
 apparatus consists first of a pair of wheels fixed obliquely on the 
 under side of the horizontal framework, by passing the cord 
 round which the vertical is converted into a horizontal rotation, 
 which revolves a polishing lap, protected by a zinc tray. An extra 
 lap is provided with the machine. 
 
 69. Machine for cutting slices of rocks and fossils, to 
 work by hand. 
 
 E. 40. 1884. Made by E. Fuess, Berlin. 
 
 This stands on an 8 in. square wood block ; the motion is pro- 
 duced by turning a vertical cogwheel by the projecting handle. 
 This cogwheel is about 10 in. in diameter, and works into another 
 about 1J in. diameter. To the latter is fixed a vertical slicing disc 
 with a tin protector. The specimen is held in its place by the 
 same leverage arrangement and sliding bars as in No. 68, but 
 the whole is on a smaller scale. There is no arrangement for 
 polishing. 
 
25 
 
 70. Amateur's lapidary machine for slitting, grinding, 
 and polishing. Designed by J. B. Jordan. Price 121. 12s. 
 
 1884. Exhibited by Cotton and Johnson. 
 
 This consists of a mahogany framework similar to that of an 
 ordinary lathe, and is supplied with crank, heavy fly-wheel about 
 24 in. diameter and treadle occupying a floor space of 24 in. by 
 15 in. To the bed of this frame is fitted an iron casting bored to 
 receive two spindles, viz., a vertical spindle which carries the 
 slitting disc, grinding laps, &c., and another spindle to which is 
 fixed a horizontal plate carrying on its surface a cup containing 
 cement into which the material to be cut is embedded, and which 
 is retained and uniformly pressed against the slitting disc by 
 means of a cord attached to the plate near its edge, which, passing 
 over a pulley, supports a weight which gives a constant and 
 regular pressure. This plate can be raised or lowered as 
 required by means of a screw below the bearing. Horizontal 
 motion is given to the slitting disc by means of two 
 obliquely-set wheels below the bearing, over which the cord 
 passes to a horizontal wheel. When the machine is required 
 for grinding, &c., the slitting disc is removed and the laps, of 
 which three are provided, are fixed in its place. The whole of 
 the upper part is underlaid by a zinc tray, perforated in the 
 centre for the axles. At the side, on a movable ledge, stands a 
 water vessel with tap, by which the disc or lap can be kept 
 perpetually moistened. 
 
 71. Apparatus used in grinding and mounting rock 
 sections for examination under a microscope. With 
 the apparatus is shown a series of slides in different 
 states of preparation. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 
 1887. Science. 
 
 These consist of emery of four degrees of fineness, the finest 
 
 being previously washed ; Bunsen's burner, tripod, iron-plate, 
 
 soap solution, Canada balsam, watch glasses, 1J in. squares of 
 
 thick glass, glass slips, and round cover glasses. 
 
 F. Apparatus used in Blowpipe Analysis. 
 
 72. Letcher's blowpipe cabinet. Price, 34s. 
 
 1886. Exhibited by J. Orme & Co., lateM. Jackson. 
 
 As arranged for the Society of Arts, in a mahogany case. 
 
 73. Letcher's blowpipe case. Price, 21s., in a box. 
 1880. Exhibited by T. H. $ J. T. Letcher. 
 
26 
 
 74. Letcher's half guinea blowpipe cabinet in a stained 
 box. 
 
 1880. Exhibited by T. H. and J. T. Letcher. 
 
 75. Blowpipe cabinet. Price, 21s. 
 
 1886. Exhibited by Townson and Mercer. 
 
 76. Various blowpipe accessories. 
 
 1880. Exhibited by T. E. and J. T. Letcher. 
 
 Blowpipes at 10s. 6d., 4s. 6c?., 2s. 6d., and Sd. Hammers at 
 Is. 6cL and Is. Anvils at Is. and 6d. Forceps at 6s., 3s. 6d., 
 2s. 6d., Is. 8d, 6d. } 3d Lamps at Is., Is. in tin, lOd Steel 
 mortar at 16s. Stoneware charcoal support, 5d. Cupel strikers 
 at 6cZ. and 4cZ. Magnet and chisel at Id. each. Pestle and 
 guard ring at 6d. Platinum spoons at Is. 6d. and Is. Platinum 
 nozzles at 2s. and 4d. 
 
 77. Pour indigo prisms. Each, 4s. 
 
 Exhibited respectively by Reynolds and Branson, by G. 
 Mason If Co., by Townson and Mercer, and J. Preston. 
 1886. 
 
 78. Two indigo prisms. Price, 5s. each. 
 
 1889. Exhibited by W. Hume $ Co. 
 
 G. Apparatus for determining Specific Gravity. 
 
 79. Pisani's apparatus for determining specific gravity 
 by displacement. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 
 1887. Science. 
 This is adapted for use with small quantities of the substance, 
 
 or with its powder. It consists of a pair of scales, whose pans 
 are of horn, and weights, together with a specific gravity flask. 
 This is a strong bulb, with a closely fitting stopper in the form 
 of a spout, from the top of which ascends a long graduated tube 
 of narrow bore. By weighing the bulb and water first, then the 
 bulb and water with the substance placed in it, and finally the 
 same with so much water let out as brings it to its former level, 
 all the data for the determination of the specific gravity are 
 obtained. 
 
 80. Mohr's apparatus for determining specific gravity 
 by displacement. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 
 1887. Science. 
 
 This is adapted for very large specimens. It consists of an 
 
 inverted bell jar with stop-cock at base, supported on a wooden 
 
27 
 
 tripod, and a graduated tube below. The mass having been 
 weighed in air, it is placed in the jar with the water up to a 
 certain level ; by the insertion of the mass the level of the 
 water is raised, and the quantity that must be let out to bring it 
 to its former level can be passed through the stop-cock into the 
 graduated tube. Hence the bulk, and therefrom the weight of 
 water displaced, is determined. 
 
 81. Nicholson's areometer. Constructed to carry 
 1*17 grammes. 
 
 E. 52. 1889. 
 
 Consists of a large glass cylinder, with floating areometer. 
 This is now supported on a wooden disc, but .in use the cylinder 
 is filled with water, and the areometer is placed in it. The latter 
 is composed of a scale pan at the top, with brass cylinder below, 
 and about 1 inch below that a hollow cone. This serves first to 
 determine the weight of water displaced by any moderate sized 
 substance which, when placed in the upper scale pan, depresses 
 the cylinder to a given position, but when placed in the lower 
 scale, does not depress it so much, and weights have to be added 
 to the top scale pan, to counterbalance the water displaced. The 
 weight in air may be determined by the same apparatus by 
 observing the depression caused by placing the substance in 
 the upper scale pan, and producing an equal depression by 
 weights placed there instead. 
 
 82. Nicholson's areometer, improved form. 
 E. 54. 1889. 
 
 This is very similar to No. 81, but a perforated plate movable 
 about a horizontal axis takes the place of the hollow cone for 
 supporting the substance when being weighed in water. 
 
 83. Jolly's spring-balance. 
 
 E. 51. 1889. Made by Berberich, Munich. 
 
 This consists of an upright square hollow beam, on a tripod 
 stand, with levelling screws, with a mirror in front. In front of 
 the mirror is supported a long delicate wire spring, which is 
 movable by means of a rod sliding within the beam, and 
 clamped behind. This carries at the base two scales, one 
 below the other, and also a bright bead. Below it stands 
 a platform, which may be raised or lowered, and on which 
 is placed a tumbler full of water. The principle of action is 
 essentially the same as that of Nicholson's areometer ; i.e., the 
 weighing of the substance is performed by making it and the 
 equivalent weights have the same effect on the position of 
 the scales, only this is determined, not by their position in 
 relation to the surface of the water, but by the lengthening 
 of the springs, when the substance or weights are placed in, the 
 
upper or lower scale, the latter of which is beneath the water in 
 the tumbler. The coincidence of position of the scales, when the 
 substance or the weight is in them is determined by the co- 
 incidence in position of the reflected image of the bead in 
 the two cases. It is only adapted for such small specimens as 
 can be placed on the scales and do not unduly strain the 
 springs. 
 
 84. Walker's specific -gravity balance. Later form. 
 E. 48. 1889. Made by G. Lowdon. 
 
 This is constructed on the principle of the steelyard, and 
 is suitable to solid objects of moderate size. The steelyard 
 is supported on a brass upright, on which it rests by means 
 of a knife-edge ; the long arm is graduated. The shorter arm 
 supports the knife-edge of a suspended carrier, on which may 
 be placed one or more short cylindrical brass weights ; by 
 this means the range of weighing is greatly increased. The 
 longer arm supports by means of a thread the object to be 
 weighed, which may thus be shifted along it to the position 
 of equilibrium, which gives the weight by a suitable reading of 
 the graduation, whether the object be suspended in air or in a 
 tumbler of water placed below the beam. Too great oscillation 
 of the beam is prevented by a limiting slot in an upright, in which 
 the end of the beam works. 
 
 85. Walker's specific-gravity balance. Earliest form. 
 1887. Lent by Prof. Judd, F.R.S. 
 
 In this the head of a geological hammer takes the place of the 
 definite brass weights, and the short arm is not graduated ; all 
 the pieces are of steel 
 
 86. Attwood's specific-gravity balance. Made by 
 Casella. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 This is also on the steelyard principle, but may be suspended 
 from any convenient support, such as the ring of a retort stand. 
 The steelyard is balanced on a knife-edge working within a sus- 
 pended ring, and carries a long vertical index, which moves over 
 a fixed graduated arc below, as in an ordinary balance, to indicate 
 when the steelyard is horizontal. The specimen to be weighed 
 is hung on the longer arm, quite close to the point of support, 
 either by a hook or in a copper scale pan, suspended to the hook, 
 which has also a hook below, from which the specimen is sus- 
 pended when weighed in water contained in a tumbler placed 
 below. The weighing is effected by two sliders ; that on the 
 short arm is a heavy one, and its bevelled edge is placed on one 
 or other of the graduations which rise by ounce intervals from 
 
29 
 
 to 2 Ibs., the larger values being remote from the point of sup- 
 port ; that on the longer arm is a light one, and reads from 
 to 48 parts of an ounce, the larger values being nearest the 
 point of support. The substance to be weighed thus balances the 
 larger rider by the aid of the smaller one,, and if with the 
 latter at it more than balances the larger when this is placed 
 at the figure representing the next lower ounce to its weight, it 
 will exactly balance it, as the leverage of the small one is reduced 
 by moving it to a higher graduation towards the point of support. 
 The readings of the two riders then give the weight. 
 
 87. Parish's specific-gravi by balance. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 This is very much on the same principle as Attwood's, but is 
 adapted for small specimens only. It works on a knife-edge, and 
 carries a pointer and graduated arc. The object to be weighed 
 is suspended in the middle of the shorter arm by a fixed hook, 
 which carries two scale pans, one below the other, for weighing 
 in water in a beaker. The long arm supports a scale pan 
 hanging from a rider, and is graduated. There is also a small 
 rider on the same side as the point of suspension of the substance 
 to be weighed. The weighing takes place in the same way as in 
 Attwood's, but owing to the difference of weights which may be 
 placed on the scale pan of the long arm, the range of weighing is 
 proportionally greater, or, in other words, the determination is 
 more accurate for small objects. The too great oscillation of the 
 beam is prevented by its working in a limiting slot, in a support 
 at the remote end. 
 
 88. Cohen's balance for determining the specific- 
 gravity of heavy liquids, used for the isolation of 
 minerals in rocks. Made by Gr. "Westphal, Celle. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 
 1891. Science. 
 
 This is a small balance constructed of brass, with levelling 
 plate, and a draw tube, to allow of adjustment for height. The 
 weighing is effected, as in the steel-yard, by the shifting of a 
 weight along the graduated beam of the balance. The instrument 
 is supplied with glass tube for the liquid, and a float with ther- 
 mometer, attached to the fend of the beam for suspension in the 
 substance under examination. A set of riders allows of the 
 measurement of specific gravities of liquids lighter and heavier 
 than water. With these, results can be obtained perfectly 
 correct to three places of decimals. 
 
 U 69149. C 
 
30 
 
 89. Mohr's specific-gravity balance. 
 E. 43. 1889. 
 
 This form of instrument is in many respects similar to 
 No. 88, and is furnished with tube, riders, and thermometer 
 to adapt it for use in the same way. 
 
 The equal length of the two arms of the lever allows of its 
 serving also as an ordinary balance ; while it is fitted for use in 
 the measurement of the specific gravities of solids. 
 
 It is made of brass, and set on a mahogany stand, having a 
 drawer to contain it when not in use. 
 
 A cord passing over two pulleys attached to an upright, 
 allows of the balance being raised or lowered. 
 
 H. Clinometers, fyc. Instruments used in Geological 
 
 Surveying. 
 
 90. Portable boring apparatus used in the geological 
 survey of Belgium. Invented by E. Van den Broeck and 
 A. Rutot ; made by J. Didion, Brussels. 
 
 E. 55. 1889. 
 
 A full description of the instrument, and of the work done by 
 it, is contained in the " Bulletin de la Societe' Beige de Geologic, 
 de Paleontologie et d'Hydrologie," Vol. II. 1888. A copy of an 
 extract is shown with the apparatus. 
 
 91. Thermometers employed in determining under- 
 ground temperature by the British Association Com- 
 mittee, Secretary, Prof. J. D. Everett, F.R.S. 
 
 (a.) Negretti's inverted maximum thermometer with 
 outer glass case to protect it from pressure. 
 
 (&.) Phillips' maximum thermometer with sealed glass 
 case containing spirits. Designed by Sir W. Thom- 
 son ; made by Casella. 
 
 (c.) StapfFs and Everett's slow action thermometer. 
 Made by Negretti and Zambra. 
 
 Each of these instruments is supplied with a copper tube to 
 contain it when in use. 
 
 E. 44, 46, and 47. 1889. 
 
 92. Abney's combined level and clinometer. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 This consists of a long rectangular hollow box,, with a pin-hole 
 at one end, and an aperture at the other, so that the base of the 
 instrument may be directed accurately in a given direction 
 
31 
 
 The clinometer consists of a graduated semicircle, the radius 
 corresponding to being parallel in the line of vision. In the 
 centre of the circle is an axis with a milled head, at one end of 
 which is a transverse spirit level, and at the other a radius 
 ending in a vernier, which passes over the graduation of the 
 circle, and is parallel to the base of the spirit level. Thus the 
 angle read off is the angle of dip of the line of vision. At the 
 other end is fixed a compass. 
 
 93. Two clinometers, one in mahogany, and the other 
 in boxwood. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 The latter folds like a foot rule, and has a hanging brass 
 pendulum, and graduated semicircle within. The outside is 
 engraved with a table, by means of which the amount of fall for 
 any given dip can be calculated. 
 
 94. Three clinometers and four compasses. Prices of 
 clinometers: 10s., 15s., 20s.; of compasses, 2s. 6d., 
 7s. 6d., 8s., and 20s. 
 
 1880. Exhibited by T. H. and J. T. Letcher $ Co. 
 
 One of the latter has a brass pendant. 
 
 III. GEOLOGICAL MODELS ILLUSTRATING VOLCANIC 
 ACTION. 
 
 95. Model to illustrate the formation of volcanic cones 
 when the ejected materials are of a fragmentary 
 character. 
 
 Designed by C. J. Woodward, Birmingham and Midland 
 
 1885. Institute. 
 
 This consists of a large square table which is perforated in the 
 centre, and below is fixed a vertical tube, connected at the 
 farther end with an elastic tube leading to a pair of bellows. 
 This is worked by a handle, and sends a continuous vertical blast 
 of air up from the centre of the table. Into the side of the tube 
 near its point of emergence in the table is fixed another horizontal 
 tube, filled with sawdust which is supplied from an open box at the 
 side of the table from which the tube leads, and is continuously 
 pushed forward by means of an endless screw, which is turned by a 
 handle at the end. In this way a vertical shower of sawdust is 
 ejected from the pipe, after the manner in which fragmentary 
 material is ejected from the neck of a volcano. The manner in 
 which the material collects round the vent is thus demonstrated, 
 and by continuing the process with variously coloured sawdusts, 
 
 c 2 
 
32 
 
 a cone with central crater showing the peculiarities of a volcanic 
 ash cone, is gradually built up. The internal structure of such a 
 cone is here demonstrated by fixing two vertical sheets of glass 
 in a radial direction before commencing operations, and at the 
 end removing all the sawdust which lies between them. In this 
 way the inward slope of the deposit within the crater and the 
 outward slope on the flanks of the cone is fully demonstrated. 
 The proportionate height of the cone depends on the angle of 
 rest of volcanic fragments in one case and of sawdust in the 
 other, but these are not very different, hence the natural slope 
 of such cones is fairly well shown. 
 
 For a full explanation of the structure of such cones as 
 illustrated by such a model, see Judd's " Volcanoes." 
 
 96. Three models illustrating massive eruptions, by 
 Professor E. Eeyer of Gratz. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 These are produced by squeezing masses of plaster through a 
 vertical hole in the same way as that in which lava is forced up 
 through the neck of a volcano. The form it assumes is 
 dependent on its fluidity, and thus two of these models, made of 
 more fluid material, are flatter than the third, but in all cases 
 the slopes, except immediately over the aperture, are low. Each 
 of these models is cut through the middle to show the internal 
 structure, consisting of a more or less flattened circle passing 
 through the opening of the vent. The different coloured plasters, 
 red and white, show the effect of a subsequent eruption of lava 
 at the same spot. 
 
 For full explanation, see Judd's " Volcanoes." 
 
 97. Raised model of Mount Vesuvius, geologically 
 -coloured after Dufreynoy. 
 
 E. 141. 1874. Prepared by J. B. Jordan. 
 
 This is on a horizontal scale of 1 inch to the mile, and stands 
 in an oak frame 1 ft. 8 in. by 1 ft. 4 in. The various minor 
 craters on the slopes are indicated by colour, and the rest is 
 coloured geologically according as it is superficially composed of : 
 1 . Leucitic lavas ; 2. Modern lavas ; 3. Trachyte ; 4. Pumiceous 
 Tufa ; 5. Tufa of Pompeii. 
 
 IV. SEISMOGRAPHIC APPARATUS. 
 
 98. The Gray-Milne seismograph. 
 
 E. 60. 1885. Made by Jas. White. 
 
 This instrument is designed to record the motion of a point on 
 the earth's surface during an earthquake. Three rectangular 
 components of the motion are written by means of fine glass 
 
33 
 
 siphons on a band of paper, which is kept moving uniformly by 
 a train of clockwork. The siphon which records the vertical 
 component is actuated by a mass supported on the free end of a 
 horizontal lever, which is held in position by a knife-edge and 
 two flat springs bent through a large angle, so as to give the 
 lever a long period of free oscillation. The period is still further 
 increased by means of a small flat spring fixed to the frame- 
 work below the knife-edge and attached to the lever in such a 
 way as to give the requisite amount of negative stability. The 
 siphons which record the horizontal components are actuated by 
 conical pendulums, so arranged as to have long periods of 
 oscillatory motion. 
 
 The time of occurrence and the period of oscillation of the 
 earth are obtained from the position of the record on, and the 
 rate of motion of, the paper-ribbon. These are checked by a 
 separate timepiece, which closes an electric circuit and makes a 
 mark on the paper-ribbon every 10 minutes and a distinguishing 
 mark every hour. These marks, besides giving the rate of motion 
 of the ribbon and the time at which any part passed the driving 
 drum, furnish a datum-line from which the position of the siphon- 
 records may be measured ; and thus any change of position of 
 the bobs of the pendulums, occasioned say by a change of level, 
 can be observed. The conical pendulums can be so adjusted as 
 to be extremely sensitive to change of level, and hence the 
 instrument may be used to record slow pulsations of the ground. 
 
 The instrument here exhibited is suited for motions of small 
 amplitude. 
 
 99. Horizontal pendulum seismograph, with vertical 
 motion seismograph, designed by Prof. J. A. Ewing. 
 
 Made by the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Gompanv. 
 E. 142. 1888. 
 
 This instrument consists of two parts, both of which make 
 records on the same revolving sheet of glass. It is only adapted 
 for small motions which require to be magnified in the record. 
 The principle of the instrument is to provide three pendulums 
 which, while the earth is still, are perfectly free to move, each in 
 one direction, such directions being mutually at right angles ;. 
 and conversely, if the earth moves in any of those directions r 
 they will not partake of the motion, but be relatively displaced. 
 The two horizontal motions are provided for by two vertical bars> 
 contained within cylinders, which are set on a tripod with level- 
 ling screws. These bars are pivotted at the base by sharp steel 
 points resting in cone-shaped cups ; but at the top their points 
 rest in V-shaped grooves, whose directions in the two pendulums 
 are at right angles. In this way motion in one direction only 
 can be recorded by each. The pendulums are furnished with an 
 adjustment by which they are put in nearly neutral equilibrium 
 and stand at right angles to each other. The motion is multi- 
 
34 
 
 plied and recorded by two pointers projecting from the pendulums, 
 and so set that in their oscillation their ends move with exceed- 
 ingly little friction on the surface of a circular glass plate, which 
 at the time of the earthquake is made to rotate, and they thus trace 
 a pair of magnified records of the earth's horizontal motion in two 
 components, side by side, on the surface of the smoked glass plate, 
 which may then be varnished and used as a negative for taking 
 photographic copies. The vertical component is recorded on the 
 same revolving glass by a pendulum standing on the opposite 
 side. In this there is a massive Jpar pivotted on a horizontal line, 
 about which it oscillates freely in a vertical direction. The bar 
 is held up by a pair of long spiral springs, and by adjusting the 
 point at which the pull of the springs is applied to the bar, so that 
 it may be below a horizontal plane through the fulcrum, the equili- 
 brium of the bar is made as nearly neutral as is desirable. The bar 
 is pivotted and the pull of the springs applied by hard steel 
 points working in hard steel centres. A light steel bar is fixed 
 vertically to the edge of the pendulum so as to multiply the 
 motion, and carries at its base a horizontal index, so jointed that 
 a vertical motion of the rod is converted into a horizontal motion 
 of the index in a direction radial to the circumference of the 
 smoked plate. Another piece of apparatus is for setting the 
 glass plate in motion so soon as an earthquake commences. It 
 consists of clockwork which, when in action, drives a small 
 friction roller over the surface of the glass plate near its edge, 
 thereby giving it a uniform speed of rotation. The speed of the 
 clockwork is controlled by a balanced centrifugal governor, 
 furnished with vanes which dip into a vessel containing castor 
 oil. The clock is started at the commencement of the earthquake 
 by means of an electro -magnetic detent, which acts whenever an 
 electric circuit is closed by the small seismoscope which stands on 
 the other side. This seismoscope consists of a metal disc, with a 
 small cavity in the centre, contained within an iron cylindrical 
 box, to the top of which it is suspended by three fine wires. From 
 the cavity in the disc a pin passes through a hole in a platinum plate 
 attached to the brass upright of the seismoscope. The slightest 
 disturbance will cause a movement of the disc and consequently 
 of the pin, which will close an electric circuit by contact with the 
 platinum plate. This happens during the preliminary tremors of 
 the earthquake and causes the recording plate to begin revolving 
 before the principal motions are felt. The plate is supported in 
 such a way as to allow it to be removed and replaced without 
 disturbing the rest of the apparatus. Two spare plates are sup- 
 plied with the seismograph. From the known rate of rotation 
 of the plate, together with the undulating lines drawn by the 
 pointers on its surface, whose magnification is also known, the 
 velocity of displacement and rate of acceleration of a point on the 
 earth's surface may be determined, as well as the direction of each 
 displacement. In this instrument the horizontal motions are 
 multiplied by about 4'1 and the vertical by about 2. 
 
35 
 
 100. Duplex pendulum seismograph, designed by 
 Prof. J. A. Swing. 
 
 Made ~by the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company. 
 E. 143. 1888. 
 
 This is an instrument for registering on a fixed plate of 
 smoked glass, with suitable magnification, the whole horizontal 
 motion of the ground. It consists of a vertical case, supported 
 on three levelling screws. On the centre of the base stands an 
 inverted pendulum pivotted in a hard steel cup. The bob of 
 the pendulum is a massive disc. This, though free to move 
 about the base in all directions, is kept vertical, and in nearly 
 neutral equilibrium, by being geared by a ball and socket joint 
 to another somewhat larger massive disc which hangs by three 
 parallel wires from the top of the box. Any horizontal motion 
 of the base is thus communicated to the upper disc. The 
 motion of this disc is recorded by means of a vertical rod which 
 is supported by agimbal joint fixed on a side bracket, which acts 
 as the fulcrum of a lever ; the lower and shorter end of the rod 
 works in the disc by a ball and socket joint, while the upper and 
 longer end carries a horizontal pointer at its extremity, which 
 traces a multiplied record of the motion on a fixed horizontal 
 plate projecting from the case. The degree of stability of the 
 combination is adjusted by raising or lowering the upper disc. 
 
 101. Model showing the motion of an earth particle 
 during the earthquake of January 15, 1887. 
 
 By Prof. S. SeJciya, Imperial University, ToJcio, Japan. 
 E. 11. 1889. 
 
 This consists of a length of red coloured wire twisted about, 
 and divided into three parts. The course taken by the wire 
 represents the path pursued by an earth particle during the 
 above earthquake as determined by the records of horizontal 
 and vertical seismographs. The actual motion of the ground, 
 both horizontal and vertical, is magnified 50 times. The model 
 is made in three parts for convenience, and on it are placed 
 consecutive numbers, from 1 to 72, to indicate the position of 
 the particle at the end of the corresponding second. 
 
 For a description of this model and its mode of construction, 
 see Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of 
 Japan, Vol. I. 
 
 102. Seismic apparatus to give the time and direction 
 of an earthquake shock. 
 
 Made by Brassart Bros., Central Meteorological Office, 
 E. 10 to 12. 1884. Home. 
 
 This consists of an oblong stand with levelling screws. On 
 one end stands a ball on the top of a rod lightly balanced, and 
 standing within a hollow octagon marked with compass points 
 
36 
 
 at the angles. If an earthquake take place this ball and rod 
 fall into one of the eight angles, and so mark the general direc- 
 tion of the motion. At the other end is a pendulum with a 
 brass bob, suspended by wire from a brass support, with its 
 point within a little copper bowl which is used to record any 
 vertical movement of the earth. In the centre is a clock whose 
 pendulum is held by a detent, connected with a pair of electro- 
 magnets, until freed by the passage of an electric current. The 
 circuit is closed and the pendulum at liberty to swing as soon 
 as any movement causes either .the wire pendulum or the ball 
 and rod to come in contact with the metal near them. Thus the 
 time of the earthquake is recorded by the starting of the clock. 
 A Leclanche battery and an electric bell to be placed in circuit to 
 call attention to the earthquake are provided with the instrument. 
 
 103. Seismochronograph, or apparatus for determining 
 the exact time of an earthquake. 
 
 Designed by Prof, von Lasaulx, Royal University, 
 
 E. 236. 1877. Breslau. 
 
 This is similar in principle to the last, but is only part of 
 the whole. It consists of a plate in the centre of which stands 
 a rod working in a hollow vertical cylinder, on the top of 
 which is placed a ball. If by an earthquake the ball be 
 displaced it falls into one of the surrounding cups, the 
 particular one showing the direction of the shock, and at the 
 same time the rod rises and sets loose a wire spring, which causes 
 a neighbouring clock to stop, thus indicating the time of the 
 'shock. 
 
 104r. Photographs and drawings of seismic apparatus 
 used at the Vesuvian and Meteorological Observatory, 
 Naples. 
 
 1877. Given ~by Prof. Luigi Palmieri. 
 
 1. Portable seismograph by Palmieri, with a printed 
 description. 
 
 2. Stationary seismograph made by order of the Hydrographic 
 Department of the English Admiralty, by Prof. Palmieri. 
 
 3. Stationary seismograph made for the Vesuvian Observatory. 
 
 105. Photograph of an early seismograph. By Niccolo 
 Cacciatore. 
 
 1877. Given by the Royal Observatory o/ Palermo. 
 
 A circular receiver perforated on the side by eight holes, 
 placed in the direction of the four cardinal points and of the 
 intermediate points. This is placed on a perfectly horizontal 
 plane, and filled with mercury up to the level of the holes, 
 which will therefore spill by running through them on the 
 least oscillation, and in the direction of the oscillation. A 
 
37 
 
 corresponding number of small cups is placed below the holes 
 to receive the spilt mercury which may afterwards be replaced. 
 The amount of mercury in the cups gives an indication of the 
 direction and roughly of the force of the earthquake shock. 
 
 V. SETS OF MINERALS, ROCKS, FOSSILS AND MICROSCOPIC 
 PREPARATIONS FOR TEACHING PURPOSES. 
 
 106. A cabinet containing geological specimens and 
 apparatus. Recommended by Prof. Judd for the use of 
 science teachers. 
 
 E. 10. 1883. 
 
 A large box with handles and lid, with four trays fitting into 
 it, and containing also geological hammers of two sizes, magni- 
 fying glasses of three powers, and a clinometer. 
 
 The first two trays contain 25 wooden compartments, each 
 3|- in. by 4J- in. The first contains the following igneous rocks : 
 
 1. Granite, High Downs, Crowan, Cornwall. 
 
 2. Granite, Aberdeen. 
 
 3. Granite, Shap, Westmoreland. 
 
 4. Quartz felsite, Drem, Crowan, Cornwall. 
 
 5. Granite (China stone), S. Austell. 
 
 6. Rhyolite, Bartos, Hungary. 
 
 7. Pitchstone, Corriegills, Isle of Arran. 
 
 8. Obsidian, Lipari Isles. 
 
 9. Pumice, Lipari Isles. 
 
 10. Rhyolite tuff, Glashiitte, Schemnitz, Hungary. 
 
 11. Syenite, Dresden, Saxony. 
 
 12. Elceolite Syenite, Brevig, Norway. 
 
 13. Diorite, Freiberg, Saxony. 
 
 14. Trachyte, Drachenfels, Rhine. 
 
 15. Hornblende Andesite, Stenzelberg, Rhine. 
 
 16. Hornblende Porphyrite, Potschappel, near Dresden, 
 
 Saxony. 
 
 17. Clay stone, Braid Hills, Pentlands. 
 
 18. Phonolite, Aussig, Bohemia. 
 
 19. Gabbro, Penig, Saxony. 
 
 20. Basalt, Giant's Causeway, Ireland. 
 
 21. Basalt, Magospart, Hungary. 
 
 22. Melaphyre (amygdaloidal), Heimbach, Nahe. 
 
 23. Palagonite tuff, Limburg, Nassau. 
 
 24. Serpentine, Lizard, Cornwall. 
 
 25. Greisen, Zinnwald, Bohemia. 
 
 The second contains the following stratified rocks : 
 
 26. Pipe clay, Corfe Castle, Purbeck, Dorset. 
 
 27. Coal shale, Water of Leith, Edinburgh. 
 
38 
 
 28. Clay slate, Bangor, North Wales. 
 
 29. Spotted slate, Wechselberg, Saxony. 
 
 30. Chiastolite slate, Gefries. Bavaria. 
 
 31. Mica slate, Perthshire, Scotland. 
 
 82. Mica slate with garnets, Perthshire, Scotland. 
 
 33. Hornblende schist, Lizard, Cornwall. 
 
 34. Talc schist, Zermatt. 
 
 35. Chlorite schist, Zoptau, Moravia. 
 
 36. Grey gneiss, Dresden, Saxony. 
 
 37. Red gneiss, Bieberstein, JYeiberg, Saxony. 
 
 38. Conglomerate, St. Alban's, Herts. 
 
 39. Millstone grit, Hassop, Derbyshire. 
 
 40. Red sandstone, Annan, Dumfries. 
 
 41. Quartzite, Hartshill, Warwickshire. 
 
 42. Chalk, Kent. 
 
 43. Oolitic limestone, near Bath. 
 
 44. Dolomitic limestone, Sala, Sweden. 
 
 45. Limestone, Carrara. 
 
 46. Peat, Banff, Scotland. 
 
 47. Brown coal, Bohemia. 
 
 48. Common coal, Newcastle. 
 
 49. Cannel coal, Wigan. 
 
 50. Anthracite, South Wales. 
 
 The divisions in the other two trays are for the most part 
 3 in. by 3 in,, and they contain the following minerals and 
 fossils : 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 51. Rock crystal, St. Gothard. 
 
 52. Massive quartz, Cornwall. 
 
 53. Orthoclase, Ytterby, Sweden. 
 
 54. Oligoclase, Ytterby, Sweden. 
 
 55. Labradorite, Labrador. 
 
 56. Leucite, Vesuvius. 
 
 57. Nepheline (elseolite), Brevig, Norway. 
 
 58. Hornblende, Krageroe, Norway. 
 
 59. Augite, Schima, Bohemia. 
 
 60. Muscovite, Pennsylvania. 
 
 61. Biotite, Renfrew, Canada. 
 
 62. Olivine, Eifel, Germany. 
 
 63. Garnet, Tyrol. 
 
 64. Kaolin, St. Austell, Cornwall. 
 
 65. Calcite, Iceland. 
 
 66. Gypsum (selenite), Oxford. 
 
 67. Magnetite, Arkansas, and crystal from Tyrol. 
 
 68. Haematite, Cumberland. 
 
 69. Pyrite, Cumberland. 
 
 70. Rock salt, Cheshire. 
 
 70A. Rock salt (white), Worcester. 
 
39 
 
 Fossils. 
 
 71. Diplograptus pristis, Moffat, Dumfries. 
 
 72. Lingulella Davisii, Portmadoc. 
 
 73. Calymene Blumenbachii, Dudley. 
 
 74. Taxocrinus tuberculatus, Wenlock, Dudley. 
 
 75. Atrypa reticularis, Dudley. 
 
 76. Pentamerus Knightii, Aymestry 
 
 77. Productus semireticulatus, Garb. Limestone. 
 
 78. Spirifer, Garb. Limestone. 
 
 79. Goniatites retrorsus, Budesheim, Eifel. 
 
 80. Orthoceras, Garb. Limestone, Derbyshire. 
 
 81. Lithostrotion basaltiformis, Garb. Limestone. 
 
 82. Zaphrentis, Garb. Limestone. 
 
 83. Aviculo-pecten papyraceus, Carboniferous. 
 
 84. Fenestella, Garb. Limestone. 
 
 85. Euomphalus, Garb. Limestone. 
 
 86. Pecopteris in nodule, Carboniferous. 
 
 87. Sigillaria, Carboniferous. 
 
 88. Lepidodendron, Carboniferous. 
 
 89. Calamites, Carboniferous. 
 
 90. Trigonocarpon, Carboniferous. 
 
 (4th Tray.) 
 
 91. Gryphsea incurva, Lias. 
 
 92. Ammonites margaritatus, Lias. 
 
 93. Ammonites bifrons, Lias. 
 
 94. Terebratula punctata, Lias. 
 
 95. Rhynchonella tetrahedra, Lias. 
 
 96. Ostrea Marshii, Inf. Oolite. 
 
 97. Apiocrinus rotundus, Bradford clay. 
 
 98. Echinobrissus scutatus, Coralline Oolite. 
 
 99. Thecosmilia annularis, Coralline Oolite. 
 
 100. Gryphsea dilatata, Oxford clay. 
 
 101. Belemnites Puzosianus, Oxford clay. 
 
 102. Ostrea deltoidea, Kimmeridge clay. 
 
 103. Trigonia gibbosa with cast, Portland. 
 
 104. Purbeck limestone with Paludina, Swanage. 
 
 105. Cinder bed, Purbeck. 
 
 106. Ammonites lautus, Gault, Folkestone. 
 
 107. Belemnites minimus, Gault, Folkestone. 
 
 108. Inocerarnus, Chalk, Kent. 
 
 109. Micraster coranguinum, Chalk, Kent. 
 
 110. Belemnitella, Chalk, Dover. 
 
 111. Nipadites, London clay, Sheppey. 
 
 112. Pectunculus terebratularis, Woolwich beds, Kent. 
 
 113. Cerithium funatum, Woolwich beds, Kent. 
 
 114. Cyrena cuneiformis, Woolwich beds, Kent. 
 
 115. Cardita planicosta, Bracklesham beds, Bracklesham. 
 
 116. Nummulites Isevigatus, Bracklesham beds, Bracklesham. 
 
40 
 
 117. Turrit ella imbricataria, Barton clay, Barton. 
 
 118. Voluta luctatrix, Barton clay, Barton. 
 
 119. Crassatella sulcata, Barton clay, Barton. 
 
 120. Cerithium concavum, Headon beds, Isle of Wight. 
 
 121. Cytberea incrassata, Headon beds, Isle of Wight. 
 
 122. Fusus labiatus, Headon beds, Isle of Wight. 
 
 123. Limnsea, in Headon marl, Isle of Wight. 
 
 124. Planorbis, in Headon marl, Isle of Wight. 
 
 125. Paludina lenta, Headon beds, Isle of Wight. 
 
 126. Cerithium plicatum, Hempstead beds, Isle of Wight. 
 
 127. Fascicularia aurantium, Coralline Crag, Suffolk. 
 
 128. Fusus antiquus var. contrarius, Red Crag, Suffolk. 
 
 129. Lamna elegans, Red Crag, Suffolk. 
 
 130. Glacially striated stone, Finchley. 
 
 107. Illustrations of British geology and palaeontology. 
 Prepared for the Department of Science and Art, by 
 
 James R. Gregory. 
 
 E. 88. 1869. 
 
 A series of fossils and other specimens affixed to a MS. table 
 of strata on cardboard and mounted in four glazed frames, 
 24 in. by 33 in. to stand against the wall, designed to show the 
 order of succession of the various stratified rocks, their principal 
 fossils, localities, mineral characters, uses in the arts, manu- 
 factures, &c. 
 
 108. Specimens of British rocks (50). In a cabinet. 
 Price 10s. 6d. 
 
 1875. Exhibited by J. R. Gregory. 
 
 Consists of one tray with cover, filled with turned-up card 
 trays, 1^ in. by 2 in. Small irregular fragments. Each carries 
 a number to which a label corresponds. 
 
 109. Fifty minerals in a cabinet. Price 10s. 6d. 
 1875. Exhibited by J. R. Gregory. 
 
 One tray with cover, filled with turned-up card-trays, each 
 1^ in. by 2 in. Small fragments, mostly of massive minerals. 
 Each carries a number to which a label corresponds. 
 
 110. One hundred minerals in a cabinet. Price, II. Is. 
 1875. Exhibited by J. R. Gregory. 
 Has two trays, each fitted with turned-up card-trays, each 1-J 
 
 in. by 2 in. Small fragments, mostly of massive minerals. Each 
 carries a number to which a label corresponds. 
 
 111. Two hundred minerals in a cabinet. Price 21. 2s. 
 1875. Exhibited by J. R. Gregory. 
 Has four trays, each fitted with turned-up card- trays, each 
 
 1J in. by 2 in. Small fragments, mostly of massive minerals, some 
 crystals. Each carries a number to which a label corresponds. 
 
41 
 
 112. Specimens to illustrate Prof. Geikie's " Primer 
 of Geology." Price 10s. 6d. 
 
 1875. Exhibited by J. P,. Gregory. 
 
 One tray with cover containing turned-up card -trays, with 22 
 specimens, on the average about 2 in. square, numbered according 
 to the figures they illustrate. 
 
 113. Twenty -five fragments of minerals for blowpipe 
 experiments. Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 1875. Exhibited by J. R. Gregory. 
 
 In pill-boxes, contained in a larger cardboard box, on the 
 outside of which is a list of the specimens. 
 
 114. Fifty fragments of minerals for blowpipe experi- 
 ments. Price 5s. 
 
 1875. Exhibited by J. E. Gregory. 
 
 In pill-boxes, contained in a larger cardboard box, on the 
 outside of which is a list of the specimens. 
 
 115. Moh's scale of mineral hardness. Price 6s. 
 1875. Exhibited by J. E. Gregory. 
 
 Ten small white trays containing the minerals and a file, 
 enclosed in a green cloth covered box. 
 
 116. Yon Kobell's scale of fusibility. Price 3s. 
 1875. Exhibited by J. E. Gregory. 
 
 A wooden box in six compartments, each with a mineral ; a 
 descriptive label on the lid. 
 
 117. One hundred British rocks. Price 80s. 
 
 1877. Exhibited by Bryce M. Wright. 
 
 Arranged in five mahogany trays in a mahogany cabinet. 
 Each tray contains 20 white card trays, 2 in. by 2| in. Each 
 specimen carries a number to which a label corresponds. Of the 
 100 specimens 65 belong to the stratigraphical series, 31 are 
 igneous, and 4 are schists. 
 
 118. One hundred minerals arranged according to 
 Phillip's " Mineralogy." Price 31. 
 
 1877. Exhibited by Bryce M. Wright. 
 
 Arranged in four mahogany trays contained in a mahogany 
 box. Each tray has 25 white card trays, each 2| in. by 3 in. 
 Many of the specimens are crystalline. Each carries a number 
 to which a label corresponds. 
 
 With these are shown several miscellaneous specimens. 
 
42 
 
 119. One hundred British fossils stratigraphically 
 arranged. Price 31. 
 
 1877. Exhibited by Bryce M. Wright. 
 
 Arranged in five stained wood trays in a mahogany cabinet. 
 Each wooden tray has 20 white card trays, each 2 in. by 2-| in. 
 Each specimen carries a number to which a label corresponds. 
 
 120. Collection of fossils stratigraphically arranged, 
 contained in 60 cardboard boxes. These fit in two trays 
 of a stained deal box. Price 17 s. 6d. 
 
 1889. Exhibited by F. H. Sutler. 
 
 121. Collection of rocks and rock forming minerals, 
 65 specimens, contained in cardboard boxes. Arranged 
 in two trays to fit in a stained deal box. Price 17s. 6d. 
 
 1889. Exhibited by F. H. Butler. 
 
 122. Collection of minerals, rocks, and fossils. Price 51. 
 1879. Exhibited by 8. Henson. 
 
 In six wooden trays. Each tray contains 50 blue card trays 
 (or half trays), each 2 in. by 2 J in. Nearly five trays out of the 
 six are occupied by minerals (249 specimens), the remainder are 
 fossils (56) and rocks (11), numbering in all 316. Each speci- 
 men bears a number corresponding to the list in a framed MS. 
 catalogue. 
 
 123. Special sets of minerals. 
 
 1879. Exhibited by 8. Henson. 
 
 (1.) Specimens in boxes, showing the scale of hardness (2 
 sets). Prices 2s. 6d. and 6s. 6d. 
 
 (2.) Specimens in boxes, showing the scale of fusibility (2 
 sets;. Prices 2s. and 3s. 
 
 (3.) Examples of selenite, emery, cerite, euxenite, thorite, 
 orangite, strontianite, and cinnabar, in glazed cardboard boxes. 
 
 124. Students' collections of geological specimens. 
 Supplied to students only at Is. 6d. each, or 9s. the set. 
 
 1889. Exhibited by Prof. J. F. Blake. 
 
 Consist of six cardboard boxes with hinged lids, covered in 
 black paper. Each box is divided into 12 deep fixed compart- 
 ments by cardboard partitions, containing in the several boxes 
 (1) typical rock-forming minerals, (2) sedimentary rocks, (3) 
 igneous and crystalline rocks, (4) primary fossils, (5) secondary 
 fossils, (6) tertiary fossils. 
 
43 
 
 125. Elementary collection of rocks, minerals, and 
 fossils. Price 10Z. 
 
 1857. Exhibited by f A. Krantz, Bonn. 
 
 Consists of six trays enclosed in a stained deal box. Each tray 
 is divided into forty-eight 3 in. square compartments by wooden 
 partitions. Each specimen bears a number with a label corre- 
 sponding. Three of the trays contain minerals, mostly massive. 
 Two trays contain a stratigraphical series of rocks, together with 
 the fossils belonging to them, which are not British types ; and 
 one tray contains volcanic and igneous rocks. 
 
 126. Elementary collection of rocks, minerals, and 
 fossils. Price 51. 
 
 1857. Exhibited ly A. Krantz, Bonn. 
 
 Consists of five trays in a deal box. Each tray is divided 
 into 60 2^ in. square compartments by wooden partitions. Each 
 specimen bears a number with a label corresponding. Of the 
 specimens 153 are minerals, some being crystalline. 93 are 
 rocks stratigraphically arranged with the fossils belonging to 
 them, which are not British types ; and 54 are volcanic and 
 igneous rocks. 
 
 127. Collection of American minerals, &c., arranged 
 for the use of Science Teachers. 
 
 1888. Exhibited by A. E. Foote, M.D., Philadelphia. 
 
 The specimens, of average size, about 4 in. square, have each 
 a number and descriptive label. 
 
 The first hundred numbers are consecutive. The remainder 
 appear to be a selection from a larger series. 
 
 128. Special collections of minerals and rocks. 
 
 1888. Exhibited by A. E. Foote, M.D., Philadelphia. 
 
 Five small card boxes. 
 
 (1.) Divided into 25 compartments, 1 in. square, each with 
 small fragments of minerals forming a "colour series." 
 
 (2.) Likewise divided into 25 compartments, with minerals 
 forming a " crystallographic series." Price 4s. 
 
 (3.) Divided into 1 2 compartments, containing minerals form- 
 ing the scale of hardness. Price 4s. 
 
 (4.) Divided into six compartments, containing minerals form- 
 ing the scale of fusibility. Price Is. 
 
 (5.) Collection of non-metallic minerals ('25 specimens). 
 Price 4s. 
 
 129. Collection of fossils. Price 21s. 
 
 1889. Exhibited by P. Harris. 
 
 Two wooden trays, fitting in a box. The specimens are con- 
 tained in turned -up card trays, 1| in. b}^ 2 in., 100 in all, four 
 being of half size. Each specimen bears a number and a label 
 
44 
 
 130. Collection of minerals (50 specimens) in two trays 
 contained in a box. Each specimen shown in cardboard 
 tray of 2-^ by 2 in. size. Price II. 12s. 6d. 
 
 1891. Exhibited by Harrington Bros. 
 
 131. Typical collection of rocks. Sedimentary, vol- 
 canic, plntonic. 
 
 1876. Exhibited by the late R. Damon. 
 
 These are not enclosed in tra^, but are loose. The specimens 
 are partially trimmed to size, the average being about 3 in. by 4 in. 
 
 132. Typical collection of Eocene fossils. Comprising 
 100 species. 
 
 1876. Exhibited by the late R. Damon. 
 
 133. Elementary collections. 
 
 1858. Exhibited by Reynolds 8f Co. 
 
 (1.) " British minerals." 28 minute fragments gummed to a 
 card printed with names which is fixed in the inside of box, 
 shaped like a small octavo book. 
 
 (2.) " Systems of British rocks," 3s. 6cZ. 25 minute fragments 
 gummed to a printed card showing five epochs, enclosed in a box 
 shaped like a small octavo book. 
 
 (3.) " Characteristic specimens of British rocks," 10s. 6d. 47 
 minute fragments arranged as in the last collection, enclosed in 
 a larger octavo book-shaped box. 
 
 134. Two hundred rocks and minerals. 
 
 E. 71. 1857. Prepared by Eloffe $ Co., Paris. 
 
 Consists of drawers, containing white card trays of various 
 sizes, containing minerals of various kinds, arranged according to 
 M. N. Boubee. 
 
 135. One hundred rocks and minerals. 
 
 E. 72. 1857. Prepared by Elo/e $ Co., Paris. 
 
 Consists of drawers, containing green card trays, average size 
 about 2 in. by 3 in. 
 
 136. Examples of minerals. Prepared by "W. Ander- 
 berg, of Stockholm, for use in the public schools of 
 Sweden. 
 
 E. 28. 1869. Presented by the Swedish Government. 
 
 Sixty specimens contained in blue paper trays without box. 
 Each tray about 4 in. by 2 J in. 21 are artificial products. 
 
45 
 
 137. General collection of fossils. 
 
 E. 50. 1862. Presented by the Belgian Government. 
 
 Two open trays with 100 fixed compartments, with paper- 
 covered partitions. Small specimens. 
 
 138. Collection of minerals and rocks to illustrate 
 lessons in elementary schools. 
 
 E. 105. 1862. Presented by the Belgian Government. 
 
 Consists of two trays, each divided into compartments by 
 green paper partitions 1J in. square. The minerals are mostly 
 massive ; a few of the specimens are rocks. 
 
 139. Collection of minerals and rocks to illustrate 
 lessons in elementary schools. 
 
 E. 104. 1862. Presented by the Belgian Government. 
 
 Four cardboard trays in 25 fixed compartments each, The 
 size of compartments is 2^ in. by 2J in., or 2J in. by 3 in. More 
 than half of the specimens are rocks. 
 
 140. Collections of thin sections of minerals and rocks, 
 and of other microscopical objects, for use in geological 
 teaching. 
 
 E. 33. 1891. 
 
 8ets of microscopic slides for the use of teachers of Physio- 
 graphy, Geology, and Biology (similar to those used in the 
 Geological Division of the Royal College of Science, 
 London). 
 Series A. Six slides illustrating Physiography, in cloth case. 
 
 1. Foraminiferal sand. 4. Diatomaceous earth. 
 
 2. Globigerina-ooze. 5. Volcanic dust. 
 
 3. Radiolarian-ooze. 6. Desert-sand. 
 
 Series B. 12 slides illustrating Physiography, in cloth case. 
 
 1. Capillary volcanic ash. 6. Angular sand. 
 
 2. Volcanic dust. 7. Diatomaceous earth. 
 
 3. Crystalline sand. 8. Marine diatoms. 
 
 4. Crystalline sand (cleaned) 9. Radiolarians. 
 
 in balsam. 10. Foraminiferal sand. 
 
 5. Desert -sand (rounded 11. Globigerina-ooze. 
 
 grains). 12. Glauconite-grains. 
 
 Series C. 12 slides of typical igneous rocks, cloth case. 
 
 1. Granite. 7. Diorite. 
 
 2. Quartz-felsite. 8. Andesite. 
 
 3. Bhyolite. 9. Phonolite. 
 
 4. Obsidian. 10. Gabbro. 
 
 5. Syenite. 11. Basalt. 
 
 6. Trachyte. 12. Serpentine. 
 
 U 69149. TV 
 
46 
 
 Series D. 12 slides of typical sedimentary and metamorphic 
 rocks, cloth case. 
 
 1. Sandstone. 7. Chiastolite-slate. 
 
 2. Chalk. 8. Gneiss. 
 
 3. Oolitic limestone. 9. Mica-schist, with garnets. 
 
 4. Crystalline limestone. 10. Hornblende-schist. 
 
 5. Clay-slate. 11. Chlorite -schist. 
 
 6. Whet-slate. 12. Quartzite. 
 
 Series E. 36 typical rock 'sections, in polished box. 
 
 1. Muscovite-granite. 19. Porphyrite. 
 
 2. Hornblende-granite. 20. Nepheline-phonolite. 
 
 3. Graphic granite. 21. Nosean-phonolite. 
 
 4. Luxullianite. 22. Leucite-phonolite. 
 
 5. Quartz-felsite. 23. Gabbro. 
 
 6. Banded rhyolite. 24. Diabase. 
 
 7. Obsidian. 25. Basalt. 
 
 8. Pumice. 26. Ophitic basalt. 
 
 9. Pitchstone. 27. Leucite -basalt. 
 
 10. Perlitic pitchstone. 28. Picrite. 
 
 11. Spherulitic felsite. 29. Limestone, with fora- 
 
 12. Syenite. minifera. 
 
 13. Trachyte. 30. Oolitic limestone. 
 
 14. Hornblende-mica-diorite. 31. Clay slate. 
 
 .15. Granulitic hypersthene- 32. Chiastolite-slate. 
 
 diorite. 33. Mica-schist with garnets. 
 
 .16. Quartz-diorite. 34. Chlorite-schist. 
 
 17. Hornblende- Andesite. 35. Gneiss. 
 
 18. Augete- Andesite. 36. Quartzite. 
 
 Boxes of slides, similar to the above, which are pre- 
 pared by R. Chapman, can be obtained from J. R. 
 Gregory, 88, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square, "W., at the 
 following prices : Series A., 6s. 6d. ; Series B., 12s. 6d. ; 
 Series C. and D., each, 18s. ; Series E., 21. 12s. 6d. 
 
 VI. PLASTER CASTS OF FOSSILS. 
 
 141. Casts of fossils in 11 frames, glazed. 
 
 E. 33 to 64. 1888. Made by B. St&rtz, Bonn. 
 
 The following are the subjects : 
 
 1. Cast, 32 in. by 18 in. Pentacrinus subangularis. Miller, 
 from the Lias of Holzmaden. The original in the Philadelphia 
 Academy of Sciences 
 
 2. Eight fossils. Taxocrinus Sturtzii, Follm., U. Devonian, 
 Bundenbach ; Godiacrinus Schultzii, Follm., U. Devonian Gem- 
 linden ; Poteriocrinus Zeceformis, Follm., U. Devonian Ge,miia- 
 
47 
 
 -den ; Poteriocrinus minutus (Lophocrinus speciosus), Kulm, 
 ,sub-carbonif., Herbon ; Ctenacrinus decadactylus, Romer, U. 
 Devonian Lahnstein; Eoluidia Decheni, Sttirtz, U. Devonian, 
 Bundenbach ; Bundenbachia Beneckii, Sttirtz (ventral), U. De- 
 vonian Bundenbach ; Ophiurella primigenia, Stiirtz (dorsal), U. 
 Devonian Bundenbach. 
 
 3. Nine fossils. Loriolaster mirabilis, Stiirtz (dorsal), U. 
 Devonian Bundenbach ; ditto (ventral) ; Xenaster margaritatus 
 (dorsal), Simonovich, U. Devonian Lahnstein, original in Berlin 
 Museum ; ditto (ventral) ; Xenaster simplex, Simonovich, U. 
 Devonian Lahnstein, original in Berlin Museum ; Romeraster 
 asperula, Stiirtz (ventral), U. Devonian Bundenbach; ditto 
 (dorsal) ; Fur caster palwozoicus, Stiirtz (ventral and dorsal), 
 U. Devonian Bundenbach. 
 
 4. Five fossils. Palastropecten Zitteli, Stiirtz, U. Devonian 
 Bundenbach ; Ophiurella primigenia, Stiirtz (ventral), U. De- 
 vonian Bundenbach ; Aspidosoma Tischbernianum, Romer, U. 
 Devonian Bundenbach ; ditto (another) ; HelianthasterRhenanus, 
 Romer (dorsal), U. Devonian Bundenbach. 
 
 5. Three fossils. Asaphus platycephalus, Stokes, . Silurian, 
 New York ; Diplema Dekayi, Green, Low. Devonian, New York ; 
 Chelonia, Eocene, London clay, Sheppey, original in the Berlin 
 Museum. 
 
 6. Cast, about 20 in. by 42 in., represents the body of Gyrodus. 
 No teeth. The original in the Museum at Lisbon. 
 
 7. Cast, about ] 2 in. by 18 in., represents Rhamphorhynchus 
 phyllurus (Marsh). Original in the Yale College Museum. 
 
 8. Cast, about 16 in. by 48 in., represents Ichthyosaurus 
 tenuirostris, Lias, Holzmaden. Original in Provincial Museum, 
 Hanover. 
 
 9. Cast, about 10 in. by 30 in., represents Aspidorhynehus 
 acutirostris, Agassiz. Original in the University Museum, 
 Strasburg. 
 
 10. Cast, about 18 in. by 36 in., represents Spathobatis mira- 
 bilis. Original in the University Museum, Strasburg. . 
 
 11. Cast, about 14 in. by 16 in., represents Pterodactylus 
 Kochii. Original in University Museum, Berlin. 
 
 VII. DIAGRAMS FOR TEACHING PURPOSES. 
 
 142. Series of 12 drawings illustrating physical 
 geology. 
 
 Prepared for the Science and Art Department by J. B. 
 .1857. Jukes and G. V. Du Noyer. 
 
 These are framed pictures, 3 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 4 in., and 
 illustrate: 1. Columnar structure ; 2. Slaty cleavage ; 3. Con- 
 cretions ; 4. Elevation and contortion ; 5. Faults or dislocations ; 
 
 D 2 
 
48 
 
 6. Coal mining ; 7. Igneous veins and dykes ; 8. Joints in sand- 
 stone ; 9. Lamination and stratification ; 10. Denudation and 
 unconformity; 11. Vein mining; 12. Volcanoes. 
 
 The authors of these drawings were members of the Irish 
 Geological Survey, and their illustrations, with few exceptions, 
 are drawn from actual observations made in the field. 
 
 143. Geological diagrams by P. Gervais, on linen and 
 rollers. Price, 30s. unmounted. 
 
 1881. Published by G. Masson, Paris. 
 
 These are drawn on a black ground, and are of uniform size, 
 about 2 ft. 11 in. by 2 ft. 2 in. Ten represent fossils, and two 
 the phenomena of glaciers, volcanoes, springs, &c. See No. 185. 
 
 144. Two diagrams by Credner, mounted with rollers, 
 representing the Stegocephala of the Eothliegende, viz., 
 Branchiosaurus amblystomus, Pelosaurus laticeps, and 
 Melanerpeton pulcherrimum. 
 
 1887. Published by W. Englemann, Leipzig. 
 
 145. Diagrams of fossils. Prepared by Dr. Karl A. 
 Zittel and Dr. K. Haushofer. Mounted on linen and 
 roller ; size 4 ft. 8 in. by 3 ft. 8 in. Price, mounted, with 
 text, 30s. 
 
 1880. Published by H. Fischer, Cassel. 
 
 There are six diagrams representing invertebrate fossils, viz., 
 1, Ehizopoda ; 2. Sponges ; 3, 4. Corals ; 5. Mollusca ; 6. Kesto- 
 ration of the coal period. 
 
 146. Table of British strata. Coloured by J. B. 
 Jordan. Mounted on linen and roller ; size 9 ft. 5 in. by 
 3 ft. 4 in. 
 
 1884. Published by E. Stanford. 
 
 147. Johnston's Illustrations of Natural History. 
 No. 5. Mineralogy and Palaeontology. Prepared by 
 
 Prof. C. Gilbert Wheeler ; size 4 ft. 4 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. 
 Mounted on linen and roller. 
 
 1879. Published by W. and A. K. Johnston. 
 
 148. Plates of British, fossils. Nineteen sample plates 
 from the annual volumes of the Palasontographical 
 Society. 
 
 1876. Lent by Rev. Thos. Wiltshire. 
 
 149. Plates illustrating microscopic structure in 
 minerals and rocks. A group of four plates, framed and 
 
49 
 
 f lazed From drawings in lampblack and pencil by 
 rank Butley, F.Gr.S., of H.M. Geological Survey, 
 
 1876. Lent by Frank Butley, F.G.S. 
 
 They have been published in the Monthly Microscopical 
 Journal. The two upper illustrate structures in obsidian, 
 leucite, and perlite ; the two lower illustrate plagioclase and 
 microcline structure. 
 
 150. Wall map of tbe natural history of the Mineral 
 Kingdom, by Dr. GL Seelborst. 
 
 1877. Given by P. C. Geissler, Nurnlerg. 
 
 This consists of six coloured plates, which are mounted on 
 linen so as to form a single sheet. It will fold up and go into a 
 portfolio. The text is printed on both sides of the map. The 
 first four plates represent mineral masses and crystals, and 
 the last two represent fossils. No date is attached. 
 
 151. Table of British strata, showing the order of 
 superposition and the comparative thickness of the forma- 
 tions. Size, 4 ft. 5 in. by 2 ft. 4 in. In a frame, glazed. 
 Published by Chapman and Hall. 
 
 Given by the late K W. Bristow, F.B.S. 
 
 The strata are represented in three parallel columns, each 
 showing the whole series ; the first for the great subdivisions, 
 the second for the smaller subdivisions, and the third for the 
 lithological characters. The proportion assigned to the Palaeozoic 
 rocks is about 84 per cent, of the whole ; to the secondary rocks 
 about 13 per cent., and to the tertiary about 3 per cent. 
 
 VIII. BELIEF MODELS. 
 
 152. Terminological relievo maps, by Paulini. Size 
 12 in. by 10 in. Edited by the Imperial Royal Admini- 
 stration of Text Books, Vienna. 
 
 E. 173. 1862. 
 
 Presented by the Austrian Government. 
 
 These are coloured models of alpine and lowland surface 
 features in black wood frames. They are not geological, but 
 indicate the geographical terms applied to the surface. 
 
 153. The Island of St. Paul in the Indian Ocean. By 
 Capt. J. Oybule. In morocco case. Size 23 in. by 19 in. 
 
 E. 129. 1862. 
 
 Presented by the Austrian Government. 
 
 This model is in electro-bronze for the land, and blue painted 
 
 surface for the sea. The depths of the water within the crater 
 
50 
 
 are marked by contours for every 10 ft., and round the island 
 by contours for every 50 ft. Scale about 160 ft. per inch, 
 It is not geologically coloured. 
 
 154. Model of Barren Island Volcano, Bay of Bengal, 
 latitude 12 15', N. ; longitude 93 50', E. Scale, 
 20 inches to the mile. Size, 50 inches square. Designed 
 by V. Ball, M. A., F.R.S. ; constructed by Miss "W. Spence. 
 
 B. 23. 1890. 
 
 This model is coloured to show the positions of the older lava,, 
 younger lava, alluvium, ash, and pumice. 
 
 155. Eelief model of the Puy de Dome group, Au- 
 vergne, France. By L. I. Bardin and Commandant 
 Peigne. Scale, 1 njw 
 
 E. 312. 1877. Published by C. Delagrave, Paris. 
 
 The model is 32 in. by 20 in., and is executed in white plaster. 
 It is not geologically coloured ; nor is it accompanied by names, 
 contours, orientation. 
 
 156. Relief model of the Puy de Dome group, Au- 
 vergne, France. Geologically coloured. Size, 32 in. by 
 20 in. Scale, oioiy. 
 
 E. 313. 1877. Published by 0. Delagrave, Paris. 
 
 This is the same model as the last, except that the lavas, 
 granites, &c., are coloured, but it is not provided with the names 
 of places or Puys. 
 
 157. Terminological relief map by Eeyer of Gratz. 
 Size 8 in. by 5^ in. Scale about 6^- inches to the 
 
 mile T^Vir- 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 
 1887. Science. 
 
 Coloured agriculturally. Green, meadow land. Green dots, 
 forest. Brown, arable land. 
 
 158. Geological model of a volcanic district. By 
 Reyer. Size 10 in. by 8^ in. Scale about 5 inches to 
 the mile -reVo- 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 
 1887. Science. 
 
 Shows 10 colours, for light coloured Tuff, darker Tuff, 
 
 Andesite, Andesite-Trachyte, Plagioclase-Trachyte, Common 
 
 Trachyte, Quartz-Trachyte, Jurassic, Chalk, and Eocene. 
 
51 
 
 159. Geological model of a volcanic district, by Reyer. 
 Size 7^ in. by 7J in. Scale f in. to the mile. 
 
 Lent by the, Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 In three colours, two for sedimentary rocks, and one for 
 eruptive. The two sedimentary rocks are in loose pieces, which 
 may be removed so as to show the position of the eruptive rocks 
 below ground. 
 
 160. Geological model of the volcanic district of 
 Predazzo, by Reyer. Size 9^- in. by 9^- in. Scale 2| in. 
 to the mile 3^0- 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1887. Science. 
 
 Shows 10 colours for Wengener Kalk, Muschel Kalk, Sand and 
 loose stones, Quartz-Porphyry, Monzonite, Syenite, Granite, Dark 
 coloured Porphyry, Elseolite-Porphyry, and Orthoclase-Porphyry. 
 
 161. Model showing stratification in rocks. 
 
 Under a glass shade. Size 18 in. by 9 in. by 10 in. 
 high. 
 
 E. 315. 1877. Published by C. Delagrave, Paris. 
 
 Model of a quarry showing thin oblique beds in the quarry 
 face, without any conspicuous joints. 
 
 162. Set of four models of part of the Jura Mountains- 
 chain of Reculet. By L. I. Bardin and Commandant 
 Peigne, scale 4-^3-00-. Size 2 ft. 8 in. by 1 ft. 8 in., re- 
 presenting an area of 40 square leagues. Under glass 
 shades. 
 
 E. 310 and 316 to 318. 1877. 
 
 Published by C. Delagrave, Paris* 
 
 This set is designed to show the method of preparing geolo- 
 gical models by the aid of maps. 
 
 The first is constructed by taking a map on which the 
 contour lines are marked at intervals of 10 metres or S3 feet. 
 Sheets of cardboard of uniform thickness are then cut out so 
 that their outline corresponds with the contour lines. A flat 
 surface is then taken, and the cardboards representing the 
 lowest contour, say of 10 metres above the lowest point in 
 the district, are glued on in their proper places. On the surface 
 of these the cardboards representing the next higher contours 
 of 20 metres, are glued and so on, till the highest contoured 
 cardboard has all the lower contours beneath it. The model 
 then shows the contour lines by the edges of the several sheets 
 of cardboard, and the higher parts are raised above the lower 
 
52 
 
 the vertical scale being dependent on the thickness of the sheets 
 of cardboard. 
 
 In the second, the edges are smoothed down and the minor 
 known features of the district, which, occupying less than 33 ft., 
 may escape the contour lines, such as rivers, roads, &c., are 
 inserted by carving. From this any number of plaster casts 
 may be taken. It represents the geographical features only. 
 In the third, a geological map is taken, and the outcrops of the 
 various strata are marked by grooves on the surface, whose 
 inclination and course show the* stratification. These lines 
 have somewhat the aspect of the edges of the contour lines 
 in the first model, but they are not horizontal. In the fourth 
 and final model, the different strata thus indicated are coloured 
 according to their geological age. Five of these colours are 
 shown, but there is no index of their meaning, nor are the 
 names of places given. 
 
 From the second and third of the series any number of casts 
 can be taken, but the fourth has in each case to be coloured 
 by hand. 
 
 163. Model in relief of part of the Alps, including 
 Monte Rosa and the Matterhorn. The scale for the ver- 
 tical and horizontal measurements is the same, viz., 
 o> hence there is no exaggeration of the heights, 
 ize 4 ft. 6 in. by 3 ft. 8 in., under glass shade. By X. 
 Imfeld. 
 
 E. 6. 1887. Published by J. Wurster fy Co., Zurich. 
 
 The bare rocks are coloured in brown, pasture land in light 
 green, trees in dark green, snow fields and glaciers in white, the 
 moraines on the latter by dark lines, the crevasses by cross lines. 
 No names are affixed to any of the features, but the model is 
 accompanied by a book of photographs (see under Photographs), 
 which includes a map with all particulars. The deep valley 
 shown on the north side is the valley of the Visp, in which 
 Zermatt is situated. The range on the eastern side has the 
 Dom at the northern end, the Riinpfischhorn in the centre, and 
 Monte Rosa at the southern. It gives rise to three large glaciers, 
 one to the east and two to the west. The range running east 
 and west across the head of the valley is the Lyskamm range, cul- 
 minating in the sharp wedge-shaped Matterhorn, a little to the 
 west of the valley, with the Dent d'Herens behind it. Four 
 glaciers descend from this portion, one into the Zermatt valley, 
 one south and two north. The range on the western side of the 
 valley commences with the Weisshorn on the north ; behind it is 
 the Roth horn, and nearer the head of the valley is the Dent 
 Blanche. From this two glaciers descend, one with numerous 
 moraines. 
 
53 
 
 164. Model of the Monte Eosa Alps. Size of actual 
 model 3 ft. by 2 ft. Under a glass shade. Scale about 
 3~olro"o > vertical scale very little, if at all, exaggerated. 
 
 1865. Lent by H. Ellis. 
 
 This is a model of the same district as the last on a slightly 
 smaller scale. It shows the valley of the Visp with the Rim- 
 pfischhorn on the east and the Rothhorn on the west. Further 
 south Monte Rosa is seen on the east and the Matterhorn on the 
 west, with the several glaciers they give rise to. 
 
 165. Relief model of the western Alps and Ligurian 
 Apennines. Size of actual model 4 ft. Gin. by 3 ft. 11 
 in. Horizontal scale ^-sinnnr* or about 4 miles to the 
 inch. Vertical scale TYsVoo* or twice the horizontal. 
 Prepared by Major Glaudio Cherubini. 
 
 E. 79. 1886. Published by Roux and Favale, Turin. 
 
 This is coloured according to the elevations. Highlands are of 
 a brown tint, the lowlands are coloured green. The rivers are 
 marked in dark green (lakes in blue), glaciers and snow fields in 
 white. Comprises all the district from Lausanne on the north 
 to Monaco on the south, and from Chambery on the west to 
 Milan on the east. The roads, towns, railways, and political 
 boundaries are also indicated. There is an explanation in 
 Italian indicating the minor ranges included in the map, viz., 
 the western portion of the Rhcetian Alps from Surettahorn to 
 S. Gotthard, with 12 other peaks. The Lepontine Alps from 
 S. Gotthard to Monte Rosa, with 20 other peaks. The Pennine Alps 
 from Monte Rosa to Mont Blanc, with 19 other peaks. The Graian 
 Alps from Mont Blanc to Mont Tabor, with 35 other peaks. 
 The Cottian Alps from Mont Tabor to Enciastraia, with 22 other 
 peaks. The Maritime Alps from Enciastraia to Mont Saccarello, 
 with 19 other peaks. The western Ligurian Apennines from 
 Mont Saccarello to Mont Lavagnola, with 18 other peaks. The 
 eastern Ligurian Apennines from Mont Lavagnola to Mont 
 Ramaceto, with two other peaks. Each peak has a small 
 label attached to it giving its name. The mountains of the Bernese 
 Oberland are also represented and named in the map, but are 
 not referred to in the explanation. 
 
 166. Model of Mont Blanc, showing the glaciers. 
 Scale 1 in. to the mile horizontal. Vertical heights not 
 exaggerated. Size, 24 in. by 20 in. 
 
 E. 142. 1874. Modelled by Jas. B. Jordan. 
 
 The cultivated land is represented in green, the bare rocks in 
 grey, the glaciers and snow fields in white. The names of all 
 
the glaciers are marked on the model, as well as the names of 
 the principal towns, valleys, and rivers, but the subordinate 
 peaks of the group are not named. 
 
 167. Model of the Yal deBagnes and adjacent country, 
 showing the districts devastated by the inundation of 
 1818. Size, 1 ft. 5 in. by 1 ft. 2J in. 
 
 E. 21. 1891. "Given by Mrs. Stopford. 
 
 The glacier de Getroy, the lake formed by the interception of 
 the course of the Drance, and other places of interest are in- 
 dicated by numbers, the index to which is shown with the 
 model. 
 
 168. Relief map of Europe, showing the physical 
 features. Size, 4ft. 10 in. by 4ft. 6 in. Horizontal scale 
 4o^1nro-o> or about 63 miles to the inch ; vertical scale 
 TFo1roo"o> or UT times the horizontal. Under glass 
 shade. Modelled by M. E. Levasseur and Mile. Kleinhans. 
 
 E. 80. 1886. Published by C. Delagrave, Paris. 
 
 The depths of the sea are marked by contour lines without 
 any difference of colour the contour lines corresponding to 
 100 metres, 500 metres, 1,000 metres, and 2,000 metres. The 
 general colour of the sea is blue. The lakes are shown in a 
 deeper shade of blue, and the " chotts " of Africa by a lighter 
 shade. The land is coloured brown. The higher elevations are 
 coloured in a deep tint, so as to make the relief more visible. 
 Perpetual snow is marked in white, and volcanoes by a red spot. 
 The political boundaries by red lines. 
 
 169. Relief map of Europe, geologically coloured. 
 Size, 4 ft. 10 in. by 4 ft. 6 in. Horizontal scale 
 TOTHJWO' or about 63 miles to the inch ; vertical scale 
 nnrFou"o or ^ our ti mes tne horizontal. Under glass 
 shade. Modelled by M. E. Levasseur and Mile. Klein- 
 hans. 
 
 E. 78. 1886. Published by C. Delagrave, Paris. 
 
 The depths of the sea are show n by contour lines, and also by 
 shades of colour, the greatest depths by the lightest shades. 
 The contour lines correspond to 100, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 
 metres. The rocks are indicated by 11 colours, representing 
 Quaternary deposits, Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic rocks, 
 Trias and Permian together, transition rocks, i.e., Carboniferous 
 to Cambrian, Primary, meaning gneiss, granite, &c., porphyries, 
 volcanic rocks distinct from the last, and unknown rocks. The 
 geology, therefore, is not of the modern kind, and there are no 
 names of countries, rivers, seas, or other features. 
 
55 
 
 170. Model of Jerusalem, geologically coloured. 
 Size, 23 in. by 23 in., in glazed frame ; scale -YQ-^Q^ 
 or about 6^ inches to the mile. Constructed under the 
 direction of Col. Sir H. James, R.E. 
 
 E. 3. 1869. 
 
 This is constructed from the contoured maps of the Ordnance 
 Survejr, the contours representing intervals of 25 ft. There are 
 four geological colours, viz., pink, for pink and white chalk ; 
 white, for soft white chalk ; brown, for hard siliceous chalk ; and 
 blue, for nummulitic limestone. 
 
 171. A representation of Columnar Basaltic Rocks. 
 Size, 14 in. by 11-g- in., and 6 in. high. Under glass shade. 
 
 E. 314. 1877. Published by 0. Delagrave, Paris. 
 
 This model, which is entirely in white, shows a long hill with 
 vertical sides in those parts which are formed by the basaltic 
 columns, Below these parts are the screes of broken basalt, and 
 elsewhere is represented the smoothness of the overgrowing 
 turf. 
 
 172. Drawing and model, representing mountain 
 chains. 
 
 To show the method of preparing relief models. From 
 the Upper Practical School, Schottenfelde, Vienna. 
 E. 131. 1862. Presented by the Austrian Government. 
 
 This consists of a map on one side, and the corresponding 
 model on the other, both mounted in one oak frame, 23 in. by 
 10 in. The map represents the neighbourhood of the mountain 
 Orteles, but the heights in this are not indicated by contours, 
 but by shading. The relief model is, however, made by placing 
 contour cards one over the other. The surface is not coloured 
 geologically, but according to the agricultural character of the 
 surface, such as rocky, peat, pasture land, &c. 
 
 173. Contoured model of the British Isles, including the 
 submarine plateau and surrounding area. Size, 4 ft. by 
 4 ft. Horizontal scale T3"2inro o> or a ^ u ^ 24 miles to the 
 inch ; vertical scale -^tro "o or &000 ft. to the inch, being 
 about 16 times the horizontal scale. 
 
 E. 190. 1888. Constructed by Jas. B. Jordan. 
 
 The surface of this model is left unaltered after the fixing of 
 the contour cards, in order that the method of construction may 
 be seen. Since the contours represent intervals of 250 ft. on 
 the land, no surface feature which occupies less than that 
 interval is depicted, and thus the hills all appear flat on the top, 
 
56 
 
 and undulating country is not distinguished from fen-land. The 
 amount of alteration necessary would, however, be very slight 
 showing the real insignificance of these features on a large scale. 
 The watersheds of the different river systems are well shown by 
 this method. The land is in brown. The depths of the sea are 
 shown by contour lines, having the same interval, or about 42 
 fathoms, and the surface is coloured deeper in zones of 5,000 ft. 
 It shows well the shallowness of the North Sea, and even the 
 comparative shallowness of the S^agrerack in comparison with 
 the deep Atlantic basin some distance to the west of the British 
 Islands, and only broken by the submarine plateau which 
 culminates in the Island of St. Kilda. Accompanying the model 
 is a small map comprising the same area, which serves as an 
 index of localities. 
 
 174. Geological model of the south-east of England, 
 and part of Prance, including the Weald and the Bas 
 Boulonnais. Founded upon the maps of the Ordnance, 
 Admiralty, and Geological Surveys, by "W.Topley, F.G.S., 
 Geological Survey of England and Wales, and James B. 
 Jordan, Mining Record Office. The topography by 
 John Bartholomew, F.R.G.S. Embossed by Henry F. 
 Brion, London. Horizontal scale. 1 in. to the 4 miles. 
 Vertical scale, 1 in. to 2,400 feet, or nearly nine times 
 the horizontal. Size, 34 in. by 18 in. 
 
 E. 122. 1880. Published by E. Stanford. 
 
 This model is constructed in a different manner from that by 
 which most models are made, in which the names, &c. are 
 marked on the modelling material itself. In this case the relief 
 of the country is first modelled on an unmarked surface, and 
 then an ordinary engraved and geologically coloured map, with 
 all the names of places and features that are usual on such maps, 
 is taken and pressed upon the surface when wet, so that without 
 tearing, it fits itself to the various elevations and depressions, and 
 thus partakes of the relief of the underlying model. There is an 
 index of colours, and the map is accompanied by a horizontal 
 section from the English Channel, near Seaford, to the Isle of 
 Sheppey, on the same horizontal scale as the model and vertical 
 scale, one half that of the model. The vertical sides of the 
 model are also utilised to indicate the geological section along 
 the boundary lines of the map. 
 
 175. Model of the valley of the Thames, showing the 
 physical features and the geology, by James B. Jordan. 
 Constructed from contours drawn by W. Topley, F.G.S., 
 the geology reduced from the Geological Survey. Hori- 
 zontal scale, 4 miles to the inch. Vertical scale, 1 inch 
 
to 2,400 feet, or nearly nine times the horizontal. Em- 
 bossed by Henry F. Brion, London. Size, 37 in. by 
 21 in. 
 
 E. 143. 1874. 
 
 This extends from the Isle of Sheppey to Malvern, and covers 
 the same ground as the map given in Phillip's Geology of Oxford 
 and the Valley of the Thames. There are 18 colours used for the 
 geology. The line of watershed between the valley of the Thames, 
 and the surrounding river basins is marked by a red dotted line. 
 The names of the principal hills, rivers and towns are marked, 
 but no roads or railways are inserted. 
 
 IX. GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MAPS. 
 A. Geological. General Maps. 
 
 176. Geological map of the World, by J. Marcou. 
 Varnished and mounted on rollers. Published by J. 
 Wiirster & Co., Zurich. Constructed by J. M. Ziegler, 
 Size, 72 in. by 50 in., on Mercator's projection. 
 
 1876. Sold by E. Stanford. 
 
 177. Geological map of the British Islands, by Ed- 
 ward Best. Scale, 28 miles to the inch. 
 
 1888. Published ly E. Stanford. 
 
 178. Geological map of the British Islands, prepared 
 for the Rivers Pollution Commission, Sixth Report. The 
 Domestic Water-Supply of Great Britain, 1874, Chiefly 
 from the maps of the Geological Survey, under the 
 superintendence of Edward Best. Scale, TSWUDTF* or 
 about 25 miles to the inch. Published by E. Stanford, 
 1874. 
 
 1876. Lent by E. Best. 
 
 Nearly identical with No. 177, except that it is on a little 
 larger scale. 
 
 179. Geological map of the British Isles and adjacent 
 coasts of France, by John Phillips, M.A., E.E.S., Pro- 
 fessor of Geology in the University of Oxford. Engraved 
 by J. W. Lowry, F.R.G.S. First issued in 1834. Cor- 
 rected to 1862. On rollers. Scale, 24 miles to the 
 inch. 
 
 Lent by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 
 1876. 
 
58 
 
 180. Geological map of England and Wales, with all 
 the railways, according to the most recent researches, by 
 Sir Eoderick I. Murchison, K.C.B. Fifth edition, 1864. 
 Price 5s., unmounted. Scale, 25 miles to the inch. In 
 glazed frame. Size, 14 in. by 17 in. 
 
 1870. Published by E. Stanford. 
 
 181. Geological map of England and Wales, by Andrew 
 C. Ramsay, LL.D., E.R.S., Director- General of the 
 Geological Survey of the TJliited Kingdom and of the 
 Museum of Practical Geology. Fourth edition, 1886. 
 Scale, 11 miles to the inch. Has the railways shown, 
 and there are six illustrative geological sections in the 
 margin. Size, 42 in. by 36 in. 
 
 1888. Published by E. Stanford. 
 
 182. Geological map of Scotland, by Sir Roderick 
 I. Murchison, K.C.B., F.R.S., and Archibald Geikie, 
 F.R.S.E., revised up to January 1865. Scale, 25 miles 
 to the inch, In small gilt frame. Has four illustrative 
 geological sections in the margin. 
 
 1888. Published by W. and A. K. Johnston. 
 
 183. A general map of Ireland to accompany the 
 reports of the Railway Commissioners, showing the 
 principal physical features and geological structure of the 
 country. Size, 6 ft. by 5 ft. Scale, about 4 miles to the 
 inch. 1855. It contains six sheets and has eight illustra- 
 tive geological sections engraved round it. 
 
 1876. Published by Longmans fy Co. 
 
 184. Geological map of Ireland. Founded on the maps 
 of the Geological Survey, on that of Sir Richard Griffith, 
 and that of Prof. J. Beete Jukes, by Edw. Hull, M.A., 
 F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland. 
 Varnished and mounted on rollers. Scale, 8 miles to 
 the inch. 
 
 1888. Published ly E. Stanford. 
 
 185. Geological map of France with sections, mounted 
 on rollers with a black background. 
 
 1881. Published by G. Masson, Paris. 
 
 Issued with Gervais' diagrams. See No. 143. 
 
 186. Geological map of the Arctic Regions, by C. E. 
 De Ranee, F.G.S. A MS. map 16 in. by 12 in., showing 
 
59 
 
 rocks distinguished by eight colours. The prime 
 meridian through the pole and the circle perpendicular 
 to it marked as straight lines. 
 
 1876. Lent by C. E. De Ranee, F.G.S. 
 
 The topography is taken from the chart accompanying the 
 Admiralty correspondence connected with the British arctic 
 expedition of 1875. The geological boundaries of Parry Islands 
 and the north coast of America from the determinations by 
 Conybeare, Murchison, Salter, and Haughton of the specimens 
 brought back by the expeditions of Franklin, Parry, Back, John 
 and James Ross, Sabine, Buchan, Beechsy, Sherard Osborn, and 
 McClintock. Those of West Greenland from the observations of 
 Giesecke, Nordenskiold, O'Heer, and Brown. Those of East 
 Greenland and Spitsbergen from the results of the various 
 Austrian, Swedish, and North German expeditions. Those of 
 Hall Basin, and the channels lying north of Smith's Sound, from 
 the labours of Kane and Bessels, which prove that the upper 
 Silurian rocks, noticeable along the southern fringe of the Arctic 
 archipelago reappear in this tract, the Lower Carboniferous coal- 
 bearing sandstones and overlying Carboniferous Limestones lying 
 in a basin. 
 
 187. Geological sketch map of South Africa, compiled 
 by E. J. Dunn. From observations made by Messrs. A. C. 
 Bain, Wylie, T. Bain, junior, Dr. Atherstone, E. Pinchin, 
 and the compiler, in. Cape Colony, together with those of 
 Dr. Sutherland in Natal, and of Mr. E. Button north of 24 
 latitude. Scale, about 23 miles to the inch. Size, 35 in. 
 by 22 in. No date. Shows 14 colours. 
 
 1876. Published by E. Stanford. 
 
 188. Sketch of a new geological map of Victoria, by 
 E. Brough Smyth, F.G.S. Scale, 17 miles to the inch. 
 Size, 38 in. by 26 in. Shows nine colours for stratified 
 and four for igneous rocks. 
 
 1876.' Lent by the Agent-General of Victoria. 
 
 189. Relief map of Victoria, geologically coloured, by 
 Alfred E. C. Selwyn, Government Geologist and Director 
 of Mining and Geological Surveys, Melbourne, 1863. 
 Scale, 8 miles to the inch. Size, 70 in. by 50 in. Lent 
 by the Agent- General of Victoria. Shows 17 colours for 
 the various rocks. 
 
 1876. Lent by the Agent-General of Victoria. 
 
 No names of mountains, rivers, or towns are given, but the 
 various colours are marked on the map with MS. number cor- 
 responding to the index. A part is marked off by a pencil line., 
 
60 
 
 the geology of which has been minutely surveyed ; the remainder 
 partakes of the nature of a sketch map. 
 
 190. First sketch of a geological map of Australia, 
 including Tasmania, by R. Brough Smyth, F.G.S., 1873. 
 Scale, 110 miles to the inch. Framed and glazed. 
 
 Published under the direction of the Minister of Mines, 
 1876, Melbourne. 
 
 Shows six colours for stratified rocks and four for the crystal- 
 line. 
 
 191. Geological map of Queensland, by Robert Jack, 
 1886. Scale, 32 miles to the inch. On rollers. Shows 
 16 colours. 
 
 From Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. 
 1887. 
 
 192. Geological sketch-maps (2) of New Zealand, by 
 James Hector, M.D., F.E.S., Wellington, 1873. Con- 
 structed from the official surveys of the Geological 
 Department. Scale, 33 miles to the inch. One mounted 
 in frame. Show 12 varieties of rock, and give eight 
 horizontal sections of the country. 
 
 1876. Lent by J. Hector, M.D., F.R.8. 
 
 193. Relief map of New Zealand on the same scale 
 as the geological map, i.e., 33 miles to the inch, with a 
 vertical scale four times the horizontal. This model, 
 which has no names, is placed beside the geological map 
 to illustrate the forms of the surface of the parts of the 
 country occupied by the different geological formations, 
 but it is not itself geologically coloured. Modelled by 
 Dr. Hector, 1876. 
 
 1876. Lent by J. Hector, M.D., F.R.8. 
 
 194. Geological map of Barbados, by J. B. Harrison, 
 F.G.S., and A. J. Jukes Browne, F.G.S. Based on the 
 survey made for the Admiralty by Staff-Commander 
 J. Parsons, E.N., in 1869. Scale, 1^- in. to the mile, or 
 3,960 feet to an inch. Size, 3 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 3 in. 
 
 Lent by the Geological Laboratory, Royal College of 
 1891. Science. 
 
 B. Geological. Local Maps, including Surveys. 
 
 195. Geological survey of Scotland. Map of the 
 Ayrshire coalfield and adjoining districts on the scale of 
 
01 
 
 six inches to the mile. A large map on rollers, formed 
 of 60 sheets of the 6 in. Ordnance Survey mounted 
 together. 
 
 Lent bi/ the Geological Survey of Scotland, Prof. A. 
 
 1876. Oeikie, F.R.S., Director. 
 
 This map is an illustration of the detailed work of the 
 geological survey of Scotland. The whole county of Ayrshire 
 is surveyed on this scale, though only the mineral districts are 
 published on these maps, the general map of the country being 
 on the scale of 1 in. to the mile. At the foot of the map a 
 MS. sheet is inserted to show the stages of progress in the field 
 work of the survey. Two specimens are likewise given of the 
 detailed vertical sections on the scale of 40 ft. to the inch, 
 which are published in illustration of these coalfields. 
 
 196. Selection of maps and publications to illustrate 
 the progress of the Geological Survey of Spain. 
 
 Presented by the Commission of the Geological Map 
 
 1877. of Spain, Madrid. 
 
 The following are exhibited : 
 
 (a.) Geological map of the coalfield of San Juan de las 
 Abadesas, province of Gerona, by Amalio Maestre, Madrid, 1855. 
 Scale, -g^j-j-oip or more than 1 in. to the mile. Shows five different 
 colours. 
 
 (6.) Geological map of the province of Palencia, by Don 
 Casiano de Prado, Member of the Commission of the Geological 
 Map of Spain, 1856. Scale, ^^Viro' or a hout 7 miles to the 
 inch. Shows 10 colours. 
 
 (c.) Geological map of the province of Valladolid, by Don 
 Casiano de Prado, 1854. Scale, 4 \, , or about 7 miles to the 
 inch. Shows three colours. 
 
 (d.) Geological map of the province of Madrid. Published by 
 the Council of Statistics of the Kingdom of 1864, and formed by 
 Don Casiano de Prado, Engineer of Mines, Member of the Com- 
 mission of the Spanish Geological Map, 1854. 
 
 (e.) Graphical scale of altitudes of the northern part of the 
 province of Palencia. Made by the direction of Don Casiauo 
 of Prado, 1856. 
 
 (/.) Geological and stratigraphical map of the mountains of 
 the province of Palencia, by Don Casiano de Prado, 1857. 
 
 ((/.) Sections of the north and north-east of the province of 
 Madrid, including the Sierra di la Yruela and the Cerros de 
 Concha within the limits of La Puebla de la Muger Muerta. 
 
 197. Geological and topographical atlas accompanying 
 the Report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth 
 Parallel, made by the authority of the Honourable the 
 Secretary of War under the direction of Brigadier and 
 Brevet-Major- General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of En- 
 
 U 69149. F, 
 
62 
 
 gineers, U.S.A., by Clarence King, United States 
 Geologist in charge, 1876. 
 
 1883. Lent by Prof. J. Norman LocTeyer, F.R.8. 
 
 A folio atlas, 33 in. by 24 in., containing five geological and 
 five topographical maps, and one of geological sections. Each 
 of these maps, whether geological or topographical, representing 
 the same areas, are in two sheets. The former are contoured at 
 intervals of 300 ft., the latter are shaded. There is also a sketch 
 map of the Cordilleras of the Western United States. 
 
 198. Geological and geographical atlas of Colorado 
 and portions of the adjacent territory. ".Department of 
 the Interior, United States Geological and Geographical 
 Surveys of the Territories, by F. V. Hayden, United 
 States Geologist in charge, 1877. 
 
 1883. Lent by Prof. J. Norman Locltyer, F.R.S. 
 
 A folio atlas, 27 in. by 19 in. Contains three general, six 
 topographical, and six geological maps, two sheets of geological 
 sections, and two pan oratnic views. The general maps are on 
 the scale of 12 miles to the inch. The topographical and geolo- 
 gical maps on a .scale of four miles to the inch. They refer to 
 the same areas respectively, each including 2^ degrees of longi- 
 tude and 1 J degrees of latitude, and are each contoured at inter- 
 vals of 200 ft,, differing only in the colouring. Each is in two 
 sheets. 
 
 199. Five outline sections of the strata under London, 
 with a block index plan. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late R. W. Mylne, F.R.S. 
 
 This contains, mounted on one sheet, framed and glazed, the 
 following : 
 
 (a.) Section of a Well sunk at Hampstead Hoad reservoir, 
 1838, with details of the strata and their thicknesses. 
 
 (6.) Plan of London and its suburbs, 1851. Scale, about two- 
 thirds of a mile to the inch. 
 
 (c.) Section of the London strata in a direct line from Hamp- 
 stead to Camber well, 1850. This is deduced from the sections 
 of wells sunk in spots adjacent to the line of section, 24 of which 
 are indicated in position, with the strata exposed in the section. 
 Horizontal scale, 3 inches to the mile, vertical scale, 100 feet to 
 an inch. The whole coloured geologically. 
 
 (d.) A similar section from Highgate to Peckham, with 22 
 well sections. 
 
 (e.) A similar section from Newington to Lewisham, with 18 
 well sections. 
 
 (/.) A similar section from Kensington to Greenwich, with 12 
 well sections. 
 
 (</.) A similar section from Chiswick to BoW, with 24 well 
 sections, all on the same scale and all constructed in 1850. 
 
63 
 
 200. Topographical map of London and its environs, 
 coloured geologically, by .R. W. Mylne, C.E., F.R.S.. 
 1851. Scale, 1*43 inches to the mile. 100 square miles. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late E. W. Mylne, F.R.8. 
 
 201. Geological map of London and its environs, by 
 R. W. Mylne, F.R.S., 1871, 159 square miles. Scale, 
 1*43 in. to the mile. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late R. W. Mylne, F.R.S. 
 
 The same map as No. 200, but noxv more complete. The 
 heights are indicated by roughly drawn broken contour lines. 
 Below the map is a geological section from Hendon to East 
 Wickham, on the same horizontal scale, but with a vertical scale 
 of 500 feet to 1 inch. 
 
 202. London and its environs, topographical and 
 geological. 131 square miles. Scale, TT -J ^%, or 3'72 inches 
 to the mile, with English and French geological references, 
 by R. W. Mylne, F.R.S., 1855. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late R. W. Mylne, F.R.S. 
 
 This consists of nine sheets of Wyld's map of London. The 
 levels are marked with contour lines at distances of 10 feet, and 
 the hills are also shaded. There are two descriptive indices, one 
 in English, the other in French. Varnished and mounted in 
 frame, 
 
 203. Map of the geology and contours of London and 
 its environs. Plain, and coloured geologically. 176 
 Square miles, Scale* -rrir^* or 3*72 inches to the mile. 
 By R. W. Mylne, F.R.S., 1856. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late R. W. Mylne, F.R.S. 
 
 204. Geological map of the tertiary and cretaceous 
 districts of England, and the north of France, Belgium, 
 Holland, Denmark, the coalfield areas, and contoured 
 depths of the adjacent seas, by Robert W. Mylne, F.R.S., 
 1862. Scale, ^-o-oVw or 7'891 miles to the inch. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late R. W. Mylne, F.R.S. 
 
 Compiled from the maps of Messrs. Duf reynoy and filie de 
 Beaumont, Dumont, Bach, the British and French Ordnance and 
 Geological Surveys, and Admiralty charts, Greenough, Godwin 
 Austen, Prestwich, Murray, &c. The marine contour lines repre- 
 sent each additional depth of 10 fathoms, and at various places 
 the depths in feet are indicated thus (167). The figures on the 
 land represent altitudes above the sea level. The colours given 
 
 E 2 
 
64 
 
 indicate the Drift, Tertiary, Chalk, Upper to Lower Greensand, 
 Weal den, and Carboniferous. Areas containing rocks of other 
 ages are left uncoloured. 
 
 C. Physical Maps. 
 
 205. Relief map of Switzerland, by R-. Leuzinger. 
 Scale, 5-3"oVo"fr> or a ^out 8J miles to the inch ; size, 
 28 in. b/19 in. 
 
 1884. Published by 3". Wurster fy Co., Zurich. 
 
 This is not a raised map. No names are inserted on it, but 
 there are contour lines at intervals of 100 metres, every fifth 
 one being dotted instead of continuous. One side of all eleva- 
 tions is shaded darker so as to give the effect of relief. The 
 land is brown, rivers in dark blue, lakes in light blue, snow fields 
 and glaciers in blue of a still lighter shade. 
 
 206. Map of Switzerland, by E. Leuzinger, A folded 
 map opened out and framed. Scale, ^o-oViro' or ^i miles 
 per inch ; size, 3 ft. by 2 ft. The elevations are shaded 
 on one side to give the effect of relief, the water and 
 ice in blue. 
 
 1876. Published by J. Dalp, Berne. 
 
 207. Portfolio of maps and photographs of the neigh- 
 bourhood of Zermatt, in illustration of the model of the 
 district of the Matterhorn. 
 
 1887. Published by J. Wurster $ Co., Zurich. 
 
 The following are the contents : 
 
 1. Photographic map of the relief model. 
 
 2. Map of the relief model on a scale of 
 
 3-8. Topographical maps of portions of the area on a scale of 
 
 9. View of Mischabel and Alphubel. 
 10-11. Matterhorn, Gabelhorn, Dent Blanche from Rothhorn. 
 12-13. Monte Rosa, Breithorn and Matterhorn from Dom. 
 
 14. Dent Blanche and Rothhorn from Dom. 
 
 15. Strahlhorn and Rimpfischhorn. 
 
 16. Monte Rosa and Lyskamm. 
 
 17. Zwillinge and Breithorn. 
 
 18. Theodul Pass and Matterhorn. 
 
 19. Miscliabel and Alphubel. 
 
 20. Weisshorn. 
 
 Nos. 15 to 20 are taken from over Rothhorn. 
 
 21. Monte Rosa and Corner Glacier. 
 
 22. The end of the Gorner Glacier. 
 
 23. Schwarz see and Gabelhorn. 
 
 24. Schwarz see and Weisshorn. 
 
65 
 
 X. PHOTOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATING GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA. 
 
 208. Photographic views prepared by the United 
 States Geological and Geographical Survey of the 
 Western Territories. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Given by F. V. Hayden, Geologist in charge. 
 
 These are 74 large views mounted in frames and glazed. The 
 following are their legends : 
 1-12. Unnamed. 
 
 13. Eroded sandstone, Monument Park, Colorado. 
 
 14. Needle Rocks, Garden of the Gods, Colorado. 
 
 15. Unnamed. 
 
 16. Mummy Rock, on the Sweet water. 
 
 17. Lower Falls of the Yellowstone. 
 
 18. Unnamed. 
 
 19. Giant's Club, Greenriver. 
 
 20. Montezuma's Cathedral, Garden of the Gods, Colorado, 
 
 21. Unnamed. 
 
 22. Badlands, on Black's Fork. 
 
 23. Badlands, on Black's Fork. 
 
 24. Echo Canon, Upper Pacific Railroad. 
 
 25. Mountain of the Holy Cross. 
 
 26. Devil's Gate, on the Sweet water. 
 
 27. Unnamed. 
 
 28. Garden of the Gods, Colorado. 
 
 29. Green River Butte. 
 
 30. Uinta Mountains, Head of Black's Fork. 
 
 31. Laramie Peak. 
 
 32. Gilbert's Peak, Uinta Mountains. 
 
 33. The Teton Range, South. 
 
 34. Devil's Gate, Weber Canon, Upper Pacific Railroad 
 
 35. Beaver's Work. 
 
 36. Beaver's Dam. 
 
 37. Great-Salt-Lake City. The Tabernacle. 
 
 38. Mormon Tabernacle. 
 
 39. Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple. 
 
 40. Great Salt Lake City, Wasatch Mountain?. 
 
 41. Gardiner's River Hot Springs, Diana's Bath. 
 
 42. Hot-Spring Fissures, Gardiner's River. 
 
 43. View on the Uinta Mountain j. 
 
 44. Mammoth Hot Springs, Gardiner's River. 
 
 45. Liberty Leap, Mammoth Hot Springs. 
 
 46. Crater of Architectural Geyser, Lower Fire-hole Basin. 
 47- Mammoth Hot Springs on Gardiner's River. 
 
 48. Upper' Fire-hole, Geyser Basin. 
 
 49. Boiling Mud-Spring. 
 
50. Mud-Geyser in action. 
 
 51. Boiling Mud Spring. 
 
 52. Grotto Geyser. 
 
 53. Distant view of the Castle Geyser, 
 
 54. Crater of Giant Geyser. 
 
 55. Crater .of the Grand Geyser. 
 
 56. Crater of the Grotto Geyser. 
 
 57. Crater of Old Faithful. 
 
 58. Crater of Castle- Geyser. 
 
 59. Fishpot- Spring in Yellowstone Lake, 
 
 60. The Beehive-Crater. 
 
 61. Mammoth Hot Springs. 
 
 The following 13 are of larger size : 
 
 62. Lake San Cristoval. 
 
 63. View near the head of Lake Fork, of Gunnison River, 
 Colorado. 
 
 64. View on Lake Fork, looking up Snare Creek, Colorado. 
 
 65. The Upper Twin Lake, Colorado. 
 
 66. George Town, Colorado. 
 
 67. Baker's Park and Sultan Mountain. 
 
 68. Gray's Peak from Argentine Pass. 
 
 69. Grand Canon of the Yellowstone. 
 
 70. Falls on the San Miguel, Colorado. 
 
 71. Mammoth Hot Springs, Gardiner's River. 
 
 72. Gateway of the Garden of the Gods, Colorado, Pike's 
 Peak. 
 
 73. The Colorado, or Front Range from near Gold Hill. 
 
 74. Great Falls of the Yellowstone, 
 
 209. Photograph of the great crater of Vesuvius, 
 showing the interior after the eruption of 1872. Size 
 of photograph, 18 in. by 5 in. 
 
 1876. Lent by the late Robert James Mann, M.D. 
 
 This photograph was taken by Mr. J. M. Black, from the gap 
 in the broken edge of the rim. The top of the great rent, extend- 
 ing north and south through one side of the cone to the Atro del 
 Cavallo, is shown on the further side of the crater between the 
 rounded and pointed eminences. 
 
 XI. MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 210. Models (4) to illustrate the effects of great move- 
 ment on the earth's crust. Made by Dr. Ricketts. See 
 " Geological Magazine," April 1889. 
 
 E. 28 to 31. 1889. Presented by Dr. Riclcetts, F.G.S. 
 
 The position of the consolidated clay is marked by the letter 
 C, while B shows layers of clay originally in horizontal beds, but 
 
67 
 
 squeezed into folds by the vertical pressure of S, sand, extra 
 weight being applied, 
 
 211. Specimens illustrating the production by compres- 
 sion of natural and artificial slaty cleavage. 
 
 1876, Lent by Dr. E. G. Sorby, F.R.8. 
 
 These specimens are of historical interest, as illustrating the 
 Presidential Address to the Geological Society by Dr. Sorby in 
 1880. See Q.J.G.S., Vol. XXXVI Dr. Sorby's description of 
 these specimens is : 
 
 " Specimens of slaty rocks, showing by various facts that they 
 have been greatly compressed in a line perpendicular to the 
 cleavage. 
 
 " Pipe-clay with portions of blue paper, and also with iron 
 scales, being the results of the first experiments made to show 
 that a structure like that which causes the cleavage in slates 
 can be artificially produced by pressure. 
 
 <l Artificial cleavage in compressed flaky graphite, being as per- 
 fect as in any slaty rock." 
 
 These specimens consist of a mass of sandstone in which there 
 is a spherical green patch ; two blocks of purple Penrhyn slate 
 in which a similar green patch is compressed into a spheroid, 
 and a third block in which there is an irregular green band. 
 There is also a piece of fossiliferous Devonian slate in which 
 fossil Brachiopods, which were originally symmetrical, have been 
 drawn out and. elongated in the plane of cleavage. 
 
 There are four specimens of pipe-clay with specks of blue 
 paper, one of which is labelled. " First experiment to see the 
 " change in position of particles in clay, whose dimensions were 
 
 'changed by pressure. End of 1850 and beginning of 1851." 
 Another is (l A cube of pipe clay and iron scales mixed evenly." 
 The others are flatter and broader pieces, probably representing 
 the same volume with the scales in the pipe-clo/y parallel to the 
 broad surface. There is also a pill box with flaky graphite. 
 
 212. Specimens illustrating the metamorphic origin 
 of mica schist, and the difference between stratification 
 foliation, and cleavage foliation. 
 
 1876. Lent by Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S. 
 
 These are further illustrations of another portion of Dr. Sorby's 
 address. His description of these specimens is : 
 
 " Ripple Drift in slate rocks in which the cleavage cuts the 
 stratification at a considerable angle." 
 
 " Ripple Drift in contorted and highly metamorphosed mica 
 schist, thus proving the original stratified nature of the rock." 
 
 " Mica schist with foliation in the plane of cleavage, developed 
 by compression before the rock was metamorphosed." 
 
68 
 
 These specimens comprise : .A. large green slate from the Lake 
 District showing ripple drift ; two slabs of the coarse agglome- 
 ratic green slate of the Lake District, so cut as to show the 
 irregular shape and arrangement of the fragments as seen on 
 the cleavage surface, contrasted with their uniform elongation in 
 the same direction as seen in the plane perpendicular to the 
 cleavage; a piece of contorted foliated quartzite, labelled 
 " Inverary, with foliation in the axis of compressed contortions ;" 
 two specimens of compressed mica schist with the layers pulled 
 out in their own direction ; and an^inlabelled piece of dark mica 
 schist, which has been much contorted and broken along lines 
 in which mica is developed, and between these there are other 
 curving transverse lines also rilled with mica. 
 
 213. Lithographed plates, illustrating the microscopic 
 structure of limestones. 
 
 1876. Lent by Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.8. 
 
 These show structures due to larger or smaller fragments 
 of organic bodies or grains of sand, and to the more or less 
 complete development of crystals formed either during or after 
 the deposition of rock. 
 
 214. Collection of specimens of calcareous and siliceous 
 deposits from the geysers of the Yellowstone valley. 
 
 Presented by Prof. Hayden through the United States 
 E. 4. 1881. Engineer Bureau of the War Department. 
 
 There are a large number of specimens of various sizes, some 
 broken off from solid masses, and some in a rolled condition. 
 They are all white and sintery in aspect, and there is no indication 
 as to which are calcareous and which are siliceous. 
 
 215. Specimens of minerals from Australia. 
 
 Given by J. E. Fairfax, " Sydney Morning Herald " 
 E. l._ 1874! Office. 
 
 Two mahogany trays with 68 fixed compartments, each 2 in. 
 square. 
 
 216. Minerals from New Brunswick. 
 
 Given by E. Britain, St. John's, New Brunswick. 
 E. 170 to 174. 1868. 
 
 See Report on the Geology of New Brunswick by H. Youle 
 Hind. 
 
 1. Copper ore from Charlotte county. 
 2-4. Albertite from Albert county. 
 
 5. Iron ore from Woodstock, Carleton county. 
 
 6. Iron ore from Westbeach, St. John's county. 
 
 7. Bituminous shale or schist from Baltimore, Albert county, 
 
69 
 
 217. Collection of minerals and Silurian fossils from 
 Bohemia. 
 
 E. 8. 1862. Presented by M. Wenzel Fric, Prague. 
 
 A small box with two trays, each divided in 30 compartments, 
 measuring 1| in. by 1 in., and containing small specimens. 
 
 218. Collection of fossils from the environs of Grignon 
 in Savoy, classified upon Delamarck's system by M. Larn- 
 botiu, Paris. From the Exhibition of ]851. 
 
 E. 10. 1879. 
 
 Consists of two cardboard boxes with printed labels in the 
 lids, and lined with blue paper, each with 30 compartments, 
 with one or two fossils mounted in each. The first box contains 
 mostly Gasteropoda, the second mostly Larnellibranchs. The 
 names are of the period of 1822. 
 
 219. Specimen of galena from the Roman gravel mines, 
 Minsterley, Shropshire. 
 
 220. Specimen of plumbago from the mine at Trieben 
 in Styria. Analysis 9O8 carbon, 9*2 ashes of fireproof 
 pyrites. 
 
 * 1871. Exhibited by G. Beldts. 
 
 221. Samples (6) of graphite in the rough. 
 
 E. 32. 1862. Presented by the Russian Government. 
 
 222. Specimens (3) of opal rock from the mines of 
 Dubrich, near Eperies, Upper Hungary. Two large and 
 one smaller irregular mass. 
 
 E. 9. 1870. Presented by Mrs. Lever son. 
 
 223. Specimens (2) of "onyx marble," a variety of 
 carbonate of lime. Reported to have been found in the 
 lava of 1852 on Mount Etna. 
 
 E. 10. 1878. Presented by Mrs. Frederic Watt. 
 
 224. Model of a large gold nugget found in Sampson's 
 creek, California. 
 
 E. 8. 1859. Presented by W. T. Leverell 
 
 225. Model of a meteoric stone which fell at Dundrum, 
 co. Tipperary, Ireland, on the 12th of August 1865. 
 
 E. 187. 1868. Given by Viscount Hbwarden. 
 
 The original is now in the Geological Museum of Trinity 
 College, Dublin. 
 
70 
 
 226. Fossil tooth of a Mammoth. 
 
 E. 46. 1872. Given by J. Duff Gordon. 
 
 227. Nodule containing ammonites capricornus from 
 the lias of Whitby. 
 
 E, 13. 1869, Presented by J. Finnic, 
 
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, WITH ADDRESSES. 
 
 APEL, W., Gottingen; 18. 
 
 AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT ; 49, 55. 
 
 BALL, V., C.B., M.A., F.R.S, ; 50. 
 
 BECK, K. and J., 68, Cornhill, E.G. ; 22. 
 
 BECKER, F. E., & Co., 33, Hatton Wall, Hatton Garden, E.G. : 5. 
 
 BEKJTS, G. ; 69. 
 
 BELGIAN GOVERNMENT ; 2, 6, 45. 
 
 BERBERICH, Munich ; 27. 
 
 BEST, E. ; 57. 
 
 BLAKE, Prof. J. F., 43, Clifton Hill, N.W. ; 42. 
 
 BRADY, Rev. N., M.A. ; 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11. 
 
 BRASSART BROS., 8, Via del Caravita, Rome ; 35. 
 
 BBISTOW, H. W., F.R.S. (the late) ; 49. 
 
 BRITAIN, R,, St. John's, New Brunswick ; 68. 
 
 BUTLER, F. H., 158, Brompton Road, S.W.; 42. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT Co., St. Tibb's Row, Cam- 
 bridge ; 33, 35. 
 
 CASELLA, L,, 147, Holborn Bars, E.G. ; 30. 
 
 COMMISSION OF THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SPAIN; 61. 
 
 COTTON and JOHNSON, 14, Gerrard Street, Soho, W. ; 25. 
 
 CROUCH, H., & Co., 66, Barbican, EC. ; 23. 
 
 PALP, J., Berne ; 64. 
 
 DAMON, R, (the late) ; 9, 44. 
 
 DELAGRAVE, C., 15, Rue Soufflot, Paris ; 50, 51, 54, 55. 
 
 DE RANGE, C. E., F.G.S. ; 58. 
 
 DEVERELL, W. T. ; 69. 
 
 DIDICN, J., 14, Rue de Quatre Bras, Brussels ; 30. 
 
 ELLIS, H. ; 53. 
 
 ELOFFE & Co., Paris ; 44. 
 
 ENGLEMANN, W., Leipzig ; 48. 
 
 FAIRFAX, J. R., Sydney ; 68. 
 
 FINNIE, J. ; 70. 
 
 FISCHER, H., Cassel ; 48. 
 
 FOOTE, A. E., M.D., Philadelphia ; 43. 
 
 FRIC, W., Prague ; 69. 
 
 FUESS, R., 108, Alte Jacob Strasse, Berlin: 9, 11, 12, 14, 16 to 
 19, 23, 24. 
 
 GEHLSEN & Co. ; 9. 
 
 GEIKIE, Prof. A., F.R.S. ; 61. 
 
 GEISSLER, P. C., Niirnberg ; 49. 
 
 GORDON, J. DUFF ; 70. 
 
 GREGORY, J. R,, 88, Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square W 40 
 41, 46. 
 
HACHETTE & Co., 18, King William Street, Strand, W.C. ; 6. 
 HARRINGTON BROS., Shandon Chemical Works, Cork ; 44. 
 HARRIS, PHILIP, & Co., 144 and 1 46, Edmund Street, Birmingham ; 
 
 43. 
 
 HAYDEN, Prof. F. V., Geological Survey, U.S.A. ; 65, 68. 
 HA WARDEN, Viscount; 69. 
 HECTOR, J., M.D., F.R.S. : 60. 
 HENSON, S., 97, Regent Street, W. ; 42. 
 HUME, W., & Co., Lothian Street, Edinburgh ; 26. 
 JAMES, Sir H., RE. ; 55. 
 JOHNSTON, W. and A. K., 5, White Hart Street, Warwick Lan 
 
 E.O. ; 48, 58. 
 JORDAN, J. B., The Elms, Cherry Orchard, Staines ; 8, 9, 32 53 
 
 55, 56. 
 JUDD, Prof., F.R.S., Royal College of Science, South Kensington : 
 
 28. 
 
 KRANTZ, A., Bonn ; 43. 
 LARKIN, J. R. (the late) ; 1, 3 to 6. 
 LASAULX, Prof, von, Royal University, Breslau ; 36. 
 LAURENT, L., Paris ; 14, 17. 
 LETCHER, T. H., St. Day, Cornwall ; 25, 26, 31. 
 LETCHER, J. T., Truro, Cornwall; 25, 26, 31. 
 LEVERSON, Mrs. ; 69. 
 LOCKYER, Prof. J. NORMAN, F.R.S., Royal College of Science, 
 
 South Kensington ; 61, 62. 
 LOWDON, G., Dundee ; 28. 
 MANN, R. J., M.D. (the late) ; 66. 
 
 MASON, G., & Co., 180, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow ; 26. 
 MASSON, G., Paris; 48, 58. 
 MILLER, Prof. W 7 . H. (the late); 11. 
 MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY, Jermyn Street ; 60. 
 MYLNE, R. W T ., F.R.S. (the late) ; 62, 63. 
 NACHET, A., 17, Rue St. Severin, Paris ; 19, 22. 
 NEGRETTI and ZAMBRA, 38, Holborn Viaduct, E.G. ; 30. 
 ORME, J., & Co., 65,. Barbican, E.C. ; 25. 
 PALERMO, Royal Observatory ; 36. 
 PALMIERI, Prof. L., Vesuvian and Meteorological Observatory, 
 
 Naples; 36. 
 
 PEDAGOGICAL MUSEUM, St. Petersburg : 6. 
 PRESTON, J. (late Cubley and Preston), 4, High Street, Shoffit Id ; 
 
 26. 
 
 REYNOLDS and BRANSON, 14, Commercial Street, Leeds ; 26. 
 REYNOLDS & Co, ; 44. 
 RICKETTS, Dr., F.G.S.; 66. 
 Roux and FA YALE, Turin ; 53. 
 ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, South Kensington (Geological 
 
 Laboratory) ; 25, 26, 28 to 32, 50, 51, 60. 
 RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT ; 69. 
 RUTLEY, FRANK, F.G.S., Royal College of Science, South 
 
 Kensington ; 49. 
 
73 
 
 SEIBERT, WETZLAR ; 21, 22. 
 
 SEKIYA, Prof. S., Imperial University, Tokio, Japan ; 35. 
 
 SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE ; 57. 
 
 SOCIETY OF ARTS ; 5. 
 
 SORBY, Dr. H. C., F.R.S. ; 67, 68. 
 
 STANFORD, E., 26 and 27, Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, 
 
 S.W. ; 48, 56 to 59. 
 
 STEEG and REUTER, Homlmrg vor der Hohe : 4, 14. 
 STOPFORD, Mrs. ; 54. 
 STURTZ, B., Bonn ; 17, 46. 
 SWEDISH GOVERNMENT ; 44, 
 
 SWIFT, J., & SON, 81, Tottenbcam Court Road, W. ; 21. 
 TOWNSON and MERCER, 89, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C, : 
 
 4, 26. 
 
 VICTORIA, Agent General of; 59. 
 VOIGT and HOCHGESANG, Gottingen ; 20. 
 WATSON BROS., 4, Pall Mall, S.W. ; 21, 22. 
 WATT, Mrs. FREDERIC ; 69. 
 WESTPHAL, G., Celle, Hanover ; 29. 
 WHITE, JAS., 209, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow; 82. 
 WILTSHIRE, Rev. THOS. ; 48. 
 
 WOODWARD, C. J., Birmingham and Midland Institute ; 31. 
 WRIGHT, Biyce, M.. 204, Regent Street, W. : 41, 42. 
 WURSTER, J., & Ca, Zurich ; 52, 64. 
 
456547 
 
 pt.6 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY