UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES V ENGLISH COMPOSITION 150 Specimens Arranged for use in Psychological and Educational Experiments By EDWARD L. THORNDIKE Professor of Educational Psychology, Teachers College Columbia University PUBLISHED BY Ctfmbrra dollrgr. (Unlumbia VnivrrattQ NEW YORK CITY 1916 LB T3^ INTRODUCTION This Monograph consists of one hundred and fifty specimens of English composition whose general merit has been deter- mined with fair precision by a consensus of from 23 to over 100 judges. Such a series will be useful for a number of pur- poses, especially for (a) tests of the accuracy of complex judg- ments, and consequent measurements of individual, class, and sex differences, correlations with other forms of judgment, and measurements of the effect of various conditions upon the ac- curacy of judgment ; (b) experiments in practice and the trans- fer of improvement; (3) measurements of the ability of pros- pective teachers to distinguish merit in compositions ; (d) the discovery of special prejudice and constant errors in the judg- ments made by teachers ; (e) experiments to demonstrate and measure the value of objective scales as aids to the process of judging the general merit of specimens of English composi- tions. The first hundred specimens are arranged in ten sets of ten specimens each, any one set being approximately as hard to judge as any other. They are printed here on one side of the paper only, so that they can be presented in any way that is suitable to the investigator's purpose. Table 1 is a key giving the approximate true value of each specimen according to the Hillegas Scale as extended by Thorndike in 191 5. 1 The remaining specimens are printed in two series, each series representing the compositions written by a class upon the same topic. These series will be especially useful for ex- periments in the analysis of the elements constituting general merit. The values of these specimens are given in Table 2. 1 Copies of this Scale may be obtained from the Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, at 6 cents per single copy. 205-.. :*■* TABLE 1 Values of Each Specimen in Each Set, in Terms of the Hillegas Scale, as Extended by Thorndike in 1915 Set A Set B Set C Set D Set E 1 66 1 70 1 65 1 58 1 55 2 78 2 76 2 77 2 68 2 67 3 58 3 62 3 59 3 62 3 23 4 82 4 13 4 37 4 48 4 85 5 58 5 83 5 16 5 78 5 78 6 9 6 58 6 80 6 30 6 34 7 70 7 65 7 74 7 80 7 45 8 36 8 36 8 57 8 70 8 62 9 32 9 30 9 48 9 40 9 71 46 10 47 10 32 10 43 10 40 SetF SetG SetH Set I Set J 1 57 1 58 1 58 1 54 1 77 2 65 2 42 2 68 2 63 2 53 3 20 3 25 3 72 3 65 3 44 4 78 4 73 4 28 4 68 4 75 5 89 5 54 5 93 5 25 5 67 6 31 6 43 6 58 6 64 6 28 7 60 7 93 7 60 7 93 7 61 8 70 8 77 8 53 8 43 8 60 9 40 9 60 9 75 9 78 9 95 10 50 10 65 10 39 10 37 10 37 TAE ILE 2 COMMOI j-Sense Series Deephaven J 5ERIE Specimen Quality Specimen ( }ualii 22 75 32 73 24 75 34 76 25 64 35 85 26 65 36 65 28 55 38 83 53 55 39 61 54 69 40 66 55 69 41 77 56 66 42 72 57 59 43 75 58 83 44 54 59 54 45 55 60 65 46 77 61 75 47 50 62 76 49 66 63 63 50 75 64 80 51 71 65 75 52 77 66 72 67 52 68 63 Extra Specimens 69 67 70 71 142 76 71 54 144 78 72 68 147 64 73 64 148 75 74 55 149 78 75 59 77 79 78 63 79 74 CONTENTS Set A ---------- i Set B --------- - 9 Set C ---------- 15 Set D --------- - 21 Set E ---------- 31 Set F --------- - 37 Set G ---------- 45 Set H - 53 Set I ---------- 61 Set J --------- - 67 Common Sense --------- 75 Deephaven --------- 107 SET A 1 Fellows, — perhaps you know and perhaps you don't — the Recorder comes out to-morrow. I hope there's not a fellow in this assembly who's not inter- ested in our football team, the champions of the city. If there is, that boy is not worthy of being a boys' High student. Well, the Recorder has the pictures of the different players on the team, the records of all the games, especially the all important contest with Erasmus. It has, in fact, everything worth writ- ing about the team. This report ought to interest the school. For those interested in chess, we have secured a series of problems in that game by John J. Jones, the noted chess player. The names of the A. A. representatives whose rooms have a hundred per cent, membership will appear in big black letters on the third page. These A. A. representatives, who have never seen their names in print before, will probably be elated at this. They ought to buy a copy of the Recorder. A DOG FIGHT As I was walking along Riverside one Sunday morning, I heard a sharp yelp and turning around I saw a big bull dog holding a small poodle by the neck: around the poodles neck was a collar to which was fastened a leader. The owner of this dog was holding fast to the leader and crying, " My poor Trix, let go of my Trix." I remembered having past the lady a little before, then she was holding Trix tightly under her arm. But Mr. Bull would not let go, and Trix's fond mistress was getting more and more excited. " Who owns this beast anyway? Help! Help! O my dear Trix, what will he do to you ! Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! " Then Mr. Bull began swinging Trix around, and around went My lady with them. Indeed it was a funny sight to see two dogs and a lady swinging around in a small circle of bystanders, the lady calling excitedly for help and one of the dogs yelping. At last two gentlemen pushed their way through the crowd and began to club the bull with their canes. Some of the blows poor Trix received and then there would be a cry of, Set A 3 " Oh, don't kill my little Trix, poor little lamb. Oh my dog- gie, my doggie ! " One of the gentlemen wore a high silk hat and in his vigor- ous attempt to release Trix, the hat flew off and was soon under the dogs, then there was a grand scramble for the hat. Dogs, hat, man, and women were all in a bunch, the man after his hat, the bull after the poodle, and the women after the bull. Would the bull never let Trix go and what would be left of her? Yes, at last Mr. Bull received a good blow on the head and with a yelp he released Trix. The gentleman grabbed his hat and began to examine it and Trix was taken in the fond embrace of her Mistress. " Oh, my baby did he hurt her? My lamb, my precious ! " and many similar remarks and kisses were showered on the dog as dog and mistress went away leaving some of the people sympathizing and some laughing at the sight they had just witnessed. Anyone trying for this Rhodes scholarship must comply to three rules. The applicant must have had two years in some college of good standing, must be unmarried, and must be between nineteen and twenty-one years of age. " The rules seem quite easy for a scholarship, don't you think so girls?" asked Marion. " Yes, but then it is not so easy as you think because there are many other applicants," replied Helen. " But continue." Then, Mr. Porter told us about Oxford. There are twenty one colleges at Oxford, but they are shut in by a high wall and are separated from each other. " Why ! I thought Oxford contained just one large college instead of twenty-one," said Helen. " Yes, I replied and there are a good many other things which greatly surprised me. Down the trail to the beach we stumbled, our only illumina- tion the little lamp, and went along the shore, very silently, for each one was too much occupied in shivering to say any- thing except muttered ejaculations when he stubbed his numbed toe against a rock. Soon, however, we came out on the road, where the footing was much smoother, and here we quickened our pace. After half an hour of pretty steady climbing, we emerged from the woods, and struck a little footpath, which led across the rocky pasture land where we really began to feel the cold. The grass was heavy with the Set A 5 first frost, and by the time we had gone a hundred yards, our legs from the knees down were thoroughly drenched with ice-water. But by this time, most of the journey was over, the light of dawn was crawling over the sky, the clear, cheer- ful call of a white-throated sparrow floated down from a fir nearby, and we really began to think that early morning was a pretty good time of day, after all. 5 If I were as lucky as to be given a thousand dollars to spend this Christmas I am very sure I would plan to spend it, in a way that would give much pleasure to other people who had not looked forward to Christmas with a great deal of pleasure. The pleasure of this holy day does not lie wholy is re- ceiving, but in giving to others. I should go down town and buy first of all useful things ; such as, clothing, coal and food all of which are necessities for people that I should want to give pleasure to. House burned up a child was left alone an wise monkey told the childs parents thankful reward $16.00. " Oh, how I would like to see the sun get up ! " exclaimed Mary. " Yes, wouldn't that be fun," said her little sister, Bernice. " We always see it go to bed." " But how can we see it? We never get up early enough, and anyhow, the housetops would hide it." " Oh, I have just thought of a splendid plan ! " exclaimed Bernice. " Let's go out and visit grandma on the farm next week. I'm sure no housetops would hide our view there, and grandpa always says, ' Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy and wealthy and wise.' " The next week the girls went to their grand- mother's with their mother. Their grandmother greeted them and said, "What are you children so excited about?" They told her their story and she said, " Oh, we'll fix that all right. We'll just put an alarm clock in your room and you can wake up and look out of the window." Grandpa said he would set the clock at five o'clock, but in his excitement he set it at four. The next morning the children woke up and rushed to the window, but they saw no sun. Instead they saw the shadow of night beginning to flee away and tiny streaks of daylight coming in the east, for it was just between the dark and the daylight and the sun would soon show his laughing face to the waiting children. Set A 7 8 Once when I was walking in the fields I saw a house burn up I investacated the house. There was no one in the house but a babe. The always call me lazy Monkey but now I will be call wise Monkey If I save the child. I climbed up the window and put the baby on my back. The stairs were half nocked down and how could I come down with the baby. The side walls on the outside were going to fall soon. The house would surely fall in 30 min. He found a long log from the side wall and carried the babe down. Soon they were outside. They sat down for 5 min. to rest. The parents came home and found the house aflame. The monkey told them he had saved the babe. The parents were very thankful. They began a new home and the monkey was a wise old monkey indeed. He got a good reward and was very happy all his life. 9 " I would by each person twenty dollars worth the goods, or I would give each person twenty dollars, If I would spend the one hundred dollars between the five persons, I would buy each one a suit of clothes, shoes, stockings, Caps, Over Alls and Jumper." 10 " If I had one hundred dollars to spend to please five per- sons I would first kind of figure out what the things a certain five persons would like best. " First, I would buy my cousin what he wished, that is a good baseball outfit. It would cost about ten dollars for the playing materials such as gloves, bats, etc. Then I would get him a five dollar baseball suit and cap to match. He would like a lot of candy and fruit and such things so I would spend another five for that. " Second I would by my brother a good fishing outfit con- sisting of a five dollar pole, a one dollar line, two dollar, reel, two dollars worth of hooks, five dollar pair of boots, two dollar fishing coat, a dollars worth of leaders and two dollars for a trip to some good fishing place. " Third I would fit myself out in the same way. Fourth I would get my father a morrison chair for ten dol- lars, and a smoking jacket for ten more. " Fifth as I have no mother I would get my aunt a new hat with ten dollars and a new silk dress with the rest of the money." Set B 9 SET B 1 SHOULD THE LITERARY SOCIETY BE REORGANIZED? Since this year has been such a failure for the Senior Lit- erary Society the question has now come up concerning either the abolition of the society or the reorganization so as to have a more successful society if any at all. I think that if the society were to be reorganized with dif- ferent requirements for membership than at present it would be more successful. I would suggest that each member should take up some one department seriously such as dramatics or debating and really try for the cast or team. In that way only those who were really interested in literary work would care to belong to the society, thus limiting the membership to those who were willing to work for the good of the society. Then I think that if meetings were held regularly every two weeks say and a penalty put upon absence from a meeting while in school it would help matters along. I would suggest having the same method of running the society as at present in regard to number of officers. Each meeting might be devoted to some special thing to be announced at the previous meeting or before. That night, we took dinner at the hotel and, as we were not over anxious to return to scene of destruction, a bunch of us stayed at the hotel the great part of the evening. When we finally did return, we talked and chattered freely as long as we were on the regular hotel walk, but when we turned off on our path through the woods, a sad silence descended upon us. Each of us felt a peculiar fear and gloom. As we came to the place where we turned, we stopped a few minutes, knowing that we would see no welcoming lights nor hear the pleasant noise of talking. When we turned, we saw the ruins bathed in a flood of most beautiful moonlight. The moonshine vied with the strange phosphorescent glow of the ruins, them- selves, in making the scene wierd, and terrible. Two men kept watch through the long night, lest the fire break out, again. The next day, with sad hearts, we left the mournful ruins for the more cheerful, if less beloved, city of Chicago. Set B ii COMPOSITION Since Xmas comes but once a year, the people that are so fortunate as to have every comfort to celebrate this holiday, should remember the people that are not so fortunate. While the rich are enjoying Santa Clause, the poor are wanting food and warmth. And can not enjoy this great Holiday as the rest. Therefore, if I had a thousand dollars, I would spend most of it making the poor and needy happy and merry. The money would not make all of the poor people happy, but if each person who had that much money to spend, would take the greater part of it for that purpose, there would be less suffering during Christmas times. But, instead of spending money in this manner, many per- sons would much rather spend it in having a nice time for their selves, which only last for a while. While, if you help others you will always be remembered. And will do you good. Last Monday the house on the corner of Jay street was burned down to the ground and right down by Mrs. brons house there is a little child all alone and there is a bad man sleeping in the seller, but we have a wise old monkey in the coal ben so the parents are thankful that they dont have to pay any reward. 5 The sun was setting, giving a rosy glow to all the trees standing tall black against the faintly tinted sky. Blue, pink, green, yellow, like a conglomeration of paints dropped care- lessly onto a pale blue background. The trees were in such great number that they looked like a mass of black crepe, each with its individual, graceful form in view. The lake lay smooth and unruffled, dimly reflecting the beautiful coloring of the sky. The wind started madly up and blew over the lake's glassy surface making mysterious murmurings, blend- ing in with the chirping songs of the birds blew through the tree tops setting the leaves rustling and whispering to one another. A squirrel ran from his perch chattering, to the lofty branches — a far and distant hoot echoed in the silence, and soon night, over all came stealing, blotting out the scenery and wrapping all in restful, mysterious darkness. Set B 13 A boy who lived in a small town out side of Boston walked into a grocery store one day limping and with a bag under his arm, the keeper asked him what was the trouble, and he said he had been kicked all over the house for just playing a little joke on his father and so he was going to run away from home The keeper asked him what he had done and he said " You see the other day I thought I would have some fun with my father so I wrote a letter to him and made out I was a girl and told him to meet me at the corner of water street at 7 :30 on Saturday evening and signed the name " Daisy " to it. At supper that night pa had he face all shaved his hair plas- tered down, and to told ma he was going around to a club meeting. 7 A year ago last summer mother and I visited my grandpa and grandma, who live on a farm. Grandpa had some little rabbits, there were three of them, a father, mother and the baby rabbit. The baby rabbit was so tiny one could hardly tell it from a baby kitten. It was white and had pink ears and bright eyes, so I named it Bright Eyes. The mother rabbit was afraid that I would take her baby away when I took it in my arms. I had such a good time the whole day. I picked cherries and apples and would go in the field and romp with the little dogs. By this time I was very tired and sat on the porch. Then I noticed that the sun was setting. It was a beautiful sight. As I was sitting there I heard a bell jingle and I looked up and saw the cows coming home. I looked in another direction and saw the sheep coming home. As I thought it all over, to me this seemed the nicest time of the day, just between the dark and the daylight. 8 One day a house burned up. There was only one little girl in the house. When all of a sudden a monkey came along with a organ man. When he saw that the house was on fire he went up and saved the little girl. When her paent came home they were very thankful and gave the organ man a reward. 9 " If I had a hundred dollars I would divid it between five people. I would give $20 to the one who like everything, $5 to the one that liked nothing and $10. to on who liked Arith- Set C 15 metic and $33 to the one for spelling, and $32 for the one who liked Geography." 10 " There are five little children that live near us who are very poor. They seldom have any new clothes and less often any toyes. " On Christmas and other days when we children have toys these children may be seen looking at us with longing eyes, and Easter time they even seem envious. " Well I would first buy each child a pair of shoes about three and one half dollars. Then I would buy the girls, three of them, new dresses. The boys new suits. Which would cost about thirty dollar. Of course the girls would have to have hats. I would get simple ones but pretty. Then the boys must have caps. " SET C 1 137 Stockton St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Sept. 18, 191 1. Dear Father: — Owing to the fact that the Interscholastic Football Season opens in October, it is my earnest desire to be able to hand my name in as a candidate for quarter-back. I cannot, how- ever, do this because I haven't your permission to able to play football. High School expects every man to do his duty. Therefore, I of all boys certainly ought to go out for it because I am five feet ten inches and weigh 130 pounds. You have declined to let me play foot-ball before, but now you may readily see that I am taller and heavier than you were, when you started to play the game. I, therefore, do not know why you should deprive me of some sport and exercise that you had when you were not my equal. Hoping to hear a favorable answer, and thanking you in advance, I remain. Your son, 2 LACE-MAKING There are two kinds of lace, the hand made and the ma- chine-made lace. The hand-made or real lace, as it is called in order that it may be distinguished from the machine made or imitation Set C 17 lace, is manufactured entirely abroad. In Belgium, France, England, Ireland and Scotland there are numerous lace schools. Brussels lace, which is made in Brussels, has a world-wide reputation, as well as Valenciennes lace, which is mostly made at Flanders and Valencia. France too produces great quantities of beautiful lace. In the district of Auvergne, of which Le Puy is the centre, nearly every kind of lace is made and this industry is thought to be more extensive and more ancient here than in any other part of France. The machine made lace is manufactured at Caen France, as well as the real lace and at Nottingham, England, and here in the United States ; but this country has not established any lace schools where real lace is made as in the foreign countries. If the amount of one thousand dollars should be given me, as a present, to be spent as I wished, I should invest it in books. I would invest in books of history, science, fiction of the good wholesome kind, and books of oration. I should invest in books, because they are valuable ; also, useful. In school we would have the use of the books on oration and history. For the out-of-door life we would have science. For the hours of rest, the books of fiction. Last week I was playing with matches. My clothes caught on fire. I soon put it out. I put the house on fire when I put the fire on my clothes out. I called up the fire men but they said, " It is to much for us. So the house burned down. I went to my next door nebor who gave me some bread. They let me stay with them a week. My clothes were not badly burned so I went away but I came back. When I came back they had a tamed monkey. I asked for him and they gave him to me but not with pleasure. I took him and he ran away and and he came back with money and a check. There was enough money for a new house. So we had one built. When the house was built my mother came home and my father came the next day. They didn't know the house but i told then the old one burned down and I had a new one built. They very glad when they heard how I acted. They gave me a reward of twenty five dollars which I had put in the bank. Set C 19 5 THE PILGRIMS HOUSE Some men went out to build some houses in the forest, it was wild in the forest some Indian came around at night and take some club with them and some gun, the have a barrels it was some fire was in the red men burned up peoples. The pilgrim went out to catch some red men when they catch one they him up in the fire. And they had a monkey went out to and one monkey have a gun, And he saw some red men and the monkey shot him. Among the beautiful islands on the Canadian side of the St. Lawrence River, there is a deep and narrow channel which separates three small wooded islands from a large fertile one. Of the three islands the largest is rocky and covered with a growth of stately pines and waving hemlocks, and a carpet of moss and ferns. On the second there is quite an assort- ment of trees, whose foliage during the fall turns to many shades of gold and red, which colors are greatly enhanced by the dark green background of its neighbor. On the third there is a thick growth of brush, with an occasional small tree. These three islands are so close together, that fallen trees and logs make it possible to walk from one to another. It was a cold evening. I had been sick for a week and was glad to be able to be down stairs and to look out of the windows and see the ground, even if it was covered with snow, instead of a lot of chimneys. As I sat looking into the fire I saw the red flames jumping about merrily, as if they were playing hide-and-seek with the little blue gases. I no- ticed how oddly the nickel was carved. As I looked closer I found it easy to see it in different shapes. Part of it took one shape and part another. As I sat there, making the stove into something very different from what it was, the time slipped by and it was very late. The lamps were being lighted and my imaginary people were gone. 8 It was just at dusk when I came home from a party which our sewing teacher had given us at Minnehaha Falls. There were twelve girls besides me. We took our sewing and sat Set D 21 down to sew before we ate. When we were through lunch we looked at the falls. Oh, how beautiful they were. When I was coming home I saw a robin sitting on a bough near his nest where his mate was sitting. He was chirping at me. When I reached home I thought of how the robin was trying to save his babies from the bad boys. Even birds want to save their babies from bad boys. 9 " If I had one hundred dollars to spend for persons who liked different thing, I would spend about one-half of the sum for a short camping trip for myself and parents. " With the remainder of the money I would buy a few good books and other articles I desire. I would use part of the money for spending money throughout the summer, and, if after this, there were any of it left I would use it for things I needed at the beginning of school." 10 One night a little girl whoos name was rosey and a monkey named Jackeow, was playing to geather then the little girl said my it is getting laight and it is my bed time? So she said good night Jockeow. The little girl was alone for her Mother and father wher out to the theater. As Jockeow lay dozing he smealt sumthing it was smoke Jackeow crept im the little girls bed room whear a big flamm almost toched the ceallean Jackeow rushed in and grabed the little girl and ran out in the street with her. When the little girls mama and papa came home they saw there house in flames. " Whear is rosey and Jackeow," she said crying. I dont know said one of her nabers. In a little while rosey and jackeow with tho firemen carrying them in there arm? " Witch firemen saved them " " None said a rough looking fireman the monkey did " The little girl's mama and papa were so happy that they gave Jackeow. SET D 1 A very good factor, which our school has, is the publication of a magazine called the Recorder. It is a very interesting book, edited by the pupils of the school. The boys who pub- Set D 23 lish it, get very good training, so that they really know some thing about publishing any kind of a paper. Each boy has a chance to make the editorial staff, because they are chosen by the teacher in charge. The Recorder should interest the boys of this school, be- cause it pertains mostly it. Anything worth while printing about the school is printed. In the Recorder, there are articals on atheletics, in which nearly every boy is interested in. Notes on school events, and many other important facts are described. Many pictures of the different teams as well as of many individuals are printed. Another good quality of it is that there are many short stories and jokes in it, which is supplied by all the willing boys. A prize is awarded to the boys at the end of the term who write the best stories. The price, which is ten cents, is a reasonable price for such a paper. Barnum's circus was in town today and if grandmother had not seen the pictures on the hand bills I think she would have let us go. She said it was all right to look at the creatures God had made but she did not think He ever intended that women should go only half dressed and stand up and ride on horses bare back or jump through hoops in the air. So we could not go. We saw the street parade though and heard the band play and saw the men and women in the chariot, all dressed so fine, and we saw a big elephant and a little one and a camel with an awful hump on his back, and we could hear the lion roar in the cage, as they went by. It must have been nice to see them close to and probably we will some day. What I would do if someone gave me now one hundred thousand dollars. If I should have the good fortune of receiving one hundred- thousand dollars, I would try to use it to the best advantage. First of all, after completing by course at high-school, I would visit some good college. Here I would spend my time mostly in the study of languages and English literature. When I have finished this course of study, my next step would be to make an extensive trip through, spending a great deal of time in Germany, France, and England, but not failing to visit Switzerland and Italy. Thus I would spend about three years. Then I would return home for a little while, but would not discontinue my studies : for one can never learn too much. After a while I would take a trip too California and Set D 25 other western points of interest. And so I would spend my time, enjoying myself in all possible manners. But with all my pleasures I must not forget that my rela- tives are too reap some enjoyment from my wealth. They also would be entitled to some pleasure. A NEW ENGLAND TOWN All along the New England coast there are many small fishing towns. Some are very much alive and flourishing while others are almost asleep. It is of the latter that I am going to write. A town beautifully situated, one side looking out over the beautiful ocean and looking inland one sees picturesque moun- tains. This town might be described as a farmer, fishing town as the inhabitants which are few are both fishermen & farmers. The fishermas boats are tied to the small wooden landing, the vegatables in the farmers garden seem to be taking care of themselves & have for months if not years. Not a sign of work or hustle but there is no end of beauty in the little town portrayed by natur. NEWSPAPER STORY A little girl about ten years of age, said to be living at st. N. . . . Y. . . . was run down by an auto and instantly killed as she was crossing Broadway at 106th. St. yesterday mourning. The child had been on an errand and was crossing Broad- way on her return. She did not notice a large touring car that was speeding down the avenue until she was half way across the street, when, alarmed by the sound of the horn, she started to run but the auto was now so near that before it could be stopped it threw her down and passed over her body leaving her motionless. A crowd immediately gathered, the child was taken to a nearby drugstore and an ambulance summoned. The ambu- lance surgeon said that the child was dead and that death had probably been instantaneous. The body was identified by one of the onlookers as living at and was immediately taken to her home. A sad coincidence in connection with this unfortunate acci- dent was the death of the childs father, which occurred about four years before in a similar manner. Set D 27 THE WISE MONKEY A long time ago, I do not know, how long but a man and a woman and a little boy lived together also a monkey a pet for the little boy it happened that the man and the woman were out, and the monkey and little boy, and the house started to burn, and the monkey took the little boys hand, and, went out. The father had come home and was glad that the monkey had saved his little boy. And that, monkey got a reward. The slowly sinking sun shed a faint light on all the country around, announcing the approach of twilight. The faint stars were just peeping forth in the sky. As I walked down to the garden gate the fresh spring wind, carrying the incense of the orchard, brushed against my cheek. The evening chores were all done and we were awaiting the arrival of the farm wagon from town. While we were listening for the familiar rattle of the wagon, we occasionally heard the merry frogs singing their songs in the swamps. Such thrilling songs they were. Hark ! The whip-poor-will gave its evening call. The time was passing too slowly for us so we went to the strawstack and scrambled upon it, for that was where we spent many a happy hour. We sat there, making pictures in the fleecy clouds floating in the gray sky. The air castles we build, how beautiful ! But they, too, soon fade away. Soon one of the boys jumped up and cried, " All aboard for hide-and-go- seek," and named John as the one to find the rest. During the game Clara called for silence and through the solemn evening air we heard the tramp of the horses' feet. In a few moments we were hurrying along the moon light road toward the approaching wagon. All was well now, and we returned to the farmhouse for the night. 8 It was between the dark and the daylight when far away could be seen the treacherous wolves skulking over the hills. We sat beside our campfires and watched them for awhile. Sometimes a few of them would howl as if they wanted to get in our camp. Then, half discouraged, they would walk away and soon there would be others doing the same thing. They were afraid to come near because of the fires, which Set D 29 were burning brightly. I noticed that they howled more be- tween the dark and the daylight than at any time of the night. Once upon a time a woman went into a dark room and lit a match. She dropped it on the floor and it of course set the house afire. She jumped out of the window and called her husband to come out too. They both forgot all about the baby. All of a sudden he appeared in the window calling his mother. His father had gone next door to tel afone to the fire house. They had a monkey in the house at the time and he heard the child calling his mother. - He had a plan to save the baby. He ran to the window where he was standing. He put his tail about his waist and jumped off the window sill with the baby in his tail. When the people were settled again they gave him a silver collar as a reward. 10 Once upon a time there lived a poor man and his wife and their little girl Grace. They lived in the country in a little cottage in the valley. One day when the man was out on his farm a man at the door and begged for clothing. The woman said she was a poor herslve to give anything away. The man was mad and went away talking to himselve. That night when all was asleep he thought he would get something out of their house and broke open the foor. He took all he could find. Then he went out side. Near day light he lit a match to the house. Then the woman came down to get breakfast and called her husband. He came down and they were eating breakfast when they saw the flames. They rushed out to see what was the matter. Just as they got out side the door it came down with a crash. Then they thought of the child. They could not get her. The child had awoke and was crying loudly. The pet monkey heard her and came running to see what was the matter. When he saw the fire he rushed to the little girl and pulled her by the dress out to her parents. The parents were very thankful. For reward the monkey got a new ribbon for his neck and all he wanted to eat. Set E 31 SET E 1 1271 — 51st St. Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 18, 191 1. Dear Father, I was very sorry to hear that you did not allow me to take the study of Elocution. You said that you thought I received enough knowledge of speaking at home. Now I want to tell you that although I do get the knowledge of speaking at home, I can always better this. This Elocution will also help me to get along in English and it will also make it easier for me. One thing in which I am very much interested, in and would like to try out for, is the " Semi-Annual Declama- tions." I cannot try for this unless I study Elocution. Hoping that I will receive an answer in the affirmative, I remain > Your son, What I would do if someone gave me now one hundred thousand dollars. If I were given $100,000 (or less) I would by all means travel. I would first visit Europe and take the same or nearly the same route as Addison did visiting in turn Eng- land seeing London and its environs, France, notably Paris and its suburbs ; Germany with its beautiful Rhine and quaint cities ; Switzerland with its world-famed Alps and gorgeous scenery, and travel thence to Italy and Greece the lands of art. I would undoubtedly remain longest in the latter men- tioned lands and thoroughly see the worlds masterpieces of painting and sculpture. Then, if my purse hadn't in the meantime suffered too big a gap, I would recross the Atlantic and see some of the beauties of America, as for instance " The Hudson," " California," " Mammoth Cave," " 1000 Islands," and " The Rockies." If I then still had sufficient money left I would purchase an enormous library, als an automobile and tour the country as Alexander Winton has done it. Football. The place was 50x100 ft, and there was a ten boys playing F.B. Our captain was Kelley and the score was 26 to o. Its a very interesting game because it makes the man helty. I like to play Football or baace Ball. But I don't know how to play eather one I like to learn it. Set E 33 ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING PERIODS OF MY VACATION One Sunday, towards the end of my summer vacation, I was in bathing at the Parkway Baths. In the Brighton Beach Motordrome, a few rods away, an aviation meet was going on. Several times one of the droning machines had gone whirring by over our heads, so that when the buzzing exhaust of a flier was heard it did not cause very much comment. Soon, however, the white planes of " Tom " Sopwith's Wright machine were seen glimmering above the grandstand. Every- one stood spellbound as he circled the track several times, and then headed out to sea. He was seen to have a passenger with him. Suddenly, the regular hum of his motor was broken by severe pops, and the engine ran slower, missing fire badly. In response, to Sopwith's movements, the big flier tilted and swooped down to the beach from aloft like an eagle. The terrified crowd made a rush to get out of the way as the airship came on, but Sopwith could not land on the beach, but skimmed along close to the water instead. Suddenly his wing caught the water, and the big machine somersaulted and sank beneath the waves. The aviators soon came bobbing up and were taken away in a launch, but the accident will not soon be forgotten by those who saw it. THE RECORDER The first number of the Spring Recorder comes out to-mor- row. Now the whole school ought to support the Recorder, because it is the school paper, and it is for the school that it is published. Moreover, it is not only a benefit to the school as a whole, but to each and every fellow in it. The Annexes are a thing of the past, now, and the annex fellows can under- stand and be interested in the whole paper, instead of a single column. If a fellow belongs to any club whatever, has seen any athletic events in High School, cares to know anything about the school doings, or merely wants to read a good story, — and we all do that, — then the Recorder is for him! 6 " I've got no show push pull backing nor standing. . . . I'm a poor homeless relationless, destitute lad. . . . I'm for all and I'm not Pretentious Pernicious Superstitious De- Set E 35 ceptive nor of the disliking kind of People. I'm not built that way I'm like the Hon Henry George and his great 5 ct cigar. He says he and his cigars are both for men but the chief one is Jesus Christ mine and your Savor so there you are although I'm a sinner I declare to goodness I look things square right Justly and Honestly in the face as so should be may be and must be the case." One of the best novel I ever read is Evangiline it is a story of lovers who are separated from Arcadia. They are sepa- rated by a fire which the French soldiers started and the fire droves every body from there arcadian homes and make them flee for safety. It is while Evangiline is fleeing for safety that she losses here lover Gabrial and trails all over the world after him, Some places that she arrived, Gabrial had just left, and she went on and on more disheartened, and after she had been looking for him of years she finally come across him, old and very ill, and he finally died in her arms. 8 It was six-thirty one warm summer evening when I went sailing with a few boys. We were in another part of the lake when our boat began to tip. We were very frightened because the wind was strong. We sailed about ten yards farther, then the boat tipped and filled with water. We had air tanks that held the boat up. A steamer came near us and someone asked if we were in trouble. We said that we did not think we would be able to get back to shore. The owner of the steamer offered to take us to Breezy Point, and we accepted. When we reached the point I was excited and took the wrong road. I knew my parents would be worried, so I hurried. I had walked about two miles when I discov- ered that I had taken the wrong road. I became so excited that I took off one of my shoes (which I never found) and threw it away. Then I met a farmer and asked him where Groveland was. He showed me the way to go and when I reached home it was nine o'clock and my parents were search- ing for me. I resolved that I would never go sailing again for fear of having another such an experience. 9 If you should come to Hubert, Minn., and be out very, very early in the morning before the sun comes up, you might see two people crawling silently and stealthily along in the gray Set F 37 morn. They go to the lake, get in a canoe and push off from the shore. A few birds are chirping, but there are other queer noises. Once in awhile a fish jumps out of the water, then all is still for a moment. A litle later the sky begins to be light in the east and at last becomes a gorgeous pink and red which cannot be described. Then the large, red sun slowly comes into sight. Meanwhile the canoe is gliding softly over the clear, blue water. Very soon all is alive with cheerful noises and another day has begun. 10 HOW THE MONKEY SAVED THE CHILD There is a house on John Street, where the mother and father went away and left a little boy at home alone. The child was four years old. There was a monkey next door. The child was playing with a train. He through it would be fun to play with matches. He did not know he was striking it and set the house on fire. The monkey saw it and ran to the child. The little boy went after the monkey to the Street, The father and mother came home and saw the child and was very happy. The father and mother bought the monkey a nice big cage so it would not half to run about in the Streets. The mother and father were so happy that their little boy did not get burned up. They bought a new house and never left the little boy at home again. SET F 1 305 Hinsdale St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Sept. 18, 191 1. Dear Father: In answer to your previous letter, I can let you know, that upon inquiration, I found out that at least two bright boys of each class belong to the chess club. I visited the club and watched a game and if there is any- thing more interesting than chess, I have not found it yet. Beside the amusement of the game, there is the development of the brain. Chess, for increasing and unfolding the soft, whitish mass within the skull, is as good a subject as Latin or Mathematics. Hoping you will consent to my joining the above discussed club, I remain, Your ^ 205^' Set F 39 What I would do if some gave me now one hundred thou- sand dollars. After having laid aside a generous portion of the $100000 presented to me, for a rainy day, I would take a trip to Europe, taking with me several friends. Before leaving my native land however I would put myself through the best College here then visit all places of interest in the United States, with my friends spoken of above. When we had reached the old world, after spending a year or so visiting all the grand old places, such as Athens in Greece, Egypt, Rome, Florence, Venice etc. I would settle down for a few more years of hard study with some of the grand old masters in Europe. Yes I know this sound like a very selfish way to spend the present of my kind friend but there would be still some left for charitable purposes, and how much better fitted I would be for a life of usefullness to others. Some of the house burned and the children were in bed and there were four children and the lady next store broke the door in and went up stars and woke the peple up and whent out of the house when they moved and and the girl was skard to look out of the window and all the time thouhth that she saw a flame. And the wise monkey reward from going to the firehouse and jumping all round and was thankful from his reward and was thankful for what he got. $15. was his reward. THE RECORDER The Recorder will be on sale to-morrow by the representa- tives in the various rooms. This is the first issue this year and everyone should buy a copy. This school has the repu- tation of publishing one of the best papers in the city. Of course, we cannot publish a good paper unless we have the support of the school. We had a fine paper last year, but this time, the management is going to make the paper larger, and better and in every way the best in the city. Will you give us your support? Every boy in this school should buy the Recorder for many reasons. This issue has more stories — good ones, by the best English students in the building. It will be worth your dime to get the Recorder for this reason alone. The stories are Set F 41 much more interesting and instructive than any dime novel you can buy. But that is not all. You get a dime joke-book, a good encyclopedia of all interesting matters of school in- terest. All the different are well edited and worth the read- ing. Who cannot spare a dime for such a copious supply of information? There should not be one boy who does not buy a copy to-morrow noon. Thank you. There is wonderful music there ; sometimes I awake at night, and hear it. It is full of the sweetness of youth, and love, and a new world. I lie and listen, and I seem to arrive at the great gates of my estates. They swing open upon noiseless hinges, and the tropic of my dreams receives me. Up the broad steps, whose marble pavement mingled light and shadow print with shifting mosaic, beneath the bows of lus- trous oleanders, and palms, and trees of unimaginable frag- rance, I pass into the vestibule, warm with summer odors, and into the presence-chamber beyond, where my wife awaits me. But castle, and wife, and odorous woods, and pictures, and statues, and all the bright substance of my household, seem to reel and glimmer in the splendor, as the music fails. The cause of Northern States rising tobbacco is that the people of different states is navigating all over the Northern States and irregating the land and the south is drying cause of the south is so hot and the sun pointing in the same direc- tion the tobbacco is a hard plant to raise and it spoils the good soil that has been cultivated and refined. Tobbac is grown many fine ways it is grown to be sold at high and low prices it is a very delicate plant and needs much care or the plant will die. In the South there are quantities of tobbacco and other products the south is the most valuable plot for rising good and the finest of tobbacco. 7 One day my sister, brother and I decided to get up early and get breakfast for my mother and father. We said that the one who woke up the first must wake the others. I hap- pened to wake up first and so woke up my brother and sister. We got up and started to get breakfast. My little sister went upstairs for something and ran right into father. He won- dered why we were up so early in the morning. And it has Set F 43 since been a great joke about our getting up at three o'clock to get breakfast for father at 6:30. 8 The twilight of the afternoon was the hunting time of the day in our neighborhood. One time my cousin and I went hunting. We traveled along through the woods till we came to our saltlick. A saltlick is a place that hunters fix for deer. They first find a good trail, then a good tree beside the trail. At the foot of the tree they set their saltlick, which consists merely of salt. Then they climb up in the tree to await the coming of the deer. Thus it happened the night my cousin and I went. We reached our saltlick and were soon perched in our tree. We sat there for some time before any- thing showed up. But after a half-hour of sitting up there in the tree we were paid by seeing a large stag coming up the trail. We sat as still as the tree itself. When the stag reached our saltlick he rather thought there was something around, but after looking around for awhile he contented himself that there was nothing to harm him. and started licking up the salt. We watched for awhile. His soft, brown skin glistening in the last rays of the sun, his soft, pleading eyes showing that he would not harm anybody, and his large antlers branching out on both sides of his head, made a beau- tiful specimen to look at. We soon grew nervous up there and tried to turn. He heard us and was gone like a flash. One day a house was burned up, and a little child was in it. His parents were taking a walk. When they came back they saw the fire-men turning on the water for the hose. The ask'ed some boys near by and said " Do you know whoes house is on fire " The boys said " Your house ' your house ' " Our house " said the nerves women " But where is the monkey and Freadie ". We do not know ". they said. Just then one of the fire-men saw from a window a monkey earring a baby in his arms. " There is the baby " cried the happy lady. And She kissed the baby and the monky and were very thankful, to the monkey, and gave the monkey a fine collar for reward. 10 " I read a pamphlet once upon how to spend money wisely, in benefitting other people, so as I have received $100.00 I intend to spend it wisely. Set G 45 " Yesterday I went to a German family, who were strangers here, having just come from Germany, and needed help every badly. The mother was a kind motherly looking woman, who I know I could depend upon, so giving her a check for $40.00 for clothing and food. I departed, leaving their faces shining with relief and gratitude. " That evening, coming home I met two ragged, but clean looking children, one of them crying very bitterly, so stopping I asked them what was the matter, the little girl said, " I am looking for a doctor.' Then she began crying. I took her and the little boy home with me, which was not very far away, and then I told her to tell me all about it. Mother fell down the cellar this morning, and broke her arm, she sent me for the doctor, but I can't find him, and if I did we wouldn't be able to pay for it." SET G 1 If I should this day receive $100,000 to use it as I thought best, I would, for one year let it lay in the bank. By the time I had finished my High School course, (which I expect to do next June,) I would prepare for a course of study in India. Before beginning studying I would travel all through that country and become familiar with the Indian language. When this was done, I should go to one of the adepts and place myself under his care and there study and develop my mind in the same way, or I might rather say, start with that object in view, for I could never expect to do this even by far half, what a great many Hindus attain at the early age of eight. Then after presusing this line for maybe two years, I should return to this this country, and do all that is in my power to help other attain to that higher and better life. There has been much discourse in these papers upon re- ceptivity, but what have we to give sufficient to mark the destiny of another? The spirit of giving is animated bv various motives. To bestow something of lasting benefit seems almost too vague and remote. Gifts of appreciation tied up in large packages and bound with ribbons of peace can be distributed to the far corners of the earth free of charge. Why appreciation and for what? In this as in all, we must show discrimination to the very letter of our giving. Again, some will ask, of what use is a gift without face value? The recipient fails to acknowledge it. O, how vain our world. Set G 47 3 The boys call out at one time, we want to play football. One boy hollars captain on one side. The game is started, and I am afraid I will get hurth. All at once I see the boys running I run to I jump on one boy. I get a goo and tight grip, and I was down on the ground. SENATOR KNOX KILLED John Mullegan, a ward of the worst type, shot and instantly killed, today, State Senator Robert A. Knox, as he was entering his residence at No. 86 West 72 Street. The assasin immediately gave himself up to Patrolman Smith, who was on Columbus Avenue when he heard the shots. Mullegan succeeded in firing four shots, two of which took effect. There was no witnesses of the crime as the street was deserted at the time, but when the shots were fired, Smith dashed around the corner and saw Mullegan walking rapidly down the street. Calling on him to halt, Smith drew his revolver. Mullegan immediately turned and threw up his hands and confessed to the chooting. It is believed that he expected to be given some political position, and with this in mind procured many votes for Knox. When Knox announced a few days after election that he could not fulfill all of his campaign obligations, Mul- legan was heard to remark that " he would fix that dirty crawler." On examination after the crime, at the West 76 Street Sta- tion, a 32 cal. revolver was found on Mullegan, having four exploded shells, also two letters from Knox, which will be used as evidence at the trial. A thousand dollars is a very great sum to be given, but one can buy things ; toys for many unfortunate poor children, who have never seen one and would be very delighted to be given one; provisions are greedyly eaten by many poor families, who are really helpless to get work on account of existing labor conditions. Fuel is thankfully taken, for these winters are long and deary, and even though one has not very much to eat, and a house that is hardly large enough, a good fire always makes life more cheerful. Many, who are rich do not think of these charities, ex- specially those, who have always lived in luxury and riches. Many, who have risen know the bitterness of poverty. Set G 49 If this sum should be given me, I would help the poor and afflicted peo- that are in a sadder state of affair, and a worse condition than I am. Help those who cannot help themselves. Give many present to the inmates of my family, and my many kind (kind) friends. I would fit myself with clothes for the winter, and get some books that I have been longing for. I would buy a piano or some kind of music, for i love music. I would do these and preferred them because, they are a great many people that need help and aid. Sometime there or cases where people are lead to bad habits or to commit crimes on account of the lack of food and fuel. I would give these things to my family because they are kind and dear to me, and have given me many gifts. Give to my friends because This horrible talk, however, evidently possessed a potent magic for my friend; and his imagination, chilled for a while by the frigid contact of his kinsman, began to glow again with its earlier fire. From this moment he ceased to steer his cockle-shell, to care what he said or how he said it, so long as he expressed his passionate satisfaction in the scene about him. As he talked I ceased even mentally to protest. I have wondered since that I should not have resented the exhibition of so rank and florid an egotism. But a great frankness for the time makes its own law, and a great passion its own channel. There was, moreover, an immense sweetness in the manner of my friend's speech. Free alike from either adula- tion or envy, the very soul of it was a divine apprehension, an imaginative mastery, free as the flight of Ariel, of the poetry of his companions' situation and of the contracted prosiness of their attitude. 8 THE PREACHER OF AUBURN The most popular man of Auburn was the preacher. Al- though he had a very small salary he was contented. The preacher was kind to everybody- Little children loved him. Old soldiers liked to sit by his fireside and tell stories of the battles, which they had fought in. The beggars who came to his door, although chided for leading such an existence, were always clothed and feed. The preacher was always willing to go to the homes where there was sickness or death. Here he helped in all things that he could. Set G 51 In the church he preached with unaffected grace, and all who came to scoff at him remained to worship. The minister was a contented, simple and kind man, whom the people loved. 9 About sixty miles to the north of Glasgow, Scotland, is the little village of Strathmiglo, with its thousand inhabitants. In this village every man knows, every one else business and family history. The River Eden finds its source a little above this town, and is about sixteen feet wide, but its deepth varies at turns and under bridges. This town boasts of a bleachfield and uses the power of the Eden as its motive power, and has a large dam from which the water falls on the wheel of the bleachery. The principal street in this town is High Street, from which all other streets branch. This town also boasts of a town hall, with a steeple, and a church, with a regular minister, and a pretty little rectory. This minister was mar- ried, and had a son of thirteen years, who did not wish to follow in his father's footsteps because it was to slow for him. He was a good student, and also held the reputation of being the greatest mischief maker in Fifeshire (according to our reporter). It seemed to be born in him to play pranks. 10 One evening about five o'clock my uncle told me to get the cows, which were a little over a half-mile away. When I reached the place the cows were not to be seen. I looked a long time for them, but could not find one. I went home and told my uncle I could not find them. Two other men besides my uncle and I went to look for them. We each had a whistle so that if we should lose each other, we could whistle. After hunting for them together for about half an hour, we decided to separate. If we should find the cows or get lost all we would have to do would be to blow the whistle. My brother and I went one way, while the men went another. We were to meet a bridge that went across the island. We had hunted a few minutes when I saw that my brother was gone. I whistled and whistled, but no answer came. I went to the bridge. When I reached it I saw the footprints of the cows. I looked to see which way they went, but it was too dark to tell. Suddenly I heard something. I looked around and saw a cow. I knew she would go home if I started to chase her. After about twenty-five minutes of chasing we came to a road. I saw that it was the road going to my uncle's home. I followed it and when I reached the house it was eight o'clock. My uncle had brought the other cows home about an hour before. Set H 53 SET H 1 " Boys," we have sold about nine-hundred recorders last week and that is very poor. There are about eighteen-hun- dred boys in our school and we have sold only one-half of what we ought to have sold to boys who have a little interest in our school. Every boy should have some interest and liking in " Boys' High School " and in order to show that, he ought to buy a recorder. It only costs ten cents, and that will not break a fellow. This recorder is a book which comes out every month and it contains many good short stories and it also tells of the games which high school played, during the recent month. The next issue comes out two weeks from to-day and it will contain the pictures of different teams and also about the games which they played. High School will open her foot- ball season Saturday and it will also play the following Sat- urday. The full details of the games will occur in the next issue of the recorder. I have nothing else to say, except that I want to see at least fifteen-hundred copies sold and High School can do it if every one tries to buy one. Thank you IN THE SUBWAY Would that "Subway Express" never come? The crowd that was gathering on the platform made me anxious, for even standing room when the train did come. At last it came and as the first one or two cars passed me by I noticed a number of empty seats. When the middle cars at last stopped in front of me I saw that the aisles were crowded with standing people. I soon found myself in their midst hanging to a strap. The seats in the first car tempted so I started to make my way through the crowd. After trying for quite a while and making no headway whatever I grabbed another strap and stayed there patiently. Even since then I have gone to one end of the station where there are usually a few people and watch the mob rush for the middle doors. Set H 55 A cry of fire today startled the busy pupils in Horace Mann School^ 120th. Street and Broadway. The entire school in a panic resulting from the trick of a mischievous boy. This morning at ten o'clock a boy flew down the main cor- ridor on the third floor, frantically shouting, " fire ! fire ! " Another pupil, strolling peacefully down the hall, heard cry and ran to the alarm bell. The school was soon in an uproar. One class rushed wildly from the recitation room to which it had been assigned, and literally tumbled down the wide stairs. The other classes were controled, so the terrified pupils had plenty of room to escape. Great presence of mind was shown by the teachers who immediately reduced the confusion to order. Althrough the school children were badly frightened they did as they were told excepting one or two who dashed away before the lines were formed. In two minutes the building was emptied by the fire drill Horace Mann has been practising. Every one looked foolish when they got outside and were told there was no fire. The joke happened to appeal to a youngster, with an abnormal sense of humor, but he will probably never attempt such a thing again, as he is to suffer a severe punishment, besides staying home a few weeks to think over his sins. THE FIRE One day a little child was in her house alone. Her mother and father was out, an the house was on fire when the mother an father was home. It was not on fire. A wise monkey saw It and he quackley found away in-to the house an carried the baby save to the yard. Meanwhile her parents came home they saw what had hap- pened they were afaread that there baby was burnt. They sent word that who every would bring back there baby they would give them some thing. A few days after a monkey came with the baby. The mother an father gave the monkey one dollar. The monkey broght it to his misie an he was very prade for he saved the baby. 5 He thought he had never seen anything so characteristically French ; all the French novels seemed to have described it, all the French landscapists to have painted it. The fields Set H 57 and trees were of a cool metallic green ; the grass looked as it might stain your trousers, and the foliage your hands. The clear light had a sort of mild grayness ; the sunbeams were of silver rather than gold. A great red-roofed, high-stacked farm-house, with whitewashed walls and a straggling yard, surveyed the high road, on one side, from behind a trans- parent curtain of poplars. A narrow stream, half choked with emerald rushes and edged with gray aspens, occupied the opposite quarter. The meadows rolled and sloped away gently to the low horizon, which was barely concealed by the continuous line of clipped and marshalled trees. The prospect was not rich, but it had a frank homeliness which touched the young man's fancy. I was full of light atmos- phere and diffused sunshine, and if it was prosaic, it was soothing. 6 A boy who lived in a small town out side of Boston walked into a grocery store one day limping and with a bag under his arm, the keeper asked him what was the trouble, and he said he had been kicked all over the house for just playing a little joke on his father and so he was going to run away from home The keeper asked him what he had done and he said " You see the other day I thought I would have some fun with my father so I wrote a letter to him and made out I was a girl and told him to meet me at the corner of water street at 7 :30 on Saturday evening and signed the name " Daisy " to it. At supper that night pa had he face all shaved his hair plastered down, and to told ma he was going around to a club meeting. 7 A PICTURE I should like to see a picture, illustrating a part of L'allegro. Where the godesses of Mirth and Liberty trip along hand in hand. Two beautiful girls dressed in flowing garments, dancing along a flower-strewn path, through a pretty garden. Their hair flowing down in long curls. Their countenances showing their perfect freedom and happiness. Their arms extended gracefully smelling some sweet flower. In my mind this would make a beautiful picture. 8 When Abraham was twenty one the family moved to De- catur where he made his first public speech. Here he built a boat and went to New Orleans where for the first time he Set H 59 saw slaves. Then he vowed he put and end to it someday if he could. When he returned he went to New Salem where he was postmaster and store clerk He was then elected to the legislature. He studied law and when twenty eight he was admitted to the bar. Then after a few years he was elected president and office which he filled as few men would at his time. When he was elected his troubles began. He was against slavery the states left the union. At the war which freed the slaves came. During this war Lincoln showed his kind heartness by pardoning so many men. He did not like to see these men shot leaving their wives and families fatherless. About ten years ago father bought a large ranch up in the northern part of Minnesota. We were all eager to go to this ranch, so he also bought a fine horse which we called Prince, and a double-seated buggy. We were to drive up. The day of our departure drew near, and about three o'clock, one lovely morning, mother awakened me and told me to hurry as we wanted to start in an hour. I was up and dressed in a few moments, and hurried through breakfast. In half an hour we were ready to start. I had never seen so beautiful a morning. The sun was just showing its great golden face over the horizon. The birds were popping up out of their nest, and all the world seemed to awaken to their thrilling songs. We rode all that day, stopping only for food and drink, and to let the horse rest. So we went on for a week, having the most delightful ride and the best time I have ever spent. One morning about ten o'clock we arrived at our destination, all tired out, but happy. And though other oc- currences on the drive have been blotted out of my mind, that one morning when all the world seemed glad will for- ever be fresh in my memory. 10 " If I had one hundred dollars, I would take five persons up to symons and spend twenty dollars on each person, and they could have anything they like to buy. After they had bought what they wanted, I would ask "them if they were pleased? and if they said no I would tell them to go back and change the drygoods, that they bought and buy exactly what they really wanted, or needed, and if they were not satisfied then I could do no more for them because my hun- dred dollars would be spent." Set I 61 SET I 1 Resolved, The school day in Boy's High School should not be extended to four oclock. One reason why this should not be done is, because it would not be beneficial to the student. When a boy has to stay in school so long of a nice afternoon he feels a dislike to stay in so long. This causes him to take less interest in his work. When you take no interest, or very little interest in your work you cannot accomplish anything to signify. Thus the boy who takes no interest in his work will not accomplish anything. The main object of lengthening the time is to get a higher standard of work. This could not be accomplished as has been proven above. This would not benefit the student physically because he would have little or no time for exercise. As the saying goes, "A strong mind in a strong body " would not apply here because the boy would be weakened physically by the long hours. Thus it would not be beneficial to him. SHOULD SCHOOL CLOSE AT TWO O'CLOCK? By the term " school " I mean of course Horace Mann School and just the years of the High School. By " close " I mean stop for the day a two o'clock instead of two forty five. There would be the two sessions as there are now, only the last period would be dropped off. It is evident that it would be very beneficial to the students to get out at two instead of two forty five because they would have more time to be out of doors and the school day would not be so tiring. But still it must be admitted that there would be more time during the school hour to get the next day's lessons. Looking at it in this way it seems a question of, whether it would be more beneficial to the pupil to get out earlier and have more lessons for the next day, or to get out later and have not so many lessons to prepare at home. If you can then prove that it is better to get out earlier even with more lessons to prepare you can say that School should close at two instead of two forty five. If the sum of a thousand dollars was to be given to me to spend for anything I wished during the Christmas holidays, I think I should spend some of it for the things I love most, books. Set I 63 I would very soon fill up my library with the very best books that could be bought, and enjoy, very much, the part of the sum of money which was spent for them. I think with part of the money which was left I should take a trip somewhere; either to Yellow Stone Park, although it is very cold, or to Virginia, to the old battle-grounds, where I have always wished to go. But I should not spend all of my money on myself, for I should buy gifts for others, and, especially, while I had this money, I would certainly give something to charity. I think I should give to charity first, for I always wanted to and now I could give a great deal. I can think of no better way to spend a sum amounting to one thousand dollars unless it would be for charity, books, traveling, and gifts for others. FOUR OR MORE SPORTS AT HORACE MANN This is a question which can have many arguments to sup- port each side. If the school is limited to the four chief sports — football, baseball, basketball, and track, better teams in each will surely be obtained, for fellows, who would otherwise go out for minor sports, would undoubtedly join the squads of the four chief sports, and the coaches would have a larger bunch of material to pick from. The dropping of the minor sports would make a larger money supply and the teams could play many more games. But if minor sports like rowing, golf, handball, and tennis are adopted, many fellows would probably be attracted, who otherwise would not. Many fellows would then get a lot of exercise which they ordinarily would not. One winter we had a gas stove up in a room on the top floor. A little while after the gas stove exploded. But we put the fire out. And a child was in the house alone. When she saw the smoke she ran. A wisw old monkey was with her. There was a looking glass in the house. When their parents saw that the fire was out they were very thankful. One day this little girl lost some- thing and the farther had put on a pape reward. Set I 65 6 1823 Douglass St., Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 14, 191 1. Dear Cousin Harry, I have read your letter and learned about your doubts as to which side to take in the debate on, " Resolved that Godfrey was justified in not making public his relation to Eppie after his failure." I think that it is the best debate for the affirma- tive in the book, " Silas Marner." I will try to show you how this topic is best to be taken in the affirmative and give you some hints. In the first place, Godfrey would not have gained anything by his revelation after his failure to the public. He would only have been despised and hated. Nancy's father and sister would have made Nancy to leave him. His spirits and Nancy's would have entirely been broken. Hoping that these few hints will make you to determine upon taking the affirmative, I remain, Your beloved cousin, Jacob Tarotsky. 7 How one loves to see the burly figure of him, this thick- skinned, seemingly opaque, perhaps sulky, almost stupid man of practice, pitted against some light adroit man of theory, all equipt with clear logic, and able anywhere to give you why for wherefore! The adroit man of theory, so light of movement, clear of utterance, with his bow full-bent and quiver full of arrow-arguments, — surely he will strike down the game, trans- fix everywhere the heart of the matter; triumph everywhere, as he proves that he shall and must do? To your astonishment, it turns out oftenest no. The cloudy-browed, thick-soled, opaque practicality, with no logic utterance, in silence mainly, with here and there a low grunt or growl, has in him what transcends all logic-utterance; a congruity with the unuttered. The speakable, which lies atop, as a superficial film, or outer skin, is his or is not his; but the doable, which reaches down to the world's center, you find him there ! 8 The why Beatrix did not love Henry were many. He had no high influential position & was not very wealthy, he was not like most yung men of the time, hanging around the court and having his name printed in the news paper for having done a most daring escapade. He did not like a life of gayty & which Set J 67 she did. He was bashful, and the only time when Beatrix did love him when he wore his brilliant uniform of colonel. She could not live the life of a country lady, because it was against her spirit. She was yung & wanted a lively life such as Henry could not give her. 9 It was twilight and I sat on a chair by the window, gazing at the clouds. I could see many pretty things up there among the clouds. One of them was a big, white bird, with outspread wings, which looked as if it were really flying. After that came steamships sailing along; and men hurrying after each other, and more birds of various kinds. Soon they grew fainter and fainter. It became darker and my moving pictures faded from sight. I did not look at the clouds any more, but I saw the moon come sailing along with her funny face, the sight of which made me laugh. Mother heard me laughing and came to see what was the matter. I told her to look up at the moon and she smiled, too. I said, " Mother, don't you think that watching the sky at sunset is the best way to spend the twilight hour?" 10 THE BRNED HOUSE Once a father and mother went out and left there little girl home alone. She climbed on a chair and got some mathches. She played with them. And she through them on the floor. There was paper on the floor. The little girl aceatentaly steped on one. Then she went in the next room. The mathches caught fire to the paper the paper to a lace cwatan. It happened there was a monkey in the house. The little went out into the room where the fire was. When she saw the fire she tried to put it out. But here clothes caught fire. The monkey got out of the cage. Took hold of the little girl and sung here around untill the clooze went out. The house nurned down but the mother and father said they were glad there little girl was saved. The monkeys reward was he could go about as he pleased and have wat he wanted. SET J 1 "Which of the seasons is the pleasantest? Grim winter with its cold snows and whistling winds, or pleasant spring with its green grass and budding trees, or warm summer with its ripen- ing fruit and beautiful flowers, or delightful autumn with its golden fruit and splendid sunsets? I think that I like all the Set J 09 seasons very well. In winter comes the blazing fire and Christ- mas treat. Then we can have sleighrides and play in the snow and generally get pretty cold noses and toses. In spring we have a great deal of rain and very often snow and therefore we do not enjoy that season as much as we would if it was dry weather, but we should remember that April showers bring May flowers. In summer we can hear the birds warbling their sweet notes in the trees and we have a great many strawberries, currants, gooseberries and cherries, which I like very much, in- deed, and I think summer is a very pleasant season. In autumn we have some of our choicest fruits, such as peaches, pears, apples, grapes and plums and plenty of flowers in the former part, but in the latter, about in November, the wind begins to blow and the leaves to fall and the flowers to wither and die. Then cold winter with its sleigh-rides comes round again." What I would if some one gave me now one hundred thousand dollars. Such a question being suddenly put to one they naturally pause to consider, and at first it would be no small question to decide the best way to proceed. But since we all have perhaps pictured ourselves rich to the extent of that amount, we should to have some ideas. For my self, being situated as I am, I would begin to look about for good places to invest the money where it might bring me liberal returns for its usage. My first principle would be never to use that amount for any other purpose than as a capital on which to work. After this capital had brought me a liberal amount it might be used for If some one should give one hundred thousand dollars now I would quite school and go to College and put the money in the bank. And after a while buy a farm and raise good horses cows - pigs and chickens. When I was through College I would go and live in a large city and go to work and spend my money in real estate and then travel for a couple of years. And after all my money was gone I would go to work until I got quite little money and would go out on my farm and amuse myself chasing pigs and chickens and go to town every day to take in the sights and lose some of my money in some skin game and then when I got old I would sell all my Set J :i If I had a thousand dollars to spend, I think I would take a trip to San Francisco by train with the rest of the family, and stop at a sea-side hotel. It would be glorious to see the surf again, and to escape from the cold blustering weather of December for the balmy breezes of the ocean, and the whiff of orange blossoms. We could take long drives under shady trees, visit the orange and olive groves and bathe in the surf. Think of bathing in the ocean in December ! Coming home again I should enjoy stopping at Yellow Stone Park. It would be lots of fun to camp out, and to ride over the prairies on frisky ponies. It would be very interesting to notice the change of climate as we got farther east, and to go to bed on the train one evening feeling warm, and waking up the next morning feeling very chilly. I am afraid by the time I would get home a thousand dollars would be pretty well used up ; but if not I would like to give a party. 5 CRITICISM ON " THE TOMB IN THE DESERT " This story is one of the best descriptive stories I have read in the Record for some time. It might be lengthened out some- what more with a paragraph describing the cavern, more at length, and a narration of what happened there. The description of the caravan going across the desert is fine, and one can almost imagine himself there. It seems as if another character might have been brought in to advantage. If he had appeared in the cavern at the right moment, a three-cornered plot could have been developed. The sand-storm appears to be very terrible, one of the worst, but has hardly any effect on the rider of the camel. Most of us know how many people are killed in sand-storms, and the camel and rider crouch down, unable to bear against the wind. The ever-famous mirage is brought in to good advantage, in the opposite way useally expected. 6 A HOUSE ON FIRED A house took on Fired because a child was playing with matches in the hay loft. And it began to burn. And the child was fright and stop short. And a monkey passing by saw the child. He climb up. And he took the child by the hand and through her out of the window. The parents reward. The Set J 73 monkey by given him some nuts and peanuts. And the child keep the monkey for her pet. And she took care of him. And she took him to bed with her. And when the monkey took a bath she would put a ribbon on his nect. And they lived happy together. All their lives. 7 If some one should give me a thousand dollars to spend during the Christmas holidays, I would do as much as possible for the poor. I would go to a dry goods store and buy a lot of warm clothing and distribute it among the poor people, who I knew were in need of it. I would not spend more than half of it on the poor for I, like most people, would want some for my self. I would by all the things that I needed. Then with what was left of the money I would do things for my friends and relatives. I would not spend the money foolishly for I do not believe in being extravigant. I would do all the good that I could do with it. I would try to make a lot of poor people happy, so that even if they had not had a happy Christmas they would be happy in the Christmas holidays. I would spend the money in this way rather than any other because I believe that when one has enough to spare they should do all that they could for the poor and still have a little pleasure for themselves. 8 If I were given a thousand dollars to spend during the Christ- mas holidays, I would spend it in the most useful way possible. I would buy all of my relations and friends nice presents, and if I had any money left I would give it some poor person, or to some organization which would see that some poor children (had a) would get toys or something they needed. I would give my mother thirty dollars, of (it) the one thousand, and let her buy whatever she pleased with it. I would also give my father thirty dollars and let him buy what- ever he pleased with it. I would buy my brother a punching- bag and a basket-ball for his pleasure, while fore something that is useful, I would buy him a new overcoat and hat. I would not know what to buy my aunt, so I would give her ten dollars. I do not know what I would buy my other relations, so I would have to give them money. I have a friend to whom I would give a box of beautiful handerchiefs and a bottle of perfume. 9 Oh that I had never heard of Niagara till I beheld it ! Blessed were the wanderers of old, who heard its deep roar, sounding through the woods, as the summons to an unknown wonder, Common Sense 75 and approached its awful brink, in all the freshness of native feeling. Had its own mysterious voice been the first to warn me of its existence, then, indeed, I might have knelt down and worshipped. But I had come thither, haunted with a vision of foam and fury, and dizzy cliffs, and an ocean tumbling down out of the sky — a scene, in short, which nature had too much good taste and calm simplicity to realize. My mind had strug- gled to adapt these false conceptions to the reality, and finding the effort vain, a wretched sense of disappointment weighed me down. I climbed the precipice, and threw myself on the earth feeling that I was unworthy to look at the Great Falls, and careless about beholding them again. 10 THE FIRE There is a house on High St. It belongs to Mrs. Jones. One night they went to a show. And left the candle burning in the child's bed room. As the child was about to close the window. He saw a monkey that had excaped from the circus. It was a tamed monkey. He came right up to the window and licked the boy's hand. While the boy was asleep. The wind blew the kerten against the candle. As the kerten was blazing. The monkey saw this. As it was burning higher. The monkey ran to the front window. He saw the the circus man looking for him. He scratched on the window. The circus man seeing this. He ran up to the house. As he was about to catch the monkey. He saw a blaze in the bed room. Then he ran to the bed and took hold of the child and ran out of the blazing house with him. When the parents came home they saw the house burned down. Every body in the neighbor hood said that the monkey saved the child. When the parents herd this. They gave the circus man a lot of money for setting the monkey free. 22 COMMON SENSE Paine, the author of Common Sense was man well fitted to write such a work. In England he lived the life of an Insur- gent. He arrived at the critical moment in America just in time to help out the Revolution by his pamphlet. About 1776 his pamphlet " Common Sense " appeared. It was written in such a way as to express the ideas of the people. Ideas that thousands had had but could not express. It told of the absurdity of America's dependence on England. It made Common Sense yj clear that a government that was thousands of miles away could never be efficient. Its influence was felt immediately. Hundreds of copies were sold at home and it was translated in the language of all coun- tries sympathizing with the colonies. Many states were led to declare themself for independence and many people changed from Tory to Whig by reading " Common Sense." There the many opinions as to who was the author of this wonderful paper. Many thought it was Franklin, many John Adams and many Samuel Adams. 24 COMMON SENSE Paine, the author of " Common Sense " was an Englishman who was not successful in his work in England. Therefore he wished to go to America. Dr. Franklin gave him an intro- ductory letter to a friend of his in America asking this friend to give him a position in a school or make him an assistant surgeon. This, however, did not appeal to Paine. He took to writing and wrote several good articles for the " Philadelphia Pennsylvania Magazine." After he had been writing for some time a new pamphlet called " Common Sense " came out. This paper contained bold opinions concerning independence and statutes. One of them was that it was ridiculous for America to be dependent on England, a country so far away, a country knowing so little about America. Thousands of these pamphlets were sold abroad as well as in America, and its influence spread abroad as well as at home. Thousands of tories were changed to Whigs for the arguments stated in " Common Sense " were strong and could not be denied by intelligent people. The authorship of " Common Sense " was attributed to many distinguished men such as the Prince of Wales, Dr. Franklin, Samuel and John Adams. Finally Paine was disclosed as the writer and he was criticized by John Adams but with little effect, the former gained a reputation but did not become wealthy altho' he might have 25 AN ACCOUNT OF THE PAMPHLET " COMMON SENSE" Paine came to America at the time of the Pennsylvania Revo- lution. He had an introduction to Franklin who was pleased with his appearance. Before coming here he had separated from his wife, had lost his position in England on account of Common Sense 79 his ideas regarding internal revenue, and was harshly criticized on account of his political views. He tried to prove to the colonies the absurdity of being under English government on account of the great distance, and on account this the long time taken for communication. He published " Common Sense " in 1876, and its popularity was due to the following things he wrote about. The ill treatment of animals — Condemnation of dueling. " " slavery " " hereditary privileges and of religious intol- erance. The pamphlet showed that Paine had familiarity with public transactions and opinions, and he expressed the thoughts of the people. The book had a great influence on all the colonies, and it was widely read and criticized abroad. In France and England the authorship was attributed to Franklin and Adams. It was known in 1876 that Paine was the author. By its publication he gained celebrity, and satisfaction in expressing his opinions, but the amount of money he received was very little. 26 COMMON SENSE The book of Common Sense discusses the relation of England to the colonies. The commerce between the two countries was of absolutely no use as trade could have been kept up with the European countries to just as great an extent. America was at a great inconvenience by being under the control of a country thousands of miles away. She knew nothing of the affairs being carried on in England and every time a small matter came up the people of the colonies would spend months to settle the dispute. This pamphlet was printed by the thousands and was in the hands of everyone. It influenced to people to fight for their independence. The pamphlet was translated into the language of every country that was interested in the Republic. More copies were sold in France than in America. 28 Paine came to Philadelphia from England with a letter of introduction from Franklin. Paine had lost his position in Eng- land, separated from his wife and utterly ruined his career by his very frank speechers. Franklin has thought that Paine would become a teacher, surgeon or an usher in a school instead of this Paine stuck to Common Sense 81 a literary career. He published a newspaper in which he wrote against slavery, religion and the like. Soon there appeared a pamphlet called Common Sense. This had many merits and its arguments for America were very forsiable forciable. It told how America would have a very large commerce and be very prosperous if no other country would interfere. Many copies of this paper were sold in America and printed in the languages of other countries. Common Sense was a very successful paper. The colonists began to take a new view toward Independence. Many noted people read the pamph- let including the Prince of Wales and Adams read it and was induced to read other papers from this. Common Sense led him to write against the Tories. There was much dispute over the author but Paine was finally found out. 53 Paine advocated in his pamphlet " Common Sense " that it as absurd to have to send two or three thousand miles with some petition which would be held perhaps four or five months for an answer. In addition to this when it did return it took five or six more month for explanation. He claimed that in a few years this would be abandoned as folly and childishness. This pamphlet had great effect on the people of the time. It was read every where and translated into different languages. It has many printings in the colonies which was unusual as there were few printing-houses. Its effect on the people of New York was very marked and many became supporters of Independence. It was widely read all over the states, and many private as Mrs. John Adams, and Lee and it even was reported that the Prince of Wales was found reading it. 54 COMMON SENSE The pamphlet " Common Sense " is an article written by Thomas Paine at the time the colonies were considering separa- tion from England. Paine was a free thinker, a radical thinker for his time. In this article he showed the futility of the Colonists clinging to England. They were so far away that messages to them had to be waited for over a month. When the messages were received the colonists often did not know how to interpret them. Such proceeedings he claimed were unjust. This article was printed and reprinted. Thousands of copies were sold at home and abroad. Many southerners were made Common Sense 83 to feel the sense sanity? in separating from their mother country. New Englanders were friends in their resolution than ever. Abroad the effect was much the same. Frenchmen, espe- cially, saw the view point of the colonists — they sympathized with them. For a long time no one knew Paine was the author of the articles n many people supposed it to be Franklin, others felt it was Adams. They knew him to be an ardent worker for independence. When the real author was discovered he received very little praise. In fact he had mostly blame. As to making a fortune out of this or other writings that did not seem to occur to him. He died practically penniless. 55 COMMON SENSE Thomas Paine the author of this pamphlet was an English- man who was well thought of in his own country on account of his free views relating to revenue. At the height of his un- popularity there he met Dr. Franklin of America who gave him letters of introduction to friends in Philadelphia where he emigrated in 1774. The Pennsylvania revolution had just oc- curred and there was in all the colonies the right condition which paved the way for his sentiments. His first articles were the beginnings of the Pennsylvania Magazine and in January '76 appeared the pamphlet " Common Sense " In this he explained why the colonies should be inde- pendent, stating their great distance from mother country and that (it) England was not necessary for commercial success as they could find ready market for their products at any time on the Continent, also that the humiliated station in which England had kept the colonies had long been outgrown The sentiments expressed and the plain style of writing was a key to popularity both in America and all Europe. Con- temporary newspapers reported effect on people from Mass. to Georgia and the famous men of the clay, George Washington and Chas. Lee were influenced by it. There were many disputes and notions respecting the author- ship. Credit was given to Benj. Franklin, Samuel Adams & John Adams. The latter resented this fact very much as he much disliked Paine- The real author was known in the sum- mer (to be Pai.) of the same year. During the summer of the same year the real author was known to be Paine but all at- tempts of Tory writers to refute him added to his reputation Common Sense 85 56 COMMON SENSE Paine, the author of " Common Sense ", was especially fitted for his work. In England, he had been known as an insurgent. He arrived in America just the right time for his " Common Sense " to produce the greatest affect. He was entirely in sympathy with the views of the people. Besides this he had literary ability as seen in the successful edition of a magazine upon his arrival to America. " Common Sense " appeared in 1776. It showed a knowledge of public transactions and how very broadminded the author was. Pain declared that America would flourish better without European influence, that the Articles of Commerce were a neces- sity and that America suffered from English connections. The pamphlet was influential in converting people to the idea of Independence. It was widely read. To get an idea of its extreme popularity one need, but be told that Samuel Adams, the literary gladiator was credited with its authorship. 57 COMMON SENSE This pamphlet on " Common Sense " was an argument against absolute monarchy. It was in favor of congenial opportunity of intellectual expansion. It dealt with the expression of the thoughts, emotions and ideas of the people. The author in this pamphlet saw into the depths of human nature. Its nature appealed to the people and a copy could be found in every American home. It became widespread and was translated in many languages. This was remarkable because it showed European interest in American affairs. It added heat in the Colonies to the fire of patriotism. 58 THE PAMPHLET— " COMMON SENSE" Just at the outbreak of the American Revolution, Thomas Paine, a brilliant young writer of England came to America. He left his native land because his bold outspoken champion- ship of unpopular reforms caused him to be obnoxious to English officials. Under the patronage of Benjamin Franklin, he became a writer for the Pennsylvania Magazine, and then inspired by the rising tide of desire for independence, he became himself a mighty influence in bringing freedom to the American colonies by writing the pamphlet — " Common Sense." Common Sense 87 He showed the people that independence was necessary, de- sirable, inevitable ; that present conditions were absurd, childish, humiliating ; that appeal to arms was the only solution ; and that with the guns at Lexington had begun a new era in politics. The pamphlet was instantly successful, read by thousands in all the colonies, turned Tories to Whigs and was praised by the leaders of the Revolution and a source of strength to them. Its authorship at first was ascribed to others, Ben Franklin and the two Adamses. Attempts to refute is arguments were unavailing. Paine had no financial recompense, but achieved celebrity, and had no small contentment in the realization of his service to his fellowmen. 59 COMMON SENSE Paine, the author of " Common Sense ' left his career and wife in England and came to America. He engaged himself to the press work and became an editor of magazine. Through his writings he advocated many things that are essential to a true civilization such topics as the international arbitrary copyright; justice of women and so on. His pamphlet called ' Common Sense ' appeared in January 1776. He wrote what the people thought for he had kept close with the opinion and sentiment of the people. The ' Common Sense ' was rather a political controversy. It advocated that it was absurd for the British government to rule America when communications were inadequate which resulting again and again the misunderstanding of the two countries. The pamphlet becames famous in home and abroad. The content of the pamphlet was found in many private letters of the people of those days. 60 Paine's pamphlet on " Common Sense " was to promote a feeling of Independence among the American colonies. Al- though an Englishman, Paine spent most of his time in America, until finally he became more American than English. He held very positive ideas about certain conditions then prevailing, especially on religion and divorce. He believed in getting at the bottom of large undertakings and by working on or with the sympathies of human nature, so as to develop popular opinion. His one great cry was for Independence. He wanted America to become free from England's rule and to look after herself and her people. He thought it the duty of every country, to promote the welfare of its own people and to involve itself Common Sense 89 into deep problems and public transactions, only as it would benefit that country as a whole. His work was accepted by all countries and it swayed the passions of them all. People began to see that there was more business to attend to in one's own country than dawdling in the affairs of others. 61 Thomas Paine came to America just at the time most advan- tageous for the work he accomplished. His career in England had been wrecked from the fact that people there were not able to speak out and tell what they thot without getting into trouble. So he came to Philadelphia with a letter of introduction from Dr. Franklin, who asked his friends to give Paine a position, but instead of accepting any position Paine turned his energy toward literature. For a while he published the Pennsylvania Magazine which was an increasing success and in which he often defending most unpopular principles. He then Jan. 1776 published the pamphlet, " Common Sense ", This pamphlet was read everywhere, and was reprinted with surprising rapidity. He set forth in this, the disadvantages of of any European interference with America. Also the disadvantage of America's subjection to England and said that the time for it to cease was when the first shots had been fired at Lexington. The spread and influence of this pamphlet was enormous and it turned thousands to independence and worked wonders in many of the states where Tories were turned to the Whig party by the influence of this pamphlet. The authorship was very much disputed, many famous men having it attributed to them, among them were Dr. Franklin, Samuel Adams and John Adams. Finally in 1766 it became known that Paine was the author and altho he was very much criticized by John Adams, and men tried to hurt him by replies to his pamphlet, his reputation had been made and was unable to be shaken. However the only remuneration Paine received from his book was the celebrity and the fact that his opinions were being spread and appreciated by the people of the country. 62 " COMMON SENSE " In England the people were not allowed to express their political views, if they were against the way in which that country was governed. Thomas Paine's views were decidedly for a less restrictive government and he did express them. Accordingly he fell into disrepute. So he came to America, with letters of introduction from Franklin. Here, the Pennsyl- Common Sense 91 vania Revolution had already taken place. People were begin- ning to allow themselves to think of throwing off English rule ; but, none dared express such thoughts. In January of 1776, a pamphlet called " Common Sense ", was published. In it was advocated what the colonists were beginning to desire, freedom. The author boldly declared that America no longer needed to remain under English rule; in fact, he said, the colonies would flourish better if they ruled themselves. The thoughts so ex- pressed spread throughout the colonies. The pamphlet was read everywhere, at home as well as abroad. The authorship was attributed to many prominent men. Innumerable reputations were made ; but, they seemed to only aid the popularity of the pamphlet. Finally, the authorship became known to belong to Paine. 63 " COMMON SENSE " In 1774 Thomas Paine came from England to the Colonies. Men were not allowed to give their views on political subjects in England even if they were regardless of the financial end of doing it. Paine was very revolutionary in spirit, and lost his employment on acount of voicing some of his ideas. He was separated from his wife, and his life was nearly ruined. Benjamin Franklin gave him introductions to his friends in America asking them to give Paine a position as clerk or some- thing else. But Paine took up literature instead. He became editor of the Pennsylvania Magazine finally. Then in 1776 the Common Sense Pamphlet appeared in Philadelphia. It wealt with questions of the Colonies relation to England. He thought that it was to the Colonies interest to be separated from England. He said that it seemed ridiculous for America to send to England for advice that takes four months to reach there, five more months for it to come back, & then maybe four months to question this advice. It had a wonderful influence in all the States & France, & converted thousands to the idea of Independence. For a long time the author of these pamphlets was unknown. Some thought that Franklin, Samuel or John Adams were the authors. Finally Paine became know as the originator but he gained no profit from them. 64 " COMMON SENSE " The pamphlet " Common Sense " was written at a time when the Americans were feeling dissatisfied with the existing con- ditions between our country and England. There was a feeling Common Sense 93 of unrest and a longing for liberty and independence. This feel- ing had not been expressed in words publicly until the appear- ance of this pamphlet whose authorship was unknown at the time of its first publication. " Common Sense " expressed the thoughts of the American people ; — ' that the time had come when America should no longer be governed by England or any other foreign power and that as a last resort arms should be used to free our country and make it independent '. This pamph- let was read by all men both at home and abroad and its influence was instant, extended and lasting. Many who had been firm Tories now became Whigs by the influence of this convincing " Common Sense." 65 " COMMON SENSE " Paine left behind him in England a reputation that was not creditable to him. His career was ruined and his home broken up. There is, however, some excuse for this ; Paine had been living in a country in which the minds of men were not ad- vanced enough to grasp novel ideas. When Paine came to the colonies he probably saw in this land the place to spread his liberal and upright thoughts. After Paine had been in the colonies for about two years (i774-'76), a pamphlet called " Common Sense " was published. In this little book the author stated that it was folly for America to be bound to England. He said that the colonies would flourish much better without the help of any European power. The ideas in this pamphlet were, indeed, the thoughts that existed in almost every mind during that period but Paine happened to be the daring one to put these thoughts into words and let them travel all through the colonies, especially the pamphlet worked wonders. Many people were won for the colonies. The author of the book was not known. Abroad and at home, people thought that it was Franklin, John Adams and also Samuel Adams. Before long however it was well-known that Paine had been the author 66 ACCOUNT OF THE PAMPHLET "COMMON SEN.SE " In 1776 a pamphlet " Common Sense " appeared in Philadel- phia. It set forth views on the subject of independence in America and fired the patriotism of the colonists and turned many to Independence who had before this been against it. The effect of this paper was instantaneous and lasting. It was printed in foreign languages and published abroad. Half a Common Sense 95 million was sold before the demand ceased. It set the people thinking and the time and place were most fitting. The views set forth were novel and convincing and in every way proved the title. The pamphlet gained influence by the very attacks which were made against it. Various names of prominent men in America were attributed as the author of " Common Sense." In 1776, late in the summer, Paine disclosed the authorship. 67 COMMON SENSE I have not read the article, but I think I have gathered enough information to give you a vague idea of it. The people were superstitious before Paine's arrival and strongly adhered to custom. When Paine arrived, he was not given much of a reception or rather Paine's history in England caused a commotion, and he emigrated to this country. He was recognized as an insurgent here as well as in England. The appearance of Paine's pamphlet caused a stir. The ex- pressions were taken from eminent writers, but they adhered to no laws or statutes. The critics analyzed the pamphlet, and found much to comment on. It had an immediate and wide influence not only upon the peoples here, but also upon the people in distant countries. At the beginning the author was unknown, but it was very soon discovered who the author was. He had some relations with John Adams. 68 AN ACCOUNT OF " COMMON " SENSE " Tom " Paine came to America from England in 1774, just at the time when the American colonies were considering the absurdity of being governed by a nation across the seas. The time was ripe for the writings of a man of Paines stamp. Con- servative England had rejected him and his writings. He came poor, deserted without influencial friends. Franklin, by whom he was introduced, seems not to have had a high opinion of his ability. He was brave, honorable and had a fund of common sense himself, so could the real conditions in his adopted country. His writings made the success of the magazine, of which he became editor, in Philadelphia. When he had been two years in the country, he published the pamphlet, " Common Sense ", which was widely read at home and abroad. Common Sense 97 69 " COMMON SENSE " At the time when the American Revolution was first begin- ning to break out a pamphlet was issued which brought the whole matter clearly before the American & European people. This pamphlet known as " Common Sense " showed the folly of the English rule over America. It was received eagerly by all nations and was published in large quantities in Europe & America. It sinfluence was immediate and lasting and few people criticized it though many letters of praise were written by distinguished people. The author of " Common Sense " was unknown for some time and many people were mentioned as the author. Samuel Adams, John Adams and Franklin were all much talked of as author of this widespread pamphlet but after about six months Paine was recognized as author and thereby gained great celebrity and renown but no money. Paine was an Englishman who was little known in England because his surroundings did not allow the best in him to come out. When he came to America, however, he was able freely to express his opinions on all the most important topics of the day & these he expressed in many pamphlets, the most famous of which was " Common Sense " His literature was good and he had great influence over the people but he produced them very cheaply & so lost rather than gained. This pamphlet was destroyed but its influence has lasted. 70 COMMON SENSE An Englishman named Paine lost his employment and had his career ruined by some of his too frank speeches. He emi- grated to America and through Franklin's influence had his writings published and finally came to edite the " Pennsylvania Magazine." About this time a pamphlet " Common Sense " was published and widely distribted. The phamphlet had many merits and its arguments were forcible and glowing. It con- tained pleas for the Independence of America and showed that the connection with England was not only unnecessary but in- convenient as well. The pamphlet was published in numberless editions and was popular in France and other European countries as well as America. The results of the pamphlet were felt throughout the states and by the citizens. It was the means of changing many to a desire for liberty. Common Sense 99 The Author did not at once announce himself and there was considerable doubt as to whom he was. The pamphlet was ascribed to Franklin to John Adams and to Samuel Adams. Gradually it became generally known that Paine was the author and a few protests were printed against the pamphlet. Paine gained nothing financially by the pamphlet but he did gain a hold on the American people and some celebrity. 71 Just before the revolution here in America Thomas Paine, an Englishman, came to the colonies and started his literary career and was introduced to our people by Franklin. Paine's character as seen in England was not a success and he labored under non-congenial intellectual help. In England he could not put forth his ideas without being severely spoken of. Paine's character here in America proved to be a great success. His life as a literary man was well developed and he was free to express himself in writing. His pamphlet " Common Sense " came out at this time and was received both in the colonies and abroad with enthusiasm 72 " COMMON SENSE " The pamphlet Common Sense " was published in Philadel- phia in the year 1776. The authorship was at first unknown but whoever he was, he was familiar with public transaction, and in touch with popular opinion. The author was criticized by many. Some thought him ill educated, others inexperienced. The pamphlet was read all over America and Europe and few who read were not convinced. It pointed out that America would flourish if cut off from England, that America had re- ceived no profit from English connections but had suffered indignities, and that with the shots fired at Lexington time had come for British control in America to cease. The authorship was attributed to many prominent men at that time and lastly to Paine. 73 AN ACCOUNT OF THE PAMPHLET " COMMON SENSE" Paine was considered by Franklin to be a " worthy young man." He therefore gave him a letter of introduction, which acted as an entering wedge into the affairs of Philadelphia. He was the same kind of man in the new world as in the old ; he Common Sense 101 had revolutionary ideas and therefore had to leave England. He arrived in America at exactly the right time for the further- ing of American independence. He became an editor in Phila- delphia and accomplished a great deal of work in 18 months. His paper was a great success, despite his principles, which were very peculiar for that period. In his paper he had many ad- vanced ideas, the following are some of them, — he condemned duelling, also the thoughtless treatment of animals, he spoke against negro slavery and religious intolerance etc. In Jan. 1776 the pamphlet " Common Sense " appeared, this paper gave forcible expression to the thoughts and ideas held by thousands. It contained such things as public transaction and it kept in touch with public opinion. It had a great influ- ence at home & abroad and was especially read in Paris. It turned men's minds toward independence, a thing they had never dreamed of before Wash & Lee There were doubts, at first as to the authorship, John & Samuel Adams and also Franklin were given the credit. He latter had trouble with the Tories but this only heightened instead of lowered his reputa- tion. Though he could of been a rich man he received very little money reward and died a poor man 74 PAMPHLET " COMMON SENSE " In 1776 a pamphlet entitled " Common Sense " appeared. The author was unknow, however he didn't try to guide them through the financial controversy where Burke feared to tread. He was familiar with the public transactions and public opinion and put in words that which was in many persons hearts. He saw into the depths of human nature. He pointed out in his pamphlet how absurd the connection with England was. It took 4 months to get a petition there and 6 months to have it explained. A new public era had started the new way of thinking was what he thought. " Common Sense " was widely read both at home and abroad. It was translated into language of those who felt kindly toward the Republic. It turned many thousands of people to Inde- pendence in New York, Maryland Carolinas. The authorship was doubted. Some thought Dr. Franklin was the author. Others thought John or Samuel Adams but in 1776 it was found that Paine was the author. Tory contempor- aries tried to refute him but Pans reputation gained. Paine received nothing but celebrity although many thought he should have received money. Common Sense 103 75 COMMON SENSE The pamphlet Common Sense was written by Thomas Paine who came to Philadelphia in 1776 from England. Thomas Paine's reputation was not at all good. The pamphlet expressed the public opinion of every day by which occurred all throughout the colonies at these time. Paine was in America's favour and believed that if America should be left alone she would become an independent nation. This pamphlet became very popular not only in America but even abroad. In all about half a million copies were issued. It had great influence on New York and on Mrs. John Adams and General Charles Lee and in short it changed the minds of many people through out the Colonies. At first the authorship was unknown. It was thought that Dr. Franklin wrote it. Next the honor was attributed to John Adams. In 1776 it was discovered that Paine had written it. Although the book was very popular and was in great de- mand ; and aroused the minds of many Paine received no money for it. 77 " COMMON SENSE " In the latter end of 1774, Thomas Paine arrived in America. He brought with him a recommendation from Dr. Franklin. In England he had separated from his wife ; and also got into trouble because he expressed his political views. Soon after he arrived in America, he turned his attention to l'terature. Within a few months his stirring articles had made the " Pennsylvania Magazine " very popular. His greatest work was " Common Sense." The pamphlet was written in behalf of the American colonies. It advocated independence, and explained how it was possible that America might prosper as an independent nation. Its pur- pose was to make the men, who were fighting, thoroughly ac- quainted with their cause. It had wide-spread influence both in the colonies and in Europe. More than half a million copies were sold in the colonies alone. It aroused the spirit of patriot- ism and turned many Tories to Whigs. Parisians believed that it was more widely read in France than America. It was praised by Mrs. John Adams, and acknowledged by Gen. Lee. Its authorship was doubtful. It was attributed in turn to Dr. Franklin, to John and Samuel Adams, and it was not until late in the summer of 1776 that it was generally known that Paine was the author. His reward was celebrity and con- sciousness of power. Common Sense 105 78 COMMON SENSE Paine came to the American colonies with a letter of intro- duction from Benjamin Franklin. He was of not a very moral man in England. In America however he might be said to have reformed. He entered into literary work and gained great applause from the Americans. In 1776 he published the pamphlet " Common Sense." In this pamphlet he says that the laws of commerce govern- ing America were really one of the necissities of life. He also says that Americans would find a market for their goods as long as Europe remained an eating country. He emphasizes the absurdity of the colonies' connection with England. When- ever they petitioned the mother country it was six months before they received an answer and still another four months before the answer was explained. How absurd it would be to have all the Americans flocking to the sea coast every time a boat landed. This connection with England, in truth, was an in- convenience. There had been a time for such conditions it was now time that they ceased and that time was when the first shot was fired at Lexington. Anns were the only means left to sever this connection. The people in Europe received it with great applause and more copies were sold there than in America. 79 COMMON SENSE Paine an Englishman came to America after the Pennsylvania revolution was accomplished. He carried with him a letter of introduction from England. There he had a wrecked career and a ruined home. He had been separated from his wife and dis- charged from his employment because of his being outspoken in the interests and claims of the excisemen. There there was no demand for his views. That country was not ready for a revolutionist such as he. In America his higher qualities were called out. His attention was turned to literature. He became the editor of the " Penn- sylvania Magazine " and achieved great success. Here again he was outspoken, defending unpopular principles and stating his own convictions. He did not believe in duelling or slavery but he did approve of international arbitration. These things he forcibly expressed. Deephavcn 107 in January 1776 a pamphlet entitled " Common Sense " ap- peared. It was evident it was written by a man of common sense. It convincingly expressed the feelings of the multitude. Its author saw to the depths of human nature, that people would wish to fight for express things rather than vague intangible ones which they were unable to express. These were expressed in the pamphlet. It stated that America would be as well or better off without European intervention. It was not dependent on any patroniz- ing of Europe for commerce. What products America had for sale were articles necessary for life. Europe would be forced to purchase them. It was absurd and humiliating for them to submit to English rule. It was the time for a " new era in politics." There were numberless editions and reprints of the work. It was pirated, parodied, imitated and translated. Its fitness was a cause of this 32 NEW ENGLAND Deephaven as described by Sarah Orne Jewett is a quiet little fishing village of New England. It shows no signs of growth or life but its small houses, closed up tightly present an old forlorn appearance. No foreigners inhabit this little village except a few stranded sailors who have drifted in bundled up in great oil skins to defy the weather. The bleak salt marshes surrounding the village of Deephaven have nothing to break their level expanse except stiff, cold cedar trees which give no shelter but which grow straight up from the barren soil. Now and then a fishing boat comes in or some fisherman go through the town on fish carts to sell their fish. Perhaps Deep- haven was up to date and lively at one time but now it has ceased to grow larger or more lively and has sunk back into a lifeless rather backward village. In winter the gardens are frozen and black and the houses tight closed against the weather and except for perhaps a few pansies which have outlived their neighbor flowers under holly- hock stalks the places is barren, bleak, and lifeless. 34 A NEW ENGLAND TOWN The main highway of Deephaven lead through marshy land to the shore. It was late autumn and at this season the whole place had rather a deserted look. The flatbottomed boats were Deephaven 109 drawn up in the small inlets which owing to the frosty nights were covered with thin ice. The hills back of the marshes were covered with cedars which were not large enough to give shade in summer nor shelter in winter. In many respects this town was not active enough to be a New England town. There were no factories with noisy machin- ery and the sailors were idly walking up and down the road looking at the sky and watching the weather vanes. Nobody was in a hurry. The sea looked cold and rough and the houses cold and cheerless. The flowers in the gardens were black from frost except a few pansies which were sheltered by the stalks of the larger flowers. 35 DEEPHAVEN Deephaven is a forlorn and quiet little seaside town in New England. As we walked about its silent streets, even the houses seemed asleep. In the chill November air, the dry grass of the near-by marshes crackled faintly and drearily, while in low places the shifting ice creaked and groaned. Even the tall cedar- trees seemed as if they gave neither shade in summer nor shelter in winter, but stood uncompromisingly stiff and straight, as if they could only battle against the wind that threatened to tear them from the hills. The oak-trees still held fast to their dry leaves which made a mournful rustle as the wind swept through the branches. The lonely landscape reflected the desolate life of the dwellers in Deephaven. The only cheerful in the picture was the pres- ence of a few brave pansies lifting bright faces from under the shelter of some tall stalks of china-aster. As we picked the dainty things we felt a touch of compassionate tenderness even for Deephaven. 36 GLIMPSES HERE AND THERE Deephaven was an old New England town situated on the coast. The occupations of the people were fishing and farming. This little town seemed to be going back instead of prospering. The houses seemed to be shut up and life almost seemed dead. However one would see a few old sailors now and then walking along the streets with faces that were everything but cheery. It was very cold in that town and many were laid up with rheu- matism. Deephaven in 38 NEW ENGLAND The approach to Deephaven was a road leading through salt marshes, which stretched towards the sea, indented in places by inlets. Deephaven itself seemed to have withdrawn from the rest of the world, it was so bleak and lonely. Once, per- haps, it had been a prosperous village, trading its fish to inland villages for the necessities, and for some of the comforts, too, of life; but now, only occasionally a fisherman went inland, and an outsider never came to Deephaven, except occassional stranded sailors. In winter, the villagers shut their houses tightly against the cold sea-winds ; when a hardy sailor ven- tured forth, he bundled himself up in a great coat, and with his hands buried deep in his pockets, walked with a more rolling gait than usual, as if on a storm-tossed ship. Thin, grey ice covered the marshes everywhere ; the trees looked bare and gaunt, except the oaks, for their dried and withered leaves still clung to the branches, their rustling making a sound more dreary than the north-wind. All the flowers had perished, leaving in their stead, black skeletons. 39 Deephaven was a little seaside town. The marshes and streams running through it were now filled with a grayish crached ice. In the distance were tall rugged peaks that almost looked as if they were made of stone. Deephaven had once been a rich thriving city ; but now in the dusk of a cold autumn day it looked forsaken. One large vessel was in port now and the sailors were experiencing the coldest weather they had ever had. They rocked from side to side whenever they tried to walk. They all felt it was time to put on their sealskin jackets. 40 Deephaven was a small New England town, very old as was seen by the houses and surroundings. The main occupation of the inhabitants was fishing or fish-selling. The men were either going out on the sea for fish or to the inland to sell them. Except for the few sailors coming to the warvs there were very few visitors, therefore the town had very little amusement. On a chill morning one could see the fishermen putting on their old thick coats and caps before going on the boats, in order to protect themselves from the storms which would arise while the\ r were at sea. Deephaven 113 In some gardens could be seen a few flowers but these were turning black from the sharp bits of frost. The trees had lost all of their leaves having no sheltering limbs and the bushes were standing leafless, giving one an impressing of cold wintry weather without a sign of summer. 41 Deephaven had probably had its day, but at the time when this description was written it had ceased to be a town of much consequence. It was a little fishing village on the coast of New England. Gray ice lay along the sand and flat-bottomed row boats were strongly anchored to the shore or pushed up out of the water. They looked old and dilapidated as if they might never be used again. Everything about the place seemed musty and dead. The once-used warehouses were shut up and fast falling to ruin and even the dwelling houses looked as if no one lived in them. The shutters were always closed and a light seldom shone from the window. The flower-beds were black with frost, the trees were bare no grass grew anywhere. The people were engaged in fishing and farming. A schooner sometimes stopped at the wharves to get supplies and the foreign sailors were the only strangers that ever came to the village. Few people were seen on the streets. On dreary days the old sea captains appeared in their ancient great coats with large flaps and big horn buttons. The place and its inhabitants seemed to have little intercourse with the world and its progress. 42 Deephaven is a small New England town on the sea-coast. Fishing-boats are anchored here and there, along the shore. The season of the year, in which the picture is drawn, is the dreary winter when everything appears bleak and cold. The sun itself gives little light or heat to the few shivering people. The sur- rounding trees are bare and the cold blast blowing through them gives a shrill moan which seems in perfect harmony with our visual impression. The absence of snow upon the branches of the trees and the barren earth causes the scene to look darker and more dreary than it otherwise would. 43 NEW ENGLAND In a part of New England there lies a remote little town called Deep-haven. Sarah Jewett, the author, happened to be Deephaven 115 there during the late fall months. She pictures to us the aspect of the town as seen by a visitor at that time of year. Deep-haven is situated on the sea-coast. A great many of its inhabitants in fact the majority, are sailors. They wear old great-coats and big warm hats, for the wind does not hesitate to sweep over that little town so near the sea. The day that Sarah Jewett speaks of was cold and bleak. Most of the leaves had left the trees and the remaining ones rustled with a chilling sound. A biting wind was sweeping in from the sea. A few sailors walked up and down the streets, shaking their heads mournfully as if to say that the weather was very threat- ening. They would consult the thermometer as often as they did each other. They were probably thinking of some friends or sons who were out at sea. Nor were they the only ones who were thinking of them. The wives and mothers were silently watching and waiting for their return. They all looked as if they were ready to go in their houses for the winter as a bear goes to his cave. Everything was quite desolate and lonely. The picture is a true and complete one. We have a fine conception of a typical New England town when we have finished reading Sarah Jewett's description of Deep-haven. 44 DEEPHAVEN We cannot imagine at the present time, such a place as was Deephaven. The people of this small village had become satis- fied to remain as they were. They did not look forward to what was coming in the future. They wished to remain as they they had in the past. Deephaven was a desolate little fishing village. Fishing being about the only occupation that the people had. 45 Deephaven was a New England town isolated along the coast from other towns which might exert influence, in fact the hamlet was truly unAmerican. In former years Deephaven had been the scene of many industries but now the warehouses formerly used were by those concerns were abandoned which plainly showed the town was going back instead of holding its own or advancing. The only strange faces were those of an occasional sailor who might linger in the town. The chief occupation of the inhabitants was farming and fishing. And the chief industries was the sale of the products from the two occupations. Deephavcn ny The inhabitants were more or less of a grouchy despondent temperment more or less effected with rheumatics as age crept on them and when fall winds began to blow those thus affected generally hibernated so to speak. Scarcely any one would be seen on the streets when once the winter season set in. 46 Deephaven was a little New England town on the coast which had known prosperous and enterprising days. But this time had passed and in the autumn of the year we find it in the autumn of it's life. There was none of the progress of most of the Eastern cities evinced in any of the many possible ways. The people were self satisfied farmers for the most part, with an occasional sailor drearily awaiting a chance to escape into the great living world. The buildings were all old and many were deserted and forlorn. The lawns or the place which had been formerly grassy slopes were overgrown with weeds and the brave attempts at flowers doubtless had relieved the bareness ; but now the winter winds had robbed this touch of beauty and there remained only blackened skeletons to tell the story. 47 A NEW ENGLAND TOWN Quiet and desolate the town of Deephafen lay off the coast of New England. Some boats were tied to the habor ; others dotted here and there at a distance. The occupation of the town was either farmers or fisherfolk. Their homes were all shut up and lonely looking and old winter had killed all flowers except those which were hardy enough to stand his touch. At a glance everything impressed the traveler as being dead and as if no life existed there. The town was asleep wrapped up in the lap of the green hills of New England. 49 DEEPHAVEN Deephaven is a small country town situated on the bleak, marshy coast of New England. It was late autumn, and it seemed as though it would snow at any moment. The land- scape dotted with marshes, hay-ricks, and streams looked dreary. Just behind was a high rocky hill which was covered with cedars. It seemed as tho they meant to offer neither shade in summer. nor protection in winter. Deephaven 119 This quaint little town is inhabited principally by farmers and fisherman. There were no industries and for that reason the town lacked the bustle of an American village. The few foreigners in the village were sailors who roamed about the streets waiting for their time to depart. The girls grew weary of the dreary landscape and agreed that they preferred the little town of Deephaven. Before the house were flower-beds which were covered with flowers black- ened by the frost. A few, however, which stood beneath taller flowers escaped the fate of the others. The girls gathered these and pressed them between the leaves of a book. 50 DEEPHAVEN Deephaven is a little seacoast town in New England. It is reached by following a lonely road edged with marsh grass that has been beaten back by the water until it resembles soft brown fur. A few flat bottomed boats are found stranded here and there. Tall, rigid cedars wave in the wind but they cannot blow over because their roots are like wires reaching far down into the ground. Arriving at Deephaven you find a quiet, dismal town. No one is loitering on the wharves. They do not even venture out when wrapped in ancient rubber coats with large flaps and horn but- tons. Some are victims to rheumatism and must stay in from necessity. As you walk quickly through the street you notice the flower stalks are black and frozen, the buildings are old old and weatherbeaten and probably haven't been painted for many years. 51 DEEPHAVEN The New England sea-coast town of Deephaven as described by Sarah Orne Jewett impresses one most with its extreme desolation. It seems not only to have stopped in growth but is even beginning to go back. The people are sailors or farmers and the only strangers in the village are a few sailors who seem to be stranded there. The wind sweeps over the sand and marsh grass on the shore and behind the town are gray hills that seem to be made entirely of stone. Just a few struggling shrubs grow on them. The entire setting is forlorn and the village itself seems desolate and without life. Decphavcn 121 52 NEW ENGLAND The road to Deephaven was cold and lonely like the town itself. The marshes bordering the road were filled with large grey pieces of ice, which were gradually being broken up by the outgoing tide. The brownish marsh-grass had a cold wind- swept appearance. One could hardly make themselves believe that summer ever was, or ever would be in this dreary cold waste of land. The town, because of the great lack of excitement, seemed more English than American. There were no factories, or the noise and excitement that generally goes with them. A few stranded sailors seemed to be the only foreigners. All the men seemed to be farmers, a business man was past comprehension in this little town. Down at the wharves there were few sailors present. Some were indoors with rheumatism and those who were out wore extremely heavy coats buttoned up close to their throats. The people came down to the wharf arm in arm, thinking that two would be a better protection against the cold and wind than one. Upon leaving the little town one could not help but like it for its absolute lack of excitement and noise. 142 THE TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBIT The Tuberculosis Exhibit at the Museum of Natural History is very instructive, and ought to be seen by everyone. The exhibit occupies almost the entire basement of the museum. The object of this exhibit is to show people how dangerous this disease is, and how widely it has spread during the last few years, and also how to guard ourselves against it. A healthy person cannot contract tuberculosis, and we should keep ourselves in good condition by keeping in the open air, by not getting overtired, and by eating the right kind of food. If the disease is contracted, while a doctor's advice is necessary, air, rest, and food are more important factors toward getting well, than taking medicine. The percentage of deaths from tuberculosis is more than that from any other disease, and each year the death-rate is increas- ing. This shows that something must be done to prevent the disease from spreading further. Eleven special tuberculosis clinics have been established in this this city, where patients are looked after without any charge. There are also trained-nurses, who visit the patients' homes, Deephavcn 123 look after them, and teach the families how to guard them- selves from contracting the disease. The photographs and reading matter at the exhibit show what a great movement is taking place to try to stop the increase of this disease. 144 CAKE MAKING (WITH BUTTER) Accurate measuring is of the greatest importance in cake- making. People who measure by sight " a dab of this " and a " little flour " hardly ever are successful. Too much sugar will cause it to fall, and too much flour will make a cake stiff and tough, so the best way to do is to have everything meas- ured out exactly before you begin to mix the ingrediants. The pan should be greased with lard beforehand, and a greased paper cut the size of the bottom put inside. Sift the sugar if it is coarse, and beat the yolks of the eggs if they are to be used. The whites are beaten, now, to a very stiff froth. First, cream the butter, sugar, and eggs. These should be stirred until the mixture is soft enough to drop from the spoon and is light and flaky. If the butter is too hard a little milk is added; it is apt to be hard in case the eggs yolks are not used. Then the flour and milk are put in a little at a time, but do not add all the flour until you are certain the dough wont be too thick when the eggs are in. Add the baking powder, well sifted, with the last bit of flour. The fruit or nuts, well dusted with flour, or spices may be put in now, if they are desired. The method of mixing the eggs in has a great deal to do with the lightness of the cake. See whether they are still stiff, and then pour on top of the dough. Fold them in slowly, being careful not to mash them in, or stir too long. Mix them just enough to be sure they are through the cake. Bake immediately. Begin with a slow oven and increase the heat. If the oven gets too warm place a pan of > water in it. After it has been in the oven fifteen minutes you must look at it. Take the cake out when it shrinks from the sides of the pan. Run a straw through the center and if nothing adhers to it the cake is done. Turn it out on a wire support to cool. 147 CHURCHMEN OF CHAUCERS TIMES The parson was a very prominent churchman of Chaucer's Time. He was poor in money but rich in religious understand- ing. His work was to teach the gospel to his parishioners and Deephavcn 125 this he performed well and he also tried to help the poor and do all in his power to help them spiritually. He was a very good man and highly respected. The nun is not as religiously inclined as a nun of to-day. The nun of Chaucers time cared a great deal for fine dress and lived far more extravagantly than a nun of today. 148 THE WHITE PLAGUE The white plague is the name given to that awful disease Tuberculosis which yearly carries off so many people in the United States. It seems that there are such simple and so few rules for the prevention of this scourge that it would be almost impossible for the spread of it to become so great. But how- ever it is estimated that at least ten thousand people in New York alone perish yearly victims to this malady in one form or an other. There are many forms which the disease may take, for in- stance tuberculosis of the joints which usualy affects the hip joint of the victim, tuberculosis of the spine often mistaken for Spinal Menengitis, tuberculosis of the digestive organs and last but not least tuberculosis of the lungs commonly known as Consumption. The disease is spread chiefly by the expectora- tion of one who is affected. An other source of infection comes from impure cow's milk. The tenements of New York are a veritable distribution sta- tion for the spread of the tuberculosis germ. It has been estimated that the average tenement house room contains not more than sixtv square feet of floor space. In one block of tenement houses it was found that, under the most unsanatary conditions, as many as two thousand five hun- dred people were living. The chief friends as one might say of Consumption are close quarters, lack of light and air, and food which has been affected by the germ. There are numberless sanatariums for the prevention and cure of the disease where the patients are given the advantage of the sunlight and open air of the country. Great stress is placed upon the point of the germs being carried from the expectoration of a consumptive into the lungs of some perfectly well person, for so minute are the tuberculosis germs that they float about in the air and are daily breathed into the lungs. Therefore a person whose phiseque has been undermined by any lung trouble such as pleurisy, bronchitis or Deephavcn 127 even a cold, or a user of tobacco is more prone to the disease than anyone else. One can not be too careful to avoid infection from this ter- rible disease. To avoid this keep out in the air and sunshine and avoid personal contact with a consumptive. 149 THE ESCAPE A few days ago this neighborhood was aroused by the un- usual incident of a full fledged tiger making his escape from Barnum & Bailey Bros. Circus, and visiting Marietta St. It was about 11 A. M. The Barnum Bailey Circum Tent at the Ponce de Leon was overflowing with an unusual crowd. The tiger was brought into the circus ring. So thoroughly trained was he that he could turn somersaults and do other acrobatic stunts. But today he seemed to be lazy. He paid no heed to the sharp commands of the trainer. Finally the trainer grew angry and struck him with his corded whip. Instead of becoming frightened or subdued by this, the tiger suddenly sprang with a snarl at his keeper,, who stepped quickly aside. This action probably saved his life for the tiger dashed from him and to the horror of the 10,000 spectators ran madly down the aisle and out into Marietta St. All was confusion. The crowd seemed dazed. And when they recovered they became so frightened that a panic was nar- rowly averted. Outside the tiger was causing as much havoc as he had inside. The streetcars were stopped. The teamsters had dropped their reins in amazement and fright. All the pedestrians had re- treated inside except one poor fellow who was too late and was knocked over tho not seriously hurt. The tiger continued his mad race down the street until allured by the show window of a drug store he dashed at it — broke it and entered the drug store. But the druggist, with great presence of mind allowed the tiger to go on into the prescription room and then locked the door. By the time the circus people had arrived and captured him he had played havoc in the prescription dept breaking bottles and glass. When the tigers trainer was interviewed he said that he was amazed that he had always thought this tiger was among the most docile and harmless in the circus troop. Job 17 Date .... Mend by Time Stab by No. Sect Sew b Score Press Strip Sec This book bound by Pacific Library Bindi pany, Los Angeles, specialists in Library Our work and materials are guaranteed Indefinitely to satisfaction of purchaser i defects appearing in either will be made 'go. out additional charge. "Bouud to wear.' This book is DUE on the last date stamped below OCT ;. 1 I94f . 1 1946 OCT 2 9 1946 D£Q * 194c, "WggL is Mi i •APR 6 1371 APR Form L-9-15m-7,'32 K14TO HIV *>\/UA-> L 009 608 00 pleas=: do not iemo THIS BOOK CARDm I RY0/ orsity R, Library KOKNIA