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 ^.
 
 
 SKETCHES OF SOME 
 
 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS.
 
 SKETCHES OF SOME 
 
 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 WITH AN ACCOUNT OF 
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 COLONEL W. F. B. LAURIE, 
 
 RETIRED ROYAL (MADRAS) ARTILLERY; 
 
 AUTHOR OF "ORISSA, AND THE TEMPLE OF JAGANaTH," "A NARRATIVE OF THE 
 
 SECOND BURMESE WAR," "OUK BURMESE WARS, AND RELATIONS WITH BURMA," 
 
 "aSHE PYEE," THE EASTBRN OK FOREMOST COUNTRY, ETC. 
 
 21 Ntto £Dition, lUfbtsfli antl iEnlavgrti. 
 
 " Insidet quasdam in optimo quoque virtus, quse noctes ac dies animum glorias 
 stimulis coiicitat atque adnionet, non cum vitaj tempore esse dimittendam com- 
 memoratorem nominis nostri, sed cum posteritatis adajquaudam." 
 
 Cicero, Fro Arcltia Poeta, cap. ii. 
 
 " So might we talli of the old familiar faces." 
 
 Charles Lamb. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13, WATERLOO PLACE, 
 PALL MALL, S.W. 
 
 1887.
 
 LOKDON : 
 
 PKIKTED BT WOODFALL AND KINDER, 
 
 MILFORD LANE, STRAND, Yi'.C.
 
 PS 
 
 475: 2 
 
 A2-L37 
 |T^7 
 
 Co ti^e iWnnoiB 
 
 OP 
 
 MY FATHER, 
 
 THIS BOOK OF DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS 
 
 IS 
 
 AFFECTIONATELY INSCKIBED. 
 
 12828.^0
 
 Many Anglo-Indians, wherever they may reside, will 
 learn, with something more than a mere passing regret, 
 y\N of the disappearance from the scene of the familiar figure 
 wt^of Colonel W. F. B. Laurie. He died on Nov. lo, after 
 a long illness, following on a painful accident, at Tynwald, 
 Grove Park, Chiswick, at the age of sixty eight. His 
 record in India extended to thirty years, during which he 
 saw active service in Burma, was present at the taking of 
 Pegu and in other actions. But he will chiefly be remem- 
 bered as an industrious collector of interesting memoranda 
 concerning Indian events and notabilities. He wrote an 
 account of the " First and Second Burma Wars," and his 
 " Distinguished Anglo-Indians " went through more than 
 one edition. In India some of his old friends will recall 
 his simple, generous and upright disposition, and his 
 readiness always to help in providing instruction and 
 entertainment for the soldiers, for whom he used to 
 organise entertainments in which his fine voice, graphic 
 powers of description, fund of anecdote, and the sketches 
 he had made in his travels proved an unfailing attraction. 
 He often contributed, among other journals, to these 
 columns, and we can only speak of him with esteem. 
 
 About a twelvemonth ago we called attention to the remarkable 
 rli<;rrpn!inrv h*-twppn ihe- Tnrlian census fipures. as published by the |
 
 OKIGINAL PREFACE. 
 
 (March, 1875.) 
 
 Dr. Johxson remarks on the difficulty of the first address 
 on any new occasion ; and it would be well if an Anglo- 
 Indian author could find some easy and successful metliod 
 of introducing liis last performance to the British public. 
 
 My direct appeal, through a prospectus, not only to Anglo- 
 Indians, but to the reading world in general, for patronage 
 to this little work, having met with a fair share of success, 
 it would seem only desirable to send it forth without any 
 further prefatory remai-k than "I am much obliged." But 
 conceiving it to be necessary, as it is also a time-honoured 
 custom, to say something regarding the contents, I shall, 
 endeavouring to be brief, commence by alluding to the 
 fact of even a larger number of names of Anglo-Indians 
 appearing together in these pages than was at first con- 
 templated. They are more or less distinguished : but there 
 is certainly a goodly array ; and my humble attempt to do 
 justice to some of them (as Anglo-Indians) is apt to remind 
 one of the famous lines at the conclusion of Shakspeare's 
 " King Henry V." — in which the liberty is now taken ol 
 putting one line in italics, and altering " This star of Eng- 
 land," to suit the occasion : — 
 
 " Thus far, witli rough, and all unable pen, 
 
 Our bending author has pursued the story ; 
 In little room covfirdiuj miyhtij men, 
 
 Mangling by starts the full course of their glory. 
 Sma'l time, but-, in that small, most-greatly liv'd " 
 
 These stars of India ! 
 
 Several additional stars, among the departed as well as 
 
 h 2
 
 Ylll PEEFACE . 
 
 tte living', might, perhaps, have been introduced "with 
 advantage. Doubtless, when the time comes, some more' 
 able pen will do such luminaries — who, through force of 
 character, for their hour became " lords of the ascendant "" 
 — ample justice. However, it may not be out of place to 
 remark that, besides the great name of Lawrence, others 
 appear among the rulers of the Punjab who have deserved 
 well of their country — Sir Robert Montgomery (now a». 
 Member of the Council of India), Sir Donald Macleod, and 
 Sir Henry Durand. Following India's severest trial, it 
 would have been pleasing to record the many good actions 
 which distinguished the lives of three such Lieutenant- 
 Governors ; and the violent and sudden deaths of the latter 
 two Avould have thrown around the sketches a melancholy 
 halo of interest. Sir Henry Durand alone would furnish 
 an interesting volume. As a Lieutenant of the Bengal 
 Engineers, with the force under General Sir John (after- 
 wards Lord) Keane, he blew open the great gate of the fort- 
 ress of Ghuzni, firing the fuze with his own hand. By this 
 fearless act he was first distinguished.* In September, 
 1844, he relieved the gallant Major Broadfoot (who fell at 
 Terozshah) in the Commissionership of the Tenasserim 
 Provinces, taking up the difficult question of the revenue 
 assessments. Timber in the Thoongeen forests next occupied 
 his attention ; and, in spite of great hostility from the trade. 
 Captain Durand traversed these picturesque, yet lonely, 
 haunts of Chin-India, and made himself acquainted, by 
 local examination and inquiry, with everything regarding 
 them, with a view to improvement ; evincing the same 
 admirable spirit of inquiry which, nearly thirty years after, 
 led Sir Henry Durand, ruler of the Punjab, to leave the 
 camp, and visit the outpost garden and town of Tank. 
 Having inspected the outpost on foot, Sir Henry proceeded 
 
 * The historian of tlie War in Afghanistan records this successful military 
 operation: — "Captain Thomson, of the Bengal Engineers, directed the 
 movements of the explosion party ; and with him were his two subalterns, 
 Durand and Macleod, and Captain Peat of the Bombay Corps. Linutenant 
 Durand was obliged to scrape the hrse with bis finger ends, finding the 
 powder failed to ignite on the first application of the portfire."
 
 PKEFACE. IX 
 
 on one of tlie camp elephants in a howdali with the N"awab 
 of Tank, whose son was in advance on horsehack to show the 
 way. On another elephant were several British officers of 
 rank, the whole forming a striking, though not uncommon, 
 Oriental picture. At the entrance of the town are two gate- 
 ways, one (the outer) of sufficient height to allow an elephant 
 and howdah to pass ; the second, considerably lower. From 
 outer to inner gateway the ground rises. The Lientenant- 
 Governor's elephant passed the outer gateway with ease ; 
 but the second appeared too low. The officers did not think 
 Sir Henry would pass through it. Those who have been in 
 India know well the rapid pace of some elephants, which 
 seems to quicken (as if the animal had an increasing sense 
 of his importance) on entering a town on any great occasion. 
 Although there was a short pause after passing through the 
 first gateway it was just preparatory to a more rapid sweep 
 through the second. The elephant proceeded ; and, before 
 warning could be given, the crash of a breaking howdah 
 was heard, and a highly useful, as well as brilliant, career 
 was over,* 
 
 The other sad event, which happened in London, is of too 
 recent occurrence to require mention here. And now we 
 turn to the living. There is Sir Douglas Forsyth, who has 
 explored hitherto unknown countries in Central Asia, and 
 has given an impetus to trade in that fickle region hardly 
 experienced before. Mr. Forsyth's visit to Yarkund dates 
 as far back as April, 1870, reminding one of the useful work 
 of exploration through which Sir Alexander Burnes and 
 other Anglo-Indians first rose to distinction. 
 
 In December, 1870, we find T. D. Forsyth, Esq., C.B., on 
 
 * The officers on the second elephant got down, and found Sir Henry 
 on the ground, just beyond the inner gateway, lying on his face. This 
 melancholy accident to a distiuguished Anglo-Indian happened on the 
 evening of the 31st December, 1871. Sir Henry Durand breathed his last 
 on the evening of the 1st January, 1872, to the sincere grief of the Govern- 
 ment of India, and his numerous friends and admirers. — (From letter from 
 T. H. Thornton, Esq., D.C.L., Secretary to Government of the Punjab). 
 Sir Henry (as Colonel and C.B.) was a Member of the Council of India, in 
 
 1860, under the Right Honourable Sir Charles Wood, Eart,, G.C.B., M.P., 
 
 afterwards Viscount Halifax.
 
 X PEEFACE. 
 
 special dnij, writing to the Secretary of tlie Punjab Govern- 
 ment, that " when Mirza Mohamed Shedee, Envoy from the 
 Atalik Ghazee, ruler of Kashgar, and the country known as 
 Eastern Turkistan, had an inteview with the Viceroy of 
 India at Calcutta, on the 28th March, 1870, he preferred a 
 request, on behalf of his master, that a British ofScer might 
 be sent back with him, on a friendly visit to the Court of 
 the Atalik Ghazee, as an evidence of the friendship existing 
 between the two Governments, and with a view to strengthen 
 and cement it." Mr. Forsyth's instructions were to go to 
 Yarkund merely on a friendly visit to the Atalik Ghazee, 
 and for the purpose of " opening up and giving irapulse to 
 the trade with that country." The expedition, under Mr. 
 Forsyth, among other useful personages, included Mr. R. B. 
 Shaw, " the first Englishman who ever went to Yarkund, 
 and who may be called the pioneer of Central Asian trade 
 with India ; " Dr. Henderson, medical and scientific oflB.cer, 
 subordinate to whom were Native Doctor Mohamed Yasseen, 
 one bird collector and one plant collector ; Mir Akbar Ali 
 Khan Bahadoor, C.S.T., of Abyssinian celebrity, acted as 
 Native Secretary. The report consists of 214 pages, with 
 valuable trade statistics, and information on routes in the 
 appendix.* 
 
 With similar laudable efforts on the part of the Indian 
 Government, the Anglo-Indian has a chance of being utilised 
 in the East, and, consequently, of becoming distinguished, 
 which he has seldom had before. The Iron Duke says in 
 his Despatches that the affairs of America " will always 
 hang upon the skirts of Great Britain." So will those of 
 India, as a matter of course ; but, in the latter case, more 
 must be effected. They must not only hang on the skirts of 
 Britannia, but be woven into her dress, becoming, as it 
 were, a part and parcel of herself, by a process which 
 Manchester ingenuity may yet devise ! 
 
 Among other distinguished living Anglo-Indians, we have 
 the Right Honourable Sir Bartle Frere, Sir Henry Rawlin- 
 son, Sir George Clerk, Sir Frederick Halliday, Sir Erskine 
 
 * The Yarkund Envoy paid a state visit to the Viceroy, January 19th, 
 1875, and then left Calcutta for Bombay.
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 Perry, Sir William Grey, and Sir Geerge Campbell ; the 
 latter well-known Bengal civilian (in 1875, of the Council of 
 India), forming one, under the Viceroy, Lord ISTorthbrook^ 
 and Sir Richard Temple (erstwhile a Calcutta reviewer) 
 another, of the grand energetic triumvirate who did so much 
 to crush the Bengal famine of 1874. Such well-timed energy 
 cannot but comruand intense admiration. With even the- 
 twelve or more names already mentioned, a most intex'esting 
 volume of sketches could be produced. 
 
 It is curious to notice how the all-important science of 
 geography is mixed up with Anglo-Indians at the present 
 time. Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B., Member of the 
 Council of India, and now V.P.R.G.S., succeeded the late 
 Sir Rodei'ick Impey Murchison as President of the Royal 
 Geographical Society, and was himself succeeded in that 
 post by Sir Bartle Frero, G.C.S.I., K.C.B., also a Member 
 of the Indian Council. We may also mention that Mr. 
 Clements Markham, C.B., Assistant Secretary, Revenue 
 Department, India Office, is Secretary to the above learned 
 body. We have just heard that slavery has been abolished 
 on the West coast of Africa ; and this brings to mind how^ 
 in the middle of 1873, her Majesty called Sir Bartle Frere 
 to her Privy Council as a recognition of his services towards 
 extinguishing slavery on the East coast. The Anglo-Indian 
 everywhere is becoming a man of the time. It is pleasing to 
 note that energy and intellect have not only distinguished him 
 in India and the East ; but, at home, he has recently come 
 forward in a remarkable degree to discuss great principles 
 in social science, and to aid the grand lever of civilisation 
 at the present day — education. A celebrated Anglo-Indian, 
 a former Viceroy of India (Lord Lawrence), has not long 
 left his seat as President at the London School Board he so 
 worthily occupied ; and a late popular and energetic 
 Governor of Madi-as, who did so much for that Presidency — 
 and who for the work he did there, and from the interest he 
 takes in the country, may be almost styled an Anglo-Indian 
 — Lord Napier and Ettrick — turning from the most impor- 
 tant questions of social science, is now a member of the 
 School Board ; and, perhaps, a more zealous worker in the
 
 XU PREFACE. 
 
 causa of popular elementary education has never appeared 
 before. But Anglo-Indians of every degree at home are, as 
 a rule, anxious to work if they can only find employment; 
 and if a " bad liver " is occasionally to be found among 
 them, it is generally coupled with a good heart. We may 
 expect in future years to see the Anglo-Indian utilised at 
 home to at extent hitherto unknown. When such a wished- 
 for consumation arrives, it will be no small pleasure also to 
 note that English indifference to Indian affairs has vanished, 
 and that " personal and social 'sympathy,' " recently alluded 
 to by Sir George Campbell * as wanting to our rule in India, 
 has become more general. 
 
 The actions of distinguished men detailed in this little 
 volume, it is to be hoped, will assist the judgment of those 
 anxious to form an opinion on some of them, but who have 
 no time to peruse larger works ; and the fame the actors 
 have gained certainly affords every hope of a bright future ; 
 or, in the words of Rouchefoucault, " L'honneur acquis est 
 un caution de celui qu'on doit acquerir " — a famous motto 
 which has been thus translated : — 
 
 " Honour acquired, is a guarantee 
 That, as the past, so shall the future be." t 
 
 Three of the principal sketches are almost, if not entirely, 
 new — Mr. John Colvin, General Beatson, and Sir John 
 Kaye. In some of the others a i^epetition of expression will 
 occasionally be found, which long intervals between their 
 production, and a desire not to spoil their entirety, may 
 readily excuse. The sketch of Anglo-Indian Periodical 
 Literature, and the paper on Sir Henry Lawrence, originally 
 appeared in a London Magazine, at first (as its name held 
 forth) an Oxford star, which, although it had pecuniary and 
 literary support from its well-wishers — among them two of 
 England's most distinguished writers — after uncertain 
 
 * At a meeting of the " National India Association," Dec, 1874. 
 
 •f Translated by the late Major-Gencral P. J. Begbie, a worthy if not a 
 highly distinguished Anglo-Indian, who translated some valuable works on 
 Artillery, from the French, and, in ]S52-.'J3, wrote a History of the Coast 
 (Madras) Artillery.
 
 PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 twinklings for a year or two, suddenly disappeared from the 
 literary firmament, leaving no sign ! Some good judges, and 
 a few of the London journals, having done me the honour to 
 think well of my Dark Blue contributions, the most impor- 
 tant of them are here reproduced. The " Periodical " sketch 
 — perhaps the only thing of the kind existing — may form 
 some relief to the heavier fare provided for my readers. 
 
 "With regard to the spelling of Indian words, I should 
 remark that as far as possible, uniformity has been at- 
 tempted ; but where a writer of distinction is quoted, his 
 own spelling is generally given. I have made use of what 
 I conceive to be the most correct and approved forms of 
 spelling; and I now trust that the word Burma will never 
 again be spelt with an h at the end, to which it is no more 
 entitled than China or Russia* 
 
 The portrait of Sir John Kaye, represented in his diplo- 
 matic uniform, with the Knight's collar and star of the much 
 coveted Order of the Star of India (of which the Viceroy is 
 Grand Master, and " Heaven's Light our Guide " the appro- 
 priate motto), and which is an admirable likeness, will 
 doubtless please the friends of that distinguished Anglo- 
 Indian, as well as the reading public who have admired his 
 writings. By such men, if we may again quote Cicero, we 
 are reminded of what we should leave to posterity : — "An 
 statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, 
 studiose multi summi homines reliquerunt : consiliorum relin- 
 quere ac virtutum nostrarum eflBgiem non multo malle 
 debemus suimus ingeniis expressam et politam ? "t 
 
 It may be stated, in concluding this somewhat rambling 
 
 * Introducing the general use of the Roman character into India for the 
 vernacular languages — so ablj lirougbt forward by Mr. Frederick Drew, and 
 admirably commented on by Sir Charles Treveljan (President) at the Con- 
 ference of the Society of Arts, FeLiuaiy 12th — although we are loath' to part 
 ■with the Oriental characters, would no doubt aid in producing uniformity in 
 the spelling of Indian words. 
 
 t Cicero, Pro Archia, cap. 12. — The motto from Cicero on the title-page 
 is thus translated by a learned friend : — There resides a kind of virtue ia 
 every good man, which, night and day, stimulates his mind with the 
 incentives of glory, and suggests that the record of our name is not to be 
 obliterated with the time of our life, but is to be handed down to posterity."
 
 XIV PREFACE. 
 
 preface, that pains have been taken in the all-important 
 matter (for a good record) of correct dates, with the view 
 to being nsefnl as well as entertaining. 
 
 So now, I cast my little Ibook upon the waters, trusting 
 that it may be deemed at least a healthy contribution to 
 Anglo-Indian literature.
 
 PEEFACE TO NEW EDITION. 
 
 DiSTiXGUiSHED Anglo-Indians, perhaps more than others of 
 " Great Place," who sacrifice health and freedom to the 
 service and glory of their country, warrant the division 
 adopted by Bacon in one of his famous Essays, where he 
 says : — " Men in great place are thrice servants : servants 
 of the sovereign or state, servants of fame, and servants of 
 business." In submitting this new Edition of sketches of 
 such men to his readers, the Author has been guided by the 
 desire to make his work more useful and interesting. The 
 sketches have been more than doubled ; and although what 
 have been added are, for the most part, of a somewhat different 
 kind from those which appeared in the Original Edition — 
 which consisted of eleven only — it is to be hoped, for the 
 present generation at least, if not for a future one, they will 
 not be found less worthy of perusal. Some of the old sketches 
 have been corrected, and in others additions or omissions 
 made, with a view to improvement. Although nearly 
 twelve years have fled since the projection of this work, 
 the deaths among distinguished Anglo-Indians have, for- 
 tunately, been few, and even " far between." Some of those 
 mentioned in the Original preface, have gone into " the silent 
 land ; " but others remain, with much of their former energy 
 encircling them, as if anxious to further verify Dryden's 
 metaphor of " a green"old age," with the mens ccqua in arduis. 
 Then, again, of late years, excellent biographies have been 
 written and published, of such illustrious Anglo-Indians as 
 Lord Lawrence, Sir James Outram, Sir Henry Durand, Sir 
 Herbert Edwardes, and Sir Fredrick Roberts, — the latter re- 
 nowned for his wonderfully rapid march from Cabul to
 
 XVI PREFACE TO NEW EDITION. 
 
 Candahar, when our hold on Afghanistan seemed in as critical 
 a state as forty years before. A biography also appeared of 
 Viscount Wolseley, who, although not strictly an Anglo- 
 Indian, has among the brilliant records of an ever active career 
 important services to look back upon in Burma (1853), and 
 India (during the Mutiny in 1857-58), hardly second to those 
 performed in the Crimea, China, America, and Africa ; and, 
 therefore, he may be styled one. Such works on heroic lives 
 will at once suffice as a reason for no sketches of luminaries 
 already made to shine so brightly, appearing in these pages. 
 Sir Alexander Arbuthnot, a distinguished Madras Civilian, has 
 also, not long since, increased his reputation by a book on Sir 
 Thomas Munro, the famous Governor and Commander-in- 
 Chief of Madras,* whom the great statesman, George Canning, 
 so much admired. There has, therefore, been no want of able 
 writers to hand down some of our most mighty men in the 
 East to posterity. 
 
 Doubtless, authors will yet be found to give valuable 
 sketches or memorials of such men as the late General Cautley 
 (as Colonel, of Ganges canal celebrity), General Jacob, Sir 
 Dighton Probyn, V.C, Sir Frederic Goldsmid (of Indo- 
 European Telegraph fame), and others to be found in the 
 honoured list of the Star of India. Five living Bengal 
 Civilians of note may also be mentioned. Sir Ashley Eden, 
 a former, and Sir A. R. Thompson, the present Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Bengal, Sir S. Bayley, Sir Auckland Colvin, and 
 Mr. Lepel Griffin. 
 
 Among the great de2oarted there is one who has only 
 recently disappeared from the first chosen stars — a name 
 which will never be efi^aced ; and even if we go to the next 
 best, there is no man living to put us in mind of him. A 
 brief remark on his sad death, and some more interest- 
 ing details Regarding the admirable life of Sir Arthur 
 Phayre, will be found at the end of the sketch and in an 
 Appendix. A few days after he died, or on new-year's 
 day of 1886, came what resulted from the " force of cir- 
 
 * June 10, 1820. — "Died at Pattikouda in Kurnul district, Gth July, 
 1827."— Prinsep.
 
 PREFACE TO NEW EDITION. Xvii 
 
 cumstances " (prophesied in 1852, by Lord Dalliousie), 
 the annexation of Upper Burma to the dominions of the 
 Queen Empress. Through the united energy of Earl 
 Dufferin and Lord Randolph Churchill, this new stroke of 
 policy had been accomplished, after a third expedition to 
 Burma.* Had Sir Arthur been now alive he would have 
 been the first to view with alarm the steady and fatal pro- 
 gress of Dacoity in the new conquest, and to have 
 suggested vigorous measures for its extermination. Al- 
 though no annexationist, he knew full well, as creator of 
 Pegu, and consolidator of British Burma, that the' whole 
 country must one day become ours. And this reminds 
 the Author that he should not omit from his list of men- 
 tioned worthies a name so famous as the recently Knighted 
 Sir E. B. Sladen, whose faithful and zealous service in 
 Lower Burma, for more than thirty years, and brilliant 
 and devoted conduct as a political officer in the late Ex- 
 pedition, entitle hira to high honour. f He also served 
 ■with his Regiment (the First Madras Fusiliers) and distin- 
 guished himself in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny. 
 Of course it is from having so many distinguished men at 
 her command that so much gloi-y shines around the diadem 
 of Victoria, the Queen Empress ; but still, whether we turn 
 to India or Burma, or elsewhere in the British Empire, we 
 should ever keep in mind the wise maxim : " Be the work- 
 men what they may be, let us speak of the work ; that is, the 
 
 * The probability of a third Burmtse war is mentioned ia the author's 
 "Pegu," 1853. 
 
 \ A Madrassie writing (August, 1886) on " the hostilities in Burma," 
 pungently remarks, after alluding to the "mistake" of lecalling General 
 Prendergast so soon : "But the greatest mistake of all was to sen'i Colonel 
 Sladen away." Prendergast freely owns it was to the fact of Sladen being 
 there that Theebau surrendered instead of bolting, which would much have 
 increased our difficulties. ' Ob, Sladen is there,' Theebau is reijorted to hare 
 said. 'Oh, I know Sladen, and will surrender to Sladen.' — Nearly twenty 
 years before this, Theebau's father, King Mengdon, had said to this able 
 political officer at Mandalay : ' Sladen, I am sorry to hear you have been 
 sick. I shall send you something tomorrow to make you well.' " — See " Our 
 Burmese Wars," &c., p. 384. — What a change of fortune ! — The old King's 
 son, Theebau, after losing his kingdom, now a prisoner at Viziaclroog, in the 
 Madras Presidency !
 
 XVni PREFACE TO NEW EDITION. 
 
 true greatness of kingdoms and estates, and tlie means 
 thereof." The really good and great work accomplished hy 
 Anglo-Indians in the East, generous Britons will not easily 
 let die ; but will be sure to carry down memorials of men 
 who have performed it to admiring generations yet unborn. 
 Although it is not customary to regard the appendix, or 
 appendices of a work, with the same interest as the body of 
 it, the Author trusts that in this case an exception will be 
 made, as he has found it necessary to insert the careers of a 
 few distinguished Anglo-Indians therein. The speeches, 
 also, of some great men — nearly all of whom have passed 
 away — on the chivalrous Sir James Outrani, will be interest- 
 ing to many who love to honour undying excellence. There 
 are likewise brief extracts from speeches by the late Sir 
 Bartle Frere, with reference to the Pioneer of Indian Rail- 
 ways. These extracts, showing the amiable desire of Sir 
 Bartle Frere to appreciate excellence in his fellow-men, 
 possess a lasting interest, especially for Anglo-Indians. In 
 conclusion, grateful acknowledgments are due to those who 
 have assisted by furnishing materials without which it 
 would not have been possible to write some of the later 
 sketches. 
 
 W. F. B. L. 
 
 London, November, 1886.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 
 20 
 33 
 
 I. — Sir Alexander Burxes, C.B. 
 11— James Burnes, KH., LL.D., F.R.S. 
 III. — Sir Henry Lawrence, K.C.B. 
 ly. — John Russell Colvin, B.C.S. (Lieutenaut- Gover- 
 nor of Agra, 1857) 50 
 
 V. — Brigadier-General James George ISTeill ... 75 
 
 VI. — Major-General William Ferguson Beatson ... 93 
 
 VII— Colonel William Henry Sykes, M.P., F.R.S. ... 104 
 
 VIII. — Major-General William Henry Miller, C.B. ... 110 
 
 IX. — Major General Albert Fytche, C.S.I 118 
 
 X.— Sir Arthur Purves Phayre, G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., 
 
 C.B 135 
 
 XL— Sir John William Kaye, K.C.S.L, F.R.S. ... 153 
 
 XXL— Sir Owen Tudor Burne, K.C.S.L, CLE. ... 165 
 
 XIIL— The Prinseps 168 
 
 XIV.— Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.S.L ... 180 
 
 XV.— Sir Henry Anderson, K.C.S.I 183 
 
 XVI. — Major-General Sir Henry Rawlinson, K.C.B.. 
 
 LL.D 185 
 
 XVIL— Sir Robert Montgomery, G.C.S.L, K.C.B. ... 202 
 XVIII.— Sir Richard Temple, Bart., M.P., G.C.S.L, CLE., 
 
 D.CL 226 
 
 XIX. — General Sir Don'ald Stewart, Bart., G.C.B., 
 
 G.C.S.L, C.IE 2-i3 
 
 XX.— Sir, William Hill, K.C.S.I 253 
 
 XXL— Sir William Andrew, CLE 260 
 
 XXIL— Sill JCLAND DANVEK.S, K.C.S.I 279
 
 XX CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Supplementary Shetcli: — 
 
 Lieut.-General Sir Heebekt Macpherson, V.C, 
 
 K.C.B.. KC.S.1 290 
 
 Notes on some Madras Commanders-in-Chief ... 295 
 
 Lines Suggested by the Funeral of Sir George 
 
 Pollock 299 
 
 Anglo-Indian Periodical Literature ... ... 301 
 
 Sporting Literature in India ... 353 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 I. — Lord Palmerston and Sir Alexander Burnes ... 359 
 
 II. — Dr. Burnes' Visit to the Court of Sind ... 362 
 III. — Lieut.-General Sir James Outram, Bart.,G.C.B., 
 
 K.S.1 366 
 
 IV. — Field - Marshal Sir George Pollock, Bart., 
 
 G.C.B., G.C.S.1 376 
 
 V. — Dr. Brandis on Sir Arthur Phayre 378 
 
 VI.— Sir Charles Trevelyan, Bart., K.C.B 383 
 
 VII.— Sir George Kussell Clerk, G.C.S.L, K C.B. ... 387 
 
 VIIL— Sir George Birdwood, K.C.S.I., LL.D 388 
 
 IX. — Dr. Arthur; Dr. Gordon; Mr. Andrew Cassells ; 
 
 Captain Giles, I.N 394 
 
 X. — The Last Court of Directors 397 
 
 The First Council of India 399 
 
 XI. — Opinions on Sir William Andrew's Works ... 400 
 
 XII. — The Kussian Advance.— Babylonia 405
 
 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 THE BROTHERS BURNES. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 *' The old. East India House, in Leadenhall Street, is rapidlj 
 disappearing, and nothing remains to show of it except tlie 
 portico, and this "svill be levelled to the gi-ound in the course 
 of a few days." Such was the announcement made in the 
 London journals about the middle of September, 1SG2. 
 Warehouses and chambers were soon to cover the site of 
 the once palace of London merchants, of the Company 
 founded in the year IGOO, under the denomination of " The 
 Governor and Company of jMerchants trading to the East 
 Indies," which had risen to such great eminence in the 
 commercial and political world. 
 
 Here was a grand theme for reflection ! The disappear- 
 ance of the relic of what has been well styled the most 
 celebrated association of ancient or modern times, which 
 extended its sway over the entire Mogul Empire ; — what an 
 interesting subject for the student of history ! 
 
 The merchants first transacted business in the Nag's Head 
 Inn, Bishopsgate Street. The old East India House, I 
 learn, was erected after 1726, and completed and enlarged 
 in 1798-99. What a number of celebrated men had stood 
 under the portico, now about to be swept away ! * No 
 
 * Wbat a contrast the old House forms with the palatial India Office in 
 St. James' Park, recently presided over by the Duke of Argyll, ajid now 
 i(lS74) by the Marquis of Salisburj*! 
 
 ./ B
 
 'I DISTINGUISHED AXGLO -INDIANS. 
 
 more "wore we to gaze on that stately entrance, on that 
 tympamim containing figures such as Mercury, attended hy 
 Navigation, followed by tritons and sea-horses — emblems of 
 commerce — introducing Asia to Britannia, befoi'e whom she 
 spreads her productions. 
 
 But we might continue to thiuk of those architects of 
 their own fortunes — nearly all of them belouging to the 
 middle classes — who had given such imperishable lustre to 
 Indian history. In selecting for the following pictures the 
 Traveller and the Physician, as connected with the Indian ser- 
 vice, I will not presume to say that the greatest example of 
 each class has been presented. The sketches must speak foi' 
 themselves. 
 
 After the spirit of mercantile enterprise, to those wha 
 have laboured like the above two actors in the great drama,. 
 India owes much of her prosperity. To go back ; we have 
 the traveller and " political," Sir Thomas Roe, who, after 
 exploring the Amazon, in America, first travelled to the 
 Court of the Great Mogul; we have Boughton, the surgeon 
 and diplomatist, who cured the Mogul's beautiful daughter^ 
 and, as a recompense, was allowed to found British trade in 
 Bengal. 
 
 Hindustan has since then passed through many trials. 
 The demand for cotton, it is to be hoped, will now do much 
 for Bombay and Madras ; and, whatever may be thought of 
 amalgamation, let us as calm observers, accept as prophetic 
 truth, what was eloquently uttered by Her Majesty's Secre- 
 tary of State (July 17th, 1862), that there is " a future of 
 great prosperity m store for India." 
 
 London, October, 1862.
 
 SKETCHES FROM THE OLD EAST 
 INDIA HOUSE. 
 
 English readers — especially Anglo-Indians — in 1886, v.'h.o 
 require as often to be reminded as informed, may, before look- 
 ing at otir Indian Valhalla, be interested in, if not amused 
 by, a very few brief sketcbesfromamost noble mansion, of a 
 great age passed away. Like the South-Sea-Honse, so graph- 
 ically described by inimitable Charles Lamb, deriving its 
 importance from the past — yet, nnlike the seat of Mam- 
 mon's famous bubble, with the principle of life strong 
 within, and every day growing stronger and stronger — the 
 Old East India House, with its imposing portico, court and 
 committee rooms, numerous other busy-looking rooms for 
 officials and clerks, who seemed to partake of " the genius 
 of the place," with stately porters, or messengers, here,, 
 there, and everywhere — soldiers, statesmen, cadets, widows, 
 orphans, and many other supplicants at fortune's gate, all 
 wanting something — "The India House" (as Elia styles 
 it), was a most worthy neighbour of " The Bank and the 
 'Change ; " all three looking forth, as it were, from the 
 world's chief centre of living commerce, bearing the stamp 
 of prosperity on their important faces.* 
 
 Let us now look at some of the daily tenants of the Old 
 East India House as they pass quickly by. But first let us 
 survey the two door-porters vfho stand in the vestibule, 
 v/ho appear to be men of no ordinary importance. The 
 
 * The mandate of the all-powerful Court, which had gone forth more 
 than a century before the time of which we write, directing a care to be 
 taiven of the dawning military genius of young Clive, was the key to that 
 grand system which ensured a continual supply of most excellent Anglo- 
 Indian soldiers and statesmen. Young civilians, too, from Warren Hastings 
 downwards, had also boasted the tender care of the munificent old East 
 India Company, and become lawyers and statesmen in spite of themselves. 
 
 B 2
 
 4 DISTINGriSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 dress is a cliocolate-coloured frock-coat, M'itli red collar ; 
 red -waistcoat -with bright, silver-plated buttons ; black 
 clotb. trowsers ; cocked bats, not unlike those of the time- 
 honoured beadle's. On court days the door-porters wore over 
 the above suit, a chocolate-coloured cloak, faced with black 
 velvet trimming', and tassels on the sleeves. They also carried 
 wands with silver heads.* The in-door and out-door mes- 
 sengers are numerous ; the former attending particularly to 
 the wants of the Directors, and of all suppliants for some 
 favour to be done in the House where charity ever breathed, 
 and nothing was ever deemed impossible ; and the latter 
 running messages outside, in every direction about a busy 
 and a noisy world. 
 
 In addition to the door-porters, there were, of a higher 
 rank, either five or seven door-keepers ; most useful and 
 important functionaries, who would now be called office- 
 keepers. 
 
 The head door-2:)orter was then ]\[r. Toole, the famous 
 toast-master of the City ("The Prince of Toast-masters"), 
 father of the now well-known London Comedian, Mr. J. L. 
 Toole, who has with genuine humour gladdened so many 
 hearts in England and America, making it seem by some of 
 his personations that Momus had really descended among us. 
 A philosoplaer now passes by, a tall, thin, stooping figure, 
 with an abstracted look, as if he considered life a farce, 
 although well " worth living," and was determined to tell 
 mankind so some day — great on the subject of Liberty, great 
 in philosophical speculation — yet looking as if he is obliged 
 to confess of Man that he is born but to die, and reasons 
 but to err.t l^ext comes the tall figure of a well-known 
 popular director, who will tell you all about the mysteries 
 of Buddhism (the old patriarchal system) and ancient 
 India, the imports and exports of the country over which 
 he helps to rule, and in short anything you want to know 
 with equal ease ; who will soothe the poor widow's heart 
 by promising a cadetship for her son, " in the finest service 
 in the world," and who is, in spite of a few slight faults, 
 
 * On which the arms of the East Imh'a Company were engravet^. 
 
 t " Born but to die, and reasoning but to err." — Pope's Essay on Man.
 
 SKETCHES FROM THE OLD EAST INDIA HOUSE. 5 
 
 natnrallj beloved of all men for his amiable qualities. 
 And now passes bj a great director, a man of sound judg- 
 ment, a former captain of an East Indiaman, which boasted 
 a large tonnage, was low between decks, and had enough 
 copper about her — like the Vansittart, or the Bucldngham- 
 shire, or the Thomas Goufts — to give all Leadenhall Street 
 market change of a morning ! 
 
 But one more notable personage does not escape observa- 
 tion. He is tall, robust, and cheerful-looking. Who can it 
 be but Mr. Thomas Love Peacock, who drew with no 
 ordinary graphic power, portraits of such mighty Ulcrati as 
 Lord Byron, Southey, Coleridge, and Shelley ! He is now 
 Examiner of India Correspondence,* while the philosopher 
 afore-mentioned, is one of the assistants under him. Such 
 names as those of Charles Lamb, and Love Peacock, as 
 connected with the Old East India House, were not 
 unknown in India. Many civilians and military officers in 
 the service had laughed over Ella's joke, or rather reply to 
 the Chairman and Directors of the august Court, when 
 taxed with coming so late to his daily work ; "but your 
 Honoui'able Court might take into consideration how earlij 
 I go away ! " And Peacock's famous epigram on the clerks 
 of the India House, who were so frequently asking " what's 
 to be done ? " — not a likely question in the present times — 
 and finding " nothing to do," — one of the said clerks being 
 the amiable and witty Charles, who was seldom in time even 
 for the customary breakfast in Leadenhall Street provided 
 for them before 10 a.m. — had also been repeated in India at 
 mess and in cutchery. When Love looks more than 
 usually knowing, as he passes by to go out, the porters 
 whisper to each other, " There goes Love Peacock ! " and 
 one of them, who always carries a copy of Pope in his 
 pocket, declai'es that satire is really his weapon. Once 
 more among the door-keepers, door-porters, and other use- 
 ful aids to the vast machinery of the Old East India House, 
 
 * In 1822 Mr. Peacock was promoted to tbe staff of the Correspondence 
 Department of the East India Company, and in 1836 he rose to the post 
 of chief Examiner, as succesfor to James Mill, the historian of British India. 
 Upon his retirement in 1856, John Stuart Mill took his place.
 
 b DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 reminds us of a curious fact, wliich raay draw a smile from 
 the economists and calculators of our own time, that it was 
 customaiy for the Governor- General, the Commander-in- 
 Chief, and other high officials appointed to the three presi- 
 dencies of India, to give the door-keepers sums varying 
 from twenty-five to five pounds. The Governor- General 
 always paid twenty -five ; the minor Governors twenty pounds 
 or so, while from twenty to eighteen pounds, was considered 
 cheap for a Commander-in-Chief. What political, commer- 
 cial, and social changes have taken place since the Old East 
 India House was adorned by so many " old familiar faces ! " 
 Change must reign supreme, even although it sometimes 
 seems that the past need fear no comparison with the 
 IJresent or the future. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 There is another version of Charles Lambe's hon mot, showing Elia's ideas 
 of time, which must be accepted as the correct one : — Sir Robert Campbell, 
 Bart. , a director, having met the imperturbable Charles in the corridor of 
 the India House, remonstrated on his always coming so late to office. "Bat, 
 sir," instantly replied £'^trt, "I go away so early!" Sir Robert Campbell 
 .himself told this to Mr. (now Sir William) Andrew.
 
 THE BEOTHEES BUENES. 
 
 — — 
 
 I. 
 
 Sm ALEXANDER BURNES, C.B. 
 
 "L'immense et courageux voyage de M. Burnes." 
 
 Baron Humboldt. 
 
 " Voiis avez trace sur la portion peut-etre la plus 
 obscure de I'Asie une ligne lumineuse." 
 
 Royal Asiatic Society of Paris to Sir Alex. Bm-ncs. 
 
 The unexpected death of a man possessing so many great 
 qualities as Dr. James Burnes, I am sure caused a deep 
 sensation of heartfelt sorrow in Western India, as it did to 
 many in this country. The circumstances attending the feel- 
 ing of grief differed widely from those which accompanied 
 the loss of his distinguished brother. Sir Alexander. No 
 fearful tragedy at Cabool, or elsewhere, brought about his 
 €nd. He died in one of our chief cities of industry, in our 
 own glorious land — the physician at length the chief sufferer 
 in a domestic scene of sorrow — far away from the " splendour 
 and havoc of the East." 
 
 It has struck me that brief sketches of the careers of the 
 two most distinguished of the family may not be unaccept- 
 able to many readers at the present time : standing forth, 
 as the brothers do, in the picture gallery from India, as 
 brilliant examples of energy and goodness, worthy of imita- 
 tion by all aboat to enter Her Majesty's Indian Service. 
 
 Sir Alexander was born at Montrose, in Scotland, on 
 the IGth May, 1805. After a rather brilliant academical 
 career, the youth, whose great grandfather was brother to 
 the father of Scotland's immortal bard, was appointed a 
 cadet in the Bombay army, and arrived at that Presidency 
 on the 31st October, 1821. In India before he had
 
 8 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 reacted Lis twentieth year, liis superior talents, industry, and 
 zeal, had fully attracted the attention of the authorities; 
 and he soon commenced his career of greatness as Persian 
 interpreter to a force of 8,000 men, assembled for thq in- 
 Tasion of Sinde. In 182G he was appointed a Deputy- 
 Assistant-Quartermasfer-General ; and at this period he 
 drew up a valuable statistical paper on Wagur, which gained 
 him the thanks of Government, a handsome pecuniary 
 reward, and the high favour of the celebrated Bombay 
 Governor and Indian politician, Mountstuart Elphinstone. 
 
 His labours thus approved by those who knew well in 
 what real excellence consisted, afforded proofs of a disposi- 
 tion to combine " the advancement of general knowledge 
 with the exemplary discharge of his official duties." 
 
 At the age of twenty-three, his memoir on the eastern 
 mouth of the Indus contributed more information than had 
 ever before been given on that subject ; his industry was un- 
 tiring ; and his abilities and exertions, in 1829, drew forth 
 the admiration of that gifted political writer and energetic 
 governor, Sir John Malcolm. The impressions which Sir 
 John had early received of the character of the enterprising- 
 and highly-qualified young officer. Lieutenant Burnes, Avere 
 soon fully confirmed ; and when youths at home were just 
 leaving college, the young Indian traveller and politician had 
 already gone a long way on the path to fame. 
 
 Passing over many of his early travels and researches — 
 chiefly of a general and geographioal character, in some of 
 which he was assisted by Lieutenant James Holland,* a 
 talented and enterprising officer — we come early in the- 
 year 1830, to A^hen a ])resent of horses from the King of 
 England to the Maharajah Runjeet Singh, arrived at 
 Bombay. On Burnes' appointment to the political assistancy 
 at Cutch, he had been transferred from the Quartermastei* 
 General's department. Along with the royal present came 
 a letter of compliments from Lord Ellenborough, the Minister 
 for India, to the Sikh Chief. The Supreme Government, at 
 the recommendation of Sir John Malcolm, nominated Lieu- 
 tenant Barnes to proceed to Lahore with the horses and 
 * ColonelJames Holland, Za(c Quaiter-Master-General, Bombay Army.
 
 SIR ALEXANDER BURNES. U 
 
 letter — " tlie autliorities, botli in England and India, con- 
 ceiving that much information might be derived from such a 
 journey." It was desirable to obtain knowledge regarding 
 everything pertaining to the geography of the Indus. He 
 took with him also presents to the Ameers of Sinde, whose 
 jealousy, shortly after the expedition had moved forth in 
 January, 1831, began to manifest itself in annoying delays 
 and obstructions. But out of evil caine good ; for these 
 very vexations afforded the enterprising traveller time to 
 make a full survey of all the mouths of the Indus, with 
 maps illustrating the river's course and its various localities. 
 Bui"nes' reception at Hyderabad, the capital of the Ameers, 
 was hearty and cordial. No small portion of the personal 
 regard with which ho was received was owing to the obliga- 
 tion which his skilful and humane brother, Dr. Burnes, had 
 conferred on the Ameer, in curing him of a disease some 
 yeai's before.* A full account of his reception at the Sikh 
 capital of Lahoi-e, where the mission arrived on the IStli 
 July, Avill be found in " Bui-nes' Travels into Bokhara," one 
 of the most fascinating books of travel ever published — full 
 of graphic descri^otion, and valuable geographical and 
 statistical information — having for its motto the following 
 lines from Hoi'ace : — 
 
 "Per syrtes iter restuosas, 
 
 . per inhospitalem 
 Caucasum, vd quce loca fabulosus 
 Lamhit IJydaifpcs.^'' 
 
 At Loodianah, Burnes had met the Ameer of Cabool for 
 the first time ; and his views regarding our future ally. Shah 
 Soojah-oolMoolk, and Afghan politics in general, began ta 
 be formed. 
 
 In December, our unwearied traveller visited Kurnaul and 
 Delhi, when he was presented to the Great ]\Iogul, the 
 hfteenth descendant from Timour. If then, how much more 
 now, is the Mogul harmless, " realmless, and a prince without 
 
 * Sec Burnes' Travels, and "Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde," 
 by Dr. James Burnes, K.H. — Tlie foimer bad on the title-page, "By 
 Lieutenant Alexander Burnes, F.R.S. , of the India Company's Service."
 
 10 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 the shadow of power ! "* Central Asia having to be ex- 
 plored, the sanction of the CI overnor- General (Lord William 
 Bentinck) gained, the journey was commenced on the 2nd 
 January, 1832. The route taken was that along the line of 
 the Sutlej, till the river is joined hy the Beas or Hydaspes. 
 But, leaving the consideration of such matters to the readers 
 of his famous book of travels, let us proceed to June, 1833, 
 when Burnes received orders to proceed to England as the 
 Ibearer of his own despatches. The fame of his adventures 
 had long preceded him. The Montrose youth had done 
 wonders in an incredibly short space of time. Lord William 
 Bentinck wrote to the Court of Directors, that " the Govern- 
 ment of India considered the information of Lieutenant 
 Burnes as to the state of the countries betwixt India and 
 Russia of such primary importance, that it should be 
 <.'ommunicated direct to the home aiithorities by that gentle- 
 man himself." He arrived in London early in October, after 
 a few months' voyage round the Cape. 
 
 Ambition seemed satisfied. By the India House and by 
 the Boai'd of Control, he was most cordially received as a 
 true British son from the East, who had done real service to 
 his country. At Court he received marked consideration, 
 and afterwards the special acknowledgments of William the 
 Fourth, for the " unpublished map and memoir which he had 
 presented to his Majesty." Eventually, Burnes' manuscripts 
 passed into the hands of the far-famed John ]Murray, the 
 publisher, whose dictum, that " every man has a book in 
 him," was of peculiar value in the case of the great Oriental 
 traveller. Such a book of travels had not appeared for 
 many a day. Nearly nine hundred copies were sold off in a 
 single day ; and the publisher gave the author eight 
 hundred pounds for the copyright of the first edition. 
 Mr. Lockhart (editor of the Quarterly, and the tasteful 
 producer of the Spanish ballads) called on Lieutenant 
 Burnes, and told him that it surpassed in interest any book 
 
 * When this sketch liad gone to press, I learned that the hist of the 
 Great Moguls, the King of Delhi, died at Rangoon on the 11th of November, 
 1862, and was buried the same day — the Mahomedans in the town heed- 
 less of the event.
 
 SIR ALEXANDER BURNES. 11 
 
 of travels lie bad ever read. It was translated into German 
 and Fi-encli. The critic's art was impartially exercised in 
 every influential quarter ; and, in addition to liis qualifica- 
 tions as a very keen traveller, it was added, witli reference 
 to governing the affairs of an Indian Empire, that one had 
 appeared " in every respect Avell qualified to tread in the 
 steps of our Malcolms and Elphinstones." 
 
 Burnes was now elected a member of the Royal Asiatic 
 Society, when all the honours were heaped upon him which 
 that brilliant association could bestow. The Bombay lieu- 
 tenant was the lion of the day. The Earl of Munster, 
 President of the above Society, so appreciated the value of 
 his work that he reviewed it in the TJnitecl Service Journal, 
 where it is remarked that " the reflection that Mr. Burnes 
 is the first European, for twenty-one centuries, who has 
 sailed the whole length of the Indus, naturally excites 
 inquiry as to existing traditions of its first great navigator." 
 He was complimented by Baron Humbolt, by the Institute 
 of France, and by the Royal Asiatic Society of Paris, and 
 had the silver medal of the French Geographical Society 
 bestowed upon him. He Avas already a member, and had 
 received the gold medal, of the Royal Geographical Society 
 of London. 
 
 From Paris he writes to his brother : — " The French 
 critics give me even greater praise than the English. Is it 
 not curious ? I have been reviewed in France, Germany, 
 Russia, and England, and not yet in my native country " 
 (Scotland, alluding to the Edinlurcjh lievieiv) ."^ 
 
 Louis Philippe, hearing he was in Paris, sent the ever 
 indefatigable Lord Brougham in search of him, that he 
 might confer on him the decoration of the Legion of 
 Honour, which his Majesty desired to do with his own 
 hands. Still, some of the critics were at hira for certain 
 trifling defects ; but we find him in good humour — as he 
 might well be — declaring in the sincerity of his heart, " In 
 all truth, I have got enough praise." 
 
 * Almost simultaneously with the Bokhara travels, appeared the short 
 memoir of the jouruey of 1829. into the desert between Cutch and the 
 Indus.
 
 12 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 The great traveller, geograplier, and commercial statist, 
 at the age of twenty-nine, Avas waited on by some of the 
 most distinguished men at that time in London. The 
 Marquis of Lansdowne held out his hand to him ; and not 
 long before his departure for India, gave a farewell party,, 
 where Lords Howick, Morpeth, Auckland, the present Earl 
 Hussell, and the witty Sidney Smith, were among the guests. 
 Lord Brougham — the ever steady friend of progress — 
 thought highly of the opinion entertained of him by the 
 philosophers of France. Burnes became, too, the lion of 
 the hour at the literary soirees of Holland House. Such 
 attention no lieutenant in any age had ever received before. 
 It was enough to turn the head of any ordinary mortal ; 
 but the subaltern was extra ordinary, and survived it. 
 
 After declining Lord Ellenborough's offer of the Secre- 
 taryshij) to the Legation to the Court of Persia (eventually 
 to become British ]\tinister at the Court of Teheran), he 
 laughs at Persia and her politics, and declares — " What are 
 a colonelcy and a K.L.S. to me? I look far higher, and 
 shall either die or be so." India was his chosen field of 
 action. Of Sir John M'Neill (afterwards Ambassador at 
 Teheran) he says, before leaving England, " He is an able 
 fellow, and by far the fittest person in England for the 
 situation." Burnes left London, with a " flaming despatch" 
 from the Court of Directors in his pocket, on the 5th April,. 
 1835, reaching India on the 1st June, by France, Egypt, 
 and the Red Sea. On his arrival in Bombay he resumed his. 
 duties of assistant to the llesident at Cutch, Colonel (after- 
 wards Sir Henry) Pottinger. Truly, the Governor-General 
 (Lord Auckland) thought that Captain Burnes' abilities 
 were wasted in such a situation. He was placed under the 
 orders of the Supreme Government with a view to his 
 future progress. A line of policy, it was determined in 
 August, 1836, beyond the Indus was to be pursued. The 
 young captain was appointed the head of a mission, the ob- 
 ject of which was negociation with the Ameers of Sindc 
 for the protection of the free navigation of the Indus. 
 From Hyderabad * he was to proceed through the Punjab,, 
 * lleached IStli of January, 1837.
 
 SIR ALEXANDER BURNES. 13 
 
 bj Attoclc and Cashmere, to Cabool, and (the mission "being- 
 ji purely commercial one) to enter into commercial arrange- 
 ments with Dost Mahomed. Events on the Persian frontier 
 «oon changed the character of the mission. Sir John 
 M'N^eill and Captain Burnes became in close commnnication 
 with each other. Enquiries as to the state of trade were soon 
 to give place to the question of how to be prepared for war ! 
 Burnes was satisfied that could the Persians succeed against 
 Herat, Candahar would be at their mercy. But other mat- 
 ters of greater importance to the rising political were about 
 io occur. With the view of interposing the mediation of 
 the Indian Government betwixt Dost Mahomed and Runjeefc 
 Singh, in order to extend commerce and avert a war, Captain 
 Burnes was instructed to proceed to Cabool. The mission 
 entered the Khyber Pass on the 3rd September, 1837; and, 
 on the 20th, Burnes entered Cabool escorted by Mahomed 
 Akbar Khan, the favourite son of Dost Mahomed. 
 
 The I'emaining events in Burnes' life may be said to be 
 blatters of history. On the 1st October, 1838, Lord 
 Auckland issued his famous proclamation of war. In 
 November, the Ruler of the Punjab and the Governor- 
 Oeneral had long interviews together at Ferozepore ; but 
 the Envoy for Cabool was to be Sir William MacNaghten 
 and not Captain Burnes. There can be no doubt that 
 Burnes was in every way qualified for such a post. We 
 were about to invade strange countries which he knew well, 
 and to impose an obnoxious sovereign on a fierce and deter- 
 mined people. While Burnes was arranging for the 
 reception of the army at Shikarpore, he received a copy of 
 the Government Gazette, in which he found himself 
 knighted and advanced to the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel 
 in the army. He was also made Companion of the Bath. 
 
 It is curious to notice that, while Burnes was on a poli- 
 tical mission in Beloochistan about this time, making 
 arrangements connected Avith the expedition, the Khan of 
 Khelat T-emarked to him that it Avas easy to get our armies 
 into the country, but Jioiv tcere we ever to get tJtem out 
 <irjain ? On the final restoration of the Shah Soojah, in 
 September, 1839, Burnes was appointed political resident at
 
 14 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Cabool ; and lie contimied to act along with the Envoy tliero 
 till the hour of his death. 
 
 Dr. Buist, who compiled the best memoir of Sir Alex- 
 ander from printed books and papers, says forcibly : — " The 
 Cabool tragedy opened with the murder of Sir Alexander 
 Burnes ; it has closed by the annihilation of a force which, 
 inclading camp followers, amounted to from 12,000 to 15,000 
 men." Sir Alexander repeatedly warned the Government 
 of the approaching crisis, and the catastrophe which proved 
 fatal to him and so many of his countrymen; '"and was 
 amongst the first who fell in the Ghilzie insuri'ection, in 
 November,* 1843 ; his younger brother. Lieutenant Charles 
 Burnes, perishing along with him." Truly we may say 
 with the French reviewerf — " Comment ne pas envier a 
 I'Angleterre ces agens intrepides, qu'elle trouve toujours 
 prets a se devouer a son service ! " — And so here I conclude 
 this brief sketch of Sir Alexander Burnes, in the words of 
 his learned and esteemed biographer ; j " carried off in the 
 prime of life — ' only thirty-six years old, so young, yet so 
 much already done for immortality ; ' so much time remain- 
 ing, as it appeared to us short-sighted mortals, to maintain 
 and to extend his fame." In my humble judgment, it 
 may be added, he shines as a great geographer and useful 
 traveller more than as a great politician. Objections may 
 be taken to some actions of his policy — what public servant 
 escapes them ? But who will dare not to admire the British 
 traveller who first beheld " the scenes of Alexander's wars, 
 of the rude and savage inroads of Jenghiz and Timour, 
 as well as of the campaigns and revelries of Baber, as given 
 in the delightful and glowing language of his commen- 
 taries ? " " In the journey to the coast," writes Sir Alex- - 
 ander, " we had marched on the very line of route by which 
 Alexander had pursued Darius ; while the voyage to India 
 took us on the coast of 3Iekran and the track of his admiral 
 lsrearchus."§ 
 
 * On the 2n(l. i Rcvm dc Paris, Octobrc, 1844. 
 
 X George Buist, Esq., LL.D.— 1842. 
 
 § The omissions ia the foregoing .sketch, of a most distinguished Apglo- 
 Indian, will be partly supplied by citing the following interesting passages 
 illustrating the esteem in which he was he'd, and exhibiting some distinctive 
 points in the character o£ Sir Alexander Buraes.
 
 SIR ALEXANDER BURNES. 15 
 
 NOTES CHAEACTEEISIC OF SIE 
 ALEXANDER BUENES. 
 
 THE ATHEN"^UM CLUB. 
 
 Ox his return to London from Paris, the AthenEeuni Club 
 admitted him as a member "without ballot, and the following" 
 notice of this is given in a letter dated January, 1835 : — 
 " The Athenseum Club has elected me over the heads of 
 1,130 candidates as a member, on account, as they are pleased 
 to say, of my ' distinguished eminence.' I took my place 
 yesterday, and j'ou -will judge of the club when I name the 
 first men I met — Hallam, Sir G. Staunton, Sidney Smith, 
 D 'Israeli, Crawford of Java, &c." 
 
 ESTEEMED BY EMINENT MILITARY OFFICERS 
 AND MERCHANTS 
 
 It may here be not inaptly remarked how completely the 
 clear judgment, energy, and decision of character of Sir 
 Alexander Burnes won the confidence and esteem of all the 
 most eminent military officers with whom, during his career 
 in India, he was associated. Sir David Leighton, Sir 
 Thomas Bradford, Sir John Malcolm, Lord William Bentinck, 
 the Earl of Dalhousie, Sir Henry Fane, and Lord Keane — 
 admired and appreciated qualities in him which had 
 rendered themselves among the most distinguished of their 
 noble profession. The celerity with which he prepared 
 himself for his exertions in the cause of geographical 
 science is one of the most conspicuous characteristics of his 
 earlier career. Of the various commercial reports drawn up 
 by him, and laid from time to time before the Bombay 
 Government, it was remarked by the merchants who 
 examined them that they were written as if by one who had 
 been a trader, and nothing but a trader, from his youth. 
 His controversy with the missionary Wole indicated a know- 
 ledge of theology, and dexterity in polemics not frequently 
 found amongst military men.
 
 16 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 DISTmCTION". 
 
 To these liigli qualities for the attainraent of distinction 
 he added a deep-seated and indomitable ambition, which no 
 difficulties could clamp or subdue. He had determined on. 
 achieving greatness, and he appeared to have the mearis 
 within his reach, ^Yhen it pleased Providence to cut short his 
 earthly career. He was judicious and eminently fortunate 
 in his selection of coadjutors, and had the happy faculty of 
 attaching those who had laboured along with him most fer- 
 vently to his person. He was simple in his manners, and 
 for the most part sprightly and plaj'ful in his conversation, 
 with alternating fits of absence and abstraction. His 
 friendships were warm, enduring, and sincere. I^ot easily 
 soured by disappointment, he submitted with the cheerful 
 alacrity of a well-conditioned mind to the annoyances which, 
 came in his way. He was one of the kindest of brothers 
 and most dutiful and affectionate of sons. Had he not been 
 cut off in the flower of his age, at the very time when he 
 had reason to believe that his deferred hopes of enjoying the 
 highest position in Afghanistan were about to be realized, 
 he might have looked forward to the attainment of honours 
 such as those conferred on a Malcolm and an Elphinstone, 
 with whose names his own had been so often associated, 
 and in whose estimation he so early held a distinguished 
 place. 
 
 BURiS'ES WELL IN HARNESS. 
 
 ■" Ox the Indus, 5th July, 1837. — I am literally overwhelmed 
 with business. I came to look after commerce, to super- 
 intend surveys, aad examine passes of mountains, and 
 likewise certainly to see into affairs, to judge of what was 
 to be done hereafter ; but the hereafter has already arrived, 
 and I have all but deserted my ledger for treaties and politics ; 
 my proceedings up to Shikarpore you ai-e aware of. As I 
 approached Cabool war broke out with the Afghans and 
 Sikhs, and my position became embarrassing ; I was even 
 ordered by express to pause, and while hanging on my oars 
 another express still cries — pause, but places a vast latitude 
 in ray hands, and ' forward ' is my motto ; forward to the 
 scene of carnage, where, instead of embarrassing my Govern- 
 ment, I feel myself in a situation to do good. It is this 
 latitude throughout life that has made me what I am, if I 
 am anything, and I can hardly say how grateful I feel to
 
 SIR ALEXANDER BURNES. 17 
 
 Lord Anclcland. I Lave not ns yet got the replies to my 
 recommendations on our line of policy in Cabool consequent 
 on a discovered intrigue of Russia, and on the Cabool chief 
 throwing himself in despair on Perso-Russian arms. I have 
 at last something to do, and I hope to do it well." 
 
 BURNES AND DOST MAHOMED.* 
 
 " Cabool, 30th October, 1837. — Here a hundred things are 
 passing of the highest interest. I arrived here on the 24th 
 of last month, and have had a very cordial reception. Dost 
 Mahomed Khan has fallen into all our views, and in so doing 
 has either thought for himself or followed my counsel, but for 
 doing the former I give him every credit, and things now stand 
 so that I think we are on the threshold of a negotiation with 
 King Runjeet, the basis of which will be his withdrawal 
 from Peshawur, aud a Barukzye receiving it as a tributary 
 of Lahore, the Chief of Cabool sending his son to ask pardon. 
 What say you to this after all that has been urged of Dost 
 Mahomed Khan's putting forth extragant pretensions ? 
 Runjeet will accede to the plan I am certain, but Wade is a 
 great little man, if you comprehend what I mean, and while 
 he is looking to the horizon (to use his own Avords) of politics 
 and considering, events ci'owd on, and spoil his speculations. 
 I have, on behalf of Government, agreed to stand as mediator 
 between the parties, and Dost Mahomed has cut asunder all 
 his connection with Russia and Persia, and refused to receive 
 the ambassador from the Shah now at Candahar ; his brothers 
 at that city have, however, caressed the Persian Elchee all 
 the more for this, and I have sent them such a Junius as 1 
 believe will astonish them. I had indeed reason to act 
 promptly, for they have a son setting out for Teheran with 
 presents to the Shah and the Russian Ambassador, and I 
 hope 1 shall be in time to explain our hostility to such con- 
 duct. Everything here has indeed run well, and but for our 
 deputation at the time it happened, the house we occupy 
 would have been tenanted bj" a Russian Agent and a Persian 
 Elchee. I hardly know what the Government of India will 
 think of my measures, for my line of conduct is only in- 
 dicated by them, not marked out. Yet I am inspirited by 
 their free use of laudatoT'y adjectives regarding my proceed- 
 
 * This and the following extract will be of interest at the present time 
 (1874-75), or after the Ameer of Cabul was said to have imprisoned his 
 eldest sou, Yakoob Khun, for Lis inclination to give over Herat to the 
 Persians. 
 
 C
 
 18 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 ings hitlierto ;....! am in a very critical position, and so 
 tliey tell me — totidem verbis ; — but I lite difficulties, they 
 are my brandy." 
 
 HERAT AN^D THE CZAR. 
 
 *' I HAVE found out all the ramifications of the Czar's emis- 
 saries, and an explanation of his coveting Herat. His 
 Majesty sees that that is the entrepot of Persia, India, 
 Cabool, and Toorkistan, and as his fairs in southern Persia 
 progress to maturity, he looks to increasing the facilities of 
 communication, and from Herat to Bokhara and Nijni Nov- 
 gorod there are no intervening mountains. In pushing on 
 Persia to Herat he but insinuates his own power in the very 
 <lirection he desires. All this view of things was g-ravely 
 propounded at Bokhara the year after I left it, for the 
 Russians took alarm at what we were about, and reduced 
 their duties to keep the traders with them. Is not this 
 something to have been effected by two weary travellers 
 plodding their way into Tartary ! " — From " Memoir " by 
 Dr. Buist; in "Notes on His Name and Family," by Dr. 
 James Burnes. 1851. — [For corresjDondence with Lord 
 Palmerston, see Appendix I.] 
 
 AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 (1886.) 
 
 In his last work on Burma (Ashe Pyee, the Eastern or 
 Foremost Country), about the middle of 1881, the author ven- 
 tured a few remarks on the prospect of a United Afghan- 
 istan being followed by a United Burma. Putting the 
 turbulent and " invincible " Dacoits out of the question, the 
 great event with reference to the latter kingdom has at 
 length taken place. Regarding the wilder counti'y in which 
 Burnes, Macnaghten, Pollock, Nott, Sale, and Roberts 
 laboured and fought for the glory of old England, it was 
 written five years ago — when Merv was the political diffi- 
 culty between England and Russia : — The Ameer has secured 
 Herat, and the prospect of a United Afghanistan seems not 
 far distant. Of course some of the unruly tribes will still 
 give trouble ; but a turbulent and stormy sea does not settle 
 down all at once. " Give him time," every well-wisher of 
 the country must say of Abdul Rahman. Anyway, there is
 
 SIR xVLEXANDER BURNES. 19 
 
 a comparative calm for the present, and our late brave and 
 enero-etic enemy, Ajub Klian, is a fugitive. 
 
 The hope of "a united Afghanistan" has not been 
 realized, although we have " a united Burma ;" so much the 
 better for humanity, commerce and civilization in Eastern 
 Asia. We gave King Thebaw too much "time," and were 
 at length compelled to annex his country. Abdul Rahman, 
 under British protection, has played his part, on the whole, 
 well. If he be not real, a better actor we never had before. 
 In the middle of 1886 we find him in good health, and his 
 ■son betrothed to the daughter of an important Governor (of 
 Parrah). Later on we find the Ameer dreaming of the 
 possible recall of the English Commission of Delimitation — 
 commenced under the august aiispices of Sir Peter Lumsden, 
 — and, it was believed, meditating an attack on Kaffiristan. 
 Again, there was a talk of a collision between Afghans and 
 Russians at or near the disputed boundary. But the nearest 
 Russian troops were no closer than Mazar, where Sir J. W. 
 Ridgeway — the head of the Commission — was on a visit 
 to Ishak Khan. The Ameer was in hopes that the whole 
 boundary would soon be settled, and had received " very 
 favourable " assurances from Russia — Russia, our dear old 
 ■" bugbear " — whose continued beneficial results in Central 
 Asia should make us love him more dearly than ever — 
 
 "Whom Persia bows to, China ill confines, 
 And India's homage waits, when Albion's star declines ! "* 
 Campbell — On the Power of Russia. 
 
 * Meanwhile, while Albion's star is in the ascendant, the Ameer will 
 probably now turn his attention to Indian railway enterprise, and the bone- 
 fcent operation on Afghanistan, railways must certainly accomplish. On 
 September 11, Sir J. Gorst informed the House of Commons that the rail- 
 way through the Bolan Pass reached Quetta on the 26th July last. The 
 Harnai route was under construction, and pi-eliminary surveys had been 
 made beyond Quetta in the direction of Candahar. Mr. Condie Stephen, 
 Secretary to the Afghan Boundary Commission, arrived in London in Sep- 
 tember, 18SG ; and his chief. Sir J. Ridgeway, on his return to India, will 
 also visit London, we jiresume, to give an account of the doings of the Com- 
 mission, which reached Cabul on the 15th October. 
 
 c 2
 
 20 DISTINGUISHED AKGLO-INDIAXS. 
 
 II. 
 
 JAMES BURNES, K.H., F.R.S.* 
 
 " He finds 'mid foreign crowds a friend, 
 A iK.me 'neatla every sliy." — D. L. E. 
 
 Born at Montrose, February 12, 1801, Dr. Burnes was 
 educated at the University of Edinburgh, and Guy's and 
 Saint Thomas's Hospitals in London, and arrived at Bombay 
 in the Company's service, with his brother, the late Sir 
 Alexander, on the .31st October, 1821. 
 
 The early career of Dr. Burnes can be traced from an 
 ofBcial report drawn up under the orders of the Commander- 
 in-Chief at Bombay, and which was subsequently submitted 
 to his Majesty King William the Fourth. After having 
 been successively attached to the artillery at Matoonga ; the 
 Convalescent Hospital at Severndroog: the 5th regiment 
 Madras K^ative Infantry at JMalligaum — the three previous 
 Medical Officers of which had died of cholera ; and the 24th 
 regiment Bombay N.I. at Bassadore ; he was posted in 
 February, 1823, to the 18th regiment jS^.I, stationed at Bom- 
 bay, where he was also selected to superintend the institu- 
 tion for the check of cholera. In 1824, the honourable ap- 
 pointment of surgeon to the Residency in Cutch having 
 been offered by Mr. Elphinstone for competition, as a reward 
 to medical officers who would pass in the native language. 
 Dr. Burnes was the one of the five candidates who was suc- 
 cessful. On his quitting the 18th regiment, we find him 
 commended in orders for " his professional abilities, humanity, 
 and feeling towards the sick, and his constant and unwearied 
 attention to his duties. '"t 
 
 * The chief portion of this sketch is abridged from the "Memoir," by 
 "W. A. Laurie, Esq. (March, 1850), who wrote it while Dr. Burnes was on 
 Lis return to his native land. This brief record was extracted from Indian 
 periodical?, and " Memoir.s " on the same subject, by Drs. Grant, of Calcutta, 
 and Buist, of Bombay. 
 
 t Regimental Order, November ISth, 1824.
 
 JAMES BURNES. 21 
 
 As a volunteer he accompanied, in 1825, tlie field force 
 and detachments which expelled the Sindians and other 
 plunderers who had invaded and devastated Cutch, forcing 
 the British Brigade to retire to the Hill-fort of Bhooj. In 
 1827, the Ameers of Sinde, between whom and our Govern- 
 ment a very uncordial feeling had subsisted for years, un- 
 expectedly solicited his services, and sent an Envoy to invito 
 him to their capital, where he remained some months under 
 ■circumstances which will be best explained by the following 
 extract of an official dispatch from the Resident in Cutch, 
 Sir Henry Pottinger, to Government (Political Department, 
 Ko. 1 9 of 1828) :— " The Honourable the Governor-in- 
 Council will perceive that Mr. Bui^nes was only finally 
 .allowed by the Ameers of Sinde to come away under a 
 promise of his early retuim ; and although the unsettled 
 state of that country has since led to their Highnesses re- 
 questing him to postpone his visit ; yet, from the terms in 
 which they speak of Dr. Burnes (who, they say, is not only 
 the most skilful of all Physicians, but their best friend, and 
 the cementer of the bonds of amity between the two govern- 
 ments), it is pretty certain they will again invite him to 
 
 their Court It is due to their Highnesses to mention 
 
 that they have treated j\[r. Burnes, during his sojourn at 
 Hyderabad, Avith the most marked distinction and kindness, 
 both as a professional gentleman to whom they were in- 
 debted for advice, and as an othcer of the British Govern- 
 ment deputed in that capacity, at their special request. In 
 the latter light they received him, on his first arrival, in a 
 State Durbar, with every honour and formality, and after- 
 wards made him welcome at all times, Avith a degree of 
 •cordiality and politeness which, as the Native agent justly 
 observes in his letter to me, ' they have never before evinced 
 towards any gentleman.' " 
 
 The GoA-ernment sanctioned Dr. Barnes' acceptance of 
 liberal presents from the Ameers, and also presented him 
 Avith a handsome pecuniary donation on his return to Bhooj. 
 He was likewise complimented, in strong terms, on the zeal 
 and ability he had displayed at Hyderabad, and received the 
 thanks of the Government for the highly interestino- narra-
 
 22 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 tive of his visit, wTiicli, nndei^ the orders of the Resident in 
 Cutch, he had submitted for its information. The Governor 
 personally intimated that bat for the good use he had made 
 of his time, much that was important would have remained 
 unknown and unnoticed. The Commander-in-Chief pro- 
 nounced the narrative a most valuable addition to the 
 geography of India ; and the Governor of Bombay directed 
 it to be presented to the Royal Asiatic Society through Sir 
 John Malcolm, circalated to public servants, and printed at 
 the expense of the State. The " I^arrative of a Visit to 
 Sinde " drew from the Geographical Society of France a 
 declaration that Dr. Burnes had deserved well of Geography. *^ 
 It was published in England in 1830, and has gone through 
 successive editions, both in India and in Europe ; being the 
 best account of the country we yet possess. 
 
 Dr. Burnes' invitation by the Ameers, and his visit to 
 their Court, were evidently the first link in the chain of 
 those great events which took place in reference to the 
 Indus ; and it is not at all improbable that had the request 
 of those rulers to retain him, which has been referred to in 
 the official dispatch above quoted, been complied with, much 
 of the trouble and expense which were incurred, might 
 have been spared. But it did not suit the policy of the 
 day ; and it was not till two years afterwards that his 
 brother was deputed again to open a negotiation with the- 
 Ameers, and to ascend the Indus. Those who are familiar 
 with that officer's travels, will recollect that the Ameers- 
 stated that he was doubly welcome as the brother of Dr. 
 James Burnes. Sir Alexander Burne's visit was followed 
 by Sir Henry Pottinger's Embassy in 1832-3, for the 
 purpose of demanding the free navigation of the Indus to 
 British merchants, and the great events to the west, with 
 which Ave are familiar. 
 
 * M. Alexandre Burnes, Lieutenant d'Infanterie de la compagnie Anglaise 
 des Indes, est frcre de M. James Burnes, Cliirurgien-Major h. Bhoudj dans 
 le Cotch. Ce dernier fut appeli^ en 1827, h- Haiderabad, pour donner ses 
 so'ns a un des Emirs. II a publi(5 vine relation dc son voyage. Ainsi les 
 deux freres ont bien nu'rito de la gdographie, en nous donnant des details 
 sur des pays peu connus. — Bulletin of tbe Geographical Society of France,. 
 1833.
 
 JAMES LUEXES, 23 
 
 In 1829, Dr. Barnes married Sopliia, daughter of tlie late 
 Major-Gcneral Sir George Holmes, K.C.B. 
 
 In 1830, tlie same reputation in tlie nortli-west frontier, 
 T\diicli liad induced the Ameers of Sinde to invite and 
 "welcome Dr. Burnes to their capital, led to the Cutcli 
 Regency bringing his conduct and services specially to the 
 notice of Government, with a request that they might have 
 the power to remunerate them. He had now been nearly 
 five years in that lately conquered and distracted country ; 
 and such was the feeling towards him, that the Resident 
 reported, in the words of the Cutch government, that 
 " there was no one of any class or rank who would not, if 
 sick, reckon upon his services at midnight." * The reply of 
 the Bombay government is in the following terms : — 
 " The Go vernor-in- Council directs me to signify to 3'ou his. 
 concurrence in the proposal of the Durbar to remunerate* 
 the professional services of Dr. Burnes, and requests that, in 
 making this communication to the Durbar, you will suggest 
 the mode in which the object in view can be effected with 
 most attention to the feelings of the Prince and his 
 family, and to those of Mr. Burnes, whose kind and un- 
 wearied attention, which the honourable the Governor 
 (Sir John Malcolm) has had full opportunity of learning, 
 has, the Governor-in-Council is aware, created the most 
 lively sentiments of gratitude, while it has established, in 
 the strongest manner, his claims to the approbation of 
 Govei'nment." 
 
 Nearly of the same date is a Government letter to the 
 Resident at Bhooj, acknowledging Dr. Burnes' " History of 
 Cutch," which has since been published, along with his 
 Narrative, and may be found in a compressed form in the 
 last edition of the " Encyclopisedia Britannica." 
 
 In December, 1831, we find Sir Henry Pottinger, on his 
 departure as Envoy to Sinde, reporting to Government 
 that, in "consideration of the long connection which has 
 subsisted between Dr. Burnes and himself, he will be ex- 
 cused for bearing testimony to his merits and claims, and 
 strongly recommending him to favourable notice." And in 
 Letter to Government, Political Department, January 27th, 1830.
 
 24 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO -INDIANS. 
 
 April folio-wing-, there is a dispatch from the new Resident, 
 Colonel Bagnold, which acknowledges that " in conducting 
 the important duties of the frontier," he has "derived the 
 most valuable apsistance from his exertions, talents, and 
 information, afforded bj him gratuitously, and to the benefit 
 of the pulic service, in a department distinct from his own, 
 and consequently the more highly to be appreciated." At 
 the end of the same year. Dr. Barnes' services were again 
 brought to notice as having, in the political department, 
 " amply evinced the greatest zeal and ability for the public 
 service." Other quotations might be made from the papers 
 we have referred to, but enough has been given to satisfy 
 the reader that these services were neither few nor unac- 
 knowledged by his superiors. 
 
 In October, 1833, Dr. Burnes was forced to quit Cutch, en 
 sick certificate, after having struggled with the fever of 
 the country for many years. In the February following, he 
 embarked for Europe by the overland route, and an 
 interesting account of the journey (at that time attended 
 with some difBculty), extracted from his letters, was pub- 
 lished in the Bombay newspapers. He took the route of 
 Malta, Sicily, IS^aples, Rome, Florence, Venice, Geneva, and 
 Paris. While at home, amongst other honours conferred 
 on him, he was created a Doctor of Laws by the University 
 of Glasgow, and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of 
 London, and of the Royal College of Physicians of Edin- 
 burgh. He was also presented at Court by his friend the 
 late Earl of Dalhousie (who had then returned fi'om the 
 command of the army of India), and received the honour of 
 the Guelphic Knighthood from the sovereign. 
 
 On again returning to Edinburgh to make preparations 
 for his departure to India, a public entertainment was given 
 to him, Lord Ramsay * in the chair, when he received the 
 present of a magnificent silver vase, bearing, besides a 
 Masonic inscription, an intimation that it was a token of 
 " regard and esteem for him as a gentleman." The com- 
 mittee for its presentation consisted of the Marquis of Dal- 
 housie, Admiral Sir David Milne, G.C.B., Sir George 
 
 * Afterwards the Marquis of Dalhousie, Governor-General of India.
 
 JAMES BURNES. 25 
 
 Ballingall, Professor of Military Surgery in the Univer- 
 sity, Sir Reginald Macdouald Seton, better known as the 
 hospitable " Stalfa," and other individuals. Before quittiig 
 Edinburgh, he devoted a few leisure hours to his sketch of 
 the History of the Knights Templars, having been 
 encouraged to undertake the vv^ork by offers of valuable 
 documents in the possession of old and noble families, and 
 especially requested to leave amongst his friends some such 
 token of remembiance. The book Avas brought out in a 
 very elegant form ; but only a few copies, besides those for 
 distribution amongst private friends, were printed. It 
 contains illustrations of the curious fact mentioned in 
 *' Mills's Chivalry," tluit the Order of the Templars has 
 descended to our own days ; and ti'aces the history of these 
 Knights, and of those of St. John of Jerusalem, in Scot- 
 land. A great portion of his stay in Europe was devoted to 
 visiting the countries on the continent, and we believe that 
 he had seen and communicated with more of the eminent 
 men of the present day than any other individual from 
 India. 
 
 On the 24th December, 1837, Dr. Barnes returned to 
 Bombay ; and Sir James Carnac conferred on him, unsoli- 
 cited, the first vacant medical staff appointment in his gift, 
 namely, the Garrison Surgeoncy of Bombay. In Calcutta, 
 as in Bombay, Dr. Barnes was received as the best friend of 
 masonry, of which nothing need be said here. 
 
 In a memoir drawn up in the City of Palaces, Dr. Grant 
 writes — "Dr. Barnes has seen much of the world, and his 
 manners and conversation at once give the impression of one 
 who had observed well and benefited by what he had seen 
 and learned ; being pleasing, winning, and of a reflective 
 cast. It has been truly said of old, that a good countenance 
 is a perpetual letter of recommendation ; and no one who 
 has once seen Dr. Burnes can deny that he bears this 
 ■enviable missive with him wherever he goes. A family 
 resemblance may be traced in features and occasional turns 
 •of expression and manners between himself and his distin- 
 guished brother Sir Alexander, but there are, nevertheless, 
 characteristic points of difference. Sir Alexander, when wo
 
 26 DISTIXGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 liad the pleasure of seeing liim, looked spai'e and tliin, 
 compared with his brother ; not that Dr. Burnes is exactly 
 anything approaching to a 'stout gentleman,' but he has 
 less angularity of feature and frame than the enterprising 
 traveller and keen politician. The one is sharp, quick, and 
 rapidly decisive, expressive, and penetrating. The other, 
 though full of energy in any matter he engages in, is more 
 subdued in manner and expression, and his bearing more 
 fraught with amenity. Sir Alexander, for instance, in an 
 argument, uses a sword-like logic that he thi'usts at once, 
 and with a masculine hand, to the point. The argumenta- 
 tive weapon of the other too, is ' of the ice-brook's temper,' 
 and of a perfect point and polish, but is like that of 
 Harmodius Avreathed with flowers. Both have a marked 
 frankness of address. 
 
 " That Dr. Burnes is a person of singularly attractive 
 manners and disposition no one who has ever enjoyed the 
 pleasure of his acquaintance can question for an instant ; 
 and a more trumphant proof of this cannot be appealed to 
 than the warmth of his reception by not only the Masonic 
 body of Calcutta, but society at large, so far as he could 
 become known to it during his short stay among us. It has 
 appeared to us that a portion of this attractiveness is 
 hereditary ; for the full dark eye, the well-arched brow, ex- 
 pressive mouth, and, in a word, the whole countenance, 
 when lighted up in the brilliance of congenial social inter- 
 course, have often reminded us of the best porti-aits, graphic 
 and biographic, of his great kinsman the poet." 
 
 Dr. Burnes returned from Calcutta* early in 1841, having 
 been requested by Sir James Carnac, then Governor of 
 Bombay, to undertake the office of Secretary to the Medical 
 Board, a post in which it was thought he would be able to 
 afford much benefit to his own department. In that year 
 he presided at the St. Andrew's dinner ; but, owing to the 
 deplorable Cabool catastrophe, in which his brothers lost 
 their lives, he remained for sometime afterwards in retire- 
 ment. His next prominent appearance was on the occasion 
 of his laying the foundation-stone of the Jamsetjee 
 * From a visit paiel in 1840.
 
 JAMES BURNES. 27 
 
 Jeejeel)lioy Hospital, wliicli ■ceremony created a great 
 sensation at Bombay in January, 181-3. In December, 1844, 
 he establislied the Lodge " Rising Star," for the admission 
 of natives, and a beautiful medal, cut by Wyon, was struck 
 by tliem in consequence.* In August, 1844, L.e presided at 
 tliQ dinner given to Sir Henry Pottinger. In July, 1846, lie 
 Avas promoted to be Superintending Surgeon, and a piece of 
 plate was voted to liim by his brother officers, " in manifesta- 
 tion of their esteem, and the sense they entertain of his 
 accelerating promotion, and of the uniform urbanity which 
 he, in his official position, evinced on all occasions in his. 
 intercourse with all ranks." On quitting the Medical Board 
 Office, the Board brought to the notice of Government the 
 "distinguished zeal and ability" with which he had per- 
 formed his duty for five and a half years ; and in handing 
 up this testimonial, the Commander-in-Chief added from 
 himself, that " for several years he had had constant oppor- 
 tunities of having officially under his own notice the untir- 
 ing zeal and great ability with which Dr. Burnes performed 
 his vai'ied duties in the most stirring times ever known at 
 this Presidency in the Medical Branch, and in all the 
 Military Departments." 
 
 In February, 1847, Dr. Burnes was transferred to the 
 Poena Division, where he remained until his promotion to 
 the Medical Board in September, 1848. Shortly after his 
 arrival at Bombay, he was appointed a Member of the Board 
 of Education ; and the interest he took in its business is 
 best shown by his addresses at the Grant College ; by his 
 successful efforts for the student apprentices ; and by the 
 Board, having on his departure, recorded " its deep regret at 
 the loss of his valuable services, particularly in the depart- 
 ment of I^ative Medical Education, to which he has devoted 
 so much attention, and wherein his rare talents and exten- 
 sive experience have enabled him to act with such marked 
 
 * The Hindus paying tliis lionour to Cunics reminds us of tlie DucLcss of 
 Devonsliire's beautiful lines on Sir W. Jones ; the first two being — 
 
 "Admired and valued in a distant land, 
 His gentle manners all affection won."
 
 28 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 efficiency ; " a regret in whicTi tlie Government expressed its 
 entire participation. The Medical Board also intimated to 
 Government their deep regret that ill health was about to 
 deprive the Medical Service of an officer who had heen "so 
 long its pride and ornament, and of whose honourable career 
 and eminent merits the public records bore such ample 
 testimony." 
 
 He was one of the Trustees of the Oriental Bank, and a 
 warm promoter of the schemes for the promotion and en- 
 couragement of arts and manufactures, in an improved form, 
 among the natives. He was also President of the Medical 
 and Physical Society, and Vice-President of the Bombay 
 Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. It ma}' be added, that, 
 before his departure the Geographical Society of Bombay 
 elected him an Honorary Office-Bearer for life, " in testimony 
 of their appreciation of his services to the cause of Geographi- 
 cal Science." 
 
 Though Dr. Burnes rarely appeared before the world as 
 an author, his tastes were eminently refined and literary, and 
 his mind abundantly stored with general knowledge. The 
 account of his visit to the Court of Hyderabad sufficiently 
 shows what might have been looked for from his pen had 
 he found leisure or inclination to write for publication. He 
 ever took an active share in the promotion of all intellectual 
 pursuits, and was one of the most elegant and most attrac- 
 tive members of general society in Western India. Fond of 
 company, in which he was always the favourite, and where 
 lie eminently shone, he was the person most generally fixed 
 upon to preside at public meetings and do the honours when 
 entertainments wei'e given to distinguished strangers or 
 members of the community ; and his address on the occasion 
 of a public dinner being given to Sir H. Pottinger on his 
 way from China, was so marked for elegance and aptitude, as 
 to be reprinted in all the leading journals of Europe. The 
 eminent official position he so long enjoyed in the service to 
 which he was an honour, was always employed by him in 
 endeavouring to advance merit and promote unpretending 
 Avorth — to assist the necessitous and soothe those heats and 
 irritations which will occasionally arise iu the best regulated
 
 JAMES BURNES. 29 
 
 commtinitioR, and Avliicli tend so grievonslv to impair tLe 
 comfort of public men and to interfere with the interests of 
 the service. As a pi'ivate friend lie was ever warm, constant, 
 and sincere in his attachments. Though generally to he met 
 with in every scene of harmless merriment, gaiety, or festivity, 
 no man more frequently approached the couch of sickness 
 or chamber of suffering — none could strive more to soothe 
 the pangs of sorrow or anguish of affliction. He left India 
 almost without an enemy, and with scarcely an acquaintance 
 who was not also an admirer and a friend. 
 
 In G. O., by the Right Hon. the Governor-in-Council 
 (19th Nov. 1849), allowing him to retire,* his eminently 
 useful services were brought forward, announcing that his 
 services extended beyond the line of his own profession ; 
 i<nd the same zealous devotion to the public interests was 
 apparent in those which " distinguished him throughout his 
 meritorious career in the medical department. "f 
 
 Since 1850, Dr. Burnes chiefly resided in London, making 
 occasional visits to his native town of Montrose. He was 
 a magistrate for the counties of Middlesex and Forfar. 
 With regard to his native county. Lord Brougham had 
 inscribed his name in the roll of Justices — a remarkable 
 compliment, at a time when no new commission was issued,, 
 to a visitor from India, who possessed no property in the 
 shire. The compliment had been continued since tlie 
 accession of Her Majesty. 
 
 In 1851, he drew up an elegant little work, entitled " Notes- 
 on his Name and Family," printed for private circulation. 
 On the title-page figures the crest which he obtained from 
 the Herald office, in allusion to the devotion to their 
 country shown by his two brothers. Out of a mural crown 
 — the rim inscribed Cabool— a demi-eagle is displayed 
 transfixed by a javelin ; and round the whole is the appro- 
 priate motto: Oc Patriam vulxera Passi. 
 
 In addition to being an able writer,! Dr. Burnes w^as an 
 eloquent and impressive speaker ; but, on his return home, 
 he seldom appeared in public. At the influential meeting 
 * As I'bysician-General of the Bombay Army, 
 t Here ends abridgement of "Memoir." J -Sfc Appendix 11.
 
 30 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 lielcl on the 5th I\[ai'ch, 1861, to do honoui* to that distin- 
 guished soldier and statesman, Sir James Outram, he 
 made a most eloquent speech, from which I take the 
 folloAving remarks on the career of the Bajard of the 
 East: — 
 
 " I am possibly in a somewhat different position from 
 other speakers, inasmuch as I have passed the best days of 
 my life in the same public service with him, and in daily 
 observation of him. And having watched his career through- 
 out — the truthfulness of his character and indomitable 
 courage that early brought him into notice — the energy and 
 tenderness with which he brought to God and man, while 
 yet a youth, the wild Bheels of the jungle (in my opinion 
 the noblest of his achievements) — his wondrous pursuit of 
 the Afghan Ameer, Dost Mahomed, and periloi^s escape 
 afterwards from Khelat through hostile tribes to the sea- 
 coast — the heroic part he took in the defence of the Hyder- 
 abad Residency — with the other varied incidents of his 
 stirring life, all showing abnegation of self, with an uncom- 
 promising resolve to do his duty — up to the time he startled 
 Europe, though not so much India, by his magnanimity in 
 making place for an illustrious comrade — an act which 
 reminds us of some of those recorded of the great Condo — 
 (cheers) — and completed his military exploits at Lucknow 
 to enter the Supreme Council — I look upon him as the 
 model of the high-minded public servant, whether soldier 
 or statesman — the man whom parents may urge their sons 
 to follow, the chevalier sans peur et sans reproclie, as happily 
 applied to him by Sir Charles l^apier, and as so completely 
 realising the classical descriptions just given by a new and 
 eloquent historian of another great warrior and statesman, 
 Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, that the words might 
 be inscribed on the pedestal of his statue — ' Uxtiuixg, 
 
 UNCOMPLAINING, THOUGHTFUL OF OTHERS, PRODIGAL OE SELF, 
 
 GENEKOUS, MODEST, BRAVE.'" (Much cheering.)* 
 
 The death of Dr. Burnes' eldest son, occasioned by a 
 noble act of self-devotement during the Indian mutiny, 
 brought him no common sorrow. The doctor was twice 
 * See also Appendix III. — Sir James Outiam.
 
 JAMES BUENES. 31 
 
 married. — liis brother Alexander, never. And there was 
 every prospect of our hero's attaining " a green old age," 
 Avhen he sickened and died* at Manchester, on the 19th 
 September, 1862, regretted by all who knew him. 
 
 " After life's fitful fever, 
 He sleeps well ! " 
 
 He who was perhaps, reader, " thine own friend, and thy 
 father's friend." liike all that is mortal, he had his faults : 
 he was, throughout his career, too fond of distinction (by 
 some considered a vii"tue) ; his zeal for a friend or relative, 
 a few may think, occasionally led him too far in the busi- 
 ness ; but, take him for all in all, he was a noble specimen 
 of humanity. And, while I pay this imperfect tribiite to 
 his memory, with his intelligent features beaming from a 
 portrait before me, I think of those he endeavoured to 
 serve, recalling to mind the beautiful poem with the line — 
 so applicable towards the close of every year — 
 
 " Who lias not lost a friend ? " 
 
 DR. BUENES AS A MASON. 
 
 Some able men, who knew him well, especially in Bombay, 
 are inclined to think that Dr. Burnes was most distin- 
 guished as a Mason. He certainly shone as a bright, par- 
 ticular star, among the brethren of the " mystic tie ; " and 
 nowhere did he seem more in his element than when — to 
 use the words of his kinsman the poet — " honoured with 
 supreme command," he " presided o'er the sons of light." 
 Masonry Avith him, as with too many, was not a mere name. 
 He put his whole soul into the business, and thoroughly 
 believed in its Godlike nature to produce good fellowship 
 among men. If his brother. Sir Alexander, may be styled 
 the most wonderful traveller, Dr. James has an equal right 
 to 1)6 considered the most energetic and brilliant Mason that 
 ever came to India. But in Avhatever he undertook, the 
 subject of the foregoing sketch proved himself to be an able 
 and well-read man, although, from the nature of his pro- 
 fession debarred from the same opportunities, not so distin- 
 guished as his brother. The following passage displays no 
 
 * From the effects of disease of long standing, contracted ia India.
 
 32 DISTINGnSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 ordinary ability. It is from a speech on the " India Ques- 
 tion,'' delivered at the Court of Proprietoi-s of India Stock, 
 2;th January, 185S :— 
 
 A NATIVE OF INDIA.— THE SEPOYS. 
 
 " A native of India has no notion of political rights ; his 
 forefathers had none, and he cannot comprehend their being 
 yielded to him except from a cowardly terror of himself. 
 Such concessions, in fact, are diametrically opposed to his 
 conception of the dignity and authority of a ruler. 
 
 ' ' ' Born to be controU'd, 
 Slave of the forward and the bold,' 
 
 ■what he requires from England is a well-chosen, vigorous, 
 and benignant Governor- General, armed with ample power 
 to enforce authority, protect person and property, and 
 administer justice promptly and efficiently to the people, 
 and to handle Sepoys on the principle laid down by the 
 poet ; — 
 
 " ' Tender-Jianded stroke the nettle, 
 And it stings you for your pains ; 
 Gras]:) it like a man of mettle. 
 And it soft as silk remains. 
 'Tis the same with grovelling natures : 
 
 Use them kindly, they rebel ; 
 
 But be roiujh as nutmeg-graters, 
 
 And the rogues obey you well.' 
 
 " Ere long these mutinies will pass away, leaving behind 
 them, with all their horrid recollections, a not unprofitable 
 lesson. Nations, like men, are subject to frenzy and deli- 
 rium, and within the memory of some living, the most 
 refined and civilised people upon earth were perpetrating- 
 upon each other the most cruel atrocities. The Prtetorian 
 Guards,- the Janissaries, the Mamelukes, the Sepoys, are all 
 reproductions of the same bloody history, — the natural 
 development which follows from rude and mercenary armies 
 gaining a knowledge of their own power. But with this 
 knowledge the Sepoys have also learned this great lesson, 
 that if brute force was with them for a season, the intellect 
 that commands force and power was with England."
 
 33 
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE, K.C.B. 
 
 A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY. 
 
 Dr. JonxsON' emphatically assures us tliat no spocies of 
 writing seems more wortlij of cultivation than biography, 
 " since none can be more delightful or more useful, none 
 can more certainly enchain the heart by irresistible interest, 
 or more widely diffuse instruction to every diversity of con- 
 dition." There is a powerful charm to be found in narra- 
 tives of the lives of particular persons, to which we readily 
 conform our minds, as containing " circumstances and 
 kindred images," which, with not a few of us, mark " the 
 story of our life from year to year." Keeping such ideas 
 steadily in view, we may affirm, without hesitation, that for 
 the earnest youth of the present generation, for a simplicity, 
 a grandeur, a strength, a sublimity of character, which 
 shining forth in the day of trial, must ever keep up the 
 fame of old England throughout the world, no better study 
 can be presented than the eventful life of Sir Henry Law- 
 rence.* To officers who can look back on a long Indian 
 service, some of whom will recollect the energetic cadet at 
 Addiscombe, and watched the Indian career of our " hero in 
 the strife," till his glorious death at Lucknow, the study of 
 such a life is intensely interesting. To Englishmen who 
 have never visited the East, but many of whom, in these 
 uncei'tain times — when beating swords into ploughshares 
 appears to be as far distant as ever, and nation is still ou 
 
 ! * " Life of Sir Henrj' Lawrence." By the late IMajor-General Sir Herbert 
 1 Benjamin Edward's, C.B , K.C.S.I., an! Herman Merivale, Esq., C.B. 
 j 1872. "Lives of Indian Officers, illustrative of the Hiitory of the Ci^il 
 land Military Service of Inuia." By John William Kaye (now Sir .Ttdm 
 ■Kaye, K.G.S.I.)— 1S69.
 
 34 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 tlie alert to rise against nation — may find themselves sooner 
 than they reckon on in any part of the world, ready to 
 uphold the honour of Great Britain, the careful reading of 
 such a life will perhaps do more real good than such bio- 
 graphical studies as Chnrles the Twelfth of Sweden, " the 
 most extraordinary man, perhaps, who ever appeared in the 
 world ;" as the great Lord Clive, " the heaven-born general ;" 
 or even as our loved hero of heroes, the illustrious Welling- 
 ton, who "exhausted nature and exhausted glory." 
 
 The biographer of the iron King of Sweden, the King 
 
 who 
 
 — '"left a name at wLich the world grew pale, 
 To point a moral or adorn a tale," 
 
 thinks that conquerors are a species between good kings 
 and tyrants, partaking most of the latter, and have a glaring 
 reputation. Still, we are naturally eager to know the most 
 minute circumstances of their lives. The biography which 
 has lately been so favourably received by the public, and 
 especially by those who love to study the character of India's 
 immortal roil of heroes and statesmen, in the first volume 
 by Sir Herbert Edwardes, most successfully carries out the 
 idea of " minute circumstances ;" while in the second, the 
 more serious and business-like part is most admirably exe- 
 cuted by Mr. Merivale, under whose careful eye and ex- 
 perienced judgment the whole of this most noble work has 
 been ushered forth into the world. Into such a life as that 
 of Sir Henry Lawrence we have assembled together some of 
 the finer qualities which distinguished the foregoing im- 
 mortal trio (Charles the Twelfth, Lord Clive, and "Welling- 
 ton) ; and here and there we find traits which also remind 
 us of IS^elson, Howard (Lawrence was styled " the Howard 
 of the Punjab"), Chalmers, Havelock, and Neill ; and, 
 greatest quality of all for success in life — on which Sir 
 Fowell Buxton has laid so much stress — he had energy in a 
 wonderful degree. Although rather late in the day, to give 
 some of the leading points in such a life may be of interest 
 to our readers. 
 
 Before perusing the complete " Life of Sir Heniy Law- 
 rence," the student would do well to make himself master
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 35 
 
 of tlie hundred or more pages devoted to our hero in Sir 
 John Kaye's " Lives of Indian Olficers." 
 
 These interesting and graphic sketches — drawn by a 
 master hand — being " iDu strati ve of the History of the Civil 
 and Military Services of India," and written on the principle 
 " that the best biographies are those in which the autobio- 
 graphical dementis the most prominent,"* will, even in these 
 distracting times for much reading, create a desire to go 
 right through the larger volumes, causing the young soldier 
 and statesman in esse to read, as we all should read, in the 
 words of Shakspeare — 
 
 "As if increase of appetite had grown 
 By what it fed on." 
 
 Henry Montgomery Lawrence was born at Maturah, in 
 Ceylon, on the 28th June, 1806. His father, every inch a 
 soldier, was garrisoned in that island, after very distinguished 
 service in the South of India, particularly at the second 
 siege of Seringapatam, where, as Lieutenant Lawrence, 
 nnder General Baird (the mighty Sir David), he com- 
 manded one of the two subalterns' parties t appointed to 
 cover the forlorn hope at the memorable assault of that 
 fortress (4th May, 1799). Judging from his extraordinary 
 military career, most interesting details regarding which 
 are furnished by Sir Herbert Edwardes, Alexander William 
 Lawrence must indeed have been a first-rate officer, ex- 
 hibiting a life well versed in the ups and downs of martial 
 adventures. He seemed to laugh at impossibilities, and say : 
 " It 7H.i(.9i be done!" on all occasions; and doubtless, "he 
 only wanted the opportunity which rank gives to have done 
 great things." His "God-fearing" w^ife appears to have 
 been a pattern of womanly goodness ; and when little Henry 
 arrived on the stage of life, on which he was destined to play 
 so prominent a part, the proud mother had every reason to 
 say, as she afterwards did to a lady at Galle, "There's my 
 Maturah diamond." 
 
 With such parents, it Avas quite to be expected that a rare 
 * "Lives," p. 400. 
 I t " Lieutenant Hill (74th)," writes Colonel Alexander Beiitson, historian 
 of the war with Tippoo Sultan, " commanded the right Subaltern's party." 
 
 D 2
 
 36 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 jewel would be presented to the world. The son " acliieved 
 greatness," and so male all the setting for it himself. Henry 
 Lawrence's career at Addiscombe forms a most interesting 
 study, bringing forcibly out the truth of the saying that 
 " The boy is father to the man." 
 
 At Addiscombe, we learn that Henry was always asking 
 the " reasons " of things, and " tracing effects to their cause." 
 Although such inquisitive power — if it may be so called- — 
 may hinder rapid progress at school or college, still the 
 habit is invaluable towards forming a great statesman, 
 and, in some respects, a great soldier. The very facts of 
 his being "best in mathematics," and fond of " making 
 military surveys of the country round," go some way to 
 prove how strong the desire must have been within him to 
 ask reasons and questions ; and we find this desire I'unning 
 all through his life, and especially during many of the 
 gravest events of Indian history, from the first Sikh war to the 
 glorious relief of Lucknow. Perhaps, when a brother cadet 
 (Robert Macgregor) saved him from drowning — as Sir John 
 Kaye remarks, " the one noticeable incident of Henry Law- 
 rence's early life " — he was anxious to leai'n the hydrostatic 
 and pneumatic principles by which such a catastrophe could 
 have taken place. 
 
 Regarding the school and Addiscombe career of Henry 
 La-\vrence, Sir Herbert Edwardes sums up " in a few home 
 words of the brothers and sisters," which will amply repay 
 perusal ; but the follow-in'i must be cited as one of the most 
 interesting passages in the book : — " I remember my brother 
 Henry " (says Sir John, the present Lord Lawrence)* " one 
 night in Lord Hardinge's camp, turning to me and saying, 
 ' Do you think we were clever as lads ? I donH tliinlc we 
 were!' But it was not altogether t' at we were dull. We 
 had very few advantages, had not had a very good education, 
 and were consequently backward and deficient. We were 
 both bad in languages, and always continued .so, and were 
 not good in anything which required a technical memory ; 
 but were good in anything which reqiiired thought and 
 
 * In a " Conversaf.on wilh the Author." For the otlier "home worJs, " 
 see vol. i. pp. 30, 31.
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 37 
 
 judgment. "We were good, for instance, in liistorj. And so 
 far from Henry being dull, I can remember that I myself 
 always considered him a fellow of power and niatk ; and 
 I observed that others thought so." Thns we have the 
 secret of the two brothers' success in life. They possessed 
 those qualities in which the majority of public men are 
 deficient, despite ever so much learning — tact and judgment. 
 Perhaps, as a rule, we should call no man dull till we know 
 him well, or opportunity brings him out. Who would ever 
 have imagined that young Walter Scott, far from " dux " in 
 his class, with a cluster of boys beside him listening to his 
 recital of some strange tale, would have become the immortal 
 author of " Waverley " and " Marmion " ? 
 
 It has been truthfully remarked, and we have heard it 
 from the mouth of a shrewd Indian Genei-al who knew 
 him in the morning of life, that none of his contemporaries 
 predicted that our hero would live to outstrip them all. A 
 hundred dull youths becoming great men might be cited. 
 And on ripe manhood also we should restrain our judgment. 
 Sir Henry Lawrence — in India great before — became im- 
 mortal at Lucknow. And the famous General iSTeill^the 
 avenging angel of the Sepoy rebellion — almost unknown 
 before, became immortal in his glorious march to assist 
 Havelock and punish the mutineers. Neill, during the 
 second Burmese war, gave one the idea of a pleasing gentle- 
 man, but of an ordinary soldier. He was rather sparing of 
 his remarks, but you got a telling smile from him, if no 
 more. His manner was decidedly retired, while we marched 
 north with the view of clearing the new conquest of Pegu of 
 dacoits and other disturbers of the peace in the " golden " 
 valley of Burma. 
 
 Doubtless those Avho had the honour of knowing or serving 
 under Sir Henry Lawrence, notwithstanding his hitherto 
 brilliant career, never expected the w^onderful energy and 
 forethought displayed at Lucknow. 
 
 At length " Aunt Angel " fits out Henry ; the Colonel 
 (his father) " wouldn't hear of it ;" and he takes his 
 departure for India. He arrived in February, 1823, and 
 joined the head-quarters of the Bengal Artillery at Dum-
 
 38 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Diim, not far from Calcutta, And now life commences in 
 earnest in " the nursery of captains " and of able politicals. 
 In eleven chapters — making twelve in all — Sir Hei'bert 
 Edvvardes does his utmost to produce a wonderful bio- 
 graphical study; and the very minuteness of the bio- 
 grapher's details forms, we thinlc, the chief excellence of 
 his volume. There is nothing of -the water-colour sketch 
 about the picture. It is a genuine portrait, on which we 
 look with the same interest as on a picture by Reynolds, 
 Lawrence, or Raeburn. The lights and shadows are ad- 
 mirably brought out. The noble rivalry between the 
 brothers to help their parents — the influence of religious 
 friends — ^the varied events of the first Burmese war, where 
 Henry first smelt powder, concluded by a fever and the 
 peace dictated at Ava (1826) by Sir Archibald Campbell — 
 form the chief subjects of the second chapter. In the 
 third, through sheer perseverance, Henry passes the exami- 
 nation for interpreter at Cawnpore. In the fourth, Henry 
 marries Honoria Marshall, " a model wife," which wise act 
 reminds us of the remark of an able Calcutta reviewer, 
 while writing on married life in India, that " did the Court 
 of Directors" (now Her Majesty's- Secretary of State for 
 India in Council) " but understand their real interests as 
 well as the Athenians did theirs, the}' might perhaps make 
 it imperative that their officers should, on entering the ser- 
 vice, be provided with a wife." In India, through, a good 
 wife, men's minds are regulated, " their ideas and manners 
 become softened, and their souls are cared for."* Mrs. 
 Lawrence's " thoughts about death," in a letter to her 
 husband at the end of this chapter, are very affecting.t 
 
 The fifth chapter — from 1838 to 1841 — contains specula- 
 tions on another war with Burma (which did not take place 
 till 1852), and war with Nepaul — the first note of the Caubul 
 "War — Lawrence's wise resolution to write for the press the 
 "Adventures in the Punjab," shortly after his fii'st political 
 appointment — concluding, after striking examples of mental 
 energy and devotion to the service of the State, with the 
 death of his little daughter. This is a chapter which re- 
 * Calcutta Review, No. 8, p. 406, vol. iv. t Tp. 164, 165.
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 39 
 
 quires especial study. The mens ce.qua in anliiis becomes 
 strongly apparent. There is also an impending due], and a 
 ■wife's beautiful remonstrance ; the duel was prevented by 
 Henry Lawrence's brother officers in the artillery, and an 
 age was begining to dawn when it was thought that, for an 
 affront, there was little satisfaction in shooting a man, or in 
 carrying out the eloquent but unruly Grattan's advice to 
 his son, just as the Irish orator was about to leave the world, 
 " Always be ready with the pistol ! " 
 
 This affair leads Sir Herbert Edwardes to remark on the 
 cessation of duelling in the British army, which had been 
 slightly prevalent a quarter of a century before : — " He 
 who would judge the error fairly must go back a quarter of 
 a century [to just before Waterloo]. Then a duel was ' an 
 affair of honour;' now it is a 'disgraceful affair.' To 
 shrink from shooting your neighbour then was to be a 
 coward for life; now we maybe allowed even to shrink 
 from being shot, and bear no ci-oss."* 
 
 The sixth and three following chapters are pregnant with 
 interest : and they were especially so at the time when our 
 first Anglo-Indian Field-Mai'sbal, the noble and gallant Sir 
 G. Pollock, "the head, of the great representatives of the 
 old Company's army, who won and maintained our great 
 Indian Empire," found an honoured restingplace in West- 
 minster Abbey (Oct. IGth, 1872). Sir George, like Sir 
 Henry Lawrence, was a Bengal artilleryman, belonging also 
 to a family which carried out Bacon's fine expression of 
 *' achieving greatness," and Indian artillerymen were among 
 the pall-bearers-^of whom, doubtless. Sir Henry Law^rence, 
 his brother officer, had be been spared, would have foinned 
 one — who consisted of Lieut. -Gen. Sir George Lawrence, 
 K.C.S.L, C.B. ; Major-Gen. SirV. Eyre, K.C.S.L, C.B. ; Sir 
 J. W. Kaye, K.C.S.L; Major-Gen. Sir George McGregor, 
 K.C.B. ; Major-Gen. Sir J. Brind, K.C.B. : and Lieut.-Gen. 
 Sir J. Alexander, K.C.B. The Right Hon. Lord Lawrence, 
 G.C.B., G.C.S.L, Sir Henry's brother, followed in order of 
 procession, just before the Members of the Council of India, 
 the Duke of Argyll and the Council having felt, with 
 
 * P. 195.
 
 40 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 aclniirablo taste and feelinsf, that the glorious old Abbey 
 Avas the only fit plnce to receive Pollock's lionoured remains. 
 We now return to Henry Lawrence, as great events are 
 on tlie gale, and begin to think there is every chance of Mr. 
 Hudleston's prophecy becoming true, which he made to 
 Henry's sister, Letitia (who was unwilling to let him go), 
 just befoi'e our hero's departure for India : " You foolish 
 thing," he said, " Henry will distinguish himself. All your 
 brothers will do well, I think ; but Henry has such steadi- 
 ness and resolution that you'll see him come back a geueral. 
 He will he Sir Henrij Lawrence he/ore he dies."* To the 
 student of Indian history, the sixth chapter is invaluable. 
 It prepares him for the great drama of the War in Afghan- 
 istan, so ably written by Sir John Kaje ; and when " Alps 
 upon Alps " of difficulties were arising in every direction, he 
 finds Lawrence serving bravely in the midst of them. 
 General George Pollock had been despatched with a force to 
 the Afghan frontier. Sale and Macgregor wrote from 
 Jellalabad, urging the immediate advance of Pollock's 
 brigade, and Lawrence, Wild, and their gallant comrades 
 were repulsed in an attempt to throw in supplies. The 
 Khjber was yet to be forced, and everything was black as 
 storm-threatening niofht. But after such darkness, as the 
 German poet sings, cometh the light of morn — " suddenly 
 the brightest light springs from the darkest sky." The 
 political services of Captain Lawrence in Afghanistan at 
 this time were very valuable. Soon came prepai'ations for 
 an attack on the Khyber Pass (x^elated in the eighth chapter), 
 Pollock's advance and victory, Lawrence's renewed exer- 
 tions ; the eventual dismantling of Jellalabad and Ali 
 Musjid : and next the return to " Home, sweet home " — the 
 whole forming in Sir John's pages one of the saddest and 
 most eventful liistoi'ies ever written. The student, with 
 this biography beside him, should thoroughly master it; 
 and, as old Colonel Lawrence said, when one of his children 
 having finished Rollin's " Ancient History " " closed the 
 volume with an exulting bang" — "begin it again at the 
 beginning. "t It may here be interesting to note that the 
 * P. 32 vol. iv. t P. 30.
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 41 
 
 " Life of Washington " made a lasting impression on Henry 
 Lawrence's mind ; and another biography read to the 
 children, under the discipline of the Colonel, was the " Life 
 of Sir Thomas Munro," one of the greatest soldiers and 
 statesmen England and India ever had, so much admired by 
 George Canning, and Avhose example continued to influence 
 the future Hero of Lucknow during his brilliant career. 
 
 Li the tenth, eleventh, and twelth chapters, extending 
 from 1S42 to 1844, we have Lawrence as active as ever — 
 Lord Ellenborough i^ewarding him with high appointments, 
 and eventually making him Resident at the Court of 
 IvTepaul. Numerous most important events in the history of 
 Lidia follow, all of which are touched on in a most interest- 
 ing manner by the gallant biographer, whose bright day of 
 distinction was also fast drawing nigh.* The concluding 
 or twelth chapter describes the scenery and manner of life 
 in Nepaul, where, as remarked in a paper on Periodical 
 Literature in India, we found the great political watching 
 and waiting ; and, while a Sikh invasion of British India, 
 and the Mutiny of 1857 had been foreshadowed, with great 
 energy assisting his bi-other officer, Mr. Kaye (the editor 
 and originator of that far-famed periodical), with contribu- 
 tions for the Calcutta Review. 
 
 Se much, then, for the first volume of the " Life of Sir 
 Henry Lawi^ence," compiled by his " dear friend and scholar 
 in Indian Administration and Statesmanship, Sir Herbert 
 Edwardes." Sir Herbert, who, while in England had been 
 entrusted by the Lawrence family to write a memoir of Sir 
 Henry, died in December, 1868, leaving cha{)ter twelve 
 unfinished, Mr. Merivale, Under-Secretary of State for 
 India, now became the biographer, and, having arranged the 
 first volume for publication, began the second from the 
 materials left him, at the point at which he took up the 
 work. The difference of style in the tw-o volumes has been 
 considered remarkable ; but superiority has been assigned to 
 
 * Mr. Mtri vale writes that "Sir Herbert's best-remembered title to the 
 gratituiJe of his countrymen was gained in the tbree months, May to August, 
 1848, when, with a mere handful of men at his disposal, he kept in check 
 the revolted Sikhs before Mooltan. " — Preface.
 
 42 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Mr. Merivale,* who, having more striking and recent 
 materials to deal Avitli, Las, as a distinguished writer, pro- 
 duced a book worthy of the graceful American, Washington 
 Irving, or some of our best English writers of biography, 
 forming the brilliant half of a most interesting biographical 
 study. 
 
 With two such admirable volumes before him, should the 
 reader be — as Major Straith, of Addiscombe, used to re- 
 commend to the student of fortification — " thorough in his 
 study," he will be forced to the inevitable conclusion after 
 their perusal that the great Indian officer appears to have 
 been eminently fitted for every post he occupied. Through- 
 out his life he comes forth as " the right man in the right 
 place." Whether as artillery subaltern fighting his battery ; 
 revenue surveyor; political agent; adventurous traveller; 
 conciliator of native soldiery ; philanthropist and founder of 
 the noble asylums which bear his name ; writer of elaborate 
 essays " gravid " with important matter on a variety of 
 subjects, for the Calcutta Bevieiv, or of sketches for the 
 newspapers ; one haranguing the natives in their own lan- 
 guage and fearlessly telling the warlike races of India that 
 England could hold her own in the country despite whatever 
 might happen to us elsewhere ;t or as the prudent, brave, 
 and energetic commander of troops during the crowning 
 scene of India's " severest trial " — on every occasion he dis- 
 played extraordinary powers, forcing us to repeat what 
 Johnson said of Addison's various ways of presenting truth 
 — " viille habet ornatus, mille cleccntur Jiahct." 
 
 * This able and distinguished public servant died on the 8lh of February, 
 1874, and the Duke of Argyll in Council appointed Sir Louis Mallet, C.B. 
 (one of the Council), his successor as Under Secretary of State for India. 
 Sir Louis is known " by reputation as, jointly with Cobden, the author of the 
 French Treaty, and," continues a well-known M.P. "one of our ablest 
 political economists and public servants." Sir Louis retired from the India 
 Office, 30th September, 1883, having been succeeded by J. A. Godlt-y, Esq., 
 C B. , and was appointed a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council for his 
 distinguished services. 
 
 t The author of this sketch is responsible for the incident of Lawrence 
 thus addressing the natives. If memory serves right, it happened when the 
 Crimean War was at its height, and an uneasy feeling existed about our 
 success before Sebastopol.
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 43 
 
 The second volume consists of eight chapters, with some 
 valuable appendices. The years 1844, 1845, are about to 
 become a critical time for India, the latter year even more 
 so than 1842, when Lord Ellenborough succeeded Lord Auck- 
 land, and the Khyber was yet far from being forced. Henry 
 Lawrence's literary pursuits, assisted by his admirable wife, 
 iu Nepaul, and the foundation and early history of the 
 Lawrence Asylum, are fully detailed at the commencement 
 of Mr. Merivale's volume. Kegarding his literary pursuits, 
 we have spoken in our sketch of Anglo-Indian Periodical 
 Literature. Sir John Kaye is the grand authority on this 
 subject ; and the later biographer remarks that this dis- 
 tinguished writer " was united to Sir Henry by the bonds 
 of strong personal friendship, and also by those which exist 
 between editor and contributor." Who would have thought 
 that the "sweet and gentle boy," of whom his amiable sister 
 said she could not " recall his ever telling an untruth," or 
 the " rather tall, raw-boned jouth of sixteen," at Addis- 
 combe, " with high cheek-bones, small grey eyes, prominent 
 brows, and long brown hair " — a " very rough Irish lad " — • 
 would ever have become a Calcutta reviewer, unless we 
 accept the fact, not common with the critical brotherhood, 
 that "he could, when necessary, take or give a licking with 
 a good grace " ? Mr. Merivale gives a list, which we believe 
 not to be complete,* of Sir Henry and Lady Lawrence's 
 contributions to the Calcutta JRevievj, among them the famous 
 essays on " Military Defence of our Indian Empire," " The 
 Sikhs and their Country," " Indian Army," " Army Reform,'' 
 and " Englishwomen in Hindustan " (by Lady La,wrence). 
 Of Sir Henry's, as well as of Sir Herbert Edwardes' style as 
 reviewei'S, we have given slight specimens in our sketch of 
 Anglo-Indian Periodical Literature. But there was one 
 point we did not touch upon — the handwriting of the Nepaul 
 reviewer ! Sir John Kaye tells us in his " Lives "f that " his 
 
 * A nearly complete list will be found in the April number (1874) of the 
 Calcutta Revieiv, with an article entitled "The First Twenty Years " of that 
 periodical, by George Smith, LL.D., lately retired from the Friend of India, 
 to which he had long been so bright an ornament. 
 
 t P. 115.
 
 44 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Landwriting was not the most legible in tlie "world, and the 
 copyists whom he tried only made matters worse." It was 
 not, pernaps, quite so bad as that of the great divine, philo- 
 Bopher, and statesman, Dr. Chalmers, whose mother frankly 
 declared that she always put Tom's letters in her drawer 
 in order that he might read them to her himself when he 
 came home; but it was certainly defective, and cost East 
 Indian and native compositors (who do the printing business 
 in India) much trouble. This may remind us of some re- 
 marks by Samuel Rogers, the gifted and amiable author 
 of "The Pleasures of Memory." He said it is inexcusable 
 in anyone to write illegibly, and tells us that he got a plain 
 hand by tracing the master's copies against the window ; 
 also that when the great Lord Clive informed his sisters by 
 letter that he had returned them an " elephant " (at least, 
 so they read the word), the true word was " equivalent." In 
 the middle of 1844, the recall of Lord Ellenborough had 
 arrived in Calcutta, and Sir Henry, afterwards Lord, 
 Hardinge, was now Governor- General. The first Sikh war, 
 throughout which Lawrence's knowledge of the Punjab was 
 invaluable, .and which was very highly appreciated by Lord 
 Hardinge, together with his appointment of Resident at 
 Lahore, form strong landmarks in our hero's career ; and 
 when at length, events having become of a more peaceful 
 character, after the war he left India, on account of his 
 health, for England, and was made a K.C.B. (April, 1848). 
 Returning to India the same year, he seemed to be in a fair 
 way to exhaust glory if not nature. He was now — fulfilling 
 Mr. Hudleston's prophecy — Sir Henry Lawrence — deter- 
 mined to do his duty before he died ! A useful rather than 
 a glorious life seemed to be his aim. And Sir Henry appears 
 to have been well aware of the truth conveyed in the beauti- 
 ful verse : — 
 
 " The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 
 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
 Await alike th' inevitable hour : 
 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave.' 
 
 When he returned to India, Lord Dalhousie was Governor-
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 45 
 
 General,* and Lis relations with that stern, and, as some 
 think, greatest Indian Proconsul, are admirably told by Mr- 
 Merivale. Of course, the annexation and the non-annexation 
 policy could not agree for a moment. Lord Dalhousie, too, 
 was qiiite unlike the amiable " old Peninsular hero," and 
 " favourite pupil of "Wellington in his greatest wars," Lord 
 Hardinge. Sir Henry's views regarding annexation are thus 
 summed np in his article on Oudh in the Calcutta Eevieiv, 
 quoted by Sir John Kaye. and which are quite in accordance 
 with the policy we are pursuing at the present time: — "We 
 have no right to rob a man because he spends his money 
 badly, or even because he ill-treats his peasantry. We niay 
 pi-otect and help the latter without putting the rents into 
 our own pockets." He was Resident at Lahore and Presi- 
 dent of the Lahore Board after the Second Sikh War (1849), 
 which ended in the annexation of the Punjab. 
 
 We now pass on to chapter eighteen of the work (January, 
 1853 — j\Iarch, 1857), which contains an account of Sir 
 Henry's valuable labours as Agent in Rajpootana, where, 
 among other humane projects, he turned himself to the 
 abolition of widow-burning, and " the reformation of the 
 prison discipline of the States," — quite in keeping with his 
 other noble efforts, such as rescuing poor European soldiers' 
 children from the unseen wretchedness of barrack life, and 
 giving them a comfortable asylum on the Hills — the sad 
 death of Lady Lawrence, Lord Dalhousie's succession by 
 Lord Canning, and Sir Henry's appointment to the Chief 
 Commissionershiji of Oudh. The story of his wife's death, 
 about which Mr. Merivale gives some striking extracts from 
 Sir Henry's letters, is very sad, and some of his remarks 
 after the event to his friend ('' spiritual director,") Mrs. 
 Hill, deeply interesting: — " He ' wonders why we are allowed 
 to sin and to sutler, why some are born to bliss, and others 
 to misery.' " 
 
 " He ' desires to be assured that he and his departed wife 
 must hereafter dwell together.'" And yet this brave 
 
 * His Lordship anived in Ciilculta on llie 12th of Januare, 1848, shortly 
 before Sir Henry left for England, where he arrived in Marcli, rtturning 
 with his wife in November.
 
 46 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Christian soldier, with, a heart "brim full of charity, must 
 have been aware of the merciful promise that the mysteries 
 
 of our 
 
 ■ -"natures unrevealed below, 
 
 We yet shall learn and wonder as we know." 
 
 Doubtless, when his bereavement — pi'oducing what the 
 Orientals style " sorrow-devouring sorrow " — 'was less acutely 
 felt, he found, like the puritan Havelock, comfort in the 
 Divine order to " be not faithless but believins:." 
 
 Our imperfect sketch, or biographical study, draws to a 
 close, and the crowning effort of a most glorious career is 
 nigh. The terrible mutiny of 1857 was prophesied by Sir 
 Henry Lawrence years before it took place. In this year he 
 was entrusted by the Governor- General with " the chief 
 direction of military as well as of civil affairs " in Oudh, 
 and became a brigadier-general. It maj' also be added that 
 Sir Henry Lawrence, in the event of the death or the retire- 
 ment of Loi'd Canning, was appointed Provisional Governor- 
 General by the Home Government. " No soldier of the 
 Company's army," writes Sir John Kaye, " had ever been so 
 honoured." The last two chapters of Mr. Merivale's most 
 interesting volume, Sir John's graphic pages, and the pens of 
 other writers, have done our noble " hero in the strife " full 
 justice ; so it would be simple presumption to attempt 
 adding anything to such vivid descriptions. Our chief 
 object here has been to draw public attention, especially that 
 of students — those who are preparing for India — to one of 
 the most glorious lives which have adoi'ned the nineteenth 
 century — that of " a distinguished statesman and a most 
 gallant soldier." The particulars of his death are most 
 affecting. During his superhuman exertions at the siege of 
 Lucknow, on the 1st of July, a shell burst in his room at the 
 Residency, and severely shattered his thigh. Among Sir 
 Henry's last directions, communicated to his successor. 
 Major Banks, during great sufferings, were : — " Let every 
 man die at his post ; but never make terms. God help the 
 poQr women and children." " S^iare the precious health of 
 Europeans in every possible way from shot and shell." 
 (Mr. Merivale has it " from shot and sun.") " Entrench
 
 SIR HENRY LAWRENCE. 47 
 
 — entrencli — entrench. Erect traverses. Cvit off enemy's 
 fire." " Pnt on my tomb only this: Herr lies Henry 
 Lawrence, who trikd to do his duty. May God have 
 mercy on him." He died from exhaustion on the morning 
 of the 4th of July, " and," writes Dr. Fayrer,* who attended 
 his deathbed, " his last moments were peaceful." On such an 
 occasion we are tempted to think that 
 
 " One crowded hour of glorious life 
 Is worth an age without a name." 
 
 " When I think of death," says Grahame of Claverhouse to 
 Mr. Morton, "as a thing worth thinking of, it is in the hope 
 of pressing one day some well-fonght and hard-won field of 
 battle, and dying with the shout of victory in my ear ; that 
 would be worth dying for — and more, it would be worth 
 having lived for ! " This grand speech from the genius of 
 Sir Walter Scott is all for glory ; bub Sir Henry Lawrence 
 preferred duty, and his personal courage was quite equal to 
 that of Claverhouse. Duty was his first aim ; and of this 
 noble Anglo-Indian it may well be said — 
 
 "The elements 
 So mix'il in him, that Nature might stand up, 
 And say to all the world, ' This was a man ! ' " 
 
 So splendid a character also suggests a gem from the 
 literature of Germany, which is from a translation! of 
 "Words of the Heart," by J. C. Lavater, "For the friends 
 of Love and Faith." Such Christian philanthropy, as 
 exhibited by the "Howard of the Punjab," and especially 
 towards poor soldiers' children, might almost make us 
 imagine that he had the words engraven on his heart — • 
 
 " Leave to the Dust — Dust! 
 To the Earth— the Seed !— 
 Those glorious with it grow up ! 
 So we shall behold ourselves once again Glorious ! " 
 
 * In 1886 we find Surgeon- General Sir Joseph Fayrer, K.C.S.I., M.D., 
 F.R.S., still President of the Medical Board at the India Officp, an appoint- 
 ment be has filled with distinction for many years. Sir Joseph first acconfi- 
 panied the Duke of Edinburgh, 7th January to 10th of March, 1870, and 
 H.R. H. the Prince of Wales to India in 187.5-7(3. 
 
 + ^lauutcript by Mrs. Henry We&tmacott.
 
 48 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIAKS. 
 
 At tlie conclusion of this volume Mr. Merivale has the 
 following striking passage, which we consider one of the 
 finest in the whole work: — "Fourteen months after Sir 
 Henry's death, in August, 1858, the Government of India 
 passed, under Act of Parliament, from the hands of the 
 East India Company to the direct control of the Crown. 
 He was, therefore, the last of that great line of statesman 
 soldiers — the last in the list which begins with Clive and 
 ends Avith himself — who held to the end, and dignified, the 
 simple title of ' servants of the Company ; ' and with him 
 closes one of the strangest and not least glorious chapters 
 in the history of England and of the world." Originating 
 in a few gunners' crews and factoi'y guards, the Company's 
 army became a gigantic host of a nature unparalleled in 
 ancient or modern times. 
 
 On the 22nd of July, 1857, three weeks after his death, 
 the Coui-t of Dii'ectors in London resolved that " Sir Henry 
 Montgoniery lyawrence, K.C.B., be appointed provisionally 
 to succeed to the oihce of Governor-General of India, on 
 the death, resignation, or coming away of Viscount Canning, 
 pending the arrival of a successor from England." Sir 
 Henry, had he lived, would have succeeded him provisionally. 
 But Lord Canning — the pilot who weathered the storm — 
 died in England (June I7th, 1862), not in India as asserted 
 in this volume, and his successor. Lord Elgin, died in India 
 (1863), and was succeeded by Lord Lawrence, who " was 
 then named to hold the magnificent vice-royalty which 
 would have been his brother's." 
 
 There is a monument to the memory of Sir Heniy 
 Lawrence in St. Paul's Cathedral ;, " but," writes his friend, 
 Sir John Kaye, " the grandest monument of all is to be 
 found in the asylums which bear his name " — the name of 
 one, perhaps, unequalled " in the ranks of the servants of 
 any Christian State in the latter ages of this Avorld."* — Aje 
 Jcahun Icya ; or ziyada hya nuheen — what more need be said 
 — in favour of such a biographical study ? 
 
 * Tlie latter remark ii froia ^Yilliam Russell's 'Diary ia iDj'a, "' quoted 
 by Sir John.
 
 SIR HEXEY LAWRENCE. 49 
 
 XOTE. 
 
 With reference to the comparative merits of the two volumes formirg this 
 excellent biography, alluded to in our sketch, Mr. Merivale wrote to the 
 au'hor about a month before his death, on kindly acknowledging receipt of 
 " the favourable notice": — "The book has been very well received, with 
 some difference of opinion, I think, as to the merits of the respective 
 authorships." — The admirable Sir Herbert Edwardes, it may be here stated, 
 has a monument in Westminster Abbey, close to the cenotaph of Riohard 
 Cobden, his bust resting on a pedestal suppoited by two angtls.
 
 50 DISTINGUISHED A.NGLO- INDIANS. 
 
 JOHN RUSSEL COLVIN, B.C.S.-^' 
 
 (LIEUT.-GOYERNOR OF AGRA, 1857.) 
 — - 
 
 " One civilian, amoBg so many military men ! What can be 
 tlie reason for such a disproportion in the arrangement of 
 some distinguished Anglo-Indians ? " To this very natural 
 question on the pai't of the reader, the writer would beg 
 leave to reply, that it is not out of any want of respect for, 
 or appreciation of, the high qualities and splendid actions of 
 the Indian Civil Service, that he has not introduced more 
 purely civil sketches into his pages, but from the fact of no 
 other materials for such having come in his way ; and his 
 knowing that there are very many able writers, possessed of 
 knowledge, only to be obtained in that service — particularly 
 of days gone by — who are ready, should the demand arise, 
 to do the civilians of India full justice. 
 
 It is, perhaps, safer and better, therefore, that a military 
 writer should confine himself to military men and soldier- 
 politicals such as form the chief sketches here presented. 
 Bat there is one item of knowledge in which the writer 
 considers himself second to no man living, and that is an 
 acquaintance with the magnificent hospitality of the Anglo- 
 Indian civilian. He experienced it in the morning of life 
 in Madras and Bengal, and to the close of his service, during 
 many wanderings, and is glad to think he was never one of 
 those who grudged the civilian his far larger salary, as, for 
 many years, from reading and observation, he had oppor- 
 tunities of becoming aware of his mental attainments, his 
 arduous duties, his vast responsibilities, his courage in facing 
 difficulties, as well as of his social qualities. He recollects 
 * Written in December, 1874.
 
 JOHN EUSSELL COLVIN. 51 
 
 on one occasion, wliile on the marcli, meeting the collector 
 and magistrate (the ruler in fact), of a district as large as 
 Wales — a genuine Anglo-Tndian collector of the old school — 
 ■whose hospitable tent was adorned bj a walking stick of 
 colossal proportions — a lathie probably resembling what Dr. 
 Johnson carried to thrash Ossian Macpherson if required 
 — which weapon of defence had its story. It was simply 
 that a week or so before, the collector had been surrounded 
 and attacked while engaged in his multifarious duties for the 
 natives' welfare, and narrowly escaped serious injury. No 
 troops were asked for, but he determined not to go abroad 
 among his subjects without a thick stick in future. Even a 
 little incident like this, to a soldier, naturally inspired respect 
 for the civilian, which continued to gr6w stronger, and 
 reached its acme when he heard of the numerous instances 
 of his " pluck" in the terrible Mutiny of 1857. 
 
 The followinof sketch is of a distins-uished Bengal civil- 
 ian, who died in hai-ness, just as the light was beginning to 
 break on " the shadows, clouds, and darkness " which had 
 so long rested on a most awful period of our Indian history. 
 Surely the career of a Lieutenant-Governor who died at 
 such a crisis, of the Chief of the Agra Presidency, " the 
 model government of India," where our overthrow was more 
 immediate, and our disappearance more complete than else- 
 where,* the ruler of a population of twenty-three millions 
 (fifteen millions being agricultural), where everything had 
 been done, through village schools and peasant proprietors, 
 to raise the people to exertion " by means of their interest 
 in the land ; " surely such a career is well worthy of a brief 
 study.t — John Russell Colvin was the second son of James 
 Colvin, of the great mercantile house of Colvin and Co., 
 
 * See Caladta Revieiv, No. 66, December, 1859, p. 428— Article "Lord 
 Dalbousie." 
 
 + This sketch of Mr. Colvin is chiefly compiled from a most interesting 
 memoir in the Tmes (November, 1857), by a distinguished Bengal civilian, 
 Sir Charles Trevelyan, the wed known "Indophilus" — the Christian phil- 
 anthropist — known also to fame as a financier, and who was for a short time 
 Governor of Madras. The writer has also had the benefit of notes from 
 private and other sources. 
 
 E 2
 
 52 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 and Avas born at Calcutta in May, 1807. Educated till 
 nearly fifteen at St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, after a short time 
 passed witli a private tutor lie entered the East India Col- 
 lege at Haileybury. He must have been a distinguished 
 student, for he at once obtained the highest place among his 
 contemporaries, and kept it throughout, his talents, energy 
 and industry giving the promise of a valuable public ser- 
 vant. No one will venture to dispute that Haileybury pro- 
 duced many great and useful civilians ; and it remains to be 
 seen in our days of coaching and competition, whether the 
 same certain supply of energetic talent will be obtained as in 
 days gone by. 
 
 Colvin went to India in 1826, and after passing most 
 creditably the College of Fort William, began his career as 
 assistant to the Registrar of the Sudder Court, Mr. Mac- 
 naghten, afterwards the famous Sir William, who, as the 
 British envoy was so treacherously assassinated* in the 
 Afghan War. In this court probably, the young civilian 
 gained his first knowledge of native character, although, 
 perhaps, the future mighty secretary and unfortunate envoy 
 was hardly the best man to implant such knowledge. Still 
 liere Colvin must have learned something in the way of 
 forming his opinion of Asiatics, there being no sounder 
 than that written twelve years after to Secretary Macnagh- 
 ten, by Sir Alexander Burnes :t " You can only rely upon 
 them when their interests are identified with the line of 
 procedure marked out to them ; and this seems now to be a 
 doctrine pretty general in all politics." At this period we 
 are told that although John Colvin "lived laborious days," 
 like a sensible man " he did not scorn those delights which 
 belonged to his age and character." His next appointment 
 was Assistant to the Resident at Hyderabad, Mr. William 
 Byam Martin, remarkable for the cultivation of literary 
 tastes during the most active period of his Indian career. 
 In 18.32, Lord William Bentinck created the ofl[ice of Assis- 
 tant-Secretary in each of the Government Departments at 
 
 * Sbot by Akbar Khan, 23rd December, 1841. 
 + Hussin AbduJ, 2nd June, 1838.
 
 JOHN EUSSELL COLYIN. 53 
 
 Calcutta, " on tlie model of the Englisli Undei'-Secrctary- 
 ships," Colvin being selected for Assistant-Secretary in the 
 Revenue and Judicial department. He was promoted in 
 1836 to bo Secretary to the Board of Revenue in the Lower 
 Provinces of Bengal. The most important event in his 
 official life took place, when, on the 4th of March, 1836, 
 Lord Auckland took his seat as Governor-General of India. 
 His Lordship wanted " the best man " as Private Secretary, 
 and asked those who were able to form a correct judgment 
 on the subject. John Colvin was appointed, and how " ably 
 and zealously," he served his master, forms a grateful record 
 by Lord Auckland, the first passage in which is : — " Mr. 
 Colvin has worked, I may say rather with me than under 
 me, during six years. He has had, and he has deserved my 
 entire confidence. He brought to his duties an extensive 
 and accurate knowledge of the interests of India, in its 
 history, and in the details of its administration." There 
 could have been no more trying period for the zealous Secre- 
 tary than that shortly before the famous proclamation of 
 war was issued (1st of October 1838), by the Governor- 
 Genei'al, when, it is believed that the mind of Lord Auck- 
 land was so thoroughly bewildei'ed betwixt peace and war, — 
 the voice of Burnes and of the more experienced council- 
 lors being on the one side, " those of Captain Wade, the 
 Resident at Loodianah, and the Secretaries Macnaghten 
 and Colvin being on the other," that scarcely an hour 
 •elapsed without his Lordship's views alternating " from 
 peace to war, and war to peace." It is strange that " Indo- 
 philus " does not allude to this important matter in his 
 memoir. No more difficult position for a British states- 
 man can be imagined than, during an impending storm in or 
 on the confines of India, with terrific breakers ahead, to 
 say, boldly, " To be, or not to be ! " The five small words, 
 to think is to act contain the very quintessence of decision 
 of character ; but then, what genius it requires, at the head 
 of such an empire, to think rightly ! A great statesman 
 for India must be to the manner born. The Marquis 
 Wellcsley and Lord Dalhousie had the faculty of decisive, 
 speedy action in weighty political matters, far above nearly
 
 54 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 all other Governors- General. The former, at the heo:lnninsr 
 of the present century, to help on the work of consolidat- 
 ing the empire, at once resolved to occupy the province of 
 Cuttack, in Orissa, which led to Puri and the fai^-famed 
 temple of Jagannath (the Lord of the World), the strong- 
 hold of Hindu idolatry, falling into our hands, but all his 
 orders were conciliatory. Nearly fifty years after, Lord 
 Dalhousie, to prevent another Sikh invasion of British 
 India, at once resolved, when aggression had heen made, to 
 fight the Sikhs " with a vengeance," leaving conciliation to 
 follow the conquest if possible. In both cases, and in 
 numerous others among their actions, a grand decision of 
 character is apparent. Lord Auckland with the Russian 
 bugbear, and a most difficult country for warfare in his 
 mind's eye, became overwhelmed in a sea of indecision, and 
 in the opinion of some good judges, almost at the bidding 
 of his pilots, the secretaries, proclaimed one of the most 
 disastrous wars on record. Perhaps, as this world goes, the 
 actual decision to make war was not wrong ; but in the 
 state of Lord Auckland's mind, there should have been no 
 final decision at all ; and with the hope of conciliatory 
 action, and the fullest preparations to resist aggression, he 
 should, as a blow to trifling and dangerous indecision, have 
 gone in heart and soul for peace. 
 
 We are inclined to think that the towering ambition of 
 Sir William Macnaghten is chiefly to blame in this sad piece 
 of business. Sir William did everything in his power to 
 sway the councils of the Government of India. Although 
 a famous Oriental scholar, and, in many respects, a valuable 
 servant of Government, he knew nothing of Afghan diplo- 
 macy, as was eventually proved by the way he acted in " the 
 Peshawur question." He lacked the accuracy of observa- 
 tion, the general soundness of judgment, and the valuable 
 political views of Sir Alexander Burnes. Attentively look- 
 ing at the Chief Secretai-y's character, he was just the man 
 to have great weight with such a statesman as Lord Auck- 
 land. But, at the same time, it is a fact that Mr. Colvin's 
 influence with the Governor-General was very great, and, 
 rightly or wrongly, he is said to have identified himself
 
 JOHN RX'SSELL COLVIN. 55 
 
 ■with, or to a degree inspired, the policy -u-hicli led to onr 
 Caubul dis^isters. 
 
 Mr. Colvin, like liis master, was grieved at otir position in 
 the East, at a period of some humiliation on our part, with 
 reference to Persia and Russia, and may have thought it 
 just possible that diplomatic errors might be corrected, and 
 British prestige restored, by letting slip " the dogs of war ;" 
 but the Avhole tenor of his career docs not show any ten- 
 dency to inculcate a war policy. As will be seen in the 
 remainder of this sketch he was essentially a peaceful man, 
 or, like Clive, when a youth he might have left the Civil 
 Service for the Army. 
 
 As we have said before, he died in harness, when the first 
 awful cloud of the Mutiny was passing away. And this leads 
 to a very interesting question, which has not yet been fairly 
 answered — Had the Afghan war any effect in producing 
 that mutiny ? An eminent Anglo- Indian takes a very strong 
 view when, talking of the people of India as " far- distant, 
 strange, and peculiar," he says that " the most stupendous 
 crime that modern history records " was the Afghan invasion, 
 " a crime deeply affecting that very people." And then, in 
 a tone of indignant eloquent declamation, he remarks, " It 
 was there that the right of Englund, her true might, was 
 shivered, and the glorious prestige of our nation in Asia passed 
 away ! It was there in the perpetration of an unhallowed 
 scheme, that the Hindustani Sepoy saw an army of his com- 
 rades under the torn banner of Britain ' melted like snow 
 in the glance of the Lord,' and got from the Afghan resist- 
 ing the invader, the first glimmering of his own power ! " 
 But many years before those Avords were uttered (18-58), we 
 had almost recovered our prestige by the glorious deeds of 
 our troops under Pollock and I^ott, by the gallant and 
 chivalrous actions of Napier and Outram in Sind, and by the 
 decisive battles which took place (an Indian Waterloo * 
 among them), with a very strong foe, while we resisted and 
 drove back the Sikh invaders of British India ! And even 
 in the year of the Mutiny the people must have observed 
 how well Sir John Lawrence held the Punjab, " kept back 
 * Sir Herbert EJwiudes styled Ferozshah the Indiiin Waterloo.
 
 56 DISTINGnSIIED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 the -wild tribes of Afghanistan, wlioso Lands were nmsicring 
 in Cabul for the invasion of India, and forced "Wilson to the 
 storm of Delhi."* Truly we may say that, during the Indian 
 crisis, a kind Providence looked after us ; and even en- 
 lightened Hindus and Mahomedans were forced to note what 
 Shakspeare tells us, that 
 
 " There's a divinity wLich shapes our ends, 
 Rough hew them as we will." 
 
 It may be said, then, although Lord Auckland, or his secre- 
 taries, gave us the Afghan war, that war had little or nothing 
 to do with producing the Indian Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, 
 which chiefly arose from over confidence, and a growing 
 want of tact and discipline — of course difficult to main- 
 tain where Brahmanic caste is so powerful — in our relations 
 with the Bengal array ! Our grand fault in the East, since 
 Warren Hastings (the first Governor- General) con.solidated 
 the empire which Clive conquered, has been over-confidence. 
 John Bull, in all his political conduct, especially in India 
 and the neighbouring countries, from his kindly nature and 
 knowledge of his inherent power, is too apt to confide, and 
 too slow to pi'epare. Clouds on the horizon do not dismay 
 him : they have passed away before, and will pass away 
 again. This is hardly according to the advice of Bnrke, or 
 our greatest political orators and writers, and, nearly twenty 
 years ago, was alluded to in the Calcutta Tteview : — " Trust- 
 ing overweeningly, like true Englishmen, in our intrinsic 
 strength; confiding with more than Mahomedan infatuation 
 in our ^ iJcbal ;' we leave much, sometimes all, to fortune. 
 Such was long, very long, our practice on the North-West 
 Erontier." We now return to Mr. Colvin. He came home 
 with Lord Auckland in 1842, to enjoy that " chief nourish er ' 
 in an Anglo-Indian career, a furlough. Both mind and body 
 Avere refreshed after three years' comparative leisure. He 
 returned to India in 1845, and for a year held the appoint- 
 
 * Calcnti a Review (1S59), No. 63, p. 248. The Reviewer is of opiniou that 
 Mr. Montgomery (now Sir Robert, the esteemed Member of Council) was 
 the only other man (except Sir Henry Lawrence) who could have held the 
 Punjab. He likewise praises the admiiable conduct of Davidson and 
 Macpherson at their respective courts.
 
 JOHN RUSSELL COLVIN. 5/ 
 
 menfc of Resident in Xcpaul, after which ho was transferred 
 (1846) to the Commissionership of the Tenasserim Pro- 
 vinces, where, in a difficult position his administi-ation gave 
 much satisfaction to the Government as well as to the public. 
 He had left the land of Vishnu and Siva to sojourn in the 
 entirely different region of Guadama. Here his measures, 
 says " Indophilus," regarding the timber trade — -for the com- 
 munity of Mouluiein, although energetic and enterprising, 
 may be literally styled a icooden one — " were held to be par- 
 ticularly useful, and he did much good by framing an uni- 
 form code of procedui-e for the native judges." In 1848 (if 
 we recollect right) Mr. Colvin was promoted to the Sudder 
 Court, Calcutta, where " he became facile lyrinceps, so much 
 so that it was commonly said that the pleaders had some- 
 times to be I'eminded that they ought to address the Court 
 and not Mr. Colvin." This is very rematkable when we 
 consider that he had no regular judicial training. All his 
 knowledge of law was gained by hard stiidy, and his be- 
 coming chief in a learned Court may be justly deemed " a 
 proof of his intellectual superiority." As Sudder Judge, 
 he may be said to have made his heat score. The Court 
 at the time was in little repute, and he pulled it up effec- 
 tively. While on the Bench, he remonstrated with Loi'd 
 Dalhousie for appointing a junior to the Foreign Office. 
 His Lordship took the remonstrance in good part, defended 
 himself, and shortly after sent him to the ]S"orth-West. 
 Calcutta " gup " said that he was sent there to escape the 
 alternative of giving him a seat in Council, where his anti- 
 Oudh annexation views, and his independence, might have 
 proved troublesome. Mr. Colvin was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Governor of the North-West Provinces (or Agra), on the 
 death of the celebrated " big collector," Mr. Thomason 
 (1853). "When thus appointed," writes "Indophilus," 
 "with the highest appreciation of his friend, " there was 
 certainly no man in the service whose name stood higher for 
 activity, ability, and force of character, and he had been 
 already marked out as a fit man for Council." The magni- 
 tude of such a government as that of the North- West Pro- 
 vinces cannot be easily understood by Englishmen, who
 
 58 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO -INDIANS. 
 
 would seem to prefer an j study to that of the geography and 
 history of India. It may give some idea of the extent of 
 territory to remark that the provinces which, with very few 
 exceptions, have come under the far-famed " settlement " 
 are about equal to England and Scotland, without Wales. 
 In point of population (already given) they nearly equal 
 Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia; while the gross revenue 
 realized from them exceeds by one-half that of the Kingdom 
 of Belgium.* From an able Bengal civilian, who knew Mr. 
 Colvin well, we learn that as Lieutenant-Governor he 
 laboured under the great disadvantage of being a stranger to 
 the Province. This prevented him from being one with his 
 officers from the first. But he became popular with most, 
 and always had the reputation of singular fairness. His 
 outsider position, however, led him to consult others as 
 well ; and he was thought to lean too much on advice, and 
 to act too little from his own motives. Still, with these dis- 
 advantages in his high position, John Colvin exhibited an 
 astonishing industry and mastery of detail. Perhaps, after 
 all, the grand difficulty in official life is to do little things 
 well. He was perpetually " asking questions, gathering 
 opinions, collating, and he carried this to an extent rarely 
 equalled." 
 
 Such a mode of conduct was necessary to a governor 
 who had not the practical professional knowledge of Mr. 
 Thomason, who had been a magistrate and collector, and had 
 made settlements ; or of Sir John Lawrence, who had " served 
 in every department from top to bottom." It is particularly 
 mentioned that the earnest adoption of everything that was 
 good in Thomason's plans, shows how thoroughly Colvin had 
 the public interest at heart, furnishing " an. honourable con- 
 trast to the usual disposition of public men to depreciate 
 their predecessors, and to connect their own names Avith new 
 measures, of which they alone would have the credit." His 
 laudable desire to test the qualifications of his officers by in- 
 viting conferences, and making each state his opinion, re- 
 minds us of a story of Holt Mackenzie, given in the article 
 
 * Calcntta Rcviciv, No. 24, December, 1849, p. 416.— "The Rcttlement 
 of the North- We&t Provinces."
 
 JOHN EL'SSELL COLVIN. 59 
 
 before quoted,* wlica the brighter days for the Worth- West 
 Lad just arrived, and it was acknowledged that the Revenue 
 Officers alone were able to correct the abuses of an age passed, 
 away. Holt Mackenzie was the man who made this dis- 
 covery. We read that he saw the only way to obtain " an 
 accurate knowledge of a practical, but complicated subject, 
 hitherto little understood, was to go familiarly among the 
 people whom it concerned ; to " talk to them in office and out 
 of office." His advice to the collectors was, " Take your gun 
 inyoKT Jiand, and go among the people ;" to the commissioners, 
 " Get your collectors together over a good bottle of claret, and 
 then talk to them about the settlement." The reviewer fears 
 that one part of his counsel was often followed without 
 the other. So, like Holt Mackenzie, John Colvin was a 
 great advocate for relaxing the stiifness of official inter- 
 course where information was to be gained ; but he flourished, 
 at a time when drinking was less in fashion, and there was 
 little danger of meeting a Shearman Bird of Dacca, who was 
 said, during his life, to have consumed, enough claret to float 
 a seventy-four ! 
 
 Ever anxious to place merit above seniority, he strove to 
 get the right man into the right place, and the judiciousness 
 of some of his apjaointments was of course questioned. 
 He was the steady friend, of improvement in every phase, 
 and in the all-important matter of detecting and suppress- 
 ing crime, a supervision which kept the whole machinery 
 of the police on the alert, he showed remarkable energy. 
 The capture of a dacoit or murderer was, with Mr. Colvin, 
 not only a fact to note, but one to i^eceive deep consider- 
 ation. In the Revenue Department, he did much for the 
 settlement of the Sanger and Nerbudda territories, then 
 recently attached to his Government ; and he was arranging 
 for the renewal and revision of the settlement in the North- 
 Western Provinces, which was about to expire. [The 
 custom was to strike an average ; the revenue which each 
 village could bear was estimated, and a settlement was 
 made for the whole community, to last for thirty years. ]t 
 
 * Page 429. 
 
 t This famous settlement was completed by the great authority on Indian 
 evenue matters, Robert Mertins Bird, in 1841,
 
 GO DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 He was " strongly impressed with, the importance of 
 moderate and fixed assessments of the land revenue as the 
 foundation of all improvement." On all matters relating 
 to pviblic works and education, Mr. Colvin brought his usual 
 energy and minuteness to bear. It might almost be said 
 that with him it was not enough to seethe bricks in position, 
 but he must also satisfy himself (often so necessary with 
 dishonest native contractors), of the quality of the cement 
 by which they are to remain as a work. Under him, in the 
 Public Works Department, the new system arising from the 
 abolition of the Calcutta Military Board, and the placing of 
 all works, civil and military, under the local governments, 
 came into operation. He prosecnted to completion the 
 Ganges Canal, which immortalises the names of Thomason 
 and Cautley, and opened the canal himself. Road making, 
 under his really useful administration was advanced every- 
 where. He extended the machinery for popular vernacular 
 education to all the districts, which had previously, as an 
 experiment, only existed in a few. The writer of his 
 memoir says most forcibly what, having gone thus far, the 
 dullest reader can easily believe, that, " in all miscellaneous 
 improvements, Mr. Colvin was most zealous and public- 
 spirited, as was to be expected from his turn of mind, which 
 readily grappled with anything and everything that 
 presented itself." Not the least of his merits was his 
 conduct towards the press, which was always " liberal and 
 successful." " Indophilus " particularly mentions that Lord 
 Auckland had the cordial support of the Calcutta press 
 during the alarm and depression caused by the Afghan war, 
 which support, of course, Avas wisely encouraged by Mr. 
 Colvin ; or we may say that the good will of the press 
 cheered a Governor-General while his career was fast 
 closing " in difficulties and darkness." The Lieutenant- 
 Governor's continual desii'e like Mr. Thomason, to propagate 
 useful information through the press was manifest through- 
 out his administration. It was a common saying that Mr. 
 Colvin "over-governed." Business gi'eatly increased; the 
 secretaries could not nearly keep pace with the mens (v,qua 
 in arduis of their energetic chief. But now a cloud appears
 
 JOHN EUSSELL COLVIN. 61 
 
 on the horizon, and the labourer is to be taken from his 
 works of peace and improvement. Just one hundred years 
 after Clive " seized the keys of Hindustan " for the East 
 India Company, the mutiny of the Bengal native army 
 broke out — a mutiny, English readers who have not been in 
 India should ever keep in mind, not of the Indian Army, 
 ^"t of the army of Bengal. It was the sudden revolt of an 
 army, so far as friendship with the British was concerned 
 insecure and hollow, with sepoys " full of treacherous 
 hypocrisy." Feeding and glutting themselves on their 
 liberal masters, they quietly and cleverly bided their time 
 for rebellion and murder, the flame of which they were to 
 fan with their ill-gotten gains. For a very long time, it has 
 been well and truly said, avax'ice was " the sheet anchor " 
 which kept the vessel of the Bengal army in tolerable 
 safety ; and to show the saving propensities of the sepoys 
 we read that one regiment in Pegu saved three lacs of rupees 
 (£30,000).* But now the minds (if such treasures they 
 really possess), of the sepoy dominating majority, became 
 fairly unsettled, and the time appeared to have come when 
 the Indian statesman's prophecy was to be fulfilled,, and a 
 large portion of our countrymen were to get up in the 
 morning with their throats cut ! Englishmen began 
 seriously to muse on the probable overthrow of a splendid 
 empire, and to wonder if such a state of things could really 
 be produced by the revolt of a Sepoy army. Having thus 
 touched on the native troops of the Mutiny, we trust that, 
 even in the sketch of a distinguished Anglo-Indian, a slight 
 digression may be pardoned if, thinking it will add to the 
 interest of our little volume, a reminiscence of days gone by 
 (nearly thirty years ago) is given, from which it may be 
 deduced by those about to pass a competitive examination, 
 that the French were the original authors of the Sepoy 
 Mutiny. This time we give the great nation the credit of 
 the invention, for they used to be rather prone to invent 
 j "everything which the cunning rogues, the English, 
 I nnmercifully appropriate as their own." They invented 
 
 I * The Indian Crisis, 1357. — Calcutta Itcviev; No. 58, December, 1S57, 
 I p. 435.
 
 62 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 fluxions, not Newton ; and logaritTims, not Napier ; tlie 
 vaccine Avas discovered by a French physician at Montpelier, 
 long before Jenner was heard of ; the Lancaster system of 
 education was discovered by the Chevalier Paylett, before 
 the revolution ; Lerebours invented achromatic telescopes, 
 not Dolland; and the French even contest the invention of 
 Sir H. Davy's safety lamps ; so now they had better take 
 the entire credit of the Indian Mutiny. But there is one 
 thing clear : if there had been no Bengal native army, there 
 would have been no sepoy mutiny ; and, consequently, no 
 such terrible massacres as those of Delhi, Cawnpore, and. 
 Futtehghur. What would Dupleix and Labourdonnais — the 
 grand promoters of French power in the East — have 
 thought of such an insurrection, could their apotheoses 
 have visited India in fatal 1857 ? 
 
 It is interesting to read how in 1644, just nine years 
 before Fort St. George (Madras) was raised to the rank of 
 a presidency, " Thirty recruits and a considerable amount 
 of ordnance and military stores " were landed from England, 
 for it was not till nearly a century later that the idea occurred 
 to Clive of partly conquei'ing and keeping the country by its 
 own inhabitants. This famous notion of the Peon, or native 
 foot-soldier, was taken by our great countryman from the 
 shrewd Frenchman Dupleix, which fact was, on one occasion, 
 strongly remarked on to the present writer, while on a visit 
 to the Governor of Pondicherry. The conversation turned 
 on the political exploits of Lord Ellenborough, and. our 
 wonderfully constituted Bengal native army ; for no one ever 
 dreamt then that in another twelve or fourteen years, such a 
 large, mutinous crew would nearly ruin our power in 
 Hindustan. " Look thei'c, sir," said the sailor governor, 
 pointing to a marble bust of Dupleix at the end of the room, 
 " there is the man who taught you how to conquer India 
 with its own inhabitants. You are of course aware that 
 Clive took his idea of the native soldier entirely from this 
 dever Frenchman ? " — The Bengal army in particular, went 
 on increasing till 1857, when the grand explosion took place; 
 so what (with a few European troops) served the purposes 
 of Clive, Dupleix and others in the East, during early
 
 JOHN RUSSELL COLYIN. 63 
 
 European conquests, was no longer to be relied on. And it 
 is curious to note how, after the Mutiny (as if out of com- 
 pliment to Clive, who won his first glories in Madras), 
 the order of faithfulness to British rule in the native armies 
 was clearly seen to run — Madras, Bombay, Bengal. 
 
 We left John Colvin about to be taken from his peaceful 
 labours to face " the stern realities of the military insurrec- 
 tion." The chief importance of Agra lay in its proximity 
 to the great native independent states, to the dominions of 
 Holkar and Scindia,'"^ and to Rajpootana. Being also the 
 seat of Government in the N"orth-W"est, and with its fort 
 and strategical position affording the nucleus of a strong 
 military centre, it is difficult to imagine any position at the 
 time involving higher responsibility or requiring more 
 commanding powers of action than that in which the 
 Lieutenant- Grovernor was placed. As it turned out, " the 
 worst massacres took place at Futtehghur and Cawnpore. 
 There was the undying malice of the Nana, the almost entire 
 absence of European soldiers, the contiguity of the newly 
 settled kingdom of Oudh, and the excitable nature of a 
 martial population, not yet tamed into forgetfulness of their 
 old predatory habits." In a very diffej-ent position was the 
 great ruler of the Punjab. " Indophilus " tells us that 
 " John Colvin's Government was itself the focus of the 
 insurrection. Lawrence may be said to have been his own 
 commander-in-chief, and after an European force had been 
 detached to Delhi, immediately on the outbreak, he still had 
 at his disposal seven European regiments (including one 
 sent from Bombay to Moultan), besides European artillery, 
 and a local Sikh force of about 20,000 Hrst-rate irregulars of 
 all arms." The civil governor of the INTorth-West, as the 
 posts were stopped, could not even communicate with the 
 
 * Holkar's death occurred the day before the anniversary of Waterloo 
 1886, and that of Scindia three days after (20th .June). These distinguished 
 Hindu chiefs almost became Anglo-Indians, as they held the honorary rank of 
 General in the English army, conferred on them by Her Majesty the Queen- 
 Empress. Had Theebau of Burma possessed even a small part of the stufl' 
 ■which made up Holkar and Scindia, he would have now been on the throne 
 of Alompra, and our staunch ally in Eastern Asia.
 
 64 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Commander-in-Chief. The Punjab ruler Lad three days' 
 knowledge hj telegraph (by which he is said to have saved 
 India) of the insurrection at Meerut and Delhi, and had 
 time for arranging for disarming the Sepoy regiments vinder 
 him. Mr. Colvin had no warning, and the military revolt 
 had " actually taken place within his government, and the 
 mutineers were in possession of Delhi before he could begin 
 to act." He had only time to look about him, and perhaps 
 hear people invoking Lord Dalhousie, who had recently left 
 India,* in the forcible language of a lady poet of the 
 rebellion : — 
 
 " Come back to us : tbe tiger, wliich we deemfd 
 So tame, bas broken loose, raissing thy hand, 
 Most firm, yet gentle ; and this {glorious land 
 Is full of his foul slaughters." 
 
 But when he did act, he acted with promptitude and 
 vigor. About a week after the Mutiny began, or on the 
 irth May, Lord Canning telegraphed to Mr. Colvin, thank- 
 ing him most cordially for what had been " so admirably 
 done," and for keeping that most valuable of treasures at 
 such a crisis — " a stout heart." At Agra he held a parade of 
 the troops, clearly explaining to them that the (Jovernment 
 had no intention whatever to interfere with their religion 
 and caste ; he strengthened the fort, and threw into it a 
 large amount of supplies ; he raised a body of volunteers 
 (horse), who afterwards did good service ; and called upon 
 Scindiah and the neighbouring native states to use their 
 contingents in keeping open the roads and preserving the 
 peace of the country. In a spirit which Yauban or 
 Cormontaigne would have admired, he strongly deprecated 
 any " premature abandonment of our position." He wrote 
 to the Governor- General on the 22nd of May: — "It is a 
 vitally useful lesson to be learnt from the experience of 
 present events that not one step should be yielded in retreat 
 on an outbreak in India which can be avoided with any 
 safety." Surely the strictest and most able and impartial 
 civil or military critic will confess that John Colvin had 
 
 * In March, 1S56.
 
 JOHN EUSSELL COLYIN. G5' 
 
 nobly done his duty np to this mark. But now was about 
 to come the unfortunate proclamation — the " mild proclama- 
 tion," as it was jeeringly called — which, rightly or wrongly, 
 has been seized upon by historians and other writers to 
 detract from his fame. The " quality of mercy " in a ruler 
 had never been so severely called in question before. Even 
 a faint shadow of mercy was quite out of the question until 
 the fearful crisis was over. The unfortunate proclamation 
 came about in this fashion : — As early as the 15th May, 
 Mr. Colvin urgently recommended the issue of a procla- 
 mation by the Governor- General, to disabuse the Sepoys of 
 the delusions under which they laboured, and to give a 
 bridge for the faithful to walk over and separate themselves 
 from the mutineers. On the 24th of May he reiterated the 
 advice. He was strongly opposed to a general severity 
 towards all, thinking that such action would " estrange the 
 remainder of the army." " Hope," he wrote, " I am firmly 
 convinced should be held out to all those who were not ring- 
 leaders, or actively concerned in murder or violence." He 
 wished the Commander-in-Chief to be authorised to act 
 upon such a line of policy, adding, " When means of escape 
 are thus open to those who can be admitted to mercy, the 
 remainder will be considered obstinate traitors, even by 
 their own countrymen, who will have no hesitation in siding 
 against them." The subject being of " vital and pressing 
 importance," Mr. Colvin requested " the earliest answer to 
 this message." The pressure to act in some manner regard- 
 ing a proclamation must have been very strong indeed. The 
 idea of a successful issue of his own model had evidently 
 taken firm hold on his mind ; and certainly, at such an awful 
 time, to many it seemed to depend, like a man's fortune, on 
 the toss up of a halfpenny whether success would follow, or 
 otherwise. Without waiting for an answer from the Viceroy, 
 on the following day (May 25th) he reported that he had 
 taken the decisive step. " Supported," he wrote, " by the 
 unanimous opinion of all officers of experience here, that 
 this mutiny is not one to be put down by high-handed autho- 
 rity, and thinking it essential at present to give a favourable 
 turn to the feelings of the Sepoys who have not yet entered 
 
 F
 
 66 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 against us, I have taken tlie grave responsibility of issuing 
 on my own authority the following proclamation." Order 
 and control in many of his districts had vanished. His latest 
 letter from Meerut was now seven days old, and not a single 
 letter had reached him from the Commander-in-Chief.* 
 Surely India was never in such a mess, nor Local Governor 
 placed in such a disagreeable plight before. We seriously 
 cannot help thinking that, had Lord Dalhousie been In 
 power, Mr. Colvin -would not under any circumstances have 
 issued his joroclamation ; but would have contented himself 
 with other means at his disposal for keeping order and pre- 
 venting the spread of disaffection — at least, until he heard 
 from the Governor-General. The Lieutenant-Governor 
 seemed to have some intuitive knowledge of the slowness, 
 where grave political matters required speedy decision, of 
 Lord Canning's mind ! Action was indeed necessary at 
 Agra ; but the very commencement of the Lieutenant- 
 Governor's proclamation was unfortunate : — " Soldiers en- 
 gaged in the late disturbances, who are desirous of going to 
 their own homes, and who give up their arms at the nearest 
 Government civil or military post, and retire quietly, shall 
 be permitted to do so unmolested." While all Anglo-India 
 w^as, w'ith the deepest execration, thirsting for revenge on 
 the merciless rebels ; while Siva wore his most destructive 
 attire, and his wife. Kali, her most ghastly necklace of 
 skulls ; while even their fat, elephant-headed son, Ganesa, 
 seemed to have abjured his protective qualities for ruthless 
 slaughter, and (in Shaksperian language) if ever hell was 
 empty and all the devils present in a tempest it was now, 
 it certainly did seem hardly the time for any show of mercy. 
 Action of some sort, however, was necessary. But without 
 a large European force to back Mr. Colvin's efforts, what 
 was to be done ? The concluding paragraph of the proclama- 
 tion is decisive enough as to punishment : — " Every evil- 
 minded Instigator in the distui'bance, and those guilty of 
 heinous cx'imes against private persons, shall be punished. 
 
 * Who was preparing for the siege of Delbi. On his march thither 
 General Anson died of cholera, broiight on by overwork, at Karnaul, 27th of 
 May.
 
 JOHN EUSSELL COLVIN. 67 
 
 All those who appear in arms against the Government after 
 this notification is known, shall he treated as open enemies." 
 It was almost beyond human judgment, in such an unpre- 
 cedented crisis, " to know what were good to do ; " so the 
 author of the proclamation, from a strong sense of duty, 
 risked his reputation by an act which was sure to become 
 more public than any other. " Indophilus " cites two cases 
 from history which justify Mr. Colvin, so far as precedent is 
 concex-ned. These are — the Mutiny at the I^Tore, and the 
 Irish Rebellion ; and any one carefully reading the Royal 
 Proclamation on the former, and the preamble of the Irish 
 Act of Parliament of George III. on the latter insurrection, 
 will see that the course adopted by John Colvin was the 
 usual one on such occasions. In an ordinary state of public 
 feeling, it is remarked " that unsparing military executions 
 would not have been considered justifiable until the attempt 
 had been made to distinguish between the leaders and 
 followers, between those who struck the blow and added 
 •outrage to insubordination, and those who passively or 
 willingly yielded to the movement of the body to which 
 they belonged." To this it was replied that there should 
 have been no parleying with rebels, and that the armed 
 •opposition should have been put down before discriminating 
 between different degrees of guilt. On this point " Indo- 
 philus " remarks, that if Mr. Colvin had waited till then, 
 it would have been too late. " The object was, to apply a 
 solvent to reduce the compact mass of rebellion to its ele- 
 ments, and to give to the well-disposed an opportunity of 
 returning to their allegiance, leaving the guilty remainder 
 to their well-deserved fate." Less reflective men might 
 have acted better, seeing that it was during an extraordinarif 
 " state of public feeling," and on the principle of violent 
 diseases requiring violent remedies. But such a mode of 
 action was not to be expected from the high judicial mind 
 of John Colvin. The proclamation was universally approved 
 at Agra. It seemed to his advisers that it was the rio-ht 
 thing to do at that time, and under those circumstances. 
 And this forces a remark somewhat similar to what Johnson 
 applied to the writing of the poet Savage under difficulties : 
 
 F 2
 
 68 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 " How many other able and distinsruished civilians in India, 
 liad they been at Agra, would have acted better than 
 Colvin ? " But the difficulty of obtaining evidence as to- 
 guilt on giving up arms was severely commented on by the 
 head of the Indian Government. A new proclamation, 
 directed by the Governor- General, fell flat just as much as 
 his Lieutenant-Governor's did ; and, taken as a whole, it was 
 identical in substance with a telegraphic message from Lord 
 Canning, " bearing the same date as the proclamation, but 
 received subsequently to its being issued." Colvin wrote to 
 his family, that they might understand the grounds of hi.s 
 conduct : — " That those who had taken a leading or a 
 deliberately malignant part in the revolt would ever seek to 
 take advantage of the notification, we know to be quite out 
 of the question. The chance that seemed open, through the 
 proclamation, of escape to such persons, was what called 
 forth the heavy censure at many distant points : but we who 
 were nearer the scene, and knew the real spirit of the revolt, 
 could not entertain such a supposition." If Mr. Colvin had 
 lived to complete his defence, he might have added, " that 
 the Governor- General afterwards himself issued a circular 
 letter, in which the principle was fully admitted that a dis- 
 tinction ought to be made between the innocent and guilty, 
 even in Sepoy regiments which have murdered their officers, 
 and that punishment ought to be founded upon some proof 
 of individual guilt ; and the Governor-General's circular 
 was issued on the 31st July, when all hope of securing 
 an immediate political result by inducing the comparatively 
 innocent to separate themselves from their more guilty 
 associates had passed away — which was not the case in May, 
 when the character of the insurrection had not been fully 
 developed." " Indophilus " concludes this masterly part of 
 his memoir by remarking, with the clear judgment and im- 
 partiality of a true friend and critic : — " The difficulty of 
 obtaining evidence must have been encountered at some 
 time or other, unless it had been determined to make no 
 distinction between the Sepoys belonging to the offending 
 regiments, whatever their individual conduct might have 
 been." On the question of Lord Canning being blamed for
 
 JOHN RUSSELL COLYIN. G9 
 
 Kis clemency, an able writer, the year after tlio Mutiny, was 
 of opinion that nobody ever blamed the Governor- General 
 for being clement. He was not clement in the commence- 
 ment of 1857, and had no chance of being so ; the sejooys 
 had it all their own way. " What we all objected to, was 
 Lord Canning's discourse about clemency at a time when 
 Europeans were prostrate at the mercy of a bloodthirsty 
 enemy." When Delhi was taken, India saved, and Luck- 
 now had fallen, it was the time for " mercy and pacifica- 
 tion ; " for then " the crisis was overpast." Another able 
 writer — one very far from being prejudiced either in favour 
 of Lord Canning or Mr. Colvin — shrewdly remarks : "If 
 many guiltless must have fallen at first under the blind rage 
 of the English or the grosser greed of the Sikh soldiery, ib 
 seems clear that some needless waste of lives and property, 
 sowing in its turn rich crops of fear and hatred, in the minds 
 of people otherwise loyally, at any rate peacefully, disposed, 
 inust be laid to the rash zeal of those civil ofiicers for whose 
 guidance Lord Canning framed the resolution of the 31st 
 July."* Doubtless, Mr. Colvin had similar motives when, 
 in the early development of the Mutiny, he issued his pro- 
 clamation. 
 
 Lord Canning's proclamation of May 16th has been 
 compared to pouring a bottle of oil upon a stormy sea 
 '' to quell the wild tumult of its waves ; " but notwithstand- 
 ing, to the Governor- General's credit, he, at the same time, 
 awoke to anmistakeable energy, which showed that he did 
 not put his trust in papers or other statecraft. He im- 
 mediately summoned European troops from all quarters, 
 despatched ships to intercept the Chinese expedition under 
 Lord Elgin, and called for speedy and large reinforcements 
 from home. He also proclaimed martial law in the dis- 
 turbed districts. It should also be kept in mind that Mr. 
 Colvin was the first in the latter particular, by asking leave 
 to proclaim martial law ai'ound Meerut ; that, while the 
 cantonment fires — those " red forerunners of evil " — were 
 raging "in the very seat of his rule," he showed remarkable 
 energy ; and that, at the end of May, two companies of 
 * Trotter's " Hibtory of the Britisli Empire ia ladla," vol. ii p. 285.
 
 70 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 native troops liaving mutinied at Muttra (twenty miles from 
 Agra), he disarmed the remainder of the two regiments to 
 which they belonged (the hulk of them slipping o££ to Oudh 
 or Delhi) ; in their default, the English hand of volunteers 
 which Mr. Colvin had raised, taking their place, and doing 
 admirable service.* It was Mr. Colvin, also, who first urged 
 on Lord Canning that the returning Persian force be at once 
 ordered round to Bengal. Judged by such activity of mind 
 for the public welfare, the subject of our sketch appeais in 
 a fair way to be more admired by posterity than by some 
 highly-intelligent Anglo-Indians of the present time ; like 
 m.any writers, too prone to judge a man's career by one 
 action only. John Colvin said truly, in the letter to his 
 family, already quoted — that his " proclamation remained a 
 mere trifling incident in the great series of events." From 
 this sketch, perhaps, the useful lesson may be gained, that 
 all proclamations in ' India, at a time of an extraordinary 
 revolt, when every calculation, on ordinary grounds, for its 
 suppression, has a very gi'eat chance of being in error, are 
 utterly useless. There is no help for it at present, but to be 
 constantly prepared, at all the important posts in the country, 
 with a strong European force, and such aids for a general 
 plan of fortification as our best engineers may deem 
 advisable. A force of 65,000 or 70,000 men is certainly the 
 miinimum of European troops we should have in India, 
 including a very strong force of artillery, of which the 
 Oriental mind has a wholesome dread (the Burmese used to 
 style even our I2-pounder rockets " devil-sticks ") ; and 
 then, with such a speedy mode of transport of fully equipped 
 batteries by rail to any scene of outbreak or disaster, as that^ 
 recently carried outf by Sir Charles Reid — under whom 
 a fully equipped battery of artillery was moved from 
 Umritsur to Meean Meer by railway at a few minutes" 
 notice by a telegram — and with the hope of 30,000 more 
 
 * Towards the end of l\Iay, in connection with the progress of rebellion 
 near Agra, may particularly be mentioned the brave stand made atMainpoorie, 
 to the ea.stward, by Lieutenant de Kantzow, "a noble example," as Lordl 
 Canning well said, "of courage, patience, good jiidgoient, and temper." 
 
 t November, 1874.
 
 JOHN RUSSELL COLVIN. 71 
 
 men from liome and the colonies, ready for service in India 
 at a day's notice, with various important changes in the 
 constitution of our native armies, which need not be 
 mentioned here, India wo aid become tolerably safe ; and it 
 will remain so, till the people having, through its being 
 made known to them by every available avenue, learned the 
 force and excellence of Christian truth, the transition state 
 of the l!^ative mind, prophesied by Sir Charles Trevelyan, 
 shall have arrived, and we behold a nation " born in a 
 day!" 
 
 Mr. Colviu's life was now fast drawing to a close. So 
 much responsibility had rarely been laid on one man's 
 shoulders, and no wonder his health was shattered. That 
 terrible energy which kills more public men than is 
 generally supposed, was now in full play. A hostile force, 
 composed chiefly of the N'eemuch Brigade, arrived within a 
 short march of Agra. Quarters had been prepared for the 
 entire Christian population iu the old Royal Residence, 
 which had little of the character of a fort ; and into this 
 place of refuge they went, while the main body of our much 
 smaller force marched out to meet the rebels. On the 25th 
 of August the fort had 4,289 inmates, including the 
 European Regiment and the Artillery. There were 2,514 
 women and non-adults. But everything had been foreseen 
 and arranged, and the bad effects of compressing such a 
 multitude into a small space prevented. That watchful 
 care of others, which so distinguished his life, now became 
 more and more apparent. But the Lieutenant-Governor 
 had received his death stroke. The guns of the fort 
 commanded all that was left of the vast Grovernment 
 he had striven so hard to improve. Even the remnant 
 was threatened by a war-cloud from the direction of 
 Gwalior. Mr. Colvin's first attack of illness immediately 
 preceded his removal into the fort ; but, in spite of the 
 advice of kind friends, he would not cease from work. 
 Eventually he was transferred to " the freer air of canton- 
 ments," which gave him but temporary benefit. His son, 
 Elliott, who was out in the district, was just recalled in 
 time " to see and be recognised by his father." Mrs. Colvin
 
 72 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 was in Switzerland, on her way home to England. " On 
 Wednesday afternoon, the 9th of September," -writes " Indo- 
 philus," " he sank quietly, without a pain, to his last blessed 
 sleep," and was buried inside the fort on the following 
 morning. In the notification of his death by the Govern- 
 ment of India (September 19th), a fine passage occurs : — 
 "Worn by the unceasing anxieties and. labours of his charge, 
 which placed him in the very front of the dangers by which 
 of late India has been threatened, health and strength gave 
 way, and the Governor-General-in-Council has to deplore, 
 with sincere grief , the loss of one of the most distinguished, 
 among the servants of the East India Company." 
 
 He could discuss literary and political subjects with the 
 ablest men of the day ; but " the warm and genial qualities 
 of his heart were his crowning excellence." Colvin is 
 described as one of the last of our Indian statesmen who 
 derived their inspiration by immediate tradition from 
 Malcolm, Munro, Metcalfe, and Bentinck. " These wise 
 master-builders completed the edifice of our Indian Empire 
 on the solid foundation of good faith, justice, and personal 
 respect. Many of their disciples devoted themselves to the 
 interests of the natives with a self-denying zeal which has 
 been seldom equalled." 
 
 Had he lived a short time longer, we can imagine with 
 what dcliglit he \\ould have read of the brilliant siege of 
 Delhi (20th September), when the tide of disaster turned, 
 and India passed out of its " dark phase of mourning ; " of 
 the deeds of the "glorious Nicholson," and of Hodson, "the 
 Cavalier of Cavaliers ; " all turning him to think of the 
 people, justice, and the settlement in his loved North-West 
 Provinces, where "the labours cf Robert Bird, Thomason. 
 and Colvin will not be in vain." Reviewing the life of Mr. 
 Colvin, we cannot help being of opinion that, during his 
 Indian career, he did his vast amount of work ever under 
 the strong impulse of duty. For such a crisis as the great 
 Sepoy rebellion, he may be said to have been, like Lord. 
 Canning (who won high honours at Oxford), over-cultivated. 
 More rough and ready material, with half the brains, perhaps, 
 would have done better at such a crisis. Military men are
 
 JOHN EUSSELL COLVIN. 73 
 
 not, as a rule, so liiglilj educated as civilians -who rise to 
 distinction. But tlieir profession particularly fits them for 
 action in troublous times ; and this tends to impress us with 
 the idea that men like Sir John Malcolm, Sir Henry 
 Lawrence, Sir James Outram, and Sir Herbert Edwardes, 
 can go anywhere and do anything. The frequent over- 
 cultivation in the civilian tends to make him halt between 
 two opinions, to seek a reason for all he does, which will not 
 do in a crisis requiring speedy action. The military 
 political, without any judicial or legal training, has only his 
 common sense to lead him straight to the point. This is 
 apt to remind one of the well-known story of the great 
 Lord Mansfield, who, being asked by a distinguished general 
 officer, with judicial as well as military duties to perform, 
 what he should do, as his inexperience and ignorance of 
 technical jui-isprudence would prove a serious impediment to 
 his efiicient administration of justice. "Make your mind 
 perfectly easy," said the great judge ; "trust to your native 
 good sense in forming your own opinions, but beware of 
 attempting to state the grounds of your judgment. The 
 judgment will probably be right — the argument infallibly 
 wrong." Mr. Colvin left seven sons, three of whom are in 
 the Bengal Civil Service, Bazett, Elliott, and Auckland 
 Colvin, the latter holding the important post of Secretary to 
 Government, North-West Provinces. The fourth son, Clement, 
 is in the India Office, was recently Private Secretary to the 
 Duke of Argyll, and is now in that capacity to Sir Louis 
 Mallet, Under Secretary of State for India. 
 
 While concluding this imperfect sketch of a distinguished 
 Anglo-Indian, the clock announced that 1874 had passed 
 away ; the writer, therefore, cannot help remarking how 
 admirably the severe trial of the old year — the Bengal famine 
 — has come to a close. Wonderful energy has been shown 
 by Englishmen in the year that has gone, which must prove 
 to the natives of India that, in works of real necessity and 
 charity. Great Britain is ever to the fore. India must now 
 be fully aware that, under Providence, we can arrest the dis- 
 astrous famine as well as put down the deadly rebellion. In 
 the fatal year 1857, at the very outbreak of the Mutiny, the
 
 74 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 writer occupied an imjoortant post near Hyderabad, the lingo 
 and wicked citv of the Dekhan, where, although we had one 
 rather serious disturbance, peace was well preserved through 
 the tact of the Nizam's most able j\Iinister, the illustrious 
 Salar Jung, the prudent action of Colonel Davidson, the 
 Resident at Hyderabad, and the precautionary measures 
 taken by the officer commanding the Subsidiary Force.* 
 This slight reminiscence compels a thought of how glad we, 
 in India, were to part with a year which had been so fatal to 
 so many of our brave countrymen ; and, although we have 
 still to be with the " avenging angel " during that period, 
 while the, in many respects, glorious old year of 1874 (to 
 many like an old friend) has just departed, perhaps it will 
 not be out of place to give the following admirable sonnet, 
 from the " Poetry of the Rebellion," which would have done 
 no discredit to "Wordsworth, on 
 
 1857. 
 
 ' ' Depart ! depart ! We ever bid farewell 
 To our old years with a quick, sudden pain 
 Around our hearts, as if vre would again 
 Recall the past by working of a spell ; 
 But thou art different, and we would compel 
 Thee from our homes, if power were to constrain 
 Thy speedy parting. Wane, quickly wane, 
 Sad moon, and let us hear the signal bell. 
 Old year, wrap thy blood-stained robes around, 
 And take thy staff within thy trembling palm. 
 And leave us ; wait thou not for blessing-sound. 
 For lingering clasp of hand, soothing as balm : 
 We standing in a silentness profound. 
 Shall watch thy going, still, relieved, and calm."+ 
 
 Mary Leslie. 
 
 * Brigadier, afterwards Major-General Sir Isaac Campbell Coffin, K. C.S.I. 
 f Calcutta Review, No. 62, December, 1868, p. 360.
 
 75 
 
 BRIGADIER-GENEEAL NEILL. 
 
 (A BRIEF REVIEW OF HIS MILITARY CAREER.)* 
 
 The " Second Burmese War," like, perliaps, most otLer 
 recent military narratives, lias been entirely cast into the 
 shade by the more stirring and novel matter of the Bengal 
 Sepoy Revolt. Such a cloud, so awful in result, being as 
 every one hopes, about, to give way to a prospect " bright 
 and advancing," the minds of some may once more turn to 
 Pegu, the province but a few years conquered, where, during 
 the times of bloodshed and rebellion, during a chaos of 
 darkness, disorder and ruin throughout a large portion 
 of India, the sunshine of a tranquil and increasing" prosperity 
 has steadily appeared ; and where now, it may safely be said. 
 Justice really breathes, and Civilization, after a hard struggle, 
 is really born. 
 
 On the present occasion, however, let us allow Pegn to 
 claim our sympathy for another reason. It is the land where 
 HaA^elock and Neill first displayed those peculiar qualities 
 which eventually led them on, in Bengal and Oudh, to success 
 and victoiy. 
 
 True enough, neither of them were leading men, — the 
 fuhnina helli, as they have since been styled, — neither of 
 them held the rank of General in Pegu ; but Havelock, 
 with his Company of Europeans, in the first, and Neill, 
 with his Adjutant- General's duties, in the second Burmese 
 "War, did quite enough to show, that, if opportunity offered, 
 they would one day make a mighty progress on the path to 
 fame. 
 
 To both this opportunity came rather late in life ; but not 
 * Written at Nagpore, December, 1858.
 
 76 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 too late to exhibit judgment combined witli " dasli " and 
 vast powers of enduring fatigue, reminding ns of Clive at 
 Arcot or Plassey, and of the ablest soldiers that have been 
 reared in this our " nursery of Captains." Literature, also, 
 is indebted to the departed heroes. Both -were military 
 writers of no ordinary capacity ; and we naturally grieve to 
 think, that the pen of Havelock which wrote the " Cam- 
 paigns in Ava," more than thirty years ago, and that of I^eill, 
 which recorded the " services of the First Madras European 
 regiment," — the immortal Fusiliers, — will never tell us more 
 than has already been told of that glorious career of triumphs 
 at the crowning goal of which Neill fell and Havelock died, 
 — the former dying, in the strictest sense, " as heroes wish to 
 die," and the latter departing while nobly reviewing the 
 conduct of a well-spent life. 
 
 Havelock, who had chronicled the privations and suffer- 
 ings of the troops at Rangoon in 1824, had throughout his 
 career seen death in all its varieties ; and his remark to 
 Sir J. Outram, in the last victory, " I have so ruled my life 
 that, when death came, I might face it without fear," per- 
 haps owes some of its power and beauty to scenes of suffer- 
 ing he had Avitnessed in the land of the Golden Foot.* The 
 exit of this hero points to a remark of old Montaigne — 
 " Where death waits for us is uncei-tain ; but let us every- 
 •where look for him. The premeditation of death is the pre- 
 meditation of liberty ; he who has learnt to die has forgot 
 what it is to be a slave." 
 
 That noble-minded Frenchman, Montalembert, has done 
 full justice to Havelock, and to that admirable spirit of the 
 Puritans which still exists in our Army. 
 
 To the memory of both heroes their countrj-men have done 
 great honour : and, as belonging to Madras, we read with 
 pride what has been done to raise a monument to Neill, t as 
 
 * It ^\as at Rangoon that Sir A. Campbell, the General Commanding, 
 when informed of the enemy approaching one of our posts, said, "Call out 
 Havelock's saints ; they are never drunk, and he is always ready." — 
 "Biographical Sketch of Sir Henry Havelock," p. .39. 
 
 t The statue at the Prciidcucy, since raised in honour of Keill, is a most 
 interestin" work of art.
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL NEILL. 77 
 
 ■well as to assist the -widow and the fatherless of the Madras 
 Fusiliers, which regiment has 2">layed so distinguished a part 
 in putting down the rebellion. 
 
 It was during the march of the Martaban Column, in 1853, 
 that our attention was first drawn to Major Neill, Assistant- 
 Adjutant-General. Every one remembers Napier's account 
 of the British Infantry soldier in the " Peninsular War ;" 
 and on seeing N"eill, with his powerful frame and lofty 
 port, forming a noble specimen of military bearing, one 
 might well have supposed he was proud to have risen in 
 a corps which possessed, rather than these features, the 
 quality of sustaining fatigue with incredible vigour, un- 
 deniable firmness in battle, and, " the fount of honour full 
 and fresh within ;" but which attributes, as was afterwards 
 apparent, he also shared in common with the Madras Fusi- 
 liers, as hardy and daring a body of infantry as the world 
 ever saw. 
 
 As Captain of the Grenadier company of his corps, he 
 was an especial favourite with the men. Of this we have 
 been well assured by those who have served under him in 
 the ranks. 
 
 His services in Turkey, during the recent war with Russia, 
 belong more to the pen than to the sword. Instruction in 
 military duties, and attention to discipline, for which some 
 yeai's of service in the Adjutant-General's department* should 
 well qualify a zealous and efficient officer, had probably some- 
 thing to do with laying the foundation of Neill's after fame 
 in India. 
 
 His services in Burma had procured him the army rank 
 of Lieutenant- Colonel ; and he served as Brigadier-General 
 with the Turkish Contingent. On the eve of his return to- 
 India, General Vivian t wrote to the Court of Directors,, 
 with a view of bringing under their notice the estimation he 
 felt for Neill's merits and services, particularizing the zeal 
 and efficiency with which he commanded a division of in- 
 
 * Havelock Lad been Quartermaster-General of Queen's Troops, and 
 afterwards Adjutant-General. 
 
 t Sir R. J. H. Vivian, K.C.B. Now (1874-75) G.C.B., and late Member 
 of the Indian Council.
 
 78 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 fantry, from the period wlien the Turkisli Contingent was 
 organized "until its re-transfer to the Sultan's government." 
 This was duly communicated to the Government he had the 
 honour to serve ; and hy the time he arrived in India, 
 about the end of March, 1857, but a very few months 
 had to elapse, before he would do full honour to that 
 Grovernment. 
 
 Before viewing his career, in the last stirring scenes of his 
 life, a slight retrospect may not be uninteresting. 
 
 When N'eill arrived in Burma in 1852, it may be said he 
 had seen no field service, although the date of his commis- 
 sion as Ensign was as far back as January, 1827. 
 
 Spectcumtr Agendo, the motto of his regiment, with its 
 long list of triumphs, commencing at Arcot and Plassey, was 
 to be fulfilled by Neill and his gallant corps, a century after 
 Clive had won India for us, in Bengal and Oudh, rather than 
 in Burma, the country which the Fusiliei'S now visited, to 
 support the glory of our arms, for the second time. 
 
 The fame of this distinguished corps is well known to the 
 reader of Indian military history. It was in the year 1755 
 that the Madras Artillery and the First Madras European 
 regiment were first regularly incorporated. In 175G, the 
 English and French forces on the Coromandel Coast were 
 nearly equal, each consisting of some 2,000 Europeans and 
 10,000 natives. The British force included H.M.'s 39th 
 regiment, Primus in hulls. The Madras Artillery and 
 Fusiliers may be said to have borne the brunt of the early 
 (which is, in one sense, the principal) portion of the con- 
 quest of our Indian Empire. In those days of Lawrence 
 and Clive it was difficult indeed to make way against French 
 intrigue and native treachery ; and when, notwithstanding 
 vast progress had been made, and numerous deeds of valour 
 had been accomplished, we at length find the two corps pre- 
 sent in Bengal, retineving the fallen fortunes of that Presi- 
 dency ; and now, about a century after Clive's defence of 
 Arcot, they were serving, each for the second time, in 
 Burma, while fortune had favoured Bengal, and allowed it 
 to pride itself on nearly all the recent military glory of tho 
 
 East ! "* 
 
 * '"regu, a Narrative," &c., p. Go.
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL NEILL. 79 
 
 The doings, on the 4th June, at Benares v,d\\ be touched 
 upon in due time ; but in connection with the foi'egoing 
 historical remarks, it may not be out of place here to note 
 that, on the said 4th June, Lieutenant Crump, of the 
 Madras Artillery, rendered important services at Benares, 
 and fell in the gallant discharge of his duties at Lucknow. 
 
 At the time of meeting the Assistant-Adjutant-General 
 while on service with the Martaban Column, to procure 
 notes on the subject of the then very recent relief of Pegu, 
 in which he had shared with his commander. General Steel,* 
 was of more importance to us than to photograph the future 
 hero. One day, after a long march, he acceded to our 
 request to furnish some, and the result was a donation of six 
 or seven pages of closely-written manuscrijit, when the 
 column reached Tonghoo. 
 
 From these materials the chief portion of the ninth chapter 
 in " Pegu, a Nari'ative of the Second Burmese War," was 
 composed, with an endeavour to preserve as much as pos- 
 sible jS^eill's own views on the relief of Pegu, and the sub- 
 sequent operations, about which, having been present, and 
 possessing the experience of a military writer, he would, 
 doubtless, give the world a valuable opinion. f 
 
 Nothing could be better than Neill's reasons for fully 
 expecting that General Godwin would, after relieving Pegu, 
 and in order to free the garrison from the near position of 
 the Burmese Army, wait for the land column, which was on 
 its way from Eangoon, proving that he quite understood the 
 value of combining Artillery, Cavalry, and Infantry, especi- 
 ally where a small body is to attack a large one. And yet 
 it seems simple enough, though even Generals not unknown 
 to fame have occasionally disregarded the solution of the 
 problem, that well-equipped artillery, especially when fur- 
 nished with plenty of canister (say Brigadier Miller's allot- 
 ment), compensate for small numbers of infantry; and after 
 success by either infantry or artillery, against a compara- 
 
 * Sir S. "W. Steel, K.C.B., a distiDguished (Madras) Indian Officer. 
 
 + For this account of the relief of Pegu and other operations, see " Pegu, 
 a Narrative," p. 120 ; also "Our Burmese Wars," &c., p. 236. Neill'sLette 
 and "Remarks " will be found at the close of this Sketch.
 
 80 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 tively numerous force, without cavalry how is it possible to 
 follow up and cut off the enemy ? Military judgment was 
 the grand requisite wanting in the present instance : and 
 there can be no doubt that General Godwin, with an enemy 
 before him without any disposition to retire, should have 
 either himself waited, or deputed his next in command. 
 General Steel, to wait for the column, so as, in the gallant 
 Neill's own words, " to disperse the enemy with effect." 
 
 When the time for action came, even under unfavourable 
 circumstances, decision of character, as shown in the follow- 
 ing remarks, gleams forth in the character of N^eill. During 
 the operations, dispositions were made for attacking in two 
 columns, of which the left was placed under General Steel ; 
 but, the attack of the left column having been counter- 
 manded, the " rapid dash " Neill wished with all his heart 
 was not made ; and so the enemy walked leisurely off. And 
 again, during the same operations, while a good opportunity 
 offered, he deplores the want of " a steady active advance to 
 bring our troops into action." In alluding to these two 
 occasions, ISTeill's own words are almost entirely used in the 
 " Narrative." " These plans of attack were admirably con- 
 ducted until it came to the moment for acting, when it 
 appeared as if the veteran chief lacked decision, and seemed 
 to be unconscious of the enemy passing away before him." 
 
 But, with that generosity which might be expected from 
 a noble-minded soldier, he highly praises the relief of Pegu, 
 General Godwin's great " coolness under fire," and the 
 " entire disregard of self " evinced by the gallant chief, 
 which few who had seen him on service could have failed to- 
 observe. 
 
 And again, it is from Neill's manuscript the sentiment 
 comes, that, during " the three days' work," none displayed 
 " greater endurance than General Godwin himself, and 
 several of the oldest officers who accompanied him." 
 
 Alas ! how many^ of the devoted band have since died or 
 fallen in battle, including Neill and Renaud, the Fusilier 
 Officers ; both, it may be said, " in the blaze of their fame." 
 
 ISTeill, like the knight of old,* whose chivalrous death he 
 * Sir Philip Sidney,
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL NEILL. 81 
 
 seemed to emulate, doubtless looked into liis heart and 
 wi'ote ; so judging from tlio above strictures on tlie opera- 
 tions in Burma, lie would have acted strictly in the way he 
 recommended; and, judging from the attributes he so 
 warmly praises in others, it is pleasing to think, and his 
 short but brilliant career in Oadh eminently supports the 
 assertion, that these attributes shone with a peculiar lustre 
 in his own chai'acter. Qualities such as he possessed are 
 rarely to be found combined in one man ; and now he comes 
 before us as the Officer of the Madras Presidency, the right 
 man in the very nick of time, to do what Clive did a century 
 before with a handful of the very same Regiment, and even 
 to do more than retrieve the fallen fortunes of Bengal,- — -to 
 strike deeply at the root of a deadly mutiny which threatened 
 an Empire, show a bold fi-ont to Rebellion, and save Benares, 
 the stronghold of Siva the destroyer, the city of the sacred 
 bulls and sacred water, with temples second only in mytho- 
 logical and religious importance among the Hindus to 
 Jaganniith, the " Lord of the world." 
 
 The story of Neill at the Calcutta (Howrah) railway 
 station has been told in various ways. The most striking 
 pictui'e which rests on the mind is as follows : — IS^eill's 
 sudden arrival at the station with a portion of his gallant 
 Fusiliers — the determination of the Colonel to wait for the 
 rest of a detachment — the carriages filled with passengers 
 for " up-country," Europeans, natives, and East Indians — 
 the surprise of the station-master and railway officials at 
 being told to wait, and, on the arrival of the missing men, 
 unload, and make way for the troops — the natural hesitation 
 on their part — the determined look of N^eill, and glance 
 at a Corporal's guard who would execute if the order 
 were not immediately obeyed — Neill assuming pro tern, the 
 position of station-master — a few rather strong oaths 
 decidedly audible — the bewilderment of the various j^fis- 
 sengers — the eventual "clearing "of the train, and its oc- 
 cupation by the Fusiliers — the sullen looks of the guard and 
 engineer, as the train moved olf under such extraordinary 
 compulsion with a v/histle and a scream to Benares ! " 
 
 Benares, the " Lotus of the world," has been graphically 
 
 G
 
 82 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 described by Heber and Macaulay. Tbe picture of Siva, 
 as drawn in tbe Pnranas, seems strongly prophetic of the- 
 Yile arcli-fiend of Bitlioor, whose bloody work was so soon 
 about to commence. Siva in Benares, in the pride of Satanic 
 majesty, appearing here and there, at one time sitting in his 
 chief temple " covered with the ashes of a funeral pile,, 
 ornamented with human skulls and bones ; " at another, 
 wandering about, with dishevelled hair, " sometimes laugh- 
 ing and sometimes crying." 
 
 At this stronghold of Hinduism, Colonel ISTeill, with only 
 a detachment of his Fusiliers, arrived on the eve of the 4th 
 June, the night of Avhich had been appointed for a general 
 rising in the " holy city." Here, in the strictest sense, 
 thought was action. This was the first arrival of an 
 additional European regiment in Bengal, and hopes of relief 
 from Europe were yet distant. Down went the spirit of 
 mutiny before the judicious arrangements and untiring 
 energy of N"eill ! With only 200 men of his own Regiment, 
 and about half a battery of guns, — at first, through causes 
 afterwards explained, hindered rather than assisted by the 
 Sikhs he had so much admired in Pegu, — he dispersed the 
 mutineers with great slaughter, restored order and confidence, 
 and saved Benares. The vast importance of this service, 
 we are afraid, has not yet been quite understood. It w^as 
 the first stroke in earnest made by British power at the root 
 of the Indian rebellion. Neill had anticipated the move- 
 ment of the mutineers as one who knew how much reliance 
 to place on ^Native character ; and his triumph' was com- 
 plete. 
 
 Clive declared, if he had known the ^Native language he 
 never would have conquered India ; for he might have 
 believed all the lies that he heard, and have been cheated 
 accoi-dingly. Neill seems to have had the great General in 
 his eye when commencing his labours ; so, whether it be at 
 the Howrah terminus, or at Benares, we have few words, 
 but a good deal of action, and abundance of decision of 
 character. A mind such as his, which acknowledged only 
 one path, the path of duty, was the right sort of mind for 
 this most formidable crisis. Jomini, in his " Art of War,"
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL NEILL. 83 
 
 in enumerating the qualitites most essential for a Com- 
 mander, declares tliey will ever he a " great character, or 
 moral courage, whicli leads to great resolutions ; then sang- 
 froid, or physical courage, which pi'edominates over 
 dano-ers."* Xeill was the man to make and to carry out 
 great resolutions. The slightest pusillanimity or want of 
 decision at Benares might have lost us Calcutta ; and 
 who can say what would have been the end of such a 
 disaster ? 
 
 When comparative order had been restored, Neill passed 
 on to Allahabad. Celebrated as to position for a great city, 
 situated at the junction of the two mighty streams, the 
 Ganges and the Jumna, from which, so far as the cleansing 
 away from sin is concerned, the city has, perhaps, as great 
 a religious importance as Benares, the destroyer was very 
 likely to be equally busy at work. 
 
 What Bishop Heber thought, that it might revive to 
 greater prosperity than it possessed when he beheld it, seems 
 now, from the improvements being carried on, to be in 
 course of realisation ; and, not the least honour to Alla- 
 habad, at the present time, it was from this city came forth 
 the State paper which so nobly defended the policy pursued 
 in Oudh during the rebellion, putting many literary rebels to 
 confusion, and proving the writer to be a statesman worthy 
 of the great name he bears, and, in some respects, deserving- 
 to be styled, as Canning said of William Pitt, " the pilot 
 who weathered the storm ! " 
 
 Had Burke lived in our time, he might have exclaimed, 
 "What a deadly and cruel rebellion ! " and pronounced the 
 crisis to be one more difficult to steer through than had 
 perplexed any English statesman since the Conquest. 
 
 The progress of Neill up the valley of the Ganges — a 
 mission of relief, as it has been styled, "bringing retribu- 
 tion in his van and leaving order in his rear " — adds extra- 
 ordinary lustre to the stern excellence of his military 
 character. 
 
 On his arrival at Allahabad, with a small detachment of 
 the Fusiliers, although too late to save the Europeans from 
 * "Art of War."— Article, Military Policy. 
 
 G 2
 
 84 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 the mutineers, he was yefc in time to restore order, to defeat 
 and put the rebels to flight ; and, on this occasion, the Sikhs 
 who -were in the fort, again elicited his admiration, fighting 
 as they now did with extraordinary vigour. 
 
 The remainder of the Fusiliers having arrived, were 
 dispatched by IS'eill, under Major Renaud, in advance, 
 towards Cawnpore. A force of some 800 or 900 men 
 was placed under this admirable officer ; and on the same 
 day, the last of June, Genoral Havelock arrived at Alla- 
 habad ; and the chief command of the small but gallant 
 army was accordingly transferred to him. Up to this time, 
 our Brigadier-General had been the foremost man in the 
 valley of the Ganges. 
 
 The magnanimity of Xeill on this occasion — the most 
 galling that can be to a true soldier in command — was quite 
 as conspicuous as his gallantry and devotion to the public 
 service after he had left Calcutta. Instead of his energy 
 diminishing, it steadily increased. As in most revolutions 
 and political convulsions, there is room enough for many 
 great men, so it was in this deadly Indian rebellion. Envy 
 or jealousy formed no portion of Neill's failings. Cawnpore 
 had now to be retaken, Lucknow to be rescued, and the 
 most bloody massacre of the innocents in history had yet to 
 be avenged. Havelock's victorious progress to Cawnpore is 
 well known ; and distinguished among the brave who fell 
 in it is the name of Major Renaud, of the Fusiliers. 
 General Havelock had left K"eill at Allahabad, who now, 
 it may be said, having saved that station, was ordered by 
 his superior to push on with every available man and join 
 him at Cawnpore. He arrived on the 20th July. The 
 relieving General was assisted by Neill across the Ganges on 
 the 21st ; and then began his celebrated march to relieve 
 Lucknow. Left at Cawnpore, in supreme command, the 
 energy of Neill's character seemed to burn brighter than 
 ever. At Benares, Allahabad, and Cawnpore (where he 
 organised a local police) he showed administrative ability — 
 that kind Avhich was adapted to such a crisis — only second 
 to his power of military command. Some may think him 
 severe in punishment. On our first seeing a private letter
 
 BRIGADIER- GENERAL NEILL. b5 
 
 from one of the Madras Fusiliers to a friend, describinf^ 
 how the captured Brahman Sepoy murderers, before suffer- 
 ing a well-merited death on the gallows, w^ere ordered to be 
 flogged into the slaughter-house at CaAvnpore, and there 
 compelled to clean up the blood of the poor victims they 
 had so mercilessly shed, it became a question which to 
 admire most, the originality of the mode of punishment 
 or its tremendous severity, ISTeill did this ! But, after all, 
 was it a severe enough retribution ? Could it bring back 
 the loved and lost ? Havelock's force, from 1,200, had 
 increased at Cawnpore to 1,500. Neill had also sent on num- 
 bers of soldiers he could not spare to answer the call of the 
 daring General in advance for reinforcements. In one of 
 Havelock's letters at this time, alluding to some traitors in 
 his force, " traitors in heart to their fostering government," 
 vrhom he had ordered back and placed under the cai'e of 
 Neill for work in the intreuchments, he significantly says — 
 " He will look after them." This reminds ns of wliat 
 Wellington mio;ht have said of Picton, in an emers'cucy, 
 being quite sure he would do his duty 
 
 The period was a terrible time of suspense to the British 
 in India. All eyes were turned to the progress of Havelock 
 towards Lucknow. But his force was inadequate; and 
 cholera, that "angel of death," which so frequently appears 
 in our Indian armies,* had been lessening it as well as the 
 enemy. Having done all that man could do, the General 
 abandoned the attempt, to use his own words, " with great 
 grief and reluctance," re-crossed the Ganges, and on the 
 13th August he was again with the indefatigable Neill at 
 Cawnpore. 
 
 Immediately after Havelock's ai-rival, we find our Bri- 
 gadier-General marching out of the intreuchments, which, 
 with his usual foresight, he had made, and with his accus- 
 tomed daring and ability completely defeating a rebel force 
 which was endeavouring to pi'event our communication with 
 Allahabad. The return of Havelock's force to Cawnpore, it 
 is supposed, saved that city from the troops of the Xana, 
 
 * Cholera first began its devastations among our troops in the great 
 Mahratta War in 1817, under the Marquis of Hastings.
 
 86 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 wliicli were gathering like a tliiinder-cloud around it. lu 
 this case, as throughout the rebellion, the mysterious work- 
 ings of a kind Providence became strongly apparent. 
 Passing over the well-known advance against Bithoor, after 
 which victory Havelock's most memorable despatch was 
 penned — and where the Madras Fusiliers were, as usual, 
 second to none — we now behold the trio of heroes, Have- 
 lock, Outram, and Neill, setting out on one of the grandest 
 anissions in the world's history, the second effort for the 
 relief of Lucknow. 
 
 General Outram, Vv^ith that high-souled knowledge of 
 what is noble and right, although the senior, left Havelock in 
 ■command. 
 
 A month had elapsed since the return of the first reliev- 
 ing army to Cawnpore. Even now, with the reinforcements 
 brought by Outram from Allahabad, the force was deemed 
 hardly adequate to the mighty attempt about to be made in 
 Oudh. Two brigades of infantry, one of artillery, and a 
 few cavalry, made the whole amount of the relieving army. 
 Neills brigade, the first, was composed of three Royal 
 regiments and his own First Madras Fusiliers. This 
 column of men — or rather, in the old Guard phraseology 
 this column of granite, was composed of rare fighting 
 material, and commanded by genei'als not " rocked and 
 ■dandled " into command, but who had in war, if not in 
 politics, in the spirit of the great Burke, Kitor in o^dversum, 
 fought their way to distinction. 
 
 The relief of Lucknow was an enterprise of the most 
 extraordinary character. When Napoleon found all Europe 
 arrayed against him, neither he nor his brave followers put 
 forth more superhuman effort than that which, during a 
 time when those we have taught the art of war had turned 
 against us, appeared in the commanders and men who now 
 pushed forward to effect this grand object. There is nothing 
 in history to compare Avith it. The relief of Lucknow, in 
 the face of such overwhelming numbers of the enemy, stands 
 forth unique in its peculiar intenseness from every other 
 military effort. The Residency might fall into the enemy's 
 hands before it could be reached — the Cawnpore massacre.
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERAL NEILL. 87 
 
 on a more awful scale, miglit be repeated ; so on went the 
 band of heroes, in the face of every danger, to the relief of 
 suffering humanity. The fortified outpost of the Alumbagh 
 reached, the battle won there made hope beat high for a 
 moment in every heart. The relieving army was at the 
 entrance of the city. The determined resistance, however, 
 at the Kaiser Bagh, proved the determination and force of 
 the insurgents to be even greater than was supposed. To go 
 ■on appeared the only chance of success. JS^ight would soon 
 overtake the weary British troops ; and had night come on, 
 without the object gained, annihilation would have been 
 certain. But forward they rushed in the face of death — 
 through a miracle the Residency was gained, and the evening 
 of the 25th September saw Lucknow relieved ! But the 
 gallant N"eill, who had reached the entrenchments, Vv'as no 
 more ! In the heat of the conflict, actuated by a noble 
 vengence, he had rushed forward to rescue some guns, and 
 was struck on the head by a bullet from one of the innumer- 
 able loo]3-holes ; and so, like Brunswick's Duke at Waterloo, 
 ■" foremost fighting fell ! " 
 
 He fell, it is said, while passing through a gateway at the 
 head of his own loved Regiment (there was also H.M.'s 78th 
 Highlanders, whose bi'ave men knew well the worth of 
 ISTeill), and had paused only to assist from his flask a poor 
 soldier who was wounded by his side — which pause, it may 
 be remarked, cost him his life ! " * 
 
 And thus his career ended with a glorious act of charity, 
 which has caused his end to be eloquently compared to that 
 •of Sir Philip Sidney on the field of Zutphen. t 
 
 In the land of his birth — the land of Wallace and Burns, 
 where there are some now alive who remember the bright-eyed 
 reckless schoolboy — there is a tombstone to the martyrs of 
 
 * Lieutenant Crump was killed while in the actual performance of extri- 
 cating a gun from a position exposed to the heavy musketry fire of tlie enemy. 
 
 t " 'Give it to that poor man, bis necessity is greater than mine.' And 
 ■when after we are gone, our children's children shall be taught the last words 
 of the gentle warrior poet at Zutphen, shall they not also read with glowing 
 hearts and moistened eyes of the last deed of the undaunted Neill dying at 
 Xucknow? "—Speech of Mr. Ritchie, in Calcutta, February 4, 1858.
 
 OO DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 the Covenant, with tlie inscription commencing, " Half !' 
 jyassenger." thus arresting the attention of the inquiring 
 traveller. Beside jS^eill's grave might be raised a stone 
 Avith the Avords inscribed on the monument of a French 
 General, so much admired by a melancholy poet (Kirke White) 
 — Siste viator, lieroam calcas ! "* 
 
 It is difficult to recollect a moi'e striking or brilliant close 
 to a military career than that which has been now so briefly 
 and imperfectly recorded. There hardly seems to be a single 
 flaw in the picture. The energy of the man, his heroic 
 devotion to the State ; the resolute execution of his plans in 
 the face of every difficulty, which is always considered a 
 grand test of strength of character ; his magnanimity in 
 supporting Havelock to the utmost of his power ; his nerve, 
 firm and unquailing like that of a Napier ; his consummate 
 tact and talent for resource under circumstances the like of 
 which the world never saw before ; the kindness he ever 
 evinced for his men ; his noble death, — all afford a splendid 
 example of one who had adopted the science of war as his 
 profession, and, by striving to become a master in it, did 
 full honour to that science. 
 
 Not the least pleasing remembrance, while thus remark- 
 ing on the character of Neill, is the manner in which he 
 has been treated by public meetings and the public press. 
 
 There is, generally speaking, no sickening adulation — 
 little distortion of facts — the truth comes boldly forward — 
 the man is understood, and justice is done. It has been so 
 likewise, with regard to Havelock and Nicholson; and, per- 
 haps more than with any of these, in the case of Sir Henry 
 Lawrence, who, approaching if not equalling the military 
 qualities possessed by the others, has the honour of having 
 devoted a large portion of his fortune and time to the 
 organisation and foundation of the noble military asylums 
 which bear his name. High dignitaries of the Church, 
 Members of Parliament, men of nearly every shade of 
 opinion, have joined to do honour to the memory of the 
 fallen heroes of this sad Rebellion. But, why call it sad ? 
 True enough, ifc is sad to the bereaved; but to the worlds 
 * Stop, traveller— thou treaJest on a hero I
 
 BRIGADIER- GENERAL NEILL. 89 
 
 and to liumanitj, the darkness, even now passing away, is 
 only tlie forerunner of a lasting, marvellous light ! 
 
 It must have been strange to hear a Member of the 
 British Senate talking of Neill, Nicholson, and Havelock 
 as, " not only three of the greatest soldiers, but three of the 
 wisest statesmen that were ever entrusted with authority in 
 India or any other part of the world." We are pretty sure, 
 had they been alive, they would have disowned the lattei? 
 portion of the compliment and transferred it to Sir Henry 
 Lawrence. Clever administrative ability, which really good 
 soldiers sometimes possess, and wise statesmanship, are two 
 very different things ; in the world of mind bearing about 
 the same relation to each other as the Principia of Newton 
 to the Elements of Arithmetic. But excess in panegyric 
 in such cases is pardonable. 
 
 Each of the illustrious four died the death of a soldier ; 
 and, in the mighty enterprise in which they were engaged, 
 it was such a composition of glorious natures which put 
 life into the business of putting down the rebellion.* 
 
 In the case of Lawrence it is consoling to know that the 
 brother, who has rendered such eminent services to the 
 State, is yet alive to put us in mind of him.f 
 
 The best thing that has been said of our hero by the Brit- 
 ish Press is that, " from Benares to Cawnpore, the march of 
 Neill was as the track of England's avenging angel ! " X 
 
 It would be useless to attemjDt a comparison between 
 Neill and other Generals. He reminds us more of Clive 
 than of any other, the " merchant's clerk " who suddenly 
 "raised himself to celebrity," and who, as "the heaven- 
 born General," retrieved the fallen fortunes of our late 
 most noble and most munificent masters, the East India) 
 Company. Neill never had the opportunity of devising or 
 conducting war on a grand scale. To this the nearest 
 approach is his share in the oi-ganisation of the glorious 
 advance upon Cawnpore and Lucknow. 
 
 The historian of the Peninsular War condemns the inju- 
 
 * See Bacon's Essay on " Vain Glory." 
 
 + See inscription on monument to Lord Lawrence, Appendix III. 
 
 t Westminster Review.
 
 90 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 dicious juxtaposition made by some, in military talents, of 
 Crawfui'd and Picton beside tlieir master, the illustrious 
 Wellington. 
 
 Great opportunities and great power liave, it is true, a 
 wonderful deal to do witli bringing out the lasting effect of 
 a really good General's picture. Had Neill lived, and tliese 
 requisites been eventually liis fortune, it may be reasonably 
 supposed he would have risen to be considered as occupying 
 a place in the first rank of our Generals ; and his name 
 now certainly stands very high among the best and bravest 
 Commanders who ever led on British troops to victory. 
 The mention of Picton and Crawfurd, forces a comparison 
 between Havelock and Neill, with regard to the assistance 
 rendered by one to the other while on service. 
 
 During the fight on the Coas, Crawfurd asked Picton for 
 the support of his division, which was angrily refused, 
 while, as the eloquent historian asserts, it should have been 
 '^^ eagerly proffered."* Neill sent every available soldier to 
 assist Havelock. Take him for all in all, he surely did 
 enough worthy of imitation. And when, in an after age, 
 the account of this Rebelliont shall be read in the work of 
 some future Orme or Malcolm, as one of the blots on the 
 page of history, the star of Neill's glory will ever give a 
 lustre to the page ; and then, as now, young military 
 readers will not cease to admire his chivalrous courage, his 
 power of enduring fatigue, his untiring energy, and his 
 noble end. Paradoxical as it may seem, it is the appearance 
 ■of such qualities in military commanders, during great 
 emergencies, that will do much to usher in the blessings of 
 peace — when the power of Christianity and the advantages 
 of education shall be acknowledged by Hindu and Mussul- 
 man alike — when no arseuals shall resound with the busy 
 clang of machinery in Avorking out scientific inventions for 
 
 * " History of the Peninsular War," Book XL, chap, iv., p. 415. 
 
 t This has been written by Sir John William Kaye. The title is "The 
 Sepoy War in India," in three volumes. That distinguished Anglo-Indian 
 author, Colonel G. B. Malleson, C.3.I., completed "The History of the 
 Indian Mutiny " in three volumes, commeacing at the close of the second 
 volume of Sir John Kaye's " History."
 
 BRIGADIER-GENEKAL NEILL. 91 
 
 tlic destruction of our foes — when the world-renowned 
 British bayonet shall cease to be required in the charge to 
 extirpate tyranny and support the cause of freedom — when 
 the thunder of our batteries of Artillery, and the crack of 
 the long-range rifle shall no longer be heard in the land — 
 when the trumpet shall hang in the hall, and men shall 
 " study war no more ! " 
 
 NEILL IN BUEMA. 
 
 Letter feom the late General I^eill, while serying 
 IX Burma, to the Author. 
 
 " My dear , 
 
 " I am quite ashamed to send you such a scrawl, and so 
 stupidly put together ; but I was so interrupted I had not 
 time to set my mind to the work. If it, such as it is, will 
 be of any use to you, I shall be very glad. Ton will do 
 well to compose something more worthy of your book, of 
 your own, from the information I give, which I believe to 
 be correct ; and the opinions I have given are my real senti- 
 ments : they need not be yours. I wish you every success, 
 and only regret the assistance, if any, I have given is so 
 paltry. 
 
 " Tours very sincerely, 
 
 "J. G. S. Neill. 
 
 "ToNGHOo, 5th March, 1S53." 
 
 Remarks.* 
 
 The operations on the 17th and 18th (December, 1852) 
 showed that had Colonel Sturt's column been waited for, 
 the army of the enemy would in all probability have been 
 entirely destroyed. ISTo country could have been more 
 favourable for Cavalry, and the few patches of juugle their 
 Infantry might have found refuge in, could have been 
 cleared by our own. But between Kully and Montsanganoo 
 there was a suSicient space of open ground for the destruc- 
 tion of the force. A blow might have been struck at Kully 
 * These, almost entirely by General Neill, are valuable.
 
 92 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 on tlie IStli or 19th, wliicli would Iiave paralysed tliem with 
 terror, and compelled tliem to siibmit to our power, and 
 from the carriage the enemy's camp would have supplied, a 
 rapid movement on Shoe-Ghyne would have obtained us 
 possession of that town, and the almost certain annihilation 
 of that boasting Burmese army. It is a humane wish to be 
 lenient with the actions of men. We must narrate, how- 
 ever, that this grand opportunity was lost by not Avaiting for 
 a more efficient column, which marched from and back to 
 Rangoon without once coming into action. The exposure 
 and fatigue the troops underwent on the 17th and 18th> 
 caused much sickness from cholera ; the Bengal Fusiliers in 
 a few days lost upwards of twenty men. The Natives also 
 suffered considerably. General Godwin, as is ever the 
 case, showed the greatest coolness under fire, and an entire 
 disregard of self : and nothing could have been better than 
 the relief of Pegu, and the plans of attack on the 17th and 
 18th. These were admirably conducted until it came to 
 the moment for acting, when it appeared as if the veteran 
 chief lacked decision, and seemed to be unconscious of the 
 enemy passing away before him. Whatever inay have been 
 General Godwin's motives for not attacking his enemy 
 with vigour on the 17th and 18th — and he had shown him- 
 self quite capable of vigorous and successful attacks even 
 during the second Burmese wav — whatever may have been 
 his motives for not waiting for Colonel Sturt's column, or 
 leaving General Steel to follow up the enemy when the 
 Horse Artillery and Cavalry arrived — he relieved Pegu and 
 turned the enemy's position on the 17th with little or no 
 loss to his own troops. 
 
 The three days' work on the 14th, 17th, and ISth of 
 December tried the stoutest and hardiest of the force. 
 Some old campaigners declared the " Punjab " was a joke to 
 it as far as fatigue wenf. None displayed greater endurance 
 than General Godwin himself and several of tho oldest offi- 
 cers who accompanied him.
 
 93 
 
 MAJOE-GENEEAL W. F. BEATSON.* 
 
 *' At the grand ball at the Hotel de Villa on Saturday last, 
 the lion of the evening was Brigadier Beatson in the 
 uniform of the Nizam's Cavalry. The French ladies declared 
 they had never seen anything so splendid. ' Quel bel 
 nniforme, mais quel bel homme aussi,' vpas whispered every- 
 where. ' Qui est-il ? ' ' Je crois qu'il est le Sultan ou le 
 Grand j\Iognl.' In fact, they were quite puzzled who he 
 could be — ' perhaps a new candidate for the Presidency of 
 the Eepnblic ! ' If it had depended on the ladies at the 
 Hotel de Villa he certainly would have been elected ! " — 
 
 " Bravo ! Brigadier Beatson outshining Louis Napoleon 
 in his own capital ! Think of that, officers of the Nizam's 
 army, and plume yourselves. "t 
 
 A letter from Paris, dated 5th January, 1852, contained 
 the above item of interest, which, among those who knew 
 the Brigadier well, probably excited but little surprise either 
 in Bombay or the Nizam's dominions, where, on account of 
 a local revolution in dress — which Brummell might have 
 envied, bnt which had brought dismay to those officers not 
 overburdened with rupees — it had really seemed as if the 
 apparel proclaimed the man.J And yet the subject of our 
 sketch was no fop, but one of the most able, zealous, and 
 hard-working soldiers who ever entered the Indian army. 
 Throughout life, honourable distinction was his steady aim. 
 Wherever he went he seemed marked out to be " the observed 
 of all observers ;" yet, strange to say, after long and faithful 
 service, he died without a single mark of distinction from 
 his country to add to his name. That he was indeed a 
 
 * Written in January, 1875. + See Bomhay Times, February 7, 1852, 
 X " For the apparel oft proclaims the man." — Shakspeaue.
 
 94 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 distinguislied Anglo-Indian will be seen from the following 
 record of military services. But first it may interest those 
 who were his friends to learn that he was born at Rossend 
 Castle, Fifeshire, N.B., about the year 1805. General 
 Alexander Beatson, Governor of St. Helena,* was his uncle 
 — the distinguished Madras officer who had planned the 
 attack of Seringapatam, and wrote the history of the war 
 in Mysore. Sir Charles Oalceley (Governor of Madras) 
 married Miss Beatson, General Alexander Beatson's only 
 sister. The father of our hero was Captain Robert Beat- 
 son (Beatson of Kilrie), of the Royal Engineers, who had 
 three sons appointed to the Bengal IS'ative Infantry. 
 William Ferguson entered the Bengal Army in 1820. 
 Being on furlough, he (with the sanction of the British 
 Government) served with the British Legion in Spain in 
 1835-1836, first as Major, afterwards as Lieutenant-Colonel 
 commanding the 10th, or Munster Light Infantry, at the 
 head of which regiment, he was severely wounded. For his 
 services in Spain he received the Cross of San Fernando 
 from Queen Isabella, and Her Britannic Majesty's per- 
 mission to wear it in September, 1837. Beatson was not 
 the only Indian officer who, under Sir de Lacey Evans, won 
 distinction in Spain, but he was certainly one of the foremost 
 in what was considered a good cause. Nearly forty yearst 
 have not entirely changed the drama in that unfortunate 
 country — so difficult to govern — for we have just seen Don 
 Carlos again fighting for the crown, yet, in spite of his 
 energy and pluck, defeated and discomfited ; while Queen 
 Isabella is in Paris, and her son, with the romantic name of 
 Alphonso, ascending her throne ! It may truly be said, that 
 if Hindu sovereignties fall to pieces, so do European, 
 
 Beatson returned to India in 1837, and having been 
 appointed to the important command of the Bundelkund 
 Legion, received the thanks of Government for the capture of 
 Jignee, in Bundelkund, in 1840 ; and of Chirgong, in 1841. 
 
 * Whose relative, General Edward Swift Broughton, an excellent and dis- 
 tinguisbed, officer of the Bengal army, was Deputy-Governor early in the 
 present century. 
 
 f Written in IS 74.
 
 MAJOR-GENEEAL W. F. BEATSON. 95 
 
 In Febrxiary, 1844, lie received tlie tlianks of the Governor- 
 General's agent, in Scindiah's dominions, for recovering for 
 the Gwalior Government forts and strongholds in Kach- 
 wahagar. 
 
 In March, 1844, he played one of his best cards hy 
 volunteering with his Bnndelkund Legion for Sind. For 
 this he received the- thanks of Government ; which 
 volunteering, the Governor- General declared, placed the 
 Government o India under great obligation. 
 
 In March, 1845, he was mentioned in Sir Charles Napier's 
 despatch, regarding the campaign in the Boogtee Hills ; 
 which service called forth the approbation of Government. 
 
 In July, 1846, the conduct of his Legion while in Sind, 
 was, much to the satisfaction of the Commandant, pi-aised 
 in General Orders by the Governor- General, Viscount 
 Hardinge.* 
 
 Having been appointed to the command of the Nizam's 
 Cavalry, we find Brigadier Beatson, in July, 1848, receiving 
 approbation from the Government of India for taking the 
 Jagheer and fort of Rymou from that troublesome, ever 
 war-like, and energetic race, the Rohillas ; and in November, 
 1850, he recaptured Rymou from the Arabs. 
 
 In February, 1851, he captured the fort of Dharoor, one 
 of the strongest in the Dekhan. 
 
 In March, 1851, the Resident at Hyderabad paid Beatson 
 a high compliment, by issuing the following General 
 Order :— 
 
 " Brigadier Beatson having tendered his resignation of 
 the command of the Nizam's Cavalry, from date of his 
 embarkation for England, the Resident begs to express his 
 entire approval of this officer's conduct during the time he 
 has exercised the important command of the Cavalry 
 Division. 
 
 " Brigadier Beatson has not only maintained, but im- 
 proved, the interior economy and arrangement of the Cavalry 
 Division ; and the value of his active military services in 
 the field has been amply attested and rendered subject of 
 
 * Lord Dalhousie arrived in India on the 12tli of January, 1848, an on 
 the IStli Lord Hardinge left Calcutta on his way Lome.
 
 96 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 record, in the several instances of Kangoan, Rjmou, Arnee, 
 and Dliaroor." 
 
 The Brigadier appears to have tendered his resignation 
 rather hastily, for we find him, shortly after, asking Lord 
 Dalhousie's permission to withdraw his application ; btit Lis 
 Lordship, with characteristic decision, did not approve of 
 the "wavering spii'it " of even so distinguished an officer. 
 So Beatson proceeded to England. 
 
 We next find him in Turkey, on special service (1st May, 
 1854), with rank as Colonel on the staff in the British 
 Army. He received the rank of Lieutenant- General in the 
 Turkish Army on his arrival at Constantinople. For his 
 services on the Danube he obtained the gold medal from the 
 Sultan, the " ISTishan-i-If tihar." In 1854 he was with the 
 Heavy Brigade at Balaklava and Inkerman, and was 
 mentioned in General Scarlett's despatch regarding 
 the famous charge which has made Balaklava immortal. 
 " During the time he was with me " (writes General Sir 
 J. Scarlett, when recommending him to Head-Qnarters, in 
 October, 1856) " as Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson, he proved 
 himself a most active and useful officer, as willing to work 
 as the youngest Aide-de-Camp, with the experience of 
 active service before the enemy. He was with me under 
 fire the early part of the 25th of October, 1854, near the 
 Turkish forts. He was by my side at the charge of the 
 Heavy Brigade — and rode by my side down the valley in 
 support of the Light Brigade — under as severe a fire as 
 troops were ever exposed to, and had his horse struck by a 
 spent shot in the side. During the whole of this day he 
 behaved with the greatest gallantry and coolness, and 
 entirely supplied the place of my Aide-de-Camp (Captain 
 Elliott), after the charge of the Heavy Brigade, in which 
 Captain Elliott was severely wounded." He received the 
 British and Turkish silver medals for the Crimea, the 
 former with three clasps. 
 
 On the 1st of November, 1854, Beatson Avas given the 
 local rank of Major- General in Her Majesty's Army in 
 Turkey ; and he organised 4,000 Bashi-Bazouks. This 
 ■corps was composed of confessedly the most difficult troops
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL W. F. BEATSON. 97 
 
 in the world for European officers to deal with ; but for 
 which the commandant's " long experience among the Arabs 
 and Kohillas of the Nizam's Cavalry peculiarly fitted 
 him." 
 
 It was " during the transfer of the command from Colonel 
 Beatson to Colonel Smith " that the events were said tohavo 
 occurred which were set forth in the well-known trial in 
 the case of Beatson v. Skene. The consul at Aleppo (Mr. 
 Skene), who was with the commandant of the Bashi-Bazonks 
 at the Dardanelles, was reported to have brought against him 
 the extraordinary charge of attempting " to incite to mutiny 
 the troops he had been appointed to command, so as to pre- 
 vent others succeeding him therein." The value of such a 
 charge was at once apparent when he was specially employed 
 to aid in suppressing the great Mutiny in India, after being 
 charged with attempting to create one in Turkey.** 
 
 Resting assured that he would be able to clear his fair 
 fame, he returned to India on the breaking out of the 
 Mutiny in 1857, when he was immediately employed in the 
 highly-responsible duty of raising and organizing two regi- 
 ments of cavalry, which, under the name of " Beatson's 
 Horse," he took into the field. For services with one of the 
 regiments of this brigade, the 18th Royal Irish, and Bombay 
 Artillery, he received the thanks of Sir Hugh Rose in Febru- 
 ary, 1850. Sir Hugh Rose (afterwards Lord Strathnairn) 
 had made known to the Bombay Commander-in-Chief the 
 satisfaction he derived from the manner in which Colonel 
 Beatson discharged his duties while under his command, 
 and praised him for his zeal and energy in carrying out liis 
 instructions. Sir Hugh was perfectly aware of his " readi- 
 ness to encounter any hardship or fatigue for the good of 
 the service." He returned to England towards the close of 
 1859. 
 
 * On the grounds of the commuiiicat'ioa being " privileged," the verdict 
 of the Jury was "for the defendant." "The Jury wish to express their 
 strong opinion of regret that, on discovering how unfounded the reports were, 
 the defendant had not thought proper to withdraw his statements. " The 
 trial took place on Beatson's return from India, after the Mutiny, and it co-t 
 liim £3,000. The case was fully noticed in the London and provincial 
 jojrnals of January, 1860. — Mr. Skene died in Geneva, October 3, 1S8G. 
 
 H
 
 98 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 We liave before us a " Supplement " of Beatson's services 
 tinder four successive Governors-General, Lords Auckland, 
 Ellenborough, Hardinge, and Dalhousie. Lord Canning 
 made the fifth ; and, though engaged under the lamented 
 Viceroy in a peaceful but brilliant service. Lord Mayo, the 
 sixth. Under Lord Canning's successoi% Sir John (after- 
 wards Lord) Lawrence, whose reign appears to have been 
 one of consolidating the Empire after the Mutiny, Beatson's 
 name does not come much before the public. Shortly after 
 his return to India, or about the years 1864-65, there was 
 almost nothing for him to do ; so he could only wait 
 patiently for what he was generally confessed to have very 
 strong claims — the command of a division. This he at 
 length obtained from the Commander-in-Chief, Sir William 
 Mansfield (now Lord Sandhurst) ; but he and his friends 
 felt that the high and lucrative appointment, worth over 
 £4,000 a year, came rather too late in life.* Still the old 
 soldier was very thankful for the great honour paid him, 
 through which the wonted energy might again burst forth ; 
 and he had hope of retrieving his pecuniary losses. 
 
 In Allahabad Division " up in the morning early " (as 
 was ever his custom), and action everywhere among the 
 troops, soon became the order of the day. A sham fight 
 was taking place at Allahabad, while the troops in some 
 other cantonments were only just arriving on the ground. 
 Lord Chatham's famous maxim, " If you do not rise early 
 you can make progress in nothing" (advice doubly valuable 
 in India, where the sun, if you would be cool, compels you 
 to rise early), was never absent from. Beatson's mind; and 
 we cannot help thinking it not improbable that, had he 
 been in command at Meerut during the 10th and lltli of 
 May, 1857, at the first outbreak of the Mutiny, he would have 
 headed a party of horse, galloped oS, and not left the saddle 
 till he had done his utmost to secure the mutineers on their 
 way to Delhi, and bring them back, under a strong guard, 
 to their proper station. 
 
 * Beatson was a full Colonel in the Army, November, 1854 ; a Regimental 
 Colonel in May, 1864 ; Major-Genenil, Sth January, 1805 ; and wasappoioted 
 to command the Allahabad Division, 3rd Octobei', 1S66.
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL W. F. BEATSON. 99 
 
 Earlj in 1869, "we find him in command of the Sirhind 
 (Umballa) Division, wliere the grand Durbar, in hononi' of 
 Share Ali, the Ameer of Afghanistan, was held under Lord 
 Mayo with nnusual splendour. 
 
 Beatson was now in his glory, and put forth all his ener- 
 gies to deserve the thanks which he so generously received 
 for his admirable arrangements regarding the troops ; and 
 our friend, the Ameer, doubtless, went back to his own 
 country, having formed a very high opinion of our army, 
 under the Chief, Sir William Mansfield, and his soldier-like 
 Lieutenant, General Beatson. This was the brilliant service 
 before alluded to ; and Lord Mayo's Durbar, we may hope, 
 Shore Ali considered, in every sense, a victory of peace. If 
 such friendships last, the designs of Russia (if such there 
 be), or any other great power, against our splendid dominion, 
 will vanish like mist before the morning sun. 
 
 Our distinguished Anglo-Indian\s career is now drawing 
 to a close. The " last of earth " is not far distant. Origi- 
 nally of a strong constitution, his health, from over-work 
 and anxiety, now gave visible signs of being somewhat 
 shattered ; and, while commanding at Allahabad, he lost his 
 wife, on which occasion he sent a letter to the present writer 
 detailing the sympathy shown in his bereavement by all the 
 officers at the funeral. More than a year of his divisional 
 command still remained to be served ; but he determined to 
 visit England early in 1870, leaving the year in reserve for 
 his return. Shortly after reaching home he lost a favourite 
 daughter, which affliction he bore with truly Christian 
 resignation ; and before his health was fairly established — 
 although much improved — he, soon after the sad event, left 
 for India to accomplish the "one year more," which has 
 killed, and will yet kill, so many Anglo-Indians ! His con- 
 dition in the loved land of his best achievements gradually 
 became precarious, and he was recommended to Malta for 
 change of climate. Thence, at the end of January, 1872, he 
 returned to England to join his only surviving daughter, 
 Mrs. M'Mullen, who had recently lost her husband. Major 
 M'Mullen, "while on active service in India." On arrival 
 he was so weak that he had to be carried from the ship. 
 
 H 2
 
 100 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Early in February, the London journals contained the follow- 
 ing announcement : — " General Beatson. — This distin- 
 g-uished officer died on Sundaj-, the 4th, at the Vicarage, 
 New Swindon, the residence of the Rev. G. Campbell, aged 
 sixty-seven."* Gazing on him in his last sleep, he reminded 
 you of an effigy in a cathedral of one of the knights of old, 
 with a visage conscious of having, during an eventful life, 
 done much hard and chivalrous w^ork. Or he might have 
 given some the idea of a dead warrior on the hard-won field, 
 ■with, as Aytoun describes the " dead Dundee," a slight 
 Bmile on his visage, as if, in the splendid lines of Campbell 
 — conscious of leaving "no blot on his name," he dared to 
 " Look proudly to Heaven from the death-bed of fame."t 
 There can be no doubt that the subject of this sketch had 
 numerous very fine qualities ; biit disappointed ambition 
 seemed occasionally to freeze "the genial current" of his 
 soul, and in a few of his deeds there was a slight want of 
 discipline of the mind. After all, how many well-known or 
 distinguished men, in and out of the Services, are deserving 
 of the same remark, and have shown, more or less, qualities 
 which stood in the way of Beatson's advancement and dis- 
 tinction. One good anecdote of him may be told, showing 
 his impetuosity, with a tinge of humour, even at the quiet 
 chota haziree (small breakfast) after parade. It was in 
 Central India, v?hen the fame of " Beatson's Horse " was 
 beginning' to attract attention, that, as the commandant and 
 his officers were seated round the small table, preparatory 
 to the larger and later repast, Beatson suddenly drcAv his 
 sword, and made a smart cut at the helmet of one of the 
 officers, who naturally looked up from his tea, inquiring the 
 reason for such an assault. " I only wanted to find out 
 whether or not your helmet is sword-proof," coolly replied 
 Beatson. That he was a favourite among many of his 
 officers is undeniable ; and the following extracts will show 
 how he was appreciated in the Bundelkund Legion, and the 
 Nizam's Cavah'y. Take him in what light we wull, Beatson 
 will long be remembered as one of the bravest and best 
 soldiers of the old India Army. 
 
 * Then followed a record of his services. t " Lochiel's ■Warning."
 
 MAJOR-GEKEEAL W. F. BEATSOX. 101 
 
 PAPERS RELATING TO GENERAL BEATSON'S 
 INDIAN CAREER. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 Extract of a Utter to Government from Geneual Eraser, 
 liesident at Hyderabad, dated 6th of March, 1848. 
 
 " I liave always been anxious to diminish, as far as pos- 
 sible, the debts of the Cavalry Division, and it is a source of 
 gratification to me to find that the Brigadier has taken such 
 steps as may tend to effect this desirable object. 
 
 " I am happy that I am enabled to speak in terms of high 
 approval of Brigadier Beatson. He was not appointed at 
 my recommendation, and there was another officer who I 
 thought had superior claims to the Cavalry Division, from 
 having served in it for many years with credit and reputa- 
 tion ; but there is no man with whom. I could be better 
 satisfied than with Brigadier Beatson, nor any one, in my 
 opinion, who would be better suited to command the 
 Cavalry branch of the Nizam's Service." 
 
 General Fraser was adistinguisheil Anglo-Indian, a capital Persian scholar, 
 and well-read on neaily every subject. He held several important political 
 appointments during his long career. The writer recollects hira at Hyderabad 
 in 1846, remarking, as we entered with our swords on (accoiding to custom) 
 before breakfast, "Take otf your swords, gentlemen; this is a time of 
 peace ! " 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Extract of a letter from Col. Wood, Military Secretary to 
 Lord Hardinge, dated 18th October, 1848. 
 
 " It now appears that Col. Tomkyns has applied for an 
 extension of leave, only to the 29th of February next, and 
 that on his reassuming his command, Major Beatson, who is 
 officiating for him will be deprived of his appointment. 
 
 " The G. G. considers the claims of this officer on the 
 Government are very strong, having', whilst in command of 
 the Bundelkund Legion, consisting of Cavalry, Infantry and 
 Artillery, done good service to the State, at a most im- 
 portant crisis, when our troops refused to march to Scinde,
 
 102 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 wliicli his troops volunteered to do, the command of -wliicli 
 lie has .been deprived by the men of the Legion having 
 been drafted into the Regular E/egiments of the Bengal 
 Army. 
 
 " Under these circumstances the G. G., although he 
 acknowledges that Major Inglis, having commanded a regi- 
 ment of the Nizam's Cavalry for seventeen years, would be 
 a very proper officer to command the Cavalry Division, does 
 not feel justified in passing over Major Beatson in favour of 
 that officer," 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 The foUotving is the inscription on a stvord presented after 
 the Bundelkund Lecjion tvas broken tip : — 
 
 To Major W. F. Beatson, late Comma ndant-in-Cliief of the 
 Bundelkund Legion. 
 
 From his friends of the Legion, in token of their admiration 
 
 of him as a Soldier, and their esteem for him 
 
 as an Individual — 1850. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 The foUotving accompanied the presentation of a handsome 
 piiece of Plate, from the Officers of the Nizam'' s Cavalry, 
 after Brigadier Beatson gave up commiand : — 
 
 " We have availed ourselves of this method of testifying 
 our regard for you personally, and our admiration of your 
 talents and abilities as a Soldier under whose command we 
 have all served, and some of us have had opportunities of 
 witnessing your gallant conduct in action with the enemy, 
 and your sound judgment upon all occasions, when Brigadier 
 in command of the Nizam's Cavalry, both in Quarters and in 
 the Field." 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Extract of a Despatch from the Commander-in-Chief to the 
 Govkrnor-General, dated Head Quarters, Simla, 19th 
 October, 1853. 
 
 Recommending " The introduction, under an Inspector, or 
 other properly qualified Officer, of a well-considered and 
 uniform system in the Cavalry, so as to ensure effectually, 
 for the future, the most perfect efficiency attainable."
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL W. F. BEATSON. 103 
 
 " In the event of these suggestions meeting with the ap- 
 proval of the Most Noble the Governor- General-in-Council, 
 I am to observe that Major W. P. Beatson, late Brigadier in 
 the Army of his Highness the JSTizam, Avhose return from 
 furlough is shortly expected, appears to His Excellency, from 
 his long experience, a lit ofhcer to investigate into the state 
 of the Irregular Cavalry, and to prepare such rules and 
 regulations as may conduce to its pei'fect organization."
 
 104 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 COLONEL W. H. SYKES, M.R, F.RS.* 
 
 The (leatli of Colonel Sjkes, M.P., at the ripe age of eighty- 
 two, has removed from us a man of no ordinary mental 
 calibre^ and "whose like we may not soon see again. He was 
 emphatically, as a contemporai-y writer has styled him, " the 
 M.P. for Hindustan." India was the darling of his heart 
 through two generations of men, and when he could not get 
 India to talk about, he was oif to China to discourse about the 
 Taej)iDgs, or some other political subject of the Flowery 
 Land. India, past and present, was alike known to the 
 gallant and philanthropic Colonel ; and from his extensive 
 i-eading and vast experience he had the power of doing much 
 good ; but he knew not the secret of being concise, or of 
 seizing on various occasions the main points of an argument ; 
 which injured his value in the eyes of the world. Great in 
 statistics, great in a knowledge of the origin and progress 
 of Eastern commerce, great in a knowledge of ancient India 
 — his " Notes " concerning which form one of the most in- 
 teresting works on the mysteries of Buddhism in the world 
 — great in his devotion to the officers of the Indian army, 
 and always kind and considerate to officers and others 
 requiring his assistance and advice, the departed Colonel 
 Avas in many respects a remarkable man. As Director and 
 Chairman of the East India Company, a large amount of 
 patronage was in his gift, and for nearly forty years we fully 
 believe that he never lost an opportunity for exercising his 
 power of doing good. The subaltern of the fine old Indian 
 army, wanting his book patronised by the Court, was sure 
 to go to Sykes. If it could be done — he was the man. The 
 * Written in June, 1872.
 
 COLONEL "W. n. SYKES. 105 
 
 ■uidow and the orphan, too, how often have they had to bless 
 his name ! Some who read this will remember the Colonel's 
 famous remark — "I never ask favours from the Govei-n- 
 ment " — which has damped the spirit of many an aspirant 
 to fame. That tall figure with the benign countenance has 
 now passed away ; but none who have beard his speeches, 
 read his works, or had an interview with him, will easily 
 forget such a friend as William Henry Sykes. 
 
 The Liberal IMember of Parliament for Aberdeen died in 
 London on the 16th June, 1872. He was the son of Mr. 
 Samuel Sykes, a re2:)resentative of a branch of the Sykoses 
 of Yorkshire, and was born in the year 1790. He joined the 
 Bombay army in 1801, and in 1805 served under Lord Lake 
 atBhurtpore. At the battles of Kirkee and Poonah he com- 
 manded a regiment of native ti'oops. 
 
 He was actively employed in the Deccan in 1817 and 1818 ; 
 and in 1821 he was engaged by the Bombay Government as 
 statistical Reporter — a position which he held till he finally 
 quitted India in 18B1. In 1840 he was elected a Director 
 of the East India Company. He gave his services to the 
 public gratuitously as a Royal Commissioner in Lunacy. In 
 March, 1854, he was elected Lord Rector of Aberdeen 
 University ; and, to crown the zeal ho displayed for India, 
 he was subsequently chosen Deputy-Chairman of the East 
 India Company, and seiwed as Chairman of that great 
 Corporation in the eventful jears of 1857-58. He had re- 
 presented Aberdeen since 1857, at every general election 
 the gallant and learned Colonel having the preference. He 
 belonged to many learned societies at home and abroad, and 
 had held the presidential chairs of the Royal Asiatic Society, 
 of the Statistical Society, and of the Society of Arts. In 
 1856 he received from the citizens of Bombay a medal for 
 his strong advocacy of a system of native education ; and 
 only a year or two before his death he was presented with a 
 handsome silver candelabrum, subscribed for and presented 
 by the officers of the Indian army " in grateful appreciation 
 of his persevering and disinterested advocacy in the House 
 of Commons of the rights and privileges " of that body. 
 Turning from the learned "Notes on the Religious, Moral,
 
 106 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 and Political State of Ancient India " — wliicli alone occupy 
 some 250 pages, or nearly tbe entire volume, of the Journal 
 of the Koyal Asiatic Society, for May, 1841 — we find among 
 his scientific and literary -works one on the " Organization 
 and Cost of the English and French Armies and Navies," 
 and upwards of sixty papers published in the Transactions 
 of various learned societies, " mainly on the ancient history, 
 antiquities, statistics, geology, natural history, and meteor- 
 ology of India." 
 
 The general complaint, remarked on by Seneca, of the 
 shortness of life, and his answer — Vita, si scias uti, longa est 
 — " Life is long, if you know how to use it " — were known 
 to few men better than Colonel Sykes. ISTot long before his 
 death, the writer had occasion to pay him a visit in Albion 
 Street, Hyde Park. The conversation turning on work for 
 the Anglo-Indian at home, on its being remarked to him 
 what a vast deal of work he had got through since he left 
 India (more than forty years ago), he replied — " But there 
 is little use in living now ; the vis vitce has gone ! " 
 
 Some twenty years before, the conversation with him, 
 when he served as a Director in Leadenhall Street, had 
 been on Buddhism and Monsieur Manupied's wonderful work, 
 bringing out a comparison between some of theBucIdhistical 
 writings and those in Isaiah ; now it was on the great ques- 
 tion of the day — Education ! 
 
 Perhaps no Anglo-Indian ever moved in a higher circle of 
 society than Colonel Sykes. He was the friend of several 
 distinguished men, among others. Lord Rosse, the inventor 
 of the mighty telescope, wdth whom the writer found him 
 busy on one occasion ; and, during the first conversation 
 above alluded to, he remarked on being obliged, from ill- 
 health, to decline all invitations, even from those related to 
 the Royal Family. This is mentioned to show that, in spite 
 of a few short-comings as a public man, there was some 
 attractive metal about him, even in a social point of view. 
 Early in June, on leaving the House of Commons, we believe 
 that he said to a brother Member with whom he had been 
 associated for years, while supporting him on leavino- the 
 House, " I'm going home — I don't think I shall ever re-
 
 COLONEL W. 11. SYKES. 107 
 
 turn ! " The remark was too true ; lie went liome but to 
 die. Sykes comes under the head of useful and hard-work- 
 ins' rather than of brilliant Ano-lo-Indians. Those who 
 knew him well declared that he thought he knew everything 
 better than anybody else ; and surely, when we consider 
 that he was a soldier a year before Nelson won the battle 
 of Trafalgar, and then an ardent student, such pride of 
 knowledge may be excused. A duplicate of the man can 
 never possibly appear : he belongs to a school fast passing 
 away ; but younger men will do well if they evince the same 
 amount of energy and industry in the public service which 
 so long distinguished Colonel Sykes. 
 
 In 1886, it is pleasing to find that the name of Colonel 
 Sykes is by no means forgotten. Dr. Murdoch, evidently a 
 well-read Anglo-Indian, in a strange work on " India's 
 Needs," remarks that the struggle for existence is not con- 
 fined to India. Colonel Sykes, for many years resident in 
 that country, says : — " Poverty and wretchedness exist in 
 all countries ; but this much I can say, that in similar 
 limited areas I never witnessed in India such an amount of 
 squalid misery a,s it has been my misfortune to witness in 
 my personal inquiries in London and elsewhere into the con- 
 dition of the labouring classes." The recent " Bitter Cry of 
 Outcast London" shows that " the misery still exists." The 
 question at once arises. How could the gallant and philan- 
 thropic Colonel, amidst so many engagements, find time for 
 such important inquiries ? Perhaps the answer is to be found 
 in a remark once made by the most popular of English 
 novelists, that he owed very much of his success in life to 
 doinsr one thingf at a time. 
 
 THE GENIUS OF ANCIENT BUDDHISM. 
 
 Under the above head, the conclusion of Colonel Sykes' famous paper, 
 "Notes on Ancient India," may be given as an example of his style. When 
 we consider that the religion of Buddha numbers some 400,000,000 members, 
 the subject should be one of no common interest. 
 
 With a few words on the genius of ancient Buddhism, and 
 the possible cause of its fall in India, I shall close these
 
 108 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 notes. The Buddhists, like many other Eastern nations, 
 believed in the transmigration of the soul. To terminate 
 the probationary state, and to obtain final liberation or rest, 
 nirvana or nirbufti, that is to say, the stoppage of the further 
 transition of the soul, \\'as the solo worthy object of man's 
 existence ! The only path to this object was through the 
 grades of the clergy. The conditions were, the " most perfect 
 faith, the most jjerfect virtue, and the most perfect l-noicledge.^' 
 It was insufficient for the laity that they believed in Btoddha, 
 Dharma, Saiiga, i.e. Buddha, the law, and the clergy or church ; 
 of which there is elsewhere an analogue in " God, the law, and 
 the projohets :" it was only by receiving the tons are, and. 
 enlisting in the ranks of the church that they even made 
 the first step towards salvation. It was then, that, aban- 
 doning the world and its concerns, pledged to absolute 
 poverty, to support life by eleemosynary means, to chastity, 
 to abstinence, to penance, to prayer, and, above all, to 
 continued contemplation of divine truths, they rose in the 
 grades of the church, until some one amongst them having 
 obtained the most perfect knowledge, the most perfect virtue, 
 and the most perfect faith, became Buddha, or infinite 
 wisdom; that is to say, the soul ceased to wander, — its final 
 rest was attained, and it was absorbed into the First Cause. 
 It has been attempted to brand this doctrine with atheism ; 
 biat if it be so, then are the Brahmans atheists, for it is part 
 of their esoteric system.* Those of the Buddhist clergy 
 who could not attain nirvana, in their renewed births were 
 supposed to attain a form amongst the grades of beings either 
 celestial or terrestrial, approaching to perfect happiness in 
 the proximate ratio of their attainment of perfect Icnoioledge, 
 and in these states they might rise or fall, va^iil final lihera- 
 tion was attained. The souls of the laity went on transmi- 
 grating through animal or vegetable life, without even pass- 
 ing the threshold to salvation. It was a strong motive with 
 every man, therefore, to join the clergy, and even the painful 
 lives the latter led, did not prevent the pi^oper relation be- 
 tween producers and non-producers in the social sj^stem 
 being subverted. The accumulation of the clergy was preg- 
 nant with evil. Their standard of excellence was infinitely 
 too high for humanity; their tests for its attainment too 
 severe ; schisms occurred, disorders broke out, relaxations in 
 discipline followed, and these circumstances, in the progress 
 of ages, combined with the severe pressure upon the laity 
 for the support of the enormously disproportioned numbers 
 * Wilson, Second Oxford Lecture, p. 64.
 
 COLOMEL W. H. SYKES. 109 
 
 of the clerg'y [^vide Maliawanso], loosened their hokl upon 
 the veneration and affection of the people : they silently fell 
 off from a system which -vvas so onerous, and merged into 
 the Vaisya or Sudra ranks of the Brahmanical faith, pre- 
 cisely as is described by Hiuan thsang to have been the 
 case at Patna in the seventh century, when " the Buddhists 
 were living amongst the heretics, and no better than 
 them." In this corrupted stage of Buddhism, the fiery 
 Saivas mustered in sufficient force to effect its overthi'ow ; 
 the clergy, and such of the laity as espoused their inte- 
 rests, wei'C either slaughtered, or driven out of India to a 
 man, and the rest of the laity had little difficulty in trans- 
 ferring their allegiance from one idol to another (for from 
 works of Buddhist art, and from what we now see of its 
 practices in other countries, it must then have lapsed into 
 little better than rank idolatry), and Buddhism thus finally 
 disappeared from India, leaving, however, indestructible 
 vestiges of its former glory, and many of its practices amongst 
 the Hindus, as noticed by Dr. Stevenson ; the Saivas leaving 
 also, as I elsewhere have had occasion to notice, monuments 
 of their triumphs ! * 
 
 In case I am asked for the specific object and ciii hono of 
 ray labours, my reply is brief and simple. The startling 
 accounts of India by the Chinese travellers in the fifth, sixth, 
 and seventh centuries of our era, prompted me to subject 
 details so novel and unexpected to the test of such contem- 
 porary or previous evidence, as might be obtainable. The 
 Chinese ti'avellers have come from the ordeal unscathed, and 
 the accumulated facts of the preceding pages satisfy me that 
 the narratives of what they saw, in their chief features are 
 as worthy of credit as those of the travellers of any other 
 time or nation whatever, at least those of a Fahian. With 
 respect to the cui bono, if it be proved that Brahmanism is 
 neither unfathomable in its antiquity, nor unchangeable in 
 its character, we may safely infer that by proper means, 
 applied in a cautious, kindly, and forbearing spirit, such 
 further clianges may be effected, as will raise the intel- 
 lectual standard of the Hindus, improve their moral and 
 social condition, and assist to promote their eternal wel- 
 fare. 
 
 * Journal of tbe Royal Asiatic Society, No. iv., p. 205.
 
 110 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL W. H. MILLER, C.B.- 
 
 William Henry Miller appears in tlie "Madras Quarterly 
 Armj List," in June, 1860, as Regimental Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, a Colonel in the Array, and Aide-de-Camp to the 
 Queen ; his season of appointment to the Madras Artillery 
 dating as far back as 1823. The same interesting work — 
 more interesting to many than either romance or history — 
 records that Colonel Miller served with the force of Colonel 
 Evans, C.B., employed against the insurgents in the I^uggur 
 Province of Mysore, in April, May, and June, 1831 ; with 
 the Saugor Field Division in the Bundelkund campaign, 
 of 1858, in command of the Artillery Brigade ; present at 
 the actions of Jheenjun, April 10th, and of Kubraee, April 
 17th, 1858; the Battle of Banda, 19th April, 1858. Ee- 
 ceived three wounds, one on the hand, one on the face, and 
 lost his right arm. 
 
 From the fourth of the seven ages of man (according to 
 Shakspeare), we make a retrograde movement to " the 
 infant," and find that, as the son of Major Miller, Royal 
 Horse Guards (Blues), William first saw the light in May, 
 1805, at or near the town of Windsor. To his father, one 
 of the best informed officers of the day, the son owed much 
 of his education ; and that love of argument in conver- 
 sation, which so distinguished him in after life, was due to 
 paternal tuition. The Millers seem to have caught some 
 infection from the vastness of the Scotch intellect during 
 the eighteenth century, of which we read in Buckle's re- 
 markable book on " Civilisation." Of the two fundamental 
 divisions of human inquiry — the deductive and the in- 
 
 * Written June, 1873, partly from a sketch printed at Ootacamund, 
 Neilgherries, ISGti.
 
 MAJOR-GENEIIAL W. II. MILLER. Ill 
 
 ductive — during that renowned period of invention, all the 
 great thinkers of Scotland chieHy cherished the deductive 
 philosophy which, in comparison with the other, was deemed 
 "remarkable for holdness, dexterity, and often rashness." 
 From Patrick Millei*, of Dalswinton, over his carronades 
 and paddle-wheels, down to his grandson, the lieutenant fire- 
 worker in the Coast Artillery, the spirit of investigation was 
 apparent. Such a state of mind, preferring facts to theories, 
 Avas not less valuable to the soldier Miller (especially in the 
 scientific branch of the Army) than to the eventual vindica- 
 tion of his grandfather's right to be considered the sole 
 originator of Practical Steam .Navigation. 
 
 After some thirty-five years of uninterrupted Indian 
 service, in the different capacities of surveyor, commissary of 
 ordnance, and regimental officer — all blended with that love 
 of shil-ai; which the Iron Duke rightly deemed a grand 
 qualification in the British soldier — William Miller was 
 appointed by Sir Patrick Grant, Commander-in-Chief of 
 the Madras Army, to the command, of the Artillery Brigade 
 of the Saugor Field Division, which division, under General 
 Sir G. C. Whitlock, the great question of the Banda and 
 Kirwee prize-money afterwards rendered even more famous 
 in the eyes of the world than its glorious deeds in the field. 
 
 To one who was fond, and knew so much about, horses and 
 cattle, this well-equipped division (including a more than 
 usually effective siege-train) must have presented a cheerful 
 picture — one that would have received ample justice from the 
 genius of Landseer. All the animals were in splendid con- 
 dition, and well adapted to aid the work of giving the coup-de- 
 ijrace to the Sepoy rebellion. The Brigadier was a thoroughly 
 practical man. Not a few of the stores for the large train 
 were weighed out and packed under his personal inspection. 
 While Commissary of Ordnance his plan was to keep various 
 books, in which the materials for making up stores were 
 carefully jotted down, as well as a vast quantity of practical 
 information, invaluable to the Ordnance officer. " Give me 
 facts, I am sick of theory ; give me actual facts ! " said 
 James Watt to Boulton ; and, doubtless, so thought, while 
 aboi;t to set forth on his warlike mission, the grandson of
 
 112 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Patrick Miller of Dalswinton. Bundelkund was to be tlie 
 grand theatre of action. It was in the height of the hot 
 weather of 1858 that the Column encountered the Nawab of 
 Banda. During the action which ensued, Brigadier Miller's 
 gallantry, while in command of the Artillery, was con- 
 spicuous. Attempting to silence or carry away one of the 
 enemy's field guns, which was playing hard upon the 
 Division, he had his right arm shattered, and received a 
 sword cut on his head, and other wounds. Through medical 
 skill, and a strong constitution, a valuable life was spared ; 
 but the arm had, at Banda, to be eventually amputated near 
 the shoulder. 
 
 " After the battle," wrote a most intelligent officer in the 
 force, " the fearful weather under which we marched to 
 Kirwee — when strong men dropped motionless, and too soon 
 lifeless, day by day — will never be forgotten by those who 
 shared it." The General was proud to the end of his days 
 of the Artillery he commanded at Banda, on the 19th April, 
 and of how they did their duty in the famed relief of Kirwee, 
 25th December, 1858, under the personal command of 
 General (afterwards Sir George) Whitlock, on which 
 occasion the Cavalry and Horse Artillery marched eighty- 
 seven miles in thirty-seven hours. Honor fidelitatis jpremiani 
 was the motto chosen for an interesting pamphlet on the 
 Division, recording the exploits of the Madras troops, who 
 " from the hour when the gallant IS^eill led his little band of 
 Fusiliers across the surf, down to the Battle of Banda and 
 march to Kirwee, had proved themselves to be soldiers of 
 whom Charles the Twelfth, or the Great Conde, would have 
 been justly proud." Among the recipients of honours dis- 
 tributed after the war, was the Artillery Brigadier, who had 
 fought so fearlessly and well ; he was appointed Aide-de- 
 Camp to Her Majesty, with the rank of a Brevet-Colonel, 
 and eventually a C.B., on obtaining the honorary rank of 
 Major-General. In 1866 General Miller was among the first 
 recipients of the good service pension allotted by Her Majesty 
 to distinofuished or worthy Indian officers. He had retired 
 from the service, and left India in 1860-61. 
 
 Shortly after his retirement General Miller set his power-
 
 MAJOR-GEXEKAL W. II. MILLER. 113 
 
 fill mind to work on the scientific subject of tlie origin of 
 Practical Steam l^avigation ; and the result, after unwearied 
 investigation, was a published letter (1862), " vindicating 
 the right of Patrick Miller, Esq., of Dalswinton, to be 
 regarded as the first inventor." For many years, in a 
 foreign land, the grandson had been displeased to hear that 
 others were pursuing the triumph which belonged to his 
 illustrious relaiive, whose experiments in artillery and 
 navigation, including those in the latter Avith steam, are 
 well known to have cost Mr. Miller above £30,000. The 
 " Letter," published in the form of a neat hrochure, is 
 addressed to Bennett Woodcroft, Esq., F.R.S., author of 
 " A Sketch of the Origin and progress of Steam Navigation." 
 
 In his " Vindication" the General exhibited a forbearance, 
 a generosity, and an impartiality, not common in a matter 
 of scientific controversy, and did much to fix old Dalswin- 
 ton in a conspicuous niche in the temple of fame. The 
 question of Army prize, in connection with the well-known 
 Banda and Kirwee case, occupied unceasingly the last seven 
 or eight years of General Miller's life ; and, as President of 
 the Committee appointed with reference to the money and 
 jewels taken in the campaign in which he had played so dis- 
 tinguished a part, the hoc age, or do it with all thy might 
 principle of work, was ever apparent in one of the most 
 tinselfish, of men. The worry and vexation which his 
 generous labours frequently entailed, doubtless tended to 
 hasten the General's end ; and, after a brief illness, the fine 
 old Anglo-Indian soldier died peacefully at his residence in 
 Kildare Gardens, Bayswater, on the 15th May, 1873. His 
 remains were interred in Kensal Green Cemetery, May 21, 
 in the presence of numerous mourning and sincere friends 
 and companions-in-arms. 
 
 In his manner General Miller was genial and attractive in 
 an extraordinary degree. Tall and erect, with a rather 
 powerful frame, le general sans bras (as the French used to 
 style him), with his amiable visage set off by a venerable 
 beard, seemed to make friends everywhere. In the omnibus 
 or railway carriage he had always a little tronp of patient 
 listeners to his occasional droll remarks and brief anecdotes ; 
 
 I
 
 114 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 and in the former Tehicle on one occasion he kept two old 
 ladies chained to their seats, to their dismay, long after passing- 
 the appointed place of exit. He was generally at first averse 
 to novelties of any kind. He preferred the old stagecoach to 
 the railway carriage, and shot with the flint gun (and killed 
 right well, too) long after percussion caps had come into 
 use. The old soldier in London, now turned into a commis- 
 sionnaire, who could display medals, and especially if he had 
 lost an arm, was sure to meet with his sympathy or assis- 
 tance. At home, the fund of anecdote he would pour out 
 was sometimes surprising. He knew everything about 
 Anglo-India in the old time, and would bring "old familiar 
 faces " back before you in rapid succession. In Indian 
 sporting matters he was a first-rate authority, and the well- 
 known heroes of the turf of a past age in our " Nursery of 
 Captains " were most of them known to him.* Himself a 
 fearless rider, he would discourse on the merits of once 
 renowned jockeys. He would tell you of the mighty 
 hunters, whether with hound or spear, such as John Elliott 
 and Backhouse, and of some of the chief turf men in Ben- 
 gal — Stevenson, Bacon, Grant, and John White. He would 
 bring before you the feats of Stevenson, the father of the 
 turf in the Bengal Presidency, and the eccentricities of 
 MacDowell ( " Arab Mac " ) who claimed that honour in 
 Madras. He had stories of Apthorp, Humffreys, and Shir- 
 riff — all renowned tiger-killers — and Duncan Mackenzie 
 ("Mr. North"), Edward Gullifer Showers (Artillery), and 
 the two Macleans, were cited as " among the glorious old 
 'Mulls,' " who in their day shed glory o'er the turf, as Cun- 
 nino-ham (Cavalry) did in Bombay. He had even stories of 
 the famous Arabs of the time, such as Pyramid, Feramorz, 
 and Hurry Skurry — those " equine sons of the desert," as 
 he styled them. He would then strike off to affairs at 
 home, and talk of history, politics, and the drama. Of the 
 latter he was especially fond, and he would tell you about 
 the old actors — of whom he had seen many — dwelling on 
 Listen's wonderful face, for instance — with a genial humour 
 * See "Sketcli of Sporting Literature in India," in which the General is 
 the "choice spirit of a world gone b^'," therein a'luded to.
 
 MxVJOR-GENERAL W. H. MILLER. 115 
 
 worthy of Elia. In politics tlie General was a strict Con- 
 servative : and, with a Tory journal in his hand he seemed 
 to bid defiance to all the world, which frequently led him 
 into severe wordy conflicts with his political opponents. 
 Well-read, and possessing a most retentive memory, his 
 weak point now came forth — impatience of contradiction. 
 And yet with his opposing style of argument he was one of 
 the kindest and most charitable of men. A genial laugh or 
 smile soon succeeded the motion of the empty sleeve. 
 Charity with him was not a mere name. "With but limited 
 means he was ever ready to do a good action, when in his 
 power ; and he did it with much delicacy and good feeling. 
 To give the last touch, he was eminently just and liberal, 
 and loved for his justice and magnanimity. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 THE SAUGOR FIELD DIVISION. 
 
 The Saugor Field Division consisted of a wing of the 
 12th Royal Lancers, under Colonel Oakes ; the 43rd Regi- 
 ment, under Colonel Primrose ; the 3rd Madras European 
 Regiment, under Colonel Apthorp (" Tiger Apthorp," so 
 called from being such a good shot) ; a troop of European 
 M.H.A., under Major Mein ; F Troop of JSTative H.A., 
 under Major Brice ; a Horse Battery, under Captain Gos- 
 ling and Lieutenant Pope ; the 50th M.N. I., under Colonel 
 Reece, and the 1st M.N.I, under Colonel Gottreux. Cap- 
 tain Palmer's Company, R. A., with Lieutenant Morgan ; 
 and last, though far from least, the 2nd Ressalah of the 
 Hyderabad Contingent, under Captain Macintire, completed 
 Whitlock's Field Division, in which were some of the best 
 officers in the Madras Army. 
 
 The staff consisted of Colonel Hamilton, Adjutant-Gen- 
 eral ; Major Barrow, Commissary of Ordnance ; Major Lud- 
 low, Field or Chief Engineer ; Head of the Commissariat, 
 Captain Barrow ; Major Lawder, Q.M.G. ; and Dr. David- 
 son, Surgeon-in-Chief, with whom the writer had served in 
 the second Burmese war. All the men were eager for 
 
 I 2
 
 116 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 service — " the boys " in particular ; for so the men of the 
 recently raised Madras 3rd European Regiment had been 
 styled by their former Colonel (General Whitlock),* who 
 was now about to lead them on to victory ! — Bondela Khond, 
 the land of the Bondelas, was to be the grand theatre of 
 action. 
 
 11. 
 
 COLONEL WALTER CONINGSBT ERSKINE, C.B. 
 (EARL OP KELLIE). 
 
 The Honourable Colonel Walter Coningsby Erskine, C.B., 
 also retired in 1861, after distinguished political service in 
 Central India during the Mutiny. We mention this, as the 
 subject of the foregoing brief sketch was cousin to the very 
 recently deceased Earl of Mar, now (1866) succeeded in the 
 estates hy Colonel Erskine (cousin to the late Earl), under 
 the title of the Earl of Kellie. So much for the rise of the 
 cadet who went out to the Bengal Presidency in 1827. To 
 future historians, among the various fortunes of the famed 
 Erskines of Mar, not the least remarkable will be that of 
 the soldier (and after political) who found his way to India ! 
 We may here state that John Thomas Erskine, 13th Earl of 
 Mar, son of John Prancis, 12th Earl, married Miss Janet 
 Miller, daughter of Patrick Miller, Esq., -of Dalswinton, in 
 Dumfriesshire, and had issue one son, the Honourable John 
 Francis Miller Erskine, and two daughters. The now 
 deceased nobleman, John Prancis Miller Erskine, 14th Earl 
 of Mar and Kellie, was born at Dalswinton about the year 
 1 794-6. t He must have been born in the old mansion ; for 
 the present was not erected till some years after. However, 
 the grounds, and lake (on which the first steamboat experi- 
 ment took place) remain the same ; and while we think of 
 the place as hallowed by scientific achievement, history 
 reminds ns that here was born the descendant of an Earl 
 who had the " custody of his infant Sovereign, Queen 
 Mary," till 1548 ; and from whom was descended the next 
 Earl, his sou, who had charge of James VI., afterwards 
 King of England, when an infant. This Earl, the sixth of 
 a great line " whose origin is lost in its antiquity," was 
 highly distinguished by his Sovereign, and, as we read, 
 
 * Sir George Cornish Whitlock, K.C.B. 
 
 t In his early days he served in the Army, and was present at Quaire 
 llras and \Yaterlco. He died at Alloa House on the lOth of June, 1866, in 
 his 71st year.
 
 MAJOK-GENERAL W. H. MILLER. 117 
 
 bringing the immortal inventor of abridging calculation by 
 Logarithms to memory, " was the friend and fellow labourer 
 of Baron Napier of Merchiston ! " 
 
 Lieut. -Colonel the Earl of Kellie died at Cannes, 15th 
 January, 1872. He held several military and civil appoint- 
 ments in India ; received the thanks of both Houses of 
 Parliament, and was created a C.B. (Civil Division) for his 
 conduct in the Indian Mutiny ; he also had medals for the 
 " Sutlej " and " India."
 
 118 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 MAJOE-GEN. ALBERT FYTCHE, C.S.I * 
 
 Geis^eral Fytche, late Chief Commissioner of British Burma, 
 was born in 1823, and educated at Rugby and Addiscombe. 
 At the age of sixteen he obtained his commission in the 
 Bengal army, and (like many distinguished men) commenced 
 work in earnest at an early age. Before he was twenty, 
 while serving as a lieutenant in the Arakan Local Battalion, 
 he did credit to Rugby and Addiscombe while gaining his 
 first laurels (1841) by routing out and punishing a wild hill- 
 tribe, known as the Wallengs, who had committed several 
 raids on the British frontier. It was a difficult service. The 
 position to be attacked was on a precipitous mountain, 4,000 
 feet high, with sides so steep that the inhabitants of the 
 place could only ascend it by ladders. In the face o£ strong 
 opposition Lieutenant Fytche dislodged the enemy, and for 
 this gallant attack received the thanks of the British Govern- 
 ment. In 1845 he joined the Commission of Arakan ; but 
 in 1848 he left civil employ to take part in the second Sikh 
 war, and distinguished himself at Chilianwallah and Guzerat. 
 During the latter famous and decisive action, he was selected 
 by General Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert to storm the key of 
 the Sikh position, and in performing this important service 
 Lieutenant Fytche was severely wounded. He also joined 
 in the pursuit in which the Ameer Dost Mahomed Khan was 
 so nearly taken prisoner. After the Sikh war Lieutenant 
 Fytche returned to the Commission of Arakan, but in 1853 
 was appointed Deputy-Commissioner of Bassein, in the new 
 British province of Pegu, where he performed services 
 
 * Written in March, 1873 ; forming portion of a sketch of the General's 
 "Administration of British Burma." The growing importance of Burma 
 must form an excuse for ihe administrative details here given.
 
 MAJOR- GENERAL ALBERT FYTCHE. 119 
 
 which must at once recommend themselves to every 
 saving AVar Minister or economical Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer. Thoy ai-e recorded in a " Narrative of the 
 Second Burmese War." On one occasion Captain Fytche 
 penetrated to the haunts of bands of armed robbers, who 
 were ravas^ing the country, accompanied by a band of 
 irregular followers Avhom he had raised and drilled himself, 
 and by this daring act succeeded in routing and dispersing 
 the enemy, and re.storing tranquillity in that quarter of his 
 district, with a wonderfully small bill of costs for an army. 
 On another occasion, which even more strongly recommends 
 itself, the Captain attacked a strong entrenchment of the 
 banditti, and shot their chief with his own hand. But his 
 most daring and economical exploit was against the ex- 
 Governor of Bassein, who had collected an army of 3,000 
 men, with a gathering of camp followers which raised the 
 aggregate to about 10,000 ; Captain Fytche attacked them 
 after a forced march, with his detachment of Irregulars, 
 accompanied by four field-pieces ; the engagement was most 
 successful. Captain Fytche, with an energy worthy of a 
 Malcolm or an Oatram, not only dispersed the enemy and 
 killed their leader, but captured nine guns and upwards of 
 3,000 stand of arms, and so much plunder, that with the 
 proceeds he was enabled to pay all the expenses of his car- 
 riage and other charges without the cost of a rupee to the 
 State.* On this occasion we were led to remark : — "With 
 such a force, the blue-jackets and four field-pieces, we think 
 that a successful march might have been made even on 
 Amrapoora, ' the city of the immortals,' itself ! " 
 
 As we cannot here detail the Captain's numerous other 
 exploits for the next few years, all performed in the most 
 gallant manner, let us pass on to 1857, when Major Fytche 
 was appointed Commissioner of Tenasserim and Martaban, a 
 most important post, which he held with great credit for a 
 period of ten years. Tempered by the Commissioner's judg- 
 ment and discretion, which greatly adorned his administra- 
 tion, under his mild rule the territory enjoyed an order and 
 tranquillity which formed a significant contrast to the more 
 * See " Second Burmese War "— Pegu— pp. 3S5-3S9.
 
 120 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIAXS. 
 
 demonstrative proceedings whicli were carried on in other 
 provinces of the British Empire in the East. In March, 
 1867, Colonel Fytche was appointed to the still more im- 
 portant post, in succession to Sir Arthur Phayre, of Chief 
 Commissioner of British Burma and Agent to His Excellency 
 the Viceroy of India. His four years' administration date 
 from March, 1867, to March, 1871 ; and before taking his 
 departure from the Province on furlough to Em^ope, the 
 Chief Commissioner put upon record some interesting par- 
 ticulars respecting the past history of his administration, 
 and its progress during the time it had been entrusted to his 
 care. His distinguished predecessor, Sir Arthur Phayre, 
 previous to his departure from Burma, had submitted to the 
 Government of India statistical tables of the progress of the 
 province prior to 1867 ; and so the wholesome practice has 
 been established in Chin- India (as the French geographer, 
 Malte-Brun, aptly styles India beyond the Ganges), of an 
 administrator finishing his chequered course by displaying 
 his talents as author or reviewer. General * Fytche had 
 just reason for entering on a comprehensive review when wc 
 consider that the main portion of his life had been spent in 
 the country, and that for more than thirty years he had been 
 serving in one or other of the three divisions of Arakan, 
 Pegu, and Tenasserim. 
 
 Passing over some valuable particulars, especially con- 
 cerning the rapid improvement of Arakan and Tenasserim 
 (which provinces came into our possession in 1826) under 
 British administration ; at the present time, when, probably 
 in a true spirit of wisdom suited to the age, annexation is 
 not the policy of ou.r Indian Government, it is interesting to 
 read General Fytche's remarks on Lord Dalhousie's not 
 taking a mode of fiction which, in our opinion, might have 
 led to making northern Burma British, and the omission of 
 which, for political reasons, appears to the General to have 
 been open to question. He alludes to the " premature with- 
 drawal " of the expedition, in 1852 : — " Had that force been 
 allowed to remain a few weeks longer, onr political relations 
 
 * Appointed Major-General in the Army, November, 1868, and Companion 
 of the Exalted Order of the Star of India.
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALBERT FYTCHE. 121 
 
 ■wit]i the Court of A va might have been established on a last- 
 ing basis, which would have proved beneficial to both states. 
 Fortunately the result has been in a great measure achieved 
 in later years, pai-tly by diplomatic action, and partly by 
 a spontaneous display of friendship and confidence on the 
 part of his Majesty the King of Ava, which was previously 
 Tinknown." 
 
 It is curious to remark that Avhen General Fytche came 
 to India (1841), while the Government Avas rashly contem- 
 plating the occupation of Afghanistan, Burma was so little 
 cared for, that a withdrawal from the country was more than 
 once seriously contemplated. The revenue was insufficient 
 to meet the expenditure, and the public opinion of civilized 
 nations had not yet reached the fertile valley of the Irra- 
 waddy,* from the sea-coast upward to the wild tribes which 
 intervene between Burma and China, which region " was in 
 the hands of a cruel and barbarous despot utterly ignorant 
 of the great world around him." 
 
 General Fytche, in a "Memorandum," reviews his admi- 
 nistration during four years, under the several heads of 
 Foreign Policy, Internal Administration, and Public Works. 
 Under the head of Foreign Policy his review of the progress 
 of our relations with the Court of Ava — especially at a time 
 when the Burmese Embassy, after receiving the utmost consi- 
 deration and attention, has so recently left London — is highly 
 interesting. 
 
 The other countries upon our frontier also come well under 
 notice. 
 
 When entrusted with the administration of Burma, early 
 in 1867, one of the Chief Commissioner's first objects was to 
 open up a friendly intercourse with the King, and to en- 
 deavour, through Major Sladen (who was at that time his 
 assistant at the Court of Mandalay), to remove all suspicions 
 from the mind of His Majesty, and to convince the Burmese 
 Government that the only object of the British was to pro- 
 
 * According to tbe liigbett authority (Sir Arthur Phayre) Irdwadi is the 
 correct spelling of this word ; for the ftymology of which, see Ashi Pyee, 
 p. 81. " Poonghi " — a Burmese priest — sbould be also spelt Phongyee, 
 though the common spelling is retained in this Sketch.
 
 122 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 mote, by raiitual concessions, the material interests of the 
 two States. At that time so little had been accomplished in 
 the way of developing the trade with Upper Burma under 
 the treaty of 1862 (which proved to be of little or no 
 advantage to British interests and trade), that during the 
 whole interval that had elapsed between that year and the 
 date of Colonel Fytche's taking charge of the administra- 
 tion in 1867, only foiir merchant steamers had made 
 their way to Mandalay. One of his earliest measures was 
 to provide for a more rapid and regular communication, 
 not only between Rangoon and the frontier town of Thayet- 
 niyo, but between Thayetmyo and Mandalay, the capital of 
 Ava, and with the stations in the Ava territory still further 
 inland, as far as the remote and decaying commercial city of 
 Bhamo. 
 
 While Commissioner of Tenasserim and Martaban, in 1864, 
 Colonel Fytche had carried on some important negotiations 
 "with the Siamese Commissioners especially appointed by 
 the King of Siam, respecting the line of boundary between 
 British territory and that country. Matters, unsettled for 
 forty years, were brought to a successful issue. Proceeding 
 to the boundaries in person, in less than two years, through 
 the Commissioner's negotiations, the line of frontier was 
 surveyed and demarcated,* and duly ratified by a treaty 
 between the Government of India and the King of Siam. 
 This business appears to have been so well managed that it 
 was natural to expect great results from the visit of the new 
 Chief Commissioner to Mandalay, in ]8d7. Colonel Fytche 
 succeeded in negotiating a very important treaty with the 
 King of Burma — foi-ming the basis of our present political 
 relations with the Court of Mandalay — under which the 
 oppressive monopolies of the King were abandoned, and a 
 fixed rate of frontier duties was finally settled ; whilst the 
 country was fairly opened up to European enterprise, and 
 Avith such advantageous results to British merchants that 
 during the following year the trade with Upper Burma was 
 nearly doubled. At the same time Colonel Fytche won the 
 
 * An excellent and much-lamented officer, Lieutenant Bagge, R.E., was 
 employed in this work.
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALBERT FYTCHE. 123 
 
 confidence of tlae King, and thus obtained His Majesty's 
 permission to the despatch of an expedition, under Major 
 Sladen, towards Western China, via Bhamo,* -with the view 
 of re-opening an ancient and important trade between Burma 
 and Western China, which had been closed only ten years 
 previously in consequence of wars between some Mussulman 
 tribes known as Panthays, and the Chinese local governors. 
 Opening up the old trade route, among other objects, had 
 the important one of encouraging the influx of population 
 into British territory. 
 
 By this expedition in 1868, the energetic and fearless 
 Sladen did for this part of Asia what Sir Alexander Biirnes 
 had effected by his travels into Bokhara ; he cast a line of 
 light — line ligne lumineuse, as the great Humboldt said of 
 Sir Alexander — around a hitherto unknown region. The 
 Major succeeded, not only in visiting Bhamo, but in penetrat- 
 ing the Kachyen hills as far as Momein, and opening up 
 communications with the Pantbay chiefs of Talifoo, the 
 capital of Yunan ; so the Chief Commissioner has good 
 reasons for thinking there can be no question that with a 
 rapidly-increasing steam communication with Bhamo, t the 
 old trade will speedily revive, and the river Irrawaddy be- 
 come the Ganges of Burma. 
 
 The value of Pegu as a British possession in the East is 
 particularly noticed by General Fytche. 
 
 Indeed, it may be safely asserted that without Pegu our 
 possessions in Burma are of comparatively small value ; but 
 that with Pegu our territory in Burma has become " one of 
 the most prosperous provinces of our Eastern Empire." 
 Beyond all question, the General's four years' administra- 
 tion of Burma has been eminently successful, externally as 
 well as internally ; and at its close, it is highly pleasing to 
 note the following results : — 
 
 " A British officer has been appointed to reside perma- 
 
 * Here, where Burmese and Chinese influences commingle, we hope yet to 
 see an exchange-mart for the silk, copper, gold, drugs, and textile fabrics of 
 Western China, and for British and Burmese staples. 
 
 t In 1869 Captain Strover was appointed to reside at Bhamo as assistant 
 political agent.
 
 121 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 nently at Bhamo. A mixed coui't lias been establislied at 
 Mandalay for tlie trial of cases in wliicli British subjects 
 are concerned. Every year Upper Burma is brougbt more 
 and more into communication with the western world ; 
 whilst the prosperity of British Burma is such, that within 
 the last ten years her population and revenue have both 
 doubled ; and whilst she has to maintain herself against a 
 frontier more considerable and difficult than that of the 
 Punjab, she contributes one-sixth of her revenue to the 
 Imperial treasury, after meeting all charges, military and 
 civil." 
 
 As regards roads, railways, and other public works, very 
 much was effected under General Fytche's administration. 
 A complete system of Imperial roads was prepared, and a 
 line of railway was surveyed between Rangoon and Prome.* 
 Embankments were constructed, whereby large tracts of 
 culturable territory, which had been abandoned to swamp, 
 have been rescued. New lighthouses were constructed at 
 Krishna Shoal, China Buckeer, and Eastern Grove. Plans 
 were submitted to the Government of India for connecting 
 Burma with India by a submarine cable. Gaols and civil 
 courts were constructed at every important station in Burma, 
 in the place of the wretched huts which had previously done 
 duty. Education was promoted, and strong efforts were 
 made to utilise the hundreds of monastic schools (under the 
 yellow-garbed j)Oon^/(w, or priests) throughout the province, 
 and to render them available for the better instruction of 
 the masses. 
 
 The employment of Burmese officials had been largely 
 promoted; a more regular system had been introdaced into 
 the revenue and judicial courts throughout the province ; a 
 vaccination department had been organized, and local 
 gazettes established in English and Burmese, bearing 
 favourable comparison with those published in the Presi- 
 dencies of India. 
 
 So much, then, for British Burma under General Pytche ; 
 a province which has improved in a greater ratio than, 
 perhaps, any other in British India, and which the Chief 
 * See p. 29.
 
 MAJon-Gr;Ni:RAL albep.t fytche. 125 
 
 Commissioner thinks it will be always well to administer in 
 accordance ■with the national institutions. 
 
 Education in India is a great question, and has been so 
 since the days of Lord William Bentinck. The present 
 Viceroy, Lord Northbrook, was not out of order when be 
 declared that the Indian education question was a greater 
 one than that which has " temporarily cbecked Mr. Glad- 
 stone."* In Burma, or India beyond the Ganges, there are 
 some peculiar features about the question not to be met with 
 elsewhere. Allusion has been made to the monastic schools 
 under the Poonghis, reminding us, so far as zeal in the 
 teachers is concerned, somewhat of schools under the parish 
 priesthood of Ireland. About 1865, the Chief Commissioner 
 (Sir A. P. Phayre) had drawn up a famous Memorandum 
 on Vernacular Education for British Burma, and the plan 
 was at length to be given a trial. This drew forth a strong 
 protest from an opponent of the scheme, who thought that 
 it was so thoroughly antagonistic to the principles on which 
 the Buddhist priests live and have their being, that it could 
 not be otherwise than a failure. The champion of the 
 masses in Burma argued thus : — What is a Poonghi ? A 
 Poonghi is a man Avho has given up all intei'course with the 
 outer world, as far as worldly affairs go. His great object 
 in this world is to practise virtue, and to become proficient 
 in the various qualifications as ordained by his religion. 
 The subjects which we would all like to see more largely 
 diffused in the Burman mind are purely worldly — land 
 measuring, arithmetic, history, and geography, &c. That 
 the Burman priests hold schools, is true, but to convey to the 
 English mind the nature of the instruction given, we should 
 call them Sunday schools. The boys go to the Kyoungs 
 daily, to be taught their religion only. To get the priests to 
 be secular, you must strike at the root of their religion, 
 which is to renounce everything pertaining to this world. 
 General Fytche, throughout his administration, studied the 
 nature and character of Buddhist schools ; but, although he 
 thought very highly of Sir Arthur Phayre's suggestion, that 
 the monastic schools might be made the basis of a national 
 * Speech at opening of the Uuiver=ity Hall, Calcutta, ^larch 13, 1S7o.
 
 126 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 system 'of education, increased, knowledge of them opened 
 the Chief Commissioner's eyes to difficulties which had not 
 appeared to his predecessor — still, difhculties not insurmount- 
 able. As "we do not "wish to weary our readers, we shall 
 give no further details on this matter, but merely remark 
 that there is not a village in Burma which has not a school, 
 and there is, consequently, scarcely a Burman to be found 
 who cannot read, write, and cypher in the vernacular.* In 
 1866, Mr. Hough had been appointed Director of Public 
 Instruction ; there were also four circuit teachers — the 
 whole forming the educational department. Previous to 
 this, the present writer had the honour of being appointed 
 by Sir Arthur Phayre, the first Inspector of Civil Schools 
 in Burma. In 1870, upwards of 12,000 youths were being 
 instructed under British superintendence. While Commis- 
 sioner of Tenasserim, General Fytche believes that he 
 founded the first school in British Burma for the exclusive 
 education of girls ; and after taking charge of the province, 
 both the General and Mrs. Fytche endeavoured to promote 
 female education by every means in their power. This was, 
 indeed, a move in the right direction ; for, after all, female 
 education is the grand lever for mental progress in Eastern 
 lands. 
 
 Progress is the w^ord we should more frequently apply to 
 India and Burma. India is, or at least should be, of no 
 politics. It only acknowledges one law — the law of pro- 
 gress ; and, like the science of geology, what in the history 
 of that |)rogress is its "goal to-day," maybe its "starting 
 point to-morrow." In looking at Burma, therefore, let us 
 observe this " princess among the provinces " in such a fair 
 light. In British Burma the progress of education is en- 
 couraging. 
 
 It must have been pleasing to General Fytche, at the 
 close of his administration, to know that the bonds of 
 relation between the British Government and the Court of 
 Ava Avere drawing the two countries into closer communica- 
 
 * Compare witli Bengal, where, says Mr. Worlrow, Inspector of Schools, 
 only t'.vo and a ha'f to three per cent, of the people can read and write their 
 mother tongue.
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALBERT FYTCHE. 127 
 
 tion tlian could liave been anticipated at any previous period. 
 The King had sent several young Burmese to Europe to be 
 educated, whilst he welcomed any European merchant or 
 official who paid a visit to his capital. Siam — a country 
 whose frontier is conterminous with that of British territory 
 — was also in a satisfactory condition ; and we all know that 
 the promising yoimg King, of many names, last year * paid 
 an interesting visit to India. Doubtless it is, in pome 
 measure, on account of the tact and wisdom of our " poli- 
 ticals " that the Kings of the East are becoming less shy of 
 us than formerly. We have had embassies from proud 
 Burma and exclusive Japan in London ; and this year the 
 Shah of Persia, after saluting the Czar, is to honour us with 
 a visit. For the first time in the world's history the Shah 
 will leave his dominions for Westei-n Europe ; and his 
 arrival in the modern Babylon will of course set young 
 people a-reading " Lalla Rookh " (tnlip-cheek) ; fashionable 
 novels will for the time give way to the " Veiled Prophet of 
 Khorassan :" 
 
 "That delightful province of the sun, 
 The first of Persian lands he shines upon ; " 
 
 and young students, with a " coached " knowledge of Hafiz, 
 will be ready for examination in Persian. The advent of the 
 Persian monarch we should look npon as a most important 
 political, as well as social, event, since, through the Shah's 
 dominions, in case of Russian attack, the approach to India, 
 must lie.t Next year, perhaps, to crown our foreign policy, 
 we may expect the Golden Foot himself, and then there will 
 only be the Emperor of China']: left who has not honoui'ed 
 us, but who, with his young bride, when (with the permis- 
 sion of the Board of Astronomers) he does come, will be 
 heartily welcome ! Britannia is extending her hand to all the 
 world. 
 
 Returning to Burma. The tribes on the Arakan frontier 
 
 * King of Siam, January, 1872. 
 
 + And not by way of the "disputed frontier."— Sir Henry Riwlinson. 
 t His Celestial Majesty died at Pekin in January, 1875, at the eailj age 
 of 19.
 
 128 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 and region beyond — wild, savage people, of a very primitive 
 type — occupied General Fytche's attention. He found that 
 they practised the system of kidnapping and slavery amongst 
 themselves, which his administration did its best to suppress. 
 Early last year (1872) the Loshai country, lying on the 
 south-western frontier of Bengal, and extending thence to 
 Burma, became the scene of a campaign. The hardy 
 mountain tribes, who for years had made raids on the 
 neighbouring British territory, were punished, surveys were 
 made, and more knowledge of the country gained. At that 
 time the General had for several months left his post of 
 Chief Commissioner; still he must have been deeply in- 
 terested in the operations, as they tended to solve the 
 questions connected with the administration and political 
 control of these remote regions. 
 
 The internal administration of British Burma, from 1867 
 to 1871, seems to have been a complete success; and it was 
 most gratifying to the administrator to observe the large 
 increase in the trade of the province, especially in the year 
 1868-69. This commercial progress was no doubt due in 
 great measure to the new markets which were opened up in 
 Upper Burma, in consequence of the treaty which General 
 Fytche had concluded in 1867. 
 
 The defences of the Province were in a most unsatisfactory 
 condition. The great pagoda of Rangoon (stormed by the 
 British in April, 1852), with the arsenal lying to its west- 
 w^ard, were neither entrenched nor rendered secure. 
 " Practically, it may be said that, at the commencement of 
 1867 the province was — setting aside the presence of the 
 troops — in a defenceless state by sea and land ; " and on his 
 departure, with the exception of the near completion of the- 
 Rangoon pagoda and arsenal defences, General Fytche could 
 not record that the province was in a more advanced state- 
 in the matter of defence than it was four years before. But 
 so far as the local administration was concerned, the needful 
 steps had been taken for materially improving the military 
 position of the province, which should never be left without 
 a considerable European force, and, in our humble opinion, 
 which should have its frontiers strengthened by a fortress
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALBERT FYTCIIE. 120 
 
 system similar to that now being adopted in Germany.* 
 With reference to the Avell-timed despatch of Colonel 
 Jervois, R.E., bj the Home Government of India, to look 
 after the defences of Calcutta, Bombay, and Aden Harbours, 
 and the approaching visit of the estimable, but now 
 lamented, Earl of Mayo to Rangoon, when it was thought 
 that the merchants would urge on the Viceroy the impor- 
 tance of our founding an extensive traffic with South- 
 Western China, we wrote :t " The defences and battery 
 at Monkey Point, which commands the Rangoon River, 
 will require the attention of Colonel Jervois. Monkey 
 Point must be put in the strongest state of defence ; and to 
 do this an intelligent artillery officer suggests that two 
 more forts should be built, one on the Poozendoung Spit to 
 the left, and another on the Dalla side of the Rangoon River. 
 These with the Monkey Point Fort, would render the 
 passage impracticable, and this is absolutely necessary in 
 case a Russian, American, or even German squadron should 
 one day visit the future Liverpool or Glasgow of Chin- 
 India." At Lord Mayo's request, the Secretary of State for 
 India allowed Colonel Jervois to visit Burma with the 
 Viceroy, from which no doubt good results have been 
 obtained. 
 
 General Fytche alludes to the interest felt in British 
 Burma by his Excellency Lord Mayo ; and it was a matter 
 of sincere regret to the Chief Commissioner that His Lord- 
 ship's visit to Rangoon, which was seriously contemplated 
 in 1870, should have been indefinitely postponed. The 
 General thus raissed a grand opportunity ; and we much 
 regret that neither of the two administrators of British 
 Burma (Phayi^e and Fytche) could welcome to its shores 
 the high-souled and chivalrous Viceroy. 
 
 It may be here remarked that the Chief Commissioner 
 had an interview with Lord Mayo in Calcutta, early in 1870, 
 and took back with him to Burma his Lordship's reply to a 
 Rangoon address. His Excellency declared the growing 
 
 * Tbeir system of classifjiDg forts, and the adoption of strategical rail- 
 ways, demand our attention in India as well as in Burma, 
 t 25th January, 1872. 
 
 K
 
 130 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 prosperity of Britisli Burma to be specially interesting to 
 liim, and promised a visit to tlie province as soon as pulDlic 
 duty would permit. Such a visit we venture to think would 
 greatly tend to facilitate the discussions on the necessities 
 of Burma in the Executive Council of Calcutta. Since 
 Lord Dalhousies time no Governor- General had visited 
 Pegu. The remarkable words uttered by the Viceroy to 
 the Burmese Community at Rangoon, in January, 1872, will 
 not be forgotten so long as Arakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim 
 remain British ; for they contain the grand desire of our 
 Indian Government at home and abroad: — "We govern 
 (said Lord Mayo) in order that you should live in peace, 
 prosperity, and happiness ; that you should be free to come 
 and go ; that whatever you possess should be secure ; that 
 all your rights should be preserved, and your national 
 customs and habits respected." 
 
 In closing our remarks on a very useful four years' ad- 
 ministration we must not omit a name regarding public 
 works particularly alluded to by General Fytche : the name 
 of Eraser will ever be linked with Rangoon and British 
 Burma. After the capture of the Citadel, Colonel Eraser 
 (Bengal Engineers) became the architect of new Rangoon, 
 which seemed to rise as if by magic from the old ; and of 
 late years another Colonel * (Alexander) Eraser, of the 
 same corps (now Royal), in addition to other important 
 duties, has completed many lighthouses around the Bur- 
 mese coast. "The name of Colonel Eraser," writes General 
 Eytche, " must ever be associated with the ease and safety 
 with which a hitherto dangerous coast may now be navi- 
 gated." British Burma, through the triumphs of science, 
 can now fairly say regarding her coast — 
 
 "Steadfast, serene, immovable, the same, 
 
 Year after year, through all the silent night 
 Burns on for evermore that quenchless flame, 
 Shines on that inextinguishable light. "t 
 
 Having now given so much of work well done, let us 
 think for a moment how few persons in this country under- 
 
 * Afterwards Major-General. 
 
 t " The Lighthouse," by Longfellow,
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALBERT FYTCHE. 131 
 
 stand the vast trouble and responsibility attending the 
 Chief Commissionership of such a province as British Burma. 
 True, he is monarch of all he surveys ; but everyone 
 expects a berth from him, and all sorts of adventurers 
 besiege him for appointments. Even the loafer from 
 Australia, Avith some got-up story about coming over with 
 horses to Calcutta, prowls about as if he had a right to be 
 employed. On one occasion an adventurer, with an extra- 
 ordinary quantity of what is vulgarly called " brass," 
 solicited employment on the ground that he could do it 
 " cheap,"* as if he were talking of mending a coat or taking 
 a contract, when, for the important duties required, the man 
 would have been dear at any price ! To steer well clear of 
 such annoyances requires some tact ; and in all cases, to put 
 the right man into the right place has been an object 
 steadily kept in view in the administration of British 
 Bui'ma. 
 
 In a record of General Fytche's services, drawn up in 
 March, 1873, after alluding to the prospects of the ancient 
 and important trade between Burma and Western China being 
 re-opened — '• for which Great Britain should largely pay 
 when such a consummation would be fraught with so much, 
 benefit to British trade at home " — it was remarked (not- 
 withstanding a difference of opinion as to some of the 
 political actions of the late Chief Commissioner) that his 
 labours had " smoother! the way for a new and mighty field 
 of enterprise. "t The noble Irrawaddy would sooner or 
 later become the Ganges of Burma. And, in conclusion, 
 it was stated : — " Mounted on the pedestal of purpose, 
 wherever good could be effected, it was, often in the face of 
 diSiculties, readily accomplished ; and now we look with 
 pride on British Burma, as a province which has improved 
 in a far greater ratio than perhaps any in British India, — 
 the result of such able administrators as Phayre and 
 Fytche."— 
 
 * We hearil this from Sir Arthur Phayre himself. 
 
 f A telegram from Rangoon, Deeember ] 2, 1S74, announced that the 
 second Western Chinese Expedition had started under Colonel Browne. For 
 a reference to this ill-fated e.xpedition, in which Mr. Ney Elias (as geographer) 
 distinguished himself, and a brave promising member of the Consular service, 
 Mr. Alargary, was murdered, see "Our Burmese Wars," &c., pp. 361-62. 
 
 K 2
 
 132 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 General Fytche's seat is Pyrgo Park, Havering-atte-Bower, 
 Essex, and he represents one of tlie oldest Essex County- 
 families— the Fytches of Danbury Place and "Woodham 
 "Walter, and of Eltham and Mount Maskall, in Kent. He is 
 a Magistrate and Deputy-Lieutenant for Essex, and is also a 
 Magistrate for County Tipperary, where he has also an 
 Estate.* So our esteemed Anglo-Indian has opportunities 
 of doing good accorded to few. — In 1878, the General 
 brought out his handsome and most interesting work, in two 
 volumes, Burma, Past and Present, of which he intended to 
 publish a new and cheaper edition, but which has not yet 
 appeared. 
 
 THE anglo-ixdia:n' ;ii^ parliament. 
 
 After three or four years at home, a steady and most 
 laudable aim of our zealous Anglo-Indian was to serve in 
 Parliament ; and at the last General Election (early in 1874), 
 General Fytche came forward and contested Rye in the 
 Liberal interest. He was defeated, after a severe struggle, 
 by a small majority. As has been remarked elswhere, India 
 has no politics, or should cause no political bias in the minds 
 of those acting for the benefit of our splendid dominion. " I 
 do this for the good of India," the useful Anglo-Indian in 
 Parliament must consider his watchword of action. Tak- 
 ing a broad survey of its people and its customs, and 
 musing over the historic fact that ages before Athens 
 and Rome promoted the arts of civilized life and literature, 
 India was the seat of wealth and grandeur, it certainly 
 does seem on such grounds, even to Liberals, that the 
 strictest constitutional principles, or say the highest state of 
 Conservatism, is the safe mainspring for political action in 
 Hindustan — " unchangeable in the midst of change " — so, 
 in the House of Commons, we may yet see gifted Members 
 Liberals for England and Conservatives for India ! Any 
 way, the Anglo-Indian in Parliament should now be a more 
 important personage than ever ; and in the coming Session 
 we hope to see him, in a full House, debating on the highly- 
 important matters regarding the country to which he owes 
 his all, which will be sure to come under his consideration ! 
 The M.P. for Hindustan has gone ! Who is to succeed 
 him ? We trust it will be an Anglo-Indian orator, not 
 
 * Vide Essex County Hand Book, 1875.
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL ALBERT FYTCHE. 133 
 
 tedious, but copious, explanatory, and fascinating. There is 
 a grand field in the British Senate now open to Anglo- 
 Indians ; and if some clever and experienced men whom 
 among them we could name, would only seek a seat in 
 Parliament, an amount of practical good might be accom- 
 plished, of which at present we can form no adequate con- 
 ception.* 
 
 A few days after sending the above remarks on the 
 Anglo-Indian in Parliament to press, the writer was much, 
 gratified by reading the speech of the Marquis of Salisbury, 
 on the occasion (Saturday, 23rd January) of his being pre- 
 sented with an address by the Manchester Chamber of 
 Commerce. His Lordship's views require no comment ; and 
 as they exactly chime in with those of the bumble author of 
 these sketches, it may be considered wise to insert some of 
 them at this stage, as affording a noble and liberal guide for 
 Secretaries of State who shall have India confided to their 
 charge in generations yet unborn. 
 
 PARTY IN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. 
 
 At the commencement of his speech Lord Salisbury 
 remarked : — " You have referred to the recent change of 
 government. Indian politics, I am happy to say, are 
 diiferent from all other politics in this — that we know no 
 distinction of party. Change of government does not of 
 itself mean a change of policy. Opposition on other matters 
 does not mean opposition on Indian subjects. I was well 
 satisfied with the policy of the Duke of Argyll during the 
 time that I was in opposition. I never expressed any dis- 
 satisfaction with, and am glad to be able to follow it now 
 that I have acceded to office (applause). I observe that in 
 some parts of the country it is now a subject of political 
 comment — in fact, most political speeches seem to take that 
 for their basis — that there is no substantial difference 
 between the policy of the present government and the last, 
 and political controversy is very much becoming a con- 
 troversy not as to the nature but as to the copyright of 
 measures that are proposed (laughter). Well, gentlemen, 
 this is not a political assembly, and therefore I shall not say 
 what I might in another place have to say on the subject of the 
 copyright of measures that are proposed ; but what is the 
 
 * Written ia January, 1875.
 
 134 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 taunt with, respect to ofher parts of English policy is our 
 object and aim with respect to Indian policy, and our most 
 earnest desire is that (to borrow a figure from a matter which 
 has been a good deal in controversy in India") there will never 
 be any break of gauge observed in the government of India 
 — (applause) — and, in doing so, I must do justice, in passing, 
 to my predecessor."
 
 Ul 
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE, a.C.M.G., [v.C.S.I* 
 
 " A CLASS of public servants -svliicli has never been equalled 
 upon earth." — Such was the eulogy bestowed by a high 
 authority on the many illustrious men produced under the 
 system of the old East India Company, And, certainly, 
 when we look at their actions, the difficulties they had to 
 encounter, and the vastuess of the splendid dominion in 
 which they laboured, the praise seems not undeserved. On 
 the present occasion we desire to say a few words regarding 
 the services of one whom Lord Carnavon has just appointed 
 to the Governorship of Mauritius, — "another example," it 
 has been well observed, " of the system under which a new 
 career is opened to those public sei'vants who have attained 
 a high Indian reputation ; and we trust that Sir Arthur 
 Phayre will prove as successful in Mauritius as Sir John 
 Peter Grant has been in Jamaica." 
 
 Sir Arthur became an ensign in the Bengal army on the 
 13th August, 1828, a lieutenant in 1835, a captain in 1843, 
 major in 1854, and lieutenant-colonel on the 22nd January, 
 1859. He was appointed to the Bengal Staff Corps in 
 February, 1861, and five years later held the rank of colonel. 
 In August, 1870, he became a major-general, which military 
 rank he now holds, with the honourable adjuncts of C.B. 
 and K.C.S.I., after an arduous service of forty years in the 
 East. 
 
 Prom the first he was essentially a political officer, for, 
 as in the cases of Malcolm and of Munro, the duties of 
 drill and discipline wei'e second in his mind to the more 
 noble work of settling the affairs of kingdoms. It was 
 
 * "Written in September, 1874.
 
 13G DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-IKDIANS. 
 
 during the second Burmese War, 1852-63, after that 
 " brilliant feat of arms," the capture of Rangoon,* and 
 when the important towns of Bassein, Prome, and Pegu 
 had fallen into our hands, while the energy of the great 
 Pro-Consul, Lord Dalhousie, on behalf of his favourite 
 annexation, had reached its acme, that Captain Phayre was 
 looked upon as the only man fitted to be the future adminis- 
 trator of the conquered kingdom. Pegu, released from the 
 tyranny of the Golden Foot, was, under the Bengal Captain, 
 soon to behold Justice beginning to breathe, and civilisation 
 struggling to be born. It was thought that the adminis- 
 trative talents of Captain Phayre — who had been " one of 
 the chief means of turning the swamps of Arakan into the 
 granary of the Bay, and whose forte lies in making a little 
 kingdom a great one " — would soon render Pegu a most 
 important and valuable British possession. About the 
 middle of January, 1853, the new Commissioner arrived at 
 Rangoon with the Governor- General's proclamation annex- 
 ing Pegu to the British territories in the East. The reading 
 of this document at the stronghold of Gautama we have no 
 doubt Sir Arthur considers not the least important action in 
 his busy life ; while hardly less remarkable was another, 
 when, a year or two after, in the marble hall of Government 
 House, Calcutta, Major Phayre, as interpreter, by desire, 
 and in the presence of the Governor- General, announced to 
 the Burmese Envoys — who had come by command of the 
 King of Ava to seek restitution of the whole of the captured 
 provinces — that "as long as the sun shines in the heavens, 
 THE British flag shall wave over those rossessions ! " — a 
 capital lesson for shortsighted political sentimentalists who 
 talk of giving up any of the conquests of Great Britain.f 
 
 When Sir Arthur Phayre had finished his work in Pegu, 
 
 * April 14, 1852. 
 
 t Nearly the last words uttered by the writer of this sketch to Sir Arthur, 
 in St. James' Square, on the eve of his departure for Mauritius, were on the 
 above subject. The decided speech of Lord Dalhousie will afford to many a 
 melancholy reminiscence of what Lord Mayo (nearly twenty years later) told 
 the Burmese at Rangoon in January, 1S72. In his own admirable manner, 
 he said that Arakan, Pegu, and Tena^serim were Briliab, "and Bkitish 
 
 THEY WILL REMAIN FOR MANY GENERATIONS OF MEN ! "
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE, 137 
 
 lie was (1862) appointed the first Chief Commissioner of 
 British Burma, i.e., Pegu, Arakan, and Tenasserim. No 
 better representative of his Excellency the Viceroy could have 
 been appointed ; and in ]\larch, 1867, when he gave up his 
 high post to General Albert Fytche, Pegu might have been 
 looked upon as possessing a model adminstration. Within 
 a period of fiften years (from 1853), British Burma had 
 attained a prosperity which could be favourably compared 
 with that of any province in India ; and in the ten years, 
 fi'om 1855-56 to 1864-65, the revenue was doubled. At the 
 same time, the population — which had been essentially 
 reduced through the devastating wars which for centuries 
 had desolated the entire region from Chittagong to Siam — 
 increased from 1,252,555 to 2,196,180. The Official Report 
 on the administration for 1866-67 does Sir Arthur full justice. 
 The details of his labours are most carefully noticed. At 
 first, writes one of his numerous admirers, " it seeuaed to 
 announce what we hoped was only a visit to Europe for the 
 recovery of his health. But it was really his retirement 
 from British Burma." In the Report the following remark- 
 able passage occurs — enumerating the qualities so essential 
 for every good ruler or governor : " Whether at the com- 
 mencement of his career as a district officer, or later when 
 organising a new administration, or lastly as the head of the 
 entire province. Sir Arthur Phayre has always been 
 prominently distinguished by his mastery of details, his 
 exceeding personal devotion to his duties, and his own 
 sympathy with the people of the country which he ruled.' 
 His intimate knowledgfe of the Burmese lano-uasre, and 
 scholarly acquaintance Avith the dialects of the races in, and 
 contiguous to, British Burma, and his close study of their 
 history and characteristics, "rendered him an authority on 
 the philology and ethnology of the Indo-Chinese nation " — 
 perhaps, we venture to add, the soundest that England can 
 boast. We have no doubt whatever that the learned and 
 distinguished heads of the Royal Asiatic and Geographical 
 Societies fully appreciate the few Oriental researches Sir 
 Arthur has been enabled to make. Mr. Coryton, in a letter 
 to the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, takes care not to
 
 138 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 omit another fine passage of the Report above mentioned, 
 disclosing qualities which will recommend the new Governor 
 to the people of Mauritius : — " His constant accessibility and 
 courteousness to the people of the country, whatever their 
 position, gained for him their confidence and respect to an 
 unusual extent. He was careful of the rights of Govern- 
 ment, but zealous and watchful over the interests of the 
 native population. His great administrative capacity has 
 been well shown by the rapid and progressive prosperity of 
 the province, especially in the manner in which it has grown 
 up under his direct guidance and control." Those who 
 know Sir Arthur Phayre and his works well will endorse 
 every word of this praise ; and we may add that in the all- 
 important matter of education there could not be a more 
 zealous advocate for the diffusion of its blessings. For this 
 alone he will ever be remembered by the people of Pegu, to 
 whom he strove to give a national system of education 
 founded on the best principles ; while, for his works among 
 them in general, Peguers, Burmese, and Karens (Deists, 
 chiefly inhabiting the hills), for many generations to come, 
 will, as in the case of the " Munro Sahib " in Southern, and 
 in that of "Jan Malcolm Sahib" in Central India, make it 
 apparent to the inquisitive traveller in a large portion of 
 Chin- India that whoever mentioned the great Chief Com- 
 missioner — as Johnson said Avhen extolling one of the poets 
 — "mentioned him with honour." 
 
 In Sir Arthur's opinion, the chief essential for extending- 
 the commerce of Chin-India, and that of Great Britain and 
 India with Western China, is exploration ; and as the British 
 Chambers of Commerce are now much interested in the 
 subject, it may not be out of place to say here, what has been 
 said elsewhere, that, in 1862, orders were communicated by 
 the Government of India to Sir Arthur Phayre, when 
 negociating a treaty with the King of Burma, " to include in 
 it provisions for facilitating the commerce of British 
 merchants Avith Yunnan." He still considers that our 
 relations with the Golden Foot threw, and still throw, 
 considerable difficulties in the way ; and no one understands 
 the keen trader and monopolising monarch so well as the
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. 139 
 
 ruler wlio is now about to embark on a new scene of action. 
 In a few years perhaps, tlie Chinese will have learnt to 
 respect the rights of nations ; and it is not improbable that 
 before the expiration of Sir Arthur's new Governorship, 
 through the strong influence of Burma, Siam, and England, 
 " an artificial highway " will have opened up British trade 
 with the south-western provinces of China. 
 
 The General expected to leave for Mauritius by the last 
 steamer in October. He left England on the 20th. October, 
 1874, having previously been honoured with a farewell 
 interview by the Marquis of Salisbury at the India Office : 
 and Ave have every reason to believe that the great merits of 
 the distinguished Anglo-Indian are fully appreciated by the 
 present Secretary of State. It is not enough to say that 
 the appointment is an. honour to the Indian Army ; many 
 of us see in the laudable action of the Colonial Secretary 
 that the clever and experienced Anglo-Indian " is no longer 
 to be left out in the cold." It is not at all likely that the 
 statesman who ruled so well in Chin-India will make only a 
 second-rate Governor of such an important possession as the 
 Isle so famed in history and romance ; and if Mauritius, 
 under Sir Arthur Phayre, does not exactly — as Grattan 
 said of Ireland when boasting of having given her Free 
 Trade — " rise from the sea and get nearer to the sun," we may 
 still venture to predict many great improvements therein. 
 The political school in which Sir Arthur rose to eminence is 
 probably one of the severest in the world. His knowledge 
 of the cunning and duplicity of the Mongol races, kings, 
 and chiefs, with whom he has had every variety of dealing, 
 preventing any chance of imposition on the part of those 
 in whose interests he laboured, will never be without value ; 
 while his rare appreciation of the position and wants of the 
 British merchant abroad, and the desire he ever evinced in 
 Chin- India to be courteous to all, will be sure to gain him 
 troops of friends. Before the new Governor's departure 
 for Mauritius, he received a deputation from the Aborigines 
 Protection Society. In addition to the state of the coolies, 
 Sir Arthur will, no doubt, bring his practical mind to bear 
 on the sanitary condition of the lower classes of the com-
 
 liO DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 munity and time-expired emigrants, " with a view to the 
 prevalence of epidemic fever and cholera being prevented " 
 from effecting the destruction of life hitherto, at intervals, 
 experienced. 
 
 Before another twelve years had elapsed, our illustrious 
 friend was dead. A silver cord bad been loosed, and a 
 golden bowl broken, which, so far as Burma was concerned, 
 was beyond all price. The following interesting obituary 
 notice appeared a week after the sad event : — 
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHATRE. 
 
 We regret to announce that Lieutenant-General Sir 
 Arthur Purves Phayre, G.C.M.G., K.C.S.T., C.B., formerly 
 Chief Commissioner of British Burma, was found dead in 
 bed on December 15, 1885, at his lodgings in Bray, near 
 Dublin. While men's minds are full of events in Burma, 
 and of what the future destiny of that country shall be, 
 there is an appropriate as well as melancholy interest in 
 learning the death of the man who more than any one else 
 is identified with English rule in Burma. Sir Arthur 
 Phayre was not merely the first Commissioner of British 
 Burma, but, as the historian Kaye has written, it was he 
 who did for that part of our Empire what John Lawrence 
 did for the Punjab. Twenty years have elapsed since Sir 
 John Kaye stated that Phayre is " entitled to a place in the 
 very foremost rank of those English administrators who 
 have striven to make our rule a blessing to the people of 
 India and have not failed in the attempt." Born seventy- 
 three years ago, of a family which has given many soldiers 
 to the national service, Arthur Purves Phayre entered the 
 Bengal army as an ensign in 1828. He was attached at 
 first to the 7th Bengal Native Infantry, and after seven 
 years' service became lieutenant in 1835. Promotion was 
 slow in those days, and after twenty-six years' service he 
 only attained the rank of major in 1854. However, he had 
 before that shown that his capacity lay rather in a diplo- 
 matic and an administrative direction than in a military. 
 Employed in Arracan, a province which had fallen to our 
 share in the first Burmese war, he had gained a high repu- 
 tation for his knowledge of the Burmese language and
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. Ill 
 
 character, and for his skill in managing a light-hearted but 
 still sensitive people. When Lord Dalhousie had to provide 
 for the civil administration of those provinces taken from 
 Burma in 1853, it was not unnatural that he should assign a 
 position of great responsibility to the officer who had gained 
 " a great name along the Eastern coast." My jor Phayre 
 ■was appointed Commissioner of Pegu, and it was he who 
 read the Governor-General's proclamation annexing it 
 before a multitude of Burmese subjects. Shortly after- 
 wards the Burmese sent an embassy to Calcutta, and he 
 interpreted the different speeches at the interview which 
 culminated in Lord Dalhousie's famous declaration that 
 " As long as the sun shines in the heavens the British flag 
 shall Avave OA-er those possessions." Although Lord Dal- 
 housie would not surrender territory, he agTeed to send a 
 complimentary mission in return, and ]\lajor Phayre was 
 appointed English Envoy to Amarapoora, at that time the 
 Burmese capital. He was accompanied by a large suite, and 
 the secretary of the mission, the distinguished Colonel 
 Yule, wrote a most interesting report of their experiences. 
 It is unnecessary to repeat the details of this journey, which 
 did not close with a treaty, although it left our relations on 
 an amicable footing with a prince from whom we had taken 
 two provinces. After this mission Sir Arthur Phayre was 
 appointed in 1863 the first Commissioner of the United 
 Provinces of British Burma. Shortly after this increase 
 of rank he was sent on a second mission to the new Bur- 
 mese capital of Mandalay. This mission was nominally 
 more successful than its predecessor, for it resulted in a 
 treaty. On the first day of 1886, the annexation of Upper 
 Burma to the dominions of the Queen-Empress Avas pro- 
 claimed ; so what the great Pro-Consul, Lord Dalhousie, left 
 undone in 1853, was now accomplished by Lord Dufferin. 
 One of the principal stipulations of the treaty was the 
 abolition of duties on our side, while the Burmese Govern- 
 ment promised a similar step if it felt inclined within a few 
 years. The residence of an English officer at Mandalay Avas 
 also provided ; but a very brief experience sufficed to show 
 that the treaty possessed no practical value. We need not 
 recall the numerous unpleasant collisions between English- 
 men and Burmese in 1856-66, Avhen a different turn was 
 gJA^en to the whole question by an insurrection in the capi- 
 tal, during which the CroAvn Prince and other members of 
 the family were slain. Colonel Sladen, who is noAV actively 
 supervising the civil administration, Avas in Mandalay at
 
 142 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 tlie time, and it was then that he fii'st made a name for tact 
 in dealing with this peculiar people. Colonel Phayre acted 
 throughout the crisis not merely with great firmness, but 
 also with great consideration for the difficulties of the Bur- 
 m.ese ruler, and so much stress was laid on this moral sup- 
 port that Colonel Phayre went a third time as Envoy to 
 Mandalay. All thesi; hopes wei'e rudely disappointed. The 
 King showed himself more obsti'uctive than ever, and when 
 Sir Arthur Phayre retired from the Commissionership, in 
 March, 1867, the question of our future relations Avith 
 Upper Burma was in a very critical condition. But Sir 
 Ai-thur Phayre's chief services in this quarter were ren- 
 dered, not to the inhabitants of Independent Burma, but to 
 those of the British province, and it is not too much to say 
 that he accomplished a marvellous success in popularising 
 English rule among an alien race. How this was done may 
 be judged from the following passage taken from his last 
 administrative report covering the period of his authority, 
 which says : — " His constant accessibility and courteousness 
 to the people of the country, whatever their position, gained 
 for him their confidence and respect to an unusual extent. He 
 was careful of the rights of Government, but zealous and 
 watchful over the interests of the native population." In 
 1874, Sir A. Phayre was appointed by Lord Carnarvon to 
 the Governorship of the Mauritius, from which post he 
 retired in 1878, having attained, in the previous year, the 
 rank of lieutenant-general, with the additional honour of 
 the Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George. The last 
 seven years of his life were passed in what may be called 
 an honourable retirement, from which he only emerged to 
 contribute some paper on the subject with which his na,m.e 
 was identified to one or other of the learned societies. The 
 paper, full of value, which he read before the Society of 
 Arts in 1881, is perhaps the most valuable suramaiy ever 
 compiled upon that country and the question of our rela- 
 tions with it.* A distinguished Anglo-Indian (Sir Henry 
 Norman) speaking on that occasion, said, tersely but truly, 
 tliat " to speak of Burma was to speak of Sir Arthur 
 Phayre. 'f — Not long before his death, Sir Arthur had been 
 on a visit to Rome, from which city he wrote to the author 
 that he was determined to see all before he died. The last 
 occasion of meeting him was at Charing Cross, in the mid- 
 
 * For an analysis of this valuable paper, tee tbe author's ^' AsJie Pyee : 
 the Eastern or Foremost Country," p. 150 (supplementary chapter), 
 t Homeward Mail, Dec. 23, 1865. — Sec also A^jpendix V.
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. 143 
 
 die of 1885, when he looked halo, and spoke cheerfully as 
 usual ; and this, with his hearty manner, seemed to give pro- 
 mise of a long life. Early in 1886, a memorial in his 
 honour was projected, several distinguished Anglo-Indians 
 appearing in the subscription list. 
 
 THE BURMA RACE * 
 
 (a critical sketch.) 
 
 — 
 
 "The proper &tucly of minkind is man." — Pope. 
 
 To Oriental students the subjoined sketch, it is presumed, will be of 
 interest. It is founded on one of Sii' Arthur Phayre's most learned con- 
 tributions to Asiatic research ; which, apart from the desire of know- 
 ledge, evinced the laudable and statesmanlike wish to know all about the 
 people he was called upon to govern. 
 
 The idea of the Chief Commissioner finding time, amid so 
 much work of a constant attention-requiring, sometimes 
 dry, and frequently unpleasant, nature, to write on the his- 
 tory of the Burma race, is another of the proofs occasion- 
 ally presented to the world of the Anglo-Saxon's mental 
 energy in lands where the love of deep study among us is 
 not conspicuous ; — the chief reason for which, perhaps, 
 being that we are "exotics " or "fish out of water." From 
 time to time, however, in literature and in science, men 
 liave appeared in the East who reflect the highest credit on 
 their country ; and whose writings and researches will be 
 dear to the memory of the Oriental student till time shall 
 be no more. England may be proud of having had not a 
 few distinguished literary and scientific scholars in India. 
 Colonels Sykes, Young, Boileau, and Davidson; also Cap- 
 tains Macnaghten, Richardson, and Newbold — the first and 
 last in Oriental research and statistics, and the others in 
 general literature — are the chief military names amono" 
 India's periodical writers. Colonel or General Vans Ken- 
 nedy, of the Bombay army, in days long gone by, was also 
 one of the greatest of our Oriental scholars and writers. 
 
 * "On the History of the Burma Race." By Lieutenant-Colonel A. P. 
 Pbayre, C.B., Chief Commissioner of British Burma. (Contributed to the 
 "Journal of the Asiatic Societv."') The critical sketch, of which only a 
 portion is here given, was written ia 1872, and originally appeared in 
 " Papers on Burma."
 
 Ill DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Burma is now beginning' a new life. The Conquest of 
 Pegu, has been tlie means of this second birth ; and no bet- 
 ter manner of showing the world that we do not only con- 
 quer a country but endeavour to gain a knowledge of its 
 people, could have been adopted, than that which is- 
 exhibited by Colonel Phayre in the present pamphlet. 
 
 AVe have before alluded, while writing of Lord Dalhousie,* 
 to what Lord Macaulay says of Warren Hastings, " the Con- 
 queror in a deadly grapple." And, although Pegu has 
 for some years back been far from a settlement in commotion, 
 still, in like manner, might we suppose the Chief Commis- 
 sioner of this comparatively new conquest, amid many cares 
 and anxieties, while a peaceful but rather eccentric King was 
 watching the progress of trade among the British in Chin- 
 India, and, as some said, amusing himself by erecting stock- 
 ades and taking them down again, t and even turning an 
 eye to the improved manufacture of ordnance in England — 
 the Viceroy's Agent, finding a few hours to spare, to gratify 
 his love of study and research, by writing a paper on the 
 history of the Burma Race. 
 
 Some years ago Colonel Phayre was presented by th& 
 '• King of Burma " (the letter h is omitted in what is the 
 most correct spelling of the word) with a complete copy of 
 the carefully preserved " Chronicles of the Kings " of this 
 interesting land, w^hich are styled Maha Radza Weng. 
 These chronicles appear to have been compiled under the 
 direction of His Majesty, himself a man of learning and re- 
 search. Of this " national work," writes the author of the 
 paper under notice, — " All that part of the history wdiich 
 refers to cosmogony and the dynasties of Kings in India, is 
 derived from Pali books, and has no more real connexion 
 with Burmese history than the Hebrew annals have with 
 British history," (Page 1.) 
 
 The learned Dr. Mason;}; (author of a grammar of the Pali 
 language) writes regarding the Pali, that it is the sacred 
 
 * "Pegu," p. 400. 
 
 t These stoekafies "in esse" were probably tlie acts of the "Fighting 
 Prince," and not the King's. Sending embassies abont the world appears to 
 be the new political game on the part of His Majesty. In December, 1874, 
 we read of an embassy from Burma about to visit the Viceroy, the object- 
 being unknown. 
 
 X This eminent man has gone to his rest. He was among the chief of 
 those distingiiished Americans who have done so much for the land of the' 
 Golden Foot ; he was a missionary in the highest sense of the word, and all 
 who take an interest in C'bin-India must be acquainted with his famous book. 
 on "The Fauna, Flora, and Minerals of Burma.'
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. 145 
 
 language of 300,000,000 Buddliists. In it are written the 
 most ancient inscrijitions found in India, and the Verna- 
 culars of all Buddhist nations abound in Pali terms and 
 
 phrases ''The Burmese books have as many Pali 
 
 words in them as the English have Latin." 
 
 This will at once account for the many discrepancies 
 found by the author of the paper on the history of the 
 Burma Race, whose object is simply to make " an outline of 
 the main facts, yet omitting nothing which is necessary to 
 be known to understand the history of the Burmese race as 
 written by themselves." First, we have the self-develop- 
 m.ent of the world, and the appearance of man therein — the 
 system of cosmogony, with the Buddhist philosophy and 
 religion, being from India. The Burmese Kings, we are 
 told, profess to trace their descent " from the Buddhist 
 Kings of KappUan-ot of the Sakya tribe, to which race 
 Gautama Buddha belonged." 
 
 In the Royal history there is the Buddhist account of the 
 first formation of human society — the election of a King, and 
 the grant to him of a share of the produce of the soil ; 
 such legends, according to Colonel Phayre, constituting " to 
 this day the foundation of the authority, temporal and 
 spiritual, of the Burmese Kings." 
 
 Those old facts being " for ever present to the minds " of 
 the Burmese, make them interesting in a political, as well 
 as in a historical point of view ; for with them, as a matter 
 of course, are wrapped up certain views of the British law 
 of progress at the present day, while Christianity is begin- 
 ning to assert her trimnphal reign on the ruins of old king- 
 doms fallen to pieces. 
 
 The student of Hindu mythology will derive some plea- 
 sure from analogy in his study of this paper on the Burma 
 race. After an inexplicable chaos, the present earth 
 emerged from a deluge.* The subsiding Avater left a de- 
 licious substance, which became spread over the earth. 
 Gautama's throne first appeared above the water. At the 
 same time the occupants of the " heavenly regions," called 
 Brahma, had accomplished their destinies. Changing their 
 state, they " became beings with corporeal frames, but with- 
 out sex." The men arrive at " Paradise Lost " in Chin- 
 India. 
 
 " From eating of the ambrosia, the light of the bodies of 
 these beings gradually declined, and because of the darkness 
 
 * For similar curious information, relating to the Karens in particular, 
 see Appendix to ' Pegu," a Narrative, &c., p. 500. 
 
 L
 
 146 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 they became sore afraid." Light — wliat a -world of mean- 
 ing lies in that single word ! And well did Longinus con- 
 sider the perfection of the sublime reached by the divine 
 command at the beginning of all things, Sit Lux, et Lux 
 F'uit ! Yes — " Let there be light, and there was light,"* 
 ■whether as applied to creation or to fallen humanity, will be 
 found, perhaps, to have sunk more into the minds of the 
 intelligent or thoughtful among heathen nations than any 
 other remark in the literature of any people or race. For, 
 what dreadful ideas do we evolve from darkness ! Take 
 light away from the world, and we may as well take life. 
 And it was a full sense of the truth of this remark which 
 caused the mighty bat erring genius of Lord Byron to pen 
 that " grand and gloomy sketcht of the supposed con- 
 sequences of the final extinction of the sun and the 
 heavenly bodies, the very conception of which," says the 
 father of modern criticism (Lord Jeffrey), " is terrible above 
 all conception of known calamity." 
 
 From the " beings with corporeal frames," just alluded 
 to, we are informed in a note that the people called by Euro- 
 peans Burmas, Burmans, or Burmese take their name. In 
 the Burmese language, "the name is written Mran-md or 
 Mram-ma, and is generally pronounced by themselves 
 Ba 7nd." Talking of Ava, we find a geographical writerj of 
 twenty years back remarking: — " By Europeans the country 
 is generally called Ava, from the common name of the capi- 
 tal ; but, by the natives themselves, it is named Burma, 
 which is a corruption of Mrtimma, its original appellation." 
 
 The truth of this latter remark would appear to be 
 corroborated by the more recent research of Colonel Phayre, 
 by whom we are now referred to the etymology of the word 
 Myan-ma or Mran-ma. Alluding to a paper hj Mr. B. H. 
 Hodgson, published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, 
 No. 1, of 18-53, it is found that the author concludes that 
 the term Burma or Burmese, " which is the Europeanised 
 form of the name by which that people called themselves, 
 can be traced to the native name for man. This, however, 
 is open to some doubt ; but ]\L'. Hodgson's general conclu- 
 sion that the languages of the Himahijan, Indo-Chinese, 
 and Thibetan tribes of one family is fully justified. " 
 
 The name, then, by which the Burmans are known to 
 Europeans, or as the Burmese call themselves, is written 
 MratL-ma, and sometimes Mram-ma, and is pronounced 
 
 * Genesis, c. 1, v. 5. 
 
 t "Darkness." — Bjron's Works, in one vol. p. 564. J Symonds.
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. 147 
 
 Ba-md. The Arakant^se call themselv^cs Ma-ra-ma, wliicli is 
 " a variation of the same Avord." 
 
 Turning from the roots mi and ma in the Burmese 
 language, we at length arrive at a most interesting conclu- 
 sion by the author of the present paper : — " I cannot say 
 how the Chinese got the word, but it is possible that Mien 
 was the original name of the race, and contains the root 
 meaning man." However that may be, the word in this or 
 any similar sense is now entirely lost among the Burmese, 
 excepted as noted in the term for woman (Micn-ma or 
 Mim-ma), and it may be in Ilru (race). " It does not 
 appear," the author remarks, " as the name of any of the 
 tribes with which the Burmese might be supposed to be 
 immediately connected." On an assembly of the world's 
 first inhabitants, we get at the origin of Kings and high 
 priests: — " An excellent man, full of glory and authority, 
 the embryo of our Gautama Phra, being entreated to save 
 them, was elected king, and was called Maha-tha-ma-dd. 
 In verse, it is sung that he was of pure nature, of exalted 
 authority, and of the race of the sun. The Burmese 
 " histoiy " then informs tis that, like a second sun, this 
 Manoo dispelled darkness or ignorance. To the name of 
 this early reformer, Colonel Phayre appends some interest- 
 ing information : — " The word appears to mean generally 
 lawgiver or king. The word is Indian not Burman ; " 
 simply, we presume, the far-famed Menu, the Indian law- 
 giver. From the following may be deduced an argument 
 greatl}' in favour of the purity and antiquity of Buddhism. 
 Next to the ruler came men of Wisdom ; they were called 
 Brahmans. Others tilled the ground and traded ; they were 
 called wealthy men and merchants. The rest being poor 
 persons in humble employments were called Soodras, or poor 
 people. Such were the four classes of men." Among 
 them, it is remarked, it will be obsei'ved that the ruling 
 power is placed first according to the Buddhist system. 
 The Brahmans appear as "literati and ascetics." 
 
 We now come to when the embryo of Gautama Phra, a 
 wealthy Kap-pi-la Braliman, having abandoned his house, 
 had become a hermit in the Himalaya jungles or mountains. 
 When we are told that eighty-four thousand kings reigned 
 in Kap-pi-la, the native country of Gautama, in " distant 
 after times," it is needless to inquire how princes came, or 
 how time elapsed. But " Princes " did come to the hermit's 
 place of secretion (whether a teak or a saulwood forest is 
 not known). Thev came to the place "in search of a site 
 
 L 2
 
 1-18 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 for a city." The liennit foi^esaw, ^\iih admirable sagacity, 
 " that a city built there, would, in after time, be of great 
 fame in Dzam-bii-dee-pa, the world of man, and advised 
 them to build their city there and call it Jyaj^-jri-Ia-tcot." 
 This, from a note, we learn, appears to signify " the Kap- 
 pi-la Brahman's place of religious duty." Then the Princes 
 consulted together saying, " There are with us no king's 
 daughters of our own race, nor are there any king's sons for 
 our sisters ; if marriages are made with other races the 
 children become impure ; in order to preserve our race, let 
 us put aside our eldest sister as a mother, and we four marry 
 our four younger sisters ? " It was done; and from that 
 day the race became known as the Tha-laja-tlia-lxee race of 
 Kap-pi-la-wot. Regarding the elder sister. Colonel Phayre 
 remarks : — -" In Burma to this day the king's eldest 
 daughter is not given in marriage, but remains unmarried, 
 at least during the life of her parents." — (P. 4.) 
 
 Regarding the word Phra loung {i.e., the embryo Phra, 
 a term for Gautama Buddha) the Chief Commissioner says, 
 " The Phra, now adapted into the Burmese language is, 
 according to Professor Wilson, a corruption of the Sanscrit 
 Frahliu, Lord or Master. This appears to be the most 
 probable origin of the word. It certainly is not a pure 
 Burmese word. The orthography of it in ancient stone 
 inscriptions at Pughan is Bu-rha and Pu-rha. The 
 Burmese have used the original much as European nations, 
 have the Pali word Da-go-ba. The modern word is wi'itten 
 Phu-rd:' 
 
 After a terrific enumeration of sons and daughters of 
 kings, we arrive at De-iva-dat. " This was the great oppo- 
 nent of Buddlia thnttama. They were first cousins by birth, 
 and (7a«ffrt)»a had married De-wa-diifs si.^fer." As the Kings 
 of Burma claim to be descended from the Tha-hja race of 
 Kap-2n-la-icot to which Gautama belonged, the inter- 
 marriages of that tribe are carefully detailed in the history. 
 
 Having brought down the narrative of events to the 
 death of Buddha Gautama, the first volume of the work 
 proceeds to give an account of the geography of the world 
 of Dzani-boo-dee-2/a, where the Buddhist Kings reigned. 
 We now come to confusion worse confounded. And, truly, 
 it may be styled, in the words of Colonel Phayre, a 
 "mythological geography." Pzam-hoo-dee-jia frequently 
 represents " India prominently, and the world remotely." 
 
 As regards the countries of India — all cited by Colonel
 
 SIR ARTHUR PIIAYRE. 149 
 
 Phayre, it is remarked, "There appears to be some confusion, 
 resulting a])parently from some states having in the course of 
 timesubdaedothers, andfrom the historian (of the Maha Ruz a 
 Weit'j) not knowing that some small states appear sometimes 
 as members of a confederacy in an extensive country called 
 by one general name ; and at other times are lost in the 
 establishment of a monarchy." The first volume of the 
 history concludes with maxims for kings and people. 
 
 Into Colonel Pliayre's critical analysis of the second 
 volume of the " History " we do not propose to enter at any 
 length. Suffice it to say, that a great variety of interesting 
 information is brought forward, from which much that 
 throws light on the Burmese race may be gleaned. The 
 brochure concludes with some most valuable " observations," 
 from which we learn that the physiognomy and language of 
 the Burmese people, as well as those of the adjoining tribes, 
 proclaim thena all to belong to the same family of nations as 
 the tribes of Thibet and the Eastern Himalaya. As to 
 ■whence they came, and how they arrived in Burma, Colonel 
 Phayre wi'ites : — " The theory of Prichard in his Natural 
 History of Man on this subject is probable, is supported by 
 existing facts, and accords with the physical geography of 
 the regions north of the countries now occupied by the 
 Indo-Chinese races." It is thought reasonable to conchide 
 that tribes leaving the south-eastern margin of the great 
 plateau of Central Asia, eai'ly in the existence of the human 
 race, " would naturally follow tlie downward course of 
 streams and rivers." And, among the earlier emigrants 
 from that part of Asia towards the south, " as far as we can 
 now discover, were the ancestors of the present Mon or 
 Talaing people, the aborigines, so to speak, of Pegu." The 
 Karens also, it is thought, left their ancient dwelling-place 
 at an early period. Uninfluenced by Buddhism, and their 
 language unwritten till the year 1830 A.D., their traditions 
 of their own origin, or at least of the route by which they 
 arrived at their present seats, " are therefore more trust- 
 worthy than those of the Burmese or the Talaings are, 
 regarding themselves." Regarding the physiognomy of the 
 Karens, the Chief Commissioner observes, " I must uphold 
 that their national physiognomy is essentially Indo-Chinese, 
 and their speech connects them with the same family." 
 Again, he says : — " In every Indo-Chinese tribe occasional 
 exceptions to the general flat physiognomy are met with ; 
 these are almost always among tlie men. The women have 
 more frequently the true type of Mongolian or Bhotiya face."
 
 150 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 It is, then, presumed tliat sucli tribes as the " Burmese, the 
 Karens, and the Mon, would readily find their way from Cen- 
 tral Asia by the coui^ses of the rivers Salween and Menam 
 towards the south. Some would be led westerly, and so 
 gain the valley of the Trrawaddy, in the upper course of that 
 river." Regarding some Bhuddist writings preserved in 
 Ceylon, we arrive at the sonorous name of Thoo-wan-na- 
 hhoomee. " By that name, no doubt, is meant the country 
 inhabited by the Mon or Talaing race, and their chief city 
 then was on the site of the present Tha-Tu7u/ lying between 
 
 the mouths of the Salween and Sittang rivers That 
 
 gold was anciently found in that vicinity is testified from 
 the Burmese name of Shwegyeen (Shoeghyne), literally 
 ' gold washing,' now borne by a town on the Sittang; and 
 gold is still found thei'e, though probably in diminished 
 quantity to what it was anciently. This, no doubt, was the 
 origin of the name ' Aurea regio,' of Ptolemy." Many 
 circumstances seem to show that the Mon or Talaing race 
 received Buddhism before the Burmese did. It is difiicult 
 to say when the conjectures about Po — " the son of a prince 
 of India " — the Samana Kautama of Pegu, the Samana 
 Godium of Siam, and the Poe or Xaca of China and Japan, 
 all being the same person,* — -will end; or if they ever end 
 at all, whether the vast research expended on them will 
 enlighten us much regarding the early history of this or 
 that race. If this Po were the Hindu Vishnu in one of his 
 pretended incarnations, then, doubtless, much in Burmese 
 history, as well as that of Thoo-waii-na-bhoomee, the country 
 inhabited by the Mon or Talaing race, is accounted for. 
 "Although the conversion," writes Colonel Phayre, " of the 
 people of Suvanna Bhumi was planned by people in 
 Gangetic India, it is not probable that so essential a sea- 
 hating people had their own ships to convey the missionaries 
 across the Bay of Bengal. Then, how did they arrive at 
 their destination ? " Regarding the mission to Suvanna 
 Bhumi, the writer also remarks : — " It is probable that the 
 people of the Coromandel Coast already had settlements on 
 the Arakanese and Talaing Coasts as places of trade, and 
 the Buddhists of Gangetic India would, in all probability, 
 resort to some of the ports on the east coast of the continent, 
 and not far from the head of the Bay of Bengal. At that 
 time it is probable that the people of Teliugana carried on 
 commerce with Svvanna Bhumi, and the Buddhist niission- 
 
 * Craufurd. — See also the author's work on "The Temple of Jaganndth," 
 p. 12.
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. 151 
 
 aries Tvould embark in tlieir ships." There is said to have 
 been a Hindu Colony at Moulmein, the site of which was 
 called Kamapoora. Until late years, the Burmese mixed up 
 English and all Europeans with the natives of India in the 
 one common appelation of Kuld, or western foreigners ; and 
 it is only since the war of 1825-26, with the British, 
 " tbat they have learnt to distinguish between the more 
 prominent of the nations lying west of them. But the fact 
 still remains that the Burmese received religion and letters 
 from India." 
 
 It now requires a good knowledge of the Burmese 
 language to follow Colonel Phayre. " It does not appear 
 that the Burmese people received their religion and letters 
 through the medium of their cousins, the Arakanese, for 
 that people refer to the eastward as their own source of 
 both. The passage of Indian Buddhist missionaries, there- 
 fore, from Gangetic India through Bengal and Munnipore to 
 Burma, is a pi-obable event, but it took place much later 
 than has been represented." The Chief Commissioner con- 
 cludes his valuable paper with allusion to certain customs 
 which " are tenaciously adhered to by the Royal Family of 
 Burma, who consider themselves as ethnologically and 
 religiously the descendants of the Buddhist Kings of Kap- 
 pi-la-wot." We shall now conclude this brief and imperfect 
 sketch by referring the reader to Colonel Phayre's valuable 
 paper itself for further information on the Burma race, and 
 by stating from such good authority : — In the matter of the 
 race of the Burmese, they are undoubtedly what is now 
 called Turanian, or by Cuvier and the old authors, Mon- 
 golian* The notion of the descent of the Royal Family 
 from Indian Rajas is regarded as incorrect. But it is now 
 admitted that the Rajpoot tribes of India are Turanian also, 
 the Brahmans being Aryan, or, as formerly called, 
 Caucasian. 
 
 By intelligence of the 26th of February, 1870, from 
 Bombay, it was announced that Sir Arthur Phayre, who 
 had been making antiquarian researches in the north of 
 India, w^as expected to produce " an exhaustive work on 
 Buddhism." In such an event, we may fully expect a line 
 
 In the " Lectures on the Science of Language," by Professor Max Miiller, 
 the Professor says, regarding the question, Wliether or not originally Tatar 
 ■was a name of the Mongolic races: — "Originally 'Tatar' was a name of 
 the Mongolic races. The Mongolio class, in fact, has the greatest claim to 
 the name of ' Tataric' The recollection of their r.on-Tataric — i.e. non- 
 Mongolic— origin remains among the so-called Tatars of Kasan and Astrachan."
 
 152 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 of light to clear up what is still one of the great Asian 
 mysteries. — As even a Governor and Commander-in-Chief of 
 Mauritius may require an occasional holiday, it is not im- 
 probable that some such work from Sir Arthur's pen may 
 yet afford food for discussion by eminent Orientalists. — 
 Nov. 1874. — The principal work of Sir Arthur Phayre is 
 " A History of Burma, including Burma Proper, Pegu, 
 Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. From the earliest time 
 to the end of the first war with British India." — London, 
 1883 — He also wrote " The Coins of Arakan, of Pegu, and 
 of Burma," (1882), and was the author of various scientific 
 papers in Periodicals.
 
 153 
 
 SIR JOHN KAYE, K.C.S.L, F.R.S. 
 
 " Etinim talis est vir, ut nulla res tantasit ac tam difiicilis, quam ille non 
 et consilio regere et integritato tueri et virtute conficere possit." — Cicero : 
 " Oratio pro lege Manilia," cap. xx.* 
 
 The retirement! of Sir Jolin Kaye from the India Office, 
 after a long- and distinguished period of service, is an 
 important event, on account of the intrinsic merits and vast 
 experience of the late political chief, in whom Conciliation 
 ever found a steady friend, and Annexation a determined, 
 foe. Doubtless the young Bengal Artilleryman, when he 
 arrived in India, in 1783, little contemplated either the 
 transfer of the glorious old Company's government to the 
 Crown, or that (after being for nearly twenty years Secre- 
 tary in the Political and Secret Department of the East 
 India House and India Office) he should one day retire with 
 so much honour, gained after various political and literary 
 work well and carefully done. But to say that an active 
 mind like Sir John's could be at rest, would be to utter a 
 preposterous fallacy. There is no rest on earth for such 
 men. He, and some of the others whom we have so 
 imperfectly sketched in these pages, remind one of the old 
 Roman alluded to by Sir Walter Scott as anxious to adjust 
 his mantle ere he fell, but who — as the Scottish Shakspeare 
 makes John Philip Kemble say, on his retirement from the 
 stage — like the 
 
 " worn war-horse at the trumpet's sound, 
 
 Erects his mane, and neighs, and paws the ground, — 
 Disdains the ease his generous lord assigns, 
 And longs to rush on the embattled lines ! " 
 
 "In truth he is such a man, that no affair can be so great or so arduoup, 
 which he cannot direct by his wisdom, maintain by his integrity, and accom- 
 plish by his valour." 
 
 t The retirement of Sir John Kaye from his Secretaryship at the India 
 Office was formally announced about the middle of October, 1874.
 
 154 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Yes — we may easily imagine, on a war-note sounding from 
 Afghanistan or Central Asia, or in the event of another 
 Mutiny (which God forbid !) the historian, rising even from 
 a sick bed — the old fire returning to the fading eye — eager 
 to seize his pen again ! 
 
 " Eest ! " says an eloquent divine,* " what have we to do 
 with that ? " Earth for work, heaven for wages ; and so 
 must it ever be with men of energy and intellect who are 
 desirous of leaving "footprints on the sands of time." 
 
 We had written thus far, when a friend put Sir John 
 Kaye's " Essays of an Optimist " (of which we had heard, 
 but had not seen before) into our hands. There we found 
 his views on "Rest," including those concerning "Superan- 
 nuation," and the " Battle with Time ; " which we deemed 
 well worthy of attention. In his essay " Of Life," Lord 
 Clarendon advises us to follow the wise rule laid down by 
 an old philosopher — pretium tempori ponere, diem CBstimave ; 
 to consider that " every hour is worth at least a good 
 thought, a good wish, a good endeavour; that it is the 
 talent we are trusted with to use, employ, and to improve." 
 Sir John has not hidden this talent in the dark, " that 
 the world cannot see any fruit of it ; " and it is only a mind 
 conscious of much valuable time well employed that could 
 have produced the pleasing essay on "Rest." He thinks 
 a well-timed retirement a most prudent action. " The 
 time must come," he says, " when younger men will do 
 our Avork better, and, if we remain still at the grindstone, 
 we shall be little more than cumberers of the earth, i^ay, 
 we may be something worse — miserable spectacles of 
 
 decay, not even stately ruins Let us take our 
 
 pensions thankfully in good time ; let us be content to be 
 superannuated ; let us go cheerfully into retirement before 
 people say that we ought to be kicked into it." But then, 
 he afterwards says beautifully — " It is only through the gates 
 of death that we grope our Avay to the fulness of repose." 
 Sir John's striking lines on the " Battle with Time," prob- 
 ably written "on the eve of a crisis," Avhich fortunately 
 "never came after all," and which might be applied to himself, 
 * Dr. Guthrie.
 
 Sm JOHN KAYE. 155 
 
 follow the remark that " it is not good to be sti-ickcB clown 
 in tlie midst of the great battle : " — 
 
 " His life was one j.rand battle with old Time. 
 
 From morn to noon, from noon to weary niglit, 
 
 Ever he fought as only strong men fight ; 
 And so he passed out of his golden prime 
 
 Into grim hoary manhood ; and he knew 
 
 No rest from that great conflict till he grew 
 Feeble and old, ere years could make him so. 
 
 Then on a bed of pain he laid his head, 
 As one sore spent with laV'Our and with woe ; 
 
 'Rest comes at last ; I thank Thee, God,' Le s-aid, 
 Death came : upon his brow lay chilly hands, 
 
 And whispered ' Vanquished ! ' But he gasped out ' No, 
 I am the victor now ; for unto lands 
 
 Where Time's dark shadow cannot fall, I go.'" 
 
 Then, reminding us that " death is a fearful thing," and of 
 the immortal lines which Shakspeare puts into the mouth 
 of Claudio,* commencing — 
 
 " Ay, but to die, and go we know not where," 
 
 the subject of our sketch asks — " Aj, but whither ? " and 
 continues : — " It is ill thus to die with the harness on one's 
 back and the battle-axe in one's hand. Better to lay them 
 down ere the dark shadow falls ; and, resting as best we 
 may upon earth, pass away into the Perfect Rest."t 
 
 * " Measure for Measure." 
 
 t "The Essays of an Optimist." By John William Kaye, F.R.S., 
 Author of " History of the War in Afghanistan," " Life of Lord Metcalfe,'' 
 "History of the Sepoy War," &c., 1870 (pp. 285-7). We cannot leave such 
 a pleasant volume of essays — written with a smack of the graceful style and 
 humour of Addison, and of the common .sense of pious Jeremy Taylor — with- 
 out turning to one, " The Wrong Side of the Stuff," iu a note to wbich Sir 
 John mentions one day, on passing to office, having seen a Commissiounaire, 
 hard by the great palace of Westminster : — " As I neared him, I saw another 
 old soldier approach him — an older soldier, and of a higher rank, with 
 bronzed cheek, and white moustache, and erect carriage, and a noble pres- 
 ence ; one whom there was no mistaking, though crested in the common garb 
 of an English gentleman. When he saw the medals on the Commissionnaire's 
 fereast, his face brightened up, and he stopped before the man in green, and, 
 with a pleasant word or two, took up the medals, one after another, in his 
 one hand, and then I saw that he had an empty sleeve. And when I looked 
 at the Commissionnaire, I saw that he also had an empty tleeve. And I
 
 156 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Something is said in the sketch of Anglo-Indian Period- 
 ical Literature about Sir John Kaje, aud a portion of his 
 writings, so that it may be sufficient to add, that the grand 
 secret of Sir John's success in Anglo-Indian literature — 
 particularly in his histories and biographies — lies in the 
 admirable execution of his work, rather than in the interest 
 attached by the British public to the subject. People Avh» 
 want to know about the War in Afghanistan, or Sir John 
 Malcolm, or Lord Metcalfe, go at once to the History and 
 Biographies par excellence ; or, about the Mutiny, to the 
 History of the Sepoy War. Beyond a doubt, then, during 
 such a lamentable state of indifference to Indian affairs — 
 such an obstinate want of British — and even in some respects 
 Anglo-Indian — interest in an Empire which tends to make 
 England glorious, the treatment of the matter is of the last 
 importance ; and on this the success of any book on India 
 that is to live will always greatly depend. You have first tO' 
 conquer prejudice, and then, if you can, become fascinating. 
 Sir John Kaye, throughout his literary career, has been 
 eminently successful in both these particulars. Such 
 rema,rks may excuse the introduction here of a reminiscence 
 of that mighty wielder of the English tongue — Lord 
 Maeaulay. It was in the month of June, 1850, while 
 Macaulay lived in the Albany, writing his " History of 
 England," that the writer of these pages having, after some 
 labour and historical research, arrived in London with a 
 manuscript work, on " The French in India," submitted the 
 question to the great historian and essayist, Whether he 
 thought the public would care about such a work at such a 
 time ? The reply was prompt, exibiting the kindness of 
 Macaulay to young authors. (He had not long before 
 gracefully acknowledged a copy of " Orissa."*) Coming 
 from, perhaps, the most brilliant writer of modern times — 
 one of the chiefs of Modern Criticism — his remarks may be 
 
 wished I had been an artist to paint that touching scene." Compare the 
 " older soldier " with a dear departed Anglo- Indian Greneral Officer sketched 
 in these pages ! 
 
 * A volume of local, archoeological, and other critical sketches, reprinted 
 chiefly from the Calcutta Review. (London, 1850.)
 
 SIR JOHN KAYE. 157 
 
 given : — " It seems to me that the fate of sucli a volume as 
 you describe m.ust depend entirely on the execution. There 
 is not, I apprehend, much curiosity on the subject of the 
 French in India. But eloquence and vivacity will make any 
 subject attractive. My own pursuits do not leave me time 
 to give to manuscripts that attentive perusal, without which 
 advice is a mere mockery." We may fairly claim Lord 
 Macaulay as a very distinguished Anglo-Indian,* one of 
 whom it is well known that, from the date of his first 
 appearance in the Edinhurgh, as a reviewer of Milton 
 (August, 1825), down to the day of his death (December 
 28th, 1859), his literary career was a grand continual 
 success. 
 
 Few writers can tell an anecdote so well as Sir John Kaye, 
 and it cannot be denied that this is a most excellent gift in 
 an author who would be entertaining. While lecturino- in 
 Central India, on Periodical Literature, we quoted an anec- 
 dote which gave great amusement, one of the famous Sir 
 John Malcolm, when a boy, appearing before the mighty 
 Court of Directors in London, to present himself as a cadet, 
 previous to obtaining their consent to proceed to India : — 
 " So mere a child was he (says Mr. Kaye), that on the 
 morning of his departure, when the old nurse was combino- 
 his hair, she said to him, " Now, Jock, my mon, be sure 
 when ye are awa', ye kaim your head and keep ye'er face 
 clean ; if ye dinna, ye'll just be sent haim again.' ' Tut, 
 woman,' was the answer, " ye're aye sae feared, Te'll see if 
 I were awa amang strangers, I'll just do weel aneugh.' " 
 And Jock did " weel aneugh " amang strangers. Towards 
 the end of 1781, "John Malcolm was taken to the India 
 
 * Thomas Babingtoa Macaulay was born at E-othley Temple, Leicestershire 
 in the year 1800. His father, Zachary Macaulay, a retired East India mer- 
 chant, strengthened the hands and helped forward the philanthropic enter- 
 prise of Wilberforoe. When eighteen years of age, Thomas entered Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, where his career was a brilliant one. He entered 
 Parliament in 1830, under the auspices of Lord Lansdowne, and became 
 Secretary to the Board of Control. Al-out lS3i he became a Member of the 
 Supreme Council of India. In 1838 Mr. Macaulay returned to England with 
 a practical knowledge of Indian affairs ; but he is best known to Anglo- 
 Indians as the author of the unuvalleJ e.-^says on Clive and Warren Hastings.
 
 158 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 House, and was, as his uncle anticipated, in a fair -way to lie 
 rejected, -when one of the Directors said to him, " Why, my 
 little man, what would ijou do if you were to meet Hyder 
 Ali ? ' ' Do, sir ! ' said the young aspirant, in prompt 
 reply, ' I would out with my sword and cut off his head.' 
 'You will do,' was the rejoinder, 'let him pass.'" The 
 " Boy, Malcolm," had been bsushed up at home to some 
 purpose. 
 
 In the review* of Sir John Kaye's work, in which the 
 above anecdote is quoted, some interesting information is 
 given regarding an early part of the career of one whose 
 biography is now better known than that of other highly 
 distinguished Anglo-Indians of days long gone by. 
 
 " In February, 1798, Lord Hobart resigned the Govern- 
 ment of Madras, and General Harris acted during the in- 
 terregnum. The Town Majorship of Fort St. George was 
 in those days an office of greater honour and emolument 
 than it is now, and it was regarded as a perquisite of some 
 one of the Governor's suite. It was therefore given by 
 General Harris to his secretary, and Malcolm held it till 
 the arrival of Lord Clive in August. In this year also he 
 attained his captaincy. And in this year Lord Mornington 
 landed at Madras on his way to Calcutta ; and Captain 
 .Malcolm took the liberty to forward to ' the glorious little 
 man ' some of those papers that he had submitted to Lord 
 Hobart, and to solicit that ' when opportunity offered, he 
 might be employed in the diplomatic line of his profession.' 
 And opportunity offered soon : on the 10th September he 
 received a letter from the Governor- General, announcing his 
 appointment to be assistant to the Resident at the Court 
 of Hyderabad, and at the same time requesting to see him 
 as soon as he could possibly present himself at Calcutta." 
 
 At this time the Nizam was on friendly terms with the 
 French as well as the English. But the English and French 
 were at war with each other ; and, as the reviewer remarks, 
 the Nizam [" Putter in Order"] "had no very special pre- 
 
 * Calcutta Jtevieiv, No. 57, September, 1857. It is a sad reflection to 
 think that this review of the great Political was originally assigned to Sir 
 Henry Lawrence.
 
 SIR JOHN KAYE, 159 
 
 ference for either of tLe parties." One of the first acts of 
 Lord Mornington (afterwards the Marquis Wellesley) was 
 to order the disbandment of 11,000 troops in the pay of His 
 Highness, under the command of French ofScers, and of 
 course only devoted to French interests. Captain Kirk- 
 patrick and his able assistant did the business fearlessly and 
 •well. " Had Kirkpatrick," writes the eminent biographer, 
 " wanted resolution — had he hesitated, and faltered, and 
 shown himself to be a man of weak-nerved humanity, slow 
 to resort to extremities- — in all probability before the end of 
 October, the French lines would have been running crimson 
 with blood. There is an ill-odour about the won? 'dragoon- 
 ing,' but there is more real kindness in the tiling itself than 
 is readily believed."* John Malcolm proceeded with 
 the colours of the disbanded French regiments to Calcutta ; 
 and the Calcutta reviewer, while alluding to Mr. Kaye's 
 account of his important advent, thus gives Lord Morning- 
 ton's idea of "the right man in the right place," which we 
 think as applicable to the selection of politicals and other 
 officials at home as in India, and which feeling no doubt 
 prompted the selection of the subject of this sketch to fill 
 the high post of Political Secretary at the India Office, as 
 well as the appointment of Sir John Kaye's successor: — " In 
 point of fact, the Governor-General, the 'glorious little 
 man,' [since his time we have had another ' glorious little 
 man,' Lord Dalhousie], was one of those few men to whom, 
 being in office, it was of no consequence whether a man were 
 old or not, whether he were a cadet or a colonel, provided he 
 had eyes that could see, a brain that could think, a soul that 
 could feel what was right and what was noble, and a hand 
 that could hold a sword or a pen." 
 
 Having alluded to the disbandment of French officers in 
 India, with reference to the all-important matters of Con- 
 ciliation and Annexation (touched on at the commencement 
 of this sketch), it is natural for one who has long taken an 
 interest in such political acts in the East, to remark how 
 deficient the French in India, during their early struggles, 
 were in the necessary qualities for either. Dupleix could 
 * Also quoted in the review, p, 167.
 
 IGO DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 found a factory, but not an empire ; Count Lally could blow 
 Bralimans from guns, but could not gain for his country 
 any firm footing in Hindustan ; and even long after tlie days 
 of the Marquis Wellesley, French adventurers joined the great 
 Sikh ruler (Runjeet Singh), and eventually one (whom we 
 knew), General D'Orgoni, tried to " manage affairs " at 
 Ava ! All — all are now departed, and have left no sign ! * 
 
 It is the best thing that ever happened for England, that, 
 during the early part of her wonderful career in India, 
 France could neither conciliate nor annex ! Great Britain 
 has done both successfully ; but the days for annexation are 
 now at an end. The mandate has gone forth — to look well 
 after what we have, to resist aggression, but go no farther ; 
 and the more pleasant task of the political secretary in days 
 to come will be to conciliate, chiefly with a view to increase 
 commerce and the general prosperity and happiness of the 
 people. Annexation, in the mind of Sir John Kaye, is not 
 to be tolerated for a moment. Talking to him one day on 
 the subject, and casually bi-inging forward some excuses, in 
 extreme cases, for the political act, such as the " f oi'ce of 
 circumstances," the writer incurred his displeasure, and was 
 immediately silenced by " The force of circumstances ! " 
 being repeated in a disdainful tone. Regarding the annexa- 
 tion of Pegu — perhaps the best and most righteous annexa- 
 
 * Pondicberry and the other French settlements in India do not affect 
 this remark. The French have no power in India. It would be well, how- 
 ever, if we could buy them out of it, as we have done the Danes (the last 
 purchase being that of Tranquebar), which (in ca?e of European compli- 
 cations extending to the Ea t) might save us much trouble. Goa, the Portu- 
 guese settlement, is another thorn in our side, which it might be wise to 
 purchase. Since this was written the Frrnch have settled themselves — or 
 rather unsett'ed themselves — in the ancient kingdom of Annam (Cochin- 
 Ohina). To his little work, "A Timely Discourse on Burma," with How 
 the Frenchman "sought to win an Empire in the East," the author (1883) 
 added "Notes on the effects of French s^uccess in Tonquin on British interests 
 in Burma." Attention is requested to p. 97, where some remarks will be 
 found on the Mongol Conquest of China, and tribute demanded fiom Burma. 
 There has been some woidy discussion on this subject, with reference to 
 our recent annexation of Upper Burma. In our opinion the old vassalage 
 of Burma to China is entirely annulled by our deposition of King Thebau 
 and conquest of the country, unaided or riot resisted by China.
 
 Sm JOHN IC\.YE. 161 
 
 tion effected during tlie last quarter of a century ; and even 
 the strongest enemies of the act must admit, that if the 
 Burmese war was a mistake in its commencement it has not 
 been so in the result — it would have been useless to point 
 out to the Political Secretary how valuable the possession of 
 British Burma was to us during the Mutiny ; how " the 
 isolation of Burma kept the Court of Ava out of the in- 
 fluences of the mutinies altogether;" how the Bengal Sepoy 
 regiment stationed there found no sympathy from such a 
 different race as the Burmese in the matter of disaffec- 
 tion ; how we could spare British troops from the 
 Province at such a time ; or how, as is well known, the 
 King sent a donation of £1,000 to relieve the sufferers 
 by the Mutiny.* But, in the opinion of Sir John, Pegu 
 should not have been subjugated. There should be no annexa- 
 tion at all ; no aggressive policy under any circumstances 
 — only conciliatory. He denounces annexation, with the same 
 admii-able vigour as Lord Brougham displayed when, in the 
 younger days of his eloquence, advocates of the slave-trade 
 talked to him of "rights" and " property " — "I deny the 
 rights ; I acknowledge not the property ! " So, on the above 
 occasion, the -writer left his room convinced that the Political 
 Secretary held annexation to be another " wild and guilty 
 fantasy." And his views on the subject of control in India 
 clearly seemed to be, as already remarked in the sketch of 
 Sir Henry Lawrence — We maij protect and help; hut on 110 
 account are toe to taJie land not our oivn, and put the rents 
 into our own pockets ! This is at least a safe plan of action, 
 and is, perhaps, the best suited to the present highly civi- 
 lized times. Long may we be able to carry out Sir John 
 Kaye's conciliatory policy, which he has taken so much pains 
 to establish ! As Political Secretary, his courtesy towards 
 native officials who came in contact with him was ever remark- 
 able. He took the utmost pains to avoid, under any circum- 
 stances, giving them the slightest cause of offence. 
 
 While the Burmese Ambasadors were in London, he did 
 
 * &'(' article on "Lord Dalhousie" in the Calcutta itci^ie?/- for December, 
 1859 ; and article in Fraser for July, 1853, on the " Indian Rebellion ; " in 
 which admirable papers this subject is forcibly touched on. 
 
 II
 
 162 DISTINGnSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 his titmost to give tliem a good opinion of the courtesy and 
 kindness of the English nation to strangers. He was 
 anxious that nothing should be said or written that would, if 
 it reached the Golden Foot, cause the slightest annoyance to 
 the King of Burma (Oriental princes are more apt and well- 
 informed than we give credit for) ; so we may truly say, 
 that during his long tenure of office, conciliation and the 
 promotion of goodwill among men formed the guiding stars 
 of his conduct. 
 
 In the East India Eegister, from 1856 to 1858, we find 
 Mr. John Stnart Mill — the philosopher whose views have so 
 lately puzzled the reading world — Examiner of India 
 Correspondence. In this department of the Home Estab- 
 li.shment there appear also two assistant examiners and 
 three assistants — " Edmtind D. Bourdillon, W. T. Thornton, 
 and J. W. Kaye, Esqrs." Colonel "William Henry Sykes is 
 at this time Chairman of the Court of Directors. But in 
 1859, we find in the Register that the junior assistant has 
 succeeded his philosophic and experienced chief under the 
 new and more comprehensive title (India having passed to 
 the Crown) of " Secretary, Political and Secret Depart- 
 ment." If, as it has been said, it was no common honour 
 for Sir John to have succeeded Mr. John Stuart Mill, we 
 fearlessly assert that it is a still greater honour for Colonel 
 Burne to have been selected to succeed such an able 
 Political Secretary as Sir John Kaye. 
 
 In conclusion, the writer of this brief sketch, along with 
 all his friends, wishes him in his retirement health and 
 happiness. Macaulay once said to the electors, talking of 
 resigning and seeking literary repose (pointing to his head) 
 — " This is my stock in trade, gentlemen ! " From Sir 
 John's varied and always valuable stock the public are still 
 eagerly expecting some books they have fully calculated on 
 reading ; among others, another volume of the " Sepoy 
 War," and a new work, the " Life of Sir James Outram."*" 
 It is sincerely to be hoped that such literary treasures will 
 not figure among the " unaccomplished purposes " of our 
 distinguished Anglo-Indian. 
 
 * Since written, in two volumes, by Sir Frederic Goldsmid.
 
 SIR JOHN KAYE. 163 
 
 SIR JOHN WILLIAM KAYE. 
 
 We have much pleasure in re-producing the just and appreciative sketch 
 of Sir John, which appeared in the leading joiirual, for the benefit of our 
 readers : — 
 
 Aftbr a service of Boarly nineteen years as Secretary in the 
 Political and Secret Department of the India Office, 
 combined with literary work of an arduous character, failing 
 health has obliged Sir John William Kaye to seek relaxa- 
 tion from work. 
 
 Sir John Kaye manifested at an early period of his life a 
 remarkable taste for writing' and talent for composition. He 
 was educated at the Rev. Dr. Radcliffe's, at Salisbury, and 
 many of his old school-fellows to tins day talk of his juvenile 
 contributions in prose and verse to a Magazine, in imitation of 
 the Etonian, published at the Willshire School. By one of 
 those anomalies or chances which so often govern early 
 careers, he was sent to Addiscombe and transformed into a 
 Bengal Artilleryman. His service as a subaltern in that 
 noble corps, far from changing the bent of his mind, formed 
 him into the historian of Indian wars, and inspired him with 
 that regard for the natives of India, and that insight into 
 Indian life and Indian history which have shown themselves 
 in so many of his subsequent writings. Generous in his dis- 
 position, and an able writer, young Kaye soon became a 
 favourite in Indian society, and the ruling spirit in the fore- 
 most publications of the day. His literary pursuits obliged 
 him, however, to leave the Artillery, and ill-health drove 
 him to England; but not before he had established, almost 
 single-handed, the Calcutta Eeview, to the earlier numbers of 
 which magazine he contributed nearly fifty essays on j^oli- 
 tical, military, and social subjects. 
 
 On his return to England Sir John Kaye devoted himself 
 to the " History of the War in Afghanistan," a work which 
 established his reputation as a histoiian. Of it the late Lord 
 Strangford said, in the pages of the Quarterly Bevieiu, it was 
 " a work as awful, as simply artistic, and as clear and lofty 
 in its moral as an iEschylian trilogy." Sir John Kaye's 
 next effort was a " History of the Administration of the 
 East India Company," which was largely quoted in Parlia- 
 ment during the debates of 1853. He added to this a " Selec- 
 tion, with Notes, from the Papers of the late Mr. St. George 
 
 N 2
 
 1G4 DISTINOriSHKD ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Tucker," and a " Life of the late Lord Metcalfe," followed 
 by the " Life of Sir John Malcolm." At this period the ver- 
 satility of his literary labours \vas somewhat arrested by his 
 appointment to the India House, To have been specially 
 selected by the Court of Directors as Chief of their Political 
 Department, in succession to John Stuart Mill, was no mean 
 honour. But his new official duties were not allowed to ob- 
 struct needlessly his literary labours. The Sepoy War found 
 in him its natural historian, and the " Lives of Indian 
 Officers " became known as a text-book for every young 
 Indian subaltern and civilian. Sir John Kaye's contribu- 
 tions to periodicals durina: this period were constant — quar- 
 terly, monthly, weekly, daily. A collection of some of his 
 writings in the Cornhill Magazine was published only last 
 year as " Essays of an Optimist." As a tribute, doubtless, 
 to his literary merit, he was, without application and with- 
 out ballot, made a Fellow of the Royal Society. Sir John. 
 Kaye's official services at the India Office, through many 
 changes and vicissitudes, are well known. His career has 
 been spent in assisting to infuse a kindly and statesmanlike 
 spirit into the policy controlling the millions of India. He 
 was created in 1871 a Knight Commander of the Star of 
 India ; and for his official and literary services to India the 
 IMarquis of Salisbur}- and the Council of India have given 
 him a liberal provision for his declining years. "'^ 
 
 Sir John died on the 24th July, 1876, and, we believe, was 
 buried at Nunhead, near Dulwich. It may be stated in conclu- 
 sion, that Sir John Kaye was the valued editor of the Overland 
 Mail newspaper from its commencement in the year 1855, until 
 the year 1868. The post has since been held by able and 
 distinguished men ; and only those acquainted with the sub- 
 ject can know the difficulties of editing a popular Anglo- 
 Indian journal. 
 
 * Times, October 19, 1874.
 
 165 
 
 COL. SIR OWEN TUDOR BURNE, K.C.S.I. 
 
 Col. Sir Owen Tudor Burne joined the 20th Foot in Maj, 
 1855, and served in the latter part of the Crimean campaign. 
 He embarked with the 20th for India in 1857, and served as 
 Brigade-Major to the Oudh Field Force, &c., during the Mutiny 
 campaign, including fifteen actions, and the siege and capture 
 of Lucknow. He was three times mentioned in despatches ; 
 and was specially mentioned for his gallant conduct at the 
 above siege, for which he received the rank of Brevet-Major. 
 He served four years as Adjutant of his regiment. In 1861 
 he was selected by Sir Hugh Rose (Lord Strathnairn) as 
 Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief. He returned 
 with him to England in 1865, and served on the Staff in 
 Ireland during the Fenian disturbances of 1866-67, for his 
 services during which he was thanked by the Irish Govern- 
 ment. Major Burne was selected by Lord Mayo to be his 
 Private Secretaiy, and left with his Lordship for India in 
 1868. He held the appointment till that nobleman's as- 
 sassination at Port Blair on February 8, 1872. On his 
 return to England after this lamentable event, he received 
 the special thanks of the Government of India for the 
 "singular ability, discretion, and zeal," with which his 
 arduous duties as Private Secretary had been discharged. 
 He returned to England in May, 1872, after acting for some 
 months as Private Secretary to Lord Napier and Ettrick, 
 K.T., who became, pro tem.. Viceroy and Governor- General, 
 and was nominated a Companion of the Star of India in that 
 year, appointed Political A.D.C. at the India Office in 
 August, 1872, Assistant in the Political and Secret Depart- 
 ment in the beginning of 1874, and succeeded Sir John Kaye,
 
 166 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 K.C.S.I., as Secretary on the 16tli October, 1874, in wliicli 
 appointment lie lias since continuously served, with the ex- 
 ception of two years special duty (1876-78) as Private 
 Secretary to Lord Lytton, Avhen Viceroy and Governor- 
 General of India. He did not purchase any steps ; they 
 were all given to him for distinguished services in the field, 
 except the Lieut.-Colonelcy, which he obtained on the 23rd 
 July, 1874, by seniority in the list of Army Majors. Colonel 
 Burne was appointed a Companion of the Order of the 
 Indian Empire on 1st Januaiy, 1877, and was created a 
 K.C.S.I. on 20th July, 1879. In the foregoing remarks, 
 we have the recital of a distinguished career ; and as the 
 gallant Colonel w^as only in the prime of life when he took 
 up his appointment (about the same age as Sir John Kaye 
 when he became Political Secretary), he has still a splendid 
 field for action in view ; and we have no doubt that time 
 will show he is, in every respect more than ever, " the right 
 man in the right place." 
 
 A curious fact is mentioned in Foster's " Royal Line- 
 age of our Noble and Gentle Families," 1885, in regard 
 to Sir Owen Burne's family. Many of the narrative pedi- 
 grees in that book show how much of illustrious descent 
 is to be found in families who at the present time by no 
 means occupy prominent positions, and who belong to 
 neither peerage nor baronetage. Sir Owen Burne, for in- 
 stance, it is stated, is thirty- fourth in descent from Charle- 
 magne, thirty-first from Alfred the Great, and sixteenth from 
 Edward the Third through his four sons. 
 
 Field-Marshal Lord Strathnairn, Sir Owen Burne's uncle, 
 alluded to in the above sketch, who as General Sir Hugh 
 Rose did so much to suppress the Indian Mutiny " and 
 place English rule in India on a solid basis," died on 
 the 16th October, 1885, at the Hotel de Rivoli, Paris. 
 His health had been for some time breaking ; but he pre- 
 served his fine soldierly bearing to the last. His habits 
 of "Spartan simplicity" never forsook him. On seeing 
 Victor Hugo's obsequies, he said, " I hope no fuss will be 
 made about me when I die," He was born in 1803, was 
 educated at Berlin, and entered the Army in 1820. Sir
 
 SIB 0. T. BURNE. 167 
 
 Owen Burne contributed an article on Lord Stratlinairn to 
 the first number of the Asiatic Quarterly Itevierv (January, 
 1886), which new Quarterly, under the able editorship of 
 Mr. Demetrius Boulger, " gives distinct promise of a bright 
 and valuable addition to our information and criticistn on 
 Eastern subjects." 
 
 It may also be interesting to remark, in these days of Minis- 
 terial changes, Liberal Unionists, Conservative Liberals, and 
 Liberal Conservatives, although, as before said, India acknow- 
 ledges no political party— that Sir Owen Bui'ne has served 
 under six Secretaries of State for India, viz., Marquis of 
 Salisbury, Viscount Cranbrook, Marquis of Hartington, Earl 
 of Kimberley, Lord Randolph Churchill, and Sir Richard 
 Cross, since raised to the Peerage as Viscount Cross.
 
 168 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 THE PEINSEPS. 
 
 There is no more distiugnislied family connected witli 
 India in the present century than that of the Prinseps ; * 
 and tlie sketches 'now to be given, of some of its most 
 prominent members have been drawn from the most authen- 
 tic sources. 
 
 Charles Egbert Prinsep, LL.D., was the second son of 
 John Prinsep, Merchant and Alderman of the City of 
 London, Bailiff of Southwark, and at one time Member of 
 Pai'liament for Queenborough. Mr. C. R. Prinsep was borh 
 on the 28th March, 1790, and after receiving his early 
 education at Tunbridge Grammar School, he proceeded to 
 Cambridge, and was entered at St. John's College. On 
 leaving Cambridge, he entered the legal profession, and was 
 called to the bar 20th June, 1817. In 1823 Mr. C. R. 
 Prinsep proceeded to India by permission of the Court of 
 Directors of the East India Company, granted 6th. 
 November, to practise at the bar at Calcutta., and was 
 admitted to the Supreme Court, 2nd August, 1824, and 
 became Standing Counsel. In 1846 he officiated as Ad- 
 vocate-General and acted as sucli in 1849. On the 24th 
 November, 1862, he was appointed Advocate. General by the 
 Court of Directors, which position he retained but for a 
 short time, as he came home in 1866, in broken health, and 
 died 8th June, 1864, at Chiswick. 
 
 Mr. C. R. Prinsep married, at Calcutta, on the 18th 
 February, 1839, Louisa Ann, daughter of Colonel White, 
 
 * The Liisliingtons and Macljenzies have also furnisheJ bright ornaments 
 of the Indian Civil Service— names as well known in days gone by as those 
 of the Melvills — James Cosmo and Philip — and Thorntons in the old East 
 India House and India OfEce.
 
 THE PRINSEPS. 169 
 
 who died in India, 29tli January, 1855, leaving issue three 
 sons and three daughters. 
 
 George Alexander Prinsep, born 4th March, 1791, was 
 the third son of John Prinsep. He was educated at home 
 under a private tutor, and at an early age entered a mercan- 
 tile career, at fiist in London, afterwards in France, Brazil, 
 Mexico, and Cadiz, at which last place he was residing 
 during the time of its bombardment in the Peninsular War. 
 He subsequently proceeded to Bombay, and there about 1824 
 received a proposal to join the then celebrated firm of 
 Palmer and Co., at Calcutta, which subsequently came to 
 grief, causing much suffering to himself and his family. 
 After this failure, Mr. George Prinsep started certain salt 
 Avorks at Narainpore, in the Sunderbunds. He was a leading 
 promoter of steam navigation and an editor of a daily 
 paper. He was also very proficient in the French and 
 Spanish languages, in the latter of which he wrote a MS., 
 which was never published, upon the War of Independence 
 in Mexico, 
 
 Mr. George Piinsep died in India, 25th March, 1839, 
 having married at Calcutta, 14th November, 1822, Agnes 
 Catherine, daughter of Thomas Blake, Esq., who died 21st 
 April, 1877, leaving an only son surviving. 
 
 Henry Thoby Prinsep was the fourth son of John Prinsep. 
 Mr. H. T. Prinsep was born 15th July, 1792, at Thoby 
 Priory (whence he derived his second name), in the parish 
 of Mountnessing, Essex. He was educated at home under 
 a private tutor, and obtaining a nomination to the Bombay 
 Civil Service from Mr. E. Parry, he entered Haileybury 
 College in July, 1807. This nomination was subsequently 
 changed for one to Bengal, granted by the Honourable W. 
 P. Elphinstone, and approved by the Court of Directors on 
 the 8th April, 1808. While at college, Mr. H. T. Prinsep 
 obtained prizes in Mathematics, Political Economy, History, 
 and Law. 
 
 Mr. H. T. Prinsep arrived in Bengal on the 20th July, 
 1809, and having passed through the junior grades of 
 Judicial appointments, became Assistant- Secretary to the 
 Governor-General (Marquis of Hastings), in 1814. In 1820
 
 170 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 he was appointed Persian secretary to Government. After 
 liis return to India from furlough in 1826, Mr. H. T. 
 Pi'insep held several high positions in connection with the 
 Government of Fort William until 1834, when he was 
 appointed Chief Secretary to the Government of India and 
 Bengal, under Lord Auckland. In 1840 he was appointed 
 a member of the Supreme Council of the Governor- General, 
 and retired from service in 1843. In 1850 Mr. H. T. 
 Prinsep was elected a Director of the East India Company, 
 and was chosen in 1858 a member of Council of the Secretary 
 of State for India on the transfer of Indian affairs to the 
 Crown, which position he retained until retirement in 1874. 
 He died 11th February, 1878, at Freshwater, in the Isle of 
 Wight. 
 
 On Mr. H. T. Prinsep's return to England he contested 
 the elections of Dover, Barnstaple, Dumbartonshire, and 
 Harwich. He was the author of many historical and other 
 works connected with India, and also translated several 
 Persian poems into the English language. 
 
 Mr. H. T. Prinsep married, at Calcutta, on 14th May, 
 1835, Sara Monckton, daughter of James Pattle, of the 
 Bengal Civil Service, leaving issue thi-ee sons and one 
 daughter. 
 
 William Prixsep was the sixth son of John Prinsep. He 
 was born 11th August, 1794, in the parish of St. Mary Axe, 
 City of London, and educated at home under a private tutor. 
 At the early age of 11 years he entered the Royal Navy 
 through the influence of Lady Elizabeth Whitbread, who 
 obtained a nomination, and was posted to H.M. frigate, the 
 " Tribune," 36 guns, under Captain Bennet. In 1806 he was 
 transferred to the " Fame," under the same captain. Shortly 
 after, he left the Navy and entered a mercantile career, and 
 subsequently went out to India, where he became a junior 
 partner in the great firm of Palmer and Co., along with his 
 brother George. After the misfortunes of this house, he 
 pursued commercial business by himself and subsqeuently 
 joined the house of Carr, Tagore, and Co. He retired from 
 business and returned to England in 1841, and died 10th 
 Febuary, IS 74, at Wonersh, near Guildford.
 
 THE PEINSEPS. 171 
 
 Mi\ W. Piinsep married at Calcutta, 14tli October, 1820, 
 Marj, daugliter of Robert Campbell, connected witli the 
 families of Argyll, Loudon, and Breadalbane. She died 
 11th May, 1873, at "Wonersh, leaving five sons and two 
 daughters surviving. 
 
 JAMES PRINSEP. 
 
 James Prinsep, born 20th August, 1799, was the seventh 
 son of John Prinsep. At a very early date, Mr. James 
 Prinsep showed great talent for drawing, with wonderful 
 neatness and delicacy of touch in design and finish. He was 
 a,lso particularly fond of music, and exhibited great taste for 
 the science of chemistry. Before he was 20 years of age he 
 was apprenticed to Mr. Bingley of the English Mint, and in 
 1819 proceeded to India, on being appointed by the Court of 
 Directors of the E. I. Company, assistant Assay Master to the 
 Mint at Calcutta. In the following year he was sent as Assay 
 Master to the Mint at Benares. During his residence at 
 Benares he rendered considerable service, as an artist and 
 an engineer, towards the improvement of the City in 
 sanitary measures, and also added to the beauty of its 
 architectural buildings. 
 
 For several years after his arrival, Mr. James Prinsep was 
 distinguished for his scientific attainments, knowledge of 
 chemistry, mineralogy, meteorology, and other branches of 
 experimental philosophy, on which subjects he was the author 
 of many valuable contributions to the periodical publications 
 of Calcutta, to Researches of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 
 and to the Transactions of the Bengal Society in India. 
 
 On completion of the Calcutta Mint in 1830, that of 
 Benares was abolished, and Mr. James Prinsep returned to 
 the Presidency, where two years after he succeeded Mr. H. 
 H. Wilson as Assay Master at Calcutta, which post he held 
 till compelled to leave India, by the breaking down of his 
 health and constitution. 
 
 During the latter part of his career Mr. James Prinsep's 
 attention was chiefly directed to Inscriptions and Numis- 
 matics, in regard to which he made some very important
 
 172 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 discoveries by decypliering obsolete and nnknown characters^ 
 whicb led to the foi'mation of an alphabet, by Avhich the 
 legend on the reverse side of Bactrian coins, ancient Surat 
 coins, and on the coins of the Hindu Princes of Lahore and 
 their Mahomedan successors, have been readily perused. 
 Further successes attended his efforts in decyphering inscrip- 
 tions on monuments and temples in different parts of India, 
 which have assigned to Mr. James Prinsep the credit of 
 discovering the names of Antiochus and Ptolemy upon the 
 rocks of Cuttack and Guzerat, which proved the intercourse 
 between India and Persia, and also with Egypt. 
 
 In addition to his official duties which were constant and 
 laborious, Mr. James Prinsep was also Seci-etary to the 
 Mint Committee, and to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and 
 besides being a Member of the Education Committee, he 
 was also an active member of every Committee formed by 
 Government for scientific purposes. He was also the un- 
 assisted Editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society, a monthly 
 issue of between 80 and 100 pages, and himself designed and 
 even engraved many of the plates of coins and antiquities 
 which illustrated the numbers. 
 
 Mr. James Prinsep' s private character and disposition 
 were no less to be admired than his intellectual powers. 
 Possessed of an unfailing elasticity and buoyancy of spirit, 
 of a kind and gentle nature, he was ever ready to take part 
 in cultivated recreation, whether in music or the drama, and 
 in promoting all liberal public undertakings without pre- 
 tension, or displaying even the virtues of a benefactor and a 
 friend. 
 
 Mr. James Prinsep married at Calcutta on 25th Api-il, 1835, 
 Harriet Sophia, daughter of Major-General Aubert of the 
 East India ComjDany's Bengal Army, and died at the residence 
 of his brother-in-law (Mr. George Haldimand), 31, Belgrave 
 Square, on 22nd April, 1840, at the early ago of 40, leaving 
 issue an only daughter. He was a Fellow of the Royal 
 Society, a Member of the French Institute, a Member of the 
 Berlin Royal Academy, Secretary to the Asiatic Society of 
 Bengal, &c. &c. 
 
 On the announcement in India of the death of Mr. James
 
 THE TRINSEPS. 17o 
 
 Prinsep, a meetiun: was held at Calcutta on tlie SOtli July, 1840, 
 at which assembled a considerable number of the leading 
 residents in every branch of the Public service, and a great 
 number of Europeans and natives of all classes, when it was 
 resolved that the memory of Mr. James Prinsep should 
 be perpetuated by the erection of a magnificent Ghaut 
 between Fort William and Baboo Ghaut, to be called after 
 him. 
 
 It was also proposed that a medal bearing his effigy and 
 name should be struck, and that a bust in marble be placed 
 in the rooms of the Asiatic Society. The subscriptions for 
 the memorial amounted to between 30,000 and 40,000 rupees, 
 which was gathered from all parts of India. 
 
 To James Prinsep the concluding lines by the famous 
 Duchess of Devonshire, written in honour of Sir William 
 Jones, towards the close of the last century, may be justly 
 applied. Of Sir William, the beautiful and accomplished 
 duchess first writes: — • 
 
 " Unbounded learning, tlioughts by genius framed 
 To guide the bounteous labours of his pen, 
 Distinguished him whom kindred sages named 
 ' The most enlightened of the sons of men.' " 
 
 This is immediately followed up by Avlmt is so character- 
 istic in the brilliant career of the distinguished Anglo- 
 Indian just sketched in these pages : — 
 
 " Admired and valued in a distant land, 
 His gentle manners all affection won ; 
 The prostrate Hindu owned his fostering hand, 
 And Science marked him as her favourite sou." 
 
 Upwards of thirty years have elapsed, since the present 
 w^riter first beheld the bust of James Prinsep in Calcutta ; 
 and the impression it created on his mind is thus described 
 in a brief narrative of a trip from Kangoon to the Blue 
 Mountains : — " By every Artillery Officer, Dum-Dum and 
 Cossipore — the former the old Artillery Station, and the 
 latter the Gun Foundiy — should, if possible, be honoured 
 with a visit ; and, if a lover of science, the traveller should 
 certainly proceed to the noble mansion of the Asiatic Society, 
 before leaving Calcutta. The prophecy of Sir William
 
 174 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Jones — the motto of their journal — has been tolerably well 
 fulfilled : ' The bounds of its investigation will be the 
 geographical limits of Asia : and within these limits its 
 inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man, 
 or produced by natuT-e.' * In the grand room, you will 
 behold busts of Sir W. Jones, Colebroke, Horace Wilson, 
 James Prixsep, the greatest lights of our Oriental literature. 
 There is something noble about the look of Prinsep — the 
 face beaming with intelligence ; and, on looking over Lis 
 life, we regret to learn that ' Science self destroyed her 
 favourite son ! ' " — one possessing, as Moore said of Sheridan, 
 but in an Asiatic sense — " the best and the finest of otlier 
 men's powers." According to the wisest of men, "much 
 study is weariness of the flesh ; " and we are almost led to 
 think that Solomon in this remark foreshadows the appear- 
 ance in distant ages of the world of such earnest students in 
 the cause of Asiatic Research and general knowledge — men 
 of such high mental calibre, nnd so many virtues, as Sir 
 William Jones, and James Prinsep. 
 
 Augustus Prixsep, born 31st March, 1803, in the parish 
 of St. Peter's, Cornhill, in the City of London, was the ninth 
 son and youngest child of John Prinsep. 
 
 He was educated at home under a private tutor, and on 
 receiving a nomination to the Bengal Civil Service from Mr. 
 .lohn Thornhill, Director of the E. I. Company, he entered 
 Haileybury in July, 1819, and passed out of college third in 
 rank for Bengal with prizes for Hindustani, Bengalli, and 
 English Composition, besides receiving a medal for Law, and 
 being marked as highly distinguished. 
 
 Mr. Augustus Prinsep arrived at Calcutta the 22nd 
 
 * Sir "W. Jones, the most amiable and distinguished Anglo-Indian of the 
 last century, embarked for India in the Crocodile frigate, which left England 
 in April, 1783, and he died in Calcutta on the eve of returning borne, 27th 
 of April, 1794. Every part of Asia may be said to have contributed to the 
 museum of the Asiatic Society, and if there was in 1855 nothing new in 
 gazing on the hand of an Egyjitian woman three thousand years old, there 
 was useful amusement in beholding the specinifns of birds and beasts from 
 Burma and elsewhere, with Mr. Blyth, the indefatigable naturalist, to con- 
 sult whenever theie was a difficulty.
 
 THE PRINSEPS. 175 
 
 July, 1822, aticl was first sent to Tirhoot as Assistant 
 Magistrate and Collector ; in tbe year following he was 
 appointed Registrar and Assistant to the Magistrate at 
 Agra. In 1825, he was invested with full powers to try 
 snmmary suits and appeals. In 1827, he became Com- 
 missioner of Pergunna Palamoo. 
 
 Mr. A. Prinscp died the 10th October, 1830, after a 
 short service of eight years, while at sea, whither he had 
 proceeded on board the " Duke of Lancaster," for the sake 
 of his health ; and thus a brilliant career was brought to an 
 untimely end, for his brothers had always remarked that if 
 he had lived his abilities would have been equal to, if not 
 greater than, those of James Prinsep of scientific reputation. 
 
 Mr. A. Prinsep wrote several Essays and Reports on 
 Indian Law, and a Review by him of Zemindari Affairs at 
 that time was held in high estimation, considering his youth 
 and the rapidity with which he obtained his knowledge in 
 so short an experience. 
 
 Mr. A. Prinsep married, at Calcutta, on the 6th June, 
 1828, Elizabeth Ackworth, daughter of Admiral Sir Francis 
 Ommaney, R.N., leaving issue an only daughter. 
 
 Having now sketched the careers of six members of a 
 really distinguished Anglo-Indian family, the pleasing duty 
 remains of turning to one who has served in the India Office, 
 London, for thirty-six years — the son of William Prinsep — 
 Charles Campbell. This able and zealous member of the 
 Home Civil service may almost be styled an Anglo-Indian, 
 not oidy on account of the great names with which he is 
 associated, but from the fact of his having been born in 
 India, whence he sailed with his promising uncle, Augustus, 
 for England. After doing a vast quantity of useful, but too 
 often dry and uninteresting, work in the way of Statistics 
 and Records, he appeared early in 1885, as the author of a 
 most important book, or, to use his own words, a work 
 " compiled and edited from records in the possession of the 
 Secretary of State for India." The title page is a full one; 
 but its contents may be quoted to show what laborious 
 reseai-ch was required to prepare such a long-desired 
 volume; — "Record of Services of the Honourable East
 
 176 DISTINGITISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 India Company's Civil Servants in tlie Madras Presidency, 
 from 1741 to 185S. Including Chronological Lists of 
 Governors, Coraraanders-in-Chief, Chief Justices and 
 Judges, of the Madras Presidency, between 1652 and 1S5S. 
 As well as Lists of the Directors of the East India Com- 
 pany ; Chairmen and Deputy Chairmen of the Direction ; 
 
 and Presidents of the Board of Control By Charles C. 
 
 Prinsep, Statistical Reporter, and late Superintendant of 
 Records, India Office."' — From the following remarks, to be 
 found in the preface, the fluent, yet business-like style of the 
 author becomes at once apparent : — 
 
 " The first English Company for the purpose of trading 
 with India was incorporated by Queen Elizabeth on the 31st 
 December, 1599. under the title of * The Governor and 
 Company of Merchants of London trading to the East 
 Indies.' 
 
 Courten's Association, the Assada Merchants, established 
 in 1635, united with the London Company in 1650. 
 
 The ' Merchant Adventurers,' chartered in 1654-55, 
 •united with the London Company in 1656-57. The 
 ' English Company,' (or ' the General Society ') trading to 
 the East Indies was incorporated in 1698. The aforesaid 
 Company of Merchants of London, and the English Com- 
 pany, were finally incorporated under the title of the 
 * United Company of Merchants of England trading to the 
 East Indies,' in 1708, and thus was founded the East India 
 Company, which title it maintained until 185S (an unbroken 
 period of 150 years), when the transfer of Indian Affairs to 
 the Crown was effected." The book was well received by 
 the Press ; and the names and services of many distinguished 
 Anglo-Indians of the historically famous Madras Presidency 
 — where the French first crossed bayonets with British 
 Sepoys — where Clive, " the mei^chant's clerk,"* but after- 
 wards the daring Ensign and Captain, achieved undying 
 renown by brilliant successes at Arcot and numerous other 
 places, which led on to conquest at the battle of Plassey, 
 which may be said to have laid " the Englishman's much 
 
 * Lord Brougham styles Clive " the merchant's clerk who raised hims-elf to 
 celebrity." In the opinion of the great William Pitt, he was " the heaven-
 
 THE PRINSEPS. 177 
 
 loved India " at Lis feef, and was tlie beginning of the 
 Empire Avbicli the great Bengal Civilian, Warren Hastings, 
 eventually consolidated — were for the first time published 
 to the reading world, as if to form an illustrious harbinger 
 of the highly popular Indian and Colonial Exibition in 
 London of 18S6. — As among the various courts, that of India 
 may be safely said to have created the greatest interest, at 
 this stage it may amuse to give a few gossipy remarks about 
 India in the olden time. For this information it may be 
 well to recur to the writer's " Trip " in 1855, already quoted 
 in the sketch of the illustrious James Prinsep : — 
 
 Turn which way you will in Calcutta, you will probably 
 find a spot with some historic interest attached to it. 
 Nearly every Ghat, has its story — among others Chandpal 
 Ghat, where the supposed author of Junius landed in 1774, 
 and became annoyed at Warren Hastings not saluting him 
 with the requisite number of guns, for which the rather 
 vindictive "Junius"* probably never forgave the great 
 statesman, the first Governor- General ;t and Police Ghat, 
 now adorned by the Metcalfe Hall, where in ancient time, 
 before the capture of Calcutta, stood the house and grounds 
 of the President with his salary of 300 rupees a month ; 
 yet, from the profits of private trade, living in a state of 
 
 bom general " ; and Lord Macaulay, in his splendid essay on Lord Clive, 
 says : — " The only man, as far as we recollect, who at an equally early age 
 ever gave equal proof of talents for war, was Napoleon Bonaparte." It is 
 not generally known that younj; Clive came out to Fort St. George as a 
 civilian, and that his warlike career commenced hy throwing an inkstand at 
 a brother writer's head. 
 
 * The severe epigram by \Yarren Hastings on his colleague, Sir Philip 
 Francis, at once gives some insight into the character of the supposed 
 author of "Junius." The mighty Warren, "in slippers," wrote on one 
 occasion : — 
 
 " A serpent bit Francis, that turbulent knight — 
 What then ? 'Twas the serpent that died of the bite 1 " 
 
 In the well-known printing-house of Messrs. Woodfall and Kinder, Milford 
 Lane, Strand, can be seen at the present day the very chair in which tlid 
 supposed Junitis is said to have sat — probably while conversing with Mr. 
 Woodfall, the original printer of the Public Advertiser (17G9), and the first 
 public repoiter. 
 
 t Appointed in 1773. 
 
 N
 
 173 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 great luxury, and raanaging with some of Lis subordinates 
 to ride about in a coach and six, and to sit down to dinner 
 ■^vith a band of music. Looking back a century ago, we 
 have a picture of the President Avith his Council, the junior 
 merchant factors and writers following in their train — the 
 latter having been engaged during the day in weighing salt- 
 petre, sorting calico, or appraising cloth — all invited to a 
 formal party. The younger members are wandering about 
 the garden of the President's house (where Bankshall now 
 stands), the garden which is said to have extended from the 
 river to Tank Square ; and, like the President and his Coun- 
 cil, their chief talk is about the business of the factory — 
 how to make the largest sum of money in the least possible 
 time. The President's house is without Venetians, without 
 glass windows, without punkahs ; there are none of the very 
 few ladies in the settlement to grace the feast, and the party 
 is as dull as it can possibly be. Even the small territory 
 under British jurisdiction — some three miles in length by 
 one or two in breadth — is not secure. A century passes away, 
 and one of the most remarkable changes in history has 
 taken place. The East India Company rules over an empire 
 two thousand miles square. Calcutta is the suitable metro- 
 polis for such an empire. Govei'nment House, and numerous 
 other public buildings, with the elegant private mansions of 
 Chowringhee and elsewhere please the eye of the traveller, 
 as well as the brilliant society which he beholds dashing 
 along the noble Strand of an evening ; and, after an airing 
 in their handsome carriages, this same society, in lt:5o, has 
 its literature, its scandal, its science, its fashions, the trip in 
 the railway, the message by the electric telegraph, all to 
 carry on the stream of conversation ; and the inhabitants 
 proceed, as they might do in London or Paris, to hear a 
 sweet Irish songstress (Catherine Hayes) sing, or to listen 
 with deep interest to the eloquence of Bellew, while he 
 delivered a lecture on Nineveh, or taught his hearers how to 
 run " with patience " the eternally important " Race of 
 Life!" 
 
 Reviewing Mr. Prinsep's " Record of Services," a London 
 critic hits the right nail on the head when he says : — "A
 
 THE PRINSEPS. 179 
 
 work of this nature needs no apology, unless it be on the 
 part of the public, who, ready as they are to consult works 
 of reference, seldom give to the compiler that meed of praise 
 which is due to laborious research and careful perusal of 
 masses of documents and papers." A famous poet has a 
 telling line, suitable to the experiences of official life as well 
 as to other matters : — 
 
 " He best can paint them wlio lias felt them most : " 
 
 And anyone wh.o has, during his career, had to do with the 
 compiling of Indian records, will admit that Mr. Prinsep 
 has done his work faithfully and well. The hope is enter- 
 tained that " Records of Services" of Bengal and Bombay 
 Civilians may soon be given to the public by the same author ; 
 thereby forming a record of the splendid Civil Service of 
 India, unparalleled, or, it may be said, the like of which has 
 never before existed in this style of literature. It is im- 
 possible to wade through the Bengal registers which tell the 
 tale of the fearful Mutiny of 1857, and not think of the 
 devotion and gallantry of those Civil servants of the glorious 
 old Company who, with such a chivalrous and high-souled. 
 heroism, faced the murderous rebels in the defence of life 
 and home, and fell dying, like our bravest and best soldiers. 
 —"Killed by the Mutineers at Delhi;" "Killed by the 
 Mutineers at Lucknow," are entries which at once take us 
 back to the day of " India's severest trial." And such, must 
 form, to no smalla mount, the shadows of the picture, with 
 the lights produced by a vast quantity of varied, useful, 
 and interesting information in the Bengal volume, we trust, 
 yet to come. 
 
 N 2
 
 180 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 SIE BARTLE FRERE, BART., G.C.B., 
 
 a.c.s.i. 
 
 — o 
 
 From tte following strictly correct statement of tbe services 
 of this liiglily distinguislied. Anglo-Indian, a good idea of 
 his career may be formed ; and few will venture to deny 
 that it was in many respects a brilliant one. Whatever he 
 did, the Jioc aqe, the do it with all thy might principle, was 
 strong in Sir Bartle as, doubtless, his future biographer will 
 fully exhibit to the world. 
 
 Frere, Sir Henry Bartle Edward, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.S.I. 
 1833, Writer; 1835, Assistant to Principal Collector of 
 Poona, and afterwards Assistant to Revenue Commissioner 
 of Bombay ; 1839, Deputy Registrar to Sudder Dewane® 
 and Sudder Foujdarry Adawlut ; 1840, Assistant to Revenue 
 Commissioner of Bombay ; 1842, Private Secretary to the 
 Governor (Sir George Arthur) ; 1845, proceeded on furlough; 
 1847, returned to India : First Assistant to Collector and 
 Magistrate of Sholapore ; 1848, Resident at Sattara; 1849,. 
 Commissioner of Satara ; 1850, Chief Commissioner of 
 Sindh ; 1859, made a K.C.B., May 20, and appointed on 
 December 21 a Member of Council of the Governor- General 
 of India ; 1862, appointed, April 24, Governor of Bombay 
 and elected Chancellor of the Bombay University (became 
 an annuitant on the Fund in 1862) ; 1866 made a G.C.S.I., 
 February ]2, and appointed, November 12, a Member of 
 Council of the Secretary of State for India ; 1867, left 
 Bombay, March 6, to take his seat in Council at home ; 1872 
 appointed, November 7, by H.M's Government, Special 
 Commissioner to the Sultans of Zanzibar and Muscat; 1873, 
 returned to England, June 12, and sworn a Privy Councillor 
 August 4 ; 1874, made an LL.D. of Cambridge, June 16; 
 1875-76, accompanied H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on his
 
 SIR BARTLE FRERE. 181 
 
 rndian tour, and made a G.C.B., May 17, and created a 
 Baronet May 19, 1876. In 1877, appointed, March 5, 
 Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and Lord High Commissioner for South Africa.* 
 Died May 29, 1884, at Wimbledon, Surrey. 
 
 To The Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (January, 
 1886), Miss Mary E. J. Frere contributed an obituary notice 
 of her father. Sir Bartle Frere, as " a very slight sketch of 
 a great and historical Englishman." Of this, observes an 
 acute but kindly disposed critic, " nearly five pages, with 
 copious notes, are devoted_to the Frere family tree, and two 
 more to that of his mother ; then more than six pages are 
 ■occupied with a description of his father and mother, which 
 is very pretty, but for an obituary notice rather tantalising 
 when we are anxious to hear about the man, and life is short. 
 But we are not disposed to be critical when filial love directs 
 the pen. There are some very interesting records of his 
 school days and of Haileybury College, and with these the 
 sketch concludes. There is enough in it, however, to whet 
 the appetite for more. As Miss Frere says, ' His Life 
 remains to be written ' :t and we fully agree with her, that 
 * until the impartial page of history be completely unfolded, 
 it is impossible for his countrymen to be fully conversant of 
 the measure, or to duly estimate the facts, of his heroic life.' 
 It is hardly possible that justice could be done to it by this 
 generation, but Miss Frere's sketch shows how early Bartle 
 Frere developed those qualities which make his one of the 
 remarkable figures of British history in the nineteenth 
 century." — This allusion to early devotion to useful work 
 reminds one of the lines from Shakspeare on the pedestal 
 of the statue erected in honour of the great Royal Engineer 
 Field-Marshal, Sir John Burgoyne ; for it may be truly said 
 of our distinguished Anglo-Indian : — 
 
 " How j'oungly he began to serve his country — 
 How long continued ! " 
 
 * At the end of October, 1886, we have news which would have greatly 
 interested Sir Bartle, viz., a proposed annexation of Zululand, and a remcn- 
 etrance from Natal. 
 
 t It is said that Miss Frere is engaged in the truly filial and nob'e task.
 
 182 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Sir Bartle Frere was of a prepossessing appearance, and 
 Wessed with a decidedly genial manner. If possible, he 
 never liked to refuse anyone a favour ; and this kind feature 
 in his character, when he reigned at Bombay Castle, pro- 
 cured for the seat of the Governor the sobriquet of the 
 " Land of Promise." On one occasion, in the India Office, 
 while the present writer was consulting the ever acute 
 Member of Council, he dismissed " the gunnei"," as he 
 styled him, with the hope of assistance in gaining his end ; 
 and, doubtless, Sir Bartle would have given the required 
 assistance, had he not then been about to enter the arena of 
 political action and political strife, in which, beyond all 
 question, he was a genuine hei"0. — With public men in 
 general, more appointments, or assistance, must ever be pro- 
 mised, or say half-promised, than given; and, to a Governor, 
 in India particularly, the applications are very numerous. 
 The little drama, from the " Vanity of Human "Wishes," 
 is being played every day, wherever we may be, in this 
 chequered life of ours : — 
 
 " Unnumber'd suppliants crowd Preferment's gate, 
 Athirst for wealth and burning to be great ; 
 Delusive Fortune hears th' incessant call, 
 They mount, they shine, evaporate, and fall." 
 
 Even in this new competitive age, it will be well if we find 
 men in the Indian Civil Service who are so much entitled to 
 preferment as was Sir Bartle Frere; and, doubtless, for ages 
 to come, Bombay civilians will revere his memory as a bright 
 example of energy and excellence in the public service. 
 Sir Bartle's honoured remains were interred in St. Paul's 
 Cathedral ; a fitting resting-place for our distinguished 
 Anglo-Indian.* A statue for the Thames Embankment is 
 in preparation by Mr. Brock, who executed that of Sir 
 Richard Temple, which is now in Bombay. 
 
 * Up to the moment of going to press, the Author expected some special 
 particulars of Sir Bartle's career, but he has been disappointed.
 
 183 
 
 SIE HENEY ANDEESON, K.C.S.I. 
 
 The services of this distinguished Bombay civilian are re- 
 corded in the usual concise manner, and are here reproduced, 
 there being, as is the case with many other -worthy Anglo- 
 Indians, only this '"round unvarnished tale" to deliver: — 
 
 Anderson, Sir Henry Lacon, K.C.S.I. — 1840, appointed 
 Writer; 1841, Assistant Collector and Magistrate of Poona ; 
 1843, Second Assistant to the same at Surat ; 1844, Assistant 
 to Political Agent in Southern Mahratta Country ; 1851, 
 Political Superintendent in Sawunt-Warree ; 1854, Judge 
 and Sessions Judge of Khandesh ; 1855, Secretary to Go- 
 vernment of Bombay, in Secret, Political, and Judicial 
 departments ; 1861, Chief Secretary to Government and 
 Secretary in departments as before ; 1865, resigned the ser- 
 vice, 14th May, in India, and became an annuitant on the 
 fund ; 1866, appointed, 1st February, Secretary in judi- 
 cial department, of Secretary of State's Office in England; 
 1867, made a K.C.S.I.; and died 7th of April, 1879, in 
 London. 
 
 Sir Henry Anderson's connection with The Bomhay 
 Quarterly Review, is alluded to in the " Notes " at the con- 
 clusion of the sketch of Anrjlo-Indian Periodical Literature. 
 He possessed literary merit of no common order, and was 
 among the first kind patrons of the present work in its 
 original form. Like Sir Bartle Frere, his appearance was 
 prepossessing, and his manner genial ; and his sudden death 
 ■was lamented by " troops of friends." 
 
 Having thus briefly noted the career of another distin- 
 guished member of the Western Presidency, it may here be of 
 interest to remark that the Civil Service of Bombay, though 
 perhaps not so well known to the public as that of Bengal and
 
 184 DISTINGI'ISIIED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Madras, nevertheless stands fortli as achieving great 
 eminence in the history of our Indian Empire. 
 
 Trade and the results of what TSlia (Charles Lamb, of old 
 East India House celebrity) styles " the quick pulse of 
 gain " are prohably better known at home in connection 
 with the "Western Presidency, and its ever busy capital, 
 than with either of the others. Still, the Presidency which 
 produced such Civil servants as Blane, Goldsmid (both 
 great in revenue matters), Sir Bartle Frere, and others 
 less distinguished among the sons of men in the East, must 
 ever secure attentive admiration. 
 
 English history has also an especial episode in our posses- 
 sion of the island of Bombay, which, as "every school-boy 
 knows," and a great many grown-up people do not know, 
 Charles II. had received, in 1622, as part of the portion of 
 the Infanta of Portugal, and which King William III. gave 
 over to the East India Company in 1688.
 
 185 
 
 SIR HENEY EAWLINSON, KC.B. 
 
 — 
 
 Ii' has for many years been the good fortune of Her 
 Majesty's Secretary of State for India to have in his 
 Council men of high and varied talents, thus forming an 
 administrative band for a great Empire, the like of which 
 no other nation in the world can produce. Law, literature, 
 Eastern politics, finance, engineering, military affairs, 
 commerce and statistics, have always their able representa- 
 tives in this select conclave; and the real good which results 
 from their labours or deliberations is little known to the 
 world. Since our first eleven " sketches " appeared, the 
 highly esteemed and learned Sir Erskine Perry (a former 
 Chief Justice of Bombay) has passed away ; but law has 
 still its bright ornament in Sir Henry Maine. In literature 
 and great experience in Indian administration, Sir William 
 Muir has recently left the Council, but the vacancy is 
 well filled up ; and the same may be said, in commercial 
 knowledge, of the late excellent Mr. Andrew Cassells, of 
 whom an obituary notice appears in these pages. The 
 brothers Strachey are great names, and have served India 
 well. But there are some men still adorning the Council, 
 whose places, should they leave it, can never be filled up ; 
 and Sir Henry Rawlinson is either the foremost, or one of 
 the very foremost of these. It is to his extraordinary and 
 brilliant career* we now beg the attention of our readers. 
 Some remarks on a subject which he has made his own, the 
 Eastern Question, are given ; for they may be useful and 
 interesting at the present time : — 
 
 Henry Creswicke Rawlinson was born on April the 11th, 
 
 * The original of this Sketch appeared in that aflinirable periodical, Tht 
 Leisure Hour, for August, 1877. It has been thoroughly revised and cor- 
 rected, a few important additions made, and brought down to the present time.
 
 186 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 1810, at Cliadlington, in the county of Oxon. He was the 
 second son of Abram Tyzack and Eliza Eudocia Albinia Raw- 
 linson. The Rawlinson family can be traced back -without any 
 uncertainty to the reign of Henry VII., Avhen it held lands, 
 and sometimes important offices, in Furness, or the part of 
 Lancashire to the North of Moorcambe Bay, bordering upon 
 the Lake Country. A tradition, reported by Burke and 
 others, says that a century before this two Rawlinsons, 
 Walter and Henry, fought at Agincourt. Henry Rawlinson, 
 the grandfather of Sir Henry, was M.P. for Liverpool 
 towards the latter part of the last century, and his first 
 cousin, Abram Rawlinson, of Ellel, was at the same time 
 M.P. for Lancaster. Henry resided at Grassyard Hall, near 
 Lancaster, and married Martha Tyzack, the heiress and 
 only child of Peregrine Tyzack, Esq., of Newcastle. He 
 (Henry) was born and brought up a member of the Society 
 of Friends, but conformed to the Church of England after 
 he attained to manhood ; and his twin sons, Abram and 
 Lindow, were consequently baptized in infancy. He died of 
 consumption in 1786, at the early age of forty-three. Both 
 boys were educated at Rugby school, from whence they 
 went as gentlemen- commoners to Christ Church in 1795. 
 Abram, who succeeded to his father's Lancashire estate, 
 parted with his ancestral property early in life, and purchased 
 with the proceeds a good estate in the parish of Chadlington, 
 Oxfordshire, where the subject of the present memoir was 
 born. Henry Creswicke received his second name after his 
 mother, who was a Miss Creswicke, and belonged to a good 
 family in Gloucestershire. At the age of eleven he was sent 
 from his home in Oxfordshire to a preliminary school, kept 
 by the Rev. Mr. Davies, at Wrington, in the county of 
 Somerset, where his maternal grandmother was residing. 
 Here he remained for two years, after which he passed 
 three years at an excellent private school, presided over by 
 the Rev. Dr. Nicolas, at Ealing, near London, a school which 
 had the honour of educating, besides himself and his brother 
 Canon Rawlinson, the two Newmans, Frank and John 
 Henry, Sir George Bui-rows, M.D., Mr. Wornum, author of 
 a " History of Painting," the Lord Byron who came next in
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 187 
 
 succession to the poet, Sir Robert Sale, Lord Macdonald and 
 his bi'otlier " Jem," well-known in London, the Right 
 Honourable A. S. Ajrton, and sevei^al other eminent 
 persons. Here he laid a solid foundation for his later 
 acquirements by the study of the two classical languages, 
 in which his progress was so rapid that at the age of six- 
 teen, he had reached the head of a school numbering above 
 three hundred boys. About this time he was nominated, 
 through the interest of his half-uncle, Mr. John Hinde Pelly 
 (Sir Lewis Felly's father) to an infantry cadetship, and after 
 a short preparation at a private establishment at Blackheath, 
 where he was taught the Oriental languages, mathematics 
 and surveying, he was sent out to India as an officer in the 
 Company's service in the year 1827. The overland route 
 not having been at that time even heard of, he proceeded to 
 India in a sailing vessel, which made a fair passage round 
 the Cape of Good Hope, and brought him to Bombay in 
 about four months from the time of his quitting England. 
 Among other passengez's by the same vessel was the well- 
 known Eastern scholar and diplomatist, Sir John Malcolm, 
 who had been nominated to the Governorship of Bombay, 
 and was about to take up the duties of his office. The 
 acquaintance which thus arose between the mature 
 "Historian of Persia" and the young subaltern had 
 lasting consequences, since it was from this chance meeting 
 with a great Orientalist that Henry Rawlinson derived that 
 taste for Eastern studies which never afterwards left him. 
 Within a few months of his arrival in India, Mr. Rawlinson 
 passed with credit an examination in the Hindustani lan- 
 guage and joined the First Bombay Grenadiers as ensign 
 and interpreter, at Ahmedabad in Guzerat, in June 1828. 
 Subsequently he served for two years with his regiment at 
 Bombay, and for three years at Foonah, and was appointed 
 quartermaster and paymaster to the corps within eighteen 
 months of his arrival in the country, having exhibited his 
 extraordinary talent for languages by passing in the same 
 short period examinations in the Mahratta and Persian 
 tongues. Henry Rawlinson inherited a passion for field 
 sports from his father, who in the early part of the century
 
 1*^8 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 was often eulogized by " Nimrod " as an accomplished 
 " Rider to Hounds," and who was afterwards better known 
 in the sporting world as the owner of Coronation, the win- 
 ner of the Derby in 1841, having bred and trained this 
 famous horse in his own stable at Chadlington. Following 
 in his father's footsteps the subject of this memoir became 
 early celebrated in India for his exploits in the field, and is 
 still remembered at Bombay as the hero of a very remark- 
 able ride, having in April, 1832, covered the distance from 
 Poonah to Panwell, over seventy miles, in three hours seven- 
 teen minutes, riding a set of very indifferent horses and 
 along a bad road thronged wuth pack-bullocks and zig-zag- 
 ging down the steep slope of the Bhoi'e Ghaut. It was 
 indeed always a matter of surprise among Mr. Rawlinson's 
 companions in India, how he managed to combine his 
 serious studies, which from Mahratta and Persian had now 
 ascended to Sanscrit and Arabic, with the hunting and 
 shooting, and other manly amusements, which seemed to 
 form his chief occupation. The accidental circumstances 
 which determined his career, and converted an enthusiastic 
 sportsman and smart Company's officer into a good civil 
 administrator and a first-rate Orientalist w^ere now approach- 
 ing. Lord VV. Bentinck, Governor- General of India, being 
 instructed from home to strengthen. Persia, which was 
 then becoming a factor of some consequence in the Eastern 
 question, determined in the year 1833, to despatch to Tehe- 
 ran a small body of Company's officers, who were to 
 reorganise and discipline the Persian troops, so as to restore 
 them to that state of efiiciency which they enjoyed under 
 their former commanders, Christie, Lindsay, and Hart. 
 Out of the entire number of appointments, two were placed 
 at the disposal of Lord Clare, who had succeeded Sir John 
 Malcolm in the governorship of Bombay. Lord Clare had 
 no private knowledge of Ensign Bawlinson, but understand- 
 ing that he was a good officer, and that his knowledge of 
 the Persian language was considerable, he selected him to 
 fill one of the two appointments in question. Ensign Raw- 
 linson started for Persia in November, 1833, as stalf oflicer 
 of Colonel Passmore's detachment, and continued in that
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 189 
 
 country till 1839. His duties at this time were various and 
 complicated. He acted at first as staff officer to the British 
 detachment, and as instructor to a regiment of Azerbijan 
 infantry ; subsequently he accompanied the Shah on several of 
 his journeys and expeditions ; later on he was sent to organize 
 the military foi'ces of the province of Kermanshah, and was 
 entrusted by the Prince Governor with important civil func- 
 tions ; he made various journeys at this time into remote 
 and little known portions of the Persian Empire, and accu- 
 mulated a rich store of geographical information. For a 
 time, during the absence of Mr. (afterwards Sir John) 
 McNeill, at Herat, he carried on the current business of 
 the British Embassy at Teheran, and was thus initiated into 
 the mysteries of diplomacy. At the same time he began his 
 career as an author. In 1837 he wrote an account of one of 
 his journeys into Susiana and Elymais, which was commu- 
 nicated to the Royal Geographical Society by Lord Palmer- 
 ston in the autumn of that year, and was published in the 
 Society's Journal soon afterwards. Two years later, at 
 Baghdad, he wrote a memoir on the Atropatenian Ecbatana 
 for the same periodical, which was published in 1840, and 
 gained for the writer the gold medal of the Geographical 
 Society. He also commenced in 1835 his studies in that 
 department of antiquarian research with which his name 
 will always be most especially connected — the cuneiform 
 inscriptions— carefully cop3ing a portion of the famous rock 
 tablets of Behistun, and devoting most of his leisure hours 
 to efforts after their decypherment, wliich before very long 
 were crowned with success. The exact place which Sir 
 Henry Rawlinson holds as an original decypherer and dis- 
 coverer in this field, it is perhaps as yet too soon to deter- 
 mine ; but the unanimous voice at once of Continental and 
 of English Orientalists assigns him an important share in the 
 analysis by which the secret was penetrated, and the writings 
 of Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes, were rendered accessible 
 to the world at large. His discoveries were communicated 
 to the Royal Asiatic Society in 1837-39 and were published 
 in the AthencBum in 1840 and it adds greatly to the credit 
 which is due him for these discoveries that they were
 
 190 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-IXDIANS. 
 
 effected with a very limited help from books, and were thus 
 the result of his almost unaided genius. The work in 
 which his discoveries were put forth in a connected form, 
 was a volume — published by the Royal Asiatic Society in 
 1846 — which was however prepared for publication in 1839 
 and commenced as early as 1835. This work is far from 
 being- superseded by the publications of Lassen and Spiegel, 
 or any subsequent writer, and will be found by the linguis- 
 tic student, a mine from which he may dig, without ever 
 exhausting its ores of inestimable value. In the year 1838, 
 complications arose with Persia, and it was determined to 
 withdraw the British contingent. Henry Rawlinson — who 
 had been granted the commission of Major in Persia — -was 
 offered by Mr. McNeill a recommendation to the Governor- 
 General to be employed with the force which was at that 
 time being prepared for the invasion and occupation of 
 Afghanistan. But he had formed an unfavourable opinion 
 of the prospects of the expedition — he was devoted to his 
 Persian studies — and he therefore begged to be allowed to 
 remain, as near as circumstances allowed, to the scene of 
 his literary labour. In accordance with his request, he was 
 sent with the British detachment to Baghdad, and remained 
 there till the autumn of 1839, engaged in his learned 
 labours. The complications wit]i Persia having ended in a 
 complete rupture, the British detachment was recalled to 
 India in the autumn of 1839. Major Rawlinson applied to 
 Lord Auckland for permission to remain behind in a subor- 
 dinate diplomatic employment, hoping, if his request were 
 granted, to be able to prosecute with advantage his cunei- 
 form researches ; but the Governor- General, having no sym- 
 pathy with the new study, turned a deaf ear to his appli- 
 cation ; and after six years of patient labour, the zealous 
 inquirer was forced for a time to relinquish literature and 
 resume the more regular work of his profession in India, 
 Lord Auckland placed his services at the disposal of the 
 envoy to Cabul, in order that his knowledge of the Persian 
 language and his experience of Oriental character might 
 be turned to account in the management of the newly-occu- 
 pied Afghanistan. Major Rawlinson accordingly travelled
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 191 
 
 tbrono-h Scinde to Canclaliar in the spring of 1840, and was 
 thence immediately summoned to Cabul, and nominated to 
 pi'oeeed with the lamented Arthur Conolly on a mission to 
 the Uzbeg States of Khiva, Kokand, and Bokhara. Before, 
 however, the preparations for this journey were completed — 
 a journey from Avhich it is hardly likely that he would have 
 ever returned — an insurrection broke out in the Ghilzie 
 country, and the envoy, ascribing this outbreak to mis- 
 management, and being further dissatisfied with the general 
 condition of affairs in Western Afghanistan, resolved to 
 remove the political agent in that quarter, and to appoint 
 Major Rawlinson in his place. The elevation of so young 
 an officer — one not yet thirty years of ago, and still a subal- 
 tern in his regiment — to the second post in Afghimistan, 
 naturally produced considerable dissatisfaction and heart- 
 burning ; but the promotion was certainly not the result of 
 favouritism, since Major Rawlinson had no interest whatever, 
 either with the Governoi'-General or with the envoy (Sir 
 William Macnaghten), and could only have been advanced on 
 account of his supposed merits. His career at Candahar is 
 generally allowed to have justified the envoy's choice. From 
 the first he took an independent and, to some extent, a gloomy 
 view of the position, detecting the falseness of the Afghans and 
 their probable intention to rise and make an effort to throw 
 off our yoke. Mixing with all classes, and well acquainted 
 with the language and with Oriental habits and modes of 
 thought, he was better able than his contemporaries to gauge 
 the general state of feeling in the country, and there can be no 
 dou-bt that he was among the first to take alarm, and to point 
 out, both at Cabul and Calcutta, the dangers of the situation. 
 Due justice has been done him on this head by Mr. Kaye, 
 in his " History of the War in Afghanistan," who regards 
 his political services before and during the insurrection as 
 of the highest value. Major Rawlinson was at this time 
 practically the governor of a country larger than many a 
 European state — one extending from Herat on the west, to 
 Ghuzni on the east, and from the mountain range of the 
 Paropamisus to the frontiers of Scinde. Though nominally 
 subordinate to the Envoy at Cabul, he had to act in the
 
 192 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 main on bis own responsibility, and the labours of his office 
 were such that, as we happen to know, his daily official 
 work frequently occupied him for eighteen hours out of the 
 twenty-four. When the insurrection broke out at Cabul, 
 and the disasters commenced, Candahar could not fail to be 
 agitated ; but Major Rawlinson's happy management suc- 
 ceeded in maintaining command of the town during the 
 whole period of the troubles, and in confining armed resist- 
 ance to our rule to the surrounding country. [Among other 
 precautions he disarmed the entire population, and sub- 
 seqtiently expelled the Afghans from the city, retaining only 
 the Parsiwans and Tajiks, on whose loyalty he could rely, 
 within the walls. This saved the city on the occasion of 
 the night attacks.] The town was threatened from time to 
 time. On one occasion, by a well planned artifice, and 
 during the absence of the greater part of the garrison under 
 General Nott, one of the main gates was burnt, and a 
 desperate attempt made to effect an entrance through the 
 gateway ; but the preparations made for defence proved 
 sufficient. A concentrated fire of artillery and musketry 
 upon the entrance prevented a single Afghan fron pene- 
 trating into the city, and the attack was thus repulsed with 
 prompt decision. On another occasion the tribes gathered 
 in unusual force before the place, and seemed to threaten a. 
 general assault upon the walls. Hereupon General Nott, 
 the commandant, determined to make a sally in force and 
 drive the enemy off. This was successfully effected on 
 ]May 29, 1842, in the battle of Candahar, a hotly contested 
 eno-agement, in which the British troops, with some Par- 
 siwan and Persian allies, were completely victorious over 
 the Afghans. Major Rawlinson on this occasion distin- 
 cruished himself at the head of a small body of Persian 
 horse, led by the famous Agha Khan — afterwards so well 
 known in Bombay — which he had himself organised, and 
 he was highly commended in General Nott's despatches 
 containing an account of the battle. This repulse had a 
 happy effect, and during the remaining period of the insur- 
 rection Candahar continued quiet ; no reverse nor even 
 check was experienced, the administration was restored, and
 
 SIR HENRY R.VWLINSOX. 193 
 
 the country merely troubled by a few bands of marauders, 
 who could effect nothing important. When the evacuation 
 of Afghanistan was determined on at the close of 1842, 
 Major Rawlinson accompanied Grencral (afterwards Sir 
 William) Nott as an extra aide-de-camp, was present at the 
 investment and capture of Grhuzni, and returned through 
 the Punjab to India. At this time a lamentable accident 
 caused him six months of the most intense anxiety, and 
 threatened to bring his official career to a disastrous end. 
 
 As political agent at Candahar, he had had the entire 
 management of the revenue of the province, together with 
 the feeding and payment of the troops, and had received 
 and disbursed, in l.'^40-42, on behalf of the British Govern- 
 ment, a sum of not less than one million pounds sterling. 
 So long as the communications remained open, his quarterly 
 accounts were sent regularly to Calcutta, but considerable 
 arrears had accumulated when our evacuation commenced* 
 and it was accordingly decided to close the accounts in 
 India ; the cash-books, receipts, and other vouchers for ex- 
 penditure, being sent under charge of his assistant by the 
 direct route to Sukker, from whence they were forwarded, 
 according to ordei's received from Government, by a native 
 vessel to meet him at Ferozepore. On its way this vessel 
 caught fire while ascending the Sutlej, and was burnt 
 to the water's edge. Nothing remained of the papers 
 but a mass of blackened scraps and half - burned frag- 
 ments. Yet it was necessary to present to Government a 
 complete and exact account of the entire sum which had 
 passed through the agent's hands. At first the situation 
 seemed hopeless, and, for the first time in his life. Major 
 Rawlinson had a feeling of despair ; but bracing all his 
 energies to meet the trial which had fallen upon him with- 
 out any fault of his own, trusting to a retentive memory, 
 scrutinising and making the most of every precious frag- 
 ment of scorched paper that had been saved from the barning 
 wreck, finally applying for and obtaining duplicate receipts 
 from all those still living to whom he had paid anything, 
 he succeeded by dint of six months' hard labour in bringing 
 his accounts into complete order, showed how every rupeo 
 

 
 194 DISTINGnSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 wliicli he Lad received or raised had been spent, and had the 
 satisfaction of being complimented by Government upon the 
 exactness, accuracy, and clearness of his financial statement. 
 On successfully passing the ordeal, he was offered by Lord 
 Ellenborough the choice of several vacant civil appoint- 
 ments in India. Had he accepted this offer, he would 
 naturally have become one of that famous jSTorth-Western 
 brotlierhood which had its birth about this time, and which 
 will always hold an honourable place in the history of the 
 British Empire in India — a brotherhood including the names 
 of Broadfoot, Edwardes, Outram, the two Lawrences, and 
 Frere. But Major Rawlinson had a pursuit which was dearer 
 to him than professional advancement — the Sphinx of Cunei- 
 form discovery had laid her spell upon him — and declining 
 therefore the brilliant prospects which seemed opening upon 
 him if he remained in India, he accepted in preference the 
 post of British Resident at Baghdad, which happened to 
 become vacant by the resignation of Colonel Taylor in the 
 autumn of 1843. His friends viewed this as a sort of 
 "honourable exile;" but individually he was more than 
 satisfied — he was delighted with the appointment. It took 
 him back, after a four years' absence, to the country which 
 had for him greater interest than any other. It placed him 
 in the near vicinity of the rock tablets on whose complete 
 decjpherment he was bent, and being an office the work of 
 which was, comparatively speaking, light, it gave him 
 ample leisure for the prosecution of the studies in Avhich he 
 took so keen an interest, without trenching upon the time 
 which was needed for his political duties and employments. 
 During his four years' absence from Mesopotamia, his cunei- 
 form labours had been perforce suspended. He had contri- 
 buted nothing to literature but a few stray papers, published 
 in the " Geographical Journal," on the comparative geo- 
 graphy of Afghanistan. It was with all the zest of one long 
 deprived of his favourite element that he plunged once 
 more into the abstruse subject whereto he had for so many 
 years devoted his best powers, and set himself to complete 
 the task of decypherracnt, in which he had already made 
 such considerable progress.
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 195 
 
 The field of research had at this time recently enlarged 
 itself. M. Botta, French Consul at Mosul, had succeeded 
 in disentombing from the mounds of Khoi-sabad sculptures 
 and inscriptions in extraordinary abundance, which were 
 generally regarded by the learned of Europe as belonging to 
 the best times of the Assyrian Empire. Major Rawlinson 
 •was the first to perceive and to point out that the clue to 
 the Assyrian legends would be found through the Baby- 
 lonian transcripts attached to Persian insciiptions in almost 
 every instance, and that consequently the accurate know- 
 ledge of the ancient Persian tongue w^as a necessary pre- 
 liminary to any satisfactory rendering of the newly found 
 treasures. With this conviction he devoted himself once 
 more with untiring energy to the complete elaboration and 
 elucidation of the Persian writings at Behistun and other 
 places, visiting the scenes and exposing himself to consider- 
 able personal danger in copying characters which are 
 inscribed on a precipitous rock at the height of 300 feet 
 above the plain. In the course of the years 1844 and 1845 
 lie was able, by great assiduity, to complete his first memoir 
 on the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, a memoir which was 
 published by the Royal Asiatic Society in 1846, and which 
 forms a volume of 420 pages. 
 
 In the year 1847, following out the thought that it was 
 through the trilingual inscriptions set up by the early Persian 
 kings that the Assyrian language, in which so many docu- 
 ments had now been recovered, could alone be satisfactorily 
 interpreted, Major Rawlinson visited Behistun for the third 
 time, and obtained complete copies of the Scythic and Baby- 
 lonian transcripts of the great inscription. With these he 
 returneJ to England in 1849, after an absence of twenty-two 
 years, during the whole of which time he had taken no fur- 
 lough, and had never been on the sick list for more than a few 
 days at a time. Major Rawlinson's fame as a decypherer 
 ■was by this time fully established, and he found himself 
 somewhat of a " lion." He was presented at Court, and had 
 the honour of dining with the Queen. He had the free run of 
 London society. Oxford enrolled him in the list of her 
 honorary D.C.L.'s at the first encoenia after his retm'n, in 
 
 2
 
 196 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 company witli Viscount Gough and Major Herbert Edwardes, 
 two other Indian celebrities. Cambridge (and in due course- 
 Edinburgh) presented inm with similar degrees. The Royal 
 Society of London elected him one of their fellows. Foreign 
 academies showered their honours upon liim. He received 
 diplomas from the Universities of Munich, Berlin, Dresden,. 
 Leipsic, Vienna, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, and Pesth. 
 American universities also enrolled him as a member. The- 
 King of Prussia, unsolicited, sent him the insignia of the- 
 Prussian Order of Merit. In January, 1850, a few weeks- 
 after his return to England, Major Rawlinson read before 
 the Royal Asiatic Society, the Prince Consort presiding, a 
 paper on the inscriptions of Babylonia and Assyria, contain- 
 ing a translation of the greater part of the " Black Obelisk 
 Inscription," which was the first attempt made by any one- 
 to render into English, or, indeed, into any other language^ 
 an Assyrian historical document. 
 
 This effort formed a point of departure for all subsequent 
 Assyriologists, and entitles Sir Henry Rawlinson incon- 
 testibly to the claim of priority of discovery in the field of 
 Assjrian and Babylonian decypherment — a claim generally 
 admitted in Germany, though it has been contested in Eng- 
 land and in France. Soon after the publication of this 
 memoir in March, 1850, Major Rawlinson, having been per- 
 mitted to inspect copies of Assyrian inscriptions brought t» 
 England by Mr. Layard, made the important discovery of 
 the mention of Hezekiah's war with Sennacherib in an in- 
 scription of that monarch's, which furnished the first definite 
 point of contact between the Assyrian and the Jewish 
 records, thus assigning to the former a definite place in 
 literatui-e, and to the events recorded in them their proper 
 position in the history of the world. The announcement of 
 this discovery was originally made in the columns of the 
 Athena?um, in the month of August, 1851. 
 
 In the autumn of 1851, Henry Rawlinson (now gazetted 
 as Lieut.- Colonel in Turkey) returned to his post at 
 Bao-hdad, and resumed his diplomatic employments as 
 British Resident under the East India Company, and Consul 
 (now Consul-General) under the home Government.
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 197 
 
 At the same time, having been enti'usted by the British 
 Museum with the sum of £3,000 to be spent in excavations 
 at his discretion, he commenced a series of investigations in 
 the Mesopotamian countries, Assyria, Babylonia, C'hahlcea, 
 and even in Susiana, vphich had the most important results. 
 Employing as agents Mr. Hormazd Rassam, the late Mr. 
 Loftus, and Mr. Taylor (subsequently British Consul at 
 Diarbekr), he laid bare the primitive cities of Babylonia, 
 explored and exactly measured the great Temple of Boi'sippa, 
 believed by many to be on the site of the " Tower of Babel," 
 and obtained from the mound of Koyunjik (at Nineveh), 
 the entire series of most valuable sculptures which occupy 
 the basement floor of the Assyrian rooms in the British 
 Museum. Accounts of the works undertaken under his 
 direction, and sometimes under his own personel superinten- 
 ■dance, in the year, 1852-54, will be found in the Journal of the 
 Asiatic Society for 1855 and 1856, and in other periodical 
 publications ; but no collection has been made of them, and 
 in particular the Assyrian excavations of this period are left 
 without adequate record, owing to the untimely death of 
 the gentleman who conducted them, the lamented William 
 Kenneth Loftus. While superintending these valuable 
 researches, Colonel Rawlinson was also engaged in conduct- 
 ing through the press, a memoir on the Babylonian columns 
 of the Behistun inscription, which saw the light in 1852, 
 shortly after he left England for Baghdad. This memoir 
 ■contains the whole inscription, with a Latin interlinear 
 translation, a list of the characters employed (246 in num- 
 ber), and an analysis of the text, extending to 104 pages. 
 It is, unfortunately, incomplete, since the analysis extends 
 to one column only out of five ; but it furnishes the key to the 
 whole subject of Babylonian and Assyrian philology ; and it 
 is not too much to say that without it the works of Oppert, 
 !Fox Talbot, George Stuith, and Sayce, by which Assy riology 
 has been brought into its present advanced state, could not 
 have been written. With one brief intei'lude, Colonel 
 Rawlinson's Oriental life was now ended, and he entered 
 upon an English career, still marked, like his Oriental one, 
 by^the combination of active public occupations with literaiy
 
 198 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 and linguistic researches. The chief circnmstances of his 
 public life arc the following : — In February, 1856, he retired 
 as Lieutenant-Colonel from the East India Company's 
 Service, thirty years after entering it. He was soon after- 
 wards made aK.C.B., and given a place among the Directors 
 of the East India Company, nominated by Government. In 
 
 1857, he was for a short time a candidate for the representa- 
 tion of Greenock, but withdrew on an intimation being given 
 by the old member of his desire to retain the seat. In the 
 same year he stood twice for Reigate, being defeated by a 
 small majority on the first occasion, and returned by a large 
 one on a chance vacancy occurring a few months later. In 
 
 1858, he took an active part in the parliamentary discussion 
 of the " government of India " Bill, si^eaking frequently in 
 favour of the ministerial proposals to transfer the govern- 
 ment from the Company to the Crown ; and when the Bill 
 passed, he was not unnaturally nominated a member of the 
 new Council of India whose appointment he had advocated. 
 This nomination involved the resignation of his seat in Par- 
 liament. In 1859, on the retirement of the Hon. C. Murray, 
 he was offered and accepted the post of British Envoy and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia, with the local rank of 
 Major- General, which he has ever since by courtesy enjoyed. 
 He retained this appointment, however, only for a single year, 
 as he disapproved on principle of the transfer of the envoy- 
 ship (which was made in 18G0), from dependence upon the 
 India Office to its old position of subordination to the Foreign 
 Minister. Short as was his tenure of this office, it is 
 believed he did much to establish on a satisfactory basis the 
 relations between England and Persia, while acquiring at the 
 same time the complete confidence of the Shah, a circum- 
 stance which led to his being appointed by the Government 
 to attend that Sovereign on the occasion of his visit to 
 England in 1873. At the general election in the year 1865, 
 he was returned after a sharp contest M.P. for Frome ; 
 and was active in Pailiament on all Eastern subjects, from 
 1865 to 1868. In the last named year he was once more 
 nominated by the Government to a life seat in the Council 
 of India, a situation which he still retains, and to which he
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 199 
 
 devotes himself assiduously. His literary and scientific 
 occupations since 1855, have been various and engrossing 
 In 1855, he undertook the editing of the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions of Chaldaea, Assyria, and Babylonia, for the British 
 Museum; and, aided by Mr. Coxe and Mr. George Smith, he 
 brought out in the course of the years 1859-70, three folio 
 volumes of inscriptions, accompanied by a brief description 
 of their contents — a publication of the greatest value to 
 Assyriologists, and which has been suplementsd by the 
 publication of two more volumes in 1875 and 1884 He also 
 furnished, between 1858 and 1860, a number of essays and 
 notes to the translation of Herodotus, brought out by his 
 brother Professor Rawlinson, from which (in the words of 
 that writer) "the work derives its principal and most per- 
 manent interest." 
 
 At the present day Sir Henry Rawlinson is probably better 
 known to the English public as an authority on Central 
 Asian Geography, and especially as a political writer on what 
 is called the Eastern Question, than either as an Orientalist 
 or a Cuneiform discoverer. For many years past, indeed, 
 leaving the prosecution of Cuneiform research to younger and 
 more energetic scholars, he has devoted himself to tracking 
 the tortuous course of Russian Policy in the East, and striving 
 to arouse the public mind in England to the dangers of 
 Russia's advance towards India. His long personal ex- 
 perience in Persia and Afghanistan, and his later em- 
 ployment in the Secret Department of the India Office, 
 have given him exceptional advantages in this respect, 
 of which he has largely availed himself. "Whether in the 
 Chair of the Geographical Society, which he filled for five 
 years between 1870 and 1875, or as a contributor to the 
 periodical literature of the day, ho has been unremitting in 
 his efforts to furnish information regarding Central Asia. 
 By his remarkable volume, entitled " England and Russia in 
 the East," which was published in 1875, and attracted much 
 attention, he may be said to have founded a special school of 
 political thinkers. At one time it is true he was regai'ded 
 as a Russophnbist, the Duke of Argyll having invented the 
 term " Mervousness" to designate his supposed unnecessary
 
 200 DISTINGnSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 alarm at a possible occupation of Merv by Russia — but there 
 are now few who do not admit the soundness of his views 
 and the timeliness of his warnings, few -who do not consider 
 that he performed a service to the nation, by his persistent 
 exposition of Russian duplicity and ambition. The advance 
 of the Russian arms from the Caspian to the Oxus, by the 
 aid and complicity of Persia, was foreshadowed, it must be 
 remembered, by Sir Henry, long before the event (see par- 
 ticularly his articles in the Geographical Proceedings, on 
 " the Road to Merv," on the travels of Stuart and O'Donovan, 
 and on the Reports of Rob. Michel and Lesar) ; and it is 
 understood that he has now accumulated much valuable 
 material, both geographical and political, to illustrate the 
 probable further extension of Russian power and influence 
 in the direction of Herat and Afghan Tarkistan, which 
 Avill appear in due course in some of the London Journals 
 and Reviews as soon as the results of the Afghan Frontier 
 Commission have been published by the Government; and 
 official reticence is thus no longer required. Of late 
 3'ears the Nineteenth Centiirij and the Quarterlt/ Review have 
 been the journals in which Sir Henry's political articles have 
 usually appeared, while his scientific papers have been pub- 
 lished by the Royal Asiatic and the Royal Geographical 
 Societies. He is, indeed. Director of the former Society 
 and Vice-President of the latter, while he is also a Vice- 
 President of the Royal Society of Literature, and the Society 
 of Biblical Ai-chajology, and a member of most of the other 
 scientific bodies of the metropolis. With the British Museum, 
 too, he has been long connected. When he returned to finer- 
 land in 1849 he brought liome a choice collection of antiquities 
 and coins — several of the numismatic specimens being unique 
 — which aie now in the National Museum ; and later on he 
 transferred to the Library of the same establishmeut his 
 Arabic and Persian MSS., selected with great care, and 
 forming a worthy supplement to the collections, already de- 
 posited in the same place, of Col. Taylor and Mr. Rich, his 
 predecessors in the Residency of Baghdad. It has been 
 stated already tl^iat he superintended for a long period the 
 Museum Excavations in Assyria and Babylonia, and after
 
 SIR HENRY RAWLINSON. 201 
 
 his return to England lie Avorked for fully twenty years in 
 preparing copies of the Museum slabs and bricks and cylinders 
 and clay tablets, which he afterwards published at the ex- 
 pense of the trustees in the magnificent folio volumes that 
 now form the basis and repository of all Cuneiform Science. 
 It was, therefore, a fitting termination to such labours, and 
 a source of peculiar gratification to Sir Henry, that he should 
 have been nominated a Trustee of the British Museum by 
 Lord Beaconsfield in 1878, being thus charged with the 
 guardianship of the collections which he had helped to form, 
 and being enabled as a member of the Standing Committee 
 to provide for their care and adequate display. 
 
 Sir Henry Rawlinson married in 1862, Louisa, the youngest 
 daughter of Henry Seymour of Knoyle, who was the head of 
 a collateral branch of the Somerset family. She had two 
 sisters, Mrs. Philip Bouverie of Brymore and Mrs. Ayshford 
 Sanford of Nynehead ; and two brothers, of whom the eldest, 
 Henry Danby (died in 1877), had been member for Poole 
 and Under Secretary for India ; while the younger, Alfred, 
 at present the head of the family, had sat both for Totness 
 and Salisbury. Sir Henry has two sons, both in the army, 
 the eldest in the 60th Hifles being on Sir F. Roberts' Staff 
 in India, while the youngest is about to enter the 17th 
 Lancers. He (Sir Henry) is now in his seventy-seventh year, 
 but time has dealt lightly with him. He is still strong and 
 active and with no physical infirmity; although, indeed, 
 within the last year or two he has given up shooting and 
 riding; he attends to his duties at the India Office, as dili- 
 gently as the youngest of his colleagues, and beguiles his 
 leisure hours, as of yore, with Arabic manuscripts. Blue- 
 books, and Cuneiform Inscrij)tions. 
 
 Having now concluded the recital of an extraordinary 
 career — one of many shadows and much sunshine — wo 
 cannot help comparing it to some wild and rugged picture 
 hj Salvator Rosa, or a landstorm by Claude or Poussiu, 
 hung beside the quiet landscapes of Cuyp or Wilson. The 
 great qualities of our most distinguished Anglo-Indians 
 shine forth^ from every corner of it — untiring energy, pro-
 
 202 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 digality of self, and abnegation of self. We must go back 
 forty-five years to find Henry Rawlinson, -wlien the Cabul 
 insurrection "vvas at its beiglif, while all Candahar was 
 agitated, displaying, when only a subaltern, vast ability as a 
 political agent, and, in the defence of that important post, 
 the finest qualities of our best soldiers. How he got out of 
 the financial difiiculty at Candahar — one that would have 
 killed most other men — is a perfect marvel. Then to think, 
 after all his strange adventures, troubles, and successes, 
 we should find Sir Henry Rawlinson (as still the best Per- 
 sian scholar) accompanying the descendant of Cyrus and 
 Darius — the Shah of Persia — on his visit to England ; 
 thirteen years later still assisting in governing India from 
 the India Office, London ; also passing "the sunset of his 
 genius and his days "* in pursuing the studies to which he 
 has been so long devoted ; — surely here we have the career 
 of an Anglo-Indian well worthy of imitation by all young, 
 intelligent, devoted, and ambitious India-bound subjects of 
 the Queen-Empress. 
 
 • An eloquent tribute paid by Mr. O'Brien to Mr. Gladtone in a late 
 Session of Parliament.
 
 203 
 
 SIE EGBERT MONTGOMEEY, G.C.S.I., 
 K.C.B. 
 
 Lord Clarendon, in Lis essay on Peace, says forcibly : " We 
 cannot make a more lively representation and emblem to our- 
 selves of bell, than by tbe view of a kingdom in war, wbere 
 there is nothing to be seen but destruction and fire, and the 
 discord itself is a great part of the torment ; nor a more 
 sensible reflection upon the joys of heaven, than as it is all 
 qiiiet and peace, and where nothing is to be discerned but 
 content and harmony, and what is amiable in all the circum- 
 stances of it." After the two sanguinary wars in the 
 Punjab, and its annexation in 1849, by Lord Dalhousie, 
 peace began to dawn on the country of the five rivers. But 
 it was not till sixteen years after the annexation that a 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab was to take farewell 
 of his friends at Lahore, when gentle Peace seemed, in a 
 great measure through his administration, to have taken rest 
 in the land. An entertainment given by the residents of 
 Lahore and the neighbouring stations to Sir Robert Mont- 
 gomery on the 5th, and a farewell Durbar held by him on 
 the 7th January, 1865, were the closing scenes of a really 
 useful and occasionally brilliant administration. Sir Robert 
 had been connected with the Punjab since its annexation, as 
 Commissioner of Lahore and Amritsur ;* as Judicial Com- 
 missioner and as Lieutenant-Governor he had laboured with 
 constant energy for the advancement of the province, and 
 the happiness of the people ; and we read that his labours 
 " were rewarded with greater success than it falls to the lot 
 * This is a remarkable word in Hindu literature, and means "Tbe pool 
 of immortality." The readers of Southey's Curse of Kthama — not very 
 many we are sorry to say — will perhaps recollect Amreeta, "The Cup of 
 Immortality." Then we have Amrapura, the city of the immortals — the 
 former capital of Upper Burma, near Manda'ay.
 
 204 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 of many men to achieve." It was also remarked at the 
 time, that to Sir Eobert Montgomery belonged the rare 
 happiness— we should say very rare among high official men 
 in our Eastern Empire — of seeing and enjoying the fruition 
 of his labours. Before proceeding to cite a most interesting 
 account of the farewell entertainment and the Durbar at 
 Lahore, we shall give a concise record of Sir Robert Mont- 
 gomery- 's services, as we have done of other distinguished 
 Civilians : — 
 
 Montgomery, Sir Robert, G.C.S.I., K.C.B., arrived in India 
 on November 13, 1828, as writer. In 1829 he was first ap- 
 pointed Assistant to Joint Magistrate, and Deputy Collector 
 of Azimghur, and in 1832 officiated as Head Assistant there. 
 In 1835 he was Acting' Joint-Magistrate and Deputy Collector 
 at the same station, and in 1837 officiated as Magistrate 
 and Collector, but was subsequently transferred to Allahabad, 
 where in 1839 he was confirmed in his appointment ; 1842, 
 transferred to Mirzapore. In 1843 he proceeded on furlough 
 to Europe, and returned to India in 1845. In 1846 he re- 
 sumed the Magistracy and Collectorship of Cawnjiore, and 
 in 1849 was appointed Commissioner in the Punjab. In 
 1851 he was appointed Third Member of the Board of 
 Administration in the Punjab ; 1852 Judicial Commissioner 
 of that province. In 1858 he was transferred to Oudh as 
 Chief Commissioner, and appointed Provisional Member of 
 the Governor-General's Council. On February 25, 1859, he 
 was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, and 
 made a K.C.B. on the 19th of May the same year. He 
 resigned the service on January 10, 1865, and became an 
 Annuitant. In 1866 he was created a G.C.S.L, on February 
 20, and appointed on September 21, 1868, a Member of the 
 Council of the Secretary of State for India. 
 
 In our sketch of Mr. Colvin, while, in a note referring to 
 Sir John Lawrence during the year of the J\Iutiny, it is re- 
 marked, as the confirmed opinion of a shrewd Calcutta 
 Sevieicer, that the subject of our sketch was the only other 
 man (except Sir Henry Lawrence) who could have held the 
 Punjab. Such able and distinguished men are really the 
 chief ornaments of our Indian history ; and in describing
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 20/> 
 
 the actions of one of them, as on the present occasion, we 
 think a better idea will be formed of Sir Robert Mont- 
 gomery's career from the closing entertainment given in his 
 honour, than by adopting the usual biographical stylo pur- 
 sued in our other sketches. 
 
 The local chronicler* proceeds to say, in a tone worthy of 
 the highest and best journalism : — " It was but the other 
 day that His Excellency the Viceroy (Sir John Lawrence) 
 spoke in the highest terms of eulogy of all that the Punjab 
 Government had accomplished. And, in truth, the proofs 
 of an intelligent and liberal administration are to be seen on 
 every side. The land is now at ])eace. Wealth and com- 
 merce have indefinitely increased, and all classes have shared 
 in the growing prosperity of the country. 
 
 The railway between Amritsur and Multan is now com- 
 pleted ; the great Bari Doab canal is each year becoming a 
 greater blessing to the country through which it flows, and 
 other works of the greatest public benefit have been projected 
 or begun. 
 
 Sir Robert Montgomery has wisely and generously 
 entrusted many of the chiefs and landholders with judicial 
 powers, and has allowed them to feel a sympathy with the 
 Government of which they now form a part. Owing to his 
 unremitting exertion, the cause of female education has 
 been taken up in this province as a great national movement. 
 He has enlisted the religious and political chiefs of the 
 people on the side of reform and iH'ogress, and the con- 
 sequence is that progress has been more than an empty name. 
 
 But although Sir Robert Montgomery's connection with 
 the Punjab is about to cease, we trust and. believe that he 
 has yet before him many years of honourable service for the 
 State. Thirty-six years of Indian life have left him still in 
 middle age, with unimpaired health, and with an intellect 
 Iripened by experience, and still in its prime. There is no 
 jman in India, with the exception of his Excellency the 
 Viceroy, whose name is so well known in England as that of 
 Sir Robert Montgomery. For it is upon the Punjab of all 
 
 * Lahore Chronicle of January 9, 1S65, quoted ia the Londonderrij 
 \Sentind of Februaiy 28. 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I
 
 208 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 her tlionsand provinces tliat England looks witb. the 
 closest attention and the fondest pride. For the stormy 
 days of '45 and '49 are not forgotten ; Sobraon and 
 Eerozshar, and Mudki and Chillianwalla, and Guzerat and 
 Multan are still well remembered, and England knows, and 
 can admire the gallantry of the noble race over which we 
 are proud to rule. And here, too, w^e live, sword in hand, 
 and ever ready for the battle, on the borders of that strange 
 and misty land beyond our N"ortli-West frontier, from whence 
 are ever coming rumours of futui'e troubles and future wars. 
 Eor a statesman who, like Sir Robert Montgomery, has 
 wisely ruled this important province, who has quadrupled 
 its resoui-ces, and left its population wealthy, loyal, and 
 happy, her Majesty has surely honours in stcn^e. 
 
 In the Punjab the name of Sir Robert Montgomery will 
 not be forgotten. It will not be forgotten by the chiefs, 
 Avho were overthrown in the first strength of our new 
 dominion, and whom he has helped to rise. And when the 
 day comes, as come it most surely Avill, when, throughout 
 the wide Punjab, the woman will be no longer treated as a 
 mere chattel, created for the use and profit of the man, but 
 will take her proper place in the family, the helpmeet of her 
 husband, there will be in every household a voice that will 
 bless the name of Montgomery. Nor will his officers forget 
 him. The lessons which were first taught by Sir Henry 
 and Sir John Lawrence have been enforced by him. The 
 Punjab officers remain as when Sir John left them ; careful 
 of their glorious traditions ; united amongst themselves ; 
 and ready to hold their own against the world. We have, 
 it is true, in the past year had many losses. Gust and 
 Davies and Egerton have left the province ; James has gone 
 where no human praise can follow him ; Sir Herbert 
 Ed wardes, the generous and the true, is now departing ; and 
 tomorrow Sir Robert Montgomery will have left Lahore, 
 perhaps for ever. We must fill up the gaps as best we 
 may. But we will not forget the teaching and the example 
 of those who have left us." 
 
 It has been well said by a philosopher that all rising to 
 great place is by " a winding stair," and, notwithstanding
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 207 
 
 factions, it is good for a man " to balance himself when he 
 is placed." If ever man required such a balancing it must 
 have been a Lieutenant-G-overnor of the Punjab twenty 
 years ago ; and all now seemed resolutely determined to use 
 Sir Robert Montgomeiy, as well as the memory of him, 
 " fairly and tenderly." The farewell entertainment on the 
 5th took place at the John Lawrence Hall, Lahoi-e. After 
 a very pleasant evening, enlivened by various kinds of 
 music, bis Honour the Lieutenant-Governor led the way to 
 supper, spread out in tents at the rear of the building. Mr. 
 D. F. M'Leod, C.B.,* occupied the chair. At the high table 
 were also seated Mr. A. A. Roberts, CB. ; General Cunyng- 
 hame, C.B. ; Mr. F. H. Cooper, C.B. ; and other distin- 
 guished officials. After Mr. M'Leod had proposed the 
 health of Her Majesty the Queen, which was received with 
 the most loyal enthusiasm, in an effective speech, it was 
 followed up by that of His Excellency the Viceroy, which 
 was drunk with continued applause. Mr. Roberts, the 
 Judicial Commissioner, then rose and spoke as follows : — 
 Ladies and gentlemen, the toast that I shall have the honour 
 of proposing to you needs no preface, but before mentioning 
 what it is, I wish to revert to the eii'cumstance which has 
 brought us together this evening. I believe that it is the 
 wish of all here present to give expression, not only to our 
 feelings, but to those of the Punjab at large, on the ap- 
 proaching termination of the Indian career of our honoured 
 guest, the Lieutenant-Governor of this province. A great 
 and a good man is about to leave us. The Punjab is going 
 to lose a wise, benevolent, and highly respected ruler ; India 
 is about to part with a ripe, experienced, and tried adminis- 
 trator. Upwards of thirty-six years have passed since Sir 
 Robert Montgomery landed as a writer on the shores of 
 India. Without interest or connection in this country, but 
 simply owing to the blessing which invariably attends a 
 diligent, zealous, and strictly conscientious discharge of duty, 
 he has risen, step by step, to the high position which he has 
 for the last six years held with so much honour to himself, 
 * The Lieutenant-Qovernor elect, afterwards tlie unforlunate Sir Donald 
 M'Leod.
 
 203 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 sucli credit to our country and name, and such benefit 
 to tlie people of this province. His official habits and 
 training M-ere acquired in tlie best school which existed in 
 those days. On leaving college, Mr. Montgomery was 
 appointed assistant to Mr. Thomason, the great James Tho- 
 mason, who, for nearly ten years, so ably administered th& 
 Government of the North- Western Provinces, and who was, 
 at the time of which I am speaking, magistrate and collector 
 at Azimgurh. After serving eight years in Azimgurh, Mr, 
 Montgomery was transferred to Allahabad, of which district 
 he effected the settlement in addition to his duties as magis- 
 trate and collector. And here I must look back through 
 the vista of twenty-five years, and recall my own feelings on 
 being appointed joint magistrate and deputy collector under 
 my honoured friend, who was even then considered one of the 
 best officers among a number of excellent men then serving in 
 the North- Western Provinces. Mr. Montgomery next had 
 charge of the Cawnpore district, and was so employed 
 when the second Sutlej campaign brought the Punjab 
 under British sway. Lord Dalhousie placed the illus- 
 ti'ious brothers. Sir Henry and Sir John Lawrence at the 
 head of the administration, and called upon the Lieutenant- 
 Governor of the North- Western Provinces to select some of 
 his best officers to be commissioners of divisions in the new 
 province. Mr. Thomason named Mr. Montgomery, first ; 
 Mr. Donald M'Leod, second ; Mr. Edward Thornton, third ; 
 and Mr. Edgwotth, fourth. To Mr. Montgomery was 
 assigned the headquarters division, that of Lahore, which 
 at that time comprised the districts now forming the 
 Amritsur division. The commissioner of a division in a 
 non-regular province is one of the keystones of the adminis- 
 tration. 1 must leave you to imagine what devolved upon 
 Mr. Montgomeiy as Commissioner of Lahore immediately 
 after annexation. Having held this office two or three 
 years, Mr. Montgomery was promoted to a seat in the Board 
 of Administration ; and upon the reconstruction of the 
 Government under a Chief Commissioner, Mr. John 
 Lawrence, j\L\ Montgomery became Judicial Commissioner, 
 which appointment he filled for several years. It requires
 
 RIU ROEEKT r.IONTGOMEr.Y. 209 
 
 some knowledge of the cumbrous procedure, endless delays, 
 enormous expense, and ultimate uncertainty of the old 
 regulation courts of justice, to appreciate the simpler pro- 
 cedure, the promptitude, the cheapness and the substantial 
 justice which have always characterized the courts of the 
 Punjab. The defects of the regulation system Avere care- 
 fully eschewed. The simple rule of confronting man to 
 man, and of endeavouring to do justice between them, was 
 enforced by the closest supervision on the part of the heads 
 of the administration and of the Commissioner. 
 
 The courts rapidly improved, and they obtained under 
 Mr. Montgomery, as Judicial Commissioner, the high 
 character which, I am happy to believe, they still bear. 
 Not the least of the benefits conferred by our honoured 
 guest on this province is the Punjab Civil Code, which he 
 caused to be compiled by Mr. Temple, under his own 
 immediate supervision. I can only say that I hope it will 
 long remain in force in this province. Mr. Montgomery was 
 still Judicial Commissioner when the Mutiny of the Sepoy 
 army barst forth at Meerut, and extended all over Upper 
 India, fi-om Peshawur to Dacca. The chief Commissioner, 
 Mr. J. Lawrence, was returning from the Khyber Pass where 
 he had been carrying on negociations with the Ameer of 
 Cabul, and had reached Rawul Pindee. Mr. Montgomery 
 ■was at Lahore. I could mention many incidents which 
 would show the quick perception, the promptitude, and the 
 courage of the then Judicial Commissioner in the hour of 
 danger. There must be many here who will bear me out 
 ■when I say how much we, at Lahore in particular, owe, 
 under God, to Mr. Montgomery for our safety at that 
 eventful time. On the fall of Lucknow, Mr. Montgomery 
 I -was summoned by Lord Canning to be Chief Commissioner 
 I of Oude, and left the Punjab for a brief period. But, 
 i although he was in Oude only one year, much was effected 
 I by him in that time. When he arrived at Lucknow the 
 I rebel forces were within two miles of that city ; he raised a 
 strong police, got a contingent from the Punjab under our 
 faithful ally the Eajah of Kapurthalla, and, -with the aid of 
 the regular troops, soon drove all rebels out of the country, 
 
 P
 
 210 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 restored peace, dismantled the numerous strong forts whicb. 
 existed ; revised the land settlement ; organised the courts 
 of justice, and adopted the bold and original policy of in- 
 vesting the great Talookdars with magisterial, judicial, and 
 fiscal powers, and thus enlisted them on the side of order 
 and good government. While these and other measures 
 were in progress under Mr. Montgomery in Oude, the 
 herculean constitution of Sir John Lawrence gave way from 
 his incessant toil, and he had to resign the government of 
 the Punjab and return to England. His mantle of course 
 fell upon Mr. Montgomery. How he has worn it, it is not 
 for me to say. The former Lieutenant-Governor of the 
 Punjab has returned to India in renewed health, and is now 
 Viceroy of this country. Scarce three months have passed 
 since we heard from Sir John Lawrence's own lips, in this 
 very place, the warmest commendation of his Lieutenant^ 
 Sir Robert Montgomery. Soon after he assumed charge of 
 the government of the Punjab, the distinguished services of 
 the Lieut.-Governor were graciously acknowledged by the 
 Queen, who conferred upon him the high honour of the 
 second division of the Order of the Bath. For six years has 
 Sir Robert Montgomery devoted himself to the labour of 
 goveimment. He received the province in a flourishing 
 condition, and he will have the satisfaction of making it over 
 to our experienced, respected, and welcome Lieut.-Governor- 
 elect impro%^ed in every respect. Mr. Kaye, in his recent 
 history of the Sepoy war, has said of Sir John Lawrence that 
 he seemed to be continually looking onwards, upwards, as if 
 life were not meant for i-epose, with the grand princely 
 motto, " I serve," inscribed in characters of light on his 
 forehead. It is quite true Sir John laboured incessantly, 
 but it is equally true that he was never satisfied with what 
 he did himself, or with what was done by those under him. 
 
 His constant cry was "Excelsior," still higher. Tou will 
 all agree with me that Sir Robert ]\Iontgomery has had the.) 
 same watchword. He too has always been calling outj 
 " Excelsior," and if I mistake not this will continue to be| 
 the watchword of the Punjab. Nor has Sir Robert Mont-' 
 gomery failed to maintain that Christian character of the
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 211 
 
 adminstration of the Punjab which Mr. Kaje has so justly 
 attributed to it. Blameless and exemplary in all the 
 relations of domestic and social life, Sir Robei't Montgomery 
 has striven to do his duty to God and man. The improve- 
 ments in the station of Anarkulle, in the new station now 
 springing up near Government house, and in the beautiful 
 gardens which surround the John Lawrence Hall, are 
 evidences of his attention to matters which conduce so much 
 to the comfort and pleasure of us all. His hospitality, his 
 courtesy, and his urbanity need no commendation from me. 
 I can only repeat, that both in his piiblic and in his private 
 capacity he has faithfully endeavoured to do his duty. Sir 
 Robert Montgomery, I offer you in the name of this 
 company our hearty congratulations on the successful 
 termination of your long and distinguished career. We 
 rejoice to see you in the enjoyment of such a measure of the 
 blessing of health that, should your further services be at 
 any time required, you will be able to render them, and still 
 to afford the benefit of your great experience. We wish you 
 a happy meeting with Lady Montgomery and your family. 
 We wish you " God speed." Ladies and gentlemen, I 
 propose the health of our honoured guest. Sir Robert 
 Montgomery. (The conclusion of this excellent speech was 
 the signal for loud and prolonged cheering.) 
 
 Sir Robert Montgomery rose, and, not without emotion, 
 spoke to the following effect : — Ladies and gentlemen, my 
 heart is warm with feelings of the deepest gratitude at the 
 cordial and flattering reception I have met with. Need I say, 
 that it is with the deepest sorrow I leave all those amongst 
 whom I have laboured so long, amongst Avhom I have grown 
 old, amongst whom my happiest years have been spent, and 
 many of whom are endeared to me not only by social friend- 
 ship, but by their high and valuable qualities as public 
 officers. My valued friend, Mr. Roberts, has far too kindly 
 and partially spoken of my services. I most truly declare he 
 has quite overrated them. I have earnestly worked to try 
 and carry out the important interests entrusted to me, bat 
 none can feel, as I do, how far I have fallen short ; my aim 
 has been to follow in the steps of my great master, now our 
 
 p 2
 
 212 DISTINGI'ISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Lonoured Viceroy ; compared witli his mine has been a 
 comparatively easy task ; though I will say, that under no 
 circumstances is the duty of a Governor a bed of roses. 
 The many difficult and important questions daily occurring 
 are harassing in the extreme, often, too, the chai'acter and 
 honour of officers, dearer to them than life, is concerned, and 
 requires the utmost care, deliberation and consideration. 
 It is God alone who can give support and guidance under 
 such trials and difficulties. It is a matter of just pride to 
 any man to have his name associated with distinguished 
 predecessors like Henry and John Lawrence, as also with 
 the distinguished military and civil officers whom they 
 reared up. Amongst them are men eminent as soldiers and 
 statesmen, many of whom have been associated with me for 
 years past in public life, and with whom to work has been a 
 pride and a pleasure — Edwardes and Lake — James, alas ! 
 gone from us for ever. Becher and Reynell Taylor, Hamil- 
 ton and Pollock and Cracroft, McLeod and Roberts, Davies 
 and Oust, Forsyth and Prinsep, Brandreth and Melville, 
 Ford and Cooper and Xasmith, able representatives of a 
 noble service. There are other departments, the educational, 
 the police, the public works, the medical, well presided over 
 by Fuller and Hutchinson, and Maclagan, and Doctors 
 Smith, Scriven, and Dallas. There is the uncovenanted 
 service, to whom we all owe so much, well represented by 
 Kirk, and Blyth, and Berkeley ; and then there is my 
 gallant Punjab Irregular Force, " the true Punjab shield," 
 scattered along a difficult and exposed frontier. Neville 
 Chamberlain, and Wilde, Lumsden and Brown, Hughes and 
 Vaughan, Keyes and the gallant Pitcher, and many others, 
 the heroes of a hundred fights. Her Majesty's Royal Army 
 has nob been directly under me ; indirectly I have had much 
 to do with them, and J. have ever desired to forward the 
 interests of the soldiers. I have invariably received the 
 utmost co-operation and courtesy from all Her Majesty's 
 officers. His Excellency the gallant Sir Hugh Rose, the 
 chivalrous Sir Hugh Rose, ever deeply interested in pro- 
 moting the welfare of the soldier, is well represented in 
 this province by Sir J. Garvock, General Cunyngham, Lord
 
 SIR ROBERT ]MONTGO:.IERY. 213 
 
 G. Pagot, and Brigadier-Generals Tucker and Maxwell. 
 Yes, the time has come when my connection with these 
 distinguished officers and departments must cease, and it is 
 well that it should. Six and thirty years of continued 
 Indian service has blanched the head, and somewhat, perhaps, 
 diminished the working powers. But be assured age has 
 not chilled the heart; I shall never forget my Lahore — never 
 forget my Punjab friends, nor the cordial aid, co-operation, 
 sympathy, and support I ever received from them. Again 
 and again, accept my deep — my heartfelt thanks. 
 
 (This speech was received with the greatest applause.) 
 After some other toasts, including the " Army and Navy 
 of England," appropriate speeches by Mr. Frederick 
 Cooper, General Cunjnghame and Mr. McLeod, the 
 future Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, the entertain- 
 ment ended. Sir Robert Montgomery then returned to 
 Government House, having witnessed a great and brilliant 
 success in his honour, never to be forgotten. 
 
 On Saturday, the 7th inst., his Honour the Lieutenant- 
 Governor held a farewell Durbar for the chiefs and gentle- 
 men of Lahore and the neighbouring districts, in the grounds 
 of Government House. It was but a sliort time before that 
 the local journal described the great Durbar held at Lahore 
 by His Excellency the Viceroy, so that it was hardly possible 
 to say much that was new on tliis occasion. But, nevertheless, 
 the Durbar of the 7th was one of great and peculiar interest. 
 It was the last which Sir Robert Montgomery would preside 
 over in the Punjab ; and it was specially intended to impress 
 upon the native chiefs and gentlemen assembled, the earnest 
 desire of His Honour, that after his departure, they would 
 continue to persevere in their efforts to encourage education 
 generally among the people, and female education in par- 
 ticular. 
 
 At twelve p.m., the hour fixed for the Durbar, all the 
 gentlemen invited to attend had taken their seats. First, 
 on the right of the Lieutenant-Governor sat the Rajah of 
 Kapurthalla, wearing the Star of India, with his brother 
 Sirdars Vikrama Singh and Suchet Singh immediately 
 behind him. Next to him sat the Rajah of Fai'idkot, a 
 chief whose possessions lie on the south side of the Sutlej, 
 and below him Sirdar Shamset Singh, head of the Sikh
 
 214 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 aristocracy. Next in order was Rajah Harljans SingL, 
 adopted son of the late Rajah Tej Singrh, and beside him 
 JSTarandar Singh, a child born to Rajah Tej Singh in 1859. 
 
 Precisely at twelve o'clock, Sir Robert Montgomery 
 entered the Durbar tent with his staff, the whole assembly 
 I'ising to receive him. He then addressed the chiefs in a 
 short speech. He spoke of the sorrow he felt at leaving 
 them and the province in which he had laboured so long. 
 He praised their efforts in the cause of female education, 
 and announced that His Excellency the Vicei^oy had been 
 pleased to sanction the bestowal of titles of honour upon 
 such of the Honorary j\lagistrates of Lahore and Amritsur as 
 had distinguished themselves by labouring for the improve- 
 ment and embellishment of their respective cities. 
 
 The Rajah of Kapurthalla, always found on the side of 
 enlightenment and progress, then rose, and addressing the 
 Lieutenant-Governor, stated his intention of giving 200 
 rupees a month for the endowment of certain schools. 
 
 The Chiefs' Address. 
 
 The representatives of the chiefs and people of the two 
 cities of Lahore and Amritsur, then came forward and p're- 
 sented to his Honour an address in Persian, in a handsome 
 case of gold and ivory. The following is a close translation 
 and it will show what a vast amount of work was gone 
 through by our highly respected Lieutenant-Governor : — 
 
 "To Sir Robert Monigomery, K.C.B., Lieut.- Governor of 
 the Punjab. From the chiefs and gentlemen of the 
 cities of Lahore and Amritsur, representatives of the 
 people of the whole Punjab. 
 
 " Tour Honour is about to leave us, with all honour, for 
 England, your native country, and our grief for your depar- 
 ture will never be effaced, and your liberality and benevo- 
 lence will never be forgotten. Your departure for Europe 
 is honourable and projutious, and leaves a glorious name 
 behind you. 
 
 " It is impossible for us to express our thanks for all your 
 kindness. Our children and our children's children, 
 throughout time, will be mindful of your good deeds. 
 
 " Tour Honour came to this province at the time of the 
 annexation ; and you were first appointed Commissioner of 
 Lahore ; it was the commencement of a new rule, and of a
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 215 
 
 new order of things ; but througli your kindness and 
 impartiality and justice, all, both nobles and peasants, rich, 
 and poor, were contented and grateful ; and the business of 
 the State was Avell performed. The country was happily 
 settled, encamping grounds and roads Avere made; trees and. 
 gardens were planted, and rest houses and granaries for the 
 use and comfort of travellers were built. By your energy 
 and good management, thuggee, dacoity, and highway 
 robbery were stopped ; the people were secure, and the 
 country became populated; and these crimes have been so 
 completely extirpated, that their names are now all but for- 
 gotten. 
 
 " Schools were established in towns and villages, and a 
 Government College and Medical Hall were formed, in 
 which thousands may obtain a good education and means of 
 livelihood ; and our nobles have acquired the unfading 
 riches of science and wisdom. 
 
 " When our good fortune appointed your Honour Judicial 
 Commissioner, the practice of female infanticide, common 
 in some tribes, was stopped. The people of this country 
 were preserved from a great crime, and the lives of their 
 infant daughtei's are now for ever secure. The extravagant 
 expenditure at betrothals and marriages, which was in some 
 measure the cause of the murder of oar girls, has been, by 
 you, regulated ; and betrothals and marriages are now easy 
 of accomplishment. 
 
 " What can we say of the criminal and civil administra- 
 tion ? The offices are full of the records of your good 
 government; you had compiled a civil code, which is a clear 
 exponent of Mahoramedan and Hindu law, and the local 
 customs of the people. 
 
 " In 1857, it was much owing to the energy of your 
 Honour that the province Vras preserved in peace. What 
 you did at the disarming of the mutinous Sepoys at Meean 
 Meer, in guarding the jails, and in extinguishing the flame 
 of sedition which threatened the destruction of the whole 
 province, are matters of history. The preservation of the 
 capital was the preservation of the entire province. 
 
 " It is owing to you that we now possess a conviction that 
 the Government appreciates our loyalty, and knows that we 
 will not betray its confidence — our prosperity and our loss 
 is now one with that of the State. 
 
 " You were selected to be Chief Commissioner in Oude, 
 and when that province was restored to tranquillity, at 
 length our good fortune brought you again to us as Lieut.-
 
 216 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Governor, aDd your benevolence and p-ood deeds in this 
 office are beyond our praise. From a wilderness the country 
 has become like a garden in spring. Upon the deserving 
 amongst ns you bestowed ranks, titles, and estates ; to the 
 great chiefs the right of adoption was secured ; scattered 
 estates have been consolidated. Punjabis have been en- 
 couraged to enter the armies of the State, and portions of 
 our Jagirs have been upheld in perpetuity, our honour has 
 been increased, and we feel that we are acknowledged as 
 well-wishers of the Government. From the establishment of 
 municipal committees the people have received much benefit, 
 and the introduction of the new police has caused the dimi- 
 nution of crime, and has given confidence to the public. 
 
 " Your Honour has well commenced the education of 
 those very girls whose lives were preserved by your labours, 
 and whose betrothal and marriage you have rendered easy. 
 These and many other good deeds will ever preserve your 
 memory fresh amongst us. 
 
 " At the commencement of 1864 you inaugurated an 
 Industrial Exhibition, collecting all the products of the 
 Punjab in a stately and matchless building, which you had 
 caused to be erected at the capital. You gave rewards and 
 certificates to mechanics and workmen, and encouraged 
 them to improve the manufactures of the province. The 
 gardens and canals you have made around the city o£ 
 Lahore are proofs of your kindness and liberality. All 
 have received benefit ; what comfort and convenience have 
 all derived from railways and telegraphs. The increase of 
 commerce and the wealth and prosperity we have no need to 
 mention. 
 
 " Our one regret is that you must soon leave us. May 
 the merciful God convey you home with all peace and 
 safety ; may He speedily restore you to us again with in- 
 creased honour ; and may He ever pi'eserve a kindly 
 memory of us in your heart," 
 
 Sir Robert Montgomery then rose and replied to the 
 Sirdars and Native gentlemen in Urdu. The reply abounds 
 in beauties, not the least of which are in the following ex- 
 tract : — " When I came among you fifteen years ago, your 
 country was indeed a wilderness — its highways unsafe — its 
 revenues wasted. The anarchy of war, following upon the 
 death of Maharajah Runjeet Singh, had brought ruin on 
 the country, and misery on the people. I thank God I
 
 SIR ROBEET MONTGOMERY. 217 
 
 have lived to see the desolation of those days change for 
 prosperity and contentedncss. But 1 cannot claim to be 
 the sole author of this great change. It was commenced 
 by my illustrious predecessors, Sir Henry and Sir John 
 Lawrence." After the close of the Durbar, Sir Robert re- 
 ceived an address from the Missionaries, and was presented 
 with a very handsome clock and bible. The departing 
 Lieutenant-Governor made a feeling reply ; and this may be 
 said to have ended in India one of the mightiest careers 
 which adorn the history of our great Empire. We have 
 now to welcome the wanderer home. 
 
 On the 2nd August, 186.'i, the citizens of Derry enter- 
 tained Sir Robert Montgomery, " the far-famed Indian 
 statesman " to dinner in the Corporation Hall, where he 
 was met by the leading men of the city, and guests of note 
 from other quarters. On his arrival on the 1st becoming 
 known, we read* that the jov bells of St. Columb's Cathedral 
 rang" out a merry welcome ; flags were hoisted in the city, 
 and Derry was decidedly in holiday humour. The Mayor, 
 Henry Darcas, Esq., J. P., presided at the dinner; and a 
 large number of distinguished men were present, including 
 the Right Hon. Lord Dufferin, K.P., Under Secretary of 
 State for India, and J. W. Kaje (afterwards Sir John), the 
 famous Indian historian. After the toast of Her Most 
 Gracious INIajesty the Queen, the Chairman gave the Prince 
 and Princess of Wales, particularly alluding to the hearty 
 Irish welcome given to the Prince when he opened the Inter- 
 national Exhibition. Captain Bond, in returning thanks for 
 the Army, said that it owed much to Sir Robert Mont- 
 gomery. He (Sir Robert) was a witness to what was done by 
 the Army during the Mutiny in India, and be was sure that 
 when a section of the British army was under the leadership 
 of a Lawrence, a Montgomery, and a Rose, it could never be 
 found fault with. 
 
 The Chairman said : Before proposing the health of our 
 distinguished guest and fellow-citizen, allow me to give a 
 short sketch of his early life and Ihe services he has ren- 
 dered to this country in India. Sir Robert Montgomery 
 * L, Derry Journal, August 5, 1865.
 
 218 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 terminated an able and successful administration in tlie 
 Punjab (of "vvbich lie was Lieut. -Governor for six years) on 
 the 7tli January last. He was born in Londonderry, and 
 educated for some years at Foyle College. He proceeded in 
 1828 as a civilian to India, where his services for a period 
 of thirty-six years under seven Governor-Generals are well 
 known and appreciated alike by Europeans and natives, and 
 have elicited the approbation of the highest authorities in 
 India and England. The earlier years of his Indian life 
 were spent in the North- West Provinces. He distinguished 
 himself in the Revenue and Judicial Department, and was 
 the author of some able statistical and other works on India. 
 His administrative abilities recommended him to the notice 
 of Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor- General. In 1849 he 
 was summoned to the Punjab, and there for the last sixteen 
 years, with his old schoolfellows, Sir Henry and Sir John 
 Lawrence, his services were great. As a member of the 
 Board of Administration for the Punjab, in conjunction with 
 the two great brothers, Henry and John Lawrence, Robert 
 Montgomery was Judicial Commissioner. He was Commis- 
 sioner in the Punjab in 1857, at which time the thunder- 
 clap of the Mutiny broke out- His firmness and decision at 
 that terrible time was one great means, in God's hands, of 
 stemming the torrent and inspiring confidence in the midst 
 of danger. The present Viceroy, Sir John Lawrence, in 
 rendering his just tribute of praise to those who had served 
 during that critical time, thus wrote of him : — " No one 
 perhaps ever had a more single-minded, active, and deter- 
 mined coadjutor than the Chief Commissioner has possessed 
 in that oflicer. In the midst of this crisis all persons felt 
 assured when Robert Montgomery was among them; his 
 coolness in danger and his fertility in resource were in- 
 valuable." In 1858 Lord Canning took advantage of Robert 
 Montgomery's long experience, and placed him in the 
 responsible position of Chief Commissioner of Oude. There, 
 in the very disturbed state of that great country after the siege 
 of Lucknow, after a year of severe labour, during which he 
 succeeded in a great measure in restoring tranquillity, he 
 received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament, and the
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 219 
 
 decoration of the Order of a Knigtit Companion of the Bath. 
 In 1859 he was re-called bj Lord Canning to the Punjab 
 to succeed that great man, Sir John Lawrence, as Lieut.- 
 Governor, who felt it necessary for his health to return to 
 England, and his mantle fell on Sir Robert Montgomery. The 
 Viceroy, Lord Canning, in a minute forwarded to England 
 at that time, after describing the great services of Sir John 
 Lawrence, says : — " Next, but not inferior to any man in his 
 claims to the gratitude of his country, is Mr. Montgomeiy, 
 the present Lieut.- Governor of the Punjab. I knew but 
 one opinion of the value of his prompt and courageous 
 counsels, tempered as they always have been with the 
 soundest and most generous judgment. Before he received 
 charge of the great Government of the Punjab, I claimed 
 the benefit of his expei-ience and ability in the re-organiza- 
 tion of Oude. I shall have to speak elsewhere of his services 
 as Chief Commissioner of that province. Here it is suffi- 
 cient to say they have largely enhanced his high reputation 
 and his claims to the favour of the Government." Sir 
 Robert Montgomery was Lieut. -Governor of the Punjab. 
 For six years he ruled over that great country, with its 
 fifteen millions of inhabitants spread over 100,000 square 
 miles, exclusive of independent states in connection with the 
 local government. He ruled over this fifteen millions of 
 inhabitants — Sikhs, Hindoos, Mahomedans — with justice 
 and judgment, and left to the regret of all the country, 
 which prospered and flourished under his government. His 
 efforts and success for improving the moral and social con- 
 dition of the natives were great, and highly appreciated by 
 them. He received addresses from the different chiefs and 
 races previous to his departure, and since leaving the Punjab 
 a sum of £10,000 had been subscribed by natives and Euro- 
 peans to build a Memorial Hall to be called by his name. 
 It is now our privilege to honour the man who has so highly 
 distinguished himself, and has shed such a bright lustre on 
 his name, and also on the city of his birth. I will now give 
 you, with all the honours, " The health of our noble guest 
 and fellow citizen, Sir Robert Montgomery, Lieut. -Governor 
 of the Punjab ! "
 
 220 DISTINGUISHED AKGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Sir Robert Montgomer}- rose and said : Mr. Major and 
 fellow citizens, I thank you with, mj most heartfelt grati- 
 tude for the high honuur you have done nie, for your 
 reception of me, and for the magnificent entertainment you 
 have given me. It is a source of the deepest gratification 
 to those who have been engaged in public life to find the 
 course they have pursued meets with the approval of their 
 fellow countrymen. But that gi-atification is greatly height- 
 ened when those niaiks of public approbation proceed, as 
 they do in this instance, from my fellow citizens, from those 
 among whom I was brought up in boyhood, from those vi'ith 
 whom my family is in various ways connected. This makes 
 your approval doubly valuable and gratifying. I can boast 
 of an hereditary connection with this city. My family for past 
 generations have lived in or near it. I was born here, and 
 I have the honour of being a freeman of this maiden city. 
 Being freeman of a city so famed, so renowned in history for 
 the bravery of its inhabitants, is no small honour. 1 was 
 educated at our Foyle College, on the banks of our beautiful 
 river, and if I have been in any way successful in life, I 
 owe it, under God, in a great measure to the vigorous 
 training I received here. Amongst my school contem- 
 poraries Avere Henry and John Lawrence. Rarely has any 
 country produced greater men than they. I am sure of 
 this, that no one family has done so. The two brothers, 
 without any rank, were nominated to the highest office 
 under the Crown, to be Viceroys of the magnificent Indian 
 Empire. Henry did not survive to assume charge of the 
 oflBce. He was mortally wounded whilst defending the old 
 Residency at Lucknow against fearful odds. He and his 
 gallant companions in arms were beleagured for months by 
 hosts of rebels and mutinous soldiers. Numbers of the 
 gallant defenders died from hardship, fatigue, and starva- 
 tion ; many were killed, but the gallant Sir Henry Avith his 
 dying breath urged, "No terms with the rebels!" "No 
 surrender ! " They held out till relieved by the gallant 
 Havelock. His defence of the Residency is the nearest 
 parallel to our forefathers' gallant defence of this maiden 
 city, and Sir Henry was a Derry man. After the recapture
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 22] 
 
 of Lucknow by our forces, I was summoned by Lord 
 Canning to assume charge of the civil government- of Oude, 
 of which Lucknow is the capitaL I found the Residency 
 riddled with bullets. You could not have put a pin's point 
 between the bullet marks on the walls. It was a perfect 
 marvel how the garrison held out. I have mentioned the 
 name of Lord Canning. It is one held in the deepest vene- 
 ration by all the natives of India. He was calm and 
 courageous in the midst of unexampled difficulties, and 
 when the hour of victory came he refused to allow the re- 
 bellion to be converted into a war of races. He bridged 
 over the gulf that separated them, and he filled the English 
 mind with a generous impulse " to heap coals of fire " upon 
 the heads of a people whose dreadful excesses had plunged 
 all England into mourning. His wisdom and firmness saved 
 not only India, but the character of the Bi'itish Government. 
 Just before he left India he lost his elegant, amiable, and 
 accomplished partner, and he survived her but a few months, 
 worn out with an unexpected succession of labours, anxieties, 
 and sorrows. I desire to pay this passing tribute of respect 
 to one whose name will ever live in history as a great and 
 just statesman, one to whom I am personally under great 
 obligations. And I may add that we are this evening 
 honoured with the company of one who is engaged in 
 writing the history of the Canning Administration, and who 
 •will do him full justice — I allude to the great historian, 
 Kaye. To return to the Lawrences. There is the present 
 Viceroy, Sir John Lawrence, full of vigour and energy, and, 
 with great self-reliance, thoroughly to be depended on, just 
 and impartial. He has only one object, and that is to do 
 his duty. There are three other brothers in this remarkable 
 family, Alexander, George, and Richard, All of them have 
 distinguished themselves. The two first were educated at 
 the Derry school, and are generals in the army. The third, 
 Richard, was my military secretary, and is now a colonel 
 holding an important political post in the north-east frontier 
 of India. It is a great privilege for me to have been asso- 
 ciated with such men in public life, and it is a curious 
 coincidence that at one time Sir Henry, Sir John and myself
 
 222 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 should have formed a boai'd of administration for the 
 government of the new province of the Punjab. After an 
 absence of thirty-seven years I have been permitted, in the 
 good pi'ovidence of God, to revisit my native country and 
 my native city, and to meet those again whom I mot in my 
 youth. Alas ! most of the okl of that period have passed 
 away; but I see their sons worthy successors of worthy par- 
 ents, vigorously serving their sreneration, and adding to the 
 prosperity of this fine city. Amongst the few survivors of 
 olden times, I see two of my old masters, the Brothers Simpson, 
 the tutors of the Lawrences, and it must be a great gratification 
 to them, in their old and honoured age, to know that their 
 labours were not in vain. I rejoice to see the marked im- 
 provement in this city and its widely extending suburbs, its 
 new lines of quays for the increased shipping, its new public 
 buildings, its beautiful bridge, its railroads, and its im- 
 proved conservancy. These are all signs of great prosperity, 
 and, indeed, in all I have seen of Ireland, I observe im- 
 mense progress. The houses are better, the cultivation is 
 better. Owing to emigration wages are higher, and the 
 farms are becoming larger. Education is spreading, and 
 crime is decreasing. These are all signs of prosperity. My 
 earnest aspirations are for my own native country, and I 
 very earnestly hope that those disturbing influences, which 
 at one time so greatly prevailed, and which, thank God, are 
 so much lessened, may soon altogether cease — then will Ire- 
 land rise to be permanently great and prosperous. I have 
 met many of Ireland's sons in various parts of the world, 
 and have found them not only prosperous, but excelling. I 
 want to see all her sons equally excelling in their own 
 native land. Ireland has supplied many great men to the 
 public service ; none of her cities have contributed more 
 than our own. As a soldier she has given a Sir Henry 
 Lawrence ; as a statesman a Sir John Lawrence ; as a naval 
 officer of great distinction, who sacrificed his life for his 
 fellow creatures. Captain Boyd. To the Church she has 
 given many remarkable men. It v/ould be difficult to enu- 
 merate them all. I will only mention two, one of them a 
 contemporary of my own and a schoolfellow, Canon Boyd,
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 223 
 
 and tlic otliei" the Dean of Emly. And now, mj friends, 1 
 again thank you for the honour you have done me, I regret 
 my inability to express all I feel. I can only say that this 
 day -will be amongst the brightest in the annals of my life, 
 and my feelings of gratitude will never pass from my 
 mind. 
 
 The Chairman, in proposing the toast of " The Governor- 
 General of India, Sir John Lawrence, and that of Lord 
 Dufferin, Under-Secretary of State for India," said — Wo 
 claim Sir John Lawrence as a Derry man. He and his elder 
 brothers were educated at Foyle College, and well may Derry 
 be proud of such men as the Lawrences and Sir Robert 
 Montgomery. He would say such men are placed in com- 
 mand when Providence brings mei-cy to a land. — Lord Duf- 
 ferin said : — Mr. Mayor and gentlemen, in rising to make 
 you my acknowledgments, I feel that upon the present occa- 
 sion I have to thank you for the double honour you have 
 conferred upon me, for not only have you been good enough 
 to drink my health in a very flattering manner, but you have 
 done me the greater honour of associating my name with 
 the name of one of the greatest statesmen that ever was sent 
 across the seas to govern our great dependency of India. 
 Gentlemen, I only wish that Sir John Lawrence himself was 
 here upon this occasion ; because great as has been the 
 enthiisiasm displayed by those who have had the good fortune 
 to be present — great as is the admiration evinced by all who 
 now hear me towards our guest to-night — I feel that there 
 is no one here present who would have driank his health, 
 and welcomed him back to his native land, with greater en- 
 thusiasm and greater marks of friendship and admiration 
 than Sir John Lawrence. I regret the absence of Sir John 
 Lawrence, because, perhaps, he is the only man who could 
 do justice to the guest who has honoured us with his presence. 
 He could have told with greater authority and in far more 
 satisfactory terms, how great is the debt of gratitude which 
 this country owes to Sir Robert Montgomery. In the absence 
 of Sir John Lawrence, I feel I am perfectly incompetent to 
 discharge such a duty. The Mayor has already enumerated, 
 necessarily in a very brief manner, the various achievements
 
 224 msTiNGUisnED anglo-indians. 
 
 of Sir Robert Montgomery ; but even in tbat varied catalogue 
 of noble deeds, there is one he has not alluded to, and I 
 would venture to ask permission to mention it. If Sir 
 Robert Montgomery were capable of regarding what he 
 has done with pride — which I believe is the very last 
 sentiment he Avould feel — I believe there is no result of his 
 labours he would look back to with greater pleasure than 
 the fact that he should have been, under the Providence of 
 God, one of the principal promoters, and the means of 
 establishing in a healthful position, the education of females 
 in India. Upon such an occasion as the present, it would 
 be inopportune that I should dwell upon the vast importance 
 of such a result. I mention it, however; I think it is one 
 that ought not to be passed over. I do so with the less 
 reluctance, inasmuch as we have present amongst us an indi- 
 vidual who, I am perfectly certain, will find it his duty to 
 record on the imperishable pages of history, in those glowing 
 terms of which he is so apt a master, the various achievements 
 of Sir Robert Montgomery. Gentlemen, I therefore beg 
 leave to return to you my thanks on behalf of Sir John 
 Lawrence for the honour you have done him, and, at all 
 events, you will permit me to reap the evanescent advantages 
 of Sir John Lawrence by thinking you will regard me for 
 the moment as a Derry man. On my own part I return you my 
 grateful thanks for the kind reception you have given me. I 
 take it exceedingly kind on the part of the Mayor that he 
 should have thought of inviting me to be present on this 
 occasion. It is perfectly true you have every right to claim. 
 Sir Robert as a Derry man ; but, I think, as a man of Ulster, 
 we should claim him as an Ulster man. We might extend 
 our liberality, and allow Ireland to claim him. Evea 
 Ireland will not be able to keep him, but Great Britain will 
 insist on regarding him as one of her most distinguished 
 men. 
 
 This speech of our present Viceroy (1886), the scholarly, 
 energetic, and versatile Earl, must have greatly pleased the 
 subject of our sketch. It was spoken by a nobleman who 
 has now (with Lady Dufferin) gained "golden opinions " in 
 India, and who has some of Sheridan's graces of style and
 
 SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY. 225 
 
 ready wit about him ; although, iu other resjiects, unlike the 
 great orator and dramatist — 
 
 " Whose mind was an essence, compounded with art, 
 From the finest and bpst of all other men's powers ; 
 Who ruled, like a wizard, the world of the heart, 
 
 And could call up its sunshine, or bring down its showers ! "' 
 
 But, with all his splendid powers, Sheridan could never have 
 governed the Punjab. 
 
 In the Chiefs' address, we find them concratulating Sir 
 Robert Monto-omery on arresting female infanticide by regu- 
 lating the extravagant expenditure of betrothals and mar- 
 riages — a check decidedly for the good of the country. The 
 chiefs are evidently stern advocates of progress, and not in- 
 clined to care much about the " good old days " when child- 
 murder flourished, forming a contrast with home, where, Lord 
 DulTerin tells us, in one of his speeches,* in the case of Ireland, 
 " for the poorest peasants there were always stones and mud 
 at hand out of which to construct a cabin ; there was always 
 a bog from which to cut turf ; there was always a handsome 
 girl to make him the father of twelve children in about a 
 dozen years ; and there was always the pig to pay the rent ! " 
 Brighter days have come for the Punjab : let us hope they 
 are now at hand for Ireland. But let us return to the 
 banquet in famous old Derry. The Chairman next gave 
 " The health of John William Kaye, Esq.," the eminent Indian 
 historian. Tliis toast was very warmly received. Mr. Kaye 
 replied : — There was no man a greater admirer of Sir Eobert 
 Montgomery than he (Mr. K.) was. Although many things 
 had been said with regard to Sir Robert's administration in 
 India by the noble lord and other speakers, there was one 
 thing more he should like to say, and he had watched Sir 
 Robert's career throughout. He attributed his success 
 more to this than to anything else, that he carried out with 
 him to India the warm good heart of an Irishman. Mr. 
 Kaye went on to say, that Sir Robert had endeavom-ed to 
 sympathise with the people whom he had gone out to govern, 
 and he had, by every possible means, endeavoured to under- 
 
 * Lord Dufferiu'o " i-'peechis and Addresses," p. 67.
 
 226 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 stand tLe feelings and wants of tlie people. It is by this, 
 more than any other means, that the distinctive cha- 
 racter of Sir Robert INfontgomery had been shown. There 
 had been other men of the same kind in the Empire of 
 India, but no man had better made himself acquainted 
 with the wants and requirements of the people over whom 
 he was appointed to govern. Derry had sent out men to 
 India who had added lustre to the British Crown, and who 
 had been actors in scenes which would render their own 
 names famous. Amongst them were the two Lawrences, Sir 
 Robert Montgomery, Brigadier- Generals Young and Nichol- 
 son. He thanked them most heartily for the manner in 
 ■which his health had been given and received. — The Chair- 
 man, in felicitous terms, then gave the health of Lady Mont- 
 gomery , to which the Dean of Eraly responded ; and thus 
 ended the memorable banquet to our distinguished Anglo- 
 Indian, Sir Robert Montgomery.* j 
 
 With reference to the above brief but pithy speech of 
 our popular Indian historian, and ornament to Anglo-Indian 
 periodical literature, it is with much regret we are led to 
 think, that Sir John Kaye — the tall form, the striking visage, 
 and genial manner, will never be forgotten — has been for ten 
 years gone from among u.s. The author of this work received 
 much kindness from him, when kindness was most needed, 
 encouraging him, in the face of many obstacles, to go on 
 with his literary pursuits. 
 
 * Should our readers wish more particulars regarding the subject of this 
 sketch, they will find them in Bosworth Smith's "Life of Lord Lawrence," 
 and the Overland Friend of India, January 23, 1865.
 
 227 
 
 SIR EICHAED TEMPLE, BART., M.P., 
 G.C.S.I., CLE. 
 
 He must be a hold man in the future who will quietly sit 
 down to do full justice to the biogTaphy of such a distin- 
 guished Anglo-Indian as Sir Richard Temple. Even now, 
 for a sketch, the striking individuality, the intense energy, 
 the variety, and the ability he displays — all of which seem to 
 cast a lasting halo around him — are sufficient to take away 
 the breath of any ordinary mortal, or unnerve the writer's 
 hand while holding the pen. He knows the place and the 
 subject of whatever he writes or talks about ; and, as regard- 
 ing place, this is moi'e than could be said of his great name- 
 sake and kinsman, Lord Palmerston. We have in a former 
 little work cited an anecdote of England's popular states- 
 man, which may be repeated here : — He would say to his 
 Private Secretary, after hearing a long discussion on certain 
 places of the globe from that terrible plague of a popular 
 minister's life, a long-winded deputation, " ]S"ow, hand me 
 down the atlas, and let us see where the deuce all these 
 places are ! "* Sir Richard Temple would have had them 
 all at his fingers' ends ; and we do seriously believe that if 
 this vast London — tliis modern Babylon of ours — were 
 besieged to-morrow, he would play the part, in mental 
 and bodily energy at least, of an ubiquitous English Gam- 
 betta in a more finished style than almost any other zealous 
 or patriotic M.P. in England. 
 
 This is hardly an exaggeration when we look closely at his 
 
 intense application, and the variety of powers exhibited in a 
 
 very remarkable and successful career. "We shall commence 
 
 with a brief record of his services. The noble object of record- 
 
 * Burma and Tonquin, p. 59. 
 
 Q 2
 
 228 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 iBg" the services of civilians in India was first proposed 
 bj Lord William Bentinck — Governor-General from 3828 to 
 1835 — who, at the beginning of his reign, called by general 
 circular for " a statement of services from every individual 
 then in the Civil employ of Government." But not till the 
 appearance of Prinsep and Doss's work, in 1844, from want 
 of authentic information, was the scheme fairly carried out. 
 Spasmodic attempts have since been made to supply a great 
 want, but without effect till Mr. Prinsep of the India Office, a 
 few years ago, took the subject in hand, not only for Bengal, 
 but for the other Presidencies of India. The result of his 
 labours has been already remarked on in a sketch of the 
 Prinseps. 
 
 To bring as much information as possible together in a 
 small space has been an object well kept in view, and the 
 following record, in addition to others already brought for- 
 ward, may give some idea of work to be expected : — 
 
 Temple, Sir Richard, Bart., G.C.S.I., CLE. — Arrived in 
 184G, as writer on the Bengal Establishment. 1847, Assistant 
 to Commissioner of Revenue, Delhi division. Transferred 
 in 1848 to the Agra division, whence he was afterwards 
 appointed Assistant to Magistrate and Collector of Muttra. 
 In 1850 he was Assistant to the Commissioner of Revenue, 
 Allahabad division, afterwards appointed Magistrate and 
 Collector at Allahabad. In 1851 he was sent to the Punjab 
 as Assistant Commissioner in the Trans-Sutlej Territory. 
 In 1853 he became Settlement Officer in Lahore division, 
 and in 1854 Secretary to the Chief Commissioner in Punjab. 
 In 1858, on return from furlough, he resumed Commis- 
 sionership of Lahore. In 1860 he was appointed Chief Com- 
 missioner of Currency, and Chief Assistant to Financial 
 Member of Council of the Goverment of India. In 1801 he 
 was appointed Chief Commissioner of the Central Provinces. 
 In 1866 he received the honour of a C.S.I., and in 1867 he 
 was raised to a K.C.S.I., and appointed resident at Hydera- 
 bad. In 1868 he was a Member of the Governor-General's 
 Council, and in 1874 he was appointed Lieutenant Governor 
 of Bengal. In 1876 he was created a Baronet, chiefly for 
 his splendid services during the famine. In 1877 he re-
 
 SIR RICHARD TEMILE. 229 
 
 signed the service and was appointed Governor of Bombay, 
 taking liis seat on the 1st May. In January, 1878, 
 lie attained the high honour of G.C.S.I., and retired fi'om 
 the Governorship 27th April, 1880 (Annuitant on the 
 Fund). Member of Parliament for the Evesham Division 
 of Worcester, in the last as well as in the present Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 An excellent and highly interesting paper appeared in 
 Tlie IVorld of August, 188^, giving as one of its " Cele- 
 brities at home " the subject of our sketch at the Nash, 
 Kempsey, Worcestershire. Sir Richard is out of harness. 
 
 Here we are informed is the busy wanderer's famous 
 home, reflecting the mind of its owner at every turn. 
 Directly you enter the hall you find arranged on the wains- 
 coted walls, " groups of Indian shields and trophies of the 
 chase, — elephant tusks, tiger skins, and the horns of wild 
 cows, ibexes, and bison. In suitable positions there are 
 hung portraits of some members, now long deceased, of the 
 Temple family. Through the hall window, in which the 
 Temple arms are displayed in coloured glass, the light comes 
 in rainbow hues ; and over the head of the wide staircase 
 hangs the banner presented by the Queen to Sir Richard 
 Temple, when he was Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, on the 
 occasion of Her Majesty being proclaimed Empress of India.'' 
 We are also told that the little studio where he paints, and 
 the library, are quite "in character with the antiquity 
 of the ]\ouse." In the library, among various literary 
 treasures is a volume containing choice specimens of Asiatic 
 pictorial art, sufficiently attesting " the literary taste of the 
 successive owners of the Nash ; while water-colour sketches 
 by his father, the ]ate Mr. Richard Temple, of scenes in 
 lands washed by the Mediterranean, demonstrated that Sir 
 Richard's own productions in oil and water-colours are the 
 fruit of inherited talent." Then, again, on the mantel- 
 piece stands a complete set of brass paraphernalia of Hindu 
 worship, which Sir Richard [irocured from the priests of the 
 " holy city " of Benares. There is also an interesting collec- 
 tion of useful ornaments, whose inscriptions state that they 
 were presented to Sir Richard on the occasions of foundation
 
 230 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 stones of public works being laid by liim, or on the celebra- 
 tion of tbeir completion. On this tlie writer well and. justly 
 says, " They serve as landmarks in the history of public 
 Eurojiean architecture in India." There could hardly be a 
 finer compliment paid to a public man that this. Although 
 we have heard so much of Sir Richard Temple during the 
 last thirty years, it was only lately that we were informed of 
 his being an artist of great merit. The mention above of 
 his oil and water-colour productions, makes us more than 
 ever assured of the fact that a truly great man can find time 
 for anything. As to drawing or painting, even with mode- 
 rate talent, there is no recreation more pleasant to an Anglo- 
 Indian in the climes of the sun. Time can never hang 
 heavily on his hands ; and even excessive heat vanishes 
 before the bewitching art of Turner, Landseer, and Millais. 
 We recollect a fine old General in the south of India, who had 
 served with General Stewart's grand army and Brigadier- 
 General Malcolm's forces, and who showed us much kind- 
 ness when life's morning was young, on returning from be- 
 holding " Goldfinder" have a smart gallop on the race-course, 
 at home, with a portrait of his son in Horse- Artillery uni- 
 form — his own work — hanging on the wall, putting in the 
 finishing touches to an original oil-colour with a zeal and 
 success which would have surprised some ardent workers for 
 Academy honours at the present day. We have met artists 
 — lady and gentleman — frequently in India; and, strange to 
 say, they have always seemed more happy and contented 
 than other men. Employment, artistic or literary, no doubt, 
 also greatly mitigates nervous diseases in Eastern lands. 
 
 As Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, or Govei*nor of Bom- 
 bay, in busy times like those in which he governed, with 
 "famine soi'e in the land," — to conceive such a man as Sir 
 Richard Temple quietly sitting down to paint a banian tree, a 
 Hindu temple, or an Asiatic beauty, is not very difficult ; and 
 it reminds us of the energetic and vei'satile first Governor- 
 General, Warren Hastings, as described by Lord Macaulay, 
 when all Bengal was ringing with the death of the great 
 Brahman, Nuncomar, the " conqueror in thatdeadly grapple," 
 sitting down, '• with characteristic self-possession, to write
 
 SIR EICHARD TEMPLE. 231 
 
 about the Tour to the Hebrides, Jones's Persian Grammar, 
 and the history, traditions, arts and natural productions of 
 India." The comparison is even more apposite than with 
 Sir Arthur Phajre. 
 
 On the famine breaking out in Bengal (1874) Sir Kichard 
 Temple was appointed to superintend the relief operations of 
 the stricken districts. It was in 1877, while he was in the 
 camp at Delhi with Lord Lytton, and when he was 
 *' Governor-elect of Bombay, that he was deputed to the 
 somewhat delicate duty of proceeding to Madras to repre- 
 sent the views of the Government of India to the Duke of 
 Buckingliam " (then Governor of that Presidency), "and 
 to report on the extent of the famine," and other material 
 points. " This mission," we read, " prevented his return 
 again to Calcutta before taking up his appointment as 
 Governor of Bombay, and it occasioned the very unusual 
 event of a deputation from Bengal being sent to Bombay 
 for the purpose of presenting Sir Richard Temple with an 
 address, setting forth the esteem in which he was held in 
 Bengal, to which no fewer than twenty thousand signatures 
 were appended." It was also before Sir Richard became 
 Governor of Bombay that he was created a baronet, which 
 was a revival of the old honour, for "there had been baronetcies 
 previously in the family." Of course, most of our readers 
 have perused, if not his works, the famous essay on Sir 
 William Temple, by Lord Macaulay.* In the grand sum- 
 ming up, a few points of similarity between Sir Richard 
 and his famous kinsman may be observable ; but, on the 
 whole, there is a vast difference between the two men, and 
 we think that, notwithstanding the apparently higher style of 
 greatness of Sir William, our brilliant essayist would have 
 given a most decided preference to Sir Richard. Each has 
 the attributes of " a man of lively parts and quick observa- 
 tion." But no one can say that his career proves him, like 
 Sir William, to have been " excessively selfish." On the 
 contrary, it is a remarkable abnegation of self in most cases, 
 and a prodigality of self in others, which, as displayed in 
 men like Outram, Neill, Lawrence, or N'apier, add lustre to 
 * " Critical and Historical Essays," vol. iii.
 
 232 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Sir Richard's character. Again, it is said of Sir William, 
 " It was his constitution to dread failure more than he desired 
 success ; " this common attribute of eminent public men is- 
 probably possessed by the subject of our sketch, but not " to 
 prefer security, comfort, repose, leisure, to the turmoil and 
 anxiety which are inseparable from greatness." The dis- 
 tinguished part of his Indian career would utterly belie 
 such an assertion. And there is no " natural languor of 
 mind" about Sir Richard. True enough, the Ambassador 
 and Cabinet Counsellor, the Politician, Essayist, and 
 Historian, was never required to visit vast districts afflicted 
 by a dreadful famine, or, a large part of the time under a 
 burning sun, to be ten or twelve hours on any one day in 
 the saddle, while relieving the distressed and the dying, or 
 causing light to shine where all before was abject misery 
 and darkness ; so there is no saying what Sir William might 
 have done, under similar circumstances, had he been a dis- 
 tinguished Bengal civilian. But he would probably have 
 sunk under such extraordinary labours. In 1878 Sir Richard 
 was nominated an extra Knight Grand Commander of the 
 Star of India for services during the Bombay famine. 
 
 At the General Election of 1 880, he accepted the invita- 
 tion of leading men, headed by Lords Hampton and 
 Coventry, to stand for East Worcestershire. He thus, in an 
 admirable spirit, gave up one of the finest appointments in 
 the world to serve his country in England. Unfortunately^ 
 however, he was defeated, but had the satisfaction of head- 
 ing the other Conservative candidate, and being elected a» 
 member of the Carlton Club. In 1885 he was elected a 
 member for the Evesham Division of Worcester; and his 
 position was re-affirmed in July, 1886, by a grand majority 
 of nearly 2,000 votes in a constituency of less than 7,000.* 
 Sir Richard has also had the doctor's degree conferred upon 
 him by our two senior Universities. Regarding his literary 
 talents (as stated in the original Preface, he was erstwhile 
 a Calcutta reviewer) — abundantly evinced by the many 
 excellent works he has written — it has been well remarked 
 that " there are unquestionably thi'ee books which no one 
 * St. Stephen's Review, August 14, 18S6.
 
 SIR EICHAED TEMPLE. 233 
 
 "wLo takes the slightest interest in our Indian possessions 
 Bhoulcl be without. They are " Oriental Experiences," 
 " India in 1880," " Men and Events of My Time in India." 
 They teem with interesting facts and descrijitions of Eastern 
 episode, such as only a busy public man could have wit- 
 nessed. There are traces of deep thought in these works. 
 Strange enough, " deep thought " is denied by our English 
 historian to Sir William Temple, so that the present age, 
 even among Anglo-Indians, has not deteriorated in this impor- 
 tant consideration. At the Nash, in the Vale of Evesham, 
 Sir Richard edited Stanford's Asia in the " Compendium of 
 Geography and Travel;" "and here," says a vivid writer, 
 " are to be seen his portfolios, enclosing hundreds of magni- 
 ficent sketches taken by himself from nature in nearly every 
 quarter of the known world." 
 
 As a reader of papers before learned societies in London 
 and elsewhere. Sir Richard has been eminently to the fi'ont 
 since his arrival from India. The above writei', in St, 
 Stephen's lievieio, tells us that, " in an exhaustive paper read 
 before the Satistical Society last year. Sir Richard Temple 
 carefully analysed the eighteen provinces of China, and after 
 comparing their area and capacity for producing cereals with 
 the provinces of India, he deduced an approximate popula- 
 tion of the Celestial Empire, and gave it as probably 297 
 millions, a figure which has since been quoted, by more than 
 one organ of the Press as being reasonably accurate ; in 
 which we concur, since it has for basis a series of elaborate 
 comparisons, worked out with infinite exactitude by the 
 learned baronet. His computation of the population of 
 China is about 100 millions less than what we have been 
 accustomed to assign to it. Again, to show that he has 
 hardly left any subject untouched. Sir Richard's views of 
 the Eastern Question are those of a philosopher and politician 
 both. As an actual observer of Turk and Greek, and as 
 one who has spent much of his life on the shores of the 
 u3Egean, he is entitled to something more than a respectful 
 hearing. His ideas of travel in Palestine, embodied in the 
 same work, are most interesting to the student of theology ; 
 for example : —
 
 234 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 " The more we examine the topography of the Holy Land, 
 the more shall we find it correspond with the sacred narrative. 
 If any portion of the Bible had been composed in a countiy 
 distant from the scene of action, if it were a fable, if it had 
 in any degree been fabricated, there must have been some 
 difference discoverable between the narrative and the results 
 of scientific topography. I need hardly say that no such 
 difference has ever been discovered." 
 
 And again, " His description of American scenery will 
 take rank for graphic force, with much of what has been 
 written of Europe by Washington Irving." The force of 
 high praise in a reviewer could surely no further go. Irving 
 has been justly considered the American Addison; and pos- 
 sibly Sir Richard has given some of his days and nights to 
 our great English master of elegance of diction. But now 
 Sir Richard Temple, with his vast experience in the world, 
 and varied acquirements, must become the consummate 
 politician. Politics, he knows well, are, like geology, a 
 science of pi'Ogress ; and he will soon again enter the grand 
 arena of Parliament with many countries engraved on his ban- 
 ner ; but more legibly than any of the others should be India, 
 his loved country, the old land of his adoption, for which he 
 worked so well, and which gave him so much of his name 
 and fame ; and, be it in the cause of education or of railway 
 extension, or contending with Russia in the East, he must 
 bravely fight for the interests of the most splendid dominion 
 under the sun ! 
 
 "A traveller ! " says Rosalind in As You Like It. Jaques 
 replies, — " Yes, I have gained my experience." And few 
 men have gained more travelling experience than Sir 
 Richard Temple. Since his return from India, we believe 
 he has travelled in more countries than any other Anglo- 
 Indian on recoi'd — in Russia, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, 
 Palestine, Spain, ^Norway, Canada, and the United States, 
 besides some of the commonly visited countries on the 
 Continent of Europe. In India he was so ubiquitous, that 
 he obtained for himself the character of a " ubiquitous 
 centaur," to which he was eminently entitled from " his 
 adventures on horseback, the rapidity with which he moved
 
 SIR RICHARD TEMPLE. 235 
 
 from place to place, the n;^'ly country he thought nothing of 
 traversing, and the distance accomplished." In other quar- 
 ters, as -will have been seen, he was equally ubiquitous. As 
 it did with Shakspeare in the Drama, so it was with the 
 B arret Sahih (Great Master), Eichard Temple; for really it 
 seemed as if " panting Time toiled after him in vain ! " 
 
 The writer of the excellent sketch in the World says, after 
 alluding to his " varied experience," and " versatile talent" 
 — " The demands of public duty have taken him to every 
 })art of the Indian Empire : from Tibet to Ceylon ; from the 
 Khyber Pass to the frontier of Ava ; from the valley of 
 Assam to the city of Candahar. For he has served, with 
 one exception, in every province of India. He was employed 
 by Lord Lytton's orders in constructing the railway from 
 the Indus towards the Afghan frontier, during the war of 
 1878-79. This line ran for many miles through a waterless 
 desert." It was carried to the Bolan Pass by Sir Richard. 
 He was also employed in dispatching troops from Bombay to 
 Malta in 1878, sending off six thousand men and two 
 thousand horses in the wonderfully short space of thirteen 
 days, a fact which signally proves the maritime resources of 
 the great and rising port of Bombay. But it also proves the 
 vast energy of the Governor and sender; and did a few such 
 Temples adorn the history of some of our Eastern campaigns, 
 w'e should shine brighter on the page than we do at present. 
 
 The writer in the World informs us that " one of the most 
 interesting topics of his conversation concerning India is 
 his analytical view of the official character of the Governors- 
 General Lord Dalhousie, Lord Canning, Sir John Lawrence, 
 and Lord Mayo, and of other men of mark in India. Of Sir 
 John Lawrence he can speak, of course, with special 
 authority, from having been his secretary in the Punjab ; 
 and never did a Governor possess a more able lieutenant." 
 Another writer informs us that, in 1868, he became foreign 
 secretary to the great Sir John Lawrence, following that 
 up by undertaking the arduous posts of Financial Minister 
 and Member of Council to Lord Mayo,* varying the routine 
 * " From the years 18C8 to 1874 he occupied the offices, first of Foreiga 
 Secretary, and then of Financial Minister and ]\Iember of Council to Sir John 
 Lawrence and Lord Mayo."— T/ie World,
 
 236 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INEIAKS. 
 
 of official life lij pe'-forming the duties of Secretary to the 
 Order of the Star of India. Sir Richard fully acknowledges 
 the advantages he derived from having been Secretary to 
 James Wilson (of the Economist) and Samuel Laing, M.P. 
 "who were both Finance Ministers of India. 
 
 Politics now appear under so many names and distinc- 
 tions, that it is really difficult sometimes to know what to 
 call a statesman or an M.P. ; but Sir Richard, although a 
 Conservative, is decidely an " advanced politician ; " in our 
 humble opinion, the most sensible of all. We read that he 
 was strenuous in his endeavours to obtain for the natives 
 of Bombay, in the University, the boon of scientific education, 
 which met with considerable opposition. He also inaugurated 
 self or muncipal election, in Calcutta among the natives, 
 for which they have now, and will have in time to come, 
 strong reasons to bless his name. There was a bust of him 
 at the Royal Academy in 1881, and also " a well executed 
 model by Brock for a statue of him as Governor of Bombay" 
 in the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1884. We daresay, 
 even at his Elizabethan sanctuary of the JS^ash, or at Hamp- 
 stead, or among the varieties of London life, he sometimes- 
 wishes himself back in India, " the observed of all observers," 
 as he used to be on the Poena race-course, drawn by a team 
 of beautiful horses, to see the running for the Governor's 
 cup, " competed for by Arabians." 
 
 With regard to Sir Richard Temple's governing powers, 
 it may be said : — In these days of hard criticism on. 
 Lieutenant-Governors and Governors in India, if Sir 
 Richard Temple, during an important part of his Indian 
 career, did not display good government, we should much, 
 like to know where good government is to be found. He 
 governed in most exceptional times, and under most trying 
 circumstances, and in every great emergency he appeared to 
 be the right man in the right place. Leave alone the talent, 
 the well directed and almost supernatural energy of the 
 man, especially during the grievous famines, was enough to 
 cover any short-comings, if they were observable, in his 
 governing qualities. No sensible man ever said, as is too 
 much the custom at the present day, " Sir Richard was a
 
 SIR EICHAED TEMPLE. 237 
 
 failure.'' His whole career exhibits the famous speech of 
 Lady Macbeth continually kept in mind — 
 
 " But screw your courage to the sticking place, 
 And we'll not fail ! " 
 
 There may have been Governors in India, or of Bombay, 
 of greater administrative ability,* in the highest sense of 
 the term ; but wo doubt if any of them can show such an 
 amount of good and useful work, in the same time, as Sir 
 Richard Temple. At the lowest estimate, he can only be 
 placed after such stars of India as Sir Thomas Munro of 
 Madras, Mountstuart Elphinstone of Bombay, the Lawrences 
 and Sir Robert Montgomery of the Punjab. No doubt. Sir 
 Richard Temple recently perused with regret the announce- 
 ment, in a. Native-edited and an Indian planters' paper, 
 respectively, that some late Lieutenant-Governors of Bengal, 
 and a Governor of Madras (all men of great ability, varied 
 experience and versatile talent), had proved failures, which, 
 after all, as moralists tell us, are only " the stepping stones 
 to success." Tlie difficulty of pleasing every one in such, 
 high and responsible positions is so manifest as to be beyond 
 all question. The slightest flaw in a Governor is at once 
 seized on and remembered, and the work of establishing him- 
 self in public favour has all to be done over again. The good 
 he has done for them and the Government is forgotten. A 
 Mahomedan journal, The Muslim Herald, while citing the 
 late Lord Mayo as a model of a Governor-General, ably 
 remarks on this subject ; saying that there are " thoughtful 
 Natives," who are ever ready to condemn any statesman, 
 however clever and however business-like he may be, "should 
 he deviate the least from the lines of policy laid down by 
 them for his conduct." It is truly absurd. In all the 
 above instances the ability is fully allowed ; in one case of 
 the Lieutenant-Governors, that of a distinguished Anglo- 
 Indian, it is considered exceptional, with " remarkable 
 strength of will ; " while the Madras Governor is justly 
 
 * Perhaps Mountstuart Elijliinstone and Sir John Malcolm, or Sir Bartle 
 Frcre and his distinguishetl senior, Sir George Russell Clerk, a record of 
 whose brilliant services will be found in Appendix YII.
 
 238 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 credited vr'ith bein^ "a ripe scliolar, a cultured gentlemaT], 
 a clear-lieaded politician, a fluent speaker, a ready and 
 effective debater." Tlie supposed failure as an administrator, 
 in many cases, is almost as trivial as those of Beau 
 Brummel's valet, wlao, on being met coming downstairs with 
 a dozen or two of cravats in a basket, and being asked what 
 they were, quickly replied, " These are our failures. Sir ! "* 
 
 Let us return to the subject of our sketch, with whom 
 the word " failure " was, for any length of time, simply im- 
 possible. His energy and tact were always the safeguard 
 against such a calamity. The paper from " Celebrities at 
 Home," to the author of which we are nmch indebted, 
 concludes with the following graceful tribute to the character 
 of Sir Richard Temple : — " Although he has, during nearly 
 the whole course of his life, been placed in positions of 
 great authority and responsibility, it may be said that he 
 has enjoyed the rare fortune of never making an enemy, a 
 fact which is undoubtedly due to his unvarying sense of 
 justice, and to his kindliness of heart." 
 
 Such numerous high qualifications, every candid man 
 must feel assured, eminently fit Sir Richard for the high 
 post he holds in the London School-Board, of which, he was 
 elected Vice-Chairman in December, 1885. Everybody 
 knows that Lord Lawrence of the Punjab, was the first 
 Chairman of this great Educational body for our modern 
 Babylon ; and his picture now adorns their walls. His 
 former lieutenant in India is now occupying a high position 
 therein ; and, of course, the Herculean power, wielded by one 
 of whom we have been so pleased to treat, is ever ready to 
 " aid the right and check the wrong." Abject poverty, or 
 "chill penury," in the dirty alleys and back-slums of 
 London, stalking or darting like a spectre through the masses, 
 and causing the wretchedness which abounds, and which 
 missionary and general philanthropy can only in a small 
 degree alleviate, doubtless, in the great battle raging against 
 popular ignorance, has occupied Sir Richard's attention, 
 with reference to the fee question (almost as difficult to 
 
 * This little anecdote is, perliap?, better known to tie past generation 
 than the present.
 
 SIR RICHARD' TEMPLE. 239 
 
 solve as tlie Irish or the Eastern). "We trust that, in the 
 generosity of his heart, and which seems to ns the only way 
 of getting out of the " sair-won penny fee "* difficulty, some 
 means may be found to decide, as recommended by a 
 " cei'tificated mistress," that hard-working, decent people, 
 who cannot find enough bread for their children, should have 
 free schooling as long as their povertij lasts. Anyway, in the 
 case of Sir Richard Temple, it does strike one as a pleasing 
 coincidence, a distinguished Anglo-Indian, who had been 
 employed in the East to succour tens or hundi'eds of 
 thousands suffering from lack of food, being now engaged 
 in solving the problem of so many thousands in the metro- 
 polis of his own countiy suffering from lack of food, as 
 well as perishing from lack of knowledge. In " The !N"ew 
 House of Commons,''t it is written that Sir Richard is quite 
 a young man, as politicians go, only just sixty ; and that 
 "his resemblance to Napoleon the Third used to be con- 
 sidered remarkable." We arc also informed that he was 
 educated at Rugby and Haileybury. With reference to his 
 resemblance to the third N^apoleon, it may also be said that 
 in his career he sometimes mentally resembles the first, or 
 Napoleon le Grand, as described by Lord Byron — 
 
 *' Whose spirit, antithetically mixed, 
 One moment of the mightiest, and again 
 On little objects with like firmness fixed." 
 
 But, unlike " the greatest, nor the worst of men," he was 
 not " extreme in all things ! " His energy and bravery in 
 India (for it required as much bravery to act vigorously 
 during the famines as to storm the deadly breach) would 
 almost seem to warrant his being styled a second, or an 
 Anglo-Indian, Richard Coeur de Lion — forming a splendid 
 example to all those young men who are seeking to enter 
 the noble Civil Service to which he belonged, of a hero who 
 ever had " Excelsior " inscribed on his banner, and who knew, 
 in playing his great part, all the secrets of climbing success- 
 fully " the steep," at the summit of which Fame enshrines 
 
 * Burns. 
 
 t " Mems about Members," Pall Mall Gazette Office, London, 1886.
 
 240 DISTINGnSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 all her sods who, in -working for the good of mankind, have 
 gained imperishable renown. 
 
 Should onr readers, and the future biographer or historian, 
 wish to know more about Sir Richard Temple and his 
 works, they will do well to consult the following publica- 
 tions :— " Men and Events of Mj Time " (Murray, 1881). 
 This work, though referring to othern, will nevertheless give 
 experienced readers a pi-ecise idea of his career in India. 
 " India in 1880 " (Murray, 1880, third' edition), gives fully 
 his opinions about that country. " Oriental Experiences " 
 (Murrav, 1883), and " Cosmopolitan Essays " (Chapman, 
 1886), give Sir Richard's ideas about the East generally, and 
 their prefaces show the several associations with which he 
 has been connected in England.* His preface to the second 
 edition of " Stanford's Asia " (Keene, 1886), states further 
 his opinion about Asia generally. While we winte, Sir 
 Richard has in the press (W. H. Allen and Co., TTaterloo 
 Place), " Journals in Hyderabad and Kashmir, edited by 
 Captain R. C. Temple, Avith maps, chromo-lithographs, and 
 other illustrations from sketches bv the author." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 THE EMPRESS OF INDIA, 1876. 
 
 Is ihe London Gazette of Eriday, April 28, appeared "By 
 THE QuEEx — A Proclamation," from which the subjoined is 
 an extract : — The following addition shall be made to the 
 Style and Titles at present appertaining to the Imperial 
 Crown of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies ; that 
 is to say : — " In the Latin tongue in these words, ' Indies 
 Imperatrix.' And in the English tongue in these words, 
 'Empress of India.'" — In the Persian this is translated, 
 Kaisa r- i-Hind. 
 
 * 'We should have raentionecl that Sir KIchard Temple served on the 
 Council of the Royal Geoirriphical Society and the British Association, and 
 delivered a Presidential addiess at the Social Science Congress.
 
 SIR EICHAED TEMPLE. 241 
 
 "INDIA VISITED." 
 
 The above is tlie title of a little " Narrative in Rlijme," 
 written by Viaior about the beginning of 1876, from which it 
 may be interesting to make a few extracts. As introductory, 
 it may be stated that the Viceroy of India (Lord North- 
 brook), and Sir Salar Jung, Prime Minister to the Nizam 
 (Zt7. in Persian "putter in order)," as well as upwards of 
 forty princes and chiefs, arrived at Bombay, November 
 2, to meet the Prince of Wales. His Royal Highness 
 arrived at Bombay in the Serapis on Monday, November 8, 
 1875, and was received by upwards of seventy Indian 
 Princes and nobles, amidst tremendous enthusiasm (see 
 journals of the day). Indra, the far-famed Hindu god of 
 the elements, is supposed to be addressing a council of gods 
 on Mount Meru, one of the two hemispheres named by 
 orthodox Hindus, and an " enchanting spot." — 
 
 Indra, their chief, the lord of all the sky, 
 With bright train of good spirits floating by, 
 
 says, in a spirit of what Canning would have styled 
 " universal philanthropy." 
 
 '* * 'Tis wonderful ! This visit must convince 
 Us all of good-will : thus to send her Prince, 
 Great Britain's Queen consults our India's good, 
 And well deserves our heartfelt gratitude ! 
 In our distress, too — Benf^al famine sore — 
 Britain showered blessings at our very door, 
 Till plenty came, as if by njagic hand, 
 Mak'ng Bengal once more a smiling land ! ' 
 So Indra spoke : the god of seasons then, 
 Exulting, loud proclaim'd the giant mtn — 
 Great Northbrook, Campbell, Temple, who had done 
 Work rarely equall'd underneath the sun ! 
 At which the Council, with a gen'rous heart. 
 Prepared, with smiling faces, to depart." 
 
 The following lines may be also quoted from the 
 "Narrative," since, ten years later. Upper Burma, the 
 Golden Foot's dominion, has become ours. We are prepar- 
 ing to exterminate Dacoity in November, and resolving to 
 make the best of the Pekin Convention. 
 
 The subject is the " worn editor, who 
 
 "Sighs for lands,! 
 Where not at ninety-two the mercury stands !
 
 242 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 A mighty field of politics his ]-ange — ■ 
 
 He's evtr mnning down ' the grooves of change ; ' 
 
 Arid, as he lives, he sees the more and more, 
 
 Comiii? events their shadows cast before ; 
 
 ^Vh^u Burma, China's vassal, seeks to fight, 
 
 As to the Golden Foot seems wrong or right ; 
 
 While Russia Central Asia commands, 
 
 Taking choice bits from out all others' hands; 
 
 Then Britain, still exulting in her pride — 
 
 ' ril hold my own 1 ' she cries — ' Take all beside I ' " * 
 
 Anotlier "brief sketch is that of the "travel-seeking" 
 M.P., — having seen so much of the world, hardly likely 
 again to be the case with Sir Richard Temple. India, for 
 intelligent men as well as for idlers, is becoming the rage ; 
 and we are glad to see that M.P.'s and others in high place 
 are freely taking short runs there, if not for duty, at least 
 for change and amusement. Some years back, it may be 
 remembered that a famous M.P., who, having distinguished 
 himself in the India Office, visited the old country, and 
 had written a book thereon, afterwards gained an eminent 
 position in India, was, when addressing his electors, in the 
 habit of, " with extensive view," surveying " mankind from 
 China to Peru." After relating all the chief visits, from 
 Vasco de Gama downwards, the Council poet, confronting 
 Indra and his brethren, says, — 
 
 " Now, turn we for a moment. Muse ! to see 
 The travel-seeking, over-worked, M.P., 
 A visitor, whose comprehensive soul 
 Looks o'er the world, and understands the whole ! 
 Among important topics, not the least. 
 Are Indian tea, and Russia in the East ! " 
 
 There are other Indian topics of utility and interest, how- 
 ever, which will probably occupy the attention of 
 Members, in the next session of Parliament. 
 
 HAILEYBURY AND COMPETITION. 
 
 The subject of Haileybury versus competition is again 
 beginning to occupy public attention ; and it has been said 
 
 * The Earl of Derby, with a smack of the old Athenian eloquence, said at 
 Liverpool, October 8th, 1875 : We vianl nothing, and loe fear notking. 
 May this be ever true concerning India ! In the case of Burma, however, 
 we did want something ; and eventually ive annexed Upper Burma, which 
 was the only jmssUjIc irai/ of keeping up our prestige in Eastern Asia. 
 Possibly, Viator had this near view in his "poet's eye " when he penned the 
 ambiguous words — "Take all beside! " —
 
 SIR RICHAED TEMPLE. 243 
 
 that there are many reasons for doubting whether the latter 
 system is altogether pei^fect. Wu shall leave it to more able 
 writers to discuss this matter, which is a very important 
 one. But it may be remarked that, during our future pro- 
 gress in India, it is far from likely that occurrences will 
 ever again arise which called forth the energies and the 
 genius of our most distinguished Anglo-Indians ; just as in 
 Europe, we shall probably never again have another 
 Wellington or Nelson, because there will never be another 
 Waterloo or Trafalgar. Steady, well-educated, hard-working 
 men of progress are the " crying want " of India now ! 
 
 Twenty-eight years ago, we read, the first competitive 
 examinations for the Civil Service of India were held in 
 London. From the year 1856, till 1884, these examinations 
 were held annually (as at present), with slight modifications, 
 on the same system, and the result was then, that about 
 88 per cent, of the whole Civil Service of India was com- 
 posed of the oflttcers so selected, Haileybury (1884) claimed 
 only 12 per cent., or 118 in all. Truly, the chiefs of other 
 times are departing ; but, in Ossianic phrase, other green, 
 leaves in India, if not in "woody Morvcn," are always ready 
 to lift their proud heads on high !
 
 244 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 GENEEAL SIE DONALD STEWART, 
 BART., Gl.C.B., G.C.S.I., CLE. 
 
 It AYOulcl almost seem as if such a military " divinity dotlr 
 hedge " a Commander-in-Chief, and has done so from the 
 days of Jehu, as to make it something like presumption, or a 
 breach of the Articles of War, even to cite a sketch of his suc- 
 cessful career. In India " mighty men " have held the high 
 position, from Clive to Roberts, occasionally combining the 
 most .important civil with great military powers. And many 
 of them have been sincere lovers of sport as well as duty. 
 Some have eagerly pursued the wild boar, killed their elk or 
 sambre, and shot their tiger with as much ability as they 
 displayed in commanding an army on service ; while men 
 among them have had surprising conversational powers, 
 considerable literary skill, and a dash of humour to make 
 life's often tedious journey as pleasant as possible. Coin- 
 mianding " the fighting army of the world," its head must 
 ever be a very great personage ; and his name becomes, in 
 the mouths of loyal and intelligent Hindus and Mahome- 
 dans, "familiar as household words." In even a greater 
 degree, this latter remark is also applicable to the Com- 
 manders-in-Chief of Madras and Bombay, who, as well as 
 the chief of the Indian army, have ever the eyes of fre- 
 quently sage and discriminating Oriental critics upon them. 
 We have alluded to surprising or brilliant conversational 
 powers. These would appear to be not very uncommon 
 among intellectual military men who, like Captain Sentry in 
 the Spectator, can boast of a life spent in the ups and downs 
 of martial adventures. And they appear with really good
 
 SIR DONALD STEWART. 245 
 
 grace in those who have honourably risen in " the nursery 
 of Captains." There is a strange fallacy among some people 
 that, as a rule, military men can tallc about little except 
 their profession. The leviathian of English literature and 
 conversation. Dr. Johnson, thought otherwise. During 
 their famous " Tour to the Hebrides," Boswell tells us they 
 talked of Sir Adolphus Oughton, and a Major of Engineers 
 said he knew a great deal for a military man. " Johnson : 
 ■* Sir, you will find few men, of any profession, who know 
 more. Sir Adolphus is a very extraordinay man ; a man 
 ■of boundless curiosity and unwearied diligence.' " This was 
 written just one hundred years ago ; and it may now be 
 safely said, without the latter qualities in a very consider- 
 able degree, no officer can be a first-rate Commander-in-Chief 
 in India. Sir Charles Naj^ier possessed them in an eminent 
 degree. His very nose, like that of his great master the 
 Iron Duke, Avhom he so ably served in the Peninsula, 
 seemed to have more intelligence about it than could be 
 found in the brains of ordinary men ; and he looked into 
 everything, and saw everything for himself. After he sent 
 the immortal " Peccavi,"* some years before his appoint- 
 ment as Commander-in-Chief (which he did not obtain till 
 March, 1849), Sir Charles seemed to be everywhere in Sind 
 at the same time. He was equally at home in writing a book, 
 lecturing an apothecary — probably ushered in by the por- 
 tentous order, " Bring me that apothecary ! " — soothing and 
 cheering the sick and the dying, when the cholera was raging 
 in Kurrachee, in a manner worthy of the hero of Meeanee 
 and the conqueror of Sind (1843) ; varying his military and 
 administrative labours by writing an order to the eifect that 
 furious riding would not be allowed in cantonments, and if 
 .gentlemen and beggars were resolved to ride to the devil, 
 they had no right to send other people there ! 
 
 Truly, in spite of a very few indiscretions, inseparable 
 from such a wonderful career, there was excellent material 
 in Sir Charles James Napier to make an admirable Com- 
 mander-in-Chief. One grand merit he possessed, which 
 covers a multitude of sins, and is not generally known ; he 
 * Punch's telegram of the day.
 
 246 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 had a strong love for his soldiers, and kept a strict eje on 
 their rights. Upwards of thirty years ago an interesting 
 letter appeared in the papers, in reference to the last 
 moments of " the late Sir Charles Napier," -written by his 
 relative, Major M'Murdo. It conveys the dying words of 
 the deceased veteran to soldiers whom he loved : " I took 
 my sword," said Sir Charles, "at eleven years of age, and 
 I now sheath it at seventy-two with honour. I have never 
 stained it by a mean or dishonourable action, or by a desire 
 to use it for my own aggrandisement. I have served my 
 country zealously and honestly, but my chief aim w^as to 
 protect the poor soldier. I may have to reproach myself 
 for some things, but not for my regard for the soldier's 
 welfare. Tell them that, Montagu, who have followed 
 me. Yet even in this I had to check myself, lest my bitter^ 
 bitter enemies might say I courted popularity. I never 
 courted popularity with the soldiers ; I only strove for their 
 rights." 
 
 Another great virtue in an Indian Commander-in-Chief 
 ■was conspicuous in Sir Charles Napier, that of insisting- 
 on the necessity for suflficient European officers for native 
 troops. Without this wise caution being strictly attended 
 to, the native army of India will never uphold its old glory ; 
 and all attempts to the contrary will prove a delusion and a 
 snare. After the brilliant victory at Meeanee against over- 
 ■whelming odds, the conqueror wrote to Lord EUenborough : 
 — " The want of European officers in the native regiments 
 at one period endangered the success of the action." And 
 so will many actions in days to come be either endangered 
 or lost, if we fail, in spite of all red-tape or ignorant opposition,. 
 to keep our native regiments up to the requisite strength in 
 European ofiicers. Doubtless this and similar questions of 
 eflBciency have for upwards of forty years fully occupied the 
 attention of our Commanders-in-Chief in India, of whom 
 we have a goodly list of brave, zealous, and distinguished 
 mien. Three of them (including Sir Frederick Roberts) wha 
 rose in the old Company's service, have belonged to the 
 Bengal Engineers, the Bengal Native Infantry, and the 
 Bengal Artillery. 
 
 I
 
 SIR DONALD STEWART. 247 
 
 The first, Lord Napier of Magda]a,* proved liimself to be 
 a chief of boundless curiosity and unwearied diligence, and 
 never above little things, without which there can be no 
 great things in the science of war. The second, Sir Donald 
 Stewart, the former ensign of Bengal Infantry, whose tale, 
 through the aid of the Jfioneer, is about to be unfolded, is a 
 remarkable instance of " Excelsior " in the military life. It 
 is, perhaps, only to be equalled in interest by the fact of 
 an ensign of the Madras Native Infantry, when a young 
 subaltern, resigning the service, determined to use " heavenly 
 Aveapons " only, and fight other "battles," and through 
 piety, unwearied industry, and devotion to his duties, be- 
 coming the present Lord Bishop of Lichfield. Truly, we 
 may all say with Shakspeare, " We know what we are, but 
 know not what we may be ! " The Pioneer, for many years 
 the principal journal of the North-West Provinces, and the 
 excellence of whose articles reminds one of John Lang's 
 Avritings in the Moffussilite, those of Dr. Buist in the Bombay 
 Times, and of John. Marshman in the Friend of India, well 
 remai^ked at the end of last year (1885), that "now and 
 again it becomes plain that a man of merit, without family 
 influence or official interest, may hope to attain to the very 
 highest eminence. Our departing Commander-in-Chief, Sir 
 Donald Stewart, is a striking example of this, and his career 
 may stimulate every young oflicer who has cast in his lot 
 with the Indian Army to follow his profession with enthu- 
 siasm, and not to look upon soldiering as merely a certain 
 road to the pension list." 
 
 The following sketch of the career of our distinguished 
 Anglo-Indian is written with great care and ability, and, 
 in the present form, it may prove highly acceptable to the 
 officers of the Indian Army : — 
 
 Ensign Stewart's name first appeared in the Gazette of 
 
 * There is a little anecdote regarding the effect which this high sounding 
 title had upon the Madras Governor, the excellent and highly esteemed 
 descendant of the inventor of Logarithms— the present Lord Napier and 
 Ettrick. When hearing of Sir Robert Napier's becoming Lord Napier of 
 Magdala, after the successful Abyssinian Campaign — "Lord Napier of 
 what ? " asked the astonished Governor.
 
 248 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 October 12tli, 1840, and in Marcli of the fol]o\vinf> year lie 
 joined the old 9th Bengal infantry, his age being then just 
 seventeen years. Ensign Stewart became a lieutenant in 
 1844, and a captain ten years later, and the outbreak of the 
 Mutiny in 1857 found him in command of a company of the 
 9th Bengal Infantry at Aligarh. He had seen some guerilla 
 warfare on the INorth-West Frontier, and had been " men- 
 tioned in despatches," but he had been in no important 
 actions. There seemed at that time no particular likelihood 
 of the young soldier pursixing a career in any way different 
 from that of the mass of his fellows ; but the Mutiny, which 
 gave so many good men their chance, gave Captain Stewart 
 his also, and he was not slow to seize it. After the Mutiny 
 of his regiment at Aligarh he made his way to Agra, then 
 the headquarters of the !N"orth-West Grovernment, only to 
 learn that communication was cut off between Mr. Colvin, 
 the Lieutenant-Governor, and the force massed about Delhi. 
 Captain Stewart made up his mind to proceed to Delhi, 
 although the country was swarming with mutinous sepoys, 
 his aim being to get active employment as soon as possible, 
 his own regiment having cast in its lot v/ith the mutineers. 
 It was a perilous adventure to undertake, as British author- 
 ity had ceased to exist beyond gunshot of the lines which 
 our troops held, and a less enterprising man would have 
 been content to await events at Agra and share in the 
 defence of the fort there. Captain Stewart, however, was 
 bent upon reaching the only British army then in the field 
 to the north, and he made known his resolve to JMr. Colvin. 
 The latter did not try to dissuade him from his enterprise, 
 and was glad to intrust him with important despatches, 
 Agra being the link between Delhi and the headquarters of 
 the Government at Calcutta. The ride from Agra to Delhi 
 proved as exciting and dangerous a one as had been antici- 
 pated. Captain Stewart was lucky enough to find on the 
 way a companion in Mr. Ford, a civilian, who had two 
 good horses ; and, with their lives in their hands, the pair 
 made their way towards the British lines outside Delhi. 
 They had many hairbreadth escapes ; on one occasion 
 putting up in a village where some mutineers were actually
 
 SIR DONALD STEWAET. 249 
 
 ■encamped, and only being saved from capture by the loyalty 
 of the telisildar, wlio smuggled them out and directed them 
 as to the safest road. On arriving in the neighbourhood of 
 Delhi they found the enemy's pickets and patrols on every 
 side, and but for the services of a native guide — a budmash 
 who wiped away his past sins by faithfully guiding the two 
 Englishmen — they would probably have been captured. 
 'They, indeed, came across a hostile patrol, but by boldly 
 riding at the enemy got past them, the latter not knowing 
 who might be behind the two strangers. The British lines 
 were at last reached in safety, and the all-important 
 •despatches delivered. Captain Stewart had accomplished 
 his dangerous mission in a way that could not fail to win 
 approbation, and he -was immediately given an appointment 
 on the Staff. As deputy-assistant-adjntant-general he 
 served throughout the siege and capture of Delhi, the 
 capture of Lucknow, and the Eohilkund campaign, until 
 on December 30th, 1857, he was transferred as assistant- 
 adjutant-general to army headquarters. A brevet majority, 
 given in the following month, was his immediate reward for 
 Mutiny services, and a second brevet (lieutenant-colonel) 
 came later in the year. Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart elected 
 to join the Staff Corps on the reorganisation of the Native 
 Army, and remained at headquarters until 1867, becoming 
 deputy-adjutant-general in 1862. His experience of ofBce 
 work proved very useful to him in his after-career, and did 
 not militate against his prospects of active employment in 
 the field, for on the Abyssinian Expedition being sent from 
 India in 1867 he was given the command of a brigade. He 
 acquitted himself so well that he was decorated with the 
 C.B. at the close of the expedition. It was due to his 
 sagacity that the plan of sending each regiment thoroughly 
 equipped with transport and stoi'es on the ship to which it 
 was told off was here for the first time adopted. Each unit 
 of the force was thus independent as regarded mobility from 
 the rest, and could on landing be sent on at once without 
 waiting for vessels carrying transport animals, ammunition, 
 stores, &c. This system has always been adopted since that 
 time, and has been found to give the best results.
 
 250 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Brigadier-General Stewai't returned to India from Abys- 
 sinia and took up for a short time the command of the 
 Peshawnr Brigade, but had to vacate in December, 1868, on 
 promotion to major-general. There was a gap then in his 
 military career, but he soon found civil employment in the 
 governorship of the penal settlement at the Andamans, 
 where he effected many useful reforms, and paved the way 
 for the introduction of the new system under which convicts 
 under " life sentences " are released at the end of twenty 
 years, provided they do not belong to the professional 
 criminal classes. The assassination of Lord Mayo in 
 December, 1871 — a catastrophe which threw gloom over all 
 India^ — was the one event which occurred in Sir Donald 
 Stewart's career which seemed likely to check his further 
 advancement. No good purpose can be served by entering 
 now into the question of responsibility ; that personal blame 
 was not attached to the Governor of the settlement may be 
 considered as proved by after-events, for in April, 1876, 
 Major-General Stewart was posted to the command of the 
 Meean Meer Division, thus being brought again on the 
 establishment. His promotion to a divisional command at 
 this juncture was most opportune. Our relations with Shere 
 Ali were very much strained, and in 1878 it became clear 
 that our best soldiers would be needed for a campaign in 
 Afghanistan. Lieutenant-General Stewart (he had been 
 promoted to this rank in October, 1877,) was selected to com- 
 mand the Southern Field Force destined to capture Can- 
 dahar, and he carried out that part of the programme 
 intrusted to him with marked ability and success. The 
 columns under Sir Sam Browne and General B-oberts, oper- 
 ating in the Kyber and in Kurram respectively, had to ad- 
 vance but a short distance beyond the frontier before their 
 first objective was reached ; but the Southern column had 
 to labour through the Bolan and over the Khojak, then 
 without a road worthy of the name, before they could be 
 said to have entered an enemy's country. The transport 
 difficulties were enormous, and the sufferings of the troops 
 unusually great; but Candahar was captured without 
 serious resistance being attempted, so Avell was the force
 
 SIR DONALD STEWAET. 251 
 
 kept up to its worlc. General Stewart slio-\ved marked 
 political ability in securing the pacification of Southern 
 Afghanistan, and British authority was soon respected as 
 far west as the Helmund and as far north as Kelat-i-Ghilzai. 
 His policy was not to subvert all existing authority, but to 
 use every ofiicial he found in power who showed willingness 
 to serve him honestly and loyally. The people were thus 
 not harried or unduly interfered with, and soon accepted 
 the new order of things. In the second phase of the war, 
 the effect of the outbreak at Cabul, resulting in Cavagnari's 
 murder, was not felt in any marked way in Southern 
 Afghanistan, General Stewart's hold upon the country being 
 too firm for rebellion against his authority to make any 
 headway. When it was determined to overawe more com- 
 pletely the warlike tribes of the north, the Bengal troops at 
 Canclahar Avere ordered to march by way of Ghazni to Cabul, 
 Candahar being made over to a division from the Bombay 
 Presidency. General Stewart accordingly turned his face 
 northwards, and his force was for some weeks lost to sight, 
 only to reappear after the actions of Ahmed Khel and Urzoo 
 had been fought, and so severe a lesson given to the local 
 tribesmen that they would not rally even at the stronghold 
 of Ghazni. A junction was effected with the Cabul Field 
 Force at Maidan, and thus the march of an army, absolutely 
 detached from its base and from all communication with the 
 outside world, was accomplished with small loss, though 
 every mile from Kelat-i-Ghilzai was through an enemy's 
 country, with gatherings of armed men menacing every flank. 
 This successful movement to the north was overshadowed 
 some months later by Sir Frederick Roberts's historical 
 march with 10,000 men from Cabul to Candahar, and con- 
 sequently but scanty justice was done to Sir Donald Stewart; 
 but unquestionably it was a great achievement to have 
 moved an army, hampered with a siege train, steadily for- 
 ward through the length of Eastern Afghanistan until its 
 objective was reached, in spite of the marked hostility of 
 the inhabitants of the country. 
 
 Arrived at Cabul, Sir Donald Stewart assumed supreme 
 command of the forces in Afghanistan, and set aboiit work-
 
 252 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 ing out the problem of the succession 1o the Ameership. 
 The political situation was far from promising, but it was 
 simplified by Abdul Rahman's appearance upon the scene, 
 and a settlement was eventuall}" effected which has so far 
 stood the test of time, though there were not wanting those 
 who gloomily foretold a catastrophe with the withdrawal of 
 the British troops from Cabul. Sir Donald Stewart's per- 
 sonal influence was an important factor in all political 
 negociations with the Afghans : their respect for his astute- 
 ness and keenness of perception and his knowledge of the 
 Asiatic character, was only equalled by their fear of his firm- 
 ness and determination. In Southern Afghanistan his 
 departure was soon followed by active intrigues on the part 
 o£ Ayoob Khan's partisans ; and just when the settlement 
 at Cabul was approaching a conclusion, the storm burst 
 about the Candahar garrison. Maiwand was a disaster 
 which no one had foreseen, and its effects were immediately 
 felt in all the country south of Ghazni. It became neces- 
 sary to break Ayoob's power and relieve Candahar, otherwise 
 Abdul Rahman's tenure of the Ameership would have been 
 a very short one ; and the Cabul army was destined to 
 furnish the force which was to wipe out the disgrace of 
 Maiwand. Sir Donald Stewart, with characteristic un- 
 selfishness, waived his right to command an expedition 
 which was one of the first importance in the war, and con- 
 tented himself with the less showy task of retiring the 
 troops from Northern Afghanistan to Peshawur. This was 
 done without a shot being fired, the disposition which he 
 made of the men under his command proving to the tribes- 
 men from Luttaband to Jamrud that to interfere with the 
 movement would be merely courting prompt and severe pun- 
 ishment. The march to India was so orderly and quiet that 
 the evacuation of the country had no evil results. As our 
 troops retired, the new Ameer's officials took over the 
 various posts, and Abdul Rahman's authority was every- 
 where acknowledged. 
 
 This was the end of Sir Donald Stewart's active service. He 
 had well earned the highest rewards which could be bestowed, 
 for his military and political services in the war had been
 
 SIR DONALD STEWART. 253 
 
 of the greatest value to tlie Government, and he had met 
 ■with no reverse from the time he crossed the Indus until his 
 retm-n hy way of Cabul to Peshawur. What his rewards 
 were is well known : he received the thanks of Parliament, 
 his Sovereign bestowed the Grand Cross of the Bath, and 
 he was created a baronet, to say nothing of the gift from a 
 grateful country of £12,500. But the army of Afghan- 
 istan, numbering at one time over 60,000 men, was now 
 broken up, and there was no further active service offering. 
 Sir Donald Stewart was not, however, to retire at once into 
 the ranks of the " unemployed " : his ability and experience 
 claimed recognition, and in October 1880 he took his seat in. 
 the Governor- General's Council as Military member. Six 
 months later he was appointed Commander-in-Chief in 
 India, the selection being applauded as an excellent one in 
 every way and a fitting compliment to the Indian army 
 which had fought so well in Afghanistan.* 
 
 Sir Donald Stewart returned to England in December, 
 1885, and soon after took his seat in the Secretary of State's 
 Council, where, it was said, his great talents and long exper- 
 ience would still be at the service of his country and of 
 India. He certainly " won the warmest regard and admira- 
 tion of Lord Dufferin " — in some respects a duplicate of the 
 great Lord Dalhousie — " who was able to say in bidding 
 him farewell that he had found him, in presence of great 
 anxieties and responsibilities, a colleague in whose sagacity, 
 calmness, expei'ience, and loyalty he could place implicit 
 confidence." What finer qualities need be found in a Com- 
 mander-in-Chief in India ? 
 
 * Pioneer.
 
 *254 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS, 
 
 MAJOR-GEXERAL SIR WILLIAM HILL, 
 K.C.SJ. 
 
 Majok (afterwards Major- General) P. J. Begbie com- 
 mences his " History of the Services of the Madras Artillery, 
 with a Sketch of the Rise of the Power of the East India 
 Company in Southern India," &c., by drawing attention to 
 the important fact that each of the various wars, during 
 the progress of the British from a handful of factors to a 
 gigantic power, has found a chronicler ; and before giving a 
 sketch of the Company's power at Madras (from 1600), the 
 author modestly declares that his work embraces but a small 
 component part of that army, which, originating in a few 
 gunners' crews and factory guards, has in the course of 
 about two centuries swollen to " that gigantic and well- 
 disciplined host, known as the Company's Army." It is 
 interesting to note that on two occasions — at a century's 
 interval — the Madras portion of it bore a distinguished part 
 in retrieving the fallen fortunes of the Bengal Presidency. 
 
 Sir William Hill, then, belonged to the famous old 
 Madras or Coast army, which has given England so many 
 hard-working and distinguished soldiers in the East ; men 
 such as Mark Cubbon, Low, Doveton, Cameron, Macleod, 
 Cotton, Eraser, Steel, Williams, Dake, Carpenter, Apthorp 
 (" Tiger "), Bird, Noble, Anstruther, Maciutii'e, and others 
 who occupy an honoured place among our eminent Anglo- 
 Indians. Sir William entered the Madras army as ensign 
 in 1821 ; and with his famous regiment, the 1st Madras 
 Eusiliers — of Arcot and Plassey celebrity — served with the 
 expedition to Burma in 1824-25. He was present at the 
 taking of Rangoon, 11th May, at the assault on the Kem-
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM HILL. 255 
 
 mendine stockades, lOtk and 11th June, on the seven 
 stockades of Kumniarool, 8th Jnly, under Major-General 
 Macbean ; at the reduction of fortified posts up the Dallah 
 Creek in September, at the defence of Kemmendine from 
 1st to 9th December, 1824, when attacked by a force of 
 7,000 men; accompanied the advance of Brigadier-General 
 Cotton up the Irawadi River, 16th February, 1825 ; at the 
 assault and escalade of Panhang on 19th February, 1825, at 
 . the first attack of Donabew 7th March, and in various 
 affairs with the enemy between 7th March and 2nd Api'il, 
 1825, when Donabew, having been worsted for three days, 
 was evacuated. He received the India medal for Ava. Sir 
 William also served in the second Burmese War, 1852-53, 
 in which he gained his chief distinction. He commanded 
 the storming party at the taking of Pegu Pagoda on 21st 
 November, 1852 ; also, as Major Hill, commanded the gar- 
 rison of Pegu, when it was invested by a large Burman 
 force, from 5th December to 14th December, 1852, when 
 the garrison was relieved by a force under the personal 
 command of Major-General Godwin, C.B., commanding the 
 forces. He served also in affairs with the enemy between 
 4th and 8th January, 1853, at Pegu. In addition to the 
 medal for the second war, a clasp was given for Pegu, to 
 which, perhaps, the gallant major was more entitled than 
 any other officer. The Governor- General wrote a letter to 
 Major Hill, offering him the best military command at the 
 time available, that of the Gwalior Contingent ; and in 
 January, 1856, we find him appointed brigadier command- 
 ing the Hyderabad contingent, a high appointment, also in 
 the gift of the Governor- General. He commanded the 
 Nizam's Contingent during the Indian Mutjny of 1857, was 
 engaged against Tantia Topee, and reduced nine forts at the 
 village of Chiskamba, for which he received two medals. 
 He became a Colcuel in the Army in 1859, retired as Major- 
 General on 31st December, 1861, and was appointed a Knight 
 Commander of the Star of India in May, 1867. He died at 
 Southsea on 20th August, 1886, at the ripe age of eighty. 
 
 The remains of jMajor-General Sir William Hill, K.C.S.I., 
 were deposited in Kensal Green Cemetery on 26th August,
 
 256 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 after a funeral service at St. James's Cburcli, Paddlngton. 
 " The late Sir William was son of the Honourable Daniel 
 Hill, j\Iember of Council in Antigua, by Annie, daughter of 
 Mr. Anthony Wyke, Governor of Montserrat, and was born 
 in 1805. He married Sybella, daughter of Colonel G-» 
 Philpotts, Royal Engineers." 
 
 His varied public life, whether at work as regimental 
 ofl&cer, judge-advocate, commandant of a besieged fortress,. 
 or of an efficient and splendid Contingent, was admirable in 
 many respects. Sir William Hill was in truth a zealous 
 officer and worthy man, not in words only, but in deeds, and 
 possessing that kind and noble spirit of charity which he 
 used discreetly, and without which, according to St. Paul's 
 grand "Marching Orders,"* other qualifications "profit" 
 us " nothing." And we all know and feel, when thinking 
 over the use of honour and reputation, freely granted in a 
 gi'eater or lesser degree to distinguished men in these pages, 
 that our own great philosophical essayistf is right when he 
 affirms that " the winning of honour is but the revealing of 
 a man's virtue and worth without disadvantage." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 — 
 
 GENERAL WILLIAM CULLEN, M.A., 
 
 Resident at Travancore. 
 
 In addition to the several distinguished names brought 
 forward in the above brief sketch, as adorning the army 
 to which Sir William Hill belonged, that of General C alien 
 — to whom, as a brother officer, or to " Lieutenant- General 
 William Cullen," the author of the " Services of the Madras 
 
 * The illustrious Duke of Wellington, "The Iron Duke," used this phrase 
 on one occasion to a missionary who rather demurred about proceeding to an 
 unhealthy station to carry on bis work; — "Look, sir, to your marching 
 orders — ' Go and preach the Gospel to every creature ! ' " The missionary 
 withdrew in silence, doubtless " a sadder and a wiser man." 
 
 t Bacon.
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM HILL. 257 
 
 Artillery" dedicates his Look — is Avell worthy of being 
 mentioned. Tn fact, for variety of field of action, his is one 
 of the most remarkable careei's on record. Ho be^^an his 
 field service in the year in which Nelson won Trafalgar, 
 and Avas still a fighting officer when Wellington won 
 "Waterloo. To give a few details : He served in the field in 
 Candeish and Bei-ar with the Hyderabad Subsidiary Force 
 in 1805-6 ; commanded a brigade of 6-pounders with the 
 2nd Cavalry and 7th N.I., under Captain H. Scott, at the 
 surprise of a lai'ge body of Mahrattas in 1806, capturing 
 four guns and their baofgago ; with the expedition against 
 the French islands of Mauritius and Bourbon in 1810; was 
 present at the attack and capture of St. Denis, island of 
 Bourbon, 9th July, 1810; served with the force employed 
 against Kurnool, and was present at its submission in 
 December, 1815. The year we took Rangoon (1852) 
 Colonel Cullen had an uninterrupted and honourable career 
 of forty -eight years' service. After the first eventful ten 
 years, he was selected by the Government to superintend 
 the carrying out his own plans of affixing tangent scales to 
 all the Ijrass ordnance in the j\Iadras Presidency, 644 pieces 
 in number, " a scientific operation so imperfectly known, or, 
 more strictly speaking, so entirely novel at that period," as 
 to involve the necessity of his travelling from station to 
 station to supervise the workmen. No sooner was this work 
 concluded, than, in 1822, Cullen's ardent thirst for know- 
 ledge urged him on, at his own expense, to make his baro- 
 metrical sections and levels in the Peninsula of India, " a 
 most valuable contribution to the physical geography of the 
 country." 
 
 Again, in his travels through Mysore, perceiving the 
 thriftless and improvident way in which the teak forests 
 were managed, he suggested an effectual remedy, both as 
 to felling and transportation, which was adopted by the 
 Govci-nment, and resulted in " a vast saving of expenditure 
 to the State." Such a distinguished career leads the amiable 
 author of the dedication on to say, that whether we contem- 
 plate Gcnei'al Cullen introducing reforms into the com- 
 missariat or audit offices, when he was placed at the head 
 , of these important departments; looking into and correcting 
 ; the abuses which had crept into the mode of supplying 
 j hospital comforts to the sick Europea,n soldiery, or forage 
 I to the public cattle; remodelling the stud department, so 
 jas to substitute a superior race of horses for a rapidly 
 ■ degenerating breed; outstripping his brother artillerists in 
 
 s
 
 258 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 the theory and practice of his profession by the immense 
 improvements which he introduced when Superintendent 
 of the Gun Carriage Manufactory ; when, in short, we see 
 him in all these responsible, and yet so "variously dis- 
 similar," employments, bestowing his attention upon the 
 most minute details, and crowning this long list by the 
 talented way in which he had long exercised the functions 
 of that high political post entrusted to his charge (Resident 
 at Travancore), enjoying the confidence of Government and 
 the esteem and affection of the natives, we recognise that 
 " master mind," and that " unflagging energy," which, while 
 they justly raised him to a high position, he exerted so much 
 to the benefit of the Government and of the country at 
 large. Such was William Cullen, an Anglo-Indian, of whom 
 it may be said, like a true British soldier and statesman, he 
 could go anywhere and do anything : or — the key to gi'eat- 
 ness with so many distinguished men — he could " laugh at 
 impossibilities" and say, " It must be done! " 
 
 TKE VICTORIA CROSS. 
 
 Looking back twenty years, there are three recipients of 
 the Victoria Cross in the Madras Army List, one, Major 
 H. N". D. Pi-endergast, of the Royal (Madras) Engineei's, 
 who distinguished himself in the suppression of the Indian 
 Mutiny, but better known to us, in 1886, as the late Chief 
 of the Third Expedition to Burma, and now Kniglited and 
 a Lieut.-Gcneral. The others are Privates Thomas Duffy 
 and J. Smith, of the Madras Fusiliers (I02nd Regiment of 
 Foot), who also distinguished themselves during the Sepoy 
 Mutiny, the motto of their regiment being the one ever 
 applicable to a really good corps, " Spectamur agendo ! " 
 
 LORD DALHOUSIE'S AUTOGRAPH LETTER TO 
 MAJOR HILL ON THE DEFENCE OF PEGU. 
 
 [The following remarks and letter will also be found at 
 page 316 of " Our Burmese Wars and Relations with 
 Burma"] : — 
 
 The Author thinks it a fitting conclusion to a chapte 
 containing remarks on Lord Dalhousie's policy, to pi-esen 
 his readers with a copy of the original letter forwarded by
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM HILL. 259 
 
 tlie Govern or- General to Major Hill, after the gallant 
 defence of Pegu. This epistle by the great Pro-Consul and 
 ready ■writei'"has never before been published ; and it will be 
 of additional interest at a time (1880) when "Isandula" 
 and " Roorke's Drift " are fresh in the memories of all true 
 Bi'itons, showing that the British arms are always gallantly 
 displayed in all ages. Such a letter also enhances the great 
 importance Government attached to the defence : — 
 
 Government House, 
 
 July 19, 1853. 
 
 SrR, — It afforded me much satisfaction some months ago 
 to offer to you, on behalf of the Goveimment of India, an 
 expression of the approbation with which it regarded your 
 gallant defence of your post at Pegu against an overwhelm- 
 ing' Burman force. I have still greater satisfaction now in 
 having the means of proving the sincerity of tlie admiration 
 "whicli was expressed by rewarding the services which called 
 it forth. 
 
 The command of the Gwalior Contingent is vacant. It 
 comprises two regiments of cavalry, seven regiments of in- 
 fantry, and four field batteries ; its allowances are to hs 
 2,000 rupees a month ; its climate is excellent, and the posi- 
 tion is altogether more coveted than any other which the 
 Governoi-- General has to bestow. 
 
 If it should suit your views to accept this command, I 
 shall feel a great and real pleasure in bestowing it upon 
 you ; and I beg you to regard the act as being at once a 
 testimony to your distingui.shed personal merit, and a com- 
 pliment to the gallant force you led so well, and a mai'k of 
 respect to the Army of the Pi-esidency to Avhich you belong. 
 
 I would beg that if you should accept my offei", you will 
 nevertheless remain in command of your corps, until final 
 arrangements shall be made for the distribution of forces in 
 Pegu after the monsoon. 
 
 Let me add that my selection of you for this comjnand 
 has not prevented my soliciting the consideration of the 
 Honoui'able Court, and of Her Majesty Government, for the 
 services of yourself and others at Pegu in marked and 
 special terms. 
 
 I have the honour to be, Sir, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 (Signed) Dalhousie. 
 
 Major Hill, 1st Madras Fusiliers, Tonghoo. 
 
 s 2
 
 260 I^ISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDREW, CLE. 
 
 " Honour to the man avLo first through the impassable paves 
 a road ! " says Carlyle on Goethe ; and, in a literal sense, the 
 saying may be applied to the subject of our sketch. We 
 might go further, and assert that what Goethe is in Euro- 
 pean literature, Sir William Andrew would seem to be in 
 the projection and literature of Indian and Eastern railways. 
 One can imagine William Andrew, when a boy, evincing 
 decided ubiquitous tendencies, moving about on his own 
 lines with a slight incipient knowledge of levels and tunnels, 
 to the occasional discomfort and anxiety of a fond parent 
 or a cross nurse. Born in the country of strong or hard 
 heads and strong logic, of course all entreaties on the 
 subject of his wild wanderings — if really coupled with the 
 desire of knowledge — would be met in the same spirit as 
 the rebuke of Mrs. Muirhead to the scientific boy who 
 became the first great improver of the steam - engine. 
 " Jamie Watt, Jamie Watt ! " said his amiable aunt, " what 
 have you been glowerin' at the lid o' that boiling kettle 
 for, an' no comin' to your tea ? I wad hae thocht ye had 
 mair sense ! " James Watt, in after years, probably mused 
 over this domestic scene, when, with Cavendish and other 
 great men of the time, studying the composition of water, 
 which, in its expansion as steam, has revolutionized mankind. 
 The young wanderer among the Scottish hills and dales — 
 although long before the " snort of the Iron Horse," or the 
 locomotive of Stephenson, was heard in his country — pro- 
 bably gained from his stolen interviews with nature a rudi- 
 mentary knowledge of transit in esse, which led him on as
 
 SIR "WILLIAM ANDREAV. 2G1 
 
 an engineer to become the master-mind in the creation of 
 numerous lines of railway; and, as a strategist, to study the 
 utility and defence of these lines in the countries through 
 •which they might pass. The romance of youth — if ever any 
 existed in silch a practical natui-e — had now fairly given 
 ■way to the stern consideration of companies, surveys, 
 gradients, gauges, and rolling-stock, especially in the vast, 
 and, aa poets say, " delightful " provinces of the sun. If 
 not to put a girdle round the world, well selected lines of rail- 
 ■^•ay for every purpose ^vould serve quite as well in the 
 grand universal aim of bringing " man nearer unto man." — 
 Sir William Andrew's career commenced in this country 
 more than forty years ago by the publication of " Indian 
 Railways as connected Avith the power and stability of the 
 Briiish Empire in the East." The -work was dedicated to 
 the Court of Directois of the East India Company, who, 
 ■with their usual ■wise discrimination, began to perceive that 
 its author -was one of the best engineers and sta legists of 
 the time. His engineering and strategic knowledge appeared 
 to be remarkable ; and with such gifts as he possessed — 
 even at that period — it was thought that he would attain the 
 great eminence on the subject of Eastern, and especially 
 Indian railways, ■which he has now, in the face of opposition 
 and controversy, unquestionably achieved. Our readers, "we 
 feel sure, ■will be glad to learn something, however incom- 
 plete, about the career of such a man, -who, on the subjects 
 of Asiatic railways, strategy, and kindred matters — to say 
 nothing of early residence, and travel in the great country 
 — has every right to be considered a distinguished scientific 
 Anglo-Indian, 
 
 Towards the close of our work, in an introduction it may 
 "be well still to adopt, in some measure, the usual record 
 style. 
 
 Sir William Andrew, CLE., of Saint Bernard's and 
 Charlesfield, Midlothian. Knighted by Letters Patent under 
 the Great Seal, and received the Conipanionshi]) of the 
 Order of the Indian Empire for his public services, January, 
 1882. Born in Aberdeenshire ; educated at Edinbiirgh and 
 Oxford. Married, first, his cousin Alice, younger daughter
 
 Zli2 DISTIKGnSHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 of Captain Alexander Andre\v, of Alfington House, Devon 
 (she died in 1840) ; secondly, 1843, Anne, eldest daughter 
 of the late Henry Raeburn, Esq., of St. Bernards and 
 Charlesfield, Midlothian, by Charlotte White, of Howden, 
 Midlothian, and granddaughter of Sir Henry Raeburn, R.A.j 
 of St. Bernards. Served in early life for a short period in 
 India, and from the information there acquired was enabled, 
 on his return to England, to submit to Government and the 
 public those plans for the defence and improvement of India 
 which have met with approval and support both in this 
 country and in India. Founder and chairman of the Scinde, 
 Punjaub, and Delhi Railway Company, which did good 
 service during the Afghan War. Took an early and pro- 
 minent part in promoting railway and telegraphic com- 
 munication with India. Is author of several works includ- 
 ing, " Indian Railways," by an old Indian Postmaster, 1846 ; 
 " The Scinde Railway in relation to the Euphrates Valley 
 and other routes to India ; " Letter to Viscount Palmer- 
 ston, K.G., on "The Political importance of the Euphrates 
 Valley Railway ; " " Telegraphic communication Avith India 
 (letters reprinted from the Times)," 1856 ; " Memoir on the 
 Euphrates Valley route to India ; " " London to Lahore, or, 
 the Euphrates, Scinde and Punjaub Railways ; " " The Indian 
 guarantee on Railways compared with the Foreign and 
 Colonial (1857) ; " " Colonization in India and Australia com- 
 pared ; " " The Indus and its Provinces : their Political and 
 Commercial Importance," 1858; "Letter to the Duke of 
 Argyll on the completion of the railway system of the Valley 
 of the Indus," 1869; "Letters to Secretaries of State for 
 Foreign Affairs and India on the Euphrates Valley Rail- 
 way ; " " Lecture before the Society of Arts on Railways in 
 India by guaranteed Companies," 1870 ; " Letters to the 
 Grand Vizier of Turkey and the British Ambassador at 
 Constantinople, &c., on the Euphrates route to India ; " 
 " Letters on the Euphrates Valley route to India, reprinted 
 from the Times," 1871 ; " Paper read before the British 
 Association at Brighton on the Euphrates Valley route to 
 India," 1872; "Lecture delivered at the Royal United 
 Service Institution on the Euphrates route to India in con-
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDREW. 263 
 
 nection with the Central Asian question," 1873; "The 
 strategic and commercial evils of a break of gauge in India,'' 
 1874; "India and her Neighbours," 1878; "The Bolan 
 find Khyber Railways ; " " Paper read befoi'e the Society of 
 Arts on the Euphi-ates route to India ; " " Our Scientific 
 Frontier," 1880 ; " Euphrates Valley route to India in 
 connection with the Central Asian and Egyptian questions : 
 Lecture delivered at the National Club," 1882 ; " Through- 
 booking between the interior of India and the United 
 Kingdom," 1883; "Indian Railways as connected with 
 British Empii-e in the East," 1884; "The Advance of 
 Russia," Letter reprinted from the Times, just published 
 (188(5). After such a well-filled list, the quality of industry 
 in literary work will never be denied to Sir William Andrew. 
 Perhaps his most generally interesting and popular work 
 is " India and her Neighbours." In the preface it is 
 stated : — 
 
 " Among the more important considerations presented to 
 the reader of this volume, the following appear to merit 
 special remark : — That England is not only a great 
 Eastern Power, but that she possesses more Mahomedan 
 subjects than the Sultan and the Shah together ; that the 
 standing armies of the feudatory princes of India number 
 over 300,000 men, with more than 5,000 guns ; and that it 
 is urgent to have improved, and additional means of com- 
 munication between England and India." And again, " Our 
 relations with Russia may be powerfully influenced by our 
 relations with Cabul ; and our relations with Cabul may 
 modify our treatment of the intervening hill tribes on our 
 North- West Frontier "—(p. 311). 
 
 These voluminous and pei'spicacious productions of a 
 shrewd and reflecting mind, communicated to the country 
 by a masterly pen, have received the merited commendations 
 of the press generally ;* and the Times has frequently called 
 public attention to his bold and statesmanlike views. These 
 have, indeed, long seriously engaged the consideration of the 
 most competent and experienced authorities in this country 
 and in India, who have often been practically alive to their 
 
 * For a summary of important opinions ou his works, see Appendix XI,
 
 2C-1 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 national importance. It is, tLerefore, not surprising tliat Sir 
 William should be quoted as an authority in both Houses 
 of Parliament, and should have been, on more than one 
 occasion, appealed to give evidence before Select Committees 
 of the House of Commons. 
 
 At this stage a few extracts from the London jiress will 
 probably interest our readers : — " It is not a little remark- 
 ~able, on reviewing the past and present position of the 
 Indian railways, to perceive that the views of a privat 
 individiaal have pi'evailed against, and finally overthrown, 
 the plans of the Indian Railway Commission (composed of 
 a civil engineer, sent at a great expense from this countiy, 
 aided by two talented officers of the Hon. East India Com- 
 pany's engineers), approved of by the Governor- General, the 
 India House, and Cannon Row authorities, and applauded 
 by the press." — (Observer, 23 Nov. 1S51). "The line (in 
 Bengal) seems to have been adopted, which was originally 
 recommended by Mr. W. P. Andrew." — (Times, 19 Nov. 
 1851.) 
 
 BelFs JVeeldy Meseager, of 2nd August, 1856, spoke of 
 him as '' The ever-active master-mind, to which India is 
 indebted for that railway system of which others have 
 obtained the credit and the profit, cannot but at last compel 
 that recognition of his services which it ought to have 
 been the pride of th(\se who rule to have long since grate- 
 fully and publicly acknowledged." 
 
 Telegraph to India. 
 
 In 1856 Sir William Andrew concluded an arrangement 
 with Her Majesty's Government for the establishment of 
 telegraphic communication with India, and in the same year 
 obtained the only Act of Parliament ever granted for the 
 purpose ; Lord Stanley (now Lord Derby) being the Chair- 
 man of Committee of the House of Commons on the Bill. 
 
 Lines to the Bolan Pass and the Kuyber. 
 
 In 1857, as the spokesman of a deputation to Lord 
 Palmerston regarding the Euphrates and Indus route to
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDEEW. 205 
 
 Central Asia, be advocated on strategic grounds tlie line 
 to the Bolan, and also to the Kliyber in the following- 
 words : — 
 
 " The grand object was to connect England with the 
 north-west frontier of India bj steam transit through the 
 Euphrates and Indus valleys. The latter would render 
 movable to either the Khyber or the Bolan, the two gates 
 of India, the flower of the British army cantoned in the 
 Punjaub; and the Euphrates and Indus lines being con 
 nected by means of steamers, we should be enabled to 
 threaten the flank and rear of any force advancing through 
 Persia towards India, so that the invasion of India by this 
 scheme would be rendered practically impossible." Thus 
 foreshadowing in the clearest manner much that has since 
 been accomplished. 
 
 Sir Richard Temple on Sir William Andrew. 
 
 At the formal commencement of the Punjaub railway at 
 Lahore, in February, 1859, Sir Richard Temple (then Com- 
 missioner of Lahore) said : — " Mr. Andrew has by his enter- 
 prise and spirit as a public man, and by his talents as an 
 author, largely contributed to the great undertaking of 
 which we have this day celebrated the commencement. . . . 
 Mr. Andrew showed with descriptive eloquence, with 
 statistical accuracy, with local information gathered from 
 various sources, that Kurrachee and the Indus are to north- 
 western India what Calcutta and the Ganges are to Bengal ; 
 that Kurrachee can compete with Bombay ; that all the 
 traflie from the Jumna, westward, will find its natural 
 
 outlet by the Indus Besides this, Mr. Andrew 
 
 showed how this project is connected with the navigation 
 of the Persian Gulf, the Euphrates Valley route, and the 
 commercial lines in the mountainous regions of Central 
 Asia." Again, Sir R. Temple, when Governor of Bombay, 
 at a fai'ewell dinner in Scinde, said : — " There was no one 
 the Province ought to be more proud of than the Chairman 
 of the S. P. and D. Railway."
 
 266 DISTINGL'ISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 The Gaugk. 
 
 Sir William Anclre-w led the Discussion of the Gauge of 
 Indian railways at the Institution of Civil Engineers, West- 
 minster, in February and March. 1873, in the presence of 
 the most eminent members and other distinguished persons, 
 -when his views in favour of the standard gauge of 5 feet 6 
 inches, were carried by a large majority, the President 
 summing up in accordance with Sir William's opening 
 speech. Sir John Hawkshaw, Sir H. Tyler, Captain Douglas 
 Galton, Messrs. Bidder, Allport, Berkley and Grierson, and 
 Sir L. Simmons strongly supported Sir William Andrew, 
 who was subseqiiently heartily congratulated by the late Sir 
 Bartle Frere. 
 
 The following remarks are also of great interest at the 
 present time : — 
 
 " It is now upwards of a quarter of a century since the 
 chairman of the Scinde Railway commenced to broach the 
 idea of connecting the Khyber and the Bolan passes with 
 the railway sj'stem of India. For more than a quarter of a 
 century he has unsparingly advocated these views, not only 
 in weighty oflBcial communications to the Indian Govei'n- 
 ment, in i-epeated letters in our columns, but in books 
 replete with valuable information concerning the trade and 
 history of India. Last year we reviewed a work by Mr. 
 W. P. Andrew, in which he energetically insisted on the 
 immediate completion of a railway' to our scientific frontier. 
 Only a few days ago we published a letter from him advert- 
 ing to the same subject. Had the views so persistently 
 advocated by Mr. Andrew, and so repeatedly brought for- 
 ward by us, been adopted at the commencement of the 
 struggle last October, as we then ventured to insist upon, 
 vast sums would have been spared in the hire of transport, 
 and we should have been spared the ignominy of feeling 
 that a British army, nominally on active service, has occu- 
 pied five weeks in covering less than seventy miles." — 
 Times, October 13th, 1879. 
 
 That Sir William Andrew is kept well in mind by the
 
 SIR WILLIAJr ANDRE^Y. 267 
 
 Britisli pi'ess is evident from the respectful and candid tone 
 it ever uses regarding- him. For instance, in the present 
 year (18S6), in an excellent article entitled " England in 
 the East," commencing about the Groveimment recently 
 being questioned by Sir Henry Tyler as to whether the 
 Quetta Railway was opened for traffic, and also about the 
 condition of railways in the direction of Candahar (which 
 produced the reply from Sir J. E. Gorst, alluded to else- 
 where), after saying, "What Merv was to Khiva, Herat 
 will be to Penjdeh ; and the inhabitants of Afghan 
 Turkestan will be compelled to join those of the Central 
 Oasis as Russian subjects, unless England takes action to 
 prevent it," the writer asserts that the " existing situation 
 in that region has been described by none more clearly and 
 effectively than by Sir W. P, Andrew in a letter to the Times." 
 This letter should be circulated " broadcast for the instruc- 
 tion of the public." Again, " Sir William has an unequalled 
 knowledge of the subject." Regarding his great work already 
 accomplished, which alone must make his name immortal, 
 it is also written": — 
 
 The Euphrates Valley Railway. 
 
 " But there is another railway urgently demanding re- 
 consideratioji in face of the present attitude of Russia- 
 That is the projected Indo-European Railway along the 
 valley of the Euphrates and shores of the Persian Gulf. 
 Sir W. P. Andrew has pleaded long and ably for the con- 
 struction of this line ; and we shall take care to have an 
 early opportunity to lay before our readers the character of 
 the proposed undertaking, and the reasons for holding that 
 further delay in its construction is a danger to Great 
 Britain." — Neiccastle Daily Chronide, October, 1886. 
 
 In the Punjaub, Sir William was appropriately styled 
 " an apostle of railways " : — 
 
 " He is emphatically an apostle of railways ; and though 
 tinder existing conditions he can hardly hope to see 
 launched his great scheme of the Euphrates Valley line, 
 he can yet affirm with jjardonable pride that disastrous
 
 268 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 experience lias compelled tlie Government of India to give 
 effect to the views wliicli a quarter of a century ago he enun- 
 ciated as to the necessity of extending the Indian railway 
 system to the frontier." — St. James's Gazette, 20 Oct. 1880. 
 
 And in a discussion at the Society of Arts, he was called 
 hy one speaker the " Lesseps of England," and by another, 
 "the railway statesman." 
 
 " The advantages of the railway communication we now 
 enjoy in Scinde and Northern India are entirely due to the 
 enterprise and untiring perseverance of one man, Mr. 
 Andrew', the indefatigable chairman of the Scinde, Punjaub 
 and Delhi Railway, who so ably withstood official opposition 
 for so many years, and in spite of all rebuffs carried out his 
 ideas, to the immense benefit of India as well as England. 
 Na,j, we ask, if it had not been for Mr. Andrew, how would 
 the army lately engaged in the Afghan campaign have been 
 conveyed, with horses, war material, and all the impedi- 
 menta pertaining to such an immense host ? and if not 
 exactly landed at the moviths of the Khyber and the Bolan, 
 it was not for want of reiterated representation by the 
 chairman of the Scinde, Punjaub and Delhi Company as to 
 the necessity of railway extension to Peshawur, and also to- 
 wards Quetta. ... In honouring such a man, the pioneer 
 of railway enterprise in India, the Government would only 
 be honouring themselves." — Lahore Fapcr of Feb. 7, 1881. 
 
 Camels in the Afghan War. 
 
 The loss of camels during the last Afghan camj^aign is 
 calculated to have been from thirty to forty thousand ; the 
 effect was to almost exhaust the supply of the frontier 
 provinces of Scinde and Punjaub, and to occasion a loss to 
 the Treasury which cannot have been much less than two 
 hundred thousand pounds. This, and all the accompanying 
 expense and loss of life we might have been spared had the 
 idea, broached by Sir William Andrew more than a quarter 
 of a century ago, of connecting the Khyber and Bolan passes 
 -with the railway system of India, been cariied into effect. 
 But, fortunately, it is never too late to mend !
 
 sir william andrew. 269 
 
 Railway Exte^siox in India. 
 
 Sir Bartle Freve, at a meeting of the Scincle, Punjaub and 
 Delhi Railway in December, 1880, remarked that " Mr. 
 Andrew had the foresight to perceive and the boldness to 
 lay before his countrymen the great importance and practi- 
 cability of connecting those points [the sea, the capital of the 
 Punjaub and Delhi] by railway. . . . He must now, I 
 think, look back with satisfaction to the relations which 
 then existed between him and the merchant princes who 
 ruled India, and those of Her Majesty's Government who 
 controlled the rulers of India."* 
 
 " Sir William Andrew," says the Times, in a leading 
 article of 21st July, 1884, "has always been a Avarm 
 advocate of railway extension, in India. ... In 1846, 
 before the first railway sleeper had been laid or the first 
 sod turned, Sir William Andrew was bold in prophesying 
 the vast results that would follow when the plans in con- 
 templation had been carried out. ... In 1848, before a 
 single mile of railway had been opened, the total value of 
 the external trade of India was a little more than twenty- 
 five millions sterling. ... In 1883 India had more than ten 
 thousand miles of railway opened and in use, and the 
 external trade of the country is put down for that year at 
 £147,837,920, or in round numbers at six times the amount 
 at which it stood before the stimulus of railways had begun 
 to be felt." 
 
 In these days thei'e are some men who achieve greatness 
 b}^ becoming M.P.'s ; Avhile others, by so doing, have great- 
 ness thrust upon them. 
 
 Sir William would have made a useful Member of Parlia- 
 ment from his knowledge of Eastern affairs, and it is to be 
 regretted that he did not accept any of several suggestions 
 made to him that he should offer himself as a candidate, 
 especially when he received a formal invitation from a 
 metropolitan constituency. We cannot help thinking that 
 the subject of oar sketch would command the highest respect 
 and attention in Parliament. 
 
 * See also Appendix XL
 
 270 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 We Lave now tlie pleasure to reproduce tlie splendid letter 
 to the Times, of August 6, already alluded to, on the 
 
 Advance of Russia towards Ixdia. 
 To the Editor of the " Times." 
 
 Sir, — Many years ago, in giving publicity to a letter 
 written by me to Lord Palmerston, you wrote : — " Twenty 
 years ago tlie neglect of the Euphrates route to India was 
 cited among the marvels of British apathy." Is this to 
 endure in the face of the gigantic strides with which the 
 Colossus of the Xorth has been advancing to try conclusions 
 with us in the East and elsewhere ? 
 
 The Russian fleet thi-eatens Port Lazareff in Corea on the 
 pretext that we have occupied Port Hamilton. The present 
 Czar has declared Batouni to be no longer a fi^ee port, in 
 spite of the promise made by his predecessor in the 59th 
 Article of the Treaty of Berlin, which, however, had barely 
 been executed when proceedings were commenced to fortify 
 the port. 
 
 It is reported that another difference has occurred between 
 the English and Russian members of the Afghan Boundary 
 Commission, and that the latter have referred to St. Peters- 
 burg for instructions, no doubt on purpose to cause delay. 
 Next we hear riimours of a Russian "scientific" expedition 
 to Mesopotamia and the Valley of the Euphrates ; and it is 
 said that Russia has suggested the propriety of Turkey 
 handing over Erzei'oum in lieu of the arrears of the war 
 indemnity. 
 
 The recent speech of the Czar at Sebastopol, the massing' 
 of troops in the Crimea and Bessarabia, the increase of the 
 Black Sea fleet, all appear to menace the future peace of the 
 world, and especially that of Turkey and England. 
 
 For nearly two centuries the conquest of India has been 
 Russia's dream. The time now appears to have arrived 
 when the might of Imperial England must intervene to stay 
 her onward march towards our Empire in ihe East. 
 
 The Transcaspian Railway from Michalovsk, on the bay 
 of that name on the Caspian, was opened as far as Merv on 
 the 14th of July last. The leading South Russian organs 
 have jubilant articles on the successful and rapid completion 
 of this railway. With this and other railways it is asserted 
 that Russia will always be in a position to seriously coerce 
 England through India. The position, we are told, is alto- 
 gether changed on the Afghan frontier. Russia has hitherto
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDREW. 271 
 
 been dependent oa the Cis-Caspian supplies, the transport 
 of which occupied many weeks ; the fertile portions of 
 Persian Khorasati will later on support a mighty Russian 
 host ; and that Candahar can at any moment be made the 
 objective point of a powerful expedition. 
 
 It would appeal', therefore, scarcely possible that anyone 
 who has studied the question can view unconcernedly the 
 position which Russia is so rapidly gaining, or that anyone 
 interested in India sliould now object to a reconsideration of 
 our Indian frontier policy. 
 
 Hitherto Afghanistan and l,he inhospitable districts beyond 
 have been, as it were, a protecting barrier, behind which we 
 were comparatively secure ; but let this be penetrated or 
 turned, we must be prepared to meet our enemy face to face. 
 But how can we do this with such a precarious population 
 as India has around us and in our rear ? 
 
 If not delayed, the advance of Russia will continue to be 
 as rapid as it has been in the past. In 1863 the frontier 
 line of Russia was from the northern end of the Sea of Aral 
 to the Issik Kul Lake. The conquest of Tashkend, Bokhara, 
 and Samarcand followed at short intervals, and in 1873 we 
 see the Russian army marching triumphantly into Khiva. 
 Nine or ten years after this Russia declared that she had 
 no choice but to march on the oasis of Merv and the formid- 
 able military position of Sarakhs and annex them, Avhich 
 placed the Russian army almost within striking distance of 
 Herat. Not satisfied with these acquisitions we saw recently 
 how ruthlessly she seized upon Penjdeh, when the Sovereign 
 of the country Avas in India, the guest of the Viceroy of the 
 Queen Empress. 
 
 Seeing, then, the onward march that Russia is making in 
 Central Asia, and with what rapidity she consolidates the 
 additions to her Empire, there appears to be little doubt that 
 the people of Afghan-Turkistan and Herat will pass under 
 her sway as certainly as have the Turconmns and other 
 Trans- Caspian tribes unless the power of England stay 
 her advancing standards. 
 
 It is evident that we cannot afford to live any longer in a 
 fool's paradise, and believe in the pacific assurances of Russia, 
 who never makes a promise but to break it the moment it 
 is to her interest to do so. 
 
 The future policy of England is to rely upon her own 
 vigilance and valour, to complete and perfect the railways to 
 the Khyber and Bolan passes, carrying on the latter line to 
 Quetta, and eventually to Candahar, where we ought to
 
 *27*2 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 occupy a position in strength alole to repel any movement 
 towards the Bolan, and to assail in flank and rear any force 
 advancing towards the Kyber. This view I advocated nearly 
 thirty years ago, and to which I adhere. Let ns, therefore, 
 without delay fix the line that Russia is not to pas*^, as the 
 prestige of our invincibility and our power of dominion 
 would be setnously affected by the invasion by the Muscovite' 
 of the dominions of our ally, Abdurrahman Khan, whose 
 territory we have pledged the honour of England to hold 
 inviolate. 
 
 With Candahar strongly fortified and connected with the 
 railway system of India in the rear, and the Hindu-Koosh in 
 our possession, we should be in an impregnable position. 
 
 Batoum is evidently intended as the base of operations 
 against Armenia and India, and threatens the existence of 
 our protectorate over Asia Minor. 
 
 A late number oP the Broad Arrow says : — " To all intents 
 and purposes Batoum has been a place of arms for some time 
 past. Mr. Gallenga, the Times correspondent, pointed this 
 out in passing through the place in 1882. The following 
 year Mr. Marvin visited the port twice ; and in his ' Region 
 of the Eternal Fire,' it we remember rightly, he mentions 
 the case of a contractor who, being asked to send in tenders 
 for repairs to the Turkish redoubt, and heading his tender 
 too plainly, was reminded by General Kamaroff that there 
 ' were no redoubts in Batoum, fortifications being forbidden 
 by the Treaty of Berlin,' and that 'he must correct his 
 application throughout as being a tender for garrison barrack 
 repairs.' More recently the members of the Afghan Frontier 
 Mission passed and repassed through the place, and have 
 confirmed repeated statements about the existence of the 
 unarmed batteries inside the free port, and the arsenal, full 
 of heavy guns and all the essential munitions of war, just 
 outside it — a railway, moreover, connecting the two." 
 
 A recent correspondent at Constantinople says : — " The 
 place has not only become important as a iorti-ess, but as an 
 arsenal and general military depot. Among the buildings 
 erected there are four large powder magazines at Sekiridir, 
 nine depots for stores and clothing at Bazarchane, seven 
 military hospitals, and a general arsenal, which contained 
 lately 70 Krupp guns, 100 cannon of different patterns, and 
 3,000 torpedoes." On this and other subjects the tone of 
 the Russian press is very defiant towards England. We 
 must take note that regarding Batoum Russia has addressed 
 a direct challenge to England, and we must shape our policy
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDREW. 273 
 
 accordlna'ly. Russia lias bj tins repudiation enabled 
 England to recover lier freedom of action, and to take suck 
 steps regarding the Sti-aits as her interests may demand, 
 however inconvenient to Russia. Bj repudiating one part 
 of the treaty, Russia debars herself from using any other 
 portion of it. 
 
 A Berlin newspaper of the 28th of July says : — " The 
 expansion of Russia in Central Asia has now reached such 
 a point that, leaving out of account some barren mountain 
 districts, every step forward must be taken in Persia, China, 
 or the sphere of England's authority. English policy must 
 adapt itself to these facts, though this can only be done with 
 success -when England's own military strength makes an 
 imposing impression as against that of Russia. Since Lord 
 Salisbury has again taken the lead, and probably for a long 
 time, it is to be expected that this view of the situation will 
 be adopted." 
 
 The movements of Russia have excited the deepest atten- 
 tion, not only of thoughtful Englishmen, but of various 
 countries in Europe as well as in America ; and there appears 
 to be a general desire to know what steps, if any, are being 
 taken to connect the Mediterranean Sea with the head of 
 the Persian Gulf along the Euphrates route, and so re- 
 open the ancient highway of nations between the East and 
 West. 
 
 The example of Russia's persevering energy in establishing 
 her Eastern communications should not be lost upon us, for 
 she advances boldly, regardless of cost or any other obstruc- 
 tion, knowing well that the additional prestige which she 
 will thereby gain, not only in the East, but in Europe also, 
 will amply I'epay her for any sacrifice. 
 
 The general features of the projected Euphrates Yalley 
 Railway have been so frequently explained in your columns 
 that a very brief summary may suffice : — 
 
 1. It would connect Alexandretta with the head of the 
 Persian Gulf, making Kurrachee the European port of India, 
 saving between England and India in distance 1,000 miles, 
 and reducing the time for mails from twenty to ten days. 
 
 2. It would enable us to maintain India with a smaller 
 European garrison, and save large sums for transport oH 
 troops, which could be sent from England to Kurrachee in 
 fourteen days. 
 
 3. It would subject an enemy advancing towards the North- 
 West Frontier of India to attack in flank and rear, and com- 
 bined with the branches already described to the Bolan and 
 
 T
 
 274 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Khyber from the Indus line, Avould render India practically 
 secure. 
 
 4. It ■would make the power of England quickly felt in 
 the East, and would enable our military establishments in 
 India to give support to our power and prestige in Europe, 
 giving England the first strategical position in the world. 
 
 5. It would facilitate our protection of Asia Minor, and 
 give Persia access to a port on the Mediterranean. 
 
 6. It would be easily defensible, both termini being on 
 the sea, accessible by the forces of England and India, the 
 flank being protected by the Euphrates and Tigris ; Avhile 
 Cyprus, as a place cVarmes, would cover the terminus at 
 Alexandretta. 
 
 7. The length of the railway would be about 920 miles, 
 and the capital required under £6,000,000. 
 
 This work, essential alike to the protection of India and 
 to the preservation of the Turkish Empire, was recommended 
 to the pecuniary support of the British Government by the 
 Select Committee of the House of Commons in 1872, of 
 which the present Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 
 was chairman. 
 
 In 1883 Lord Salisbury, in his place in the House of Peers, 
 declared : — 
 
 " The popularity of the scheme and the great attention 
 given to it are only some of the many signs which should 
 make Her Majesty's Government consider that the subject 
 of connecting the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean is 
 
 one of the most important questions of the day 
 
 It is, therefore, a matter for which Her Majesty's Govern- 
 ment will be held largely responsible by the public if they 
 do not adopt at an early period a definite policy on the 
 question — a policy to which they are prepared to adhere, 
 and one which will respond to the feelings entertained by the 
 loublic of this country." 
 
 I am, Sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 W. P. A^-DKEW. 
 
 29, Bryanston Square, AV. August 3rd. 
 
 Sir William Andi'ew has been urged to reprint this com- 
 munication and circulate it broadcast for the instruction of 
 the public. The following important remai-ks ai'e worthy of 
 the hio-hcst consideration : —
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDREW. 275 
 
 So long ago as 1858, Field Marshal Baron Kubn von 
 Kuhnenfeld, Austrian War Minister, gave it as his opinion 
 that "Whatever the commercial value of tlie Suez Canal 
 to Central Europe, there is no doubt that it is secondary 
 in importance to the Euphrates Railway, which affords the 
 only means of stemming the Russian advances in Central 
 Asia, and which dii-cctly covers the Suez Canal." 
 
 Beatleifs Miscellanij for July, .1868, after referring to 
 Major- General Chesney's navigation of the river Euphrates, 
 notes that " It was reserved for Mr. W. P. Andrew, a gentle- 
 man who has been destined to inaugurate measures fraught 
 with political, commercial, and social progress of world-wide 
 import, to lay before the public and the Government in all 
 its comprehensive bearings the details of the noble scheme of 
 the Euphrates route to India." 
 
 Sir Bartle Frere ox the Euphrates. 
 
 At the Lecture on the Euphrates Route delivered at the 
 National Club in June, 1882, by Sir William Andrew, Sir 
 Bartle Frere, the chairman, in introducing the lecturer, said : 
 " At Sir William Andi'ew's instance, he (Sir Bartle Frere) 
 had been invited to communicate his views on the subject to 
 the present Prime Minister (Mr. Gladstone), and to the late 
 Lord Clarendon as long ago as 1856, and from that day to 
 this Sir William had never ceased, by tongue and pen, to 
 urge tlie advantages of the Euphrates Valley line as an 
 alternative to that by the Red Sea, and it is probable that 
 had not other influences and interests stood in tho way, Lord 
 Palmerston would have long ago taken up the scheme as one 
 of national import mce when it had the active support of 
 Lord Stratford de Redcliffe and H. E. Musurus Pacha 
 Any day might bring ns news of the stoppage of 
 the Suez Canal route, and the English commercial world 
 would then be rndely awakened to the value of an alternative 
 lino of communication with India." 
 
 Speaking on the subject of the easy obstruction of the 
 Suez Canal, Lord Wolssey declared in 1878 at the Royal 
 
 T 2
 
 276 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 United Service Institution : " As a nation, therefore, it 
 would he perfectly ridiculous for us to depend upon the 
 Suez Canal as a line of communication with our Eastei-n 
 possessions in time of war." 
 
 In 1870, Sir William was Chairman of the Stafford House 
 Committee for promoting the construction of a railway from 
 the Persian Gulf to Constantinople and the Mediterranean. 
 
 With these views the best authorities now appear to agree, 
 and their adoption would he most opportune at the present 
 moment — all this being carried out on a friendly under- 
 standing with our Imperial ally the Sultan and the Ameei' 
 of Aghanistan. 
 
 Among Sir William Andrew's qiialifications as a speaker, 
 are a winning ease of manner and sympathetic voice, a 
 happy command of language at once terse and fluent, and 
 a force of expi'ession which arouses and retains the atten- 
 tion of his hearers ; he seems to have attained that rare pre- 
 eminence, as has been well said of other eminent men, of 
 knowing " everything of something and something of every- 
 thing " ; for apart from what we may term his specialities, 
 we find him always equal to any occasion that may fortui- 
 tously present itself, even to opening a bazaar or presiding 
 at a flower-show. The Napier motto of " Ready, aye, 
 ready ! " is ever with him. To a mind of large grasp there 
 is no "great " and no "small " ; and his not only takes in 
 a vast range of subjects, whether of social or national interest, 
 but is as familiar with their technicalities as with their 
 purport. With a corresponding largeness of heart — 
 
 " He nothing Iniman, alien deems 
 Unto himself, nor disesteems 
 Man's meanest claim iipon him. 
 
 But, we have been informed by high authority, he contri- 
 butes, on a scale it would be difficult to define, by subscrip- 
 tions and donations (chiefly anonymous) to the most useful 
 
 public charities, indulging his munificence further in private 
 
 benefactions of an equally liberal character.
 
 SIR WILLIAM ANDREW. 277 
 
 The Waghorx MEMorjAL. 
 
 But recently he aided in setting on foot, and bj generous 
 exertion and liberal example has done much to bring to a 
 successful issue, the project of a memoinal statue to record 
 the indefatigable and invaluable labours of a devoted but 
 forgotten public servant, the late Lieutenant Thomas Wag- 
 horn, R.N. At a meeting at the Mansion House he was 
 unanimously chosen chairman of the committee, and soon 
 afterwards H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh became patron. 
 Sir William was on the executive committee of the Gordon 
 Memorial Fund, to do honour to one of the most remark- 
 able and distinguished, yet unfortunate, heroes of our time. 
 Sir William is also a patron of Oriental literature. He 
 gave a prize of 500 rupees for the best translation into 
 Hindustani of the National Anthem. And, carrying on his 
 munificent contributions to, and exertions in, every good 
 cause, we find him member of committee of, and one of the 
 largest subscribers to, the Frere Memorial Fund. Sir 
 William Andrew was an intimate friend of the late Sir 
 Bartle Frere, of whom he possesses an admirable likeness. 
 A lasting friendship with distinguished men appears to have 
 been a stepping-stone to success in Sir William's brilliant 
 career. Holding in view the wise precept of Dr. Johnson, 
 that it is good for a man through life to keep his friendships 
 — like roads, or say, to be more applicable in the present 
 case, like lines of railway — in " constant repair " — this he 
 has certainly done ; and the coij sequence is that, in the sunset 
 of life- — during which we trust he will yet achieve great 
 things for his country — he has "troops of friends." 
 
 Sir William is a member of several clubs, and Fellow of 
 many scientific societies, a liberal patron and discriminating 
 ■appreciator of literature and art, and he entertains with 
 distinguished hospitality. The A'aluable collections of pic- 
 tures,* and other works of art which adorn his house, 
 
 * Including ■works by Bapbael, Domenichino, Murillo, Poussin, Watteau, 
 and the " Scottish Sir Josliua " — one of the strongest of portrait painters 
 — Sir Henry RaeUirn, — of whom an admirahle Liogiapby, by Mr. William 
 Raeburn Andrew, has just appeared.
 
 278 DISTINGUISHED ANGI-0-INDIANS. 
 
 testify to liis taste as a connoisseiir ; tliougli we must 
 add that among these latter are many interesting and honour- 
 able presentation-gifts from sources of which he may be 
 justly proud. Sir "William has two sons, Harry Patrick, late 
 Captain 8th Hussars, and William Raeburn, M.A. Oxon., 
 barrister-at-law. Both are married and have issue. Resi- 
 dences, 29, Bryanston Square, W., London, and Charlesfield 
 House, Midlothian.
 
 279 
 
 SIR JULAND DANVERS, K.C.S.I. 
 
 Sir Julaxd Daxvers was born 19tli ]\rarcli, IS'lG, and was 
 the eldest of eleven cliildren. 
 
 His father, Frederick Dawes Danvers, who for many 
 years was Registrar and Secretary at the Duchy of Lan- 
 caster, served under four sovereigns, including Queen Vic- 
 toria. 
 
 His mother was daughter of John Julaud Rawlinson, Esq. 
 Many members of the Danvers family took a leading part 
 in public and political affairs, especially during the reign 
 of the Stuart-s, and during the Commonwealth. One 
 brother, Henry Earl of Danby, was a royalist, and another 
 Sir John Danvers, Bart., signed the death warrant of 
 Charles I. The heiress to the last baronet married one of 
 the Butler family, and the landed estates in Leicestershire 
 thus came into the possession of the Earls of Lanesboi'ough, 
 who assumed the name of Danvers in addition to that of 
 Butler. 
 
 His brother, Robert William, served under Sir Henry 
 Havelock and Sir James Outram during the Mutiny, and 
 was amongst the beleaguered at Lucknow. Subsequently, he 
 was killed in China, where his regiment was sent after the 
 Mutiny campaign was over. 
 
 Sir Juland Danvers has held high and responsible 
 positions in the India Office for many years, and his name 
 is chiefly known in connection with railways and other 
 public works in India. He was educated at private 
 schools, but had a tutor before appointnent to tlie East 
 India House, William Walton, Esq., of Hampton. Lord 
 Dufferin, the present Viceroy, was a fellow student. After 
 his appointment he kept up his studies with a tutor, and 
 attended lectures at King's College, London, in the even-
 
 280 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 ings ; intending", if promotion did not come, to go to Cam- 
 bridge. He was on the point of doing so in 1847, when an 
 appointment was offered which decided him to remain. He 
 Avas Private Secretary to two Chairmen of the Court of 
 Directors — from 1848-1853 — viz., General Sir Archibald 
 Galloway, and the Right Honourable Sir James Weir 
 Hogg, Bart. But let us go back to the first appointment of 
 the subject of our sketch. 
 
 He entered the Home Service of the East India Company 
 in 1842, when Sir James Melvill, K.C.B., was Secretary, 
 and when T. Love Peacock, John Stuart Mill, and Edward 
 Thornton held high appointments in the Office. During 
 the first few years of service he had the advantage of work- 
 ing under such men of eminence and ability as Sir James 
 Melvill and Edward Thornton, the latter of whom was at 
 the time Assistant-Secretary in the Financial Department, 
 and was also engaged in Avriting his " History of India.'' 
 Sir Juland was employed in assisting Thornton by prepar- 
 ing papers and matter for his gi^eat work, the " Gazetteer 
 of India," with the compilation of which he had been en- 
 trusted by the Court of Directors. 
 
 Sir Juland Danvers, when responding to the toast of his 
 health at the dinner given to him by the Northbrook Club, 
 on the occasion of his being honoured with the K.C.S.I., 
 remarked, that it had struck him early in his official career 
 that India was in want of three things, and that he deter- 
 mined it should be his study to promote them, and that this 
 had added much interest to his work when he felt that he 
 was permanently fixed in the office. 
 
 The first was railways in India ; the second telegraphs ; 
 and the third the development of the mineral resources of 
 the country. He accordingly took every opportunity of 
 advancing proposals for accomplishing these objects, and 
 when in 1847-48 discussions took place as to the introduc- 
 tion of railways into India, he worked assiduously in sup- 
 port of the movement, as far as his position would allow, in 
 and out of the office, and for a long time earnestly advo- 
 cated the cause. Eventually he was placed in charge 
 of the official corres^^ondence on the subject under Sir
 
 SIR JULAND DANVERS. 281 
 
 James Melvill. In 18o3 Lord Dalhousie's famous Minute, 
 accompanied by a Despatch from the Govei*nment, laid the 
 foundation of the present railway system ; and we can 
 imagine the satisfaction -with which Sir Juland Danvers 
 
 o 
 
 drafted the reply which conveyed the sanction of the Court 
 of Directors to the scheme of the Governor-Greneral. How 
 the railways have progressed, and how they have succeeded, 
 has been shown by the annual reports which, for twenty- 
 two years, the home Director has prepared for presentation 
 to Parliament. In his last report in 1882 he summarises the 
 woi-k which had been done since his first report was made, 
 and points out with remarkable clearness the advantages 
 which had been secured to the country ]jy railways (paras. 
 107* to end). 
 
 The development of the mineral resources of the country 
 has naturally followed the establishment oE railways. Coal 
 alone was supplied to the extent of 476,277 tons in 1885 for 
 the use of the railways, and fresh fields are every year being 
 opened and worked. 
 
 With regard to telegraphs, the opportunity of putting 
 the question forward was taken after reading" an account in 
 the Asiatic Journal of some experiments Avhich were being 
 made in the neighbourhood of Calcutta by Dr. William 
 O'Shaughnessy (now Sir W. O'S. Bi-ooke). After commu- 
 nicating on the subject with the Secretaiy, Sir James Mel- 
 vill, and with the Chairman of the Court of Directors, it 
 was agreed that the question of introducing telegraphs into 
 India irrespective of those connected with the railways 
 should be referred to the Government of India, and a des- 
 patch was addressed to that Government accordingly. In 
 the meanwhile the operations of Dr. O'Shaughnessy in Cal- 
 cutta had been extended, and a line had been actually laid 
 and woi'ked between Calcutta and Kedjeree, at the mouth of 
 the Hooghly River. Lord Dalhousie took the matter up in 
 his usual earnest and energetic manner, and, referring to the 
 work done by O'Shaughnessy, recommended in 1852 the 
 immediate commencement of a comprehensive system of 
 telegraphs which should extend from Calcutta to Peshawur, 
 * "Report on Railways in India," 1881-82, pp. 61, 62.
 
 282 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 BomLay and Madras, and that Dr. O'Sbanghnessj, who had 
 proved by his care, skill and economy, that he "was emi- 
 nently qualified to carry out the work of construction and 
 organisation, should be entrusted witb " the superintendence 
 of the Electric Telegraph operations in India,"* and 
 should be deputed to England to submit his plans to the 
 Court of Directors. He came accordingly ; and Sir Juland 
 was associated with, him in arrang-incr at the India House 
 the business connected with the provision of materials and 
 the formation of a staff of officei's. The assistance given 
 by his earnest associate in the great work, was generously 
 acknowledged by Dr. O'Shaughnessy in his first manual for 
 the Department. Mr. Maishman, in his " History of India," 
 thus alludes to the business : — " It was carried through the 
 various stages with such cordiality and promptitude, that 
 within a week of the arrival of Lord Dalhousie's despatch, 
 it had received the sanction of the Court, and of the Board 
 of Control, and a despatch conveying this gratifying intelli- 
 gence " (viz., approval) " was on its way to India. There had 
 been no parallel to the expedition of these movements within 
 the memory of the oldest functionary at the India House." 
 The result is well known. In the course of six months, 
 viz., by March, 1854-, Dr. O'Shaughnessy had completed a 
 line between Calcutta and Agra ; and about a year after- 
 wards 3,500 miles of telegraph, extending from one end of 
 India to the other, had been established. It is scarcely 
 necessary to allude to the value which the telegraph was to 
 the Government, when soon after its formation the Mutiny 
 broke out. The timely notice which it gave to the authori- 
 ties in the Punjab brought forth the epigramatic words 
 from Sir John Lawrence, " The Telegraph Saved India." 
 
 " By me are earth's barriers riven, 
 
 By me are its boundaries spread ; 
 A word — and the impulse is given, 
 
 A touch— and the mission has sped. 
 Hurrah ! 'tis the best conjuration 
 
 That Science, tlie wizard, has done ! 
 Througli me nation speaks unto nation. 
 
 Till all are united in one." 
 
 * Parliamentary Papers, May, 1855.
 
 SIR JULAND DANVEES. 
 
 283 
 
 When in 1858, the Government of India was transferred 
 from the East India Company to the Crown, the appoint- 
 ment of Secretary in the Railway and Telegraph Depart- 
 ment was conferred upon Sir Jnland Danvers, who had for 
 his colleagnes as corresponding Secretaries, Sir John Kaye, 
 James Cosmo Melvill, W. T. Thornton, and Prideaux. In 
 this capacity he became connected with the arrangements 
 then being made for connecting India with this country 
 by Telegraph, and was brought into communication with 
 the gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Pati'ick Stuart, R.E., C.B., 
 who after succeeding in laying a cable down the Per- 
 sian Gulf, succumbed to fever and died at Constantin- 
 ople. On Sir James Melvill's death in 1861, he was 
 appointed by Sir Charles Wood, then Secretary of State, to 
 the post of Government Director to the Indian Railway Com- 
 panies in this country, which office he has held ever since. 
 The office is one which involves peculiar duties, embracing 
 supervision, control, and co-operation with the various Boards 
 in carrying- out the administration of the systems of Rail- 
 ways committed to them. The Government Dii'cctor has 
 a power of veto at the Board over the proceedings of the 
 Directors. The responsibility is considerable ; and, beyond all 
 question, the duties have been performed satisfactorily. The 
 anxieties of such a difficult position can only be conceived 
 by one who has had experience of them. To exercise the 
 power of veto wisely, requires tact of no common order. 
 
 In the autumn of 1875, Sir Juland Danvers obtained i)er- 
 mission from Lord Salisbury to visit India, and go over all 
 the railways with which he had been associated. He was 
 accompanied by his friend, Mr. A. M. Rendel, the Consult- 
 ing Engineer for Railways at the India Office. In his 
 annual report written in the following year, he gives an 
 account of their tour, and commences it by observing that 
 "one change which has been produced"* — (See paras, 23, 
 24, 25, and 30, in Note I, at end of sketch). 
 
 In 1881, on the death of Mr. W. T. Thornton, C.B., who 
 had been Public Works Secretary since 1858, Sir Juland 
 Danvers was selected to succeed him, and he has held the 
 * "Report on Railways iu India," for 1875-76, p. 9.
 
 284 DISTINGnSEED AKGLO-IKDIANS. 
 
 two offices of Goveinment Director and Public Works Secre- 
 tary since that time. 
 
 Besides the Annual Reports, he has written pamphlets 
 and papers on Railways and Public Works in India, and 
 prepared a paper for the Society of Arts in 1877, at the 
 reading of which Lord Northbrook, late Viceroy, was 
 present, introducing the reader Avith some most appropriate 
 remarks. (See Society of Arts Journal, Note II.) 
 
 He has also contributed essays to Journals on the " Civil 
 Service of this Country," (tc, and during the INEutiny was 
 author of a pamphlet entitled " India, the Revolt and the 
 Home Government." 
 
 A Government Office does'not present many opportunities 
 for conspicuous service, and the career of a Civil Servant of 
 the Crown in this country cannot, in the nature of things, 
 be eventful, as it often is in the sister services of the Army 
 and Navy. His duty is to his chief for the time being, 
 whom he may advise and guide, and whose policy he may 
 possibly shape. j\Iany pass through a long service, perform- 
 ing important and valuable work, unknown to fame. His 
 work is only open to the world when he happens to be called 
 to serve on a Commission, or to give evidence before a Par- 
 liamentary Committee. 
 
 In Sir Juland's case cii'cumstances were somewhat excep- 
 tional. As Government Director his duties were performed 
 before the critical eyes of outsiders. His colleagues at the 
 Boards were men of all professions. Military officers, Civil- 
 ians, Merchants, Lawyers, men who had been members of 
 the Government in this country, and men who had held the 
 highest positions in India as Governors, Commissioners, 
 Agents and Seci^etaries. His Annual Reports also bi'ought 
 his name before the Public. Whenever a Parliamentary 
 enquiry took place, he was examined, and we find him giv- 
 ing evidence in 1868, befoi'e a Committee of the House of 
 Commons on Indian Railways, in 1872 before an Indian 
 Finance Committee, in IhS-i in another Railway Committee. 
 He was also in a sufficiently responsible and independent 
 position to be able to advocate and enforce a policy. It is 
 apparent from the Annual Reports that his object has
 
 SIR JULAND DANVERS. 285 
 
 a] ways bsen to extend as far as possible the benefits of Rail- 
 ways, and to adapt the system of management, as well as 
 rates and fares, to the circumstances of the people and 
 country, thereby hoping to secure the twofold purpose of 
 adding to the revenue of the Government and to the divi- 
 dends of the Shareholders, as well as of developing the 
 agricultural and commercial resources of the country. 
 
 " If," he says in September, 1880, " sound and economical 
 principles are applied to their management, not only will the 
 moral and material well-being of the country be advanced, 
 but a fertile source of revenue will be secured to the State." 
 
 The length of service may be judged by his having been 
 in office during the Governorship of twelve Governors-Gen- 
 eral and Viceroys, from Lord Ellenborough to Lord Duf- 
 ferin ; and under eleven Secretaries of State, from Lord 
 Stanley (now Lord Dei-by) to Lord Cross, besides having 
 been sixteen years at the India House under seven chairmen 
 of the Court of Directors. 
 
 In 1886 he received the honour of K. C.S.I, from the 
 Queen, this being reserved, so far as the Home Service is 
 concerned, for those who have served with distinction for 
 thirty years and upwards. And thus Sir Juland Dan vers 
 had his first distinct reward in a very meritorious career ; 
 through which the Iron Horse, we trust, will carry him on 
 bravely to the end. 
 
 NOTES. 
 I. 
 
 RAILWAYS IN INDIA. 
 
 PERSOXAL INSPECTION. 
 
 [Railways in India forming the back-bone of our Indian 
 administration, or being the key of our executive action, the 
 author makes no apology for introducing the following parasi 
 of a valuable Report for the benefit of his readers]
 
 286 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 23. One cBange wliicli lias been produced in India by 
 steam power cannot, perhaps, be better illustrated than by 
 the fact that within the time which, forty years ago, it would 
 have taken to communicate by letter between London and 
 Calcutta y\-e were enabled to go to India and back and to 
 traverse the length and breadth of the land, from Tutieorin 
 and Beypore in the south to Multan and Jlielum in the 
 Borth ; visiting dn our way, most of the important cities, 
 including Madura, Trichinopoli, Bangalore, Hyderabad, 
 Poonah, Ahmedabad, Baroda, Jabulpur, Benares, Allahabad, 
 Cawnpur, Lucknow, Agra, Delhi, Ajmere, and Iiahore ; 
 remaining several days at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay ; 
 stopping to view the new and rising industries of the 
 country, such as the coal mines of Wurrora, Mopani, and 
 Kurhurballi, the iron works of Ranagunge, and the factories 
 at Bombay, Surat, Broach, and Calcutta ; and mounting 
 several hill stations and sanatoriums. 
 
 24. Speedy communication is, however, a small part of 
 the work which is being accomplished by railways. They 
 are producing a most important and beneficial influence over 
 the moral and material interests of the people ; and they 
 are furnishing those who are responsible for the government 
 of the country with the most effectual means of establishing 
 peace and security. On political and strategic as well as 
 on social and commercial grounds their extension, there- 
 fore, is greatly to be desired. But no extensive ramifica- 
 tion of the railway system can be successfully carried out 
 ■without the exercise of the utmost economy and circum- 
 spection. The lines must be constructed at the lowest pos- 
 sible cost, and selected and laid out with the greatest judg- 
 ment. 
 
 25. With regard to the existing lines, we found, generally 
 they were in good condition. Hercand there portions had 
 been allowed to fall below a high standard of efficiency, but 
 the permanent way was, as a rule, in proper order, and the 
 work of maintenance well attended to. Some lines looked 
 better kept and neater than others, and this was, to a 
 certain extent, due to the materials most suitable for bal- 
 last being ready at hand. The JMadras Railway especially, 
 with its light sand roadway and iron sleepers, was as ti'im 
 as the drive in a gentleman's park in England. In carry- 
 ing out so extensive a system as that which now exists, it 
 could hardly have been expected that mistakes would not 
 have been made, and failures would not have taken place, 
 but those which have occurred are, for the most part the
 
 SIK JULAND DANVERS. 287 
 
 mislakcs and failures naturally arising from inexperience 
 and imperfect data. Alignments, in some cases, might have 
 been better, and the works are in some cases unnecessarily 
 massive and expensive. In others sufficient waterway wa3 
 not provided ; bridges have baen insecurely built, and their 
 foundations have not only been shaken but undermined by 
 the tremendous force of the floods. These, however, are 
 mostly errors inseparable from vast operations of a novel 
 character in an unknown country. Taking the railway 
 system of India as a whole, it cannot but be rega,rded as a 
 triumph of human industry and skill. 
 
 30. I need hardly remark that the railways command an 
 enormous power over the intei-ests of the districts through 
 which they pass. It is a power which should be used in a 
 very judicious, enlightened, and I would add enterprising 
 spirit, not calculating only on the existing condiiion of 
 things, but taking into account the capabilities of the 
 country, the prospects of future development, and the growing 
 wants and improving habits of the people. To obtain the 
 highest return from the transport of a limited amount 
 of goods should not be so much the object of railway 
 managers as the conveyance of a large quantity with a com- 
 paratively small profit upon each unit. In some of the 
 fertile valleys through which we passed, the surface of the 
 ground, unbroken by hedge, wall, or fence of any kind, pre- 
 sented, as far as the eye could reach from the railway em- 
 bankment, one large sea of rice or corn. In other parts the 
 railway traverses tracts of country where the cultivable area 
 might be increased, and where an external trade might be 
 established, if only a market were accessible for the produce 
 of the land. Opportunities, therefore, in one .shape or an- 
 other, are not wanting of obtaining traffic ; but to make rail- 
 ways as serviceable and as profitable as they should be, 
 they must be brought within reach of the people, who, 
 though poor, tenacious, and prejudiced, soon become alive to 
 their value, and are quite ready to use them in every possible 
 way, whether for carrying thfemselves or their goods. The 
 passenger-rates have, on some lines, been already reduced 
 for the lowest class, as far as can be expected. The charges 
 are from a farthing to a third of a ])enny per mile. The 
 value attached by natives to cheap travelling may be gathered 
 , from the fact that they prefer giving up their caste to part- 
 ing Avith their pence. The high caste will travel with his 
 lower caste brother rather than pay a higher fare. As 
 regards goods, the natives who engage in trade are keen
 
 288 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS, 
 
 observers and calculators in matters of business, and com- 
 mand, by some means or other, very accurate information as 
 to prices wliicb prevail in tlie various markets of the world. 
 Tlie trade up country would seem, at present, to be in the 
 hands of a few. One effect of administering the railways in 
 a broad and liberal spirit would probably be to introduce a 
 wider competition, and to encourage a more general employ- 
 ment of capital. The policy, therefore, to be followed, both 
 in the interests of railway proprietors, and of the public, is 
 low rates and simplicity of management ; avoiding as much 
 as possible special charges and exceptional ai'rangements 
 Twhich only confuse and discourage the uninitiated and the 
 small dealer), and showing a readiness to consider the means, 
 the wants and usages of the people. It is hardly necessary 
 to add that economy is at the bottom of all reforms and im- 
 provements in the direction above indicated. For the rates 
 paid by the customer must always in some degree corres- 
 pond with the rest of transportation. The more saving 
 there is in managing the traffic, the greater margin will 
 there be for reduction of charges, and thus will a greater 
 stimulus he given to business, and a greater chance of in- 
 creased profits. 
 
 II. 
 THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 
 
 Indian Section, 
 the earl of northbbook on the government-diijector. 
 
 Friday, February 16th, 1877; the Right Hon. the Earl of 
 Northbrook, G.C.S.I., in the chair. 
 
 The Chairman said — The subject of Indian railways is 
 not only one of great consequence to the administration of 
 India, alike in its commercial, political, and military aspects, 
 but it is also one of great interest to the people of this 
 country, because ninety millions of English money have been 
 invested in these railways. Mr. Juland Danvers, twenty 
 years ago, succeeded a man of great ability, Sir James Cosmo 
 Melvill, as the Government Director of Indian Railways. 
 That office is one which requires considerable knowledge of 
 business and great tact, and I can say from what I know 
 and what I have heard, that Mr. Danvers has performed his 
 duties to the entire satisfaction both of the Government and 
 of the companies. Some eighteen months ago he most 
 properly thought it would add to his usefulness if he
 
 SIR JULAND DANVERS. 289 
 
 made a personal inspection of the railways. He therefore 
 went out to India, and traversed and examined, in conjunc- 
 tion with Mr. Ilendel, all, or nearly all, the railways which 
 were either constructed or under construction. Therefore, 
 I think there is no man who, from his acquaintance with the 
 subject, and from his personal knowledge, is more capable 
 of givinc^ information upon the subject of Indian railways 
 than Mr. Danvers. 
 
 The paper on Indian railways was then read ; and, at the 
 conclusion of the interesting discussion thereon, his Lord- 
 ship remarked that " Railways are very good things, and 
 the extension of trade for India very desirable. They were 
 all glad to see those things progress; but there was one 
 matter which signified more than all, viz., the soundness of 
 Indian finance, which the Government of India must have 
 first and foremost in their minds. India was a poor country 
 compared to England, although its exports are so great, and 
 
 it would not stand any extraordinary taxation He 
 
 was sure that they would all join with him in offering their 
 most sincere thanks to Mr. Danvers for his paper, and in 
 expressing a hope that the present successful position of 
 some of the principal railway companies in India was only 
 the beginning of a condition of things which would show 
 that those undertakings would not only be useful to the 
 coimtry, but would really show a very large commercial 
 profit." Mr. Hyde Clarke — to whom Dryden's " man so 
 various " seems ever applicable — eventually wrote : — " The 
 paper was marked by its liberal tone, but its most important 
 feature — its bearing upon railway extension in India — did 
 not receive due notice. As Lord Northbrook said, ' India is 
 a poor country,' but assuredly the way to keep it poor is to 
 deprive it of railway extension, the great necessity for its 
 development." This was written early in 1877. No one 
 will presume to say that railway extension is not occupying 
 the attention of Government, and all concerned, in the latter 
 half of the eventful year 1886. 
 
 As to railway extension in India, we were informed early 
 I in October that the only line just now in definite contem- 
 ; plation, is that from Tounghoo to Mandalay. Government 
 I fully appreciates the importan(;e of pushing on the construc- 
 I tion of such a line, as one of the best means of pacifying the 
 i country.
 
 290 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAEY SKETCH. 
 
 LTEUT.-GEN'ERAL SIR HERBERT MACPHERSON, 
 Y.C., K.C.B., K.C.S.I. 
 
 It was well written in the year 1858, when the affairs of 
 the great East India Company were transferred to the 
 Crown, that in India the hest men make their way to the- 
 best places ; and when a great crisis arises, the Lawrences, 
 the Nicholsons, and the Outrams (the ISTeills might have 
 been added), are found at their jDi'oper posts. But the 
 same may be said of men who did not belong to the Com- 
 pany's army — very able and distinguished officers who have 
 achieved greatness while passing the best years of their 
 lives in Irdia. And, most assuredly, Sir Hei-bert Macpher- 
 son, whose melancholy death at Prome has just been 
 announced, Avas one of these. He had, through conspicuous 
 ability and untiring energy, risen to the high post of Com- 
 mander-in-Chief at Madras ; and while on his grand mission 
 to exterminate Dacoity, and reduce Upper Burmahto order, 
 with the splendid force which would so soon have been 
 under his command, he fell a victim to fever, doubtless 
 produced by over-work and anxiety while seeking perfection 
 in local arrangements to attain the desired end. He as truly 
 died in harness as if he had fallen on some well-fought 
 field of battle, with the shout of victory ringing in his ears ; 
 or he died as one bearing the glorious old name of Macpher 
 son ought to die! The following excellent sketch of this, 
 distinguished officer's career appeared in the same numberl 
 of the London daily journal which, by telegram, announced! 
 his death: — "Rangoon, Oct. 20, Genei'al Sir Herbert| 
 Macpherson died of fever, at Prome this morning."
 
 LIEUT. -GENEEAL SIR HERBERT MACPHERSON. 291 
 
 Lieut. -General Sir Herbert Taylor Macpherson, V.C, 
 K.C.B., K.C.S.I., was one of the most distinguished officers 
 in the Army, and had borne a part in all the wars in India 
 and the East during the last thirty years. Born in 1827, 
 he was the youngest son of the late Colonel Duncan 
 Macpherson, of the 78th Highlanders, and at the age of 
 eighteen he followed in his father's footsteps, and received a 
 commission in the same regiment. Three years later he 
 became Lieutenant ; but it was not until he had seen twelve 
 years' service that he was engaged upon active service. In 
 1857 the 78th Highlandei-s formed part of the Expedi- 
 tionary Force to Persia, and Lieutenant Macpherson, who 
 was by that time Adjutant of the regiment, took his part 
 in the campaign. He accompanied the expedition to 
 Barazoon, fought in the night attack and battle of Kooshab, 
 and was present at the bombardment of Mohumrah. He 
 shortly afterwards obtained his company. There was but 
 brief rest for the regiment after its return from Persia, for 
 scarcely had the men set foot in India when they were 
 pushed forward to Allahabad, where Havelock was collect- 
 ing his column for the relief of Lucknow. There the 78th 
 fought at the battle of Onao, and the two engagements at 
 Buseerutgunge and at Bithoor. How they won their way 
 through the streets of Lucknow is a matter of history, as 
 also how they in turn besieged and defended the Residency, 
 until Sir Colin Campbell came to their relief and brought 
 off the remains of Havclock's column, and of the original 
 garrison of the Residency. But even iu this fierce fighting 
 — and here all were heroes — Captain Macpherson distin- 
 guished himself above others, receiving the Victoria Cross 
 "for distinguished conduct on the 20th of September, 1857, 
 in setting an example of heroic gallantry to the men of the 
 regiment at the period of the action in which they ca[)tured 
 two brass nine-pounders at the point of the bayonet." In 
 these combats he was twice wounded — first at Onao, and 
 the second time in the defence of the Residency. Subse- 
 quently, he formed part of Sir James Outram's force at the 
 Alumbagh, which sustained successfully repeated attacks 
 by the enemy. When Lord Clyde, for the second time, 
 
 V 2
 
 292 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 approaclied Liicknow, and after desperate figlitin,sf broke 
 up the army of mutineers and Oude tribesmen gathered 
 there, and struck the death blow to the rebellion, Captain 
 Macpherson held the post of Brigade Major, and was 
 severely wounded in the course of the figliting. For his 
 services he received a year's seniority, together with the 
 medal and clasp. After this, there was peace for some time ; 
 and the year after the conclusion of the Mutiny he married 
 Maria, daughter of General Eckford, C.B. In 1867 Major 
 Macpherson obtained his step as Lieutenant-Colonel, and in 
 the following year took part in the troublesome campaign 
 against the Hazaras, Avinning another medal and clasp. He 
 was present both at the Looshai Expedition in 1871-72 and 
 the Jowaki Campaign in 1877, obtaining a medal and clasp 
 for the first, and a clasp for the action at the Bori Pass in 
 the second affair. A more serious war was now approaching, 
 and Colonel Macpherson received the command of the First 
 Brigade First Division of the army which was gathering on 
 the northern frontier of the Punjab against the Afghans. 
 His brigade took part in the engagement which led to the forc- 
 ing of the Khyber Pass, and the expedition into the Kama and 
 Lughman Valleys, and in the various engagements around 
 Cabnl. He was present in both the fights at Charasiab, and 
 for his conduct in the second of these battles was mentioned 
 in Despatches. When the news of the disaster at Maiwand 
 reached Cabul, and Sir Frederick Roberts performed the 
 famous march to Candahar, Colonel Macpherson was in 
 command of the First Infantry Brigade, and won his K.C.B. 
 at the battle in which Ayoub Khan's army were driven, a 
 disorganized rabble, from the position they had chosen. 
 For the Afghan Campaign he received the medal with four 
 clasps and the bronze decoration. When the Egyptian War 
 broke out. Sir Herbert Macpherson was appointed to the 
 command of the Division furnished by India, and, pro.ieed- 
 ing with it to Egypt, took part in the battle of Tel-el-Kebir. 
 He was twice mentioned in Despatches, received the thanks 
 of both Houses of Parliament for his services, was made 
 K.C.S.I., and decorated with the medal and clasp, the Star 
 of the Second Class Order of the Medjidie, and the Star of
 
 LIEUT. -GENERAL SIR HERBERT MACPHERSON. 293 
 
 the Kliedive. On the 1st October, 1882, he had obtained 
 his step as Major-General. At the conclusion of the 
 Egyptian Campaign he returned with his division to India, 
 and \vas then appointed to the command of the Allahabad 
 Division, and in 1885 received the chief command of the 
 Madras Army, with the rank of Lieutenant- General. In 
 August of the present year he was appointed to the supreme 
 command in Burma, and a force was placed at his disposal 
 which would, it was thoui^ht, prove ample for the pacification 
 of the country. After completing all arrangements for the 
 campaign he sailed to Rangoon, and it was only on the 18th. 
 of October that the news arrived that he had reached Thay- 
 etmyo, and was examining the reports sent to him by the 
 various district officers preparatory to a final decision as to 
 the plan of the campaign.* — On the same day as that on 
 which the General's death was announced, came the intelli- 
 gence — by no means pleasant to those who knew well how 
 much public injury may arise from civil and military chiefs 
 disagreeing in such matters — that the Madras Commander- 
 in-Chief favoured the establishment of martial law ; but Sir 
 Charles Bernard, an able and zealous civilian (but whose 
 antecedents in Burma are not generally considered of a 
 brilliant character), disagreed " with the adoption of that 
 course." At home, when a crisis occurs, all eyes are bent on 
 our favourite General, Lord Wolseley ; so, in India, we look 
 to one in whom we can place thorough confidence ; and, as 
 we remarked before hearing of the appointment in this case, 
 Sir Herbert Macpherson would surely be succeeded, by Sir 
 Frederick Roberts, the redoubtable Indian Commander-in- 
 Chief. From Bombay it was telegraphed on the 21st that 
 General Sir Frederick Roberts, Commander-in-Chief in 
 India (Sir Herbert's predecessor in Madras) " will assume 
 the command of the army in Bui"ma." On the same day 
 also, at a meeting of the Viceregal Council, the Viceroy 
 referred to "the death of General Macpherson, and. ex- 
 pressed the sorrow which he felt upon learning the sad 
 intelligence." His Excellency also stated that he had re- 
 ceived a telegram from the Queen conveying the expression 
 * SUmdanl, Oct. 21, 1886.
 
 294 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 of " Her Majesty's deep regret at the calamity which, had 
 thus suddenly overtaken the country." 
 
 The remains of the lamented General were interred in 
 the Rangoon Cantonment Cemetery, on the 21st October ; 
 and there was a gTeat military display at the funeral. It 
 was also attended by all the civil and naval officers in 
 Rangoon, by the foreign Consuls, and a large number of 
 unofficial persons. The burial service was performed by 
 the Bishop of Rangoon ; and such was " the last of earth " 
 of a most gallant and distinguished British General. It was 
 feared that his lamented death would seriously affect the 
 situation and the arrangements in Upper Burma, besides, 
 from the credulous nature of the Burmese, urging on the 
 rebels to further and stronger resistance ; but with such 
 an experienced and energetic leader as Sir Frederick 
 Roberts, we have nothing to fear ; and erelong let us hope 
 that the message of Peace will be accepted throughout all 
 Burma. 
 
 General Sir Frederick Roberts was to be invested with 
 special powei's while holding the chief command ; and by 
 news from Rangoon of the 24th it was stated — the wisest 
 preliminary stroke of policy for the pacification of Burma, 
 and the final success of what may be a long and tough 
 campaign — that the Government was actively negotiating 
 with the Shan chiefs, with the view of getting them to 
 acknowledge British authority in their country ; but we 
 were not to interfere " actively " in the Shan States. Mr. 
 R. Pilcher, with a strong escort, was shortly to leave Man- 
 dalay as British Commissioner on this rather difficult task ; 
 and two fortified posts had already been established in the 
 Shan Hills. ISTo sooner had this cheering news of healthy 
 action arrived than the intelligence of Mr. R. Pilcher's death 
 was received. The name of another able and energetic 
 officer had been added to the long list of casualties in Upper 
 Burma during our third Expedition ; and Mr. Burgess in 
 the true British spirit at once took Mr. Pilcher's place. It 
 was also interesting to read that the local Burmese had 
 expressed the opinion that the subjugation of Upper Burma 
 would require three or four years, and that a large army of
 
 LIEUT. -GENEKAL SIR HEEBEET MACPHERSON. 295 
 
 occupation would be necessary. If all goes on fairly well, 
 under the famous Commander-in-Chief three or four months 
 may suffice ; or at most a yeai', by which period the French 
 will either have lost Tonquin, or fairly established their 
 Protectorate therein, and the Russians will have attempted 
 a Protectorate in Corea ! Meanwhile, nothing could be 
 better than the Government endeavours to conciliate the 
 Shans — a people we have frequently mentioned elsewhere. 
 By the ruiddle of last year (1885) we had finished a paper 
 entitled " The Shan People : Their vast Importance in our 
 Political and Commercial Dealings with Burma — the Fore- 
 most Country." It commenced thus : — Every Englishman 
 of the present day should study the Shan people of Eastern 
 Asia, emerging as they now seem to be, from a long, dark 
 and mysterious seclusion into a better position, and one 
 'ivhich may he fairly utilized hy us during our progressive 
 raarch in the cause of Eastern civilisation. The author had 
 the honour to forward a copy of this sketch to the Secre- 
 tary of State for India, which was promptly and kindly 
 acknowledged. [Sir Frederick Roberts arrived at Mandalay 
 on the 17th November ; more Native regiments were 
 ordered to the scene of action ; but without at least twenty 
 officers to each corps, they will be far from efficient in 
 Burma.] 
 
 NOTES ON SOME MADRAS COMM ANDEES- 
 IN-CHIEF. 
 
 After a full, yet concise, list of Madras Governors, from 
 1652 to 1858, Mr. Prinsep gives us one of Commanders-in- 
 Chief in the Madras Presidency, from 1697 to 1858, in which 
 year the affairs of the East India Company were transferred 
 to the Imperial Government.* It is remarked that " in the 
 earlier years the Commissions of Governors also bore the title 
 of Commanders-in-Chief." After the office being held from 
 * Piinsep's " Record of Services," page xxix. to page xxxiii.
 
 296 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 1698 to 1735 by eight functionaries (among them were the 
 famous names of Pitt, Addison, and Hastings), we come ta 
 John Hinde, who was also Governor of Fort St. David 
 (Cuddalore), where he died in April, 17-i7, previous to re- 
 ceiving commission and orders creating Fort St. David " the 
 head settlement, in consequence of the capture of Fort St. 
 George by the French." In the same year appears the name 
 of Charles Floyer, whose distinction consists in his having 
 been dismissed the service, in 1 750, under Court's despatch. 
 The dismissal of a Governor and Commander-in-Chief was 
 not then a great business with the omnipotent Court. 
 George Pigot twice assumed command, first in 1755, and 
 next in 1775 as the Right Honourable Lord Pigot. His 
 Lor 'ship was placed under arrest by the majority of his 
 Council, and died in May, 1777. It is interesting to read 
 that after this zealous nobleman was placed under arrest by 
 orderof Mr. George Stratton and the majority of his colleagues, 
 he was detained at St. Thomas's Mount (about eight miles 
 from Madras). He was then "allowed to return to Garden 
 House f"r change of air." 
 
 Brigadier-General John Caillaud — a distinguished name, 
 familiar to every reader of Indian history — ten years before 
 had assumed command of the forces on the Coromandel 
 Coast. The famous Major-General Hector Munro com- 
 manded the forces on the Coromandel Coast between 1777 
 and 1781 ; and then came the well-known and distinguished 
 Lord Macartney, K.B. Four distinguished officers (K.B.'s) 
 came after Lord Macartney — Lieut.- Generals Sir Robert 
 Sloper, Sir John Dalling, and Sir Archibald Campbell, fol- 
 lowed up by a well-known hero of Indian history dui-ing the 
 war in Mysore — Major-General Sir William Medows, who 
 was also Commander-in-Chief of Bombay. There is a 
 capital anecdote of this brave General. It was at the 
 storming of Bangalore (1791). just after the gallant Colonel 
 Moorhouse had received his fatal wound, when the principal 
 gate Was almost torn in pieces by our determined troops, 
 Lieutenant Ayre, a man of diminutive stature, foiced his 
 way through it. Medows, who preserved " an inspiring 
 gaiety " in the midst of battle, called out, " Well done .' 
 !N'ow, whiskers, try if you can follow and support ' the little 
 gentleman '." The result, of course, was, after a most gallant 
 resistance, our eventual occupation of the pettah (town) of 
 Bangalore. 
 
 Sii- Charles Oakley, Bart, (a writer in Madras, 1767), was 
 Commander-in-Chief, as well as Governor, from 1792 to
 
 SOME MADRAS COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. 297 
 
 1704, and was succeeded by a -well-known nobleman, Lord 
 Hobart, whose descendant, in our time, became Goveriiur of 
 Madras. Mnjor-General George (afterwards Lord) Harris, 
 G.C B., Commander of the Forces in 1797, was also Governor 
 in 1798. The descendant of this famous General was 
 Governor of Madras during the Indian Mutiny, displaying 
 conspicuous energy and ability. Lord William Cavendish 
 Bentinck was Governor and Commander-in-Chief in 1803. 
 
 We pass on to three well-known chiefs, all G.C.B.'s — 
 Major-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty (1810), and Lieut.- 
 Generals the Hon. John Abercromby (ISLi), al^o Com- 
 mander-in-Chief at Bombay, and Sir Thomas IJislop (1814), 
 one of Britain's most distinguished leaders during the great 
 Mahratta War. He was Commander-in-Chief, Bombay, and, 
 Mr. Prinsep informs us, was captured on his voyage to 
 Madras [Brigadier James Ketchen, Madras Artillery, was 
 also captured on his voyage to Madras as a cadet, and was 
 not delivered up until after the French war.] Major- 
 Geneial Sir Thomas Munro, Bart., K.C.B., assumed com- 
 mand in 1820 ; and another Baronet and K.C.B., Sir Alex- 
 ander Campbell, was Commander of the Forces in 1821. 
 After these distinguished men, we arrive at a Madras Com- 
 mander-in-Chief, who made himself immortal by issuing one 
 of the best General Orders ever penned ; but the full credit 
 of it was given to His Excellency's esteemed and clever 
 wife, Lady Walker. Lieut.. General Sir George Townsend 
 Walker, Bart., G.C.B., assumed command m 1826. At that 
 time the " most excellent foppery of the woi'ld " was running 
 riot at Madras among military officers. One day a General 
 Order appeared from the Adjutant General's office to the 
 following effect : — Sir George felt it incumbent on him to 
 intimate to the army that officers were at liberty to dis- 
 continue forthwith the cultivation of corkscrew ringlets; 
 and, still further, that he was pleased to dispense Avitli the 
 use of side combs by the officers in the army which he com- 
 manded, as he was unable to appreciate their utility or 
 expediency in any military point of view ! After this, who 
 will dare say, in these days of f(imale suffrage in esse, hys- 
 teric " statesmanship," female members of School Boai'ds, 
 fair physicians, and stiong-minded women everywhere, that 
 the wife is not the better half of poor humanity, even of a 
 Commander-in-Chief ? Sir George Walker was Commander- 
 in-Chief for the usual term of five years, and died Governor 
 of Chelsea Hospital in November, 1842. Lieut.-General Sir 
 Robert William O'Callaghan, G.C.B., K.H., commanded
 
 298 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 from 1831 to 1836. He was a famous sportsman as well as 
 soldier, and shot a magnificent elk on the Neilgherries (or 
 Blue Mountains). After Sir Peregrine Maitland (1836-38), 
 who eventually became Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 we have Sir Jasper Nicolls, who became Commander-in-Chief 
 of India. Three years after, the famous Sir Hugh Gough 
 assumed temporary command. As Commander-in-Chief in 
 India, the great battles he fought in the Punjab gained him 
 Lis peerage; and Viscount Gough died in Dublin, March, 
 1869. General Sir Robert Dick had temporary command 
 in 1841, and was killed at SoV)raon, Febriiary 10, 1846. In 
 Septembei% 1842, Lieut.-General the Marquis of Tweeddale, 
 K.T., G.C.B., G.C.H., who had served at Waterloo, assumed 
 command. His Lordship was also Governor. Passing over 
 five chiefs, we come to June, 1856, when Lieut.-General Sir 
 Patrick Grant, K.C.B. — once, as Adjutant General, Lord 
 Gough's right-hand man — assumed command, and held it 
 with honour throughout the Mutiny. He is at present 
 Governor of Chelsea Hospital, and long live Sir Patrick, 
 say we ! Among his most notable successors have been 
 Generals Sir James Hope Grant, Sir Frederick Haines (who 
 became Commander-in-Chief in India), Sir Neville Cham- 
 berlain, and Sir Frederick Roberts, who succeeded Sir 
 Donald Stewart as Indian Commander-in-Chief. His place 
 was taken at Madras by the gallant and admirable Sir 
 Herbert Macpherson, whose brilliant career has been sketched 
 by many able pens, and whose untimely death we all deeply 
 lament. Peace be to his memory ! Truly, death openeth 
 the gate to good fame, and extinguishes envy. " Extinctus 
 amabitur idem."* 
 
 * Bacon.
 
 299 
 
 SIR aEOEGE POLLOCK, BART., a.C.B., 
 G.C.S.I. 
 
 Lines suggested by the Field-Marshal's Funeral in 
 Westminster Abbey, October 16, 1872. 
 
 — — 
 
 After a well-spent life, work nobly done, 
 Nature exhausted, mourned by troops of friends, 
 Our Indian hero sleeps. But scanty honours 
 Graced such a wonderful career, for. Pollock, 
 With all who wish our Eastern Empire well — 
 And who so dead of soul not so to wish ? — 
 Thy name shall live for ever ! India, 
 When terrible disaster, deadly ruin, 
 Made all look black, and Afghan treachery 
 Was to the fore, and peace had left the land ; 
 When faith in England's power began to shake, 
 And Russia's eagle, ready for his prey. 
 Hailed the impending storm ; then came a star — 
 A " bright particular star " — which settled o'er 
 The head of Pollock, born to fight and save ! 
 Type of the Anglo-Indian General he, 
 Type of the Anglo-Indian gentleman. 
 Type of a race who shall to time unborn 
 Be linked with India's welfare and true glory ! 
 *' The last of earth" calls forth a solemn meeting; 
 Now, in the Abbey — honoured resting-place — 
 Must he be laid, where glorious dust abounds. 
 Hark ! the procession comes — what solemn music ! — 
 Statesmen and soldiers following in the train ; 
 Knights of the Bath and Star of India ranged 
 Beside the worthy freight now boi-ne aloug.* 
 * The pall-bearers consisted of three Knights Commanders of the Bath and 
 three Knights Commanders of the Star of India.
 
 300 DISTINGUISHED ANGLO-INDIANS. 
 
 Conspicuous among the Stars of India, 
 
 Lawrence,* whose energy in time of need, 
 
 In later days, did much to crush rebellion ; 
 
 And Kaye, the bounteous labours of whose pen 
 
 Have given historic truth to mighty deeds 
 
 Performed by Pollock — dreadful Khyber forced, 
 
 Brave Sale relieved, and conquest of Cabul — 
 
 A page which England will not soon let die. 
 
 The solemn service o'er, a last sad look 
 
 We take at the old warrior's resting-place, 
 
 Thinking what Antony said of noble Brutus — 
 
 " His life was gentle " — life to what poets style 
 
 " A green old age " — the elements of good 
 
 All " mixed in him ; " while some friends, loath to part. 
 
 Muse o'er the Khyber Pass — then glide away.f 
 
 * The Right Hon. Lord Lawrence, G.C.B., G.C.S.I. (late Viceroy of 
 India). 
 
 t See also Appendix IV.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 301 
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE.* 
 
 It was not long after tbe terrible emotion caused hj India's 
 severest trial, " The Sepoy Mutiny," had subsided, that, 
 while holding an important position in Central India, I had 
 the honour to form one of a small band who were anxious to 
 improve the various grades of Europeans resident at the 
 station. The means were a series of lectures. As coming 
 under the head of stLhsidiary education, they seemed particu- 
 larly well adapted to the country ; for, in the East, where 
 intellectual stagnation, even among true Britons, is so apt 
 to become lamentably frequent, should men only wish to 
 have their memories refreshed (supposing them to be " too 
 clever by half," to require any "subsidiary" knowledge), 
 what better plan than a system of lectures can be devised 
 to stimulate them to keep up an acquaintance with what 
 they once knew of the various branches of science and litera- 
 ture ? Again, the thought occurred to us that lectures, to 
 many of our hearers, would not only be subsidiary, but 
 actual primary education. For my own part, having long 
 held it to be indisputably true that " Periodical Literature 
 is a great thing," that it is a potent instrument in the educa- 
 tion of a people, it was selected for the subject — English 
 and Anglo-Indian — on two occasions, when I attempted to 
 give, with the help of a rather limited library, and the 
 assistance of a few genuine old Indians — stars of a world 
 gone by — some account of its rise, progress, and importance. 
 Having opened our campaign in July, 1859, Nagpore 
 became the second great province,t in which, during the 
 month, lectures for the diffusion of useful knowledge had 
 
 * This and the three following papers appeared in the Dark Blue for 
 July, August, and September, 1872, under the heading of "Periodical 
 Literature in India." 
 
 + On the 2nii July, a series of lectures was opened by Sir Bartle Frere, 
 Chief Commis.sioner of Sind, in the Government Eugiish School at Kurrachee.
 
 302 ANGLO-INDLIN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 been instituted. Looking back upwards of forty years, 
 the Peishwa, the Nagpore Rajab, and Holkar, were all 
 rising with one accord against tbe English. The Pindarries 
 and Mahrattas were distracting the land. 
 
 On the very ground where we had now raised our humble 
 standard to give an occasional hour's intellectual entertain- 
 ment to those who sought it, during that critical period host 
 was encountering host ; the " fatal hill " of Seetaabuldee 
 resounded with the clang of arms, and the thunder of the 
 "red artillery;" and Kagpore fell — another trophy to the 
 Saxon race ! The remarkable events in Central India during 
 that important time have been ably and graphically chroni- 
 cled in the " Life of Sir John Malcolm" — a biography which 
 will never die — by one of the brightest ornaments of our 
 Indian Periodical Literature,* to whom allusion will be 
 made in due course. And now the present writer must be 
 pardoned for commencing his subject — which professes to 
 treat of periodical literature in India only — with a piece of 
 egotism. My first serious attempt in the walk of our in- 
 digenous Indian literature was made public through the 
 pages of that popular vehicle, the Calcutta Review, some 
 twenty-seven years ago ; and any literary ardour and energy 
 I then possessed were thereby roused into a decisive state of 
 action. In the preface to the little work under review it is 
 remarked : " Literature in India may be said to be in a state 
 of inaction [18-15] with the exception of one Review, which, 
 leviathan like, plays about in the torpid pool." Again— 
 "The Calcutta Ji'eyieii?, undoubtedly the best work (Anglo- 
 Indian) we have ever had, we are afraid is not sufHciently 
 patronised in our Presidency (Madras). We have frequently 
 asked if such a person had seen the last number of the above 
 Review, when the reply would be, ' I have heard of such a 
 work, but I have never read it ; upon my soul I've no money 
 to throw away, and in fact I've not much relish for works 
 published in India : besides, who can write here ? ' — Who 
 can write here ? that is the question ! " 
 
 In this same number of the Revieiv, it may be mentioned, 
 a volume of " Prose and Verse," from the Calcutta press 
 ■was noticed : the book was written by Captain A. H. E. 
 
 * Sir John 'William Kaye, K.C.S.I., founder of tbe Calcutta Revieio ; 
 and who, true to his love of periodical literature, was present at the News- 
 paper Press Fund Dinner in London, 12th May, 1872 ; on which august 
 occasion also the chair was filled by His Grace the Duke of Argyll, Secretary 
 of State for India, who, amidst the most important ofKcial duties, in addition 
 to writing several works, has found time to communicate with various 
 periodicals (including newspapers) on subjects of vast importance.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 303 
 
 Boiloau, of the Bengal Engineers, who had taken up the 
 mantle Avhich had been -worn, and -worn so well, by Dr. 
 John Grant, Henry Meredith Parker, H. Torrens, R. 
 Rattray, Captains Macnaghten and Richardson, as the 
 supporters of Anglo-Indian Periodical Literature in days 
 gone by ; and who, now a colonel and commandant in his 
 own corps, lectured to us on " Topography " on our opening 
 night. The Colonel's various scientific attainments, and his 
 Lectures on Iron Bridges were still well-known in BengaL 
 The familial', good-humoured face comes vividly before me 
 while writing this sketch. I behold him as he is pacing 
 along, with his bearer behind him — that Oriental func- 
 tionary being always ready to receive the huge latliie (stick), 
 as long as a hop-pole, carried by the Colonel from door to 
 door, in a manner quite patriarchal — his blue frock coat, 
 with faded light-blue Bhurpoor ribbon of '26, buttoned up 
 to the throat, even in the hottest weather ; and, as he goes, 
 pouring forth to those who sought it, his boundless stock of in- 
 formation. He was a genuiiie type of the old Indian school 
 — generous to a fault, and abounding in anecdote. The 
 Colonel's appearance in the lecture-room, after the severe 
 official labours of the day, made every one happy ; and, 
 like Falstaif, he was not only witty in himself, but "the 
 cause of wit in other men." Proposing to teach his 
 audience how to take some measurement in the easiest way 
 — gained from his vast experience in surveying — seizing the 
 chalk and commencing — " You see the triangle, A B C," 
 gave promise of a rather dry lecture ; but soon the subject 
 became deeply interesting from the introduction of a well- 
 timed anecdote or illustration from his personal history; 
 and all went home delighted. Not among the least worthy 
 of old Indians departed, will appear this General (in that 
 rank he died a few years since) — a sort of chief among " the 
 old familiar faces " — one whom Charles Lamb would have 
 delighted to take by the hand ; and who, from the morning 
 of life to its close, did battle in the East for the cause of 
 knowledge and mental recreation in the small army of India's 
 periodical writers. 
 
 Shortly after being criticised, I had the audacity "to 
 become an occasional Calcutta reviewer, when I began to 
 carefully watch periodical literature in its various aspects, 
 both at home and in India ; and I became more and more 
 convinced of its power and utility in the education of a 
 people. 
 
 The number of the Calcutta (December, 1846) to which
 
 304 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 allusion lias already been made, is a very varied and interest- 
 ing one, containing six leading articles, and four " miscel- 
 laneous critical notices " — the former consisting of elaborate 
 essays on " Indian Buddhism, its Orign and Diffusion," 
 "The Cape of Good Hope," "The Urdu Language and 
 Literature," " Rammohun Roy," " Married Life in India," 
 and " The Mahommedan Controversy " — the number almost 
 a library in itself; and among the "notices," one oP a 
 " Charge delivered to the Grand Jury of Bombay by the 
 Honourable Mr. Justice Perry " (Sir Erskine, and now 
 (1872) Vice-President of the Council of India), and another 
 of an anonymous pamphlet on the " Education of the people 
 of India : its Political Importance and Advantages." The 
 reviewer sums up his notice of the latter brief essay by 
 remarking — " Undoubtedly, a sound education, widely 
 diffused throughout the native community, of all classes and 
 grades, must be regarded as one of the primary instruments 
 of its effectual amelioration ; " and as a set-off against 
 "many disappointments and drawbacks," we are informed 
 that the well-written "article in the present number, on 
 Rammohun Boi/ — whose life embraces the commencement of 
 that great social and moral revolution " through which India 
 is " now silently but surely passing " — is the bona fide 
 production of a native Hindu." 
 
 The foundation of a well-conducted periodical literature 
 in India, carefully translated into the vernacular until 
 English becomes (as it one day miist) universal, I have long 
 thought would produce the germs of a mighty revolution, 
 especially in what is now in a decided transition state — 
 the Hindu mind ; and the Mahomedans too, or those of any 
 persuasion who take an interest in their rulers, would have 
 easy access to a knowledge of our present political power, 
 and that in days gone by ; of our national amusements and 
 mental recreations, and of our scientific and literary attain- 
 ments — all borne to the mind's eye with the idea of a 
 highly Christianised civilisation. Such a hope could not 
 have been entertained at the time of the publication, in 1780, 
 of Hichifs Gazette, the first Indian newspaper.* This great 
 event in the history of periodical literature in the East 
 is duly recorded by the historian of Bengal with the import- 
 ance it so well merits : — 
 
 " On the 29th January, 1780, the first newspaper ever 
 published in India made its appearance in Calcutta." A 
 newspaper could not have been started at a better time. 
 * Calcutta Review, No. II., August, 1844, p. 314.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 305 
 
 The hands of Warren Hastings were indeed full, for he was 
 employed during the next four years, chiefly out of Bengal, 
 in managing the affairs of Benares and Oudh, in a war with 
 the renowned Hyder AH, the Rajah of Mysore, " and in 
 negotiations all over India." Bat Mr. Hicky, and the 
 society of which he wrote, afforded far from good examples 
 for the impi'ovement of the native community. " The whole 
 picture of Anglo-Indian society, at this period, was a very 
 bad one, and," remarks a Calcutta reviewer, " society must 
 have been very bad to have tolerated Hichifs Gazette " — a 
 strange contrast with the highly-polished and newsy Globe 
 and Pall Mall of our time. Infamous slander is the chief 
 material of which the first Indian journal is composed ; and 
 even Wai'ren Hastings, the first Governor-General, and the 
 dignitaries of the Supreme Court, came in for their share ; 
 wdiile colonels, missionaries, and beautiful young ladies just 
 arrived for the marriaire mart, are all mercilessly dealt with. 
 At length Mr. Hicky thought it " a duty incumbent on him to 
 inform his friends in particular, and the public in general, 
 that an attempt was made to assassinate him last Thursday 
 morning between the hours of one and two o'clock, by two 
 armed Eui'opeans, aided and assisted by a Moorman ! " Such 
 was the first Indian editor, the amusing chronicler of the gay 
 and grave doings of a great age long passed away, the scene 
 of whose labours w'as Calcutta, where, at that time, there 
 was only one church, and deep drinking was considered a 
 rational amusement. It may be interesting, while thinking 
 of the impi'ovment which has taken place since Hicky 's 
 time in our Indian newspapers, to look also at the improve- 
 ment in civil and military salaries since then — not a bad 
 theme for a I'eflective mind. When Sir Thomas Munro 
 arrived in India, as a cadet, in 1780, his pay was five 
 pagodas (17^ rupees, or 35s.*) a month, with free quarters, 
 or ten pagodas without. Five pagodas and free quarters 
 was the Avay generally followed. " Of the five pagodas," 
 Avrites Mr. Munro, " I pay two to a Dubash, one to the 
 servants of the mess, and one for hair-dressing and 
 washing; so that I have one pagoda per month to feed 
 and clothe me." Mr. Shore (afterwards Lord Teignmouth), 
 a civilian in the Secret and Pobtical Department, on his 
 arrival in India, in 17G9, had only eight rupees a month : t 
 j but the "writer," as the young civilian w^as then always 
 styled, was, in those days, allowed to trade under certain 
 
 * Taking the Sicca rupee, say £2. 
 
 t Calcutta Review, No. I., May, 1814, p. 17.
 
 306 ANGLO-INDIAN PEKIODICAL LITEEATURE. 
 
 restrictions. The mention of such eminent men suggests 
 others of gi'eat celebrity in India, who, during the latter 
 portion of the eighteenth century, even supposing no 
 difficulty existed in paying for the newspaper or periodical, 
 could not get the article of the intellectual quality they 
 desii'ed. It was a dark night, even in England for the broad- 
 sheet. The sunny days of a penny Daily Neivs, Telegraph, 
 Globe, or Standard, and halfpenny Echo, were yet far re- 
 mote. The future Sir John Malcolm, and Lord Metcalfe — of 
 whom the biographer of the former has also written so 
 well, and who was born in Calcutta in 1785, or two yeai's 
 after the great soldier aud political, " Jan Malcolm 
 Sahib," arrived in India — during their early labours must 
 have gained but little assistance from the Indian press, of 
 which Sir Charles Metcalfe was afterwards styled the 
 Liberator, and on whose account the noble Metcalfe Hall, 
 on the banks of the Hooghly, was erected by the citizens 
 of Calcutta to perpetuate his name. 
 
 Under the administration of Lord Cornwallis, or from 
 1786 to 1793, the tone of social morality in India became 
 much improved. The Calcutta Review informs us that the 
 India Gazette of 1778 has an editoral congratulating its 
 readers on the fact " that the pleasures of the bottle, and 
 the too prevailing enticements of play, were now almost 
 universally sacrificed to the far superior attractions of 
 female society." It was the old story, now told in India, 
 which had long been told in other parts of the world, and of 
 which the editor of the India Gazette must have been an 
 admirer, while bewailing bachelor life in Calcutta : — 
 
 " Still slowly pass'ij the melanclioly day, 
 
 And still the stranger wist not where to stray. 
 The world was sad ! — the garden was a wild ! — 
 And man, the hermit, sigh'd — till woman smiled." 
 
 Or, perhaps, the ideas of the lively Moore regarding the 
 " superior attractions of female society," would have been 
 more palatable to the editor of the India Gazette than those 
 of the more sober Campbell, as in the well-known verse 
 of the Irish melody : — 
 
 " Oh ! 'tis sweet to think that where'er we rove, 
 
 We are sure to find something blissful and dear ; 
 And that when we are far from the lips we love, 
 
 "We have bat to make love to the lips we are near! " 
 
 But such a " defence of inconstancy" — such a piloting off 
 and bidding " good-bye ! " — may be unjust to an age in
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 307 
 
 India when tlie precocious 3'outh, the " girl of the period," 
 and the periodical of sensational tales, had not yet appeared 
 in England. 
 
 It is strange to think of what such men as Hicky and the 
 above-mentioned editor would write about the law of pro- 
 gress, could they now behold Young Bengal in his railway 
 carriage or steamer, with his Friend, Ij nglisliman, Ph(jenix, 
 or Pioneer — all ministering to his social wants. Shades of 
 Caxton, "Watt, and Stephenson, the reality is a stern one ! 
 
 On the 29th May, 1818, under the administration of Lord 
 Hastings, the first efforts to improve the native mind by 
 education, and by periodical literature in the shape of a 
 native newspaper, were made. The joui'nal appeared from 
 the Serampoi^e Press, and was styled the Suniachar Durpmi. 
 Lord Hastings took it into Council, and allowed it to be 
 circulated at one-fourth of the ordinary postage. About 
 the same period the Calcutta School-book Society was 
 formed. Thousands of Natives began to learn the English 
 language, and there was every sign of Jfational Education 
 struggling to be born. There is not space here to enter into 
 even a brief account of the restrictions on the Indian press, 
 after the departure of Lord Hastings ; of the ejectment of 
 Mr. Buckingham by Mr. John Adams ; of the comparative 
 freedom of the Indian journals during the last two years of 
 Lord Amherst's administration ; of the attacks on Lord 
 William Bentinck for carrying out his masters' (the Cour'./ 
 of Directors') orders, and the consequent renewed restric- 
 tion on the press ; or of its liberation by Sir Charles Met- 
 calfe in September, 1835. About the year 1832 there were 
 several Bengali newspapers, also a Bengali Magazine. 
 
 Let us now turn to the stars of Anglo-Indian periodical 
 literature, some of which went out while giving fair promise 
 of more glory, and to those whom to know was an honour, 
 who, in their maturer years, thought sometimes with pride 
 of the delight their writings gave while life's morning was 
 opening on a brilliant Indian career. 
 
 I shall here bring the editorial We into operation, which 
 was first adopted by the Printer, " the ostensible director 1 
 the paper,"* in 1640 ; just eighteen years after the first 
 printed newspaper appeared in London — the Weekly News of 
 Nathaniel Butter. 
 
 Of course the mighty Oriental (Hindustani) Hum (We) 
 has existed from time immemorial. The first work we shall 
 turn to is the " Bengal Annual," of which the number for 
 * Andrews. 
 
 X 2
 
 308 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 1833 lies before us. This was a very successful publication 
 wbile it lasted, and very superior in literary merit to some of 
 the Eng'lish. Annuals. It was maintained for a few years at 
 first without any engravings, but latterly with embellishments 
 from Europe, which probably caused its abandonment as 
 being too costly for India, and consequently unremunerative. 
 Its principal contributors were Henry Meredith Parker, of 
 the Bengal Civil Service ; Captain D. L. Richardson (editor) ; 
 John Grant, Apothecary- General ; Lieutenant A. H. E. 
 Boileau (the familiar face before mentioned), and numerous 
 others, all of whose names are given in the respective 
 volumes, which contain no anonymous productions. W. T. 
 Robertson, C.S., R. H. Rattray, Lieutenants Macgregor and 
 Westmacott, the Hon. Sir John Malcolm, Mrs. Hough, and 
 Miss Anna Maria Mowatt, in addition to the names above 
 mentioned, figure in a list of about fifty contributors to the 
 " Bengal Annual " for 1833. 
 
 The volume, standing entirely on its literary merits — 
 typography very good, bound in red (not morocco), with, 
 gilt edges, not a single illustration — opens with " An 
 Oriental Tale," by the highly accomplished and versatile 
 Henry Meredith Parker. This being the fourth number of 
 the "Annual," which would make its foundation date from 
 1830, the London critics had ample time to decide on the 
 merit of the Eastern stranger. The thing, to exist well, 
 must be decidedly Oriental, was the unanimous voice from 
 which there is no appeal. When men go to India to seek 
 their fortunes, and women to the marriage-mart, to carry out 
 what Dr. Johnson styles the great end of female education, 
 to get husbands (an idea now exploded, but which the learned 
 Doctor might have thought more sensible than soliciting 
 "Female Suffrage" at home!) said the critics, when they 
 take up the pen they must leave their British character 
 behind them, and give us something of the marvellous, and 
 Oriental-picturesque that we do not know. To please such 
 a fastidious race, the " Oriental Tale " came forth ; and it 
 was thought so worthy of giving a flavour to " Bole Ponjis," 
 that it appears in Mr Parker's collected writings under that 
 title, published in 1851. Remarks from the Monthly Heview 
 and Morning Herald head the contribution, the former 
 probably written by some lineal descendant of Smollett's 
 friend. Mother Griffiths ; and they may be accepted as 
 curiosities of literature : — 
 
 "To us, at- this side of the Ganges (which side?), subjects entirely Indian, 
 or at least Asiatic, would be in gent ral mui'b more acreptHble then those 
 ■which we can easily obtain in our nortLern climate." — Month/)/ Review.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PEKIODICAL LITERATURE. 309 
 
 " Tlie 'Bengal Annual ' comes from about our antipodes (really !) — from 
 the Calcutta Piess, ami is printed upon Indian paper. It would be well if 
 the Ea-tern character had entered a little more into its contents." — Morning 
 Herald. 
 
 The tale is full of fun and ricli humour. Mounted on the 
 pedestal of purpose, the tale-teller shouts forth : " Joseph, a 
 duwaat (ink-stand), filled with the blackest ink of Agra, 
 and 40,000 new Persian cullums (pens). Good ! A fresh, 
 chillum ; saturate the tatties with goolaub, scatter little 
 mountains of roses, chumpah, and baubul blossoms about 
 the room ; bring me a vast serai of iced sherbert, pure juice 
 of the pomegranate, you understand, and now here goes ! " 
 
 And now commences an Oriental tale with a vengeance : — 
 
 "The snakes were prodigiously lively — thermometer stood precisely at 
 138° Fahrenheit in the sun, but was some degrees lower in the sha'le. There 
 is an uproar ! A tiger and a buffalo, coming to drink up the last quart of 
 water which lies in a little patch of marsh, have got themselves into a suffi- 
 ciently absurd situation: a jJayful boa has cmbiaced them both. He, poor 
 good-natured creature, quite unconscious of their dissatisfaction, has judi- 
 ciously wrapped his tail round a pretty extensive clump of teak trees, and 
 with the spare end of his body is uncomnioiily busy cracking the ribs of his 
 companions, which go off like so many muskets, and otherwise preparing 
 them in the most approved manner amongst boas for his supper. I said the 
 snakes were prodigiously lively. " 
 
 And so on, from, the cracking of a tiger's tooth, fairly 
 shivered by the heat, down to the adventures of Kubbadar 
 Cham, Major Mimms, and his beloved Nealini. The escape 
 of the dark-eyed Nealini and the redoubted Mimms from the 
 pile which had been fired to burn them, is told with great 
 humour ; and the author, near the end, asks, " Who does not 
 recollect the parties of the accompli.shed Lady Mimms at 
 her mansion in Portland Place ; her golden pawn-box ; her 
 diamond Hookah ; the emerald in her nose, and her crimson 
 silk trousers ? " And again : " Who does not recollect 
 General Sir Godfredo Mimms, K.C.B., with his side curls 
 and his pigtail ? " &c., &c. 
 
 With reference to the "side curls" thus mentioned as 
 ■worn by the gallant Mimms, he may have worn them before 
 he became a knight ; and English readers will be inclined 
 to allow a touch of fact to the above picture when they 
 learn that, not very many years before the present writer 
 went to India, a Commander-in-Chief's Order appeared in 
 Madras, forbidding young officers to wear "side combs," as 
 giving an " effeminate appearance " to officers in the Army ; 
 •which most sensible Order, by the way, was said to have 
 been wiitten by His Excellency's admirable and gifted
 
 310 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITEEATURE. 
 
 lady !* Kot a few who rose in the Madras army will recol- 
 lect this Order. 
 
 The Calcatta Reviewer of " Bole Ponjis " says truly of 
 Parker's writings : " There is many a transition from grave 
 to gay, from lively to severe ; but the prevalent characteristic 
 of them is humour, which occasionally, as in the ' Oriental 
 Tale,' becomes broad and open-mouthed, but which is 
 generally of that chastened and tasteful kind which was 
 probably more appreciated in former times than in these 
 days."t 
 
 II. 
 
 Had Thomas De Quiucey and Professor Wilson (Christopher 
 North) served in India, Avhat splendid contributions to 
 Anglo-Indian periodical literature might have been expected 
 from two such writers I How the Professor especially, in a 
 country so stupendous, darkly mystical, and pagan, whose 
 very ruins have an aspect of sublimity about them, would 
 have added to what De Quincey, his friend and critic, styles, 
 with reference to his periodical papers, " a florilefjium of 
 thoughts, the most profound and the most gorgeously illus- 
 trated that exist in human composition !" And what lights 
 and shadows of Anglo-Indian life could Wilson have painted I 
 That grief and joy are sisters, Christopher North in the 
 " Noctes " — as the philosophical Adam Smith did before him 
 — has sternly insisted on : " And this warld, ye ken, sir, and 
 nane kens better, was made for grief as well as for joy." % 
 How true it is that their very lives depend " on one and the 
 same eternal law !" In India, perhaps, the sisters lie nearer 
 to each other than in England. There would seem to be an 
 intensity of feeling, even in the little occurrences of common 
 life, in the company with which we spent the evening last 
 night, and in " those frivolous nothings which fill up the 
 void of human life," unknown elsewhere. 
 
 The exuberance of joy, the excess of grief — say, in the one 
 case, from the exilarating morning ride ; to the sportsman, 
 from the pleasure and excitement of the wild-boar hunt ; to 
 the soldiei', from the pi'ospect of service and distinction ; to 
 the student, from the various phases of life in the "gorgeous- 
 East; " or from the brilliant social evening gathering at 
 
 * See also " Notes on some Mariras Cominanders-in-Cliief, " after Supple- 
 mentary Chapter to " Distinguished Anglo-Indians." 
 t Calcutta Jievieiv, No. XXXII., December, 1851. 
 + Nodes Amhro&iunce, or, "Nights at Ambrose's."
 
 . ANGLO-INDIAN PEEIODICAL LITEEATUKE. 311 
 
 the band ; — and in the other, from the not unfrequent sud- 
 denness of death ; from the feeling of exile ; from the neces- 
 sity of what has been styled " the grand Indian sorrow " 
 — parting with one's children ; — these and a hundred other 
 joys and sorrows are truly intense in the Indian land. 
 
 From gay to grave then, is a most . natural step ; and 
 before parting with the " Bengal Annual " we shall present 
 our readers with nearly the whole of a little poem, forming 
 a strange contrast with the humorous " Oriental Tale," 
 cited at the conclusion of our last paper : — 
 
 THE NEW-MADE GRAVE.' 
 By H. M. Parker, Esq., C.S. 
 
 The grave ! for whom ? 
 What traveller on life's solemn path hath won 
 The quiet resting-place ? whose toil is done ? 
 
 Who Cometh to the tomb ? 
 
 Is it the sage, 
 Who, through the vista of a life well past, 
 Looked calmly forward to this lone, this last, 
 
 This silent hermitage ? 
 
 Is it the brave, 
 The laurelled soldier of a hundred fields, 
 To whom the land he nobly warred for yields 
 
 A peaceful, honoured grave ? 
 
 Doth the matron come, 
 Whom many bright-eyed mourners of her race 
 Will weep, when looking on hsv vacant [dace, 
 
 By the hearth of their sad home 1 
 
 When the day. dies, 
 Not unannounced conies the dark starry ni^^ht ; 
 To purple twilight melts the golden light 
 
 Of the resplendent skies. 
 
 And man, too, bears 
 The warning signs upon liis furrowed cheek, 
 In his dimmed eye, and silvere 1 hair, which speak 
 
 The twilight of our years. 
 
 But, oh ! 'tis grief 
 To part with those who still upon their brow 
 Bear life's spring garland, wiih hope's sunny glow 
 
 On every verdant leaf. 
 
 To see the rose 
 Opening her fragrant glories to the light — 
 Half bud, half blossom, kissed by the cold blight 
 
 And perish ere it blows.
 
 312 ANGLO-INDIAN PEEIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 In our humble opinion, " the twilight of our years " is a 
 beautiful idea simply rendered. 
 
 " The Draught of Immortality, and other Poems," by the 
 same writer, is the title of a volume published in London in 
 1827. It reminds us at once of the famed amreeta cup in 
 the " Curse of Kehama " — a poem condemned early in this 
 century by the Edinlrargh reviewei's because they did not 
 understand its mythological beauties — of which Kehama 
 drinks, hoping to gain a blessed immortality ; but Siva, the 
 destroyer, has doomed him " to live and burn eternally." 
 The graceful Kailyal drinks, and becomes a thing of im- 
 mortal bliss ; and father, daughter, and Glendoveer (good 
 spirit), are now^ all enjoying happiness in the Hindu paradise. 
 By Avriting " Kehama," Lord Byron said that Southey had 
 " tied another canister to his tail "—the first canister being 
 " Thalaba," severely handled in the EcUnhurgh in 1802. 
 "By the way," writes the admirable Heber, some twenty 
 years later, " what a vast amount of foolish prejudice exists 
 about Southey and his writings." Few had read a line of 
 his works, but all were inclined to criticise him ; and now 
 the " Kehama " is best known to the English public through 
 the •' Rejected Addresses :" — 
 
 " I am a blessed Glendoveer : 
 'Tis luine to tpeak, and jours to hear ! " * 
 
 Parker always received more kindness froni his reviewers 
 than the voluminous and versatile poet laureate. " The 
 Draught of Immortality," by our great contributor to Anglo- 
 Indian periodical literature, sometimes 7-eminds us of Moore 
 in " Lalla Rookh." The former has only twenty pages ; the 
 latter is an elaborate volume; but as the critics praised the 
 " extraordinary accuracy of Mr. Moore, in his topographical, 
 antiquarian, and characteristic details," even Sir John 
 Malcolm saying the poet wrote "with the truth of the his- 
 torian " — this same " Tom Moore," Byron's fiiend, let it be 
 remembered, never having visited the glorious East — we are 
 inclined to think that Parker, who knew and could describe 
 Oriental scenes so well, could have written, had he turned 
 his mind to it, the next best Oriental poem in the English 
 language to "Lalla Rookh." 
 
 And now we proceed with our sketch. The Meerut Universal 
 Magazine, commonly called " M. U. M." from its initials — 
 
 * "The imitation of the diction and n'cai-ure, we (hink, is nc'trly almost 
 lerfect ; an'l the descriptions as good as the original." — Note to "The 
 Rebuilding, by K. S.," fioni the EiUnhuryh Jiiview.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN rEPJODICAL LITEEATUEE. 313 
 
 thongh, as a facetious friend observed, it was by no means 
 vium in its character — was an exceedingly able periodical, 
 got lip principally by the late Sir Henry Elliott and Mr. H. 
 Torrens, who also founded and contributed largely to the 
 Meerut Observer. The latter journal was established in 1832, 
 and is supposed to have been the first newspaper published 
 in the Upper Provinces. Captain Harvey Tuckett — after- 
 wards famous in the black-bottle duel with Lord Cardigan, 
 to whose regiment (the 10th Hussars) he belonged — was 
 also a contributor to the Meerut journal, and the initials 
 " H. T." not unfrequently caused confusion. Here we 
 may say that two of the most distinguished Bengal civi- 
 lians that ever lived were Indian editors; and the three 
 writers, Torrens, Elliott, and Meredith Parker, were not 
 only three of the most brilliant men that ever did honour 
 to the Civil Service of the East India Company, but three 
 of the greatest, in the face of many obatacles, that ever did 
 credit to our Anglo-Indian periodical literature. In general 
 ability, for writing on any subject, Mr. H. Toi-rens appears 
 to have seldom been surpassed by those to whom literature 
 was not a profession. He was a classical scholar, had made 
 himself master of most of the European languages, and 
 had won a name in Oriental literature. He had not so 
 large a share of purely poetical inspiration as his friend 
 Patker, but he had quite as much quickness and versa- 
 tility of mind. He seemed rather to have resembled Sir 
 Henry Elliott in his mental acquirements than his other 
 contemporaries. Writing just after the intelligence of Sir 
 Henry's death at the Cape, Mr. Hume remarks: — "In 
 their love for Eastern learning they were alike, and so 
 they were in versatility of talent. Both were accomplished 
 scholars, and the charm of the society in which they 
 moved."* Mr. Torrens, amidst all his official labours and 
 anxieties, found that which only great minds are able to 
 find for everything — time. Parker was another example of 
 this admirable faculty ; and that great " utilitarian," Lord 
 William Bentinck, who admired him (H. M. P.) for his ver- 
 satile genius, was forced to admit " what he had hitherto 
 considered impossible, that literary attainments and intelli- 
 gence in dry official routine were qualifications Avhich ad- 
 mitted of a happy combination." In addition to his other 
 works, Torrens wrote " Remarks on the Scope and Uses 
 of Military Literature and History," published in January, 
 
 * Biographical Memoir, by James Hume, Esq. (p. 108), published with 
 " WritJDgs Prose and foetical," by Henry Torrens, Esq., B.A., vol. i.
 
 314 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 1846, in the weekly Eastern Star (with the daily Morning 
 Star, edited by Hume), and afterwards as a volume ; and 
 the Calcutta Bevieiu declared that the work was written with 
 " great ability and clearness of analysis : evincing in the 
 author intellectual powers of a high order, no less than 
 extensive acquirements." In a welcome to the R. W. Br. 
 Burnes, K.H. (1840), Mr. Torrens has the following graceful 
 verse, which may be acceptable to " brothers of the mystic 
 tie," or to " sons of light," as Burnes' kinsman, the great 
 poet, also styles them, and who are more numerous and 
 zealous in their good work in India than is generally sup- 
 posed : — 
 
 " Had you wandered among us all penniless poor, 
 
 With no hope on the ocean, no home on tlie land. 
 Oh ! the key that you wot of had opened each door, 
 
 And each brother stood by you with lip, heart, and hand." 
 
 It has been already remarked that the Meernt Observer was 
 probably the first English newspaper published in the N.W., 
 or Upper Provinces. The " Agra Ukhbar " (Agra News) was 
 another receptacle about the same time, and several years 
 later, for, in addition to brilliant leaders, all sorts of small 
 periodical writing, such as growls from subalterns and apothe- 
 caries, and complaints from parties proceeding to the hills, 
 composed of such valuable materials to every society, as 
 beautiful youug ladies with their admirers, disappointed 
 widows, and manoeuvring mothers ! 
 
 Having touched on such delicate ground, at the risk of 
 being considered slightly out of strict chronological order — 
 for we should ere this have been with Captain David Lester 
 Richardson (the famed "D. L. R."), and the Calcutta Literacy, 
 Gazette — wo proceed to remark that the " Mountain Wreath " 
 was got up at Mussoorie, in 1834, by the brothers French, 
 of the Civil Service, Captain Ai thur Broome, of the Bengal 
 Artillery, and others (including Lieutenant A. H. E. Boileau), 
 and was illustrated with drawings, running only to two or 
 three numbers, and was never put in print, though some of 
 its articles were equal to the general run of those in the 
 " Bengal Annual." Mountain air, if anything can, should 
 rarefy the intellect ; and this is, perhaps, the reason why 
 the leaders in the principal London journals are so much 
 more brilliant in and immediately after August than before. 
 Catching a fine trout, or shooting a brace or two of grouse, 
 is the best of all medicines for a worn city editor. How he 
 would enjoy a day's recreation, even without the grouse and
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PEKIODICAL LITEEATmE. 315 
 
 trout, in the magnificent valley of the Dehra Doon ! Mus- 
 soorie 7,000, and Landour 8,000 feet above the sea, are almost 
 close together, on the northern side of the Doon. The views 
 from these sanitaria for Europeans are very beantiful, cor- 
 responding in this respect with the famed ISTeilgherries 
 (bine mountains) of the Madras Presidency. No level 
 ground, and the houses b^^ilt upon terraces cut out of the 
 solid rock, it really is to be wondered at why the " Mountain 
 Wreath " was not a decided success ! What sublime ideas 
 could some of our London poets attain — the vapid " Fleshly 
 School " included — by writing with the eye resting on the 
 north upon " successive tiers of mountain ranges, terminat- 
 ing in the snowy peaks of the Himalaya ! "* We shall dis- 
 miss the " Mountain Wreath " with a little anecdote of one 
 of its contributors, which is not unknown to several officers 
 of the old Indian army. It may be styled 
 
 WAITING FOE A GOVERNOR. 
 
 Two voung officers, one being the periodical writei', called 
 to pay their respects to the Lieutenant-Governor of the 
 Noi'th-West Provinces. Only those who have been in India 
 can fully estimate the high position of such a functionary. 
 His Honour happened to be absent at the time of the visit; 
 but, after some time, returning, the grey-beai'ded cliiiprassie 
 announced that there were two gentlemen waiting to see the 
 hurra sahib (great master). Gazing with his searching eyes 
 on the middle of the reception-room, " Where are they ? " 
 inquired his Honour, in the purest Persian. " Dekho, 
 sahib ! " (" See, sir ! ") exclaimed the faithful Mussulman, 
 pointing to two corners of the room, in one of which was 
 our periodical friend standing on his head, his uniform 
 making the attitude more ludicrous ; and in the other stood 
 his brother officer in a similar position, both seemingly 
 determined not to be deprived of amusement while waiting 
 for a Lieutenant-Governor ! 
 
 Should this Anglo-Indian sketch fall into the hands of 
 the philanthropic Earl of Shaftesbury,! his Lordship may 
 bring to memory the conclusion of his speech on the second 
 reading of the Acrobat's Bill (July 4, 1874) : — " At one of the 
 
 * To roniplete tlic picture of such a mfignificent field for the poet : — " On 
 the south, the Dehra Doon, more than 4,000 feet below, appears with its 
 fields, forests and rivulets, and beyond the Pewalik range, as far as the 
 vision can reach, are seen the fertile plains of Upper India," 
 
 t The death of this highly esteemed nobleman, in 1885, was, in many 
 respects, a national calamity.
 
 816 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 schools witli wliich lie was acquainted, there was a boy who, 
 in consequence of having undergone his training, could not 
 do his lessons unless he went and stood on his head in a 
 corner for three or four minutes every now and then." 
 (Laughter.) Perhaps the accomplished officers just cited* 
 thought the act requisite to give the necessary composure to 
 ask for an aj^pointment as well as to amuse ! But, whether 
 from necessity or a love of the ludicrous, we see in life, 
 every day, clever men as well as boys playing " fantastic 
 tricks before high heaven." 
 
 Let us now turn to the Calcutta Literary Gazette, which 
 brings us to think of the literary labours of Captain D. L. 
 Richardson. This pei'iodical was established upwards of 
 forty years ago, was tolerably successful for some years, 
 when it declined and became merged into the Saturday 
 edition of the Bengal Surkaru (messenger), the old Calcutta 
 journal, which had previously swallowed up and attached to 
 its popular name the old India Gazette. The original was 
 printed after the fashion of its English prototype ; but 
 though containing very able and interesting articles, it does 
 not appear to have paid as a literary speculation ; and it 
 perhaps weakened its resources by decling to insert anony- 
 mous articles even when authenticated by their authors. 
 The Literarij Gazette seems to be an unfortunate name for 
 a journal. There is something not sufficiently defined about 
 it. Jerdan did a great deal for the London journal, which 
 he founded ; but when he left it, the change of hands was 
 manifest, till at length it disappeared from the scene, and 
 became merged in some other paper. 
 
 Richardson's literary fame commenced with the " Literary 
 Leaves." His " Selection from the British Poets," with 
 notices biogi-aphical and critical, were compiled and callected 
 for the use of the Government Educational Institution of 
 Bengal. In the work, partly written from this, entitled 
 " Lives of the British Poets," there are what a Calcutta re- 
 viewer says pervade the " Literary Leaves," — " a fine taste 
 and acute observation, combined with a polished style and 
 a most candid exercise of the critic's office." We recollect 
 the literary " Chit-Chat," while it was being published in 
 the " Literary Gazette" of the " Hurkura," in 1847; just 
 seventeen years after Richardson became a giant in Anglo- 
 Indian periodical literature, fourteen years after the publica- 
 tion of his " Ocean Sketches and Other Poems," and twelve 
 after that of his chief work, the " Literary Leaves." 
 * Both of tLem rose to bigh rack and position.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 317 
 
 To give some idea of his work as an editor, the following 
 is a correct enumeration of his labours in this respect : — 
 
 Bengal Anmial, from 1830 to 1836 . . 7 Vols. 
 
 CaJcuita Literary Gazette, from 1830 to 1835 . 6 ,, 
 Calc^itta Magazine, from 1830 to 1833 . . 10 ,, 
 
 Total . . .23 Vols. 
 
 As a volume, the lively and earnest " Chit-Chat " was 
 reviewed, with his other works, in the Calcutta of Sep- 
 tember, 184-8. And a most elaborate and learned review 
 it is — one hundred and twenty pages on the " Litei'ary 
 Labours of D. L. Ricliardson." The reviewer brings out 
 Macaulay in an arrogant light, hinting that " D. L. R." 
 "wished " the mighty member of the Council," the Whig 
 and Edinburgh Reviewer, the " monopoliser " of all conver- 
 sation, the idol for the hour in Calcutta, to write for him. 
 What a catch he would have been ! But fancy the brilliant 
 man of genius, who had read every book and knew every- 
 thing, fancy him " condescending to write one line for a 
 Calcutta Annital, or a Literary Gazette ! " 
 
 Puring the appearance, every Saturday, of the Chit. Chat, 
 "Agellius" — a writer whose will was perhaps greater than 
 his power to become a star in Anglo-Indian periodical 
 literature — published a series of " Saturday Sketches " in 
 the Literary Gazette of the Hurkaru." Among them were 
 the "Author in India," the " Missionary," the " Cantonment 
 Beauty " (this would make a capital title for a novel !}, the 
 "Apothecary," the "Eccentric Captain," the "Indian 
 Editor," &c. — the whole an attempt to sketch some of the 
 principal portraits in the chequered drama of Anglo-Indian 
 life. He also wrote in the same journal "A New Review 
 of an Old Poem — Southey's Curse of Kehama ! " 
 
 Let us now turn to a goodly tome, " The Calcutta Monthly 
 Journal and General Register of Occurrences throughout 
 the British Dominions in the East, forming an Epitome of 
 the Indian Press for the year 1838."* This remarkable 
 volume, in size reminding one of Lord Macaulay's famous 
 description of Dr. Nares' work on " Burleigh and his Times " 
 — which book "contains as much reading as an ordinary 
 library " — commences with an admirable biographical and 
 critical sketch of D. L. R. and his works, by Mi', (now Sir 
 John) Kaye, who was a true friend of Richardson's to the 
 
 * Third series, vol. iv.
 
 318 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 last, wlien friendship and kindness were most required. The 
 remarks concerning the difficulties under which a writer 
 labours in our Indian community are of great value : — 
 " Almost everybody in Calcutta knows the names, and perhaps 
 the persons, of each writer in the different periodicals .... 
 One person will not think much of a writer who happened 
 to be, many years ago at college, inferior to him in scholastic 
 attainments ; another will recognize in a particular writer 
 a junior officer, and will not admit of intellectual, where 
 there is not military precedence ; a third will say that A. 
 is un-educated, or B. quite a boy, or C. too fond of society — 
 and thus deny their right to set themselves up as public in- 
 structors. But all this is exceedingly unfair, exceedingly 
 mortifying, and exceedingly embarrassing. The writings, 
 not the writers, should be canvassed." No man — civilian, 
 military officer, or merchant — who ever came to India, had 
 perhaps, so much right to utter such opinions as Mr. Kaye, 
 who founded the Calcutta Review six years afterwards, 
 Every word is truth, and defies question. It is most in- 
 teresting to get some earlier glimpses than we have yet given 
 at the life of such a man as D. L. R. 
 
 According to the sketch we wish to introduce to our 
 readers, David Lester Richardson was born in the first year 
 of the present century. When only eight years old he lost 
 his father,* a Colonel of the Bengal Establishment, who 
 conti-ibuted to the " Asiatic Researches," and was an excel- 
 lent Oriental linguist. D. L. R. entered the Company's 
 service in I8I9, and first appeared as a poet in 1820, "when 
 he began to send his verses to the Calcutta Journal, which 
 was then under Buckingham's editorial management." 
 
 Soon after ai'rival in Europe, on medical certificate (in 
 1826), Richardson, through the publication of " Sonnets and 
 other Poems," became admired in London as a poet. Regard- 
 ing this difficult style of writing, Mr. Kaye says that most 
 of the sonnets are " exquisitely finished and full of genuine 
 poetry. We think that, with the exception of Milton's and 
 Wordsworth's they are equal to any in the language." As 
 a proof of his volume's popularity, it was included in a 
 well-known diamond edition of the British poets, Richardson 
 being " the only living bard whose works are included in 
 the collection" (1827). About this time the Indian sub- 
 altern established in the Metropolis the London WeeJdy 
 Beviev, expending thereon a large portion of his patrimony, 
 which was considerable. His uncle, Colonel Sherwood, of 
 * He was lost on his passage home to Europe.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 319 
 
 tlie Artillery, liad often said to liim, " You ai-e the richest 
 ensign in India ; if you go home yon will return a beggar." 
 The Colonel's pi^ediction was in a fair way of being verified. 
 D. L. R. edited The Weekhj Beview (of which he was sole 
 proprietor), " in conjunction with Mr. St. John, aathor of 
 the ' Anatomy of Society,' ' Margaret Ravenscroft,' and some 
 works of Oriental travel. Hazlitt, Bowring, Roscoe, Moir, 
 Pringle, and many other eminent writers were amongst the 
 contributors to this journal." So, no wonder, when he wrote 
 in such splendid company, that the pi'oprietor of this most 
 talented and " most honest weekly periodical " should one 
 day become such an ornament to periodical literature in 
 India. In 1828, Richardson sold The WeeJchj Review to Mr. 
 Colbuim, and "began to think he had better return to his 
 old profession in India." When it was known that he was 
 about to return, his literary associates gave him a farewell 
 dinner, at which Thomas Campbell, the poet, presided. 
 Martin, "the poet-painter," and General Miller, who had 
 distinguished himself by his " more than chivalrous services " 
 in South America, were present ; and the poet of " Hope," 
 and some of the finest and most stirring odes in our language, 
 considered the meeting as " an occasion of offering their 
 sincere congratulations to their friend and guest, on the 
 literary reputation he had already so creditably achieved, 
 and their fervent hopes that his departure for India, which, 
 he had resolved upon, for reasons perfectly consistent with 
 the spirit and manliness of his chai'actcr, would furnish no 
 bar to his fair and promising prospects in literature." 
 
 "We cannot part with Mr. Kaye's sketch of D. L. R. with- 
 out remai'king on the excellence of the criticism contained 
 therein. He tries to do his author full justice, and evinces 
 "what are styled the characters of taste — delicacy and 
 correctness at every turn : — " ' The Ocean Sketches ' are 
 bright, Turner-like sea-views — they ai'e beautiful, and 
 dazzling, and highly-coloured ; they attract the e3'e at once, 
 but we cannot linger on them— they awaken scenic remem- 
 brances, but not heartfelt associations, and therefore they do 
 not dwell upon the mind. The spirit of humanity pervades 
 them not. They are gorgeous views without a figure in 
 them, and therefoi'e they lack vitality. This is a fault, 
 w^hich, we acknowledge, lies more in the subject than in the 
 execution of the pictures ; but we have a fault to find with 
 their execution. ' The Ocean Sketches ' are overladen with 
 epithets," &c. 
 
 Again, the reviewer, alluding to Richardson's " Home
 
 320 ANGLO-INDIAN PEUIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Visions " being realised when once again he trod the shores 
 of Old England, gives utterance to the following natui-al 
 reflections, with which every Indian officer with a soul must 
 agree : — " Oh ! is it not worth a few years' exile — a few 
 years of heart solitude in a strange land — to feel the exult- 
 ing spirit, the bounding pulse, the access of animal life, the 
 buoyancy, the hopes which stir within us, when we plant our 
 foot upon the strand of Merry England, and feel its mild 
 airs breathing on us once more ? " This feeling is increas- 
 ing ; men no longer consider India as their home. Even the 
 proposed hill colonies will not do away with the joyful 
 expression — so dear to every true Briton — "This is my own, 
 my native land ! " 
 
 The most famous literary competitor with Richardson was 
 Dr. Hutchinson, Secretary to the Medical Board, and author 
 of the " Sunyasse," a poem which, although possessing fine 
 touches of feeling and fancy, was attacked with " all the 
 virulence of offended criticism."* But the Doctor's merits, says 
 a Calcutta reviewer, were not " fairly tested." With reference 
 to Richardson's prose, Mr. Kaye records his opinion that 
 " in grace of diction and felicity of expression, few writers 
 have surpassed D. L. R." A small extract from the essay 
 " On Children " — quoted by the biographer and critic — will 
 at once convince our readers of the truth of this remark : — 
 
 " The changing looks and attitudes of children afford a perpetual feast to 
 every eye that has a true perception of grace and beauty : they surpass the 
 sweetest creitions of the poet or the painter. They are prompted by maternal 
 Nature, who keeps an incessant watch over her infant favourites, and directs 
 
 their minutest movements, and their most evanescent thoughts 
 
 It is a swret enjoyment to watch the first trliramering of the human mind, 
 and to greet the first signs of j ly thit give life anl animation to the pissive 
 beauty of an infant's face, like the ea>iiest streaks of sunshine upon opening 
 flowers. But, alas ! this pleasure is too often interrupted by the sad reflec- 
 tion that the bright dawn of existence is succeeded by a comparatively 
 clouded noon, and an almost starless night. Each year of our life is a step 
 lower on the radiant ladder that leals to heaven, and when we at last descend 
 into the horrible vault of death, our htst hope is that we may rise again to a 
 state resembling the happy purity of our childhood." 
 
 In this same number of the Calcutta Mo-ntldy Journal, we 
 have ten biographical sketches (including that of D. L. R.), 
 each lord of human kind being honoured with a capitally- 
 etched portrait for the august occasion. James Sutherland ; 
 Lieutenant J, W. Kaye, Hon. Company's Artillery; Sir 
 
 Calcutta Review for Dicember, 1845.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 321 
 
 Edward Ryan ; John Pearson, Esq., Advocate General ; Sir 
 J. P. Grant, Puisne Judge, Calcutta ; the soi-disant Raja 
 Pertaub Cliund ; John Ross Hutchinson, Esq. ; Longueville 
 Loftus Clarke, M.A., F.R.S. ; Alexander Ross, Esq., late Presi- 
 dent of the Council of India — all pass before us in rapid 
 succes.sion, as brilliant members of a society which — 
 originally springing from the middle classes — has seldom 
 been equalled upon earth. In the Journal, also, we have a 
 few glimpses of the " great literary Lycurgus, Mr. Macaulay." 
 VYc learn that, while in Calcutta, he undertook to prepare 
 a work of selections from our prose writers, to correspond 
 with a similar work on our poets, by Richardson (then 
 Professor of Literature in the Hindu College) ; but, having 
 sketched out the design, he left it to be completed by Sir 
 Edward Ryan.* Again, some observations having been 
 made relative to the personal hostility which the press 
 manifested towards Mr. Macaulay, the Bengal Herald replied 
 that the press " says nothing about him in. his personal 
 capacity, nor cares about him in his personal capacity." 
 The Calcutta Montlily Journal — naturally indignant at the 
 strong feelings of hostility towards such a man — being 
 assured that the line of distinction had not been drawn 
 between his personal and his official character, says : — "We 
 appeal to the experience of everyone who has been in the 
 habit of reading the papers, whether for three years the 
 whole artillery of the press — from the great guns of the 
 Hiirkaru and the EnglisJunan, to the little swivel of the 
 " Gyananneshun " — has not been directed against him with 
 a degree of vehemence and perseverance unexampled in the 
 histoiy of the Indian press." Such conduct towards a 
 master-mind, one who could rise from the " Black Acts " to 
 examine the moral and intellectual character of Bacon, is 
 wholly unjustifiable. 
 
 There are just two other sketches in this volume to which 
 
 we shall allude briefly, and these are James Sutherland, who 
 
 in 1827 became editor of the Bengal HurJiani; and John 
 
 William Kaye, who was also its editor, crowning his periodical 
 
 literary labours when he projected and founded the Calcutta 
 
 Itevieiv, in 1844, some time after the elaborate criticism on 
 
 his works in the Monthly Journal. Mr. Sutherland, at the 
 
 ; early age of fourteen, went to sea, and spent seven years in the 
 
 I Navy as a midshipman. He served in a dashing frigate, 
 
 |thc yl caste, commanded by Captain Ker, a famous '■ tartar," 
 
 * The present (1875) First Commissioner of the Civil Service Commission, 
 in London, who was formerly Chief Justice in Calcutta. 
 
 y
 
 322 ANGLO-INDIAN PEKIODICAL LITERATUKE. 
 
 from wliom the " Sea-Fielding," Captain Marryat, in 
 " Peter Simple," may have drawn the portrait of " Captain 
 Savage." In 1815, the Acasta was paid off ; and Sutherland, 
 not long after, became a " Country Captain," and a zealous 
 contributor to Anglo-Indian periodical literature. His first 
 connection with the Indian press was in 1818, when he 
 joined Mr. Buckingham (who had also been a sailor) in the 
 office of the celebrated Calcutta Journal. As many other 
 sensible men have done before him, he married, again went 
 to sea, speculated, lost ; and when, early in 1823, Mr. 
 Buckingham was " so tyrannically ordered out of the 
 country," he again joined the staff of the above journal as 
 reporter and contributor. Sutherland played a most con- 
 spicuous part in all the press squabbles of that most interest- 
 ing period in Calcutta, when men thought they were begin- 
 ning to die for want of what Junius styles " the air we 
 breathe " — the liberty of the press ! In 1826 he resigned 
 the editorship of the Hurharu. Sutherland had also 
 managed the Bengal Herald at the same time, in which 
 journal appeared some of his best articles, literary and 
 political. Here are a few remarks* on 
 
 "captain marryat. 
 
 "Editor. — He has neither the learning, nor, perhaps, the graphic power 
 of Smollett in delineating the human character, but he is a delightful writer, 
 and I have heard men of your profession fay that some of his descriptions in 
 ' Peter Simple ' surpass anything in the same line in the works of any living 
 writer, not excepting Cooper, the American — the club-hauling, for example. 
 What say you ? 
 
 " Nauticos. — I entirely agree in that estimate of his literary character. 
 He is the best nautical novelist of the day, out and out ; and I doubt his 
 
 inferiority to Smollett, except in learning His Peter Simple is 
 
 a character, I will engage, drawn from the life, nay — I have actually known 
 such a character, and some of his miseries while he was yet a Johnny Raw, 
 are such as probably every naval officer has felt." 
 
 N"o one had a better right to criticise a sea-novel than Mr. 
 Sutherland. Alas ! we shall never have another genuine tale 
 of the sea : the force of education, steam and the ironclads, 
 have rendered such a thing impossible. We now turn to 
 contemporary biography, while its subject was of the military 
 service. Mr. Kaye arrived in India in 1833, having been 
 appointed to the Bengal Artillery, and soon (1834) became 
 a regular contribntor to Richardson's Calcutta Literary 
 Gazette, in which he wrote the first of a series of papers, 
 entitled " The Essayist." The subject is " The Pen and the 
 
 * Written between 1834 and 1836.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 323 
 
 Pencil ; " and the powerful critic in esse is immediately dis- 
 played by some discriminating and ingenious remarks which, 
 would have done credit to Hazlitt himself. There is time 
 for both poetry and painting in India, and it is pleasant to 
 see their relative advantages and pleasures so well set forth 
 by an Indian officer. Which is the more likely to be, " not 
 for an age, but for all time ? " is, after all, the grand ques- 
 tion. All his essays in this series are written in a most 
 pleasing style, evincing great knowledge, and causing ns to 
 wonder how the Artillery Cadet at Addiscombe found time 
 to read up aught save mathematics and fortification. Mr. 
 Kaye appears to have been born with all the feelings of a 
 genuine author, which is proved by his just and striking 
 remarks on " Excitement of Publication — Disappointment 
 of Geniun." Besides the essays to the Gazette he contri- 
 buted many poetical elf usions, a stoi'y entitled the " Double 
 First," — in which the character of " Everard Sinclair," one 
 of the principal personages of his novel of " Jerningham," 
 is developed — and " Gasper Henric," a tale in twelve chap- 
 ters. All these were written within the short space of six 
 months ; and when the climate of India — and particularly 
 Calcutta — is considered, such literary industry is truly won- 
 derful. In the rains of 1834 he had no less than three 
 sevei^e attacks of fever, and in the same year he returned to 
 England. On arrival in Europe, in Jersey, he printed, for 
 private circulation, a small volume of poems, some from the 
 Literary Gazette, to which he had been such an ornament — 
 all of which evince decided poetical talent. His " Invoca- 
 tion to the Spirit of Beauty " would have done credit to the 
 imaginative Shelley. Mr. Kaye's '' Jerningham ; or, the 
 Inconsistent Man," was published in June, 1836 ; and, we 
 read, his various works of fiction " elicited the highest 
 praise from some very able critics." 
 
 Striking specimens of the beautiful and pathetic — 
 especially in " Margaret's Song " — are to be found in " Jer- 
 ningham." 
 
 A brief specimen must suffice frona the " Song," which is 
 quoted in full in the Calcutta Journal : 
 
 " I l)ine — I wither — I am dying— a captive in a great prison house. I 
 shiver with cold ; I am girt about with ice. I wander here and there, buo 
 all is dark and desolate. Aly soul harmonizes with eternal nature. How 
 can I be joyous in this place, where everything around me is so drear ? I 
 speak in the language of my country ; it is my only solace — I have 
 none beside it. I am a wretched outcast. Why was I not cut off in my 
 infancy ? It is better to die in Italy than to live anywhere else in the world." 
 " Doveton ; or, the Man of Many Impulses," is con- 
 
 Y 2
 
 324 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 sidered by the Calcutta critic, " both in design and execu- 
 tion, an extraordinary production." It is an allegory " in 
 ■which certain qualities of the mind are embodied in the 
 characters." It is enough to say of this work that it re- 
 cei\ed high praise in the Court Magazine from the female 
 Byron — the Honourable Mrs. Norton. We have no space to 
 cite other works by Mr. Kaye up to 1838, but we feel it a 
 duty to remark on the extraordinary powers displayed by 
 one who could write graceful essays and verses at nineteen 
 and twenty, and striking romances before the morning of 
 life had fled ; and who in later years became the stern Cal- 
 cutta reviewer of facts and fallacies, the histoi-ian of wars 
 and the biographer of eminent men * whose like, take them 
 for all in all, we shall not look upon again. 
 
 We cannot dismiss the Calcutta Monthly Journal without 
 alluding to the Free Press Dinner at the Town Hall of Cal- 
 cutta. The liberation of the Indian Press by Sir Charles 
 Theophilus Metcalfe, as before remarked, dates from the 
 16th of September, 1835. On the present occasion Sir 
 Charles, having been invited as the guest of the evening, 
 the annual celebration was postponed to the 9th of Feb- 
 ruary (1838). As dates are of consequence in our sketch, 
 we should also mention that the date of annual celebration 
 is here given as the 15th of December. Mr, Longueville 
 Clark presided, and Mr. Henry Meredith Parker was in the 
 vice-chair. One hundred and ninety-six gentlemen sat down 
 to dinner. Sir Charles sat at the head of the table between 
 the Chairman and Mr. R. D. Mangles. The many toasts 
 and speeches were grand and suitable in their character ; 
 but, as belonging to the profession of arms, we prefer giv- 
 ing an extract from that of the Vice-President, Mr. Henry 
 Meredith Parker, with whom we have already made our 
 readers acquainted : — " Gentlemen ; my toast is the British 
 Army. (Cheei^s.) 1 know there has been discussion infi- 
 nite touching the politics of the British Army. Whether it 
 was Whiggish or Toryish, Reformatory or Conservative — 
 whether it loved a Free Press or did not love a Free Press — 
 for my own part, 1 will own to you candidly that I don't 
 care a fig what its politics are, or what its feelings are on 
 the question I have hinted, — it is sufficient for me to know, 
 that through long years of peril and gloom the British Army 
 fought and bled, that the hearths and altars of their country 
 might not be polluted by a foreign foe. (Cheers.) It is 
 sufficient for me to feel that it placed between a terrible 
 * Metcalfe, TMalcolm, Sir Henry Lawrence, Neill, &c.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATUEE. 325 
 
 enemy and our pleasant fields and native homes tlie iron 
 barrier of its indomitable valour. (Cheers.) I can no 
 more bring myself to care for the politics of our brave 
 soldiers than I can care for those of that glorious chief who 
 led them crowned with victory from the Rock of Lisbon to 
 the gates of Toulouse, and from the wood of Soignes to the 
 towers of Notre Dame. (Cheers.) " C P. Prinsep, Esq., 
 in a pithy speech, gave " Trial by Jury, the bulwark of the 
 Freedom of the Press." Mr. Stocqueler (Editor of the 
 Enylishma)i), a well-known Indian periodical writei", was 
 then called on by the Chairman to sing : — 
 
 " In the glorious old days of the glorious old Bess 
 (Though she scarce would have suited the present, I guess !) 
 The chronicles say that a newspaper first 
 On the wondering eyes of our forefathers burst. 
 Siog Ballinamora, Ora, 
 Huzza, for the Press is now free ! " 
 
 The newspaper here alluded to was published in England 
 in 1588, by the authority of Queen Elizabeth, at the time 
 of the Spanish Armada. Its object was " to allay the 
 general anxiety, and to hinder the dissemination of false 
 and exaggerated statements." After holding forth the hard- 
 ships of Indian editors — the glorious " jackals for India of 
 the British lion ! " — Mr. Stocqueler sang : — 
 
 " Aye, and still by her friends, through the world shall be loved 
 His name, who that badge of our slavei-y remov'd ; 
 And year after year shall resound in this hall 
 The glory of Metcalfe, who freed us trom thrall. 
 
 Sing, &c., &c., &c." 
 
 The Chairman — one of the most gentlemanly-looking men 
 who ever came to India — well remarked on this great occa- 
 sion, what few will venture to deny. : — " In those countries 
 where the Press is most free, is knowledge most diffused. 
 It not only imparts instruction, but incites to learning : and 
 the man who is opposed to the freeing of the Indian Press 
 must be the foe to enlightening the natives. (Loud Cheers.) " 
 In short, there are two hundred millions in India to be 
 instructed through Education and the Press ; and, if those 
 who wield such powerful weapons do not exercise their call- 
 ing discreetly, they will have much to answer for. 
 
 At this stage we shall remark that, after the expiration of 
 the East India Company's trading charter in 1834, some of 
 our best Indian newspapers came into existence. The Born- 
 hay Times in 1836-37, established a great reputation, under 
 Dr. Buist, its highly accomplished editor. Mr. Knight
 
 326 ANGLO-INDIAN PEEIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 succeeded Dr. Buist, chaBging the title of the paper to the 
 Times of India. The Friend of India, in 1837-38, grew 
 rapidly into notice, under John Marshman, son of the 
 eminent missionary : and even now has one of the largest 
 circulations among Indian journals. Marsham, Smith, 
 Townsend, and others less known to fame, despite a few 
 crotchets, struggled to make the Serampore journal in every 
 sense the Friend of India. The Hurharu has already been 
 mentioned; but "old Hurky " exists no longer. 
 
 The Englishman, under Mr. (after-wards Sir Macdonald) 
 Stephenson (who succeeded Stocqueler) ; the Star, under 
 James Hume (who wrote the famous letters in the Eastern 
 Star, by an Idler), flourished in Calcutta.* In Madras, the 
 AtJiencBum, projected and founded by Pharaoh (1837-38), 
 and the Spectator, by James Ouchterlony — who. after fairly 
 starting the paper (now defunct), was succeeded by Glover 
 in the editorship — were our earliest South of India journals. 
 The United Service Gazette (now defunct) was a favourite 
 among the military thirty years ago, when it was under the 
 management of Captain Langley, formerly an officer in the 
 Madras Cavalry. India at the present time is well supplied 
 with newspapers ; and the Friend of India, the up-country 
 papers, such as the Pioneer, and Eellii Gazette,\ the Indian, 
 Daily JVews (Calcutta), the Madras Times, Madras Mail, the 
 Times of India, the Sindian and Our Paper (both published 
 at Kurrachee, in Sind), the Rangoon Gazette and Times (both 
 published at Rangoon, in Burma), the Ceylon Observer, North 
 China Herald, Penang Argus, and other journals, keep us 
 well acquainted with what is going on in Queen Victoria's 
 splendid Eastern dominions. The wonderful rapidity with 
 which Indian news is anticipated (taking from the freshness 
 of the overland summaries) by the telegraph, is enough to 
 make our forefathers leap from their graves, when we con- 
 sider that formerly (1811) it took ten or twelve months to 
 get an answer to a letter or a despatch from India ; and 
 now the Viceroy can send a message to the India Office, in 
 London, and be quite sure of its arriving safely there, per- 
 
 * Mr. Butcher was also, if we recollect right, connected with the Star. 
 
 t The Delhi Gazette, under Mr. Place, and the Moffussilite, when edited 
 by its founder, John Lang, attained very high positions in Indian newspaper 
 literature. The Neilgherry Excelsior, edited by Mr. Kenrick, and the 
 South India Observer, unJer that veteran champion of the Press, James 
 Ouchterlony (formerly of the Madras Sper.tator), also the Baiir/alore Herald, 
 were the chief up-country papers in the Madras Presidency. The up country 
 ("Moffussil," or district) papers in India are generally weekly and tri-weekly j 
 the dailies being confined to the Presidency towns. 
 
 I
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PEKIODICAL LITEKATUEE. 327 
 
 haps (on acconnt of the difference of the time in the two 
 countries) even before its leaving the City of Palaces ! The 
 telegraph may again save ns India, as it did in 1857. 
 
 III. 
 
 The foundation of the Calcutta Review is quite as im- 
 portant an event in the history of our indigenous Indian 
 literature as that of the far-famed EcUnhiirgh and Quar- 
 terly at home. Sydney Smith, the original projector of 
 the "blue and yellow," and Sir Walter Scott, the Ariosto 
 of the North, who started the Qiiarterly as its Tory 
 rival, doubtless would have greatly admired the idea of 
 founding a Review in the City of Palaces, where the love 
 of a high order of critical literature seemed at a discount, 
 and the spirit of man in general was very far from divine. 
 The Tenui tniisam meditamur avena motto, originally pro- 
 posed by the Edinburgh reviewers for their journal — " We 
 cultivate literature upon a little oatmeal " — seemed about to 
 give place to one announcing its cultivation on a little curry 
 and rice, which humble but popular repast, to the Calcutta's 
 staff, amidst so many disadvantages of climate, promised to 
 be permanent. But energy in this matter, as in everything 
 else, had its glorious triumph. It had occurred to Mr. 
 Kaye, then residing in Calcutta, to establish a Review, 
 similar in form and character to our great British Quar- 
 terlies, but entirely devoted to Indian subjects and Indian 
 questions. It was indeed a bold and seemingly hopeless 
 experiment ; " and," writes Mr. Kaye, " success astonished 
 no one more than myself."* And, again, speaking of one of 
 the greatest on the roll of India's heroes and statesmen, he 
 says, " That it did succeed is, in no small measure, attri- 
 butable to the strenuous support of Henry Lawrence." 
 Truly, the hour had come and the man ; or, perhaps, we 
 should say the men ! The Calcutta was precisely the organ 
 for which Lawrence had been wishing, "as a vehicle for the 
 expression of his thoughts ;" and although, up to the time of 
 its projection, he had never seen Mr. Kaye, his kindly heart 
 and vigorous pen were at once placed at the disposal of one 
 who had been a brother officer in the Beogal Artillery, and 
 * . , . . The best service which I ever rendered in India, or, indeed, for 
 India, was the establishment, single-handed, of the Calcutta Revieio, which 
 has done far more for Indian literature than anything I have written under 
 my own name. — J. W. Kaye, Athenreum Club, June 23, 1872.
 
 328 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Tinder -vN-hose " peculiar care " the coming Review was first 
 to see the light. Lord Ellenborough had selected Lawrence 
 to fill the highly im,portant post of Resident at the Court of 
 Nepaul. He had to " wait and watch" rather than " inter- 
 fere." As soon as he heard that the Calcutta had been 
 started, he "promised to contribute to every number."* 
 But before this time the great " political " had contributed 
 to some of the np-countrj journals, especially to the Delhi 
 Gazette, in which appeared the " Adventurer in the Punjaub," 
 a most intei'esting series of papers afterwards published in 
 London, by Mr. Colburn. To the same journal another dis- 
 tinguished soldier and political of the Indian army — Lieu- 
 tenant (afterwards Sir Hei^bert) Edwardes, eventually 
 " Calcutta " reviewer — also contributed, under the strange 
 but comprehensive signature of the " Brahminy Bull." 
 
 The first number of the Review was too far advanced for 
 the editor to avail himself of Lawrence's aid. To this 
 number Dr. Duff contributed one article; Captain Marsh, 
 of the Bengal Cavalry, an earnest minded and singularly 
 gifted man, contributed another; and the editor wrote all the 
 rest. The latter remark evinces energy and literary heroism 
 on the part of the editor, seldom equalled, and which only 
 those who know something of India and its literature can 
 fully appreciate. To come out in the month of May — the 
 hottest in Calcutta — to do battle with ignorance, and pro- 
 bably superstition, required as much courage as to lead a 
 forlorn hope ! And, doubtless, such an idea crossed the 
 mind of the statesman at Nepaul (whose father, Lieutenant 
 Lawrence, had commanded the left column of General 
 Baird's forlorn hope at Seringapatam),t while gloating with 
 intense delight over the first number of the Indian 
 " Quarterly." May, 1844, then, we consider, beyond all 
 question, the most important month and year in the history 
 of Indian Periodical Literature. Well might each reader 
 in such weather, with thermantidotes going, and punkahs 
 in full swing, exclaim with our friend, Mr. Parker : — 
 
 " But all in vain I sigh for lands 
 
 "Where happy cheeks with cold look blue ; 
 While here in the shade the mercury stands 
 At ninety-two." 
 
 • "Lives of Indian Officers." By John William Kaye, author of the 
 " History of the War in Afghanistan," &c. — (1869)— p. 113 to 116—" Sir 
 Henry Lawrence." 
 
 f "Thus wrote, in the first year of the present century, Colonel Alexander 
 Beatson, historian of the war with Tippoo Sultan, and of the famous siege of 
 Seringapatam." — Kaye.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN TERIODICAL LITEEATUEE. 329 
 
 The contents of the first number must be cited to give a 
 finish to our sketch. " 1. The English in India — Society 
 Past and Present. 2. Lord Teignmouth. 3. Our Earliest 
 Protestant Mission to India. 4. Ouchterlony's Chinese 
 War. 5. The Condition-of- India Question — Rural Life in 
 Bengal. 6. The Ameers of Sindh. Postscript: — The 
 Massacre at Benares. Miscellaneous Notices." The motto 
 is from Milton, more benign than the terribly critical Judex 
 damnatur, cum nocens absolvitur of the Edinhurgh : — 
 " No man who has tasted learning, but will confess the 
 many ways of profiting by those, who not content with stale 
 receipts, are able to manage and set forth new positions to 
 the world ; and were they but as the dust and cinders of 
 our feet, so long, as in that notion, they may yet serve to 
 polish and brighten the armoury of truth : even for that 
 respect they were not utterly to be cast away." 
 
 To the second number Henry Lawrence contributed " a 
 long and very interesting chapter of Punjabee history " — 
 recent history of the Punjab; the other contributors, besides 
 the editor, being Mr. Marshman of the Friend of India, Dr, 
 Duff,* and his colleague, the Rev. Thomas Smith. After 
 this, Lawrence's contributions became more numerous. He 
 generally " furnished two or three papers to each number of 
 the Review." Mr. Kaye also tells us that he once under- 
 took to supply to one number " four articles, comprising 
 116 pages." The historian, biographer, and critic, writes 
 that " his contributions were gravid with matter of the best 
 kind — important facts, accompanied by weighty opinions 
 and wise suggestions." Like other great men, Lawrence 
 ■was always deploring, and not without reason, his want of 
 literary skill ! Yet the editor generally considered his con- 
 tributions as the most popular in the Review. His article 
 on the "Military Defence of our Indian Empire " evinced 
 that knowledge which every true soldier ought to possess. 
 He continued to the end of his life to contribute at intervals 
 to the now well-established periodical, and was, when the 
 rebellion of 1867 broke out, employed in a review of the 
 
 * We cannot look at the"name of this famous missiorary and distinguished 
 Anglo-Indian, without thinking of the high esteem in which he was generally 
 held iu India. How pleased this eminent man would have been to have had 
 a last word with the Centenarian Native Christian, David Devavoram, for 
 half a century associated with the London Mission at Bangalore. In 1886, 
 the year of his death, we read, "He remembered Tippoo, Wellington, and 
 Munro very^well, and was acquainted with Mark Cubbon and other worthies 
 of his day.'
 
 330 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 " Life of Sir John Malcolm " (in our opinion one of Mr. 
 Kaye's greatest woi-ks), wtiicli lie never lived to complete.* 
 
 We shall now give some brief extracts from the Calcutta 
 JReview, from articles by Kaye, Lawrence, and Edwardes. 
 The first three are from the editor's contribution on " The 
 Ameers of Sindh : " — 
 
 "The Sindh Ameers, it is said, violated treaties. It would seem as 
 though the British Government claimed to itself the exclusive right of break- 
 ing through engagements. If the violation of existing covenants ever 
 involved, ij^so facto, a loss of territory, the British Government in the East 
 ■would not now possess a rood of land between Burhampooter and the 
 Indus But the real cause of this chastise- 
 ment of the Ameers consisted in the chastisement which the British had 
 received from the Afghans. It was deemed expedient at this stage of the 
 great political journey, to show that the British could beat some one ; and 
 so it was determined to beat the Ameers of Sindh. It is true that two 
 victorious armies had marched upon Caubul through the cistern and western 
 countries of Afghanistan, and carried everything before them ; but it was 
 
 deemed expedient immediately to withdraw those armies 
 
 Far be it from us to say that British rule may not, in time, become a blessing. 
 If we were not hopeful of better things — if we saw before us nothing but 
 dreary stagnation — it we believed that the evils, of which we have en- 
 deavoured to give some intelligible exposition, were irremediable evils — 
 evils inextricably and eternally interwoven with the whole fabric of 
 Hindustani society, we should not have launched this Review into being." 
 
 The last remark is significant as connected with periodical 
 literature in India ; so before turning to the " Howard of 
 the Punjab " — the noble artillery colonel, Sir Henry Law- 
 rence — for something striking, let us look for a moment 
 into " Contemporary Biography,"t where, beside the name 
 of J. W. Kaye is written: "English historical writer;" that 
 he served in the Bengal Artillery from " 1836 to '45 ;" that 
 he entered the Home Civil Service of the East India Com- 
 pany in 1856, when he was appointed secretary to the 
 Political and Secret Department, which highly important 
 post he now holds in the India Office ; and that he is the 
 author of " The History of the War in Afghanistan," 
 " Christianity in India," " History of the Indian Mutiny," 
 and other works. 
 
 Sir John is (1875), par excellence, the literary Knight Com- 
 mander of the Star of India. + 
 
 The contributor, like the editor, was decidedly opposed to 
 
 * Two elaborate reviews on the "Life of Malcolm" afterwards appeared 
 in the Calcutta. 
 
 + "Contemporary Biography," by Frederick Martin. London: Mac- 
 millan & Co. 1870.— Sir .John served from 1833 to 1845, not from 1835, as 
 staled in this work. 
 
 J Mr. Marsbman, C. S.I., was a most worthy Companion.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN rERIODICAL LITERATURE. 331 
 
 annexation. In his article on the " Recent History of the 
 Punjab," Lawrence writes : — 
 
 "We are among those who believe that the ocean, the Indus and the 
 Himalayas, will some day be our boundaries; but we have no desire to 
 see that day hastened by events over which we have no control — much less 
 to see interference forced upon the Punjab. We have now a good position 
 on the frontier. Let it be still further strengthened with troops and 
 material ; let our own territories be ^rendered safe from insult, and the 
 means be at hand of readily redressing any injury that may be offered ; and 
 we shall not soon find ourselves tempted to aggression." 
 
 The following remarks are admirable ; and in these un- 
 settled times, both in India and England, we may take a 
 lesson from them : — 
 
 "national KESTLBSSNE5S. 
 
 "To be strong but placid in our strength, is the condition which we should 
 endeavour to preserve. Restlessness oiten indicates, or seems to indicate, 
 weakness : and nothing is more contagious than excitement. To be prepared 
 is one thing ; to be always making preparations is another. The former 
 neither rouses the fears nor stimulates the presumption of our neighbours ; 
 the latter often operates in both directions, for whilst it betrays uneasiness, 
 it suggests an apprehension that such uneasiness is dangerous." 
 
 Germany, at the present time, conscious of her strength, 
 is betraying wonderfully little " restlessness " after con- 
 quest. 
 
 Our last extracts are from " The Sikh Invasion of British 
 India," which appeared in the Calcutta Review for September, 
 1846, by the admirable Sir Herbert Edwardes. Before the 
 terrible victory of Ferozshah — The Indian Waterloo — took 
 place, a bloody battle was fought on the 18th of December, 
 1845, at Miidki. The weary, foot-sore troops had dragged 
 themselves on to this position, which they reached at noon — 
 "and what a welcome sight met their view ! Beneath the 
 walls of a fort spread a wide clear tank of water ; and the 
 reader who has not the memory of that long march of twenty- 
 one miles, with heavy sand under foot, and the air disturbed 
 by the dust of 15,000 men, cannot paint the eagerness with 
 which men and horses rushed to the bank, and tried to slake 
 a thirst which seemed unquenchable." 
 
 "Young ladies! languishing on your damask couches, you never sipped 
 eau sucr(5e or lemonade out of a cr.^st;ll goblet th:it was to be compared to 
 a greasy chako full of Muddy iMudki \v;iter. Between two and three 
 o'clock .... Major Broadfoot again galloped into camp with the 
 news — this time true enough — that the enemy was advancing in force iu 
 front."
 
 33'2 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Having finished their breakfasts, the whole army, after a 
 march of unusual severity, " turned, out, as if fully recruited, 
 to the battle." We remember the following passage being 
 much admired in India at the time of its appearance. It is 
 very graphic, and would have done credit te the pen of Sir 
 William Napier, and our best military writers : — 
 
 "a picture at mudki. 
 
 " Once more the Governor- General, with a courteous bow, that would have 
 done honour to St. James's, waved his dashing staff over to the brave chief 
 of that brave army, and then fell back ujion tbe infantry. The artillery was 
 in the centre of the front line, and the cavalry on either flank, the main 
 body of the infantry in contiguous columns behind, and a reserve in rear of 
 all. A mile and a half at least from their own camp did the British advance 
 in this order before they came under the lire of the Sikh guns ; but then the 
 'long bowls' came bounding in among them with deadly aim, and that 
 peculiar ■whirr which makes the young soldier ' hob ' his head.* Now 
 tumbrils begin blowing up, and artillerymen dropping from their saddles; 
 the mutual roar of cannon reverberates over the plain, and smoke obscures 
 the vision. Closer and closer approach the hostile armies ; and a staff 
 officer, almost simultaneously from right and left, gallops up to Sir Hugh+ 
 with a report that the Sikh cavalry in clouds are turning both his flanks. 
 Eight and left he launches bis own cavalry upon them ; right and left their 
 brilliant charge makes the enemy's horse give way. The British infantry 
 deploy and advance rapidly in line." 
 
 Without any disparagement to onr brave neighbours, it 
 m.ay be said that the Sikhs, during their invasion of British 
 India — one of the most critical periods in Indian history — 
 fought with more system and united determination than the 
 French did in the Franco- German war. 
 
 Dr. Duff, the great Indian Missionary and eloquent writer 
 and speaker already mentioned, contributed to the earlier 
 numbers of the Calcutta some splendid articles on the Khonds 
 of Goomsur ; and the present writer, under the doctor's 
 encouraging patronage, had the honour, among a few reviews 
 and notices furnished to our Quarterly, to give the public 
 
 * The present writer recollects General Godwin sajiog to the young 
 gunners at the capture of Rangoon — " Don't ' bob ' jour heads, men : you'll 
 never hear the ball that bits you 1 " 
 
 t General Sir Frederick Haines, G.C.B., G.C.S.I., afterwards Commander- 
 in-Chief Madras Army, and Commander in-Chief in India, was Lord Gough's 
 Military Secretary, and was present at the battles of Mudki and Ferozshah : 
 in the latter engagement he was severely wounded. Again, he served in the 
 Punjab Campaign (1849) with distinction. He served also in the Crimea; 
 and it has been well and truly remarked, that " these services represent the 
 hardest fighting that ever took place in India, and the hottest of the greatest 
 European war in which Great Britain has been engaged during the present 
 half century."
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 333 
 
 some account of the " Tributary Melials of Orissa, and Recent 
 Operations against Ungool," in which he was engaged. 
 
 In the Calcutta lievieiv also appeared the first regular 
 account of British connection with the famous temple of 
 Jagannath in Orissa, written from official documents. Why 
 will we still persist in calling it Juggernaut ? In Jarjan,, 
 "the world," and natli, "lord" (in Sanskrit), how do we 
 find such a horrible word ? Orissa, from the famine which 
 some years back nearly ruined this remarkable province, 
 drew forth the sympathy of both India and England ; and 
 the instructive work published by Mr. Hunter will do much 
 to keep up an interest in its welfare. 
 
 We cannot take farewell of the Calcutta Review without 
 thinking of Mr. Marshman's notes on the rivers of Bengal, 
 and how he made the banks of the Hooghly interesting to 
 us all, from vivid descriptions and memories of the past. 
 And now we shall merely say to the favourite periodical, 
 which has instructed and amused us so often in India, Go on 
 and prosper ! 
 
 Lang's Ifeerut lieview and Magazine was announced for 
 publication in August, 1846. Editing the Mofussilite at 
 Meerut killed it at its birth. Mr. Lang had not really 
 time to pay attention to the Review. " Of the success 
 of such a periodical in the North-Western Provinces," 
 he W' rote in the above year, " we have no sort of doubt. 
 We have not the slightest hesitation in saying, that a 
 profit, of at least 6,000 rupees (£600) per annum, might be 
 derived." 
 
 At the end of the year 1848, there were seventeen litho- 
 graphic presses established in the N^orth-West Provinces, 
 from which newspapers and other periodicals in the native 
 languages were issued, independent of such as were conducted 
 by the Christian missionaries. Of these journals three were 
 in^the Persian language, the Palace newspaper of afterwards 
 treacherous Delhi being one ; three were in the Nagree cha- 
 racter, and the rest were published in Oordoo. The Mussul- 
 mans were the chief patrons of periodical literature in the 
 North- West. As the Mahomedan has always been famous 
 for giving a flowing title to his Emperor, or Empress, or 
 their children — "Throne's Ornament," "Light of the World," 
 " Light of the Seraglio," and such like, so we find one of the 
 North- West periodicals enjoying the title of " The Chief 
 of Newspapers : valuable to good people, but a scourge to the 
 wicked." Proceeding to Calcutta, we find the Hindu Tntelli- 
 gencer, at that time edited by a Hindu, though written in
 
 334 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 Englisli, sneering at the " Juggut Bondliu Patrika," a journal 
 conducted for and by the junior students of the Hindu 
 College, " who render into Bengali, with raw attempts, the 
 essays and lessons they read in their class studies ;" so we 
 may yet hope for a native Lord Kames, or a Hindu Gifford 
 or Jeffrey. The Friend of India gave a curious piece of infor- 
 mation about this time — that the main object of the native 
 journals, published in the native language, " by natives who 
 have not embraced Christianity," is to subvert the popular 
 system of idolatry ! In 1848-49, the Bengali publications of 
 Calutta were sixteen, at a monthly subscription varying from 
 one rupee (2s.), to two annas (3d.). We must reserve for 
 a concluding brief paper some matter we have yet in store 
 on periodical literature in Bombay, Madras and Ceylon, 
 particularly Anglo-Indian, which, through presenting our 
 various thoughts and actions to the native mind, in the most 
 truthful and attractive fashion, will surely, among Her 
 Majesty's Hindu and Mahomedan subjects, produce what is 
 so much desired — a healthy state of public opinion. 
 
 lY. 
 
 To book-hunters especially, a very interesting character is to 
 be found in Bi'itish India in the shape of the book-wallah or 
 book-hawker — a sort of literary pedlar who wanders about 
 from town to town and from station to station with much 
 patience, and an apparent love of books and periodicals which 
 such glorious old book-worms as our Roscoe and Charles 
 Lamb would have greatly admired. Without this dispenser 
 of heavy and light literature in our splendid Eastern domi- 
 nion, we may doubt if India would be as secure as it is. 
 Through the travels of the book-hawker, many antidotes to 
 poisonous writings are administered ; educated natives pur- 
 chase EngHsh philosophical treatises, mathematical works, 
 magazines — all with equal composure ; the poorer Hindu or 
 Mahomedan, with Lord William Bentinck's famous remark 
 ringing in his ear — " Education is the first want, educa- 
 tion the second, education the third want of India!" — 
 dives into the box or bundle (to the astonishment of the 
 patient coolie or native porter who carries it) for a gram- 
 mar or spelling-book ; while the hurra sahib, his wife and
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATUEE. 335 
 
 daughter, seated in splendid mansion at tiffin (luncli), or it 
 may be enjoying a siesta, -with, the thermometer 100° in the 
 shade, startle at the sonorous voice exclaiming from the 
 door, or beside the refreshing Icus-lcits tatties,* — "Book- 
 hawker, sir ! " 
 
 We shall now give two brief anecdotes of this impoi'tant 
 periodical visitor in India. The first may be styled 
 
 THE TWO SHAKSPEARES. 
 
 It was towards the close of a sultry day — wo shall not say 
 how long ago — that we were sitting beneath the porch of 
 our humble dwelling ensconced in a comfortable armchair, 
 and engaged in musing on the various vicissitudes of an 
 Indian career. We were startled from our harmless I'everie 
 by the drawling tones of a voice, which said, close to the 
 chair, " Master, want any book ? — very good book for master." 
 Turning round suddenly, we beheld, standing at our side, a 
 middle-aged Borah, with dai'k turban and not unpleasant 
 countenance. He held a book in each hand, and immediately 
 behind him was a coolie, who had just thrown down his box 
 or basket, covered with a blanket, on the ground. 
 
 " Master, want Shakspeare ? " resumed the book-wallah, 
 " Shakspeare very good book." 
 
 " Aye," said we musingly, " Shakspeare was a great man. 
 No writer, ancient or modern, ever came near him in the 
 delineation of human character or the human passions. He 
 is the poet of all ages, the poet of nature, fancy's child ; 
 ' exhausted worlds, and then imagined new ! ' — who can 
 w^rite like Shakspeare ? In every sense, ' his head was the 
 palace of the passions.' " But. anxious to see what edition of 
 our favourite author was proffered on this occasion, we 
 snatched the book enthusiastically from the hawker's hand, 
 and found it to be — Jiorribile dictu ! — ' Shakespear's Hindus- 
 tani Dictionary ' ! 
 
 The next is from " Colonel Davidson's" Travels " — the 
 gallant officer weighing nineteen stone, and having " a strong 
 predilection for the good things of life in general, and of 
 tomata sauce in particular " — where, according to his Cal- 
 cutta reviewer, the colonel encounters a wag ; and here we 
 have a sketch of 
 
 * These most Dccessary mats or screens outside tbe door in India, being 
 kept wet, with the hot wind blowing on thein, causes the kus-Tcus, of which 
 they are composed, to emit a most grateful perfume.
 
 336 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 THE CORPULENT COLONEL. 
 
 " Riding past tliis (Baboo's) gliat one morning, I heard a 
 loud call in my ear, and turning round, discovered that a 
 Bengalee book-hawker wished to enjoy my conversation. 
 He ran up quite breathless, and opening his wallet, took out 
 a little octavo half- bound in Russia volume, which he placed 
 in my hand with an air of triumphant satisfaction. ' Lo, 
 Sahib ! lo ! Take it, sir, take it.' I took and opened the 
 book, and the first glance displayed an old fat lady in a 
 chair. Its title was " Wade on Corpulency.' I had never 
 before seen, although I had heard of, the work. I saw 
 another similar etching, and at last laughed heartily. 
 'What do you want for this? — how much? 'You know 
 best, sir.' ' Ko, I don't ; what is its value ? ' ' You ought 
 to be the best judge of that, sir,' said the wag, laughing 
 in my face. I immediately looked round to ascertain whether 
 he had not been directed by some one to bring it to me as 
 a joke, but I could not see any one." The Calcutta reviewer 
 well thinks the fellow ought to have received " a rupee on 
 the spot."* 
 
 Whether or not the book-wallah (lit. book-keeper) ever 
 rises to the dignity of a native editor of a newspaper or 
 magazine, or occasionally gives a lecture for the benefit of 
 some of his benighted countryman, we cannot say ; but 
 there can be no doubt that, by hawking about good books, 
 he assists ambitious editors and all young Mahomedans 
 and Hindus who are inspired with the vanity and glory of 
 literature. 
 
 We have already alluded to the native journals of the 
 North-West ; but to give a correct idea of the extent to. which 
 the periodical press exercises an influence over the natives 
 in those parts would require the pen of the Friend of India, 
 \vho in November, 1848, published an excellent paper on the 
 subject.t The editor of the " Zoobdut-ool-Ukhbar " (written 
 in Persian), we ^ead, does not often hazard his own opinions, 
 or lay himself open to attack, but is very cautious, and 
 clothes in flowery language any expression of dissatisfaction 
 which he may publish. No scurrilous matter found place 
 in this respectable Agra journal, the information in which 
 used to be generally correct, " and for the most part gathered 
 from the English and other papers." The following infor- 
 
 * Calcutta Review, No. I. p. 256. 
 
 f Sir George Birilwood, a. few years ago, read an interesting paper on the 
 Native newspaper press of India before the Society of Arts.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN TEKIODICAL LITERATURE. 337 
 
 rnation regardinc^ this " cliief of newspapers "* is of great 
 importance, especially ■when we consider the nature of our 
 hold on India. Its advocacy of the views of educated 
 natives on religious and other subjects, in opposition to the 
 Europeanised opinions which are now becoming so exten- 
 sively disseminated by means of various periodicals, is 
 seldom of a direct and open character ; " but the editor 
 being a staunch, though cautious Mussulman, is not back- 
 ward to avail himself of opportunities for insinuating 
 opinions agreeable to the Mussulman population." What 
 an argument we have here in favour of everything being 
 done that can be done to establish a sound and healthy 
 system of education in India ! The longer we live the more 
 we are convinced that the love of knowledge is strongly im- 
 planted in every nature. 
 
 In Bombay they have Parsee editors and vernacular 
 journals, one of which used to be the " Apakhytar " (In- 
 dependent). In 1859 the dawn of intelligence in Bombay 
 became decidedly manifest among the native community. 
 In the Times of 10th September, it was announced that Dr. 
 Bhawoo Dajee intended to give a lecture in the Town Hall 
 on the travels of Fa-hian and Hiouen Thsang, two Chinese 
 Buddhist ecclesiastics, who visited India in the fourth and 
 seventh centuries of the Christian era respectively. Light 
 was to be thrown on a dark period of history by Dr. Dajee. 
 The lecture, we believe, was a success. The first traveller, 
 Chy Fa Hian, is alluded to at some length by the late 
 Colonel Sykes, in his valuable work (ox*, rather, elaborate 
 paper), published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 
 1841, " Notes on Ancient India." 
 
 In iJie month of July, 1872, we learned some particulars 
 regarding the "native press of Bombay," which, accord- 
 ing to a correspondent of the Gujerat Friend, far from 
 showing any disloyalty to the Grovernment, is wonder- 
 fully^ tame, and is simply a second edition of the daily 
 journals. " In the Anglo-vernacular journals there is no 
 great talent displayed, thoagh Bombay is richer than any 
 other city in India in the excellence of its daily papers, 
 under the editorship and proprietorship of Englishmen. Of 
 course the natives are inferior to Europeans in journalistic 
 talent, for it is a very difficult task to become an able 
 
 * Alluded to at the end of our last paper ; the high-flowing title in 
 I Persian being "Zoobdut-ool-Ukhbar-Tuhfut-ool Ukhyar-o-mikrut-ool-Ashrar." 
 iThis used to be the only indigenous paper in the N. VV. P. not connected with 
 ithe Government colleges and schools.
 
 338 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 journalist — more difScult, perhaps, than to pass the Civil 
 Service Examination. The Calcutta Anglo-vernacular press 
 is superior to that of Bombay, in consequence of the wider 
 spread of education in Bengal." The native editor is at 
 present in his infancy ; but the time is not far distant when 
 he will act as a mental lever on the benighted millions of 
 India, and, Archimedes-like, or rather excelling him, having 
 found a rest, move the Eastern world. Even the next twenty 
 or thirty years may see some self-made, energetic Gordon 
 Bennett, proprietor and editor of a Hindu or Mahomedan 
 Herald, sending his Stanley, or fearless " special corx-espon- 
 dent," far beyond the ranges of the " cloud-capt " Himalayas, 
 to bring back to civilized parts some lost daring British 
 traveller, who, with the great Livingstone in his mind's eye, 
 has gone forth to explore distant lands, peopled by the 
 Mongolian or other varieties of mankind of which we know 
 little or nothing, and where may be wealth untold — gold, 
 coal, precious stones, beyond the possibility of human calcu- 
 lation. Should such a consummation ever be effected, and 
 the discovery tend to enrich our Eastern dominions, and 
 consequently Grreat Britain, how England would rise from 
 her wretched apathy towards India ; what debates concern- 
 ing her welfare would take place in Parliament ; and how 
 soon- would Britain's greatest glory — the cradle of science, 
 w^hich possessed a grandeur of its own ages before Athens 
 and Rome promoted the arts of civilized life and literature, 
 and now containing one -sixth of the human race — receive 
 due attention and consideration ! But let us begin at once, 
 and not delay the study of India till some internal convulsion 
 brings us near the dreadful word — lost ! 
 
 At present there are said to be fifty-nine native newspapers 
 published in the Bengal Presidency, which considerable 
 number of native organs is considered a good sign — " so 
 many opinion-ventilators running through it." In addition 
 to these aids to knowledge, a new Indian magazine was about 
 to be started in Calcutta, under the promising title of the 
 Bengal Magazine. It professes to be a monthly review of 
 Indian politics, society, and literature. The editor. Rev. Lai 
 Behari Dey, has, it is said, " secured some of the best native 
 writers as contributors to the new magazine." There is 
 decidedly a love of periodical literature in India, and the 
 curious traveller will not be long in the country without ascer- !| 
 taining the fact. While serving in Orissa, the present writer | 
 looked over a small Oorya periodical, entitled " Gyanaruna; !j 
 or, Dawn of Intelligence," published under the superintend-
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 339 
 
 ence of the missionaries at Cuttack ; and while marching 
 with artillery through far-famed ancient Madura, in 
 Southern India, he purchased from an intelligent Hindu 
 a well got-up paper entitled the Morninrj Star. It was 
 published in English and Tamil by the American mission 
 at Jaffnah (Ceylon), and consisted of articles by the mis- 
 sionaries, with short sketches and correspondence by the 
 native converts. The writings of the latter Avere generally 
 good. The natives of India evidently think like ourselves 
 in the matter : " Without a periodical literature wo should 
 be in this dilemma — either to be silent, and let what small 
 insight we may have attained die with us ; or else, resolutely 
 undertake tasks for which we are not fitted." 
 
 We commenced this sketch by alluding to lectures at Seeta- 
 buldee (Nagpore) ; and now we read that in the present year 
 (1872) there are to be vernacular newspapers for the Central 
 Provinces — the Chief Commissioner having determined "to 
 supply the want of a vernacular newspaper in the districts 
 under his rule." The Central Provinces News and the 
 Gazette are henceforth to enlighten the natives in this 
 bistoric quarter of India ; the former journal being printed 
 in " Hindi, Urdu, and Marathi."* 
 
 Periodical literature will ever have one good effect among 
 the intelligent natives of India, that of making them travel. 
 Following Bacon's advice, t several well-educated Madrassis 
 have started for England, some for pleasure, and others to 
 study for the bar ; and our countrymen at home may not fully 
 be aware that a good native pleader is a gentleman not to be 
 despised. As a sort of finish to these glimpses of the new 
 dawn of Hindu and Mahomedan intellect, chiefly as regards 
 native periodical literature, we shall give an extract or two 
 from the native opinions or ideas regarding the murder of 
 the late Viceroy (8th of February, 1872), when, as the 
 Calcutta Englishman well said, " it must have been a 
 severe trial to those who had known him so intimately, and 
 been so much in his company, to see the manly form laid 
 low, and to know too bitterly that they had no power to 
 raise a timely hand to avert ' the deep damnation of his 
 taking off.' " 
 
 LOED MATO. 
 
 ; The Bombay " Jam-i-Jamshed " wrote : — " Everywhere we 
 I see signs of sorrowfulness. The public have left off their 
 
 I • The liead master of the Nagpore School was to be editor. 
 
 + "Travel, in the younger sort, is a part of education ; in the elder, a 
 ' part of experience. " 
 
 z 2
 
 349 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 business, and they seem to ask what the motive was of the 
 
 scoundrel in committing such a horrible act He is 
 
 not fit for a single moment to live in this world." And 
 Native Puhlic Opinion says : — " That so noble a life should 
 be ruthiessly cut short by the assassin's knife is as appalling 
 a tragedy as any that the records of human crime present." 
 And then the journalist goes on to express " the deep and 
 cordial sympathy which all loyal subjects of the Queen, be 
 they European or Native, feel for Lady Mayo, under this 
 cruel bereavement." Such ideas at least show a healthy 
 state of native periodical literature, and may well take a 
 place beside a fine passage from Indian Fuhlic Opinion 
 (February 13), by one of our own countrymen: — "Not 
 climate, not overwork this time. That clear, firm intellect 
 was never more securely seated on its lofty throne ; that 
 herculean figure never firmer in the saddle, more command- 
 ing at Durbar, more conspicuous in brilliant assemblies, more 
 lordly and magnificent everywhere."* 
 
 It must be kept in view that the early development of 
 native intellect, according to our ideas of what civilisation 
 should be, or the process at work of a transition state of the 
 Hindu mind, only dates from the beginning of the present 
 century; so, let us look at the picture as we will, some good 
 has been done during the last seventy years. And this 
 remark leads us to think over Carey, Marshman, and Ward, 
 the missionaries of Serampore, a trio almost matchless in 
 zeal and the glorious attempts to conquer ignorance and 
 superstition ; and in sternness of purpose not unworthy to 
 take a place beside the fine old Roman triumvirates. Purpose 
 was the secret of success with the above three great men ; 
 and their sucess shows how little birth is to be considered 
 in the great battle of life. "William Carey was a bad 
 cobbler ; but he possessed the determined spirit of Whitfield 
 in England, and Xavier in Asia, so much so that we find the 
 
 * The late Earl of Mayo (Richard Southwell Bourke), well known in 
 England as Lord Naas, before his succeeding the fifth Earl, was born 1822. 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, the city of his birth, and became 
 M.A. 1844; M.P. for County Kildare, 1847-52; Chief Secretary for 
 Ireland, March to December, 1852 ; and again in February, 1858, to June, 
 1859; M.P. for Coleraine, 1852-53; M.P. for Cockermouth, 1857-68 ; for 
 the third time Chief Secretary for Ireland, with a seat in the Cabinet, July, 
 1866, to September, 1868 ; appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of 
 India, in succession to Sir John (Lord) Lawrence, September, 1868. — His 
 Lordship's brother, the Honourable Robert Bourke, has just been appointed 
 Governor of Madras in succession to Mr. Grant Duff, the eminent Governor, 
 who retires. — August, 1886.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 341 
 
 divine and philosopher, Chalmers, talking of him, in a flood 
 of philanthropic eloqiience, as the man " from whose hand 
 the generations of the East are now receiving the elements 
 of their moral renovation." Marshman was the son of a 
 weaver and Baptist minister. William Ward was a 
 carpenter. At the very commencement of the present 
 century, after overcoming the most serious obstacles, they 
 were all three settled at Serampore. They set up a Press. 
 Dr. Carey translated the Scriptures, and Ward printed the 
 translations, the printer also preaching in Bengali when time 
 permitted. Dr. and Mrs. Marshman opened schools ; and 
 their popularity was soon proved by the receipt of some- 
 times as much as 4,000 rupees in one month for tuition. 
 Everybody (Europeans, East Indians, and natives) sent a son 
 or two to Serampore. We have already said the missionaries 
 published the first native newspaper ; they also published the 
 first periodical work in India. They established the first 
 native schools, organised the first college for native catechists, 
 printed the first liooks in the Bengali language, and founded 
 a vernacular library.* In fact, they were the great pioneers 
 of knowledge versus ignorance in India, during the early 
 part of the nineteenth century. Ignorance is the greatest 
 enemy we have here to contend with. In a fair stand-up 
 fight we can see our foe, lay our guns, and dispose our 
 troops ; but in India, where treachery is generally combined 
 with ignorance, we never know when the enemy is at hand. 
 Doubtless, it is nearly the same in all countries. But 
 ignorance of our power and resources is a more serious 
 matter in India than elsewhere, perhaps only exceeded by 
 British ignorance of the vast country, its history, geography, 
 wants, and our great responsibility towards it. Probably, in 
 history, we are a little better up than formerly. There is no 
 longer doubt as to Holkar not being a Mussulman ; but we 
 are afraid there is still a chance of at any time, in a debate 
 which might require an allusion to the early conquest of our 
 Indj^n empire, hearing a desire expressed (as was really the 
 case in the last century) to learn whether or not Surajah 
 Dowlah (Sir Roger Dowler ?) were a baronet ! 
 
 We have not space to say much regarding the religious 
 periodicals of India. The Madras Native Herald used to be 
 very well written, and was great on the question of " Educa- 
 tional training " for the general population of the country. 
 
 * See article in the Calcutta Review (1859), Irouglit about by the 
 appearance of a " Life of tlie Three Missionaries," by John Marshman, Esq., 
 C.S.I. , son of the great Indian missionary.
 
 342 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITETATURE. 
 
 It is deemed self-evident that the efficiency and success of a 
 system of general education for the Hindus -will mainly 
 depend on the character of the inspectors, teachers, and boohs, 
 to be employed in carrying it on. . . . " We do not demand 
 that inspectors (Earopean) should be ministers of religion; 
 but we deem it indispensable that they should be truly 
 religious onen.'"* In another number of the Herald (for 
 1848) we have a glance at passing events, and a comparison 
 between a fearful tragedy enacted in Paris and what was 
 going on in the " great Heathen city of Madras." Alluding 
 to the Cheddul, or Swinging Feast (at Jagannath it is styled 
 the Dole Jattra), the writer says : " This brutal exhibition is 
 not only destructive of all true religious feeling, but a 
 nuisance and an offence to common decency. To offer, in 
 the name of devotion, half-stupefied wretches, hooked up by 
 the backs and suspended to a cross-beam whirling on a pole 
 sixty feet from the ground, is an insult to the enlightened 
 understanding of mankind, and proves that two of the 
 features of Hindu superstition are cliildishness and 
 cruelty." — The Calcutta Christian Intelligencer and Christian 
 Advocate may [be mentioned among the influential Anglo- 
 Indian religions periodicals. We have two numbers of the 
 former magazine (1858-59) before us; one containing the 
 " Fall of the East India Company," our former munificent 
 masters, who gained and ruled a mighty empire — an empire 
 comprising, as Mr. Bright tells us, " twenty different nations 
 and twenty different languages ; " while both numbers have 
 most interesting " Eecollcctions of Daniel Wilson, Bishop of 
 Calcutta." The periodical writer here gives us a few good 
 anecdotes of the admirable Bishop. His outset as a preacher 
 at home was by no means favourable. " When Richard 
 Cecil, whose curate he afterwards became, first invited him 
 to preach in his church, the young preacher no doubt made 
 the best display he could when in the pulpit of one who 
 was himself so eminent as a preacher. On rejoining Cecil 
 in the vestry-room, young Daniel Wilson, either inquiring 
 how his sermon had been appreciated, or else appearing 
 desirous to know, Cecil is related to have said, ' Well, of all 
 
 * Regarding the vital question of Christianity ia India, in a review of 
 Mr. Kaye's work (I860) it is reuiaiked that the Rev. Mr. Long had urged 
 strongly the necessity for native missionaries. The "Calcutta" reviewer 
 says : — " We believe that if Christianity is ever to take a hold on the people 
 of India it will be by native agency." In the same number we learn that 
 the end of the seventeenth century saw the first Protestant Chuich erected in 
 Madras.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATUEE. 343 
 
 the bad preacliei's I have ever heard, for both matter 
 and manner, jou are one of the worst.' " Now, for the 
 commencement of the Bishop's career as a preacher in 
 India : — " After, saj the story-tellers, the first novelty of 
 the new Bishop's style, manner, doctrine, &c., began to wear 
 off, the somniferous influence of a tropical climate began to 
 reassert itself ; and the Bishop often looked round from the 
 pulpit on a drowsy and nodding congregation. ' This ' he 
 €xclaimed, 'will not do; I must at least have the people 
 awake to hear the Gospel I bring* them.' And hence, it is 
 said, he on design adopted the homely, abrupt, eccentric 
 manner of address, the odd anecdotes, strange illustrations, 
 and personal recollections which at times marked his preach- 
 ing-" 
 
 One of the Bishop's peculiarities was " a rather overween- 
 ing estimate of hig people, persons of rank and position." 
 He would excuse the offence given to minor lights in the 
 waj'- of indifference, by saying, with the gi^eatest simplicity, 
 *^ But, my dear friend, he is a Jilember of Council ! " The 
 Oovernor-General was regarded by him as a species of 
 divinity, and others with rank as Die minores. Thinking so 
 much of a Viceroy, what the good Bishop would have 
 thought of Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India, had 
 he been spared to have an interview with His Grace (of 
 Argyll) iu the palatial India Office, it is impossible to say. 
 
 The Bishop eschewed all needless show and st^-le ; the 
 furniture of his palace was of the humblest kind, and his 
 table was marked by exti-cme plainness ; but, let it be re- 
 membered, he gave two lakhs of rupees (£20,000) to the 
 new Cathedral in Calcutta, where he now sleeps, having nobly 
 done his work. To the above anecdotes, furnished us by 
 periodical literature, another may be added, the truth of 
 which may be vouched for, as the remark was made to some 
 men of the pi'esent writer's corps during the Bishop's inspec- 
 tion of the Artillery Company at Moulmein, in British 
 Burma. The men were much struck with the "bold and 
 plain-speaking truthfulness " of their exalted "friend," and 
 particularly wben he said, " Now% I tell yon what it is, men, 
 every dram of arrack * jou drink more than your allowance, 
 JOU drink down damnation along with it ! " 
 
 We shall now proceed to another station in Burma, and 
 •very briefly introduce a little periodical to our readers, the 
 
 * The spirit distilled from rice, or the various kinds of palm, of which 
 the allowance used to be two drams a day ; afterwards one dram, if beer was 
 taken.
 
 344 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITEEATURE. 
 
 Toungoo News (pro Deo et Ecclesia). It was edited by the 
 learned American missionaiy, Dr. Mason, author of " Fauna, 
 Flora and Minerals of Burma," founder of the Karen Insti- 
 tute, and who, with his excellent wife, laboured for many- 
 years among the Karens (of Pegu), a remarkable people, 
 who preserve in their books * the fossilised skeletons of oar 
 faith. Being simply Deists, without any idolatry or multi- 
 tude of false gods, it is easier to engraft Christianity on such 
 a foundation than on the Hindu ; and religious periodical 
 literature, in their own and the En2"lish language, is a most 
 useful instrument among them. The first number of the 
 second Tolume (1865) commences with an account of the Pali 
 alphabet. 
 
 When Europeans first visited India, they noticed some 
 remarkable stone pillars, scattered in different parts of the 
 country, w^ith inscriptions cut on them. These were some- 
 times found in three various characters. In the process of 
 time, the languages of two were discovered, " but the most 
 ancient characters defied every attempt to decipher them." 
 
 Five centuries ago the learned Brahmans of a Mahomedan 
 sovereign could not decipher the inscription on the pillar at 
 Delhi. A native historian wrote : '' Round it have been en- 
 graved literal characters, which the most intelligent of all 
 Religions have been unable to explain. "t Early ignorant 
 European travellers thought the writing to be Greek, from 
 the association in their minds of Bactrian coins and Alex- 
 ander the Great, from which they were ready to pronounce 
 any Indian inscription to be in the Greek character. 
 " From the days of Sir William Jones," writes Dr. Mason, 
 " the eyes of all the antiquarians in India have been directed 
 to these inscriptions, but they were directed in vain." .... 
 The first attempt to render any part of them was made by a 
 Bombay scholar, who, in 1834, translated the first thirteen 
 letters : — " In the two ways (of wisdom and works ?) with 
 all speed do I approach the resplendant receptacle of the 
 ever-moving radiance." In 1837, James Prinsep walked up 
 to the inscriptions and read them off to a wondering world, 
 with as much apparent ease as Daniel did Mexe, Mexe, 
 Tkkel jUpharsin. to the bewildered Babylonian monarch : 
 " Thus said King Devanampiya Piyadasi ! ' " Remarking 
 on the Pali alphabet, Prinsep says : " There is a primitive 
 
 * Some account of their traditions will be found in "A Narrative of the 
 Second Burmese War." 
 
 + Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, July, 1837, Supplement; Sup- 
 plement, 1864; October, 1834; and March, 1838,
 
 AKGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 345 
 
 simplicity iu the form of every letter, -o'liicli stamps it at 
 once as the original type whereon the more complicated 
 structure of the Sanskrit has been founded." And he adds 
 what has never been controverted : " I consider it the prime- 
 val alphabet of the Indian languages." As " all the ancient 
 alphabets west of the Indus have been traced to the Phoeni- 
 cians, and all east of the Indus have been derived from the 
 Pali," it may be interesting to give a note or two on the 
 language of Burma, where, if the learned Chief Commis- 
 sioner, Sir Arthur Phayre, had met Prinsep, there might 
 have been some addition to the flood of light which Sir 
 Arthur could furnish us with on Buddhism and Chin- 
 India. There never was a better time for English students 
 to learn something about such a land. The " intercourse of 
 West and East " is rapidly bearing fruits. In truth, to use 
 the words of a popular London journal, " The lands of 
 Buddha and Brahma have entered Avhat we call the paths 
 of progress." We have now in England for the first time 
 Ambassadors from Burma, Western China (the Panthays), 
 and Japan, anxious to see our wonders and learn about our 
 commerce and science ; and fifty years hence, if Japan has 
 gone far on the road towards becoming " an Oriental 
 England," if Burma and Western China have not done the 
 same. Great Britian will have much to answer for. More 
 periodicals should at once be started to furnish information 
 regarding these important parts of the world, with which 
 we are so closely connected. The Burmese Embassy has 
 already drawn much attention to the land of the Golden 
 Foot of Ava, and the following brief notes on their lan- 
 guage may be added to what has already been said about the 
 Pali : — The common language of Burma is called the 
 Burman, and is written from left to right in characters of a 
 circular form. "The language in which all their religious 
 books are composed is called the Pali, and is written in the 
 Sanskrit character. The Burmese use the Palmira leaf, and 
 for common purposes the iron style ; their religious and 
 other books of value are written with lacquer, or sometimes 
 with gold and silver, and the leaves are splendidly gilt and 
 ornamented."*' — After the capture of Rangoon we found 
 some manuscript leaves and other books in less elegant taste 
 than the above ; and no doubt many a Pali periodical escaped 
 our notice. 
 
 We now proceed to make up for this digression from our 
 sketch, which may be excused on account of the attempt to 
 * The Eev. A. R. Sjmonds, M.A.
 
 346 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 make it a vehicle of instruction, and for directing attention 
 to Indian aifairs. 
 
 Among the scientific periodicals of India we used to have 
 the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, a Journal of 
 the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, and the Calcutta 
 and Bombay Journals of the Asiatic Society. The Asiatic 
 Society of Bengal (which used to be the great feeder of the 
 " Royal " in London) was founded by Sir William Jones; 
 and their meetings are held in one of Calcutta's noble man- 
 sions. Bengal has every reason to be proud of her Asiatic 
 Society ; and its home has a peculiar interest. In the 
 grand room you will behold busts of Sir W. Jones, Cole- 
 brooke, Horace Wilson, and James Prinsep, the greatest 
 lights of our Oriental literature.* We had also an Indian 
 Journal of Art, Science and Manufacture, which was 
 published in Madras. It contained some able articles on 
 Geology and Native Manufactures. The labours of Dr. 
 Hunter in pottery, and for the improvement of native taste, 
 Lave also been set forth in periodicals. — Nothing has yet 
 been said about Medical periodical literature in India, a 
 most potent instrument for the advancement of this 
 supremely necessary science. A medical journal, to which 
 the graduates of the medical school at Hyderabad! 
 (Dekhan) contributed, used to be published in Hindustani. 
 An English Medical Journal was once attempted in the 
 North of India, but it met with little encouragement. We 
 know not the name of the Anglo-Indian Wakley who gave 
 lis a Lancet, but certainly the Indian Lancet was published 
 at Lahore in August, 1869 ; and it appeared thrice a month. 
 We once had hopes of Madras having a Laio Times, but we 
 are not aware if they have been realised ; however, cases of 
 importance which came before the Indian Courts of Judica- 
 ture used to be regularly published. Madras, which has 
 now emerged from its darkness into a marvellous and, we 
 trust, lasting light, must do something more than hitherto 
 for Indian periodical literature. Calcutta has had, and still 
 has, its Qwarterly, the early numbers of which even went 
 through three or four editions. Bombay had her Quarterly 
 twenty years ago : why it ceased we know not ; we presume 
 through want of patronage, but still the effort deserved 
 credit. 
 
 But Madras is nowhere in the race ; and yet her journals 
 Lave always been edited by men of considerable talent. 
 
 * See also Sketch of the Frinseps. 
 t Uuder Dr. Smith.
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PEKIODICAL LITEKATUEE. 347 
 
 From the very fact of a Calcutta lievieio, Bombay Quarterly * 
 and Sporting Eevieu- having existed in India at the same 
 time, it is evident that with able and, above all, energetic 
 editors, and the amount of talent we know to exist in the 
 civil and military services, from which might be got a power- 
 ful staff of contributors — who would be nothing if not^wnc- 
 iual as well as critical — periodicals to suit all tastes might 
 be set a-going and prosper. 
 
 Some thirteen years ago, while musing over the uncer- 
 tainty of the fate of Indian periodicals, we read in the Bom- 
 hay Times an account of a " Sunderbund tiger-hunt, by 
 young Nimrod," in which the death of the tigress, measur- 
 ing lift. 4in., was told with much feeling ; and in the next 
 paragraph the death of the Indian Sporting Bevieto was 
 announced, and its subscribers were asked to rally round its 
 heir and successor, the Indian Field (newspaper). The 
 Calcutta Sporting Beview, under "Able East," was much 
 admired in India and elsewhere by the Nimrcds of the day. 
 Older Indians than the present writer also tell us of a Bom- 
 bay Sporting Magazine, in which some " Letters from John 
 Dockeray, a Yorkshire jockey, to his brother in Tadcaster," 
 were of a first-rate character — full of vigorous writing and 
 ■dry humour. It will thus be seen that in order to counter- 
 act the apathy and rouse into activity " the slumbering 
 energies" of the educated Indian community, every stimu- 
 lant that could excite was resorted to in the way of period- 
 ical literature. That the energy of " the leaders of public 
 taste," under so much indifference and so little sympathy, 
 should have died away was natural enough ; but we trust 
 that the energy will burst forth again stronger than ever. 
 We should have liked in this sketch to have said more about 
 Madras ; but it may be mentioned that, in 1840, we had a 
 Madras Miscellany. The now defunct Metropolitan, of Lon- 
 don, flattered the bantling by facetiously declaring that the 
 sun of Madras " rarified and sublimated the intellect." But, 
 as the Tui'kish poet sings, " Nature said it was too sweet to 
 last ! " " Pickwick in India " — written by a most intelli- 
 gent Madras officer, now holding a high scientific appoint- 
 ment — was generally acknowledged to be clever ; but it 
 wanted the idea of originality. We once read in the Mis- 
 cellany a whole chapter ujjon a tiffin ! What would 
 Crabbe, " Nature's sternest painter," have said to this ? 
 Even Sydney Smith, with all his love of wit and fun, would 
 
 * Mr. Anderson (afterwards Sir Henry, and Secretary in the India Office) 
 vrote in tbis " Quarterly." {See Notes at end of tliis Sketch.)
 
 348 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATUEE. 
 
 have declared that a tiffin — a good one — is a very good 
 thing, especially with a glass of cold beer; but however 
 essential it is to the stamina of the body, it cannot be said, 
 at the outset, to be favourable to that of a magazine. 
 
 As near the Madras presidency, and of old joined to the 
 Peninsiila, let us now proceed to the utmost Indian isle,. 
 Taprobane, and glance at the periodical literature of Ceylon. 
 It commenced with a " Religious and Theological Maga- 
 zine," nearly forty years ago, having been published at 
 Colombo in 1833. The " Colombo Academy Miscellany," 
 and the " Friend," were both to be found in Colombo in 
 1837. The " Protestant Vindicator," the " Colombo Maga- 
 zine," the " Ceylon Magazine," and the " Ceylon Miscellany " 
 were all to be found between the years 1839 and 1842, The 
 '• Investigator " flourished in Kandy in 1841 ; and between 
 1840 and 1844 were to be seen two papers, chiefly for the 
 natives — the Lanka Nidhana, published at Colombo, and the 
 Morning Star (as before stated) published at Jaffna. The 
 first of these periodicals appeared at a time when the read- 
 ing community consisted of " civilians and military, fewer 
 far than at present, and of a very small number of clergy." 
 The Rev. B. Bailey was its able conductor, and before the 
 days of Overlands and general coffee-planting, he furnished 
 the society of Colombo with readable and instructive essays, 
 as well as Bible biographies. The average life of Ceylon 
 periodicals used to be two years ; but the " Friend," which 
 owed its origin to the ubiquitous Wesleyan missionaries, 
 existed ten. This excellent periodical enabled the Singha- 
 lese, who acquired a tolerable knowledge of English at the 
 schools, to become acquainted with our Eui'opean books and 
 magazines, liberal extracts from which were freely given. 
 The "Lanka Nidhana," or "Lamp of Ceylon," Avas a Sing- 
 halese publication of a similar character to the "Friend." 
 The " Colombo Magazine " was edited by a gentleman in the 
 Ordnance Department, who, escaping from the heavier 
 occupation of indents and piling of shot and shell, con- 
 tributed tales, essays, poetry, and anecdotes to its pages. 
 This journal was the first to rouse the desire for a local 
 periodical literature, which, let us trust, may one day be 
 permanently established in Ceylon. The " Ceylon Maga- 
 zine " had Dr. Macvicar and Mr. Bailey among its contribu- 
 tors ; but in 1848 the Morning Star, of Jaffna, alone glim- 
 mered as the sole survivor of the periodicals above-men- 
 tioned. Writing on this Ceylon periodical decline, the Cal- 
 cutta Review informs us that " the romance of life bowed
 
 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 349 
 
 down its head before tlie strong reality of the prices cur- 
 rent. Quotations from the classics were replaced by quota- 
 tions from the coffee market ; " and even at present we 
 believe the local newspapers do the literary periodical as 
 well as the chief commercial business. But in many other 
 places besides Cejlon the "quick pulse of gain " is begin- 
 ning to beat too high for men to think of anything but mak- 
 ing money. 
 
 We have sometimes wondered why, in such a military 
 country as India, where the reality of soldier-life is ever 
 apparent, no firmly established army journal or magazine 
 exists. This is a want that should at once be supplied, and 
 if discreetly edited, would doubtless effect much good. 
 During the second Burmese war an " East India Army 
 Magazine and Military Review " from Calcutta, reached our 
 tight little force at Toungoo. It was most ably conducted, 
 and furnished a supplementary paper to a narrative of the 
 campaign in Burma, 1853.* 
 
 The forests of India — especially before the coal of the 
 country is developed — being of such vast importance, we 
 miTst not omit to announce that, not long since, the Punjab 
 Forest Department were about to start a periodical. It was, 
 doubtless, the result of a conference, wisely recognised by 
 Government, at which " essays were read, experiences 
 related, difficulties solved, and much valuable information 
 given and received." An Indian paper prudently suggested 
 that " matter which would be of interest to the shikaree 
 (sportsman), as well as the tourist, might be added to the 
 subjects of the proposed periodical, which would render it 
 popular, not only departmentally, but also with the public, 
 and tend to make its financial success more certain." 
 
 In the " Annals of Indian Administration," published at 
 Serampore, India has an excellent magazine, to show at a 
 glance what the Government is doing for the good of India 
 and Burma ; and in a number before us (Septembei^, 1866) 
 we find forest conservancy in Oudh and British Burma con- 
 cisely related ; the Government of India declaiming that 
 forest administration in our portion of Burma was in a 
 " very satisfactory state." Lighthouses, education, police, 
 geological survey, with a number of other subjects, arc also 
 to be found commented on in this useful State periodical. 
 It is difficult to get the English people to understand that 
 in spite of shortcomings which, where such a large portion 
 of humanity is concerned, must every now and then occur, 
 * "The Second Burmese War "—Pegu— p. 422.
 
 350 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 
 
 tlie India Office at home and tlie Indian Government are 
 (especially at the present time) -n-orking hard for the good 
 of our splendid dominion. Periodical literature in the 
 country should do its utmost to aid this good work ; and we 
 trust and believe that there is a grand future for it in India. 
 For anything we know, the pens of N'ative editors may now 
 be working towards a mighty consummation which, a few 
 hundred years hence, may, as a sort of companion to Lord 
 Macaulay's New Zealander, afford the interesting spectacle, 
 to the world of a once chief of the native Indian prfess (as 
 if he had copied a leaf out of the book of the great M. 
 Thiers, who owes so much of his well- won fame to having 
 been a journalist) governing a mighty Indian Republic, and, 
 with flowing robes and ready pen, sending forth severe 
 monitors* from Bombay, Madras, or the City of Palaces I 
 But without indulging in any such dreams, there is yet 
 much to be done in the way of encouraging the " potent 
 instrument " everywhere in India. Our very hold on the 
 Empire, in some measure, depends on the proper manage- 
 ment of it. 
 
 Among the Anglo-Indian community, a well-conducted 
 periodical literature is a pearl of great price ; and, at the 
 conclusion of this rapid sketch, we are glad to notice that a, 
 new weekly journal has been started at Simla. It is styled 
 the Civil and Militarij Gazette, and is designed to supply a 
 void which has long been felt in that glorious region by 
 " the very large proportion of the intellect, ability, and 
 talent of India congregated at Simla six months out of the 
 twelve." Madras and Bombay must be more than ever on 
 their guard ! We trust the remark is at an end, that such 
 and such a periodical is " defunct for want of patronage ; " 
 the saying is a stain upon the Anglo-Indian social and lite- 
 rary character. The late Lord Cockbu.rn — at a dinner given 
 many years ago, in Edinburgh, to a famous artist — said, 
 while talking of the goodness of one of Roberts's early 
 patrons, he remembered hearing Henry Mackenzie, the Man 
 of Feeling, say, when talking of a certain lord who should 
 be nameless, " ' Oh, he is proud of the blaze of Burns' 
 light, when it shone in its full brightness ; but,' " added the 
 Man of Feeling, " ' I am prouder still, because I was one of 
 the few who fanned that flame when in its infancy.' " The 
 prophetic historian of our disasters in Afghanistan, the 
 
 * The Momteur Officiel of Pondicherry — the Paris of the East — a great 
 monitor during the Empire, may be mentioned in this sketch as an example 
 of French periodical literature in India.
 
 ANCxLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 351 
 
 acute biographer of Malcolm and Metcalfe, and the founder 
 of the Calcutta Review, may, we think, safely take to himself 
 some credit of this kind ; and so may it be with others — 
 patrons of periodical literature, and promoters of knowledge 
 in our Eastern dominion — at a time which may not inaptly 
 be styled " Gryanaruna," the dawn of general intelligence 
 in India. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 COMIC PERIODICALS IN INDIA. 
 
 Although throughout the sketch just concluded, it has been attempted 
 to blend an occasional touch of the comic with grave matter, while thinking 
 of the twin genii, Grief and Joy, and of the force of the saying, " II n'y a 
 rien plus pres du rire que des larmes," we find that no allusion has been 
 made in the foregoing pages to the Delhi Sketch-book, which Indian Punch, 
 in Lord Dalhousie's reign, was very good sometimes. Momus succeeded the 
 Sketch-book ; but its chief fault was its bad lithographs, spoiling an excellent 
 design. The Delhi was far different, and gladdened the Anglo-Indian world 
 with as much zeal as Punch, Judy, and Fun evince at the present day for the 
 amusement of London. In the Delhi, "the Royals in India" formed a 
 capital series of sketches : Mrs. Corporal Flouncey objecting to take service 
 with "the lady of a Sepoy officer," the quiet surprise of the lady, and the 
 grim corporal in the background, being admirably brought out, was one of 
 the best. "The War with Burma" formed the subject of some amusing 
 verses in one uumVer; and where the Lion flares "right up," and sends 
 "two wise ambassadors, the Serpent and the Fox" (the actual names of a 
 gun-brig and frigate, R.N., employed at the commencement of the second 
 Burmese war), is told with some humour. 
 
 Two conundrums from an old Delhi may be given: — "Who was the 
 grea'est drunkard in Indian history ? — Asoka. Which is the most killing — 
 Brown Bess or Miss Minie? " Also a capital sketch of Anglo-Indian military 
 life, in which the stern visage of Colonel Blowbard, in his Bengal muster 
 buggy, and the harum-scarum look of Sprugg, on his tattoo at full speed, are 
 drawn with admirable effect : — "Cornet Sprugg hath just joined his regi- 
 ment — hath not had sufficient time or opportunity to set himself up in 
 chargers, or purchase a buggy. Church being over, he mounteth a diminutive 
 tattoo. Having previously divested himself of his sword and belts, he giveth 
 the same unto his syce [horsekeeper] to bring after him. Blowhard, the 
 man in authority, twiggeth him. C. 0. [Cantonment Order] No. 2. — The 
 practice of officers' servants being x^ermitted to carry their swords is un- 
 military, and is to be discontinued. The place for the sword is always by 
 the side of the officers." 
 
 This number of the periodical was issued from the Delhi Gazette Press, 
 which also sent forth " Saunder's Monthly Magizine for all India," with 
 some good original writing and translations, in June, 1852. 
 
 "the BOMBAY QUARTERLY RBVIEW. 
 
 [To a learned friend we are indebted for the following authentic infor- 
 mation regarding the projection of the Bombay Quarttrly, which, as it
 
 35'2 ANGLO-INDIAN PERIODICAL LITEEATURE. 
 
 brings some "old familiar faces "to memory, will be interesting to many 
 Anglo-Indians.] 
 
 The project of publishing a Quarterly Review in Bombay was discussed 
 in July, 1854, at a dinner given by H. L. Anderson, then Secretary to 
 Government in the Political Department. There were present among 
 others : — William Howard (afterwards Advocate-General), bis brother, 
 Edward Howard (afterwards Director of Public Instruction), William Frere 
 (afterwards a Member of the Bombay Government), H. B. Frere (afterwarJs 
 the Right Hon. Sir Bartle Frere), H. Conybeare (the Civil Engineer), Captain 
 Marriott (afterwards Secretary to Government in the Military Department), 
 the Kev. Philip Anderson, M. A. Coxon (Registrar of the Sudder Adawlut), 
 John Counon (afterwards Senior Magistrate of Police), Herbert Giraud 
 (afterwards Principal of the Grant Medical College), and C. J. Er.-kine 
 (afterwards a Member of the Bombay Government). 
 
 The Rev. P. Anderson, the author of "The English in Western India," 
 was chosen to be Editor ; and it was determined, after considerable dis- 
 cussion, that articles on other than strictly Indian subjects should be 
 admitted. The Beview was to be published by Smith, Elder & Company, 
 who had at that time a branch firm in Bombay. 
 
 The Review was a fair success, the literary ability of some of the articles 
 being of a high standard, especially those written by Edward Howard. One 
 of these, on Thackeray's novels, was shown to Thackeray himself, and 
 declared by him to be the best article he had ever read on his works. 
 Edward Howard also wrote articles on "Oxford," "Music as a Social 
 Recreation," and "Burton's Pilgrimage to Mecca." Pelly (now Sir Lewis 
 Pelly) wrote one on " Sind," Marriott one on " Ruskin's Works," Sir Bartle 
 Frere one on "Rifle Musketry," the Rev. Philip Anderson one on " Erskine's 
 Life of Baber," and several others founded on the old records of Government, 
 which he intended, when completed, to be published as a second volume of 
 his "English in Western India." His namesake, Henry Anderson (now 
 Sir H. L.). wrote two ; one on " Kaye's Life of Sir Charles Metcalfe," and 
 the other on " Competitive Examinations for the Civil Service." Dr. Peet, 
 the Principal of the Grant Medical College, wrote two ; one on "Educi ion 
 in Western India," the other on "The Moon and her Libellers ; " tlie late 
 Kinloch Forbes, author of the "Ras Mala," one on Kaye's "Life of Sir J. 
 Mal'-olm." These are all I can at this moment recollect. 
 
 The death of the Editor (the Rev. P. Anderson), and the occurrence of 
 the Mutinies, brought the Review to an early close. Of the original pro- 
 jectors, six are dead — the two Howards (the one by a fall in the hunting- 
 field, and the other by a railway accident), Connon (Connor ?), Taylor (of 
 Smith, Taylor k Co.), M. A. Coxon, and the Editor. The rest survive (1875).
 
 353 
 
 SPORTING LITERATURE IN INDIA.* 
 
 That a thirst for adventure, and a love of excitement and 
 danger, may be engendered in the hearts of the rising 
 generation of Englishmen, is the earnest -wish of a well- 
 known Indian officer, who writes with great practical 
 experience and ability on the " Wild Sports of India." Ex- 
 perience in Shikar — particularly in hunting and killing the 
 large game with which India's forests abound — is a great 
 thing, and has doubtless tended to rear more genuine 
 "captains" in the " nursery "f than anything else; for, 
 talk as we will, a good soldier is generally a keen sportsman, 
 or, we should rather say, the keen sportsman has in him the 
 materials for a good and distinguished soldier. The ever- 
 ready tact, the nerve firm and iinquailing, the talent for 
 constant resource, a constitution like that of the " Iron 
 King " of Sweden, our own " Iron Duke," or Napier of 
 Sind ; to be weather-proof even — as the late gifted 
 Meredith Parker might have exjiressed it — while snakes are 
 " prodigiously lively," and tigers' teeth are cracking from 
 the sun : all these requisites are essential for great success 
 in sporting as in military life. Doubtless, we owe much of 
 the bi"illiant success which has attended so many Indian 
 officers in their profession to a love of field sports, which 
 has kept them " fit for their duty as soldiers, both in body 
 and inclination." 
 
 Colonel Shakespear goes so far as to style hog hiinting 
 " the very first sport in the world." In danger and excite- 
 ment it perhaps only comes short of tiger shooting, especially 
 when such is rashly perfoi-med on foot, instead of from the 
 back of an elephant. Then there is good sport in the 
 destruction of other less fierce four-footed game, and the 
 endless varieties of the feathered tribes ; in the latter par- 
 ticular also to aid the sciences of ornithology and gastronomy. 
 
 * Contributed to The Fiehl, London, April 26tli, 1873. 
 t "India, the nursery of captains." — Lokd Lytton. 
 
 A A
 
 354 SPOKTING LITERATURE IN INDIA. 
 
 Horse racing, too — tlie love of wliicli goes witli Eiiglislaraen 
 all over the world — is deeply rooted in Anglo-India ; and 
 thus, with their profession, the attractions of female society, 
 a pipe, a little reading, and an occasional longing for old 
 England, " runs," and has long run, from year to year, "the 
 world away" among numbers of onr countrymen in the 
 glorious Empire of the sun. 
 
 That there should have been from time to time separate 
 periodicals in India for recording sporting exploits was 
 only natural. The enthusiasm with which Englishmen enter 
 upon every description of sport in India induced Mr. 
 Stocqueler, when editor of the Bomhay Courier in the year 
 1828, to start the " Oriental Sporting Magazine." Its 
 principal contributor was Captain D'Arcy Morris of the 
 Bombay Ai'my. He wrote some admirable parodies of 
 Moore's " Loves of the Angels," which he called the " Tales of 
 the -Tinkers" — " tinker" being a term of reproach applied 
 to bad sportsmen — and some spirit-stirring songs, one of 
 which lives to this hour. " The next grey boar we see " will 
 be popular in India as long as a boar remains to fall to the 
 speai's of the huntsmen. The great success of this magazine, 
 to which Sir James Outram and Mr. Chamier, M.C.S , con- 
 tributed, induced Mr. Stocqueler to start a similar one in 
 Calcutta in 1834, and during the nine years of his editorship 
 its success was immense. During the last two or three 
 years of its existence it was supplemented by a miscellany, 
 and the combination of the two elements rendered the 
 magazine popular with all classes. The first talent in the 
 country contributed to its j'^-ges. 'Besides innumerable 
 sketches of tiger, lion, elephant, boar, deer, and jackall hunt- 
 ing, shooting in all its branches, racing, boating, cricket, 
 and other registry, many articles were insei'ted in relation 
 to the zoology of India. Among the sporting writers were 
 Sir George Harvey, K.C.S.L, Mr. Charles Butcher — an 
 Indigo planter, a poet, and a capital shot — Sir Alfred 
 Larpent, Mr. Bailey, and many other distinguished civilians. 
 Mr. Brian Hodgson, whose works on the fauna of India have 
 a world-wide reputation, and Major BroAvn, of the Bengal 
 Infantry (Gunga), Avere constant Avriters on the deer and 
 ganae birds of the up-country. Dr. John Grant the Apothe- 
 cary-General, a man of rare and diversified literary attain- 
 ments, Henry Meredith Parker, Captain Robert A. Mac- 
 naghten. Captain Percy Eld, Major Backhouse (of the 
 Artillery), Lord Exmouth, Dr. Parry, and Captain "Walter 
 Hore, all men of marked ability, contributed largely on an
 
 SPOETING LITEEATUEE IN INDIA. 355 
 
 infinite variety of subjects ; and Mr. Stocqueler himself not 
 unfrequently added to his editorial duties by -writing 
 humorous sketches. The magazine was profusely adorned 
 with engravings illustrative of sport, chiefly commissioned 
 from England. It is not unworthy of note that the now 
 popular " Tale of a Tub and a Tiger " first appeared in the 
 " Bengal Sporting Magazine," whence, writes Mr. Stocqueler, 
 the sketches were plagiarised and the story paraphrased by 
 the late T. H. Bayley. 
 
 Beai'ing on the subject of Indian sporting litei'ature we 
 are indebted for most of the following notes to a choice spirit 
 of a world gone by — a distinguished officer and fellow of 
 " infinite jest and most excellent fancy." The very mention 
 of the names contained in them may tempt some Anglo- 
 Indians of the old school in London to exclaim, like Aytoun, 
 while singing the praises of his redoubtable old Scottish 
 Cavaliei's, — 
 
 " Oh ! never shall we know agaia 
 Of hearts so stout and true ; 
 The olden times have passed away, 
 And weary are the new. " 
 
 Never, never more ! Change has done its work. Never 
 again can we hope to see such famous "letters " as those 
 *' from John Dockeray, a Yorkshire jockey, to his brother in 
 Tadcaster," Avhich first appeared in the Bombaij Sporthui 
 Mac/azine. An able and amusing little article, said to be 
 from the pen of the editor of that periodical, gave an 
 admirable idea of the English stage coachman of the olden 
 time. The manner in which he was represented as enter- 
 taining his friend on the box with the popular sono- of 
 " Young love among the roses," intermixed with pi'ofessional 
 addresses to his team, was extremely amusing. 
 
 Some of the poetical contributions were of a degree of 
 merit very superior to the ordinary run of poesy of that 
 description to be met with even in England, in periodicals of 
 far higher pretension. We doubt if the song commencing 
 " The boar, the mighty boar's my theme," and ending with 
 the chorus — 
 
 " So hei'e's to all who fear no fall. 
 And the next grey boar we see," 
 
 has ever been surpased as a sporting lyric ; in short, we 
 have little or no hesitation in saying that a more spirit- 
 stirring canticle has seldom, if ever, been chanted at shil-ar 
 party or " our mess." And, in a different style, the beautiful 
 
 A A 2
 
 356 SPORTING LITERATURE IN INDIA. 
 
 imitation of Moore's " Harp that once tlirougli Tara's halls," 
 commencing 
 
 " The spear that once o'er Dekhan ground 
 The blood of wild boar shed," 
 
 is worthy of a place in poetical literature far above that 
 of ordinary parody. 
 
 Of gun and rifle celebrity some forty-five years ago, we 
 particularly hear of Tiger Shirreff, Tiger Apthorp, Vivian, 
 Humffreys, Boddam, and Backhouse, the famed Bengal fox- 
 hunter. 
 
 Boddam (Madras Cavalry) heard of Lord Kennedy's 
 famous match, and he resolved to emulate it. Ho accord- 
 ingly did the distance from Arcot to the Tinnery Tank- 
 Wallajahbad — forty or more miles — driving, riding, and 
 walking, and returning in the same manner, bringing back 
 with him fifty-two couple of snipe, in the incredible short 
 space of twelve hours, within which time he was dining at 
 the mess. 
 
 Killing a tiger on foot was by no means an uncommon 
 occurrence in the old days. Such men as Apthorp,* 
 Humffreys (who was killed by a tiger), Shirreff, and Christie, 
 with others of our own time, are hardly to be trifled with 
 either in the forest or on the battle field. "We observe that 
 the last named gallant colonel has recently left Madras for 
 England ; and we much regret that the Presidency tiger- 
 slayer's exploits have never been fully detailed in a Madras 
 sporting periodical. 
 
 Well-known heroes of the turf of a past age in India are 
 summed np in the names of Shepherd, Hall, Gash, Parker, 
 and Salter. They are equally renowned as jockeys. As 
 hunters, wdiether with honnd or spear, John Elliot and 
 Backhouse are never to be forgotten. But we should men> 
 tion that some of the chief turf men in Bengal were Steven- 
 son, Bacon, Grant, and John White. Stevenson was the 
 father of the turf in that Presidency, Avhile Macdowell — 
 well-known as Arab Mac— claimed the honour in Madras.! 
 
 * General East Apthorp, C.B., K.S.F., died at Tunbridge "Wells, March 3, 
 1875, aged 69. 
 
 t " Aiab Mac " always kept some twenty or thirty horses in his stable ; 
 and the Griffin, or needy officer, wanting a " charger," knew where to go 
 for the value of his money. Arab Macs way of doing business was some- 
 thing in the following style : "Ye want a Lorse, Mr. Robinson ; now here's 
 a fine Persian" (or it might be an Arab) "which cost me 400 rupees. He's 
 been in my stable a month ; so I shall only charge ye 6 rupees for the 
 Ghorawallah's (horsekeeper's) pay, 3^ for the grass cutter, 3i for gram, and
 
 SPOKTING LITERATURE IN INDIA. 357 
 
 Duncan Mackenzie (who enjoyed tlie turf sobi-iqnet of Mr. 
 North), Edward Gulliver Showers, of the Artillery, and the 
 two Macleans, were chief among the glorious old " Mulls " 
 who in their day shed glory o'er the turf, as Cunningham. 
 (Cavalry) did in Bombay. As Nelson wished for a Gazette 
 all to himself, so those turfites, with the other sportsmen 
 already brought forward, might well have claimed an 
 extraordinary magazine or review to chronicle all their 
 brilliant sporting achievements. And are not the pages of 
 the Bombay {Oriental) Sporting Magazine adorned with 
 the illustrious names of those equine sons of the desert — 
 the last, alas ! of the genuine ones — Pyramid, Chapeau de 
 Paille, Feramors, Salonica, Paul Pry, Sackcloth, Hurry 
 Skurry, and a host of others well-known to its able editor ? 
 Although far from wishing to be guilty of the too common 
 folly of crying up the past at the expense of the present, 
 still we cannot help exclaiming, so far as sporting in India 
 is concerned. Where are now the horses ? and more im- 
 portant still, Where are the men ? The ghost of an Outram 
 on Ariel, or of a Pottinger on Selim, answers, Where ? 
 Seu, qjtanto ininus est cum rcliquis versari qiiam tui 
 ■meminisse. 
 
 Colonel Davidson in his " Travels " gives some valuable 
 information on Anglo-Indian gastronomy. This amusing, 
 sprightly traveller, when he weighed less than nineteen 
 stone, must have been a veritable sportsman. His discourse 
 on the cours gastronomi(iue,vfh.\\Q officiating as cJief de cuisine 
 and excelling in making rich bread sauce for partridges, 
 found its way into our most celebrated Indian periodical 
 (the Calcutta Review) ; and, as we know some admirable 
 Indian Nimrods who are very good cooks, the following 
 extract, commencing in rare Johnsonian style, may be received 
 with gratitude by our readers : — 
 
 " Bleak and barren indeed must tbat spot be where the eye of a sound- 
 hearted and skilful gastronomist cannot discover matter for thankfulness ! 
 For him does sad and solitary Ascension gather together her luscious and 
 indescribable turtle ; for him the d:uk rocks and arid plains of the dry 
 Deccan produce their purjile grapes, and cunning but goodly bustard ; for 
 him burning Bundelkund its wonderful rock pigeon and ortolan inimitable ; 
 the Jumna, most ancient of rivers, its large rich kala banse and tasty crabs ; 
 for him yields the long and marshy Teraee her elegant florican ; the mighty 
 {JuDga its melting mah&seer ; the Goomtee its exquisite mullet." 
 
 Long may such gastronomists as the colonel be able to 
 
 one rupee for shoeing, with a rupee for heel- ropes, and the horse is yours 
 for -115 rupees!" This speech, delivered with a strong Scotch accent, was 
 highly characteristic of the kind-hearted Anglo-Indian sportsman.
 
 358 SPORTING LITERATURE IN INDIA. 
 
 prepare a tiffin for Indian sportsmen ! and long may the 
 periodicals exist which endeavour to chronicle their triumphs 
 in ministering to the appetites of men who, as soldiers and 
 statesmen, may deserve well of their countiy ! 
 
 Having alluded to the pursuit of the " grey boar " as such 
 splendid sport, and such hunting in India having formed the 
 theme of so many exciting descriptions in magazines and 
 newspapers, it may not be out of place, before taking leave 
 of "a sounder of wild hog," to remark that the chief 
 difference between hog hunting in Bengal, and in the Borabay 
 Pi'esidency and the " Hyderabad Deccan," is in " the nature 
 of the ground ridden over, the length of the spear used, and 
 the way it is carried," the difference of lengths and the 
 system of using the weapon being accounted for " by the 
 difference of grounds and the habits of the animal."* Let 
 us then sing once more — 
 
 " So here's to all who fear no fall, 
 And the next grey boar they see ! " 
 
 * Colonel Shakespear's "Wild Sports of India," p. 33.
 
 359 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 I. 
 
 LORD PALMERSTON AND SIR ALEXANDER 
 BURNES. 
 
 The following extracts from correspondence between Lord 
 Palmerston and Dr. Burnes, relating to liis brother Sir 
 Alexander, are of interest. After a few letters the corres- 
 pondence ceased, his lordship remarking that the opinions 
 expressed were " those which he entertained, and the 
 observations which he made were those which presented 
 themselves to his mind." Those opinions his lordship still 
 entertained, and those observations he was " not prepared to 
 retract." 
 
 J. BURNES TO LORD PALMERSTON. 
 
 40, Ladbroke Square, W., March 25, 1861. 
 My Lord, 
 
 I beg to transmit to your Lordship the enclosed extract, 
 from the report in the Evening Standard of Wednesday 
 last, of your speech in the debate of the preceding evening, 
 and to ask the favour of your informing me if it be correct. 
 Should it be so, I would explain that, although Lord Auck- 
 land disapproved of my brother's money arrangements with 
 Candahar, yet shortly after his proceedings were reported to 
 England, your Home Government distinguished him by a 
 knighthood and a lieutenant-colonelcy ; and that in announc- 
 ing these honours to him, the Governor-General himself 
 made the following frank avowal : — ■ 
 
 " Simla, November 5th, 1838. 
 
 " My dear Sir, — I cordially congratulate you upon the 
 public proofs of approbation with which you have been
 
 360 APPENDICES. 
 
 marked at home. My private letters speak in high, terms, 
 of your proceedings in Cabul ; and I may in candour mention 
 that upon the one point upon which there "svas some 
 difference between us — the proposed advance of money to 
 Candahar — opinions for which I have the highest respect 
 are in your favour. I do not grudg'e you this, and am only 
 glad that a just tribute has been paid to your ability and 
 indefatigable zeal." 
 
 I would also point out — in reference to the statement that 
 " Sir Alexander Burnes was taken to task for having 
 communicated, while in Afghanistan, to the Indian news- 
 papers, information with which he was entrusted on account 
 of the Government, a reproof" (your Lordship is alleged to 
 add) "of which Sir A. Burnes was well deserving," — that the 
 Parliamentary Blue Book, page 98, distinctly disproves the 
 same, and shows that it was one of my brother's subordinate 
 officers, and not himself, who had indiscreetly communicated 
 the said information, thereby incurring his disapprobation 
 as well as that of the Governor-General, who, if I mistake 
 not, took advantage of the occasion to compliment Sir 
 Alexander Burnes on his well-know discretion. 
 
 Should this newspaper report be substantially correct, 
 your Lordship will doubtless see the necessity of making the 
 explanation I have fui-nished, in the place where the state- 
 m.ents were made, seeing that, as they stand, they can have 
 but one effect — that of depreciating the character and 
 services of Sir Alexander Burnes. 
 
 I have the honour to be, my Lord, 
 
 Your Lordshii^'s most obedient Servant, 
 
 James Burnes. 
 The Right Hon. Viscount Palmerston, K.G., M.P., etc. 
 
 " In a dispatch written by the Goveimor- General of India 
 he found fault with Sir A. Burnes for having entered into 
 an arrangement with the Queen of Candahar, by which he 
 committed the Indian Government beyond what he had 
 authority to do. The Governor- General said he would not 
 call upon him to make a public disavowal, but that he must 
 take an opportunity of showing that the Indian Government 
 were not prepared to make good the engagements which Sir 
 A. Burnes had said that Government would enter into. So, 
 with regard to Ruujeet Singh, it had to be intimated to him 
 that the policy of the Indian Government was not that
 
 APPENDICES. 361 
 
 wliicli Sir A. Bui'nes recommended tliem to pursue. There was 
 another dispatch omitted, in which Sir A. Burnes was taken 
 to task for having communicated, while in Afghanistan, to 
 the Indian newspapers, information with which he was 
 entrusted on account of the Government. This was a 
 reproof of which Sir A. Burnes was well deserving. He did 
 not mean to say that these things were serious cause of 
 blame to Sir A. Burnes." 
 
 2. 
 
 Lord Palmerston to J. Burnes. 
 
 Downing Street, April 1, 1861. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I am desired by Lord Palmerston to acknowledge the 
 receipt of your letter of 25th March. 
 
 Lord Palmerston desires me, in reply, to say that what he 
 stated in the House of Commons with regard to the first 
 dispatch from Sir W. Macnaghten, conveying the disapproval 
 of Lord Auckland, of some communications made by Sir 
 Alexander Burnes to the Ameer of Candahar, -svas much to 
 the same effect as what Mr. Dunlop had, in his speech, said 
 on the same subject. Lord Palmerston will, however, when 
 he returns to town, look again at the Blue Book, and turn 
 to the subsequent dispatch to Avhich you refer him. 
 
 I remain. Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 Evelyn Asuley. 
 James Burnes, Esq. 
 
 We may conclude with some remarks from a letter by the 
 energetic political, regarding the distinctions he had won, 
 alluded to in his brother's note to Lord Palmerston : — 
 
 " Shikarpore, November 12, 1838. — You do indeed convey 
 to me news, for I had not the remotest idea of the honours 
 (the lieutenant-colonelcy and knighthood) coming, though 
 they are to me truly acceptable, not as empty honours, but 
 as setting my mind at rest that my conduct in Afghanistan 
 has been approved. You may imagine that this gratifies me 
 the more when I was at issue on it with the Government of 
 India, and had plainly told them that they would sacrifice 
 millions hereafter instead of lacs now."
 
 362 APPENDICES. 
 
 II. 
 
 VISIT OF DR. JAMBS BURNES, K.H., TO THE 
 COURT OP SIND. 
 
 (his curb of an ameer.) 
 
 The visit of Di'. Burnes to a highly interesting, but, at the 
 time, almost unknown Coui-t, at Hyderabad on the Endus, 
 made some forty- seven years ago, forms the subject of a 
 narrative originally printed by the Government in India, 
 and first issued from the Bombay press in 1830. The author 
 little foresaw that his "visit to Sinde " (he spells the word 
 with an e) would be followed by such a train of stirring 
 events, in reference to the Indus, as would take place in the 
 course of ten years (date of preface April, 1839). In 1831, 
 the river was successfully navigated from the Ocean to 
 Lahore, by his brother. Sir Alexander Burnes ; during 
 1832-3-4, negociations were in progress, and treaties 
 entered into with the Ameers, under Colonel (afterwards 
 Sir Henry) Pottinger,* for the free opening of it as a channel 
 of trade ; and at the end of 1835, Messrs. Hedle and Wood 
 — as if emulating Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, in Scotland 
 — exhibited to the astonished natives of Hyderabad the fij'st 
 steamboat that ever entered the Indus. Our distinguished 
 Anglo-Indian author thought that the extension of our power 
 along the whole course of that river, would render it certain 
 that, " ere long, the manufacturers of Manchester, Glasgow, 
 and Birmingham, will be as common in Bokhara, Candahar, 
 and Samarkand, as in the chief cities of Europe and Anglo- 
 Asia." About 1827-28, Dr. Burnes, residency-surgeon in 
 Cutch, was requested by the Ameers of Sind (in a most 
 friendly letter to the Resident) to proceed without delay to 
 Hyderabad on account of the sickness of Meer Mourad All 
 Khan, one of the principal chiefs. The Knight of Hanover 
 and accomplished Mason was to do for Sind what Boughton 
 (1634) had done for Bengal in our early history of India, in 
 which great country the members of the medical profession, 
 whether in the case of natives or Europeans requiring their 
 attendance and treatment, have done so much for humanity 
 
 * Well known for his diplomatic services in China, and Governor of 
 Madras 1848-54.
 
 APPENDICES. 363 
 
 throiTgli their admirable skill and never-ceasing kindness. 
 The passages quoted, we trust, will show Di". Burnes' easy 
 and graphic style as a writer : — 
 
 " By a rigid attention to diet and constitutional treatment, 
 together with the application of the most simple dressings to 
 the disease itself, all dangerous symptoms disappeared by 
 the 20th of November (1827), that is, ten days after my 
 arrival at Hyderabad. I will confess that I was myself 
 taken by surprise ; and it is hardly possible to describe the 
 gratification and gratitude of the Ameers when I announced 
 to INIourad Ali the propriety of his resuming, with modera- 
 tion, his usual pursuits. The illness of one confines the 
 whole family ; and none of them, therefore, had breathed 
 fresh air outside the fortress for many months. Prepara- 
 tions were immediately made for a hunting excursion, to 
 which they all proceeded, and I was also invited. The Ameer 
 suffered no inconvenience for some weeks fi'om his disorder, 
 while a dread of the consequences prevented his neglecting 
 the regimen prescribed. But when this ceased, he was guilty 
 of some acts of imprudence and excess, which brought on 
 a slight relapse, but did not much retard his general re- 
 covery. 
 
 " The suddenness of a cure so unexpected, and which was 
 to be attributed, in a great measure, to the removal of the 
 irritating substances formerly applied, impressed the Ameers 
 with the idea that there were no bounds to my skill in my 
 profession ; and some fortuitous circumstances contributed 
 to strengthen the delusion. I had occasion to administer a 
 small quantity of a powerful medicine to Mourad Ali, who 
 declined taking it, even after the same dose had been tried 
 on the luckless attendant I have mentioned [Burnes had been 
 the subject of experiment for each nauseous dose, but re- 
 signed in favour of an attendant], till he was positively 
 assured by me what would be the exact effect upon himself. 
 I saw at once that this A^as in their estimation a grand test 
 of my knowledge ; and it was one certainly which perplexed 
 me considerably. Having no alternative, however, I boldly 
 hazarded a guess, which the event, luckily for my reputation, 
 proved correct ; and this circumstance, trifling as it may 
 seem, excited so much the attention of the Ameers that they 
 alluded to it often afterwards. 
 
 " But to nothing, in this respect, was I more indebted than 
 to the sulphate of quinine ; a remedy hitherto perfectly un- 
 known in Sinde, and the effect of which, as it scarcely ever 
 fails in stopping the intermittent fevers of natives, I could
 
 3G4 APPENDICES. 
 
 generally foretell -witli a degree of precision tLat astonished 
 them. By means of this Aaluable medicine, I was enabled, 
 shortly after my arrival, to cure in two days a favourite 
 child of the prime minister, who had been suifering from 
 fever for months together, with several other persons in the 
 immediate service of the Ameers ; and I would no doubt have 
 gone on to raise my character higher, had not their High- 
 nesses, the moment they discovered the effect of the quinine, 
 seized the phial which contained it without ceremony, and 
 ordered it to be sealed and locked up for their own proper 
 use at a future period. Even afterwards, when I myself fell 
 sick, no solicitations could induce them to part with a single 
 grain, though I was dangerously ill ; and when at my depar- 
 ture, I made a request for the bottle in exchange for another, 
 as it was one which belonged to a valuable medicine chest, 
 the proposal was at once rejected, evidently from an idea, 
 that it might share with its contents some supposed talis- 
 manic virtue. 
 
 " Sinde would be a fair field for English quackery to 
 flourish in. The Ameers never thought of doubting that I 
 had the power of restoring the vigour of youth, provided I 
 was disposed to do so ; and Meer Sohrab sent me a letter 
 from Shikarpoor, requesting me to bring to his senses one of 
 his children who had been twelve years an idiot ! Meer Noor 
 Mahommed was disappointed that I did not possess the lamp 
 of Aladdin or the wand of Prospero, to turn his mean and 
 contemptible figure into the stately form of his brother 
 Nusseer Khan. I was applied to by Meer Mahommed to 
 remove a white speck from the neck of one of the beauties 
 of his Seraglio, which had been born with her ; and 
 his Highness was evidently displeased when my attempts 
 proved unsuccessful. The circumstances of my interview 
 with this lady are curious. It was proposed that I should 
 meet her in a garden, with a wall about five feet high between 
 us ; but as I objected to this mode of examining a patient, 
 she was brought to my tent, muffled up among a crowd of 
 old and ugly females, her attendants. She was very beauti- 
 ful, almost as fair as an European, and altogether a favour- 
 able specimen of the women of Sinde, who are superior in 
 appearance to those of India. I saw several dancing girls, 
 whose elegant forms might have graced the harem of the 
 Caliph Walid. 
 
 " In proportion as Mourad All's health recovered, the kind- 
 ness and attention of the Ameers towards me increased. 
 During my stay at Hyderabad, for the succeeding two months
 
 APPENDICES. 365 
 
 and a Iialf, every means was adopted by them that could 
 afford me comfort or amusement. The vizier waited on me 
 every morning and afternoon to accompany me to the durbai', 
 where I passed six hours, and often more, daily in their 
 company, and where they received me latterly in nearly the 
 same manner as they did the younger princes. After the 
 first or second visit, the ceremony of taking off the shoes, 
 which was, I understand, rigidly insisted on during the two 
 or three short interviews the late envoys had with them, 
 was entirely dispensed with ; and the whole arrangement of 
 their court was changed, that a chair might be introduced 
 for me. No entreaties could induce them to discontinue the 
 extravagant system of entertainment for me and my people 
 which was kept up to the very last day I remained in Sinde. 
 
 " The conduct of a despotic prince regulates that of 
 his followers. lHo sooner did the Sindian courtiers observe 
 the disposition of the Ameers towards me, than they began 
 to vie with each other in their obsequiousness. While I was 
 at Hyderabad, I was visited, I believe, by the heads of all 
 the tribes resident at court. Letters were read in my 
 presence at the Durbar, which were to be sent to the Sikhs 
 and other allies, announcing Mourad All's recovery, and 
 highly complimentary to myself, together with congratulatory 
 addresses from Meers Sohrab and Thara, entreating that 
 every distinction might be paid me. Persian verses, filled 
 with the grossest flattery, were repeated daily, and a^jpeared 
 extremely satisfactory to the Ameers, who themselves took 
 the trouble to explain to me the meaning of the difllcult 
 passages. 
 
 " The example of the rulers had a proportionate effect on 
 the people of Sinde. The intelligence of Meer Mourad Ali's 
 recovery passed through the country like wildfire, and 
 crowds flocked from all quarters, in the expectation of 
 obtaining relief, many of them from incurable diseases. In 
 every direction, around the garden which I occupied, there 
 were encampments of strangers who had come from a 
 distance. My gate was surrounded by petitioners from 
 morning to night ; and the moment I appeared abroad, I 
 was assailed by the most piteous entreaties for medicine and 
 assistance. All these demands on me I was obliged to attend 
 to ; nor is there any period of my life during which I 
 undei'went more continued labour than in Sinde. The 
 Ameers gave me credit for my assiduity, and thanked me 
 for expending, as they had been informed by report, four 
 thousand rupees' worth of medicine on their subjects. I
 
 366 APPENDICES. 
 
 assured them of my readiness to do my endeavours, but 
 did not conceive it necessary to add, that the utmost the 
 Honourable Company Avas likely to suffer on the occasion 
 was nearer forty rupees than the amount they had alluded to. 
 " The consequence of my unremitting exertions was a 
 violent attack of fever, which confined me to my bed for 
 several days. The kindness I then experienced ought not 
 to be omitted here. The Ameers did indeed refuse me the 
 quinine ; but they were constant in their enquii'ies, and 
 extreme in their expressions of anxiety. During the whole 
 of a day in which I was delirious, Wullee Mahommed Khan, 
 whose good feeling I had gained by attention, to his children, 
 and frequent conversations with himself, never left my bed- 
 side ; and when I recovered my senses, the first object which 
 met my eye, was the respected old man kneeling in earnest 
 prayer for my recovery. Such Samaritanism would do 
 honour, and might be an example, to many of a purer creed 
 and better education." — This we conceive to be a very enter- 
 taining extract ; and we trust its insertion will be taken as 
 a slight tribute to the admirable qualities of those who have 
 adorned the Medical profession in India. 
 
 III. 
 
 OPINIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MEN ON 
 
 SIR JAMES OUTRAM. 
 
 "Sans peur et sans reproche." 
 
 A NUMEROUS and highly influential meeting was held on the 
 6th of Mai'ch, 1861, at Willis's Rooms, "to mark in a 
 permanent manner their high sense of the great public 
 services and eminent character of that distinguished soldier 
 and statesman, Sir James Outram." 
 
 On the platform were Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Harris, 
 Lord Lyveden, Lord Keane, the Hon. Arthur Kinnaird, Sir 
 John Lawrence, Sir Henry Rawlinson, Sir Robert Hamilton, 
 Mr. Crawford (Member for the City), Sir Frederick Currie, 
 Sir John McNeill, Sir Minto Parquliar, Sir James Fergusson, 
 Sir Henry Havelock, General Malcolm, General Hancock, 
 Dr. Norton Shaw, Colonel Hollaaid, Colonel Sykes, Captain 
 Eastwick, Dr. Burnes, K.H., &c., &c. Among others present 
 on the occasion were : — Lord Clyde, Sir R. Arbuthnot, Mr. 
 Ricketts, Sir James Colville, SirF. Abbott, Sir Henry Mont-
 
 APPENDICES. 367 
 
 gomery, Mr. Charles Raikes, Captain Lynch, etc, &c. A 
 considerable number of ladies, including Lady Keane, Lady 
 Havclock, Lady Somerset, Lady Eastlake, Lady Green, Mrs. 
 Bagnold, &c., were present in the front seats. 
 
 Lord Keane was sorry to state that the Duke of Argyll 
 was unable to take the chair. His Grace's letter on the 
 occasion contained the following tribute : — 
 
 " I trust I may be allowed to say with what warm admira- 
 tion I have always regarded the character and services of 
 Sir James Outram. The many great qualities which have 
 been requisite for a successful career such as his in India 
 are now much more generally appreciated than they once 
 Avere. It is a matter of public importance that those who 
 spend, and too often are called to exhaust, their powers in 
 the service of our Eastern Empire, should receive, even in 
 their lifetime, the public acknowledgments and honours 
 they deserve." 
 
 The chair was taken by 
 
 LORD LYVEDEN, 
 
 Who said: — The person we are met here to celebrate is one 
 of those characters which all Englishmen must admire — a 
 real, thorough Anglo-Saxon, one of whom all of the race I 
 am now addressing ought to be proud. (Cheers.) I had not 
 the honour of his acquaintance in the earlier part of his 
 life. The beginning of my acquaintance with him was 
 somewhat singular, and at the same time so demou strati ve 
 of the character of the man, that I will mention the 
 circumstance. It was in the year 1843, when the vote of 
 thanks was proposed in Parliament to Sir Charles Napier 
 and the army of Scinde, that I took occasion to mention the 
 services of General Oatram. Let no man suppose I am 
 about to enter into the unfortunate controversy of that 
 period ; I am merely stating a matter of fact when I say that 
 I endeavoured to urge upon the Government of that day the 
 necessity of including in that vote of thanks the name of 
 General Outram. 1 did so on account of his brilliant 
 services in the celebrated defence of the Hyderabad Resi- 
 dency — that defence which was one of the brilliant achieve- 
 ments of that war, and chai'acterized by Sir Charles Napier 
 as " the extraordinary defence of the fearless and dis- 
 tinguished Outram." 
 
 I have o-lanced at the beginning: and the close of General 
 Outram's splendid career : others who will follow me will
 
 368 APPENDICES. 
 
 enter into more specific details of those brilliant actions 
 •whicli have distinguished his life. I ask jou to consider 
 who it is we are met here to honour — what has been his 
 course of life, and what the results. Did he, as is said is 
 always the case in this country, owe his advancement to 
 intei'est ? How did ho stand at the beginning of the race ? 
 He started single-handed, with his merit and ability only to 
 carry him forward. I do not know who procured him his 
 first nomination, but I do know who gave him his first 
 preferment. This time last year we met here to celebrate 
 and do honour to the character of one of the finest and noblest 
 of our Indian statesmen — Mountstuart Elphinstone. He it 
 was who first saw Outram's merit and advanced him to 
 promotion. It was to Elphinstone and to his own merit 
 that he was first indebted for that first position which 
 afforded him the opportunities he has so nobly improved 
 upon. What were General Outram's peculiar qualifications 
 for success ? He had that singularly useful qualification 
 to every Indian official, the power of ingratiating himself 
 with the native chiefs and with the native people. (Hear, 
 hear.) Of all men I have ever known in the Indian service, 
 except, perhaps, Sir George Clerk, the present Governor of 
 Bombay,* he had that faculty beyond them all. It was not 
 only that he possessed an intimate acquaintance with them 
 and with their feelings and habits, but a sympathy with them 
 and respect for their rights. It was this that won their 
 hearts, and it was through this medium that he achieved 
 such wonderful results. I pray God that all officers going 
 out to India may emulate him in that quality ; for without 
 sjTnpathy and regard for the feelings and rights of the 
 native population, it will be impossible for us to maintain 
 our Empire in the East ; while, if you can kindle and keep 
 alive a spark of sympathy and good feeling between the 
 native and European populations, you will be able not only 
 to maintain that Empire, but advance its happiness aiid 
 prosperity far beyond anything that has yet been accom- 
 plished. (Hear, hear.) This is the character we are called 
 iipon to-day to celebrate ; for the manner of the celebration 
 I leave to future speakers to detail to you. But I do hope 
 that before 3'ou leave this room you will provide the means, 
 by your subscriptions, to raise some memorial to him, not 
 only in the one country, but in both countries to which his 
 fame belongs. I do hope that you will raise such a memorial 
 
 * Appointed 1860, and in 1874-75 a distinguished Member of the InJia 
 
 Council.
 
 APPENDICES. 369 
 
 in the land of his birth — that land which has sent forth so 
 many of her sons to distant parts of the world, challenging 
 all others in enterprise, and carrying the fame of Britain 
 to the most distant regions of the habitable globe. I do 
 hope, too, that you will i-aise such a memorial in India — the 
 country which has witnessed his brilliant achievements, 
 where his name is known from Cape Comorin to the 
 mountains of Thibet, and from the mouth of the Brah- 
 maputra to the Indus — thereby setting a bright example to 
 succeeding ages, and showing what may be done by men of 
 honesty of character and nobleness of purpose in the path of 
 duty. Not once or twice has the path of duty been the way 
 to gloiy ; and if, as is sometimes the case, that glory lead but 
 to the grave, let us remember that that grave is environed 
 with martial honours, covered with a civic crown, and 
 bedewed with the tears of all upright men. 
 
 SIR H. C. RAWLINSON. 
 
 Happily, the invidious distinctions of past times ai^e now 
 swept away, and all officers, whether seiwing in the East or 
 West, are equally the servants of her Majesty the Queen ; 
 but if it had not been so, if the old gulf yet existed between the 
 Royal and the Indian armies, still the case of James Outram 
 would have been, and must have been, an exception. It 
 would never have been tolerated that services of so noble 
 and so national a character should have been localised as the 
 exclusive property of an Indian presidency. No ; James 
 Outram's carreer belongs to England, and is the property of 
 all time. (Hear, hear.) It is the career of one of England's 
 best and bravest soldiers. (Loud cheers.) It forms a 
 a bright and spirit-stirring chapter in the national history, 
 and will descend to after ages with other histoi-ies of 
 England's worthies, as an inheritance of glory, wherever 
 the English language may be spoken, and wherever the 
 memory may be cherished of gallant actions and of generous 
 feelings. 
 
 To recapitulate Outram's services would be to travel over 
 ground with which you are already familiar ; yet I cannot 
 keep silence altogether. A bird's-eye view of a few 
 prominent features in his career, such as we may suppose 
 to be displayed to the wondering gaze of our children's 
 children, will perhajjs answer all present purposes. Firstly, 
 then, will appear the young officer of stalwart frame, 
 unflinching nerve, iron constitution, and of joyous heart. 
 
 B B
 
 370 APPENDICES. 
 
 The jungle side, the paradc-groTincl, have equal charm for 
 him ; he is a first-rate regimental officer, and the prince of 
 Deccan sportsman. And hei'e I would observe in passings 
 ■with all possible respect for the system of competitive 
 examination, that the examples of Elphinstone and Malcolm, 
 of George Clerk and James Outram, would go far to shake 
 one's faith in the necessity of an exclusive mental culture 
 while the boy is being ripened into the man. The next 
 scene in the drama brings forward James Outram as the 
 pioneer of civilisation, reclaiming the Bheels of Khandeish 
 from barbarism, restoring order and good government to the 
 Myhee-Caunta. Then comes the magnificent episode of the 
 first Afghan war. Outram is still the daring oQicer, fore- 
 most in pursuit, last in retreat ; now chasing the Ameer of 
 Cabal across the Indian Caiicasus, novv' sharing in the danger 
 of the storm of Kelat, and afterwards riding alone and 
 in disguise through an unknown and hostile country for 400 
 miles to carry the first news of the victory to Bombay. 
 
 Of Outram's later services in India I need say but little. 
 His defence of the Residency at 'Hyderabad, which is one 
 of the most striking passages in the military history of 
 India, has been prominently brought before you by the noble 
 lord Avho has preceded me. It is an exploit almost lost 
 among the more glittering trophies of Outram's long and 
 varied career, but it would alone have made the reputation 
 of any less distinguished ofiicer. (Loud cheers.) But we 
 must remember that " peace has her virtues as well as 
 war," and that the fifteen years which Outram passed during 
 this part of his career in the political administration of 
 Lower Scinde, of Sattara, of Guzerat, of Aden, and finally 
 of Lucknow, constitute, in realit}-, the most valuable portion 
 of his public life. He himself, no doubt, with the ti'ue 
 instincts of a soldiei", would dwell with more complacence 
 on the brilliant success of his Southern Mahratta campaign, 
 than the brief drama of the war in Persia ; and finally, on 
 the great crowning scene of his military career — the relief 
 of Lucknow, and the defence of the Alum-Bagh ; but in 
 this estimate he would not be doing justice to himself. 
 There were, in fact, great truths of civil government, which 
 he enunciated and supported in every political situation that 
 he filled — truths based upon eternal justice, and aiming at 
 the vindication of right, irrespective of force or fraud, or 
 convenience, or any other opposing influence, the full value 
 of Avhich is yet to be recognised in the future history of 
 India.
 
 APPENDICES. 371 
 
 EARL OF SHAFTESBURY. 
 
 ludia has produced some of the greatest men to be found in 
 the whole range of history. But how remarkable was it to 
 see those mighty intellects, having* run their course in India 
 — some of them dying" there and forgotten, and others coming 
 back here, and (so far as their country was concerned) 
 sinking into oblivion — men whose great knowledge, large 
 hearts, and long experience would render them capable of 
 giving valuable advice to the Government — put aside as 
 though they had never existed at all, and other men, satraps 
 in power, if they had only the dishonesty common to man, 
 might have enriched themselves to any extent, returning to 
 this country in a condition of almost absolute poverty. 
 When they had an example before them such as he need not 
 name, for it would be apparent to all who were present, 
 those who knew these things and appreciated them should, 
 when they had the opj)ortunity, exalt with all the force 
 they could the disintei'ested services of those remarkable 
 men. (Hear.) Heartily did he pray for the welfai'e of 
 India and for those who were going out to administer her 
 affairs — those alike who were going to the highest, and 
 those who were going to the lowest stations, under the new 
 and (as it was called) improved system of government. 
 Whatever might be thought of the old system of governing 
 India, he for one could not have unlimited confidence in the 
 new ; and well would it be for India, well would it be for 
 her teeming millions, well would it be for the cause of 
 civilisation and for the honour and dignity of Great Britain, 
 if, in the two generations next to come, they had in that 
 Empire such gallant, noble, and disinterested men as Sir 
 James Outram. 
 
 COLONEL STKES 
 
 Moved that the following noblemen and gentlemen form a 
 managing committee, to carry out the resolutions of the 
 meeting [regarding an " Outram Testimonial ] : — General 
 Sir George Pollock, G.C.B., Chairman ; the Lord Keane ; 
 the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, M.P. [W. Cubitt] ; the 
 Right Hon. Sir John M'Neill, G.C.B. ; Sir James Fergusson, 
 Bart., M.P. ; Sir James D. H. Elphinstone, Bart., M.P. ; 
 General E. M. G. Showers ; Major-General Sir R. J. H. 
 Vivian, K.C.B. ; Major-General D. Downing ; Dr. N'orton 
 Shaw ; W. H. Russell, LL.D. ; J. W. Kaye, Esq. ; Major- 
 
 B n 2
 
 372 APPENDICES. 
 
 General D. Malcolm ; Major- General H. Hancock; Captain 
 Sherard Osborn, C.B., R.N. ; Colonel J. Holland; Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Sir H. Havelock, Bart., V.C. 
 
 He observed that the chief characteristics of Sir James 
 Outram were hatred of oppression and wrong in every form, 
 and a total abnegation of self. As marking Sir James 
 Outram's disinterestedness, Colonel Sykes referred to his 
 refusal of the Scinde prize money, and described him as the 
 Bayard of the East, sans peur et sansreproche. 
 
 DR. JAMES BUENES. 
 
 The merit of his noble qualities, except what is due to 
 the widowed and devoted mother who fostered his chival- 
 rous spirit, belongs exclusively to himself, for he was cast 
 upon the waters at the age of fifteen, and must be considered 
 the architect of his own intellectual and moral character, 
 as well as of his own success and glory — self-educated, self- 
 elevated, in a struggle through a service by seniority, where 
 nothing but pre-eminent merit or powerful interest (which 
 he never had till he made it for himself) could obtain 
 effectual preferment. That these noble qualities have Avon 
 the esteem of men need not be told here ; the present great 
 assembly and the list of names connected with it show 
 triumphantly how Outram has secured the adtairation of 
 his own sphere, whether connected with India or not ; but 
 it is needless to say that this feeling is not confined to his 
 own sphere. Throughout life he has been the friend rather 
 of those below than those above him — the friend of the 
 private soldier ; and many now present may recall the 
 remarkable scene at the banquet given at Bombay to the 
 noble 78tli Regiment, on its return from Lucknow, when 
 (after the other toasts had fallen coldly), on his health being 
 proposed, the men started up en masse to do him honour, 
 many of them in tears. He was far away, and though 
 soldiers might admire a brave and successful commander, 
 and civilians an astute diplomatist, none but a truly love- 
 able man could have forced his way into the hearts of I'ude 
 veterans, steeled by passing through the most horrible events 
 the age has witnessed. (Cheers.) It is well we should 
 know, also, what other nations think of him, and I have 
 seen a letter from a distinguished general of our Royal 
 army, now domiciled at Paris, which says, that, had he been 
 a Frenchman, long ere this his statue would have graced
 
 APPENDICES. 373 
 
 many of tlie principal cities of France. As for the idea 
 whicli has been pressed by some, that statues should not 
 be raised to living men, it would be idle to meet it in 
 company where so many men of Indian experience are 
 assembled. To say nothing of those erected at Calcutta to 
 many while alive, we had at Bombay, Wellesley, Elphinstone, 
 and Malcolm, all in cold marble long before they were dead ; 
 and in doing justice to Outram, there can be no reason why 
 our wishes on this point should not be carried out here, and 
 the highest of all honours, a statue, be dedicated to him. 
 Englishmen are, I presume, English alike, whether in the 
 torrid or the fi'igid zone, and as much entitled as the ancient 
 Romans were to raise statues to their living heroes. 
 
 But to the resolution. The committee proposed is small, 
 for a reason which will suggest itself to all practical men ; 
 but it is undeniably a fair type and representation of the un- 
 precedented number of our counti'ymen who have come for- 
 ward, even before official steps were taken, eager to do 
 honour to one who has done honour to us all. Foremost 
 stands appropriately the gallant veteran who forced the 
 Khyber pass, supported by the noble lord, the son of the 
 famous General who captured Ghuznee, himself a comrade 
 of Outram, and the son and worthy representative of 
 Havelock — a name to be impcrishably identified with that 
 of Outram in history ; and here fore-shadowing the statues 
 of the great twin brethren," which we intend shall 
 
 " Staml in tbe Comitium, 
 
 Plain for all folk to see ! " (Ckeers.) 
 
 To represent the diplomatic service we have Sir John 
 M'Neil], so distinguished by his career in Persia and his 
 independence in the Crimea ; Avhile, in literature, we have 
 Mr. Kaye and Mr. Russell, perhaps the most brilliant writers 
 of the day.* Parliament appears in Sir James Fergusson 
 and Sir James Elphinstone, the former of whom has taken 
 so marked and interesting a part in the proceedings of this 
 day ; our great metropolis in its respected chief magistrate ; 
 science in the person of Dr. N^orton Shaw, the well-known 
 popular secretary of the Geographical Society ; the navy in 
 that of Captain Sherard Osborn, one of the class of which 
 Nelsons and Dundonalds are made ; and the army by 
 various esteemed generals, including Sir Robert Vivian and 
 and George Malcolm — the one an able member of the Indian 
 
 * Mr. Kaye, Dr. Russell, and General Haccock, were also Lonorary 
 secretaries to the managing committee.
 
 374 APPENDICES. 
 
 Council (better known liere, perhaps, as the commander of 
 the Tiirkish contingent in the Crimea), and the other the 
 son of a man whose great deeds forced an apathetic English 
 pnhlic to admit that India did produce soldiers and states- 
 men ; -with General Hancock and Colonel Holland, officers 
 highly honoured in the service, and who, having filled for 
 years the chief places in the staff of the army to which 
 Outram belonged, are especially fit to judge of his merits, 
 and to take a prominent part in doing honour to them. 
 Such tried men must, I am confident, be acceptable to the 
 promoters of this great movement, and I accordingly beg to 
 support Colonel Sykes's nomination of them. (Much 
 applause.) 
 
 A EEMINISCENCE OF SIR JAMES OUTRAM. 
 
 The present writer once only had the honour of being in 
 the company of Sir James Outram. The interview is 
 briefly described in the " Lighter Literary Recreations," 
 attached to his work on " Orissa," &g., (p. 267, " Overland — 
 Homeward-Bound ; " 12th June, 1849). But it is not men- 
 tioned in the traveller's diary that the Bayard of the Indian 
 Army, at breakfast, about to indulge in the homely beverage 
 of tea, aided by cold mutton and pickles (of which he had 
 been ordered by the doctors not to partake), rather dispelled 
 the romantic idea of Chivalry which had been formed 
 regarding one whose proper food appeared to be a " pasty of 
 the doe," with a cup of Malvoi.sie, or red wine, to drink 
 " through the helmet barred ! " But brave knights, on fur- 
 lough for their health — especially in Egypt — are very like 
 ordinary mortals. The rambling subaltern had just been 
 visiting and making notes on Pompey's Pillar at Alexan- 
 dria : — " After an excellent bath, returned to the hotel, 
 where I met Colonel Outram, ' the Bayard of the Indian 
 Army,' at breakfast. There appeared to be no affectation of 
 the ' great man ' about him ; the soldier and political agent 
 boasts too solid an intellect for such unmeaning absurdity. 
 The Colonel was on furlough in Egypt, on account of his 
 health. In manner he evinced great urbanity; like all 
 really great men, silent unless spoken to, and then concise 
 though explanatory." His eye was remarkable ; it seemed 
 to look through you at once, as if, in vulgar phrase, " stock " 
 having once been taken, there were little or no chance of his 
 opinion regarding you being altered.
 
 APPENDICES. 375 
 
 London and Calcutta liave now (1875) tlieir statues of 
 Sir James Outram. The " Outram Memorial," by Mr. 
 Foley — the lamented artist cnt off in the flower of his 
 genius — which was recently forwarded to the City of 
 Palaces, repi'esents, says a writer in the Oriental, " the 
 intrepid Sir James on a fiery Arab steed, in the heat of action. 
 Bareheaded and sword in hand, he appears. to be urging his 
 followers to the glorious strife." While this admirable 
 work of art was in position, between the United Service and 
 Athcufeum Clubs, loungers in Pall Mall and the general 
 public might be seen gazing on the statue with no common 
 interest. — [The Londoners of 1886 have for some years past 
 had their statue of the Bayard of the Indian Army, in a 
 tastefully laid out garden on the Thames Embankment,* to 
 admire ; so, with Sir Charles l!^apier, the conqueror of Sind, 
 and Sir Henry Havelock, the hero of the Mutiny of 1857, 
 in Trafalgar Square ; and Lord Clyde, with Lord Law- 
 rence, f of the Punja,b, near Pall Mall, the warriors and 
 saviours of India are well keiDt befoi^e them.] 
 
 * With the simple inscription — 
 
 "OUTRAM," 
 
 as if sufficient to remind the world of the character and services of such a 
 distinguished Anglo-Indian. He died 11th March, 1863. 
 
 t The inscription on the pedestal of this statue is as follows : — 
 
 JOHN, 
 
 First Lord Lawrence, 
 
 ruler of the punjab 
 
 during the 
 
 sepoy mutiny of 1857, 
 
 viceroy op india 
 
 FROM 
 
 1864 TO 1869. 
 
 ERECTED BY HIS FETiLOW SUBJECTS, 
 
 BRITISH AND ANGLO-INDIAN, 
 
 A.D. 1882.
 
 376 APPENDICES. 
 
 IV. 
 
 FIELD-MARSHAL SIR GEORGE POLLOCK, BART., 
 G.C.B, G.C.S.L 
 
 It is not so very long since we recorded the high compli- 
 ment paid to the old Indian Army by the appointment of 
 General Sir G. Pollock to the Constableship of the Tower. 
 His sudden death at Walmer last Sunday morning (October 
 6th) recalls too vividly the picturesque, wintry scene which 
 witnessed his installation in the post of honour which has 
 proved to be the last earthly reward of his distinguished 
 services. And yet we ought scarcely to regret that the gal- 
 lant old soldier received his last marching order so sud- 
 denly. More than a generation has passed away since the 
 exploit of arms vihich rendered his name a famous one in 
 English history ; and old Time, which had silvered his 
 hairs, had no power over his health and spirits, nor even 
 over his reputation. It is pleasant to reflect that the kindly, 
 courageous old soldier who forced the Khyber Pass, has 
 marched through the gates of death with bands playing and 
 colours flying, not as one wdio surrenders to the enemy, but 
 as one who makes a gallant sortie. 
 
 Born in 1786, he entered the military service of the East 
 India Company at the time when Lord Wellesley was 
 Governor-General, and his brother Arthur had the command 
 of the forces, a year before the Mahrattas were crushed at 
 Assaye. He was commissioned as Lieutenant in the Bengal 
 Artillery just when Lake and Wellesley were about to take 
 the field, and all India was watching with eager expectation 
 the movements of the British Army, which was carrying all 
 before it. At the storming and capture of Deig, in 1804, 
 young Pollock was present ; and in 1805, during the gallant 
 but unsuccessful attempts of the British Army to carry 
 Bhurtpore by assault, he was busy in the trenches. At the 
 close of the year he was selected by Lord Lake to command 
 the artillery with the detachment under Colonel Ball, which 
 was sent in pursuit of Holkar. He held different staff 
 appointments from this date down to the year 1817, when, 
 in command of the Artillery with General Wood's force, he 
 took part in the stirring scenes of the Nepaulese war. In 
 1818 we find him appointed Brigade-Major; and subse-
 
 APPENDICES. 377 
 
 quently he held the Assistant- Adjutant- Generalship of 
 Artillery, from the first institution of that appointment 
 down to 1824, -when, having attained the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel, he Tolunteered to join the army destined for 
 Burma. He was now nominated by Sir Edw^ard Paget to 
 command the Bengal Artillery attached to the force under 
 Sir Archibald Campbell, which was proceeding to Rangoon, 
 and for his services in this campaign he received the Com- 
 panionship of the Bath. From this time, with the excep- 
 tion of a three years' furlough, which he spent in England 
 for the benefit of his health, he had different regimental and 
 brigade -commands, and established his reputation as being 
 one of the best officers in the service. 
 
 In 1841, when Sir Robert Sale and a British force were 
 shut up in Jellalabad, Pollock, tlien in command of the 
 garrison of Agra, with the rank of Major- General, was 
 selected to take the command of the troops proceeding to 
 Peshawur, in the place of General Lumley. As Sir John 
 Kaye has observed in his "History of the War," the force 
 sent on this critical service required the superintendence and 
 control of an officer equally cool and firm, temperate and 
 decided. The situation was desperate, and the position of 
 Pollock, when he reached Peshawur on the 5th of February, 
 1842, and found that an immediate advance was impossible, 
 Avas a most painful one. He knew that it was sound policy 
 to wait ; but Sale and McGregor were writing urgent letters 
 calling upon him to push on without delay. A single incau- 
 tious step was almost certain to be fatal ; the enemy was 
 flushed with success, the country almost impassable, the 
 reinforcements slow to come, the demand upon his chival- 
 rous sentiments almost importunate. It needed a cautious 
 temperament and a cool determined judgment to resist the 
 temptation to make a dash, but Pollock completely justified 
 his reputation and kept his soul in patience. At last the 
 wished-for moment arrived, and though he had noAv to dis- 
 obey his government, he was no less firm in his purpose to 
 advance than he had been to Avait. His brilliant successes 
 in the operations against the Afghan forces at Mamookail 
 and Jugdulluck, and finally against all troops under Akbar, 
 Khan, make one of the most glorious pages in our military 
 history. Tavo days later he took possession of Cabul, and 
 Avithiu a foAV days reaped the reward of his long and patient 
 waiting by effecting the release of the prisoners, after the 
 many months of their long and hopeless captivity. He was 
 almost immediately joined by General Nott, and in the
 
 378 APPENDICES. 
 
 course of tlie followino- month led the whole of the united 
 army safely hack to the east of the Indus, and so to Central 
 India, through those formidable passes which had so long 
 delayed his progress. If he did not " save India " by this 
 exploit — for indeed the time had not yet arrived, though it 
 was fast approaching, when the salvation of India was in 
 question — he at least restored our prestige in the East, and 
 lifted the old flag from the mire in which it had been 
 trodden. 
 
 Few men with the same modesty of temperament as Sir 
 George Pollock have dared to act with equal firmness on 
 their own responsibility. Quiet and unobtrusive in his 
 manners, apparently without ambition, averse to display and 
 with little of the outward pretence to dignity, he was yet 
 tenacious of his purpose, and no more capable of being 
 turned from the path he had deliberately chosen than the 
 most ambitious man alive. For his services in this memor- 
 able crisis of histoiy, Sir George Pollock received the 
 thanks of both Houses of Parliament, and a pension of 
 £1,000 per annum from the East India Company. The 
 freedom of the City was also conferred upon him, and on 
 taking up his residence in England he became one of the 
 Crown Directors of the East India Company. Finally, he 
 was one of the first to receive the Decoration of the Star of 
 India, and had the honour of succeeding Field-Marshal Sir 
 John Burgoyne as Constable of the Tower. On the whole, 
 there is not a more honourable record in the annals of the 
 British Army than that which is headed with the name of 
 Field-Marshal Sir George Pollock. — See Broad Arrow, 
 October 12, 1872. 
 
 V. 
 
 DR. BRANDIS 0^ SIR ARTHUR PHAYRB. 
 
 THE LATE SIR A. P. PHAYRE, 
 
 To the Editor of the Times. 
 
 giP^ — Will you permit one who has served under Sir Arthur 
 Phayre in Burma to say a few words regarding the work 
 accomplished by that great and good man ? 
 
 In January, 1856, I landed at Rangoon. At Calcutta I 
 had been permitted to submit to Lord Dalhousie, then
 
 APPENDICES. 379 
 
 Governor- General of India, tlie outline of the plans wliich 
 I had framed for the administration of the Pegu forests, and 
 these plans it was my privilege to carry out under the direc- 
 tion of Major Phayre, until, at the close of 1862, I was sent 
 for by the Government of India to undertake the organiza- 
 tion of forest business in the other provinces of the Indian 
 Empire. 
 
 In the first annual report which Major Phayre submitted 
 to Government on the administration of Pegu (1855-6) he 
 said, " In arranging the affairs of a country where from any 
 cause the ordinary status of society has been disturbed, the 
 first care must be to provide protection to life and property." 
 For the accomplishment of this task he laid his plans Avith 
 systematic foresight, and these plans he carried out with un- 
 movable firmness, but always in such a manner as to conciliate 
 the people. The task was difficult ; anarchy and unrepressed 
 violence had existed for a long time under the Burmese 
 Governors, and the dread of being agnin abandoned, as was 
 the case after the temporary occupation of Pegu in 1825, 
 made the people unwilling openly to attach themselves to 
 the British Government. Nevertheless, by the close of 1854, 
 two years after annexation, the country was quiet. 
 
 In his first report Major Phayre mentions the remarkable 
 disregard of human life among Burmans, and the attempts 
 which had been made to explain it. "Perhaps the main 
 cause of the disregard of human life," he continues, " maybe 
 traced — paradoxical though it be — to the Buddhist religion, 
 which forbids the taking of all animal life, but draws no 
 broad distinction between the life of the lower animals and 
 that of man. When the passions are excited the feeble bonds 
 which restrain from murder are soon burst asunder." These 
 words should be remembered at the present time, when the 
 course of events has imposed upon the British Government 
 in India the much larger task of putting down crime and 
 violence in Upper Burma and, at the same time, of main- 
 taining order in British Burma. 
 
 All important questions Phayre approached in the spirit 
 of a scholar, and in forming his conclusions he employed 
 the methods of scientific research. When he had formed 
 his views he acted with the promptitude and boldness of a 
 soldier and the calm moderation of a statesman. For many 
 years he had been Assistant Commissioner at Moulmein, and 
 afterwards Commissioner of Aracan, so that Avhen he became 
 Commissioner of Pegu his name was well known among 
 Burmans and Karens in the annexed province. His firm-
 
 380 APPENDICES. 
 
 ness, his justice, his great liberality, his mastery of the 
 language and intiroate knowledge of the people, his com- 
 manding figure had made him feared and popular in the 
 best sense of the word long before he became Commissioner 
 of Pegu. There was a bond of sympathy between him and 
 the people which was most remarkable. He was never 
 married, and the Burmans could only explain the pure life 
 which he led by regarding him as a saint, a superior being, 
 a kind of demigod. They worshipped him, and their con- 
 fidence in him was unbounded. 
 
 It was a charming sight to see him at work in the early 
 morning at his high standing desk in the open verandah of 
 his house, and around him, in respectful positions on mats 
 spread upon the floor, Burmese men, girls, and women, who 
 had come to pay their respects, to present offerings of fruit 
 and flowers, and to lay before him their troubles and their 
 grievances. Now and then he would turn round to say a 
 kind word to his visitors. With the private circumstances 
 of many he was acquainted, and he listened to them all with 
 the greatest patience. With all that he was their king and 
 master, the people feared him as much as they loved him, 
 and he was never molested. 
 
 A sentry he never would have at his door, nor did he, 
 after the country had become quiet, take a guard or escort 
 with him on his journeys. In March, 1861, I met hira in 
 the hills of the Pegu Yoma. He was on his way from 
 Toungoo to Thayetmyo, and I was marching in the opposite 
 direction. I wished to meet him in the teak forests which 
 cover these hills and on the spot, to discuss with him impor- 
 tant questions. So I went ahead of my camp, and after 
 several long and hot marches climbing over the entangled 
 stems of the large bamboo, which had seeded and died, I 
 reached the Commissioner's tent late on the 3rd of March. 
 He was alone, and we spent a most delightful evening to- 
 gether. All he carried was a 10ft. square. After dinner 
 his camp bed was brought in, and for me some horse blankets 
 and rugs were spread upon the ground. At this place we 
 were only IG miles from the frontier. A few Karen villages 
 were in these hills, and the men were all with his camp clear- 
 ing the path through the forest for his elephants. That was 
 all the protection he had, but he knew it was suflicient. 
 
 In 1859 the first reliable census was taken in Pegu, and it 
 gave a pojoulation of 948,731 souls. Immigration from 
 Upper Burma had already set in, and the former inhabitants 
 had commenced to return to the tracts along the frontier
 
 APPENDICES. 381 
 
 wliicli after fhe wai- had almost became deserted. "When he 
 wrote his first report, Phayre did not expect that tliis would 
 happen in his time. He did not then foresee that he would 
 succeed in making British rule so exceedingly popular among 
 Burmans, Shans, and Karens. India — that is, Bengal and the 
 Madras coast — he wrote in 1856, "is the only country to 
 leok to for settlers." In this, as in other matters, he did not 
 know his own sti'ength. 
 
 The success has been miraculous. When, in 1862, the 
 province of British Burma was formed, the total population 
 was 1,898,000, and in 1884 Mr. Bernard, the present Chief 
 Commissioner, estimated it at 4,.334,000. This increase is 
 mainly due to immigration from Upper Burma. Though in 
 1856 Phayre had no idea that his administration and that 
 of his successors would accomplish so much, the means by 
 which this result has been brought about are clearly set forth 
 in his first report. Among the most prominent of the 
 material benefits gained by the people of Pegu he recounts 
 the abolition of forced labour, " a load which bowed the 
 people to the dust," the introduction of a coin of fixed value, 
 free export of grain and the abolition of transit duties, and 
 more than all, just and steady government and effective re- 
 pi^ession of crimes. 
 
 Phayre was determined from the commencement that the 
 province should pay its way and should eventually contribute 
 its share to the requirements of the Indian Emjiire. In order 
 to effect this he insisted upon high taxation, he maintained 
 the capitation tax, which, thoagh theoretically objectionable, 
 has wisely been continued to this day, and at the same time 
 he enforced the most rigid economy in the administration. 
 The result has proved that his policy was right. The total 
 revenue of British Burma, including local and municipal 
 taxes, amounted in 1861-2 to 10 millions, and in 1883-4 to 
 31 millions of rupees. As shown by Mr. Bernard in his 
 report for 1883-4, the people of British Burma pay about 
 13s. 7M. per head of the population, which is more than 
 twice the amount paid by the people in the British provinces 
 of India. In spite of this high taxation, wealth accumulates 
 and immigration is filling the country. Trade, imports as 
 well as exports, has increased in a most astonishing manner. 
 Phayre's success as Governor of the Mauritius is well 
 known. With characteristic modesty, he wrote to me that 
 he had expected to get on well with the Indian coolies, for 
 whose sake he had mainly been sent there; but that, with his 
 limited knowledge of French, he had not expected to succeed
 
 382 AFPENDICES. 
 
 SO soon witli the Creoles in tlie island. There, as in Burma, 
 it was the high standard which he set himself, and th& 
 single-minded determination to do what was right and use- 
 ful for others, which gained him the heart of everybody. 
 His friends and admirers have often thought that if he had 
 had more self-assertion he might have attained higher 
 positions and a larger sphere of usefulness. Be that as it 
 may, the genuine modesty of that great man had a charm 
 which his friends can never forget. 
 
 D. Brandts, late Inspector- General of Forests 
 to the Government of India. 
 
 Bonn-on-the-Rhine, Dec. 21, 1885. 
 
 The following hrief article also appeared at this time in the 
 Overland and Homen-ard Hails, in addition to the obituary 
 notice given in the body of this work ; and it shows a 
 hearty appreciation of the departed and his distinguished 
 services. 
 
 SIR ARTHUR PHAYRE. 
 
 At the moment when the strong arm of his country has in- 
 tervened to rescue Burma from barbarism, and remove the 
 malign influences that have hitherto blighted its prosperity, 
 death has closed the career of a man who devoted his best 
 years to the service of the British provinces of that country, 
 and who did more than any other single individual for their 
 improvement and development. Sir Arthur Phayre's connec- 
 tion with Burma began with his employment in Arracan after 
 the first Burmese war, and led to his being appointed Com- 
 missioner of Pegu on its annexation by Lord Dalhousie. 
 After the embassy sent by the Burmese to Calcutta, which 
 was met by the Viceroy's celebrated refusal to withdraw, in 
 the Avords, " As long as the sun shines in the heavens, the 
 British flag shall wave over these possessions," Major Phayre 
 W51S sent as English Envoy to Amarapoora, then the capital. 
 His mission was complimentary, and by his judgment and 
 tact he succeeded in establishing fi'iendly relations with the 
 prince who was still sore for the two provinces he had lost. 
 Sir Arthur Phayre's most distinguished course of services 
 commenced with his appointment as first Commissioner of 
 the United Provinces of British Burma. The work which 
 he accomplished during the seven years of his tenure of this 
 post was worthy to rank with the most brilliant successes
 
 appendices'. 383 
 
 of Englisli administrators in the East. His long and care- 
 ful study of the Burmese character and language, added to his 
 own remarkable talents and zeal, enabled him to follow the 
 idiosyiicrasies and appreciate the true needs of that peculiar 
 people. With unfailing energy and success he gained their 
 confidence and sought their welfare, and he has left an endur- 
 ing monument of his genius in the happiness, unity, and 
 prosperity of the people he did so much to befriend. 
 
 A sketch of Sir Arthur Phayre was also published in the 
 Proceedings of the Royal Geor/rajyhical Sociehj, by his learned 
 and esteemed friend, Colonel Yule, C.B., for many years, and 
 still, a Member of Her Majesty's Indian Council in London. 
 
 SIR CHARLES TREYELYAN", BART. 
 
 No work on distinguished Anglo-Indians could possibly 
 omit the late Sir Charles Trevelyan. Doubtless, a biography 
 of this eminent public servant will appear ere long. Mean- 
 while, the following most interesting, and highly appreciative 
 article, from a leading London journal, deserves a more 
 lasting place than in the passing columns of a newspaper : — 
 By the death of Sir Charles Trevelyan, which occurred on 
 Saturday (I'Jth of June), and which we announce with deep 
 regret, England loses one of her oldest public servants. 
 Born in 1807, Sir Charles was only seven years younger than 
 his illustrous relative, Lord Macaulay, whom he has out- 
 lived for more than a quarter of a century. To the public 
 the name of Sir Charles Trevelyan is less familiar than that 
 of his son, now Sir George Trevelyan. But those who 
 think that statecraft is a higher thing than bookcraft may 
 perhaps be further of opinion that the son's opportunity of 
 oiitsti'ipping his fa,ther was yet to come. Sir Charles 
 Trevelyan received his real training for the business of 
 life in one of the best of the world's schools, the Civil 
 Service of India. He was, we need hardly say, one of the 
 old Haileybury men who flourished and did their country 
 some service, before the days of the " Competition Wallah," 
 about whom Sir George Trevelyan has written such an 
 amusing book. Lord William Bentinck, the Governor- 
 General of the day, employed Mr. Charles Trevelyan in 
 several important posts. But the friendship of the Legal
 
 384 APPENDICES. 
 
 MemlDer of Council proved an even greater influence in his 
 life than the patronage of the Grovernor-General. The 
 Legal Member of Council from 1834 to 1838 was Thomas 
 Babington Macaulay, and his sister Hannah became Sir 
 Charles Trevelyan's wife. In a letter dated the 7th of 
 December, 1834, and published in his nephew's fascinating 
 biography, Macaulay gives an interesting account of his 
 future brother-in-law. " Trevelyan," he says, " is about 
 eight-and-twenty. He was educated at the Charterhouse, 
 and then went to Haileybury and came out hither. In this 
 country he has distinguished himself beyond any man of 
 his standing by his great talent for business, by his liberal 
 and enlarged views of policy, and by literary merit which, 
 for his opportunities, is considerable." The qualification in 
 the last sentence was not unnecessary. Sir Charles 
 Trevelyan, with all his intellectual acuteness, remained 
 throughout his life rather a man of business than a man of 
 letters. Young as he then was, Charles Trevelyan had 
 already distinguished himself by a remarkable instance of 
 courage and public spirit. The official under whom he was 
 placed at Delhi — a man almost at the head of the service — 
 was in the habit of receiving bribes from the natives. He 
 tried to corrupt Trevelyan. But the only result was his own 
 exposure and disgrace. The determination shown by a 
 mere lad in braving the social penalties which always await 
 an attack from a suboi^dinate upon misconduct in high 
 quarters naturally brought Trevelyan into favourable notice, 
 and from that time the highest career was open to him. 
 
 Sir Charles Trevelyan took from the first the keenest 
 interest in those economic studies which he never afterwards 
 wholly dropped. He belonged, like Macaulay himself, to 
 the school of Ricardo, which happens just now to be ex- 
 tremely unpopular, but whose merits or defects this is 
 scarcely the place to discuss. Macaulay described a report 
 which Trevelyan wrote, before he was thirty, on the 
 Internal Transit Duties of India as "a perfect masterpiece 
 of its kind," and such praise from such a source is worth 
 repeating even after the lapse of fifty years. Lord William 
 Bentinck's judgment of Sir Charles is interesting. " That 
 man," he said, " is almost always on the right side of every 
 question ; and it is well that he is so, for he gives a most 
 confounded deal of trouble when he happens to take the 
 wrong one." " His reading," wrote Macaulay in a most 
 characteristic sentence, " has been very confined ; but to the 
 little that he has read he has brought a mind as restless and
 
 ArPENDICES. - 885 
 
 active as Lord Bi-on;^liam's, and much more jadicious and 
 honest." Mr. Charles Trevelyan was indeed much per- 
 plexed by the conversation of his wife and her brother. 
 They talked about the characters in Richardson's novels as if 
 they were familiar acquaintances of every day, and the young 
 Civil Servant, whose researches had never extended to the 
 circulating library, was puzzled to find what extraordinary 
 associates the Macaulays had. Charles Trevelyan was 
 brought up to work, and not to converse. He had seen 
 scarcely any society in India before he met with Miss 
 Macaulay. " He has," says Macaulay, " no small talk. . . 
 His topics, even in courtship, are steam navigation, the 
 education of the natives, the equalization of the sugar 
 duties, the substitution of the Roman for the Arabic alpha- 
 bet in the Oriental languages." His recreations were 
 rather physical than mental. He was " very active and 
 athletic, and renowned as a great master in the most ex- 
 citing and perilous of field sports, the spearing of wild 
 boars." " Birth," adds Macaulay in this most interesting 
 letter, " is a thing I care nothing abou I ; but this family is 
 one of the oldest and best in England." The ti*ansit duties 
 on which Charles Trevelyan wrote, were abolished at his 
 suggestion, and his exertions induced the Government of 
 India to undertake the education of the natives. Every- 
 body who has read the " Life of Macaulay " (and who has 
 not ?) must remember that Sir Charles Trevelyan's appoint- 
 ment to an Assistant Secretaryship at the Treasury enabled 
 Macaulay to enjoy the society of bis favourite sister, to whom 
 he read a great deal of his " History " before it came out. 
 "Hannah cried, and Trevelyan kept awake," he notes in his 
 journal after one of these occasions. Mr. Ti-evelyan was 
 in 1848 made a Knight- Commander of the Bath for his 
 labours in relieving the distress caused by the great famine. 
 His Irish experience convinced him of the futility of relief 
 works, against which he protested only a few years ago when 
 it was proposed to revive them in Ireland. 
 
 It is to Sir Charles Trevelyan more than to any other man 
 that the nation owes the great advantage of a Civil Service 
 open to public competition. The principle is even now not 
 completely carried out, as the examples of the Foreign Office 
 and the Education Department are enough to show. But it 
 has been adopted as the rule, and its adoption is due to the 
 Report drawn up by Sir Charles Trevelyan and Sir 
 Stafford Northcote. The wisdom of their recommendation 
 is now generally acknowledged. But it made its authors 
 
 C C
 
 386 APPENDICES. 
 
 personally unpopular at the time, and the larger share of 
 the unpopularity fell upon Sir Charles Trevelyan. He was 
 satirised in Anthony Trollope's very clever and amusing 
 novel " The Three Clerks," under the name of Sir Gregory 
 Hardlines ; Sir Stafford Northcote figuring under the 
 milder pseudonj-m of Sir Warwick Westend. Competitive 
 examinations have often been condemned because they are 
 but rough and fallible tests, as no doubt they are. It must, 
 however, be remembered that they were proposed as an 
 alternative, not to infallible omniscience, which would be the 
 best method if it were only practicable, but to Ministerial 
 jobbery, which is practicable, and was flagrant. In 1859 Sir 
 Charles Trevelyan was appointed Governor of Madras, 
 but he was recalled in the following year for publishing a 
 protest against the new taxes proposed by the Government 
 of India. Lord Palmerston's administration, however, took 
 the opportunity thus curiously afforded of publicly thanking 
 him for the distinguished services which he had rendered to 
 the Crown of England and to the people of India. He was 
 not long left without employment, being made in 1862 
 Financial Minister at Calcutta, a post which he retained for 
 two years and a half. On his return home he devoted his 
 untiring energy to the most useful object, in which he was 
 assisted by his son, of procuring the abolition of purchase 
 in the army, which was finally done by Royal warrant in 
 1872. In 1874, after the death of his first wife, Sir Charles 
 Trevelyan was created a baronet, and the title of course 
 descends to their only son, the Right Hon. George Otto 
 Trevelvan, member of Parliament for the constituency to 
 which the Reform Act of 1867 gave the picturesque designa- 
 tion of the Border Burghs. The honour, whatever may be 
 its value, has certainly never come down from a worthier 
 father to a worthier son. Sir Charles Trevelyan belonged 
 to the best and highest type of Anglo-Indian ofiBcials, and it 
 would be difficult to pay any one a higher compliment. 
 
 The Daily Neu-s, June 21, 1886.
 
 APPENDICES. 887 
 
 VII. 
 
 SIR GEORaE RUSSELL CLERK, G.C.S.L, K.O.B. 
 
 We regret to liave been unable to procure any particulars 
 of tbe life of this distinguished Anglo-Indian, so we must be 
 content with the following interesting record of his services. 
 Sir George, like others among his contemporaries, has 
 " renewed his youth like the eagle." 
 
 Clerk, Sir George Russell, G.C.S.L, K.C.B.— 1818, arrived 
 in Bengal 18th of February as Writer ; 1819, Assistant to 
 Magistrate of Suburbs of Calcutta, and to Superintendent of 
 stamps ; 1820, Assistant to Magistrate and Judge, and 
 Registrar of Nuddea ; afterwards First Assistant to Secretary 
 in Secret and Political Department. 1821, Second Assistant 
 to Resident at Rajputaua and Malwa, and Officiating- 
 Assistant to Superintendent at Ajmere. Proceeded to 
 Europe 13th of March, 1824, and returned to India in 1827, 
 where he became Assistant to Resident at Nag'pur ; after- 
 wards First Assistant to Resident at Delhi and to Governor- 
 General's Agent at Rajputana. 1828, Officiating Political 
 Agent at Jeypore ; 1830, the same at Bhui'tpore and at 
 Cotah-Boondee ; 1831, Political Agent at Uniballah ; 1839, 
 officiating as such at Loodi'anah ; 1810, Agent to Governor- 
 General in the Punjab ; 1842, Envoy to the Court of 
 Maharaja Shere Singh at Lahore ; 1845, appointed Pro- 
 visional Member of Council of the Governor-General, and 
 in 1846 confirmed in Appointment ; 1847, appointed 
 Governor of Bombay (taking his seat 23rd of January). 
 Resigned the service 1st of May, 1848, on being succeeded by 
 Viscount Falkland. Made a K.C.B. 29th of April, 1848. In 
 1856, appointed one of the Secretaries to the Board of 
 Control; and in 1859 became Under-Secretary of State for 
 India, on transfer of Indian afi'airs to the Crown. In 1860, 
 re-appointed Governor of Bombay, and assumed charge on 
 on 11th of May. Made a G.C.S.L 29th of June following, 
 on foundation of the Order of Star of India. Resigned 
 Governorship in 1802, and in 1864 appointed a Member of 
 Council of the Secretary of State for India ; 1876, retired 
 from Council and public service. 
 
 c c 2
 
 388 APPENDICES. 
 
 YIIL 
 
 SIR GEORGE BIRDWOOD, K.C.S.I., LL.D. 
 
 So far back as August, 1868, the name of Dr. George 
 Birdwood, in Bombay, for at least ten years, bad been 
 familiar as a honsebold word ; and the bonours paid nim on 
 his departure for Europe on leave, on account of failing 
 health, amply testified to the excellence of one who had 
 been a " leader in every good work " while a resident in the 
 great commercial capital of the Western Presidency. Since 
 then, through shadow and sunshine, he has zealously con- 
 tinued his labours, till he has in truth become a distin- 
 guished Anglo-Indian ; and now, for some years, his name 
 in the India Office has also been familiar as a household 
 word. His mental energy seems to be indomitable ; and, 
 like a true soldier, he is always ready for action, and 
 anxious to do his duty. He fully deserves all the honours 
 bestowed on him. 
 
 The Academy (July,1886) says: — The following brief sketch 
 will be read with interest at a time when the IJniversity of 
 Cambridge has recognised the value of Sir George Birdwood's 
 life-long labours by conferring upon him the honorary degree 
 of LL.D. : — "Sir George Birdwood, C.S.I., comes of a good 
 old Devonshire stock, being the fourth in lineal descent who 
 has served the East India Company. Brought up amid the 
 traditions and mementoes collected by a family so long 
 associated with the East, Sir George's imaginative and 
 enthusiastic temperament was early stimulated by the 
 records and arts of its ancient civilization. The interest 
 thus early acquired has never, even under the heaviest 
 pressure of the most prosaic work, relaxed or diminished ; 
 and to this day matters of the utmost importance which 
 could not be classed under the head of duty would be 
 thrown aside to trace the influence of Indian art on the 
 ornamentation of a Greek capital or an Italian peasant's 
 wedding veil, or to show how the greatness of the nations 
 of the West has ever depended upon their command of the 
 trade routes to the East. He delights to point out how 
 Solomon built Tadmor in the wilderness to secure the 
 benefits of the overland transit, since familiai'ized to the 
 world by the projectors of the Euphrates Valley Railway 
 and other schemes; how the Pharaohs attempted to cut
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 389 
 
 "that canal whlcli has immortalised M. De Lesseps ; the 
 wealth and strength of the Phoenicians, who have left a 
 memorial of their Indian connection in the still existing 
 name of a street in the Cornish town of Bodmin ; and the 
 supremacy of the Dutch, owing to their possession of the 
 Cape of Good Hope. This intense appreciation of the 
 benefits of Eastern connection and the possession of Eastern 
 trade can be traced in almost every line of Sir George's 
 literary work ; and not the least service that he has done to 
 India has been to create a taste and market for her produc- 
 tions, while he has helped to foster among his own country- 
 men an active interest in her well-being and bring home to 
 them the importance of their Indian empire to every trade 
 and every individual worker. 
 
 " Sir George Birdwood became a member of the Indian 
 Medical Service in December, 1854, doing good work in 
 various capacities iintil 1857, when he joined the Grant 
 Medical College in Bombav, holding successively with dis- 
 tinguished ability the chairs of anatomy and physiology, 
 and botany and materia medica. It is not, however, in con- 
 nection with the exercise of his profession, or with medical 
 and scientific appointments, that his name will be best 
 remembered in Bombay, although he numbers among his 
 proudest achievements the discovery and classification of 
 the frankincense-bearing trees. His reputation depends 
 rather upon his influence with the Indian peoples, and the 
 uses to which he put it. His sympathy with them was from 
 the first of the warmest kind. He mixed freely with their 
 leaders and learned men, and their co-operation and wealth 
 were at his disposal for any object beneficial to the com- 
 munity. Never was trust more loyally met and used 
 There is not a member of the Bombay community, 
 European or Indian, who does not believe implicitly in the 
 integrity, enthusiasm, and intensity of purpose of George 
 Birdwood. His whole career has been an incarnation of the 
 principles of bx^otherhood and unity, and his efforts by pen 
 and deed have always aimed at teaching the subjects of the 
 Queen, east and west, to understand each other, and to 
 realise the enormous benefits to both which flow from their 
 connection." 
 
 Sir George Birdwood holds the appointment in the India 
 Office of Special Assistant in Statistics and Commerce 
 Department, and was Visitor to the Indian Museum. He 
 ■was appointed a Royal Commissioner for the Imperial Indian 
 and Colonial Exhibition for 1886.
 
 390 APPENDICES. 
 
 The following documents regarding his career "will be of 
 public interest : — 
 
 I. 
 
 ADDRESS IN LONDON. 
 
 Address from Artists, on " Handhooh to Indian Coiirt,^' 
 Paris, 1878. 
 
 To George C. M. Birdwood, Esq., C.S.I., M.D., &c., &c. 
 
 1 May, 1879. 
 
 Dear Sir, — We, the undersigned, wish to express the thanks 
 we owe you for the manner in which you have performed 
 an important duty in your Report on the Articles of Indian 
 Manufacture exhibited in Paris last year. In common with 
 all who have given any attention to the subject, we have 
 seen and lamented the rapid deterioration that has of late 
 befallen the great historical arts of India. The independant 
 and courageous criticism contained in your Handbook, 
 founded on close observation and long experience, has shown 
 us the causes that have been at work in bringing about this 
 deterioration, and has given us a hope that something may 
 yet be done to stay its further progress. 
 
 We do not doubt that all men of culture will agree with 
 us in thinking that the welfare of the arts in question is 
 important both to India and to Europe, and that the loss of 
 them would be a serious blow to civilisation, and an injury 
 to the pleasure and dignity of life : and if this importance 
 be at once admitted, together with the danger to them that 
 comes of the manner in which they are now being dealt 
 with by Europeans that are brought into contact with the 
 Asiatic workmen, we cannot conceive that any thoughtful 
 person will deny the responsibility of England in the 
 matter^ or the duty which a great country owes to the arts 
 of exercising foresight and patience, lest, for an apparent 
 gain, she and the world in general should lose industries 
 which have for ages made India famous — industries whose 
 educational influence on the arts of the West is so univer- 
 sally acknowledged by all the students of art and history. 
 
 At a time when these productions are getting to be daily 
 more and more valued in Europe, their sources are being 
 dried up in Asia, and goods Avhich ought to be common in 
 the market at reasonable prices, are now becoming rare 
 treasures for museums or the cabinets of rich men. The
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 391 
 
 result seems to us tlie reverse of what commerce ought to 
 aim at, and we cannot help thinking that when the producei's 
 and the public wake up to a knowledge of the facts in the 
 case, they "will he eager to restore these industries to their 
 due position. "We think they will have a good chance of 
 success if it be not then too late, and if no artificial obstacles 
 be thrown in their way. 
 
 We therefore think that your remarks on these manufac- 
 tures were both necessary and timely, and will be most use- 
 ful in promoting a better understanding of the only 
 conditions under "which the so much admired art of the 
 East can flourish, or, in the long run, exist; and "we beg 
 once more to tender you our hearty thanks, in the full belief 
 that in so doing "vve express the feelings of all lovers of art 
 "who have read your excellent report. 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 George Aitcheson. 
 Rutherford Alcock. 
 Thomas Armstrong. 
 Edwin Arnold. 
 G. P. Boyce. . 
 Andrew Cassels. 
 T. Chenery. 
 C. Purdon Clarke. 
 Walter Crane. 
 Frank Dillon. 
 Henry Doulton. 
 M. E. Grant Duff. 
 Arthur Ellis. 
 Barrow H. Ellis. 
 Augustus W. Franks. 
 F. Garrard. 
 Carl Haag. 
 J. A. Heaton. 
 W. Hertz. 
 Geo. Howard. 
 W. Stanley Jevons. 
 Edward Barne Jones. 
 Fred Leighton. 
 Coutts Lindsay. 
 James D. Linton. 
 Georere J. S. Lock. 
 
 Clements R. Markhara. 
 JNTevil Story Maskelyne. 
 Jolm Everett Millais. 
 William Morris. 
 A. Morrison. 
 Lewis Pelly. 
 Robert Phillips. 
 Val Prinsep. 
 H. Rawlinson. 
 Richard Redgrave. 
 Vincent Robinson. 
 R. Rost. 
 T. L. Seccombe. 
 R. Norman Shaw. 
 R. H. Soden Smith. 
 W. G. Spottiswoode. 
 W. Stebbing. 
 E. Alma Tadema. 
 W. T. Thornton. 
 William S. W. Vaax. 
 Horace Walpole. 
 Thomas Wardle. 
 Philip Webb. 
 Monier Williams. 
 Thomas Woolner. 
 H. Yule.
 
 392 APPENDICES. 
 
 II. 
 
 LETTER FROM THE PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 Letter from the Prince of Wales on " HandhooJc to Indian 
 Cotirt," Paris, 1878. 
 
 Sandringham, Norfolk, 
 
 January, 27, 1879. 
 
 My dear Dr. Bird wood, 
 
 The Paris Exhibition being now at an end, I am 
 anxions to convey to you the expression of my warm thanks 
 for the valuable services which you have been so good as to 
 render to the Royal Commission in connection with the 
 Indian section. These services were of the greatest assist- 
 ance to the members of that Committee in enabling them 
 to ovei'come the difficulties which they encountered and in 
 lightening their labours. 
 
 I wish to take this opportunity of saying that I cannot 
 speak in too high a sense of the Handbook which you 
 brought out on India. It is universally acknowledged to be 
 a work of importance and utility, and bears witness not only 
 to the vast knowledge of art and the correct judgment of 
 the just means of promoting the highest development of 
 the industries of India which you possess, but it contains 
 also some very valuable and novel contributions to the 
 history of Indian and Eastern commerce, and, as such, it is 
 much appreciated by learned foreigners and by the best 
 judges at home. 
 
 Although but a slight return for the care and industry 
 you have bestowed on the work, I propose to place the copy- 
 right of the Handbook at your disposal, and it will give me 
 much pleasure to hear that you accept my offer. 
 
 In conclusion, I have great satisfaction in sending you a 
 print of myself, with my autograph attacked to it. 
 
 Believe me, my dear Dr. Bird wood, 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
 Albert Edward, P. 
 Dr. Birdwood, C.S.L
 
 APPEKDICES. 393 
 
 III. 
 
 RESOLUTION OF SECRETARY OF STATE FOR 
 INDIA IN COUNCIL. 
 
 'Resclution approved by the Secretary of State for India in 
 Council, the ^'Ind of September, 1880. 
 
 In receiving from the Lords of the Committee of Council 
 on Education, for tlie use of this office and for transmission 
 to India, copies of the work on the Industrial Arts of India, 
 which has been prepared by Dr. George Birdwood, C.S.I., 
 special assistant in this office, to serve as a Handbook to the 
 India museum, as now reorganised under the Science and 
 Art department at South Kensington, the Secretary of 
 State for India in Council takes the opportunity to record 
 his high sense of the services which Dr. Birdwood has 
 rendered to Indian industry by the preparation of this book, 
 as well as by his Handbook to the Indian Department of 
 the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878. The value of the 
 latter work has been noticed in warm terms by His Royal 
 Highness the Prince of Wales, and the Royal Commissioners 
 for the Representation of the Queen's Dominions at that 
 Exhibition, and the Secretary of State in Council is glad to 
 add his own recognition of its importance in stimulating a 
 wide public appreciation of Indian Art manufactures, whilst 
 it strives to maintain unimpaired their former beauty of 
 design and execution. 
 
 True copy communicated to Dr. George Birdwood, C.S.I. 
 
 (Signed) Louis Mallet. 
 
 [The " Certificates " granted to Sir George Birdwood 
 during his career must have afforded him intense gratifica- 
 tion. There is one from the Duke of Argyll (Secretary of 
 State for India), dated 21st June, 1870, while the Doctor 
 was seeking the office of " Registrar to the London Uni- 
 versity," in which His Grace says : — " I have much pleasure 
 in stating that the services of Dr. Birdwood in India (where 
 the last appointment which he held was that of Registrar 
 of the Bombay University) were of a highly distinguished 
 character, and have recently been acknowledged by the 
 Secretary of State in Council." There are likewise certi- 
 ficates of the highest order from Sir H. B. E. Frere, and 
 Sir Alexander Grant, Principal of the University of
 
 394 APPENDICES. 
 
 Edinburgli. The -well-known and very able Dr. Hunter, of 
 Bombay, also bore testimony to the great ability and 
 thorough earnestness with which Dr. Birdwood carried on 
 his professional duties.] 
 
 IX. 
 
 SUHGEOI^-MAJOR ARTHUR— DR. A. GORDOJST— 
 MR. ANDREW CASSELS— CAPTAIN GILES, I.N. 
 
 While concluding this work, the four following notices 
 appeared ; and, especially to those who knew the men, they 
 will be of interest. The writer met Surgeon Arthur at 
 Tonghoo ; and Mr. Cassels' useful career was well appreciated 
 in the commercial ^vorld and in the India Office : — 
 
 SURGEON-MAJOR J. F. ARTHUR. C.S.I. 
 
 Suegeox-Major J. F. Arthur, who died on July 2G, after a 
 brief illness, at Lochside House, New Cumnock, Ayi'shire, 
 joined the Madras Army in 1836. During the first part of 
 his service he was attached to the artillery. In 1854 he was 
 appointed surgeon of the Madras (now Royal Dublin) 
 Fusiliers, then stationed at Tonghoo, in Burma, and in the 
 following year returned to Madras with the regiment. In 
 May 1857 the regiment was ordered to Bengal to assist in 
 the suppression of the Mutiny, which had then just broken 
 out. He was present with the regiment commanded by 
 Colonel Neill in the various engagements in which it took 
 part, under the late Sir Henry Havelock, from Allahabad to 
 Lucknow, entering the Residency on September 25, and 
 being besieged there until relieved by Lord Clyde in the end 
 of November. After the relief of Lucknow Surgeon 
 Arthur was present w^ith the regiment forming part of the 
 force under the late Sir James Outram, at the Alum Bagh, 
 and was present at the recapture of Lucknow under Lord 
 Clyde. For his services during the Mutiny Sugeon Arthur 
 received the war medal, and was nominated a Companion of 
 the Order of the Star of India. In the year 1861 he retired 
 from the service with the rank of surgeon-major, settling 
 down in Ayrshire, for which county he was a justice of the 
 peace, and for sevei'al years regularly attended the J.P.
 
 APPENDICES. 395 
 
 Courts at Cumnock. He 'v^■as^seveIltJ-uine years of age, 
 and -unmarried. 
 
 DR. ARCHIBALD GORDON", M.D., C.B. 
 
 Inspector-Gexekal of hospitals and honorary surgeon to her 
 Majesty, died on August 3 at Woodlands, West Hoathely, 
 in the seventy-fifth year of his age. Dr. Gordon became a 
 licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons at Edinburgh in 
 1832, and took his M.D. degree at Edinburgh University in 
 1834. He was appointed an assistaut-surgeon in the Army 
 Medical Department in 1836, and became surgeon in 1848. 
 He served -with the 53rd Regiment in the Sutlej campaign 
 in 1846, including the affair of Buddiwal, and the actions of 
 Aliwal and Sobraon. He served also in medical charge of 
 the 24th regiment throughout the Punjab campaign of 
 1848-49, and was present at the battles of Sadoolapore, 
 Chillianwallah, and Gujerat. In the Eastern campaign of 
 1854-55 he was engaged at the battle of Alma and the 
 capture of Balaklava, and was engaged with the 2nd division 
 throughout the siege and fall of Sebastopol, and in the 
 Kinburn expedition. For his services in the Crimea he 
 obtained the medal with three clasps, the Turkish medal, the 
 Companionship of the Order of the Bath, and the Knight- 
 hood of the Legion of Honour. Dr. Gordon was principal 
 medical officer with the expeditionary foi'ce to China in 
 1857, and was present at the capture of Canton, and he also 
 served throughout the Oude campaign in 1858-59. He was 
 a^Dpointed inspector-general in 1867, and was placed on half- 
 pay in 1870. 
 
 MR. ANDREW CASSELS. 
 
 Late member of the Council of India. Mr. Cassels died at 
 Palace Gardens Terrace, London, January 2, in the seventy- 
 fifth year of his age. He was formerly a well-known ]\Ian- 
 chester merchant. Mr. Cassels was of an old Scotch family, 
 but his father was for some years a resident of Manchester, 
 and held a responsible position with his friend the late Mr. 
 John Peel, M.P. for Tamworth, then head of the firm of 
 Messrs. John Peel and Co. In 1843 Mr. Andrew Cassels 
 opened for Mr. John Peel the house in Bombay, afterwards 
 so well known in the commercial world under the style of 
 Messrs. Peel, Cassels, and Co. This concern he conducted
 
 396 APPENDICES. 
 
 witli singular ability and success for several years, showing 
 as he did a remarkable knowledge of the wants of the native 
 dealers, and quite a genius for Indian finance. About 1854 
 Mr. Cassels returned to England. In 1861 he was elected a 
 director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce. In 
 connection with that board, especially in regard to Indian 
 business and the production of Indian cotton — which was 
 then deeply exercising the commercial men of Lancashire — ■ 
 Mr. Cassels's services were of the first importance. Upon 
 leaving Manchester for London in 1868, Mr. Cassels retired 
 from the Chamber and became a member of the Indian 
 Council. To a great extent he owed his seat to the influence 
 brought to bear by the Manchester Chamber of Commerce 
 on Lord Salisbury, by whom (as Indian Secretary) he was 
 appointed to that office upon the accession of the Disraeli 
 Administration in 1874. He resigned his seat on the Indian 
 Council in 1880. In politics Mr. Cassels was a Liberal, but 
 he never took any active part in party movements, preferring 
 to devote what time he had to spare for public afi^airs to the 
 promotion of the great commercial interests of India, 
 especially as a cotton producing country. In private life he 
 was an exceedingly charming companion, distinguished by 
 culture ar,d refinement. 
 
 Throughout these " sketches," the author has said nothing 
 about the celebrities of the fine old Indian Navy, though he 
 trusts he has done full justice to their services in his 
 " IS^arrative of the Second Burmese War," in which he had 
 the honour to serve with some of them. To him the names 
 of Commodore Lynch, C.B., and Captains Campbell and 
 Hewitt, of the Feroze, Sesostris, and Muzuffir, respectively, 
 will ever be familiar. The Commodore was an admirable 
 naval officer, and was well-known as the great explorer of 
 the Euphrates. Campbell, who distinguished himself in the 
 China War, was famous for his " gyms " in the way of tow- 
 ing vessels, either into harbour, or into action ; and " Dickey 
 Hewitt " was as smart, able and courteous an officer as one 
 would wish to serve with. The Bombay or Indian Navy 
 was a glorious and well-paid service, well worthy to be 
 presided over by the great East India Company, whose 
 merchant-ships for two and a half centuries had traded at 
 nearly every port in the world. In a recent ohituary, we 
 find the name of one of the old Indian Navy's distinguished 
 members, that of
 
 APPENDICES. 397 
 
 CAPTAIN" E. GILES, I.X. 
 
 There are but few old oflBcers of tlie Indian Navy remaining', 
 and it is with sincere regret we have now to announce the 
 death of Captain Edwai'd Giles. An officer whose life was 
 devoted to maintaining the honour of the service, the 
 smartest commander, the strictest disciplinarian, he was 
 worshipped by those who served under him. At the break 
 up of the Indian Navy he was specially selected to be port 
 officer at Kurrachee, and the great success of that port, the 
 improvement of the harbour, and the encouragement to 
 shipowners to send their ships and steamers there, were 
 entirely due to Captain Giles. He threw his heart and soul 
 into his work, and the Manora pilot establishment soon 
 became known as the best-disciplined of any port on the 
 coasts of India. Transferred to Bombay to assume the 
 office of Superintendent of Marine, Government soon realized 
 the value of Captain Giles's services, and great regret was 
 felt both by Government and by the Indian Marine that his 
 failing health compelled him to seek rest from his labours. 
 He came to England, but never to return to India again. 
 He died at Brighton on August 13, and was buried in the 
 Hove Cemetery, a few old and devoted friends, five Scindees 
 among them, following him to the grave. — Homeward Mail 
 August 9, and Overland Mail August 20, 1886. 
 
 X. 
 
 THE LAST COURT OF DIRECTORS.* 
 
 (1858.) 
 
 The last Meeting of the Court of Directors of the Honour- 
 able East India Company was held 1st September, 1858. 
 
 Chaiejian : 
 
 Sir Frederic Currie, Bart. 
 
 Deputy-Chaikmax : 
 
 "William Joseph Eastwick, Esq. 
 
 * Having alluded in the sketcli of Sir John Kayo and elsewhere to the 
 transfer of the East India Comixanj's Government to the Crown, the records 
 here given will be of interest.
 
 398 appendices. 
 
 Directors : 
 
 Charles Mills, Russell Ellice, William Butterwortli Bajley, 
 John Shepherd, Martin Tucker Smith, M.P., Esqrs. ; Sir 
 Henry Willock, K.L.S., Sir James Weir Hogg, Bart., Colonel 
 William Henry Svkes, M.P. ; Elliot Macnaghten, Ross Don- 
 nelly Mangles, M.P., John Harvey Astell, Henry Thoby 
 Prinsep, John Pollai'd Willoughby, M.P., Esqrs. ; Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Sir Henry Creswick Rawlinson, K.C.B., Lieutenant- 
 General Sir George Pollock, G.C.B., Major-General Sir 
 Robert John Hussey Vivian, K.C.B. 
 
 THE OLD COURT OF DIRECTORS. 
 
 From the interesting and useful work, " Recoi'd of Ser- 
 vices of Madras Civilians," by Mr. Charles Campbell Prinsep, 
 the following historical note on the Old Court of Directors 
 is selected : — 
 
 Previous to the year 1773 the twenty-four Directors were 
 elected every year, and the day of election was in the month 
 of April. In 1773 (Act 13 Geo. III., cap. G3) the system 
 of election was changed. It was then provided that six 
 Directors should be chosen for four years, six for three years, 
 six for two years, and six for one year, and at every Annual 
 Election six new Directors were to be chosen for the term 
 of four years, and no longer. Subsequently Act 17 Geo. 
 III., cap. 8, of 1777 fixed the second Wednesday in April as 
 the date of the Annual Election. The qualification of a 
 Director was £2,000 East India Stock. In the event of a 
 vacancy by death or otherwise, another Director had to be 
 chosen Avithin forty days of the declaration of such vacancy, 
 the new Director succeeding to the unexpired portion of his 
 predecessor's term of office. The salaries of Directors were 
 regulated by the bye-laws. In earlier years each Director 
 received £160 per annum, in 1794 the amount was increased 
 to £300, and in 18.54 to £500 a year.
 
 APPENDICES. 399 
 
 THE FIRST COUNCIL OP INDIA. 
 
 (1858.) 
 
 The fiist Meeting of tlie Council of India took place 3rd 
 September, 1858. 
 
 Secretary of State : 
 The Right Hon. LORD STANLEY, M.P. 
 
 (Who, succeeding Lord Ellenborouoh, was also the last President of the 
 Board of Control.) 
 
 Under-Secretaries of State : 
 
 Henry James Baillie, Esq., M.P. 
 Sir George Russell Clerk, K.C.B. 
 
 Assistant-Uxder-Skcketart of State : 
 James Cosmo Melvill, Esq. 
 
 Council : 
 
 Sir Frederic Currie, Bart. (Vice-President). 
 
 Charles Mills, Esq. 
 
 John Shepherd, Esq. 
 
 Sir James Weir Hogg, Bart. 
 
 Elliot Macnaghten, Esq. 
 
 Ross D. Mangles, Esq. 
 
 William J. Eastwick, Esq. 
 
 Henry T. Prinsep, Esq. 
 
 John P. Willoughby, Esq. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, K.C.B, 
 
 Majoi'- General Sir Robert J. H. Yivian, K.C.B. 
 
 Sir Henry C. Montgomery, Bart. 
 
 Sir John L. M. Lawrence, Bart., G C.B. 
 
 Colonel Sir Proby T. Cautley, K.C.B. 
 
 William Urquhart Arbuthnot, Esq.
 
 400 APPENDICES. 
 
 xr. 
 
 OPINIOXS ON" SIR WILLIAM AN'DREWS WORKS. 
 
 (1846.) 
 
 Indian Railways, 
 
 By an Old Indian Postmaster. 
 
 " The third edition of a work on railways is a fact in litera- 
 ture almost unprecedented, and one which speaks trumpet- 
 
 tongued for the value of the publication In 
 
 fact, there has not been such a valuable contribution to the 
 civilisation of India, as this work on Indian Railways." — 
 Observer, February 13, 1848. 
 
 " By which public and official notice was mainly, if not 
 first, directed to the afreat object of railway commanication 
 in India" — Morninj Herald, September 14, 1852. 
 
 (1856) 
 
 The Scinde Railway. 
 
 "In reference to the Punjab, the capacity of moving 
 troops to a given point was of immense importance. In a 
 military point of view, the advantage would be this, that if 
 the Khyber Pass should be closed to our forces, they could be 
 moved with rapidity to the Bolan Pass, and, in either case, 
 the enemy would be taken in flank or in the rear. The 
 Euphrates Valley Railway would give them the command 
 of the seaboard of the Persian Gulf ; the completion of that 
 railway would practically make Chatham nearer to any 
 point of action in the Persian territory, than any military 
 foi'ce which could be brought to bear upon it from Central 
 Asia. If the triumphs of Great Britain ai'e to be permanent, 
 they must be rendered so by a mutuality of interests, by the 
 material and civilising influences of expanding commerce. 
 The great battle of the country for the tranquillity of Central 
 Asia must be fought at Manchester and Liverpool. If we 
 would command Central Asia, that dominion must be 
 established by opening up a ready market for their raw
 
 APPENDICES. 401 
 
 produce, and subjecting them by tlie force of their own 
 material interests." — Extract from Speech of Sir B. Frere, 
 at meeting of Scinde Railway, 1857. 
 
 LETTER TO VISCOUNT PALMERSTON", E.G., ON" 
 THE POLITICAL IMPORTANCE OP 
 
 The Euphrates Valley Railway. 
 
 M. Lesseps, the great founder of the Suez Canal, has Lome 
 in eloquent words, his testimony to the importance of the 
 Euphrates Valley Railway. 
 
 Telegraphic Comjiuxicatiox with India. 
 
 " Mr. W. P. Andrew, the ' Old Indian Postmaster ' of the 
 Times, is crowning his Indian Railway triumphs, and his 
 Asiatic labours for the Euphrates line, with the establish- 
 ment of an ' European and Indian Junction Telegraph 
 Company.'" — Manchester Courier, August 2, 1856. " In pro- 
 jecting and in pledging himself, supported as he ever is, to 
 carry out the European and Indian Junction Telegraph, from 
 Selencia to the head of the Persian Gulf, Mr. Andrew is 
 doing yeoman's service to the cause of civilisation. His 
 little Scinde line was a good step on the right road. His 
 projected, and, we may now say accepted, extensions of it, 
 coupled with the Euphrates Valley line, and its electric 
 telegraph, all lead in the same direction, and tend to the 
 same important result — the solution of the time-honoured 
 question — the shortest route from the far west to the 
 fabled Cathai — the completion of almost daily intercourse 
 between the most distant nations of the universe." — Bell's 
 Weelcly Messenger, August 2, 1856. 
 
 (1874.) 
 
 The Strategic axd Commercial Evils of a Break of 
 Gauge in India. 
 
 " Mr, Andrew had the foresight to perceive, and the bold- 
 ness to lay before his countrymen, the great importance 
 and practicability of connecting those points (the sea, the 
 capital of the Punjab and Delhi) by railway. . . . He 
 must now, I think, look back with satisfaction to the 
 
 D D
 
 402 APPENDICES. 
 
 relations whicli then existed tetween him and the merchant 
 princes who ruled India, and those of Her Majesty's 
 Government who controlled the rulers of India. 
 One great cause of congratulation seems to me to be the 
 success of your efforts to have a continuous unbroken gauge. 
 Those who have concurred with your chairman and myself, 
 in, from the first, deprecating any such break in the great 
 lines in the valley of the Ganges and the Indus, will appre- 
 ciate what an enormous advantage this unbroken gauge is. I 
 can look at it in no other light, occurring in such an 
 enormous length of trunk line as your railway, than that, 
 with the break of gauge, you could get no more than half 
 the advantages your railway would otherwise offer. 
 You will not reap halt" the advantages you ought to have, 
 unless you have uniformity of management. I do not 
 suppose there is a gentleman present, who has any kind of 
 mercantile experience, who will not endorse this truth. 
 . . . Complete the work, and, once completed, I cannot 
 imagine a railway shareholder who would fail to see that 
 without uniformity of management your work is but half 
 complete ; the advantages you are entitled to reap from it 
 are but half realised. I trust, therefore, that the arguments 
 which your chairman has so well put before the authorities 
 in this matter, will lead to a speedy concession of a uniform 
 management throughout the whole of your great line." — 
 Speech of Sir Bartle Frere, at Meeting of S. P. & D. Rail- 
 wav, 23rd December, 1880. 
 
 (1878.) 
 IxDiA AND Her Weighboups. 
 
 French opinion on such a work must ever be of the highest 
 value ; and here is one from the most famous of all their 
 periodicals : — " M. Andrew, dans I'interessant ouvrage qu'il 
 vient de publier sous ce titre VInde et le$ pays voisins, nous 
 retrace a grands traits I'histoire du developpement primitif 
 de I'empire indien sous la domination brittanique." — Eevue 
 des Deux Mondes. 
 
 America, too, is by no means silent in her praise of the 
 indefatigable " pioneer " : — " He has the historian's faculty 
 of gathering up and sorting his materials, and he tells the 
 history of India, and describes its physical features and 
 characteristics, with the pen of knowledge and experience." 
 — Times of Nciv York.
 
 APPENDICES. 403 
 
 Before citino- an important Russian opinion, it may bo 
 stated that even the great German " Chancellor " wrote to 
 him, thanking him for his views, signing the letter with his 
 own bold signature. 
 
 The friendly tone of Russia in the following critique '. s 
 particularly remarkable : — " He foresees that Russia will cer- 
 tainly possess herself of Merv, and will gain overall the neigh- 
 bouring tribes to her own interests. In order to put a stop 
 to this Russian expansion in Central Asia, and to protect the 
 Suez Canal, and with a view to giving timely succour to 
 Turkey and Persia, the author is of opinion that the 
 Euphrates Valley Railway should be constructed, which 
 will connect the Mediterranean with the Persian Gulf. As 
 a work of reference on India, Mr. Andrew's book has its 
 value. It is supplied with a good index, and with two 
 capital maps." — The St. Petershurg Vedomosti. 
 
 " It is now upwards of a quarter of a century since the 
 chairman of the Scinde Railway commenced to broach the 
 idea of connecting the Khyber and the Bolan passes with the 
 railway system of India. For more than a quarter of a 
 century he has unsparingly advocated these views, not only 
 in weighty official communications to the Indian Govern- 
 ment, in repeated letters in our columns, but in books 
 replete with valuable information concerning the trade and 
 history of India. Last year we reviewed a work by Mr. 
 W. P. Andrew, in which he energetically insisted on the 
 immediate completion of a railway to our scientific frontier. 
 Only a few days ago we published a letter from him advert- 
 ing to the same subject. Had the views so persistently 
 advocated by Mr. Andrew, and so repeatedly brought 
 forward by us, been adopted at the commencement of the 
 struggle last October, as we then ventured to insist upon, vast 
 sums would have been spared in the hire of transport, and 
 we should have been spared the ignominy of feeling that a 
 British Army, nominally on active service, has occupied 
 five weeks in covering less than seventy miles." — Times, 
 October 13, 1879. 
 
 (1880.) 
 
 The Bolan and Kiiyber Railways. 
 
 " The first scheme for such aline (the Kandahar Railway) 
 was publicly mooted about the time of the Indian Mutinies 
 by Mr. W. P. Andrew\" — The First Section of the Kandahar 
 Railway, by J. R. Bell, M.I.C.E. 
 
 D D 2
 
 404 appendices. 
 
 " Our Sciextific Frontier." 
 
 " Our scientific frontier was referred to in both Houses of 
 Parliamsnt wlien discussing Central Asian politics in 
 January, 1881. 
 
 " The dio-nity of knighthood, and that of the Companion- 
 ship of the Indian Empire, that have recently been conferred 
 on the able and patriotic chairman of the Scind, Punjab, and 
 Delhi Railway, have been omnium consensu richly deserved ; 
 and will, we trust, prove only the forerunners of those 
 hereditary honours which are the accustomed rewards of 
 public services so important and so long continued as those 
 of Sir William Andrew, CLE." — Aliens Indian Mail, 
 January 23, 1882. 
 
 " Sir W . P. Andrew has well deserved the honour of 
 knighthood at length accorded him. No man has laboured 
 more sedulously, in these latter times, to draw India nearer 
 than the Chairman of the Scinde Railway Company, and the 
 indefatigable advocate of the Euphrates Valley Railway. 
 If the latter project be realised by English enterprise, the 
 fact will be due as much to his untiring zeal, as to General 
 Chesney's labours in ascertaining and establishing its prac- 
 ticability. The Germans have secured a concession for the 
 line, and they may possibly be able to raise the capital to 
 carry it out. If they should succeed, we English will not 
 show the least jealousy, w^e shall be the most numerous and 
 best paying customers of the railway when it is made, using 
 it as freely as we have used M. de Lesseps' canal. But it is 
 morally certain that no Dr. Strausberg would ever have 
 taken the trouble to ask for and ' engineer' the concession, 
 had not Sir W. P. Andrew kept the idea of a railway from 
 the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf proruinently before 
 the public mind through weary and well-nigh hopeless 
 years." — The Bomlay Gazette Summary, February 2, 1882. 
 
 [Since the foregoing remarks were written. Dr. Strausberg 
 — who, some years ago, was looked upon as a great authority 
 on the subject — is no more. He was about to work with 
 Sir William Andrew to forward the grand scheme, so now 
 the herculean task has to be borne by one pair of shoulders. 
 The Germans have now no interest in the concession, which 
 passed to other hands, and has lately been placed in Sir 
 AVilliam's for a portion of the route. Anyway, there must 
 now be no more hoping against hope ; but immediate action, 
 in the face of Russian designs, and wily Russian diplomacy, 
 if England wishes to keep her position as paramount lord of 
 the East.]
 
 APPENDICES. 405 
 
 XII. 
 
 The Russian Advance. — Babylonia. 
 
 As a fitting conclusion to these appendices, and with 
 reference to the career of our " distinguished scientific 
 Anglo-Indian," — the earnest and untiring advocate of a 
 permanent British Empire in the East — it may he well to 
 say a few words on a valuable "Note" and "Appendix," 
 just published with the reprint of his famous letter to the 
 Times on " The Advance of Russia." The appendix contains 
 " Remarks on the Canals and Resources of Babylonia, and 
 European Colonisation," by a great and zealous authority 
 on the subject, Dr. A. Sprenger. With our over-crowded 
 modern Babylon, with its numerous rivers and streams of 
 human life, anxious for an outlet where they may gain a fair 
 wage for their labour and intelligence, such a theme, at the 
 present time, appears to be of the very fii-st importance. 
 The idea of a resuscitated " Babylon the great," holding 
 out its friendly arms to mighty London, and John Bull, one 
 of these days, quietly settling down in the land of " the Chal- 
 dee's excellency," throws every other project of colonisation 
 entirely into the shade ! But let us proceed to Sir William 
 Andrew's "Note," — one, like St. Paul's famed epistle, "in 
 few words." Dr. Smolka, President of the Austrian Dele- 
 gation, said truly on November 4, that " the situation in 
 the East had become very critical." The Emperor of 
 Austria, on the 6th, on receiving the Austrian and 
 Hungarian Delegations, declared that " recent events " at 
 Sofia, had brought about "a fresh dangerous crisis," 
 which occupied " the full attention of his Government." 
 On this Sir William remarks: — "It is evident from the 
 effect produced on public opinion by Russia's proceedings in 
 Bulgaria, that she threatens the liberties of the whole 
 Balkan Peninsula, and will advance on Constantinople." It is 
 now to be seen to what lengths Austria-Hungary will permit 
 Russia to go. Lord Salisbury's " dignified, temperate, and 
 firm speech at the Gviildhall," he says, " gave great addi- 
 tional force to the views expressed in the Austrian and 
 Hungai'ian Delegations when he emphatically remarked : 
 " The opinion and judgment of Austria must weigh with 
 enormous weight in the Councils of Her Majesty's Govern- 
 ment, and the policy which Austria pursues will contribute
 
 406 APPENDICES. 
 
 very largely to shape the policy which England also will 
 pursue.' " It is then humorously remarked : " Notwith- 
 standing the gravity of the position, the ' Honest Broker ' 
 gives no sign." But the stern reality is at hand, which 
 defies contradictioD, and puts an end to controversy. 
 " Russian Railways in Asia are approaching close to the 
 frontier of Afghanistan, and Batoum is becoming more and 
 more important as the hasis for operations against India 
 and Armenia. An Odessa despatch to the Taghlatt lately 
 informs us that 3,000 picked Russian troops have been sent 
 to reinforce the garrison at Batoum, and that the fortifica- 
 tions at this place, as well as the railway in course of 
 construction between Batoum and Erzeroum, are being 
 pushed on with extraordinary activity." The sooner this 
 valuable "Note " is changed, and the proceeds distributed 
 for the sake of British interests in the East, the better ! 
 No wonder that Sir William Andrew has declared that 
 Russia " puts India to shame in the matter of railway 
 supply." Is our old London motto, Nuuquam Dormio, a 
 mere travesty ? We must not allow ourselves to be beaten 
 in the East by the wide-awake Czar at St. Petersburg ! 
 
 In his letter to the author of the " Note," (which forms 
 the appendix above alluded to), Dr. Sprenger, after praising 
 his lecture on the Euphrates Valley Railway, says forcibly : 
 — " The Advance of Hussia receives a new interest by the 
 latest steps of the Govei-nment of the Czar to make a 
 Russian lake of the Black Sea ; and I was delighted to 
 observe from your note in handwriting, ' Batoum, the future 
 basis of operations against India,' that you are fully alive 
 to the danger which threatens the Indian Empire from that 
 quarter." The Doctor then alludes to his own pamphlet on 
 the "Resources of Babylonia," which, he says, surpass "the 
 most sanguine expectations," and strongly advocates the 
 restoration of the numerous canals which made the country 
 so great and so wealthy before her fall. In fact, what the 
 scientific Sir Arthur Cotton was in India, Dr. Sprenger 
 would appear to be as regards Bab}'lonia. Irrigation and 
 communication are his grand themes. But, added to his 
 desire for the reconstruction of the canals south of the 
 ruins of Babylon, is that for railway communication. " If 
 Russia," he says, " makes Batoum the basis of operations 
 the first object of conquest is Mosul." For strategical as 
 well as commercial reasons then, he thinks it highly 
 advisable to keep the necessity of " eventually constructing 
 a branch railway from the Euphrates to Mosul in view." It
 
 APPENDICES. 407 
 
 is well remarked bj this learned son of true progress, that 
 if the resources of Babylonia and Assyria are developed, to 
 the extent they were two thousand years ago, these countries 
 will be quite as well worth possessing as India, and with the 
 exception of the neighbourhood of Bosra and the swamps, 
 they offer the advantage that northern races of man can be 
 transplanted into them, without fear of their materially 
 degenerating." Again, " a rapid development of the 
 resources of these countries can only be expected if Europeans 
 settle in them." Among the undertakings which might 
 induce enterprising men to emigrate, Dr. Sprenger mentions 
 horse-breeding, which occupation, with the " snort of the 
 Iron Horse," would go well together in Babylonia, which, 
 writes Dr. Keith in his " Evidence of Prophecy," was " the 
 most fertile region of the whole East." He also says, on the 
 authority of Strabo and of Pliny, that Babylonia was one 
 vast plain "adorned and enriched by the Euphrates and the 
 Tigris." — Resurgam.
 
 INDEX TO NAMES 
 
 ANGLO-INDIANS AND OTHEES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abbott, Sir F., 366 '^"■" 
 
 Abdul Rahman Kbaii, 18, 19, 252 
 Abercromby, Lieut. Gen. Hon. John, 
 
 297 
 Adams, Mr. John, 307 
 Addison, — , 295 
 Agha Khan, 192 
 Aitcheson, George, 391 
 Akbar Ali Khan Bahadoor, Mir, 
 
 C.S.I., X. 
 Akbar Khan, Mahomed, 13 
 Alcock, Sir Rutherford, 391 
 Alexander, Lieut.-Gen.Sir J.,K.C.B., 
 
 39 
 Allpoit, Mr., 266 
 Amherst, Lord, 307 
 Anderson, Sir Henry Lacon, K.C.S.I., 
 
 183, 184, 347 w, 352 
 Anderson, Rev. Philip, 352 
 Andrew, Capt. Alexander, 262 
 Andrew, Captain Harry Patrick, 278 
 Andrew, Sir William P., CLE., 6, 
 
 260-278, 400-407 
 Andrew, Mr. William Raeburn, 277?», 
 
 278 
 Andrews, — , 307 
 Anson, Gen., 66n 
 Anstruther, — , 254 
 
 Apthorp, Gen. East, C.B., 356 
 Apthorp, Col., 114, 115, 254 
 Arbuthnot, Sir Alexander, xvi. 
 Arbuthnot, Sir R., 366 
 Arbuthnot, William Urquhart, 399 
 Argyll, Duke of, 39, 73, 133, 199, 
 
 343, 367 
 Armstrong, Thomas, 391 
 Arnold, Edwin, 391 
 Arthur, Sir George, 180 
 Arthur, Surg. -Ma j. J. P., C.S.L, 394 
 Ashley, Evelyn, 361 
 Astell, John Harvey, 398 
 Atalik Ghazee, x. 
 Aubert, Maj.-Gen., 172 
 Auchmuty, Maj.-Gen. Sir Samuel, 
 
 297 
 Auckland, Lord, 12, 13, 43, 53-56, 
 
 60, 170, 190, 359-61 
 Ay re, Lieut., 296 
 Ayrton, Rt. Hon. A.S., 187 
 
 B. 
 
 Backhouse, Maj., 114, 354, 356 
 Bacon, — , 114, 356 
 Bagge, Lieut., R.E., 122 
 Bagnold, Col., 24 
 Bagnold, Mrs., 367
 
 410 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 Bailey, Rev. B., 348 
 
 Bailey, Mr., 354 
 
 Baillie, Henry James, 399 
 
 Baird, God. Sir David, 35, 828 
 
 Ball, Col., 376 
 
 Ballingall, Sir George, 25 
 
 Banks, Maj., 46 
 
 Barrow, Capt., 115 
 
 Barrow, Maj., 115 
 
 Bajley, Sir S., xvl. 
 
 Bayley, Mr. T. H., 355 
 
 Bayley, William Butterworth, 398 
 
 Beatson, Gen. Alexander, 35m, 94, 
 
 328 
 Beatson, Capt. Robert, 94 
 BeatsoD, Maj. -Gen. William Fer- 
 guson, xii., 93-103 
 
 Becher, — , (Punj.), 212 
 
 Begbie, Maj. -Gen. P. J., xii.n, 254 
 
 Bell, J. R., M.I.C.E., 403 
 
 Belle w, —,178 
 
 Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, 
 10, 1.5, 52, 188, 228, 297, 307, 
 313, 334, 384 
 
 Berkeley, — (Punj.), 212 
 
 Berkley, Mr., 266 
 
 Bernard, Sir Charles, 293 
 
 Bernard, Mr., 381 
 
 Bidder, Mr., 266 
 
 Bird, Robert Mertins, 59n, 72, 254 
 
 Bird, Shearman, 59 
 
 Bird wood. Sir George, K.C.S.I., 
 LL.D., 336«, 388-94 
 
 Blake, Thomas, 169 
 
 Blane, — , 184 
 
 Blyth, Mr., 174ji 
 
 Blyth, -, (Punj.), 212 
 
 Boddam, — , 356 
 
 Boileau, Capt. A. H. E., 303, 308, 
 314 
 
 Boileau, Col., 143 
 Bond, Capt., 217 
 
 Boughton, Dr., 2, 362 
 
 Bourdillon, Edmund D., 162 
 
 Bourke, Richard Southwell, 340« — 
 See Lord Mayo 
 
 Bourke, Hon. Robert, 340/i 
 
 Bouverie, Mrs. Philip, 201 
 
 Bowring, — , 319 
 
 Boyce, G. P., 391 
 
 Boyd, Canon, 222 
 
 Boyd, Capt., 222 
 
 Bradford, Sir Thomas, 15 
 
 Brandis, Dr., 378-382 
 
 Brandreth, — (Punj.), 212 
 
 Brice, Maj., 115 
 
 Bright, Mr., 342 
 
 Brind, Sir J., K.C.B., 39 
 
 Broadfoot, Maj., viii. 
 
 Brock, Mr., 182, 236 
 
 Brooke, Sir W. O'Shaughnessy, 
 
 281 
 Broome, Capt. Arthur, 314 
 Brougham, Lord, 11, 12, 161, 17Qn, 
 
 385 
 Brougliton, Gen. Edward Swift, 
 
 94/t 
 Brown, — , 212 
 Brown, Maj., 354 
 Browne, Col., 131 
 Browne, Sir Samuel, 250 
 Buckingham, Duke of, 231 
 Buckingham, Mr., 307, 322 
 Buist, Dr. George, 14, 247, 325 
 Burgess, Mr., 294 
 Burgoyne, Sir John, 181, 378 
 Burne, Col. Sir Owen, K.C.S.I., 
 
 162, 165-67 
 Burnes, Sir Alexander, C.B. , ix., 
 
 7-19, 52, 54, 123, 359-61 
 Burnes, Lieut. Charles, 14 
 Burnes, Dr. James, K.H., F.R.S., 
 
 7, 9, 20-32, 359-61, 362-72 
 Burrows, Sir George, M.D., 186 
 Butcher, Mr. Charles, 326n, 354 
 Butler family, 279 
 Butter, Nathaniel, 307 
 Buxton, Sir Powell, 34 
 Byron, Lord, 146, 186 
 
 i
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 411 
 
 C. 
 
 Caillaucl, Brig.-Gen. John, 296 
 
 Cameron, — , 254 
 
 Campbell, Sir Alexander, Bart., 
 
 K.C.B., 297 
 Campbell, Sir Archibald, 38, 76h, 
 
 296, 377 
 Campbell, Sir George, xi., xii., 241 
 Campbell, Rev. G., 100 
 Campbell, Sir Robert, Bart., 6 
 Campbell, Robert, 171 
 Campbell, Thomas, 319 
 Campbell, Capt., 396 
 Canning, Lord, xvi., 45, 46, 48, 64, 
 
 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 83, 209, 
 
 219, 221 
 Cardigan, Lord, 313 
 Carey, Dr. William, 340 
 Carnac, Sir James, 25, 26 
 Carnarvon, Lord, 135, 142 
 Carpenter, — , 254 
 Cassells, Mr. Andrew, 185, 391, 395 
 Cautley, Col. Sir Proby T., K.C.B., 
 
 399 
 Cautley, Gen., xvi., 60 
 Cecil, Richard, 342 
 Chalmers, Dr., 44 
 Chamberlain, Sir Neville, 212, 298 
 Cliamier, Mr., 354 
 Chatham, Lord, 98 
 Chenery, T., 391 
 Chesney, Maj.-Gen., 275 
 Christie, — , 356 
 
 Churchill, Lord Randolph, xvi., 167 
 Clare, Lord, 188 
 Clarendon, Lord, 154, 203 
 Clarke, C. Purdon, 391 
 Clarke, Mr. Hyde, 289 
 Clarke, Longueville Loftus, M.A., 
 
 F.R.S, 321, 324 
 Clerk, Sir George Russell, G.C.S.L, 
 
 K.C.B., X., 237ji, 368, 370, 
 
 387, 399 
 
 Clive, Lord, 3?!, 34, 44, 56, 61, 62, 
 
 176, 177« 
 Clyde, Lord, 291, 366, 375 
 Cockburn, Lord, 350 
 Coffin, Maj.-Gen. Sir Isaac Camp- 
 
 bell, K.C.S.L, 74 
 Colburn, Mr., 319, 328 
 Colebrooke, — , 174, 346 
 Colville, Sir James, 366 
 Colviu, Sir Auckland, xvi. 73 
 Colvin, Bazett, 73 
 Colvin, Clement, 73 
 Colvin, Elliott, 71, 73 
 Colvin, James, 51 
 Colvin, John Russell, B.C.S,, xii., 
 
 50-74, 248 
 Connor, John, 352 
 Conolly, Arthur, 191 
 Conybeare, H., 352 
 Cooper, Mr. F. H., C.B., 207, 212, 
 
 213 
 Cornwallis, Lord, 306 
 Coryton, Mr., 137 
 Cotton, — , 254 
 Coventry, Lord, 232 
 Coxe, Mr., 199 
 Coxon, M. A., 352 
 Cracroft, — (Punj.), 212 
 Cranbrook, Viscount, 167 
 Crane, Walter, 391 
 Crawford, — , 15 
 Crawford, Mr., M.P., 366 
 Crawfurd, — , 90 
 Creswicke, Miss, 186 
 Cross, Viscount, 167 
 Crump, Lieut., 79, 87 
 Cubbon, Mark, 254 
 Cubitt, W., 371 
 CuUen, Gen. William, 256 
 Cupningbam, — (Cav.), 114 
 Cunjngbame, Gen., C.B., 207, 212, 
 
 213 
 Currie, Sir Frederic, 366, 397, 399 
 Cust, Robert N., 206, 212
 
 412 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dajee, Dr. Bhawoo, 337 
 
 Dalhousie, Lord, xvii., 24, 44, 45, 
 
 53, 54, 64, 95n, 96, 136, 141, 
 
 159, 203, 281 
 Dallas, Dr., 212 
 Dalling, Sir John, 296 
 Danby, Henry, Earl of, 279 
 Danvers, Frederick Dawes, 279 
 Daavers, Sir John, Bart., 279 
 Danvers, Sir Juland, K.C.S.I., 
 
 279-89 
 Danvers, Robert William, 279 
 Darcas, Henry, Esq., J.P., 217 
 Davidson, Col., 74, 143, 357 
 Davidson, Dr., 115 
 Davies, Rev. Mr., 186 
 Davies, — (Punj.), 206, 212 
 De Kantzow, Lieut., 70 
 Derby, Earl of, 242 
 Devavora, David, 329?i 
 Devonshire, Duchess of, 173 
 Dey, Rev. Lai Behari, 338 
 Dick, Gen. Sir Robert, 298 
 Dillon, Frank, 391 
 D'Israeli, —,15 
 D'Orgoni, Gen., 160 
 Dost Mahomed, 13, 17, 30, 118 
 DoultoD, Henry, 391 
 Doveton, — , 254 
 Downing, Maj.-Gen. D., 371 
 Drew, Mr, Frederick, xiii.n 
 Duff, Dr., 328, 329, 332 
 Duff, Sir M. E. Grant, 340rt, 391 
 Dufferin, Lord, xvi., 141, 217, 
 
 223-25, 253, 279 
 Duffy, Thomas, V.C, 258 
 Duke, Gen. T. A., 254 
 Dunlop, Mr., 361 
 Dupleix, 62, 159 
 Durand, Sir Henry, viii., ix., xv. 
 
 E. 
 
 Eastlake, Lady, 367 
 Eastwick, Capt., 366 
 
 Eastwick, William Joseph, 397, 399 
 
 Eckford, Gen., C.B., 292 
 
 Edgworth, Mr., 208 
 
 Eden, Sir Ashley, xvi. 
 
 Edwardes, Sir Herbert, xv., 34-41, 
 
 43, 49, 73, 196, 206, 212, 328, 
 330, 331 
 
 Egerton, — (Punj.), 206 
 
 Eld, Capt. Percy, 354 
 
 Elgin, Lord, 48, 69 
 
 Elias, Mr. Ney, 131 
 
 Ellenborougb, Lord, 8, 12, 41, 43, 
 
 44, 62, 246 
 Ellice, Russell, 398 
 Elliot, John, 114, 356 
 Elliott, Capt., 96 
 Elliott, Sir Henry, 313 
 Ellis, Arthur, 391 
 
 Elphinstone, Sir James D. H., Bart., 
 
 371, 373 
 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, 8, 20, 
 
 237, 368 
 Elphinstone, Hon. W. F., 169 
 Emiy, Dean of, 223, 226 
 Erskine, C. J., 352 
 Erskine, John Francis, 12th Earl of 
 
 Mar, 116 / 
 
 Erskine, John Francis Miller, Four- 
 teenth Earl of Mar, 116, 117 
 Erskine, John Thomas, Thirteenth 
 
 Earl of Mar, IIG 
 Erskine, Col. Walter Coningsby, 
 
 C.B., 116 
 Evans, Sir de Lacey, 94 
 Evans, Col., C.B., 110 
 Exmouth, Lord, 354 
 Eyre, Maj.-Gen. Sir Vincent, 
 
 K.C.S.L, C.B., 39 
 
 F. 
 
 Fane, Sir Henry, 15 
 Faridkot, Rajah of, 213 
 Farquhar, Sir Minto, 366 
 Fayrer, Surg. -Gen. Sir Joseph, 
 K.C.S.L, M.D,, F.R.S., 47 
 
 I
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 413 
 
 Fergusson, Sir James, Bart., 366, 
 
 371, 373 
 Floyer, Charles, 296 
 Foley, Mr., 375 
 Forbes, Kinlocb, 352 
 Ford, Mr., 212, 248 
 Forsytb, Sir Douglas, ix., 212 
 Franks, Augustus W., 391 
 Fraser, Maj.-Gren. Alexander, 101, 
 
 130, 254 
 Fraser, Col., 130 
 Frere, Sir Henry Eartle Edward, 
 
 Bart., G.C.B.,G.C.S.I.,x.,xi., 
 C xviii., 180-182, 237«, 266, 
 
 269, 275, 277, 301«, 352, 393, 
 
 401 
 Frere, Miss Mary E, J., 181 
 Frere, William, 352 
 Fuller, — (Punj.), 212 
 Fytche, Maj.-Gen. Albert, C.S.I., 
 
 118-134, 137 
 
 G 
 
 Gallenga, Mr., 272 
 
 Galloway, Gen. Sir Archibald, 280 
 
 Galton, bapt. Douglas, 266 
 
 Garrard, F., 391 
 
 Garvock, Sir J., 212 
 
 Gash, —,356 
 
 Gilbert, Gen. Sir Walter Raleigb, 
 118 
 
 Giles, Capt. Edward, I.N., 397 
 
 Giraud, Herbert, 352 
 
 Glover, — , 326 
 
 Godley, J. A., 42 
 
 Godwin, Maj.-Gen., C.B., 79, 80, 
 92, 255, 832/1 
 
 Goldsmid, Sir Frederic, xvi., 162«, 
 184 
 
 Gordon, Dr. Archibald, C.B., 395 
 
 Gorst, Sir J. E., 19, 267 
 
 Gosling, Capt , 115 
 
 Gottreux, Col., 115. 
 
 Gougti, Sir Hugh (afterwards Vis- 
 count), 196, 298, 332 
 
 Grant, Sir Alexamier, 393 
 Grant, Gen. Sir James Hope, 298 
 Grant, Sir John Peter, 135, 321 
 Grant, Dr. John, 25, 114, 303, 308, 
 
 354, 356 
 Grant, Lieut. -Gen. Sir Patrick, 
 
 K.C.B., 111, 298 
 Grant-Duff, Sir M. E., 391 
 Grattan, — , 39 
 Green, Lady, 367 
 Grey, Sir William, x. 
 Grierson, Mr., 266 
 Griffin, Mr. Lepel, xvi. 
 
 H. 
 
 Haag, Carl, 391 
 
 Haines, Gen. Sir Frei^erick, G.C.B., 
 
 G.C.S.L, 298, 332 
 Haldimand, Mr. George, 172 
 Halifax, Viscount, ix.n 
 Halliday, Sir Frederick, x. 
 Hall, — , 356 
 Haliam, — , 15 
 Hamilton, Col., 115 
 Hamilton, Sir Robert, 212, 366 
 Hampton, Lord, 232 
 Hancock, Gen. H., 366, 372, 374 
 Harbans Singh, Eajah, 214 
 Hardinge, Lord, 44, 45, 95 
 Harris, Maj.-Gen. George (afterwards 
 
 Lord), 158, 296 
 Harris, Lord, 366 
 Hartington, Marquis of, 167 
 Harvey, Sir George, K.C.S.L, 354 
 Hastings, Marquis of, 85«, 169, 295, 
 
 307 
 Hastings, Warren, 3«, 56, 177, 230, 
 
 305 
 Havelock, 75, 76, 84, 220 
 Haveloek, Sir Henry, Bart., 366, 
 
 372, 375 
 Havelock, Lady, 367 
 Hawkshaw, Sir John, 266 
 Hayes, Catherine, 178 
 Hazlitt, —,319
 
 414 
 
 INDEX TO NAIMES. 
 
 8, 366, 372, 
 Sir George, 
 
 Heaton,J. A., 391 
 
 Heber, Bishop, 83, 312 
 
 Hedle, Mr., 362 
 
 Henderson, Dr., x. 
 
 Hertz, W., 391 
 
 Hewitt, Capt., 396 
 
 Hicky, Mr., 305 
 
 Hill, Hon. Daniel, 256 
 
 Hill, Maj.-Gen. Sir William,K.C.S.I., 
 
 254-259 
 Hinde, John, 295 
 Hislop, Sir Thomas, 297 
 Hobart, Lord, 158, 296 
 Hodgson, Mr. Brian H., 148, 354 
 Hodgson, — , 72 
 Hogg, Sir James "Weir, Bart., 280, 
 
 "398, 399 
 Holkar, 63 
 Holland, Col. James, 
 
 374 
 Holmes, Maj.-Gen. 
 
 K.C.B., 23 
 Hore, Capt. Walter, 354 
 Hough, Mr., 126 
 Hough, Mrs., 308 
 Howard, Edward, 352 
 Howard, George, 391 
 Howard, William, 352 
 Howick, Lord, 12 
 Huddleston, Mr., 40, 44 
 Hughes, — , 212 
 Humboldt, Baron, 11 
 Hume, Mr. .James, 313, 314, 326 
 Humffreys, — , 114. 356 
 Hunter, Dr. W., 333, 346, 394 
 Hutchinson, John Ross, 321 
 Hutchinson, Dr., 320 
 Hutchinson, — , 212 
 Hyder All, 305 
 
 Jacob, Gen., xvi. 
 James, — (Punj.), 206, 212 
 Jeffrey, Lord, 146 
 Jervois, Col., R.E., 129 
 
 Jevons, W. Stanley, 391 
 Jones, Edward Burne, 391 
 Jones, Sir William, 27;;, 173, 174, 
 346 
 
 K. 
 
 Kamaroff, Gen., 272 
 
 Kapurthalla, Rajah of, 209, 213, 
 
 214 
 Kaye. Sir John William, K.C.S.L, 
 
 F.R.S.,xii., xiii., 35-48,153- 
 
 164, 210, 217, 225, 226, 283, 
 
 302, 317, 321-30, 371, 373, 
 
 377 
 Kaye, Lieut. J. W., 320 
 Keane, Gen. Sir John (afterwards 
 
 Lord), viii., 15, 366, 371 
 Keane, La^ly, 367 
 Kellie, Earl of, 116 
 Kennedy, Lord, 356 
 Kennedy, Gen. Vans, 143 
 Kenrick,Mr., 326 
 Ker, Capt., 321 
 Ketchen, Brig. James, 297 
 Keyes, — (Punj.), 212 
 Kimberley, Earl of, 167 
 Kinder, — , 177« 
 Kinnaird, Hon. Arthur, 366 
 Kirk, — (Punj.), 212 
 Kirkpatrick, Capt., 159 
 Kuhnenfeld, Field Marshal Baron 
 
 Kuhn von, 275 
 
 Laing, Samuel, 236 
 Lake, Lord, 105 
 Lake, —(Punj.), 212 
 Lally, Count, 160 
 Lamb, Charles, 3, 5, 6, 184 
 Lanesborough, Earl of, 279 
 Lang, John, 247, 326, 333
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 415 
 
 Langley, Capt., 326 
 
 Lansdowne, Marquis of, 12 
 
 Larpent, Sir Alfred, 354 
 
 Laurie, W. A., 2Qn 
 
 Lawder, Maj., 115 
 
 Lawrence, Lieut. Alexander William, 
 
 35, 40, 328 
 Lawrence, Alexander, 221 
 Lawrence, Sir George, K.C.S.L, 
 
 C.B., 39, 221 
 Lawrence, Sir Henry, K. C. B., xit., 
 
 33-49, 56rt, 73, 88, 89, 217, 
 
 220, 327-31 
 Lawrence, Lord (Sir John), G.C.B., 
 
 G.C.S.I., xi. XV., 36, 39, 48, 
 
 55, 58, 98, 205-10, 217-23, 
 
 235, 238, 282, 300, 366, 375h., 
 
 399 
 Lawrence, Lady, 43, 45 
 La^Tence, Letitia, 40 
 Lawrence, Richard, 221 
 Layard, Mr., 196 
 Leigbton, Sir David, 15 
 Leighton, Sir Frederick, 391 
 Le.sseps, M. de, 401 
 Lichfield, Bishop of, 247 
 Lindsay, Coutts, 391 
 Linton, Jaraes D., 391 
 Lock, George J. S., 391 
 Lockhart, Mr., 10 
 Loftus, Mr. "William Kenneth, 197 
 Long, Rev. Mr., 342)t 
 Louis Philippe, 11 
 Low, — , 254 
 Lxidlow, Maj., 115 
 Lumley, Gen., 377 
 Lumsden, Sir Peter, 19, 212 
 Lushiagton.s, the, 168ft 
 Lynch, Capt., 367 
 Lynch, Commodore, C.B., 396 
 Lytton, Lord, 166, 231 
 Ljveden, Lord, 366, 367 
 
 M. 
 
 Macartney, Lord, K.B., 296 
 Macaulay, Lord, 156, 157, 162, 
 
 177», 321, 383-85 
 Macaulay, Zachary, 157 n 
 Macdonald, James, 187 
 Macdonald, Lord, 187 
 Macdowell, — , 114, 356 
 Macgregor, Sir George, K.C.B., 39 
 Macgregor, Robert, 36 
 Macgregor, Lieut., 308 
 Macintire, Gen. A. W., 115, 254 
 Mackenzie, Duncan, 114, 357 
 Mackenzie, Holt, 58,59 
 Mackenzies, the, 168?i 
 Maclagan, — (Punj.), 212' 
 Maclean, — , 114 
 Maclean, — , 357 
 McLeod, Sir Donald F., C.B., viii., 
 
 207, 208, 212, 213, 254 
 McMullen, Maj., 99 
 McMurdo, Maj., 246 
 Macnaghten, Elliot, 398, 399 
 Macnaghten, Capt. Robert A., 143, 
 
 303, 354 
 Macnaghten, Sir William, 13,' 52-54, 
 
 191, 361 
 McNeill, Sir John, G.C.B., 12, 189, 
 
 190, 366, 371, 373 
 Macpherson, Lieut. -Gen. Sir Her- 
 bert, K.C.B., K.C.S.L, 290- 
 
 295, 298 
 Macpherson (Ossian), Mr., 51 
 Macvicar, Dr., 348 
 Mahommed Khan, Wullee, 366 
 Maine, Sir Henry, 185 
 Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 297 
 Malcolm, Gen. D., 366, 372, 373 
 Malcolm, Sir John, '8, 15, 23, 72, 
 
 73, 157-59, 187, 188, 237«, 
 
 312 
 Malcolm, Sir John, 306, 308 
 Malleson, Col. G. B , C.S.L 90 
 Mallet, Sir Louis, C.B., 42n, 73
 
 416 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 Mangles, Ross Donnelly, 324, 398, 
 
 399 
 Mansfielfl, Lord, 73 
 Mansfield, Sir William, 98, 99 
 Mar, Earl of, 116 
 Margary, Mr., 131 
 Markliara, Mr. Clements R., C.B., 
 
 xi., 391 
 Marriott, Capt., 352 
 Marsh, Capt., 328 
 Marshall, Honoria, 38 
 Marsham, — , 326 
 Marshraan, Dr., 341 
 Mavshman, John, C.S.T., 247, 326, 
 
 329, 330«, 333, 34l7i 
 Martin, Mr. William Byam, 52, 319 
 Marvin, Mr. Charles, 272 
 Maskelyne, Nevil Story, 391 
 Mason, Dr., 144, 344 
 Maxwell, Brig.-Gen., 213 
 Mayo, Lord, 99, 129, 136, 165, 235, 
 
 ' 237, 250, 339 
 Medows, Maj.-Gen. Sir William, 296 
 Mein, Maj., 115 
 Mclvill, Sir James Cosmo, 168n, 280, 
 
 283, 283, 399 
 Melvill, Philip, 16Sn, 
 Melville, —(Pun.].), 212. 
 Merivale, Mr. Herman, C.B. , 34, 
 
 41, 42, 48, 49 
 Metcalfe, Lord, 306 
 Metcalfe, Sir Charles Theophilus, 
 
 307, 324 
 •Mill, John Stuart, 162, 164, 280 
 Millais, Sir John Everett, Bart., 391 
 Mil'er, Janet, 116 
 Miller, Particle, 111, 113, 116, 362 
 Miller, Maj.-Gen. William Henry, 
 
 C.B., 79, 110-117 
 Miller, Gen., 319 
 Miller, Major, 110 
 Mills, Charles, 398, 399 
 Milne, Sir David, G.C.B., 24 
 Mohamed Shedee, Mirza, x. 
 Mohamed Yasseen, Dr., x. 
 Moir, —,319 
 
 Montgomery, Sir Henry C, Bart., 
 
 366, 399 
 Montgomery, Sir Robert, G.G.S.L, 
 
 K.C.B., viii., 56rt, 203-226 
 Moorhouse. CoL, 296 
 Morgan, Lieut., 115 
 Mornington, Lord, 158, 159 
 Morpeth, Lord, 12 
 Morris, Capt. D'Arny, 354 
 Morris, William, 391 
 Morrison, A., 391 
 MouradAli Khan, Meer, 362-65 
 Mowatt, Miss Anna Maria, 308 
 Muir, Sir William, 185 
 Miiller, Prof. Max, 151 
 Munro, l\Iaj.-Gen. Hector, 296 
 Munro, Maj.-Gen. SirTbomas, Bart., 
 
 K.C.B., xvi., 135, 138, 237, 
 
 297, 305 
 Munster, Earl of, 11 
 Murchison, Sir Eoderick Impey, xi. 
 Murdock, Dr., 107 
 Murray, Hon. C, 198 
 Murray, Mr. John, 10 
 Musurus Pacha, 275 
 
 N. 
 
 Nana, Sahib, 63 
 
 Napier, Baron, 117 
 
 Napier and Ettrick, Lord, xi., 165, 
 
 247w 
 Napier of Magdala, Lord, 247 
 Napier, Sir Charles, 30, 245, 246, 
 
 367, 375 
 Napier, Sir Robert, 247 
 Napier, Sir William, 332 
 Narandar Singh, 214 
 Nasmith, — (Punj.), 212 
 Neill, Brig. -Gen., 37, 75-92 
 Newbold, Capt., 143 
 Newman, Frank, 186 
 Newman, John Henry, 186 
 Nicholson, Brig.-Gen., 226 
 Nicholson, — , 72, 88
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 417 
 
 Niclio'as, Rev. Dr., 186 
 
 Nicolls, Sir Jasper, 297 
 
 Noble, — , 254 
 
 Noor Maliommed, Meer, 364 
 
 Norman, Sir Henry, 142 
 
 Nortlilroik, Lord, xi., 125, 241, 288, 
 
 289 
 Northcote, Sir Stafford, Bart. (Lord 
 
 Iddesleigh), ?,86 
 Norton, lion. Mrs., 324 
 Nott, Gen. Sir William, 192, 193, 
 
 377 
 Nusseer Khan, 364 
 
 0. 
 
 Oakelev, Sir Charles, Bart., 94, 296 
 
 Oake!=, Col., 115 
 
 O'Brien, Mr., 202ri 
 
 O'Callaghan, Lieut. -Gen. Sir Robert 
 
 "William, G.C.B., 297 
 Ommaney, Admiral Sir Francis, 
 
 R.N., 175 
 Oppert, Dr. Jules, 197 
 Osborn, Capt. Sherard, C.B., 372, 
 
 373 
 O'Sbauohnessy, Dr. William, 281, 
 
 282 
 Ouchterlony, James, 326 
 OughtoD, Sir Adolphus, 245 
 Outram, Sir James, Bart, xv., xviii., 
 
 30, 73, 76, 354, 357, 366-75 
 
 P. 
 
 Paget, Sir Edward, 377 
 
 Paget, Lord G., 213 
 
 Palmer, Capt., 115 
 
 Palmerston, Lord, 189, 227, 264, 
 
 270, 359-61 
 Parker, Henry Meredith, 303, 308, 
 
 311-13, 324, 328, 354 
 Parker, — , 356 
 Parry, Mr. E., 169 
 Parry, Dr., 354 
 
 Passmore, Col., 183 
 
 Pattle, James, 170 
 
 Paylett, Chevalier, 62 
 
 PeacoL-k, Mr. Thomas Love, 5, 280 
 
 Pea'-son, John, 321 
 
 Peat, Capt., vi'u.n 
 
 Peel, Mr. John, M.P., 395 
 
 Peet, Dr., 352 
 
 Pelly, Mr. John Hinde, 187 
 
 Pelly, Sir Lewis, 187, 391 
 
 Perry, Sir Erskine, x., 185, 304 
 
 Pertaub Cbuud Raja, 321 
 
 Phajre,SirArthurPuives, G.C.M.G., 
 
 K.C.S.L, xvL, xvii., 120, 125, 
 
 126, 131, 135-152, 345, 378- 
 
 83 
 Phillips, Robert, 391 
 Philpotts, Col. G., R.E., 256 
 Picton, Gen. Sir Thomas, 90 
 Pigot, Lord George, 296 
 Pilcher, Mr. R., 294 
 Pitcher, — , 212 
 Pitt, William, 176)1, 295 
 Place, Mr., 326 
 Pollock, Sir George, Bart., G.C.B., 
 
 G.C.S.L,39, 40,299,371, 376- 
 
 86, 398 
 Pollock, — (Punj.), 212 
 Pope, Lieut., 115 
 Pottinger, Sir Henry, 12, 21, 23, 27, 
 
 28, 357, 362 
 Prendergast, Lieut. -Gen. H. N, D., 
 
 xvii.w, 258 
 Prideaux, — , 283 
 Primrose, Col,, 115 
 Pringle, — , 319 
 Prinsep, Augustus, 174, 175 
 Prinsep, Charles Campbell, 175-179, 
 
 228, 295, 398 
 Prinsep, C. P., 325 
 Prinsep, Charles Robert, LL.D., 168 
 Prinsep, George Alexander, 169 
 Prinsep, Henry Thoby, 169, 170, 398, 
 
 399 
 Prinsep, James, 171-74, 344, 346 
 Prinsep, John, 168, 169 
 
 E E
 
 418 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 Prinsep, Val, 391 
 Prinsep, William, 170, 175 
 Prinsep, — , (Panj,), 212 
 Probvn, Sir Dighton, xvi. 
 
 E. 
 
 Radcliffe, Rev. Dr., 163 
 Raeburn, Sir Henry, 262, 277n 
 Eaeburn, Henry, 262 
 Raikes, Mr. Charles, 367 
 Ramsay, Lor J, 2-t 
 Rassam, Mr. HormttzJ, 197 
 Rattray, R. H., 303, 308 
 Rawlinson, Abram, 186 
 Rawlinson, Abram Tyzack, 186 
 Rawlinson, Eliza Eudocia Albinia, 
 
 186 
 Rawlinson, Canon George, 186, 199 
 Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, x. , 
 
 xi., 185-202, 366, 391, 398, 
 
 399 
 Rawlinson, Heniy, 186 
 Rawlinson, John Julanl, 279 
 Rawlinson, Lindow, 186 
 Redgrave, Richard, 391 
 Reeie, Col.. 115 
 Reid, Sir Charles, 70 
 Renaiid, Maj , SO, 84 
 Rendel, Mr. A. M., 283, 289 
 Rich, Mr., 200 
 Richardson, Capt. David Lester, 143, 
 
 303, 308, 314, 316-20 
 Richardson, Prof., 321 
 Kicketts, Mr., 366 
 Ridgeway, Sir J. W., 19 
 Roberts, Mr. A. A., C.B., 207, 211, 
 
 212 
 Roberts, Sir Frederick, xv., 246, 
 
 250, 251, 292, 293, 298 
 Robertson, W. T., SOS 
 Robinson, Vincent, 391 
 Roe, Sir Thomas, 2 
 Rogers, Samuel, 44 
 Roscce, — , 319 
 
 Rose, Sir Hugh, 97. 165, 212 
 
 Ross Alexander, 321 
 
 Rosse, Lord, 106 
 
 Ro&t, Dr. R., 391 
 
 Runjeet, Singh, Maharajah, 8, 13, 
 
 17,160, 216, 360 
 Russell, Earl, 12 
 Russell, W. H., LL.D., 371, 373 
 Ryan, Sir Edward, 321 
 
 S. 
 
 Saiar Jung, Sir, 74, 241 
 
 Sale, Sir Robert, 187, 377 
 
 Salisbury, Lird, 133, 139, 167, 274 
 
 Salter, — , 356 
 
 Sandhurst, Lord, 98 
 
 Sanford, Mrs. Ayshford, 201 
 
 Sayce, Prof. A. H.. 197 
 
 Scarlett, Gen. Sir J., 96 
 
 Scindia, 63, 64 
 
 Scott, Cap*-. H. , 257 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 327 
 
 ScriveD,Dr,, 212 
 
 Seccombe.T. L., 391 
 
 Sentry, Capt., 244 
 
 Seton, Sir Reginald Macdonald, 25 
 
 Seymour, Alfre 1, 201 
 
 Seymour, Henry, 201 
 
 Seymour, Henry Danby, 201 
 
 Shaftesbury, Eirl of, 315,366 
 
 Shakespear, Col.. 353, 358« 
 
 Sbamset S'ngh, Sirdar, 213 
 
 Shaw, Dr. Norton, 366, 371, 373 
 
 Shaw, R. Norman, 391 
 
 Shaw, Mr. R. B.,x. 
 
 Shepherd, John. 398, 399 
 
 Shepherd, --, 356 
 
 Shere Ali, 99, 250 
 
 Sheridan, 225 
 
 Sherwood, Col., 318 
 
 Shirreflf, 114,356 
 
 Shore, Mr. (afterwards Lord Teign- 
 
 mouth), 305 
 Showers, Edward G. 114, 857 
 Showers, Gen. E. M. G., 371 
 
 i 
 
 \
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 419 
 
 Simmons, Sir L., 2G6 
 
 Simpson, Bros., 222 
 
 Skene, Mr., 97 
 
 Sladen, SirE. I5.,xvii.,121, 123, 141 
 
 Sloper, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Robert, 296 
 
 Smith, Adam, 310 
 
 Smith, George, LL. D., 43n 
 
 Smith, Mr. George, 190, 197 
 
 Smith, J., V.C, 258 
 
 Smith, Martin Tucker, 398 
 
 Smith, Sydney, 12, 15, 327, 347 
 
 Smitli, Rev. Thomas, 326, 329 
 
 Smith, Col., 97 
 
 Smith, Dr., 212, 346 
 
 Smolka, Dr., 405 
 
 Sohrab, Meer, 364, 365 
 
 Somerset, Lady, 367 
 
 Soojah-ool-Moolk, Shah, 9, 13 
 
 Spottiswoode, W. G., 391 
 
 Sprenger, Dr. A., 405-407 
 
 St. John, Mr., 319 
 
 Stanley, Lord, 264, 399 
 
 Staunton, Sir G., 15 
 
 Stebbing, W., 391 
 
 Steel, Sir S. W., K.C.B., 79, 80, 92 
 
 Steel, — , 254 
 
 Stephen, Mr. Condie, 19 
 
 Stephenson, Sir Macdonald, 326 
 
 Stevenson, — , 114, 356 
 
 Stewart, Gen. Sir Donald, Bart., 
 
 G.C.B., G.C.S.L, .CLE., 244- 
 
 253, 298 
 Stocqueler, Mr., 325, 326, 354, 355 
 Strachey, Generals, 185 
 Straith, Maj., 42 
 Stratford de Redclifife, Lord, 275 
 Strathnaira, Lord, 165, 166 
 Btratton, Mr. George, 296 
 Strausberg, Dr., 404 
 Strover, Capt., 123 
 Stuart, Lieut. -Col. Patrick, R.E., 
 
 C.B., 283 
 Start, Col., 91, 92 
 Suchet Singh, Sirdar, 213 
 Sutherland, James, 320-22 
 Sykes, Mr. Samuel, 105 
 
 Sykes, Col. William Henry, F.R.S., 
 104, 143, 162, 337, 366, 371, 
 398 
 
 Symonds, Rev, A. R., M.A., 345 
 
 T. 
 
 Tadema, E. Alma, 391 
 
 Talbot, Mr. Fox, 197 
 
 Tantia Topee, 255 
 
 Taylor, Col., 194, 200 
 
 Taylor, Mr., 197 
 
 Taylor, Reynell, 212 
 
 Teignmouth, Lord, 305 
 
 Tej Singh, Rajah, 214 
 
 Temple, Sir Richard, Bart., G. C.S.I. 
 
 CLE., xi., 182, 209, 227-243, 
 
 265 
 Temple, Sir William, 231 
 Thara, Meer, 365 
 Theebau, King, xvii.??, 19, 63n. 
 Thomason, Mr. James, 57, 58, 60, 
 
 72, 208 
 Thompson, Sir A. R., xvi. 
 ThomEon, Capt., v'm.n 
 Thomhill, Mr. John, 174 
 Thornton, T.H., D.C.L., ix.n 
 Thornton, Mr. Edward, 208, 280 
 Thornton, W.T., C B., 162, 283, 391 
 Thorntons, the, 168?i 
 Toole, Mr., senior, 4 
 Torrens, Mr. H., 303, 313 
 Townsend, — , 326 
 Trevelyan, Sir Charles, Bart., xiii.??, 
 
 51«, 71, 383-386 
 Trevelyan, Right Hon. George Otto, 
 
 386 
 Trollope, Anthony, 386 
 Tucker, St. George, 164 
 Tucker, Brig. -Gen., 213 
 Tuekett, Capt. Harvey, 313 
 Tweeddale, Lieut.-Gen. Marquis of, 
 
 K.T., G.C.B., 298 
 Tyler, Sir Henry, 266, 267 
 Tyzack Peregrine, 186 
 
 B E 2
 
 420 
 
 INDEX TO NAMES. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vans Kennedv, Gen., 143 
 Vaxighan, — , 212 
 Vaux, Willia-n S. W., 391 
 Vikrama Singh, Sirdar, 213 
 Vivian, Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert John 
 
 Hussey, K.C.B., 77, 356, 371, 
 
 373, 398, 399 
 
 W. 
 
 Wade, Capt., 53 
 
 Waghorn, Lieut. Thomas, R.N., 277 
 
 Wales, Prince of, 392 
 
 Walker, Lieut. -Gen. Sir George 
 
 Townsend, Bart., G.C.B., 297 
 ■v\''alpole, Horace, 391 
 Walton, William, 279 
 Ward, William, 341 
 Wardle, Thomas, 391 
 Watt, James, 260 
 Webb, Philip, 391 
 Wellesley, Marquis, 53, 159 
 Wellington, Duke of, 256n 
 Westmacott, Lieut., 308 
 Westmacott, Mrs. Henry, 47m 
 Whitbread, Lady Elizabeth, 170 
 White, John, 114, 356 
 
 White, Col., 168 
 
 Whitlock, Gen. Sir G. C, 111, 112, 
 
 115, 116 
 Wilde, — , 212 
 Williams, Monier, 391 
 Williams, — , 254 
 Willock, Sir Henry, K.L.S., 393 
 Willoughby, John Pollard, 398, 399 
 Wilson, Bishop Daniel, 342, 343 
 Wilson, Mr. H. H., 171 
 Wilson, Horace, 174, 346 
 Wilson, James, 236 
 Wilson, Prof. (Christopher North), 
 
 310 
 Wodrow, Mr., 126 
 Wolseley, Viscount, x^i., 275, 293 
 Wood, Sir Charles, Bart, G.C.B., 
 
 ix.?i, 283 
 Wood, Col., 101 
 Wood, Mr., 362 
 
 Woodcroft, Bennett, F.R.S., 113 
 Woodfall, Mr., 177^ 
 Woolner, Thomas, 391 
 Wornum, Mr., 186 
 Wyke, Mr. Anthony, 256 
 
 Young, Brig.-Qen., 226 
 
 Young, Col., 143 
 
 Yule, Col. H., 141, 383, 391 
 
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