THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. AN OFFICIAL REPORT OF THE EESOUKCES OF THE STATE UP TO AND INCLUDING JANUARY 1, 1894. COMPILED BY J. H. PRICE, SECRETARY OF STATE. OLYMPIA, WASH.: O. C. WHITE, - - - STATE PRINTER. .1894. THE 8TATE OF WASHIiNGTON. AN OFnCIAL REPORT OF THE RESOURCES OE THE STATE \ N OLYMPIA, AVASH.: O. C. WHITE, - - - STATE I'KINTEU. 1894. la^^ S^^^^^' ?■ 3 9 » • t f ». >» , • ■> ••■,*• • • t « . •, • • "c. « •• • , *■ • r State of Washington, Office of Secretary of State, Olympia, Aug. 15, 1894. To Hon. John H. McGraw, Governor of the State of Washington: Sir — Since my incumbency of the office of Secretary of the State of Washington, I have been the recipient of many letters from all over the United States; from the northern, southern, eastern and middle parts of our country, and from the Dominion of Canada, asking for information respecting the State of Washington, as to its soil, climate, products, industries and general advantages; all with a view, from the inquiries, of permanent settlement or invest- ment. Finding it an impossibility to make answer to these indi- vidual inquiries, doing justice to the state and the different localities thereof, I have deemed it expedient and highly beneficial to the state, to prepare, in pamphlet form, a clear, concise and reliable statement, embodying practical information of the whole state and the different counties therein. I herewith present to your Excel- lency the said pamphlet, believing that, when properly distributed, it will be of incalculable benefit to our state. I am, very respectfully, Jas. H. Price, Secretary of State. O 4 9 > WASHINGTON. The State of Washington embraces an area of 69,994 square miles, making 44,796,160 acres. Prior to tlie purchase of Alaska, Wash- ington was the extreme northwestern territory of the United States. The Straits of San Juan de Fuca, Gulf of Georgia and the forty- ninth parallel north latitude divides it from British Columbia on the north; the eastern boundary is the State of Idaho; the southern boundary is the Columbia river and the foi'ty-sixth parallel north, and the western boundary is the Pacific Ocean. The approximate area of Puget Sound and mountain ranges unfit for cultivation is 9,269,160 acres, which leaves 35,500,000 acres of valuable lands which may be classed as follows: Timber lands, 20,000,000 acres; bottom lands, 5,500,000 acres; plains, plateaus and prairies, 10,- 000,000 acres. Washington is divided into thirty-four counties. The Cascade range of mountains cuts the state in two from north to south, commencing at 121°30' west from Greenwich and 44*^ west from Washington, and bearing northeast about 10°, where it enters the British line. There are fifteen counties on the east slope of the Cascades, which are almost wholly drained by the Columbia river and its tributaries. This part of the state is commonly known as Eastern Washington, and is essentially the great grain and stock raising portion of the state. West of the Cascades are located nineteen counties which comprise an area of about two-fifths of the state, and is called Western Washington. In Western Washing- ton are located the great fisheries of the state. The immense forests of the state grow principally on the west side. Puget Sound, the largest and best harbor in the world, is a principal factor in the make-up of Western Washington, and adds largely to the prosper- ity of the whole state on account of the shipping facilities it offers to ocean traffic. Two lines of transcontinental railroads — the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific — traverse the state from east to west, with terminals, respectively, at Seattle and Tacoma, affording to the grain and stock producers of Eastern Washington 6 . BE SOF-Rm'S' QF THB 'STATE OF WASHINGTON. • » * easy and cheap trausportation to deep water, and thence to the markets of the world. The coal and valuable mineral deposits are about equally repre- sented on either side of the Cascades, as is also the fruit growing industry. The climate of the state generally is mild and healthful. Educational advantages are of the best throughout the whole state. The following digest of the state by counties will give to the public all of the valuable practical information that may be desired by any who are looking toward Washington for homes or invest- ments. STATE OFFICERS. State oflScers are elected for a term of four years. The general state election occurs the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Governor John H. McGraw. Lieutenant Governor Frank H. Luce. Secretary of State Jas. H. Price. Treasurer OzRO A. Bowmen. Auditor Laban R. Grimes. Attorney Gerieral William C. Jones. Superintendent of Public Instruction C. W. Bean. Commissioner of Public Lands W. T. Forrest. State Printer O. C. White. state land commission. W. T. Forrest, Chairman Olympia. T. M. Reed, JR Seattle. E. Bkainerd Seattle. Geo. D. Shannon Olympia. E. D. CowEN, Secretary Olympia. UNITED states SENATOR AND REPRESENTATIVES. United States Senator Watson C. Squire. Representatives in Congress j Wm.^H. Doolittle. STATE JUDICIARY. supreme court. Chief Justice — R. O. Dunbar, Klickitat county; term expires 1895. Associate Justice — Elmon Scott, Whatcom county; term expires 1899. Associate Justice — T. L. Stiles, Pierce county; term expires 1895. Associate Justice — T. J. Anders, Walla Walla county; term expires 1899. Associate Justice — John P. Hoyt, King county; term expires 1897. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 7 LEGISLATURE OF WASHINGTON. The Legislature of the State of Washington is composed of 112 members — seventy-eight members of the House and thirty-four members of the Senate. The Legislature meets biennially, on the second Monday in January. The next Legislature meets January 14, 1895. STATE INSTITUTIONS. Institutions. County. Location. 1. Capital Thurston Olympia. 2. Hospital for the Insane Pierce Steilacoom. 3. Hospital for the Insane Spokane Medical Lake. 4. Penitentiary Walla Walla Walla Walla. 5. University King Seattle. 6. Agricultural College Whitman Pullman. 7. Normal School Kittitas Ellensburgh. 8. Normal School Spokane Cheney. 9. Reform School Lewis Chehalis. 10. School for Defective Youth Clarke Vancouver. 11. Soldiers' Home Pierce Orting. 12. State Fair Yakima North Yakima. HEALTH REPORT. The following table, taken from the report of Dr. G. S. Arm- strong, secretary of the state board of health, will speak for itself as to the general health of the people of this state: CAUSES OF DEATH. Consumption Still-born Pneumonia Heart disease Old age Diphtheria Cholera infantum . Typhoid fever Paralysis Cancer Convulsions Croup Diarrhcea Dropsy Enteritis Cephalitis Scarlet fever Malarial fever Dysentery Bronchitis Apoplexy Whooping cough.. DEATHS PER 1,000 FROM KNOWN CAUSES. Washington, Michiga/ii, United Slates, 1S93. 1S86-90. 1S80. 90.9 116.9 126.8 79.1 60.1 34.6 64.5 57.1 87.6 49.0 53.8 36.2 12.4 51.5 19.7 17.6 51.4 53.0 35.9 35.4 34.7 62.3 31.7 31.8 28.6 28.3 19.3 18.3 24.6 18.2 15.4 23.4 24.8 0.73 22.5 25.0 8.0 20.4 15.0 4.4 19.9 20.5 12.4 18.1 17.6 24.9 18.0 15.1 34.4 14.9 22.8 5.1 9.2 28.1 2 2 8.2 18.7 22.0 7.9 15.3 8.8 7.7 13.4 2.9 7.2 15.4 8 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. WEATHER REPORT. Mean temperature, taken at various weather bureaus in the state for nine months, commencing January 1, 1893, and ending Sep- tember 30, 1893: Mean temp. Tatoosh, Clallam county 47.6 Neah Bay, Clallam county 49.5 Port Townseud, Jefferson county 49.3 Monroe, Kitsap county 50. 3 Seattle, King county 51. 9 Tacoma, Pierce county ,50.5 Olympia, Thurston county 46.6 Aberdeen, Chehalis county 50.5 Chehalis, Lewis county 50. 3 East Sound, San Juan county 49.6 Fort Canby, Pacific county 49.I Union City, Mason county 48.3 Spokane, Spokane county 48.4 Lyle, Klickitat county 43.9 Fort Simcoe, Yakima county 47.9 Pomeroy, Garfield county ,53.7 Chelan, Okanogan county 47.4 Walla Walla, Walla Walla county ,50.0 Pullman, Whitman county 46.0 Waterville, Douglas county 45.5 Ellensburgh, Kittitas county 45.6 The above figures show the mean temperature from twenty dif- ferent counties lying in all parts of the state, and giving a mean temperature of the state as 49°. FISH. OYSTERS AND CLAMS. The fishermen were paid by Washington canneries 5 cents per pound for salmon, the catch amounting to 6,'721,43.t pounds, mak- ing ^366,011.15 amount paid; average weight of each fish, 20 pounds. The Washington fishermen also sold to Oregon canneries salmon to the amount of $150,000. The value of the spring pack for 1893 by Washington canneries was ^790,432.50. The fall pack was small, amounting to about 43,000 cases; amount paid fishermen being about $35,000. Cold storage plants and fresh fish dealers purchased salmon to the value of $75,000, making total amount received by the Wash- RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 9 ington fishermen on the Columbia river for the present year, |626,- 071.75. Gear used by fishermen on the Columbia river and tributaries: 400 pound nets and fish traps; 750 gill nets and boats; 150 set nets; 10 seines; 3G fish wheels. Sturgeon to the amount of 3,358,000 pounds and caviar amount- ing to 55,310 pounds were prepared for market, valued at |52,- 635.50; and 125,000 was received from fresh fish dealers and cold storage companies. On Willapa Harbor and Gray's Harbor, the catch amounted to about 208,500 salmon, aggregating 2,429,245 pounds, averaging 11 pounds per fish, in the catching of which were used gear, as fol- lows: On Willapa Harbor, 22 pound nets; 11 drift nets; 26 set nets. On Gray's Harbor, 53 drift nets; 30 set nets and 6 pound nets. The amount paid fishermen by canneries for salmon was $23,439, while fresh and salted salmon to the amount of $11,000 was also sold in this district. In the Puget Sound district the salmon pack is three times greater than that of 1892; the total salmon pack being 105,000 cases, valued at $269,000; 1,008,000 salmon being used. The following table shows the number, species, pounds and prices of fishes caught: Species. No. caught. Pounds. Average price. Value. Sock8vc salmon 250,000 650,000 1,000,000 50,000 8,000 75,000 1.500,000 3,900,000 6.000,000 400,000 120,000 750,000 1,300,000 500,000 50,000 40,000 40,000 50,000 300,000. 750,000 500,000 8c. each. 8c. 2c. 20c. " 30c. " 4c. " 2.Vc. per lb. 2c. " 2c. " 7e. " 3c. " 2c. " Ic. " 5c. " ^20,000 Silver salmon 52,000 Had doc salmon 20, (KK) 10,000 Quinaiilt salmon 2,400 Fall salmon 3,000 Halibut 32,500 Smelt. 10,000 Cod 1,000 2,H00 1,200 Lin^ Perch and flounders 1,000 3,000 5,625 Other fish. 2,500 Total !. S167,0'25 The number of men engaged in this industry in this district is about 775. Oysters and clams were shipped during the past year to the value of $99,080. From Willapa Harbor 30,250 sacks of oysters were shipped, and from Puget Sound, 18,989 sacks. Oysters sold on the beds of 10 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Willapa Harbor for |1.50 per sack of 90 pounds; and on Puget Sound at 12.25 per sack weighing from 100 to 115 pounds. Ten thousand sacks of clams were sold in this district at $1 per sack. Recapitulation of amounts received by fishermen of this state during past year: From Columbia river salmon . , $636,071 75 From Columbia river sturgeon 77,635 50 From Puget Sound, fish, oysters, etc ,. 321,705 00 From Willapa and Gray's Harbor 89,814 00 Total $1,106,226 25 COAL MINES OF THE STATE. The following tables, taken from the reports of the coal mine in- spectors of the state, will show the number of tons of coal mined in the state during the year 1893: FIRST DISTRICT. Name of mine. No. of torus. New Castle 153,000 Franklin 88,000 Black Diamond 137,442 Denny 5,474 Cedar Mountain Oilman 121,378 Grand Ridge : 591 Kangley 16,673 Alta : 9,000 Eureka .' 800 Navy Blue Canyon 26,000 Cokedale . 3,000 Roslyn : 341,441 Total 791,799 David Edmunds, Coal Mine Inspector, First District. SECOND district. Name of mine. , No. of tons. Carbon Hill Coal Co 267,545 Wilkeson Coal & Coke Co 77,546 South Prairie Coal Co 52,541 Bucoda Coal Co 9,451 Acme Coal Co 7,200 Florence Coal Co 1,433 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 11 Name of mine. ^o. of <o»i«. Eureka Coal Co 1,000 Ouimette Coal Co 345 Total 417,051 JosEi'iJ James, Coal Mine In.spector, Second District. Total output for 1893, 1,208,850 tons. LIGHTHOUSES. The Thirteenth Lighthouse District of the United States extends from the southern boundary of Oregon to British Columbia, thereby covering the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington, Puget Sound, Columbia river and the American shores and waters of the Straits of San Juan de Fuca and Washington Sound. Inspector for the Thirteenth District, Oscar W. Farenholt, com- mander, United States navy, corner Third and Washington streets, Portland, Oregon. Engineer, James C. Post, major of engineers. United States army, 13 Fourth street, Portland, Oregon. The following summary will show the lighthouse stations for the Washington division of the Thirteenth District: Nain,e. Cape Disappointment. Willapa Bay Destruction Island Cape Flattery Ediz Hook New Dungeness Smith Island Admiralty Head Point Wilson Point no Point West Point Location . Color of light. / On Cape Disappointment, mouth of ) ( Columbia river J Cape Shoalwater Destruction Island -i J On Tatoosh Island, one-half mile N. W. ) I of Cape Flattery ) Ediz Hook, Straits of Fuca On spit of that name in Straits of Fuca.... In Straits of Fuca i Whidby Island Two miles N. W. of Port Townsend f In Sound, 4i miles south of entrance to I t Hood's Canal j /East side of Sound, t Seattle miles N. W. of I FSxed white. Fixed white. Flashing white every 10 seconds. Fixed white with a fixed red sector. Fixed white. Fixed white. Flashing white every 30 seconds. Fixed white. Fixed white. Fixed white. Flashing red and white every 10 sees. 12 EESOUBCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. SHIPPING. The following is a statement of vessels entered and cleared for foreign ports, during the year 1893, for the Puget Sound Collection District: Number of vessels entered, 1,314; tonnage, "756, 415. Number of vessels cleared, 1,335; tonnage, 891,386. GAME AND GAME BIRDS OF WASHINGTON. Our large game consists of elk, mule deer, Virginia deer, and the black-tail deer of the Columbia. Black and brown bears and the "bald face" bear of the Cascade mountains. The latter two are varieties of the grizzly. Also the white mountain goat and a few mountain sheep, or big horns, the habitat of which will be men- tioned hereafter. The home of the elk is in the Olympic mountains. This stately monarch is the king of his species, and the pride and satisfaction which thrills the nerves of the successful hunter, in his capture, is justifiable and excusable when not degraded by the spirit of slaugh- ter. The mule deer stands next in our fields to the elk in size, grace and magnificence. His home is the mountains of Eastern Wash- ington, unless driven down by the cold and snows of winter, when he is then found in the foothills and valleys. The Virginia or white-tail deer is only found in brushy bottom lands, and is identical with his eastern cousin in size, color and general characteristics. The black-tail deer is found throughout Western Washington, and is a frequenter of the dense brushy jungles of the Puget Sound basin. He is smaller than the others, and more easily approached. His flesh, though not as fat, is sweet and juicy, and when the hunter secures one by still hunting in the black-tail's bushy home, he con- siders himself exceedingly lucky. The white goat is at home in the higher portions of the Cascade mountains on both the east and west sides, and on some mountains are quite numerous. They are evidently.admirers of "the beautiful snow," and the hunter who secures them must be abundantly en- dowed with will, wind and wisdom. Their flesh does not improve by age, so none but the young are sought for food. Mountain sheep, or big horn, are not often found within the lim- RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 13 its of this state. There are a few, however, east of Mount Baker, near the north boundary between Washington and British Co- lumbia. No moose or caribou in Washington. The black bear, like the poor, "we have with us always," and he is often found in the most unexpected places. He is entirely harmless, however, unless pushed to the wall when wounded by some over-zealous hunter, who then is apt to acquire wisdom at the cost of clothes and cuticle. The brown bear and bald-faced bear are more frequently found in the mountainous districts, al- though the former often frequents the low lands. These are said to be varieties of the grizzly. Of the fur bearing animals we have the land otter, beaver, fisher, mink, martin, muskrat, wolverine, coon and skunk. Of the cat kind ai'e found the cougar, lynx and wildcat. The wolf family is represented by the lai'ge gray wolf, black wolf and coyote east of the mountains. Our upland game birds are: Blue grouse, ruffed grouse, sharp- tailed grouse, spruce grouse, sage cock, mountain quail, valley quail and bobwhite or Virginia partridge; also the band-tail pigeon, turtledove and sand-hill crane. The sage cock and sharp-tailed grouse are found on the open plains of Eastern Washington and the others on the west side of the mountains. Water fowl of all kinds are here in arreat abundance during the winter months, in Western Washington. Among them are the Canada goose, white-fronted goose, Arctic goose, Hntchins' goose and the stately swan. Since the extensive cultivation of wheat in Eastern Washington, the geese are there in the fall in countless thousands. The Canada geese remain there through the winter. Of ducks we have the mallard, canvasback, redhead, green wing teal, gadwall, widgeon, sprig tail, blue bill, wood duck, spoon bill and butterball. Also a great variety of sea ducks not used on the table, and only killed for sport or specimens for mounting. Of shore or marsh birds along the coast there are the Wilson snipe, robin or redjbreasted snipe, yellow legs or tattler, Bertran's tattler or upland plover, pectoral sandpiper, turnstone, whale bird, Avoset's golden plover, black-breasted plover, sickle-billed curlew, Hudsonian curlew, Esquimaux curlew, willets and all varieties of sandpipers. 14 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. The Wilson snipe, yellow leg or tattler, upland plover, sand plover or killdee and the sickle-billed curlew breed on the east side of the mountains, but are not found there in the winter. On the west side all but the latter remain through the winter. COUNTIES OF WASHINGTON. INDUSTRIES, SOIL, PRODUCTS, TIMBER, MINERALS, TAXABLE PROPERTY, AREA, POPULATION, ETC. ADAMS COUNTY Organized November 28, 1883; county seat, Ritzville; area, 2,- 400 square miles; population, 2,185. It is chiefly adapted for pastoral and agricultural pursuits. It is separated from Whitman county at the southeast corner by the Palouse river. The Northern Pacific Railroad extends through the county from the southwest corner to the northeast corner, affording convenient transportation for farm products. It is especially adapted for stock raising, bunch grass growing profusely throughout the county. The winters are mild and very little food or shelter is necessary for stock. The soil is a loose ashey loam, and is very productive. The rolling uplands respond to the touch of the husbandman with abundant harvests of all cereals, especially wheat, which yields from twenty-five to fifty bushels per acre. The land is easily cultivated, and produces well the first year, sufiiciently, in most instances, to pay for land and tillage. Artesian wells have been sunk with good results. Small fruits and vegetables are very productive. At Ritzville is estab- lished a large flour, chop and feed mill. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track $1,216,338 00 Personal property 320,256 00 Railroad stock and personal property 95,681 00 Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 57 miles 1,673 feet main track, and 3 miles 954 feet side track ; Oregon Railway & Navigation Company, 9 miles 1,584 feet main track, and 528 feet side track 360.166 00 (15) 16 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Number of horses 4,090 $80,239 00 cattle 5,974 68,034 00 sheep 4,406 8,817 00 hogs 315 914 00 wagons aud carriages 339 8,968 00 Improvements on land held uuder United States 39,735 00 Schools. Receipts for school year, from all sources 29,069 93 Number of school houses 25 17,960 00 districts 28 Total school property 22,148 00 Number school children, census of 1893 823 Number of children enrolled during the year 655 Average daily attendance 428 Number of teachers 35 Average monthly compensation, male 47 18 female 43 59 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 671,219 00 of improved land 41,920 County Seat. Ritzville is the county seat of Adams county, is on the Northern Pacific Railroad, and 65 miles southwest of Spokane. Population, 500. Assessed value of property, $300,000. ASOTIN COUNTY. Asotin county was organized October 27, 1883, and is the ex- treme southeastern county of the state. Area, nearly 600 square miles; population, 1,712. County seat, Asotin; situate at the junc- tion of Asotin creek and Snake river. It is without railroad facili- ties, but steamers on the Snake river, on its eastern and northern boundary, connect with the Union Pacific system at Riparia. Irri- gation makes farming more profitable, and where tried has proven very successful. The principal industry is stock raising. Lum- bering is carried on in a small way in the southern part of the county, where timber from the Blue mountains is accessible in large quantities. The land in the southern portion of the county is a rich black loam, with clay subsoil, and covered with a heavy RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 17 158,827 00 5,151 98,395 00 5,455 66,879 00 5,738 11,478 00 1,577 5,034 00 339 10,878 00 growth of pine, fir and tamarack. Further north the soil is a black loam prairie. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Taxable real property $302-,849 00 personal property Number of horses cattle '* sheep " hogs wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States 10,250 00 Steamboats, wharves and barges 24,200 00 Schools. Number of school districts 31 houses 16 9,785 00 All school property 12,463 00 Number school children, census 1893 696 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 109,232 Number acres improved land 27,079 " timber land 128,000 County Seat. Asotin, the county seat, is situate on the Snake river, and con- tains a population of 635. CHEHALIS COUNTY. Chehalis county was organized April 14, 1854. The western border is upon the Pacific Ocean. The county embraces an area of about 2,600 square miles, and has a population of 9,797 (census 1892). The Chehalis river, flowing through the county from east to west, empties into Gray's Harbor. The Hoquiam, Wishkah and Satsop rivers are tributary to the Chehalis, the Hoquiam and Wishkah rivers being navigable streams. The Humptulips river flows into Gray's Harbor from the north side and Elk river from the south side. These streams are all good logging streams for miles into the interior of the county. To the north of the harbor lies 60,000 acres of prairie land which is good grazing for stock. The —8 18 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. harbor is easy of entrance from the Pacific Ocean and steamships and sailing vessels constantly come and go, laden with merchandise and lumber. The output of logs for 189.3 was 72,700,000; the lumber and shingles cut aggregating over 100,000,000 feet. Over 520,000,000 feet of lumber has been shipped from Chehalis county, and it is estimated that there is yet tributary to the waters of tl^e county over 100,000,000,009 feet, of which about 39,000,000,000 feet is in Chehalis county. There are a number of fish canneries in the county, which shipped over a half million of dollars worth of canned salmon in 1893. Chehalis county has sixteen saw mills and eleven shingle mills. The county abounds in fertile valleys and extensive table lands, upon which grow and thrive all kinds of grain, vegetable products and fruits of all varieties. Taxable PROPERxr, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track $7,801,663 00 Personal property : 1,009,342 00 Railroad personal property and rolling stock 41,735 00 Railroad track — Taeoma, Olympia & Gray's Harbor, 64 miles 1,056 feet main trabk, and 3 miles 528 feet side track 362,200 00 Number of horses 1,544 58,895 00 cattle 5,350 83,190 00 sheep 1,464 2,895 00 hogs , 1,297 3,515 00 wagons and carriages 611 19,405 00 Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 24,300 00 Improvements on land held under United States 45,130 00 Schools. Number of school districts 55 houses 60 108,871 00 " graded schools 7 school children, census 1893 3,158 teachers 103 Average monthly compensation, male 58 99 female 49 76 County Seat. Montesano is the county seat of Chehalis county, and is on the Chehalis river, at the head of tide water navigation. Population, census 1892, 1,240. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 19 CLARKE COUNTY On June 2*7, 1844, the provisional government of Oregon created the "District of Vancouver," embracing all the territory west of the Rocky mountains and north of the Columbia river to 54°40' north latitude. December 22, 1845, the word "county" was substituted for "district." At the session of the Oregon legislature, 1850-51, the name "Vancouver" was changed to "Clarke," in honor of General William Clarke, associate of Captain Meriwether Lewis in the Lewis and Clarke overland explorations, 1804-5-6. The pres- ent area of Clarke county is about 600 square miles; population, census 1892, 11,509. The Columbia river, flowing westward from Wallula, turns almost due north from the mouth of the Willamette, forming the south and west boundaries of the county, making about fifty miles of water boundary, to which may be added thirty miles of navigability of the Lewis river for river steamers, thus affording eighty miles of river front,- assuring great facilities for transporta- tion of produce to market. The large portion of the county is level, but approaching the foot hills of the Cascade mountains the surface becomes rolling and broken. With the exception of a few open tracts of prairie lands, called "plains," the county is covered with timber. The county is abundantly watered by the Columbia and its tributaries, viz., the north and south forks of Lewis river, the Salmon, La Camas and Washougal. There are large stretches of grain producing prairies and of bunch grass land, well adapted for grazing. The soil differs in the various parts of the county, the Columbia river bottom laud is of rather a sandy loam and very productive of fruits and vegetables, and is remarkably fine pasture land. The upland is of a rich dark loam and is especially adapted to potatoes, wheat, barley, hops, clover and prunes. Clarke county has a paper mill, estimated investment, $200,000; school for deaf mutes and school for defective youth; also thirteen saw mills, with an annual output of -30,000,000 feet, two shingle mills and three floui-ing mills. Taxable Pkopekty, 1893. ,. , Real property, except railroad track $5,400,294 00 Personal property 704,549 00 Railroad track — Vancouver, Klickitat & Yakima, 12 miles; Portland & Puget Sound, 14 miles, 3,220 feet 56,010 00 20 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Number of horses " cattle sheep hogs " wagons and carriages Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc Improvements on land held under United States. Schools. Number of school districts public schools Private boarding school for young girls College Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 " " enrolled during year. Average daily attendance Number of teachers Average monthly compensation, male female ... 3.272 9,287 1,534 2,786 1,030 $130,880 00 185,740 00 3,068 00 9,751 00 36,420 00 12,340 00 12,030 00 73 71 1 1 72,145 00 4,482 3,386 2,252 98 43 55 35 97 Other Statistics. Number of acres of land, exclusive of town lots.. 253,022 Average value of land, exclusive of improvem'ts 11 58 Number of acres of improved lands 31,000 timber 268,500 Average standing, feet per acre 19,000 Number of feet standing timber 5,101,522,000 3,571,065 00 County Seat. Vancouver is the county seat of Clarke county, situated on the north side of the Columbia river, and 100 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and the census of 1892 shows a population of 5,000 inhabi- tants. COLUMBIA COUNTY. Columbia county was formed from a part of Walla Walla county, November 11, 1875, and has an area of VOO square miles, with a population, census 1892, of 6,397. There are over 100,000 acres of land in Columbia county under cultivation, of which about 70,000 are in wheat. The Snake river is the northern bound- ary. The character of the soil along the Snake river bottoms is a li.tJjbt, sandy loam, growing darker toward the southern end of RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 21 the county in the vicinity of the Blue mountains; it is very easily tilled, and does not need irrigation. The average yield of wheat is 25 bushels per acre; barley, 40 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; corn, 17 bushels; potatoes, 200 bushels. Fruits and vegetables grow in abundance. Stock raising is an important factor in the county. The timber consists of pine, spruce, fir, tamarack and balsam. The lumber product is about two and a quarter million feet annually. The county has three sash and door factories, one furniture factory, three broom factories, three flouring mills with chop and feed mills attached, four chop and feed mills and six saw mills. A branch of the Washington & Columbia River Railroad extends to Dayton, and a Union Pacific branch runs to Riparia, on the Snake river. These railroads connect with the navigable Snake river, and afford unusual facilities for transportation. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property', except railroad track $5,400,230 00 Personal propertj' 843,190 00 Railroad rolliug stock and personalty 33,070 00 Railroad track — Union Pacific Railroad, 50 miles 1,425 feet main track, and 8 miles 1,161 feet side track; Washington & Columbia River, 8 miles 950 feet main track, and 1 mile 2,800 feet side track 369,720 00 Number of horses 7,386 221,580 00 cattle 6,152 79,976 00 sheep 5,315 10,630 00 hogs 2,480 8,680 00 " wagons and carriages 1,073 34,440 00 Improvements on land held under United States 29.385 00 Schools. Number of school districts 49 schools 52 Total school property 70,636 50 Number school children, census 1893 2,497 school children enrolled during year.... 1,999 Average dailj' attendance 1,311 Number of teachers 82 Average monthly compensation, male 55 20 female 44 45 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 251,448 Number acres improved land 114,509 Acres of timber 192,000 22 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Average standing, feet per acre 11,000 Average stunipage per thousand feet $1 00 Number of feet standing 2,112,000,000 2,112,000 00 County Seat. Dayton is the county seat of Columbia county, and is situated on the Touchet river at the eastern terminus of the Dayton branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, and also of the Washington & Columbia River Railway. Population, last census, 1,880. CLALLAM COUNTY. Clallam county is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the north by the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, and has an area of 2,050 square miles. It is largely made up of mountainous sections densely covered with timber, with small fertile valleys between the mountain ranges. Skirting the straits from its eastern boundary to Port Angeles is a wide belt of excellent agricultural land. The Quillayute Indian reservation is in the southwest part of the county. The Neah Bay agency (Makah tribe) is located in the northwest- ern part of the county, at the entrance of the Straits of Fnca. Clallam county was organized on April 26, 1854. Wheat, oats, barley and hay are grown with great success; the average yield of wheat per acre being 30 bushels. Fruits of all kinds are grown in abundance. Potatoes and garden stock yield immensely. Clal- lam county has five saw mills, with an annual output of 20,0000,000 feet; also two shingle mills, with an annual output of 24,000,000 shingles. Taxable Property, 1893. Real property Personal property Number of horses cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Improvemfents on laud held under United States. Schools. Number of school districts houses Value. $2,400,294 00 262,220 00 672 26,880 00 1,804 86,080 00 1,176 2,352 00 616 2,156 00 272 91,583 00 27 27 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 23 Total school property Number school children, census 1893 ," of chikh-eu enrolled during year. Average daily attendance Number of teachers , Average monthly compensation, male " female... $28,199 00 1,494 1,158 730 51 49 G2 45 58 159,460 4.727 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots Number acres improved land Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 1,910 00 Acres of timber 1,004,000 Average standing timber, per acre 35,000 Average stumpage per thousand feet 50 Number feet standing timber 35,100,000,000 12,550.000 00 County Seat. Port Angeles is the county seat of Clallam county, and is situate on the Straits of San Juan de Fuca, sixty miles from the ocean. Population, last census, 3,000. Assessed valuation, |;2,000,000. COWLITZ COUNTY. Cowlitz county was organized April 21, 1854. It was originally a part of Lewis county. It has an area of 1,100 square miles, and a population of 6,736. The chief industries are farming, lumbering, and salmon fishing and packing. It borders on the Columbia river, and its entire length north and south is traversed by the Cowlitz river, paralleled by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The soil is varied as to locality, being sandy loam mixed with vegetable mould, beaver dam soil and shot clay. Wheat, oats, bai'ley, hops, hay and all kinds of vegetables yield immensely. Fruit is very productive. All the fruits grown anywhere in Washington are cultivated with great success. The soil is easily worked and kept clean, and is seldom too wet to work, and not only makes good farm land, but what is of great importance, it makes good roads as well. Coal veins have been discovered, but are as yet undeveloped. Near Kalama there is an extensive ledge of granite. There are four saw mills in this county, with an annual output 24 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. of 12,000,000 feet of lumber. Six shingle mills produce 60,000,- 000 shingles yearly, valued at $90,000. Taxable Property, 1893. Real property, exclusive of railroad tracks Personal property Railroad rolling stock and personalty Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 29 miles 1,056 feet main track, and 2 miles 2,710 feet side track; Ostrander, 3 miles 1,320 feet main track, and 1,760 feet side track; Brock Log- ging (narrow gauge), 2 miles 2,540 feet; An- chor Coal and Development Company, 2 miles; Portland & Pnget Sound, 27 miles 110 feet Number of horses cattle sheep hogs " wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States. Schools. Number of school districts " houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 enrolled 1893 Average daily attendance Number of teachers \ Average monthly compensation, male female Value. $3,162,792 00 453,124 00 41,084 00 221,784 00 1,691 67,640 00 6,453 109,701 00 976 1,952 00 1,393 4,876 00 481 13,853 00 35,701 00 55 51 31,485 00 2,385 1,959 1,309 76 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 318,585 improved land 9,549 " timber 521,460 Average standing, feet per acre 20,000 " stumpage per thousand feet Number of feet standing timber 10,429,200,000 44 68 38 11 60 6,257,520 00 County Seat. Kalaraa is the county seat of Cowlitz ' county, situate on the Columbia river at the point where the Northern Pacific trains are transferred across the river by means of a large transport, built especially for that purpose. Population, United States census, 325. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 25 DOUGLAS COUNTY. The county of Douglas was formed by the territorial legislature of 1883 by cutting off the western portion of the Big Bend plateau of the Columbia river from the county of Spokane. At the time of its organization the county had not to exceed 150 people within its borders. The census enumeration of 1892 shows a population of 4,284. It is situated in the central portion of the state, is 120 by 60 miles in area, and constitutes what is known as the "Big Bend country," owing to the fact that it is cii'cled about on the north, west and south by the Columbia river. The southern portion is flat and sandy, and at present is utilized for stock range only. The northern half is rolling bunch grass prairie of a loamy soil with clay subsoil — similar to the soil of the Palouse and Walla Walla countries. Wheat, oats, barley and rye are sure crops, and vegetables of every description do extra well. The yield of wheat is from 20 to 35 bushels per acre, according to the season and character of cultivation. Apples, pears, plums, prunes and small fruits yield well, and are free from pests. Along the Columbia river peaches, grapes, etc., reach the highest degree of perfection. The climate is mild and salubrious. The winters are from ten to fourteen weeks in length. Considerable snow falls, but exces- sive cold, high winds and tornadoes are unknown. The principal settlement is in the vicinity of Waterville, the county seat and principal town, and in the eastern portion of the county east of Grand Coulee. There is yet much good land subject to homestead entry east and northeast of Waterville, and also some in the vicinity of Grand Coulee. Patented land, improved and uu- . improved, can be bought at from $5 to $20 per acre, according to locality and degree of improvement. Transi:)ortation is furnished to eastern Douglas county by a branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The Great Northern Rail- way passes through the southern half of the county, crossing the Columbia river near Rock Island. The grain raising region around Waterville reaches the Great Northern by boat via the Columbia. In this county are located two flouring mills, five saw mills and three shingle mills. 26 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Taxable Property, 1898. Real property, except railroad track Personal property Railroad rolling stock and personalty Railroad track — Great Northern Railway, 72 miles 686 feet main ti'ack, and 3 miles 4,171 feet side track; Northern Pacific (Central Washington), 19 miles 3,640 feet main track, and 1 mile 3,931 feet side track Number of horses cattle " sheep hogs .. Wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States.. Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school property Number school children, census 1893 Number of children enrolled during year Average dailj' attendance Number of teachers Average monthly compensation, male " female Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots " of land improved Value. $1,575,161 00 569,441 00 69,484 00 497,370 00 10,183 203,660 00 9,425 122,525 00 2,166 4,332 00 762 2,667 00 829 25,730 00 44,754 00 38 27 35,450 00 1,169 957 561 58 718,408 46,429 47 01 41 37 County Seat. Waterville, the county seat, is in the northern portion of the county, within the Big Bend, about six miles east of the Columbia river. Population, census 1800, 538. At Waterville is located one of the United States land offices for this state. FRANKLIN COUNTY. The county of Franklin was organized November 27, 1883. It has an area of 1,000 square miles and a population of 693. It is enclosed within the confluence of the Snake and Columbia rivers, Pasco being its county seat, at the junction in the southern part of the county. The Northern Pacific Railroad enters the county at RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 27 Pasco and runs directly north, dividing the county into nearly equal parts. The chief industry is stock raising. The soil is sandy and covered with sage brush, with occasional intervals of bunch grass fit for pasturage, but the county is treeless and may be termed desert land. Irrigation will, however, reclaim the land and make it extremely productive. Along the river banks, peaches, grapes and the small fruits are successfully raised. Alfalfa, vegetables, wheat and oats are also raised. Taxable Property, 1898. Value. Real property, except railroad track $504,219 00 Personal property 193,288 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 97,226 00 Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 46 miles 728 feet main track, and 6 miles 4,074 feet side track; Oregon Railway and Navigation, 28 miles 3,278 feet main track, and 2 miles 208 feet side track 414,894 00 Number of horses 3,197 68,940 00 cattle 1,062 12,744 00 sheep 1,800 3,600 00 hogs 58 203 00 " wagons and carriages 49 982 00 Schools. Number of school districts 4 school houses 4 Total school property 4,205 00 Number of school children, census 1893 97 " enrolled during year 94 Average daily attendance 66 Number of teachers 6 Average monthly compensation, males 70 00 females 50 00 Othek Statistics. Acres taxable, excluding town lots 410,390 Steamboats, etc • 375 00 County Seat. Pasco is the county seat of Franklin county, at the junction of the Columbia and Snake rivers (both navigable), and where the Northern Pacific crosses the Columbia river. Population, census 1892, 500. 28 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. GARFIELD COUNTY. Set off from Columbia county at the session of the territorial legislature of 1881. Area, 650 square miles; population, 3,573. Farming, fruit growing and stock raising are the chief industries. Garfield county has two flouring and three saw mills, and, in pro- portion to area, is one of the best settled and most productive counties in the state. It is the hub of the famous Palouse wheat belt; its cultivated area yielding from 25 to 60 bushels of wheat and a proportionate number of bushels of oats per acre, the soil being equally adapted to either product. The surface is rolling and easily tilled. Taxable Property, 1893. Real property, except railroad track Personal property Railroad rolling stock and personalty Railroad track — Union Pacific, 16 miles 264 feet main track, and 1 mile 2,323 feet side track .... Number of horses " cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States.. Schools. Number of school districts houses Total school property Number school children, census 1893 children enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachers Average monthly compensation, male female.... Value. $1,173,298 00 403,872 00 9,718 00 88,117 00 6,817 6,517 7,473 1,994 824 136,340 00 78,204 00 14,946 00 6,979 00 19,300 00 4,735 00 37 36 38,456 00 1.524 1,272 804 37 49 00 42 30 Other Statistics. Acres land taxable, exclusive of town lots.. ..-..'. 343,146 " improved 94,569 Number of acres of timber 71,680 Average standing, feet per acre 11,000 stumpage per thousand feet Number of feet standing timber 788,481,000 1 00 788,481 00 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 29 County Seat. The county seat of Gaitield county is Pomeroy, situated on Pataha creek, and is the terminus of the Pomeroy branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. Population, 1,200. ISLAND COUNTY. Island county was organized by the Oregon legislature January 6, 1853. It is constituted of the Islands of Whidby and Camano, hence its name. It is situated at the head of the Straits of Fuca, and surrounded by the waters of Puget Sound. Whidby Island contains 115,000 acres; Camano Island contains 30,000 acres; population 1,790. Camano Island is almost entirely heavily tim- bered with fir, hemlock, cedar, spruce and alder. The greater portion of Whidby Island is timbered with the same varieties. The remainder of the county is prairie and swamp lands, producing wheat, barley, oats, hay, fruit and garden vegetables. The yield of apples, prunes, wheat, oats, hay and vegetables is very great. Two saw mills are located in this county, with an annual output of 3,000,000 feet of lumber. Taxable Property, 1893. Vahie. Real property $1,083,658 00 Personal property' 191,280 00 Number of horses 503 25,100 00 cattle 899 17.980 00 sheep 1.069 2,138 00 hogs 393 1,376 00 wagons and carriages 202 6,165 00 Improvements on land held under United States 1,800 00 Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots.. 101,871 improved 6,846 Steamboats, etc 94,055 00 Schools. Number of school districts 12 houses 12 Total value school property 6,169 00 Number of school children, census 1893 452 enrolled for 1893 351 Average daily attendance 242 30 RESOUEGES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Number of teachers 16 Average monthly compensation, male female Other Statistics. Number of acres of timber Average standing, feet per acre stumpage per thousand feet Number of feet standing timber 1,892,154 County Seat. Coupeville is the county seat of Island county, and is situated on the east side of Whidby Island, sixty miles northwest of Seattle. It was settled in 1852 by Capt. Thomas Coupe, for whom it is named. The population, United States census 1890, was 5.13. $50 00 43 75 86,007 32,000 1,892,154 50 946,077 00 JEFFERSON COUNTY. Jefferson county was established by the Oregon legislature De- cember 22, 1852. Has an area of 2,000 square miles, and a popu- lation of 7,500. Its shore line on the Straits of Sau Juan de Fuca and Admiralty Inlet embraces the bays or harbors respectively named Port Townsend, Port Discovery and Port Ludlow. Its western boundary borders on the Pacific Ocean. It has 1,280,000 acres, of which nearly nine-tenths are mountainous and covered with a heavy growth of fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar and Alaska cedar. At the head of Port Townsend bay is located a United States military post. Fort Townsend. The resources of the county are timber, iron, coal and fish. Deposits of bog iron in the county are said to be inexhaustible. Where cultivated, grain, fruits and vegetables yield extremely well. Deposits of bog iron at and around Port Iladlock, at the head of Port Townsend Bay, are well nigh inexhaustible. Large iron works and a smelter are established at this point. At Port Townsend are extensive nail works and a foundry. Jefferson county has five saw mills, with an annual output of 40,000,000 feet of lumber. Taxable Property, 1894. vaiue. Real property, except railroad track $3,921,637 00 Personal property 662,218 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 9,900 00 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 31 Railroad track — Port Townsend Southern, 28 miles main track, and 1,240 feet side track... Number of horses " cattle " sheep hogs Wagous and carriages Steamships and vessels Improvements on land held uuder United States . $126,422 00 496 19,840 00 1,458 24,786 00 29 58 00 204 714 00 262 7.839 00 ' 102,110 00 12,245 00 18 18 142,716 00 1,166 922 581 38 Schools. Number of school districts " houses Total school property Number school children, census 1893 Number of children enrolled during year Average dail}' attendance Number of teachers Average monthly compensation, male 64 77 female 52 61 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 134,799 " improved 2,514 , " of timber 1,152,000 Average feet standing timber per acre 27,500 " stumpage per thousand feet 50 Number of feet standing timber 31,640,000,000 15,820,000 00 County Seat. Port Townsend is the county seat of Jefferson county, and the port of entry of the collection district of Puget Sound. Is the site of the United States marine hospital for the district. Port Town- send has a population of 4,500. KING COUNTY. King county was created by act of the Oregon legislature on the 22d of December, 1852, the county of Pierce being created at the same time. Franklin Pierce and William Rufus King the month before were elected president and vice president of the United States. The news had just arrived at the Oregon capital, and the legislators of the party in power determined at once to 32 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. further honor these distinguished men by bestowing their names upon the two new far-away counties. Timber. King county contains an area of about 2,000 square miles, adapted in the highest degree to the purposes of man. The greater portion of the land is heavily wooded with fir, cedar, spruce, hem- lock, maple, alder, and other varieties of valuable timber. Market- ing this timber has long been one of the chief resources of the people. Puget Sound fir is also a superior timber, and is extensively used abroad for spars, bridges and railroad cars, where length and strength are required. The hemlock of Puget Sound is not only abundant, but is rich in tanic acid almost beyond credence. Coal. Six million tons of coal have been mined in King county, and the annual product is about 500,000 tons. The character is lignite, bituminous and semi-bituminous. It is excellent for domestic pur- poses, and for making steam. Coking coals abound, but are as yet but little used. Shipments by sea and by rail to other parts of the state, to California and elsewhere, amount to 300,000 tons a year. Iron. Vast deposits of iron ore have been discovered in King county, chiefly in the Snoqualmie and Skykomish districts. The ores are of the richest, averaging nearly 70 per cent, pure iron. Their de- velopement has not yet begun, but promises to begin at an early date. With it will spring up immense industries of various kinds, encouraged as they will additionally be by cheap fuel, water power, fine timber, choice locations, home market, accessibility by land and water, and other reasons no less cogent. Clays. The clays of the county have proven fii-st-class. No better sewer pipes are made anywhere. Fine bricks have been sent to the east- ern states for use in fine buildings. Vitrified and fire bricks are made; also tiles and lawn decorations, as well as the more common house bricks. This line of industry has had great development during the past four years. Agriculture. Three hundred thousand acres of land may be said to be agricul- tural, though not more than one-twentieth of that number are under cultivation. & RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 33 Railroads. Five companies own 278 miles of railway in the county. Fisheries. The fisheries are considerable; the people of the county having greater interests in that direction than any other in the state. They include vessels in the North Pacific seal fishery, salmon can- ning, sending fresh fish to the east, and fish drying. Halibut are extensively handled, also herring, smelt, cod, and other varieties. Oysters, clams, crabs and shrimp abound in the sound, and are al- ready a great featui'e of the fishing trade, and one destined to in- crease indefinitely in the future. Lobsters have been planted of late years, and are expected to multiply and thrive. Important Interests. Other industries and interests in King county include ship build- ing and repairing, brewing, iron and brass foundries, machine shops, shoemaking and general manufacturing. Gold, silver, lead, gypsum, marble, granite and other materials are found. General Information. King county is at the center of Puget Sound, in the heart of the State of "Washington. It is favored geographically and topographic- ally, naturally and by man. The only two railroads crossing the Cascade mountains do so over routes and passes within her borders, and the third road is pointing at a pass between the two now occu- pied. The county is possessed of a grand system of waterways, including a long frontage on Puget Sound, beautiful lakes and navi- gable rivers. The climate is wholesome and pleasant. It varies, of course, as one is near to or removed from the mountains. At the county seat the average rainfall is forty odd inches per annum, and the temperature ranges from 20 to 90 degrees. There are probably not more than thirty days in the year when the ther- mometer gets below 30 or above 80, and not more than sixty days when it gets below 40 or above 75. Taxable Property, 1898. Valv«. Real property, except railroad track $44,542,710 00 Personal property 6,771,127 GO Railroad rolling stock and personalty 127.639 00 —3 34 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Railroad track — Columbia & Puget Sound, 511 miles 310 feet main track, and 10 miles side track; Northei'n Pacific & Puget Sound Sliore, 25 miles 1,055 feet main track, and 9 miles 1,790 feet side track; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 64 miles 4,224 feet main track, and 20 miles 2,112 feet side track; Seattle & Mon- tana, 15 miles 686 feet main track, and 3 miles 5,174 feet side track; Seattle Railway & Ele- vator Company, 4 miles main track, and 3, - 583 feet side track; Nortliern Pacific, 48 miles 1,056 feet main track, and 5 miles 2,640 feet side track; Green River & Northern, 10 miles 2,112 feet main track, and 1 mile 4,224 feet side track; Seattle Belt Line, 22 miles 4,065 feet main track, and 2 miles 892 feet side track; Great Noi'thern, 36 miles 4,858 feet main track, and 1 mile 4,435 feet side track Cable, motor and electric railways Telegraph, telephone and electric lines Gas and water mains Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc Improvements on land held under United States.. Number of horses cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Schools. Number of school districts " houses Total school property Number school children, census 1893 Number of children enrolled during year.. Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthlj'' compensation, male " " female $1,541,575 00 423,400 00 34,790 00 43,500 00 155,430 00 211,180 00 3,367 6.412 2,635 1,267 235,690 00 128,240 00 5,270 00 4,435 00 86,120 00 112 123 16,831 1,135,859 00 11,563 8,034 328 62 10 50 00 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, e.xclusive of town lots 474,415 Number acres improved land 30,554 Acres timber 879,600 Average standing, feet per acre 23,000 Average stumpage per thousand feet 70 Number of feet standing 20,230,800,000 14,161,560 00 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 35 County Seat. Seattle is the county seat of King county, and fronts upon Elli- ott Bay in Puget Sound. It is encircled in the rear by lakes Wash- ington and Union. Terms of United States circuit and district court are held at Seattle. It has a population, census 1892, of 58,890. KITSAP COUNTY. Kitsap county was organized January 16, 1857 with the name of Slaughter county, named after Lieut. William A. Slaughter, U. S. army, who was killed December 4, 1855, by Indians. The voters of the county were afterwards authorized by the law to select a permanent name, which they did, selecting the name of Kitsap, name of the Indian chief of the jjeninsula, one of the ablest leaders of the hostiles, and to whom is attributed the killing of the gallant Slaughter. The county is constituted of the peninsula between Hood's Canal and Admiralty Inlet, and includes Bainbridge and Blake's Islands, with fifty miles shore line on Hood's Canal and eighty miles on Admiralty Inlet. It has an area of 400 square miles and a population of 5,144. The chief industry is lumbering, the greater portion of the county being heavily timbered. It has within its limits a number of large saw mills, of which two, Port Gamble and Port Blakely, are among the largest on the coast. The soil of the county is marsh and peat bottom, clay upland and shot clay. The products of the county are hay, wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, apples, pears and all kinds of small fruits. Taxable Property. 1893. Value. Real property $1,944,993 00 Personal i)roperty 613,727 00 Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 290,490 00 Number of horses 191 7,640 00 cattle 035 12,700 00 sheep 30 60 00 hogs 182 637 00 wagons and caiTiages 90 2,335 00 Schools. Number of school districts 40 school houses 32 36 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Total school property Number school children, census 1893 " of children enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed, 1893 Average monthly compensation, male " " " female $27,803 80 1,643 1,059 697 50 49 85 42 08 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 188,786 Number acres improved land 4,910 Number of acres standing timber 192,000 feet " " 3,840.000,000 1,920,000 00 County Seat. Sidney is the county seat of Kitsap county and is seventeen miles southwest of Seattle, across the Sound. Has a population, United States census 1890, of 579. Just across Port Orchard Bay, one and one-half miles from Sid- ney, is the site selected for the United States naval station on Puget Sound. Work has been progressing here for over two years and is still being carried on with vigor. It is expected that the station will be completed in five years from date of commencement. KITTITAS COUNTY. Kittitas county was established November 24, 1883. It lies near the geographic center of the state. The Columbia river forms its eastern boundary; the Cascade mountains bound it on the west; it has a population of 8,006, and an ai'ea of 3,000 square miles. Kit- titas county contains an immense area of fine grazing lands, vast forests of good, merchantable timber, natural hay meadows, mineral wealth and valuable deposits of coal and iron. The principal crops are wheat, oats, barley, alfalfa and garden products. Plums, pears and apples are the best yielding fruit jjroducts, but cherries and the small fruits do well. The county is traversed on the east side by the Great Northern Railroad, with a mileage of 53 miles, and through the center runs the Northern Pacific Railroad, from the north to the south, a distance of 78 miles. Kittitas county has fif- teen sawmills and three shingle mills. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 37 Taxable Property, 1893. Real property, except railroad track Personal propertj' Railroad rolling stock and personalty Railroad tracks — Gi'eat Northern, 51 miles 4,598 feet main track, and 2 miles 4,593 feet side track; Northern Pacific, 78 miles 3.168 feet main track, and 12 miles 3,630 feet side track Number of horses cattle " sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Schools. Number of school districts houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 " enrolled during year.. Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed, 1893 Average monthly compensation, male female Value. $3,096,749 00 1.145,086 00 106,535 00 724,490 00 5,150 154,680 00 7,537 105,518 00 22,353 44.706 00 2,142 7,497 00 1.005 37,447 00 42 37 2,751 2,121 1,318 43 83,991 25 59 44 46 55 Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots.. 513,124 improved land 41,156 Improvements on land held under United States 39,905 00 Number of acres standing timber 1,280,000 feet standing timber 25,600,000,000 15,360,000 00 County Seat. EUensburgh, the county seat of Kittitas county, is situated on the Yakima river and the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The State Normal School is located here. Population, United States census 1892, 2,400. KLICKITAT COUNTY. Klickitat county was organized December 20, 1859. It has an area of 2,200 square miles and a population of 5,258. The southern and eastern boundary is the Columbia river, which borders Klicki- tat county for a distance of 100 miles. Numerous streams flow 38 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. through the county into the Columbia river, the valleys of which are very fertile. Stock raising is the prevailing industry. Along the Columbia is a large amount of fertile lands, req[uiring irriga- tion, where hay and grain are grown with splendid success. Toward the mountains and upon the foot hills a vast stock range exists, and upon which vast herds of cattle and horses are pastured winter and summer. Quantities of coal are found in this county. The north and western parts are principally covered with timber — red fir, yellow and black pine, hemlock, spruce and tamarack. Fruit of all vai-ieties — apples, pears, prunes, plums, apricots, peaches, grapes, cherries and crab apples — do remarkably well in this county; also, all of the smaller fruits and berries. Klickitat county has three flouring mills, ten saw mills and five shingle mills. Taxable Property, 1893. Real property Personal property Number of horses " cattle " sheep hogs wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States.. Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 enrolled dux'ing 3'ear Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male female Value. .5 ^1,197,560 00 602,965 00 9,602 192,040 00 8,774 105,228 00 61,188 122,376 00 5,855 20,493 00 1,274 37,825 00 69,527 00 55 49 21,430 00 2,175 1,680 1,022 70 39 45 38 19 Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots, 452,089 " improved laud 43,472 " timber 602,080 feet standing timber 12,041,600,000 6,020,800 00 County Seat. Goldendale is the county seat of Klickitat county, and was settled in 1874. It is located on Little Klickitat river. Population, 1,900. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 39 LEWIS COUNTY. Lewis is one of the two oldest organized counties in Western Wash- ington, being organized by the provisional government of Oregon, December 21, 1845. It lies about midway between Paget Sound and the Columbia river. Its navigable waters are the Cowlitz river, having for its source the eternal snows of Mt. St. Helens, and fipwing through the south part of the county to the Columbia river, and the Chehalis river, whose headwaters are in the Coast range to the southwest, and which empties into Gray's Harbor on the west. The topography of the county is that of an undulated valley be- tween the Cascade and the Coast ranges, abundantly watered with numerous rivers and living springs. The greater portion of the land was originally covered with timber such as is common on the northwest coast, valuable in itself, and now" worth about as much per acre as land in the highest cultivation. The total area of the county is about 2,000 square miles, upwards of -50,000 acres of which was originally prairie land, distributed in various portions of the county. Along the Cowlitz, Newaukum and Chehalis rivers and their tributaries the rich bottom land has beeu cleared off until the land available for agriculture has been greatly increased. In miles the width of the county is about 30, the length, 100. Popu- lation, 1*7,000. Among the great resources of Lewds county are lumbering, dairy- ing and fruit raising. In 1890 the cut of lumber by the Lewis county mills was 116,500,000 feet. According to reliable estimates the number of acres of standing timber in Lewis county is 1,413,- 600; number of feet standing, 30,392,400,000; stumpage value, 115,196,000. According to the 1890 census figures, Lewis county alone has more standing timber than either of .the entire states of Michigan or Wisconsin, and almost twice as much timber as Min- nesota, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Maine and New York combined. Lewis county's prospects, from a mineral standpoint, are very bright also. Bituminous coal is found in abundance in nearly every part of the county, while in the upper Cowlitz valley anthra- cite has been found and development work is every day revealing to the owners of the mine its great richness. Considerable gold and silver prospecting is being done continually in Lewis county 40 BE SOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. on Green liver and Mineral creek, and in other parts, with very en- couraging reports. In the production of certain kinds of standard fruit Lewis county fully equals the best fruit regions in quantity and quality produced. Prunes of several varieties, including French. German, Gross and Silver, have been grown here for several years with marked success. Pears of all varieties thrive. The fruit grows large and of excel- lent quality. Cherries do remarkably well. Apples are produced in abundance. Strawberries and other berries are in their element. Judging from the number of acres already planted and the ne.w orchards proposed, fruit growing bids fair to become one of the greatest and most profitable industries in the county. Lewis county has three flouring mills, sixteen saw mills and fif- teen shingle mills. The Northern Pacific Railroad traverses the county from north to south, affording the best of market facilities. The farming pro- ductions of the county are wheat, oats, barley, hops, and all kinds of vegetables. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad ti'ack $6,214,498 00 Personal property 698,008 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 41,344 00 Railroad track —Northern Pacific, 28 miles 3,640 feet main track, and 4 miles 39 feet side track; Tacoma, Olympia & Gi'ay's Harbor, 3 miles 4,752 feet main track, and 1 mile 1,056 feet side track; Yakima & Pacific Coast, 26 miles 2,640 feet main track, and 3 miles 3,168 feet side track; Tacoma, Olympia & Chehalis Valley, 2 miles 5,000 feet 358,051 00 Number of horses 2,123 84,920 00 cattle 6,160 104,720 00 sheep 1,520 3,040 00 hogs 2,320 8,130 00 " wagons and carriages 750 19,193 00 Improvements on land held under United States 32,976 00 Schools. Number of school districts , 87 houses 78 Total school property 81,506 00 Number school children, census 1893 5,206 enrolled during year 3,938 Average daily attendance 2,668 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 41 Number of teachers 135 Average monthly compensation, male $45 20 " " female 39 43 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 506,033 improved land 25,674 County Seat. Chehalis is the county seat, situated at the junction of the Che- halis and Newaukura rivers, on line of Northern Pacific Railroad, and thirty-three miles distant from Olympia. Population, 1,818. LINCOLN COUNTY Lincoln county was organized November 24, 1883. It has an area of 2,200 square miles and a population of 9,540. It is located within the Big Bend of the Columbia. The plains are covered with bunch grass and are covered with large herds of stock. When irrigated this land will yield immense crops. Wheat, oats, rye and barley make good crops in the bottom lands. Large crops of hay are raised in this county. A fine marble quarry is located near Fort Spokane. In the county are five flouring mills, twelve saw mills, three shingle mills and one sash and door factory. A few years ago that part of Lincoln county known as the "Big Bend" was considered strictly a stock country, with only a few scattered valleys fit for agricultural purposes. During the past few years great changes have taken place, and the "Big Bend" stands to-day unrivaled as the finest wheat producing land in the State of Washington. Taking a section of the country thirty miles square, with the town of Wilbur in the center, it is estimated that about one-sixth of it, or 9(),000 acres, was under cultivation last year (1893). As near as can be ascertained, the following amount of grain was threshed within this territory last year: Wheat, 780,000 bushels; oats, 130,000 bushels; barley, 65,000 bushels, and rye, 4,000 bushels. Taxable Property, 1893. Real property, except railroad track $4,066,255 00 Personal property 1,279,177 00 42 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Rolling stock and railroad personalty Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 16 miles 2,640 feet main track, and 5 miles 1,058 feet side track; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 21 miles 4,752 feet main track, and 2,791 feet side track; Central Washington, 66 miles 528 feet main track, and 4 miles 1,564 feet side track; Great Northern, 63 miles 3,799 feet main track, and 6 miles 5,016 feet side track Number of horses cattle " sheep '' hogs " wagons and carriages Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school propert.y Number of school children children enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachei's employed, 1893 Average monthly compensation, male female $167,775 00 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 963,833 Number of acres improved land 306,980 Improvements on land held under United States Number of acres of timber 140,800 feet of standing timber 985,600,000 936,544 00 17,131 15,413 7,443 1,927 1,650 96 445,406 00 154,130 00 14,886 00 7,370 00 50,765 00 85 70,378 00 3,233 2,607 1,574 156 47 35 45 94 71,135 00 788,480 00 County Seat. Sprague is the county seat of Lincoln county, situate on the main line of the Northern Pacific railroad, and forty-one miles south- west from Spokane. Population, United States census of 1890, 1,(J89. MASON COUNTY Mason county was organized March 13, 1854, and was named after the first secretary of the territory. Mason county covers the southwestern arms of Paget Sound, its main industry being lumbering, but stock raising, hay, vegetables, oysters and fruit are also sources of considerable profit to the RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. .43 county. The assessed valuation of real estate and improvements for 1893 was $1,498,777; personal property, -ii<l 10,000; railroad track, $123,878. In timber the chief merchantable i)roduct is fir, although fine cedar and all kinds of hard woods abound in all sections, but there is little present demand for the latter. Three sawmills are located in the county, supplying the local demand. Lumbering in 1893. Mason county produced, during 1893, 101,920,770 feet of logs, valued at 1560,564. The price was low, averaging from $4.50 up- ward, according to the extra length or quality of the timber. Thetotal product of 1891 was 87,400,000 feet, valued at $568,105; 1892, 105,143,527 feet, valued at $669,302.50. The value of the 1893 product is based on $5.50 per thousand, and that of former years at $6. Three large railroad concerns are devoted chiefiy to logging pur- poses. The Washington Southern, 20 miles long, and the Shel- ton Southwestern, 14 miles long, with termini at Shelton; the Puget Sound &, Gray's Harbor Railroad, 28 miles, terminating at New Kamilcbie. Another railroad, the Union River Logging Rail- road, at the head of Hood's Canal, owned by the Puget Mill Co., has not been operated for the past four years, the company finding it cheaper to buy outside logs, saving their timber and operating expenses. , Farming. Hay is the largest crop raised by the farmers, large amounts being consumed by the logging camps of the county, as are also potatoes and other root crops, for which the soil is most suitable and produces heavy crops. Hay cuts from two to four tons to the acre, two crops a season, and some of the heaviest potato crops on record have been produced in this section. The attention of the farmers is being- directed to fruit growing, and large increases of acreage are made each year. Of large and small fruits, enough to supply all local demand and considerable for shipment is produced, but the latter is unsatisfactory in its results, and canneries will be introduced by another year. The bottom lauds and those of the middle class produce heavily of any crop, but the upper lands are generally not of much value except for fruit trees, but in favored localities, and where there is not too much gravel all crops suitable for dry lands can be raised 44: RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. with good results. Wherever fruit is grown in this section it is generally necessary to thin out to prevent overbearing or injury to the trees. Little attention has been paid to old orchards, and, while producing heavily, the crop is not always satisfactory, but the newer orchards, just coming into bearing, will bring Mason county to the front for fine fruit. Oysters. Oyster Bay produces the famous bivalve known to the trade as the "Olympia oyster," the weekly shipment averaging 200 sacks, at about $2.50 per sack. Several other bays also furnish oysters in merchantable quantities. Clams and all kinds of fish are found in the salt waters. Mason county is a well known sporting sec- tion; its lakes and sti'eams abound in fine trout, and its woods with game of all kinds, all convenient of access. Coal, iron, tin and copper veins have been found, and gold and silver, but nothing in paying quantities has yet been found. A mine of high grade hematite iron ore is being worked in the Olympic mountains, near Lake Cushman. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, exclusive of railroad track $1,546,262 00 Personal property 190,760 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 45.630 00 Railroad track — Washington Southern, 13 miles 2,000 feet niain track, and 1 mile 2,475 feet side track; Shelton Southwestern, 9 miles 1,920 feet; Puget Sound ct Gray's Harbor, 21 miles 2,640 feet main track, and 2 miles side track; Northern Pacitic. 1 mile 1,056 feet main track, and 516 feet side track Number of horses cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 " " enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed, 1893 166,270 00 .520 26,000 00 1.832 30,974 00 226 452 00 320 1,120 00 175 4,730 00 28 22 24,123 00 896 597 376 37 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 45 Average monthly compensation, male $49 96 female 49 89 Otheu Statistics. Number of acres of timber 4()(),8fl0 feet standing timber 12,441,600,000 7,464,960 00 County Seat. Shelton is the county seat of Mason county, and lies twenty-two miles northwest of Olympia, on Puget Sound. Population, 648. OKANOGAN COUNTY. Okanogan county was organized February 2, 1888, and has an area of 7,644 square miles, population 2,5'78. About one-third of the area of the county is within the Colville Indian reservation. Its mines are its greatest source of wealth, and mining is its chief industry. There is, however, a large quantity of valuable timber in this county, and for stock raising it cannot be surpassed in the state. Wherever tried the land has produced good crops of wheat, oats and barley, while vegetables give large returns. The finest varieties of fruit do well, and all small fruits and berries yield abundantly. In every valley there is evidence of mineral wealth. On the Twisp, a branch of the Methow river, a field of coal out- crops for a distance of five miles. The formation is sandstone, with shale lying between the veins. Its character is semi-anthra- cite, and it cokes freely. Okanogan county has ten saw mills with an annual output of 10,- 000,000 feet of lumber. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track •. $392,53.") 00 Personal property 548,039 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 11,090 00 Railroad track — Great jSTorthern, 17 miles 3,696 feet main track, and 1 mile 2,428 feet side track 96,904 00 Number of horses 4,981 149,430 00 cattle 6,244 87,416 00 sheep. 605 1,210 00 hogs 210 735 00 46 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Number of wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States.. Schools. Number of school districts " houses Total school property Number school children, census 1803 '■ enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachers Average monthly compensation, male 61 50 female 55 50 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots , 73,209 " improved land 3,367 " of timber 4,500,000 Number feet standing timber 22,500,000 18,000 00 County Seat. Conconully is the county seat, situated on Salmon creek, eighty miles west of Coulee City. Population, 232. 586 $18,710 00 103,520 00 23 .15 18,561 00 751 401 271 19 PACIFIC COUNTY. Pacific county was established by the legislature of Oregon, Feb- ruary 4, 1851, and has an area of 875 square miles. Population, census 1892, 5,179. It is the extreme southwest county of the state. Bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the south by the Columbia river. The soil of this county is very fertile, and adapted to farming, fruit growing and dairy farming. Its proxim- ity to the Pacific Ocean gives this locality a warm and salubrious climate. Winter is only known as the wet season. Long Beach and North Cove are well known as healthful summer resorts. Among its natural resources, timber takes the lead. Great forests of fir, spruce and cedar cover the hills and contribute largely to its wealth. Pacific county has six saw mills, with an annual output of 40,- 000,000 feet of lumber. The fisheries of this county are of considerable importance. Large beds of oysters lay in sheltered parts of Willapa Bay, RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHING and these oysters are noted for their fine flavor. The salmon fish- eries also play an iiuportant part in the product of the county. Coal has been found in considerable quantity in the Willapa valley. The shipping facilities are good. A good harbor, opening in from the sea, in nearly the center of the county, enables vessels to come in and carry away exports; the Columbia river on one side, where boats are continually plying, and the Yakima &, Pacific Coast Rail- way, with its terminus at South Bend, all combine to give this county excellent transportation. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real propert^^ except railroad track $2,101,189 00 Personal property 598,114 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 73,100 OU Raili'oad track — Yakima & Pacific Coast, 30 miles 528 feet main track, and 3 miles 1,584 feet side track; Ihvaco Railway & Navigation, 16 miles main track, and 4,000 feet side track. Number of horses cattle " sheep " hogs " wagons and cai'riages Improvements on land held under UnU,ed States Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school property Number school children, census 1893 Number enrolled during year Avei'age daily attendance Number of teachei's employed Average monthly compensation, male 54 QQ female 44 20 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 222,855 Number acres improved land 4,300 acres standing timber 414,720 feet standing timber .....12,532,200,000 6,266,000 00 County Seat. South Bend is the county seat of Pacific county, eighteen miles from the ocean and on the Willapa river, terminus of branch line of the Northern Pacific railroad. Estimated population, 2,500. 223,586 00 585 20,475 00 3,044 51,748 00 464 928 00 176 616 00 126 5,700 on 9,055 00 37 35 54,180 00 1,531 1,185 797 55 48 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. PIERCE COUNTY. The first permanent settlement by white men in the Paget Sound basin was made within what is now Pierce county. The settlement was made by Lieutenant Kittson, of the British Voltigeurs (on leave), then acting as a clerk for the Hudson Bay Company, who erected Fort Nisqually. Pierce county was established by the Oregon legislature December 22, 1852. It has an area of 1,800 square miles. Population, state census 1892, 67,675. Lumbering. A large proportion of Pierce county is covered with timber, which is an immense source of revenue to the county. There are in this county seventeen large saw mills, which have an annual output of about 1:56,000,000 feet of lumber. The output for 1893 was 137,975,769 feet of lumber and 28,363,800 laths, which had a market value of $2,276,134. Beside this large lumbering industry. Pierce county has eighteen shingle mills engaged in the manufacture of red cedar shingles, the output of which was, in 1893, 166,528,090 shingles, and which had a market value of $249,792, I^rs. Pierce county has a large area of rich agricultural lands in its river valleys and bottoms. The greatest industry in these valleys is that of hop raising. The number of acres in hops is about 4,000, which produced, in 1893, 14,000 bales. Coal. In this county are practically inexhaustible coal deposits. Num- bers of coal veins are opened and producing, and improvements and developments are constantly being made on new veins. The aver- age annual output from Pierce county coal mines ending January 1, 1892, for the five years preceding, was 267,459 tons. In 1893 the output from the Carbon Hill mines was 267,545 tons; from the Wilkeson mines, 77,546 tons, and from the South Prairie mines, 52,541, making an output from the county for 1893 of 397,632 tons. The character of the coal is bituminous and semi-bituminous, mak- ing 66 to 68 per cent. coke. Iron. The iron ores of Pierce county are as yet in an undeveloped state, though vast deposits are known to exist. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 49 Railroads. Pierce county has three lines of railroad, aggregating 1G4 miles. Fisheries. The fishing industry is one of considerable importance, large numbers of boats and men being employed in this direction. The product of 1893 reaching $200,000. Salmon, halibut, herring, smelt, cod, oysters and clams are handled largely. Quarries. There are extensive quarries of sandstone and granite in Pierce county. At Wilkeson is an extensive quarry of sandstone, varying from dark gray to yellowish gray, and is a superior stone. Excel- lent paving stone and large beds of valuable clays are found within thirty miles of Tacoma. Shipping Interests. The shipping interests of Pierce county cannot be better shown than by the following lists of exports during 1893: Wheat, value, $2,295,615; flour, value, |i536,598; lumber, value, $684,274; lath, value, 130,969; other timber products, value, $35,814; coal, value, $1,1*79,524; salmon, value, $l'79,37l; miscellaneous, value, $900,- 000. Total value of exports, $5,802,165. A line of steamers owned and operated by the Northern Pacific Railroad ply between Tacoma and ports in China. Important Interests. Many kinds of manufacturing establishments are located in Pierce county. Machine shops are here; iron and brass factories; boot and shoe making is carried on extensively; ship building, brewing, etc. The Washington State Soldiers' Home for honorably discharged union soldiers, sailors and marines, and for members of the state militia disabled while serving the state, is located at Orting. Tacoma, the county seat, is one of the sub-ports of entry for Puget Sound district. Taxable Property, 1893. vaiue Real property, exclusive of railroad track $39,671,694 00 Personal property 6,586,874 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 347,885 00 Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 97 miles 3,168 feet main track, 51 miles 4,079 feet side track; Tacoma tt Lake Cit}', 10 miles 3,696 feet; Tacoma & Eastern, 6 miles 701,557 00 50 RESOUEGES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Cable, horse, motor and electric railways Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc Improvements on land held under United States. Number of horses cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Telegraph, telephone and electric lines Schools. Number of school districts " houses Total school property Number of children enrolled during year " school children, census 1893 Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male " " female ....„ $186,425 00 90,000 00 110,600 00 4,110 287,700 00 6,530 130,600 00 4,285 8,570 00 1,600 5,310 00 3,115 137,060 00 64,300 00 81 99 861,025 00 9,152 12,697 6,306 377 64 69 49 00 Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots.. 440,623 " improved 23,000 " timber 668,400 feet standing timber 15,205,100,000 10,643,570 00 The Tacoma Smelting and Refining Company, located at Tacoma, render a statement of the smelter output for 1893, as follows: No. bars. Total weight. No. oz. gold. No. oz. silver. No. U)s. lead. Value. Pay roll. Totals 45,571 4,772,293 17,852.39 484,949.22 4,737,674 $911,597 62 175,652 46 County Seat. Tacoma is the county seat of Pierce county, and is the western terminus of the Northern Pacitic Railroad, and fronts upon Com- mencement Bay, Puget Sound. The population, census 1892, was 47,241. SAN JUAN COUNTY. San Juan was organized October 31, 1873, and has an area of 500 square miles; population, census 1892, 2,139. This county lies in the extreme northwestern portion of the state, and consists of the Islands of San -Juan, Orcas, Lopez, Decatur, Blakely, Johns, RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 51 Stewart, Spiedeu, Flat Top, and numbers of smaller islands — one hundred and sixty-two in ali^ — ^and embracing what is known as the Archipelago de Haro. The Island of San Juan, the largest of the group, is fourteen miles long by six in width, and contains im- mense deposits of lime rock of superior quality, where thousands of barrels of lime are manufactured annually for the markets of the Pacific Coast. These islands are well adapted to grazing, and there is a fair proportion of good agricultural land, made up of bottom lands, marshes and fern prairies. Sheep raising and farming are successfully pursued. Apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries and the small fruits produce abun- dantly. There are three saw mills in this county which produce 4,000,000 feet of lumber yearly. Taxable Property, 1893. Real property Personal property Number of horses cattle " sheep " hogs wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States.. Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school property Number school children, census 1893 " school children enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male 46 25 female 43 30 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 75,137 " improved land 7,352 " timber 45,000 Number of feet standing 900,000,000 540,000 00 County Seat. Friday Harbor is the county seat of San Juan county, on San Juan Island, with a population, United States census 1892, of 400. Vcdue. $873,109 00 153,054 00 601 30,050 00 926 18,520 00 4,621 9,242 00 430 1,332 00 242 6,010 00 15,955 00 21 16 12,012 00 849 610 391 27 52 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. SKAGIT COUNTY. ^f Skagit county was organized November 28, 1883, and has an area of 1,800 square miles. Its population is 8,860. Has a frontage on Puget Sound of 24 miles, and includes the Islands of Fidalgo and Guemes. The county is drained by the Skagit river, the largest river emptying into Puget Sound, which is navigable for sixty miles. The extensive tide marsh lands on the delta of the Skagit, the Swinomish flats, on the Samish river and its valley, and in Beaver marsh, a large part of which has been reclaimed by dyk- ing, are its most productive lands. Nearly all of the tide marshes and thousands of acres of other lands are protected from overflow by dykes and levees. These dyked lands produce heavy crops of hay, oats and hops, fruits and vegetables. The county is heavily timbered back to the mountains. Coal suitable for cokins is in abundance. Extensive deposits of iron are found in several local- ities. Fire clay exists in large quantities. In the Cascade mount- ains, in the eastern part of the county, gold, silver and lead mines are numerous, and are being developed rapidly. On the upper tributaries of the Skagit river placer mines are being operated with success. Ledges of copper have been discovered on Guemes Island. Marble is found in immense quantities on Marble creek. At Baker river and Sauk mountain are large quantities of lime. Numerous ledges of asbestos have been discovered in this county. Good pot- tery clay exists in immense beds within a few miles of Mount Vernon. Large quantities of oysters are shipped from the Samish oyster beds. Lumbering is the great industry, Skagit county having thirty saw mills, with an annual output of 51,255,000 feet; and twenty-five shingle mills, with an output of 233,000,000 shingles yearly. The Skagit river has numerous small tributaries, which have more or less excellent bottom lands, and which are in some cases used to great advantage in floating logs and lumber to market. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track : $5,534,653 00 Personal property 821,325 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 76,074 00 ', BESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 53 Railroad track — Seattle ct Montana, lU miles main track, and 2 miles 1,760 feet side track; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 28 miles 3,696 feet main track, and 2 miles 2,886 feet side track; Seattle ^t Northern, 86 miles main track, and 2 miles side track; Fairhaven & Southern, 18 miles 3,960 feet main track, and 5 miles 1,267 feet side track; Fidalgo City & Anacortes, 11 miles 881 feet; Wm. Knight &: Co. (logging), 3 miles 250 feet; unknown, 2 miles 1,320 feet Number of horses cattle " sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Improvements on lauds held under United States, Schools. Number of school districts " " houses children, census 1893 enrolled, 1893 Average daily attendance Total school property Number of teachers 1893 Average monthly compensation, male female $630,928 00 2,649 105,960 00 5,831 99,127 00 1,150 2,300 00 1,260 4,410 00 981 27,123 00 20,555 00 59 59 3,000 2,442 1.665 160,503 00 112 54 02 52 67 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 292,575 Number of acres improved 28,968 standing timber 596,890 feet standing timber 15,817,585,000 11,863,000 00 County Seat. Mount Vernon is the county seat of Skagit county, situate on the Skagit river seven miles from its mouth, and on the line of the Great Northern Railroad. Population, 1,500. SKAMANIA COUNTY Skamania county was organized March 9, 1854, and has an area of 1,678 square miles. Population, 835. Traversed by the Cascade range, the limited area for settlement immediately borders on the 54 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Columbia river. In this county are the falls of the Columbia river. Around the rapids and falls was constructed the first rail- road west of the Rocky mountains, by the Oregon Steam Naviga- tion Company, to open communication between Portland and the interior. The principal product is lumber and the chief natural resource is timber. This county has two saw mills, with an an- nual output of 450,000 feet of lumber. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property except railroad track 215,263 00 Personal property 98,495 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 6,310 00 Railroad track — Cascade Railroad, 6 miles 21,000 00 Number of horses 245 8,755 00 cattle 1,004 17,068 00 sheep 90 180 00 hogs 359 907 00 wagons and carriages 94 1,747 00 Improvements on lands held under United States, 14,987 00 Schools. Number of school districts 11 " " houses 5 Total school property 1,597 00 Number of school children, census 1893 323 children enrolled during 3'ear 187 Average daily attendance 146 Number of teachers employed 11 Average monthly compensation, male 28 33 female ^ 28 28 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 39,404 Number of acres improved land 1,691 Acres timber 750,615 Number of feet standing 18,765,375,000 7,506,150 00 County Seat. Cascades is the county seat of Skamania county, on the Columbia river, thirty-six miles from Vancouver. Population, 164. RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 55 SNOHOMISH COUNTY. Snohomish county was established January 14, 186 1, and has au area of 1,600 square miles. Population, 1892 census, 14,760. About two-thirds of this county is mountainous, which portion is heavily timbered, and abounds in deposits of gold, silver, copper, iron, coal, marble, granite and sandstone. The western portion, bordering on Puget Sound, is margined by tide flats, expanding into vast deltas at the mouths of the Snohomish and Stilaguamish rivers. These lands have been dyked, and the yield of wheat, barley and oats is enormous. The dyked river bottom land pro- duces heavy crops of hay, oats and hops. Placer gold is found in nearly every stream of the county. The Sultan river placers have been worked for nearly a quarter of a century with good results. The Monte Cristo mining district is near the summit of the Cas- cade range, on the headwaters of the Sauk river. In this district the lodes are found near the summit; the ore is of low grade, but in exhaustless quantity. The ore is galena, with pyrites, silver, carrying gold. Logging and lumbering are among the leading in- dustries, there being fifteen saw mills and thirty shingle mills in the county. At the mouth of the Snohomish river is located the city of Everett, where large manufacturing industries are in opera- tion. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track $7,872,019 00 Personal property 1,463,954 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 194,907 00 Railroad track — Seattle ct Montana, 44 miles 1,953 feet main track, and 3 miles 1,114 feet side track; Great Northern, 40 miles 3,006 feet main track, and 2 miles 3,854 feet side track; Everett »fe Monte Cristo, 11 miles 2,600 feet; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, 42 miles 3,168 feet main track, and 5 miles 1,410 feet side track; Everett & Monte Cristo (unfin- ished), 43 miles 3,640 feet.. 796,554 00 Number of horses 2,199 87,960 00 cattle , 5,004 85,068 00 sheep 2,269 4,538 00 hogs 733 2,566 00 wagons and carriages 669 17,433 00 56 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Improvements on land held under United States $56,694 00 Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc 28,739 00 Schools. Number of school districts 66 houses 65 Total school property 183,460 00 Number school children, census 1893 4,512 " children enrolled during year 3,088 Average daily attendance 2,121 Number of teachers employed 126 Average monthly compensation, male 52 72 female 47 33 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 364,479 improved land 15,568 " timber 900,000 Number of feet standing timber 25,200,000.000 20,160.000 00 County Seat. Snohomish city is the county seat of Snohomish county, situate on the Snohomish river eleven miles from its mouth, and on the line of the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad. Population, 2,469; assessed valuation, $2,250,000. SPOKANE COUNTY Spokane county was organized October 30, 1819. It lies on the east border of the state, about midway of the north and south line, and has an area of 1,104,920 acres. It is the eastern doorway of the state, as through it two transcontinental railroads, the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern, enter the state, and another, the Union Pacific, here finds its northwest or Washington terminus. Timber. It is a county of great and diversified resources. The northern and central portions are covered with a. scattered growth of timber with prairies and open valleys here and there which are adapted to agriculture and fruit growing, poultry and dairying of the highest class. This interspersion of timber and prairie is not only most con- venient in the supply of wood and lumber near at hand, but it serves RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 57 the purpose of shelter to orchards and farms. The sontli end of the county is largely prairie, and here are to be found great wheat fields, the soil being especially adapted to the production of this and other cereals. This prairie region, however, has strips of tim- ber running through it and on its borders, so that no settler has far to go for his wood supply. Soils. The soils of the county vary with the different locations. In the wooded portions it is generally light and sandy, well adapted to vegetables and fruits. The valley of the Spokane is covered with a black, rich soil, spotted with gravel, and is different from anything else in the county. This soil is very rich and much of it is being successfully cultivated, but the presence of the gravel causes it to dry out quickly when the heat of summer comes, and in order to make it fully productive it should be irrigated, which can be easily accomplished by the use of w^ater from the river. The valley is one of the most beautiful pieces of country in the United States. In the prairie district, where are the great grain fields, the soil is deep, loose, and of a dark color. It contains a considerable amount of volcanic ash which gives it its forcible character as well as its great durability. In this soil are produced the highest grain aver- ages, without irrigation, in the United States, as can be seen by a reference to the reports of the department of agriculture. The sur- face of the country is gently rolling, and has a clay sub-soil. Products. About 225,000 acres of the county are in cultivation, the agricult- ural products being wheat, oats, barley, rye, hops and hay. About 1,200,000 bushels of wheat were grown in 1893, and about 300,000 bushels of oats. The average yield of wheat is 20 bushels per acre. Careful farmers can depend on 30 bushels per acre one year with another, no fertilizers being required. Oats run from 40 to 80 bushels per acre and barley from 30 to 70 bushels per acre. Nearly all kinds of vegetables grow to the greatest perfection. Potatoes yield prodigiously both in size and quantity. Fruits. Fruit is one of the great staple products of the county. All small fruits flourish wonderfully, while the standard varieties of apples, pears, prunes and cherries are grown with great profit. About 30,000 prune trees^ were put in during the spring of 1894, 58 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. and some apple orchards of 150 acres in extent. The growing of fruit is perhaps the most profitable industry of the county. The crop is almost a certainty every year; quality of the fruit of the finest, and the market good both at home and in neighboring states. Markets and Yield. Spokane county has near at hand a number of extensive mining districts, in which can be sold her surplus fruit crop at excellent prices.. Prune trees generally yield ^3.00 worth of fruit each year. Apples $2.00 to 13.00 each. Cherry and pear trees 1.5.00 each. Apple trees come into bearing in three or four years, pear trees in five years, cherry trees in three years, and prune trees in three years. Irrigation is not necessary, except as auxiliary, as the rain fall of the county is fully twenty inches per annum. Railroads. Three transcontinental railroads, the Northern Pacific, the Great Northern and the Union Pacific, run through the county. In addi- tion to these great lines, it has the Spokane & Palouse, the Spokane & Northern, the Central Washington, and the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. Thus the county is possessed of a veritable network of railroads, no portion of it being far removed from one or more lines. The total railroad mileage of the county is 226 miles. All this mileage has been laid down since 1882. "o^ Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track $31,170,955 00 Personal property 4,138,420 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 231,795 00 Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 48 miles 4,224 feet main track, and 9 miles 4,224 feet side track; Central Washington, 23 miles 3,168 feet main track, andl mile 90 feet side track; Spokane & Palouse, 25 miles main track, and 4,275 feet side track; Seattle, Lake Shore A: Eastern, 25 miles 1,637 feet main track, and 1 mile 387 feet side track; Oregon Railway & Navigation, 44 miles 2,060 feet main track, and ,3 miles 1,530 feet side track; Great Northern, 55 miles 4,224 feet main track, and 2 miles 4,- 329 feet side track 1,387,826 00 Number of horses 12,.535 413,655 00 cattle 11,842 153,946 00 sheep 228 476 00 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 59 Number of hogs 3.594 $9,079 00 " wagons and carriages 3,891 115,275 00 Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 140,600 00 Cable, horse, motor and electric railways 63,305 00 Improvements on land held under United States 55,525 00 Schools. Number of school districts 117 houses 123 Total school property 566,489 00 Number school children, census 1893 10,313 Number of children enrolled during year 7,554 ....* Average daily attendance 4,543 Number of teachers employed 364 Average monthly compensation, male 57 68 . " " " female 47 33 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 1,006,159 Number acres improved land 235,704 County Seat. Spokane, the county seat, is situated at the falls of the Spokane river, and is on the main lines of both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railroads. Six lines of railroad concentrate at this point. It has a population, state census 1892, of 24,000. STEVENS COUNTY. Established January 19, 1864. County seat, Colville. Perhaps there is no other portion of the State of Washington that presents, as an inducement to enterprise, a greater diversity of natural re- sources than does the county of Stevens. The county comprises an area of about 2,000,000 acres of land, and is situated in the ex- treme northeastern portion or the state. Within the boundaries of the county is included two Indian reservations — the Colville and the Spokane. The Colville reservation is embraced in that portion of the county lying west of the Columbia river, which flows trans- versely across the county from northeast to southwest, and, when opened to white settlers, will add about 1,000,000 acres to the area already mentioned, making Stevens county cover an area of about 60 RESOURCES OF'TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 3,000,000 acres. The surface of the county is broken by low- mountain chains, which cut the country up into valleys and up- lands. The Colville valley, which was almost the first of the set- tled portions of the state, dating as far back as 1832, when the Hudson Bay Company first located trading posts near the present town of Marcus, is famous for its hay products. The uplands comprise a large area of the county, adapted for the raising of grain, gardens and fruit, and the mountains are richly charged with large deposits of silver and lead. It may also be said that the great extent of mountain slopes will afford a perpetual range for stock, and the mild and equable climate adapts the country to the business of dairying. In fact dairying can be made the most profitable of all enterprises. Along the Columbia river, in the western portion of the county, is a section of country bordering on the Columbia river, sloping to the west and south. This belt of land is about ten miles wide by nearly eighty miles in length. The mean altitude of these lands is about 1,000 feet above sea level. It is well watered by the tim- bered mountains in the background, and has a climate that will admit of the grownng of almost every variety of fruit. In this sec- tion are some of the finest orchards in the state. The Old Dominion Mine, which was the first discovery of any importance in the state, was discovered in the spring of 1885. It has produced nearly a million of dollars in silver and lead, and not a dollar of capital has ever been expended upon the property that has not been returned two fold to the owners. At Chewelah, the Eagle Mines have produced thousands of dollars in lead and silver, paying their way from the start. Around the town of Colville is a large section of country that has been prospected with much suc- cess. Metaline is situated in the extreme northeastern portion of the county and promises to become a very prosperous mining center. At Boundary City and the town of Northport, in the northern por- tion of the county, are situated some of the most extensive placer mining bars on the coast. Great deposits of marble, slate and onyx are also being developed. Springdale is the center of the lime producing territory, and is a prosperous town. Timber. The whole of Stevens county is more or less timbered with pine, fir, tamarack and spruce, and as a lumbering region it will hold its RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 61 own with any portion of the inland empire. Large mills are now in operation at Northport, Kettle Falls, Colville, Chewelah, Spring- dale, Loon Lake, and at Meyers Falls. Railroads. There are 110 miles of the Spokane Falls & Northern Railway and fifteen miles of the Great Northern Railway in the county. Crops, Schools, Etc. The great mining regions of British Columbia look to Stevens county for their country produce, and the consequence is that good prices for all farm products prevail. The public school system of the county has been graded up to a high standard. The grain products of the county comprise wheat, oats, barley, rye and corn. Stevens county has four tiouriug mills and nine saw mills. At the town of Clayton, on the line of the Spokane Falls &, Northern Railway, near the boundary line between Spokane and Stevens counties, is being developed a great bed of kaolin. There is also being established a plant for the manufacture of porcelain ware. The tests have proved very satisfactory, and half a million dollars will be put into machinery at once. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track $1,189,581 00 Personal property 480,414 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 64,158 00 Railroad track — Spokane Falls & Northern, 97* miles 4,272 feet main ti'ack, and 4 miles 3,168 feet side track; Great Northern, 14 miles 3,649 feet main track, and 3,696 feet side track 577,692 00 Improvements on land held under United States 74,095 00 Telegraph, telephone and electric lines 11,737 00 Number of horses 4,582 119,132 00 cattle 9,209 110,508 00 sheep 399 798 00 hogs 1,599 5,597 00 wagons and carriages 1,001 26,053 00 Schools. Number of school districts 62 houses : 37 * There are now 110 miles of this road in Stevens county. 62 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Total school property Number school children, census 1893 " children enrolled during year Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male female Other Statistics. Acres taxable land, exclusive of town lots impx'oved laud .• $25, 037 00 2,135 1,557 1,040 52 51 79 46 34 216,377 14,089 County Seat. Colville is the county seat of Stevens county, and the center of a rich mining district; is situated on the Colville river fifteen miles from its junction with the Columbia river. Population, 900. THURSTON COUNTY. Thurston county was established by the Oregon legislature Jan- uary 12, 1852, and has an area of 700 square miles; population, state census 1892, 12,525. Within the limits of the county as now pre- scribed, the first American settlement in the Puget Sound country was made, in October, 1845. The settlement was made a short dis- tance from the falls of the Des Chutes river, where Tumwater now is, and was made by Col. Michael T. Simmons. The first house was built at the edge of Bush prairie, about two miles south of the falls, on the claim taken by David Kindred, one of the party. The county lies at the head of Puget Sound, its coast line being broken by Budd's Inlet, Mud Bay, South Bay and other inlets. The gen- eral surface is heavily timbered, but there are many intervals of rich bottom land, prairie and other open land, the latter being well adapted to stock raising. Wheat, oats, barley, hops and hay are raised in abundance. All garden vegetables yield profusely. Fruits of all kinds — apples, pears, peaches, plums, prunes and cherries, as well as the smaller fruits and berries- — are grown very success- fully. The chief industries are logging and lumbering. The tim- ber consists of fir, cedar, larch, alder, oak, maple and ash. Coal is found in large deposits in the southern part of the county, where RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 63 coal mining is profitably pursued. At Tenino, the junction of the Northern Pacific and Port Townsend Southern Railroads, immense quarries of superior building stone are found. At Plum Station, on the Port Townsend Southern, and about eight miles from Olym- pia, are found other quarries of good stone. The oyster beds on the inlets near Olympia, with their abundant supply, as also the clams, have become famous. The acreage of transplanted so-called Olym- pia oysters amounts to 200. Thurston county has seven saw mills, with a capacity of .50,000,- 000 feet of lumber yearly; twelve shingle mills with a capacity of 160,000,000 shingles yearly. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, exclusive of railroad track $7,210,644 00 Personal property 795,499 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 71,605 00 Railroad track — Portland ctPuget Sound (grade), 20 miles; Puget Sound & Chehalis, 2 miles 2,640 feet; Port Townsend Southern, 15 miles 2,640 feet main track, and 2,640 feet side track; Northern Pacific, 24 miles 1,584 feet main track, and 3 miles 2,121 feet side track; Tacoma, Olympia & Gray's Harbor, 41 miles 2,640 feet main track, and 3 miles 3,696 feet side track 471,045 00 Improvements on land held under United States 30,735 00 Telegraph and telephone lines 16,470 00 Cable, horse, motor and electric railways 9,625 00 Steamboats, etc... 14,270 00 Schools. Number of school districts 58 " houses 58 Total school property 143,992 00 Number of school children, census 1893 3,408 " " " enrolled during year, 2,360 Average daily attendance 1,627 Number of teachers employed 105 Average monthly compensation, male 49 38 female 39 67 Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots.. 353,653 " " improved 5,186 " timber 321,000 feet standing timber 8,346,000,000 6,259,500 00 64 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. County Seat. Olympia, the county seat of Thurston county and the capital of the State of Washington, is situated on Budd's Inlet, the extreme head of Puget Sound, Population, 5,400. Assessed valuation, 1893, $3,437,096. WAHKIAKUM COUNTY. This county was organized April 25, 1854, and has a population of 2,T61. It has an area of 274 square miles, and thirty miles water frontage on the Columbia river. The county is very produc- tive, being chiefly rich bottom and tide lands. Puget Island, con- taining several thousand acres of rich tide land lying north of the ship channel of the Columbia river, is also included in this county. The farm products of the county are chiefly hay, vegetables, butter, beef and pork. Hops do well, but as yet little has been done to develop this industry. The farming is mostly done in the valleys of Deep river, Gray's river, Skamokawa, Elocoman and Crooked creeks, and on Puget Island. The upland is covered by dense forests of valu- able timber, consisting of yellow fir, larch, cedar, spruce and hem- lock; the size of the timber is expressed by the name of the county, "Wahkiakum," an Indian word meaning "large, tall trees." Its present transportation facilities are entirely by water, and consists of three independent lines of steamers. The annual export of manu- factured lumber is 10,000,000 feet; of beef cattle, 1,000 head; of hogs, 1,500; of butter, 80,000 pounds. This county has four saw mills; also seven fish canneries, which can about 100,000 cases of salmon yearly, with an estimated value of 1600,000, Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property $636,640 00 Personal property 111,880 00 Number of horses 263 9,205 00 cattle 2,006 34.102 00 sheep : 352 704 00 hogs 507 1,775 00 " wagons and carriages 82 1,446 00 Steamboats, etc 19,845 00 Improvements on land held under United States 7,770 00 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 65 Schools. Numbei" of school districts 21 houses 21 Total school property $10,191 00 Number of school children, census, 1893 828 Number of school children enrolled during year.. 543 Average daily attendance 384 Number of teachers employed 23 Average monthly compensation, male 43 64 female 40 84 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 100,190 Number acres improved land 2,685 Acres of timber 102,840 Number of feet standing timber 2,180,208,000 1,635.156 00 County Seat. Catblamet is the county seat, situated on the bank of the Colum- bia river. Large canning works are established here. Population, 600. WALLA WALLA COUNTY This county was established April 25, 1854. It has an area of 2,000 square miles, and a population of 12,6'71. Walla Walla county has three distinct classes of lands, viz. : The low-lying, sandy plains along the Columbia and Snake rivers; the elevated plateaus between the Snake river and the Walla Walla valley, em- bracing the Eureka Flats, and the valleys of the Walla Walla river and its tributaries. The first mentioned lands are of little value without irrigation, but a vast quantity of them have been reclaimed and are among the finest fruit lands in the state. The plateaus are extensive, covering about one-third of the area of the county, and are well farmed. The soil is light and sandy. The valley lands are almost one continuous grain field, interspersed with orchards. Productions. Wheat is a great agricultural staple. Barley, oats and flax are ex- tensively raised. Timothy and alfalfa are important crops, also corn and rye. Along the banks of the Columbia and Snake rivers, and in the Walla Walla valley itself, irrigation is rapidly trans- forming what was once considered desert lands into orchard, gar- —5 66 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. dens and meadows. On non-irrigated lands potatoes and kindred vegetables are yielding immense returns, but on irrigated lands melons and similar products are the favorites. There are over 250 miles of railroad in the county, and all cultivated areas are within easy distances of railroad stations. Walla Walla county has three saw mills, with an annual output of y, 500, 000 feet of lumber; five flouring mills, two planing mills, two sash and door factories, one iron foundry, one tannery and one manufactory of agricultural implements. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, exclusive of railroad track $8,293,856 00 Personal property 2,514,655 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 111,524 00 Railroad track — Northern Pacific, 11 miles 4,752 feet main track, and 1 mile 4,199 feet side track; Oregon Railway & Navigation, 74 miles 4,646 feet main track, and 13 miles 3,062 feet side track; Oregon Railway & Navigation (narrow gauge), 13 miles 2,112 feet; Wash- ington & Columbia River, 109 miles 1,056 feet main track, and 8 miles 4,495 feet side track.. Improvements on land held under United States.. Number of horses " cattle " sheep " hogs wagons and carriages Telegraph and telephone lines Cable, horse and motor lines Schools. Number of school districts " " houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 enrolled during year.. Average daily attendance Number of teacliers employed Average monthly compensation, male 56 84 female 46 10 Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots.. 580,175 " improved 260,509 " timber 108,160 feet standing timber 919,360,000 919,360 00 1,116,546 00 8,890 00 11,241 7,985 37,956 3,928 1,985 337,230 00 103,805 00 75,912 00 13,748 00 61,040 00 38,430 00 7,000 00 54 53 172,'455 00 3,876 3,391 1,851 94 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 67 County Seat. Walla Walla is the county seat, and is located at the junction of two lines of the Union Pacific Railway. The state penitentiary is located at this place. It has a population of 5,000. WHATCOM COUNTY. Whatcom county was established March 9, 1852. It has an area of 2,000 square miles. Population, 16,504. Soil. The soil of the western or agricultural portion is extremely spotted. Every section and many smaller tracts have from two to half a dozen distinct varieties of soil. There is the greatest area, perhaps, of the light sandy loam of the cedar and fir belts, unex- celled for fruit and good for any crop grown in this climate. Dot- ted over the county in spots and belts are marshes, or peat bogs, the largest just north of Lynden, having an area of ten thousand acres. Such land has only a light growth of brush which usually burns with the turf after the land has been drained. From this soil yields of two and one-half to three and one-half tons of timothy hay to the acre are common, and turnips, cabbage and onions find all the elements necessary to give them their greatest perfection. Along the courses of many creeks the soil is a mixture of sedi- ment and vegetable mold. Such soil may be cropped indefinitely without showing any indication of impoverishment. The river bottom, however, is the best "all-round" soil. It is acknowledged to lead in the production of hay, hops and most garden vegetables. Hops are becoming a staple product. The quality of the upland hop is equal to any; the size of that produced on peat land is re- markable, but for both size and quality the river bottom holds the record. Growers report from 1,200 to 2,000 pounds to the acre. Fruit. There are also clay soils and every gradation between those which are already described. Fruit is entitled to an honorable place among the county's resources. Apples never fail. English Russet, King, Spy and Gravenstein are among the favorite stand- ard varieties. Peaches are an uncertain crop but often yield well. 68 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Size and quality are good. Pears reach the greatest perfection in size and flavor. This is the natural home of the plum and prune. No serious damage has been done these trees yet by insects. They begin bearing young and do not depart from that custom as they grow older. The cherries challenge the world for size, quality and yield. Minerals. The mineral deposits of the county, so far as discovered, are iron, coal, asbestos, gold, silver, sandstone, limestone, quartz, potters' clay, fire clay, brick clay and granite. FiSHEKIES. The salmon fisheries and canning business is being carried on on a large scale in the Gulf, at Drayton Harbor and Point Roberts, a short distance from Blaine. Nearly 100,000 cases of the sockeye salmon were packed at this point in 1893, besides a large business done in shipping fresh fish of the various kinds. The capacity for carrying on this industry is being largely increased this year. There are at present in the county 2*7,641 acres cleared and under cultivation, with 2,594 acres planted to fruit. The county has 18, 5^4 acres of school land inside the survey that has not yet been offered for sale. The state holds 6,924 acres selected under the scientific school land grant. The Lummi Indian reservation contains 12,653 acres, of which about 10,500 acres may be classed as agricultural land. Whatcom county has thirteen saw mills, with an annual output of 70,000,000 feet of lumber, and thirty-two shingle mills, which will produce 260,000,000 shingles yearly. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, exclusive of railroad track $10,719,419 00 Personal property 852,116 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 62,447 00 Railroad track — Bellingham Bay & British Col- umbia, 23 miles 339 feet main track, and 3 miles 3,265 feet side track; Bellingham Bay & Eastern, 2 miles 3,506 feet main track, a,nd 4,120 feet side track; Fairhaven & Southern, 34 miles 55 feet main track, and 6 miles 27 feet side track; Seattle, Lake Shore & East- ern, 29 miles main track, and 5,114 feet side track :.... 489,065 00 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 69 Iniprovements ou laud held under United States . Telephone, telegraph and electric lines Cable, horse, motor and electric railways Steamboats, sailing vessels, etc Number of horses cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Schools, Number of school districts houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 " " " enrolled during year Average dailj' attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male female Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots " " improved $26,495 00 43,765 00 24,800 00 15,560 00 2,010 4,578 3,406 1.352 903 68 80,400 00 77,826 00 6,812 00 4,732 00 24,735 00 75 4,815 283,572 00 3,961 2,569 152 59 40 52 84 289,763 14.589 County Seat. New Whatcom is the county seat of Whatcom county, and has a population of 7,500; is a sub-port of entry for Puget Sound. WHITMAN COUNTY Whitman county was organized on November 29, 1871. It has an area of 2,160 square miles and a population of 22,579. It lies upon the eastern boundary of the state, bounded south by Snake river, north by the fifth standard parallel, the Palouse river form- ing part of its southwestern and western boundary. Watered by the Palouse river and its tributaries, it is commonly known as the "Palouse country." It is composed of an extensive upland plateau of rolling prairies, the valleys, which are numerous, providing drainage. This land, in its natural state, is entirely covered with bunch grass, and under cultivation it produces all the grasses and cereals. 70 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Products. Its largest production is wheat. Oats, barley and hay are very successfully raised. Potatoes, beets, carrots, turnips and other garden vegetables yield abundantly. Stock raising in the western and southern parts of the county is an important and prof- itable industry. Wool growing is largely followed. The raising of hogs is a profitable industry in this section. The northern por- tion of the county is extensively covered with timber — pine, fir, cedar and tamarack. The fruit productions are limited to the hardier varieties — apples, pears, plums and berries — except along the banks of the Snake river, where peaches and grapes are suc- cessfully produced in large quantities. There are twelve flouring mills in successful operation in this county; nine saw mills, two shingle mills and a paper mill. The Washington State Agricultural College and School of Science is located at Pullman in this county. Taxable Ppoperty, 1893. Real property, exclusive of railroad track Personal property Railroad rolling stock and personalty Railroad track — Oregon Railwaj^ & Navigation, 194 miles 4,752 feet main track, and 18 miles 739 feet side track; Northern Pacific, 99 miles 8,168 feet main track, and 8 miles 390 feet side track Improvements on land held under United States.. Telegraph and telephone lines Number of horses ., cattle sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Schools. Number of school districts houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1898 " enrolled during year.. Average daily attendance .■ Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male " " " female Value. $13,933,733 00 3,979,397 00 211,527 00 1,530,564 00 125,522 00 44,078 00 31,300 939,000 00 22,695 295,085 00 32,496 64,992 00 8,508 29,778 00 4,463 148,557 00 143 141 8,413 6,801 4,016 264 277,352 00 61 02 51 68 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 71 Other Statistics. Number of acres taxable, exclusive of town lots.. 1,008, 1G4 " improved 727,203 " timber 72,000 feet slaudiug timber 683,000,000 $683,000 00 County Seat. Colfax is the county seat, and is situated on the Palouse river, on the Moscow branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. Population 1,700. YAKIMA COUNTY. Yakima county was established January 21, 1865, and has an area of 5,500 square miles, population 6,039. It is crossed diagon- ally from southeast to northwest by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The Yakima Indian Reservation is wholly within the county, and contains 800,000 acres. There is an immense amount of grazing land in this county, affording range for the large herds of horses, cattle and sheep. The soil of the hills and plains is basalt and volcanic ash. The soil of the valleys is nearly of a similar nature. By the introduction of irrigation on an extensive scale, the grazing lands are becoming agricultural and produce large crops of wheat, hops, corn, tobacco and sorghum. Vegetables of all kinds yield profusely. Sweet potatoes are cultivated with good results. Mel- ons of excellent quality are raised throughout the county. Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, plums, prunes and cherries yield abundantly. The system of irrigation is the notable feature of development in Yakima county, and the results already obtained are phenomenal. There are three saw mills, two cheese factories, one creamery and one flouring mill in this county. Taxable Property, 1893. Value. Real property, except railroad track : $3,257,804 00 Personal property 930,867 00 Railroad rolling stock and personalty 136,931 00 Railroad track — Northern Pacitic, 9 miles 3,168 feet main track, and 7 miles 1,465 feet side track 543,310 00 72 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. Number of horses 9,003 $234,078 00 cattle " sheep " hogs " wagons and carriages Improvements on land held under United States . Schools. Number of school districts houses Total school property Number of school children, census 1893 " children enrolled during year.. Average daily attendance Number of teachers employed Average monthly compensation, male 61 02 female 47 68 Other Statistics. Acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 910,157 Number acres improved land (estimated) 40,000 Acres of timber 800,000 Number of feet standing 16,000,000.000 9,600,000 00 County Seat. North Yakima is the county seat of Yakima county, situated on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Yakima river. Population, United States census 1890, 1,532. 8,091 72,013 1,484 841 97,092 00 144,026 00 5,194 00 27,866 00 19,015 00 33 31 67,396 00 2,226 1,420 964 35 RESOURCES OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 73 THE MILITARY POAVER OF THE STATE. The military strength of the state is 1,750 officers and men, with an organized force of 1,350, and su])ported by special levy of two- fifths of one mill on the taxable property of the state, made a special fund for that purpose. There are twenty-one companies of infantry, organized into two regiments, Avith one company unattached; and four troops of cav- alry, forming one battalion, with a major commanding. One regi- ment of infantry is located on the east side of the mountains and one on the west, with the cavalry battalion divided, the whole forming one brigade commanded by a brigadier general. The general headquarters is at Olympia, the capital of the state, where all communications are addressed to the adjutant general, who, in addition to that office, in time of peace is quartermaster general, commissary general, inspector general, chief of ordnance and chief of staff. DAIRYING. Dairying in Washington is as yet in its infancy. The rapid growth this industry has made in this state during the last two years is surprising. Two years ago there were two creameries in the state; to-day there are sixteen in successful operation, with an output during the present year, according to their own statements, of over $300,000. 74 RESOURCES OF TEE STATE OF WASHINGTON. RECAPITULATION. Real and Personal Property. Total valuation of real property, exclusive of railroad track $227,201,096 00 Total valuation of taxable personal property 41,165,560 00 Live Stock. Total number of horses 171,518 5,192,986 00 cattle 206,372 2,980,845 00 sheep 290,021 580,042 00 hogs 53,487 187,211 00 Telegraph, Telephone and Electric Lines. Total value 600,891 00 Cable, Horse and Electric Railways. Total value 726,694 00 Improvements on Lands Held Under United States. Total value ; , 1,459,222 00 Steamboats, Sailing Vessels, Etc. Total value 1,015,721 00 Coal. Total number of tons mined in 1893 1,280,250 Lands. Total number acres taxable, exclusive of town lots 13,457,664 Total number acres improved land 2,014,472 Timber. Total number acres of timber lands 23,588,512 feet standing timber 410,333,335,000 " stumpage value 269,561,329 00 Schools. Total number school districts 1,741 houses 1,654 children, census 1893 112,300 teachers, 1893 3,086 value of school property, 1893, exclusive of school lands 4,872,710 00 amount paid teachers, 1893 881,048 00 number acres school land 2,484,480 minimum value school land 24,844,000 00 " approximate value 39,813,760 00 I > RESOURCES OF THE STATE iJF'WAhm'MTb'A'^ >''' 75 Railroads. CLASS. First class Second class. Third class... Fourth class. Fifth class Aggregate value of rolling stock and all railroad prop- erty, as equalized by state board Totals.. Length of main track. Length of side track. Miles. Feet. Miles. Feet. 2,147 1,789 275 665 347 2,147 24 1,118 103 3,303 10 1,240 107 2,016 7 2,075 118 690 2,823 4,665 316 5,098 I'aluation of side track. 8587,939 48,422 18,422 10,348 $665,131 Vuluatioii of main line. $11,%8,852 1,7&5,454 484,736 386,203 118,131 2,524,870 817.268,246 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILU BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. RrtACJ 9 1941 iViHr* — *'-■ ■" •* ^7^j.„cn^^ .FW 7 19b5 . . MAY 1 4 198? : n Q J^-^/9 K^i...-. ^KEOH ■ LD 21-100to-7,'39(402s) 310005 (A A '"•:i UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY iim''''M >(>;;;;(,-.;; ,<vK:'^- >>.,■■ '.■.''■■ . ; .;■ o (> : k\ tr' H^ ' ^' !:;,'^':'''*' r ' f ' ' : '■'■'JiiiM l!^'^;: ';,v|^^H >■.-;" = ■(: Hi ^1 ;>. : t^i r ;■ ' ;• f ;■ ■ ' ) ^ \' < ^ f '- > r ■> - ■■ ? ; M, ' '■H ; '■■■ il ' ' ' • r fl