v VERB IN THE SECOND BOOK CO '00 o c o QQ IN GIPUSKOAN BASK, E S. DODGSON. PRINTED 1?Y STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, HERTFORD. February 2:4, 1V01. oninr IP L THE VERB IN THE SECOND BOOK IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. By EDWARD SPENCER DODGSON. efre yXucraai, Travj ceren = that or because. In the second edition dedan, p. 12, was rightly turned into dan, making the construction passive and impersonal. DEDANA. 68. That which I have. I.q. dadan with n rel. ace. decl. ace. na = that which. DEGUIGULA. 25. That he may have (or do) it to us. Sub- junctive pres. sing. 3, ace. sing, with the dative plural of the 1st person, to us. Verb irreg. trans, aux. eg in used for ukan. DEGUIOZULA. 49. That thou (= you) mayest do, or have, it to him. Subj. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing, with indirect object in the dative sing. Verb irreg. trans, aux. egin for ukan. This word was changed into guiozu in 1797, i.e. imp. instead of subj., oratio recta instead of obliqua. DEGU. 44. We have it. Ind. pres. pi. 1 ace. sing. aux. act. This form is introduced by cergatic. Yet the author departs from his usual custom and does not put it into the conjunctive form degun like dan, dagoan, daducan. This shows that the conj. n ruled by cergatic is superfluous. It is like the that after by cause in Old English. DEGULA. 40. While we have it. I.q. degu with la participial. DEGUN. (3 t.) 14, 37, 43. Which (it) we have, that we have it. I.q. degu poss. and aux. with (a) p. 14, n rel. ace. sing. ; (b) p. 37, n conj. ruled by becela ; (c) n conj. superfluous, introduced by cenetatic. DEGUNA. 14. That which we have. I.q. degu, poss. with n rel. decl. with the article a in the accusative, na = that which. DEITZA & DER1TZA.. (4 t.) 18, 38, 39, 61. It is called to him (i e. his name is). De-ritza occurs on pp. 18 and 61 ; and deitza on pp. 38 and 39 became deritza in 1797. The same uncertainty in pronouncing this verb still exists in Gipuskoa. Ind. pres. sing. 3, with ind. obj. dat. sing, for the thing named, the subject 8 DODGSOX VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. being the name ; thus, p. 61, batari = to the one, deritza = the name is, Contricioa = contrition (the]. From the irreg. intrans. verb eritz, eritzi, a root producing various shoots. DET. (29 t.) 5, 9, 13, 15, 20, 22, 28, 35, 52, 59, 66, 67, 68, 69. I have it. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. Verb possessive and aux. act. DEZADAJST. 35. Let me have it. Conjunctive, as Optative, pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. aux. act. DEZAGTJLA. 24. That we may have it. Conj. i.q. dezagun with eclipse of n before la = that, or the use of la rather than n. DEZAGUN. (4 t.) 6, 27, 28, 45. That we may have it, let us have it. Conj. in imp. (p. 27) and final sense, pres. pi. 1, ace. sing. aux. act. On pp. 6, 28, 45, the termination tzat = in order that is understood with it. DEZAQUE. (Twice) 65. Coud he? Potential pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. DEZAQTJEDANA. 69. That which I can. (accus.) Pot. fut. sing. 1, ace. sing. aux. act. formed from dezaquet by changing t into euphonic da before the rel. n ace. decl. ace. na = that which. DEZALA. 24. That he may have it. Conj. pres. sing. 3, rel. sing. aux. act. formed from dezan (or deza) by the suffixing of the conj. particle la = that. DEZAZUN. 2. That thou ( = you) may est have it. Conj. final pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing, with tzat understood after it ; aux. act. In 1797 it rightly became dezagun. DECEEN. (Twice) 28. That they may have it. Conj. final (as if followed by tzat) pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. In 1797 it became, 1. 6, dezaen=dezaten and, 1. 9, decen. DEZU. (24 t.) 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 40, 47, 63. Thou (respectfully = you of un-Quakerly English) hast it. Ind. pres, pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. Verb poss. and aux. act. DEZUEKA.. (Twice) 15. That which you have. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (the real plural), ace. sing. Yerb poss. and aux. act., with n rel. ace. sing. decl. ace. sing, from dezue and na = that which. The norn. of dezu is zuc, but that of dezuena is zuc, eta Erromaco Elizac, i.e. thou ( = you], and the Church of Rome. DEZULA. 3. While thou (=you) hast it. I.q. dezu, aux. act. with la participial. DEZUN. (7 t.) 22, 26, 28, 35. Which thou (= you) hast; that thou (= you) hast it. I.q. dtzu, aux. act. with (a), p. 26, DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN 1JASK. n rel. ace. = which] (b) n conj. introduced by cer. This second n is a that which would be superfluous in English, but not in Bask. DEZUNEAN. (4 t.) 12, 20, 22, 26. When thou (= you] hast it. I.q. dezu aux. act. with n rel. = in which, e euph. and an the locative of time from a = the. nean = at the time in which. ezDIATORDE. 41. It comes not to them. Wrongly altered into dator in 1797. It is to be noted as not being eztiatorde. Ind. pres. sing. 3, indirect object dat. pi. Verb irreg. intrans. etor or etorri. 1766; "y llarnarse mortales, no les quadra tan bien " ; "eta mortalac deitzea ez dator aiii ongui," 1826. Dator is not datival. DIAZADALA. 21. Became dizadala in 1797 and 1826. Have thou (= you] it to me! Imp. sing. 2, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. La conj. = that is not translated when ending the imperative. The Castilian is " Esso no me lo pregunteis a mi." DIAZAGULA. (Twice) 24. That he may have it to us. It became dizagula in 1797 and 1826. Subj. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. la = that. (See the two next forms.) DIAZAGUJS". 40. Became dizagun in 1797. (In order) that it may have it to us. Conj. final, as if ending in tzat, pres. sing. ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. (See diazagu-la.) DIATZAYZULA. 25. That he may have them to us. An evident misprint, altered into dhagula in 1797 and 1826; but it should be dizkitzagula or dizazkigula, as the accusative pecatuac is plural. Subj. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. with la that. DIDALA. 68. Became dirala in 1797 (cf. dimtazula). That he will have it to me. Subj. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. la conj. == that. The accusative " bere gracia eta gloria " = his grace and glory, has the appearance of being plural ; but, as is common in Bask, the eta here is disjunctive. That the accusative is ruled here distributively is made clear in the second edition, where a comma follows gracia. The same idiom is found in Old English, which psychologically much resembles Bask. DIDAN. 67. A misprint, rightly replaced by diraden in 1797. DID ANA. 66. That which he has to me. Subj. pr. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1. The n final is used as n the rel. pron. ace. sing, (the two ens being, so to speak, melted together), decl. ace. sing. aux. act. na = the or that which. DIDAZULA. 52. That thou(= you] hast it to me. It became dirazula in 1797, as did diuztatzula and diuztazula. Subj. pres. pi. (sing, sense) 2, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. la conj. that. 10 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. DIDILLA. (Twice) 23, 59. May it be. It became dedilla in 1797 and 1826. Imp. sing. 3, aux. intrans. lidi and bedi are simpler synonyms of this word. DIDIN. 40. (In order] that it may le. Conj. final, as if ending in tzat, sing. 3, aux. intr. Compare didi-lla. DIEGU. 27. We have it to them. Ind. pres. pi. 1, ace. sing, ind. obj. dat. pi. aux. act. DIENAC. 31. He who has it to them. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. with n, rel. nom. decl. with ac the nom. act. of a = the, that. aux. act. nac = he ivho. DIET. 41. I have it to them. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. aux. act. In the original phrase Deitu diet Capitalac it may seem singular that the accusative is expressed in the plural, i.e. capitalac = the capital (sins). But as the sense is "I have called (deitu) it to them capital (the capitals) " the implied accusative is the name, or word, capitalac. The same remark applies to Cergatic deitu diezu pecatu Capitalac . . . zatenay. This is the peculiarity of the verb when used with deitu = called by a name. (See deitza.) DIEZU. 41. Thou (= you) hast it to them. Ind. pres. pi. (sing, sense) 2, ace. sing, (only plural in form) ind. obj. dat. pi. aux. act. See the notes on zatenay and diet. DIEZULA. 66. That thou (= you) hast it to them. I.q. diezu with la = that and a really singular accusative. Its dative is onay = to the good; its accusative or direct object premioa = the reward. DIG U EN. 12. (That) they have it to us. It became gaituen in 1797, from which gaituenay lower down comes. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, with n conj. superfluous, introduced by cergatic = by cause that, literally for what. DIGUENAY. 25. To those who have it to us. It became diguenai in 1797. I.q. diguen, but with n rel. decl. with ay the dat. pi. of a = the, that, nay = to those who. DIGILN". (Twice) 17, 30. That he has it to us. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, with n conj. superfl. = that, p. 17, introduced by cergatic = because-, p. 30, followed by bectila = as, in the same way that. D1JOANA. (Twice) 63. He who goes. Ind. pres. sing. 3, n rel. nom. decl. nom. sing. int. verb irreg. int. Joan, Juan. na = he who. We have Larramendis authority, and that of Anibarro, partly his contemporary, for pronouncing the j like y, as in modern French Bask. The modern Gipuskoans sound it like Castilian jota hhota, which is ugly. DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 11 DIJOANEAK (Twice) 59, 66. When one, or he goes. I.q. dijoana decl. temporal case or time-locative, nean = in the time when. DIO, (5 t.) 1, 50, 51, 65. He has it to him. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. This form is also used, but not in this book, to mean he says it. DION. (3 t.) 17, 21, 51. That he has it to him ; which (it] he has to him. I.q. dio with (a) n conj. superfluous introduced by cergatic and cenacgatic ; (b) n rel. pron. ace. sing. DIOT. 49. I have it to him or her. I.q. dio, but with the 1 p. as subject. It also means I say it, but not here. DIRADE. (66 t.) 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 23, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 55, 59, 60. They are. Ind. pres. pi. 3. Yerb subst. and aux. intrans. On p. 7, line 22, and p. 38, line 16, it took the shorter form dira in 1797. DIRADELA. 43. When they are; they being. I.q. dirad* aux. intrans. with la participial. Really the same as diradenean. DIRADEN. (9 t. counting didan) 14, 17, 34, 35, 40, 41, 50, 67. Which are ; that they are. I.q. dirade with (a) n rel. nom. pi. ; (b] n conj. superfl. introd. by cenac, cenean, cergatic, and nola. DIRADENAC. (Thrice, 35, 48. Those which are. I.q. dirade with n rel. nom. pi. decl. nom. pi. intrans. nac = those who, or which. DIRADENEAN. 42. When they are. I.q. diraden, n rel. decl. locative of time, nean = when, quo tempore, alors que. DIRADEISTEN. 41. Of those which are. Misprinted diraden in 1797 and 1826. I.q. diraden with n rel. nom. pi. decl. with the genitive or possessive plural of the definite article a. nen = of those who. DITEQUE. (5 t.) 2, 35, 64. He might be. Pot. fut. sing. 3. Yerb subst. and aux. intrans. DITEQUE ALA. 63. When he might be; he being able to be. I.q. diteke with a euph. and la participial. DITEQUEAN. 16. Which might be. I.q. diteke with a euph. before n rel. nom. DITECEN. 41. (In order] that they may be. Conj. final (as if ending in tzat) pres. pi. 3. Yerb subst. and aux. intrans. DITU. (13 t.) 13, 21, 30, 35, 38, 50, 51, 54, 55, 61. He has them. Jnd. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. and verb possessive. Prom this, with a euph. and la conj. = that, comes the next form. DITUALA. 51. That he has them. I.q. ditu aux. act. with la = that. The second edition replaced it by ditutn, altering the construction much for the better. In the first, falta eguin dituala aberiguatcen duancna is clumsy, if not quite ungrammatical. In 12 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. the second it runs eguin dituen falta guztiena. In this case, however, dituen is a misprint for dituan with n rel. ace. pi. It would be correct in the Labourdin dialect. But in Gipuskoan its place would be between ditue and dituenac ; and that is impossible here because its subject is in the singular. See the note on duanena. DITUAN. 23. (That} it has them. I.q. ditu verb poss. with a euph. and n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. DITUANAC (7 t.) 15, 29, 31, 51, 60. Those which he or she has ; he who has them. I.q. dituan, but with (a) n rel. ace. pi. decl. p. 15, nom. pi. pp. 51 and 60, ace. pi. ; (b) n rel. nom. sing. pp. 29 and 31, nom. sing. act. pp. 31 and 29, it is the subject of ditu and du respectively; pp. 60 and 51, it is the object of ecartea and ditu respectively; p. 15, it is the subject of dirade. nac = pp. 29 and 31, he who (active); p. 15, those tuhich, nominative passive; pp. 51 and 60, those which, accusative. DITUANACGATIC. 50. For those which he has. I.q. dituan, aux. act. with n rel. ace. decl. accusative of respect plural, nacgatic means for, or on account of, those which. DITUANENA. 61. That of those which he has. I.q. dituan, aux. act. with n rel. ace. decl. possessive pi. of the demonstrative, and that itself declined with the accus. sing, demonst. nena = that of those which. This reading was rightly abandoned in 1797, as it is not grammatical in its context. It was replaced by dituanenaz qualifying pecatu, i.e. about those (sins] which he has (done}. DITUE. 36. They have them. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. The accusative is singular in form, Cer virtute, literally what virtue ; but treated as a noun of multitude ivhat = virtues. In this respect the interrogative imitates the numerals. It is a sjnonym of dituzte. See El Impossible Vencido, p. 87. DITUENAC. 48. Those ivho have them. I.q. ditue with n rel. nom. pi. decl. nom. pi. intrans. nac = those who. It is a synonym of ditw&tendk. DITUT. 69. I have them. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. pi. aux. act. DITUZUNAC. (Twice) 15. Those which you have. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. n rel. ace. pi. decl. nom. pi. interns. Yerb poss. and aux. act. nac = those which. D1TZAEN. 28. (In order} that they may have them. Conj. final (as if ending in tzat}, pres. pi. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. = ditmten. DITZAGUN. 2. Let us have them. Imp. pi. 1, ace. pi. aux. act. In 1742 it was misprinted ditzacun, unless that was an old form of the word. DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 13 DITCEEK 41. This form occurs in both editions. It must be a mistake for ditecen or for ditzaen. Its context is onequin lid ditecen paquean, eta criatu ditceen semeac Ceruraco. If it be active = ditzaten, its accusative is semeac = the children. If it be passive = ditecen, then semeac is its nominative. See El Arte del Bascuenze (Salamanca, 1729), pp. 88 and 160. In 1826 it is ditzen, p. 40. The Castilian of 1766 is " con la qual vivan entre si pacificamente, y crien hijos para el Cielo." So it is transitive. DIUZCA. (Thrice) 50, 51. He has them to him. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. It became diozca in 1797, a form used in the Labourdin Catechism of 1733, p. 419. DIUZCAN\ 51. Which (things] he has to him. I.q. diuzca with n rel. pi. ace. It became diozcan in 1797. DIUZCAT. 67. I have them to him. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. The accusative gratia asco, though singular in form, is treated as a noun of multitude. It became diozcat in 1797. DIUZCATZU. 26. You have them to her. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. It became diozcatzu in 1797 and 1826. In the latter edition it is on p. 25. DIUZCUK 17. That he has them to us. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. indirect obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. with n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. It became dizquigun in 1797 and 1826. DIIJZTALA. 68. That he has them to me. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. with la - that. It became dirala in 1797, but wrongly; because if it is an active verb, with arek = he understood as nominative, it cannot be used with pecatu guztiac as its accusative plural. We have seen in discussing didala that that form, which occurs in the next line below, also became dirala by a well-known phonetic tendency of Gipuskoan. But dirala can also be a synonym of diradela. It would be very awkward to use dirala in the passive sense in the fourth line from the bottom with pecatu guztiac as its nominative, and dirala in the third line from the bottom as it has been denned under didala. But if the editor of 1797 meant dirala to be passive in both places why did he put the comma after gratia ? The passage runs thus in 1742 : " Daducat esperantza Jaungoycoagan, barcatuco diuztala nere pecatu guztiac, eta emango didala here gracia eta Gloria," i.e. 1 hold hope in the Lord on high (im hehren Herrn) that He will pardon (them} to me my sins, and that He will give (it] to 14 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. me His grace and glory. In 1797 it reads: "Daducat esperanza Jangoycoa-gan, barcatuco dirala nere pecatu guztiac, eta emango dirala bere gracia, eta gloria." Of the two difficulties produced by the needless change, the lesser is to consider dirala as passive in both places. DIUZTATZULA. 66. In 1797 dirazula. \ See didazula. That DIUZTAZULA. 52. In 1797 dirazula. \ you have them to me. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense) ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. with conj. la = that. The accusative plural is pecatuac inferred from what precedes. With dirazula the accusative must be it, understood; and the translation thus becomes "that thou (= you) will pardon me " without expressing the fault pardoned. DIUZTEGUK (Thrice) 4, 25. 2 hat we have them to them. Ind. pres. pi. 1, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. aux. act. with n conj. ruled by becela, bezela. In 1797 it became diegun from diegu with n conj. The alteration proceeded from the same thought as that of the preceding form. Both belong to the word barcatu = pardon (from parcere). The ace. pi. would be debts or sins. With diegun the thing pardoned is not expressed, the meaning being pardon (it to) them. DIUZTEZUN. 59. (That) you ( = thou) have them to them. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (in sense, singular) ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. with n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatie ; aux. act. The accusative aimbestefavore, though sing, in form, is treated as a noun of multitude. In 1797, however, when the form diomn was substituted (and favore became mesede), it is used as a singular object. DIZUDAN. 52. (That) I have it to thee (= you). Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. (sense sing.) 2, aux. act. with euph. da for t before n conj. superfl. introd. by nola. DIZUT. 52. I have it to thee (= you). I.q. dizudan without the n and its euphonic effect. DTI. (44 t.) 1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 38, 50, 51, 55, 58, 60, 64, 65. He has it. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. Verb poss. and aux. aot. On p. 12 du became badu in 1797. The root described as verb poss. and aux. act. throughout this glossary is ukan = had. DUALA. (4 t.) 29, 51, 61. He having it; while he has it. I.q. du aux. act. with a euph. before la participial. DTJAK (22 t.) 13, 14, 15, 17, 36, 38, 50, 51, 59, 61, 62, 65, 68, 69. (That) he has it; which (thing) he has. I.q. du with a euph. and (a) n conj., p. 69, followed by becela, and pp. 13, DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 15 14, 15, 17, 36, 38, 50, 51, 59, 61, introduced by cer and cergatic ; (I) n rel. ace. sing. pp. 17, 62, 65, 68. In some places the an conjunctive is superfluous, i.e. in oratio recta, as pp. 15, 17, 36, 38, 50. What is right in a dependent clause has been wrongly used in a plain statement. DUANA. (4 t.) 33 (where it was misprinted duanac in 1 797), 36, 61, 64. That which he has. I.q. duan with n rel. nom. declined pp. 33, 61, ace. sing., and pp. 36, 64, nom. pass, na = that which. DUANAC. (10 t.) 29, 30, 32, 58, 65. He who has it. I.q. duana, but nom. act. nac he who. DUANAKEN. 38. Of him who has it. I.q. duan, rel. nom. decl. poss. sing, naren = of him who. DUANARI. (4 t.) 17, 33, 62. To him who has it. I.q. duan, rel. nom. decl. dat. sing, nari = to him who. DTJANEAN. (Twice) 33, 39. When he has it. I.q. duan. rel. loc. decl. temporal nean = when, at the time in which. Cf. danean. DUANENA. 51. That of those about which he has. I.q. duan with n rel. pi. accusative of respect decl. possessive plural of the demonstrative, which is itself declined in the accusative in apposition to damutasuna. nena =that of those as to ivhich. This form does not occur in 1797, the whole clause having been altered after viotcetic, as we saw in discussing dituala. It is perhaps possible to translate it thus, " He will conceive regret from his heart, that (regret) of those (things) about which he verifies that he has committed faults " ; but this necessitates taking falta, which is singular as the object of dituala, a form requiring an accusative in the plural. It may be i\\&i falta-egin is meant, like itz-egin, gald(e) = egin, to be a compound word meaning do faultily. Then things, inferred from n, is the accusative of dituala. DUE (for dute). (5 t.) 20, 22, 34, 47. They have it. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. DUEN (for duten}. (Thrice) 24, 48, 69. (That) they have it; which (thing) they hare. I.q. due with (a) n conj. ruled by lecela ; (b) n rel. ace. sing. DUENAC. 14. Those who have it. 21, 46, 47, 48, 69 (on this page it became dutenac in 1797). I.q. duen for duten, with n rel. nom. pi. decl. p. 69, nom. pi. act., pp. 46, 47, 48, nom. pi. passive, and p. 21, ace. pi. EGUIDAZU. (Twice) 12, 13. Hare thou ( = you) it to me. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, in sense), ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. Verb irreg. egin for ukan. 16 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. EGUIGTJZU. (Thrice) 4, 6, 24. Have thou ( = you] it to us. On pp. 4 and 24, where it follows eman, the shortened form iguzu without eman was substituted in 1797. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. Verb irreg. egin for ukan. EGUIOZU. (Twice) 28. Have tlwu (= you) it to him. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense) ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. Verb irreg. egin for ultan. EGTJIUZCUTgU & EGUIUZCUTZU. (Twice) 4, 24. Have thou (= you] them to us. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense) ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. Verb irreg. egin for ukan. It became in both places guizquigutzu in 1797. In 1826 it is gaizquigutzu p. 4 and eguizquiguzu p. 23. EGUIZU. 3. Do it. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. Verb irreg. trans, egin. EZAZU & (p. 11) EgAZU. (8 t.) 2, 4, 6, 11, 22, 26, 29. Have thou (= you] it. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. aux. act. GAITECELA. 31. That we be. Subj. pres. pi. 1, with la conj. = that. Verb subst. GAITKCEN". 27. (In order] that we be. Conj. final (as if ending in tzat), pres. pi. 1, aux. intrans. It was printed gaittecen in 1742. GAYTUENAY. 25. To those ivho have us. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. pi. 1, aux. act. with n rel. nom. pi. decl. dat. pi. nay = to those who. GAITZAQUEAN. 62. (That) he might have us. Potential fut. sing. 3, ace. pi. 1, aux. act. with a euph. before n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. GAITZALA. (Twice) 25, 49. That he may have us ; let him have us. Imp. and subj. pres. sing. ace. pi. 1, aux. act. with la conj. = that. This form occurs in the Labourdin Catechism of Bayonne, 1733, which ought to be reprinted. GA1TZATZIJ. (4 t.) 3, 4, 11, 25. Have thou (= you) us. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. 1, aux. act. It became gaitzazu in 1797, but reverted to gaitzatzu in 1826 on p. 4. GAITZATZULA. (Twice) 4, 25. Have thou (= you} us. I.q. gaitzatzu with la conjunctive, which, when suffixed to the imperative, is untranslateable. GAUDE. 6. We stay, used here for we come ! (a contraction of gag ode]. Ind. pres. pi. 1. Verb irreg. intrans. egon. GAUDEN". 21. (That) we stay. I.q. gaude with n conj. Buperfl. introduced by cenari. It was misprinted guaden in 1742. DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 17 GAUZCATEN". 2. Which (things) hold us. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. pi. 1. Verb irreg. trans, eduki. GUENDUAN. 37. Which (thing] we had. Ind. imp. pi. 1, ace. sing., the n serving as the rel. pron. ace. sing. aux. act. GUEtfDUANA. 36. That which we had. I.q. guenduan, decl. ace. sing, na = that which. GUERADEN. 37. (That) we are. Ind. pres. pi. 1, aux. intrans. (synonym of gera) with n conj. siiperfl. introduced by cenarequin. GUEBADENEAN. 6. When we are. I.q. geraden with n rel. loc. of time, decl. in the same case, nean = at the (time) in which, i.e. when. GUERALA. 37. While we are; we being. Ind. pres. pi. 1, with la participial. Verb subst. GTJACEN. 22. Let us go. Imp. pi. 1. Verb irreg. intrans. juan, joan. It was printed goacen in 1797, but is still sounded guassen in all the dialects. ITZATZU. (4 t.) 6, 32, 33, 35. Have thou ( = you) them. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. aux. act. baLIJOAZ. 62. If they should go. Suppositive pi. 3. Verb irreg. intrans. juan, Joan. baLIRADE. 63. If they should be. Supp. pi. 3, aux. intrans. In 1797 it became lalira. baLITU. 64. If he should have them. Supp. sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. The accusative penitencia gueyago is singular in form, but treated as plural, being a noun of multitude. baLIZ. (Twice) 63, 69. If he, or it, should be. Supp. sing. 3. Verb subst. and aux. intrans. LIZATEQUE. (4 t.) 38, 63. He, or it, would be, might be. Conditional pres. sing. 3, aux. intrans. baLUE. 65. If they had it. Supp. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. In 1797 it became balute. NAIZ. 21. I am. Ind. pres. sing. 1. Verb subst. KAIZANEAN. 12. When I am. I.q. natz, aux. intrans. with a euph. before n rel. loc. temp. decl. same case, nean = token. NAITZAYO. 49. I am to him. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. intrans. NAZULA. 66. That you have me. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing. s; nse), ace. sing. 1 with la that, aux. act. NTJQUE. (Twice) 69. I should have it. Cond. pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. aux. act. 2 18 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. ezTA. (7 t.) 38, 55, 58, 60, 64, 65. It is not (French it eat, O.E. nis, "Wendish ne-jo). I.q. da with the change produced hy the negative prefix ez. On p. 38, and on its second occurrence, p. 58, it was resolved into ez da in 1797. For some years past the Abbe Martin Landerretche, now of Donibane Lohizun = Marshy St. John, i.e. St. Jean de Luz (B.P.), has collaborated with Dom Basilio Joannategi in writing the Fedearen Propagationeco Urtecaria (Annuary of the Propagation of the Faith), which appears every two months in Bayonne. The style of the two writers can be distinguished by their manner of writing the verb with the negative prefix. Landerretche uses ezda, ezdu, which, though not without venerable precedent, e.g. in the works of S. Mendiburu, is rather pedantic ; while Joannategi imitates Dechepare and Lei^arraga, the oldest Heuskaldun writers, in employing the more euphonic, mutated form. We have seen above in ezdiatorde a case of d remaining unaffected by ez. All forms of the verb beginning in T have this initial instead of D, because preceded, either by ez = not, or by lai, pai = indeed, really, because, since, so that, or who and which, according to the context. This ez sounds like English ess. Some authors have written it es. ezTAGO. (Twice) 56, 58. Re stays not. I.q. dago. In 1797 it became, p. 58, ez dago. ezTAQTJIANAKI. 33. To him who knows it not. I.q. dakianari. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing, with a euph. before n rel. nom. decl. dat. Verb irreg. trans, iakin. nari = to him who. In 1797 it became ez daquienari. ezTANA. 56. The (time) in which he is not. I.q. dana with n rel. = in which, qualifying Tempora = time, declined nom. intrans. na = that in which. ezTANAC. 63. He who is not. I.q. dana, n rel., but decl. nominative active, nac = he who. ezTANIC. 56. Any time in which he is not. I.q. danic Ind. pres. sing. 3, aux. intrans. with n rel. time-case, decl. with the indefinite partitive case, in apposition to Temporaric, which precedes, nic = any (time} in which, de (temps] ou. ezTET. 19. I have it not. I.q. det ; aux. act. ezTIRADEN. 36. (That) they are not. I.q. diraden with n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. It became ez diraden in 1797. ezTITUANA. 65. He who has them not. I.q. dituana. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi., with a euph. and n rel. nom. decl. nom. intrans. na = he who. DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. 19 ezTU. (6 t.) 17, 54, 55, 56. He has it not. I.q. du. On pp. 17, 55, 56 it became ez du in 1797. On p. 54 it became ez due ( = dute] ; but without any necessity, because the eta after aitac, its nominative, is disjunctive, as the comma shows. ezTUANAC. 30. He who has it not. I.q. duanac, aux. act. ezTUENAC. (Twice) 47, 48. Those who have it not. I.q. duenac, for dutenac, decl. norn. pass. Verb poss. and aux. act. ZAYO. (5 t.) 30, 40, 54, 64. It is to him. Ind. pres. 3, ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. intrans. On p. 64 ezpazayo became ezpazaio in 1797. Here ba (= if} became pa after ez = not. ZAYOLA. (Twice) 11, 39. While it is to him. I.q. zayo with la participial. QAYOtfA & ZAYONA. (Twice) 24, 64. That which is to him. I.q. zayo with n rel. nom. decl. ace. na = that which, qayona, p. 24, became zayona in 1797. ZAYTE. 3. Be ye. Imp. pi. 2, really plural, aux. act. It became zaite in 1797. ZAITEZ. 2. I.q. zayte. ZAITECEN". 2. (In order] that ye may le. Conj. final (as if ending in tzat\ pres. pi. 2, aux. intrans. It became gaitecen in 1797 with a change of person like dezazun. ZAITUDAtf. (Twice) 52, 66. (That] I have thee = you. I.q. zaitut with da euph. for t before n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. ZAYTUT. 13. / have thee = you. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. pi. (sing, sense) 2, aux. act. ZAITZAELA. 60. Let them have thee = you. Imp. pi. 3, ace. pi. (sing, sense) 2, aux. act. ZAITZALA. (Thrice) 4, 5, 6. Let him have thee = you. Imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. (sing, sense) 2. On p. 4 it disappeared in 1797. eTZAIZCA. (4 t.) 6, 7, 62. They are to him. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. intrans. At the second occurrence, on p. 62, it has the negative prefix et, which form is assumed by ez when prefixed to a form beginning with z. It may be, however, more logical to say that the real negative is e, now only used as a prefix to certain forms of the verb, and that, with this e, z conserves its old sound of tz. Cf. zana, below. Other writers, e.g. P. d'Urte, have used initial tz instead of z even when there is no prefix. I suggested some years ago to M. H. de Charencey that Gaulish ex might be akin to Bask en. 20 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. ZAIZCANAC. (Twice) 8. Those which are to him. I.q. zaizca, with n rel. nom. decl. nom. in trans, nac = those which. Zaizca and zaizcan are found in Leigarragas New Testament, A.D. 1571. Of this treasure a reprint was published at Strassburg in December, 1900. In the introduction I am held responsible for some mis- prints which vexed me much, but which I had no opportunity of correcting. They will occur even in corrigenda. ZALA. (4 t.) 8, 53, 54, 67. That it was; while she was; she wasing, i.e. being (in illo tempore). I.q. zan with eclipse of n before, (a] p. 54, la conj. = that; (b) la participial. Verb subst. and aux. intrans. ZAN. 24. He, she, or it was. 5, 18, 19, 20, 36, 52, 54, 56. Ind. imp. sing. 3, aux. intrans. ZANA & TZANA. (10 t.) 8, 9, 18, 67, 68. That which was ; the fact that he was. On pp. 8, 9, 67, 68 (except 1. 4, p. 68), it became zala in 1797, just as eland became dala, as explained above. The first edition has tzana, e.g. p. 18, eguintzana, and p. 68, line 1, iltzana. Cf. etzaizca, tcigmi, tzuan. I.q. zan, aux. intrans. with (a] p. 18, n rel. nom. included in the usual end, decl. nom. intrans. na = the which-, (b) n conj. = that decl. ace. na = the (fact} that. ZANEAN. 26. When he was. I.q. zan, aux. intrans., the n final serving as rel. pron. in the time-locative, with e euph. decl. temporal case, nean = at the (time'] in which. ZANETIC. 51. From the (time) in which he was. The original has the misprint zanetit. I.q. zan, aux. intrans. with n rel. under- stood, in the time-case, e euph. and tic the separative or departitive case-ending, netic = from the (time] in which. ZATE. (Twice) 34, 48. It is to them. Ind. pres. sing. 3, indirect obj. dat. pi. aux. intrans. On p. 48 it became zaye in 1797. In both places it is in alliance with deitcen = to be called, heissen, and in both the name is a nominative plural. One may say either that the name, though plural in form, is singular if understood as the name, like Yglesias, a well-known family name in Castilian, and that this is the nominative of is called with a dative plural of the things named and called; or that deitzen zaye is impersonal, and " Obra misericordiacoac " in the first, and " Bienaventurantzac " in the second, place is the predicate of the sentence. Only on p. 48 is the dative expressed, i.e. oei = to these, to them. Cf. diezu, the dative of which is the next form. ZATENAY. 41. To those to which it is (called, said as DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 21 a name). Ind. pres. sing. 3, ind. obj. dat. pi. with n rel. pron. dat. pi. declined with ay, the dat. pi. definite of a = that, the. nay = to those to whom. This form occurs in the context : Cergatic deitu diezu pecatu Capitalac Zazpi, comunmenfe, edo gueyenean tnortalac esaten zatenay ? to be translated " why have you called capital sins to those to whom it is said (i.e. called) mortal (sins) for the most part or commonly?" The root esan, esaten, properly said, saying, is sometimes used of naming, calling. Here we see it used like deitu, deitzen, with a dative. It became zayenay in 1826. ZAUDEK 2. (That] thou = you, stayest = art. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense). Verb irreg. intrans. egon with n conj. superfl. introduced by cenean. ZAUDENA. (Twice) 4, 26. thou = you, who stayest. I.q. zauden, but with n rel. pron. nom. declined in the vocative, na = you who ! The vocative in Bask is always formed by the definite article. CEBAN. (Thrice) 10, 53, 54. I.q. man. In 1797 it became zuan, on p. 53. CEBEK (Twice) 54. They had it. I.q. zuten, into which it was altered in line 6 in 1797. Ind. imp. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. CENDUAN. (4 t.) 10, 13, 15. Thou = you, hadst it. Ind. imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. aux. act. CERADE. (Thrice) 4, 9, 11. Art thou = you? ; Thou = you, art. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense). Verb subst. and aux. intrans. CERADENA. (Twice) 52, 66. That which you = thou, are. I.q. cerade with n rel. nom. decl. nom. pass, na = that which. CERANA. 13. The (fact} that you = thou, are. I.q. cerade in the shortened form, with n conj. = that decl. with the ace. of the def. article. Cf. gera for gerade. Verb subst. na = the (fact) that. CETJDEN. 9. Which were staying. Ind. imp. pi. 3, with n rel. pron. nom. Verb irreg. intrans. egon. CEUDENERA. 19. To that in which they were staying. I.q. ceuden with n rel. in the real locative case, declined in the directive case or accusative of motion. It repeats or specifies the sense of Limlora = to Limbo. That might have been better written Limbo, when the sense would have been "to (the) Limbo in which, jusluac = the just, were waiting." The original runs, " baicican Limbora justuac ceudenera.'' nera = to that in ivhich. CIGUN & TCIGUK (Thrice) 45. He had it to m. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. Though in each place it follows eman, only in 1. 8 is it tcigun. 22 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. CINDUAN. 59. She had thee = you. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. (sing, sense), 2, aux. act. CIRADELA. 20. While they ivere ; they being, in illo tempore. Ind. imp. pi. 3. Verb subst. with la participial. CIRAN. 67. (That] thou (= you) hadst it to me. Ind. imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. intro- duced by cergatic. n conj. may be considered included in the common ending of this form. CITUAN. (Thrice) 17, 28, 53. He had them. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. CITUANA. (Twice) 9. The (fact) that he had them. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act., i.e. cituan, with n conj. understood in the final n (as in ciran) and decl. ace. na = the (fact) that. In 1797 it became cituala. Cf. dagoana, dana, zana, zuana. CITTJANAC. 36. Those which he had. I.q. cituan. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. with its n final serving as rel. pron. ace. pi. decl. nom. pass, nac = those which. CITUEN. (4 t.) 9, 20, 64. They had them. Ind. imp. pi. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. On p. 20 the final n is used as the rel. pron. pi. ace., but on p. 64 as the conj. that ruled by hario. It is a synonym of cituzten, and took that form in 1797 on p. 20. CIUZCUN. 44. He had them to us. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. In 1797 it wrongly became cigun. ZTJALA. 19. While he had it; he having it, in illo tempore. I.q zuan, aux. act. with eclipse of n before la participial. ZUAN & TZUAN. (13 t.) 5, 12, 14, 19, 22, 23, 26, 50, 53. He had it. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. tzuan occurs twice on p. 26, in each place following esan, but became zuan in 1797. Cf. tcigun, zaizca. zana. ZUANA. (Twice) 1, 68. That which he had; the (fact) that he had it. I.q. znan ; the n final serving p. 1 as rel. ace. sing. decl. nom. pass, na = the which; and on p. 68 as the conj. that, decl. ace. na = the (fact) that. On this page it became mala in 1797. Cf. dana, dagoana, -zana, cituana. eTZUEK 54. Had they it not? I.q. zuten. Ind. imp. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. with the negative prefix e, examined in the note on zaizca. Some writers have used negative verbal forms beginning in ezz instead of etz. They must have meant to convey the sound of etz. You know ! epol de Ke -raura /JLe\rjae7aL, o(j)pa reXetratt). (Iliad, i, 523.) DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 23 FYLG THU' MER EFTER! Nya Testamente (Kaupmannahaufn, 1807), p. 381. It will have been seen that the Bask verb is sufficiently steno- graphic to be recommended for economy in telegrams. Ceudenera, for instance, one single word of nine letters, requires seven words, and twenty-eight letters, to translate it into English ; and didala, six letters, needs twenty letters divided between seven words ! Diegu, five letters, swells to as many words in the language of Chaucer. It is probable that none of the above forms is obsolete, and that all of them, except those beginning in did, are included in, or are to be inferred from, one or other of the Dictionaries, Grammars, or Paradigms 1 which have been published. These books, however, do not tell the student where he may see any given form at work. They may enable him to take the words on trust, and to commit them to memory. But, just as we understand a person better when we have visited him or her in his or her 2 workroom and proper sphere of influence ; so the Bask verb can only be really assimilated when located (might one say hered. and nowed.?) and seen reigning from stop to stop on a printed page, like a vox humana in the organ. Let us look at some of the forms gleaned from Irazuztas teaching. Da = it is ; zayo it is to him ; zate ( = zaye} = it is to them ; dirade = they are ; zaizka = they are to him ; det = I have it ; diot = I have it to him ; diet = I have it to them; ditut = I have them ; zaytut = I have you ; dizut = I have it to you ; degu = we have it ; gaitue = they have us. THE RELATIVE FORMS IN THIS BOOK are the most interesting. They are the following sixty-nine : dagoawa, dagoa^aren, dagoawari, dagoawaz, dan, dawa, dawagan, dawarekin, dawean, dauderaak, debaw, dedaw, dedawa, deguw, deguraa, 1 Those of I. de Lardizabals, " Gramatica Yascongada" (San Sebastian, 1856), are the best. This book, however, is responsible (see p. 70, articles 25 and 26) for the blunder of Prince L. L. Bonaparte, which I pointed out in my essay read before this Society in 1898. Lardizabal seems to have had negation upon the brain. On p. 82 he makes it account for ez in the double postposition ez-gero, the absurdity of which I have explained in a note in my edition of the great book of Sebastian Mendiburu, published at San Sebastian in May, 1900. 2 Bask pronouns, being sexless, do not engender any such troublesome red-tapery. 24 DODGSON VERB IN BASK : THE RELATIVE J\ T . dezakedawa, dezuewa, dezuw, dezuwean, didawa, diewak, diguewai, dijoawa, dijoawean, diow, diradew, diradewak, diradewean, diradewen, ditekeaw, dituanak, dituawakgatik, dituawena, dituewak, dituzu^ak, diuzkaw, duaw, duawa, duarcak, duawaren, duawari, duawean, duawena, duew, duewak, gaituewai, gauzkatew, genduaw, genduawa, geradewean, naizawean, eztawa, eztawik, eztakianari, eztituawa, eztuawak, zaiowa, zaizkawak, zawa, zawean, zawetik, zatewai, zaudewa, zeradewa, zeudew, zeudewera, zituawak, zitue^z, zuawa. The analysis in the above Index declares the sense which the context imposes on each of the various endings in these relations. I have had, in speaking of the eight forms ending in nean in the sense of when, to invent a new term, such as time-case, temporal case, time - locative, or locative of time, because the same case- ending may also be used as a common locative, though it is not used so in this catechism. Thus duanean means not only when he has it, but also in that which he has with n as an accusative, and in hint, ivho has it with n as a nominative. Danean is the time-case of dun. The proper locative or inessive case of dan is danagan, the only real locative we have among the relative forms in our book, parallel with Christoganin Christ. This time-case is, of course, the exclusive prerogative of the zeit-wort. It depends on the remarkable casual elasticity of n. The use of n as the conjunction = that does not require so much attention. It will, however, be observed that ceryatic =for -what, in the sense of w/iy, is followed by the verb in the indicative mood, while cergatic = lecaiise has its verb in the conjunctive, with n at the end. This is like the Old English construction " by cause that." I call this use of the n ' superfluous,' because it would not be translated that in modern English, and modern Bask writers seldom use it. The Relative Pronoun N. The relative pronoun JV is common to all the dialects. To my surprise I have found many Basks, who probably would use it quite correctly, ignorant of the rules which I have mined out for the employment of this miraculous letter. Such persons were like M. Xourdain, in Moliere, who had been talking prose all his life without knowing it! Some illogicalities and inconsistencies in Bask books, e.g. in the Refranes of 1596, have resulted from the incompleteness of the grammars upon this head. This relative is not the only one in the language, and is used exclusively as DODGSON THE VERB IN BASK DECLINED. 25 a verbal suffix, serving to unite the form which, it ends to the words which follow. Probably no other language has such a capacious link-letter. It can translate any of the cases of qui, guae, quod, whether singular or plural, with a preposition into the bargain. By its means any verbal form can become a noun sub- stantive, declinable, and to be used as such. The Declension of the Verb. Thus the declension of the verb means the suffixing to it of a case of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun, the two elements being connected, or separated, by means of this protean consonant. By its means an active verb is declined in the passive, or a passive verb in the active ; a verb with an accusative is declined in the nominative, or a verb with, a nominative is declined in the accusative ; a verb in the plural is declined in the singular, or a verb in the singular declined in the plural. The context prevents any possibility of confusion arising in regard to these marvellous products of ancient philosophy. Its Protean Capacities. For the verb is in personal and numerical accordance not only with its subject, but with its accusative, if it be an active verb, and with its indirect object or dative if it have one. The subject puts on its active end if it is the nominative of a transitive verb. But the verb is not merely a respecter of persons who are subjects. It is a time-server to all who obey its laws. If it be passive, it tells you by its dress to what class of persons the indirect objects, or outlanders, committed to its care belong. If it be active, it not only does this, but accuses the objects of what they owe to it by a still further change of raiment if they are directed into the first- or second-class carriages in its electric train or personen-mg. This many-sided sovran, not content with behaving as any verb does towards its subjects, orders new regimentals at once if he has to tell us that he objects directly or indirectly to one or to more than one thing or person. He not only unifies or counts them, but he pronounizes them as well when pronouncing sentence upon them. He is not merely stenographic, but photographic. The least used part of the verbal machinery seems to be that which shows us the 26 DODGSON MANIFOLD POWERS OF THE VERB IN BASK. active rule affecting at the same time you as dative and me .as accusative, or vice versa ; I mean, for instance, such forms as would occur in translating "he gives me to you" or "they committed thee to us." But no member of this class has met us in our present object-lesson. Duana means both celui qui I 'a and celui qu'il a. In the first case the n is nominative, in the second it is accusative = que. The context alone can decide whether the a final, which makes the word the peer of a substantive, is nominative passive or accusative. .Duana da is hv who has it is, or it is that which he has ; and the logic of the surrounding words must decide whether the n in duana so placed means nominative or accusative. Duana du is he has him who has it, or he has that which he has. Here also the n may be nominative or accusative, but the final a can only be the object or accusative under du. The word becomes active by changing a into ok : thus duanak = he who has it or that which, lie has, erre du = has burned (it), shishidoila l = the butterfly. Here, again, n is dependent on circumstances to be freed from ambiguity. Ak can only be the active or agent case, which, as those who know Bask will admit, ought not to be put on the same level as the passive nominative, the latter serving also as accusative. The oldest French Bask Grammar, that of M. Harriet (Bayonne, 1761), suggests the distinction. It would be much better to call it, as Prince L. L. Bonaparte did, simply the active case. It usurps sometimes the functions of the instrumental or mediative case. Thus, on p. 11, Irazuzta has Libratceagatic Jaungoycoac pensamentu gaiztoetatic, where no verb occurs, but the translation is "in order to the delivering (of ourselves) by God (as agent) from the evil thoughts." Jaungoycoaz, the instrumental, would be less reve- rential. Instead of duanaz egina da = it is made by, or through, him who has it, one might say duanak egina da with the same meaning, producing the seeming anomaly of an active nominative in concord with a passive verb, though really qualifying the predicate. From da = he, she, or it is, we get the relative form dan. Articulate or declined passively, this is dana, meaning celui qui Vest no less than celui qu'il est. This serves as nominative to an intransitive verb, as dana betor = let him come who is it, or as accusative to 1 A common word at Mugerre ( frontier - town] , about three miles from Bayonne. The butterfly has about as many different names in Baskland as the water-wagtail in all the Spains. DODGSON VERB IN BASK I THE SUFFIXES Nft AND La. 27 a transitive and active verb, thus dana ikussi du erleak l = the bee has seen him who is it. But in danak we see the form ready for use as an active force ; thus danak = he who is it (being nominated to act), badu = really has, eizagirrea = the hunting -glade. Dituanak may mean those which he has, and serve either as accusative plural to an active form like ditu = he has them, or as nominative passive to an intransitive form like daude = they stay ; and with these meanings its n can only be accusative to ditu. But dituanak can also mean he who has them ; and in this sense both its n and its ok are active nominative cases, and the whole word can be nothing else than the subject of a transitive verb in the singular number. So that dituanak ditu may also render " he who has them has them' 1 Degu is plural, but degunn is singular. Ditu is singular, but dituanak is plural. Zate is singular, but zatenay is plural. Dirade is plural, but diradenean is singular. Dana = All. Dana = that which is, is used in the sense of all (which is} in the singular. "What a man has or is, is his all, all that he can do or be. Some writers have made a plural of it, danak. The real plural, however, is diradenak = (all) those which are. Some others, Cardaberaz for instance, have used the past tense zena for the singular, and ziradenak for the plural, in the sense of all, when referring to time past. Probably no other language makes such a time - comparative of all or any adjective ! The Suffix La. The termination la = that belongs to the conjunctive mood. When used with the imperative it is not to be translated. It sometimes suffices to turn an indicative form into an imperative, or 1 Erie = bee probably comes from er, erre = burnt, burn, which may he a Kabyle word. The hee is the burner, er-le-a, when it stings. Erre = burnt and crri = town are probably the same word, and have the same sound when articulated, for Bask e followed by is often like English e. Towns were made when the primitive forest was burnt. See p. 27 of " Life with Trans- Siberian Savages," by B. Douglas Howard, M.A. (London, 1893.) In Navarra there is a village called errca the burnt. Jn Brandenburg there were and are immense pine forests, easily burnt. One of them contains a village called Brand. Dr. G. Sauerwein informed me that in Norway many place-names seem to be derived from the word meaning burn. Eire, the ancieiit name of Ireland when it had its trees on it, may be Iberian, and mean burnt land. Erri, herri, generally means land, contry. But, like terra in Portuguese, or tierra in Spanish, or pays in French, it is used in the restricted sense of town, city, milage, instead of hiri, iri, Hi, uri, uli, and even for the people, el pueblo, who live in it. It is cr in some compound words, e.g. er-beste, er-dara. DODGSON GIPUSKOAN ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. a conjunctive : thus dute = they have it ; dutela = that they have it. But frequently it is used with the indicative only to convert the form into a participle. I venture to submit for the approval of grammarians a term invented by myself for describing it shortly and vividly, namely " la participial." La participial occurs in Irazuztas book in the following twelve forms : dagoala, dala, degula, dezula, diradela, ditekeala, duala, gerala, zayola, zala, ziradela, zuala. In the other forms it either marks the imperative, or the conjunctive proper, or the indicative introduced by that as a con- junction. La participial assumes the partitive form laric in other books, without enriching its meaning. Superfluous Conjunctive. Relative, non-interrogative, independent clauses introduced by eena and its cases, e.g. ceTiac, cenean, cenari, ceTiarekin, or by cer, ceren, also take the conjunctive superfluously. Nola used in the same way, meaning as that, just as, p. 58, or such as, p. 40, also has the conjunctive after it, just as becela follows the same. On the other hand, after consequential non = that (nun in 1797), originally no-n = in which, the indicative is used, e.g., p. 58, alaco moduan non Jem- Christo guztia dago = in such a way in which ( that} the whole Jesus Christ remains, where dagoan would be more elegant and final. Variations in the Editions. The two first editions of this book ought to be reprinted in facsimile with the Castilian text of Astete between them, as it was known in 1742. The variations between the two, far from being, as Mr. J. Vinson with his usual slipshoddity asserted, a question of orthography, are really dialectal, at least for certain verbal forms. The first is more Biscayan than the other. This is surprising, because on the frontispice (if I may use the old, correct spelling) one is expressly told that Hernialde, three-quarters of an hour on foot from Tolosa, is in the Province of Gipuskoa ! But even as lately as 160 years ago the divergence between the dialects was much less marked than now. LeiQarraga, however, declared in 1571 that Bask differed almost from house to house; and a few years ago Don Jose Urzelai ( = water-mead], a priest settled in Abbadiano, said to me : " Los Bascos saben hablar en el hogar, pero no en la plaza ! " Indeed, a Bask market witnesses a Turanian DODGSON GIPUSKOAN ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. 29 confusion of tongues on the spot. This Euskarian volatility has fatally paved the way for the successful volubility of Castilian as the official language. A house divided against itself cannot stand. The dialect of Eskiula, near Oloron, is almost as unintelligible to the Basks of Orosko as Roumanian to an Algarvean of Silves. Yet some dialects have kept what others have lost. The Accents. I do not attempt here to enlist all the differences in wording and spelling, or to illustrate all the grammatical laws observed in the two editions of Irazuztas translation. The first has no accents. In the second, owing, I think, to the influence of S. Mendiburu, they are very abundant, though no distinction is observable between x and '. That reactionary tendency is very remarkable, because now, a hundred years later, the Gipuskoan writers have entirely abandoned the armour of the accent ! The Tilde. In the first the tilde ~ is almost exclusively used to mark the omission of an en, as in satuare for santuaren. But in a few places it serves to liquify that letter, e.g., p. 1, cena, p. 2, bano, p. 3, ciriatcera and senaleagatic. The Aspirate. The letter h is conspicuous by its absence in the second edition, except in words from Latin like heredero and hostia and in the combination ch. It occurs here and there in the first, e.g., p. 30, honratcea, p. 31, ohostutcea, where it was left out in the second. This letter is no longer used in writing Gipuskoan, though it is found in the editions of J. B. Agirres " Instructions on Confession and Communion," published in 1803 and 1823. It was struck out in the third edition, published at Tolosa in April, 1900. This study is, I fear, already too long and dreary except for aficionados, though it may possibly smooth the road of some future searcher. The revision of the text that had taken place between 1742 and 1797 shows that that purism advised, and rightly too, by Dr. Sauerwein, was already at work. It borders, however, on pedantry, and some of its results were retrograde. Many mis- prints were cast out, but some new ones put in to lower the scale of gain. The form of the answers (J&ranfauten det) was modified in some places for the greater glory of the catechist. 30 DODGSON GIPUSKOAN ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. Ma = ta. The conjunction eta = and occurs, I think, only once in the shortened form ta in the first, but ta is frequent in the second. 0= U. That o sounds u before a is clear when we find guacen in 1742 replaced by goacen in 1797; juan, but dijoanean. M for N. The use of m for n before b is found in Irazuzta as in the earlier writers, e.g., pp. 42 and 43, in etnbidia, from Latin invidia ; p. 42, in mandamenturem bat, changed into n in 1797; p. 12, orrem beste; p. 20, aim beste ; p. 33, urteam bein, printed urtean in 1797; p. 12, onem bat, becoming onen in 1797 ; cem bat, passim but cenbat at least twice, pp. 13, 39, though altered into cembat in 1797. Initial R. It has been said by some that Bask has no words beginning with R. It is true that most of them are of forane origin ; but they are abundant, though mostly given a euphonic er as a prefix by modern writers. Irazuzta has Erromara, pp. 64, 56 ; Erreguina, p. 5, but, p. 40, recibitcen, rastroac, reliquiae, and elsewhere reinua, etc. R for D. The tendency in the Gipuskoan dialect, especially at San Sebastian, is to turn d into r, producing no little confusion in the verb. We have seen above the change of didala into dirala, which might be for diradela ; of didazula into dirazula. But, on the other hand, erocein of the first edition became rightly edocein in 1797 (p. 64). Z=TZ. Bask s never had the lithping sound of Castilian. It is clear that Irazuzta used the letter with the sound of tz. We have seen some proofs of this in the verb-list. Others result from comparing the orthography of the two editions. Thus elcen in the first is eltcen in the second. Certzaz, concientcia, dultcea, artzaz, and erantzuten in the first became respectively cerzaz, conciencia, dulcea, arzaz, and eranzuten in the second. He also used z for the sound of ss in miss. DODGSON GIPUSKOAN BASK IDIOMS. 31 Feminine Words. Among the many falsehoods that have heen printed about Bask two are refuted by a perusal of this book. The first is that the language has no grammatical genders. To say nothing of the common termination in sa, sha, cha, xa still in use in Modern French Bask, as it was in the sixteenth century, to mark the femininity of the noun, like princess from prince in English, and nothing of the forms of the verb used for thee-and- thou-ing female persons, or of words which can only designate females, such as ama mother, we have to note, p. 5 in this catechism, " Espiritu santu agan, Eliza santa Catholica," where santu represents sancto and santa = sanctam. The same thing may be seen in M. Ochoa de Capanagas Biscayan Catechism of 1656. However, p. 3, we find Gurutce santuaren, the masculine agreeing with the Gipuskoan form of cruce, which Lei^arraga wrote cruize. Capanaga and other writers, have also used a masculine and a feminine of ledincatu, bedicatu, and its other varieties, from benedictus, but Irazuzta treats it as a sexless word like the common adjectives. The Numerals. The numerals in Bask take the noun in the singular, as in Old English (or modern 'five-pound note,' 'a two-year-old heifer') and German, and in some cases in Gaelic, e.g. 3 to 10 inclusively, as I learned in Kerry. The number replaces the plural. In Iru gauzataraco for three things the syllable ta is merely euphonic and not a plural sign. One sees the same eta = ta, p. 33, in Pazcoa Resurreciocoetan = on the feast (not feasts) of the Resurrection. The Castilian is par Pasqua Florida. One may compare the ta in onetan = in this (town) in the title of Anns book quoted above. Onen would do as well if it did not produce confusion with onen, the genitive, in the same title. On the other hand, p. 61, eta is a plural sign in Mandamentuetatic and Santarenetatic, and definite to boot. When, however, the noun numbered has to be articulate or determined, it assumes the article in the plural. Thus we find here, p. 3, iru Gurutce = three Cross(es) ; p. 13, lau gauza = four thmg(s) ; but, p. 10, Iru Personetatic cein . . . ? = of the three Persons which . . . ?; p. 35, Leenengo bostac = the five first ; Beste biac = the two other(s)', p. 54, iru Personac = the three Persons] and p. 57, twice, iru persona Divinoac = the three Divine Persons. 32 DODGSON G1PUSKOAN BASK IDIOMS. Si suffixed. It is to be observed that the number bi = two is used at least once postpositively, like bat = one, e.g., p. 62, persona bi = two person(s], and this seems to be the right arrangement. But elsewhere we have, p. 50, bi tempera = two timers), and, p. 54, bi naturaleza => two nature(s). Plural for Singular. P. 34, goseac dagoanari, literally to him or her ivho remains the hungries, i.e. to him or her who is hungry ; and egarriac dagoanari, literally to him (or her) who stays (or is) the thirsties, is a curious case of the use of the plural for the singular. It reminds one of zintzurrak egin, literally to do the throats, i.e. to cut the throat, in d'Urtes Genesis, c. xxii, v. 10. Can goseak and egarriak be the active case, ruling held by understood ? On pp. 47, 48, one has "justiciaren gosea, eta egarria duenac," i.e. "those who have the hunger, and the thirst," where gosea and egarria are substantives. Singular for Plural. The contrary use of the singular for the plural is in the quantitative and interrogative pronouns, e.g., cer etsay = what enemy, dirade are, oriec ? these ? Cein dirade ? = what are they ? not ceinac. Cer gauza dirade Articulu Fedecoac ? The Articles of the Faith, what thing are they? i.e. What thing (not gauzac) are the Articles of the Faith ? Cer gama da Fedea ? What thing is the Faith ? Cembat gauza (not gauzac) bear dirade ? How many thing(s) are needed? This is on the same principle as the use of the numbers. Cembat tempera bear da ? = How much time is necessary ? Cembat ? = how many, how much ? is analytically what one, or a what ? from cein = what and bat = one, an, a. Ditu requires its accusative to be plural, yet in Cembat vorondate ditu Christoc? How many will(s) hath Christ? the object is singular in form as much as if it were bi vorondate = two will(s). Cer parte ditu Penitenciac ? What part(s) hath Penance ? shows a similar idiom with the simple interrogative pronoun. "HODGSON GIPUSKOAN BASK IDH)MS. 33 L'ltin Loan-words. It is always interesting to know how Latin words have fared after entering the service of Bask. 1 In Irazuzta we find Oorputz, from Corpus, now written Gorputz ; 2 Tempora, from Latin, but used as a singular, now written dembora, as it already was in some places in the 1797 edition. Gauza had already replaced causa in 1742, and is by Irazuzta always written without the loss of its final a, e.g. gauza bat = a thing, gauza guztiena = that of all things. Yet some foolish writers have lately curtailed it into gauz, as if the a were the removeable article. Narru Gorria. As might be expected in a Catechism, there are few idiomatic expressions to be noted. Yet one might say much about narru gorrian on p. 34. It means literally in the red skin (larru being a variant of narru, like luncheon for nuncheon), i.e. stark naked, en cueros. Gorri = red (or red-hot) in Bask is almost as rich in its applications as blue in English. KB. The Trinitarian Bible Society, 25, New Oxford Street, London, "W.C., will probably publish a correcter and far cheaper reprint of LeiQarragas Bask New Testament, for popular use and in pocketable form. That of Doctor H. Schuchardt and Herr T. Linschmann reproduces all the misprints of the original and adds a few others: e.g., Matt, xxvi, 18, e do- for edo- ; Acts, iv, 8, hetheric, for betheric, and, in the heading of the preparation for Communion, reecbitu for recebitu. As a specimen of good modern Biscayan prose, the JEsaldiac or Sermons, by Andres Iturzaeta, curate of Ochandiano, published in two volumes in 1900 by F. Elosu, at Durango, must be mentioned. They deserve sincere praise. 1 See a brochure of ten pages by Don Miguel de Unamuno, entitled "Del elemento alienigena eii el idioma vasco," where the etymon of eun, ehun from centum, which I gave him at Bermeo in 1887, is reproduced as if it were his own. I proposed to him centum = kentum, kendion, kennum, hennum, ennutn, enmm, enun, ehun^ eun. 3 Some busybodies have said that this word is only used of corpses or dead bodies, and is derived from gorpu = body and utz empty ! Gorpu is indeed a very empty body, a mere ill ghost-word, as Professor W. W. Skeat would say. 34 DODGSON ORATIO DOMINICA IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. The Lords Prayer was rendered thus, on p. 1, by Arin in 1713: PATER-NOSTERRA. Math, c, 6, a v. 9, usque ad 13. It. Luc. c. 11, d v. 2, usque ad 5 Aita geurea, Ceruetan zaudena : santificatua izan bidi ceure icena. Betor ceure reinua gugana. Eguin bidi ceure vorondatea, nola Ceruan, a la lurrean. Eman eguiguzu egun gueuren egunoroco oguia. Eta bareatu eguizcutzu gueure zorrac, gueuc gueren zordunai barcatzen diegun becela. Eta tentacioan erorten eutzi ez gaizatzula. Baicican libra gaitzatzu gaitcetic, Amen. And by Irazuzta : In 1742. In 1797. Pater nosterra. Pater Nosterra. Aita gnrea, Ceruetan zau A itugurea, Ceruetan zaudena: dena : santificatua izarabidi zure sautificatua izan bedi zure icena. Betor gugana zure reinua. Icena: betor gugana zure Eguimbidi zure vorondatea, nola Reinua : eguin bedi zure voron- Ceruan, ala lurrean. Eman datea, nola Ceruan, ala lurrean : eguiguzu egun gueren egun egun iguzu gure eguneroco eroco oguia. Eta bareatu oguia : eta barca guizquigutzu eguiuzcutzu gure zorrac, guc gure zorrac, guc gure zordunai gueren zordun ai barcatzen barcatcen diegun becela : eta diuztegun bezela. Eta ez ez gaitzatzula utci tentacioan gaitzatzula utci tentacioan erorten : baicican libra gaitzazu erorten : baicican libra gaitzatzu gaitcetic. Amen Jesus, gaitcetic. Amen Jesus. The hybrid Pater nosterra, inherited from Capanaga, was duly altered in 1797 into Aita gurea = the Our Father on pp. 13, 21, where the Prayer is referred to. One cannot study a Catechism for linguistic purposes without noticing what is, and what is not, taught therein. In this book, as in all earlier Bask Catechisms, all forbidding of bull-fights, or human fights and wars, and other forms of barbarism and cruelty, or the circulating false coins, is as absent as any mention of the Papal Opinion about the Conception of St. Mary the Virgin. It is true that in the Maria Santissimaren Letania, which concludes the book, the invocation "Mater Immaculata, Ora," was inserted in 1797 after " Mater Intemerata." But immaculota there may describe merely the post-natal state of the Holy Mother. On p. 10 Irazuzta put the Queiy and Reply, " D hat is the signal of DODGSON VARIOUS NOTES ON G1PUSKOAN BASK. 35 the Christian? The Holy Cross." On p. 21 the Basks were taught " 1 ask. Who is the Holy Father? / answer. He is the Supreme Pontiff of Home, Christs Yicar on earth, to whom these-all (of us) we remain obliged to obeying." The words Sumo Pontifice Erromacoa were left out as superfluous in 1797. It would be well if the Pope would add in all catechisms, after the Commandments of the Church, the " New Commandment" of his Lord, iva a^aTraTc oX\r;Xov?. It might assume this anagrammatical form in those for English-speakers : " In what does Christianity consist? 'Tis in Charity ! " " What is there in Christianity f Charity ' in it ! " CIIRISTIANI Hh SI SINT CARL P.S. In the Index to these " TRANSACTIONS" for the year 1898 the following corrections must be made : P. 544, 1. 8. For " Eire-land, Basque, its national tongue," read " Eireland, Bask mentioned in a book on its national tongue." I did not say that Bask was, though it may have been, the tongue of Iberian Hibernia or Eire. P. 544, 1. 31. For " 504 " read " 505." P. 545, 1. 23. For " Leic,arraga's " read "Dodgsons." P. 545, 1. 33. For " Ireland, national tongue of a Basque," which makes no sense at all, read "Eireland, the national tongue of." P. 546, 1. 20. For " 504 " read " 505." In my article in the same volume I asked, "What is to become of the Princes Ba^k books ? " I am permitted by their owners, Messrs. Harvey Preen and T. J. Garlick, of 17, Basinghall Street, London, E.G., to state that they cio not wish to separate them from the rest of the collection. They desire to sell this as a whole. Their price is 4,500. The Library lies useless in a store-room. Will no wealthy friend of Linguistic Science redeem it from this sad enterment, and present it to the British Museum or some English University ? Prince L. L. Bonaparte is meant. With the change of Ipuscoa (as it was written 300 years ago) into Gipushoa, compare Gurwnea, now Urumea the river at Donostia, and Gibaya a river in the Province of Santander, evidently an old form of modern Bask Hay a = the river. 36 DODGSOX NOTE ON THE GIPUSKOAN CAPITAL. The name of San Sebastian, the modern capital of Gipuskoa, is Donostia in modern Bask, from Dominus (used in Bask in the sense of Saint] and a contraction of Sebastian, the name of the p itron. In the "Acts of the Privy Council of England" for 1542-47, the town is called " S. Sebastians," and " Saynt Sebastians." Peter Heylyn, in his MIKPOKO2M02 (Oxford, 1625), also has, p. 54, "Saint Sebastians." Here the final * represents a genitive, and implies town to complete the sense. This shows that St. Palais, in French Baskland, took its name from St. Palai = Pelayo, when the English occupied that part of Aquitaine. Heylyn, in his Cosmographie (London, 1652), p. 221, has " S. Sebastians (Don Bastia as the vulgar call it)." In Les Delices de V Espagne f du Portugal .... par Don J. Alvarez de Colmenar (a, Leide, 1707), p. 80, there is an engraving of the town, and another in his Annales (Amsterdam, 1741). King Charles II of England visited it in 1659. See Revolutions d'Angleterre, par M. de Bordeaux (Paris, 1670), p. 190. Kimes in Labourdin Bask -written at Elche on the eve of the total eclipse of the sun, 27th May, 1900 : Hilabetez hilla Monthly to be dead Oi da Hilargia ; The Month-light is wont ; Hoztatu ducna The Sun is indeed JBaita Eguskia. That which hath chilled her ! Ta du Eguskia And doth Mortification Hildural: letetzen. Fill the Sun, Noizeta, hark ducna Whenever, that which drgitzcn, arkitzen He doth enlighten, find Ducn Artekoa He doth in the Way between Sere ta Lurraren ; Himself and the Earth ; Mariaz Orrilla The Leaf-Month (May] with Mary Asi eta askenzen ? Begun and ending ? Mariaren gatik (No ! 'twas) for Marys sake Hil zan Eguskia ; The Sun did die ; Hilargia gatik For the Moons sake Egin du Corona. He hath made the Corona ! Crislo launa Bera Christ the Lord Himself Illun du Mariak ! Hath been darkened by Mary ! Gizonak duena That which Man hath Izartu du launak ! The Lord hath bestarred ! EDWAKD SPENCEK DODGSON. An offprint of 150 copies from the TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, February 22, 1901. STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, PRINTERS, HERTFORD. 37 VENOMS ANTIDOTE: BEING A REPLY TO DOCTOR SCHUCHARDTS CRITICISM ON MY LEICARRAGAN STUDIES. N.B. In this essay 6'. means Dr. H. Schuchardt of Graz ; 0. = J. Calvin ; L. J. Lei9arraga. DR. SCHTJCHARDT, in his Introduction to his reprint of Lei^arragas Books, publishes some remarks affecting some little works of my own concerning the Bask New Testament of 1571. They are most unfair. They would have been more legitimate if they had been published in some Revue or Zeitschrift, as my own essays were. But he has placed them where they will meet the eyes of all who read any surviving copy of his edition of that book for centuries to come ; and, though he gives references to the publications in which my real or supposed blunders are to be found, he has not taken the precaution to quote the context in those places where my own interpretation is criticized ; and yet his readers cannot criticize him without referring to such context. Many of them will, no doubt, accept his dogmata as infallible, and look no further into the question. In the other places I am referred to as if I were the printer, the actual compositor of my contributions to the four forane reviews which published them for me. The blame which belongs to their printers is thrown upon me as author. S. shudders, I hope, as much as I do at all misprints, especially when they mar his own work. He gives us a list of those which he had detected in his reprint of L.'s books before it came out. But those who compare this with the original edition will enlarge the list. It is a tedious business. But here are the details of my defense against this ungracious attack. The pages in italic are those of S. On pp. xii and xiii he refers to my work on St. Peters Epistles, written when I was a mere tiro in Bask. I much regretted its too hasty publication, and wondered how the Editor of the Revue de Linguistique, where it appeared (Tomes xxiii and xxiv), allowed so many blunders to pass without warning me or my readers. I had two proofs to correct for the second part of it, 38 CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. pp. 262-277; but only one for the others. The third part (pp. 43-48 of Tome xxiv) was meant to correct some of my own mistakes and those of the printer. But the editor himself states there that he did not publish the whole of it : and a supplementary corrigenda which I sent in was altogether rejected. Otherwise S. would have seen that the corrections, which he has correctly made, had been anticipated by myself. If he visits El Ateneo in Barcelona, he will find my own copy of those tomes, corrected with my own hand in the places which justly excited his sharp dissent. As for R. de Z., t. xxiv, p. 46, the line 10, " pour " emend- amendutara " lisez " emendamentura," contains a misprint in the final word. It should be " emendamendutara." Anyone knowing the original and turning to t. xxiii, p. 178, can see that what I was trying to correct was the printing of the word in italic, which was a caprice of the compositor. I never doubted that " eraendamendutara" was the correct form of the word. Dr. S. is disingenuous here, or extraordinarily stupid ! On p. 48 of t. xxiv of R. de L. the reader finds " ohortfeflftM." As for ohoritzague (p. xiii), S. or his printer puts it all in italic. Yet a glance at the place where this correction was meant to be made, shows that what I sent to the printer was olaoT&ifaague. In jumping from Roman (steilsehrift] to cursive (schragschrift] the compositor left out the a. In t. xxv of R. de L., p. 165, the editor took the liberty, without consulting me, of ordering his printer to change my words "as beautiful as can possibly be" into "more beautiful than," etc., completely spoiling the idiomatic force of the Souletin ecin haloro eger. He has twice rejected my request that his readers should be told that the disorder of the quotations under quten in t. xxxii, pp. 254-257, did not exist in the proof which I corrected. It is an extreme case of the mischievousness of printers devils. On p. xii we are told " In der ' Euskara ' hat auch E. S. Dodgson selbst verschiedcne Stiicke abgedruckt." I deny that ! My share in the publication referred to was to send to the German editor a copy of the text, and to correct in presence of the original the proof which I received from him. I did not dbdrucken the articles or set up the type of the Euskara paper. I never went to Berlin until 1899. I much regret not having learnt the art of typography. The corrections made by S. in this case also are correct. But he would see that I had marked them years ago on my own copy of Euskara : and CONTRK UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 39 Herr T. Linsclimann, his colleague, who was then the sub- editor thereof, will recollect my sending him a corrige for the corrigenda which he never returned or published. Misprints will occur, even in corrigenda. They are the painful purgatory of all authors ; but are as inevitable as the pulgatorio which is the plague of travellers in Spain. S. refers, p. xii, to the misprints with which the Euslcalerria review at San Sebastian in Spain disgraced my copy of one of L.'s appendices. The copy when it left my hands was quite correct. I sent a list of corrections to the editor. He did not publish them. Everyone knows that the JEuskalerria (= Basic-land) is by no means a careful or scientific Revista. It has done much harm to Bask by publishing pieces in that tongue ungrammatically written, incorrectly spelt, and devoid of literary merit, to say nothing of imperfect translations and its apparent preference for Castilian. !N"o doubt its Editor, who inhabits the Angels house, thought to do good service to Catholicism by making the work of a Protestant look incorrect. I sent him about the same time a copy of L.'s Advertimendua. It was neither published nor returned. On p. Ixxviii, S. asserts that I assume that L. stuck exclusively to the French text of J. Calvin in making his version. I have never said anything more conclusive or exclusive on the point than this, that as a general rule he clings to it most faithfully. He certainly does ! and to such an extent that certain misprints and the use of italic are directly transferred from the French to the Bask. But a perusal of my notes to the published and unpublished parts of my long work on the Leigarragan verb will convince any lover of the truth that I have neglected nothing which tends to show that L. was no slavish, blind follower of C., who died seven years before this Bask classic came out. I have in a good many places referred to the Greek and Latin texts which I think he consulted. The Basks are fanatically Catholic, almost disagreeably religious, and detest C. as much as all loyal monarchists hate Oliver Cromwell, but with less cause. For that reason they are inclined to underrate the great literary merit of L. So strong is this feeling that one of the most learned Bask priests, Canon Inchauspe, the well-known author, while most kindly replying to my numerous questions concerning Testamentu Berria, refused to accept the dedication of one of the parts of my work on the verb used therein, because it was Calvinian ! It was partly to combat that prejudice, which confounds grammar with religion, 40 CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. that I have sought to magnify any discrepancies that can be found between the French of C. and the Bask of L. S. does not seem to have seen this, for he quotes my notes on 1 John, ii, 25 ; iii, 1 ; and v, 10, which I inserted on purpose to show L.'s infidelity to or independence of C., as if they were an argument against myself. No ! they were put there as exceptions to prove the rule. And S., while seeking to wound me, finds himself caught in my own camp ! Upon my note on 1 John, iii, 1, S. says, "Ebenso verhalt es sich Joh. 1, iii, 1 (422 1 ), wo nach Dodgson a. a. 0. S. 24 L. ' infidele ' ist, wegen ezgaitu\ vgl. y/ua?, nos : vous (Luther : eucJi}" It is possible that many readers of the introduction, where these words occur, will find them as unintelligible as they appear here, completely separated from their context; and that someone will doubt if S. knows that vous and tuck do not translate ?}/*? and nos I Here, again, if the readers do not know the difference between ezgaitu and etzaitu, and do not consult the texts of C. and L., and my brochure on St. Johns Epistles (1893) with quotations therefrom, they will perhaps think I am responsible for the obscurity of S. Let Luther and C. say euch and vous \ L. translated ^a? and nos. And that is what my note says clearly. S. has not removed the need of it. Again, as to my note on p. 6 of my work on the Epistles to St. Timothy (1895), S. by his comment shows that it was quite in its place. On p. 7 of the same I say " (s'amusans ne traduit pas behatzen}." S. says that this shows that I am not familiar with the French of the sixteenth century. But I put it there to show that I was ; and to warn Bask readers that three centuries have made a difference in their language as well as in French. No Bask would now, in the twentieth century, translate modern s'amusans by behatzen, or modern behatzen by s'amusans. Experientia doceat ! In view of my remarks on eztitecen beha, pp. 39 and 53, S. had no right to accuse me of not knowing that s'amuser used to mean the opposite of modern amusement. On p. 14 of the same work I say that LeiQarraga does not translate Vuwge in the summary of 2 Tim. iii. His word is proletchua, which, as anyone can see, is ' Castilian provecho with the Bask article a = the ; just as ephantchua = the hindrance, the obstacle, is from Castilian empacho. I was not ignorant of the fact that usage may bear the usurers sense of profit. But that is not its usual sense in C.'s New CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 41 Testament. I think the word will be found there in some places where L. has not rendered it by proletchu, but by some such word as ussanza or ussaya, as in modern Bask. A modern Bask would not translate proletchu by usage, though he might take it to mean pauvret. L. did not translate the body or outward form of I'usage, but rendered its particular sense in this place more precise by putting probetchua for the soul of it. Ussaya, ussanza, would have been word for word, but would have deceived the Bask reader. Usage may have a bad sense. But proletchu to a Bask is good. Moreover, in the verse 16, to which the summary directs attention, C. has profitable, and L. has the unprofitable word probetchable, which has no need or right to pass into usage. L. saw Vusage in the summary; but he saw profitable in v. 16, and showed good taste in profiting by its presence to justify the rejection of an ambiguous usage. I read that part of C.'s text carefully while preparing my Concordance to " Timothy," and that fact alone shows what I meant in saying "L. ne traduit pas V usage" My note was not explicit enough for S. ; but he had no right to base on it an accusation that I am unfamiliar with the usages of sixteenth- century French ; though I have not studied it, probably, so thoroughly as he has. Here also I was trying to convince Bask readers that they must be prepared to sever L. from their prejudice against C. On p. Ixxix S. says that I misunderstand Bask akio because on p. 5 of my book on Timothy, in quoting 1, iv, 13, " aquio iracurtzeari," and its equivalent in the French, " sois attentif a la lecture," I say " (on a omis attentif dans le Basque)." S.'s note on this note seems to imply that he thinks I meant to accuse the Bask translator, or his printer, of a fault, of unduly leaving something out ; and proceeds to say, what is perfectly obvious, and what was the very point of my note, that " aquio ist so viel wie sois attentif, attende, Trpoae^e (vgl. sei drauf aus)." One really feels obliged to say, " Go for Dr. S. ! be at him ! set upon him ! but dont pay attention to him ! " The two other quotations containing aquio on the same page of my book show clearly that the essential meaning of aquio is " be thou to it," and that it need not, and cannot, always mean that which I meant to poiut out that it does mean, by an elleipsts, in this particular place. Anyone seeing " aquid" translating " sois attentif a," and knowing that the proper meaning of it is "sois a," can see that the Bask translates attentif by dropping 42 CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. it. My note says that! S 's comment thereon says the same! But how many of those who read the latter will see the former ? Hence my charge of disingenuousness against S. My reply to him is therefore " iarreiqui aquio iustitiari = pourchasse iustice " (2 Tim. ii, 22). My works on the Epistles of St. John and those of St. Paul to St. Timothy appeared in the Actes de la Societe Philologique at Paris, Tomes xxii and xxv, and in an offprint therefrom of fifty copies ; and are to be found in the British Museum. I take this opportunity of requesting that on p. 21 of the work on St. John these words may be added at the bottom : " 1, i, 1, . . . , ENCUN vkan duguna, gure beguiez IKUSSI vkan duguna, CONTEMPLATU vJcan duguHtt^ , ce que nous auons ouy, ce que nous auons veu de nos yeux, ce que nous auons contemple." They are parts, each complete in itself, of a work meant to embrace the whole of the Leigarragan verb, and to enable the beginner, if he can but read French (which I chose as likely to attract a wider range of readers in France and Spain, between which contries the Basks find themselves wedged in and cut in twain, than my native English), to dispense with imperfect grammars and dictionaries such as those of Van Eys, and see for himself why L. translated C. as he did, and what and how many forms of the verb he used in doing so, and where and how many times each of these may be seen at work. The longest part that has appeared is now in very slow course of publication in the Revue de Linguistique at Paris. I have unfortunately been allowed only one proof to correct before publication. This has also been read and assailed by S. He says, p. Ixxxiv, that on p. 70 of t. xxxii I gave a false definition of citudn. He is right. I am not incapeable (surely this is the right, as it was the old spelling, to keep the cap in captivity) of making mistakes any more than S. But, as I dis- tinctly say it is masculine, it is from sheer bad faith that he says I took it for cituen \ I thought of Gipuskoan cituan. I thought of the forms in J. P. Dartayetas useful "Guide ou Manuel" (three editions, at Bayonne), citizcan, citian, citucan, and cituyan. No doubt L. used here an old form of cituyan, unless his printer erred. The correction shall be made by reading substantif for possessifiu the definition, and the suppression of the note about ciraden and erdara, which was not to the point. I thank S. for that real correction. On p. 29 of R. de Z., t. xxxi, I said that in St. Mark, ix, 43, the : before gehennara was a mistake on the part of Haultin, or Hautin, who printed L.'s books, and I referred to vv. 47 and CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 43 48 of the same chapter and on the same page, to prove my assertion. Anyone can see that my accusation is right ; for, if the : were necessary in that place in v. 43, it surely would be equally so in the others where the same phrase is repeated (the intervention of suco in v. 47 not aifecting the sense). Yet what does S. say on pp. cvi and cvii of his einleitung ? He wilfully misunderstands me, and speaks as if I were referring to the punctu- ation between Jiura and hobe, which happen to stand next to one another in each of the three verses indicated and justify another note on the printing ! I advise no one to send any manuscript to S. without keeping a copy, if he wishes not to be misquoted. He has stated that I have a good knowledge of Bask (it is not perfect, and always slipping back for want of practice and absence from Bask company), and that I might become the mittelpunkt for studies which concern it. In 1893 I said in the Introduction to my aforesaid work on St. John, u A new and correcter edition of Lei^arraga is absolutely indispensable in order to popularise and elevate Bascological studies. Who will pay for it ? " In 1895 S. wrote to me to ask if I coud myself defray the cost of a new edition of L. The Imperial Academy of Sciences at Vienna deserves the warmest thanks of all scholars for providing the funds needed for that laudable under- taking. Progress in Bask is only possible by going backward. In spite of his crooked method of warfare, I am much bounden to S. for calling the attention of his readers to my essays on Leiqarragas Bask. However little they satisfy myself, I meant them to serve to stimulate intelligent examination of so splendid and interesting a model ; and scholars like Dr. G. Sauerwein, of Banteln, Hannover, and Professor E. Picot, of Paris, have testified to their usefulness. S. has stated that "it is not to his interest" that I should publish any more of them ! For this compliment much thanks ! EDWARD SPENCER DODGSON. London, Candlemas Day, 1901. I take this opportunity of thanking Mr. W. J\ Yan Eys for giving me a copy of his " Bibliographic des Bibles et des Nouveaux Testaments en Langue Franchise des XV me et XYI me Siecles, par W. J. Yan Eys" (Geneve, 1900). It serves as a guide to some editions on which Lei^arraga based his translation. I have also to thank Mrs. Bywater, the wife of the Professor of Greek at Oxford, for a copy of the reprint of Leigarraga; and Dr. E. W. Bullinger, for a copy of Calvins French Bible printed at Amsteldam in 1635. 44 REDE ME AND BE NOT WROTHE ! (Ro>/). BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY, 146, Queen Victoria Street, London, JS.C. MY DEAR MR. DODGSON, Lest I should miss you when you call at the Bible Society I write these few lines for you. I am greatly interested in this literary work in connection with the Bible which you have undertaken, but I must at once say that it is the kind of work that the Society would not undertake. Their business is the publication of the Scriptures without note or comment, and anything beyond this would, in accordance with their fundamental laws, be a misappropriation of the funds entrusted to them. It is surely possible, however, to have this most important work published. It is not the kind of work that will pay directly, but in the sum-total of knowledge indirectly. And there is one man on my sub-committee, namely Dr. Gust, who has a great deal of influence with several learned societies in London, and, if you wish, I will support in the strongest manner any proposal you may make for its publication. Dr. Gust is at present at Felixstow, in Suffolk, but I shall be very glad to forward any letter you may address to him, with a covering letter from myself. So very few patient labourers are working out-of-the-way questions like those to which you are devoting so much labour, that it cannot be but some means will be found for the publication of what you have devoted so much labour to produce. Believe me, dear Mr. Dodgson, yours T6 'I ^"'Jon 07 W. WRIGHT. August 20, 1897. M. E. Picot, the well-known Polyglot, wrote to me with reference to " Le Verbe Basque Trouve et Defini dans 1'iEpitre de St. Jacques" 1 : " J'ai eu le plaisir de recevoir la suite de votre Verbe Basque. C'est a vous que je dois maintenant de connaitre quelques mots Euscariens." Dr. Sauerwein wrote to me, November 30, 1899, from Burg in Spree wald, where I had shortly before met him and begun to learn "Wendish : "Dear Sir, I have looked through your interesting little grammatical dictionary, as one might call it. It would almost seem desirable tbat you should have amplified it, so as not merely to embrace all the verbal forms of one translation, but so fur as possible all occurring in the language. Still, even limited as it is, it is a valuable means, to a beginner, of mastering many, at first sight, frightening 'impossibles.' How anyone could purposely refuse acceptance of such an useful 'janua' (Latin), kindly presented by a learned 'jauna' (Basque), seems inconceivable. 2 How those dear people disfigure their language with foreign additions ! Eor them a little scion of our purism, growing far too exuberantly in Germany, might be desirable and useful." 1 Published July 2, 1899. It analyzes 151 forms of the verb. There are 200 copies of it, and some still on sale. 2 The Librarian of the University of Goettingen had refused to accept it as a gift to the library under his charge. I have to thank eleven other librarians in Germany for buying it. 150 copies privately printed, February 22, 1901. STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, PRINTERS, HERTFORD. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 YB 00088 393129 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY