v 
 
 VERB IN THE SECOND BOOK 
 
 CO 
 
 '00 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 QQ 
 
 IN 
 
 GIPUSKOAN BASK, 
 
 E S. DODGSON. 
 
 PRINTED 1?Y 
 
 STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, HERTFORD. 
 
 February 2:4, 1V01. 
 
oninr IP 
 
 L 
 
THE VERB IN THE SECOND BOOK IN 
 GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 By EDWARD SPENCER DODGSON. 
 
 efre yXucraai, Trav<rovrai- (1 Cor. xiii, 8), sine lingua cessabunt. 
 
 WAENED by Saint Paul that languages will pass away, and finding 
 a special though melancholy interest in such which have ceased 
 to be spoken, even as Cornish did in the last century, the 
 Philologist ought to aim at preserving all that may still be found 
 out about any which are in danger. Assyrian and Etruscan are 
 interesting in much the same way as a collection of implements 
 from the age of stone. But a language like Bask is important and 
 instructive in the same way that the machinery of Signor Marconi, 
 and his imitators and rivals, is. It is destined to convey the 
 thoughts of men who will live in the twentieth century. It has 
 some, however little, hope in it. The oldest known book in any of 
 the dialects of a language that is threatened with death, such as 
 Ainu, Finnish, Manx, Maori, Roumansch, or Wendish, deserves 
 especial attention. For such a work shows us how the dialect was 
 written in the most youthful period of its life of which we possess 
 any record. It must be respected as an incunabulum. Bask, or 
 Seushara, is in a state of decadence. I recognize it with sorrow. 
 The Basks, or HemTcara-holders as they are called in their own 
 speech, Jleuslcal-dunak, are responsible for this themselves, as 
 two of their best writers in the eighteenth century, Cardaberaz 
 and Larregi, boldly told them. The clergy are the chief culprits 
 in the matter. They are now Heuskar a '-losers ! If Heuslcara be 
 spoken and written a hundred years hence, I fear it will be so 
 spoiled by a " corrupt following " of erdarisms, that it had better 
 not have lived to be so old, and one might well chant to its 
 memory the lilting lines of "the German Mezzofanti," Dr. G. I. J. 
 Sauerwein, of the University of Goettingen, on The Death of 
 a Language. 1 The dialect of the Provincia de Gipuskoa has some 
 
 1 See his brochure entitled ' ' Au dernier moment. Postscriptum du Livre des 
 Salutations," etc. (Leipzig, 1889.) 
 
THE 17 TH & is CENTURIES. 
 
 claim to be considered the best, and may be treated as a standard 
 specimen. It is the most central and the most beautiful, especially 
 as spoken by its oldest and most unlearned owners. It possesses 
 the largest number of printed books. But one wonders what the 
 Ipuscoani were about in "the dark backward and abysm of time " 
 that lies behind the production of the oldest 1 of them. The other 
 dialects can boast of firstborns in the sixteenth century, though all 
 were then already sadly mammocked in the mouth. The booklet 
 
 1 The oldest known book in Gipuskoan Bask is entitled "Doctrina Christianaren 
 Explicacioa Villa Franca Guipuzcoaco onetan euscaraz itceguiteudan moduau Erri 
 Noble onen instanciaz escrivitu ccban bemren Vicario, eta Capellan D. JOSEPH 
 OCHOA de ARINEC : Pueblo onetaco Aurray iracasteco. DEDICATCEN 
 DIO Erri Ilustre oni Cartilla au. ETA Villa Francaco Erriac consagratcen dio 
 bere Patrona Soberana MARIA Santissima Asswnpciocoari. Urte IHS 1713. 
 DOXOST1AN: PEDRO de UGARTE, ren Echean." Of this the British 
 Museum possesses a perfect copy, boug-ht for 3 10s. 0f. on the 29th of 
 December, 1863, at the Standish sale. Its cote or press-mark is 3506. aa. 28. 
 It is less important than the Doctrina of Irazuzta (= fern-harvest] inas- 
 much as, having never been reprinted, it represents only a momentary phase 
 in the life of the language. This copy is not mentioned by Mr. J. Vinson 
 in his Bibliographic de la Langue Basque (Paris, 1891 & 98). There, under 
 the number 5, he refers to two others, which lack apparently the three 
 pages, at the end of that in the Museum, containing the ''FEE DE 
 ERRATAS, Que se kalian en esta Cartilla impressa." With reference to 
 these twain, M. Vinsou wrote to me on the 14th November, 1900: " Les 
 proprietaires des Nos. 42. b. et 45 lie m'ont pas autorise a vous donner leurs 
 noms ; leurs Bibliotheques ne sout pas publiques, et ils ne veulent pas qu'ou 
 puisse venir les enuuyer. Je ne connais aucun exemplaire du 42. a." The 
 book dated 1691, numbered 42. a. in M. Vinsons catalog, appears to be 
 quite lost. It was the earliest book in Bask, if not the first known book, 
 among those imprinted in San Sebastian, the modern capital of Gipuskoa. Its 
 printer seems to have been the same Pedro de Ugarte, though he then spelt the 
 name Huarte. But, being in Biscayan, it does not concern the present essay. 
 The author, N. de Zubia (= the bridge, literally two-tree, as bridges in Baskland 
 often are), as Don J. M. Bernaola of Durango told me, "era de esta villa." 
 Now Durango is in the heart of Biscaya. The interesting Biscayan catechism 
 of Zubia is only known by a reprint included in a book by J." de Lezamis, 
 numbered 42. b. by M. Vinson, printed in Mexico in 1699, and dedicated to 
 the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Santiago de Galicia. With 
 reference to this, the keeper of the archives of that church, known to literature 
 as the author of a novel in Gallego, A Tecedeira de Bonaval, kindly sent me 
 the following note (received 12th November, 1900) : "En la biblioteca de este 
 Cabildo, ni en la de este Seminario no se conserva ningun ejemplar de la obra 
 de Lezamis de que V. habla. Lo que comunico a V. autorizandole para que 
 de ello haga el uso que le parezca. Suyo afmo s.s. q.b.s.rn. Antonio Lopez 
 Ferreiro." It is not in the British Museum either. One finds there, however, 
 another book by the same writer ; his Breve relacion de la vida y muerte del 
 Senor D. F. de Aguiar y Seyxas, etc. ; Mexico, 1699. (4986. bbb. 8.) 
 
 The booklet of Zubia, reproduced from Lezamis, was published in La Revue 
 de Linguixtique in 1888 (not '87 as M. Vinson says), with too many misprints. 
 The British Museum possesses the Doctrina of Astete printed at Burgos in 1766 ; 
 and the translation of it by Irazuzta published at Tolosa in 1826. As this 
 booklet has the same number of pages as the editions of the eighteenth century, 
 the following index serves in some measure for it also, though it likewise is 
 unpaginated. 
 
DODGSON GIPUSKOAN CATECHISM OF IRAZUZTA. 3 
 
 of Don Juan de Irazuzta, though in date only the second known, 
 is yet a noteworthy landmark or monument. For it introduces the 
 golden age of Gipuskoan, which may be considered closed with the 
 death of J. I. de Iztueta in the year 1845. It is weighty as 
 belonging to the period that elapsed between the publication by 
 the great Don Manuel de Larramendi of his El Impossible Vencido 
 in 1729 and that of his Diccionario Trilingiie in 1745. Its title is: 
 " DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA EGUINZUANA ERDARAZ. Aita Gaspar Astete 
 Jemitac. IPINIDU EUSQUERAZ. D. Juan de Irazuzta, 
 Erretore Hernialdecoac, cena dan Provintcia Guipuzcoacoan, 
 bere Feligresiaco aurrari Doctrina eracusteco, eta anaditcen dio 
 Encarnacioco, eta Eucaristiaco mysterioen esplicacioa, baita ere 
 confesio on baten condicioac, eta Acto Fedeco, Esperantzaco, eta 
 Caridadecoac. Imprimitudu Iruneco Ciudadean. Urte 1742. 
 Licenoia necessarioquin" That is to say, "The Christian Doctrine 
 which Father Gaspar Astete made in Erdara (i.e. Romance or 
 Castilian). Don Juan de Irazuzta, 1 Rector of Hernialde, which 
 is in the Province of Gipuskoa, has put it into Eusftera (i.e. Bask) 
 to teach the Catechism to the child (sic) of his parish, and adds 
 thereto the explanation of the mysteries of the Incarnation and 
 of the Eucharist, yea, and also the conditions of a good confession, 
 and the Acts of Faith, Hope, and Charity. He has printed it in 
 the city of Pamplona, year 1742, with necessary licence." This 
 book was doubtless often reprinted during the next fifty-five years. 
 The only known copy of it is preserved in the Royal Public 
 Library in Berlin, within a stones throw of the statue of Wilhelm 
 yon Humboldt. Its press-mark is H 8764. An edition, which 
 we must count as the second, appeared with altered title in 1797 
 at Tolosa, the capital, till 1866, of Gipuskoa. Of this, the only 
 known copy is to be found in the same collection. It bears the 
 press-mark H 8762, and a printed note to say that it is "Ex 
 libris a Guilelmo L. B. de Humboldt 2 legatis" The books are 
 numbered 62. a. and 62. b. respectively in the ' Bibliographie ' of 
 Mr. J. Yinson; in which it will be seen that the titles are not 
 rightly copied. The original books contain 72 pages each, but 
 
 1 Don Lucas Alvarez, the present Rector of Hernialde [= side (of Mount) 
 Hernio] told me that D. Juan Francisco de Irazuzta ta Urkisu, born at 
 Hernialde on the 5th of May, 1687, was Eector there from 1718 till 1753, when 
 he was promoted to the adjoining living of Alkisa. 
 
 2 For some account of the visit paid to Baskland by this learned speech - 
 explorer, see " Guillaume de Humboldt et L'Espagne," by Professor Arturo 
 Farinelli, of Innsbruck. (Paris, 1898.) 
 
 O Q 1 O Q 
 
4 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 these are not numbered. 1 Considering the enormous influence 
 which continual reprints of this work have had upon the Gipuskoan 
 language, I now step on to what I feel sure that the patient 
 members of the Philological Society will appreciate and overstand, 
 if I may coin the verb ; and I ask them to imbook it in their 
 Transactions ; namely, 
 
 AN INDEX TO THE 207 FORMS OF THE VERB USED IN 
 THE CATECHISM OF IRAZUZTA IN 1742, 
 
 Showing the Alterations observed in the Edition of 1797, the 
 Parsing and Translation of each Form, and the Number of Times, 
 and the Pages on which, it occurs. 
 
 EARYM MODVM FORMAMQVE DEMONSTRATE. 
 
 (C. Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico, V, Cap. 1.) 
 
 BETOR. (Twice) 4, 23. Let it come. Imperative sing. 3rd 
 person. From the irregular intransitive verb etor or etorri. (Ml 
 Arte del Bascuenze in El Impossible Vencido, p. 168.) 
 
 BIDI. (4 times) 4, 23, 24 (bedi in the second edition). Let it 
 be. Imp. sing. 3 pers. intrans. auxiliary. (El Arte del B., p. 159.) 
 
 DA. (117 t.) 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 
 23, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 
 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68. It is. 
 Indie, pres. sing. 3. Verb substantive and auxiliary intransitive. 
 The root of all forms attributed to the verb subs, and aux. 
 intrans. is izan = been. See the note on du. 
 
 2 DADUCA. 63. He holds it. Indie, pres. sing. 3, with accu- 
 sative sing. Verb possessive irregular eduki or iduki. 
 
 2 DADUCAN. 26. (That) he holds it. I.q. daduca with the 
 conjunctive termination n superfluously added, introduced by 
 cenac. 
 
 2 DADUCAT. (4 t.) 52, 66, 68. I hold it. Indie, pres. sing. 
 1 pers. with ace. sing. Verb poss. irreg. eduki. 
 
 1 For this reason the making of this finding-list has been no easy task ; and 
 "the bore of the matter" is that it will not be fully useful till a paginated 
 reprint of the catechism come out. Some of the forms in this list have the 
 prefix ba glued on to them in the original. It appears here only with the forms 
 beginning in I, where it means if. ', and C before e and i, and TZ, are classed 
 with Z, as they would now be written. T is put with /. G is always hard. 
 U in gue, gui, que, qui is silent, and now left out, q becoming Jc. 
 
 2 In some dialects the third letter in these three words is deducted. 
 
DOUGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. O 
 
 DAGO. (16 t.) 5, 23, 27, 56, 57, 58. He stays, or is. Ind. 
 pres. sing. 3. Verb irreg. intrans. egon. 
 
 DAGO ALA.. 65. Staying; while lie stays. I.q. dago with 
 a euphonic before la as participial ending. 
 
 DAGO AN. (7 t.) 21, 40, 49, 57, 68. (That) it stays. I.q. 
 dago with a euph. before n conjunctive governed by lecela or nola, 
 or introduced by cergatic or cena. After these last two words at 
 least this n is superfluous, and would not, I think, be used by 
 modern writers. 
 
 DAGO ANA. (9 t.) 9, 10, 27, 33, 34, 63, 68. (The fact) that 
 he stays ; that man (or woman) who stays. I.q. dago with a euph. 
 before n conj. or relative, declined with a = the. On pp. 9 and 
 68 the termination na, meaning the fact that, in which the n is the 
 conjunction that and the a the definite article the as ace. sing, has 
 been altered in the second edition into the simple conjunction 
 la = that, without changing the sense. Such a use of na is not 
 uncommon in Spanish Bask. See below dana, zana, cituana, 
 zuana. In the other places the na is made of n the relative 
 pronoun = who in the nominative, declined with the definite article 
 or demonstrative pronoun a =. that, the, in the accusative or nom. 
 iutrans. sing. This second na = that which, him or he who. On 
 p. 21 the original has dagoanac, rectified in 1797. 
 
 DAGOANAREN. 27.. Of the or that (woman) who stays. I.q. 
 dago with a euph. n. rel. = who and aren the poss. case sing, of a 
 the def. art. or demonstrative. .This naren means of her who. 
 For aren as an independent' demonstrative see p. 30, Ar$n 
 ministroac = His ministers, p. 31, Aren mandamentuac = His com- 
 mandments. Aren like illius is genderless. 
 
 DAGOANARI. (2 t.) 34. To him or her who stays. I.q. dago 
 with a euph. n rel. = who and ari the dative case sing, of a def. 
 art. or dem. Thus nari = to him or her who. 
 
 DAGOANAZ. 27. Of or about her who stays. I.q. dago with 
 a euph. n rel. = who and az the mediative or instrumental case of 
 a def. art. or dem. naz = about her who. 
 
 DAQUIZUN. (5 t.) 22, 28, 35. That thou ( = you) knoivest it. 
 Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), 1 with ace. sing. Yerb irreg. trans. 
 iakin. The final n is the conj. that introduced by nola = how that. 
 
 1 The 2nd person of respect is plural in form, but used like English you in 
 addressing an individual less familiarly than with the thou-and-thee-ing forms. 
 The real 2nd person plural = ye differs by its ending. 
 
6 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 DALA. (5 t.) 9, 11, 62, 67, 69. He being ; while he is; that 
 (there] is. I.q. da, verb subst. followed, p. 67, by the conj. la = 
 that and in the other places by the participial termination la 
 turning is into being or while . . . is. 
 
 DAN. (50 t.) 1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 35, 37, 38, 
 39, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 69. Who or which is; (that) . . . is. 
 I.q. da with (a), p. 62, n conjunctive ruled by becin ; (b) n con- 
 junctive introduced by cena, cer, cenean, cergatic, and really 
 superfluous, pp. 1, 8, 27, 28, 35, 39, 53, 55, 56, 69; (c) n rel. 
 nominative, pp. 8, 17, 18, 20, 37, 38, 51, 54, 55, 56, 61. 
 
 DAXA. (13 t.) 2, 8, 9, 22, 50, 65, 68, 69. That which is; the 
 (fact) that he is. I.q. da with (a) n rel. nom. decl. nom. intrans. or 
 ace., pp. 2, 50, 65, 69, i.e. na = that which; (b) na the conj. n and 
 the def. art. a such as we have seen in dagoana = the (fact) that, 
 pp. 8, 9, 22, 68. This na has been changed into la = that in the 
 second edition except in three places on p. 8. The logical effect 
 of the change is nil. 
 
 DANAGAN. 37. In the (person) ivhois. I.q. da aux. with n 
 rel. nom. decl. locative, that is followed by agan, the old locative 
 case of the def. art. or dem. a. nagan = in him, or her . . . who. 
 See danean. 
 
 DANAREQUIN. 60. With that in which he is. I.q. da with 
 n rel. in the temporal case or locative of time, 1 followed by or 
 declined with are/tin, the unitive or copulative case of a the t 
 that. Thus arekin = with that (time), n = during which, da = 
 he is. 
 
 DANEAN". (3 t.) 13, 42, 50. When he is. I.q. da with n rel. 
 in time - case * and e euph. decl. with an the locative of the def. 
 art. or dem. a. nean = at the (time) in ivhich, i.e. when. Cf. danagan, 
 the proper locative. 
 
 DAUDE. 3. They stay, or are. (A contraction of dagode.) 
 Ind. pres. pi. 3. Yerb irreg. intrans. egon, often synonymous with 
 izan. 
 
 BAUD UN. (Twice) 15, 22. (That) they stand. I.q. daude 
 with n the conjunction ruled by becela, postpositively. 
 
 DAUDENAC. (Twice) 27, 48. Those who stand. I.q. daude 
 with n rel. nom. pi. declined with ac, the nom. pi. intrans. of the 
 article a. nac = those who. 
 
 1 This case is, of course, peculiar to the declined verb, and illustrates one of 
 the most convenient functions of the wonderful link-letter n. See dezunean, 
 dijoanean, diradenean, duanean, geradenean, naizanecm, zanean. 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. 7 
 
 DAUZCA. 55. H& holds them. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. 
 Verb irreg. trans, iduki. 
 
 DEB AN". 10. Who has it. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing, with 
 n rel. nom., synonym of duan. 
 
 DEBELA. 21. That they have it. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. sing. 
 Verb poss. with the conjunction la that. Synonym of duela = 
 dutela. 
 
 DEDAN. (Twice) 12, 49. That I have it, when I have it. I.q. 
 del with the euphonic change of t into da before (a), p. 12, n, the 
 relative in the time-locative, followed by gmtian = every (time] ; 
 (b) p. 49, n the conjunction = that, ruled \>j ceren = that or because. 
 In the second edition dedan, p. 12, was rightly turned into dan, 
 making the construction passive and impersonal. 
 
 DEDANA. 68. That which I have. I.q. dadan with n rel. ace. 
 decl. ace. na = that which. 
 
 DEGUIGULA. 25. That he may have (or do) it to us. Sub- 
 junctive pres. sing. 3, ace. sing, with the dative plural of the 1st 
 person, to us. Verb irreg. trans, aux. eg in used for ukan. 
 
 DEGUIOZULA. 49. That thou (= you) mayest do, or have, it to 
 him. Subj. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing, with indirect object 
 in the dative sing. Verb irreg. trans, aux. egin for ukan. This 
 word was changed into guiozu in 1797, i.e. imp. instead of subj., 
 oratio recta instead of obliqua. 
 
 DEGU. 44. We have it. Ind. pres. pi. 1 ace. sing. aux. act. 
 This form is introduced by cergatic. Yet the author departs from 
 his usual custom and does not put it into the conjunctive form 
 degun like dan, dagoan, daducan. 
 
 This shows that the conj. n ruled by cergatic is superfluous. It 
 is like the that after by cause in Old English. 
 
 DEGULA. 40. While we have it. I.q. degu with la participial. 
 
 DEGUN. (3 t.) 14, 37, 43. Which (it) we have, that we have it. 
 I.q. degu poss. and aux. with (a) p. 14, n rel. ace. sing. ; (b) p. 37, 
 n conj. ruled by becela ; (c) n conj. superfluous, introduced by 
 cenetatic. 
 
 DEGUNA. 14. That which we have. I.q. degu, poss. with 
 n rel. decl. with the article a in the accusative, na = that which. 
 
 DEITZA & DER1TZA.. (4 t.) 18, 38, 39, 61. It is called to 
 him (i e. his name is). De-ritza occurs on pp. 18 and 61 ; and deitza 
 on pp. 38 and 39 became deritza in 1797. The same uncertainty 
 in pronouncing this verb still exists in Gipuskoa. Ind. pres. 
 sing. 3, with ind. obj. dat. sing, for the thing named, the subject 
 
8 DODGSOX VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 being the name ; thus, p. 61, batari = to the one, deritza = the name 
 is, Contricioa = contrition (the]. From the irreg. intrans. verb 
 eritz, eritzi, a root producing various shoots. 
 
 DET. (29 t.) 5, 9, 13, 15, 20, 22, 28, 35, 52, 59, 66, 67, 
 68, 69. I have it. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. Verb possessive 
 and aux. act. 
 
 DEZADAJST. 35. Let me have it. Conjunctive, as Optative, 
 pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 DEZAGTJLA. 24. That we may have it. Conj. i.q. dezagun 
 with eclipse of n before la = that, or the use of la rather than n. 
 
 DEZAGUN. (4 t.) 6, 27, 28, 45. That we may have it, let us 
 have it. Conj. in imp. (p. 27) and final sense, pres. pi. 1, ace. sing. 
 aux. act. On pp. 6, 28, 45, the termination tzat = in order that is 
 understood with it. 
 
 DEZAQUE. (Twice) 65. Coud he? Potential pres. sing. 3, 
 ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 DEZAQTJEDANA. 69. That which I can. (accus.) Pot. fut. 
 sing. 1, ace. sing. aux. act. formed from dezaquet by changing t 
 into euphonic da before the rel. n ace. decl. ace. na = that which. 
 
 DEZALA. 24. That he may have it. Conj. pres. sing. 3, rel. 
 sing. aux. act. formed from dezan (or deza) by the suffixing of the 
 conj. particle la = that. 
 
 DEZAZUN. 2. That thou ( = you) may est have it. Conj. final 
 pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing, with tzat understood after it ; 
 aux. act. In 1797 it rightly became dezagun. 
 
 DECEEN. (Twice) 28. That they may have it. Conj. final 
 (as if followed by tzat) pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. In 1797 it 
 became, 1. 6, dezaen=dezaten and, 1. 9, decen. 
 
 DEZU. (24 t.) 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 
 28, 40, 47, 63. Thou (respectfully = you of un-Quakerly English) 
 hast it. Ind. pres, pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. Verb poss. and 
 aux. act. 
 
 DEZUEKA.. (Twice) 15. That which you have. Ind. pres. 
 pi. 2 (the real plural), ace. sing. Yerb poss. and aux. act., with 
 n rel. ace. sing. decl. ace. sing, from dezue and na = that which. 
 The norn. of dezu is zuc, but that of dezuena is zuc, eta Erromaco 
 Elizac, i.e. thou ( = you], and the Church of Rome. 
 
 DEZULA. 3. While thou (=you) hast it. I.q. dezu, aux. act. 
 with la participial. 
 
 DEZUN. (7 t.) 22, 26, 28, 35. Which thou (= you) hast; 
 that thou (= you) hast it. I.q. dtzu, aux. act. with (a), p. 26, 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN 1JASK. 
 
 n rel. ace. = which] (b) n conj. introduced by cer. This second n 
 is a that which would be superfluous in English, but not in Bask. 
 
 DEZUNEAN. (4 t.) 12, 20, 22, 26. When thou (= you] 
 hast it. I.q. dezu aux. act. with n rel. = in which, e euph. and an 
 the locative of time from a = the. nean = at the time in which. 
 
 ezDIATORDE. 41. It comes not to them. Wrongly altered into 
 dator in 1797. It is to be noted as not being eztiatorde. Ind. pres. 
 sing. 3, indirect object dat. pi. Verb irreg. intrans. etor or etorri. 
 1766; "y llarnarse mortales, no les quadra tan bien " ; "eta 
 mortalac deitzea ez dator aiii ongui," 1826. Dator is not datival. 
 
 DIAZADALA. 21. Became dizadala in 1797 and 1826. Have 
 thou (= you] it to me! Imp. sing. 2, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. 
 sing. 1, aux. act. La conj. = that is not translated when ending the 
 imperative. The Castilian is " Esso no me lo pregunteis a mi." 
 
 DIAZAGULA. (Twice) 24. That he may have it to us. It 
 became dizagula in 1797 and 1826. Subj. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. 
 ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. la = that. (See the two next forms.) 
 
 DIAZAGUJS". 40. Became dizagun in 1797. (In order) that 
 it may have it to us. Conj. final, as if ending in tzat, pres. sing. 
 ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. (See diazagu-la.) 
 
 DIATZAYZULA. 25. That he may have them to us. An 
 evident misprint, altered into dhagula in 1797 and 1826; but it 
 should be dizkitzagula or dizazkigula, as the accusative pecatuac 
 is plural. Subj. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. 
 act. with la that. 
 
 DIDALA. 68. Became dirala in 1797 (cf. dimtazula). That 
 he will have it to me. Subj. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. 
 sing. 1, aux. act. la conj. == that. The accusative " bere gracia eta 
 gloria " = his grace and glory, has the appearance of being plural ; 
 but, as is common in Bask, the eta here is disjunctive. That the 
 accusative is ruled here distributively is made clear in the second 
 edition, where a comma follows gracia. The same idiom is found 
 in Old English, which psychologically much resembles Bask. 
 
 DIDAN. 67. A misprint, rightly replaced by diraden in 1797. 
 
 DID ANA. 66. That which he has to me. Subj. pr. sing. 3, 
 ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1. The n final is used as n the rel. 
 pron. ace. sing, (the two ens being, so to speak, melted together), 
 decl. ace. sing. aux. act. na = the or that which. 
 
 DIDAZULA. 52. That thou(= you] hast it to me. It became 
 dirazula in 1797, as did diuztatzula and diuztazula. Subj. pres. pi. 
 (sing, sense) 2, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. la conj. that. 
 
10 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 DIDILLA. (Twice) 23, 59. May it be. It became dedilla in 
 1797 and 1826. Imp. sing. 3, aux. intrans. lidi and bedi are 
 simpler synonyms of this word. 
 
 DIDIN. 40. (In order] that it may le. Conj. final, as if 
 ending in tzat, sing. 3, aux. intr. Compare didi-lla. 
 
 DIEGU. 27. We have it to them. Ind. pres. pi. 1, ace. sing, 
 ind. obj. dat. pi. aux. act. 
 
 DIENAC. 31. He who has it to them. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. 
 sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. with n, rel. nom. decl. with ac the nom. 
 act. of a = the, that. aux. act. nac = he ivho. 
 
 DIET. 41. I have it to them. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. sing. ind. 
 obj. dat. pi. aux. act. In the original phrase Deitu diet Capitalac 
 it may seem singular that the accusative is expressed in the plural, 
 i.e. capitalac = the capital (sins). But as the sense is "I have 
 called (deitu) it to them capital (the capitals) " the implied 
 accusative is the name, or word, capitalac. The same remark 
 applies to Cergatic deitu diezu pecatu Capitalac . . . zatenay. 
 This is the peculiarity of the verb when used with deitu = called 
 by a name. (See deitza.) 
 
 DIEZU. 41. Thou (= you) hast it to them. Ind. pres. pi. 
 (sing, sense) 2, ace. sing, (only plural in form) ind. obj. dat. pi. 
 aux. act. See the notes on zatenay and diet. 
 
 DIEZULA. 66. That thou (= you) hast it to them. I.q. diezu 
 with la = that and a really singular accusative. Its dative is onay 
 = to the good; its accusative or direct object premioa = the reward. 
 
 DIG U EN. 12. (That) they have it to us. It became gaituen in 
 1797, from which gaituenay lower down comes. Ind. pres. pi. 3, 
 ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, with n conj. superfluous, introduced 
 by cergatic = by cause that, literally for what. 
 
 DIGUENAY. 25. To those who have it to us. It became 
 diguenai in 1797. I.q. diguen, but with n rel. decl. with ay the 
 dat. pi. of a = the, that, nay = to those who. 
 
 DIGILN". (Twice) 17, 30. That he has it to us. Ind. pres. 
 sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, with n conj. superfl. 
 = that, p. 17, introduced by cergatic = because-, p. 30, followed by 
 bectila = as, in the same way that. 
 
 D1JOANA. (Twice) 63. He who goes. Ind. pres. sing. 3, 
 n rel. nom. decl. nom. sing. int. verb irreg. int. Joan, Juan. na = 
 he who. We have Larramendis authority, and that of Anibarro, 
 partly his contemporary, for pronouncing the j like y, as in modern 
 French Bask. The modern Gipuskoans sound it like Castilian 
 jota hhota, which is ugly. 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 11 
 
 DIJOANEAK (Twice) 59, 66. When one, or he goes. I.q. 
 dijoana decl. temporal case or time-locative, nean = in the time when. 
 
 DIO, (5 t.) 1, 50, 51, 65. He has it to him. Ind. pres. 
 sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. This form is also 
 used, but not in this book, to mean he says it. 
 
 DION. (3 t.) 17, 21, 51. That he has it to him ; which (it] he 
 has to him. I.q. dio with (a) n conj. superfluous introduced by 
 cergatic and cenacgatic ; (b) n rel. pron. ace. sing. 
 
 DIOT. 49. I have it to him or her. I.q. dio, but with the 1 p. 
 as subject. It also means I say it, but not here. 
 
 DIRADE. (66 t.) 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, 23, 27, 31, 32, 
 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 55, 59, 60. 
 They are. Ind. pres. pi. 3. Yerb subst. and aux. intrans. On p. 7, 
 line 22, and p. 38, line 16, it took the shorter form dira in 1797. 
 
 DIRADELA. 43. When they are; they being. I.q. dirad* 
 aux. intrans. with la participial. Really the same as diradenean. 
 
 DIRADEN. (9 t. counting didan) 14, 17, 34, 35, 40, 41, 50, 
 67. Which are ; that they are. I.q. dirade with (a) n rel. nom. 
 pi. ; (b] n conj. superfl. introd. by cenac, cenean, cergatic, and nola. 
 
 DIRADENAC. (Thrice, 35, 48. Those which are. I.q. dirade 
 with n rel. nom. pi. decl. nom. pi. intrans. nac = those who, or which. 
 
 DIRADENEAN. 42. When they are. I.q. diraden, n rel. 
 decl. locative of time, nean = when, quo tempore, alors que. 
 
 DIRADEISTEN. 41. Of those which are. Misprinted diraden in 
 1797 and 1826. I.q. diraden with n rel. nom. pi. decl. with the genitive 
 or possessive plural of the definite article a. nen = of those who. 
 
 DITEQUE. (5 t.) 2, 35, 64. He might be. Pot. fut. sing. 3. 
 Yerb subst. and aux. intrans. 
 
 DITEQUE ALA. 63. When he might be; he being able to be. 
 I.q. diteke with a euph. and la participial. 
 
 DITEQUEAN. 16. Which might be. I.q. diteke with a euph. 
 before n rel. nom. 
 
 DITECEN. 41. (In order] that they may be. Conj. final (as 
 if ending in tzat) pres. pi. 3. Yerb subst. and aux. intrans. 
 
 DITU. (13 t.) 13, 21, 30, 35, 38, 50, 51, 54, 55, 61. He has 
 them. Jnd. pres. sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. and verb possessive. 
 Prom this, with a euph. and la conj. = that, comes the next form. 
 
 DITUALA. 51. That he has them. I.q. ditu aux. act. with 
 la = that. The second edition replaced it by ditutn, altering the 
 construction much for the better. In the first, falta eguin dituala 
 aberiguatcen duancna is clumsy, if not quite ungrammatical. In 
 
12 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 the second it runs eguin dituen falta guztiena. In this case, however, 
 dituen is a misprint for dituan with n rel. ace. pi. It would be 
 correct in the Labourdin dialect. But in Gipuskoan its place 
 would be between ditue and dituenac ; and that is impossible here 
 because its subject is in the singular. See the note on duanena. 
 
 DITUAN. 23. (That} it has them. I.q. ditu verb poss. with 
 a euph. and n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. 
 
 DITUANAC (7 t.) 15, 29, 31, 51, 60. Those which he or she 
 has ; he who has them. I.q. dituan, but with (a) n rel. ace. pi. decl. 
 p. 15, nom. pi. pp. 51 and 60, ace. pi. ; (b) n rel. nom. sing. pp. 29 
 and 31, nom. sing. act. pp. 31 and 29, it is the subject of ditu and 
 du respectively; pp. 60 and 51, it is the object of ecartea and ditu 
 respectively; p. 15, it is the subject of dirade. nac = pp. 29 and 
 31, he who (active); p. 15, those tuhich, nominative passive; pp. 51 
 and 60, those which, accusative. 
 
 DITUANACGATIC. 50. For those which he has. I.q. dituan, 
 aux. act. with n rel. ace. decl. accusative of respect plural, nacgatic 
 means for, or on account of, those which. 
 
 DITUANENA. 61. That of those which he has. I.q. dituan, 
 aux. act. with n rel. ace. decl. possessive pi. of the demonstrative, 
 and that itself declined with the accus. sing, demonst. nena = that 
 of those which. This reading was rightly abandoned in 1797, as 
 it is not grammatical in its context. It was replaced by dituanenaz 
 qualifying pecatu, i.e. about those (sins] which he has (done}. 
 
 DITUE. 36. They have them. Ind. pres. pi. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. 
 The accusative is singular in form, Cer virtute, literally what virtue ; 
 but treated as a noun of multitude ivhat = virtues. In this respect 
 the interrogative imitates the numerals. It is a sjnonym of dituzte. 
 See El Impossible Vencido, p. 87. 
 
 DITUENAC. 48. Those ivho have them. I.q. ditue with n rel. 
 nom. pi. decl. nom. pi. intrans. nac = those who. It is a synonym of 
 ditw&tendk. 
 
 DITUT. 69. I have them. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. pi. aux. act. 
 
 DITUZUNAC. (Twice) 15. Those which you have. Ind. pres. 
 pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. n rel. ace. pi. decl. nom. pi. interns. 
 Yerb poss. and aux. act. nac = those which. 
 
 D1TZAEN. 28. (In order} that they may have them. Conj. 
 final (as if ending in tzat}, pres. pi. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. = ditmten. 
 
 DITZAGUN. 2. Let us have them. Imp. pi. 1, ace. pi. aux. 
 act. In 1742 it was misprinted ditzacun, unless that was an old 
 form of the word. 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 13 
 
 DITCEEK 41. This form occurs in both editions. It must 
 be a mistake for ditecen or for ditzaen. Its context is onequin lid 
 ditecen paquean, eta criatu ditceen semeac Ceruraco. If it be active 
 = ditzaten, its accusative is semeac = the children. If it be passive 
 = ditecen, then semeac is its nominative. See El Arte del Bascuenze 
 (Salamanca, 1729), pp. 88 and 160. In 1826 it is ditzen, p. 40. 
 The Castilian of 1766 is " con la qual vivan entre si pacificamente, 
 y crien hijos para el Cielo." So it is transitive. 
 
 DIUZCA. (Thrice) 50, 51. He has them to him. Ind. pres. 
 sing. 3, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. It became diozca 
 in 1797, a form used in the Labourdin Catechism of 1733, p. 419. 
 
 DIUZCAN\ 51. Which (things] he has to him. I.q. diuzca 
 with n rel. pi. ace. It became diozcan in 1797. 
 
 DIUZCAT. 67. I have them to him. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. 
 pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. The accusative gratia asco, though 
 singular in form, is treated as a noun of multitude. It became 
 diozcat in 1797. 
 
 DIUZCATZU. 26. You have them to her. Ind. pres. pi. 2 
 (sing, sense), ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. It became 
 diozcatzu in 1797 and 1826. In the latter edition it is on 
 p. 25. 
 
 DIUZCUK 17. That he has them to us. Ind. pres. sing. 3, 
 ace. pi. indirect obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. with n conj. superfl. 
 introduced by cergatic. It became dizquigun in 1797 and 1826. 
 
 DIIJZTALA. 68. That he has them to me. Ind. pres. sing. 3, 
 ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. with la - that. It became 
 dirala in 1797, but wrongly; because if it is an active verb, with 
 arek = he understood as nominative, it cannot be used with pecatu 
 guztiac as its accusative plural. We have seen in discussing didala 
 that that form, which occurs in the next line below, also became 
 dirala by a well-known phonetic tendency of Gipuskoan. But 
 dirala can also be a synonym of diradela. It would be very 
 awkward to use dirala in the passive sense in the fourth line 
 from the bottom with pecatu guztiac as its nominative, and dirala 
 in the third line from the bottom as it has been denned under 
 didala. But if the editor of 1797 meant dirala to be passive in 
 both places why did he put the comma after gratia ? The passage 
 runs thus in 1742 : " Daducat esperantza Jaungoycoagan, barcatuco 
 diuztala nere pecatu guztiac, eta emango didala here gracia eta 
 Gloria," i.e. 1 hold hope in the Lord on high (im hehren Herrn) that 
 He will pardon (them} to me my sins, and that He will give (it] to 
 
14 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 me His grace and glory. In 1797 it reads: "Daducat esperanza 
 Jangoycoa-gan, barcatuco dirala nere pecatu guztiac, eta emango 
 dirala bere gracia, eta gloria." Of the two difficulties produced 
 by the needless change, the lesser is to consider dirala as passive in 
 both places. 
 
 DIUZTATZULA. 66. In 1797 dirazula. \ See didazula. That 
 
 DIUZTAZULA. 52. In 1797 dirazula. \ you have them to me. 
 Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense) ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. 
 with conj. la = that. The accusative plural is pecatuac inferred 
 from what precedes. With dirazula the accusative must be it, 
 understood; and the translation thus becomes "that thou (= you) 
 will pardon me " without expressing the fault pardoned. 
 
 DIUZTEGUK (Thrice) 4, 25. 2 hat we have them to them. 
 Ind. pres. pi. 1, ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. aux. act. with n conj. ruled 
 by becela, bezela. In 1797 it became diegun from diegu with n conj. 
 The alteration proceeded from the same thought as that of the 
 preceding form. Both belong to the word barcatu = pardon (from 
 parcere). The ace. pi. would be debts or sins. With diegun the 
 thing pardoned is not expressed, the meaning being pardon (it to) 
 them. 
 
 DIUZTEZUN. 59. (That) you ( = thou) have them to them. 
 Ind. pres. pi. 2 (in sense, singular) ace. pi. ind. obj. dat. pi. with 
 n conj. superfl. introduced by cergatie ; aux. act. The accusative 
 aimbestefavore, though sing, in form, is treated as a noun of multitude. 
 In 1797, however, when the form diomn was substituted (and 
 favore became mesede), it is used as a singular object. 
 
 DIZUDAN. 52. (That) I have it to thee (= you). Ind. pres. 
 sing. 1, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. (sense sing.) 2, aux. act. with 
 euph. da for t before n conj. superfl. introd. by nola. 
 
 DIZUT. 52. I have it to thee (= you). I.q. dizudan without 
 the n and its euphonic effect. 
 
 DTI. (44 t.) 1, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 
 38, 50, 51, 55, 58, 60, 64, 65. He has it. Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. 
 sing. Verb poss. and aux. aot. On p. 12 du became badu in 1797. 
 The root described as verb poss. and aux. act. throughout this 
 glossary is ukan = had. 
 
 DUALA. (4 t.) 29, 51, 61. He having it; while he has it. 
 I.q. du aux. act. with a euph. before la participial. 
 
 DTJAK (22 t.) 13, 14, 15, 17, 36, 38, 50, 51, 59, 61, 62, 
 65, 68, 69. (That) he has it; which (thing) he has. I.q. du 
 with a euph. and (a) n conj., p. 69, followed by becela, and pp. 13, 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 15 
 
 14, 15, 17, 36, 38, 50, 51, 59, 61, introduced by cer and cergatic ; 
 (I) n rel. ace. sing. pp. 17, 62, 65, 68. In some places the an 
 conjunctive is superfluous, i.e. in oratio recta, as pp. 15, 17, 36, 
 38, 50. What is right in a dependent clause has been wrongly 
 used in a plain statement. 
 
 DUANA. (4 t.) 33 (where it was misprinted duanac in 1 797), 36, 
 61, 64. That which he has. I.q. duan with n rel. nom. declined 
 pp. 33, 61, ace. sing., and pp. 36, 64, nom. pass, na = that which. 
 
 DUANAC. (10 t.) 29, 30, 32, 58, 65. He who has it. I.q. 
 duana, but nom. act. nac he who. 
 
 DUANAKEN. 38. Of him who has it. I.q. duan, rel. nom. 
 decl. poss. sing, naren = of him who. 
 
 DUANARI. (4 t.) 17, 33, 62. To him who has it. I.q. duan, 
 rel. nom. decl. dat. sing, nari = to him who. 
 
 DTJANEAN. (Twice) 33, 39. When he has it. I.q. duan. rel. 
 loc. decl. temporal nean = when, at the time in which. Cf. danean. 
 
 DUANENA. 51. That of those about which he has. I.q. duan 
 with n rel. pi. accusative of respect decl. possessive plural of 
 the demonstrative, which is itself declined in the accusative in 
 apposition to damutasuna. nena =that of those as to ivhich. This form 
 does not occur in 1797, the whole clause having been altered after 
 viotcetic, as we saw in discussing dituala. It is perhaps possible 
 to translate it thus, " He will conceive regret from his heart, that 
 (regret) of those (things) about which he verifies that he has 
 committed faults " ; but this necessitates taking falta, which is 
 singular as the object of dituala, a form requiring an accusative in 
 the plural. It may be i\\&i falta-egin is meant, like itz-egin, gald(e) 
 = egin, to be a compound word meaning do faultily. Then things, 
 inferred from n, is the accusative of dituala. 
 
 DUE (for dute). (5 t.) 20, 22, 34, 47. They have it. Ind. 
 pres. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 DUEN (for duten}. (Thrice) 24, 48, 69. (That) they have it; 
 which (thing) they hare. I.q. due with (a) n conj. ruled by lecela ; 
 (b) n rel. ace. sing. 
 
 DUENAC. 14. Those who have it. 21, 46, 47, 48, 69 (on this 
 page it became dutenac in 1797). I.q. duen for duten, with n rel. 
 nom. pi. decl. p. 69, nom. pi. act., pp. 46, 47, 48, nom. pi. passive, 
 and p. 21, ace. pi. 
 
 EGUIDAZU. (Twice) 12, 13. Hare thou ( = you) it to me. 
 Imp. pi. 2 (sing, in sense), ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. 
 Verb irreg. egin for ukan. 
 
16 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 EGUIGTJZU. (Thrice) 4, 6, 24. Have thou ( = you] it to us. 
 On pp. 4 and 24, where it follows eman, the shortened form iguzu 
 without eman was substituted in 1797. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), 
 ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. Verb irreg. egin for ukan. 
 
 EGUIOZU. (Twice) 28. Have tlwu (= you) it to him. Imp. 
 pi. 2 (sing, sense) ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. act. Verb 
 irreg. egin for ultan. 
 
 EGTJIUZCUTgU & EGUIUZCUTZU. (Twice) 4, 24. Have 
 thou (= you] them to us. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense) ace. pi. ind. obj. 
 dat. pi. 1, aux. act. Verb irreg. egin for ukan. It became in both 
 places guizquigutzu in 1797. In 1826 it is gaizquigutzu p. 4 and 
 eguizquiguzu p. 23. 
 
 EGUIZU. 3. Do it. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. Verb 
 irreg. trans, egin. 
 
 EZAZU & (p. 11) EgAZU. (8 t.) 2, 4, 6, 11, 22, 26, 29. 
 Have thou (= you] it. Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 GAITECELA. 31. That we be. Subj. pres. pi. 1, with la 
 conj. = that. Verb subst. 
 
 GAITKCEN". 27. (In order] that we be. Conj. final (as if 
 ending in tzat), pres. pi. 1, aux. intrans. It was printed gaittecen 
 in 1742. 
 
 GAYTUENAY. 25. To those ivho have us. Ind. pres. pi. 3, 
 ace. pi. 1, aux. act. with n rel. nom. pi. decl. dat. pi. nay = to 
 those who. 
 
 GAITZAQUEAN. 62. (That) he might have us. Potential 
 fut. sing. 3, ace. pi. 1, aux. act. with a euph. before n conj. 
 superfl. introduced by cergatic. 
 
 GAITZALA. (Twice) 25, 49. That he may have us ; let him 
 have us. Imp. and subj. pres. sing. ace. pi. 1, aux. act. with la 
 conj. = that. This form occurs in the Labourdin Catechism of 
 Bayonne, 1733, which ought to be reprinted. 
 
 GA1TZATZIJ. (4 t.) 3, 4, 11, 25. Have thou (= you) us. 
 Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. 1, aux. act. It became gaitzazu 
 in 1797, but reverted to gaitzatzu in 1826 on p. 4. 
 
 GAITZATZULA. (Twice) 4, 25. Have thou (= you} us. I.q. 
 gaitzatzu with la conjunctive, which, when suffixed to the 
 imperative, is untranslateable. 
 
 GAUDE. 6. We stay, used here for we come ! (a contraction of 
 gag ode]. Ind. pres. pi. 1. Verb irreg. intrans. egon. 
 
 GAUDEN". 21. (That) we stay. I.q. gaude with n conj. 
 Buperfl. introduced by cenari. It was misprinted guaden in 1742. 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 17 
 
 GAUZCATEN". 2. Which (things) hold us. Ind. pres. pi. 3, 
 ace. pi. 1. Verb irreg. trans, eduki. 
 
 GUENDUAN. 37. Which (thing] we had. Ind. imp. pi. 1, 
 ace. sing., the n serving as the rel. pron. ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 GUEtfDUANA. 36. That which we had. I.q. guenduan, decl. 
 ace. sing, na = that which. 
 
 GUERADEN. 37. (That) we are. Ind. pres. pi. 1, aux. 
 intrans. (synonym of gera) with n conj. siiperfl. introduced by 
 cenarequin. 
 
 GUEBADENEAN. 6. When we are. I.q. geraden with n rel. 
 loc. of time, decl. in the same case, nean = at the (time) in which, 
 i.e. when. 
 
 GUERALA. 37. While we are; we being. Ind. pres. pi. 1, 
 with la participial. Verb subst. 
 
 GTJACEN. 22. Let us go. Imp. pi. 1. Verb irreg. intrans. 
 juan, joan. It was printed goacen in 1797, but is still sounded 
 guassen in all the dialects. 
 
 ITZATZU. (4 t.) 6, 32, 33, 35. Have thou ( = you) them. 
 Imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. pi. aux. act. 
 
 baLIJOAZ. 62. If they should go. Suppositive pi. 3. Verb 
 irreg. intrans. juan, Joan. 
 
 baLIRADE. 63. If they should be. Supp. pi. 3, aux. intrans. 
 In 1797 it became lalira. 
 
 baLITU. 64. If he should have them. Supp. sing. 3, ace. pi. 
 aux. act. The accusative penitencia gueyago is singular in form, but 
 treated as plural, being a noun of multitude. 
 
 baLIZ. (Twice) 63, 69. If he, or it, should be. Supp. sing. 3. 
 Verb subst. and aux. intrans. 
 
 LIZATEQUE. (4 t.) 38, 63. He, or it, would be, might be. 
 Conditional pres. sing. 3, aux. intrans. 
 
 baLUE. 65. If they had it. Supp. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. 
 In 1797 it became balute. 
 
 NAIZ. 21. I am. Ind. pres. sing. 1. Verb subst. 
 
 KAIZANEAN. 12. When I am. I.q. natz, aux. intrans. with 
 a euph. before n rel. loc. temp. decl. same case, nean = token. 
 
 NAITZAYO. 49. I am to him. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ind. obj. 
 dat. sing. aux. intrans. 
 
 NAZULA. 66. That you have me. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing. 
 s; nse), ace. sing. 1 with la that, aux. act. 
 
 NTJQUE. (Twice) 69. I should have it. Cond. pres. sing. 1, 
 ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 2 
 
18 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 ezTA. (7 t.) 38, 55, 58, 60, 64, 65. It is not (French it eat, 
 O.E. nis, "Wendish ne-jo). I.q. da with the change produced hy 
 the negative prefix ez. On p. 38, and on its second occurrence, 
 p. 58, it was resolved into ez da in 1797. For some years past the 
 Abbe Martin Landerretche, now of Donibane Lohizun = Marshy 
 St. John, i.e. St. Jean de Luz (B.P.), has collaborated with Dom 
 Basilio Joannategi in writing the Fedearen Propagationeco Urtecaria 
 (Annuary of the Propagation of the Faith), which appears every 
 two months in Bayonne. The style of the two writers can be 
 distinguished by their manner of writing the verb with the 
 negative prefix. Landerretche uses ezda, ezdu, which, though not 
 without venerable precedent, e.g. in the works of S. Mendiburu, 
 is rather pedantic ; while Joannategi imitates Dechepare and 
 Lei^arraga, the oldest Heuskaldun writers, in employing the more 
 euphonic, mutated form. We have seen above in ezdiatorde a case 
 of d remaining unaffected by ez. All forms of the verb beginning 
 in T have this initial instead of D, because preceded, either by 
 ez = not, or by lai, pai = indeed, really, because, since, so that, or 
 who and which, according to the context. This ez sounds like 
 English ess. Some authors have written it es. 
 
 ezTAGO. (Twice) 56, 58. Re stays not. I.q. dago. In 1797 
 it became, p. 58, ez dago. 
 
 ezTAQTJIANAKI. 33. To him who knows it not. I.q. dakianari. 
 Ind. pres. sing. 3, ace. sing, with a euph. before n rel. nom. decl. 
 dat. Verb irreg. trans, iakin. nari = to him who. In 1797 it 
 became ez daquienari. 
 
 ezTANA. 56. The (time) in which he is not. I.q. dana with 
 n rel. = in which, qualifying Tempora = time, declined nom. intrans. 
 na = that in which. 
 
 ezTANAC. 63. He who is not. I.q. dana, n rel., but decl. 
 nominative active, nac = he who. 
 
 ezTANIC. 56. Any time in which he is not. I.q. danic Ind. 
 pres. sing. 3, aux. intrans. with n rel. time-case, decl. with the 
 indefinite partitive case, in apposition to Temporaric, which 
 precedes, nic = any (time} in which, de (temps] ou. 
 
 ezTET. 19. I have it not. I.q. det ; aux. act. 
 
 ezTIRADEN. 36. (That) they are not. I.q. diraden with n 
 conj. superfl. introduced by cergatic. It became ez diraden in 1797. 
 
 ezTITUANA. 65. He who has them not. I.q. dituana. Ind. 
 pres. sing. 3, ace. pi., with a euph. and n rel. nom. decl. nom. 
 intrans. na = he who. 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN G1PUSKOAN BASK. 19 
 
 ezTU. (6 t.) 17, 54, 55, 56. He has it not. I.q. du. On 
 pp. 17, 55, 56 it became ez du in 1797. On p. 54 it became ez 
 due ( = dute] ; but without any necessity, because the eta after 
 aitac, its nominative, is disjunctive, as the comma shows. 
 
 ezTUANAC. 30. He who has it not. I.q. duanac, aux. act. 
 
 ezTUENAC. (Twice) 47, 48. Those who have it not. I.q. 
 duenac, for dutenac, decl. norn. pass. Verb poss. and aux. act. 
 
 ZAYO. (5 t.) 30, 40, 54, 64. It is to him. Ind. pres. 3, ind. 
 obj. dat. sing. aux. intrans. On p. 64 ezpazayo became ezpazaio in 
 1797. Here ba (= if} became pa after ez = not. 
 
 ZAYOLA. (Twice) 11, 39. While it is to him. I.q. zayo with 
 la participial. 
 
 QAYOtfA & ZAYONA. (Twice) 24, 64. That which is to 
 him. I.q. zayo with n rel. nom. decl. ace. na = that which, 
 qayona, p. 24, became zayona in 1797. 
 
 ZAYTE. 3. Be ye. Imp. pi. 2, really plural, aux. act. It 
 became zaite in 1797. 
 
 ZAITEZ. 2. I.q. zayte. 
 
 ZAITECEN". 2. (In order] that ye may le. Conj. final (as 
 if ending in tzat\ pres. pi. 2, aux. intrans. It became gaitecen in 
 1797 with a change of person like dezazun. 
 
 ZAITUDAtf. (Twice) 52, 66. (That] I have thee = you. I.q. 
 zaitut with da euph. for t before n conj. superfl. introduced by 
 cergatic. 
 
 ZAYTUT. 13. / have thee = you. Ind. pres. sing. 1, ace. pi. 
 (sing, sense) 2, aux. act. 
 
 ZAITZAELA. 60. Let them have thee = you. Imp. pi. 3, ace. 
 pi. (sing, sense) 2, aux. act. 
 
 ZAITZALA. (Thrice) 4, 5, 6. Let him have thee = you. 
 Imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. (sing, sense) 2. On p. 4 it disappeared 
 in 1797. 
 
 eTZAIZCA. (4 t.) 6, 7, 62. They are to him. Ind. pres. pi. 3, 
 ind. obj. dat. sing. aux. intrans. At the second occurrence, on 
 p. 62, it has the negative prefix et, which form is assumed by ez 
 when prefixed to a form beginning with z. It may be, however, 
 more logical to say that the real negative is e, now only used 
 as a prefix to certain forms of the verb, and that, with this e, 
 z conserves its old sound of tz. Cf. zana, below. Other writers, 
 e.g. P. d'Urte, have used initial tz instead of z even when there is 
 no prefix. I suggested some years ago to M. H. de Charencey that 
 Gaulish ex might be akin to Bask en. 
 
20 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 ZAIZCANAC. (Twice) 8. Those which are to him. I.q. zaizca, 
 with n rel. nom. decl. nom. in trans, nac = those which. Zaizca and 
 zaizcan are found in Leigarragas New Testament, A.D. 1571. Of 
 this treasure a reprint was published at Strassburg in December, 
 1900. In the introduction I am held responsible for some mis- 
 prints which vexed me much, but which I had no opportunity of 
 correcting. They will occur even in corrigenda. 
 
 ZALA. (4 t.) 8, 53, 54, 67. That it was; while she was; she 
 wasing, i.e. being (in illo tempore). I.q. zan with eclipse of n before, 
 (a] p. 54, la conj. = that; (b) la participial. Verb subst. and aux. 
 intrans. 
 
 ZAN. 24. He, she, or it was. 5, 18, 19, 20, 36, 52, 54, 56. 
 Ind. imp. sing. 3, aux. intrans. 
 
 ZANA & TZANA. (10 t.) 8, 9, 18, 67, 68. That which was ; 
 the fact that he was. On pp. 8, 9, 67, 68 (except 1. 4, p. 68), it 
 became zala in 1797, just as eland became dala, as explained above. 
 The first edition has tzana, e.g. p. 18, eguintzana, and p. 68, 
 line 1, iltzana. Cf. etzaizca, tcigmi, tzuan. I.q. zan, aux. intrans. 
 with (a] p. 18, n rel. nom. included in the usual end, decl. nom. 
 intrans. na = the which-, (b) n conj. = that decl. ace. na = the 
 (fact} that. 
 
 ZANEAN. 26. When he was. I.q. zan, aux. intrans., the 
 n final serving as rel. pron. in the time-locative, with e euph. decl. 
 temporal case, nean = at the (time'] in which. 
 
 ZANETIC. 51. From the (time) in which he was. The original 
 has the misprint zanetit. I.q. zan, aux. intrans. with n rel. under- 
 stood, in the time-case, e euph. and tic the separative or departitive 
 case-ending, netic = from the (time] in which. 
 
 ZATE. (Twice) 34, 48. It is to them. Ind. pres. sing. 3, 
 indirect obj. dat. pi. aux. intrans. On p. 48 it became zaye in 
 1797. In both places it is in alliance with deitcen = to be called, 
 heissen, and in both the name is a nominative plural. One may 
 say either that the name, though plural in form, is singular if 
 understood as the name, like Yglesias, a well-known family name 
 in Castilian, and that this is the nominative of is called with 
 a dative plural of the things named and called; or that deitzen 
 zaye is impersonal, and " Obra misericordiacoac " in the first, and 
 " Bienaventurantzac " in the second, place is the predicate of the 
 sentence. Only on p. 48 is the dative expressed, i.e. oei = to these, 
 to them. Cf. diezu, the dative of which is the next form. 
 ZATENAY. 41. To those to which it is (called, said as 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 21 
 
 a name). Ind. pres. sing. 3, ind. obj. dat. pi. with n rel. pron. 
 dat. pi. declined with ay, the dat. pi. definite of a = that, the. 
 nay = to those to whom. This form occurs in the context : 
 Cergatic deitu diezu pecatu Capitalac Zazpi, comunmenfe, edo gueyenean 
 tnortalac esaten zatenay ? to be translated " why have you called 
 capital sins to those to whom it is said (i.e. called) mortal (sins) 
 for the most part or commonly?" The root esan, esaten, properly 
 said, saying, is sometimes used of naming, calling. Here we see it 
 used like deitu, deitzen, with a dative. It became zayenay in 1826. 
 
 ZAUDEK 2. (That] thou = you, stayest = art. Ind. pres. 
 pi. 2 (sing, sense). Verb irreg. intrans. egon with n conj. superfl. 
 introduced by cenean. 
 
 ZAUDENA. (Twice) 4, 26. thou = you, who stayest. I.q. 
 zauden, but with n rel. pron. nom. declined in the vocative, na = 
 you who ! The vocative in Bask is always formed by the definite 
 article. 
 
 CEBAN. (Thrice) 10, 53, 54. I.q. man. In 1797 it became 
 zuan, on p. 53. 
 
 CEBEK (Twice) 54. They had it. I.q. zuten, into which it 
 was altered in line 6 in 1797. Ind. imp. pi. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 CENDUAN. (4 t.) 10, 13, 15. Thou = you, hadst it. Ind. 
 imp. pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. aux. act. 
 
 CERADE. (Thrice) 4, 9, 11. Art thou = you? ; Thou = you, 
 art. Ind. pres. pi. 2 (sing, sense). Verb subst. and aux. intrans. 
 
 CERADENA. (Twice) 52, 66. That which you = thou, are. 
 I.q. cerade with n rel. nom. decl. nom. pass, na = that which. 
 
 CERANA. 13. The (fact} that you = thou, are. I.q. cerade in 
 the shortened form, with n conj. = that decl. with the ace. of the 
 def. article. Cf. gera for gerade. Verb subst. na = the (fact) that. 
 
 CETJDEN. 9. Which were staying. Ind. imp. pi. 3, with n 
 rel. pron. nom. Verb irreg. intrans. egon. 
 
 CEUDENERA. 19. To that in which they were staying. I.q. 
 ceuden with n rel. in the real locative case, declined in the directive 
 case or accusative of motion. It repeats or specifies the sense of 
 Limlora = to Limbo. That might have been better written Limbo, 
 when the sense would have been "to (the) Limbo in which, 
 jusluac = the just, were waiting." The original runs, " baicican 
 Limbora justuac ceudenera.'' nera = to that in ivhich. 
 
 CIGUN & TCIGUK (Thrice) 45. He had it to m. Ind. 
 imp. sing. 3, ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. Though in 
 each place it follows eman, only in 1. 8 is it tcigun. 
 
22 DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 CINDUAN. 59. She had thee = you. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. 
 pi. (sing, sense), 2, aux. act. 
 
 CIRADELA. 20. While they ivere ; they being, in illo tempore. 
 Ind. imp. pi. 3. Verb subst. with la participial. 
 
 CIRAN. 67. (That] thou (= you) hadst it to me. Ind. imp. 
 pi. 2 (sing, sense), ace. sing. ind. obj. dat. sing. 1, aux. act. intro- 
 duced by cergatic. n conj. may be considered included in the 
 common ending of this form. 
 
 CITUAN. (Thrice) 17, 28, 53. He had them. Ind. imp. 
 sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act. 
 
 CITUANA. (Twice) 9. The (fact) that he had them. Ind. 
 imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. aux. act., i.e. cituan, with n conj. understood 
 in the final n (as in ciran) and decl. ace. na = the (fact) that. 
 In 1797 it became cituala. Cf. dagoana, dana, zana, zuana. 
 
 CITTJANAC. 36. Those which he had. I.q. cituan. Ind. imp. 
 sing. 3, ace. pi. with its n final serving as rel. pron. ace. pi. decl. 
 nom. pass, nac = those which. 
 
 CITUEN. (4 t.) 9, 20, 64. They had them. Ind. imp. pi. 3, 
 ace. pi. aux. act. On p. 20 the final n is used as the rel. pron. pi. 
 ace., but on p. 64 as the conj. that ruled by hario. It is a synonym 
 of cituzten, and took that form in 1797 on p. 20. 
 
 CIUZCUN. 44. He had them to us. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. pi. 
 ind. obj. dat. pi. 1, aux. act. In 1797 it wrongly became cigun. 
 
 ZTJALA. 19. While he had it; he having it, in illo tempore. 
 I.q zuan, aux. act. with eclipse of n before la participial. 
 
 ZUAN & TZUAN. (13 t.) 5, 12, 14, 19, 22, 23, 26, 50, 53. 
 He had it. Ind. imp. sing. 3, ace. sing. aux. act. tzuan occurs 
 twice on p. 26, in each place following esan, but became zuan in 
 1797. Cf. tcigun, zaizca. zana. 
 
 ZUANA. (Twice) 1, 68. That which he had; the (fact) that he 
 had it. I.q. znan ; the n final serving p. 1 as rel. ace. sing. decl. 
 nom. pass, na = the which; and on p. 68 as the conj. that, decl. ace. 
 na = the (fact) that. On this page it became mala in 1797. Cf. 
 dana, dagoana, -zana, cituana. 
 
 eTZUEK 54. Had they it not? I.q. zuten. Ind. imp. pi. 3, 
 ace. sing. aux. act. with the negative prefix e, examined in the 
 note on zaizca. Some writers have used negative verbal forms 
 beginning in ezz instead of etz. They must have meant to convey 
 the sound of etz. 
 
 You know ! epol de Ke -raura /JLe\rjae7aL, o(j)pa reXetratt). 
 
 (Iliad, i, 523.) 
 
DODGSON VERBAL FORMS IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 23 
 
 FYLG THU' MER EFTER! 
 
 Nya Testamente (Kaupmannahaufn, 1807), p. 381. 
 
 It will have been seen that the Bask verb is sufficiently steno- 
 graphic to be recommended for economy in telegrams. Ceudenera, 
 for instance, one single word of nine letters, requires seven words, 
 and twenty-eight letters, to translate it into English ; and didala, 
 six letters, needs twenty letters divided between seven words ! 
 Diegu, five letters, swells to as many words in the language of 
 Chaucer. 
 
 It is probable that none of the above forms is obsolete, and that 
 all of them, except those beginning in did, are included in, or are 
 to be inferred from, one or other of the Dictionaries, Grammars, 
 or Paradigms 1 which have been published. These books, however, 
 do not tell the student where he may see any given form at work. 
 They may enable him to take the words on trust, and to commit 
 them to memory. But, just as we understand a person better when 
 we have visited him or her in his or her 2 workroom and proper 
 sphere of influence ; so the Bask verb can only be really assimilated 
 when located (might one say hered. and nowed.?) and seen reigning 
 from stop to stop on a printed page, like a vox humana in the organ. 
 
 Let us look at some of the forms gleaned from Irazuztas 
 teaching. Da = it is ; zayo it is to him ; zate ( = zaye} = it is 
 to them ; dirade = they are ; zaizka = they are to him ; det = I have 
 it ; diot = I have it to him ; diet = I have it to them; ditut = I have 
 them ; zaytut = I have you ; dizut = I have it to you ; degu = we 
 have it ; gaitue = they have us. 
 
 THE RELATIVE FORMS IN THIS BOOK 
 
 are the most interesting. They are the following sixty-nine : 
 
 dagoawa, dagoa^aren, dagoawari, dagoawaz, dan, dawa, dawagan, 
 dawarekin, dawean, dauderaak, debaw, dedaw, dedawa, deguw, deguraa, 
 
 1 Those of I. de Lardizabals, " Gramatica Yascongada" (San Sebastian, 
 1856), are the best. This book, however, is responsible (see p. 70, articles 25 
 and 26) for the blunder of Prince L. L. Bonaparte, which I pointed out in my 
 essay read before this Society in 1898. Lardizabal seems to have had negation 
 upon the brain. On p. 82 he makes it account for ez in the double postposition 
 ez-gero, the absurdity of which I have explained in a note in my edition of the 
 great book of Sebastian Mendiburu, published at San Sebastian in May, 1900. 
 
 2 Bask pronouns, being sexless, do not engender any such troublesome 
 red-tapery. 
 
24 DODGSON VERB IN BASK : THE RELATIVE J\ T . 
 
 dezakedawa, dezuewa, dezuw, dezuwean, didawa, diewak, diguewai, 
 dijoawa, dijoawean, diow, diradew, diradewak, diradewean, diradewen, 
 ditekeaw, dituanak, dituawakgatik, dituawena, dituewak, dituzu^ak, 
 diuzkaw, duaw, duawa, duarcak, duawaren, duawari, duawean, duawena, 
 duew, duewak, gaituewai, gauzkatew, genduaw, genduawa, geradewean, 
 naizawean, eztawa, eztawik, eztakianari, eztituawa, eztuawak, zaiowa, 
 zaizkawak, zawa, zawean, zawetik, zatewai, zaudewa, zeradewa, zeudew, 
 zeudewera, zituawak, zitue^z, zuawa. 
 
 The analysis in the above Index declares the sense which the 
 context imposes on each of the various endings in these relations. 
 I have had, in speaking of the eight forms ending in nean in 
 the sense of when, to invent a new term, such as time-case, temporal 
 case, time - locative, or locative of time, because the same case- 
 ending may also be used as a common locative, though it is not 
 used so in this catechism. Thus duanean means not only when 
 he has it, but also in that which he has with n as an accusative, 
 and in hint, ivho has it with n as a nominative. Danean is the 
 time-case of dun. The proper locative or inessive case of dan is 
 danagan, the only real locative we have among the relative forms in 
 our book, parallel with Christoganin Christ. This time-case is, of 
 course, the exclusive prerogative of the zeit-wort. It depends on 
 the remarkable casual elasticity of n. The use of n as the 
 conjunction = that does not require so much attention. It will, 
 however, be observed that ceryatic =for -what, in the sense of w/iy, 
 is followed by the verb in the indicative mood, while cergatic = 
 lecaiise has its verb in the conjunctive, with n at the end. This 
 is like the Old English construction " by cause that." I call this 
 use of the n ' superfluous,' because it would not be translated that 
 in modern English, and modern Bask writers seldom use it. 
 
 The Relative Pronoun N. 
 
 The relative pronoun JV is common to all the dialects. To my 
 surprise I have found many Basks, who probably would use it 
 quite correctly, ignorant of the rules which I have mined out for 
 the employment of this miraculous letter. Such persons were like 
 M. Xourdain, in Moliere, who had been talking prose all his life 
 without knowing it! Some illogicalities and inconsistencies in 
 Bask books, e.g. in the Refranes of 1596, have resulted from the 
 incompleteness of the grammars upon this head. This relative is 
 not the only one in the language, and is used exclusively as 
 
DODGSON THE VERB IN BASK DECLINED. 25 
 
 a verbal suffix, serving to unite the form which, it ends to the 
 words which follow. Probably no other language has such 
 a capacious link-letter. It can translate any of the cases of qui, 
 guae, quod, whether singular or plural, with a preposition into the 
 bargain. By its means any verbal form can become a noun sub- 
 stantive, declinable, and to be used as such. 
 
 The Declension of the Verb. 
 
 Thus the declension of the verb means the suffixing to it of 
 a case of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun, the two 
 elements being connected, or separated, by means of this protean 
 consonant. By its means an active verb is declined in the passive, 
 or a passive verb in the active ; a verb with an accusative is 
 declined in the nominative, or a verb with, a nominative is 
 declined in the accusative ; a verb in the plural is declined in 
 the singular, or a verb in the singular declined in the plural. 
 The context prevents any possibility of confusion arising in regard 
 to these marvellous products of ancient philosophy. 
 
 Its Protean Capacities. 
 
 For the verb is in personal and numerical accordance not only 
 with its subject, but with its accusative, if it be an active verb, 
 and with its indirect object or dative if it have one. The subject 
 puts on its active end if it is the nominative of a transitive verb. 
 But the verb is not merely a respecter of persons who are subjects. 
 It is a time-server to all who obey its laws. If it be passive, it 
 tells you by its dress to what class of persons the indirect objects, 
 or outlanders, committed to its care belong. If it be active, it not 
 only does this, but accuses the objects of what they owe to it by 
 a still further change of raiment if they are directed into the first- 
 or second-class carriages in its electric train or personen-mg. This 
 many-sided sovran, not content with behaving as any verb does 
 towards its subjects, orders new regimentals at once if he has to 
 tell us that he objects directly or indirectly to one or to more than 
 one thing or person. He not only unifies or counts them, but he 
 pronounizes them as well when pronouncing sentence upon them. 
 He is not merely stenographic, but photographic. The least used 
 part of the verbal machinery seems to be that which shows us the 
 
26 DODGSON MANIFOLD POWERS OF THE VERB IN BASK. 
 
 active rule affecting at the same time you as dative and me .as 
 accusative, or vice versa ; I mean, for instance, such forms as 
 would occur in translating "he gives me to you" or "they 
 committed thee to us." But no member of this class has 
 met us in our present object-lesson. Duana means both celui 
 qui I 'a and celui qu'il a. In the first case the n is nominative, 
 in the second it is accusative = que. The context alone can 
 decide whether the a final, which makes the word the peer of 
 a substantive, is nominative passive or accusative. .Duana da is 
 hv who has it is, or it is that which he has ; and the logic of the 
 surrounding words must decide whether the n in duana so placed 
 means nominative or accusative. Duana du is he has him who has 
 it, or he has that which he has. Here also the n may be nominative 
 or accusative, but the final a can only be the object or accusative 
 under du. The word becomes active by changing a into ok : thus 
 duanak = he who has it or that which, lie has, erre du = has burned 
 (it), shishidoila l = the butterfly. Here, again, n is dependent 
 on circumstances to be freed from ambiguity. Ak can only be 
 the active or agent case, which, as those who know Bask will 
 admit, ought not to be put on the same level as the passive 
 nominative, the latter serving also as accusative. The oldest 
 French Bask Grammar, that of M. Harriet (Bayonne, 1761), 
 suggests the distinction. It would be much better to call it, 
 as Prince L. L. Bonaparte did, simply the active case. It usurps 
 sometimes the functions of the instrumental or mediative case. 
 Thus, on p. 11, Irazuzta has Libratceagatic Jaungoycoac pensamentu 
 gaiztoetatic, where no verb occurs, but the translation is "in order 
 to the delivering (of ourselves) by God (as agent) from the evil 
 thoughts." Jaungoycoaz, the instrumental, would be less reve- 
 rential. Instead of duanaz egina da = it is made by, or through, him 
 who has it, one might say duanak egina da with the same meaning, 
 producing the seeming anomaly of an active nominative in concord 
 with a passive verb, though really qualifying the predicate. From 
 da = he, she, or it is, we get the relative form dan. Articulate or 
 declined passively, this is dana, meaning celui qui Vest no less than 
 celui qu'il est. This serves as nominative to an intransitive verb, 
 as dana betor = let him come who is it, or as accusative to 
 
 1 A common word at Mugerre ( frontier - town] , about three miles from 
 Bayonne. The butterfly has about as many different names in Baskland as the 
 water-wagtail in all the Spains. 
 
DODGSON VERB IN BASK I THE SUFFIXES Nft AND La. 27 
 
 a transitive and active verb, thus dana ikussi du erleak l = the bee 
 has seen him who is it. But in danak we see the form ready for 
 use as an active force ; thus danak = he who is it (being nominated 
 to act), badu = really has, eizagirrea = the hunting -glade. Dituanak 
 may mean those which he has, and serve either as accusative plural 
 to an active form like ditu = he has them, or as nominative passive 
 to an intransitive form like daude = they stay ; and with these 
 meanings its n can only be accusative to ditu. But dituanak 
 can also mean he who has them ; and in this sense both its n and 
 its ok are active nominative cases, and the whole word can be 
 nothing else than the subject of a transitive verb in the singular 
 number. So that dituanak ditu may also render " he who has them 
 has them' 1 Degu is plural, but degunn is singular. Ditu is singular, 
 but dituanak is plural. Zate is singular, but zatenay is plural. 
 Dirade is plural, but diradenean is singular. 
 
 Dana = All. 
 
 Dana = that which is, is used in the sense of all (which is} in the 
 singular. "What a man has or is, is his all, all that he can do or be. 
 Some writers have made a plural of it, danak. The real plural, 
 however, is diradenak = (all) those which are. Some others, 
 Cardaberaz for instance, have used the past tense zena for the 
 singular, and ziradenak for the plural, in the sense of all, when 
 referring to time past. Probably no other language makes such 
 a time - comparative of all or any adjective ! 
 
 The Suffix La. 
 
 The termination la = that belongs to the conjunctive mood. 
 When used with the imperative it is not to be translated. It 
 sometimes suffices to turn an indicative form into an imperative, or 
 
 1 Erie = bee probably comes from er, erre = burnt, burn, which may he 
 a Kabyle word. The hee is the burner, er-le-a, when it stings. Erre = burnt 
 and crri = town are probably the same word, and have the same sound when 
 articulated, for Bask e followed by is often like English e. Towns were made 
 when the primitive forest was burnt. See p. 27 of " Life with Trans- Siberian 
 Savages," by B. Douglas Howard, M.A. (London, 1893.) In Navarra there is 
 a village called errca the burnt. Jn Brandenburg there were and are immense 
 pine forests, easily burnt. One of them contains a village called Brand. Dr. G. 
 Sauerwein informed me that in Norway many place-names seem to be derived 
 from the word meaning burn. Eire, the ancieiit name of Ireland when it had its 
 trees on it, may be Iberian, and mean burnt land. Erri, herri, generally means 
 land, contry. But, like terra in Portuguese, or tierra in Spanish, or pays in 
 French, it is used in the restricted sense of town, city, milage, instead of hiri, 
 iri, Hi, uri, uli, and even for the people, el pueblo, who live in it. It is cr in 
 some compound words, e.g. er-beste, er-dara. 
 
DODGSON GIPUSKOAN ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. 
 
 a conjunctive : thus dute = they have it ; dutela = that they have it. 
 But frequently it is used with the indicative only to convert the 
 form into a participle. I venture to submit for the approval of 
 grammarians a term invented by myself for describing it shortly 
 and vividly, namely " la participial." La participial occurs in 
 Irazuztas book in the following twelve forms : dagoala, dala, 
 degula, dezula, diradela, ditekeala, duala, gerala, zayola, zala, ziradela, 
 zuala. In the other forms it either marks the imperative, or the 
 conjunctive proper, or the indicative introduced by that as a con- 
 junction. La participial assumes the partitive form laric in other 
 books, without enriching its meaning. 
 
 Superfluous Conjunctive. 
 
 Relative, non-interrogative, independent clauses introduced by 
 eena and its cases, e.g. ceTiac, cenean, cenari, ceTiarekin, or by cer, 
 ceren, also take the conjunctive superfluously. Nola used in the 
 same way, meaning as that, just as, p. 58, or such as, p. 40, also 
 has the conjunctive after it, just as becela follows the same. On 
 the other hand, after consequential non = that (nun in 1797), 
 originally no-n = in which, the indicative is used, e.g., p. 58, 
 alaco moduan non Jem- Christo guztia dago = in such a way in 
 which ( that} the whole Jesus Christ remains, where dagoan 
 would be more elegant and final. 
 
 Variations in the Editions. 
 
 The two first editions of this book ought to be reprinted in 
 facsimile with the Castilian text of Astete between them, as it was 
 known in 1742. The variations between the two, far from being, 
 as Mr. J. Vinson with his usual slipshoddity asserted, a question of 
 orthography, are really dialectal, at least for certain verbal forms. 
 The first is more Biscayan than the other. This is surprising, 
 because on the frontispice (if I may use the old, correct spelling) 
 one is expressly told that Hernialde, three-quarters of an hour on 
 foot from Tolosa, is in the Province of Gipuskoa ! But even as 
 lately as 160 years ago the divergence between the dialects was 
 much less marked than now. LeiQarraga, however, declared in 
 1571 that Bask differed almost from house to house; and a few 
 years ago Don Jose Urzelai ( = water-mead], a priest settled in 
 Abbadiano, said to me : " Los Bascos saben hablar en el hogar, pero 
 no en la plaza ! " Indeed, a Bask market witnesses a Turanian 
 
DODGSON GIPUSKOAN ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. 29 
 
 confusion of tongues on the spot. This Euskarian volatility has 
 fatally paved the way for the successful volubility of Castilian 
 as the official language. A house divided against itself cannot 
 stand. The dialect of Eskiula, near Oloron, is almost as 
 unintelligible to the Basks of Orosko as Roumanian to an Algarvean 
 of Silves. Yet some dialects have kept what others have lost. 
 
 The Accents. 
 
 I do not attempt here to enlist all the differences in wording and 
 spelling, or to illustrate all the grammatical laws observed in the 
 two editions of Irazuztas translation. The first has no accents. 
 In the second, owing, I think, to the influence of S. Mendiburu, 
 they are very abundant, though no distinction is observable 
 between x and '. That reactionary tendency is very remarkable, 
 because now, a hundred years later, the Gipuskoan writers have 
 entirely abandoned the armour of the accent ! 
 
 The Tilde. 
 
 In the first the tilde ~ is almost exclusively used to mark the 
 omission of an en, as in satuare for santuaren. But in a few places 
 it serves to liquify that letter, e.g., p. 1, cena, p. 2, bano, p. 3, 
 ciriatcera and senaleagatic. 
 
 The Aspirate. 
 
 The letter h is conspicuous by its absence in the second edition, 
 except in words from Latin like heredero and hostia and in the 
 combination ch. It occurs here and there in the first, e.g., p. 30, 
 honratcea, p. 31, ohostutcea, where it was left out in the second. 
 This letter is no longer used in writing Gipuskoan, though it is 
 found in the editions of J. B. Agirres " Instructions on Confession 
 and Communion," published in 1803 and 1823. It was struck 
 out in the third edition, published at Tolosa in April, 1900. 
 
 This study is, I fear, already too long and dreary except for 
 aficionados, though it may possibly smooth the road of some future 
 searcher. The revision of the text that had taken place between 
 1742 and 1797 shows that that purism advised, and rightly too, 
 by Dr. Sauerwein, was already at work. It borders, however, on 
 pedantry, and some of its results were retrograde. Many mis- 
 prints were cast out, but some new ones put in to lower the scale 
 of gain. The form of the answers (J&ranfauten det) was modified 
 in some places for the greater glory of the catechist. 
 
30 DODGSON GIPUSKOAN ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES. 
 
 Ma = ta. 
 
 The conjunction eta = and occurs, I think, only once in the 
 shortened form ta in the first, but ta is frequent in the second. 
 
 0= U. 
 
 That o sounds u before a is clear when we find guacen in 
 1742 replaced by goacen in 1797; juan, but dijoanean. 
 
 M for N. 
 
 The use of m for n before b is found in Irazuzta as in the 
 earlier writers, e.g., pp. 42 and 43, in etnbidia, from Latin invidia ; 
 p. 42, in mandamenturem bat, changed into n in 1797; p. 12, 
 orrem beste; p. 20, aim beste ; p. 33, urteam bein, printed urtean 
 in 1797; p. 12, onem bat, becoming onen in 1797 ; cem bat, 
 passim but cenbat at least twice, pp. 13, 39, though altered into 
 cembat in 1797. 
 
 Initial R. 
 
 It has been said by some that Bask has no words beginning 
 with R. It is true that most of them are of forane origin ; 
 but they are abundant, though mostly given a euphonic er as 
 a prefix by modern writers. Irazuzta has Erromara, pp. 64, 56 ; 
 Erreguina, p. 5, but, p. 40, recibitcen, rastroac, reliquiae, and 
 elsewhere reinua, etc. 
 
 R for D. 
 
 The tendency in the Gipuskoan dialect, especially at San 
 Sebastian, is to turn d into r, producing no little confusion 
 in the verb. We have seen above the change of didala into 
 dirala, which might be for diradela ; of didazula into dirazula. 
 But, on the other hand, erocein of the first edition became rightly 
 edocein in 1797 (p. 64). 
 
 Z=TZ. 
 
 Bask s never had the lithping sound of Castilian. It is clear 
 that Irazuzta used the letter with the sound of tz. We have seen 
 some proofs of this in the verb-list. Others result from comparing 
 the orthography of the two editions. Thus elcen in the first is eltcen 
 in the second. Certzaz, concientcia, dultcea, artzaz, and erantzuten in 
 the first became respectively cerzaz, conciencia, dulcea, arzaz, and 
 eranzuten in the second. He also used z for the sound of ss in miss. 
 
DODGSON GIPUSKOAN BASK IDIOMS. 31 
 
 Feminine Words. 
 
 Among the many falsehoods that have heen printed about 
 Bask two are refuted by a perusal of this book. The first 
 is that the language has no grammatical genders. To say 
 nothing of the common termination in sa, sha, cha, xa still in use 
 in Modern French Bask, as it was in the sixteenth century, to 
 mark the femininity of the noun, like princess from prince in 
 English, and nothing of the forms of the verb used for thee-and- 
 thou-ing female persons, or of words which can only designate 
 females, such as ama mother, we have to note, p. 5 in this 
 catechism, " Espiritu santu agan, Eliza santa Catholica," where 
 santu represents sancto and santa = sanctam. The same thing may 
 be seen in M. Ochoa de Capanagas Biscayan Catechism of 1656. 
 However, p. 3, we find Gurutce santuaren, the masculine agreeing 
 with the Gipuskoan form of cruce, which Lei^arraga wrote cruize. 
 Capanaga and other writers, have also used a masculine and 
 a feminine of ledincatu, bedicatu, and its other varieties, from 
 benedictus, but Irazuzta treats it as a sexless word like the 
 common adjectives. 
 
 The Numerals. 
 
 The numerals in Bask take the noun in the singular, as in Old 
 English (or modern 'five-pound note,' 'a two-year-old heifer') 
 and German, and in some cases in Gaelic, e.g. 3 to 10 inclusively, 
 as I learned in Kerry. The number replaces the plural. In Iru 
 gauzataraco for three things the syllable ta is merely euphonic 
 and not a plural sign. One sees the same eta = ta, p. 33, in 
 Pazcoa Resurreciocoetan = on the feast (not feasts) of the Resurrection. 
 The Castilian is par Pasqua Florida. One may compare the ta 
 in onetan = in this (town) in the title of Anns book quoted above. 
 Onen would do as well if it did not produce confusion with onen, 
 the genitive, in the same title. On the other hand, p. 61, eta is 
 a plural sign in Mandamentuetatic and Santarenetatic, and definite 
 to boot. When, however, the noun numbered has to be articulate 
 or determined, it assumes the article in the plural. Thus we find 
 here, p. 3, iru Gurutce = three Cross(es) ; p. 13, lau gauza = 
 four thmg(s) ; but, p. 10, Iru Personetatic cein . . . ? = of the 
 three Persons which . . . ?; p. 35, Leenengo bostac = the five first ; 
 Beste biac = the two other(s)', p. 54, iru Personac = the three 
 Persons] and p. 57, twice, iru persona Divinoac = the three 
 Divine Persons. 
 
32 DODGSON G1PUSKOAN BASK IDIOMS. 
 
 Si suffixed. 
 
 It is to be observed that the number bi = two is used at least 
 once postpositively, like bat = one, e.g., p. 62, persona bi = two 
 person(s], and this seems to be the right arrangement. But 
 elsewhere we have, p. 50, bi tempera = two timers), and, p. 54, 
 bi naturaleza => two nature(s). 
 
 Plural for Singular. 
 
 P. 34, goseac dagoanari, literally to him or her ivho remains the 
 hungries, i.e. to him or her who is hungry ; and egarriac dagoanari, 
 literally to him (or her) who stays (or is) the thirsties, is a curious 
 case of the use of the plural for the singular. It reminds one of 
 zintzurrak egin, literally to do the throats, i.e. to cut the throat, in 
 d'Urtes Genesis, c. xxii, v. 10. Can goseak and egarriak be the 
 active case, ruling held by understood ? On pp. 47, 48, one 
 has "justiciaren gosea, eta egarria duenac," i.e. "those who 
 have the hunger, and the thirst," where gosea and egarria are 
 substantives. 
 
 Singular for Plural. 
 
 The contrary use of the singular for the plural is in the 
 quantitative and interrogative pronouns, e.g., cer etsay = what 
 enemy, dirade are, oriec ? these ? Cein dirade ? = what are they ? 
 not ceinac. Cer gauza dirade Articulu Fedecoac ? The Articles 
 of the Faith, what thing are they? i.e. What thing (not gauzac) 
 are the Articles of the Faith ? Cer gama da Fedea ? What thing 
 is the Faith ? Cembat gauza (not gauzac) bear dirade ? 
 
 How many thing(s) are needed? This is on the same principle 
 as the use of the numbers. Cembat tempera bear da ? = How much 
 time is necessary ? Cembat ? = how many, how much ? is analytically 
 what one, or a what ? from cein = what and bat = one, an, a. Ditu 
 requires its accusative to be plural, yet in Cembat vorondate ditu 
 Christoc? How many will(s) hath Christ? the object is singular in 
 form as much as if it were bi vorondate = two will(s). Cer parte 
 ditu Penitenciac ? What part(s) hath Penance ? shows a similar 
 idiom with the simple interrogative pronoun. 
 
"HODGSON GIPUSKOAN BASK IDH)MS. 33 
 
 L'ltin Loan-words. 
 
 It is always interesting to know how Latin words have 
 fared after entering the service of Bask. 1 In Irazuzta we find 
 Oorputz, from Corpus, now written Gorputz ; 2 Tempora, from 
 Latin, but used as a singular, now written dembora, as it 
 already was in some places in the 1797 edition. Gauza had 
 already replaced causa in 1742, and is by Irazuzta always written 
 without the loss of its final a, e.g. gauza bat = a thing, gauza 
 guztiena = that of all things. Yet some foolish writers have 
 lately curtailed it into gauz, as if the a were the removeable 
 article. 
 
 Narru Gorria. 
 
 As might be expected in a Catechism, there are few idiomatic 
 expressions to be noted. Yet one might say much about narru 
 gorrian on p. 34. It means literally in the red skin (larru being 
 a variant of narru, like luncheon for nuncheon), i.e. stark naked, 
 en cueros. Gorri = red (or red-hot) in Bask is almost as rich in 
 its applications as blue in English. 
 
 KB. The Trinitarian Bible Society, 25, New Oxford Street, 
 London, "W.C., will probably publish a correcter and far cheaper 
 reprint of LeiQarragas Bask New Testament, for popular use and 
 in pocketable form. That of Doctor H. Schuchardt and Herr T. 
 Linschmann reproduces all the misprints of the original and adds 
 a few others: e.g., Matt, xxvi, 18, e do- for edo- ; Acts, iv, 8, 
 hetheric, for betheric, and, in the heading of the preparation for 
 Communion, reecbitu for recebitu. 
 
 As a specimen of good modern Biscayan prose, the JEsaldiac or 
 Sermons, by Andres Iturzaeta, curate of Ochandiano, published in 
 two volumes in 1900 by F. Elosu, at Durango, must be mentioned. 
 They deserve sincere praise. 
 
 1 See a brochure of ten pages by Don Miguel de Unamuno, entitled "Del 
 elemento alienigena eii el idioma vasco," where the etymon of eun, ehun from 
 centum, which I gave him at Bermeo in 1887, is reproduced as if it were his 
 own. I proposed to him centum = kentum, kendion, kennum, hennum, ennutn, 
 enmm, enun, ehun^ eun. 
 
 3 Some busybodies have said that this word is only used of corpses or dead 
 bodies, and is derived from gorpu = body and utz empty ! Gorpu is indeed 
 a very empty body, a mere ill ghost-word, as Professor W. W. Skeat would say. 
 
34 DODGSON ORATIO DOMINICA IN GIPUSKOAN BASK. 
 
 The Lords Prayer was rendered thus, on p. 1, by Arin in 1713: 
 
 PATER-NOSTERRA. 
 
 Math, c, 6, a v. 9, usque ad 13. It. Luc. c. 11, d v. 2, usque ad 5 
 Aita geurea, Ceruetan zaudena : santificatua izan bidi ceure icena. 
 Betor ceure reinua gugana. Eguin bidi ceure vorondatea, nola 
 Ceruan, a la lurrean. Eman eguiguzu egun gueuren egunoroco 
 oguia. Eta bareatu eguizcutzu gueure zorrac, gueuc gueren 
 zordunai barcatzen diegun becela. Eta tentacioan erorten eutzi 
 ez gaizatzula. Baicican libra gaitzatzu gaitcetic, Amen. 
 
 And by Irazuzta : 
 
 In 1742. In 1797. 
 
 Pater nosterra. Pater Nosterra. 
 
 Aita gnrea, Ceruetan zau A itugurea, Ceruetan zaudena: 
 
 dena : santificatua izarabidi zure sautificatua izan bedi zure 
 
 icena. Betor gugana zure reinua. Icena: betor gugana zure 
 
 Eguimbidi zure vorondatea, nola Reinua : eguin bedi zure voron- 
 
 Ceruan, ala lurrean. Eman datea, nola Ceruan, ala lurrean : 
 
 eguiguzu egun gueren egun egun iguzu gure eguneroco 
 
 eroco oguia. Eta bareatu oguia : eta barca guizquigutzu 
 
 eguiuzcutzu gure zorrac, guc gure zorrac, guc gure zordunai 
 
 gueren zordun ai barcatzen barcatcen diegun becela : eta 
 
 diuztegun bezela. Eta ez ez gaitzatzula utci tentacioan 
 
 gaitzatzula utci tentacioan erorten : baicican libra gaitzazu 
 
 erorten : baicican libra gaitzatzu gaitcetic. Amen Jesus, 
 gaitcetic. Amen Jesus. 
 
 The hybrid Pater nosterra, inherited from Capanaga, was duly 
 altered in 1797 into Aita gurea = the Our Father on pp. 13, 21, 
 where the Prayer is referred to. 
 
 One cannot study a Catechism for linguistic purposes without 
 noticing what is, and what is not, taught therein. In this book, 
 as in all earlier Bask Catechisms, all forbidding of bull-fights, or 
 human fights and wars, and other forms of barbarism and cruelty, 
 or the circulating false coins, is as absent as any mention of the 
 Papal Opinion about the Conception of St. Mary the Virgin. It 
 is true that in the Maria Santissimaren Letania, which concludes 
 the book, the invocation "Mater Immaculata, Ora," was inserted 
 in 1797 after " Mater Intemerata." But immaculota there may 
 describe merely the post-natal state of the Holy Mother. On 
 p. 10 Irazuzta put the Queiy and Reply, " D hat is the signal of 
 
DODGSON VARIOUS NOTES ON G1PUSKOAN BASK. 35 
 
 the Christian? The Holy Cross." On p. 21 the Basks were 
 taught " 1 ask. Who is the Holy Father? / answer. He is 
 the Supreme Pontiff of Home, Christs Yicar on earth, to whom 
 these-all (of us) we remain obliged to obeying." The words 
 Sumo Pontifice Erromacoa were left out as superfluous in 1797. It 
 would be well if the Pope would add in all catechisms, after the 
 Commandments of the Church, the " New Commandment" of his 
 Lord, iva a^aTraTc oX\r;Xov?. It might assume this anagrammatical 
 form in those for English-speakers : 
 
 " In what does Christianity consist? 'Tis in Charity ! " 
 " What is there in Christianity f Charity ' in it ! " 
 
 CIIRISTIANI Hh SI SINT CARL 
 
 P.S. In the Index to these " TRANSACTIONS" for the year 1898 
 the following corrections must be made : 
 
 P. 544, 1. 8. For " Eire-land, Basque, its national tongue," read 
 " Eireland, Bask mentioned in a book on its national tongue." 
 I did not say that Bask was, though it may have been, the tongue 
 of Iberian Hibernia or Eire. 
 
 P. 544, 1. 31. For " 504 " read " 505." 
 P. 545, 1. 23. For " Leic,arraga's " read "Dodgsons." 
 P. 545, 1. 33. For " Ireland, national tongue of a Basque," which 
 makes no sense at all, read "Eireland, the national tongue of." 
 P. 546, 1. 20. For " 504 " read " 505." 
 
 In my article in the same volume I asked, "What is to become 
 of the Princes Ba^k books ? " I am permitted by their owners, 
 Messrs. Harvey Preen and T. J. Garlick, of 17, Basinghall 
 Street, London, E.G., to state that they cio not wish to separate 
 them from the rest of the collection. They desire to sell this as 
 a whole. Their price is 4,500. The Library lies useless in a 
 store-room. Will no wealthy friend of Linguistic Science redeem 
 it from this sad enterment, and present it to the British Museum 
 or some English University ? Prince L. L. Bonaparte is meant. 
 
 With the change of Ipuscoa (as it was written 300 years ago) 
 into Gipushoa, compare Gurwnea, now Urumea the river at 
 Donostia, and Gibaya a river in the Province of Santander, 
 evidently an old form of modern Bask Hay a = the river. 
 
36 DODGSOX NOTE ON THE GIPUSKOAN CAPITAL. 
 
 The name of San Sebastian, the modern capital of Gipuskoa, is 
 Donostia in modern Bask, from Dominus (used in Bask in the 
 sense of Saint] and a contraction of Sebastian, the name of the 
 p itron. In the "Acts of the Privy Council of England" for 
 1542-47, the town is called " S. Sebastians," and " Saynt 
 Sebastians." Peter Heylyn, in his MIKPOKO2M02 (Oxford, 
 1625), also has, p. 54, "Saint Sebastians." Here the final * 
 represents a genitive, and implies town to complete the sense. 
 This shows that St. Palais, in French Baskland, took its name 
 from St. Palai = Pelayo, when the English occupied that part of 
 Aquitaine. Heylyn, in his Cosmographie (London, 1652), p. 221, 
 has " S. Sebastians (Don Bastia as the vulgar call it)." In Les 
 Delices de V Espagne f du Portugal .... par Don J. 
 Alvarez de Colmenar (a, Leide, 1707), p. 80, there is an engraving 
 of the town, and another in his Annales (Amsterdam, 1741). 
 King Charles II of England visited it in 1659. See Revolutions 
 d'Angleterre, par M. de Bordeaux (Paris, 1670), p. 190. 
 Kimes in Labourdin Bask -written at Elche on the eve of the 
 
 total eclipse of the sun, 27th May, 1900 : 
 
 Hilabetez hilla Monthly to be dead 
 
 Oi da Hilargia ; The Month-light is wont ; 
 
 Hoztatu ducna The Sun is indeed 
 
 JBaita Eguskia. That which hath chilled her ! 
 
 Ta du Eguskia And doth Mortification 
 
 Hildural: letetzen. Fill the Sun, 
 
 Noizeta, hark ducna Whenever, that which 
 
 drgitzcn, arkitzen He doth enlighten, find 
 
 Ducn Artekoa He doth in the Way between 
 
 Sere ta Lurraren ; Himself and the Earth ; 
 
 Mariaz Orrilla The Leaf-Month (May] with Mary 
 
 Asi eta askenzen ? Begun and ending ? 
 
 Mariaren gatik (No ! 'twas) for Marys sake 
 
 Hil zan Eguskia ; The Sun did die ; 
 
 Hilargia gatik For the Moons sake 
 
 Egin du Corona. He hath made the Corona ! 
 
 Crislo launa Bera Christ the Lord Himself 
 
 Illun du Mariak ! Hath been darkened by Mary ! 
 
 Gizonak duena That which Man hath 
 
 Izartu du launak ! The Lord hath bestarred ! 
 
 EDWAKD SPENCEK DODGSON. 
 
 An offprint of 150 copies from the TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL 
 SOCIETY, February 22, 1901. 
 
 STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, PRINTERS, HERTFORD. 
 
37 
 
 VENOMS ANTIDOTE: 
 
 BEING A REPLY TO DOCTOR SCHUCHARDTS CRITICISM ON 
 MY LEICARRAGAN STUDIES. 
 
 N.B. In this essay 6'. means Dr. H. Schuchardt of Graz ; 0. = J. Calvin ; 
 L. J. Lei9arraga. 
 
 DR. SCHTJCHARDT, in his Introduction to his reprint of Lei^arragas 
 Books, publishes some remarks affecting some little works of my 
 own concerning the Bask New Testament of 1571. They are 
 most unfair. They would have been more legitimate if they 
 had been published in some Revue or Zeitschrift, as my own essays 
 were. But he has placed them where they will meet the eyes 
 of all who read any surviving copy of his edition of that book 
 for centuries to come ; and, though he gives references to the 
 publications in which my real or supposed blunders are to be 
 found, he has not taken the precaution to quote the context in 
 those places where my own interpretation is criticized ; and yet 
 his readers cannot criticize him without referring to such context. 
 Many of them will, no doubt, accept his dogmata as infallible, and 
 look no further into the question. In the other places I am 
 referred to as if I were the printer, the actual compositor of my 
 contributions to the four forane reviews which published them 
 for me. The blame which belongs to their printers is thrown 
 upon me as author. S. shudders, I hope, as much as I do at all 
 misprints, especially when they mar his own work. He gives us 
 a list of those which he had detected in his reprint of L.'s books 
 before it came out. But those who compare this with the original 
 edition will enlarge the list. It is a tedious business. But here 
 are the details of my defense against this ungracious attack. The 
 pages in italic are those of S. 
 
 On pp. xii and xiii he refers to my work on St. Peters Epistles, 
 written when I was a mere tiro in Bask. I much regretted 
 its too hasty publication, and wondered how the Editor of the 
 Revue de Linguistique, where it appeared (Tomes xxiii and xxiv), 
 allowed so many blunders to pass without warning me or my 
 readers. I had two proofs to correct for the second part of it, 
 
38 CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 
 
 pp. 262-277; but only one for the others. The third part 
 (pp. 43-48 of Tome xxiv) was meant to correct some of my own 
 mistakes and those of the printer. But the editor himself states 
 there that he did not publish the whole of it : and a supplementary 
 corrigenda which I sent in was altogether rejected. Otherwise 
 S. would have seen that the corrections, which he has correctly 
 made, had been anticipated by myself. If he visits El Ateneo in 
 Barcelona, he will find my own copy of those tomes, corrected with 
 my own hand in the places which justly excited his sharp dissent. 
 
 As for R. de Z., t. xxiv, p. 46, the line 10, " pour " emend- 
 amendutara " lisez " emendamentura," contains a misprint in 
 the final word. It should be " emendamendutara." Anyone 
 knowing the original and turning to t. xxiii, p. 178, can see 
 that what I was trying to correct was the printing of the word 
 in italic, which was a caprice of the compositor. I never doubted 
 that " eraendamendutara" was the correct form of the word. Dr. S. 
 is disingenuous here, or extraordinarily stupid ! 
 
 On p. 48 of t. xxiv of R. de L. the reader finds " ohortfeflftM." 
 As for ohoritzague (p. xiii), S. or his printer puts it all in italic. Yet 
 a glance at the place where this correction was meant to be made, 
 shows that what I sent to the printer was olaoT&ifaague. In 
 jumping from Roman (steilsehrift] to cursive (schragschrift] the 
 compositor left out the a. 
 
 In t. xxv of R. de L., p. 165, the editor took the liberty, 
 without consulting me, of ordering his printer to change my 
 words "as beautiful as can possibly be" into "more beautiful 
 than," etc., completely spoiling the idiomatic force of the Souletin 
 ecin haloro eger. He has twice rejected my request that his readers 
 should be told that the disorder of the quotations under quten in 
 t. xxxii, pp. 254-257, did not exist in the proof which I corrected. 
 It is an extreme case of the mischievousness of printers devils. 
 
 On p. xii we are told " In der ' Euskara ' hat auch E. S. Dodgson 
 selbst verschiedcne Stiicke abgedruckt." I deny that ! My 
 share in the publication referred to was to send to the German 
 editor a copy of the text, and to correct in presence of the 
 original the proof which I received from him. I did not 
 dbdrucken the articles or set up the type of the Euskara paper. 
 I never went to Berlin until 1899. I much regret not 
 having learnt the art of typography. The corrections made by 
 S. in this case also are correct. But he would see that I had 
 marked them years ago on my own copy of Euskara : and 
 
CONTRK UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 39 
 
 Herr T. Linsclimann, his colleague, who was then the sub- editor 
 thereof, will recollect my sending him a corrige for the corrigenda 
 which he never returned or published. Misprints will occur, even 
 in corrigenda. They are the painful purgatory of all authors ; but 
 are as inevitable as the pulgatorio which is the plague of travellers 
 in Spain. 
 
 S. refers, p. xii, to the misprints with which the Euslcalerria 
 review at San Sebastian in Spain disgraced my copy of one of L.'s 
 appendices. The copy when it left my hands was quite correct. 
 I sent a list of corrections to the editor. He did not publish them. 
 Everyone knows that the JEuskalerria (= Basic-land) is by no 
 means a careful or scientific Revista. It has done much harm to 
 Bask by publishing pieces in that tongue ungrammatically written, 
 incorrectly spelt, and devoid of literary merit, to say nothing of 
 imperfect translations and its apparent preference for Castilian. 
 !N"o doubt its Editor, who inhabits the Angels house, thought to 
 do good service to Catholicism by making the work of a Protestant 
 look incorrect. I sent him about the same time a copy of L.'s 
 Advertimendua. It was neither published nor returned. 
 
 On p. Ixxviii, S. asserts that I assume that L. stuck exclusively 
 to the French text of J. Calvin in making his version. I have 
 never said anything more conclusive or exclusive on the point than 
 this, that as a general rule he clings to it most faithfully. He 
 certainly does ! and to such an extent that certain misprints and 
 the use of italic are directly transferred from the French to the 
 Bask. But a perusal of my notes to the published and unpublished 
 parts of my long work on the Leigarragan verb will convince any 
 lover of the truth that I have neglected nothing which tends to 
 show that L. was no slavish, blind follower of C., who died seven 
 years before this Bask classic came out. I have in a good many 
 places referred to the Greek and Latin texts which I think he 
 consulted. The Basks are fanatically Catholic, almost disagreeably 
 religious, and detest C. as much as all loyal monarchists hate Oliver 
 Cromwell, but with less cause. For that reason they are inclined 
 to underrate the great literary merit of L. So strong is this 
 feeling that one of the most learned Bask priests, Canon Inchauspe, 
 the well-known author, while most kindly replying to my 
 numerous questions concerning Testamentu Berria, refused to 
 accept the dedication of one of the parts of my work on the 
 verb used therein, because it was Calvinian ! It was partly to 
 combat that prejudice, which confounds grammar with religion, 
 
40 CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 
 
 that I have sought to magnify any discrepancies that can be 
 found between the French of C. and the Bask of L. 
 
 S. does not seem to have seen this, for he quotes my notes 
 on 1 John, ii, 25 ; iii, 1 ; and v, 10, which I inserted on purpose 
 to show L.'s infidelity to or independence of C., as if they 
 were an argument against myself. No ! they were put there as 
 exceptions to prove the rule. And S., while seeking to wound me, 
 finds himself caught in my own camp ! 
 
 Upon my note on 1 John, iii, 1, S. says, "Ebenso verhalt es sich 
 Joh. 1, iii, 1 (422 1 ), wo nach Dodgson a. a. 0. S. 24 L. ' infidele ' ist, 
 wegen ezgaitu\ vgl. y/ua?, nos : vous (Luther : eucJi}" It is possible 
 that many readers of the introduction, where these words occur, 
 will find them as unintelligible as they appear here, completely 
 separated from their context; and that someone will doubt if S. 
 knows that vous and tuck do not translate ?}/*? and nos I Here, 
 again, if the readers do not know the difference between ezgaitu 
 and etzaitu, and do not consult the texts of C. and L., and my 
 brochure on St. Johns Epistles (1893) with quotations therefrom, 
 they will perhaps think I am responsible for the obscurity of S. 
 Let Luther and C. say euch and vous \ L. translated ^a? and nos. 
 And that is what my note says clearly. S. has not removed the 
 need of it. 
 
 Again, as to my note on p. 6 of my work on the Epistles to 
 St. Timothy (1895), S. by his comment shows that it was quite 
 in its place. On p. 7 of the same I say " (s'amusans ne traduit 
 pas behatzen}." S. says that this shows that I am not familiar 
 with the French of the sixteenth century. But I put it there 
 to show that I was ; and to warn Bask readers that three centuries 
 have made a difference in their language as well as in French. 
 No Bask would now, in the twentieth century, translate modern 
 s'amusans by behatzen, or modern behatzen by s'amusans. Experientia 
 doceat ! In view of my remarks on eztitecen beha, pp. 39 and 53, 
 S. had no right to accuse me of not knowing that s'amuser used to 
 mean the opposite of modern amusement. 
 
 On p. 14 of the same work I say that LeiQarraga does not 
 translate Vuwge in the summary of 2 Tim. iii. His word 
 is proletchua, which, as anyone can see, is ' Castilian provecho 
 with the Bask article a = the ; just as ephantchua = the 
 hindrance, the obstacle, is from Castilian empacho. I was 
 not ignorant of the fact that usage may bear the usurers 
 sense of profit. But that is not its usual sense in C.'s New 
 
CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 41 
 
 Testament. I think the word will be found there in some places 
 where L. has not rendered it by proletchu, but by some such 
 word as ussanza or ussaya, as in modern Bask. A modern Bask 
 would not translate proletchu by usage, though he might take it 
 to mean pauvret. L. did not translate the body or outward form 
 of I'usage, but rendered its particular sense in this place more 
 precise by putting probetchua for the soul of it. Ussaya, ussanza, 
 would have been word for word, but would have deceived the 
 Bask reader. Usage may have a bad sense. But proletchu to 
 a Bask is good. Moreover, in the verse 16, to which the summary 
 directs attention, C. has profitable, and L. has the unprofitable 
 word probetchable, which has no need or right to pass into usage. 
 L. saw Vusage in the summary; but he saw profitable in v. 16, 
 and showed good taste in profiting by its presence to justify 
 the rejection of an ambiguous usage. I read that part of C.'s text 
 carefully while preparing my Concordance to " Timothy," and 
 that fact alone shows what I meant in saying "L. ne traduit pas 
 V usage" My note was not explicit enough for S. ; but he had 
 no right to base on it an accusation that I am unfamiliar with the 
 usages of sixteenth- century French ; though I have not studied it, 
 probably, so thoroughly as he has. Here also I was trying to 
 convince Bask readers that they must be prepared to sever L. from 
 their prejudice against C. 
 
 On p. Ixxix S. says that I misunderstand Bask akio because 
 on p. 5 of my book on Timothy, in quoting 1, iv, 13, " aquio 
 iracurtzeari," and its equivalent in the French, " sois attentif 
 a la lecture," I say " (on a omis attentif dans le Basque)." 
 S.'s note on this note seems to imply that he thinks I meant 
 to accuse the Bask translator, or his printer, of a fault, of 
 unduly leaving something out ; and proceeds to say, what is 
 perfectly obvious, and what was the very point of my note, that 
 " aquio ist so viel wie sois attentif, attende, Trpoae^e (vgl. sei drauf 
 aus)." One really feels obliged to say, " Go for Dr. S. ! be at 
 him ! set upon him ! but dont pay attention to him ! " The 
 two other quotations containing aquio on the same page of my 
 book show clearly that the essential meaning of aquio is " be 
 thou to it," and that it need not, and cannot, always mean that 
 which I meant to poiut out that it does mean, by an elleipsts, 
 in this particular place. Anyone seeing " aquid" translating 
 " sois attentif a," and knowing that the proper meaning of it 
 is "sois a," can see that the Bask translates attentif by dropping 
 
42 CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 
 
 it. My note says that! S 's comment thereon says the same! 
 But how many of those who read the latter will see the former ? 
 Hence my charge of disingenuousness against S. My reply to 
 him is therefore " iarreiqui aquio iustitiari = pourchasse iustice " 
 (2 Tim. ii, 22). My works on the Epistles of St. John and 
 those of St. Paul to St. Timothy appeared in the Actes de la Societe 
 Philologique at Paris, Tomes xxii and xxv, and in an offprint 
 therefrom of fifty copies ; and are to be found in the British Museum. 
 I take this opportunity of requesting that on p. 21 of the work 
 on St. John these words may be added at the bottom : " 1, i, 1, 
 . . . , ENCUN vkan duguna, gure beguiez IKUSSI vkan duguna, 
 CONTEMPLATU vJcan duguHtt^ , ce que nous auons ouy, ce 
 
 que nous auons veu de nos yeux, ce que nous auons contemple." 
 They are parts, each complete in itself, of a work meant to embrace 
 the whole of the Leigarragan verb, and to enable the beginner, if he 
 can but read French (which I chose as likely to attract a wider range 
 of readers in France and Spain, between which contries the Basks 
 find themselves wedged in and cut in twain, than my native 
 English), to dispense with imperfect grammars and dictionaries such 
 as those of Van Eys, and see for himself why L. translated C. as 
 he did, and what and how many forms of the verb he used in doing 
 so, and where and how many times each of these may be seen at 
 work. The longest part that has appeared is now in very slow 
 course of publication in the Revue de Linguistique at Paris. 
 I have unfortunately been allowed only one proof to correct 
 before publication. This has also been read and assailed by S. 
 He says, p. Ixxxiv, that on p. 70 of t. xxxii I gave a false 
 definition of citudn. He is right. I am not incapeable (surely 
 this is the right, as it was the old spelling, to keep the cap in 
 captivity) of making mistakes any more than S. But, as I dis- 
 tinctly say it is masculine, it is from sheer bad faith that he says 
 I took it for cituen \ I thought of Gipuskoan cituan. I thought 
 of the forms in J. P. Dartayetas useful "Guide ou Manuel" (three 
 editions, at Bayonne), citizcan, citian, citucan, and cituyan. No 
 doubt L. used here an old form of cituyan, unless his printer erred. 
 The correction shall be made by reading substantif for possessifiu the 
 definition, and the suppression of the note about ciraden and erdara, 
 which was not to the point. I thank S. for that real correction. 
 On p. 29 of R. de Z., t. xxxi, I said that in St. Mark, ix, 43, 
 the : before gehennara was a mistake on the part of Haultin, or 
 Hautin, who printed L.'s books, and I referred to vv. 47 and 
 
CONTRE UN TOUR DE BASQUE. 43 
 
 48 of the same chapter and on the same page, to prove my 
 assertion. Anyone can see that my accusation is right ; for, if 
 the : were necessary in that place in v. 43, it surely would 
 be equally so in the others where the same phrase is repeated 
 (the intervention of suco in v. 47 not aifecting the sense). Yet 
 what does S. say on pp. cvi and cvii of his einleitung ? He wilfully 
 misunderstands me, and speaks as if I were referring to the punctu- 
 ation between Jiura and hobe, which happen to stand next to one 
 another in each of the three verses indicated and justify another note 
 on the printing ! I advise no one to send any manuscript to S. without 
 keeping a copy, if he wishes not to be misquoted. He has stated 
 that I have a good knowledge of Bask (it is not perfect, and always 
 slipping back for want of practice and absence from Bask company), 
 and that I might become the mittelpunkt for studies which concern 
 it. In 1893 I said in the Introduction to my aforesaid work on 
 St. John, u A new and correcter edition of Lei^arraga is absolutely 
 indispensable in order to popularise and elevate Bascological studies. 
 Who will pay for it ? " In 1895 S. wrote to me to ask if I coud 
 myself defray the cost of a new edition of L. The Imperial 
 Academy of Sciences at Vienna deserves the warmest thanks of all 
 scholars for providing the funds needed for that laudable under- 
 taking. Progress in Bask is only possible by going backward. 
 In spite of his crooked method of warfare, I am much bounden 
 to S. for calling the attention of his readers to my essays on 
 Leiqarragas Bask. However little they satisfy myself, I meant 
 them to serve to stimulate intelligent examination of so splendid 
 and interesting a model ; and scholars like Dr. G. Sauerwein, of 
 Banteln, Hannover, and Professor E. Picot, of Paris, have testified 
 to their usefulness. S. has stated that "it is not to his interest" 
 that I should publish any more of them ! For this compliment 
 much thanks ! 
 
 EDWARD SPENCER DODGSON. 
 
 London, Candlemas Day, 1901. 
 
 I take this opportunity of thanking Mr. W. J\ Yan Eys for 
 giving me a copy of his " Bibliographic des Bibles et des Nouveaux 
 Testaments en Langue Franchise des XV me et XYI me Siecles, par 
 W. J. Yan Eys" (Geneve, 1900). It serves as a guide to some 
 editions on which Lei^arraga based his translation. I have also to 
 thank Mrs. Bywater, the wife of the Professor of Greek at Oxford, 
 for a copy of the reprint of Leigarraga; and Dr. E. W. Bullinger, 
 for a copy of Calvins French Bible printed at Amsteldam in 1635. 
 
44 REDE ME AND BE NOT WROTHE ! (Ro>/). 
 
 BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY, 
 
 146, Queen Victoria Street, London, JS.C. 
 
 MY DEAR MR. DODGSON, Lest I should miss you when you call 
 at the Bible Society I write these few lines for you. I am greatly 
 interested in this literary work in connection with the Bible which 
 you have undertaken, but I must at once say that it is the kind 
 of work that the Society would not undertake. Their business is 
 the publication of the Scriptures without note or comment, and 
 anything beyond this would, in accordance with their fundamental 
 laws, be a misappropriation of the funds entrusted to them. It 
 is surely possible, however, to have this most important work 
 published. It is not the kind of work that will pay directly, but 
 in the sum-total of knowledge indirectly. And there is one man 
 on my sub-committee, namely Dr. Gust, who has a great deal of 
 influence with several learned societies in London, and, if you wish, 
 I will support in the strongest manner any proposal you may make 
 for its publication. Dr. Gust is at present at Felixstow, in Suffolk, 
 but I shall be very glad to forward any letter you may address to 
 him, with a covering letter from myself. So very few patient 
 labourers are working out-of-the-way questions like those to which 
 you are devoting so much labour, that it cannot be but some means 
 will be found for the publication of what you have devoted so 
 much labour to produce. Believe me, dear Mr. Dodgson, yours 
 
 T6 'I ^"'Jon 07 W. WRIGHT. 
 
 August 20, 1897. 
 
 M. E. Picot, the well-known Polyglot, wrote to me with 
 reference to " Le Verbe Basque Trouve et Defini dans 1'iEpitre de 
 St. Jacques" 1 : " J'ai eu le plaisir de recevoir la suite de votre 
 Verbe Basque. C'est a vous que je dois maintenant de connaitre 
 quelques mots Euscariens." 
 
 Dr. Sauerwein wrote to me, November 30, 1899, from Burg in 
 Spree wald, where I had shortly before met him and begun to learn 
 "Wendish : "Dear Sir, I have looked through your interesting 
 little grammatical dictionary, as one might call it. It would 
 almost seem desirable tbat you should have amplified it, so as not 
 merely to embrace all the verbal forms of one translation, but so 
 fur as possible all occurring in the language. Still, even limited 
 as it is, it is a valuable means, to a beginner, of mastering many, at 
 first sight, frightening 'impossibles.' How anyone could purposely 
 refuse acceptance of such an useful 'janua' (Latin), kindly 
 presented by a learned 'jauna' (Basque), seems inconceivable. 2 
 How those dear people disfigure their language with foreign 
 additions ! Eor them a little scion of our purism, growing far too 
 exuberantly in Germany, might be desirable and useful." 
 
 1 Published July 2, 1899. It analyzes 151 forms of the verb. There are 200 
 copies of it, and some still on sale. 
 
 2 The Librarian of the University of Goettingen had refused to accept it as 
 a gift to the library under his charge. I have to thank eleven other librarians in 
 Germany for buying it. 
 
 150 copies privately printed, February 22, 1901. 
 
 STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, PRINTERS, HERTFORD. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 
 
YB 00088 
 
 393129 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY