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ID OF TRIDE.-LIBOUE DEPAHTMENT. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 fENCIES AND METHODE FOR DEALING 
 
 WinL THE 
 
 UNEMPLOYED. 
 
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BOAKD OF TRADE.— LABOUR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON 
 
 AGENCIES AND METHODS EOU DEALING 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 Prf5(entttf to ftotf) ^^axtit^ at parliament in Cotnmautf of l^ci* Majesty. 
 
 .of 
 .Dt as 
 
 o^THf.iethods by- 
 hoped that 
 riven to these 
 lie distinctions 
 LONDON: ^ho are more 
 
 PKINTED FOK HER MAJESTY'S STATION^ of employment 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE 
 
 pRiKTEKs TO THE queen's MOST ExcELLEy^ scasonal ano. otiier 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through ai these trades, and the 
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 1893. 
 
 [C— 7182.] I'rice U. Del 
 

 
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 i. 7101.1 
 
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 1892^ 
 
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 Potato 
 
 f. 7142.] 
 
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 1 7143.] 
 
 Statist r 
 
 ,7172.] Metrupouta 
 .No. 297/93. BiJiL 
 
 FM _ 
 Bill Ko. 274. BisTEieT 
 
 ^.TSTIS, ENGLAND AND WaLES, ,„^ 
 
 lation Tables are in course of pVi, 
 [0. 6986 and 6986— i.-xii. Moes ^ 
 1892, with Summaries of the 
 Coal Minos Ee^alation Act, 181 
 SMe Mines (Gnnpowder) Act, 1 
 
To THE SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF TRADE. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I HAVE the honour to submit the accompanying report 
 by the Commissioner for Labour on the methods and agencies 
 for dealing with the unemployed. 
 
 The preparation of this report and the collection of materials 
 for it have occupied a good deal of the time of the Department 
 during the past few months. But the importance of the in- 
 quiry which you directed has appeared even greater during its 
 progress than it was thought to be at first, there being no 
 work in existence which reviews the subject in its various 
 aspects, and points out the scope and nature of the different 
 methods and agencies that have been or are being tried for deal- 
 ing with the unemployed. The present comprehensive summary 
 teaches various lessons which are embodied in the report itself, 
 and admirably summarised in its concluding pages. 
 
 The report speaks for itself, and it would be unsuitable for me 
 to comment upon it. But I desire to call special attention to 
 two points in it. The first is the description of what is meant 
 by the phrase " unemployed " itself When statistics as to 
 ^' unemployed " are called for, the difficulty is immediately 
 encountered of how to define the word and give instructions to 
 the clerks and collectors of the data who are to carry out the 
 work, while in the study of alleged statistics and statements of 
 numbers of the unemployed one is constantly put in doubt as 
 to what the facts really are by the neglect of those who make 
 th^ statements to define their terms and describe the methods by 
 which the statements are arrived at. It is to be hoped that 
 after this report more care and attention will be given to these 
 points in all discussions on the subject. /The distinctions 
 between the want of employment of those who are more 
 or less chronically unemployed, the want of employment 
 at certain times in certain trades, owiog to seasonal and other 
 causes, though there is no surplus labour in these trades, and the 
 want of employment which is really exceptionaUbesides others 
 
 o 77723. Wt. 8688. ^ 
 
 105742 
 
11 
 
 stated in tho i-oporfc, ni*o, in aiw case of obvious iinportance, and 
 show that tlie plimsc " unemployed " is a complex and not a 
 simple term, and that the subject cannot be treated at allwkliout 
 the utmost care. 
 
 The second point to which I desire to call attention, is the 
 promise in the report to proceed with an inquiry as to irregu- 
 larity of employment, which is one of the primary causes of 
 that congestion of the " unemployed " which makes it necessary 
 to have methods and agencies for dealing with them. The 
 difficulties of a complete remedy for the niischief by dealing 
 with it after it has been produced by any or all of the methods 
 and agencies that have been tried, being recognised, the study 
 of the causes which lead to irregularity of employment becomes 
 the more important. It may not be possible to suggest legislative 
 or other remedies for irregularity of employment as the result of 
 this study ; but the information, if collected and presented to the 
 public in a manner resembling that of the present report, will 
 undoubtedly l)e most useful. It is, of cou)"se, impossible to say 
 beforehand how long the preparation of such a report will take, 
 and probably more than one report will be necessary : Ijut the 
 zeal and energy with which the present report has been got (^ut 
 are the best proof that the matter will be proceeded with as 
 (pickly as the other business of the Department will permit. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 
 R. GIFFEN. 
 
 Commercial, Labour, and Statistical 
 Deparbnents, Boai-d of Trade, 
 September, 1898. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 To the Controller-General of the Commercial, Labour, and 
 Statistical Departments of the Board of Trade. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I HAVE the honour to present to you the accompanying 
 Memorandum on agencies and methods for dealing with the 
 unemployed, which has been prepared in accordance with instruc- 
 tions ]:eceived from the Board of Trade. In the preparation 
 of this Memorandum I have received much assistance from 
 the Labour Correspondents of the Board of Trade and other 
 members of the staff of the Department, and ^Iso from many of 
 the local correspondents of the Department in various parts of 
 the country, and others. In particular, Mr. Burnett and Mr. 
 Drummond have largely contributed to the section dealing with 
 the work of Trade Societies ; Mr. Dent has collected much of 
 the information with regard to Labour Bureaux and Municipal 
 and other Belief works, and Miss Collet has dealt, among other 
 subjects, with agencies specially connected with women and girls. 
 The Memorandum also includes a special report made to the 
 Labour Department by Professor Mavor, of Toronto University, 
 on Labour Colonies on the Continent. 
 
 I am. 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 (Signed) H. Llewellyn Smith, 
 
 Commissioner for Labour. 
 Labour Department, 
 
 Board of Trade, 
 
 18th September 1893. 
 
 o 77723. 
 
CONTENTS OF MEMORANDUM. 
 
 Part I. — Introductory. 
 
 Page 
 (i.) Scope and plan of the report - - - 5 
 
 (ii.) Meaning and classification of want of employ- 
 ment ------ 7 
 
 (ill.) General classification of agencies dealing with the 
 
 unemployed - - - - - 12 
 
 Part II. — Permanent Agencies dealing ^vtth the 
 Unemployed. 
 
 Section 1. 
 
 (i.) The action of Trade Societies in relation to their unem- 
 ployed members : 
 
 (a.) General summary - - - 17 
 (b.) Engineering, shipbuilding, and metal 
 
 trades - - - - 20 
 
 (c.) Building trades - - - - 41 
 (d.) Printing, bookbinding, and kindred 
 
 trades - - - - 48 
 
 (e.) Textile industries - - - 69 
 
 (/.) Clothing trades - - - - 75 
 
 (g.) Furnishing and wood- working trades - 78 
 
 (h.) Mining industry - ' - - 82 
 
 (i.) Baking trade - - - - 84 
 
 (j.) Miscellaneous trades - • - 85 
 
 (L) Waterside labour - - - 89 
 
 (ii.) Friendly Societies and their unemployed members 91 
 
 (iii.) Labour Bureaux - - - - 97 
 
 (iv.) Registries for women and girls - - - 120 
 
 (v.) Various agencies for finding employment : 
 
 (a.) Newspapers as an employment agency - 131 
 
 (b.) Agencies for the employment of seamen- 134 
 (c.) Agencies for finding work for discharged 
 
 soldiers - - - - 135 
 (d.) Agencies for finding work for discharged 
 
 prisoners - - - - 141 
 
 Section 2. " 
 
 (vi.) The Poor Law in relation to the able-bodied 
 
 unemployed - - - - - 144 
 
 (vii.) The Charity Organisation Society and kindred 
 
 agencies - - - - - 146 
 
 A 2 
 
Page 
 
 (viii.) The social wing of the Salvation Army - - 160 
 (ix.) Various agencies providing work for the unem- 
 ployed : 
 
 (a.) The Church Army Labour Homes - 173 
 
 (b.) Training Farm at Langley - - 178 
 
 (c.) Home Colonization Society - - 179 
 
 Part III. — Temporary Schemes for the Relief of the 
 Unemployed (1892-3). 
 
 (i.) Introductory - - - - -181 
 
 (ii.) The provision of work for the unemployed by 
 
 Municipal and other Authorities - - 185 
 Tables showing particulars of Work provided by 
 
 various Local Authorities - - - 188 
 Detailed Description of selected schemes - - 222 
 (iii.) The Relief Scheme of the Mansion House Confer- 
 ence (1892-3) - - - - - 238 
 (iv.). Recent relief works in Ireland - - - 264 
 
 Part IV. — Foreign and Colonial Examples. 
 
 (i.) Labour Colonies on the Continent - - 268 
 
 (a.) German Labour Colonies - - 269 
 
 (h.) Dutch Labour Colonies - - - 308 
 
 (c.) Belgian Labour Colonies - - 320 
 (d.) The Agricultural Colony at La Chalmelle, 
 
 Department Marne, France - - 329 
 
 (e.) Austria and Switzerland - - 333 
 
 (/.) General conclusions - - - 335 
 
 (ii.) Labour Bureaux and Exchanges in France - 340 
 
 (iii.) New Zealand Bureau of Industries - - 349 
 
 Part V. — Historical Examples. 
 
 (i.) Parish employment under the old Poor Law - 356 
 
 (ii.) The " Paris National Works " of 1848 - - 373 
 (iii.) The Lancashire Cotton Famine Relief Works, 
 
 1861-4 - - - " - 389 
 
 Part VI —Concluding Summary - - - 406 
 
 Appendix (i.). List of Trade Unions paying Out-of-Work 
 
 Benefit- - - - - 410 
 
 „ (ii.). Bibliography of Labour Colonies - 431 
 
 Index - m . - - , - 435 
 

 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 PART L— INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 (i.) -SCOPE AND PLAN OF THE REPORT. 
 
 The following repo rt is the result of an inquiry undertaken 
 by the Labour Department of the Board of Trad e, in the course 
 of carrying out the programme set forth in the Memorandum 
 on the work of the Department laid before the House of Com- 
 mons on April 28th, 1893. 
 
 Among the subjects there enumerated as likely to call for 
 special inquiries on the part of the Department, two had refer- 
 ence to questions of irregularity of employment and the evils 
 caused thereby ; i.e., one to the e xten t and causes of such irre- 
 gularity, and the other to effort s made in various ways to deal 
 with distress and other evils resulting from want of work. 
 
 It is with the latter subject alone that the present report deals. 
 The question of the causes or extent of want of employment, 
 which will form the subject of future reports, is here left un- 
 touched, except in so far as some knowledge on these points is 
 necessary in order to discriminate among various schemes for 
 the relief of the unemployed. 
 
 The main purpose of the following pages is to give in broad 
 outline an account of the work of the chief agencies, both 
 permanent and temporary, which have been seeking of late to 
 deal with various aspects of the problems arising out of 
 want of employment. Its aim is not to be exhausti\e, either 
 in the enumeration of all the schemes or in the description 
 given of the work of each. The object is rather to give enough 
 information with regard to each class of agency to enable a 
 sound judgment to be formed as to the aims which it sets before 
 itself and the methods which it pursues. 
 
 This purpose being kept in view, some institutions of value and 
 importance may doubtless have been passed over lightly, while 
 others which possess less intrinsic value, but which for the pur- 
 poses of this report present features of special interest, may have 
 been more fully described. Some institutions have, no doubt, 
 escaped notice altogether. It is desirable, therefore, that it 
 should be understood at the beginning that the report makes no 
 claim to contain a full list, much less a full description, of all 
 agencies dealing with the unemployed, and that references to 
 specific schemes are, as a rule, made with a view of illustrating 
 some principle or mode of action, and are not to be regarded as 
 detailed reports on the proceedings of the various institutions 
 concerned. 
 
6 PLAN OF REPORT. 
 
 With regard to the plan of the report, it has appeared to the 
 Department that what is wanted, in order to give useful guidance- 
 to the public in the matter of the relief of the unemployed, ig 
 not so much a complete description of one particular group of 
 institutions as a wide survey of many classes of agencies, each of 
 which is attempting to touch the question at some particular 
 point, often without much reference to work simultaneously 
 carried on by other agencies. There may be some danger that 
 those who concentrate attention on one out of many classes of 
 schemes may lose somewhat the sense of proportion, and look to 
 that particular scheme to afford a single sovereign remedy for 
 what is in reality a multiform and complex disease. 
 
 The aim, therefore, which tlie present inquiry has had in view, 
 has been to analyse and break up into tlieir elements the con- 
 geries of industrial and social problems which are lumped 
 together in common language as the " problem of the unem- 
 ployed," to survey broadly the ground covered by existing 
 agencies professing to deal with various aspects of this problem, 
 to state clearly the principles underlying their efforts and the 
 objects at which they aim, to assign so far as may be the precise 
 functions which each may perform and the relation in which 
 its work stands to other eff )rt3, and, finally, to deduce from this 
 analysis any general conclusions which may be drawn from 
 previous exf)eriments as to the lines along which future efforts 
 may ]Droceed with the least chance of failure. 
 
 This is a task which only needs to be stated for its magnitude 
 and difficulties to be realised, and it w^ould be presumptuous to 
 claim that the present report does more than advance a step 
 towards its accomplishment, especially in view of the fact that 
 the inquiry has been confined within very narrow limits of time, 
 in order not to be too late to be of use to local authorities and 
 others during the coming winter. 
 
 Following the plan desciibed above, an attempt is made in this 
 section of the report to analyse the nature of the problem, 
 and to attacli a definite meaning to the term ''unemployed," or 
 at least to classify the different meanings in which the word is 
 ordinarily used, and the main causes to which so-called " want of 
 employment " may be due. 
 
 This is followed by a general classification of the various 
 groups of agencies which atteujpt to deal w^ith the matter in one 
 way or another. 
 
 Subsequent sections of the report discuss in turn those agencies, 
 both temporary and permanent, for assisting the unemployed, 
 which have been at work in the United Kingdom during the 
 past year, including a detailed account of the operations of trade 
 societies with regard to their unemployed members, of recent 
 attempts by local authorities to provide work for the un- 
 employed, of labour bureaux and of various organisations 
 dealing with dioires'J. 
 
MEANING OF ''UNEMPLOYED." 7 
 
 So far the report deals with schemes now or recently at work 
 in the United Kingdom. In order, however, that these experi- 
 ments should be seen in their true relation to the whole problem, 
 it is necessary to go outside these limits and include some notice 
 of important schemes carried out or attempted in other countries 
 or at other times. Accordingly, the next section of the report 
 IB occupied with accounts of selected schemes for the benefit of 
 the unemployed actually at work in various foreign countries, 
 including, besides an account of labour bureaux in certain 
 countries, a special report made to the department by Professor 
 Mavor, of Toronto University, on the labour colonies in 
 Germany, Holland, Belgium, and France, based on personal 
 investigation in those countries. 
 
 The next section gives an account of a few of the most 
 important historical examples of schemes of work for the 
 unemployed from which useful lessons may be learned, including 
 a description of parish employment under the old Poor Law, 
 reprinted from the report of the Poor Law Commission of 1834, 
 and accounts of the French National Works of 1848, and of the 
 Lancashire relief works during the Cotton Famine of 1861-4. 
 
 A final section is added giving briefly some of the conclusions 
 to which the evidence adduced in the body of the report appears 
 to point. 
 
 (ii.)— MEANING AND CLASSIFICATION OF WANT 
 OF EMPLOYMENT. 
 
 The word " unemployed," though at first sight it may appear 
 specific enough, is really an ambiguous term. Scarcely any two 
 writers use it in the same sense, and part at least of the present 
 confusion of ideas as to the possibility and methods of dealing 
 with the evils arising from want of eniployment, may be traced 
 to the vagueness which attaches to the meaning of the word 
 itself. 
 
 The " unemployed," for the purposes of a Trade Union which /, 
 grants unemployed benefit, are the members who, from causes 
 other than their own misconduct or choice, have not been earning - 
 wages for a certain number of days. They need not be in any 
 way a surplus, in the sense that the labour market would be in 
 a better condition for their total removal. They do not for the 
 most part constitute an army of men who need to be dealt with 
 as a whole. They are merely the shifting margin who for the 
 time being are out of a job. This definition, though good for 
 purposes of out-of-work benefit, is plainly not generall}- applicable 
 to all industries. With miners and shoemakers, for example, 
 there might be a real surplus of labour (i.e., there might not be 
 enough work to give anything like full employment to all those 
 seeking work in the trade), and yet very few might be out of 
 
8 CLASSIFICATION OF UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 « 
 
 work altogefcher. The output of mines is contracted, as a rule, 
 rather by the men working fewer days a week than by the dis- 
 charge of bodies of colliers, though the latter also happens in periods 
 of depression. Boot and shoe operatives working by the piece are 
 very seldom wholly out of a situation, though work may be very 
 short. A casual dock labourer, whose engagement is practically an 
 hourly one can very seldom be said to be entirely out of work. 
 Though he failed to get a job yesterday, he stands a chance of bejng 
 taken on to-day. It is interesting to see the view which the less 
 regularly employed of this class take of their own situation as 
 regards employment. Some of the applicants to the Mansion 
 House Committee (see p. 248) described themselves as having been 
 out of work for one, two or more years, clearly regarding their 
 noruial condition since losing their last regular situation as 
 " unemployed," though from time to time they had picked 
 up casual work. Others dated their want of employment' from 
 the last day on which they earned wages. 
 
 Theve is a whole class of men who subsist on casual labour 
 and odd jobs, who might at any given time be counted with 
 almost equal appropriateness as employed or unemployed. They 
 might at any time swell the numbers at an unemployed meeting, 
 and yet many of them may be getting as much work as with their 
 inclinations and habits they have the will or capacity to perform. 
 One test which might be suggested is, whether they or any of 
 them are industrially superfluous. As Mr. Charles Booth says, 
 " The total number of the superfluous is the true measure of the 
 unemployed." But this is a test which is very hard to apply, 
 and it cannot be applied at any given date, but only over a 
 given and sufficiently long period of time. The recent reorgani- 
 sation, or, as it has been called, the " decasualisation," of labour at 
 the London Docks has, for the first time, tended to separate out 
 the real " unemployed " and to give some notion of their numbers. 
 They existed before, however, though each member obtained a 
 certain insufficient share t>f work. 
 
 Or, again, we may consider seasonal trades with short period 
 engagements like the Building Trades. A certain amount of 
 time may be lost in each year by a bricklayer or carpenter 
 by mere " leakage " between the end of one job and the begin- 
 ning of another, without supposing the existence of any 
 superfluous body of men. 
 
 In the same trades a certain amount of time will be lost 
 almost every year during frost. Are the men thus thrown out 
 of work really " unemployed " ? The loss of time may be con- 
 sidered as one of the ordinary trade risks ; it recurs more or less 
 every year ; it may be supposed to be discounted in the rates 
 of pay earned by members of these trades when fully at work. 
 The bricklayers idle during frost are in no sense " superfluous," 
 if the whole year be taken as a unit ; were they emigrated or 
 planted in farm colonies or otherwise lifted permanently ofl' the* 
 labour market, the building trades would presently suffer from 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF UNEMPLOYED. 9 
 
 a deficiency of men. Nor are they necessarily insufficiently 
 employed. There may be work enough for all, but the trade 
 is such that the work it offers has to be concentrated in certain 
 parts of the year. 
 
 To carry the point further, there are trades such as ship- 
 building which under the conditions of modern industry have 
 periods of inflation and depression. In a period of contraction 
 like the present there are many men who are out of work. 
 They are industrially " superfluous," if so short a period as a 
 year be taken as the unit, but over a period of seven years — 
 which for shipbuilding appears to be about the period of the 
 cycle — they are necessary, and were they lifted off the labour 
 niarket in slack years there would not be enough men to 
 execute the work when trade revived. Yet it seems a strain 
 on ordinary language to refuse to these men during slack years 
 the title of unemployed, especially as the fluctuations as a 
 matter of fact are not generally foreseen or provided for. 
 
 It becomes clear then that even after ruling out those who 
 through ordinary and well understood causes are out of work, but 
 who during the year get a full share of employment, as not 
 belonging to the genuinely " unemployed " class, the term still 
 remains ambiguous, meaning sometimes the really superfluous 
 body of men in a trade, and sometimes that section of the non- 
 superfluous or necessary men who are not earning wages 
 through seasonal or other contractions of employment which 
 could not reasonably have been foreseen. 
 
 Corresponding to these two conceptions emerge the two sets 
 of plans for meeting the evil : viz., that of permanently removing 
 the unemployed from the labour market, and 'that of tem- 
 porarily assisting them to tide over tteir difficulties till their 
 industry revives. Mixed up with plans like these is often a 
 third idea,-^that of reclaiming by moral or other influences 
 the industrial " sediment '* which lies below the real body of 
 self-supporting labour, and is unemployed because it is entirely 
 or nearly economically worthless. The last mentioned is essen- 
 tially a social rather than an industrial problem, though in 
 practice it is found inevitably to confront those who attempt 
 to deal with the unemployed on industrial lines. 
 
 Summarizing the results of this analysis, we may say that the 
 term " unemployed " is used in four distinct senses, though of 
 course the classes of persons corresponding to each definition 
 overlap to a greater or less extent. 
 
 (1.) Those whose engagements being for short periods have 
 terminated their last engagement on the conclusion of a job and 
 have not yet entered on another. 
 
 (2.) Those who belong to trades in which the volume of work 
 fluctuates, and who, though they may obtain a full share during 
 each year of the work aflorded by their industry, are not at the 
 ^ven time able to get work at their trade. 
 
10 CLASSIFICATION OF UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 (3.) Those members of various trades who are economically 
 superfluous, because there is not enough work in those trades to 
 furnish a fair amount to all who try to earn a livelihood at 
 them. 
 
 (4.) Those who cannot get work because they are below the 
 standard of efficiency usual in their trades, or because their per- 
 sonal defects are such that no one will employ them. 
 
 It is, however, impossible to draw the line between those 
 classed under the fourth heading and those who should rather 
 be termed insufficiently or casually employed. With respect 
 also to the third class, it is to be noted that the proportion of 
 superfluous labour in any trade is not an absolute but a relative 
 quantity ; i.e., it depends on the standard of efficiency and of 
 remuneration current in that trade. Men whom no one will 
 employ at 9d. an hour might get 6d., and the higher the 
 organisation of any trade in which time-wages prevail the more 
 powerful will be the tendency for the *' unfit " to sink out of 
 employment altogether. 
 
 If, however, it is difficult to attach any precise meaning to the 
 term "unemployed," which shall be applicable to all trades and 
 industries, and if no sharp dividing line can be drawn between 
 those out of work and those whose employment is casual and 
 insufficient, it may at least be said that, so far as the existence 
 of unemployed persons ofiers any social problem for solution, the 
 essence of the problem consists in ihe fact that the relation 
 between the supply and demand for any particular kind of 
 labour in any }>articular place is a fluctuating one. 
 
 (1.) First, there are fluctuations due to the change of season ; as 
 in the building trades, where much outdoor work cannot be so 
 well carried on iu frosty weather, and the demand for labour is 
 therefore considerably smaller in the winter than in the summer; 
 or the clothing trades, in which demand is briskest in the spring. 
 
 (2.) Secondly* there are yearly fluctuations dependent on 
 seasonal ciianges in other countries with which foreign trade is 
 carried on, e.g., the work of tinjber porters at the docks, which 
 nearly ceases in the months following the freezing of the Baltic 
 and the St. Lawrence. 
 
 (3.) There are regular fluctuations with a period less than a 
 year, e.g., the work of dock and war h -use labourers engaged in 
 the import of wool, whose work is subject to very large fluctua- 
 tions with about six busy and six slack, seasons in the c ur,^e of 
 each year, corresponding to the peri die wool sales, and the 
 intervals between them ; or the work of agricultural labourers, 
 which has two busy seasons, at ihe times of hav an 1 corn 
 harvesting^, with a slack season in winter. 
 
 (4.) Some tr.ides are subject to more or less regular fluctua- 
 tions with a period greater than a year. These "c clical" 
 variations, which correspond to the alternate periods of trade 
 prosperity and depression, affect ii);>re or less all the staple 
 industiies of the country, though I'ot simultaneously ; l-ut they 
 
CAUSES OF WANT OF EMPLOYMENT. 11 
 
 appear to show themselves with concentrated force, in this 
 country at least, in the industries concerned with the production 
 of ships and machinery, or the extraction of coal and iron. 
 
 (5.) There are fluctuations of nn irregular kind dependent 
 on changes of fashion in this country or abroad. Thus the 
 relative prosperity of industries connected with various branches 
 of worsted, woollen, silk, cotton, and other textile fabrics, which 
 to a greater or less extent areinter changeable and are all depen- 
 dent on fashions, is continually changing. 
 
 (6) There are local fluctuations, caused by the shifting of seats 
 of industry from one centre to another, which, though not affect- 
 ing the total demand for labour throughout the whole of a given 
 industry, aflfect temporarily the margin of unemployed among 
 those engaged in that industry in a given place. The distress, 
 among London shipwrights, caused by the shifting of ship- 
 building from the Thames to the Clyde and Tyne some years 
 ago, is a conspicuous example of the effects of this kind of 
 fluctuation. 
 
 (7.) There are temporary changes in the held of employment, 
 caused by the transformation of the processes by which industries 
 are carried on ; which, while opening up new avenues for employ- 
 ment of certain classes of labour, displace other classes who may 
 be unemployed for some time before being absorbed into fresh 
 occupations. The change from hand-loom to power-loom weaving, 
 from hand-combing to machine-combing, and from hand-made 
 nails to machine-made nails, are conspicuous cases of transforma- 
 tions of this kind, which are taking place continually on a greater 
 or less scale, with every fresh improvement of machinery. 
 
 Or, without any change of process, a reorganisation of labour, 
 such as the replacement of casual by permanent men, may crush 
 out a certain per-centage of workers w4io formerly got some share 
 of irregular employment, and who after the change are dispensed 
 with alt' gether, forming an unemployed " residuum." Such a 
 crushing-out process has been going on recently at some of the 
 London dock«, and one of the most instructive of recent experi- 
 ments in dealing with the unemployed, which is described in this 
 repo t, was concerned with members of the class of labourers 
 thus displaced. 
 
 (8.) Lastly, the state of employment may be violently dis- 
 turhed by extraordinary and totally unexpected occurrences, 
 such as the American Civil War, which caused the Lancashire 
 Cotton Fa' nine. 
 
 These being a few of the principal heads under which the 
 ultimate causes of want of emiiloyment may be classified, cor- 
 responding variations follow in the possible remedies, if any, 
 which are suited to the various classes of cases. Before, however, 
 passing on to consider these remedies, it is to be noted that, taken 
 as a whole, the unemployed margin, however caused, will always 
 consist of the least eflicient workers in the community at the 
 given time and place. Among them, from accidental causes^ 
 
12 CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCIES. 
 
 there may be a certain number of first-rate workmen, but it is 
 certain that the best 1,000 of the unemployed members of a 
 given group of trades at any given time are less efficient, 
 whether from physical, moral, or intellectual defects, than the 
 worst 1,000 who are in actual employment at the same time. 
 The worst workmen are, as a rule, discharged first and taken 
 on last. In many cases, however, as, for example, in the seasonal 
 and " cyclical " trades, before referred to, there is no marked 
 change of the level of efficiency between those in work and 
 those out of work, who shade into one another by imperceptible 
 gradations. In other cases, such as that of the " decasua- 
 lisation " of the docks, the displaced " unemployed " may, to a 
 large extent, be an inefficient " residuum " for whom the mere 
 offer of work would not in most cases be a remedy. 
 
 Speaking broadly, the line of cleavage, so far as the possibility 
 of effective treatment is concerned, is between the group of 
 unemployed whose reduced physical condition is mainly a result 
 of the loss of work through industrial causes, and those with 
 whom the loss of work is mainly the result of defective personal 
 qualities. 
 
 One of the most serious features of the situation is the fact 
 tliat want of employment and casual employment have them- 
 selves a powerful tendency to produce inefficiency, both by the 
 physical deterioration due to insufficient nourishment and the 
 moral deterioration which often results from want of regular 
 work. 
 
 (iii.)— GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCIES 
 DEALING WITH THE UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 Following the classification given in the last section of the 
 difierent meanings of the term "unemployed," the agencies pro- 
 fessing to deal with want of employment divide themselves 
 naturally into several corresponding classes. 
 
 First, there is the group of agencies of which the trade 
 societies, are the most widespread and conspicuous examples, 
 which deal mainly with the efficient unemployed members of 
 various trades, who at a,uy given time under ordinary cir- 
 cumstances are out of a job. These agencies assist such unem- 
 ployed workmen in a great variety of ways. Thus, many 
 important trade societies pay their members a weekly out-of- 
 work allowance ; almost all of them give assistance to their 
 members in their search for work ; while some, by regulating 
 overtime, dividing up work equally, or by other measures, 
 attempt to mitigate the effects of great fluctuations in the 
 labour market. It is impossible to get any clear idea of the 
 way in which a proposed new agency for dealing with the un- 
 employed would work, without taking into account the existing 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCIES. 13 
 
 network of agencies supplied by the trade societies, and accord- 
 ingly a good deal of space is given in the early part of this 
 report to a description of their modes of action, and of the 
 kindred though more limited work of Friendly Societies. 
 
 To this class of agencies also belong labour bureaux, especially 
 those which employ some system of~selecting applicants for 
 registration. Registries for domestic servants and members of 
 other special classes of industries also come under the same head, 
 together with the employment agency supplied by the advertise- 
 ment columns of the new.spapers. 
 
 Secondly, there is the group of agencies which attempt to "2 — 
 deal with those who are unemployed owing to trade fluctuations 
 of a more or less exceptional character. These, again, naturally 
 divide themselves into permanent and temporary institutions. 
 Among the permanent agencies the most prominent is, of course, 
 the Poor Law. There are several features, however, which mark 
 off the system of poor relief sharply from the other schemes for 
 dealing with distress arising from want of employment which 
 form the main subject matter of the present report. In the first 
 place the Poor Law deals not with want of employment as such, 
 but with destitution from whatever cause it may arise. It may 
 be that such destitution is the result of irregularity of work, or 
 it may be that it has sprung from one or more of a hundred other 
 causes. But it is not the fact that a man is unemployed, but 
 the fact that he is destitute that gives him a right to relief. 
 
 Moreover, under the present Poor Law, as contrasted with such 
 schemes as municipal relief works, there is, and can be no pay- 
 ment for work done in the shape of wages, although work may 
 be imposed as a test of the reality of destitution. A man with 
 a family and a man without a family will be probably relieved 
 in different degrees, though there is no difference in the amount 
 of test work performed. A third feature of the Poor Law is 
 that in some way and subject to some conditions the guardians 
 are bound to relieve all destitute applicants. They are not like 
 a voluntary committee, which may discriminate and pass on 
 rejected cases elsewhere. They are not like local authorities, 
 whose superintendent or surveyor may pick and choose the 
 most promising applicants and put them on municipal work. 
 Whatever be the causes of a man's destitution, if he applies for 
 relief to the guardians, relief must as a rule be given. 
 
 The vast system of Poor Law administration which is based on 
 these principles lies in the main outside the scope of this report 
 though in view of its importance a short memorandum is 
 inserted describing in general terms the powers of guardians 
 with regard to the able-bodied unemployed. This memorandum 
 describes the present state of the law, but if the subject be 
 looked at historically it will be seen that before the reform of 
 the Poor Law in 1834 a great number of experiments were made 
 in the direction of providing employment for the poor out of 
 the rates. The provisions of the Poor Law of 1601, relating to 
 the employment of the able-bodied, the establishment of " Houses 
 
14 CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCIES. 
 
 of Industry " and workhouses in the 17th and 18th centuries^ 
 the employment of paupers by the parish in out-of-door occupa- 
 tions, the compulsion exercised by the parish on private persons 
 to give them employment, and the establishment in some districts 
 of parish faims worked by pauper labour, are all matters of more 
 than mere historical interest, in view of the strong tendency to 
 experiment afresh along the lines of former unsuccessful attempts, 
 under the impression that an entirely new departure is being 
 made. It is not possible in the present report to do more than 
 very briefly refer to historical matters of this kind, but at p. 357 
 an extract is reprinted from the chapter in the famous report 
 of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law, of 1834, Avhich deals 
 with the question of parish employment and the abuses which 
 arose therefrom. 
 
 Next to the Poor Law come various voluntary agencies, of 
 which the Charity Organisation Society and its affiliated asso- 
 ciations are the most highly developed, dealing permanently with 
 the relief of distress, including that arising from exceptional 
 want of employment. The Charity Organisation Society has 
 made a special study of the question of modes of relief, and 
 the policy pursued by this society both with regard to nominal 
 and exceptional want of employment is described on p. 146. 
 
 Permanent agencies for the provision of work for the unem- 
 ployed, whether in labour colonies or in special workshops, do 
 not exist to any great extent in the United Kingdom, though 
 schemes and proposals for their foundation are continually being 
 formulated. Particulars, however, are given on p. 160, of the 
 scheme carried out by the social wing of the Salvation Army, 
 which includes a labour bureau, town workshops, and a farm 
 colony. Some account of similar work done by certain other 
 agencies is also given. 
 
 'The labour colony system can, however, be best studied in 
 certain foreign countries where it has assumed much larger 
 dimensions than in the United Kingdom, and the present position 
 of the labour colonies of Germany, Holland, Belgium, and France 
 is, therefore, described in detail in Professor Mavor's report, 
 which is included in the present volume. It will be gathered 
 from that report that whatever be the object of these colonies 
 the great bulk of the material with which they deal consists not 
 of efficient workmen out of work, but of tramps, ex -prisoners, 
 and others whose distress is caused by personal defects. They 
 are not colonies of unemployed so much as receptacles for social 
 wreckage. 
 
 Turning to temporary agencies, the most important from the 
 point of view of this report are the schemes for providing 
 temporary employment for the unemployed by municipalities 
 or voluntary agencies. Such provision in times of exceptional 
 distress is no new thing, and the schemes carried out during 
 the past winter, of which an account is given on p. 185, are by 
 no means the most important experiments in this direction whicli 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCIES. 15 
 
 have been made. It is no part of the function of this report to 
 trace in detail the attempts which have been made from time to 
 time to provide work for the unemployed through the agency 
 of local authorities. Two conspicuous examples, however, of 
 relief works on a large scale, one in England and one in France, 
 designed to meet special emergencies, have been thought of 
 sufficient interest to deserve separate description. Though 
 the circumstances, both of the Paris so-called " National Work- 
 shops " and of the Cotton Famine Relief Works, were highly 
 exceptional, some light is thrown, by a study of them, on the 
 difficulties attending all projects of the kind. 
 
 Lastly, we have agencies which distinctly aim at the assistance 3 
 of particular classes of persons who, for various reasons, find 
 special difficulty in obtaining situations. 
 
 Such are the associations for finding en:iployment for dis- 
 charged soldiers, the discharged prisoners' aid societies, &c. A 
 brief sketch of the work of some of these societies is given on 
 pp. 135 and 141. It is to be remembered that many of the agencies 
 already enumerated, which were established with a view to 
 dealing with ordinary out-of-work persons, really deal in practice 
 mainly with those whose position is due to defective personal 
 qualities. 
 
 It will be seen, for example, that the relief works established 
 by local authorities last winter were in many cases flooded with 
 those whose want of work could not fairly be attributed to 
 industrial causes alone. 
 
 While trade societies act to a large extent as labour bureaux 
 for their members, employers' associations do not, as a rule, 
 include within their functions the organisation of the supply 
 of labour. Recently, however, chiefly in connexion with the 
 shipping trade, labour exchanges have been organised by ship- 
 owners and other employers at several ports. Registry offices 
 for seamen are conducted by the " Shipping Federation," those 
 for shore labourers having the title of the '^ British Labour 
 Exchange." These exchanges have been established in the course 
 of the prolonged contest between the Shipping Federation and 
 certain labour organisations, and their object is to break down 
 the alleged monopoly of these unions in the supply of waterside 
 labour by the establishment of local reserves of " free labourers." 
 They exact a pledge from those registered, to work amicably with 
 non-unionists and unionists alike. Registries of this kind are, 
 therefore, rather to be regarded as a feature of an industrial 
 conflict than as an agency in dealing with the unemployed, ex- 
 cept in so far as they give a chance of sharing what employment 
 is to be had to a body of men who, either through disinclination 
 or inability to join a union, might otherwise have remained 
 without work. 
 
 All the above societies deal mainly with men already engaged 
 in some trade, industry, or occupation who have in some way 
 lost a situation and seek to regain one. A somewhat different 
 
16 CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCIES. 
 
 class of institutions exists for the purpose of finding employment 
 in the first instance for boys and girls on leaving school. Many 
 training institutions and technical and other schools act to a 
 considerable extent as agencies for furnishing employers with 
 suitable apprentices and learners. Before the general breakdown 
 of the apprenticeship system, bequests were common for the 
 purpose of apprenticing poor children, and many of these still 
 exist, though they are becoming obsolete in most occupations. 
 
 The Jewish Board of Guardians does a considerable amount of 
 work in the direction of apprenticing children. Similarly the 
 workhouse authorities find situations for pauper children trained 
 in their schools, and voluntary societies, such as the " Metro- 
 politan Association for Befriending Young Servants," undertake 
 the work of placing girls from workhouse schools and elsewhere 
 in domestic service. 
 
 The problem of finding employment in the first place for boys 
 and girls is altogether difierent from that of assisting adults in 
 their search for work. It is intimately connected with the 
 questions of general and technical training and of children's 
 employment and apprenticeship. It will be, therefore, best 
 discussed in connexion with the inquiry undertaken by the 
 Department into various aspects of children's employment. 
 
 All mention of the question might be omitted here, but for the 
 fact that many of the bureaux and other employment agencies 
 enumerated above do not exclude boys and girls from their 
 registers. Indeed, the statistics given on p. 116 show that an 
 appreciable part of the work of several of the bureaux consists in 
 the placing of children in permanent or temporary situations. 
 
 We may now proceed to consider in detail the work of the 
 various agencies classified above. 
 
TRADE SOCIETIES AND THEIR UNEMPLOYED. 17 
 
 PART II.— PERMANENT AGENCIES DEALING WITH 
 THE UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 (i.)— THE ACTION OF TRADE SOCIETIES IN RELATION 
 TO THEIR UNEMPLOYED MEMBERS. 
 
 (a.) General Summary. 
 
 It is desirable for several reasons to begin an account of 
 agencies for the assistance and relief of the unemployed by a 
 description of the work carried on in this direction by trade 
 societies. In the first place these societies, when well managed, 
 are the most extensive and effective agencies at present dealing 
 with the problem, so far at least as regards their own members. 
 A self-governing association composed exclusively of members of 
 a particular trade, with branches in all the most important centres 
 of industry, has means of knowing the changes in the state of 
 the labour market and the fluctuations in the trade in which its 
 members are engaged, such as are open to no other individuals or 
 associations. It should, therefore, be able to assist its members 
 in their search for work by means which no other agency could 
 attempt ; and the financial interest of all its contributing members 
 in husbanding its funds ofiers some stimulus to the members of 
 the society both to endeavour to find situations for their unem- 
 ployed fellow members, and to watch that the society is not 
 being defrauded by idlers, who draw the out-of-work pay 
 without genuinely seeking for employment. The power of an 
 organisation to assist the unemployed, without producing greater 
 evils than it removes, depends largely not only on the knowledge 
 which it possesses of the conditions of each case and of the state 
 of employment in each district, but on the completeness of the 
 hold which it has over the individuals relieved. A trade society 
 which gives many forms of benefit to its members has this 
 hold in the highest degree, since in extreme cases fraud or 
 " malingering " may be punished by expulsion ; and though this 
 penalty is not often inflicted, the possibility of it, and the fear of 
 public opinion within the society, must operate as a wholesome 
 check on deception. Such a society is, therefore, able to relieve 
 its unemployed by weekly allowances without the danger which 
 is incurred by organisations attempting to follow the same course 
 without the same knowledge and without the same, means of 
 checking imposture. This point must be borne in mind in 
 comparing the policy of trade societies with that of the Charity 
 Organisation Society or the Poor Law with respect to grants of 
 money to the unemployed. 
 
 The strong position which is occupied by trade societies 
 with respect to their members has enabled them to experi- 
 ment freely in modes of dealing with their unemployed 
 
 77723. B 
 
18 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 members, and the various methods at present adopted, evea 
 if far from perfect, are worthy of careful study as embodying 
 the net result of many years of experience. It nmy be said 
 generally that where they have failed, other agencies are not 
 likely to succeed. For example, the growing discountenance 
 with which, in many societies, travelling benefit is coming to be 
 regarded, seems a sufficient proof of the impracticability at the 
 present day of such a form of assistance to the unemployed on 
 the part of an ordinary relief organisation. 
 
 The differing conditions under which various groups of trades 
 are carried on, and the differing degrees of completeness of the 
 organisations in those trades, naturally give rise to differences 
 in the modes adopted by them with regard to the unemployed. 
 In the account given below, the chief trade societies are grouped 
 so as to bring out this point more clearly. This detailed 
 description, however, should be prefaced by a few remarks 
 summarising briefly the work and policy of the societies with 
 regard to various modes of action. 
 
 Unemployed Benefit. — A. large number of trade unions, in- 
 cluding several of the most important societies, support their 
 unemployed members during their search for work by payment 
 of a weekly allowance termed " unemployed benefit." A table is 
 given in the appendix showing details with regard to the extent 
 to which this mode of assisting the unemployed prevails, and the 
 various conditions under which the benefit is given. From that 
 table it appears that during 1891 (the last year for which the 
 statistics are complete) 202 societies, including 682,025 members, 
 distributed " unemployed benefit " amounting in the aggregate 
 to 222,088^. among their unemployed members. The societies 
 differ greatly among themselves as regards the weekly amount 
 of out-of-work payment per member. As a rule tlie payment is 
 graduated on a descending scale ; as, for example, in the Amal- 
 gamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners, which pays 10s. a 
 week for the first 12 weeks and 6s. a week for an additional 12 
 weeks. This is about an average scale, but some societies begin 
 with a payment as high as 18s. (as in the London Coach Makers' 
 Trade Union), while in some of the unions connected with the 
 Textile Trade the initial payment is as low as 3s. Qd. a week. As 
 a rule it is found that too high a scale of out-of-work payment 
 tends to encourage idlers in spite of all the vigilance which can 
 be exercised by the society. Some unions {e.g., the Brassworkers 
 and the Ironfounders) deduct the members' weekly contributions 
 from the ' out-of-work allowances : others (as the Amalgamated 
 Engineers) remit such contributions while the member is 
 unemployed; others {e.g., the Typographical Association)^ only 
 exact part of the usual contributions from those out of work. 
 As a rule a certain period of previous membership is required 
 before a member is entitled to the allowance, but this period 
 varies, as will be seen, in different unions. The claimant has 
 
TRAVELLING AND OTHER BENEFITS. 19 
 
 usually to sign a " vacant book " at specified intervals in order 
 to claim unemployed benefit, and he is bound to seek for work 
 while in receipt of it, and to take an eligible situation if offered 
 to him. Those who have lost work from their own fault are 
 not as a rule entitled to benefit, but this rule is often interpreted 
 somewhat sympathetically rather than strictly. 
 
 It will be seen from the table at page 410 that among the 202 
 unions giving unemployed benefit, 40, including 175,544 mem- 
 bers, belong to the engineering, iron, and shipbuilding trades ; 23, 
 including 97,703 members, to the building trades ; 41 , including 
 94,881 members, to the textile trades; 13, including 65,998 
 members, to the clothing trades ; 19, including 34,715 members, 
 to the printing and bookbinding trades ; 28, including 25,185 
 members, to the furnishing and kindred trades, comprising 
 cabinet-making, coach -building, coopers, cork, glass, leather 
 and pottery trades ; and 10 including 87,535 members, to the 
 mining trades. 
 
 Travelling Benefit. — From the description given later, it will 
 be seen that many unions which provide unemployed benefit 
 give additional payments to unemployed members travelling in 
 search of work. In addition to these there are several societies, 
 notably among the building trades, which have no unemployed 
 benefit proper, but make allowances, amounting usually to 
 about Is. Qd. a day, to travelling members. Precautions are 
 taken against imposition, and members in leceipt of this benefit 
 must be continually on the move, strict limits being placed on 
 the number of days' benefit which they may draw within a 
 given district. It is found, however, by some unions that the 
 benefit is largely taken advantage of, especially in the summer, 
 by members of a roving disposition, and the payment is thought 
 by many to encourage tramping. Some unions {e.g., the Scottish 
 Typographical Association) have, therefore, discontinued it 
 altogether. The same difficulty on a more serious scale was 
 found by the Ironf ounders' Society when it introduced a special . 
 emigration benefit in 1885 ; members used that allowance to 
 obtain a holiday trip and then returned, and it had to be 
 dropped after 18 years' trial. 
 
 Assistance to Members in obtaining Work. — In the case of 
 some societies {e.g., the London Society of Compositors) it is the 
 custom of employers to apply frequently to the society for men, 
 and the office, therefore, acts as ii kind of labour bureau. A few 
 unions {e.g., the Dublin Bakers) go so far as to prohibit members 
 from applying for work except through the society. In most 
 societies, however, the main bulk of the work of obtaining 
 employment is done by individual application, but many of 
 the societies assist their members in the search for work by 
 announcements, made at the branch meetings, of jobs vacant or 
 of members wanting jobs, and in many other ways. In some 
 societies {e.g., the Steam Engine Makers) considerable pains are 
 taken to find places for unemployed members. Others {e.g.,. 
 
 B 2 
 
20 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners) pay a 
 small "bonus" of 6d to any member who takes another '-'off 
 the books " by finding him a situation. 
 
 The chief important societies publish periodical reports show- 
 ing the state of employment in the districts in which they have 
 branches, and distribute these reports gratuitously to their 
 members. Some [e.g., the Engineers, Ironfounders, Compositors, 
 and others) publish lists of the workshops in each district at 
 which their members may apply for work. 
 
 Equalisation of Work. — In some trades it is the custom, 
 especially in slack times, to equalise work, either by means of 
 short time or by adopting some system of rotation, or by other 
 measures, whereby the work may, so far as possible, be equally 
 shared by all members. Rules with regard to special payments 
 for overtime or night- work have to some extent a similar effect. 
 In some cases the rules are regulations of trade unions, in 
 others they are customs which prevail even outside the limits 
 of trade societies. Several such rules are described on the 
 following pages. 
 
 We now pass to a detailed description of the procedure of 
 various trade societies. 
 
 (b.) Engineering, Shipbuilding, and Metal Trades. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of Engineers comes first 
 among unions connected with the engineering and shipbuilding 
 trades, in point of numbers and influence, and from its rules 
 and mode of operation a fair idea may be obtained of the prin- 
 -ciples governing the practice of the best trade unions in respect 
 to their unemployed members. This society is, therefore, 
 described in fuller detail than the others which follow. 
 
 The primary object of the unemployed (or, as it is called, the 
 donation) benefit of this society is the provision for its members 
 who fall out of work, of a certain weekly sum for the purpose 
 of sustenance. This point is brought out in the preface to the 
 rules, from which a few sentences may be quoted : — 
 
 '• Such societies as this should contain, if possible, all those engaged 
 in the same calling, or, at all events, the greatest possible number who 
 xjan be induced to join. For members of a trade working together in 
 large numbers, who by their daily intercourse are made acquainted with 
 each other's circumstances, and who are cognizant of much of the misery 
 which is necefisarily attendant on a precarious employment, would be 
 inhuman indeed if they did not unite to relieve the distress of their 
 fellow workmen, who are often placed in circumstances in which they 
 
 <?annot help themselves We are ready to admit that, 
 
 whilst in constant employment, our members may be able to obtain the 
 •necessaries of life, but there is a fear, and by no means a groundless one, 
 that employment may not be constant. The merest circumstance in the 
 commercial world may influence the condition of thousands of working 
 men, and, when thrown out of employment, all a man's arrangements of 
 a domestic nature are subverted, and his hopes of being enabled by bis 
 own frugahty to improve his social condition are proved to be only a 
 dream." 
 
ENGINEERS. 21 
 
 The secondary and collateral objects naturally arise out of 
 the first, and to the latter-day trade unionist, at least, are quite 
 as important. It is obvious that if a workman is unemployed, 
 and has no means of subsistence, he is much more likely to 
 accept work under unfavourable conditions than the man who 
 has a sufficient income to be in no fear of actual starvation. 
 Thus the unemployed benefit of the trade union acts as a regu- 
 lator of the labour market. Practically, the trade union of this 
 class is in a position to minimise the competition of the indi- 
 viduals composing it, by using this benefit for the purpose of 
 lessening pressure upon the labour market, while the same fund is 
 also available for withholding or withdrawing the members from 
 work for the purposes of the organisation. This latter object 
 is, however, a matter which it is not necessary to discuss here. 
 
 It is also argued that men without means of subsistence 
 deteriorate during long periods of enforced idleness, and that the 
 unemployed benefit, by providing those out of work with some 
 allowance for maintenance, tends to prevent the moral and 
 physical loss of force to which the man out of work is liable. 
 Thus the value of the trade unionist as a workman is likely to 
 be better maintained at a high standard than in the case of 
 the man with no resources. Another adv^antage is that as the 
 trade union of this stamp is pledged by its rules to provide 
 financial aid for its members out of work, it becomes bound as a 
 matter of sound policy to do all it can to obtain them employ- 
 ment, in order that the drain upon its funds may be as far as 
 possible kept down. Not only is it bound to do this, but it has 
 to see that the man himself uses every eflfort to obtain work, 
 and has to assist him if he has to travel to seek employment, or 
 to reach work which he may have obtained at a distance. 
 
 A point of great importance for consideration is the amount 
 of weekly payment which is most suitable for effecting all the 
 objects in view. The sum to be fixed is, of course, limited by the 
 funds at disposal, or, in other words, by the amount of the 
 members' contributions available for this special purpose. Iri 
 any case the amount should not be fixed at a figure so high as 
 to act as a temptation to members to prefer idleness on benefit 
 to work and its obligations. Nor should the benefit be paid for 
 an unlimited period of time, which might also cause members ta 
 relax their efforts to obtain work. 
 
 These remarks apply to this class of trade union generally,, 
 but the principles described have found their fullest application 
 in the case of the unions connected with the various engi- 
 neering and cognate industries, and a few others formed on 
 the same model. With the Amalgamated Engineers until last 
 year there was only one class of member, and all were, under 
 certain limitations, entitled to unemployed benefit, except those 
 who had received other benefits (such as permanent disablement 
 or superannuation benefit), incompatible with continuance to 
 
22 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 work at their trade.* The total membership of the society is 
 now about 73,000, of whom probably 70,000 are covered by 
 the unemployed benefit. 
 
 The rule as to amount and duration of ordinary unemployed 
 benefit is as follows : — 
 
 Full members, 10^. weekly for 14 weeks; 7^. for 30 weeks; 6s, 
 per week as long as out of employment, unless in the case of members of 
 under 10 years, to whom benefit shall terminate at 104 weeks in all. 
 
 It is also provided that in no case shall a member receive mr)re 
 than 19^. 18s. in any period of 52 weeks, aud any member who 
 is in receipt of donation on the lower scale of either 7s. or 6s. 
 per week is not again entitled to full donation until he has 
 worked four successive weeks at the trade at the standard rate 
 of wages. This, it will be observed, limits the benefit to " full 
 members," i.e., those who have been at least one year in the 
 society, but " non-free " members are entitled to this benefit if 
 withdrawn from their situation in the interest of the trade. 
 These amounts are free of contribution payments, except in the 
 case of non-free members. Limitation of benefit to free members, 
 except in certain contingencies, has been already explained. 
 
 The other conditions to be satisfied are as follows. The 
 member must " be discharged or leave his employment under 
 " circumstances satisfactory to the branch to which he belongs," 
 and not be disentitled to benefit by reason of being over 10s. in 
 arrears. A further clause in the rule lays down that : — 
 
 "Any member losing his employment through neglect of work, 
 dnmkenness, or disorc^erly conduct, shall not be entitled to donation 
 until he has again been in employment at the trade eight consecutive 
 weeks at the ordinary rate of wages of the shop he may be working in." 
 
 To prevent any member obtaining donation improperly, the 
 applicant for the benefit must state to the secretary of his 
 branch the cause of his leaving his employment, and he must 
 attend the next meeting of his branch to make his claim. If 
 he is found to be in any way imposing on the society he forfeits 
 his donation, and is liable to such other punishment as the 
 branch may consider the case deserves. 
 
 Having thus established his claim to benefit, the member is 
 required by the rules to conform to certain regulations intended 
 to protect the society from imposition, and also to secure that 
 the member may be easily available in the event of his services 
 being required by an employer. In the first place he must sign 
 what is termed the •' vacant-book " of his branch once every 
 day between certain hours. In fact his claim to donation does 
 not really begin until he has signed this book three days. In 
 most cases the vacant-book lies at the meeting-house of the 
 
 * Under the revised rules coming into operation last year different classes of 
 members were provided for, but it is not yet definitely known how many have since 
 joined under classes not eligible for unemployed benefit. 
 
ENGINEERS. 23 
 
 branch (which is usually a public-house), but in Manchester, 
 Liverpool, Leeds, Glasgow, and New York the society has 
 " vacant offices," at which the members of all the local branches 
 attend daily and sign the book. Except in special cases a 
 member is not entitled to benefit for any day on which he does 
 not sign the book or answer to the vacant-book keeper in the 
 towns where there is a vacant office. 
 
 Relaxations are granted for members resident at long distances 
 from the vacant-book, and for those going to a distance in search 
 of work, or having contagious sickness in their family. A list 
 of the engineering workshops of the town is supposed to be 
 available in each case. In the larger towns this list takes the 
 ^hape of a printed directory of pocket size, in which not only 
 the names and addresses of firms are given, but also the names 
 of foremen of departments, and the hours at which they may 
 be seen at the workshop gates by those in search of work. 
 
 The following rule imposes further obligations : — 
 
 *' If any member from private objections refuse work when it is 
 offered him, or neglect to apply when informed of a vacancy, he shall 
 forfeit his donation until he obtains employment, except he can snow 
 sufficient cause to the committee, or a majority of the members present 
 on the next branch meeting night. Any member who is in receipt of 
 benefit, and gives preference to a person not belonging to the society 
 to ask for or accept a situation, shall be suspended from benefit for 
 three months. If any member gets a situation, or uses his influence 
 in getting one, for any person not belonging to the society, without the 
 consent of the secretary or president, he shall be fined not less than 
 5s. nor more than 20^. Whenever a member knows of a vacancy, or 
 leaves one situation to go to another, or if he give or receive notice to 
 leave his employment, he shall give information to the secretary of the 
 branch to which he belongs, and to the secretary of the nearest branch 
 or vacant-book keeper within 24 hours, or be lined 1*. for each neglect, 
 unless satisfactory reason be given to the branch." 
 
 The rule further provides that any vacant office may be 
 connected with the central telephone office of the district. 
 
 These are the special duties which devolve upon ordinary 
 members in respect to the unemployed. The branch secretary 
 is of course bound by these rules as well as the ordinary 
 member, but be has further obligations in addition. He must 
 attend to and supervise the vacant-book, and pay to the members 
 by cheque on the branch treasurer, the weekly sums to which 
 they are entitled. He must report once a month or oftener to 
 the general office of the society in London as to the state of 
 trade in his district, and the number of unemployed members 
 and the departments of trade to which they belong, stating 
 also if there is a probability of men being wanted. He is 
 liable to a fine of 5s. for neglect of this duty. 
 
 A further clause as to the secretary's duty provides that — 
 " Should it be necessary for a secretary, or other member, to absent 
 himself from his employment — if he lawfully may — to obtain men to 
 fill situations which may be vacant, he shall be remunerated at the rate 
 of wages he is then receiving," 
 
24 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 It is thus seen that the individual member must report to the 
 secretary of the branch, and the secretary of the branch to the 
 general secretary of the whole society, if necessary, as to the 
 demand for men. 
 
 The duty of the general secretary then commences. If men 
 are wanted in any locality, it is necessary that he should supply 
 the demand at once from such locality as may be most convenient 
 with regard to distance and general conditions of trade. His 
 information as to the places most available for men is drawn 
 from the monthly reports or other of the branch secretaries, 
 which are published early in each month, and which thus form 
 what may be termed the trade register or trade barometer of 
 the society. 
 
 An unemployed member may not be in a position to remove 
 to a distance to take work, so in these cases the rules provide 
 as follows : — 
 
 " 1 . Any secretary on receiving notice from the general secretary, 
 vacant-book keeper, or any of the branch secretaries, or any member or 
 employer, that men are wanted in a particular district, shall, immedi- 
 ately on receiving such notice, send any members, in receipt of donation 
 or contingent benefit, also n on -free members if their arrears are below 
 10^., whom he considers qualified, and are out of employment, direct to 
 the district where such men are required ; but if it be stated that there 
 are situations vacant for men so sent for, they shall receive their fare by 
 the most convenient route. Pattern-makers, mill-wrights, and machine 
 joiners shall, in addition to their railway fare, be remunerated for any 
 legitimate expense they may be put to in removing their tools to and 
 from the railway stations. Xo member's railway fare shall be paid from 
 one district to another, providing suitable men may be obtained from 
 the society's books in the district where such men are required. If they 
 f;\il to obtain the situations, and desire to return to the pKice from 
 which they were sent, their fare shall be paid back. The travelling 
 expenses incurred shall not be counted as benefit, but must be repaid to 
 the society by the member, provided he receives the fare from the 
 ]jerson by whom he is employed or was sent for. Any mem])er entitled 
 to benefit shall, if sent to a situation in accordance with the foregoing, 
 be paid his travelling fare, although he may not have been out of 
 employment for three days, but in no case shall he receive more than 
 1/. 10*. Private communications between members shall not entitle 
 them to the benefit of this clause. 
 
 *' 2. Any member under fifty of years age who is on donation benefit, 
 refusing to remove to other places shall be suspended from donation, 
 Avhen the branch or bi-anch committee shall at once investigate the case, 
 and decide upon his claim to donation, and what other penalty, if any, 
 shall be imposed. In no case shall a member refuse to go to, or start 
 at, a situation in which he will receive the usual conditions of the 
 distiict he is sent to." 
 
 The rules also provide another arrangement under which 
 members may travel about the country, or in other parts of 
 the world in search of work. This rule is so inipoitant as to 
 justify quotation : — 
 
 " Any member in receipt of donation wishing to travel, shall make 
 application for a travelling card to the president or secretary. The 
 
ENGINEERS. 25 
 
 secretary shall fill up the card in strict accordance with the existing 
 rules for that purpose. Brauches to have a discretionary power to 
 compel members on donation to use ti-avelling cards, and any member so 
 compelled to use a travelling card, and failing to obtain employment in 
 the district within four weeks, must proceed elsewhere in search of 
 employment. The card shall contain the member's name, the amount 
 he has received as benefits, and the department of trade to which he 
 belongs, and must be sent to the general office to be registered before 
 being issued to the member. He shall call upon the secretary of one of 
 the branches at least once in two days, or failing to assign a satisfactory 
 reason for neglecting this, shall be disentitled to benefit for that time. 
 The secretary of the branch at which any member arrives when on 
 travel shall direct him to the place he considers the member is most 
 likely to obtain employment at. 
 
 " Any member with a travelling card stopping in any town where 
 there is a branch of the society more than one day, must sign the 
 vacant-book, according to the 2nd clause of Rule xix., and give up his 
 travelling card to the secretary while he is staying in the town. The 
 date and amount of subscriptions received by members on travel to be 
 entered on their cards or certificates to prevent imposition. Any non- 
 free member who has paid the whole of his entrance money, and is not 
 10*. in arrears, shall be allowed 8c?. for a bed each night when on travel; 
 but in towns where there are two or more branches, a bed for six nights. 
 
 "When any member on travel obtains employment, he shall deliver 
 his travelling card or certificate to the secretary of the branch nearest 
 to the place of such employment within three days from the time he 
 obtains the same, and pay his ccmtributions into tliat branch ; if he 
 neglect to deliver up his card or certificate within three days, he shall 
 be fined Qd. for each day exceeding that time. When the secretary 
 receiv^es the travelling card he shall forward the ^me to the general 
 office within seven days, but if within that period the member again 
 falls out of employment, the secretary may at his discretion re-issue the 
 travelling card to the member. Should it be proved that a member 
 in receipt of donation, or on travel, does not exert himself to obtain 
 employment, he shall forfeit donation. 
 
 " A discretionary power shall be vested in the officers of each branch 
 to detain a member on travel for a short time if they see a prospect of 
 obtaining employment for him, subject to the same conditions as a 
 member in receipt of donation, but no member on travel shall be 
 allowed to remain in a town where a dispute is pending. Wherever a 
 branch holds its meetings it is the duty of the branch officers, where 
 practicable, to see that there is sleeping accommodation for members on 
 travel at a reasonable cost." 
 
 There is also a rule providing that " members going in search 
 " of, or returning from employment, to or from British Colonies, 
 " or other countries, with the sanction of their branch, shall be 
 " exempt from contributions during the voyage." 
 
 Members working half time through slackness of work, 
 though not entitled to benefit, are exempt from contributions. 
 Those who are temporarily suspended from their employment 
 by reason of breakdowns, accidents, stock-taking, or slackness of 
 work for a period of six days, are entitled to donation on the same 
 conditions as other unemployed members. 
 
26 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Of late years, the society has endeavoured to mitigate the 
 evil of want of work by encouraging movements for the 
 reduction of working hours, and the limitation of overtime, in 
 order that the available amount of work may be spread over as 
 many men as possible. Several important districts have now 
 somewhat severe restrictions as to the amount of overtime 
 which may be worked by each man. 
 
 Members in extreme distress through being a long time out 
 of work are entitled to assistance from the benevolent fund of 
 the society, but no specific rules govern the distribution of this 
 fund ; each case being decided on its merits. 
 
 These rules set forth with sufficient clearness the methods 
 adopted by this important society in dealing with its unemployed 
 members. Practically, the same rules have been in operation 
 in something like their present form ever since the amal- 
 gamation in the year 1851. Since that time the proportion of 
 unemployed at a given time has varied from * 8 per cent, in 
 1853 to 13 • 3 per cent, in 1879 ; the average over the 42 years 
 being about 4 • 2 per cent. Even when trade is good a ijreat 
 many of the unemployed members travel in search of work, but 
 in times of bad trade the number of travellers is coosiderable. 
 Thus, during the month of July of the present year (1893), from 
 750 to 800 members were on travel in search of work, a figure 
 which represents about 13 * 5 per cent, of those who were at that 
 time out of work. In most cases the method of passing from place 
 to place is systematic, towns being selected in geographical order 
 of succession. Thus, to select a case at random, two members 
 left Newcastle-on-Tyne on July 10th, and passed by way of Dar- 
 lington, Stockton, Hartlepool, York, Doncaster, Chesterfield, and 
 Mansfield to Nottingham, where their record for the month ends. 
 Or, another member left the branch at Bilbao, in Spain, and 
 reported himself at Manchester ; and, again, another left Toronto, 
 Canada, in search of work, and came to Luton. At each of these 
 towns the members would be paid the benefit they were entitled 
 to, and would be informed as to the state of trade and as to the 
 best places at which to apply for work. 
 
 Since 1851 the aggregate amount of expenditure on unem- 
 ployed benefits has been 1,718,144^., being 48^. Hs. 5|d per 
 member for the 42 years. 
 
 The Steam Engine Makers' Society is another body 
 composed of members working in much the same branches of 
 trade as the Amalgamated Engineers. It is, in fact, one of the 
 oldest of the sectional societies of the engineering trade, but 
 declined to join the amalgamation in 1851, and has maintained 
 an independent existence ever since. It has a membership of 
 6,250, the bulk of whom are entitled to donation or unem- 
 ployed benefit. The exceptions are about 350, who have left 
 
STEAM ENGINE MAKERS. 27 
 
 the trade or have received disablement or superannuation benefit, 
 or are abroad or at sea. 
 
 The full enjoyment of unemployed benefit is only shared by 
 " free members," that is, those who have been enrolled one 
 year and upwards, and have paid all dues. The " non-free 
 member," however, who is unemployed, is assisted in finding 
 work by the influence and machinery of the society, and, if he 
 cares to travel, is provided with a free bed in towns where the 
 society has a branch. 
 
 A free member on being thrown out of work under conditions 
 satisfactory to his branch, and not being disentitled to benefit 
 by reason of arrears, is entitled to receive : — 
 
 10s. per week for 14 weeks. 
 
 7s. „ 7> 1^ 5} 
 
 4s. „ „ 24 „ 
 
 If the member is over 50 years of age, and continues out of 
 work over 52 weeks, he is allowed by rule to retain the 4s. per 
 week for a further period of 52 weeks, but if he is under 50 
 years of age, his case has to be reported to the council of the 
 society, who, if ?-atisfied, may extend the benefit for a further 
 period of 20 wrecks. 
 
 The membei' while on benefit is exempt from payment of 
 contributions. If a situation is found by or for him in any part 
 of the United Kingdom the society pays him his railway fare, 
 and, in addition, provides him a free bed in the strange town 
 until he has actually commenced work. In the case of a mem- 
 ber who is a pattern-maker this also covers conveyance of tools. 
 The society also insures the pattern-maker against loss of tools 
 by fire. 
 
 The system adopted by the society to assist its unemployed 
 members to find work is described as one of " self-help/' In the 
 first place the society issues a monthly report containing a 
 detailed statement from each of its 98 branches. If there is an 
 improvement in any district, or in any shop, the local ofiicers 
 make every effort to obtain situations for members, and if none 
 are available locally, they at once send to other branches for 
 them. Most of these efforts are made voluntarily, but if a 
 member loses time from work, or incurs expense in tram or rail 
 fares in consequence, he is compensated for the loss incurred. The 
 general result of these mutual good offices, backed up by the aid 
 of the society, which does not hesitate to send a member 300 
 miles if there is an opening for him, is that the union generally 
 shows a much lower per-centage of unemployed members than 
 other societies in the same trade. 
 
 The branch club-house is generally the house of call for 
 unemployed members, and is mostly a public-house. It is there 
 that all branch meetings are held, and members sign the vacant- 
 book and receive their benefit. Employers requiring men, or 
 
28 TllADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 foremen acting on their behalf, may send there for men if they 
 are unable to obtain them in the usual way from among the 
 applicants at the shop gate, or through other members working 
 in their shop. 
 
 Travelling in search of work is not so common among the 
 unemployed members of this society as in some others, as it is 
 felt that the look-out for vacancies kept up by the members and 
 officers generally all over the kingdom is so effective that 
 nothing is to be gained by travelling until there is a known 
 situation for the member to step into. As an evidence of the 
 decline in travelling, it is said that, although a member can draw 
 his full benefit while on the road and have his bed in addition, 
 there have only been 280 travelling cards issued since 1879. 
 The proportion of unemployed members can only be traced back 
 to 1865, in which year the average per-centage at the end of 
 each month was 0*8 as against 1-8 for the Amalgamated Engi- 
 neers. In 1879 it was lOT as against 13*3 for the larger 
 society. In 1890 the proportion was as low as 0*67 against 
 I'G for the Amalgamated Society. During the 40 years ending 
 December 1892 the total expenditure for unemployed benefit 
 was 89,192^., and the travelling expenditure 6,210^. 
 
 It will be seen that in this society the proportion of unem- 
 ployed is noticeably less than that of the larger society with 
 which it has so much in common, and whose methods of dealing 
 with the unemployed difficulty are so much the same. This fact 
 is not easily accounted for, but it seems probable that, as the 
 members are mostly found in smaller groups and branches, their 
 individual acquaintance with each other is closer, and the incen- 
 tive to secure work for an unemployed member is consequently 
 stronger. 
 
 The United Pattern Makers' Association has a total 
 membership of 2,668, of whom 2,153 are eligible for unemployed 
 benefit, those not eligible being non-free members, honorary mem- 
 bers, and a very few who nre trade protection members merely. 
 Free members only, i.e., those who have been one year in the 
 society, if less than 10s. in arrears, are entitled to unemployed 
 benefit if the circumstances of their loss of employment are 
 satisfactory. The estimated number of those disentitled to benefit 
 through arrears is about 200. The amount and duration of 
 unemployed benefit is as follows : — 
 
 10s. a week for 12 weeks. 
 7s. a week for 12 weeks. 
 5s. a week for 12 weeks. 
 
 Tliese amounts are free from contribution. 
 
 Unemployed members who go on travel in search of work are 
 allowed 9d. per night as bed money, under certain conditions as 
 to the distance travelled in a stated time. No member is com- 
 pelled to travel. Those obtaining work at a distance have 
 
PATTERN MAKERS. — IRON FOUNDERS. 29 
 
 their railway fare paid by the society, and any officer of the 
 society who is applied to for men may send off any who are 
 unemployed in his district, or, failing that, may apply to another 
 district, the society paying all expenses in such cases. 
 
 Unemployed members must sign the vacant book of their 
 branch each day, or if living at a distance of three to seven miles 
 from the " house of call " or club-house, they must sign every 
 alternate day. Members over that distance must send in a form 
 signed by two witnesses, each week, to make good their claim to 
 benefit. 
 
 If any member knows that a firm is busy or needs men he is 
 under an obligation to insert a note in the vacant-book of his 
 branch to that effect. Those on the unemployed list are thus 
 informed of opportunities as they arise. Otherwise members 
 out of work visit such workshops as they may think most likely 
 to need men, and make application to the foremen. It is a very 
 common thing for employers to apply to the society for men in 
 times of good trade. Discretion is of course used in selecting 
 men most suitable for the special class of work for which they 
 may be required. 
 
 The society has no arrangement by which discharges of men 
 may be obviated, such as short time, but some employers volun- 
 tarily adopt some such system in order that they may be able to 
 retain men who may be of special value to them. 
 
 The state of trade in each district is ascertained by monthly 
 reports from the branches, which are published and distributed 
 for the use of members. In addition, when necessary, communi- 
 cations as to special conditions of trade or demand for labour 
 take place among branches or between branches and the general 
 office. Travelling in search of work is steadily decreasing. 
 It is usually found that the more perfectly a trade is organised 
 the less necessity there is for its members to travel in search of 
 work. 
 
 The average monthly proportion of unemployed members of 
 the society in 1881 was I'O per cent. ; in 1886, which was a bad 
 year, it was 9*8 per cent., and in 1892 it w^as 7'8 per cent. From 
 the formation of the society in 1872 up to the close of 1892 
 the total expenditure from the trade fund of the society has been 
 20,902Z., amounting to 151. 7s. Ohd. per member. 
 
 The Friendly Society of Iron Founders is an old 
 
 society, having been established in Lancashire as far back as 
 1809. At the close of 1892 the total membership was 15,190, 
 of whom 13,396 were "first-class" members entitled to every 
 benefit of the society. There were, however, nearly 1,800 third 
 and fourth class, honorary, superannuated, and other members, 
 who were not entitled to the unemployed benefit. A little over 
 88 per cent, of the entire membership are, therefore, eligible to 
 receive this benefit. 
 
30 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 The rule governing the distribution of "donative" or un- 
 employed allowance is very complicated. The weekly amount 
 allowed to a member of two years' standing is: — 
 
 9s. per week for the first 13 weeks. 
 8s. „ „ „ second 13 weeks. 
 6s. „ „ „ next 26 weeks. 
 
 After such period has expired the amount is Is. per week. 
 
 The amount of Is. per week, as contribution, is deducted from 
 these sums, and also any report or accident levies falling due. 
 It will, therefore, be seen that the last scale of benefit of Is. per 
 week is intended to pay the member's contribution if he remain 
 out of work. After receiving 12 months' donation the member 
 must work nine weeks at the trade before he can again come 
 on full benefit, unless he is over 55 years of age, in which case 
 he is only required to work six weeks. A member who has 
 been one year but less than two in the society is only entitled 
 to half the above amounts, and is liable to the full deduction of 
 Is. per week. Members over six weeks in arrears of contri- 
 butions are not entitled to benefit. To make good his claim 
 to donation a member must produce a note signed by the 
 steward of his shop (a society officer) or by two free members 
 working at the same foundry, giving the date and stating 
 the circumstances under which he was discharged. A member 
 merely suspended from his employment is entitled to donation 
 after six days of idleness. The printed forms certifying 
 cause of discharge, &c. are supplied, so far as possible, to the 
 shop stewards, and are also to be obtained at the club-house 
 of the branch. A member discharged through intemper- 
 ance, disorderly conduct, or neglect of work, is not entitled to 
 donation until lie has again worked three weeks at the trade. 
 Members on donation must attend the club-house on each 
 Tuesday and Thursday between certain hours, to sign the un- 
 employed book, and on Friday evening to receive their donation. 
 Members residing over six miles from the club-house are 
 allowed to attend less frequently for the purposes of the dona- 
 tion rule, but must supply certificates from time to time showing 
 that they are not infringing any of the rules. No donation 
 is allowed for a shorter period of non-employment than six days. 
 Any member found guilty of imposing on the society by work- 
 ing while in receipt of this benefit, is liable to fine and forfeiture 
 of benefit. Those receiving benefit are bound also to exert 
 themselves to obtain employment. In a locality where there 
 are less than three foundries, unemployed members who have 
 received three months' donation are required to remove in 
 search of employment elsewhere, otherwise their benefit ceases. 
 Members obtaining situations at a distance may have third- 
 class rail or boat fare advanced to them, and in addition Is. 
 
IRON FOUNDERS. 31 
 
 to 5-9. if required, but they must sign an I U to the presi^ 
 dent of the branch for the amount so received, which must be 
 repaid. An unemployed member refusing to accept work is 
 subject to forfeiture of donation. No member may receive in 
 any one year more than 18^. 17'S'. in donation or sick benefit or 
 both. 
 
 Unemployed members and the society at large are kept 
 informed as to the state of the labour market by the monthly 
 trade report, which states for each branch the condition of 
 trade, the number of members on each benefit, and the number 
 of travellers relieved. This report is circulated through the 
 branches by about the end of the first week of the month. 
 
 A member desiring to travel in search of work is granted a 
 travelling card, for which a charge of 4c/. is made. This card 
 shows what benefit he is entitled to, and gives all details as to 
 his position on the books of the society. The use of this card is 
 watched very jealously, and anyone obtaining a cai'd impro- 
 perly, or wilfully defacing, forging, or altering it, is liable to 
 heavy penalties. No card is allowed to remain in circulation 
 longer than six months without renewal. As soon as a traveller 
 obtains work he must return his card to the society at once 
 or be fined Is. A member on unemployed benefit, and with 
 a card, is allowed a bed if five miles from home. A member of 
 two years' standing when on travel is allowed Is. Ad. per day for 
 the first five days of the week, and 2s. 4td. on the sixth day, the 
 extra Is. being, however, stopped as contribution. After 13 weeks 
 the amounts fall to lower scales, as for ordinary unemployed 
 benefit. After his full period of donation expires the member on 
 travel is allowed what is termed a " blank card," which entitles 
 him to have his contribution paid. The member of only (me year's 
 standing is allowed half the above amounts, while those of only 
 three months' standing are allowed while on travel a bed at each 
 club-house, and 4(:Z. each Saturday. Those who have exhausted 
 their full period of donation are also allowed a blank card to 
 travel with, and are entitled to a free bed and Is. 4c?. on each 
 Saturday, the Is. being stopped as contribution. A member 
 losing his work under circumstances which disentitle him to 
 donation is also allowed a blank card to travel with. Free 
 members wishing to move from one seaport to <inother while 
 on travel may have passage-money advanced on loan. If a 
 traveller refuses work his card is stopped and he is fined 5s., 
 unless he can give a satisfactory reason for his refusal. The 
 arrangements for members travelling in Scotland or Ireland are 
 somewhat difierent from those above described, but are the same 
 in essential particulars. There are also mutual arrangements 
 between this society and the Associated Iron Moulders of Scot- 
 land, as regards members travelling. The number, however, who 
 travel in search of work tends on the whole slowly to decrease, 
 though it varies with the state of trade. 
 
32 
 
 TEADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 This is brought out in the following table, based on statistics 
 published in the last annual report of the society. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Total Number 
 of Cards 
 issued. 
 
 Proportion of 
 
 Travelling Cards 
 
 issued to every 
 
 100 Members in 
 
 the Society. 
 
 Average 
 Number of 
 Members con- 
 stantly on 
 Travel. 
 
 Proportion of 
 
 Members at any one 
 
 Time travelling 
 
 to every 1,000 
 
 Members in the 
 
 Society. 
 
 1873 - 
 
 940 
 
 8-1 
 
 60 
 
 6-3 
 
 1874 - 
 
 1,648 
 
 13-8 
 
 86 
 
 7-2 
 
 1875 . 
 
 1,762 
 
 14-2 
 
 70 
 
 5-7 
 
 1876 - 
 
 1.925 
 
 15-2 
 
 108 
 
 8-6 
 
 1877 - 
 
 1,912 
 
 15-1 
 
 155 
 
 12-3 
 
 1878 - 
 
 1,897 
 
 15-0 
 
 177 
 
 14-0 
 
 1879 - 
 
 1,963 
 
 15-9 
 
 213 
 
 17-4 
 
 1880 - 
 
 1,430 
 
 12-3 
 
 139 
 
 12-0 
 
 1881 - 
 
 1,286 
 
 11-4 
 
 89 
 
 7-9 
 
 1882 - 
 
 1,194 
 
 10-4 
 
 57 
 
 5-0 
 
 1883 - 
 
 1,213 
 
 10-1 
 
 68 
 
 5-3 
 
 1884 . 
 
 1,511 
 
 12-1 
 
 99 
 
 8-0 
 
 1885 - 
 
 1,418 
 
 11-4 
 
 113 
 
 9-1 
 
 1886 - 
 
 1,345 
 
 11-1 
 
 108 
 
 9-0 
 
 1887 - 
 
 1,243 
 
 10-6 
 
 101 
 
 8-6 
 
 1888 - 
 
 1,056 
 
 8-7 
 
 57 
 
 4-7 
 
 1889 - 
 
 883 
 
 6-4 
 
 22 
 
 1-6 
 
 1890 - 
 
 1,255 
 
 8-5 
 
 45 
 
 3-0 
 
 1891 - 
 
 1,542 
 
 10-1 
 
 77 
 
 5-0 
 
 1892 - 
 
 1,502 
 
 9-9 
 
 119 
 
 7-8 
 
 A list of most of the foundries in the United Kingrdom is 
 published in the society's yearly report, of which every member 
 receives a copy. Employers wanting men, as a rule, ask those in 
 their employ if they know of any who are suitable, and intimation 
 in the case of society men is at once sent round to the branches. 
 There are no special arrangements by short time or otherwise 
 for securing a distribution of available work over as many men 
 as possible, though some firms adopt such a policy voluntarily 
 in times of depression. 
 
 During a period of 62 years the total unemployed expenditure 
 of the society has been 762,62U., or an average of 8d per member 
 per week. 
 
 The monthly average of unemployed members varies con- 
 siderably according to the state of trade. In 1879 the proportion 
 of unemployed reached the high figure of 22 "3 per cent. ; in 
 1889 it sank as low as 1*8, while in 1892 it rose to 8*7. 
 
IRON MOULDERS. 3S 
 
 Associated Iron Moulders of Scotland.— This is an 
 
 old established society, having been formed in Glasgow in 1831. 
 At the close of 1892 it had a total membership of 6,268, all of 
 whom were eligible for unemployed benefit, except such as might 
 be sick, superannuated, or otherwise disabled. 
 
 In respect to unemployed benefit two classes of cards are 
 issued, one being red and the other blue. Members after 12 
 months' membership hold a red card, which entitles them to — 
 
 13 weeks' benefit at 8s. 6d per week, and 
 4s. 6d. 
 Blue cards are granted after 18 months' membership, and 
 entitle the holder to — 
 
 13 weeks' benefit at 10s. 6d. per week, and 
 „ „ 5s. 6d. 
 
 A claimant must not be over four weeks in arrears with his 
 payments, and must have been thrown out of work by " slack- 
 " ness, under-pay ment, resisting a reduction of wages, or un- 
 *' justifiable abuse from employer or foreman." He is not entitled 
 if he has been dismissed for " insobriety, irregularity, or absence 
 without leave — except from illness." Members cannot receive 
 the higher grade of benefit in either class twice in any period 
 of 39 weeks, but it may be renewed if they have worked in 
 one or more shops consecutively. Members failing to attend 
 at the time and place appointed for the payment of benefit, are 
 not paid until the following pay day, unless they can satisfy 
 the officers that their absence was accidental or unavoidable. 
 Members travelling in search of work may receive the benefit due 
 to them at houses of call in different towns, but may not draw 
 more than one week's benefit at a time. Members refusing 
 work while on this benefit forfeit their claim to it, unless a 
 satisfactory reason can be given for such refusal. 
 
 As stated in the case of the English society, there is a mutual 
 understanding between the two societies as to members who 
 pass into one country out of the other. Idle benefit, however, 
 ceases when the member leaves Scotland. Every member work- 
 ing within the English society's bounds must pay Sd. per week 
 to that society, and English society members must in like 
 manner contribute to the Scottish society while working within 
 its bounds. Members of each society must also conform to the 
 trade regulations of the other while working in its district. 
 
 The society issues a monthly report, by means of which the 
 members are informed of the state of trade throughout Scotland. 
 Special cases of distress are relieved by the society from a fund 
 called the assistance fund. 
 
 The proportion of unemployed members in this society reaches 
 a high per-centage, and during the past five years has ranged 
 from 13-18 in 1892 to 4*07 in 1889, the average for the five 
 years being 9*15. This has caused heavy demands upon the 
 members in work. The total paid as unemployed benefit since 
 the formation of the society has been 255,2501. 
 
 o 77723. C 
 
:S4> TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 The National Society of Amalgamated Brass- 
 workers gives out-of-work benefit under certain conditions, 
 which are as follows : — 
 
 Class I. — Members of 13 weeks' standing are entitled to 
 receive 3s. per week for 10 weeks. Afterwards a " retention-of- 
 membership allowance " of Is. Scl. per week is paid during the 
 discretion of the executive or branch committee. 
 
 Glass II. — Members of six months receive 10 we6ks' pay at 
 5s. per week ; 10 weeks at 3s. ; and a retention- of-membership 
 benefit of Is. ScZ. per week afterwards, as in Class I. 
 
 Class III. — Members of nine months are allowed 7s. M. per 
 week for 10 weeks, and 4s. per week for the next 10 weeks, 
 and afterwards in like manner receive the Is. %d. per week for 
 retention of membership. 
 
 Glass IV. — Members of 12 months are entitled to 10s. per 
 week for 13 weeks, and 7s. per week for the next 13 weeks; 
 aftewards to the retention-of -membership benefit as above. 
 
 Members on the funds who wish to emigrate to America may- 
 obtain a grant of 3^. 10s. Emigrants to Australia are paid 5/. 
 
 Contributions are deducted from out-of-work pay or any 
 benefit. There is no travelling benefit as such. When a member 
 obtains work in another town his railway fare is paid by the 
 society ; but in doubtful cases it is advanced as a loan. 
 
 In Birmingham, the head-quarters of the society, where the 
 office is open all day, the unemployed members receive out-of- 
 work cards, which they must get signed every day. In the 
 branches a vacant book lies at the club-house, which must be 
 signed each day by those out of employment. 
 
 Work is found for the unemployed in a variety of ways. 
 Firms often send representatives to Birmingham commissioned 
 to engage workmen, and these visitors frequently make appli- 
 cation to the offices of the society, and take artisans on the 
 recommendation of the general secretary. 
 
 The only labour registry is an out-of-work form, which when 
 filled in contains particulars regarding name, age, branch of trade, 
 wages required, and address. 
 
 The custom of making direct application by manufacturers 
 to the office for men is said to be growing. The men them- 
 selves, however, often make personal application for work. By 
 the rules of the society members must report an engagement, 
 and between one and two o'clock on the following Friday must 
 apply for their " odd days' " out-of-work pay. The only way of 
 gauging the condition of trade in each of the 18 branches of the 
 society is by correspondence. 
 
 The general secretary of the society says : — " Travelling from 
 " town to town in search of work has greatly decreased. The 
 " trade tramp is dying out, and the sooner the system is dead 
 " the better. One of the oldest trade unions only recently 
 " expunged the travelling rule, on the ground that travelling in 
 " search of work tended to degrade the members. Travelling 
 
FILE-CUTTERS, BOILER MAKERS, &C. 35 
 
 ■*' after work where there is some evidence that it exists, and 
 " where the workman receives help either from his society or 
 " his friends, is, in my judgment, on the increase. Leaving 
 " home or the town is not so much dreaded as formerly, railway 
 " excursions being so cheap, frequent, and speedy." 
 
 The File-cutters' Society, Sheffield, which may be 
 
 taken as typical of the cutlery trades, provides that when 
 
 members receive notice to leave their employment they inform 
 
 the secretary, and at the expiration of such notice, and before 
 
 being placed on the unemployed list, they make application to 
 
 the secretary and give a full account of their family (if any), 
 
 and especially of such portion as may be working in the file 
 
 trade or chargeable to the funds. All work done by members 
 
 on the unemployed list or by any of their family chargeable 
 
 to the funds is stated to the committee each Saturday before 
 
 such members receive benefit. From money earned in the file trade 
 
 two-thirds is deducted from the out-of-work benefit, and from 
 
 money earned entirely out of the file trade one- third is deducted. 
 
 The scale for unemployed benefit is as follows : — 
 
 8s. per week for a man. 
 
 2s. 5, „ his wife (if not working at the trade and 
 
 a member). 
 4s. per week for his wife (if working at the trade and a 
 
 member). 
 Is. per week for each child under 13 years of age. 
 2s. Sd. per week for each boy under 18 years of age. 
 5s. 4tZ. „ „ „ from 18 to 20 years of age. 
 
 2s. 6cL „ „ women and girls. 
 
 The unemployed attend a roll-call at such time and place as 
 the committee appoint. 
 
 When on the funds they are not permitted to seek work at 
 their own trade, without directions from the secretary, who is 
 in communication with the employers and generally knows where 
 men are required. 
 
 The Boiler Makers' and Iron Shipbuilders' 
 Society is one of the most powerful trade societies in the 
 kingdom, and contains within its ranks nearly the whole of the 
 men employed in the various branches of industry it repre- 
 ;sents. At the end of 1892 there were 39,004 members on the 
 books, distributed over 252 branches in difierent parts of the 
 United Kingdom. All free and full members are entitled to 
 unemployed benefit if not 1 2s. in arrears or disqualified through 
 misconduct causing loss of work. Members are " free " 12 
 months after joining the society. A member thrown out of work 
 by depression of trade or other cause satisfactory to the officers 
 of his branch is entitled, after signing the vacant-book for two 
 days, to receive benefit at home at the rate of 7s. per week 
 for 14 weeks and 3s. per week for 9 weeks, whether successive 
 
 c 2 
 
36 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 or not, in one year. Should any member come on the " short 
 donation," he is in the following year entitled to unemployed 
 benefit at the rate only of 5s. per week after having worked 
 one month at the trade. In no case may a member receive 
 donation unless he can prove that he has worked one month 
 at the trade in each year. Those suspended from work for 
 longer than six days are entitled to donation. If unemployed 
 members wish to travel in search of work they are supplied with 
 a card containing full particulars as to the amount per week they 
 are entitled to draw or have drawn, and their benefit is the 
 same in amount as they would receive at home. All unemployed 
 members must sign the vacant book of their branch three times 
 a week at stated hours, unless they can show that they have gone 
 to a distance in search of work. A discretionary power is vested 
 in the officers of each branch to detain a member who is on 
 travel if they see a prospect of obtaining work for him. Mem- 
 bers signing the vacant book must go to a situation at a distance 
 if required, their fare being paid by the society. The branch 
 secretaries report each month to the general office of the society 
 in Newcastle- on-Tyne as to the state of trade and the number of 
 members on the different benefits. The district delegates, who 
 have the supervision of the districts into which the United 
 Kingdom is divided for the purposes of the society, also report 
 generally on the state of their districts. The whole of these 
 reports and much additional information are printed and circu- 
 lated each month among the branches, so that members may 
 know in what directions work is most plentiful. The annual 
 report of the society, of which each member receives a copy, 
 contains a trade directory of the boiler, ship, and bridge build- 
 ing establishments of the United Kingdom as well as of all the 
 houses of call of the society. 
 
 Employers in want of men apply to the branch officers or 
 to the chief office of the society, and if men are available they 
 are at once sent where they are required. If the demand for 
 men is brislr., and the distance they are to be sent is great, the 
 society does not pay the whole cost of transport, but divides 
 it with the employers who need the men. 
 
 The society in such cases guarantees the honesty of the men, 
 and if they do not remain three months at the job, they are 
 called upon to refund their fares and pay a fine of 10s. each, the 
 employer receiving back what he may have paid. Men sent for 
 are selected in order of turn, having regard to their suitability 
 for the work in question. 
 
 Except in cases of shops where disputes may be pending, 
 unemployed members apply direct to employers for work, and 
 this is the course most generally followed. 
 
 There is no arrangement as to short time in declining trade 
 in order to secure the continuous employment of the greatest 
 possible number of men ; but in some yards and shops this 
 object is secured by employing men week and week about. 
 
BOILER MAKEKS, &C. — SHIPWRIGHTS. 37 
 
 Travelling in search of work is decreasing in the case of this 
 society, and this tendency would seem to become greater fis the 
 means of obtaining trustworthy information as to the state of 
 trade in each district are augmented. 
 
 Members of this society are subject to great fluctuations of 
 trade, and the per-centage of its unemployed members has varied 
 from 6 in 1882, the golden year of shipbuilding, to 22*3 
 in 1885, a year of intense depression. The average monthly 
 number of unemployed for the past 15 years has been about 10'8 
 per cent. From 1867 to 1892 the total expenditure on unem- 
 ployed benefits was 373,295^. It is interesting to observe that 
 for at least the first 14 years of this period travelling donation 
 was a much more important benefit than home donation, and 
 was encouraged as the most likely means of enabling the unem- 
 ployed to find work for themselves. Thus for the 17 years, 
 1867-1883, when travelling was to some extent compubory, no 
 less than 111,781Z. was paid to travellers, while only 35,485Z. was 
 paid for home donation. Since 1883 the policy of the society 
 has changed in this respect, and no separate account is taken of 
 the amount paid to travellers — a change obviously due to the 
 altered conditions of the trade. 
 
 The Associated Shipwrights' Society is the cbief 
 organisation among shipwrights, and numbers 12,000 members, 
 about 50 per cent, of whom are eligible for unemployed benefit. 
 
 Members of 12 months' standing, Avhen out of employment 
 for six consecutive days under circumstances satisfactory to 
 their branch, are entitled to the sum of 9s. per week for 10 weeks 
 and OS. per week for other 10 weeks, but no member can receive 
 more than this number of weeks' benefit in any given 12 
 months. Those who receive the maximum amount of unem- 
 ployed benefit are not entitled to further relief until 12 months 
 have elapsed from the date when they first came on full benefit, 
 in addition to which they must have worked at least four weeks 
 at the trade during the interval. Subject to these provisions, 
 members are entitled when unemployed to 5s. per week for 20 
 weeks during the second 12 months. Similar provisions are 
 also made for members who receive the first period of 10 weeks' 
 benefit, and subsequently claim the higher rate of 9s. per week. 
 
 Members are not eligible for this benefit if unemployed for 
 less than three days, and must sign the vacant book for six con- 
 secutive days before being entitled to receive a week's payment. 
 
 OnJy those who are under 40 years of age and in good health 
 on admission are eligible for full benefit, special arrangements, 
 however, being made in cases where men join in a body. 
 
 Nt) special travelling, removal, or emigration benefits are 
 provided by the rules, but those desirous of emigrating frequently 
 go out as ship's carpenters. 
 
 When desirous of travelling in search of work members apply 
 to their branch secretary for a clearance, on which is stated the 
 name of the branch, the class of benefit to which they are 
 
38 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 entitled, and other particulars. Those securing work or desiring 
 to stay in any place, hand in their clearances to the nearest 
 branch, and if unemployed sign the branch vacant book. 
 Branch officers are at liberty to refuse to permit members 
 travelling without a clearance to seek or obtain employment. 
 
 So far as possible, employment is found for members, and in 
 some cases they are directed to places where employment maybe 
 obtained. Those refusing to go to work when so instructed 
 or declining to accept work when offered them, are liable to 
 forfeit their unemployed benefit until they have been at work 
 for a period of one month, due consideration being given, bow- 
 ever, to their circumstances, domestic and otherwise. 
 
 Members in receipt of unemployed benefit pay full subscrip- 
 tions, but those who are not eligible for this benefit are not dis- 
 qualified through arrears of contributions, if such arrears are 
 caused through want of employment, the only condition beinp^ 
 that they sign the vacant book. This privilege is not taken full 
 advantage of, with the result that members through their own 
 neglect frequently get into arrear in slack times and fall out of 
 benefit, while some even allow their membership to lapse and 
 are then compelled to re-enter as new uiembers at a lower scale 
 of benefits in consequence of advanced age. 
 
 Generally speaking there are no particular hours of call for 
 unemployed members, each district having its own custom. At 
 Liverpool, for example, the men usually congregate at the docks 
 at nine o'clock in the morning, when their delegate obtains 
 information at the office and reports the result. This, how- 
 ever,, applies principally to the graving docks. A similar custom 
 also exists at Dundee. The method generally adopted is for 
 members to congregate at the gates or starting places of such 
 firms as are thought likely to require assistance. In addition 
 to this, members visit the various docks and yards, and thus 
 frequently obtain casual employment. 
 
 The rules provide for the advance of money as loans to pay 
 the railway fares of members going to another district to work^ 
 whether sent by the society or not, but in all cases they must 
 have work to go to. Such money must be refunded within 
 two months if the members continue in employment. 
 
 Employers or their agents frequently apply to the society for 
 men, and if they cannot be obtained in the locality requests for 
 the required number of men are addressed to other districts or 
 to the general office. Preference is given to good " financial " 
 members who may be unemployed, and if more are signing the 
 vacant-book than are required a ballot is taken. 
 
 Members are not permitted to go into any district in search of 
 work, and in some districts they are refused employment if they 
 have not been sent for. The object of this regulation is to 
 prevent men going in too large numbers to any district. 
 
 While no printed regulations exist as to the mode by which 
 members may or may not seek work, the society objects to. 
 
. SHIPWRIGHTS. W 
 
 written or other recommendations from friends or managers^ 
 which may result in men being put into work over the heads 
 of those who are seeking it in the usual manner at the dock 
 or yard gates. The society also objects to one employer 
 lending men to another, and to men leaving one job to go to 
 another, nor are members supposed to go to employers' or fore- 
 men's houses to seek work. The importation of men from other 
 districts while local men are idle is likewise regarded by the 
 men as contrary to the recognised custom. No objection, how- 
 ever, is offered to men applying to employers direct, provided 
 they do so in the manner customary in the district. 
 
 Each district has local customs wdiich tend to promote the 
 sharing or equalisation of work at all times among the members, 
 as far as the exigencies of the shipping industry wall permit : 
 
 (a.) By fixing the number of men required to do certain 
 classes of work ; 
 
 (h.) By regulating the quantity of work to be done by each 
 man daily ; 
 
 (c.) By preventing a man from being employed by two distinct 
 employers at one time ; 
 
 (d.) By prohibiting men from taking work by the piece or by 
 contract ; 
 
 (e.) By refusing to work any or by limiting the amount of 
 overtime according to circumstances ; 
 
 (/.) By demanding that double or more sets of men be put on 
 all urgent w^ork, wherever practicable. 
 
 In times of depression the society recommends that short 
 time should be resorted to in order to obviate the discharge 
 of men, and in some districts this custom exists. The diffi- 
 culty is that the employers and workmen are not agreed as to 
 the method of working short time, the former preferring six 
 three-quarter days, while the latter prefer that such days as are 
 worked, whether they be two, three, or more, should be com- 
 plete days, in order that when compelled to work short time 
 they may have the advantage of one or more clear days instead 
 of six quarters of a day. Many districts only work from day- 
 light to dark during the winter months, the rates of pay being 
 the same as in summer, when longer hours are worked. 
 
 In Older to ascertain the state of trade in the various districts 
 each branch sends a report monthly and quarterly to the 
 general office, and these are supplemented by quarterly reports 
 by the district delegates, which are printed and circulated 
 among the members. In addition to this an interchange of 
 correspondence between branch and branch, and between district 
 and district, and the general office is being carried on continually, 
 so that full opportunity exists of getting to know the state of 
 trade in any district. 
 
 The Shipwrights' Provident Union of the Port 
 of London, which was established in 1824, numbers about 
 1,400 members. No provision is made by the rules for out-of- 
 
40 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 work, travelling, removal or emigration benefit, but the following 
 regulations with respect to the mode of working are interesting, 
 the object being '' that every opportunity may be given to those 
 " who are out of employ, and that the principles of union and 
 " friendship may be cultivated amongst all the members." 
 
 No member of this society may engross a greater quantity of 
 work than he can accomplish during the regular hours of the 
 trade. He may not work before or after the recognised working 
 hours, nor may work by candle light be performed inside after 
 the men on the outside of the ship have left work. If men are 
 discharged off a job no overtime is worked on that job while the 
 men are unemployed. Any member leaving one job to go to 
 another, may not return to the job he left. 
 
 No member employed afloat during the day is allowed to go 
 to any yard, either in the morning before the regular hours for 
 commencing work, or in the evening after the regular hours for 
 leaving work, for the purpose of working overtime on any other 
 job, excepting the members who are usually employed in the 
 yard, who are allowed to go docking or undocking after the 
 regular working hours, if they are employed by the same firm 
 during the day-time. 
 
 The Barge Builders' Union mainly consists of men 
 employed in that industry on the Thames and Medway. 
 
 Every member of 12 months' standing is entitled to out-of- 
 work benefit, the amount paid being Is. Sd. per day for not less 
 than three successive days. The maximum amount paid in any 
 12 months is 96 days, the question of any further relief to a 
 member who may have received that amount being determined 
 at a general meeting. 
 
 In order to claim this benefit a member must give notice of 
 leaving his employment to the secretary or a district committee 
 man within 24 hours, who, if satisfied, furnishes him with a card 
 which must be signed at least every other day by a member, no 
 member in one yard being eligible to sign more than once in 12 
 days. '] his card is produced at the next meeting of the society, 
 and, if in order, whatever is due is paid, the card being returned 
 to the secretary immediately work is obtained. 
 
 Any member leaving his employment under circumstances 
 that are not satisfactory to the committee is not entitled to out- 
 of-work benefit until he has again obtained employment. 
 
 In the event of overtime being worked when there are 
 members unemployed the committee are directed by rule to 
 endeavour to prevent it. 
 
 The above societies may be taken as typical in their respective 
 departments of industry, but there are a large number of less 
 important societies in the same group of trades which also pay 
 unemployed benefit, and which, generally speaking, follow much 
 the same methods as those above described, such as : — The 
 United Machine Workers' Association, General Tool Makers and 
 
BUILDING TRADES — CARPENTERS. 41 
 
 Machinists, Metal Planers, Shapers, &c., Associated Blacksmiths, 
 Co-operative Smiths, London Hammermen, London Tin Plate 
 Workers, London Zinc Workers, Electro Plate Operatives, &c. 
 
 (c.) Building Trades. 
 
 Among- the trade unions connected with the building trades, 
 which are largely seasonal in character, the payment of out-of- 
 work benefit properly so called is far less common than among 
 the trades dealt with above, being apparently confined to the 
 Carpenters and Joiners, certain branches of the Plumbers, and 
 ODC society of Painters. Even among these societies the pay- 
 ment, as will be seen from the description given below, is of a 
 strictly limited character. Travelling benefit, however, is gene- 
 rally given by societies which do not pay unemployed benefit. 
 
 The unions described are selected as being representative of 
 the principal trade organisations in the building trades. 
 
 The principal societies of carpenters and joiners in the United 
 Kingdom are the " Amalgamated," the " General Union," and the 
 " Associated " ; many of the local societies that formerly existed 
 having been merged into one or other of the above organisations. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and 
 
 Joiners, to which the following description applies, includes 
 37,588 out of 47,503 members of the above societies. 
 
 All members are eligible to unemployed benefit who have been 
 12 months in the society, and are not more than eight weeks in 
 arrears. The amount paid is 10s. per week for the first 12 
 weeks, and 6s. per week for another 12 weeks, making a possible 
 total of 9^. 12s. in any period of 12 months. About 2 J or 3 per 
 cent, are " trade " members only, and are, therefore, not entitled 
 to unemployed or sick benefit, either because when they joined 
 they were too old to be eligible to full benefits, or because they 
 prefer foregoing them in consideration of a reduced rate of con- 
 tribution. Members in receipt of benefits pay no contribution. 
 
 Those in receipt of unemployed benefit sign a vacant book, 
 in which a list of shops in the town and neighbourhood is 
 kept. Members not entitled to benefit may also sign for the 
 purpose of securing work. This book is usually in charge of 
 the proprietor of the rooms in which the branch meets, and is 
 accessible to all members of the society upon production of 
 their contribution cards. Those entitled to unemployed benefit 
 and signing the vacant book must give notice in writing 
 to the branch secretary. Members knowing of a vacancy must 
 also give notice to the branch secretary or place such notice in 
 the vacant book. Anyone taking members off the vacant book 
 is allowed sixpence per member for so doing. In addition to 
 signing the vacant book those in receipt of unemployed benefit 
 
42 . TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 are expected to search for work by applying at workshops, 
 buildings, &c. 
 
 It is customary in some towns for employers or their agents 
 to apply to the union for men, but there is no provision made 
 in the rules for selecting men in such cases. Employers often 
 prefer men who have previously worked for them, in which 
 case they are mentioned by name ; but when the matter is left 
 in the hands of the branch secretary he uses his own judg- 
 ment, preference being given to members who have signed 
 longest or to those not entitled to benefit. With respect to 
 the efiiciency or honesty of men supplied no guarantee is given, 
 but candidates for admission into the society are supposed by 
 the rules to liaVe worked at the trade five years, and to be good 
 workmen, of steady habits, and fair moral character. 
 
 Local working rules frequently provide for a reduction in 
 the hours of labour, both in the shops and on the works in 
 winter, in order that as many men as possible may be employed, 
 and, so far as practicable, prohibitive rates are enforced for 
 overtime. 
 
 Members wishing to travel are granted travelling cards which 
 enable the holders to draw unemployed benefit at any branch 
 they may visit. In the event of employment being found at a 
 distance, unemployed members who are in receipt of benefit are, 
 as a rule, entitled to the cheapest fare, up to a distance of 150 
 miles. Members travelling in search of work can receive their 
 benefit daily instead of weekly, but must call upon a branch 
 secretary at least every other day. They are expected to look 
 for work, and if the secretary of any branch knows of an open- 
 ing, he can send them to it, or detain them if he thinks there 
 will be a chance of a job in a few days. In this case such 
 members must sign the vacant book in the town where detained. 
 
 The various branches of the union send in monthly returns 
 of the state of trade and the number of members in receipt of 
 unemployed benefit, which are printed in the monthly reports 
 and circulated amongst the members. 
 
 Travelling in search of work has decreased of late years, which 
 is probably due, to a large extent, to the fact that members are 
 now paid the same amount per week, whether stationary or on 
 travel. 
 
 No emigration benefit is paid, but members removing from 
 one country to another are exempt from paying contiibutions 
 during the voyage. 
 
 The Operative Bricklayers' Society pays no out-of- 
 work benefit, but all members of twelve months' standing are 
 entitled to travelling benefit, to obtain which travelling cheques,, 
 containing a list of the places where travelling benefit is paid, 
 are issued by the brancli secretaries on application. These 
 cheques entitle members to Is. 6d. at any relieving station 
 distant six miles from the place where such cheques were issued 
 
BRICKLAYERS — STONEMASONS. 43 
 
 or where last relief was received, except in some few specified 
 towns where two days' relief in succession may be drawn, and 
 in London, where seven reliefs may be obtained, one at each 
 station. 
 
 Travelling cheques are current for eight weeks from date of 
 issue. Members succeeding in obtaining employment for a few 
 days are entitled to reclaim their cheques if required, but in no 
 case can they receive more than eight weeks' travelling benefit 
 during any half year, or draw another cheque for the space of 
 three months after the termination of this period. 
 
 When on travel members are entitled to receive benefit at 
 their own branch or district if relieved at a branch six miles 
 from their district on the previous day. 
 
 Members who expect to shortly finish their jobs attend their 
 branch meetings and announce the fact. The other members 
 bear this in mind, and also state where they believe hands 'may 
 be wanted, the president usually announcing these facts from the 
 chair. Employers seldom apply to the union for men, work 
 being usually obtained by personal application or by the co- 
 operation and assistance of other members. 
 
 On all official note-paper a space is reserved for secretaries to 
 insert the state of trade whenever they may be communicating 
 with the general office or with other branches, and these returns 
 are published in each monthly circular. 
 
 Taking into consideration the increased membership, travelling 
 in search of work has somewhat decreased of late years. 
 
 Most branches of the society have a benevolent fund con- 
 nected with them, which is under the absolute control of the 
 branch. The amount of quarterly subscription fixed by the 
 branch ranges from 6d. to 2d. per member. The rules govern- 
 ing these funds difier in details, but the general principle 
 underlying them is the same, the object being to render assist- 
 ance to members when in distress through want of employment, 
 domestic troubles, or other unforeseen circumstances. In cases of 
 this kind it is competent for a member of the same branch to 
 propose at any ordinary meeting that members who have met 
 with any misfortune through no fault of their own shall receive 
 a gratuity, or have their arrears of subscription paid. Branches 
 may also by resolution appeal to each other, grants being made 
 in accordance with the merits of each case. 
 
 The Operative Stonemasons' Society pays no out-of- 
 work benefit. Members of this society become entitled to the 
 full benefits of travelling relief at the expiration of six months 
 from the date of entrance fee being paid. When travelling in 
 search of employment they are entitled to 98 days' relief in the 
 year, dating from the time when the benefit is claimed. For 
 this purpose a traveller's cheque book is issued to members 
 establishing their claim to membership, containing the number of 
 cheques to which they are entitled during the year. Travellers 
 receive 6d. per day for any distance under 10 miles, Is. Sd. for 
 
44 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 10 miles and under 20, and Id. for every additional three miles ; 
 on Sundays and holidays they receive Is. ()d. per day without 
 travelling. Members drawing their cheque books from a town 
 where a dispute exists are allowed Is. Qd. per day for any dis- 
 tance under 20 miles, and Id for every additional three miles, 
 Members of over 12 and under 26 weeks' membership receive 
 9d. per day, those of under 12 weeks' membership not being 
 entitled to benefit except in cases of dispute. 
 
 Members are entitled to a travelling cheque book or clearance 
 card, whether discharged or not, but no one can be relieved 
 at any lodge within 10 miles of the place from which he drew 
 his book until the expiration of four weeks, nor when expenses 
 are paid to go from one place to another. No cheques are 
 relieved on the day of issue, or on any day on which members 
 have been working, and no one is allowed a cheque book when 
 suspended from work through frost. 
 
 When travelling in search of employment members receive 
 one day's relief at all relieving stations, whether they start work 
 the same day or not, except in towns where two days or more 
 are allowed, in which cases members starting work the second 
 day do not receive the second day's relief. Those who have been 
 once relieved at any lodge are entitled to Is. only once during 
 the 12 weeks, such relief being counted as one day's relief 
 towards their 98 days' allowance. 
 
 Travellers between England and Ireland of over six months' 
 membership receive third-class boat fare on landing, upon pro- 
 duction of their travelling cheque books, and under certain 
 conditions return fare is allowed. 
 
 Cheque books are detained if members fail to accept employ- 
 ment without giving satisfactory reasons. 
 
 For the convenience of members in search of employment 
 each relieving station throughout the country possesses a book 
 containing the names of the employers in the town, and the 
 names of the streets, roads, or lanes in which the yards or jobs 
 are situated. It is the duty of the secretary to keep this book 
 correctly entered up to date, and only members in possession of 
 their cl)eque books are allowed to examine it. 
 
 On obtaining employment members must deliver their cheque 
 books or clearance cards to the shop steward or secretary of the 
 nearest lodge within seven days, failing which they are fined Is. 
 per week until they comply. 
 
 No removal grant is provided by the rules of the society, but 
 branches not unfrequently advance money for this purpose as 
 loans out of their local funds. 
 
 Travelling in search of work has decreased of late years, 
 members in the London district particularly, preferring to wait 
 for work to turn up. 
 
 The state of the labour market is ascertained by reports fi'om 
 branch secretaries, the trade journals, and other available sources, 
 
STONEMASONS — PLASTERERS. 45 
 
 and this" information is published in a report issued for the use 
 of members once a fortnight. 
 
 Suggestions have from time to time been made with the view 
 of establishing an out-of-work benefit, but hitherto without 
 success. Some few lodges in the metropolitan area, however, 
 have what are called contingent funds, membership of which is 
 optional and is confined to those under 55 years of age. The 
 entrance fee is 6d. and the contributions range from 2^d. to 
 4ifZ. per montli, according to the benefits subscribed for to the 
 parent society. Subscribing members of six months' standing 
 are entitled, when out of employment or sick, to have ten weeks' 
 contributions from these funds paid into the general funds, but 
 are not entitled to the benefits of the contingent fund more 
 than 20 weeks in one ^^ear. Applications for these benefits are 
 made personally, except when members are in search of employ- 
 ment or out of the district. Claimants must be clear on the 
 lodge books, and must have been six days out of employment or 
 sick. 
 
 The National Association of Operative Plasterers 
 
 provides no out-of-work benefit. Members of six months' 
 standing desirous of obtaining travelling certificates through 
 want of enjployment make application on a regular meeting 
 night of the lodge to which they belong, though in cases of 
 emergency the officers of a lodge have power to grant a travel- 
 ling certificate. Persons leaving their employment or losing time 
 through bad weather are not entitled to these certificates. 
 
 'When travelling with a certificate in search of employment 
 members receive as relief at each district the sum of Is. 6d. 
 per day, inclusive of Sunday. In certain specified towns those 
 desirous of seeking employment may receive Is. 6d. the second 
 day, but 3s. is the maximum amount of relief paid in any one 
 district, with the exception of London, where four days' relief 
 is paid if necessary. 
 
 No relief is paid on the day certificates are issued, or in more 
 than one district on any given day, or more than once in any 
 district until twelve months have elapsed from the date of last 
 relief. Members are not entitled to relief within a radius of 
 seven miles of the district in which a certificate is issued, nor 
 can they receive relief in their own district until they have been 
 travelling seven clear days. 
 
 All branches keep a vacant book, but it is seldom used, 
 members as a rule depending upon their own knowledge and 
 upon information obtained at their lodge meetings. 
 
 Employers occasionally send to the provincial branch secretaries 
 for men, and if there are any signing the vacant book they are, 
 as a rule, taken in rotation. The union takes no responsibility 
 as to the honesty or efficiency of the men employed. 
 
 The United Operative Plumbers' Association. — 
 
 With the exception of the two branches at Sheffield aaid Liver- 
 pool; no out-of-work benefit is paid by this society. In these 
 
46 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 towns the sum of 5s. per week is paid for 18 weeks in the year ; 
 but these funds are purely local, and not under the control of the 
 executive council of the society. 
 
 As to the Society at large, members out of work (satisfactory 
 reason being given) can receive from the lodge a certificate to 
 travel in search of cnployment, which entitles them, after 12 
 months' membership, to Is. Qd. per day, Sundays included, and 
 aftei- six months' membership to 9^/. per day ; new members being 
 entitled to a certificate enabling them to obtain work from any 
 lodge book, but no pay. 
 
 Travelling members working three days in one week are not 
 entitled to any pay for that week. The relieving officer informs 
 the traveller if there is employment in the town, and if not, the 
 likeliest place to obtain it. Each traveller must endeavour to 
 obtain employment, and any one refusing employment, and 
 leaving the place, is reported to the general secretary, who 
 instructs the various secretaries to detain his card and forward 
 it to the general office. 
 
 The limit for travelling pay is seven weeks in one year. 
 Travelling members may remain in London six days, and in 
 other large cities or towns three days, but are not paid for longer. 
 Members obtaining employment where there is no lodge must 
 report the fact to their own lodge within two days, and if obtain- 
 ing employment where there is a lodge, must deposit their card 
 with the secretary. 
 
 Call books are kept at the lodge-house for members out of 
 work to sign, and when an employer sends for a man the first 
 on the list must accept or go to the bottom. In addition to this, 
 members are supposed to look for work, and to do their best to 
 obtain it. 
 
 There are no rules providing for sharing work in times of 
 depression, but with the tacit consent of the employers it is 
 customary to work three-quarters or half-time in such cases. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of House Decorators 
 and Painters does not provide by its rules either for out-of- 
 work or travelling benefit. Each branch keeps a book called 
 the trade call-book, which any member not out of benefit is 
 entitled to sign and examine, but it is not compulsory for any 
 person calling for men to take them in rotation from this book. 
 Members who know where employment may be obtained enter, 
 if possible, a memorandum of the fact in the trade call book, or 
 communicate with members whose names are written therein, or 
 with the secretary of the branch. 
 
 Some few branches have what are known as winter funds, 
 for the purpose of enabling the members to afford mutual 
 assistance to such of their number as may be out of employ- 
 ment during the three winter months from the first day of 
 December to the last day of February. 
 
 Only branch members of twelve months' standing are eligible 
 to become members of these funds, one month's notice of their 
 <lesire to join being necessary, and the election taking place by ; 
 
PAINTERS. 47 
 
 ballot.' Members on entering are required to pay 2^ per cent, on- 
 the existing capital, one half on proposition and the other half 
 on election, but no members are admitted after the last Saturday 
 in October until the next year. 
 
 The contributions are 25s. per annum, and Is. per annum to the 
 management fund, which amounts are payable in one sum or 
 periodically. Members not clearing the books by the last Satur- 
 day in October, (or one week later by the payment of Is. fine) 
 have their names erased and forfeit all moneys paid. 
 
 When out of employment members receive benefit at the rate 
 of Is. 6cL per day, or such other pay as the committee may 
 determine with the approval of the members at the last meet- 
 ing in November. Members working 16 hours in a week 
 are not entitled to receive any benefit for that week, and when 
 working for a portion of a day are not entitled for that day. 
 In all cases the out-of-work book must be signed between 11 
 and 12 o'clock in the forenoon, or between 3 and 4 in the after- 
 noon by those capable of taking employment. 
 
 Members refusing work when offered, or losing employment 
 through wilful neglect, forfeit all claim on the fund for four 
 weeks ; and if detected in imposing on the fund in any way 
 forfeit all money they may have paid, and are not allowed to 
 be members of the fund. 
 
 Members of the society must join this fund within three 
 years, or they are not allowed to do so at any future time. 
 Those wisliing to rejoin, if re-elected are admitted as new mein- 
 beis, and those who have been unable to pay the whole of their 
 contributions for the previous year are exempt from entrance 
 fee, provided they have paid not less than 15s. 
 
 The total amount received is divided into 14 portions, 13 
 being used for benefits, &c., and one held in reserve. In the 
 event of the funds increasing, the out-of-work pay is usually 
 increased with the wiqw e»f keeping down the amount, so that 
 other members may more easily join. 
 
 The National Amalgamated Society of Operative 
 House and Ship Painters pays no travelling benefit, but 
 all free members who were under 40 years of age when admitted 
 are entitled to the sum of 7s. per week for eight weeks, should 
 they be oat of employment between the first day of December 
 and the last day of February. 
 
 Those entitled to this benefit attend at their branch meeting- 
 house every day between certain hours to subscribe their names 
 to the vacant-book, which is open to the inspection of employers 
 requiring men. 
 
 Those earning more than 7s. at the trade in any week are not 
 entitled to benefit for that week ; if earning less, the balance is paid 
 them from the funds ; they may, however, earn any sum not 
 exceeding 5s. at casual employment outside the trade. 
 
 Members not accepting work at the trade when offered, losing 
 their employment through misconduct, or leaving of their own 
 
4-8 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 accord without a satisfactory cause during the three winter 
 months, forfeit six weeks' pay. 
 
 All free members are also eligible to the benefits of the con- 
 tingent and benevolent fund, which is used for the purpose of 
 relieving cases of distress reconnmended by the branches, and 
 approved of by the executive council. 
 
 (d.) Printing, Bookbinding, and Kindred Trades. 
 
 In no group of industries is more attention paid to the question 
 of finding employment for members, and relieving them while 
 out of work, than in the Printing and Bookbinding trades. 
 
 The methods adopted are very varied, and those employed by 
 some of the chief unions are sufficiently interesting to warrant 
 a somewhat full description. 
 
 The London Society of Compositors in its present 
 form has sprung to some extent from an association of com- 
 positors commonly known as a " Gift." * The primary objects 
 of a " Gift " are " to procure situations for members," and " to 
 " afibrd them temporary relief when out of employment." The 
 number of members in a " Gift " is limited (usually to ] 00), and no 
 compositor is eligible for admission who is not a member of the 
 London Society of Compositors, or who has at any time worked 
 in antagonism to the rules and customs of the trade. Consider- 
 able care is exercised in the selection of members, who are elected 
 by ballot, the proposer and seconder of a candidate being held 
 responsible for his character and ability. A list of members 
 with their private addresses, and also the oiSices in which they 
 are employed, is printed annually, and supplied to each member 
 in order that, when one of their number is out of employment, he 
 ma}' be communicated with in preference to a non- member of a 
 " Gift " or a member of the trade society only. In this way the 
 members of " The Old London Society of Compositors " were 
 able to find employment for those of their number who, through 
 slackness of work or other causes, were .temporarily displaced, but 
 with the growth of the parent society the number of "Gifts" 
 increased, one called " 1'he Lions " being established in 1858, 
 and several others springing up subsequently. The rules of 
 these various " Gifts " are similar in character, and it will, there- 
 fore, suffice if a brief description be given of the methods 
 pursued by the oldest of them for dealing with the unemployed 
 members. 
 
 A call-book is kept at the bar of the society house, in which 
 members in want of employment insert their names on showing 
 their card to the landlord, no member being eligible to sign who 
 is not in a position to accept work. Members signing the book 
 
 * This ''Gift," though usually spoken of as "The Herrings," owing to " The 
 Three Herrings " having been the sign of the house where the meetings were 
 formerly held, is still called " The Old London Society of Compositors," having 
 been estabUshed in September 1816 
 
PRINTING TRADES — COMPOSITORS. 49 
 
 must answer a " call " for workmen, and obtain the signature of the 
 person making it to a voucher provided for that purpose, to the effect 
 that such call has been answered, vouchers being filled up and 
 returned to the society house the same day the call is made. 
 
 This call-book is made up so that the weeks begin and end 
 on the same days as the out-of-work book of the trade society. 
 A free member out of employment may receive 8s. per week 
 for eight weeks in twelve calendar months, and provision is 
 made that if the fund is at any time reduced to 10/., payments 
 shall be reduced to Ss. per week, and if reduced to 7L, all benefit 
 shall cease until 10/. be reached. 
 
 Members claiming this benefit must sign the book daily, 
 and are then entitled to receive the sum of Is. 4fd. for each 
 signature. A claimant obtaining partial employment during the 
 week, whose wages do not amount to 18s. is entitled to receive 
 an allowance, which, together with the wages earned amounts 
 to 18s. Tims, a man earning 10s. only would receive 8s., and 
 a man earning 17s. would receive Is. per week. 
 
 Those who have their earnings made up to the maximum of 
 16s. by the parent trade society are entitled to a sum not exceed- 
 ing 6s. from the " Gift," provided that they have signed the 
 call-book a sufficient number of times. 
 
 Members of the " Gift " who have forfeited a situation 
 through neglect or misconduct, or left their employer or their 
 companions dishonourably, are either expelled or suflfer such 
 other penalty as a quarterly or general meeting may determine. 
 
 Recently an attack has been made upon " Gifts," with the 
 result that they have been condemned by the London Society of 
 Compositors as detrimental to the interests of that body.* 
 
 So far as the oldest of these " Gifts " is concerned, payments 
 were made to unemployed members prior to the establishment of 
 an out-of-work benefit by the London Society of Compositors 
 itself. It appears that from 1848 to 1860 it was optional with the 
 members of the society to subscribe or not to a fund which at that 
 time was called the provident fund, though amounts ranging 
 from 521. to 731/. were voted from the society's funds for the 
 relief of unemployed members during the years named. In 1861, 
 however, this benefit was made one of the principal features of 
 the society's aims and objects. During 1892 nearly 12,000/. was 
 paid to 2,256 unemployed members out of an average membership 
 for the year of 9,500. 
 
 The following summary of rules will explain the conditions 
 under which unemployed benefit is paid by the London Society 
 of Compositors : — 
 
 Every member who has completed one year of membership (except in 
 cases specially provided for) is entitled, when unemployed, to the sum of 
 9/. 12*. per year, viz., 16 weeks at 12^. per week, i.e.y from January to 
 July inclusive, seven weeks, and from August to December inclusive, 
 nine weeks ; any member receiving only partial benefit during the first 
 
 * A ballot of the members on the question, " Shall the rules be altered to prevent 
 " any member of a ' Gift ' being a member of the Society ?" resulted in an affirmative 
 reply by a majority of 860. How far this decision can be made retrospective and 
 applicable to the members of the existing " Gifts " remains to be seen. 
 
 o 77723. D 
 
so TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 half-year being entitled to the residue of 9/. 12*. during the last half- 
 year, should he require it ; such relief not being extended unless a ballot 
 of the members be taken thereon. 
 
 No member can claim the unemployed allowance who is in receipt of 
 money from the society as a strike hand ; or who does not produce a 
 satisfactory document that he is eligible to receive the same. 
 
 Every member claiming this benefit must insert his name in the call- 
 book (excepting members 60 years of age and upwards, paying a sub- 
 scription of 3(Z. per week), and also in the unemployed claim book, kept 
 for the purpose at the society house, and sign his name once each day, 
 between the hours of 9 and 1 o'clock. The number of entries is 
 cast up each Saturday, and only those paid for which appear in the 
 books ; each signature iDeing rated at 2^. Should any member sign the 
 books for another, such signature is considered invalid ; the member so 
 signing is fined the sum of 5^. ; and the member for whom such signature 
 is made thereby forfeits the day's pay, subject to appeal to the committee. 
 
 Any claimant obtaining partial employment during the week (i.e., 
 from Monday to Saturday), in which he signs the call and unemployed 
 claim books, and earning less than 1 6*., has such sum made up to him 
 upon producing the signature of tlie father of the chapel* where he was 
 employed to the effect that the sum certified is the total amount earned 
 up to the writing of the bill. Any member, being otherwise entirely 
 unemployed during the week, obtaining one night's casual employment, 
 viz., between 6 p.m. and 8 a.m. and his earnings for that night not 
 amounting to 19*., has the same made up to 195'., provided the sum 
 earned is not less than 7^. 
 
 The secretary has power to refuse payment to any claimant who is not 
 sober at the time he applies for the same ; or on receiving a declaration 
 signed by any member of the society as to the claimant's ineligibility to 
 receive the benefit. The cause and circumstances of such refusal are laid 
 before the committee ; and if the statements are not proved, the member 
 receives the allowance. 
 
 Any member losing his situation, whether casual or otherwise, from 
 neglect or irregularity, or being, through intemperance, unable to work 
 when required, is suspended for such time as the committee may 
 determine, and on a repetition of the offence is either still further 
 suspended or excluded, and not again admitted without the sanction of a 
 general or delegate meeting. 
 
 Any member who is not in a position to take work oflfered him, or who 
 refuses to accept, or fails to do his best to procure employment, is sus- 
 pended from benefit for such period as the committee may determine. 
 Any member intoxicated on the premises has his name erased from the 
 books for the day. 
 
 No member is eligible to receive unemployed relief who follows any 
 other occupation to the detriment of his calling as a compositor, or who 
 is unable to satisfy the comtnittee that he is unemployed. 
 
 No member who has been ill for any period exceeding one month is 
 entitled to unemployed relief until he shall have produced a medical 
 certificate as to his ability to resume work ; and if upon examination a 
 member is found to be unable to work at the business, he is suspended 
 from benefit until he can produce a medical certificate of his ability to 
 resume work. 
 
 In addition to the maximum sum provided by rule, frequent 
 extensions have of late years been found necessary, the following 
 
 * An official appointed in each shop by the workmen to look after their interests. 
 
COMPOSITORS. 
 
 51 
 
 table giving detailed particulars of the amounts paid to unem- 
 ployed members from 1883 to 1892 inclusive : — 
 
 Tear. 
 
 No. of 
 Mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Sub- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Percentage | 
 
 ^^: °/ Claimants 
 
 *°'^^- 'ofMember- 
 j ship. 
 
 Total yearly 
 
 Payments to 
 
 Unemployed 
 
 Members. 
 
 Average 
 
 Relief 
 
 to each 
 
 Claimant. 
 
 Maximum 
 Yearly 
 ReUef. 
 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 
 1891 
 
 5,850 
 6,175 
 6,435 
 6,585 
 7,025 
 7,400 
 7,955 
 8,910 
 9,350 
 9,798 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 9,287 3 5 
 
 9,991 9 9 
 
 10,509 5 4 
 
 10,430 1 3 
 
 11,313 10 8 
 
 11,983 10 6 
 
 12,892 10 
 
 15,004 1 5 
 
 16,679 14 7 
 
 18,178 12 1 
 
 1,227 
 
 21-0 
 
 1,209 
 
 19-G 
 
 1,435 
 
 22-3 
 
 1,455 
 
 22-1 
 
 1,429 
 
 20-3 
 
 1,555 
 
 21-0 
 
 1,505 
 
 18-9 
 
 1,545 
 
 17-3 
 
 2,031 
 
 21-7 
 
 2,256 
 
 23-0 
 
 £ s. d. 
 4,140 3 11 
 
 £ s. d. 
 3 7 5J 
 
 4,005 6 10 
 
 3 6 3 
 
 5,267 17 11 
 
 3 13 5 
 
 5,442 4 2 
 
 3 14 9| 
 
 4,743 10 10 
 
 3 6 4| 
 
 5,544 6 5 
 
 3 11 31 
 
 5,188 11 5 
 
 3 8 Hi 
 
 5,539 9 
 
 3 11 8^ 
 
 10.638 13 8 
 
 5 4 9i 
 
 11,906 6 4 
 
 5 5 6f 
 
 £ *. d, 
 
 9 12 
 
 9 12 
 
 15 8 
 
 18 6 
 9 12 
 
 12 12 
 
 13 4 
 13 4 
 20 8 
 
 19 16 
 
 With regard to the mode of obtaining employment the follow- 
 ing are the regulations adopted by this society with respect to 
 applications made by employers and others for workmen : — 
 
 The call-book, in which unemployed compositors insert their names 
 in numerical order, is open from 8.30 a.m. till 6 p.m. from Monday till 
 Friday, and from 8.30 a.m. till 3 p.m. on Saturday. 
 
 At 10 o'clock every morning the names on the book the previous 
 day are called over in numerical order, and, on answer being made, are 
 inserted in the current day's list in like order. Any member wishing to 
 sign prior to 10 o'clock, places his name on the paper provided for that 
 purpose, which is considered as equivalent to his presence on his name 
 being called. 
 
 Any member writing another member's name in the book forfeits his 
 own position as well as that of the person for whom he signs. 
 
 No member is allowed to sign the book when in work, or unless he be 
 in a position to accept work, and has done his best to obtain it. 
 
 a. All calls for workmen received at the society house are given to 
 
 the members whose names appear first on the current day's list. 
 
 b. Any member whose name appears on the call-book must accept 
 
 whatever call may come to his name in numerical order, or have 
 his name erased irom the call and unemployed claim books for 
 the day. 
 
 c. Employers, overseers, or their agents, may choose workmen from 
 
 the list, irrespective of the position in which their names appear 
 on the book ; but the members so chosen may, if the}' think fit, 
 refuse such employment, unless of those present they are first in 
 order on the book. 
 
 d. Any member obtaining employment by a call or calls from the 
 
 society house, when such work amounts to Qs. 4jc?., on its com- 
 pletion, places his name at the bottom of the list. 
 «e. Any member obtaining employment through personal application, 
 or otherwise (not being a call from the book), does not lose his 
 position therein, unless employed or having work to go to the 
 following morning. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 /*. Any membsr who, after having obtained a call, forfeits such by 
 neglect or irregularity, is suspended from all the privileges of 
 membership for one month. 
 
 g. Members sent from the society house bear a document signed by 
 the secretary, certifying the bearer to be the member attending in 
 obedience to the call, unless the person applying for vrorkmen 
 accompanies them, but no call can be transferred to another 
 member except with the approval of the secretary. 
 
 The extent to which the call-book is of use in obtaining 
 situations is seen from the following analysis of the book for 
 the year, March 1892 to March 1893 :— 
 
 Statement showing the daily average Number of Men signing 
 the Call-book each week, and the total Number who were 
 sent from the Society House in response to Calls. 
 
 
 Daily 
 
 
 f 
 
 Daily 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Total 
 
 ! 
 
 Average 
 
 Total 
 
 Week ending 
 
 Number 
 signing 
 
 "Number 
 sent to 
 
 i Week ending 
 
 Nnmber 
 signing 
 
 Number 
 sent to 
 
 
 Call-book 
 
 Work. 
 
 
 Call-book 
 
 Work. 
 
 
 in Week. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 in Week. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892. 
 
 
 
 1892, 
 
 
 
 October 1st - 
 
 649 
 
 5 
 
 April 2nd- 
 
 287 
 
 10 
 
 8th - 
 
 C65 
 
 5 
 
 „ 9th - 
 
 309 
 
 ' 
 
 i „ 15th - 
 
 583 
 
 4 
 
 „ 16th - - - 
 
 378 
 
 29 
 
 „ 22nd - 
 
 562 
 
 8 
 
 „ 23rd - - - 
 
 485 
 
 18 
 
 „ 29th - - 
 
 487 
 
 2 
 
 „ 30th - - - 
 
 305 
 
 9 
 
 November 5th - 
 
 473 
 
 6 
 
 May 7th - - - 
 
 317 
 
 20 
 
 12th - - 
 
 431 
 
 14 
 
 „ 14th - 
 
 322 
 
 13 
 
 19th - - 
 
 321 
 
 19 
 
 „ 21st - 
 
 316 
 
 12 
 
 26th - - 
 
 235 
 
 31 
 
 „ 28th - - - 
 
 291 
 
 19 
 
 December 3rd- 
 
 209 
 
 28 
 
 June 4th - - - 
 
 313 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10th - 
 
 212 
 
 15 
 
 „ 11th - 
 
 355 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17th - 
 
 227 
 
 19 
 
 „ 18th - 
 
 298 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24th- 
 
 263 
 
 17 
 
 „ 25th - 
 
 289 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31st - - 
 
 464 
 
 10 
 
 July 2nd - 
 
 328 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 „ 9th - 
 
 426 
 
 _ 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 January 7th - 
 
 479 
 
 11 
 
 „ 16tli - 
 
 406 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14th 
 
 491 
 
 6 
 
 „ 23rd - 
 
 418 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21st - 
 
 490 
 
 7 
 
 „ 30th - - - 
 
 333 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28th - - 
 
 471 
 
 4 
 
 August 6th 
 
 532 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 February 4th - 
 
 440 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 13th 
 
 561 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ nth - - 
 
 371 
 
 16 
 
 „ 20th 
 
 580 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18th . - 
 
 395 
 
 10 
 
 „ 27th - - 
 
 4S5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25th - - 
 
 341 
 
 17 
 
 September 3rd 
 
 572 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 March 4th 
 
 335 
 
 10 
 
 10th 
 
 623 
 
 ; — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ nth 
 
 342 
 
 11 
 
 17th 
 
 694 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 18th . - 
 
 309 
 
 9 
 
 24th 
 
 716 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 25th . - 
 
 303 
 
 5 
 
COMPOSITORS. 
 
 53 
 
 The above table shows the total number signing the call-book 
 each week, and the number who were sent to work, but it must be 
 borne in mind that there is always a small per-centage of members 
 who, though eligible to sign this book, fail from various causes 
 to do so, preferring to seek work rather than to take their 
 chance of obtaining it by means of calls or other applications 
 at the society house. 
 
 The following table gives an idea of the average number 
 signing the call-book each day of the week. Members usually 
 commence signing on Monday morning though their engage- 
 ments terminate on Friday night, and employers requiring 
 assistance of a more or less permanent nature generally engage 
 men on that day, the larger proportion sent to work on 
 Wednesday and Thursday being due to calls that are made for 
 temporary assistance to get weekly newspapers to press. 
 
 Statement showing the Average Number of Men signing the 
 Call-book for each day of the week throughout the year, 
 and the Number who were sent from the Society House 
 in response to Calls. 
 
 Days of Week. 
 
 Average Number 
 signing Call-book. 
 
 Total Number 
 sent to V/ork. 
 
 Mondays 
 
 Tuesdays . - - . . 
 Wednesdays - _ . . 
 Thursdays - - - - - 
 Fridays - - - - . 
 Saturdays - - - - - 
 
 464 
 457 
 426 
 402 
 401 
 340 
 
 139 
 
 60 
 
 114 
 
 117 
 
 69 
 
 18 
 
 Note. — In addition to these calls a far larger number of members are selected by 
 employers or their agents during the year irrespective of the position such members 
 may occupy on the call-book. The smaller number signing on Saturday is partly 
 due to the fact that the receipt of out-of-work benefit on that day is considered 
 equivalent to signing the call-book in some cases. 
 
 In addition to the calls that are made at the society house 
 for compositors, many unemployed members are personally 
 selected by employers, overseers, and others, regardless of the 
 position which they occupy on the call-book. By far the larger 
 number of engagements are, however, secured through personal 
 applications made direct to the overseer. 
 
 For the assistance of unemployed members a " Compositors' 
 Guide " is published by the society, containing the name and 
 address of every society house in the metropolitan area and 
 other information likely to be useful to unemployed members. 
 
 In some cases names and addresses of suitable men are kept 
 by the overseer, who writes for them as he may require their 
 services, while in others an intimation is given by the overseer 
 that assistance is required and compositors employed in the 
 
54 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 office are afforded the opportunity of recommending men 
 specially qualified for the particular class of work. 
 
 In these various ways a sufficient number of capable men are 
 obtained even in times of great pressure. 
 
 In addition to these methods of dealing with the unemployed, 
 the London Society of Compositors also provides for the relief 
 of an over-stocked labour market by making both removal and 
 emigration grants to those who may desire to seek their fortunes 
 outside the metropolitan radius of 15 miles. 
 
 Formerly by arrangement with the other Typographical 
 Societies of the United Kingdom travelling relief was paid to 
 members of the London Society when in search of employment 
 outside the radius, members of other societies also receiving 
 relief when passing through London. With the growth of 
 railway, telegraphic, and telephonic communication, the system 
 of travelling relief was found to have served its purpose, and was 
 therefore abolished about 15 years since. In its place was 
 substituted a removal grant, under the following conditions : — 
 
 Any member desirous of leaving London, provided he is clear- 
 on the books, is after three months' membership entitled, upon 
 application, to a removal card. 
 
 Any member of one year's standing requiring assistance to 
 leave London may receive with his card an advance of 10s. ; 
 tv/o years, 20s. ; three years, 30s. ; four years, 4()s. ; five years 
 and upwards, 45s. 
 
 Should the member receiving the advance return to London 
 within two months from the date of lea\ ing, then such advance 
 is returned at the rate of not less than 2s. 6d. in the pound, 
 earned or received as wages ; and until it be repaid, he is not 
 eligible to sign the unemployed claim book, subject to an appeal 
 to the committee, who, if satisfied with the reasons assigned for 
 his return, are empowered to allow such member to sign. Only 
 one removal grant is allowed in twelve months. 
 
 In the case of members desirous of seeking employment out- 
 side the United Kingdom, or of proceeding to engagements in 
 the Colonies, and elsewhere, the following provision is made : — 
 
 Any member of two years' standing is entitled to the sum of 
 SI. to aid him in emigrating; three years', 5Z. ; four years', 7L ; 
 five years', 81. ; six years', 9/. ; seven years', 10^. ; and for every 
 additional year's consecutive membership a further sum of 1^. 
 until a maximum of 15^. be reached. 
 
 Any person receiving the emigration allowance, and returning 
 to the United Kingdom within twelve months, must refund the 
 full amount advanced at the rate of not less than Is. in the 
 pound earned or received as wages ; beyond twelve, but within 
 eighteen months, three-fourths ; beyond eighteen months, but 
 within two years, one -half ; after which period he is not liable 
 to repay any part of the sum. On receiving the emigration 
 allowance, a member gives a promissory note to repay the amount 
 for which he may be liable should he return within either of the 
 
PRESS CORRECTORS OR READERS. 5^ 
 
 periods specified. A.11 such repayments must be completed 
 within two years, subject to an appeal to the committee. 
 
 Though the London Association of Correctors of 
 the Press is not strictly a trade union, it may fairly claim 
 attention next to the compositors, inasmuch as of the 350 
 members, 90 per cent, are practical printers, and many are also 
 members of the London Society of Compositors. This associa- 
 tion was established in 1854, its objects being " to promote 
 " the interests of printers' readers, to facilitate appointments tO' 
 " vacancies, and to afford a means of social intercourse between 
 " the members." Though no provision is made by the rules of 
 the association for financial aid when members are unemployed, 
 the average number of unemployed for 1892 was less than 
 1 per cent., so that it will be seen the primary object of the 
 association has hitherto been successfully carried out. 
 
 No person is eligible as a member unless he has filled a 
 regular engagement as reader in one office for 12 consecutive 
 months. 
 
 Every member on his entrance pledges himself to communicate 
 to the secretary every vacancy that comes to his knowledge. It 
 is, moreover, considered a point of honour that every member 
 should promptly afford intimation of a vacancy occasioned 
 by leaving a situation. 
 
 The secretary keeps a list of members either out of employ- 
 ment or who desire to change their situations, in the order of 
 their application. On receiving intimation of a vacancy, he 
 writes to the first two on the list, and in the event of neither 
 of them obtaining the situation the next two are written to, 
 and so on, till the list is exhausted. Jf, however, the intima- 
 ation of a vacancy be attended with conditions of any kind, the 
 secretary pays due regard to such conditions. 
 
 During- the year 1892, 97 declarations on the list were made 
 by 44 members, and 75 (eight for less than a fortnight) vacancies 
 were filled through the agency of the association. 
 
 In the case of the readers it is not usual for personal 
 applications to be made to employers and others, engagements 
 being arranged either through the medium of the association, 
 by advertisement, or by letter ; but vacancies that arise are 
 almost invariably tilled up during the running of the ordinary 
 fortnight's notice, which is given or received f>rior to the ter- 
 mination of an engagement. A reader is therefore seldom 
 unemployed for any length of time ; while, as a rule, he has 
 the additional advantage of being able to resume employment 
 temporardy as a compositor if occasion requires. 
 
 The London Printing Machine Managers' Trade 
 Society was established in 1839, its objects, among other things, 
 being "to grant iissistance to its unemployed or distressed 
 members," and " to a-sist its members to emigr;ite." The follow- 
 ing summary of portions of the rule3 will give an idea of the 
 
56 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 way in which this society regulates to some extent the employ- 
 ment of its 1,550 members. 
 
 Any member in a regular situation, doing night or day work 
 at another office than that in which he is regularly employed, 
 without the sanction of the secretary, forfeits to the society all 
 money so earned. Members are not allowed to " bring up cuts " 
 ^ -at their own homes, an important portion of a macLine-manager's 
 duty in offices where illustrated works are produced. 
 
 Unemployed members of 12 months' standing are paid at 
 the rate of 10s. per week for 13 weeks, provided they joined 
 previous to the age of 35 years ; from 35 to 40 years, 9s. per 
 week ; 40 to 45 years, 8s. per week. In the case of those only 
 partially employed money earned is made up, if necepsary, to 
 the amount to which they are entitled according to the above 
 scale. Members who receive the sum of 61. 10s. during any 
 six months are not again entitled to benefit until the expiration 
 of 13 weeks. 
 
 When an unemployed member does one night's work only 
 during the week he is entitled to 2s. 6d. 
 
 Unemployed members attend at the society house daily, sign 
 the out-of-work book, and obtain a ticket from the secretary, 
 or lose a day's allowance for each day's neglect. 
 
 No member who is physically unable to work at his trade is 
 allowed to sign the out-of-work book. 
 
 The secretary keeps a call book, in which he enters the name, 
 address, and qualification of each member who is unemployed, 
 such book being revised once a month. It is his duty when he 
 receives a " call/' in the event of no name being strited, to send 
 the man whose name appears first ou the list, and so on in 
 rotation. Any one refusing to go when called upon to do so 
 forfeits that week's out-of-work pay. 
 
 Any member receiving a sum equal to three-fourths of the 
 possible amount of unemployed allowance for three successive 
 years (exclusive of any extension), is reduced to half benefit 
 until he has been clear of the fund for one year, and has 
 worked at the business for at least 13 weeks, except in the 
 case of members of not less than 15 consecutive years' member- 
 ship, and 60 years of age and upwards, who are placed on the 
 superannuation fund. Should any member designedly avoid 
 receiving the «aid amount in any one of the three years, with a 
 view of not being placed on half -pay, he may be suspended or 
 even expelled. 
 
 Every member is bound to communicate his knowledge of any 
 •situation that may be vacant to the secretary, who must inform 
 the unemployed of the same within 24 hours. 
 
 In order as far as possible to provide employment for mem- 
 l)ers of the society, those working in offices in which they are the 
 only members, must, when under notice, acquaint the secretary 
 at the expiration of the first week, or forfeit out-of-work pay 
 for six months. 
 
PRINTING MACHINE MANAGERS. — PRESSMEN. 57 
 
 It is the imperative duty of members seeking employment to 
 apply, where practicable, to the overseer of the machine-room. 
 
 Members obtaining employment in the country, and falling out 
 of work, are entitled to benefit by sending a letter to the secre- 
 tary, countersigned by the secretary of the local trade society. 
 
 The amount granted for emigration ranges from 61. to 15L, 
 no one being eligible until he has been a member twelve months, 
 and no gi-ant being made to a member who is engaged to go to 
 a situation abroad. 
 
 Certain conditions of repayment are imposed in cases where 
 such members return within a given space of time. 
 
 Contrary to the custom prevailing among compositors, machine 
 managers for many years never sought work from office to office 
 when unemployed, but waited at the society house until 
 sent for. There is still an unwritten law prohibiting machine 
 managers from seeking employment, but of late years this has 
 not been strictly adhered to, though as a general rule em- 
 ployers requiring assistance send to the society house. With 
 the ever-varying machinery used it follows that a machine 
 manager may be a competent workman and still unable to 
 take charge of a particular machine : a point that has to be con- 
 sidered when applications are made for men. 
 
 The Amalgamated Association of Pressmen. — Prior 
 to the introduction of machinery all " formes " of type were 
 handed over by the compositor to the pressman, whose duty it 
 was to work such formes off and deliver the sheets to the ware- 
 house man. Of late years the trade of pressman has fallen off, 
 few lads now being apprenticed to this branch of the printing 
 business only, though in some cases they serve the first portion of 
 their time in the press-room. This society, which dates from 
 1834,, has absorbed the other societies and "gifts " that formerly 
 existed, and now numbers 375 members. 
 
 A call-book is kept at the society house which each unem- 
 ployed member signs daily, under conditions almost identical 
 with those of the Compositors' Society. 
 
 Unemployed members are entitled to an allowance of 4Z. in 
 12 months, i.e., 10 weeks at 8s. per week. Those obtaining 
 partial employment during the week, and earning less than 10s., 
 have such sum made up to them, so far as the ordinary allow- 
 ance of 8s. will go. 
 
 Pressmen from the country in possession of a travelling card 
 of any recognised society, are entitled to place their names at 
 the bottom of the unemployed list. 
 
 Members requiring assistance to enable them to go to a situa- 
 tion out of London are entitled to receive at the rate of 5s. for 
 each year's membership, up to but not more than 30s. under 
 certain conditions of repayment if they return within six 
 months. 
 
 The Printers' Labourers' Union was established in 
 1889 for the purpose of protecting the interests of the unskilled 
 
58 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 workers employed in the London machine-rooms. The objects 
 of the societ}^ are " to protect the interests and wages of 
 " the members, and when the funds are sufficiently accumu- 
 " lated to [)rovide an unemployed benefit, and to regulate the 
 " relations between workmen and employers." All members 
 are required to avoid as far as possible systematic and ex- 
 cessive overtime, and in order to enforce this rule the com- 
 mittee are empowered to punish any member infringing it, 
 either by fine or suspension from benefit or in other ways. 
 Excessive overtime is defined to mean " working more than 
 one night and odd hours." 
 
 Since the establishment of this union a considerable number 
 of " calls " have been made at the society house for men, 
 especially for night- work, though situations are still often 
 obtained by personal application at the respective printing 
 offices. 
 
 The Platen Printing Machine Minders' Society.— 
 This union was established in 1890, and now numbers about 
 250 members, or probably 50 per cent, of those employed in 
 the Metropolis. The workers are practically unskilled or semi- 
 skilled. The trade is a comparatively new one, having come 
 into vogue with the introduction of treadle printing machines 
 which within the last few years have developed rapidly. 
 
 Among the oV»jects of this union is to be found one to " pro- 
 " vide provident benefit for unemployed members." 
 
 A member clear on the books is entitled to claim provident 
 relief after 18 months from the date of his admission. He can 
 receive 10s. per week for eight weeks during the year. A 
 member claiming, signs both provident and call books between 
 the hours of 10 and 12 o'clock, and if obtaining partial 
 employment, his earnings are made up to 14s. a week, provided 
 the deficiency does not exceed 4s., and he has signed the provi- 
 dent book the requisite number of times. Any member receiving 
 full benefit tor two consecutive years is not entitled to benefit 
 for the next 12 months. 
 
 Members notify the secretary where situations can be had, 
 and on leaving one they notify the fact to the secretary or the 
 father of the chapel. 
 
 Provision is also made for cases of loss of work through mis- 
 conduct, and of refusing or evading employment. 
 
 As a rule employment is obtained by members on personal 
 application at the various printing offices. 
 
 The Printers' and Stationers' Warehousemen, 
 
 Cutters, and Assistants' Union is a modern organisation, 
 consisting of 600 members. It was established in 1890 for 
 the purpose, among other things, of providing an out-of-work 
 benefit. 
 
 This benefit is 12s. per week for six weeks, and 6s. per week 
 for a further period of six weeks ; no member receiving more 
 than 51. 8s., or 12 weeks' pay, in 12 months, dating from 
 the time of declaring on the funds. In addition, members 
 
TYPOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION. 59^ 
 
 entitled to benefit receive 2d. each time they sign the book. 
 Each morning members declaring on the funds sign a book 
 kept at the society house. Those who have received the 
 full amount of ol. 8s. in any 12 months are not again 
 entitled to benefit until they have worked at the trade for 
 13 full weeks. Any member in receipt of unemployed benefit 
 refusing to accept WDrk at his trade is suspended from all 
 benefits for a period not exceeding three months. Any unem- 
 ployed member in full benefit earning 6s. or over in any one 
 week has his money made up to 16s. for that week, and if in 
 half benefit to 10s. for the week. 
 
 No member who is in constant employment is allowed to 
 work night- work for another employer, or more than one night 
 a week for his own employer, without the sanction of the 
 secretary, such sanction only being given when there is no 
 unemployed member who can do the job. 
 
 Employment, as a rule, is obtained by " calls " at the society 
 house. 
 
 Members are prohibited from making an application for a 
 situation before another member has actually left, without the 
 sanction of the secretary. 
 
 The Typographical Association. — With the exception 
 of a few towns, the most important of which is Leeds, this 
 association practically covers the provinces of England and 
 some portions of Ireland. The members number 11,000, and 
 the head quarters are at Manchester. 
 
 In the provinces, compositors, machine managers, pressmen, 
 and readers are all members of one association, instead of being 
 split up into distinct organisations, as in London. 
 
 With certain exceptions in the case of apprentices and persons 
 joining the association on the completion of their apprenticeship, 
 no one is eligible to receive the out-of-work allowance who has 
 not been a member for two years, and has during that period 
 discharged all liabilities to the branch and the association. The 
 probation for members who are admitted between the ages of 35 
 and 45 is three years, and for those above 45, four years. 
 
 When claiming, members report themselves daily to the branch 
 secretary, sign the call book, and leave their addresses. Those 
 failing to answer a call are ineligible for out-of-work allowance 
 for six days, unless a satisfactory explanation be given. Members 
 holding regular situations, who agree to work short time, are 
 not eligible for out-of-work benefit. No payment is made unless 
 the branch call book has been signed at least four days in one 
 week, and any member who fails to sign or report himself forfeits 
 a day's allowance for each omission. 
 
 In the event of there being a dearth of employment in a 
 branch, the association or branch secretary has power to direct 
 the removal of members to a branch where employment may be 
 obtained, members so removed receiving out of the association 
 funds third-class railway fare, and those failing to comply forfeit- 
 ing all claim to out-of-work benefit for four weeks. Similarly, a 
 
60 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 branch secretary receiving from an employer a call for men out- 
 side the radius of his own branch has power to send any 
 members signing the out-of-work book, their railway fares being 
 paid out of the funds of the association, and the return fares 
 being paid by the employer if the job does not last more than 
 three weeks. Members so called upon are entitled to be paid 
 for the first week or portion of a week the same rate of wages 
 at least as they would receive in their own branch. In order 
 to carry out these provisions, it is incumbent upon branch 
 secretaries to forward to the association secretary, by the. first 
 of each month or more frequently, if necessary, a statement as 
 to any surplus men on their books, specifying the class of work 
 professed by such men. 
 
 Members holding any appointment which renders it impossible 
 for them to fill a regular or casual situation are reported to the 
 executive council, which has power to withhold the out-of-work 
 allowance. No claim for this benefit is entertained, unless 
 accompanied by a note from the father of the chapel, where the 
 applicant was last employed, certifying that his discharge 
 resulted from no misconduct of his own. 
 
 Subject to the above conditions, members under 50 years of 
 age and unemployed, receive 8s. per week or have their earnings 
 made up to that amount for any 10 weeks, in a period of six 
 months, or 20 weeks in any one year : each payment, no matter 
 what the amount, constituting one week. M.embers drawing 15 
 weeks' allowance only during 12 months are entitled to benefit 
 during the ensuing year ; but those receiving 20 weeks' pay 
 undergo a probation of 12 months before being again entitled 
 to benefit, after which. they must show that they have had six 
 months' regular or nine months' casual employment in the in- 
 terval. Failing this, they only receive 4<s. per week for 10 weeks 
 in each six months, or a total of not more than 20 weeks in 
 the year ; after which they are only entitled to this sum in 
 alternate years until they can show six months' consecutive 
 employment. 
 
 Members of 20 years' standing, and 50 years of age, and 
 upw^ards, are entitled to 12 full payments of 8s. in each half- 
 year in any branch. 
 
 Those of five years' standing obtaining partial employment, 
 and earning less than 12s., are entitled to have their earnings 
 made up to that sum ; those eligible to receive 4s. out-of-work 
 benefit weekly and earning less than 12s. have their earnings 
 made up to that amount so far as 4s. extends. 
 
 If it appears to a branch that men are remaining in it when 
 there is no opportunity of employment, as proved by the 
 continual receipt of out-of-work allowance, power is given either 
 to a general meeting or committee to recommend the executive 
 C'.uncil to direct their removal to some other branch ; and 
 members failing to comply with the decision arrived at are 
 debarred from receiving the benefits of the association. 
 
TYPOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION. 61 
 
 When members receive 10^. from the funds of the association 
 in any six successive quavters the local committee inquires into 
 their cases, and forwards recommendations to the executive 
 council, which decides what further payments shall be made to 
 them. 
 
 Members neglecting or refusing to accept work when called 
 upoU; or losing employment whether regular or casual through 
 negligence or misconduct, are debarred for a time from receiving 
 out-of-work allowance or mileage relief. Continued neglect or 
 misconduct renders them liable to expulsion. 
 
 In cases where it appears to a branch committee that members 
 have thrown up employment without satisfactory cause, benefit 
 is withheld till such cases have been adjudicated upon by the 
 executive council, the branch committee having power to recom- 
 mend suspensions. 
 
 Those drawing out-of-work allowance must remain in receipt 
 of this benefit for three months before they can exchange for 
 mileage benefit. 
 
 First and second class travelling documents, varying in colour, 
 are furnished by the association and signed by its officers. 
 Members forced to travel in search of employment are entitled 
 to a first-class document, provided they have been members for 
 two years and are clear on the books. This document secures 
 one penny per mile, payable in every branch for any number of 
 miles, not exceeding 120, travelled in one week, the maximum 
 sum not to exceed 8/. First-class documents may be exchanged 
 for second class, or withheld altogether, in case of proved 
 misconduct. 
 
 There are other regulations and restrictions with regard to the 
 receipt of mileage benefit, which are too detailed for insertion here. 
 
 A map of routes is supplied with each document, and 
 wherever there is a branch, members receiving relief must 
 (except in certain cases when travelling short distances) choose 
 their next route from the map, which the secretary enters on 
 the travelling document, no mileage being allowed for any 
 other route nor for any distance beyond that indicated on the map. 
 
 Travellers are allowed two days in branches with a member- 
 ship of 200 or upwards, and one day in branches with a 
 membership of 100 and under 200, for the purpose of seeking 
 employment, and are entitled to receive two days' mileage 
 (3s. 4cZ.) and one day's mileage (Is. 8cl.) respectively, which is 
 reckoned as 40 or 20 miles in the total paid for in any week. 
 The branch secretary does not pay this allowance until the 
 expiration of the period allowed for rest and then only in the 
 event of failure to procure work. 
 
 On arriving in any town in which there is a society, whether 
 a branch of the association or not, travellers must apply to the 
 secretary for a list of the society offices prior to seeking work. 
 While they remain, members are amenable to local and associa- 
 tion rules. 
 
62 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Those proved to have neglected, or refused to apply for, or 
 accept work when instructed to do so by branch officers are 
 subject to penalties. 
 
 Money is not paid for indiscriminate railway travelling, but 
 members desirous of going by rail from one town to another 
 when the distance is 30 miles or upwards may, under certain 
 conditions, receive Is, Sd. on arrival. Holders of association 
 documents sailing from a port in England in which there is a 
 branch of the association to a port in Ireland or Scotland or 
 vice versa, or crossing the English Channel, are entitled to 2s. 
 as passage money besides the mileage due. 
 
 While the other typographical societies have abolished 
 travelling relief this- association has retained it, and under the 
 encouragement afforded by the payment of one penny per mile, 
 travelling of late has increased, so far as the members of this 
 association are concerned. 
 
 In some branches of the Typographical Association, Manchester, 
 for example, where 1,800 members are eligible for out-of-work 
 benefit, members of three years' standing when unemployed are 
 entitled to have the association payments supplemented from the 
 branch fund by 2.s. per week for the period prescribed in the 
 association rules ; and 20 years' members (consecutive or other- 
 wise) are entitled, subject to certain limitations, to receive an 
 additional four weeks' allowance each half-year from the branch 
 fund. 
 
 Members of three years' standing obtaining partial employ- 
 ment and earning or receiving less than 126*. in any one week, 
 are entitled to have their earnings made up to that sum. 
 Those of five years' standing in the association and in the 
 branch have their earnings made up to 14s. 
 
 Each claimant signs his name in the call book daily in the 
 presence of the secretary before 10 o'clock in the morning, one 
 day's allowance being forfeited for each omission, but no pay- 
 ment whatever is made unless the claimant has signed at least 
 four times during the week. 
 
 When signing the call book, members must remain in the room 
 or within immediate call until 10 o'clock, and those failing to 
 answer a call without satisfactory excuse are ineligible for the 
 out-of-work allowance for one week. 
 
 Those holding regular situations agreeing to work short time 
 are not eligible to receive the out-of-work allowance. 
 
 Employers requiring assistance apply to the secretary at the 
 society house for a list of members signing the call-book, 
 selecting those they require, but members also apply to em- 
 ployers and overseers for employment at their respective offices. 
 Members and non members are not pern^itted to work together. 
 On a call being made the whole of the names then on the call 
 book are sent to the office, but should one or more hands be 
 sent for without the mention of names, the chance of such work 
 is decided by lottery amongst those present. When a call is 
 
LEEDS TYPOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 63 
 
 made for' jobbing, news, or machine hands, the draw is confined 
 to the class specified. 
 
 If clear on the books, members are entitled, on leaving town, to 
 the society's travelling document, and to a sum of from 15s. to 
 40s., according to length of membership. 
 
 No money is allowed to persons losing their employment 
 through neglect. 
 
 Certain conditions of repayment are prescribed for those who 
 receive travelling allowance and return within a specified period. 
 
 The Leeds Typographical Society is an independent 
 organisation numbering about 700 members, 95 per cent, of 
 whom are eligible for the out-of-work benefit, which amounts 
 to 8s. per week for not more than 10 weeks in each half year, 
 the period of probation being 18 months. Unemployed members 
 pay full subscriptions. 
 
 Out-of-work members are required to notify the secretary, 
 and also sign a call-book at the society house, failure to comply 
 rendering them ineligible for benefit. 
 
 The society does not pay the railway fares of members sent 
 to a distance, but if an employer outside the radius sends a 
 request for immediate assistance he pays the railway fares of 
 men so sent. 
 
 Members out of work are expected to go round to the various 
 offices and apply for work personally, being assisted in that 
 direction by the officers, who suggest likely places to call at. 
 
 It is usual f<^r employers to apply to the secretary for men, in 
 which cases a list of those pigning is sent and a selection made. 
 Many employers, however, simply intimate to the secretary that 
 they require a certain number of men, though sometimes ex- 
 pressing a preference for particular individuals. 
 
 A quarterly circular is issued which gives a report of the con- 
 dition of the trade in the district, based upon the unemployed 
 returns and the secretaries' reports. 
 
 This society pays no travelling relief. What is called " chapel 
 money " is, however, paid to travelling printers, which is the 
 only relief that men travelling with probationary cards can get, 
 amounting in Leeds to Is. 6d. or 2s, a day. 
 
 The Scottish Typographical Association, with a 
 membership of 3,000, covers the whole of Scotland, and has 
 branches in every important town. There are no local societies 
 in Scotland, with the exception of a machine managers' society 
 in Edinburgh. 
 
 In the Edinburgh branch, aU members after a probation of 12 
 months are eligible for out-of-work benefit, and pay full sub- 
 scriptions while in receipt of it. 
 
 Members seeking work in any other part of the United King- 
 dom, who can satisfy the association treasurer at the head- 
 quarters in Glasgow that they have been unsuccessful in securing 
 it, have their out-of-work benefit forwarded to them. The 
 
64 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 amount of benefit is : — 8s. a week for 6 weeks in the first 13 
 weeks, after the member has made his first claim on the fund ; 
 6s. a week for 6 weeks in the second 1 3 weeks ; 4s. for 6 weeks 
 in the third 13 weeks ; and 2s. a week for 6 weeks in the 
 fourth 13 weeks. 
 
 Members, when out of work, are expected to sign a call-book 
 which is kept in the office of the society. 
 
 Railway fares are paid when a branch secret ;iry sanctions the 
 removal of members to another branch. Single fares are paid, 
 provided the job lasts three weeks, but otherwise the employer 
 is expected to pay. 
 
 In addition to placing their names on the call book unem- 
 ployed members go round the offices in search of work. It is 
 customary for employers or their agents to apply to the union 
 for men, those first on the roll being selected, except when par- 
 ticular jobs requiring more than average skill and ability have 
 to be undertaken, when the most capable men are selected. 
 Members failing to answer a call are suspended from out-of- 
 work benefit for a week. 
 
 In periods of slackness there is no short time among the 
 piece-men, but with the " 'stab " men short time sometimes, 
 though rarely, is worked. In such cases the men may work 
 fewer hours per day, or fewer days per weelc, or, ar^ain, fewer 
 men may take an entire week at a time. 
 
 A monthly publication — The Scottish Typographical Gircular 
 — is issued by the association, giving the state of trade in the 
 principal cities and towns in Scotland as well as in London and 
 Manchester. 
 
 The foregoing conditions refer to readers, compositors, and 
 machine-managers alike, but in regard to the disbursement ot* 
 out-of-work benefit circumstances compel compositors to avail 
 themselves more largely of that relief than machine -managers, 
 who are, generally speaking, very regularly employed. 
 
 The association was the first to abolish the system of travel- 
 ling relief some 16 years ago, substituting for it a removal grant 
 under certain conditions. 
 
 Members emigi^ating are entitled to a grant under certain 
 conditions. 
 
 There is a local unemployed fund in Glasgow, but it is only 
 used during periods of exceptional depression. The member- 
 ship numbers 1,200. 
 
 The amount paid by the association for emigration benefit is 
 supplemented by a like amount from this local fund. 
 
 The Dublin Typographical Provident Society has a 
 
 membership of 850. Unemployed members are eligible to receive 
 10s. per week for 13 weeks in 12 months, provided they are clear 
 on the books and have been members at least 1 2 months. Mem- 
 bers pay no weekly subscriptions while out of work. 
 
 Members enriigrating to America or other foreign countries are 
 entitled to 12^. after 10 years' membership. If they return 
 
LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTERS. f)5 
 
 within two years they must refund one-twenty-fourth part of 
 the money for each month the}^ return prior to the expiration of 
 two years. 
 
 The unemployed sign a vacant book at the society's offices. 
 Employers requiring men can have them on sending to the 
 society house, but this method is rarely resorted to. As a rule 
 overseers communicate with the men direct, though in many 
 cases employment is obtained on personal application. 
 
 The union does not pay the railway fares of men sent to a 
 distance, but in some cases the employers pay, -while in other 
 cases the fares are advanced by the union. 
 
 Members losing their employment through neglect are dis- 
 qualified from benefit, and under certain circumstances fined. If 
 it be proved that they fail to seek for work they are deprived of 
 out-of-work benefit. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of Lithographic Printers 
 
 numbers about 2,500 members, with branches throughout the 
 United Kingdom, and there is also a society in London numbering 
 750. 
 
 Unemployed members of six months' standing, not being entitled 
 to a travelling certificate, are allowed the sum of 5s., together with 
 a note of recommendation to other branches. After a probation 
 of 12 months they are entitled to unemployed benefit, ranging 
 from 10s. 6d. per week for seven weeks to 14s. for 13 weeks, 
 according to length of membership. 
 
 Those who remain unemployed after having drawn the whole 
 of the unemployed benefit can draw a travelling certificate, but 
 no money is granted in such cases. 
 
 Members receiving the whole of the unemployed benefit for 
 any year are put on a reduced scale of benefits for the following 
 year, and those receiving the whole of their unemployed benefit 
 for three years in succession are rated as 12 months* members, 
 except in the case of those who have been members 10 years 
 and upwards, who receive not less than the rate at which a three 
 years' member is paid. 
 
 When claiming benefit, members must bring a note from 
 their employer or foreman to the effect that they have been 
 thrown out of work through no fault of their own. They must 
 sign the book every day, and hold themselves in readiness to 
 take any situation that may offer itself, married men, however, 
 not being compelled to take country situations. Railway fares 
 are occasionally advanced, but no provision is made for this by 
 the rules. 
 
 Travelling certificates are also issued, accompanied by a grant 
 of 1^., to unemployed members of one to four years' standing, 
 and 11. 5s. to those of five years' standing, with certain restric- 
 tions as to the total amount of unemployed benefit which can be 
 drawn during the year. 
 
 o 77723. E 
 
66 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Members of 12 months' standing in possession of a travelling 
 card, and out of work, are entitled to the sum of Is. 6d. per day 
 for six weeks. 
 
 A member who has drawn a travelling card must leave within 
 24 hours. He is not allowed more than three days' payment in 
 towns where there are less than 30 members, or seven days 
 longer in centres, except in London, where a travelling member 
 can remain 21 days. Travelling certificates are issued once in 
 12 months and remain valid for nine months. No removal or 
 emigration benefit is provided. 
 
 Tli# London Consolidated Society of Journeymen 
 Bookbinders, which dates from 1790, and has a membership of 
 about 1,300, provides relief under certain restrictions for members 
 out of work, or leaving London in search of employment. 
 
 The secretary keeps a book at the society house, in which 
 the names and addresses of employers who require journeymen 
 are inserted. 
 
 A member who has taken a place from the employers' book, 
 must have finished the work or left the place so taken before he 
 is eligible to take another, piovided there be men out of work. 
 
 Upon complaint being made of a member taking a place from 
 the employers' book for which he is manifestly unfit, his case is 
 investigated by the comndttee, and, if thought necessary, a fine 
 or censure is infl.icted. 
 
 When out of work, a member who has paid 12 months' contri- 
 butions, is entitled to sign the claimants' book for 10 weeks 
 during any 1 2 months, and to receive 12s. per week (or for 5 days 
 10s.), provided he has not worked more than one day at any 
 employment. 
 
 Those who have belonged to the society less than 30 years,, 
 and who have taken the maximum out-of-work benefit in — 
 
 Four consecutive years become entitled to 8s. per week 
 Five „ „ „ „ 7s. 
 
 OlX „ „ „ „ OS. „ 
 
 Those who have belonged to the society for 30 years and 
 upwards, and who have taken this benefit in six consecutive 
 years, receive 8s. per week. A member who abstains from 
 signing the book for two consecutive years reverts to his former 
 position, and is allowed to sign for the full amount. 
 
 Any free member intending to go a distance of 20 miles and 
 upwards from London in search of employment, receives a sum 
 of from 30s. to 50s. according to the length of time for which 
 he has signed the claimants' book. 
 
 Travellers from the country are entitled to 3s. once in 12 
 months, upon production of satisfactory proof, but foreigners who 
 have not worked in the United Kingdom and been members 
 of a trade society therein, are not relieved. 
 
 The S<iciety of Day- working Bookbinders of London 
 and Westminster, which was established in 1850, numbers 
 
BOOKBINDING TRADE. 67 
 
 about 450 members. Its rules and regulations are nearly identical 
 with those of the Consolidated Society, except that 40s. is paid to a 
 rafember going into the country (12 miles or more from London), 
 in search of employment, which is deemed equivalent to six weeks 
 out-of-work benefit during the year. If any member signing the 
 book hears of employment in the country he is assisted in 
 proceeding thereto to the amount of his out-of-work benefit for 
 that week. 
 
 The Vellum (Account Book) Binders' Trade 
 Society, which was established in 1823, numbers about 850 
 members. 
 
 Every unemployed member of 12 months' standing receives 
 out-of-work pay for not more than 10 weeks in any one year, 
 according to the following scale, when the general fund is 
 below 500?., viz.: — If a member one year, 5s. per week ; two years, 
 7s. per week ; three years, 9s. per week. When the general fund 
 exceeds 500?. these sums are increased respectively to 8s., 10s., 
 and 12s. per week. No claim can be made for less than four 
 days, for which one-half benefit is paid, two-thirds benefit being 
 paid for five days. Each member on leaving a situation obtains 
 from the secretary an out-of-work ticket, which, on obtaining 
 another situation, he returns to the secretary with the name 
 and address of the firm to which he is going, the rate of wages 
 to be paid, number of hours of work per week, and rate of pay 
 per hour for overtime. 
 
 No subscription is paid by a member when out of work, 
 provided he signs his name each day between the hours of 10 a.m. 
 and 12 noon in a book kept at the offices of the society. 
 
 Employers or their agents usually send to the society house 
 when in want of men, those who have been lonoest out of 
 employment being selected, other things being equal. Members 
 also apply personally for work at the shops. 
 
 While no general custom exists with respect to sharing work 
 in periods of slackness, such a custom is in vogue in some of the 
 best shops, by mutual agreement between the employers and 
 workmen. 
 
 A benevolent fund in connexion with this society also exists, 
 the primary object of which is the granting to members 
 pecuniary assistance when in distress. It is managed by the 
 society's committee, to whom all applications are made in writing 
 through the secretary. Each case is personally investigated 
 by two members, and the committee, if they think the case a 
 deserving one, are empowered to grant any sum not exceeding 41. 
 
 No travelling allowances are paid, but in the case of a member 
 of two years' standing desiring to emigrate he is entitled to the 
 sum of 3?., which amount is increased 11. per year of membership 
 until a maximum of five years' membership is reached, when the 
 sum of Ql. is paid. Provision is made for the repayment of these 
 sums in the event of the member returning within three years. 
 
 E 2 
 
68 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 The Bookbinders' and Machine Rulers' Consoli- 
 dated Union has branches in various parts of the country, 
 with head-quarters at Glasgow, and a membership of about 
 2,700. 
 
 It provides that for every full week for which a member is 
 out of work 10s. shall be allowed. JNo member is permitted to 
 accept employment outside his .trade when in receipt of this 
 benefit. Twelve full weeks' relief only is allowed during 12 
 consecutive months. 
 
 Unemployed and travelling benefit cannot be received at the 
 same time, but any member not having drawn more than two 
 weeks' unemployed benefit may take a travelling document, the 
 amount drawn being deducted from the amount he may be 
 entitled to receive on such document. 
 
 No member is entitled to unemployed or travelling benefit 
 who cannot prove that he has either been employed during some 
 portion of the last 12 months in his own branch of trade, or 
 that he has used his best endeavours to obtain employment. 
 
 A quarterly circular containing a list of members is published 
 with a letter " A " opposite those out of employment ; thus 
 enablinpf branch secretaries and others to know where to obtain 
 assistance when required. 
 
 When wishing to travel in search of work a member is sup- 
 plied with a document which entitles him to one penny per mile, 
 and a certain number of payments (Is. 6d. each) for lodging, 
 according to the distance and place. He is also allowed his 
 deck passage between certain specified stations. No member 
 caii receive relief more than once from any branch during 12 
 calendar months. 
 
 A member out of employment and entitled to unemployed 
 f benefit who is desirous of going direct to any town in search of 
 work may, on application to the secretary of his branch, receive 
 third-class fare by rail or steambotit, such advance not to exceed 
 the amount of one week's out-of-work pay, viz., 10s., and to be 
 .considered as unemployed benefit. 
 
 When a member arrives in a town where a journeyman is 
 
 wanted, the secretary detains his document and sends him to 
 
 :.apply for the situation. Should he refuse to work, and the 
 
 employer be willing to engage him at the standard wages, his 
 
 document is stopped and forwarded to the general office. 
 
 Any member of six years' standing wishing to emigrate is 
 entitled to 4L, an eight years' member, 61. The number of 
 recipients of this benefit is limited to 18 annually, a levy being 
 made, not exceeding Sd. per quarter, to cover the cost. 
 
 The Society of Women employed in Bookbinding, 
 
 which was established in London in 1874, also ^^rants relief to 
 such members of J 2 months* standing as may be out of work, 
 the amount paid being 5s. per week for eight weeks, which is 
 the maximum sum paid during the year. 
 
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES — COTTON TRADE. 69 
 
 When out of work, members sign a book at the society's office 
 each morning between 11 and 12.30, where also a book is kept in 
 which the secretary enters for the information of members any 
 vacancies in shops which may come to her notice. 
 
 In cases where members receive benefits in three successive 
 3^ears an interval of 12 months must elapse before they are again 
 eligible. 
 
 (e.) Textile Industries. 
 
 The unions connected with the textile trades do not, generally 
 speaking, make provision for want of employment to the same- 
 extent as those in the engineering, printing, and certain other 
 groups of trades. 
 
 The most highly organised section of the textile group is the 
 cotton trade, which is therefore described first. 
 
 The cotton trade may be divided into three sections, each of 
 which has its own local societies, which in turn Mre federated 
 into three separate and distinct amalgamations. These divisions 
 comprise in general terms (a) spinners, (h) weavers, and (c) card 
 and blowing-room hands. 
 
 There are a few other small societies which embrace one or 
 other of the remaining classes of workpeople engaged in the 
 minor processes of preparing cotton or yarn, or in superintend- 
 ence or management; but the above three great divisions cover 
 for all practical purposes the entire cotton trade. 
 
 The Amalgamated Association of Operative Cottoir 
 Spinners does not itself pay out-of-work benefit, but all the 
 branches, with the exception of a few small ones numbering 
 about 500 members out of a total of 20,000, pay such benefit 
 locally. The period of probation ranges from 6 to 12 months, 
 about 90 per cent, of the members being eligible. No subscription 
 is paid by members when out of work. Unemployed members 
 sign a vacant book which is kept at the society house, and the 
 secretaries direct them to the most likely mills or localities in. 
 which to obtain employment, but no railway fares are paid for ' 
 members sent to a distance. 
 
 Members out of work usually go round to the various mills 
 inquiring for situations, it being customary for the foreman 
 either to take their names and addresses or to communicate with 
 them through some friend employed in the same mill. This 
 system obviates the necessity of employers having to apply to 
 the union, but w^hen such applications are made the most likely 
 men on the register are selected by the secretary. 
 
 In slack periods short time is sometimes resorted to, but the^ 
 same number of hands are required as when full time is worked. 
 
 The state of the labour market is made known by the publi- 
 cation of periodical reports, but these are said not to assist 
 members to any great extent, as the condition of employment is 
 pretty much the same in all districts at any given period. 
 
 No travelling benefit is paid. 
 
70 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Members of the association in receipt of so-called " victim pay* '' 
 and desirous of emigrating can receive one half the pay to which 
 they are entitled at the time, and members in recei[)t of dispute 
 pay can receive nine weeks' full pay for the same purpose. 
 Emigration benefit is also paid by some of the local societies to 
 all members desirous of emigrating, the amount ranging from 
 11. to 71. in different districts. 
 
 No association connected with the Northern Counties 
 Amalgamated Associations of Weavers undertakes to 
 find employment for its members or to relieve them when 
 unemployed, except when they are thrown out of work through 
 the action of the amalgamation. 
 
 In cases where mills are stopped through fire, failure of 
 employer, or breakdown of machinery, members thrown out of 
 work are entitled to receive from their local associations, on pay- 
 ment of 2d, 3d, or 4cZ. weekly, the sum of Ss., 6s., or 9s. per 
 week for six weeks, provided the mills have been stopped for 
 three clear working days. These benefits, however, are not paid in 
 cases of commercial panic, lock-out, or dissolution of partnership. 
 
 The Amalgamated Association of Card and Blow- 
 ing Room Operatives makes no provision by its rules for 
 members when unemployed. Some of the local societies, how- 
 ever, provide for the issue of travelling cheques upon applica- 
 tion to the president and secretary who must be satisfied that 
 sufficient cause exists for the issue of such cheques, the number 
 of which is limited to three at one time. 
 
 The mode of obtaining employment is by personal applica- 
 tion at the mills, which is supplemented to some extent by 
 information given and received by the branch secretaries at the 
 society houses. No emigration benefit is paid. 
 
 Members of the Oldham Association of Power-Loom 
 Overlookers who are prevented from attending their employ- 
 ment from any one of the causes specified below, receive from 
 the funds (in addition to any sum they may be entitled to from 
 other sources), the sum of 10s. per week for the first 13 weeks, 
 7s. 6d per week for the next 13 weeks, and 5s. per week for 
 the following 26 weeks, after which their cases are considered 
 by the committee. 
 
 The want of employment must arise from a duly authorised 
 overlookers' strike, from the performance of any duty on behalf 
 of the association, from a lock-out occasioned by a strike of any 
 portion of the hands at the firm at which such members may 
 be employed, from a serious break-down, fire, or flood, failure 
 of employer, dissolution of partnership, or over-stock of goods, 
 or from causes over which such members have no control. 
 
 No relief is granted to members w^ho lose their situations 
 through incompetency, or who are discharged or suspended 
 through drunkenness, neglect, or other impropei' conduct. 
 
 Unemployed members must attend the monthly meetings to 
 answer their names. 
 
 * An allowance to members losing their work for special trade reasons. 
 
COTTON TRADE. 71 
 
 In order to be better able to assist members in procuring 
 employment, the secretary keeps a book to register the names 
 of all members out of work, and the firms at which there are, or 
 are likely to be vacancies. 
 
 The Pattern Card Makers' Original Trade- Sick 
 and Burial Society, numbering about 400 members, provides 
 out-of-work pay amounting to 10s. 6d. a week for eight weeks 
 in each quarter. Members out of work must sign the vacant 
 book twice a day, and attend the club room each morning. 
 ^' Any assistant known to solicit employment by calling on any 
 " firm shall be fined 2s. Qd. When no particular assistant is 
 *' asked for they shall go according to rotation in the book." 
 This society has a rule providing "exceptional out-of-work 
 benefits" (i.e., 10s. 6d. for 26 weeks) for members who for 
 10 years have drawn no money from the out-of-work fund. 
 Members who lose situations through their own misconduct, or who 
 refuse work when opportunity offers are not entitled to benefit. 
 
 No member receives out-of-work pay until the expiration of 
 12 months, when he begins at the rate of 5s. Sd. a week, rising 
 to 7s. 6d. a week at the end of his second year, and to the full 
 rate of 10s. 6d. a week at the end of the third year. 
 
 The Manchester Association of Warpdressers pays 
 out-of-work benefit on the following scale : — For the first six 
 weeks 6s. per week, and 3s. per week for a further six weeks, at 
 the expiration of which time the committee determine what 
 shall be done. 
 
 Members out of work must report themselves daily between 
 certain hours, forfeiting one day's pay for each neglect. 
 
 Those who lose work through their own neglect or misconduct 
 are not entitled to out-of-woik pay, but take their turn on the 
 list for a shop. If they refuse work while on relief pay, they 
 are suspended from benefit at once. 
 
 Members leaving situations must communicate with the secre- 
 tary within 24 hours, and those sent to a situation by the 
 secretary must let him know within 24 hours whether they 
 obtain it or not. Anyone knowing of a frame to let must inform 
 the secretary at once. 
 
 The secretary keeps a list of men out of work, and it is his 
 duty when he knows of a situation to send the first man on the 
 list. Should such member refuse to go he is placed last on the 
 list of applicants, but should he be unable to obtain the situation 
 the next in order is sent. If any partiality be proved against 
 the secretary in the discharge of this duty he forfeits the sum 
 of 2s. 6d or is expelled. 
 
 Members of the Amalgamated Association of Beamers, 
 Twisters, and Drawers (Blackburn District), who 
 
 have paid eight weeks' contributions, are provided with an out- 
 of-work ticket with their name, occupation, and address written 
 thereon, and when falling out of work, they leave their ticket 
 
72 TKADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 with the secretary, who puts a number on it and places it on a 
 file. The bottom card on the file has the ofier of the first shop 
 that falls vacant. Should this offer be refused, the next in rota- 
 tion may make application for it. 
 
 When a situation falls vacant, one of the members working 
 in the mill applies to the secretary for the name and address 
 of the first unemployed member, who is communicated with. 
 If either temporary or constant employment is thus secured for 
 him, the sum of 9d. is paid to the member communicating. 
 
 Members out of employment whose names are on the file must 
 take their ticket ofi* on the first day they are employed, or failing 
 this must pay the expenses of any member going for them. 
 
 In Yorkshire, the mode of dealing with the unemployed 
 members of the woollen and worsted trades is very similar to 
 that adopted in Lancashire, except that the workers are not so 
 well organised, and are not, therefore, able to deal with want of 
 employment through their trade societies so completely as the 
 cotton operatives. 
 
 The West Riding of Yorkshire Power Loom 
 Weavers' Association numbers about 4,700 members, all of 
 whom are eligible to benefit after a probation of 24 weeks. Out- 
 of-work pay in the ordinary sense of the word is not provided, 
 but members who are thrown out of employment through fire, 
 failure, or breakdown, or repairs of the motive power, are entitled 
 to receive Ss., 4,s., or 5s. per week when the mill is stopped from 
 one week to one month, according to the amount of weekly 
 contribution paid. No benefit is provided when the mill is 
 stopped less than one week. 
 
 No vacant book is kept, nor does the union attempt to find 
 employment for its members, though should the secretary or 
 a member hear of a vacancy he usually lets an unemployed 
 member know. 
 
 Except in rare cases, employers do not apply to the union 
 for men, but members make application to the employers or 
 their representatives for work. 
 
 So far as possible, work is generally shared amongst the men, 
 though in weaving the tendency is to give preference to such 
 looms as can produce work most cheaply. 
 
 Huddersfield and Dewsbury Power Loom Tuners* 
 Society. — Members of this society when out of eniployment, 
 are entitled to 10s. per week for eight weeks, but if obtaining 
 three months' work and requiring unemployed benefit again 
 they are only entitled to the balance of the eight weeks' pay. 
 If retaining a situation more than three months they are entitled 
 to a further period of eight weeks' benefit, provided they do not 
 receive more than two terms of payment in one year. 
 
WOOLLEN, WORSTED, AND LACE TRADES. 73 
 
 Those unable to work on account of fire, breakdown, or 
 stoppage through no fault of their own, are entitled to benefit 
 when unemployed for one week or more, such benefit, however, 
 not being payable to members working short time. 
 
 Members of another society that distributes out-of-work 
 relief cannot at the same time be members of this society. 
 
 Members of the Huddersfield, Bradford, Barnsley 
 and District Dyers' Association, if discharged through 
 no fault of their own, receive 9s. a week for 13 weeks, but 
 after receiving 13 weeks' benefit or the sum of 51. 17s. they are 
 not entitled to any more until they have worked six weeks and 
 been 13 weeks off the funds. Partially employed members earn- 
 ing less than 9s. per week are entitled to have their earnings 
 made up to this sum from the funds of the society, but in no 
 case can either unemployed or partially employed members draw 
 more than 11^. 14s. in one year. 
 
 Those receiving out-of-work benefit for two successive terms 
 must work at least 13 weeks either casually or continually 
 before being again entitled to benefits. 
 
 Members of the Huddersfield Warehousemen's Pro- 
 vident Society of 12 months* standing, who lose their 
 employment under circumstances over which they have no 
 control have an allowance of 2s. per day for three months in 
 every 12, commencing at the date of the first allowance. Those 
 wiio may be still out of employment after receiving this sum 
 report themselves daily unless they obtain partial employment 
 in any other trade, in which case they report themselves to the 
 secretary once a week only. 
 
 Members out of work and on allowance who obtain partial 
 employment are paid as follows : — 
 
 If employed 1 day in a week, 10s. is allowed. 
 
 2 days „ 8s. 
 
 3 „ „ 6s, 
 
 If employed more than four days no allowance is made for 
 that week. 
 
 Members knowing of employment must on the first opportu- 
 nity acquaint the secretary. Employers calling for men have 
 the choice of those on the books, but if no choice be made the 
 names are taken in rotation. Those whose names are on the 
 books must erase them -within 24 hours of obtaining work. 
 Anyone sending or recommending any persons not beJongino- 
 to tlie society while there are members on the books, or in 
 temporary employment, are summoned before the committee and 
 are liable to a fine. 
 
 Bradford Stuff Makers-Up Provident Society.— 
 
 This is a society which makes-up and prepares woollen goods for 
 the market after manufacture. It pays unemployed benefit of 
 
74 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 lOs. ad. per week to members out of^work up to a total of 251., 
 then 8s. weekly until 151. more is received, after which it falls 
 to 6s. per week. Its special claim to attention here is that it 
 takes work from merchants in a small way of business who have 
 not employment enough for a permanent mp«ker-up. Work so 
 taken is charged at so much a piece, and is done in the Society's 
 rooms by its unemployed members, who are paid at 7d. per hour 
 which is somewhat over the usual rate paid outside. The Society 
 seems to derive a profit from this method of organising work for 
 its unemployed. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of Operative Lace 
 Makers, and the Warp Lace Trade Association. — Of 
 
 the seven societies, more or less connected with the lace industry, 
 these are the only two whose members are directly employed 
 in the making of lace ; the others being concerned with pre- 
 paratory work of various kinds. 
 
 Although the two societies dealt with here are distinct organi- 
 sation.^, they adopt practically the same principles in affording 
 relief to their unemployed members. The Warpers' Association 
 employs a somewhat different scale and methods, while the 
 remaining four societies do not, at present, provide any relief 
 for their unemployed. 
 
 The benefit allowed by the above two societies is 5s. per 
 week to those members who have been unemployed one clear 
 week, viz., from Monday to Saturday. This amount can be 
 drawn for 12 weeks in one year; after which, the recipient 
 must be at work for 13 weeks before he is eligible to this 
 benefit for another year. 
 
 All full members — i.e., those of one year's membership — are 
 entitled to benefit under this rule, providing their contributions 
 nre not more than 3 weeks in arrears. During the time he is 
 unemployed a member is not required to pay contributions, 
 except a funeral levy of Is. for every eight deaths. 
 
 There is no specific fund set apart for unemployed benefit, 
 the payment being made from the general fund. 
 
 During periods of extraordinary slackness of trade, when 
 distress has been exceedingly severe, the union has on several 
 occasions, when its funds would allow, thrown them open to all 
 unemployed members for an indefinite period. In 1889, when 
 trade was very depressed, about 800 members received out-of- 
 work benefit weekly for a period of from six to nine months. 
 
 Practically there is now no allowance for emigration or travel- 
 ling, the operation of a rule allowing an emigration benefit of 
 30s., 40s., and 50s. respectively, having ceased. It is almost 
 useless for operatives in the lace trade to travel in search of 
 employment, the trade being highly localised, and all districts 
 being equally affected by any depression, and alike subject to the 
 caprice of fashion. 
 
 A book is kept at the society's office, in which particulars of 
 vacancies notified are entered by the secretary. • This book is 
 
CLOTHING TKADES — TAILORS. 75 
 
 o])en to all members, and used by employers, who frequently 
 apply to the secretary when there is a demand for workmen. 
 
 There are no restrictions upon members seeking employment, 
 except that they must not work at a non-union shop or at one 
 in which there is a dispute. A list of the latter is kept at the 
 society's office, and members are warned against applying for 
 situations or accepting employment until the dispute is ended. 
 
 No general custom regarding equalisation of work in slack 
 times is recognised ; although in a few firms every eflfort is made 
 so to place the orders that each man has his fair share. The 
 lace trade, however, is one that abounds with technical difficulties, 
 so that it is almost impossible to carry out successfully any 
 organised system. There may be no orders on hand for. a 
 particular machine, and consequently the men who work it are 
 thrown out of employment. This is one of the reasons why work 
 in the lace trade during slack times is so irregular and uncertain. 
 
 (/.) Clothing Trades. 
 
 Comparatively few societies connected with the clothing 
 trades pay out-of-work benefit. So far as the boot and shoe 
 trade is concerned few workers are completely out of work, even 
 in the slackest season, the employers, as a rule, making the work 
 go as far as they can without discharging men by lessening 
 the amount given to each. The sharing of work in this way in 
 slack times is also practised by the tailors. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of Tailors, which was 
 established in 1866, numbered on the 31st December 1892, 
 16,732 members. Neither unemployed nor emigration benefits 
 are provided by the rules, but any free member having two 
 years' successive membership, being out of work and desirous of 
 travelling in search of it, is entitled to a card on paying all dues 
 and demands to his branch, and giving the secretary six hours' 
 notice. A member throwing himself out of work to go on 
 travel is not entitled to travelling relief, and he has to give 
 proof, on applying for a card, that he is out of employment for 
 satisfactory reasons. 
 
 Any member refusing employment in a shop where such 
 employment is acceptable to the branch is suspended from 
 travelling benefit for seven days. Travellers are entitled to 
 Is. 4d in any relieving branch, but not to relief a second time 
 within six weeks in the same town. A member working four 
 days in one week is not entitled to relief until the following week. 
 
 Anyone obtaining employment sends his card within four 
 days to the nearest branch. The payment of travelling benefit 
 is limited to those seasons of the year in which trade is gener- 
 ally dull. No one is entitled to relief during the months of 
 April, May, June, July, or November, except by special order 
 of the council, nor can any member be relieved for more than 
 
76 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 45 days in the eight months between the 1st August and 
 31st March. 
 
 Br.mches are allowed discretionary power in giving a day's 
 rest to travellers in cases of absolute necessity. 
 
 A traveller has the option of refunding the whole or part of 
 the money drawn as travelling relief and receiving credit for 
 the amount refunded if he desires to redraw his card. 
 
 Any member reported for leaving work unfinished for which 
 he has been paid is not entitled to a card or any other personal 
 benefit until he refunds the amount claimed. 
 
 The expenditure for travelling beaefifc by this society has 
 fallen off' considerably of late years. The amount paid during 
 1892 was 515^., the smallest sum expended for a period of 
 20 years, the maximum expenditure being reached in 1877, 
 when 2,041^. was disbursed. 
 
 The Scottish National Association of Operative 
 Tailors was established in 1865, and, like the English Society, 
 makes no provision by its rules for unemployed members, except 
 by the payment of travelling relief. 
 
 Cards are relieved during the months of January, February, 
 March, August, Septeiuber and October, the amount of relief 
 being Is. per day (Sundays excepted) and 2s. on Saturday. 
 No relief is paid on any card if more than four days have 
 elapsed from the time it was last relieved, unless the member 
 can show that lie has had to tramp for a longer period without 
 being in the vicinity of a branch. Two months must also have 
 elapsed since the holder was last relieved in the same place. 
 
 The Amalgamated Society of Boot and Shoe 
 Makers was formed by the amalgamation of a number of local 
 societies in 1862. Journeymen working at any branch of the 
 boot and shoe trade are eligible as members, and apprentices 
 joining within three months of the expiration of their apprentice- 
 ship are admitted free. 
 
 When travelling in search of employment, members are eligible 
 to a travelling book for 20 reliefs, but cannot receive more than 
 one relief on the same day, except on Saturdays and Bank holi- 
 days, when they are allowed two reliefs. Where the sections 
 are 50 or more miles apart, they receive two reliefs, payable on 
 separate days. 
 
 Members cannot receive more than 20 reliefs in one year, 15 
 in the second year, and 10 in the third year, after which they 
 undergo a probation of 12 months. At the end of this period 
 they are entitled to a book containing 10 reliefs only for one 
 year; after two years they are eligible for 15 reliefs in the first 
 year and 10 in the sec(md ; and after three years they are again 
 entitled to first-class relief, viz., 20 reliefs the first year, 15 the 
 second, and 10 the third. Certain exceptions are made in the 
 ca'^e of members of five or more years' continuous membership. 
 
 No one can receive more than one relief within three months 
 in any one town, except in certain specified districts, London 
 
BOOT AND SHOE OPERATIVES. 77 
 
 representing two towns. The amount of relief paid in provincial 
 towns is 1*'. 6d., in London, 2s. per day. 
 
 As a protection to employers who give work out, every 
 member is entitled to a surety from the society not exceeding 
 1^., and after he has been a membei' six months to a surety not 
 exceeding 51., the society holding itself responsible to this extent 
 for the safe custody of materials entrusted to its members for 
 the purpose of making up. 
 
 The National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives, 
 
 which was established in 1874, numbered 42,524 members at the 
 close of 1892. In common with most of the other unions in the 
 boot and shoe trade, no unemployed benefit other than travelling 
 relief is provided by the rules. 
 
 Any member of three months' standing, wliether out of work 
 or not, can claim a travelling book from the secretary of his 
 branch, which entitles him, while travelling in search of work, to 
 Is. 6d. per day from each branch of the union distant over 10 
 miles. After travelling 100 miles with no intervening branch 
 he receives 3s. ; Is. extra being allowed when a member stays 
 over Sunday. No one can receive more than 30s. in any one 
 year, and any member having received 40s. in two consecutive 
 years is suspended from this benefit for two years. 
 
 During the last few years the amount paid under this head 
 has slightl}^ increased. 
 
 No general system is followed in sending members to towns 
 where it is known work can be obtained. The state of trade in 
 each branch is published in the monthly reports of the union. 
 
 Connected with each branch there is a meeting or club-house, 
 where members travelling in search of work can usually ob- 
 tain accommodation. If a member out of employment shows 
 that he can obtain work in another district, his rail or boat 
 fare is paid by his branch secretary, provided it does not 
 exceed 6s. 
 
 In busy seasons employers occasionally apply to the branch 
 officers for workmen, but this system is by no means general. 
 
 The union gives bond to an employer for each free member 
 to the extent of ol. for materials entrusted to his care for the 
 purpose of making up. 
 
 To meet the exceptional distress among the boot arid shoe 
 operatives in Leicester, the local branch advanced during the 
 winter of 1892-93 about 2,000Z. in loans to its members. About 
 one-third of this amount has been repaid. 
 
 The Norwich Clickers' and Rough Stuff Cutters' 
 Society is a local union, the members of which are entitled to 
 an allowance of 6 s. per week for six weeks, and 3s. per week 
 for a further term of six weeks when out of employment. 
 
 Satisfactory reasons for having left their last situation must 
 be given by the claimants, who must show that they have 
 done their best to obtain employment. No one can receive more 
 than 21. 14s. during 12 months. 
 
78 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Those discharged through drunkenness, unnecessary loss of 
 time, or other misconduct, are not entitled to unemployed 
 benefit until they have been in employment for a period of one 
 month. 
 
 All members are eligible to the benefits of a benevolent fund, 
 which is used for the purpose of relieving cases of distress 
 recommended by any member, but in no case is a sum exceed- 
 ing 10s. granted at an}^ one time, nor is a second amount 
 granted until at least six months have elapsed. 
 
 The Journeymen Hatters' Pair Trade Union of 
 Great Britain and Ireland makes a local allowance to 
 unemployed members of six-months' standing of 10s. per week 
 for 17 weeks in one year, but no member is entitled to a second 
 term until he has worked and paid his contributions for a further 
 period of 26 weeks. 
 
 Members receive local allowance in any district where they 
 may be. If a member has causelessly left his employment, or 
 by his conduct in a shop has endeavoured to throw himself on 
 the funds, he is not entitled to local allowance. 
 
 The rules dealing with travelling benefit provide that no 
 member shall take more than one turn in each district in 12 
 months, and no member is entitled to draw a second similar 
 turn until he has worked and contributed 26 weeks. One 
 month must intervene between one long turn and another from 
 any of the three districts — Denton, Manchester, and Stockjiort. 
 
 One rest day is allowed as a rule in each of the following 
 districts, viz. : — Bristol, Denton, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, 
 London, Manchester, and Stockport. No member may receive 
 more than three separate rest days, Sunday rests included, in 
 any district in one year. When a member arrives in a district 
 he receives a rest day and a Sunday rest if he is entitled thereto, 
 at the rate of Is. a day. 
 
 Any member may receive an additional turn to any district 
 if he states he has obtained work there, but this is refunded in 
 sums of not less than Is. per week. 
 
 Any free member wishing to emigrate to a European country 
 is entitled to a " turn " of 20s., but should he return within six 
 weeks this amount is refunded. Only one " turn " of this nature 
 is given in 12 months. There is also a " long turn " of 3^. 3s. 
 to any member emigrating to a non-European country. 
 
 When thrown out of employment through fire, members receive 
 18s. a week for 26 weeks, at the expiration of which time they 
 receive local allowance if entitled thereto. 
 
 (g.) Furnishing and Woodwoeking Trades. 
 
 The Alliance Cabinet Makers' Association, which was 
 established in 1865, has branches throughout the country, and 
 numbers about 3,000 members, the head office being in London. 
 
• FURNISHING TRADES. — CABINET MAKERS. 79 
 
 Contributions and benefits are in fixed proportion to the 
 standard wages of the town. Members earning 35s. and upwards 
 pay Id. per week, and are entitled, after six months' membership, 
 to 14s. per week when out of work; those earning SOs. to 35s. 
 pay 6d and receive 12s. ; those earning 25s. to 30s. pay 5d. and 
 receive 10s. ; and those earning under 25s. pay 4rZ. per week 
 and receive 8s. per week when out of work. 
 
 The application by a member for out-of-work benefit must be 
 countersigned by a member who has been working with him 
 immediately before loss of work. No one can receive out-of- 
 work benefit more than eight consecutive weeks ; eight weeks 
 must then intervene before he is entitled to further benefit, and 
 he cannot receive pay for more than 12 weeks in 12 months. 
 
 Two books are kept at the branch meeting houses, one for the 
 insertion of the names of members out of employment, the other 
 for the names of employers wanting men, and any member may 
 inspect these books on showing his card of membership. 
 
 A member claiming support is required to sign the journey- 
 men's book each day unless he is seeking work in a town 
 where there is no branch. Should he look for it in a place 
 where there is a branch he must sign the book there, and if 
 unsuccessful must return to his own branch at the end of the 
 week for his donation, bringing with him a note from the 
 branches whose books he has signed ; he must also state his 
 whereabouts on the days when he did not sign. Members of 
 London branches may sign the unemployed book at any of the 
 branch houses that may be most convenient for them. 
 
 No one discharged from his employment througli misconduct, 
 or leaving a job unfinished, is eligible for support; and if any 
 member refuses a job made known to him by another member, he 
 forfeits all claim for one month unless able to give a satisfactory 
 reason for refusing. 
 
 Any member of one year's standing who is receiving out-of- 
 work pay, and has obtained a job in another town not less than 
 10 miles from his branch, may be given "fare-and-a-half," pro- 
 viding the sum does not exceed 15s. ; and a member of two 
 years' standing may be paid as much as 30s. ; these sums must 
 be repaid at the rate of 2s. Qd. per month should the member 
 return to the same town within 12 months. No member may 
 receive more than 30s. for travelling money during any one 
 year. 
 
 A member of three years' standing wishing to emigrate to any 
 non-European country is eligible for a grant of 3?. and 10s. extra 
 for every additional year of membership up to seven years, the 
 grant not to exceed bl. If he returns within two years, and 
 works at the trade, he has to repay one-half the sum by monthly 
 instalments. 
 
 The Amalgamated Union of Cabinet Makers, 
 
 established in 1833, has a membership of about 1,400, with 
 headquarters at Liverpool. 
 
80 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Any member who has both worked and paid contributions 
 for one year, if out of work, is entitled to 12.s. per week, and 
 Is. for each child under 13 years, for 8 weeks if under 40 years 
 of age when joining ; for six weeks if joining at 40 to 45 years of 
 age, and for 4 weeks if joining at 45 or upwards. Half benefits 
 are paid to members of only six months' standing. No member 
 can qualify himself for this benefit by paying contributions 
 without working. Anyone who has received pay for the 
 number of weeks in succession to which he is entitled, can 
 receive no more out-of-work pay until he has again worked 
 and paid for 6 months. When out of employment, whether in 
 receipt of benefit or not, members are exempt from paying 
 contributions by signing the out-of work book daily, provided 
 the date of obtaining employment is entered. Anyone discharged 
 through intemperate habits forfeits one week's support. 
 
 A member in search of work, on presentation of his travelling 
 card, may inspect the book at the branch offices of the places 
 visited, and is entitled to receive from the branch secretary 
 his out-of-work benefit as well as 6cL for a bed for one night, 
 or Is. for two nights in certain specified towns. Travelling 
 members who have received the full amount of out-of-work 
 benefit are entitled to 6d. per day, in addition to money for 
 lodging, and Is. for Sunday. A travelling member of less than 
 6 months' standing is entitled to bed money only. 
 
 If refusing work from private objections without satisfactory 
 reasons, a member is suspended from benefit until after he has 
 obtained emj)loyment. 
 
 Anyone who knows of a vacancy must give notice of it to the 
 branch secretary or place such notice in the out-of-work book. 
 
 Members who have worked and paid for two years, and who 
 wish to emigrate to a non-European country, are entitled to a 
 grant of 10s. for each year of membership, the total grant not 
 to exceed 51. Anyone returning to this country within one year 
 and applying for re-admission is required to repay the amount 
 received. 
 
 The Progressive Union of Cabinet Makers is a 
 London union with about 800 members. To members out of 
 work it pays 10s. per week for 8 weeks, and after an inter s^al 
 of 8 weeks members are eligible to benefit for a further period 
 of 8 weeks. No travelling, removal, or emigration benefit is 
 paid. 
 
 The Perseverance Cabinet Makers' Association is 
 a small union of about 50 members, principally employed in the 
 West End of London. It provides unemployed, travelling, and 
 emigration benefits. Members out of work receive 12s: per week 
 and 2d. per working day for each child under 13 years of age, 
 for periods not exceeding 14 weeks in one year. Travelling 
 allowances are granted, which have to be repaid by any member 
 who returns to the same town within six months. Emigration 
 grants of 3^. to 5L are also made, one -half of which must be 
 repaid by any member who returns within two years. 
 
UPHOLSTERERS. — POLISHERS. — JAPANNERS. — COOPERS. 81 
 
 The London Upliolsterers' Trade Society and 
 London Amalgamated Society of Upholsterers are 
 
 two societies conducted on similar lines. Members after fixed 
 periods are entitled to 2s. Gd. for each day they are out of work, 
 for not more than 14 weeks altogether in one year. Those 
 who have received 30^. in three cousecutive years cannot receive 
 more than 71. 10s. in the fourth year, and 51. 5s. in each follow- 
 ing year, unless one year has elapsed without out-of-work, pay 
 being drawn. 
 
 Any order left at the society house is given to the member 
 first on the out-of-work list ; if he refuses it, he loses one day's 
 pay and is placed last on the list. 
 
 No travelling, removal, or emigration benefits, or railway fares 
 are paid. 
 
 The Alliance French Polishers' Society was esta- 
 bhshed in 1 878, and has about 350 members. If funds permit, 
 members of one year's standing are entitled to 12s. per week 
 out-of-work pay for periods not exceeding nine weeks in one 
 year. Those earning less than 12s. a week may have their 
 money made up to that amount. 
 
 " Calls " from the books are given in rotation. An objection 
 to the call of an employer must be stated in writing, and out- 
 of-work pay is suspended until the objection is proved valid. 
 
 A member who is dismissed from work, or leaves without 
 giving due notice, or absents himself for more than three days, 
 without sending notice of his inability to attend, is fined and 
 deprived of all benefits for at least one month. 
 
 The London Furniture Japanners' Trade Union 
 
 pays 10s. per week for eight weeks, and 5s. per week for a 
 further period of four weeks to its unemployed members. The 
 opportunities afforded for obtaining employment are similar to 
 those provided by the French Polishers' Society. 
 
 The Mutual Association of Coopers comprises about 
 30 branches, with an aggregate membership of 6,000. Each 
 branch is governed by its own rules, some paying out-of-work 
 benefit and others not, those paying sick benefit as a rule not 
 paying out-of-work benefit, and vice versa. 
 
 To take one of the largest branches as an example — the 
 London Philanthropic — it is stated that all clear members are 
 entitled, when [unemployed, to 9s. per week for twelve weeks, 
 and Qs. per week for eight weeks in any one year. Members 
 receiving the full amount for three years in succession are 
 reduced to half benefit until they have been clear of the funds 
 for twelve months. 
 
 In times of slackness it is customary for the employer and 
 workman mutually to agree to reduce the w^orking hours, 
 which under normal conditions are eleven for the first five days 
 
 O 77723. F 
 
82 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 o£ the week and seven on Saturdays, inclusive of meal times. If ~ 
 this reduction should prove insufficient, the men a^rree to limit 
 their earnings to a given sum, usually twenty shillings per week, 
 which is about 50 per cent, of the amount they could earn in a 
 full week, all the work being done on piece. 
 
 When the days get short no yard is allowed to work by 
 artificial light if any " blocks " are vacant or any members of 
 the society are unemployed. 
 
 As only one hour of overtime per week is permitted under 
 any circumstances, and sixpence extra is charged, overtime is 
 seldom resorted to. 
 
 The cooperage fride is invariably slack in the summer months, 
 but many men find cnsual employment at breweries, oil 
 wharves, &c. 
 
 Members out of work going to a branch of the association nre 
 entitled on production of their travelling cards, to the sum of 
 2s. 6d, No branch may grant travelling money to members to 
 go into a town where trade is slack. 
 
 Travelling in search of employment is but little resorted to, 
 a monthly report being published, giving the state of trade in 
 the various branches, which reduces to a minimum the necessity 
 for travelling. 
 
 (h.) Coal Mining Industry. 
 
 With the exception of the unions specially referred to here- 
 after it is not customary for the various organisations connected 
 with the mining industry to make provision against want of 
 employment, dullness of trade being generally met by reducing 
 the number of working days per week. Grants of money are 
 sometimes made in certain districts in times of severe depression, 
 but no systematic course is usually adoi)ted, nor has any scheme 
 been devised for assisting those who may be thrown out of 
 employment in one district and who are desirous of seeking 
 work elsewhere. For example, little or no provision is made 
 against the evils arising from want of employment in such 
 im})ortant mining districts as those of Lancashire, Nottingham- 
 shire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Somersetshire, Forest of Dean, 
 North and South Wales, Ayrshire, and Fifeshire. 
 
 The Northumberland Miners' Mutual ConfideDt 
 Association was established in 1863 and has 17,500 members. 
 
 When the workmen of a colliery are idle through breakage 
 of machinery or want of pit room for six working days in 
 succession they receive, after having been members eight 
 Weeks, the sum of 10s. per week for 13 weeks, together with 
 6d. for each child under 12 years of age, and Is. 6d. for rent 
 money ; and a sum of 7s, ()d. per week for another 13 weeks 
 with the same allowances for children and rent. 
 
 Members dismissed through slackness of trade are entitled on 
 obtaining work within one month to " shifting " money at the 
 
COAL MINING. 83 
 
 rate of 5s. for the first mile and Is. for every additional mile up 
 to 36 miles, or 21. in all. Those who have received unemployed 
 benefit for more than one month are entitled to one-half the 
 above rates for ^' shifting." 
 
 Unemployed members, whether in receipt of benefit or not, 
 pay no subscriptions ; they sign no vacant book and no labour 
 register. It is not customary for employers to apply to the 
 union for men. 
 
 In mining ifc is usual for the whole staff of workmen to be 
 retained even though there may not be sufficient trade to keep 
 the pit going more than two or three days a week for months at 
 a time. It is only when the mine is wholly or partially stopped 
 that men are discharged. The dismissal of men has, it is said, 
 greatly increased during the last 25 years, prior to which it was 
 a most uncommon thing for collieries or portions of collieries to 
 be stopped. 
 
 Travelling in search of work is not resorted to very much, but 
 unemployed members are furnished with a card which is signed 
 by the manager, local secretary, or checkweighman of the colliery 
 at which work is applied for. These cards are returnable 
 fortnightly and if three or four collieries have been visited it is 
 generally considered that sufficient effort has been made to find 
 employment. In times of great depression, however, it is not 
 usual to issue cards, as it is considered a hardship to compel men 
 to travel in search of employment when there is little or no 
 chance of obtaining it. Unemployed members desirous of 
 leaving the country are entitled to an emigration grant of 21. 
 
 Encouragement is given to members wherever practicable to 
 avail themselves of the advantages to be derived from the 
 adoption of the Allotments Act, for the purpose of filling up 
 their spare time. 
 
 The Durham Miners' Association was established in 
 1869, and numbers about 55,000 members. 
 
 When collieries are idle for a clear week or more in con- 
 sequence of alteration or breakage of machinery, members are 
 paid 10s. per week for not more than 12 months. If called 
 upon to assist in preparing the colliery for work, members 
 receiv^e Is. Sd. less for each day so worked, but are not entitled 
 to any benefit for a week in which four days are worked under 
 such circumstances. 
 
 In order to be eligible for benefit a member must have paid 
 subscriptions for eight weeks and must not be earning money in 
 any other way. 
 
 An unemployed member on finding employment elsewhere 
 receives as a "removing portion " 5s. for the first mile, and Is. 
 for each succeeding mile, not exceeding 30. Clearance cards are 
 issued to members going from one branch to another. 
 
 The Yorkshire Miners' Association, which was estab- 
 lished in 1858, makes no payments from its general funds for 
 unemployed benefits. A contingent fund has recently been 
 
 F 2 
 
84 TKADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 established with a view to meeting this want to some extent. 
 The fund is kept separate and apart from the general fund and 
 is provided by the payment of Qd. per quarter by full members, 
 and 'Sd. per quarter by half members, supplemented by such 
 levies as may be deemed necessary by the council. 
 
 The benefits provided are 9s. per week for full members, 4s. 6d. 
 per week for half members, with Is. per week for each child 
 under 18 years of age. Members are entitled to these benefits 
 when out of work for six or more consecutive working days, 
 through no fault of their own, i.e., when a colliery or portion of 
 a colliery is stopped on account of repairs, breaking of machinery, 
 inundations of water, falls of roof, explosions or fires of any 
 kind, or when it is entirely or partially closed either temporarily 
 or permanently. 
 
 Those who lose their places by neglecting their work, are not 
 eligible for support. 
 
 No payments of any kind are made to members travelling in 
 search of work, no vacant book is kept, and members who are 
 out of work have to obtain it by their own efforts. 
 
 (i.) Baking Trade. 
 
 The Amalgamated Union of Operative Bakers and 
 Confectioners, which was established in 1861, makes no 
 general provision for unemployed benefit. In the London and 
 some other districts, however, an out-of-work benefit of 10s. 
 per week for 13 weeks, with a maximum of 61. 10s, per year, 
 is provided, which amount is increased to members of long 
 standing. 
 
 Any 1 2 months' member travelling in search of employment 
 is supplied with a certificate which, on presentation at a branch, 
 entitles him to Id. per mile or fraction of a mile travelled. 
 This certificate holds good for one month. 48 hours' notice 
 must be given to a branch secretary before a certificate is 
 granted, and no second certificate is issued unless a member has 
 held a situation six months. 
 
 The Operative Bakers of Scotland National 
 Federal Union pays neither unemployed, travelling, removal, 
 nor emigration benefit. In large centres there are houses of 
 call where unemployed members attend, and where employers 
 apply occasionally for men, paying their railway fares if requir- 
 ing them to go to a distance. It is understood that members do 
 not apply personally for work, unless satisfied that thei*e is a 
 vacancy. 
 
 Overtime is prohibited except in cases of great emergency 
 arising from unavoidable circumstances. 
 
 In large factories it is customary in periods of slackness for 
 half days to be worked, in order to avoid the discharge of men. 
 
BAKERS. 85 
 
 No attempt is made by this union to find employment for 
 members when out of work, but at such times their subscriptions 
 are reduced by one-half. 
 
 The Dublin Operative Bakers' Trade Union, which 
 claims to have been established in 1752, allows every member 
 who is not idle by reason of any strike or any fault of his own, 
 the sum of 16s. per week while out of work. A member who 
 works three nights or days in one week is entitled to Is. only as 
 idle money ; if he works two days he receives 6s. 
 
 Any member going to work out of his turn is fined and 
 withdrawn, and if he holds his employment against the order of 
 the committee he is fined 5s. for every week lie continues tc 
 do so. 
 
 The secretary is not permitted to send any member who may 
 be written for by an employer, except a foreman who is required 
 to take charge of work, but an employer on personal application 
 can select any one ofi" the walking list. 
 
 Those who are unemployed attend at the society house at given 
 hours daily. A member marked ofi" for work and disappointed 
 through no fault of his own, obtains the next order that comes in. 
 
 Any member who, without reasonable cause, disappoints his 
 employer by not going to work, or by leaving his employment 
 without sending a fellow member into his place, ma}^ be 
 fined 5s. 
 
 In the event of an increase of work that requires help, an 
 order must be sent to the society house before 10.30 p.m., failing 
 which the foreman and members in each berth proved to have 
 worked short handed are fined 5s. each. 
 
 Any member sent ofi" the walking list to work, who loses the 
 situation through neglect, no other member replacing him, is 
 fined from 11. to 61., whicii must be paid before he is entitled to 
 any further benefit from the walking list. A similar penalty is 
 imposed upon a member who loses his situation through neglect 
 or irregularity. 
 
 (j.) Miscellaneous Trades. 
 
 It is not possible or necessary to describe the customs and 
 rules in force in all Trade Societies for dealing with the 
 unemployed. A few miscellaneous societies, however, are 
 described below on account of various peculiarities in the 
 methods adopted. 
 
 The United Kingdom Society of Coachmakers, which 
 was established in 1834, is the only national union connected 
 with this trade. It hns 130 branches, and a membership of 
 5,534, comprising body-makers, carriage-makers, wheelers, 
 smiths, vicemen or fitters, painters, and upholstery trimmers. 
 
86 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 Members are entitled when unemployed to benefit at the 
 following scale : — 
 
 After nine months membership, 8s. per week for eight weeks 
 
 in the year. 
 After two years' membership, Ss. per week for thirteen 
 
 weeks in the year. 
 After five years' membership, 10s. per week for 13 weeks 
 
 in the year — 
 
 and one-half the above sums for a further term of eight or 
 13 weeks respectively. No member receives benefit for more 
 than 26 weeks in one year or for more than two years in 
 succession. 
 
 Those who are unemployed must sign the out-of-work book 
 each day at the club house. They are free to seek work for 
 themselves. Employers or their agents frequently send to the 
 club house for men, bub as a rule members at work make knoAvn 
 any vacancy that arises. As far as possible, the man best 
 suited for the particular job is selected. 
 
 Travelling members are allowed Is. per day and a bed for a 
 period of 91 days, and if then unemployed they are allowed 9d 
 per day and a bed for a further period of 91 days. What is 
 termed " crossing money " is also allowed between different ports 
 in England, Ireland, and Scotland. On arriving at a branch, a 
 travelling member receives his day's pay from the landlord or 
 steward of the club house, where, if possible, beds are provided. 
 
 The relieving secretary advises him as to his chances of 
 obtaining employment, and has discretionary power to allow him 
 to remain in a town several days if there is a likelihood of 
 employment being obtained. Money may also be advanced to 
 a traveller for tools and subsistence, such advances being 
 repayable within three months. 
 
 The 26 weeks benefit to which members are entitled in a 
 year can be received either as out of work or travelling benefit, 
 or partly in each form. The ordinary weekly subscription is l.s., 
 but while unemployed members pay Sd. per week. 
 
 No removal or emigration benefit is provided by the rules, 
 but if an unemployed member obtains a job at a distance he is 
 aHlowed to borrow his railway fare and subsistence money from 
 liis branch, on a promise to repay within three months. 
 
 It is customary to obviate the discharge of workmen when 
 trade is slack by working short time. Most shops keep the 
 same number of body and carriage makers, wheelers and smiths, 
 all the year round, but painters and trimmers work fluctuates 
 very much. This is due to the fact that carriages are built in 
 slack times for stock, the finishing being left until they are 
 sold. 
 
 No registries for unemployed members of the trade exist 
 except those at the various branch houses, but some tradesmen 
 who supply goods to coach manufacturers keep a book in which 
 
COACHMAKERS. — CIGAR MAKERS. 87 
 
 -employers from all parts insert a notice when they require men, 
 e.g. a varnish maker and a coach trimming manufacturer in 
 London each keep books of this kind, which are open to the 
 inspection of any workman. 
 
 If there is a demand in any town or district for men in excess 
 of the number that can be supplied by that town or district, it 
 is the duty of the officers to communicate with other districts, 
 informing them of the fact. Members in receipt of out of work 
 benefit are not compelled to accept employment at a distance. 
 Quarterly returns are made to the general office of the state of 
 trade in each district. 
 
 The Cigar Makers' Mutual Association is the largest 
 union in the cigar trade, and its mode of dealing with the 
 unemployed is typical of that usual in the trade. 
 
 When unemployed, members receive 9s. per week for the first 
 13 weeks and Qs. per week for the next 13 weeks, and are relieved 
 from the payment of subscriptions. After receiving payments 
 for the whole of these periods they must work eight consecutive 
 working weeks in one shop before being again eligible. Mem- 
 bers obtaining work while in receipt of any portion of these 
 benefits and falling out again before the expiration of eight con- 
 secutive weeks are only allowed the remaining part. 
 
 To prevent " malingering," it is provided that in all cases where 
 members are in the habit of receiving full benefit, and of coming 
 on the out-of-work pay again after obtaining eight weeks' work, 
 the committee must bring the full facts before the general body, 
 who deal with them as they think best. 
 
 While out of employment members must attend the society 
 house on the Wednesda}^ night of each week to ascertain 
 whether there is work for them to go to. When discharged from 
 their employment they must, before they can leceive benefit, 
 have a note signed by the society's shop "collector," stating 
 the date of such discharge, to show that they left in an honour- 
 able manner. 
 
 When out of work and in receipt of benefit, members refusing 
 to accept work at the regular price of the shop are deprived 
 of further benefit. 
 
 Travelling in search of work in the provinces is not permitted, 
 but railway fares are paid in cases where members have employ- 
 ment to go to. 
 
 No members are permitted, under pain of a fine of 2s. 6a. or 
 upwards, to work overtime unless they first obtain the consent 
 of the committee, or in the case of an emergency the consent of 
 the president. 
 
 Members can apply to employers for work direct, but it is 
 customary for employers or their agents to send to the society 
 house through the m.edium of the shop collector, the men being 
 
When not less than 20/. 
 
 j5 
 
 50/. 
 
 )) 
 
 100/. 
 
 J) 
 
 150/. 
 
 55 
 
 200/. 
 
 J> 
 
 250/. 
 
 j> 
 
 350/. 
 
 if 
 
 500/. 
 
 iy 
 
 700/. 
 
 »» 
 
 1,000/. 
 
 88 TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 selected according to their ability to do the class of work 
 required. 
 
 A general equalization of work is so far as possible obtained 
 by the prohibition of overtime, and in slack times it is customary 
 for members to offer to work reduced hours in order to prevent 
 tlie dismissal of some of their number. 
 
 The Gold Beaters' Trade Society, which claims to have 
 been established in 1777, provides out-of-work pay under the 
 following somewhat peculiar conditions : — 
 
 When the funds amount to 20^. or more, out-of-work pay is 
 provided for 12 weeks, and is regulated on the following 
 scale : — 
 
 - 3*. per week. 
 
 - 4*. „ 
 
 - 5s. „ 
 
 - Gs. „ 
 
 - Qs. 
 
 - 7*. „ 
 
 - 9*. 
 
 - lOs. 6d. „ 
 
 - 12*. 
 
 - ^os. „ 
 
 Should the funds amount to 20/. only, the out-of-work mem- 
 bers receive a share of the weekly contributions, after deducting 
 working expenses. 
 
 Members who have received 12 weeks' out-of-work pay, musi 
 be in work 13 weeks before again receiving pay, when they are 
 entitled to six weeks' extra, but after 26 weeks' work they again 
 become entitled to 12 weeks' pay. Those who have received all 
 their out-of-work benefit must report their whereabouts once a 
 month to the general secretary or their names are erased. 
 
 Out-of-work members receive 2d. for refreshments on signing 
 tiie book. 
 
 No one receives pay if he returns to the same shop within 
 two days, nor is he allowed to refuse work when offered him 
 on ]:)ain of forfeiting all claim on the society. 
 
 Those who come out of work must, within two days, for- 
 ward their name and residence in writing to the general secre- 
 tary, to be placed in the out-of-work book kept by him at the 
 chief office for that purpose, failing which no out-of-work benefit 
 is paid. When members obtain employment they must inform 
 the secretary as to the date and the name of their employer 
 within two days. 
 
 Travelling cards, renewable monthly, are issued from the 
 cential office through the branch secretaries to members travel- 
 ling in search of work. 
 
 When seeking work members are not permitted to stay in 
 any town longer than one month, unless advised by the general 
 secretary. 
 
DOCK LABOURERS, &C. 89 
 
 (Jc.) Waterside Labour. 
 
 The unions connected with waterside labour do not pay out- 
 of-work benefit, and the only way in which as a rule they 
 attempt to mitigate the effect of want of employment is by 
 various methods of equalising work in slack times. One of 
 the commonest of these measures is the penalisation of overtime 
 by insisting on extra rates of pay after certain hours. Thus the 
 Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' 
 Union states as part of the objects of that society, the enforce- 
 ment of a minimum day's work of four hours and the abolition 
 of systematic overtime. The minimum rate of wages fixed by 
 agreement with the uuion is 6d. per hour for ordinary work, 
 and 8d. per hour for overtime ; when working in the stream 7d. 
 per hour ordinary, and 9d. overtime. 
 
 The National Union of Dock Labourers Hmits the 
 ordinary working hours of its members to nine per day on the 
 first five days of the week, and eight on Saturdays, all work 
 beyond these hours being paid for as overtime at specified extra 
 hourly rates ranging up to double time for Sunday work. 
 
 The members of the Amalgamated Society of Water- 
 men and Lightermen of the river Thames work upon the 
 basis of Lord Brassey's award of September 1889, which fixed a 
 working day of 12 hours, give and take according to tides, at a 
 given rate of pa3mient ; additional attendance beyond those 
 hours being paid at double that rate. Night work is paid at 
 double the day rate, w4th a limitation to one job in one night. 
 
 The rules of the Amalgamated stevedores' Labour 
 
 Protection League prescribe limitations for night work and 
 also restrict the length of time during which the same member 
 may work consecutively without a break. 
 
 Another plan adopted by some classes of waterside laboui'ers 
 is that of rotation of gangs, so that all may share in the work. 
 Thus the dock labourers working for a certain firm of shipowners 
 at the Albert Docks are divided into five gangs, of which the 
 one which lias the first position on the list for one fortnight, 
 occupies the second place for the next fortnight, then the third 
 place, and so forth. 
 
 Again, the riverside corn-porters working regularly at the 
 Surrey Docks are divided into 28 gangs among whom a certain 
 rotation is observed. No casual labour is taken on until all 
 these gangs are employed. When the pressure of work makes 
 it necessary to engage casual labourers it is the custom for a 
 ganger to stand aside from one of the gangs to manage such 
 casual labour, being paid a certain daily fee for so doing by 
 contributions from each of the regular gangs. To accomplish 
 this the gangers take turn and turn about, the alleged object 
 being to keep the regular gangs together. 
 
^l) TRADE SOCIETIES. 
 
 The coal-winchmen on the Thames have also a system of 
 dividing up work among themselves, taking turn and turn about 
 until all members have been employed. 
 
 Among the ballast heavers no gang can get two jobs in 
 succession, until other gangs have had a turn. 
 
 Schemes however on a large scale for equalising work, such as 
 ordinary dock labour, among an indefinite and elastic number of 
 low-skilled labourers are as a rule found impracticable as a means 
 of dealing with want of employment. 
 
 The only cases in fact where such a system is found possible 
 are those either of specialised branches of waterside labour (e.g., 
 corn porters, coal wincbmen, &c.), in which the special skill or 
 strength required constitutes a certain barrier against the influx 
 of outside labour, or those in which a trade society with a 
 comparatively high entrance fee has for the time contrived to 
 control the supply of labour. 
 
 So far as regards the great mass of dock labourers the evils of 
 casual and insufficient employment have sprung from the 
 tendency to divide up such work as is offered among an excessive 
 number of labourers, rather than from any system of concen- 
 trating it in the hands of a few. Recently in London, an effort 
 (of which a brief account is given on page 238) has been made 
 to meet this evil by classifying the applicants at the docks into 
 grades, and employing all belonging to the higher grades before 
 resorting to any of the lower. This scheme, however, has been 
 carried out not by the labour unions but by the London and 
 India Docks Joint Committee, and hence hardly falls within the 
 scope of the present section. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the labour offices 
 established by the Shipping Federation in various ports for sea- 
 men, and by the British Labour Exchange for dock labourers, 
 coalporters, and other shore labourers. The general manager of 
 the Shipping Federation states that 125,000 men registered at 
 the seamen's offices between October 1890 and September 1893, 
 and that from 4,000 to 5,000 a month obtained employment 
 through that medium. 
 
 The offices do not strictly belong to the category of those 
 established to assist persons out of work to obtain employ- 
 ment Their nature and object are thus described by the general 
 manager : — 
 
 " Our offices are only open to seamen, dockers, and coalies willing to 
 work with union or non-union men as required, and in the case of shore 
 workers, the registry is limited to the number of men to whom fairly 
 constant employment can be offered by our members, or contractors 
 who work their vessels. 
 
 " The main object at present of our labour offices is to maintain at 
 the principal seaports a body of men, who may be relied on, to deal 
 with boycotted vessels, and so avoid the necessity for importing labour 
 from outside, into places already congested, and to this extent only do 
 these offices benefit the local unemployed, by preventing their number 
 being artificially increased at times." 
 
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 91 
 
 (ii.)--FRIENDLY SOCIETIES AND THEIR UNEMPLOYED 
 
 MEMBERS. 
 
 The primary objects of an ordinary friendly society are to 
 provide relief for members when incapacitated through sickness, 
 and to insure a sum of money to be paid on the death of a 
 member or his wife. Little attention has been given by these 
 societies to the relief of the unemployed, it being felt that, from 
 various causes, many of which are discussed in the previous 
 section, unemployed benefit can be more satisfactorily provided 
 by trade societies, whose members belong to one group of in- 
 dustries than by friendly societies whose membership is more or 
 less open to all trades alike. 
 
 Something, however, has been done on a limited scale by the 
 larger and more wealthy friendly societies in the direction of 
 travelling relief, of remission of subscription, and even of out- 
 of-work benefit, as will be seen from the particulars given 
 below. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that prior to the passing of tlie 
 Trade Union Act, 1871, many trade societies were registered 
 under the Friendly Societies' Acts, the distinction between the 
 two classes of organisation being sometimes small. It was not 
 until 1885, for example, that the Amalgamated Society of 
 Engineers was registered as a Trade Union, having previously 
 been registered as a Friendly Society. It will thus be seen that 
 in some respects these two important groups of societies are 
 largely interwoven. 
 
 Among the Friendly Societies which assist unemployed mem- 
 bers, and thus prevent them, so far as possible, from " forfeiting 
 *' their privileges by their inability to keep up the payments 
 " attaching to membership," the first place must be given to 
 the Hearts of Oak Benefit Society. For some years a 
 voluntary organisation existed amongst the members of this 
 society for the purpose of assisting those v\ ho through unforeseen 
 ■circumstances became liable to exclusion through inability to pay 
 their subscriptions. From an actuarial point of view it luay 
 appear a doubtful expedient to do anything to prevent seces- 
 sions, the tables under which most friendly societies work being- 
 based upon calculations that a certain per-centage will secede. 
 It is difficult, however, to imagine a greater misfortune happen- 
 ing to a provident man than to find himself unable, after years 
 of self-denial, to continue his subscription. The loss of bis 
 savings under such circumstances is in itself a calamity, but 
 even this is dwarfed by the fact that, should he obtain em- 
 ployment or recover himself in any way he may then be too 
 old to rejoin his own friendly society or to become a member 
 of any other. 
 
92 FRIEND [.Y SOCIETIES. 
 
 In order to meet this grave difficulty, the Hearts of Oak 
 Benefit Society (whose membership numbers 180,000, with a 
 further 10,000 members in the Juvenile Society) established a 
 Provident Fund in January 1888, by means of a contribution 
 of Id. per member per quainter, under which any member of 
 one year's standing or upwards who is unable to pay his current 
 contributions to the society may lay his case before a committee, 
 who have discretionary powers to remit the payments due to 
 any amount not exceeding one quarter's contributions (about 
 10s.). No member can be thus assisted more than once in 
 12 months, nor more than six times during the entire period 
 of his membership. All such applications are made on fi form 
 of which the following is a copy : — 
 
 APPLICATION FOR RELIEF UNDER RULE 59. 
 
 The following is the Rule above referred to : — 
 
 Distressed Members. 
 Rule 59 {New Rule) : — Any member of one year's standing and upwards, who 
 is unable, from want of employment or other distressing circumstances, to pay his 
 current contributions to the society, may lay his case before the secretary, 
 accompanied by suitable proofs of its genuineness ; and all such cases shall be laid 
 before any sectional sub-committee, who shall be empowered, at their discretion, 
 to remit the payments due from such distressed member to any amount not exceed- 
 ing one quarter's contributions. No member to be thus assisted oftener than once 
 iu twelve months, nor more than six times during the entire period of his member- 
 ship ; and should it be discovered that the member has made any false statement 
 in his application, he shall be excluded. All such applications for remission of 
 contributions to be referred (when possible) to two prominent members in the 
 district to which the applicant belongs, for investigation and report. All moneys 
 thus remitted to be provided for by means of a contribution not exceeding one penny 
 per quarter from all the membeps on the society's books. 
 
 To the Committee of Management. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 I, the undersigned, being a member of the Hearts of Oak Benefit Society of 
 one year's standing (and upwards), do hereby apply to you for the payment out 
 
 of the society's funds of my quarter's contributions due on the day 
 
 of __, 189 , as I am unable to pay them myself, owing to the 
 
 following distressing circumstances : — 
 
 (^Here must follow a full statement of the memher^s reasons for making this 
 application.') 
 
 Applicant's Signature and Number 
 
 Address 
 
 Occupation . Date^ 
 
 ReCOM3IENDATION. 
 
 N.B. This form must be signed (where practicable) by two members of the 
 society (who shall give their numbers, and who shall not be relatives of the 
 applicant nor residents in the same house), or if no members can be found, then 
 by two householders, or by a clergyman, medical man, or magistrate. 
 
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 
 
 93 
 
 We, the undersigned, are personally acquainted with Mr. 
 
 whose application for relief, as above given, we have carefully read, and we are 
 convinced that the statement made is correct, that he is quite unable to pay his 
 current contributions to the Hearts of Oak Society, and that the relief now sought, 
 if granted, will in all probability prevent him from losing his membership of the 
 said society. 
 
 If signed by non- members f Signature and Number 
 
 cross out the words " and ' 
 
 number.'"' • 
 
 n 
 
 Address 
 
 If signed by a professional ; Signature and Number 
 gentleman, his profession | 
 should be given. [^Address 
 
 Decision of Committee_ 
 
 Signature of Chairman 
 
 Date 
 
 Please Note : — All necessary notices will be sent as usual to the appHcant, 
 pending the decision of the committee. 
 
 These applications are referred, when possible, to two promi- 
 nent members in the district to which the applicant belongs, 
 for investigation and report, the following particulars being 
 so far as possible obtained by them with regard to the 
 applicant : — 
 
 Occupation ? Age ? 
 
 How long out of work ?_ 
 
 Married or single ? 
 
 How many children depend on him? 
 
 Does his wife do any work ? 
 
 Is he, or his wife, or any of his children, afflicted ? 
 
 Is he a member of any kindred society ? 
 
 Do you recommend this case ?^ 
 
 General remarks 
 
 The total number of applications for assistance under tliis 
 rule from January 1888 to June 1893, when the membership 
 numbered 175,000, was 4,542, but of these 740 were declined, 
 leaving 3,802 the total number of applicants relieved. The 
 amount expended for this benefit during the same period was 
 1,794^. 14s. Id These particulars are given for each year from 
 1888 in the following table : — 
 
 : 
 Year. 
 
 No. declined. 
 
 No. granted. 
 
 Total No. of 
 Applications. 
 
 Amounts paid 
 for Relief. 
 
 1888 - - . - - 
 
 133 
 
 511 
 
 644 
 
 £ *. d. 
 250 10 1 
 
 1889 
 
 194 
 
 600 
 
 794 
 
 288 8 7 
 
 1890 
 
 98 
 
 508 
 
 606 
 
 242 11 7 
 
 1891 
 
 105 
 
 705 
 
 810 
 
 333 18 7 
 
 1892 - - 
 
 126 
 
 960 
 
 1,086 
 
 442 4 4 
 
 1893, half year to June 
 
 84* 
 
 518* 
 
 602* 
 
 237 Oil* 
 
 Totals 
 
 740 
 
 3,802 
 
 4,542 
 
 iei,794 14 Stv^ 
 
 
 S) 
 
 Half year only. 
 
94 FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 
 
 The Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows, besides having 
 a Unity Distress Fund, has also in a very large number of lodges 
 Auxiliary or " Out-of-work " funds. In some cases member- 
 ship of these funds is voluntary, in others it is compulsory upon 
 every member of the lodge. The contributions range from .3c?, 
 to 6d. per quarter, and where membership is compulsory, the 
 benefits generally provide for the payment of a member's con- 
 tributions when he is either out of work or sick. A limit is 
 usually fixed, precluding any one from receiving more than one 
 quarter's contribution from this fund in any one year. 
 
 The Unity or Central Fund is maintained by a levy of ^d. 
 per member per annum throughout the Order. Amongst the 
 other objects of this fund is a provision for the relief of those who 
 are obliged to travel in search of employment. Such member 
 must obtain a " travelling " card from his lodge, which is available 
 for six months, and entitles him to a relief of Is. dd. per day 
 from every district thiough which he passes — twice this sum 
 being granted on Saturdays. The amounts so paid are refunded 
 to the district; every year from the Unity Fund. Should the 
 traveller represent that he has a prospect of obtaining employ- 
 ment in the neighbourhood, he is referred to one of the three 
 principal district officers, each of whom is empowered to give 
 him a written permission to solicit assistance from any lodge in 
 the district. Such assistance is rarely or ever refused if the 
 applicant can give a satisfactory account of himself. The amount 
 granted varies from is. to Ss. or more, according to bis circum- 
 stances and those of the lodge he visits, and is paid out of the 
 lodge funds. 
 
 If the traveller succeeds in obtaining employment he must 
 deposit his card in the nearest lodge, from whence it is re-issued 
 to him at any time within 12 months if necessary. Whilst in 
 actual possession of a travelling card the member is not sus- 
 pended from benefit for non-payment of contributions ; but the 
 arrears which accrue must be paid within six months after 
 deposit of card. 
 
 In addition, many districts and lodges have their benevolent 
 or distress funds, from which grants in varying amounts up to 
 G^. or 71. are made to members who are out of employment or 
 in other distressed circumstances. These amounts are, however, 
 often exceeded. 
 
 The Ancient Order of Foresters has also a rehef 
 system, which has existed since the foundation of the Order in 
 1834. A member desirous of travelling in search of work may 
 obtain from his court a travelling license, which is valid for six 
 weeks only from date of issue. With the license he receives 
 not less than six orders of the value of Is. Sd. each, and when 
 five miles or more from his usual residence he may obtain cash 
 for one order per day from any appointed officer or court 
 secretary. On Saturdays he may cash two orders. The travel- 
 ling license further authorises the member to visit any court of 
 
FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 
 
 95 
 
 the Order and ask assistance, which is usually given. The rules 
 prohibit relief by more thaa one court on one evening, but this 
 rule is not observed in practice. The help thus given by dona- 
 tions from court funds, and from collections amongst the members 
 present at a court meeting, constitute by far the larger amount 
 expended in relieving members in search of work, but the amount 
 is practically unascertainable. An approximate estimate of the 
 nuiiibei: of cheques or orders issued by the executive council of 
 the Order may be formed from the following return : — 
 
 Year ending 
 
 Cheques returned. Cost to the Society, 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 April 30, 1889 - 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 2,572 
 
 160 15 
 
 1890 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1,618 
 
 101 2 6 
 
 1891 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2,327 
 
 145 8 9 
 
 1892 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 662 
 
 41 7 6 
 
 1893 - 
 
 Totals 
 
 - 
 
 1,100 
 
 69 
 
 
 8,279 
 
 £517 13 9 
 
 or an average cost over the five years of 103/. 10s. 9cZ. per year. 
 Travelling licenses were issued in 1891 to 166 members, and 
 during 1892 to 168 members. 
 
 The Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds, Ashton 
 Unity, expended the following sums on benefits during the five 
 years ending 1892 : — 
 
 Out-of-work benefit 
 Distress grants - . _ 
 Exemption from payment of contributions 
 Travelling relief - - _ 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 - 1,397 13 
 
 - 7,937 18 6 
 
 - 1,397 13 
 
 141 5 6 
 
 
 £10,874 10 
 
 These amounts are probably understated, as some branches 
 include such payments in general expenditure for management. 
 The amounts paid for these benefits differ very much in different 
 localities, and are often largely influenced by the conditions of 
 trade in each district. 
 
 The Independent Order of Rechabites, Salford Unity, 
 had originally a regular system of relief stations, at each of 
 which members were entitled to receive a certain sum. This 
 system existed from the foundation of the society in 1835 until 
 1870, but has since been practically discarded. 
 
 At the present time, most of the branches in this society have 
 benevolent or distress funds for the voluntary assistance of 
 members who are out of employment, travelling in search of 
 work, or in other distressed circumstances. It is purely optional 
 
96 FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. 
 
 with a branch to establish such a fund. The contributions are 
 ^d. or Id. per month, and the payments made to members on 
 account of these benefits do not exceed SoOl. per annum. 
 
 There are no exemptions from payment of contributions in 
 this society on account of want of employment. 
 
 The British United Order of Oddfellows has a 
 
 travelling relief on similar lines to that of the Ancient Order of 
 Foresters, but as it appears to have been much abused it has 
 become almost obsolete. 
 
 Many branches assist out-of-work members by paying their 
 contributions ; and this benefit, being under the immediate 
 cognisance of the lodge officers and members, is said not to be 
 abused. There is no return made to the central body, but it is 
 estimated that about lOOZ. per annum is paid in this society for 
 out-of-work benefits. 
 
 The National United Order of Free Gardeners had 
 
 a total membership at the end of 1892 of 60,486. During the 
 five years ending 31st December 1892 it paid travelling relief 
 to members in search of employment amounting to 244^. 9s. 2d, 
 an average for the five years of 48/-. 17 s. lOd. per year. 
 
 There is no out-of-work benefit, and no grants are made by 
 the society to distressed members. There appears, however, to 
 be some provision for exemption from contributions under 
 certain circumstances, but this is a question for the branches 
 only. 
 
 The United Ancient Order of Druids by its general 
 rules makes it imperative that every district and every lodge 
 shall provide for the relief of members travelling in search of 
 employment, the amount (not exceeding Is. per day, including 
 Sunday) being specified. Members in distressed circumstances 
 and those travelling in search of employment are relieved by 
 each branch. No separate record is kept of the numbers so 
 relieved, but the amount expended for these purposes during the 
 last ^ve years reached 2,220^. 
 
 In some other societies efforts are made to relieve unemployed 
 members, by payment of subscription out of the funds or in 
 some other way, but the returns are so meagre that they do not 
 warrant any special reference in this report. 
 
 The majority, however, of friendly societies make little or no 
 attempt to deal with the question, or if anything is done it is not 
 provided for by the general rules, but is a matter of local 
 arrangement by the branches. 
 
97 
 
 (iii.) LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 (a.) Introduction. 
 
 Labour Bureaux or Employment Registries for members of 
 various trades do not at present play a part in English industry 
 comparable to that which they fulfil in France and elsewhere. 
 Many institutions and organisations which cannot properly be 
 described as labour bureaux, include among their functions 
 that of assisting their members to obtain work, but the " Labour 
 Bureau" as a special and separate institution, intended to 
 centralise the demand and supply of labour, is hardly as yet 
 naturalised in this country, except in a few special cases. 
 Private registries hardly exist except in the form of registries 
 for domestic servants (of which some account is given on 
 p. 130), or for particular classes of persons who for various 
 reasons find it exceptionally difficult to find work in the ordi- 
 nary way (e.g., discharged soldiers, the blind, &c.). It is desi- 
 rable, however, to give some account of the operations of such 
 labour bureaux under public or quasi-public management as 
 have been established in various parts of the country. 
 
 Counting both permanent and temporary registries the Depart- 
 ment has leceived information as to the work of 25 labour 
 bureaux during the past winter. Of these 15 were temporary 
 registries, leaving 10 which may be regarded as more or les-s 
 permanent bureaux, viz., at Ipswich, Egham, Chelsea, Battersea, 
 St. Pancras, Camber ^vell, Westminster, Blooms bury, Wolver- 
 hampton, and Salford. It is possible, however, that this list is 
 not exhaustive. 
 
 The temporary registries were for the most part started during 
 the winter by London Vestries and other local authorities in 
 connection with schemes (described elsewhere) for the municipal 
 provision of employment. In London the local authorities were 
 requested by the Trades Council to open these registries. In 
 several cases the lists of names registered were merely used for 
 the purpose of selecting men to be employed by the local 
 authority, and no attempt was made to find outside employment 
 for those registered. In these cases if is doubtful if the registries 
 ought to be reckoned as even temporary labour bureaux. In 
 other cases the registries were used for a double purpose : for 
 supplying men both to the local authority and to such private 
 employers as chose to apply. Finally, in a few cases, these 
 temporary registries were conducted (with more or less success) 
 as temporary labour bureaux pure and simple. 
 
 o 77723. G 
 
98 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Of permanent labour bureaux there are two main classes to be 
 considered : those which accept all applicants for registration 
 either without question or subject to certain well-delined condi- 
 tions (such as residence in the district), and those which sift the 
 applicants by some kind of inquiry more or less stringent. It 
 is clear that the class of persons benefited by the bureau will 
 depend largely on the extent to which this sifting process is 
 carried. Where nearly all comers are admitted registration is 
 no guarantee either of character or capacity, while the fact that 
 a man has had to have recourse to the bureau is prmid facie 
 evidence that he is not a satisfactory workman. Consequently 
 employers often hesitate to avail themselves of the bureau, the 
 register becomes choked with names of persons whom no one will 
 employ if he can help it, until finally the bureau may become 
 merely a centre for the supply of casual labourers and lads for 
 odd jobs, or a cheap registry for domestic servants. 
 
 On the other hand, the bureau which tests its applicants by 
 inquiry thereby narrows its range of usefulness to the efficient 
 members of the industrial army, and deliberately excludes the 
 class of persons who form the so-called " unemployed " class and 
 with whom, as a rule, relief works deal. This is admitted fully 
 by those who advocate a policy of discrimination. To quote the 
 words of the honorary manager of the Ipswich Labour Bureau : 
 " Only men with good references should be registered or recom- 
 " mended to employers. The old, physically incapable, and 
 " vicious, must be left severely alone, to be dealt with by other 
 " agencies. An attempt to u^e the bureau as a means of disposing 
 " of the submerged tenth is sure to be fatal to its success. ''* 
 
 While, however, the bureau which institutes strict inquiries 
 does not register so many applicants as that which is open to 
 all, it usually finds work for a larger per-centage, and is more 
 likely to be utilised by good workmen and good employers. 
 
 Among the bureaux which admit all local applicants for 
 registration are those managed by certain London Vestries. The 
 labour bureau, managed by a voluntary committee, at Wolver- 
 hampton instituted certain inquiries of previous employers. The 
 labour bureaux at Ipswich and Egham make inquiries so as 
 to enable the manager to recommend each man on the books 
 to employers as " a competent workman and of good character." 
 Both of these last-mentioned bureaux (which are stated to be 
 the longest established in the country), are under voluntary 
 management. As will be seen from a reference to the table given 
 on page 118, they compare very favourably with other bureaux 
 as regards the extent to which they are able to discharge their 
 function of finding work for those whose names are on their 
 books. Thus in the year October 1891 to October 1892 out of 
 458 applicants registered at Ipswich 150 (or 33 per cent.) 
 
 * " The Ipswich Labour Bureau (its Formation, Method of Working, &c.)," p. 5. 
 
EGHAM BUREAU. 99 
 
 were placed in permanent situations, and 141 (or 31 per cent.) 
 in teiijporary situations. During the same period out of 382 
 applicants at Egham, 289, (or 76 per cent.), were found employ- 
 ment either temporary or permanent. 
 
 It is now proposed to give some account of the principal 
 labour bureaux. 
 
 (h.) Detailed desceiptions of Labour Bureaux. 
 
 Egham. — The first to be established in England (at least, 
 among those still in existence) was that at Egham, which was 
 opened in February 1885. The bureau is managed by the 
 local Superintendent of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, who 
 gives his services gratuitously. 
 
 The registry is made known by cards posted about the dis- 
 trict, and by advertisement in the country papers. It is open 
 to local residents, but others may apply, and if a vacancy occurs 
 for which a local man is not available an outsider may be sent. 
 The bureau is open daily from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. The following 
 are the heads of information entered in the register : — 
 
 Name 
 
 Address 
 
 Date 
 
 Description of occupation required 
 
 Where last employed 
 
 How long employed 
 
 Applicant's remarks 
 
 Date when employment is found and by whom 
 
 The registrar only enters the names of those whom he con- 
 siders bond fide workmen out of employment, and as he is 
 acquainted with most persons in the district, formal inquiries 
 are hardly necessary. The local loafers are pretty well known 
 to him, and they do not now apply for registration. 
 
 No charge is made for registration, but "all who. may obtain 
 " engagements through its agency are invited to contribute, if 
 " possible, threepence per week during the first few weeks of 
 " their engagement, but this contribution is entirely voluntary." 
 The initial rule of the registry is "that the registrar shall 
 " scrupulously abstain from interference in any question of 
 " wages or conditions of service, or labour troubles." 
 
 Following this rule the registrar declines to supply men to 
 fill the places of men on strike, and no record is made as to 
 membership of a trade union or wages previously received or 
 required. 
 
 G 2 
 
100 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Postcards are issued to employers and men for them to notify- 
 when they are suited, and a fair proportion of these cards are 
 filled up and returned. 
 
 The extent of the operations of the bureau as an employment 
 agency is shown in the table on page 118. As is natural in 
 a country district, the bulk of those for whom situations are 
 found are gardeners, labourers, grooms, and members of the 
 building trades. Besides the work of finding situations, loans 
 are granted in special cases to redeem tools out of pawn, or to 
 take families to other districts. About 75 per cent, of the money 
 so advanced is repaid. 
 
 In the fourth annual report of the registry the opinion is 
 given that in such bureaux " the antecedents of applicants who 
 " may be personally unknown to the registrar" should be 
 authenticated " if it is intended not merely to report a total 
 " of all persons desirous of registering themselves as wanting 
 *' work, but also to attract offers of employment." 
 
 The success of the Registry seems very largely due to the 
 fact that the superintendent knows personally most of those 
 who are likely to apply, whether employers or workmen ; a 
 condition of things possible in a country district, but not in a 
 large town. 
 
 The Ipswich Bureau was opened in October 1885, only 
 a few months after that at Egham. The forms and registers 
 used are more elaborate than those at Egham. The principal 
 forms and methods of procedure are thus described in a recent 
 account of the bureau published by the honorary manager : — 
 
 " Our method of working is as follows : — When a man applies to us 
 for work, he is given a form, of which the following is a copy : — 
 
 No. • ' 
 
 IPSWICH LABOUR BUREAU. 
 
 Established for the purpose of finding work for men, and securing 
 suitable men for employers. No fees are charged, but donations to 
 defray working expenses are solicited. 
 
 Office : Tower Street. Office Hours : 9 to 5. 
 
 Dated 189 
 
 Application for Work. 
 
 Name ... 
 
 Address 
 
 Age 
 
 Married or Single 
 What Family 
 
IPSWICH BUREAU. 
 
 101 
 
 Trade (describe fully) 
 
 Name and Address of last Emjdoyer .... ' 
 
 How long in his employ 
 
 Average Wages 
 
 Cause of Leaving 
 
 Certificate of Character to be Signed by last Employer. 
 I certify that 
 
 is a competent workman, that he was in employ as stated above, 
 
 and that his character and conduct were satisfactory. 
 
 Signed 
 
 If the above is filled up and signed by the last employer to our satis- 
 faction, the man is registered. 
 
 Copy of Men's Eegister, 
 
 No. 
 
 Date. Name. 
 
 Address. 
 
 Occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 Married 
 
 or 
 Single. 
 
 I Name of | How 
 
 How many 1 last Em- i ^^r _„„ ' dis- 
 Children. ' ployer and | ^ ^^^* | posed 
 reference. ; I of. 
 
 
 If there is an order on the books to suit him, and if the place is near 
 enough to admit of it, we send him to it ; but if it is at too great a 
 distance, we send particulars of the man to the employer who has sent 
 us the order, and if he thinks him suitable, he goes. If we have no 
 opening for him, we look up advertisements in the daily papers, and if 
 anything likely is discovered, we send on to the advertiser the following 
 form : — 
 
 LABOUR BUREAU, IPSWICH. 
 
 A Medium for iNIasters who want Men, and Men who are seeking 
 Employment. 
 
 No Fees. Offices : Tower Street. 
 Telegraphic Address : " Labour Bureau, Ipswich." 
 Honorary Superintendent : 
 
 Wants Employment. 
 
 Name Address 
 
 Age Married, or Single 
 
102 
 
 LABOUE BUREAUX. 
 
 Trade 
 
 Last Employer 
 
 Having satisfied ourselves that the above is a competent workman, 
 and of good character, we shall be glad if you can find him employment. 
 
 We also advertise daily in the local papers such men as we have on 
 hand. 
 
 Orders for Men. 
 
 When masters apply to us for men, their orders are entered in a book, 
 of which the following is a sample : — 
 
 Date. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Address. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Man sent. 
 
 No. of 
 Register. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Result. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 If there is a man on the register likely to suit, particulars of him are 
 sent. If not, we do our best to get one. 
 
 Index Books. 
 To facilitate reference we have an index to names and trades. 
 
 Index of Names. 
 
 Trades Index. 
 
 Name. No. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Name. 
 
 No. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It will be seen from the table on page 118 that the bulk of 
 those for whom situations are found are labourers, porters, 
 grooms, gardeners, ond errand boys, which together make up 
 over 70 per cent, of the total number for whom situations were 
 found during the year 1891-2. During the previous year a still 
 greater proportion — nearly 80 per cent, of those placed in 
 situations — belonged to these classes. The management of 
 the bureau is entirely in the hands of the hon. mannger, but 
 he is desirous that it should be taken over by the Municipality, 
 and that similar institutions should be establisheti in all large 
 towns and federated together so as to " facilitate the circulation 
 of labour." Kegistration is free, and the expenses of the bureau 
 which amounted to 98/. lis. Sd. during the year 1891-2 are 
 met by voluntary subscriptions. The bureau is confined to 
 men and lads and claims to be neutral in trade disputes. The 
 success of the bureau in placing applicants seems to spring 
 
WOLVERHAMPTON BUREAU. 103 
 
 largely from the energy expended by the manager in finding 
 situations for workmen, and workmen for employers. He does 
 not merely register applications and wait for corresponding 
 offers, but actively exerts himself to find suitable employers or 
 workmen as the case may be. 
 
 At Wolverhampton, the centre of a manufacturing district, 
 very difterent in character from that surrounding Ipswach, a labour 
 bureau was established by a voluntary committee in December 
 1892. The bureau was connected with a relief organisation 
 formed to deal with the distress prevailing in the town through 
 scarcity of employment. At first all applicants were registered 
 and 763 names were entered, of whom 294 belonged to various 
 branches of the metal trades. The labour bureau, however, was 
 hardly used at all by employers so long as it was connected 
 with the relief organisation, and up to the time of the first 
 report of the committee only six temporary situations had been 
 obtained in addition to the work provided directly in the way of 
 relief. The report states that " it seems almost impossible that 
 " while there is any suggestion of relief employers can be made 
 " to believe that any men are to be found except the ' sub- 
 " merged tenth' who are practically useless to them." A 
 special sub-committee was therefore appointed to manage the 
 bureau, which decided "that only those applicants should be 
 " placed upon the register who could show that their being out 
 " of employment was due to no fault of their own." For this 
 purpose detailed inquiry forms were drawn up, which had to 
 be filled up by the applicant and countersigned by his last 
 employer. The result, however, was to arouse some opposition 
 among Trade Unionists who regarded the inquiries from the last 
 employer as an attempt to re-introduce the " discharge note " 
 system. Practically ihe bureau is closed. Employers have not 
 used it, and not more than 20 applicants have been placed in 
 situations through its agency. 
 
 At Salford the labour bureau, like that at Wolverhampton, 
 came into existence during last winter as an eff'ort to relieve 
 distress caused by the scarcity of employment. For two or three 
 weeks registration was carried on by a private Committee in 
 three ward* of the borough, and 273 persons registered ; after- 
 wards a special committee of the Corporation was appointed 
 on December 7th, 1892, to inquire into the extent of dis- 
 tress and to make proposals for its relief. With a view 
 to make this inquiry complete the sub-committee opened a 
 register for the unemployed in the borough. The following 
 particulars were registered : — name ; address ; occupation ; usual 
 wages ; length of residence in borough ; where last employed , 
 how long ; married or single ; number of children ; and physical 
 condition. 
 
104 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 To verify the accuracy of those statements, the following- 
 postcard was addressed to the last employer : — 
 
 Town Hall, 
 
 Salford, 1893. 
 
 In the .course of a Registration of the Unemployed 
 
 Workmen in the County Borough of Salford, 
 
 has given his 
 
 name as being desirous of obtaining employment, and has 
 specified you as his last employers. You will greatly assist 
 the purposes of the Registration if you will kindly fill up 
 and post the return half of this card. You will observe that 
 a register number is used, SO THAT YOU ARE FULLY 
 PROTECTED if it be necessary to report unfavourably. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 COUNTY BOROUGH OF SALFORD. 
 
 Registration of Unemployed. 
 
 Register No 
 
 This man was in employ as stated, 
 
 and performed his dutiesO^) 
 
 He teas discharged on account of (2) 
 
 (1) Here please state whether to 
 
 your satisfaction or other- . 
 
 wise. bigned 
 
 (2) Here please state reason for 
 
 discharge. 
 
 During the six months ended 19tli June 1893, 1,456 appli- 
 cants were registered. The trades of these applicants and the 
 numbers placed in situations will be seen by reference to the 
 tables on page 118. 
 
 It has been the custom of the Corporation to publish every 
 Thursday a weekly flyleaf giving particulars of the bureau and, 
 
SALFORD BUREAU. 105- 
 
 of employment required. The following copy of the flyleaf, 
 dated June loth, will serve as a specimen : — 
 
 To THE Employers of Labour in the County Borough of Salford. 
 
 The Corporation of Salford, with the view of assisting unemployed 
 workmen resident in the Borough to obtain work as speedily as possible, 
 have decided to continue the Registration Office as a Labour Exchange 
 for the Borough. ^ 
 
 The Committee have every hope that the system which they have 
 adopted will presently enable them, at any time, to recommend workmen 
 of good character, and representing almost every trade which is carried 
 on in the neighbourhood ; and they are convinced that, having once 
 secured the confidence of the employers and workmen alike, the 
 Exchange will prove an invaluable means of speedy communication 
 between employers and unemployed. 
 
 The Committee therefore earnestly request you to support this im- 
 portant experiment, so far as lies in your power^ by applying to the 
 Labour Exchange whenever you are in need of any labour, whether 
 skilled or unskilled. 
 
 The Committee, on their part, will endeavour to assure themselves of 
 the fitness, both as to character and ability, of those whom they recom- 
 mend for any situation, and they will strictly confine their operations to 
 residents in the Borough. 
 
 The Labour Exchange is temporarily situated at 
 
 The Temperance Hall, Ford Street, 
 
 {Near the Town Hall,) 
 
 SALFORD. 
 
 Hours, 10.0 a.m. to 4.0 p.m., Saturdays excepted. 
 
 Applications by Employers for Workmen, if by letter, should be 
 addressed to the Secretary, Unemployed Committee, Town Hall, Salford, 
 or personally at Ford Street. 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 I Registration 
 i'^ Sub-Committee. 
 
 1 R: 
 
 J 
 
 PARTICULARS OF EMPLOYMENT REQUIRED, 
 Thursday Night, June 15th, 1893. 
 
 Bass maker - 
 Boiler maker 
 Bass dresser 
 Bottler 
 Bleacher 
 
 Back tenters - - 3 
 
 Bleacher's packer - 1 
 
 Barman - - 1 
 
 Brass finishers - 8 
 
 Blacksmiths - - 2 
 
106 
 
 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Bath attendants - 2 
 
 Brass moulder - 1 
 
 Bakers - - 5 
 
 Bicycle wheel maker 1 
 
 Boot makers - 2 
 
 Beaterman - - 1 
 
 Bleacher's finisher - 1 
 
 Belt weavers - 2 
 
 Boot and shoe packer 1 
 
 Carters - - 67 
 
 Coachman - - 1 
 
 Co alhe avers - - 2 
 
 Cellarraen - - 2 
 
 Clerks - - 17 
 
 Carpenters - - 2 
 
 Carpet weaver - 1 
 
 Clammer - - 1 
 
 Core makers - - 3 
 
 Chemical manufacturer 1 
 
 Carriage fitter - 1 
 
 Cotton twister 1 
 
 Cloth raiser - - 1 
 
 Crane driver - - 1 
 
 Cloth finisher - 1 
 
 Calender man - 1 
 
 Concretor - - 1 
 
 Cotton })iecer - 1 
 
 Cart sheet maker - 1 
 
 Contractor - - I 
 
 Cabinet maker - 1 
 
 Cooper - - 1 
 
 Drillers - - 8 
 
 Dyevvasher - - 1 
 
 Dyers - - 18 
 
 Dryer - - 1 
 
 Engine drivers - 10 
 
 Engineers - - 5 
 
 Electric light man - 1 
 
 Engineer's improver - 1 
 
 Electrician - - 1 
 
 Engineer's clock maker 1 
 
 Fitters 
 
 - 14 
 
 Firemen 
 
 - IS 
 
 Fitter's labourers 
 
 - 2 
 
 Furniture packer 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 Glass bottle packer ■ 
 
 1 
 
 Goods porter 
 
 1 
 
 Grey man 
 
 - 1 
 
 Goods Stamper 
 
 1 
 
 Grocer 
 
 1 
 
 Grooms 
 
 
 Glass packers 
 
 ■ 2 
 
 Gold beater - 
 
 - ] 
 
 Horse keepers 
 
 - 5 
 
 Iron turners - 
 
 - 23 
 
 Iron moulders 
 
 • 13 
 
 Iron dresser - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Iron polisher 
 
 - 1 
 
 Joiners 
 
 - 6 
 
 Labourers 
 
 - 400 
 
 Lurrymen 
 
 
 
 Lidder 
 
 - 1 
 
 Lap carrier - 
 
 1 
 
 Lithographic printers 3 
 
 Leather dresser - 1 
 
 Machine strap maker 1 
 
 Maker-up - - 1 
 
 Mantle cutter - 1 
 
 Mantle maker - 1 
 Musical instrument 
 
 finisher - - 1 
 
 Marble mason - 1 
 
 Navvies - - 32 
 
 Overlooker - - 1 
 
 Painters - - 14 
 
 Planers - - 3 
 
 Pail carrier - - 1 
 
 Plumber - - 1 
 
 Packers - - 10 
 
 Pipe polisher - 1 
 
 Puddlers - - 14 
 
 Printer's feeder - 1 
 
 Plasterer - - 1 
 
 Pipe fitter - - 1 
 
 Paper maker's finisher 1 
 
 Poulterer - - 1 
 
 Packing case maker - 1 
 
 Peelers - - 3 
 
 Slotters and shapers - 3 
 
 Sawyers - - 3 
 
 Spinners - - 3 
 
 Screwers - - 2 
 
 Strikers - - 22 
 
 Slater - - 1 
 
 Stiffen ers - - 2 
 
 vStripper and grinder- 1 
 
 Spring mattress maker ] 
 
 Strap stitcher - 1 
 
 Stamp maker - 1 
 
 Sinker ' - 1 
 
 Servant - - 1 
 
 Tailor - - 1 
 
 Timber jobber - 1 
 
 Timekeepers - 3 
 
 Tin plate workers - 3 
 
 Tailor's machinist - 1 
 
 Umbrella maker - 1 
 
 Warehousemen - 13 
 
 Watchmen - - 3 
 
 Waterproof spreaders 3 
 
 Wire drawer - 1 
 
 Weavers - - 2 
 
CHELSEA BUREAU. 107 
 
 Waiter - - 1 
 
 Washerman - - 1 
 
 Warpers - - 2 
 
 Wire cleaner - 1 
 
 Waggon builder - 1 
 Warp sizers - - 2 
 
 Total applications during 29 weeks - - 1,72S 
 
 Employment afforded — 
 
 By private employers to - - - - 333 
 
 „ Salford Corporation to - - - - 190 
 
 „ registrations cancelled - . - - 205 
 
 „ temporary employment - - - - 78 
 
 ,, removals cancelled - - - - 56 
 
 Total dealt with - - - 862 
 
 Leaving 866 not yet dealt with. 
 
 Though it was originally started as a temporary register to 
 ascertain the number of persons unemployed in the borough, 
 the operations of the Salford Labour Bureau were extended for 
 a year by a vote of the Council on 12th April 1893. It may 
 therefore, perhaps, be classed as a permanent bureau. 
 
 Chelsea. — One of the most important labour bureaux 
 under the control of a London Vestry is that at Chelsea, 
 which was founded in October 1891. The bureau is managed 
 by a committee of the vestry, employing a superintendent and a 
 lad. It is open daily from 9 to 12 for men and from 1 to 5 for 
 women, except on Saturdays. Applicants must be resident in the 
 parish, and must fill in a form indicating name, address, character 
 of employment required, where last employed and how long out 
 of employment. Registration is free, and applicants must apply 
 for renewal every seventh day if still unemployed. The super- 
 intendent exercises his discretion to a certain extent in selecting 
 persons from among those registered to send to employers. He 
 has a general instruction from the Committee to work in har- 
 mony with trade organisations, but the vestry have not officially 
 laid down the principle that men are not to be sent to take the 
 place of strikers. 
 
 The bureau has no permanent connexion with any scheme of 
 relief, though last winter, by arrangement with the surveyor to 
 the vestry, tickets were issued to the men on the register, giving 
 preference for employment in clearing the roads of snow. The 
 superintendent presents a monthly report to the vestry on the 
 work of the bureau. 
 
 Several other vestries have copied the forms in use at the 
 Chelsea Bureau, with more or less modification, when starting 
 permanent or temporary registries in their districts. It may, 
 therefore, be of interest to reprint some of the principal forms 
 here. It should be stated that in practice Form No. 3 is seldom 
 returned to the office. 
 
108 
 
 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Form L 
 
 No. CHELSEA LABOUR BUREAU. 
 
 Town Hall, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. Date 
 
 Any remarks 
 
 applicant 
 
 may desire to 
 
 make. 
 
 189 
 
 Full Name. 
 
 
 Full Address. 
 
 
 Description of 
 
 Employment 
 
 required. 
 
 
 Where last 
 employed. 
 
 
 How long 
 unemployed. 
 
 
 Form 2. 
 
 No. CHELSEA LABOUR BUREAU. 
 
 Town Hall, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W. 
 
 Date 
 
 189 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I am pleased to inform you that I have obtained employment at jj^^,^ ^^^^ 
 
 and Addr 
 
 _ _— Employer] 
 
 and desire to have my name erased from the list of applicants for em- where empl^ 
 ployment. 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 Here write 
 Name. 
 
 Note. — This form must, when filled up, be delivered at the Bureau 
 as soon as possible after obtaining employment. 
 
 Superintendent, 
 
 KEEP THIS CLEAN. 
 
CHELSEA BUREAU. 109 
 
 Form 3. 
 
 LABOUR BUREAU, 
 TOWN HALL, CHELSEA, S.W. 
 
 189 . 
 
 On the day of I sent you 
 
 in compliance with your wish. Will you kindly fill up the form at the 
 foot, and return it to me at your earliest convenience ? 
 
 I am, , your obedient Servant, 
 
 Superintend€7it. 
 
 Mr. 
 
 REPLY. 
 
 I am* suit^ [and the person you sent is still in my ser\^ice.] 
 
 Signature 
 
 Date 
 
 * Insert '•' not " if such be the case, and strike out the words in brackets. 
 
 During the year, January 1st 1892, to December 31st, 1892, 
 3,402 names were registered, and employment (either tempo- 
 rary or permanent) was found for 1,649, of whom 668 were 
 domestic servants, 290 charwomen, 150 boys, 121 labourers, and 
 the remaining 420 men and women belonging to various trades 
 and industries. The expenditure of the bureau for the first 
 year, October 1891 to October 1892, was 180^. 12s. 7d, the 
 bureau being accommodated rent free in the vestry offices. 
 
 Most of the remainder of the existing labour bureaux con- 
 ducted by London vestries and local boards had their origin in 
 the temporary registries for the unemployed started last winter 
 in various districts under circumstances described in a later 
 section of this report. Some of these registries have been dis- 
 continued since the spring (as at Lambeth and elsewhere), others 
 though still nominally open are for the time practically closed 
 (as at Westminster, the Strand, &c.) ; a few have been worked 
 continuously as labour bureaux, and may be considered as 
 permanent institutions. 
 
 Of the latter the most important are the bureaux at St. 
 Pancras, Battersea, and Camberwell. 
 
 The St. Pancras Bureau was started in January last, and 
 from its establishment up to August 31st registered 3,297 appli- 
 cants, for 446 of whom it found employment. At the beginning 
 20 branch offices were opened, but the amount of use made of 
 these offices decreased after a time, and the whole work of the- 
 bureau is now centralised in one office. 
 
110 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 The following is the form of application : — 
 No. of Applicant Date 1893. 
 
 Christian and Surname of Applicant 
 
 Age 
 
 Married, Single, Widower, or Widow 
 
 No. of Children dependent on Applicant 
 
 Trade or Calling of Apphcant 
 How long Out of Work 
 Where last Employed 
 Total Average Weekly Earnings when in 
 Work 
 
 Of Applicant 
 
 Of Wife 
 
 Of Children 
 
 Place of Residence 
 IN o. of Rooms Occupied 
 Period of Residence 
 Amount of Rent paid 
 If in Receipt of Relief from the Parish 
 
 Names 
 
 Ages. 
 
 Any further remarks Applicant may desire to make respecting former 
 employment, references, or other special matters for information of 
 employers. 
 
 The forms of letters to employers are substantially j' the same 
 as those in use at Chelsea. |*£^^^^^'i^'' 
 
 Applicants are required to renew their applications once a 
 fortnight until they obtain work, and are asked to report the 
 fact as soon as they find work for themselves, but the first 
 report of the bureau states that these rules are not strictly com- 
 plied with. The particulars filled in on the application forms 
 are not as a rule verified by inquiry. With regard to the 
 question of recommendation^ the importance of which is alluded 
 to above, the Superintendent in her report to the vestry states 
 that : — 
 
 " The question of recommendation is a serious one, and has had to be 
 dealt with very gently ; we do not take responsibility in any way, but we 
 have found it desirable, in the interests of the applicants, to invite them 
 to furnish such particulars as will enable employers to make inquiries as 
 to character and suitability. Some working men urge that their cha- 
 racter has nothing to do with their quality as workmen and their claim 
 to employment. No doubt, from their point of view, there is some 
 justification for the argument, but I am glad to say that few applicants 
 have persisted in their view when it is pointed out to them how an 
 employer may be equally right in taking the opposite view." 
 
 Care is said to be taken not to interfere with questions of 
 wages to be received, the work of the bureau being considered to 
 consist simply in registering names of workmen and employers. 
 The cost of the bureau for the first three months (when the 
 
BATTERSEA AND CAMBERWELL BUREAUX. Ill 
 
 branch offices were open) was 981. 5s. lid. exclusive of printing, 
 and with no charge for rent. As now worked the cost is stated 
 by the superintendent to be about 21, a week. The trades of 
 those registered and those placed in situations are given on p. 114. 
 
 The Batter sea Bureau is conducted in premises provided by 
 the vestry, by which it is maintained. It was opened in 
 December 1892, and during the succeeding six months the names 
 of 1,948 men and boys, and 367 women were registered, and 447 
 men and boys and 122 women have been placed in situations, 
 either permanent or temporary. Of these 24 men were employed 
 by the vestry surveyor, and 10 by the Commissioners of Baths 
 and Washhouses. The forms used, the hours during which the 
 bureau is open, and the general lines on which it is conducted, 
 are substantially the same as at Chelsea. The cost for the first 
 six months, including the expense of fitting up the office, is 
 stated to have been 106^. 6s. Sd. 
 
 At Camberwell a labour bureau was established by the 
 vestry on December 19th, 1892, first for men and since December 
 30th for men and women. The forms used are nearly identical 
 with those used at Chelsea. The bureau occupies a special 
 building containing two rooms erected by the vestry at the rear 
 of the vestry hall, and is managed by a committee of the vestry. 
 When a workman is supplied to an employer, both parties are 
 informed that not less than trade union rates of wages should 
 be given or accepted. The employers who chiefly use the bureau 
 are shopkeepers and small manufacturers. There is a good 
 demand for domestic servants, but not many applicants for situa- 
 tions. As at Chelsea, St. Pancras, and elsewhere, very few 
 employers return the forms asking whether they are suited or 
 not. The rule is to keep applicants on the register for seven 
 days, after which they must renew their application if necessary. 
 
 The Superintendent has visited the chief local employers, and 
 temporary work as sandwich men has been found for many men, 
 who have been supplied with boards (borrowed for the purpose) 
 and paid 2s. Qd. a day through the superintendent of the bureau. 
 
 Other Bureaux and Registries. — The Labour Exchange, 
 opened in Februaiy 1893 by the Strand district Board of Works 
 registered 191 names up to May ,15th, mostly of unskilled 
 labourers. The only man for whom work was found was 
 employed by the board. The office is now closed, but any persons 
 still wishing to register can do so at the offices of the board. 
 
 In Westminster an employment registry has been at work 
 since March 6th, 1893, the Vestry of St. Margaret and St. John 
 having voted 200^. for the purpose. The number of persons re- 
 gistered up to June 15th was 936, and employment found for 25. 
 The table on p. 115 shows that most of the applicants are unskilled 
 labourers, porters, carmen, boys, and charwomen. 
 
 A labour bureau was established by the Vestry of St. 
 Martin-in-the-Fields on November l7th, 1892, but with the 
 exception of a few men employed temporarily by the surveyor, 
 
112 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 none of the 169 applicants have been placed in situations. The 
 Chelsea forms are used, but there is no inquiry or classification. 
 
 The temporary registries, which were open for a few months 
 during the winter, need no description, beyond the analysis of 
 applicants given on p. 210, and the work of certain voluntary 
 bureaux established in Liverpool and Leeds during the past spring 
 is alluded to on pp. 184 and 225. None of them succeeded to any 
 appreciable extent in obtaining private employment for those 
 who registered their names, and such interest as they possess is 
 mainly in connection with the supply of labour for public relief 
 works. The labour bureau established by the Salvation Army 
 is best described as part of its general system of social work 
 (see p. 161). 
 
 The work of registries for domestic servants and of agencies 
 dealing with particular classes of persons, e.g., reserve soldiers, 
 discharged prisoners, &c., &;c., is dealt with in special chapters. 
 
 The expenditure of money out of the local rates for the 
 purpose of maintaining labour bureaux has not passed without 
 challenge even in the case of liondon vestries, the powers of 
 which are in some ways less clearly limited than those of 
 oj-dinary municipalities. Representations have been made by 
 several of those concerned with the management of voluntary 
 bureaux that legislation is desirable which should place these 
 powers beyond question in the case of all municipal authorities. 
 
 (c.) Concluding Summary. 
 
 To summarise the results of the inquiry into the worlv of 
 existing labour bureaux and to define the scope of their possi- 
 ble utility is no easy task. It is to be remembered that such 
 bureaux as exist are mainly to be regarded as sporadic 
 experiments, contending often, like so many new institutions, 
 with great obstacles, arising from financial embarrassment, 
 difficulties of management, and absence of general interest 
 and support. To treat the degree of success which they have 
 achieved as the measure of the possibilities of this kind of 
 industrial institution would be in the highest degree unfair. 
 Nevertheless, the variety of experiment has been sufficient to 
 enable a few provisional (y^nclusions to be arrived at, which, 
 though not to be regarded as absolute or final, may at least be 
 of some use in pointing out the directions in which success is 
 most and least likely to be attained. 
 
 With these reservations, it may be said in the first place that 
 one essential condition of success appears to be selection of 
 applicants. Without such selection employers will not as a 
 rule use the bureaux. In a large centre the selection can only 
 be made by adequate inquiry, and this would seem necessarily 
 to involve something of the nature of the " character note " to 
 which some workmen object. Without going into the question 
 of the reasonableness of their objection, it may be said that 
 without this condition a labour bureau is unlikely to be of 
 
CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 113 
 
 much material service to the trade to which the objectors belong. 
 While inquiry appears necessary in large centres, it may be safely 
 replaced by the far more effective guarantee of personal 
 knowledge in the case of registries in small country districts like 
 Egham, where the great bulk of applicants, both workpeople and 
 employers, are known to the superintendent. This would seem 
 to support the view held by some persons of experience, that 
 labour bureaux are more likely to succeed in small and medium 
 sized towns than in the largest centres. 
 
 Secondly, and for much the same reasons, it appears not to be 
 desirable to mix up the functions of a labour exchange with 
 those of a relief-agency. The supply of efficient labour to 
 employers and the rescue of the " submerged " are essentially 
 different problems. 
 
 Thirdly, it would appear desirable, where practicable, for a 
 bureau to steer quite clear of trade disputes, by declining either 
 to supply men to a workshop where there is a strike, or to 
 register the names of workmen on strike. The superintendent 
 cannot, of course, always inform himself as to all the strikes 
 which may occur, but it might, perhaps, be possible for the trade 
 society or eiuployer, as the case might be, to send a notification 
 of the fact of a dispute to the local labour bureau. In any case 
 the interference of a labour bureau in a trade dispute would tend 
 to impair its usefulness, and to make it unpopular. Cases 
 illustrating this danger have already occurred in some districts. 
 
 Fourthly, whatever scheme be adopted the success of a labour 
 bureau will depend mainly on the energy, tact, and judgment 
 of the manager, and the degree to which he can gain the 
 confidence of employers and workmen. 
 
 With the best of conditions, labour bureaux can hardly be 
 expected ever to become the sole or principal means of bringing 
 together employers and unemployed. The bulk of the work 
 of hiring labour and seeking employment will in most trades 
 continue to be done directly between workmen and em- 
 ployers, as is the case even in countries where, as in France, 
 the system of bureaux has been carried much further than in 
 the United Kingdom. Nor as regards the organised trades can 
 labour bureaux as a rule compare in utility, so far as workmen 
 are concerned, with the work of a well-managed trade society, 
 such as some of those described in a previous section. The chief 
 field of usefulness of labour bureaux is likely, therefore, to be 
 found for some time to come in the less highly organised trades. 
 Limited, however, as the functions of labour bureaux may be, 
 there is no reason to suppose that they have anything like 
 reached their limits, and in the present experimental stage of 
 the problem it is desirable to' encourage and watch every 
 carefully devised fresh experiment in this direction. 
 
 Full particulars of the number and occupations of the appli- 
 cants at the bureaux and the character of the employment 
 obtained for them will be found in the annexed tables. 
 
 o 77723. H 
 
114 
 
 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Table showing the Number and Occupations of 
 was found through the under-mentioned 
 
 METROPOLITAN. 
 
 
 Si. Pancras. 
 
 Chelsea. 
 
 Battersea. 
 
 
 Trade. 
 
 No. 
 ofAp. 
 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 
 23rd 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1893 
 to 
 
 31st 
 
 1893.* 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 
 1st 
 Jan. 
 1892 
 
 to 
 31st 
 Dec. 
 1892. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 
 pli- 
 cants, 
 from 
 
 1st 
 Jan. 
 1893 
 
 to 
 30th 
 June 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 
 ma- 
 
 Inent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po, 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary.* 
 
 
 . Men. 
 Gardeners .... 
 
 Building trades :— 
 Bricklayers 
 
 Masons ...» 
 
 Carpenters and joiners - 
 
 Plumbers . - - - 
 
 Plasterers - 
 
 Painters . - - - 
 
 Builders' labourers 
 
 Engineering and metal trades :— 
 Engineers, fitters, &c. - 
 
 Boiler-makers and ironfounders 
 
 Blacksmiths, &c. - 
 
 Others . - - . 
 
 Woodwork and furniture trades : — 
 Coopers - - - - 
 
 Cabinet makers, upholsterers, 
 
 &c. 
 Carriage builders - 
 
 Others .... 
 
 Printing and bookbinding trades :— 
 Compositors 
 
 Machine-minders, &c. 
 
 Bookbinders 
 
 others .... 
 Pine instruments, jewellery, Ac. 
 Leather and fur trades 
 Chemical and allied trades - 
 Textile trades ... - 
 
 17 
 15 
 
 50 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 169 
 
 16 
 1 
 
 15 
 63 
 
 58 
 13 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 10 
 11 
 21 
 37 
 4 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 4 
 31 
 17 
 11 
 96 
 
 32 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 15 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 12 
 1 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 31 
 16 
 
 102 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 169 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 4 
 
 39 
 7 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Carried forward 
 
 701 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 264 
 
 67 
 
 45 
 
 424 
 
 7 
 
 132 
 
 
 * Battersea. — All situations obtained have been tabulated as temporary, except those in 
 which applicants have informed the vestry that the situations were permanent. 
 
METROPOLITAN. 
 
 115 
 
 Applicants and of those for whom Employment 
 Labour Bureaux during the Periods stated. 
 
 METROPOLITAN. 
 
 
 CamberweU. 
 
 Westminster. 
 
 St. Giles' and 
 St. George's 
 Bloomsbury. 
 
 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 19th 
 Dec. 
 1892 
 to 
 
 25th 
 Mar. 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations.* 
 
 No. 
 of Ap. 
 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 
 6th 
 Mar. 
 
 1893 
 to 
 
 15th 
 June 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 1st 
 Jan. 
 1893 
 to 
 28th 
 Mar. 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 ' Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations.1 
 
 Trade. 
 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- Tem- 
 ma- po- 
 nent. raiy. 
 
 Per. 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 2. 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 269 
 
 340 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 ■21 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Men. 
 Gardeners. 
 
 Building trades :— 
 Bricklayers. 
 
 Masons. 
 
 Carpenters and joiners. 
 
 Plumbers. 
 
 Plasterers. 
 
 Painters. 
 
 Builders' labourers. 
 
 Engineering and metal trades :— 
 Engineers, fitters, &c. 
 
 Boiler-makers and ironfounders. 
 
 Blacksmiths, &c. 
 
 Others. 
 
 "Woodwork and furniture trades :— 
 
 Coopers. 
 
 Cabinet makers, upholsterers, 
 
 &c. 
 Carriage builders. 
 
 Others. 
 
 Printing and bookbinding trades :— 
 
 Compositors. 
 
 Machine-minders, &c. 
 
 Bookbinders. 
 
 Others. 
 Fine instruments, jewellery, &c. 
 Leather and for trades. 
 Chemical and allied trades. 
 Textile trades. 
 
 
 823 
 
 21 
 
 - 
 
 111 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Carried forward. 
 
 * CamberweU, — These figures are exclusive of men employed by the vestry on relief works, 
 t St. Giles'.— Numher of appUcants for whom situations were found cannot be stated, but 
 number were found employment by the St. Giles' Board of Works. 
 
 H 2 
 
116 
 
 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Table showing the Number and Occupations of 
 was found through the under-mentioned 
 
 METROPOLITAN— coTil 
 
 
 St. Pancras. 
 
 Chelsea. 
 
 Battersea. 
 
 
 Trade. 
 
 No. 
 
 of Ap 
 pU- 
 
 cants 
 
 from 
 23rd 
 Jan. 
 
 1893 
 to 
 31st 
 
 Aug. 
 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of An- 
 
 pu: 
 
 cants 
 from 
 
 1st 
 Jan. 
 1892 
 
 to 
 3lst 
 Dec. 
 1892. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 
 1st 
 Jan. 
 
 1893 
 
 to 
 30th 
 June 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 
 po- 
 
 idry.* 
 
 
 METS—cont. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Brought forward 
 
 701 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 264 
 
 67 
 
 45 
 
 424 
 
 7 132 
 
 
 Clothing trades 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 1 , — 
 
 
 Pood, drink, and tobacco (prepara- 
 tion of). 
 Engine-drivers, stokers, &c. - 
 
 22 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 46 
 
 _ __ 
 - 13 
 
 
 Railway employes - 
 
 20 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ~ i ~ 
 
 
 Miscellaneous (skilled) 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 __ I ■ 
 
 
 Carmen and transport (other than 
 
 railways). 
 Stablemen, horsemen, &c. - 
 
 225 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 99 
 
 7 
 
 - 
 
 178 
 
 - 1 32 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 — 26 
 
 
 Retail tradesmen 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 29 
 
 11 1 — 
 
 
 General labourers 
 
 397 
 
 18 
 
 75 
 
 223 
 
 26 
 
 95 
 
 630 
 
 - ' 102 
 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen - 
 
 66 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 64 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 94 
 
 - 10 
 
 
 Porters and messengers 
 
 365 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 311 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 114 
 
 - 16 
 
 
 Menservants, watchmen, &c. 
 
 54 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 112 
 
 88 
 
 6 
 
 71 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 
 ■Street sellers and dealers 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 
 Waiters .... 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Others - - - - - 
 
 127 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 178 
 
 - 
 
 39 
 
 
 Total men 
 
 2,158 
 
 116 
 
 131 
 
 1,195 
 
 235 
 
 183 
 
 1,837 
 
 19 1 380 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Boys 
 
 519 
 
 118 
 
 7 
 
 589 
 
 119 
 
 31 
 
 111 
 
 - 
 
 48 
 
 
 Women and Giels. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dressmakers, seamstresses, &c. 
 
 66 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 98 
 
 72 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 
 Charwomen, washerwomen, &c. 
 
 242 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 718 
 
 211 
 
 79 
 
 248 
 
 - 
 
 66 
 
 
 Domestic servants 
 
 180 
 
 39 
 
 - 
 
 741 
 
 668 
 
 - 
 
 53 
 
 41 
 
 - 
 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 26 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 43 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 
 Miscellaneous - - . - 
 
 116 
 
 18 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 
 Total women and girls 
 
 620 
 
 64 
 
 10 
 
 1,618 
 
 975 
 
 100 
 
 367 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 73 
 
 
 i' 
 Grand total (Metropolitan) j 
 
 1 
 
 3,297 
 
 298 
 
 148 
 
 3,402 j 
 
 1,329 
 
 320 
 
 2,315 
 
 68 
 
 501 
 
 
 * See note on p. 114. 
 
METROPOLITAN. 
 
 IIT 
 
 Applicants and of those for whom Employment 
 Labour Bureaux during the Periods staled — cont. 
 
 METROPOLITAN.— coTii^. 
 
 
 Cambenvell. 
 
 Westminster. 
 
 St. Giles' and 
 St. George's 
 Bloomsbury. 
 
 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 19th 
 Dec. 
 1892 
 to 
 25 Ih 
 Mar. 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations.* 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 6th 
 Mar. 
 1893 
 to 
 15th 
 June 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 nlaced in 
 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 1st 
 Jan. 
 1893 
 to 
 28th 
 Mar. 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Applicants 
 
 placed in 
 
 Situations.* 
 
 Trade. 
 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent, 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Men— cow^. 
 
 
 823 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 Ill 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Brought forward. 
 
 
 IG 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 Clothing trades. 
 
 
 28 
 17 
 
 _ 
 _ 
 
 : 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 — 
 
 Food, drink, and tobacco (prepara- 
 tion of) . 
 Engine-drivers, stokers, &c. 
 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Railway employes. 
 
 
 26 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Miscellaneous (skilled). 
 
 
 173 
 23 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 60 
 19 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Carmen and transport (other thaa 
 
 railways). 
 Stablemen, horsemen, &c. 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Retail tradesmen. 
 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Shop assistants. 
 
 
 772 
 
 20 
 
 246 
 
 153 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 38 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 General labourers. 
 
 
 53 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen. 
 
 
 84 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 106 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Porters and messengers. 
 
 
 23 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Menservants. watchmen, &c.. 
 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Street sellers and dealers^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Waiters. 
 
 
 12 
 
 2,078 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 31 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 78 
 
 
 — 
 
 Others. 
 
 
 44 
 
 246 
 
 566 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 Total men. 
 
 
 16 1 4 
 
 - 
 
 94 
 
 4 1 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Boys. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Women and Giels. 
 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Dressmakers, seamstresses, &c. 
 
 
 91 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 146 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Charwomen, washerwomen, &c^ 
 
 
 2i) 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - - 
 
 Domestic servants. 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Shop assistants. 
 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 60 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 
 136 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 276 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 1- 
 
 Total women and girls. 
 
 
 2,230 ' 57 
 
 1 
 
 246 
 
 936 
 
 25 
 
 - 
 
 80 
 
 - - 
 
 Grand total (Metropolitan). 
 
 See note on p. 115. 
 
118 
 
 LABOUR BUREAUX. 
 
 Table showing the Number and Occupations of Applicants and of 
 those for whom Employment was found through the under- 
 mentioned Labour Bureaux during the Periods stated. 
 
 PROVINCIAL. 
 
 
 Egham. 
 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Wol verb ampton. 
 
 Salford. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 1st 
 Oct. 
 1891 
 to 
 31st 
 Dec. 
 1892. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 
 pli- 
 cants 
 placed 
 
 in 
 Situa- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 
 pU- 
 cants 
 from 
 
 31st 
 Oct. 
 1891 
 
 to 
 81st 
 Oct. 
 1892. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 
 of An- 
 pli. 
 
 cants 
 from 
 29th 
 Dec. 
 1892 
 to 
 20th 
 Jan. 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 19th 
 Dec. 
 1892 
 to 
 19th 
 June 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 T)laced in 
 Situations. 
 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per. 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Men. 
 Agricultural :— 
 
 Farm labourers 
 
 Gardeners - 
 Building trades :— 
 
 Brickmakers 
 
 Bricklayers - 
 
 Masons 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 
 
 Plumbers, &c. 
 
 Plasterers - 
 
 Painters 
 
 Labourers - 
 
 Mining - - - - 
 
 Engineering and metal 
 trades :— 
 Engineers, fitters, &c. 
 
 Boiler makers, iron ship- 
 builders. 
 
 Iron manufacture and iron- 
 founders. 
 
 Blacksmiths, &c. - 
 
 Others 
 
 4 
 42 
 
 35 
 2 
 
 62 
 9 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 3 
 34 
 
 24 
 1 
 
 49 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 24 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 1 
 5 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "76 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 6 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 16 
 80 
 
 1 
 
 44 
 10 
 76 
 45 
 119 
 
 3 
 2 
 1 . 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 ~ 
 
 1 
 6 
 4 
 
 30 
 2 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 73 
 
 2 
 
 61 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Woodwork and furniture 
 trades :— 
 Coopers 
 
 Cabinet makers, uphol- 
 sterers, &c. 
 Carriage builders - 
 
 Ship, boat, and barge 
 
 builders (wood), 
 others 
 
 Printing and bookbinding 
 
 Chemical and allied trades - 
 
 Textile trades - 
 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 69 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 Carried forward 
 
 199 
 
 146 
 
 23 
 
 27 439 
 
 4 
 
 — 347 
 
 102 
 
 5 
 
PEOVINCIAL. 119 
 
 Table showing the Number and Occupations of Applicants and of 
 those for whom Employment was found through the under- 
 mentioned Labour Bureaux during the Periods stated — cont. 
 
 PROVINCIAL— coT^^. 
 
 
 Egham. 
 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Wolverhampton. 
 
 Salford. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 1st 
 Oct. 
 1891 
 
 to 
 31st 
 Dec. 
 1892. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 placed 
 
 in 
 Situa- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 
 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 
 cants 
 from 
 Slst 
 Oct. 
 1891 
 to 
 31st 
 Oct. 
 1892. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 29th 
 Dec. 
 1892 
 to 
 20th 
 •Jan. 
 1893. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations. 
 
 No. 
 of Ap- 
 
 pli- 
 cants 
 from 
 
 19th 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1892 
 to 
 
 19th 
 June 
 1893.* 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants 
 placed in 
 Situations. 
 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po, 
 rary. 
 
 Per- 
 ma- 
 nent. 
 
 Tem- 
 po- 
 rary. 
 
 Men— eow#. 
 
 Brought forward 
 
 Clothing trades - 
 
 Food, drink, and tobacco (pre- 
 paration of). 
 Engine drivers, stokers, &c. - 
 
 Eailway employes 
 
 Miscellaneous (skilled) - 
 
 Carmen and transport (other 
 
 than railways). 
 Stablemen, horsemen, &c. 
 
 Eetail tradesmen 
 
 Shop assistants - 
 
 General labourers 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen 
 
 Seamen, fishermen, watermen, 
 
 &c. 
 Porters and messengers 
 
 Menservants, watchmen and 
 
 attendants. 
 Costermongers, street sellers, 
 
 and dealers. 
 Waiters - - - - 
 
 others unspecified 
 
 199 
 
 21 
 116 
 
 3 
 
 146 
 
 18 
 93 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 47 
 5 
 4 
 92 
 16 
 
 76 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 2 
 
 21 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 55 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 439 
 1 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 275 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 347 
 10 
 
 4 
 39 
 
 14 
 98 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 877 
 46 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 102 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 1 
 
 67 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 2 
 
 Total men 
 
 339 
 
 260 
 
 394 
 
 109 
 
 125 
 
 763 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1,455 
 
 217 
 
 78 
 
 Boys .... 
 
 32 21 
 
 64 
 
 41 
 
 16 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Women and Giels. 
 Dressmakers, seamstresses, &c. 
 Charwomen, washerwomen, &c. 
 
 11 
 
 _ 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 ~ 
 
 78 
 
 Total women and girls - 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 
 Grand total (Provincial) 
 
 382 
 
 289 
 
 458 
 
 150 
 
 141 
 
 763 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1,456 
 
 217 : 
 
 * The number of applicants here stated is the number registered from December 19th, the date on 
 which the management was taken by the Corporation. Before that date, 273 persons had been 
 registered in three wards of the borough. 
 
120 
 
 (iv.) REGISTRIES FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS. 
 
 The problem of finding work for unemployed women and 
 girls does not often present itself in the same form as in the 
 case of men. So long as the husband is in work the necessity 
 for finding employment on the part of the wife is rarely very 
 urgent ; a dislocation in trade which throws married women out 
 of work may even result in increased steadiness on the part of 
 the husband, unless as was the case in the Lancashire Cotton 
 Famine, husband and wife are engaged in the same industry and 
 tlirown out of work at the same time. 
 
 "When the problem is confined to the finding of employment 
 for single women or women with no one dependent on them, the 
 principal difficulty is not that of finding employment of any kind, 
 but of finding work of a suitable kind. The majority of such 
 applicants are young women and girls who run many risks in 
 accepting situations without any knowledge of the character of 
 their em]3loyers, and incur equal risk in living in lodgings while 
 looking for a place. The demand for domestic servants of all 
 grades is so great that any girl with but a slight practice in 
 housework can obtain some kind of place. In factory districts, 
 however, it is found that even when in great distress, factory 
 girls do not enter service, partly in consequence of a very general 
 dislike of the restrictions entailed, and partly because they have 
 had no training, which might help to make the relations of 
 mistress and servant tolerable to either. 
 
 Protection and training (the latter almost entirely for domestic 
 service), are, therefore, found to be the two principal aids offered 
 by all societies dealing with working girls out of employment. 
 
 Adopting the classification made by working girls themselves, 
 it is customary to deal separately with those " in business " (shop 
 assistants, dressmakers, milliners, &c.), those engaged in mills, 
 factories and warehouses, and those in domestic service. 
 
 {a.) Women and Girls in Business. 
 
 The registry system is not resorted to in any great degree 
 for business employment. Advertisements in newspapers, notices 
 in windows and private recommendation from commercial 
 ti avellers and others are the usual means of obtaining engage- 
 ment. A registry started by the Girls' Friendly Society was 
 not found to be successful, the explanation being that those 
 members who were competent dressmakers or shop assistants 
 found no difficulty in obtaining work, and those who placed 
 themselves on the registry were weak or inefficient, and gave no 
 encouragement to employers to use the registry again. The 
 
WOMEN AND GIRLS IN BUSINESS. 121 
 
 Young Women's Christian Associations which include in their 
 various branches throughout England a greater number of girls 
 in business than any other society, supply centres to which 
 employers can and do apply for workers to fill up vacancies in 
 their shops and workrooms. An employment agency is con- 
 ducted by the Young Women's Christian Association in Regent 
 Street, which is considered by its director to be successful. 
 The annual report, however, of the employment agency in London 
 contains no statistical records of its work. The homes provided 
 by the Association are largely used by girls employed in shops 
 and workrooms, and afford a safe lodging for girls looking for 
 work. Domestic servants also avail themselves of the advan- 
 tages offered them when out of work by the Association, but 
 girls in business, clerks, and elementary teachers predominate. 
 In London the various homes provide altogether accommodation 
 for 260 persons. The " Homes for Working Girls in London '* 
 supply similar advantages in nine London districts. There are 
 also several clubs, such as the Soho Club, which, without pro- 
 viding a registry, nevertheless enable girls to find employment, 
 news of vacancies being given by one girl to another in 
 ordinary conversation. 
 
 (6.) Women and Girls in Mills, Factories and Ware- 
 houses. 
 
 The central head of the mills, factories, and warehouses 
 department of the Girls' Friendly Society, which has over 
 17,000 members in this branch, states that in no case are registry 
 offices used to obtain factory work in the 19 centres in different 
 parts of England from which she has received information as 
 to the methods adopted for finding employment. In two cnses 
 only was it considered that there was any necessity for a regis- 
 tration system. Both these centres were in East London, and the 
 need expressed was for some system by which girls could be 
 warned against the worst houses. From the replies received it 
 appears that factory workers usually introduce one another, 
 that they answer advertisements, and very frequently find work 
 through notices posted up outside the factories. The practice 
 varies in different districts. Thus from Lancashire it is reported 
 that the girls never advertise for places in a mill ; their parents, 
 if working in a mill, apply for them to be taken on as half- 
 timers, and they often spend all their working lives in the sanie 
 mill. Registry offices are seldom or never used. When a new 
 mill is built in a new country district, advertisements are put 
 in the newspapers by the employers for families to come and 
 settle there, but the girls themselves as a rule do not advertise. 
 
 It is in factory industries that the problem of providing 
 employment for large numbers of women and girls, owing to 
 trade disturbance most frequently presents itself ; and nowhere 
 
122 REGISTKIES FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS. 
 
 is it SO pressing as in districts, such as the Lancashire cotton 
 districts, where fathers, mothers and children are all engaged in 
 the same trade. The experience, however, of administrators 
 of relief during the cotton famine shows that it is possible to 
 assist women and girls at periods of exceptional distress in such 
 a manner as to convert an evil into a good. This, however, 
 belongs rather to the question of relief works than to that of 
 registries. 
 
 (c.) Domestic Servants. 
 
 It is amongst this section of workwomen alone that the registry 
 system prevails to any considerable extent. It is in relation to this 
 class of labour alone, a class nearly equal in numbers to all other 
 classes of female wage earners added together, that the remarkable 
 feature presents itself of the demand for labour on the. part of 
 employers being greater than the supply. An account is here 
 given of the two largest societies which offer to domestic 
 servants that protection and assistance which the special circum- 
 stances attaching to domestic service render so necessary. A 
 brief reference to private registries is also added. 
 
 The Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants. 
 
 In 1873, Mrs. Nassau Senior was commissioned by the Local 
 Government Board to inquire into the effect on girls of the 
 system of education at pauper schools. The observations and 
 suggestions resulting from the whole inquiry were classified by 
 Mrs. Senior in her report according as they referred to the life 
 of the children in school or in after-life. Under the latter head 
 were considered — (1) guardianship ; (2) the choice of situations ; 
 (3) supervision ; (4) protection when out of place. 
 
 " With regard to the choice of situations to which girls are sent, the 
 general practice is, that any situation which offers for a girl considered 
 ready for service, is accepted, if in the judgment of the relieving officer 
 it is not ineligible. In a few of the schools it is the matron or the 
 workmistress, not the relieving officer, to whom the duty of deciding on 
 this point is committed. There are special reasons for care in the choice 
 of the situation for the first start of a workhouse girl in service. Her 
 disadvantages, to begin with, are greater than those of girls of the 
 humblest sort brought up at home ; and the dangers which follow 
 failure are in her case, incalculably increased, by having rarely any 
 home but the workhouse to retreat upon. If a girl is placed out in 
 unfavourable conditions, it can hardly be expected that she will keep 
 her place, and continue to be self-supporting ; she will be constantly 
 returning to the school from place after place, or if such returns are not 
 permitted by the rules, will provide herself with a situation often as bad 
 as the one she is leaving, and in which she will not remain ; or she will 
 go to relations (often the most undesirable friends she can have), or 
 
 return to the workhouse As I have said, it is at present 
 
 the ride that the relieving officer shall visit, and report to the guardians, 
 
The "M.A.B.Y.S." 123 
 
 on the places of service to which the girls are sent ; so that practically 
 the decision rests with him. It is supposed that the relieving officer 
 will, from his intimate knowledge of the districts in which his other 
 work lies, be able better than anyone else to ascertain Avhether the 
 people applying for a servant are respectable and solvent persons who 
 bear a good character in the neighbourhood. . . . But a place may 
 be an altogether unfit one for a girl, although the relieving officer may 
 have been rightly satisfied on the score of outward respectability. . . . 
 
 If there were any difficulty in finding situations for these children, 
 there might be something to be said for taking any places that were 
 offered, without so rigid an inquiry as to their merits. But I am told 
 by every matron without exception, that the applications at the schools 
 for servants are far beyond the supply of girls ready to go out ; and that 
 they could place three times as many girls as there are of an age to go to 
 service. 
 
 " . . . . The importance of a girl's keeping her first place is 
 the greater on account of the difficulty of providing suitable protection 
 for her when she is out of place. She has a right to return to the 
 workhouse, but all agree that this is about the worst thing she can do ; 
 and in some cases this is so strongly felt, that she is allowed to return to 
 the school on leaving her place. Matrons and chaplains especially feel 
 the need of better protection for girls who are out of place, and they have 
 expressed to me a wish that a home or safe lodging-house could be 
 
 provided for them I have taken counsel with several 
 
 women whose acquaintance with the class of workhouse girls makes 
 their opinion of value, as to the best means of providing the special 
 supervision, protection and encouragement which appear to me, con- 
 sidering the peculiar training of these girls and the position in which 
 they are placed, to be insufficient under the present system. 
 
 " A plan has been suggested to me for calling forth the resources of 
 volunteer benevolence ou behalf of workhouse girls, which has already 
 been tested by actual experience, in the case both of workhouse and 
 other friendless girls, and which might meet the needs of the metro- 
 politan workhouse girls, if private efforts can be rendered permanently 
 effective by official aid and sanction. 
 
 " The scheme proposes that the charge of the girls when ready for 
 ser\ice, shall be transferred from the different unions to which they 
 belong, to a central authority ; and that women, properly qualified, shall 
 be officially employed in choosing situations and in visiting girls in 
 place as is now done by chaplain or relieving officer ; and that in 
 connection with this official visitation, ladies shall be asked to aid in the 
 supervision of the girls and in encouraging them to do well by little 
 plans formed in their own neighbourhood and worked by themselves. 
 Both the official visitors and the volunteer ladies shall make regular 
 reports of the girls under their charge. These reports shall be received 
 at a central office which shall include under the same roof, a home for 
 the protection of girls temporarily out of place and a registry for young 
 servants under the age of 18." 
 
 The result of Mrs. Senior's suggestions was the formation in 
 1875 of the Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young- 
 Servants. The report of the Association for 1892, speaking of 
 the classes of girls with whom the Association deals, distin- 
 guishes between '' those girls who come to us from the Poor Law 
 " Schools of London, institutions separate from the workhouse, 
 "' though educating the children of inmates," and " the children of 
 
124 
 
 REGISTRIES FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS. 
 
 " the street, ihose young girls whose parents have allowed them 
 " to know too much liberty to make them promising candidates 
 " for service." 
 
 The Report goes on to say : — 
 
 "The former class of girls are called district school girls because 
 the schools in which they are educated usually supply several unions 
 formed into a geographical district. The latter class are called 
 local girls, because they have applied locally, or been sent to our 
 branch offices established nil over London. The central office looks 
 after all district school girls who are placed in situations outside our 
 limits (the metropolitan area). The branches visit all girls whether 
 district or local within their geographical radius. The number of girls 
 shows tins year an increase of 121 in the case of district school girls 
 
 but a slight falling off in the case of local girls So far as the 
 
 district school girls are concerned, their visitation is not a matter of 
 choice. The Local Government Board requires them to be visited, and 
 it is only a question whether the visitation shall be official and perfunc- 
 tory, or sympathetic and thorough. Up to the time when Mrs. Nassau 
 Senior suggested this means of carrying out the order, the visitation was 
 such as to justify the use of the epithets applied to the first alternative. 
 The association in supplying women visitors, and in securing that the 
 visitation shall not stop with the first place, or with the 16th year, in 
 following the girl from place to place till she is 20, endeavour to earn for 
 their work the epithets used in the second alternative." 
 
 The total number of girls coming from the district and 
 separate (poor law) schools and several voluntary institutions 
 who have been under the care of the Association in the course 
 of the year 1892 is 3,392, viz. : 2,716 from district and separate 
 schools in London and the surrounding district, and 676 from 
 various other institutions. 
 
 These have been classed in the periodical reports of schools 
 as follows : — 
 
 
 Number of 
 Girls. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 (a) Good - 
 
 1,743 
 
 
 (ft) Fair - 
 
 680 
 
 
 ( c » Unsatisfactory - 
 
 243 
 
 (a) Those who throughout the year 
 
 (rf) Bad - 
 
 35 
 
 have been spoken of as satisfac- 
 
 In Training Homes 
 
 186 
 
 tory in condu»;t and work. 
 
 Emigrated _ _ - 
 
 10 
 
 (6) Those against whom no serious 
 
 Married 
 
 28 
 
 faults have been alleged. 
 
 Dead - - . - 
 
 5 
 
 (c) Those accused of serious faults 
 
 Uijfit for service 
 
 53 
 
 — dishonesty, untruth, extreme 
 
 Visits refused - - - 
 
 86 
 
 violence of temper, &c. 
 
 Lost or never traced - 
 
 131 
 
 {d) Those known to have lost cha- 
 
 With relations - - - 
 
 131 
 
 racter, or who have been in prison 
 
 Not yet reported 
 
 77 
 
 for theft, &c. 
 
 Total - 
 
 3,392* 
 
 
 ^ The numbers are given as furnished to the Department, but it will be noticed 
 that they add up to 3,408. 
 
The " M.A.B.Y.S." 
 
 125 
 
 The association (which is usually referred to as M. A. B. Y. S.) 
 provides free registry offices at 80 branches in various districts 
 of London. 
 
 To supply the great need of girls out of place wishing to enter 
 service — protection and shelter — homes have been established in 
 connexion with 15 branches in which girls are received at rates 
 ranging from 3s. 6d. to 6s. a week, and from 8d. to Is. a day, 
 for young girls, rising in some cases to 7s. and 8s. a week for 
 girls over 20 years of age. 
 
 There are also five certified training homes, to which girls 
 willing to enter service, but with no domestic training can be 
 sent ; two of these are specially for backward and feeble-minded 
 girls. Some of the branch homes also provide training. 
 
 The following table gives some details of the work done in 
 1892 by these Homes: — 
 
 Table giving details of Work done for Girls by Branch 
 Homes during 1892. 
 
 
 Number of Girls who have passed through 
 the Home during 1892. 
 
 Lodgers other than 
 M.A.B.Y.S. Girls. 
 
 No. 
 
 Branch Homes. 
 
 For 
 Training. 
 
 Average 
 
 length of 
 
 stay. 
 
 For 
 Lodging. 
 
 Average 
 
 length of 
 
 stay. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Aveiage 
 
 length of 
 
 stay. 
 
 of 
 Beds. 
 
 Camberwell 
 
 
 13 
 
 4 weeks 
 
 218 
 
 4 days 
 
 9 
 
 3 days 
 
 11 
 
 Chelsea - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 57 
 
 7i „ 
 
 9 
 
 111 „ 
 
 3 
 
 Pulham - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 171 
 
 3 „ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 Greenwich 
 
 
 25 
 
 94 days 
 
 51 
 
 61 „ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 Hackney - 
 
 
 4 
 
 30f „ 
 
 136 
 
 6^ „ 
 
 18 
 
 13 „ 
 
 10 
 
 Islington - 
 
 
 10 
 
 27 „ 
 
 146 
 
 7^ „ 
 
 1 
 
 8 „ 
 
 8 
 
 Kensington 
 (Nassau Senior). 
 Lambeth and St. 
 
 Savioui's. 
 Marylebone 
 
 } 
 } 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 16 
 
 lOl weeks 
 
 31 days 
 20 „ 
 
 41 
 
 115 
 
 201 
 
 13^ „ 
 
 9^ „ 
 
 7 „ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 „ 
 9 weeks 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 Norwood - 
 Eichmond 
 
 
 2 
 35 
 
 3 weeks 
 and 2 days. 
 5^ months 
 
 84 
 38 
 
 6 „ 
 11 „ 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 15 „ 
 18 days 
 
 7 
 20 
 
 Stepney (East- 
 bourne). 
 Strand - 
 
 } 
 
 65 
 26 
 
 57^ days 
 4 weeks 
 
 70 
 50 
 
 7 „ 
 2 weeks 
 
 253 
 14 
 
 16 „ 
 15 weeks 
 
 30 
 7 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 
 18 
 
 37 days 
 
 169 
 
 10 days 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Westminster 
 
 
 9 
 
 31 „ 
 
 175 
 1,722 
 
 14 „ 
 
 27 
 
 10 days 
 
 8 
 
 Total- 
 
 272 
 
 3(]2 
 
 
 N.B.— Each time a girl re-enters a home, she has been counted as a fresh case. 
 
126 REGISTEIES FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS. 
 
 The M. A. B. Y. S. explains its objects in a leaflet given to 
 mistresses : — 
 
 " The object of this association is to help orphan and other friendless 
 girls, by finding them suitable places, by keej)ing a hold upon them 
 between one situation and another, by advising them, caring for them if 
 they are ill, advancing clothing if need be, encouraging them to place 
 tlieir money in savings' banks, by providing a visitor who, with per- 
 mission of the mistress, may come and see them from time to time in 
 their situations, and by arranging for them, if necessary, when they 
 have holidays." 
 
 Amongst the points strongly urged upon mistresses is the 
 following : — 
 
 " That should a mistress wish to part with a girl, she should at once 
 communicate with the secretary at the office, or with the girl's visitor ; 
 and that she should in no case turn a girl suddenly out before she has 
 communicated with one of these two ladies, in order to give time to 
 arrange for her safe lodging at night." 
 
 Members of a branch, if moving to another part of the 
 metropolis, are transferred to the branch in the district to which 
 they have moved. The central office is responsible for girls 
 from district schools in their first situation. Afterwards they 
 are transferred to the local branches. The statistics of girls 
 " under care " refer solely to girls under 20 years of age. Adult 
 women use the registries, and in many cases keep up a friendly 
 intercourse with their lady visitors, but are never entered in 
 the reports of work done by the society. 
 
 During 1892, 13,844 girls were under the care of the society, 
 of whom 8,563 remained under care at the end of the year, viz., 
 2,593 girls from school, and 5,970 ** local ' girls. 
 
 A table is given below showing the extent to which the 
 Society acts directly as an employment agency. 
 
 No report is made on the number of applications from 
 mistresses for servants, and the excess of demand over supply, 
 or of supply over demand, cannot therefore be estimated. The 
 number of places found for girls given in the table below, does 
 not represent the number who obtain situations, but merely the 
 number who obtain them through the M. A. B. Y. S. registries. 
 many girls entered finding places in some other way. The 
 number of 'places found for girls is recorded, but not the number 
 of girls placed, the same girl being therefore counted more than 
 once in several cases. At the Poplar branch, where the largest 
 number of " local girls " are under care, an attempt was made to 
 calculate the number of girls placed. Whereas 1,363 places were 
 secured for girls in 1892 at this branch, the number of indi- 
 vidual girls placed was 1,259, of whom 565 were girls who had 
 been on the books during the previous year, and were " under 
 care." These numbers are liable to a small error, but are 
 approximately correct. 
 
The « M.A.B.Y.S,' 
 
 12T 
 
 Table showing the Number of Girls applying for Situations 
 and of those placed in Situations as Domestic Servants 
 through the agency of the various branches of the Metro- 
 politan Association for Befriending Young Servants 
 during 1892. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 numbei 
 
 of 
 
 Appli- 
 cations 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 places 
 found 
 for 
 Girls. 
 
 1 
 Number of times Girls 
 have been sent to 
 
 No. of 
 times 
 'Girls or 
 their re- 
 ! lations 
 have 
 repaid 
 wholly 
 ; or par- 
 tially 
 for 
 Homes, 
 . I^odg- 
 ings,&c. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 Girls 
 1 sup- 
 1 plied 
 ! with 
 1 Cloth- 
 ing. 
 
 Num- 
 ber of 
 Girls 
 
 Branches. 
 
 Lodg- 
 ing- 
 homes. 
 
 Train- 
 ing and 
 
 other 
 Homes. 
 
 Hos- 
 pitals, 
 Conva- 
 lescent 
 
 Homes, 
 
 ! or 
 
 1 Medical 
 help. 
 
 who 
 1 have 
 1 wholly 
 or par- 
 tially 
 repaid 
 1 for ( 
 Cloth- 
 ing. 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 
 163 
 
 108 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 Cain>)envell - 
 
 312 
 
 252 
 
 ' 218 
 
 11 
 
 \ 52 
 
 198 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 492 
 
 228 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 City and Shoreditch 
 
 78 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 Deptford 
 
 218 
 
 152 
 
 ~ 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 24 
 
 Ealing 
 
 55 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Fulham 
 
 448 
 
 274 
 
 235 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 229 
 
 5S 
 
 52 
 
 Greenwich - 
 
 408 
 
 220 
 
 50 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 30 
 
 Hackney 
 
 373 
 
 216 
 
 99 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 92 
 
 68 
 
 58 
 
 Hampstead • - - 
 
 95 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Holbom - - - 
 
 290 
 
 239 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 Hornsey. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Islington 
 
 336 
 
 270 
 
 158 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 53 
 
 48 
 
 Kensington - 
 
 301 
 
 173 
 
 52 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 37 
 
 72 
 
 49 
 
 Kilburn 
 
 181 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 123 
 
 109 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 St. Marylebone 
 
 336 
 
 215 
 
 172 
 
 36 
 
 69 
 
 - 
 
 103 
 
 81 
 
 Norwood 
 
 118 
 
 93 
 
 84 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 78 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 St.01ave's - 
 
 348 
 
 153 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 22 
 
 St. Pancras - 
 
 510 
 
 312 
 
 88 
 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 35 
 
 Poplar 
 
 2,418 
 
 1,363 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 164 
 
 172 
 
 Richmond - 
 
 160 
 
 100 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 St. Saviour's 
 
 237 
 
 154 
 
 55 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 98 
 
 84 
 
 Stepney 
 
 239 
 
 205 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 47 
 
 Strand 
 
 156 
 
 102 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 35 
 
 Tottenham - 
 
 190 
 
 101 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 Walworth - 
 
 200 
 
 104 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 234 
 
 197 
 
 187 
 
 16 
 
 45 
 
 104 
 
 aoj 
 
 46 
 
 Westminster 
 
 320 
 
 216 
 
 232 
 
 9 
 
 116 
 
 211 
 
 86 
 
 71 
 
 Whitechapel 
 
 500 
 
 317 
 
 27 
 
 43 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 78 
 
 39 
 
 Woolwich - 
 
 168 
 
 98 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 Central Office 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 126 
 
 84 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 Totals 
 
 / 
 10,009 
 
 6,165 
 
 2,015 
 
 415 
 
 685 
 
 1,322 
 
 1,471 
 
 1,182 
 
128 REGISTRITfi3 .FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS. 
 
 The Girls' Friendly Society. 
 
 In 1875, the year in which the M. A. B. Y. S. was established, 
 the above society was formed with somewhat diiFerent though 
 kindred objects. 
 
 " Associates " must be of the Church of England (no such re- 
 striction being made as to members) and the organisation of 
 the society follows as much as possible that of the Church of 
 England, being diocesan, ruridecanal, and parochial. By the 
 system of " commendation " whenever a member changes her 
 place of abode, her associate is bound to commend her on to 
 the branch in her new home; if there should be no branch, 
 then to the care of the nearest associate ; or failing this, by 
 a special letter of commendation to the clergyman of the parish, 
 who will thus at once be made aware of her existence, and 
 interested in her welfare. 
 
 The society in 1892, included 15,081 working associates, and 
 138,910 members, the latter being classed as follows: — 
 
 Governesses 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 416 
 
 Teachers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2,235 
 
 Pupil teachers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2,412 
 
 Trained nurses 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 530 
 
 Clerks 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 439 
 
 Students 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 483 
 
 Business, indoor 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 8,944 
 
 ., outdoor 
 
 ,- 
 
 - 
 
 - 5,769 
 
 Bars 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 268 
 
 Laundries - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1,150 
 
 Mills, factories, and 
 
 . warehouses 
 
 - 17,133 
 
 Service 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 58,336 
 
 At home 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 35,687 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 4,348 
 
 Occupations not sp( 
 
 3cified 
 
 Total 
 
 760 
 
 
 - 138,910 
 
 The need for secular help is fully recognised by the society as 
 a whole and in varying degrees by the different branches. The 
 work done by the M. A. B. Y. S. in London, in connexion with 
 district schools, is to some extent performed by the Girls' 
 Friendly Society elsewhere. Children in workhouses and 
 orphanages are enrolled as candidates before leaving the union ; 
 places are found for them with mistresses who will take an 
 interest in their welfare, and in some cases they are sent to 
 training homes before going to service, and efforts are made to 
 obviate the necessity of their having to return to the workhouse 
 when out of place. The G. F. S. and the M. A. B. Y. S. co-operate 
 with each other in this branch of the work, girls leaving or 
 going to tbe metropolis being commended by one society to 
 the care of the other. 
 
 During 1892, 479 candidates from workhouses and orphanages 
 were assisted in various ways by the society, e.g. by finding situa- 
 tions, providing outfit, training, payment of fares, emigration, 
 or medical assistance. 
 
GIRLS FRIENDLY SOCIETY. 
 
 129 
 
 The registry department of the Girls' Friendly Society, deals 
 almost exclusively with domestic servants. 
 
 The following table shows details of the work of this depart- 
 ment : — 
 
 Table showing Particulars of the Operations of the 
 Department for Registry Work of the Girls' Friendly 
 Society during 1892. 
 
 
 Scale of Pees. 
 
 i 
 Receipts. 
 
 Pay- 
 ments. 
 
 i 
 
 Members ia 
 Domestic Service. 
 
 Members in 
 
 Professions and 
 
 Business. 
 
 Dioceses.* 
 
 Number 
 of Applica- 
 tions. 
 
 Num- 
 ber 
 of 
 Ser- 
 vants 
 pla- 
 ced. 
 
 Number 
 of Applica- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 
 
 of 
 
 Mem- 
 
 
 Mis- 
 tres- 
 ses. 
 
 Ser- 
 irants. 
 
 Em- 
 ploy- 
 ers. 
 
 Em- 
 ploy- 
 ees. 
 
 bers 
 pla- 
 ced. 
 
 Bangor 
 
 Is.dd. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 6 
 
 £s.d. 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 • 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 Bath and Wells - 
 
 Is. to Is. 6d. 
 
 4 16 6 
 
 14 2 
 
 304 
 
 159 
 
 90 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Canterbury • 
 
 6d. to Is. 6d. 
 
 4 
 
 2 15 3 
 
 598 
 
 360 
 
 152 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Carlisle - - 
 
 Is. to 2s. 6d. 
 
 12 7 8 
 
 10 8 
 
 107 
 
 127 
 
 36 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Chester 
 
 Is. to 2*. 
 
 4 18 
 
 2 6 
 
 93 
 
 44 
 
 29 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Chichester - 
 
 6(Z. to Is. Gd. 
 
 15 13 m 
 
 7 10 Hi 
 
 489 
 
 312 
 
 167 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 Ely - - - 
 
 Is. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 29 
 
 67 
 
 76 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 "Exeter - 
 
 6d. to 2s. 
 
 4 7 6 
 
 17 4 
 
 109 
 
 116 
 
 42 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Gloucester and > 
 Bristol. S 
 
 Gd. to Is. 
 
 36 7 1 
 
 9 18 4i 
 
 746 
 
 485 
 
 232 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Liverpool - 
 
 Is. 
 
 34 12 
 
 4 2 10i 
 
 374 
 
 374 
 
 203 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Lichfield 
 
 Is. to 4s. 
 
 35 12 11 
 
 2 12 9i 
 
 712 
 
 515 
 
 252 
 
 — 
 
 - - 
 
 — 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Gd. to 2s. Gd. 
 
 6 J3 6 
 
 15 1 
 
 237 
 
 135 
 
 79 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Manchester - 
 
 Is. to 3s. 
 
 30 14 6 
 
 8 3 9i 
 
 579 
 
 492 
 
 115 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Newcastle - 
 
 3d. to Is. 
 
 16 
 
 12 4 
 
 53 
 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Norwich 
 
 Gd. to 2s. 
 
 9 4 7 
 
 8 8 Oi 
 
 474 
 
 683 
 
 229 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Oxford - 
 
 Gd. to Is. 
 
 9 9 6 
 
 6 11 11 
 
 558 
 
 517 
 
 204 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Peterborough 
 
 Is. to 5s. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 25 
 
 58 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Ripou - 
 
 Is. to 2s. 6d. 
 
 4 6 
 
 7 6 
 
 59 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 Rochester - 
 
 Is. to 2s. 
 
 14 14 6 
 
 4 7 
 
 429 
 
 480 
 
 73 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Salisbury - 
 
 Gd. to Is. 
 
 5 9 10 
 
 3 13 6 
 
 303 
 
 252 
 
 82 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 Southwell - 
 
 Gd. to Is. Gd. 
 
 24 8 
 
 41 8 11 
 
 664 
 
 398 
 
 198 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 St.Alban's - - 
 
 Is. 
 
 6 16 6 
 
 5 6 1 
 
 462 
 
 371 
 
 156 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 St. Asaph - 
 
 Gd. to 2s. 
 
 2 19 4 
 
 2 15 
 
 182 
 
 180 
 
 81 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 - 
 
 St. David's - 
 
 3d. to Is. 
 
 2 12 5 
 
 18 2 
 
 230 
 
 120 
 
 47 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 Truro - 
 
 • 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 Wakefield - • 
 
 Is. to 4s. 
 
 12 
 
 3 4 
 
 773 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 ... 
 
 — 
 
 Winchester - - 
 
 Gd. to 8s. 
 
 27 10 
 
 5 2 1 
 
 977 
 
 950 
 
 360 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 Worcester - 
 
 6d. to Is. 
 
 7 
 
 5 7 
 
 63 
 
 194 
 
 117 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 York - - - 
 
 Is. to 2s. Gd. 
 
 2 7 6 
 
 2 7 
 
 125 
 
 103 
 
 52 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Totals - 
 
 - 
 
 |298 6 11^ 
 
 137 3 4 1 9,748 
 
 7.610 
 
 3,26-1 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 o 77723 
 
 ♦Rei 
 
 )ort from I 
 
 lOudon not 
 
 receiv 
 
 ed. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
ISO EEGISTRIES FOR DOMESTIC SERVICE. 
 
 The assistance given by the society to members seeking work 
 cannot be measured by the statistics of the registry department. 
 Girls are recommended by associates to friends, without being 
 placed on any retj^ister. The lodges in different paits of England 
 56 in number, provide social homes for girls employed away from 
 home, or needing a home while looking for jemployment ; and 
 the system of recommendation makes it possible for a girl to take 
 work in some other town than her own, with much less risk. 
 
 Private Registries for Domestic Servants. 
 
 Passing from registries managed by committees of charitable 
 societies to registries managed by private persons, we find the 
 latter in use in all parts of the country. One office in London 
 occupies a somewhat exceptional position, supplying as it does, 
 upper class servants to employers in England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland. During 1892 applications were received from 38,595 
 employers, and from 36,580 servants. The managers of this 
 registry satisfy tliemselves as to the character of the employers 
 as well as requiring references from servants. The fees charged 
 to servants range from Is. Qd. to 10s., according to wage 
 obtained, and the employers also pay from 5s. to 10s. These 
 fees, of course, are a sufficient inducement to the proprietors of 
 such registries to serve the interests of both parties. 
 
 In the case of the registries which aim at finding situations 
 for the lower grades of servants, the number of mistresses and 
 servants applying at the office is large as compared with 
 number of engagements made. Thus six registry offices of this 
 class in London supplying servants for middle class employers, 
 of which full particulars have been obtained, received applica- 
 tions from 4,094 servants and 4,613 emplo^^ers and only placed 
 1,402 servants. Out of 8,707 persons, therefore, only 2,804 were 
 suited, although in each case the number of employers seeking 
 servants was greater than the number of servants seeking 
 employers. At three offices, making no charge to servants 
 either before or after engagement, the total number of servants 
 registered in 1892 was 2,622 ; of these only 609 were placed. 
 Ladies with special knowledge of the life of the lower grades 
 of servant girls in London, Manchester, Liverpool and other 
 large towns are agreed in declaring that the girls especially need 
 protection from the dangers incurred by applying to registry 
 offices of the character and management of wliich they know 
 nothing. The business is so unremunerative where moderate 
 fees are charged, that it is apt to fall into the hands of a low 
 class of manager. The girls are recommended to lodging.s which 
 often ])rove to be disreputable ; or they are accommodated in 
 homes established by the manager of the office, subject to little 
 i3Uf>ervision. Even though the managers may be quite guiltless 
 of anv unfair practices, their clients are exposed to mixing with 
 women of bad character, and they frequently incur heavy debts 
 for lodgings, to be repaid out of small wages. 
 
131 
 
 (v.) VARIOUS AGENCIES FOR FINDING EMPLOYAIENT. 
 
 (a.) — Newspapers as an Employment Agency. 
 
 In this, as distinguished from other European countries, the use 
 of the ordinary daily newspaper as a m^ns of bringing together 
 the employer and the employed has become so common that this 
 report would be incomplete without some reference to the press. 
 Accordingly, the advertisements in 15 ofi the principal general 
 daily newspapers have been classified in order to see what trades 
 make most use of this kind of employment agency. It is not 
 suggested that the results arrived at would be precisely true of 
 any other day than the day selected, because many trades are 
 . influenced by seasonal changes. The prosperity or otherwise of 
 particular industries would also affect the demand for certain 
 classes of workers and the relative proportion of advertisements 
 by employers and employed respectively. Again, another 
 selection of newspapers would probably yield somewha:} 
 different results, more especially if journals identified to some 
 extent with special trades, localities, or classes of readers, were 
 taken. In short, the table given below must not be understood 
 to indicate more than is expressed in the following heading : — 
 
 Analysis of the Situations advertised in 4 London and 11 
 Provincial Daily Papers on Wednesday 21st June 1898, 
 as either " Wanted " or " Vacant." 
 
 
 Four London 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Eleven Provincial 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 MEN. 
 Agricultural :— 
 
 Farm labourers 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 Building Trades :— 
 
 Bricklayers and masons - 
 
 Carpenters . - - 
 
 Gasfitters, [plumbers, and 
 
 painters- 
 Others - 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 12 
 39 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 
 54 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 55 
 
 34 
 
 Enghieering and Metal 
 Trades •— 
 Engineers, fitters, &c. 
 
 Blacksmiths, &c. 
 
 Others - 
 
 6 
 7 
 1 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 
 ,14 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 19 
 
 49 
 
 I 2 
 
132 
 
 VAEIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES, 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Four London 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 "Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Eleven Provincial 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions ' 
 Vacantl 
 
 M^TS—cont. 
 
 "Woodwork and Furniture 
 Trades (excluding Carpen- 
 ters) :— 
 Cabinetmakers, uphol- 
 
 sterers, carvers, &c. 
 Carriage builders 
 
 Others - 
 
 Printing and Bookbinding 
 Trades :— 
 Compositors - . - 
 
 Machine-minders 
 
 Bookbinders and others 
 
 Clothing Trades : — 
 Tailors 
 
 Boot and shoe makers 
 Hatters and others - 
 
 Miscellaneous Trades :— 
 
 Spiimers, bleacliers, and dyers 
 
 "Watchmakers and jewellers 
 
 Leather workers 
 
 Oil and colourmen - 
 
 Bakers, butchers, &c. 
 
 Engine drjvers, stokers, &c. 
 
 Caraaen 
 
 Grooms and coachmen 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen - 
 
 Porters and messengers 
 
 Men servants, watchmen 
 
 and attendants. 
 Milkmen 
 
 Waiters 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Totfl Men - 
 BaYS 
 
 S4i 
 
 IS 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 118 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 83 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 95 
 
 16 
 
 577 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 8. 
 
 11$ 
 
 49 
 10 
 18 
 
 :7 
 17 
 
 285 
 
 175 
 
 174 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 32 
 2 
 
 10 
 17 
 100 
 54 
 12 
 18 
 1 
 
 10 
 15 
 
 446 
 
 107 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 140 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 53 
 
 121 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 102 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 751 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 731 
 
NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 133 
 
 
 , Four London 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Eleven Provincial 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Situa. 
 
 tions 
 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Wanted. 
 
 Situa- 
 tions 
 Vacant. 
 
 Women and Girls. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Textile trades 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Dressmakers, seamstresses, &c. 
 
 4> 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 98 
 
 Charwomen and washerwomen 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Domestic servants 
 
 155 
 
 431 
 
 228 
 
 416 
 
 383 
 
 343 
 
 Shop assistants ... 
 
 25 
 
 69 
 
 S6 
 
 53 
 
 61 
 
 122 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 Total Women and Girls 
 
 206 
 
 558 
 
 291 
 
 551 
 
 497 
 
 1.109 
 
 Total Men 
 
 577 
 
 285 
 
 174 
 
 446 
 
 751 
 
 731 
 
 Boys 
 
 , 25 
 
 175 
 
 6 
 
 107 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 808 
 
 1.018 
 
 471 
 
 1,104 
 
 1,279 
 
 2,122 
 
 One of the broad facts brought out by the table is that on the 
 particular date named there were more situations for men 
 advertised as " wanted " in London (577) than the number 
 advertised as vacant (285). The converse was the case both 
 for men and women in the provinces, and for feiiiale domestic 
 servants in London. 
 
 It will be seen that the agricultural group was practically 
 nil, beiDg made up almost entirely of provincial gardeners. In 
 the building trades the men advertised most in London and the 
 employers in the provinces. This w^as also true, to some extent, 
 of the engineering, woodwork, and furniture trades. In the 
 printing trade it was the men who advertised in London, and in 
 the clothing trade the employers. There are numerous advertise- 
 ments under the head of bakers, butchers, &c., the number of 
 situations " wanted " preponderating. The advertisements for 
 shop assistants and clerks largely exceed the number of advertise- 
 ments by these classes. In the case of female domestics' there are 
 more than twice as many situations " vacant " as those '' wanted." 
 Indeed, the most noticeable feature of the whole table is the 
 large number of advertisements for women (1,109) as compared 
 with the number of advertisements by women (497). On the 
 whole, in one day these 15 newspapers had 3,401 employment 
 advertisements, 2,122 being by employers seeking workpeople 
 and 1,279 by workpeople wanting places. 
 
 Of these 1,482 were concerned with men (viz., 751 advertise- 
 ments for places and 731 for workmen). 
 
 The largest single group among the men is that of shop 
 assistants, which (including butchers, bakers, &c.) is responsible 
 for 521 out of the total of 1,482 advertisements. Clerks and 
 warehousemen account for 173, and menservants, attendants, 
 
134 VARIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. 
 
 grooms, and coachmen for 216, leaving only 572 to be distri- 
 buted among all other trades and industries. 
 
 Among the women, domestic service accounts for ] ,230, or 
 more than three-quarters of the whole. The only other group 
 of importance is that of female shop assistants, which amounts to 
 183. 
 
 (b.) Agencies for the Employment of Seamen. 
 
 Seamen are the only class of men for whom the Imperial 
 Government provides what is practically a registry office in 
 which facilities are afforded employers and employed to meet 
 together."^ The law further provides that the conditions 
 under which the work is to be done shall be settled in a 
 formal agreement made, as regards foreign-going ships, in 
 the presence of an official. This official is styled a Superin- 
 tendent of Mercantile Marine, and, so far as his functions in 
 connection with seamen are concerned, he acts under the 
 Board of Trade, directly in most cases and indirectly at a 
 few ports where Local Marine Boards exist. There is one 
 of these officials at each port. In some cases a book giving 
 the names of unemployed seamen is kept, which masters of 
 vessels are allowed to inspect. This book is not, however^ 
 much in use, the usual practice being for the master of a ship 
 to post up in the superintendent's office a notice of the number 
 and class of men he wants, or first to select his crew at the 
 shipowner's offices and then to bring them before the superin- 
 tendent, who reads over and explains in the presence of both 
 parties the terms of the agreement about to be entered into 
 between them. It is unnecessary to describe here the details 
 of such agreements, which in all cases must, comply with the 
 provisions of the law, except as regards rates of wages. The 
 point to be observed is that, in practice, the office of the super- 
 intendent is one which both sailor-s and masters of vessels 
 frequent, well knowing that here they will have a good oppor- 
 tunity of obtaining what they seek. 
 
 To facilitate the supply of seamen the Board of Trade has 
 power to grant to certain persons licences to engage or supply 
 seamen or apprentices for merchant ships in the United King- 
 dom. Such licence^s, however, may be revoked at any time at 
 the discretion of the Board, and, for the present, boys only are 
 supplied in this way, mainly from training ships. In any case, 
 however, the holders of such licences are merely intei^mediaries 
 and do not take the place of the superintendents other than in 
 so far as they assist these officers in bringing together the two 
 parties to the agreement, which, in all cases, has to be read and 
 
 * The whole expense of staff and accommodation falls upon the Mercantile 
 Marine Fund, v. hich is mainly supported by Light Dues. 
 
SOCIETIES AIDING DISCHARGED SOLDIERS. 135 
 
 signed in the presence of the proper official. This official is also 
 authorised to provide runners to take seamen from one port to 
 another when men are required to complete a crew. On the 
 whole it will be seen that, while it is no part of the duty of the 
 Board of Trade to find employment for seamen, every facility is 
 afforded for them to meet the masters of ships wanting crews, 
 and every precaution is taken to safeguard the seaman from 
 unwittingly making an agreement against his own interest. 
 
 There do not appear to be any large agencies for assisting 
 seamen to live while waiting for an engagement, but by assign- 
 ing his next monthly advance note a seaman can generally obtain 
 credit from one of the lodging-house keepers who cater for this 
 class. 
 
 (c.) Agencies for finding work for dischakged soldiers. 
 
 Before considering the various agencies at work for finding 
 employment for soldiers discharged or transferred from the 
 Colours to the Reserve Force, it may be well to see how many 
 men have to be dealt with. From the last report* issued by 
 the War Office it appears that in the year 1892 the numbers 
 were as follows : — 
 
 Discharged from the Army - - 11,658 
 Transferred from Regular Army to 
 
 1st Class Reserve - _ . 17,890 
 
 Total - - 29,548 
 
 These figures show that in one year something like 29,000t 
 men were thrown on the labour market to compete with ordinary 
 workmen for employment. The report does not show the ages 
 of the reservists, but the following particulars are given respecting 
 the discharged soldiers : — 
 
 Under 20 years _ _ _ 
 
 20-25 years - - - - 
 
 25-30 years - 
 
 30-35 years - - - - 
 
 35-40 years - - - - 
 
 Over 40 years - - - - 
 
 Not stated _ _ . - 
 
 Total 
 
 The great bulk of the men were, so far as can be judged from 
 age alone, in the prime of life for workmen, no less than 7,580 
 
 * General Animal Return of the British Army — C. 7147 of 1893. 
 t It should be noted, however, that the number of recruits in 1892, a year of 
 depression of trade, was 41,667. 
 
 3,096 
 
 ^ 4,484 
 
 1,536 
 
 1,062 
 
 670 
 
 770 
 
 40 
 
 11,658 
 
136 VARIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. 
 
 out of 11,658, or over 65 per cent., being under 25 years of 
 age, and more than half of the remaining 4,078 were under 
 32 years. 
 
 Of a total number of soldiers discharged and transferred to 
 the Reserve, viz., 29,548, no less than 20,694 belonged to 
 infantry regiments, of whom probably a large proportion were 
 not mechanics, and would consequently drift into the ranks of 
 unskilled labour. On the other hand cavalrymen and many of 
 the artillerymen would, through their experience with horses, 
 make good grooms or carters ; and men of the Royal Engineers, 
 who are obliged to have some occupation on joining, would be 
 qualified to take posts requiring some technical skill. Many of 
 these men are, as a matter of fact, continued in the service of 
 the Government as civil employes in connexion with the 
 Ordnance Survey. 
 
 There are three societies engaged in the task of finding 
 employment for the above classes of soldiers, viz., the National 
 Association for the Employment of Reserve Soldiers, &c., the 
 Army and Navy Pensioners' Employment Agency, and the Corps 
 of Commissionaires. 
 
 National Association for the Employment of Re- 
 serve Soldiers. — This Society deals more particularly with 
 the reservists, but does not confine itself strictly to them, ordinary 
 discharged soldiers also being helped, except when they are 
 pensioners.* The Society claims that only men of good character 
 are ever recommended for employment, and further states that 
 no fees are charged by the Central Association or its branches 
 either to the mien or the employers. The Society has altogether 
 28 agencies in London and the principal industrial centres, besides 
 the 43 regimental district associations to which further refer- 
 ence will be made. The men are registered at the time of 
 discharge, the officer by whom the discharge is carried out 
 acting as a kind of outlying agency. Individual applications 
 are also received after discharge. The Society, having taken 
 care to satisfy itself as to the qualifications of the men, then 
 addresses the employers by means of circulars and advertise- 
 ments. Personal visits are also paid to large employers. The 
 newspapers are looked at every morning, and replies on behalf 
 of the men are sent to suitable advertisements. The result is 
 seen in the fact that of the 6,331 registered in 1892 employ- 
 ment was found for 2,838 men. The number registered, it will be 
 noticed, is not nearly the total of the men thrown on the labour 
 market by the army in 1892. It should be remembered, how- 
 ever, that 1,902 men were discharged for bad conduct, 2,795 
 were invalided, 2,798 were pensioners, and that, apart from the 
 weeding out done by the officials of the Society, a certain pro- 
 
 * Pensioners are registered when specially recommended. 
 
SOCIETIES AIDING DISCHARGED SOLDIERS. 137 
 
 portion of the 29,000 referred to found employment at once by 
 means of friends in civil life, and do not in consequence figure 
 as applicants before the Society, 
 
 The growth of the work done by the Society is readily shown 
 hy the following table : — 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Number of Men placed 
 in Employment. 
 
 1885-86 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 174 
 
 1886-87 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 470 
 
 1887-88 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 1,013 
 
 1888-89 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1,462 
 
 1889-90 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 1,890 
 
 1890-91 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 2,097 
 
 1891-92 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2,614 
 
 1892-93 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 2,838 
 
 The figures for 1892-S do not include the number of men found 
 employment by means of the 43 regimental branches which have 
 been recently established by the officers commanding in the 
 various counties and districts in co-operation with the resident 
 and county authorities, in order to provide local employment for 
 soldiers on their return home to civil life. This is an important 
 development, and in the first year (1892-3) the number of men 
 found employment in this way was 1,048 which, added to the 
 number given in the previous table for that year, yields a total 
 of 3,886. 
 
 The annual report of the Society gives the following list of the 
 employments found for 2,838 of these men, that is, the total 
 number exclusive of those found work by the regimental 
 branches : — 
 
 Details of Employment found April 1st, 1892, to March 31*/ 1893. 
 
 Police and Fire Brigade 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 88 
 
 Foremen at Works 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 14 
 
 Horsekeepers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 15 
 
 Pi ail way Porters 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 144 
 
 Post Office - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 229 
 
 Tram and Omnibus Conductors 
 
 _ 
 
 - 47 
 
 Carmen 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 - 83 
 
 Porters and Messengers 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 319 
 
 Warders 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 41 
 
 Grooms and Coachmen 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 308 
 
 Storekeepers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 22 
 
 Travellers 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Clerks 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 - 53 
 
 Stewards 
 
 - 
 
 ■ _ 
 
 - 19 
 
 Breweries 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 21 
 
 Grardeners 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 - 26 
 
338 VARIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. 
 
 Butlers and Valets - - - - 14 
 
 Waiters - - - - - 40 
 
 Collectors - - - - - 31 
 
 Caretakers - - - - - 58 
 
 Night Watchmen - - - - 41 
 
 Timekeepers - - - - 23 
 
 Hall Porters and Gatekeepers - - 39 
 
 Engine Drivers - - - _ 6 
 
 Railway, Iron, and other Works - - 243 
 
 Shopmen - - - - - 9 
 
 Lodge Keepers _ - - - 2 
 
 Labourers - - - - - 198 
 
 Drill Instructors, &c. - - - 13 
 
 Attendants, Asylum and Sick - - 198 
 
 Bailiffs, &c. . - . . 23 
 
 Gymnasium Instructors - - - 3 
 
 Bandmaster - - . - - - 1 
 
 Painters - - - - - 9 
 Bakers _-_--! 
 
 Musicians - - - - -if 
 
 Miscellaneous - . . - 236 
 
 Joined Corps of Commissionaires - - 12 
 
 Yardsmen, &c. - - - - 51 
 
 Managers and Barmen • - - 36 
 
 Cooks - - - - - 7 
 
 Carpenters - - - - - 9 
 
 Turnkeys (Hong Kong Prison) - - 7 
 
 Servants (indoor) - - - 76 
 
 2,838 
 
 From this it will be gathered that the great bulk of the men 
 are appointed to situations requiring a certain amount of 
 strength and intelligence, but no great skill or technical 
 knowledge. 
 
 It may be added that the Society is supported by voluntary 
 subscriptions and donations, and by a grant from the Government 
 (increased this year from 200^. to 500^.), and is managed by a 
 committee consisting almost entirely of officers of the Army. 
 The total expenses in 1892-3 amounted to 632^. 
 
 The Army and Navy Pensioners' Employment 
 Society was established in 1855, and reconstituted in 1859, with 
 the object of " registering the names, addresses, characters, &c. 
 " of military and naval pensioners from Her Majesty's service, and 
 " procuring for them such employment as they may be capable of 
 " undertaking." It has a head office in London, and branches at 
 Dublin, Glasgow, and Manchester, and is conducted on much the 
 same lines as the previously described Association. 
 
 . The report for the year ended December 31st, 1892, shows that 
 a total of 657 men had been registered at the head office and 
 branches, and that 2,650 places had been obtained. It must be 
 
SOCIETIES AIDING DISCHARGED SOLDIERS. 139 
 
 noted that 2,650 places does not necessarily raean that number 
 of separate men, the exact number of whom is not ascertainable 
 from the report. 
 
 *At present the constitution of the Society only admits of the 
 registration of pensioners, but the coiincil of the Society have 
 decided that Reserve men may be recommended, provided no 
 pensioners equally suitable are available, " and as a result 202 
 places were passed over to Reserve men," and this employment is 
 in addition to the 2,650 places previously mentioned. 
 
 Corps of Commissionaires. — This corps was estab- 
 lished in 1859 with the object of finding employment for 
 pensioners and others from the Army. The qualifications and 
 conditions of entrance are set forth very elaborately in the 
 rules and regulations from which the following particulars are 
 quoted : — 
 
 Candidates for admission must have served in some branch of H.M. 
 Regular Naval or Military Forces, and be in the receipt of a pension, 
 except soldiers of good character who have completed limited engage- 
 ments or whose temporary pensions have expired, or men belonging to 
 the Militia, Volunteers, or Police, if injured on duty and awarded a 
 permanent pension^ who may be admitted on deposit in the savings bank 
 of the Corps of 20/. as a guarantee. 
 
 Commissionaires whose pensions expire after joining the Corps will 
 not be allowed to remain in it unless they have in the meantime quali- 
 fied themselves for the first class, and are possessed of a minimum 
 deposit of 25/. in the savings bank of the Corps. 
 
 Soldiers belonging to the Reserve of H.M.'s Regular Army or Navy 
 will be admitted to the Corps on paying to the savings bank of the 
 Corps sums varying from 4/. lOs. to 6/. lOs. annually. The caution and 
 entrance fees will be the same as those paid by pensioners ; but in each 
 case a deposit varying from 51. to 12/. must be placed in the savings bank 
 on joining. Admission will, as a rule, be restricted to men who were 
 non-commissioned officers at the time of discharge, musicians, servants, 
 and such as have a practical acquaintance with some mechanical trade, 
 and no one will be entered under 5 ft. 7 in. in height, and unless he is in 
 perfect health. Reservists wishing to retain the rank they held on their 
 discharge from H.M.S. must qualify themselves for it by depositing the 
 full amount of security required by the regulations. A sergeant, there- 
 fore wishing to retain his rank will have to place 15/., and a full 
 corporal 10/., in the savings bank of the Corps, when he becomes a 
 member of the institution. Reservists who have married are not eligible 
 unless they have saved 50/. 
 
 It will be noticed that candidates other than pensioners have 
 to pay what is practically a guarantee for their honesty, the 
 pension in ordinary cases serving the same purpose. There are 
 also certain entrance fees and monthly payments as under : — 
 
 " List of entrance fees and monthly payments to the funds of the Corps 
 by a commissionaire whose age is 42 years or under, and classification 
 of health N'o. 1. 
 
£ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 £2 
 
 
 
 s. d. 
 
 
 5 6 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 140 VAEIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. 
 
 Ordinary Entrance Fees. 
 
 Caution money - - . - 
 
 General fund - . - - 
 
 Sick fund _ - - - - 
 Convalescent hospital 
 
 Total ordinary entrance fees to be paid on joinin* 
 
 Ordinary Monthly Payments. 
 
 Clothing - - - - - 
 
 General fund . - _ - 
 
 Sick fund - - - - _ 
 
 Convalescent hospital _ _ _ 
 
 Total monthly payments • - 8 8 
 
 Besides tlie above fees, every commissionaire must on entrance deposit 
 at least lO*. in the savings bank of the Corps. 
 
 N.B. — Tlie deposits by commissionaires in the savings bank of the 
 Corps v^ill be at the rate of 6d. per week for the first three months, 
 and Is. afterwards, till permanently employed, when the rate will be 
 according to the value of the situation, but never less than Is. per week." 
 
 These payments are primarily intended to cover the cost of 
 the clothing, sick allowances, &c., to the men. There are also 
 exceptional payments to be made by certain classes of men, the 
 apparent object being to place all men on the same footing with 
 regard to the expenses of the Corps in connexion with them. 
 
 The general effect of the great care taken to exclude bad 
 characters, and to employ those men only who have something at 
 stake in the shape of either a pension or a deposit, which may 
 be forfeited for dishonesty, is to ensure a class of men in whom 
 the public have confidence, and for whom work is easily obtain- 
 able. The safety of the property entrusted to a commissionaire, 
 and his fidelity whilst in the service of his employer, is further 
 guaranteed in ordinary cases by the Corps in sums varying from 
 100^. for sergeant-majors to 251. for privates. At certain seasons 
 of the year the demand for men is greater than the Corps can 
 supply. Their wages are to a certain extent regulated by scale, 
 which, however, is often exceeded. 
 
 The Corps numbered 1,949 men at December 31st 1892, and 
 were classed as follows : — 
 
 In permanent employment in London - ] ,083 
 
 In temporary employment in London - 102 
 
 Out-quarter divisions _ _ . 52O 
 
 On detachment from head-quarters - - 1 10 
 
 On post .-.,-. iG 
 
 At head-quarters (including staff) - - 18 
 
 Total strength of Corps - - - 1,949 
 
SOCIETIES AIDING DISCHARGED SOLDIERS. 141 
 
 Its growth has been steady ever since its establishment, as 
 will be seen from the following table, which gives the average 
 number on the rolls for every tenth year. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Average Number on Rolls. 
 
 1859 
 
 1869 - - - ' - 
 1879 - - - ■ - 
 1889 ------ 
 
 1892 ------ 
 
 42 
 
 417 
 
 867 
 
 1,734 
 
 1,925 
 
 Nearly all of these men were engaged as messengers, attendants,, 
 watchmen, ticket- takers, money-takers, and in a great variety 
 of miscellaneous occupations, all involving a certain measure of 
 trust. 
 
 The Corps has branches termed ''out-quarter divisions" at 
 Belfast, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, 
 Manchester, and Nottingham ; and is supported partly by 
 regimental and other subscriptions and donations, and partly by 
 an annual tax of 10s. per head paid by permanent employers of 
 the men. The latter yielded 645^. out of the total income of 
 2,422^. in the year 1892. 
 
 (d) Agencies for Finding Work for Discharged 
 » Prisoners. 
 
 The question of the assistance of discharged prisoners by the 
 provision of employment or otherwise, belongs properly rather 
 to an analysis of crime than of want of employment. A con- 
 siderable proportion, however, of those discharged from local 
 prisons hardly belong to the criminal classes, and the difficulty 
 that they meet with in obtaining work where a character is 
 required is no small factor in the unemployed problem. As, 
 moreover, it is this class from which, as will be seen later on, most 
 of the " labour colonies " hitherto established on the continent 
 for the unemployed chiefly draw their materials, it is a matter 
 of interest to know the methods pursued in this country by the 
 agencies which attempt to overcome the difficulties which they 
 meet with in the search for work. 
 
 In 1877 the " Central Committee of Discharged Prisoners' 
 Aid Societies " was formed to promote combined action amongst 
 the Discharged Prisoners' Aid Societies, the establishment of 
 such a society in connexion with every gaol, and to further the 
 efficiency of such societies. In 1878 there were 38 prisons 
 which had no aid society connected with them. In 1887 there 
 was no prison without one, the last gap being filled up in that 
 year. These societies received the support of the Commissioners 
 of Prisons, who considered that finding employment and helping 
 
J 42 VARIOUS EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES. 
 
 • 
 prisoners after discharge could more effectively be undertaken 
 by outside agencies than directly by the Government, and ob- 
 tained a grant of money from the Treasury to be expended for 
 the benefit of discharged prisoners under the supervision of these 
 societies. To them also, if they will receive it, is committed the 
 gratuity earned by each prisoner, to expend for his benefit. 
 
 The report of the " Central Committee ~ of the work done in 
 1891 relates to 47 societies, the returns of 14 others not being 
 available for that year. The total number of discharged pri- 
 soners dealt with by the societies making returns was 18,127. 
 The kind of aid given by the Glasgow, Surrey, and South 
 London Societies (dealing with 2,352 persons) is not given. Of 
 the remainder the mode of treatment is classified under the 
 following heads : — 
 
 Sent to sea ----- 191 
 
 Returned to former employer - - 560 
 
 Placed in other employment - - - 1,885 
 
 Provided with clothes, tools, &c. - - 2,433 
 
 Temporarily assisted - - - 6,233 
 
 Enlisted - - - 13 
 
 Sent to friends at home - - - 1,083 
 
 Sent to friends abroad - - - 25 
 
 Emigrated ----- 84 
 
 Sent to refuges - - - - 846 
 
 Declined assistance - - - - 411 
 
 Dismissed for bad conduct - - - 192 
 
 Re-arrested or re-convicted - - - 389 
 
 Otherwise disposed of - - - 1,899 * 
 
 Cases in hand - - - - 31 
 
 15,775 
 
 Not classified ..... 2,352 
 
 18,127 
 
 The methods of procedure and degrees of efiiciency of the 
 different societies vary considerably. But the main feature on 
 which the success of the undertaking is considered to depend is 
 the employment of agents, whose chief business it is to make 
 themselves acquainted with the qualifications of each prisoner 
 applying for aid on discharge, and by personally visiting 
 employers, foremen, &;c., to endeavour to obtain employment for 
 which the man may be fit. Until employment is found the 
 agent sees that the man under his charge has decent board and 
 lodo^inof, and that he does the best he can himself to find work. 
 In some cases the best that can be done for discharged prisoners 
 is to communicate with their friends, leaving them, if willing, to 
 find employment. Some of the societies have agents in various 
 towns, or utilize the services of other aid societies to which they 
 
SOCIETIES AIDING DISCHARGED PRISONEilS. 143 
 
 contribute. The North Lancashire Dischai^ged Prisoners' Aid 
 Society has agents in Accrington, Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, 
 Burnley, Clitheroe, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Fieetword, Lancaster, 
 Preston. The Royal Society for the Assistance of Discharged 
 Prisoners works in co-operation with 22 ■ extra -Metropolitan 
 Societies, and has moreover special agents of jits own in a few 
 important towns, such as Manchester and Birtningham, and has 
 shipping agents at several ports to whom ar©j<.sent such men as 
 seem to be adapted for a seafaring life. ' t. 
 
 Efforts are made to deal separately with each discharged 
 prisoner as far as possible and to avoid throwing ex-prisoners 
 together. With the exception of convicts under tick et-of -leave 
 there is no means of following up the after-history of those 
 assisted, nor is it thought desirable that any attempt in this 
 direction should be made, as it might make it more difficult for 
 such persons to make a fresh start in life. 
 
 In the returns published by the " Central Committee " men 
 and women are both included. The number of rescue homes and 
 refuges for women is so large that in dealing with female 
 prisoners the chief difficulty is to induce the women to submit 
 to the restraints and regulations of the homes offered to them. 
 So much is this the case that in their report for 1892 the 
 Commissioners of Prisons publish a statement of one of their 
 most experienced chaplains to the effect that there is an over- 
 lapping of labour in rescue effort which is acting very pernici- 
 ously on the work generally, and that a capable chaplain with 
 the aid of one or two lady visitors can make suitable provision 
 for almost any number of women who may require help. 
 
 The Salvation Army has a department called the " Prison 
 Gate Brigade" for providing work, food, and shelter for dis- 
 charged prisoners, and for such "first offenders" as may be 
 handed over by the magistrates to the charge of the Army. 
 The work consists of firewood-cutting, mat-making, and shoe- 
 making on the premises of the brigade, and efibrts are made- by 
 the Army to obtain outside situations for such of the men as 
 have satisfied the superintendent of their willingness to work, 
 and to lead an honest life. Out of 658 men dealt with between 
 January 1891, the date when operations were commenced, and 
 the end of May 1893, 90 had been sent to the Army Wharf at 
 Battersea, 40 to the farm at ' Hadleigh, 130 to situations, 15 to 
 hospitals, 40 had been restored to friends, 7 sent to sea, while 
 6 had gone abroad. Of the remainder 198 had left of their own 
 accord, 80 were discharged for disobedience, &c., and 52 were 
 still in the home. 
 
144 
 
 (vi.) THE POOR-LAW IN RELATION TO THE ABLE- 
 BODIED UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 The present Poor-law aims at relieving destitution only, and 
 though work may be imposed as a test, relief is not given in the 
 shape of the payment of wages, but according to the necessities 
 of each case. All persons receiving poor-law relief, moreover, 
 lose for the time their rights as citizens. It is not proposed 
 in this report to attempt a general description of poor-law 
 administration. The rules under which relief may be given by 
 boards of guardians to the sick, aged, and infirm, differ from 
 those applicable to the able-bodied unemployed, with whom we 
 are here exclusively concerned. 
 
 The following extracts from a memorandum prepared in 1886 
 by Sir Hugh Owen, K.C.B., secretary to the Loeal Government 
 Board, describe sufficiently for the purposes of this report the 
 rules applying to the relief of able-bodied male persons, and the 
 practice of guardians in relation thereto : — 
 
 The regulations in force in the metropolis and the great centres of 
 population are contained in the Out Relief Regulation Order. That 
 Order provides : — 
 
 (1.) That no relief shall be given to any able-bodied male person 
 while he is employed for wages or other hire or remuneration by any 
 person. 
 (2.) That every able-bodied male person, if relieved out of the work- 
 house, shall be set to work by the guardians, and be kept employed 
 under their direction and superintendence, so long as he continues 
 to receive relief. 
 (3.) That the observance of the foregoing regulations shall not be 
 imperative in the following cases : — 
 
 (a.) The case of a person receiving relief on account of sudden 
 
 and urgent necessity ; 
 (6.) The case of a person receiving relief on account of any sick- 
 ness, accident, or bodily or mental infirmity affecting such 
 person or any of his family ; and 
 (Cc) The case of a person receiving relief for the purpose of 
 defraying the expenses of the burial of any of his family. 
 (4.) That whenever the guardians allow relief to any able-bodied 
 male person out of the workhouse, one-half at least of the relief 
 so allowed shall be given in articles of food or fuel, or in other 
 articles of absolute necessity. 
 (5.) That when the guardians set able-bodied male persons to work 
 under the above regulations, they shall within 30 days report to the 
 Local Government Board the place or places at which the able- 
 bodied paupers are set to work, the sort or sorts of work in which 
 they or any of them are employed, the times and mode of work, and 
 the provision made for superintending them while working ; and 
 shall forthwith discontinue or alter the same if the Local Govern- 
 ment Board shall so require. 
 
 Further, the Order, with the view of meeting cases of an ex- 
 ceptional character, provides that if the guardians shall upon considera- 
 tion of the special circumstances of any particular case deem it expedient 
 to depart from any of the above regulations, and within 21 days after 
 
THE POOR LAW. 145 
 
 the departure shall report the same and the grounds thereof to the Local 
 Grovernment Board, the relief which may have been so given in such 
 case by such guardians, before the answer to the report shall have been 
 returned bv the Board, shall not be deemed to be contrary to the 
 provisions of the Order ; and if the Local Grovernment Board shall 
 approve of the departure, and shall notify such approval to the 
 guardians, all relief given in such case after such notification, so far as 
 the same shall be in accordance with the terms and conditions of the 
 approval, shall be lawful, anything in the Order to the contrary not- 
 withstanding. 
 
 It will be observed, therefore, that the guardians in the cuse of the 
 unions to which the Order applies are not precluded from granting out- 
 relief to able-bodied male persons who require it in consequence of being 
 out of employment, subject to the condition that such persons shall be 
 set to work by the guardians and be kept employed under their directions 
 and supervision, so long as they continue to receive relief. 
 
 In other unions, comprising chiefly agricultural districts and towns 
 with a small population, relief is administered under the Greneral Out- 
 door Belief Prohibitory Order. That Order requires that every able- 
 bodied male pauper shall be relieved wholly in the workhouse of the, 
 union, except in the following cases : — 
 
 (1.) "Where such person shall require relief on ac(;ount of sudden audi 
 
 urgent necessity. 
 (2.) Where such person shall require relief on account of any sickness 
 
 accident, or bodily or mental infirmity affecting himself or any of 
 
 his family ; and, 
 (3.) Where such person shall require relief for the purpose of 
 
 defraying the expenses either wholly or in part of the burial of any 
 
 of his family. 
 
 In the case of this order, also, there is a proviso to meet cases of an 
 exceptional character. The order provides that in case the guardians of 
 any union depart in any particular instance from any of the regulations,, 
 and within lo days after such departure report the same and the grounds 
 thereof to the Local Government Board, and the Board approve of the 
 departure, the relief granted in such particular instances shall, if 
 otherwise lawful, not be deemed to be unlawful or be subject to be 
 disallowed. 
 
 In the case of certain unions to which the regulations in the Genei-al 
 Out-door Relief Prohibitory Order apply, an Out-door Labour Test 
 Order has been issued. Tiiis Order is intended to provide for except 
 tional circumstances, which, in the opinion of the guardians, rendei- it 
 necessary to give out-door i-elief to able-bodied male persons. Where 
 it is in force, the granting cf out-door relief to such persons is subject to 
 conditions similar to those in the out-door relief regulations above referred 
 to, the chief condition being that any such person so relieved shall be 
 set to work by the guardians 
 
 The principle on which the several Orders referred to are based is 
 that able-bodied male persons shall only receive relief from the poor 
 rates, on the ground of being out of employment, subject to such a test 
 of destitution as is involved in the acceptance of an order for admii^siou 
 to the workhouse, or the performance of a task of work. 
 
 o 77723. 
 
146 CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 (vii.) THE CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY AND 
 KIN:DRED associations in relation TO THE 
 UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 Among the voluntary organisations dealing on a systematic 
 plan with the relief of distress the London Charity Organisation 
 Society and some of the provincial societies bearing the same 
 name occupy a prominent position as regards both the prac- 
 tical work of administration and the contribution they have 
 made to the study of the conditions and limitations under which 
 distress arising from various causes may be permanently assisted. 
 There appear to be about 88 societies in the United Kingdom 
 either bearing this title or having somewhat similar objects and 
 in correspondence with the centr-al society in London. As might 
 be expected they differ among tliemselves to a considerable extent 
 in their principles of action. We are concerned with them here 
 merely in so far as they deal with those whose distress arises 
 from want of employment. It is necessary, however, to give a 
 very brief sketch of the general plan of operations which they 
 usually pursue in order to understand their policy with regard 
 to the unemployed. For this purpose the London Society, the 
 work of which is by far the most extensive, is taken as typical. 
 
 In the Official Manual it is stated that " the Society consists 
 " of a federation of district committees, whose general principles 
 " of action are determined by a central council upon which each 
 '•' district committee is represented .... The Society seeks to form 
 *•' side by side with every board of guardians at least one com- 
 '' mittee containing representatives of the board and of all the 
 " charitable agencies at work in the local Poor Law division . . . . 
 " Each committee, so far as it can, raises its own funds locally. 
 " .... It is the duty of district committees to endeavour to 
 " effect a division of work between the Poor Law and charity. 
 " They accordingly leave to the Poor Law such cases of destitu- 
 " tion as cannot in their opinion be effectually assisted by 
 " charitable help; but cases in which there is a prospect of some 
 *• permanent good being done they endeavour to help from 
 " charitable sources. In such cases they seek assistance from the 
 " agencies severally best able to deal with them ; and when these 
 '' fail, they consider themselves under an obligation to secure that 
 '•' the treatment which they have advised shall be carried out." 
 
 The main principles on which the Society works may perhaps 
 be thus summarised : 
 
 (1.) The locality rather than the class of distress is, in the main, 
 taken as the unit in dealing with distress. There are indeed a 
 few special committees (on emigration, medical work, &c.), but 
 the backbone of the Society's operations is the group of district 
 
CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 147 
 
 committees. The maxim is to " centralise information, localise 
 responsibility." This principle clearly marks off the Society's 
 work from that of centralised institutions, each dealing with a 
 special class. 
 
 (2.) In each district the attempt is made to federate existing 
 relief agencies so as to secure unity of action. 
 
 (3.) By co-operation with the Poor Law authorities it is sought 
 in each district to effect a division of function, the Society 
 attempting the permanent " cure " of cases of distress which 
 appear to admit of such cure, and leaving others to the Poor Law. 
 
 (4.) The Society aims at giving relief only incases where there 
 appears a prospect of permanent good being done ; and at treating 
 completely and adequately such cases as it does relieve. Thus, as 
 a rule it refuses doles of food and money, and invariably makes 
 an elaborate inquiry into the circumstances of each case with a 
 view to determine if it can be permanently helped. Such inquiry 
 is not directed to ascertain and reward " merit," but to diagnose 
 the causes of distress. 
 
 These principles being kept in view, it may be said to be the 
 general policy of the Society not to relieve ordinary cases of want 
 of employment, such as continually arise from one cause or another 
 in a normal state of the labour-market. It is held that the 
 proper and only effective "cure " for a carpenter or dock labourer 
 who has lost a job is to find another. To give him money might 
 often tend to relax the energy with which he is searching for 
 work; to provide him with work (even if practicable) would have 
 the same effect in still greater degree, beside tending to dislocate 
 the labour market. As regards helping him to find work, the 
 Society holds as a general rule that the search for work is usually 
 most effectively carried on by the person most interested in its 
 success. This argument applies obviously only to the normal 
 fringe of "unemployed," who at any given time, even in a 
 favourable state of the labour-market, find themselves out of a 
 job, and is admittedly inapplicable to times of unforeseen and 
 exceptional scarcity of work. It is based on the assumption that, 
 at the time, there is on the whole a sufficient supply of work to 
 go round, so that any action which relaxes the energy with which a 
 given workman seeks his share of that employment is undesirable. 
 The argument fails when, owing to exceptional circumstancas, 
 £here is not enough work to go round. Accordingly the 
 Charity Organisation Society draws a sharp distinction between 
 *' ordinary " and " exceptional " distress, especially as regards 
 want of employment. 
 
 Before, however, passing on to the policy pursued in cases of 
 " exceptional " scarcity of work, it should be noticed that the line 
 taken by the various societies and district committees with 
 regard to providing labour, relieving the unemployed, and 
 assisting them to obtain work, is by no means uniform through- 
 out the country. In Scotland, for example, where the Poor Law 
 does not contemplate the relief of the able-bodied, the division 
 
 K 2 
 
148 CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY, 
 
 of function between private effort and the Poor Law inculcated 
 above might naturally be interpreted as leaving the provision of 
 labour yards as tests for able-bodied applicants for relief within 
 the sphere of the voluntary society. Thus the Glasgow Charity 
 Organisation Society and the " Associations for Improving the 
 Condition of the Poor " at Edinburgh and Paisley provide wood- 
 chopping yards for men and sewing for women. 
 
 In Edinburgh the labour yard is used " both as a means of 
 " giving temporary employment and as a test of willingness to 
 " work." The men work from six to seven hours a day, 
 payment being by the piece, with a minimum of Is. a day and 
 dinner, and additional " help, if needed, for his wife and family. "^ 
 During the year 1892, 1,158 persons were offered work in the 
 yard, which was accepted by about 75 per cent. In Glasgow 
 (1891-92) work in the wood-chopping yard was offered to 318 
 men and accepted by 257. Payment is by results, with an 
 average of Is. Sd. per day of 7i hours. There were 68 women 
 employed in making up clothing, which was sold to the public. 
 At Paisley the men in the wood-chopping yard can earn Is. 
 a day. Employment was found in it for 36 men during the 
 year. 
 
 A few English Charity Organisation Societies, especially in the 
 North, also provide work. In Newcastle (in 1891-92) work in 
 the firewood yard was offered to 509 and accepted by 202, while 
 a ladies' committee found charing for 67 women and gave 
 needlework to 39. The firewood and clothing were sold at the 
 office. 
 
 The Darlington Charily Organisation Society opened a wood- 
 yard towards the close of the year 1891 ; and a " Boys' Messenger 
 Brigade," which was started in 1890, is also under their controL 
 The cost of the two institutions for the year 1891-2 was 345^. 
 
 In 1891-92, the Liverpool Central Belief and Charity Orga- 
 nisation Society gave 776 orders " to men alleging want of 
 work as a reason for seeking i-elief " to work in the wood- 
 chopping workshops. Only 288 accepted work.. They earned 
 an average of Is. 8d. a day, additional relief being given, if 
 necessary, to the family. The deficiency for the year was 266?. 
 The society has also a work-room for women. It regards these 
 workshops as indispensable as a test in a district where casual 
 labourers form so large a proportion of applicants.* 
 
 The Kochdale Charity Organisation Society also has a fire- 
 wood factory, in which 33 persons were employed during 
 1891-92. 
 
 The London Society, however, distrusts the provision of work 
 by voluntary agencies, even as a test, in ordinary times. " Our 
 " objection to the use of labour tests is that they tend to become 
 " a substitute for inquiry and for the individual treatment of 
 " cases Tests are for the Poor Law, which has only 
 
 * Report of Liverpool Central Relief and Charity Organisation Society, 1891-2, 
 pp. 7 and 8. 
 
CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCFETY. 
 
 149 
 
 ** to prove the fact of destitution. Those who would help must 
 " go deeper." * 
 
 Turning from the provision of employment to the work of 
 assisting persons to obtain employment, it will be seen from the 
 following statement, extracted from the last report of the London 
 Charity Organisation Society, that the work done in this direc- 
 tion in most London districts is for reasons given above very 
 limited : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cases relieved by 
 employment 
 
 District. 
 
 
 
 Total Cases reliered 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1891-2). 
 
 (1891-2). 
 
 Kensington 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 367 
 
 . 
 
 Fulham 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 505 
 
 S3 
 
 Paddington 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 221 
 
 16 
 
 Chelsea 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 524 
 
 U 
 
 St. George's (Hanovei 
 
 Square) 
 
 - 
 
 613 
 
 207 
 
 St. James's 
 
 - 
 
 > 
 
 - 
 
 174 
 
 16 
 
 St. Marylebone - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 531 
 
 13 
 
 Hampstead 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 151 
 
 3 
 
 North St. Pancras 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 192 
 
 5 
 
 South St. Pancras 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 397 
 
 9 
 
 Islington 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 451 
 
 19 
 
 Hackney 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 206 
 
 19 
 
 St. Giles's 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 181 
 
 6 
 
 -Holborn 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 93 
 
 8 
 
 Clerkenwell 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 _■ 
 
 303 
 
 10 
 
 City 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 148 
 
 5 
 
 Shoreditch 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 277 
 
 16 
 
 Bethnal Green - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 288 
 
 9 
 
 Whitechapel - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 211 
 
 4 
 
 St. George'8, East 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 262 
 
 1 
 
 Stepney 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 361 
 
 12 
 
 Mile End 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 287 
 
 3 
 
 Bow - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 464 . 
 
 19 
 
 Poplar - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 339 
 
 2i 
 
 St. Saviour's 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 206 
 
 .8 
 
 Newington 
 
 _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 516 
 
 21 
 
 St. Olave's 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 463 
 
 "20 
 
 Vauxhall 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6J5 
 
 5 
 
 Lambeth 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 530 
 
 ai 
 
 Brixton - 
 
 _ 
 
 ^ 
 
 _ 
 
 148 
 
 2 
 
 Wandsworth 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 _ 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 Battersea 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 508 
 
 23 
 
 Clapham 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 51 
 
 1 
 
 Camberweli 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 271 
 
 9 
 
 •Dulwich 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 
 164 
 
 
 Oreenwich 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 716 
 
 46 
 
 Deptford 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 200 
 
 
 Woolwich 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 344 
 
 21 
 
 Lewisham 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 62 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 12,040 
 
 670 
 
 The only London district in which this form of assistance is 
 at all prevalent is seen to be St. George's, Hanover Square, where 
 a labour register is kept, and a certain amount of work found. 
 
 * Register of Charity Organisation and Relief Societies, 1890-1. Introduction, 
 f)p. vii and viii. 
 
150 
 
 CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 According to the reports of the Provincial Societies for 1891-2, 
 several appear to have concerned themselves with finding work 
 for applicants, but of these some confined their attentions to 
 women and girls suitable for household work. The following 
 is a brief summary of the particulars given in the reports, so far 
 as they relate to finding employment : — 
 
 Name of Society. 
 
 Cambridge Charity Organisation Society 
 
 Macclesfield Relief Association - 
 
 Newcastle Charity Organisation Society 
 
 Worcester Charity Organisation Society 
 Birkenhead, Charity Organisation and 
 
 Provident Society. 
 Alford Canterbury Provident Relief 
 
 Association. 
 Halifax Charity Organisation Society - 
 Huddersfield Charity Organisation 
 
 Society. 
 Leith Association for Improving the 
 
 Condition of the Poor. 
 Liverpool Central Relief and Charity 
 
 Organisation Society. 
 
 Particulars of Work done. 
 
 Register kept of persons who can be 
 recommended for household work. 
 
 Register for charwomen and needle- 
 women kept. 
 
 Charing found for 67 women and needle- 
 work for 39. 
 
 A free registry for young servants kept. 
 
 Employment found for 15 men and 74 
 women. 
 
 Employment found for 20 men. 
 
 Of 34 applicants, 10 were found work. 
 27 persons were found employment 
 
 through Labour Bureau. 
 75 persons were found employment. 
 
 Employment was found in factory dis- 
 tricts for 36 persons, chiefly widows. 
 
 In addition to the above, the Oxford Anti-Mendicity and 
 Charity Organisation Association undertakes to investigate the 
 cases of vagrants, and if possible to help them to employment ; 
 and the Paisley Association for Improving the Condition of the 
 Poor endeavours to find outside work for those who have been 
 engaged in the firewood factory connected with the Association. 
 
 On the other hand, there are some Charity Organisation 
 Societies and district committees which not only do not attempt 
 directly to find work for applicants, but reject out-of-work cases, 
 in ordinary times altogether. Others (as in some districts in 
 East London) refuse relief to the " unemployed " man, but offer 
 to support liis wife and family if he will go into the workhouse. 
 
 Although the Charity Organisation Society in most cases does 
 not attempt to find employment for men out of work, and 
 generally refuses applications for such assistance, it does not on 
 that account necessarily refuse help of any kind. Thus many 
 district committees make a practice of offering to help any child 
 of the applicant old enough for service to obtain a situation, and 
 frequently supplies her with an outfit. If any member of the 
 family is prevented from working by sickness and it is clear that 
 the father's distress is not of a chronic nature, medical treat- 
 ment and convalescent aid are procured. Such assistance does 
 not appear under the head of '* employment found," although its 
 ultimate object is to enable the recipient to return to work. It 
 is a rule of the Society, not always perhaps observed, never to 
 
CHARITY OKGANISATION SOCIETY. 151 
 
 dismiss an application without first considering whether some 
 method of relief other than that applied for may not usefully be 
 adopted, and the fact that in many instances what is known as 
 an " out-of-work '' case is frequently dismissed without any 
 offer of aid is due to the inherent practical difficulties of 
 giving effective help. 
 
 On the whole the principles laid down by the London Society 
 with respect to the treatment of ordinary out-of-work cases must 
 be regarded as general principles of guidance, rather than as 
 rigid rules applicable to every case. It has been made sufficiently 
 clear in an earlier part of this report, that causes of distress are 
 so intermixed that it is often impossible in practice to draw a 
 distinct line between " out-of-work " and other cases ; and the 
 success of the policy of leaving certain classes of cases to the 
 Poor Law must depend to some extent on the completeness with 
 which the local voluntary relief agencies are organized. Other- 
 wise "leaving to the Poor Law" may mean passing on to 
 another and laxer voluntary relief society. 
 
 Again, there is in practice no sharp dividing line between 
 normal and exceptional distress, although the broad distinction is 
 a most important one, and is fundamentally assumed in the 
 policy of the Charity Organisation Society with regard to the 
 unemployed. To this question of the relief of those out of work 
 in a time of exceptional scarcity of employment, we may now 
 turn. 
 
 The attitude of the Charity Organisation Society towards 
 this question is clearly and concisely laid down in a published 
 memorandum entitled " Suggestions and suggested rules for 
 dealing with exceptional distress by local committees/' which 
 was originally inclu^led in a report by a select committee of the 
 Society dealing chiefly with the administration of the disastrous 
 Mansion House Relief Fund of 1885-86.* The suggestions are 
 sufficiently important to be reprinted here in full : — 
 
 I. General Policy of Relief. 
 
 It has now been repeatedly proved that the only way to meet wide- 
 spread and exceptional distress, without doing permanent injury to the 
 mass of the poor, is to adhere to certain general principles and fixed 
 lines of action which they will readily understand. Indecision and 
 vacillation at such a time produce grave mischief. "j" 
 
 * Report of a Select Committee on Exceptional Distress, 1886. CasSell & Co. 6d. 
 
 t In a time of " commercial embarrassment " " an ill-regulated distribution of 
 charitable donations may not only fail to relieve the class for whose benefit the 
 fuiids were collected, but further diminish the resources they would otherwise hare 
 obtained by their ON\n exertions." — Dr. Kay, Third Annual Report of the Poor Law 
 Commissioners. 
 
 " It is the stoutest, not the kindest heart that is wanted " " in times of scarcity or 
 unusual stagnation " ; and " all we have to do is to weather the storm as well as we 
 are able, taking additional care to be vigilant and strict in keeping all members of 
 the community .vithin the bounds of duty." — Quoted by Mr. Longlky in his "Report 
 to the TiOcal Government Board on Poor Law Administration in London." 1874. 
 
152 
 
 CHAKITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 " Tests " and 
 inquiry. 
 
 Classes 
 
 requiring 
 
 relief. 
 
 Public and 
 charitable 
 " works." 
 
 Labour-yards. 
 
 The creation of a large relief fund tends to occasion additional 
 difficulties and perplexities. Confusion and waste can only be avoided 
 by taking careful measures for the administration of relief beforehand, 
 quietly and Avithout; panic. 
 
 To deal with large numbers of people quickly and effectually " tests " 
 are necessary, no less than inquiry. 
 
 Roughly speaking, applications come from three classes : 
 
 (1) Thrifty and careful men; 
 
 (2) Men of different grades of respectability, with a decent home ; 
 
 (3) The idle, loafing class, or those brought low by drink or vice ; 
 
 To the first of these, relief should be given ; but if public works are 
 opened they should be recommended to take such work, not as a test, 
 but as temporary employment. 
 
 To the second clas? (according to the character of the case) relief 
 should be offered (1) conditionally on employment in public or other 
 works ; or (2) the applicant should be referred to the Poor Law labour- 
 yard ; or (3) admitted to the workhouse, while the wife and family are 
 supported by charitable relief outside. 
 
 The third class should be left to the Poor Law. Relief by way of 
 alms only maintains them in their evil habits, discourages the thrifty 
 and striving, and leads to still further neglect of wife and family. 
 
 Public works should not be undertaken unless there is clear evidence 
 that the want of employment is so great that some such temporary 
 measures are absolutely necessary to prevent better-class working men 
 from liviijg in semi-starvation. Their tendency must be to keep labour 
 in the same grooves. If the distress is occasioned by some temporary 
 and definite cause, after a short period there will be an improvement in 
 the labour market. If the distress is occasioned by deeper and more 
 permanent causes, public works will act merely as a palliative which 
 may divert attention from the source of the evil and tend to become as 
 chronic as the shortness of work. 
 
 If public or other works are opened — 
 
 (1) Men should only be admitted to them after inquiry or on satis- 
 factory recommendation. 
 
 (2) The wages and the hours should be as nearly as possible according 
 to contract rates. 
 
 (3) Care should be taken to supply sufficient overlookers, and to group 
 the men according to character and ability. ^ 
 
 (4) If a meal is v/anted, or clothing, it is better that this should be 
 supplied separately from a relief fund. The employment should be 
 j^iven, as far as possible, in accordance with ordinary business contracts, 
 and not as "charity work," which tends to be as ill-done as it is ill-paid, 
 iind to degrade men instead of improving them. 
 
 (5) Public and other relief works should be of a local character, 
 planned according to estimates drawn by the local authorities, and 
 conducted under local superintendence. This will be some guarantee 
 against waste and irresponsibility. Such works only should be under- 
 taken as are likely to create the least disturbance in the labour market. 
 
 Poor Law labour-yards are sometimes the only test available, but 
 they have a tendency to become permanent institutions for the supply of 
 cheaply-paid and practically useless labour to casual and idle labourers of 
 all kinds. 
 
EXCEPTIONAL DISTRESS. 153 
 
 The plan of applying a modified form of the workhouse test in certain The modified 
 cases, by which the man is maintained in the workhouse while the wife workhouse . 
 and family are supported by voluntary charity, is suggested for the *^^*- 
 following reasons : 
 
 (1) The assistance is adequate; no homes are broken up, and the 
 relief is 90 given as to meet the wants of the family — the wife and 
 children as well as the husband. 
 
 (2) It will act as an education in provident habits. 
 
 (3) The burden of sacrifice will be thrown on the man ; whereas in 
 all other schemes for dealing with this class, it is liable to be thrown on 
 the woman. 
 
 II. The Local Committees. 
 
 It is clear that none of tiie three classes mentioned above, except the Co-operation 
 first and part of the second, can be properly dealt with, unless there is ^i^h 
 co-operation between the administrators of charitable funds and the guardians in- 
 Poor Law guardians. This co-operation is indispensable. 
 
 That there may be agencies for this co-operation and for the direct ^' whom they 
 distribution of relief local relief committees are necessary. These ^ ^" consis . 
 should include representatives — 
 
 (a) Of the Principal Land and House Owners, 
 
 {b) Of Employers of Labour, 
 
 (c) Of Working Men — including representatives of trade societies 
 
 and benefit clubs, 
 (c?) Of Charitable Agencies, 
 {e) Of Poor Law Gruardiaus and of the Yestry, 
 (/) Of School Teachers and Visitors, 
 (ff) Of Clergy of all Denominations. 
 
 Committees should be comparatively small and composed of members 
 well acquainted with the district. To such persons the street or neigh- 
 bourhood in which a man lives may be a rough test of some value. So 
 far as possible, people of judgment, who have had some experience, and 
 have already interested themselves in the work of charity, should be 
 chosen. Members, e.g., ought to know what questions to ask, and how 
 to take down an application. The Clergy should act as advisers to the 
 Committee, rather than as almoners or honorary officials. Their know- 
 ledge of the district, or of the persons who apply, is often very valuable. 
 
 The area covered by the Committee should be comparatively small.* Area of 
 To avoid a rush of cases— Committee. 
 
 (1) Unnecessary publicity should, in the earlier stages, be avoided. ^ riTsb" 
 
 (2) The rules which the Committee propose to follow should subse- 
 quently be advertised in local papers, and given to all applicants. These 
 rules should show in general terms, but clearly, whom the Committee 
 
 * " I venture to say," writes A Jr. Salter, " that, as an active member of the 
 Kensington and Lambeth Charit}- Organisation Committees for ten years or more, I 
 was struck by the advantage of the small Local Committees, and the system of 
 assigning certain streets to certain members of Committee. A small Local Com- 
 mittee is more likely to secure the services of the clergy and others immediately 
 concerned than a Charity Organisation Committee which deals with a large district. 
 The knowledge, the interest, and the responsibility of its membens are greater." 
 
154 
 
 CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 wish to relieve and whom they intend to leave to the Poor Law. {See 
 below, IV.) 
 
 (3) It should be clearly stated that relief will only be given after 
 inquiry, or with a labour test. 
 
 (4) Trustworthy persons, who have been selected for the purpose by 
 the Committee, and who are well acquainted with the district, should refer 
 to the Committee cases which they believe they can thoroughly recommend, 
 A number of suitable cases may thus be brought to light, and the 
 multitude of personal applications in part avoided. 
 
 Application 
 on recommen- 
 dations. 
 
 Direct 
 application. 
 
 Who should 
 make the , 
 inquiry. 
 
 Inquiry of 
 
 Relieving 
 
 Officers. 
 
 III. Inquiry. 
 
 Application should in all cases be made by the head of the family only. 
 
 Application -forms {see Form A), or forms of reference, should be 
 given to members of Committee, selected employers and foremen, the 
 officers of trade and benefit societies, and to clergymen and district 
 visitors of experience.* 
 
 These forms should be given by them to applicants whom they re- 
 commend as suitable, according to the rules. {See above.) 
 
 The applicant should be required to attend at the office, and bring 
 with him the application or reference form, duly filled up and signed ; 
 and, if the person who sends the case is not an employer or foreman, a 
 recommendation from the employer or foreman will be necessary. 
 
 In all these cases the home will be visited and the reference or 
 recommendation verified, if the pressure is too great to do more. If 
 not, other points in the case may be taken up with a view to a more 
 thorough treatment of it. 
 
 If there is no reference of the applicant to the Committee, he will 
 attend at the office, the application form will be filled up, and such 
 inquiries made as the time allows. 
 
 Two things should never be omitted : — ■ 
 
 {a) The home shoidd be visited. 
 
 (b) An employe)' or local reference shoidd be communicated with. 
 
 The inquiry should be made by members of Committees and others 
 who have had some experience in relief work. They may in many 
 instances require the assistance of one or more paid officers. It was 
 found last year that much time was saved by the use of a form {see 
 Form B) for corresponding with references oi- employers. f 
 
 To ensure co-operation with the Guardians, it will be well to ascer- 
 tain from them whether cases are known to them ; and the Gruardians 
 might be asked to supply a list of the names of persons in receipt of 
 parochial assistance. Similarly lists of those relieved by the Committee 
 should be sent to the Guardians from time to time. 
 
 * It is best not to use the application form as the paper of reference. The details 
 to be filled up in the application form can, as a rule, be entered with less trouble and 
 more accurately when the applicant is seen at the office of the Committee. 
 
 t Mr. Edgcombe (Kensiufi^ton) writes : " Employers and references were almost 
 always communicated with, usually b}' letter ; it was observed that employers replied 
 with singular readiness." 
 
EXCEPTIONAL DISTRESS. 155 
 
 IV. Decision. 
 
 To prevent delay and haphazard and unjust decisions, it will be found Sifting of 
 convenient to come to an understanding with regard to groups of cases ; cases. 
 with this object it is suggested that the following rules should be Decisions, 
 adopted bj the Committee, and only deviated from by vote on any 
 special case. 
 
 1. That persons known to be drunkards, " loafers," or persons of bad 
 character, should not be assisted."* 
 
 2. That no one in receipt of Poor Law relief should be assisted, 
 except by the payment of club arrears. 
 
 3. That no cases of chronic distress, in which the head of the family 
 is habitually out of work in the winter or never in regular work, be 
 assisted. 
 
 4. That no cases of chronic distress occasioned by long-continued 
 illness, or by old age, be assisted. f 
 
 5. That no persons living in common lodging-houses should be 
 assisted. 
 
 6. That relief should not be given to persons who have not resided in 
 the district of the Poor Law Union for more than six months, unless 
 there be special reason to the contrary. 
 
 7. That those who have made any provision for the future should be 
 assisted, j 
 
 It should be remembered that for several of the above classes it will 
 be best to apply some form of labour test, e.g.^ the labour-yard, &c. ; 
 they would then obtain relief conditionally. . But no applicants should 
 be sent to public works, or works set on foot by any relief association^ 
 except on recommendation from some trustworthy source or after 
 inquiry. 
 
 Decisions upon cases should be made by Committee, and not left to 
 individual almoners. 
 
 The Committee should meet daily, if possible. At least half the Meetings, 
 meetings should be held in the evening, so that working men may be 
 able to attend. 
 
 V. 
 
 Relief can be varied and adjusted to the actual wants of an applicant, Suitable relief 
 only if the inquiry is sufficient, or the person who recommends the case only possible 
 has a real knowledge of it. To minimise friction and delay and promote if there is suffi- 
 effective relief, these two means of discrimination — recommendation and ci^nt inquiry 
 inquiry — should be worked together. worthy iufor- 
 
 Relief should not be given at the office, but taken to the homes by mation. 
 members of the Committee, almoners, or others. Valuable information i^elief not 
 is frequently obtained in this way, and crowding at the offices is still given at oflfice. 
 further prevented. 
 
 * This rule should be adhered to even Avhen there is a wife and, family. Other- 
 wise the husband is encouraged to neglect them. Few persons realise how strong a 
 feeling self-reliant working men have as to the. waste and injustice of the relief 
 thoughtlessly given to this class. 
 
 f These would naturally be dealt with by the more permanent relief agencies. 
 
 X Tests of this provision would be membership of a club or benefit society, 
 membership of a trade society, savings as shown by bank book, &c. 
 
156 
 
 CHARITY ORGAXISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 The visitor also may find that the relief ordered should be withheld 
 for further instructions. 
 
 A receipt should be required in all cases upon the Application Perm 
 {see back of the Form). 
 
 Scale of relief. If, owing to the number of applications, it is not possible to adjust 
 the relief to the wants of each case, the following scale, the sufficiency of 
 which has been tested by experience, should be adopted as a minimum ; 
 
 Relief in kind. 
 
 Report of 
 visitor as to 
 use of money. 
 
 Payment of 
 rent. 
 
 Weekly Scale for Food and Fuel exchisive of Rent. 
 
 An adult living alone, Zs. 6d. 
 
 Two or more adults living together, 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 Children under 4 years, 6d. each. 
 „ from 4 to 12 years, Is. each, 
 „ from 12 to 16 years, is. 6d. each. 
 
 Not more than IO5. in one week should, as a rule, be given to any 
 family, as there are generally in large families earnings or income (other 
 than charity) available. 
 
 Eelief in kind is not recommended. It is no safeguard to give such 
 relief in doubtful cases, cases in which the head of a family is a 
 drunkard, or where the inquiry is defective. Knowledge of the case is 
 the only real safeguard. 
 
 If, however, relief is given in kind, it should be by orders on any 
 respectable tradesman in the neighbourhood. (See Form C.) An 
 arbitrary and injurious interference with the custom of the smaller and 
 poorer shopkeepers in the district will thus be avoided. 
 
 Soup-kitchens tend to bring masses of the poor together to be relieved 
 wholesale. The chronic poor may be accustomed to this method of 
 relief. Those of a better type, whom it is the problem of charity to 
 relieve as far as possible, privately and without lowering their self-respect, 
 will shrink from such distributions. 
 
 In special cases it may be found desirable to assist by providing meals. 
 Orders upon cook and coffee shops, or cotfee taverns, should then be 
 given. It may be necessary to provide food for children in this way. 
 
 If clothing or boots are required, these too may be pro\'ided after strict 
 inquiry, and when there is definite promise of work. 
 
 If boots are given for children, inquiry should always be made of the 
 school master or mistress in the first instance, and they should be 
 informed of the gift. 
 
 As a rule it is best to take a view of the whole case, and to estimate 
 its wants, with a view to its ultimate requirements ; and then to give to 
 the applicant in money what is necessary for his adequate assistance. 
 If this be a temporary allowance it will be given weekly. 
 
 If money is given for any special purpose, the visitor or almoner who 
 has taken it should be required to report that it has been expended in 
 the manner agreed upon with the applicant. He should see the receipts. 
 
 It is not desirable to pay the applicant's rent if it can be avoided. 
 But if, as is often the case, a portion of the relief will be used for the 
 rent, it is better to recognise the fact and pay a week's current rent. 
 
 Back rent should under no circumstances be paid. 
 
EXCEPTIONAL DISTRESS. 157 
 
 The following further forms of relief are suggested : — 
 
 (1) Payment of club arrears, after consultation with workmen upon 
 the Committee, and reference to the Secretary of the Club, to whom the 
 money should be paid. 
 
 (2.) Taking tools and necessaries out of pawn. The money should in 
 this case be paid to the pawnbroker direct. 
 
 (3.) Medical relief. 
 
 (4.) Migration. 
 
 (5.) The emigration of carefully chosen emigrants to colonies in which 
 it has been ascertained that there is a definite opening for ihem. 
 
 It has been found that many of the most distressing cases occur after c^ses after 
 a period of distress, and as the result of the privation and sickness which pressure is 
 it causes. However large the fund, therefore, there should be no over- over, 
 haste in distributing it. The money will be hardly less wanted some 
 weeks after than at the actual time of the greatest pressure of applica- 
 tions. And it will be easier then to do justice to the work. 
 
 Issued Dec. 1889. 
 
 An attempt to apply the above principles to the relief of 
 a special class of unemployed cases in East London in the Winter 
 of 1892-93 is fully described in the chapter which deals with 
 the work of the Mansion House Conference. 
 
 It is not always, however, that distress is so clearly marked 
 out as " exceptional " as was the case with the unemployed dealt 
 with by the Mansion House Committee. Even, therefore, if 
 there be agreement as to general principles, there is often room 
 for difference of opinion as to their application in any given 
 case. Some persons, for example, class ordinary recurrent 
 " seasonal " slackness of trade as " exceptional." The Charity 
 Organisation Society would on the ottier hand hold that it is one 
 of the ordinary " trade risks," which a man engaged in such a 
 trade may reasonably be expected to provide for. On the other 
 hand, a prolonged frost may abnormally extend the period 
 during which bricklayers' work is suspended. Distress so 
 caused is usually classed as " exceptional " because it cannot be 
 exactly foreseen. Yet over a period of year* it is perfectly 
 certain that some winters will be specially severe. It is to 
 be remembered that the term " exceptional " is a general and 
 not a scientific term, and it should be applied to such scarcity 
 of work as, in the present state of human foresight, those 
 engaged in a given trade are not likely to foresee and provide 
 against. 
 
 Specimens of Forms A. and B. referred to are given on tlie 
 two following pages. 
 
168 
 
 CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY. 
 
 [Application Form A * 
 Committee No. 
 
 Date 
 
 Name in full 
 Address 
 
 Time in district 
 
 Previous Address 
 Age Married 
 
 Single Widowed Occupation 
 
 Ages of children at home 
 Earnings : Man 
 
 IVife 
 
 Children 
 
 Present Means of living 
 
 Name and Address of last Emploijer or Foreman 
 
 Time there 
 
 How long out ofioork during last twelve months 
 
 Reference : Name and Address 
 
 Club or Trade Society Arrears 
 
 Relief from Club Parish Other Source _ 
 
 Weekly Rent Let off Rent due 
 
 Debts Pawn Tickets 
 
 Remarks 
 
 
 Visited by ** 
 Report 
 
 
 
 Date 
 
 
 
 N.B. — Visitors will, 
 and report especially on 
 
 so far as possible, verify the above 
 I the state of the home and any signs 
 
 statements, 
 of thrift. 
 
 Decision 
 
 
 * Note. — At the back of this form, when printed for use, is a form 
 of receipt with spaces for *' Date," '* Relief Granted," and " Signature 
 of Applicant." 
 
CHARITY ORGAKISATION SOCIETY. 159 
 
 [Form B. 
 
 INQUIRY OF EMPLOYERS. 
 
 Confidential. 
 
 Office 
 
 Sir, 
 
 .18 
 
 of 
 
 who has applied to this Committee for assistance, states that up to 
 
 18 , he was in your employ as and that h weehly wages 
 
 were , that h left you on , 
 
 and that the cause of h leaving teas 
 
 Will you therefore kindly inform the Committee ichether these statements 
 
 are correct? and whether was steady, regular, and did h work 
 
 efficiently ? 
 
 Four obedient servant, 
 
 REPLY OF EMPLOYER OR FOREMAN. 
 
 Date 
 
 Signature 
 
 [Form C. 
 District. No. 
 
 RELIEF FUND. 
 
 
 VALUE ONE SHILLING. / \ 
 
 I STAMP. J 
 
 FOR FOOD AND FUEL ONLY. 
 
 Any tradesman presenting this ticket 
 
 at any between and 
 
 o'clock icill receive cash. 
 
160. 
 
 (viii.) THE SOCIAL WING OF THE SALVATION AKMY. 
 
 The following particulars with regard to the operations of the 
 social wing of the Salvation Army are partly based on statistics 
 and other information supplied by the authorities of the Salva- 
 tion Arm}^, and partly on personal observation of the work 
 carried on. Tiiis work cannot be adequately treated apart from 
 a general account of the religious organisation of which it is an 
 out-growth and with which it is closely connected. Such a 
 review^ however, would lead us far outside the scope of the 
 present report. Many features of the social scheme do not directly 
 concern us, e.g., the cheap food depots, the rescue homes, the 
 match factory, and several other departments of philanthropic 
 work. All that can be attempted here is a very brief outline of 
 those parts of the scheme which aim at dealiog specially with 
 the problem of providing or finding work for the able-bodied 
 unemployed. The whole of the work is still in a comparatively 
 early stage, having first been started on a considerable scale in 
 the year 1891. 
 
 Viewed from this standpoint the operations of the '•' Social 
 Wing" may be divided into three departments more or less 
 connected with each other : first the " national labour exchange " 
 conducted at headquarters in connexion with the night shelters : 
 secondly, the two workshops or " elevators " into which a certain 
 proportion of those registered at the labour exchange are drafted, 
 and thirdly, the farm colony in Essex on which are employed a 
 certain number of men from the " elevator " workshops together 
 with a few who apply direct to the farm. 
 
 In many essential respects this scheme for dealing with the 
 unemployed will be found to differ both in conception and in 
 practice from the policy of the societies described in the preced- 
 ing chapter. Apart from the specific religious basis on which it 
 rests, the Salvation Army scheme is highly centralised, in 
 contrast with the Charity Organisation plan of localisation ; its 
 most important feature is the direct provision of temporary 
 work ; and the whole machinery forms a self-contained group of 
 institutions working independently of other organisations, rather 
 than attempting systematically to utilise or to federate existing 
 agencies. The careful inquiry repecting applicants for assist- 
 ance, which is one of the chief features in the work of the 
 Charity Organisation Society, occupies a very subordinate 
 place in the Salvation Army scheme, the test of work being in 
 the main relied on to take the place both of inquiry and 
 verification. 
 
 The social work of the Salvation Army extends to some 
 degree to the provinces, but a description of the work in London 
 where it is most highly developed will be sufficient for the 
 purpose of this report. 
 
LABOUR BUREAU. 
 
 161 
 
 (1.) The National Labour Exchange. 
 
 The National Labour Exchange consists of a central register 
 or labour bureau at the head-quarters in Queen Victoria Street, 
 with branches at 10 shelters and depots in varioi^ districts of 
 
 B 250 THE SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 Branch No. 
 
 Social Wing. 
 
 NATIONAL LABOUR EXCHANGE. 
 
 Issuing Office 
 Stamp. 
 
 Central Offices, 
 
 10], Queen Victoria Street, 
 
 London, E.G. 
 
 This Ticket is current for One Calendar Month only 
 FROM Date of Issue. 
 
 London Branches. 
 
 272, Whitechapel Road, E. 
 21, West India Dock 
 
 Road, E. 
 61a, St. John's Square 
 
 ClerkenAvell, E.G. 
 2, Burne Street, Edgware 
 
 Road, W. 
 83, Horseferry Road, 
 
 Westminster. 
 16, Blackfriars Road, S.E. 
 96, Southwark Street, S.E. 
 8 and 9, Stanhope Street, 
 
 Drury Lane, W.C. 
 119 and 121, Green Street, 
 
 Bethiial Green. 
 51 and 53, Royal Mint 
 
 Street, Ratcliffe High- 
 way, E. 
 
 PRO\^NCIAL Branches. 
 
 Peel Street, Leeds Road, 
 Bradford. 1 
 
 36, Lisbon Street, Wel- 
 lington Road, Leeds. 
 
 48, Ciistle Street, Bristol. 
 
 We do not guarantee to find you 
 work. Endeavour to get work 
 yourself apart from what we may 
 do on your behalf, as we only pro- 
 mise to do our best to find employ- 
 ment for you. Grive this Ticket up 
 at the end of a month and obtain a 
 new one if you are still out of work. 
 This is absolutely necessary, as 
 your name will be taken off the 
 Register on the expiration of this 
 Ticket. 
 
 Name 
 Trade 
 
 N.B. — If Renewal it must be stated how often since 1st December of 
 previous year by defacing figure in the column. 
 
 2 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 o 77723. 
 
162 
 
 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 C250 
 
 This part must he sent on to the Central Offices at once. 
 
 THE SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 Social Wing. 
 
 NATIONAL LABOUE EXCHANGE. 
 
 Central Offices, 
 
 101, Queen Victoria Street, 
 
 London, E.C. 
 
 Branch No. 
 
 Issuing Office 
 Stamp. 
 
 PARTICULARS OF APPLI- 
 CANT. 
 
 Name 
 
 Address 
 
 The Officer in charge is 
 responsible for the Kegls- 
 tration of every man ap- 
 plying during the hours set 
 apart for Registration, and 
 for the daily despatch to 
 the Central Offices of the 
 particulars so taken. In 
 the CA-ent of employers 
 procuring men direct from 
 3'our Branch, the particu- 
 lars of each man must he 
 sent, and in every case 
 where an employer makes 
 application to you, the 
 separate Return provided 
 for that purpose must be 
 sent. 
 
 Trade 
 
 Married or Single 
 
 Number of Children 
 How long Out of Work 
 References 
 
 Recording Office?'' s Name 
 
 Remarks 
 
 N.B. — \i Renewal it must be stated how often since 1st December of 
 previous year \>j defacing figure in the column. 
 
 9 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 London. ApplicaDts for registration apply either at the central 
 office, or more usually at the shelters where the form shown on 
 this and the preceding page is filled in, the section or ticket 
 marked B. being retained by the applicant and that marked C. 
 being despatched to the central office. An inspection of the 
 
LABOUR BUREAU. 
 
 16S 
 
 form itself sufficiently indicates the method by which the bureau 
 is worked. 
 
 Efforts have been made, but with only limited success, to 
 induce employers to apply for men to the bureau, and the pro- 
 portion placed in permanent situations is not great, only 421 
 being so placed in 1892 out of a total number of 10,743 regis- 
 tered. A considerable number, however, were provided during 
 the same period with temporary jobs as sandwichmen, bill 
 deliverers, writers, «Sz;c., and no fewer than 3,010 were provided 
 with temporary work in the " elevator " workshops which are 
 described below. 
 
 The class of persons, whose names are registered at the 
 bureau may to some extent, though incompletely, be gauged by 
 their alleged previous occupations which are stated as follows 
 for the year 1892 :— 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 No. of 
 Applicants. 
 
 Agriculture - - - - - 
 
 Mining - - - - - 
 
 "Building trades . - - _ 
 Engineering, iron shipbuilding, and metal trades 
 
 Texiiie trades - - - - . 
 
 Printing trades _ _ _ . 
 
 Clothing trades _ _ . , 
 
 Woodworking - - - - - 
 Food and drink preparation trades 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 Seamen . _ . - - 
 
 Railways _ . _ _ . 
 
 Carmen - . . _ - 
 General labourers - - ' - 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen - - - 
 
 Retail tradesmen - - - . 
 
 Shop assistants _ - _ - 
 Miscellaneous ----- 
 
 Unspecified - - - - - 
 
 Total 
 
 212 
 
 28 
 
 721 
 
 810 
 
 156 
 
 457 
 
 291 
 
 62 
 
 382 
 
 626* 
 
 152 
 
 16 
 
 138 
 
 3,968 
 
 1,272 
 
 11 
 
 258 
 
 18 
 
 1,165 
 
 10,743 
 
 Employment was found for 6,654, or about 62 per cent, of the 
 above number, and the following table shows how these suc- 
 cessful applicants were dealt with : — 
 
 Number passed into the Salvation Army workshops 
 
 Number for whom permanent employment was found - 
 
 Number for whom temporary employment was found - 
 
 Total - . . . 
 
 3,010 
 
 421 
 
 3,223 
 
 6,654 
 
 * Included in this number of men there were 57 who were registered as having 
 been either grooms or horsekeepers, 22 as waiters, and 14 as laundrymen. 
 
 L 2 
 
164 
 
 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 The character of the permanent and temporary employment 
 obtained through the bureau during 1892 is shown in detail in 
 the following table : — 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 No. of 
 Permanent 
 Places found. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Temporary 
 
 Places found. 
 
 Farm labourers - - - - - 
 Miner -_--._ 
 Building trades - - - - 
 Engineering, iron, and metal trades 
 Textile trades _ - - - . 
 Printing - - - - - 
 Clothing - . - - 
 Woodworking _ - _ - _ 
 Food and drink preparation trades 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 Seaman - . - - 
 Carmen . ^ ~ ~ 
 General labourers _ . - - 
 Clerks and Avarehousemen - - 
 Eetail tradesmen - - - - - 
 Sandwichmen - . . . _ 
 Bill distributors ----- 
 Writers - - - - ^ _ 
 Porters - - -' - 
 Miscellaneous - - . - . 
 Unspecified - _ - - _ 
 Boys -----. 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 119 
 
 24 
 3 
 16 
 10 • 
 
 6 
 42 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 97 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 ] 
 
 12 
 
 91 
 
 1,461 
 
 412 
 
 955 
 
 16 
 
 112 
 
 86 
 
 6 
 
 Totals - - - - 
 
 421 
 
 3,223 
 
 The numbers refer to the situations, not to the individuals for 
 whom work is, found. Hence, to some extent there may be 
 duplication, especially in the figures relating to temporary 
 employment. It will be seen that in the main the Labour Bureau 
 discharges two functions ; (1) as a feeder for the " elevator " 
 workshops, (2) as a centre for the supply of casual labour. 
 
 (2.) The Elevator Workshops.^ 
 
 There are at present two workshops in London, at White- 
 chapel and Battersea, where work is provided by the Salvation 
 Army for unemployed men sent through the Labour Bureau. 
 During 1892, 3,010 men were passed into these workshops. At 
 the present time (September 1893) there are 268 men at work 
 
 * Everyone who passes through the Elevator must register at the Labour Bureau 
 (City Colony). Besides the men in the Elevator workshops 52 ex-prisoners are 
 working at wood-chopping, mat-making, shoemaking, &c. in the " Bridge " or 
 €x-prisoners' home. 
 
ELEVATOR WORKSHOPS. 
 
 165 
 
 in them. The trades at which these men are engaged in the 
 workshops are given below : — 
 
 
 Elevator. 
 
 
 Trade. 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 No. 1. (Han- 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 
 
 bury St.) 
 
 (Wharf.) 
 
 
 Sorting waste, sack making, &c. 
 
 72 
 
 49 
 
 121 
 
 Wood chopping _ , . 
 Carpentry and cabinet making - 
 Other trades : — 
 
 32 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 32 
 
 General work _ - - 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 ' 
 
 Tambourine making 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Mattress and weaving 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Conveyance _ - - 
 Mechanical _ - _ 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 12 
 9 
 
 Kitchen - - - 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Management _ - - 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Total - 
 
 114 
 
 154 
 
 268 
 
 The following particulars with regard to the men who left 
 the workshops during 1892 are of interest. 
 
 {a.) The birthplaces of the men were stated by them as 
 follows : — 
 
 Birthplaces. 
 
 Number. 
 
 London _ _ c _ 
 
 Other parts of England and Wales 
 
 Scotland . _ _ _ 
 
 Ireland - _ _ 
 
 Abroad . . _ _ 
 
 Total who left during 1892 
 
 890 
 
 1,582 
 
 191 
 
 203 
 
 25 
 
 2,891 
 
 (h.) The alleged previous occupations are shown below :- 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Agriculture - _ - _ - 
 
 Mining, &c. -_---. 
 Building trades - _ - _ 
 
 Engineerinor, iron shipbuilding, and metal trades 
 Textile trades, &c. 
 Printing trades - - 
 
 85* 
 
 55 
 254 
 200 
 298 
 100 
 
 * Of those who stated that they had been engatjed in agricultural pursuits 62 
 described themselves as farm labourers and 23 as gardeners. 
 
166 
 
 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Clothing trades 
 
 Woodworking and kindred trades 
 
 Food and drink preparation trades 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 Seamen . - _ 
 
 Railways - - - y 
 
 Carmen, &c. 
 
 General labourers 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen 
 
 Retail tradesmen, &c. - 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 Miscellaneous and unspecified - 
 
 1892 
 
 - - 
 
 - 
 
 178 
 200 
 
 72* 
 100 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 202 
 
 580 
 
 288 
 
 12 
 102 
 138 
 
 Total who left during 
 
 2,891 
 
 (c.)-The particulars of length of stay are given below, so far as 
 relates to those who left the workshops during 1892. No notice 
 to leave is given or required. 
 
 Length of Stay. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Under 1 week - 
 
 1 week and under 1 month 
 
 1 month and under 3 months 
 
 3 months „ 
 
 JJ 
 
 6 „ 
 
 6 „ „ 
 
 »> 
 
 9 ,. 
 
 9 5» J> 
 
 5? 
 
 1 year 
 
 Total who left during 1892 
 
 964 
 902 
 655 
 310 
 52 
 8 
 
 2,891 
 
 The superintendent at the Whitechapel workshops (who is 
 himself a practical cabinet-maker) states that a certain number 
 of those who pass through his hands have already the prospect 
 of employment secured, and want to tide over the intermediate 
 period. A large proportion, however, of the whole number, 
 owe their position to drink, crime, or other defects of personal 
 qualities. A good many are old soldiers, though as a rule they 
 •do not enter this fact^ but some previous or subsequent employ- 
 ment, on the register. The great bulk are town born and bred, 
 in contrast with the inmates of the German labour colonies, a 
 large proportion of whom have been rural labourers. 
 
 * Included m this number of men there were 36 who were registered as cooks, 2 1 
 as bakers, and 10 as milkmen. 
 
ELEVATOR WORKSHOPS. 167 
 
 As stated above, the test of work and discipline in the work- 
 shops is relied on for the purpose of sifting out those who cannot 
 be usefully assisted. 
 
 " Every man, irrespective of condition, character or religion, is eligible 
 for admission to the benefits of the scheme (the only limit being that of 
 accommodation) on the single condition that he is willing to work and 
 will obey orders."* 
 
 The conditions under which the men work in the " elevators " 
 are thus described : — 
 
 ** Every man who enters our workshops comes on the understanding 
 that he receives only food and shelter for the first four weeks, and must, 
 so long as he stays, if unmarried, live under our oversight at the Liglit- 
 house — the home of the men who are on this the second round of tlie 
 ladder. He is paid at first in twopenny tickets. Four of these entitle 
 him to three full meals and a bunk at the Lighthouse. A twopenny 
 dinner-ticket is usually good for soup, potatoes, and bread. As soon as 
 his sectional foreman announces that his labour is worth more, he is put 
 on " full-value tickets," viz., breakfast and supper, threepence each ; 
 dinner, fourpence ; and a dormitory ticket valued at twopence, fonrpence, 
 or sixpence, according to circumstances. This last depends partly upon 
 his deportment and cleanliness, etc."| 
 
 The " Lighthouse "referred to in the above extract is a shelter 
 in the neighbourhood of the workshops. 
 
 The furniture and certain other articles produced are partly 
 used by other departments of the Salvation Army. Other 
 products are sold in the open market. 
 
 The subsequent career of those who have passed through the 
 workshops is not clearly stated in the majority of cases ; in 
 fact, only in case of re -admissions is any complete account 
 obtained. A large proportion leave without notice, some doubtless 
 having obtained work, others resuming their previous " casual " 
 existence. During 1892, 583 of them were placed in situations 
 (not including those for whom places were obtained directly 
 through the Labour Bureau), and, in addition to these, 416 were 
 passed on into the farm colony described below. 
 
 The method of selection for the farm is described by the 
 superintendent of one of the " elevators'' as follows. Notice is 
 given that a certain number are required at the farm on a given 
 day, whereupon volunteers are asked for by the superintendents 
 of the " elevators." Among these they select a certain number, 
 whom they consider most likely to succeed, and from these again 
 the authoi'ities at the farm make a final selection. 
 
 (3.) The Farm Colony. 
 
 The Farm Colony for the unemployed was established in 18.91 
 at Hadleigh, Essex, where a freehold estate has been acquired on 
 
 * '* What is being done by the Darkest England Social Scheme " (Salvation 
 Army Headquarters, 1892), p. 3. 
 t Ibid., p. 9. 
 
168 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 the banks of the Thames, including about 1,500 acres of land 
 and 1,400 acres covered by the tidal waters of the Thames. 
 
 " The colony is controlled by an officer known as the Governor ; and 
 an Expenditure Board to which all matters involving expenditure are 
 suhmitted, and without the authority of which no money can be 
 expended."* 
 
 The rules and discipline of the colony are made clear by the 
 following form of agreement and regulations : — 
 
 The Salvation Army Farm Colony, Hadleigh, Essex. 
 
 Agreement by Colonist. 
 
 I, being by trade a but being unable to- 
 
 find work, have been in the London Shelters of The Salvation 
 
 Army for and now wish to go- 
 
 upon the Farm Colony. 
 
 I agree to obey all the rules and regulations made for the good conduct 
 and management of the colony, and to carry out all the instruc- 
 tions which may be given me by my officers there. 
 
 I promise to abstain from all intoxicating drink while resident in the 
 colony, and I pledge myself not to enter any premises where 
 drink is sold, and to discourage others doing so. I understand 
 that any departure from this rule may be followed by my instant 
 dismissal from the colony. 
 
 I understand the regulations as to grants as printed on the other side, 
 and am willing to work for my food and shelter only for one 
 month upon the colony, and after that time shall be satisfied 
 with the grant allowed me (if any) by the superintendent under 
 whom I may be placed. 
 
 Name 
 
 Date 
 
 The Salvation Army Farm Colony. 
 :- Recjulations as to Grants to Colonists. 
 
 1. — The colony is intended only for those who cannot obtain 
 occupation elsewhere, and who are prepared to work, having shelter and 
 maintenance only provided in exchange for their labour. Although 
 wages are not therefore paid, in order to encourage good workmen, in 
 most cases after the first month upon the colony, and in some cases 
 before the end of the month, certain grants will be made at the dis- 
 cretion of the governor, upon the recommendation of the superintendent 
 of the department in which the colonist may be engaged. 
 
 2. — If any colonist on arrival on the colony is found to have special 
 training for a particular position, the superintendent may place him at 
 once in such special position without waiting for the end of the period, 
 of trial. 
 
 ♦ " Darkest England Social Scheme," p. 22 . 
 
FAKM COLONY. 169' 
 
 3. — All grants or other payments are used first for the payment 
 of clothes or articles supplied to the colonists from the date of their 
 arrival upon the colony. 
 
 4.— If the colonist owes nothing to the colony for clothes, etc., he 
 may draw one-third of his grant in cash, the remainder being left as a 
 reserve fund. 
 
 5. — Each colonist will be provided with a card, which will show 
 at the end of each week the amount of reserve to which he is entitled. 
 
 6. — For any infringement of the rules, or negligence in work, ar 
 portion or the whole of the weekly grant may be stopped by order of the 
 governor of the colony, and for more serious misconduct a colonist may 
 be reduced to a lower class of grant or be discharged from the colony. 
 
 7. — Should any colonist be desirous of leaving the colony, he must 
 give at least 24 hours' notice in writing to the superintendent of his 
 department, from whom he must obtain a discharge note on the day of 
 his leaving the colony, stating that his work and tools are left in a* 
 satisfactory condition ; and should the colonist fail to give such notice- 
 and obtain a discharge note, he shall forfeit the whole of the cash stand- 
 ing to his credit in the reserve fund. 
 
 Most of the colonists have passed through the " elevators " but 
 a certain number are taken on direct at the farm. The follov^ing 
 analysis shows the previous length of stay at the " elevators " of 
 those who were working on the farm at the end of June 1893 : — 
 
 Number who had been at the " Elevators " for under one 
 week ...--_ 
 
 For 1 week and less than 4 weeks - _ . 
 4- 19 - 
 „ 12 „ „ 6 months - - _ 
 
 Over 6 months - - - - - - 
 
 1 
 56 
 
 87 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 Total number passed through " elevators " - 
 
 167 
 
 Number taken on at the farm direct, without passing 
 through elevator ----- 
 
 86* 
 
 Grand total 
 
 253 
 
 Besides the cultivation of the farm and market garden, several 
 industries are undertaken, of which the most extensive is brick- 
 making. A wharf has been constructed at the riverside, from 
 which a railway is being made to the brickfield, the embankment 
 being made from London street sweepings, delivered at the 
 wharf in barge loads. This work occupies a considerable number 
 of colonists. A bridge has been constructed of bricks produced 
 in the brick-field. On the whole the colonists tend to engage in 
 the industries rather than in the cultivation of the farm, which 
 bears out all previous experience of townsmen placed upon the 
 land. 
 
 * Of the 86 received at the farm direct, a number had gone out to seek Avork 
 and returned unsuccessful ; probably a number had registered at the Labour Bureau, . 
 but of this there is no record. 
 
170 
 
 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 A considerable number of paid labourers are employed on the 
 farm. The exact distribution of labour in different occupations 
 for a week during June 1893 is shown below. 
 
 ! 
 Employment. 
 
 Paid labour. 
 
 Colonists. 
 
 Farm - - - - - 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 Market, garden - - - - 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 Nursery - _ - - 
 
 1 
 
 ^1 
 
 Brick fields - - - - 
 
 11 
 
 106 
 
 Dust (including labour at wharf and 
 
 
 
 embankments, &c.) - 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 Sawmill _ _ _ - 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 Blacksmith - - - - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Bootmaking . - - - 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 Bricklaying _ _ - - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Cbairmaking - _ . _ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Laundry _ . _ . 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 Butcher . _ - . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Baker ----- 
 
 2 
 
 _- 
 
 Warehouse - - - _ 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Barber . - - - - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Miscellaneous (including home depart- 
 
 
 
 ment, stores, hospital, refreshment 
 
 
 
 room, Hadleigh Hall, &c.) 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 Total (excluding management) 
 
 241 
 
 The previous occupations of the farm colonists who were on 
 the farm at the end of June 1893 were stated to be as follows : — 
 
 Previous Occupations. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Agricultural _ - - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 22 
 
 Mining - - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Building trades 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 Engineering, iron shipbuilding, and metal trades 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Printing trades - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Clothing trades 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Woodworking trades 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 2 
 
 Food and drink preparation trades 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 Seamen 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 Bail ways _ - _ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 Carmen, &c. - - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 General labourers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 83 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 e 
 
 Miscellaneous - - - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 47 
 
 Total 
 
 253 
 
FARM COLONY. 
 
 171 
 
 Most of them were men in the prime of life, no fewer than 
 169 out of 253 being under the age of 35 when admitted. The 
 full particulars of ages at time of admission are given below : — 
 
 Age. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Of 18 and under 25 years 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 76* 
 
 „ 25 „ 
 
 » 35 „ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 - 
 
 93 
 
 „ 35 „ 
 
 ,, 45 „ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 58 
 
 „ 45 „ 
 
 >> 55 „ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 23 
 
 ,, 55 „ 
 
 j> 65 „ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 „ 65 yeai 
 
 s and over 
 
 Total 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 253 
 
 The farm colony, like the German labour colonies, but unlike 
 the free colonies in Holland, only admits (with rare exceptions) 
 adult men. The greater number of those on the farm state 
 themselves to be single, though some probably have families from 
 whom they are separated or whom they have deserted. The fact 
 here noted constitutes another important point of difference 
 between the whole social scheme under review and the policy 
 of those organisations for dealing with the unemployed, which 
 make it a maxim to treat the family as the unit in dealing with 
 distress. In all labour colonies this difficulty has to be faced. 
 The policy of dealing with men apart from their families may 
 tend to some extent to exclude cases where the greatest hard- 
 ship is wrought by fluctuations in the labour market and to 
 narrow the field of operations of the colony to the class which 
 experience shows to be the most difficult to help effectively and 
 permanently. 
 
 The length of stay of all the farm colonists who had passed 
 through the farm from its opening in May 1891 up to SOth 
 June 1893 is stated in the following table : — 
 
 Period:? 
 
 Number. 
 
 Less than 1 week 
 
 1 week and less than 4 weeks - 
 
 4 weeks „ „ 12 „ 
 
 12 „ „ „ 1 year - 
 
 1 year „ „ 2 years - 
 
 Total who have left the farm 
 
 65 
 124 
 
 320 
 435 
 
 47 
 
 991 
 
 From this it will be seen that more than half the total 
 number leave the farm within three months, and a small 
 number stay over a year. 
 
 * Of this number a ver}- small proportion were under 20 years of age. 
 
172 
 
 SALVATION ARMY. 
 
 A certain number are re-admitted from time to time. The 
 circumstances or causes of leaving of the above 991 men are 
 stated below : — 
 
 Causes of Leaving. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Got work of owu accord, restored to friends, 
 
 situation found through help of Salvation Army 
 
 Left without notice - _ - _ 
 
 Dismissed for drunkenness _ - _ 
 
 „ „ other misconduct 
 
 Left through illness - _ - - 
 
 Emigrated - _ _ . - 
 
 Other causes - - - - - 
 
 Total 
 
 Died 
 
 440 
 
 213 
 
 73 
 
 64 
 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 145 
 
 987 
 4 
 
 991 
 
 No definite conclusion can be drawn from this table as regards 
 the permanent utility to the colonists of the temporary employ- 
 ment given on the farm. Of those who " left without notice " 
 some probably relapsed into their former mode of life, while 
 others doubtless obtained permanent work. It appears that 
 about 14 per cent, were dismissed for misconduct, and 1 per 
 cent, emigrated. The proposed establishment of an over-sea 
 colony for emigrants has not yet become an accomplished 
 fact. 
 
 Little has been said above respecting the religious influence 
 which forms the basis of the whole social scheme. The effect of 
 this influence in reforming the character of some of those dealt 
 with is a factor not to be ignored, though it does not, of course, 
 lend itself to any precise estimate. Apart from this it is diffi- 
 cult to estimate how far the temporary employment afforded by 
 the " elevator " and the Farm has a reformatory eflect. 
 
 The whole social scheme, indeed, has been at work for too 
 short a time for any final opinion to be passed upon its results. 
 
173 
 
 ^ix.)— VARIOUS AGENCIES PROVIDING WORK 
 FOR THE UNEMPLOYED. 
 
 (^a.) — The Church Army Labour Homes. 
 
 The aim of the Church Army with regard to " Labour Homes " 
 is to "plant these homes in the poorest and most necessitous 
 " parishes, so that selected cases of the abject and apparently 
 " hopeless, may be received, definitely influenced and trained to 
 " industry, total abstinence, and godliness." 
 
 With this object in view, it is considered desirable to deal 
 with the unemployed in numbers small enough for personal 
 influence to be brought to bear upon each person under control. 
 The method adopted, therefore, is the institution of small homes, 
 with a maximum of 25 persons in each in various localities. 
 
 The first Labour Home opened in London was established at 
 the close of 1889, near Edgware Road. There are now six of 
 these homes in London for men, one for women, and one for 
 youths. Bath, Stockport, Derby, Manchester, Stafford, Oxford, 
 Birmingham, and Bristol, have each established a labour home 
 conducted on the same principles. 
 
 Every case, according to the rules, must be carefully investi- 
 gated before being taken up ; only those which after inquiry 
 seem helpable cases are dealt with, the rest being left to the 
 ordinary operation of the poor law. As far as possible the work 
 is carried on in conjunction with the boards of guardians, the 
 local committees of the Charity Organization Society, and other 
 'existing agencies. 
 
 Applicants for admission to a Labour Home, when selected 
 sign the following agreement. 
 
 Agreement. 
 
 I hereby undertake to obey cheerfully, all the rules and regulations of 
 this Church Army Labour Home, and I enter it with the determination to 
 make an honest endeavour to live a truly Christian life, according to the 
 principles of the Church of England. I hereby also pledge myself to 
 be a total abstainer, and agree to wear the blue ribbon sewn into my 
 coat. I agree to be satisfied with the pay allotted to mie, and to have 
 any monies earned by me for out-dooi work paid to the captain. In 
 the event of my leaving this home without an approved situation, or 
 without the eaptain'ri permission, or being dismissed for breaking my 
 total abstinence pledge, or for idleness, disobedience, insubordination, or 
 anj other breach of the rules and regulations, I agree to leave the home 
 immediately, and to forfeit any monies placed to my credit. I under- 
 take to do my best, after the first month, to obtain work for myself 
 independently of all help from the Church Army, and if 1 stay en for a 
 third month to be satisfied with half-pay, and if for a fourth month with 
 BO pay at all. 
 
 (Signed) 
 
174 AGENCIES PROVIDING WORK. 
 
 The hours of work are from 6.15 to 7.45 a.m., 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., 
 and 2 to 6 p.m., and Saturdays from 6.15 to 7.45 a.m., and from 
 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
 
 Every inmate is expected to earn in the home the 6s. a week 
 which is the charge fixed for his board and lodging. If, however, 
 a man should be too weak to earn 6s., no deduction is made from 
 future earnings on this account if he appears to be doing his 
 best, but a man who does not earn his food and shelter is liable 
 to be discharged at a moment's notice. The system of payment 
 is that of piecework and anything earned above 6s. is set aside 
 for the man's own use. Full pay is given the first two months, 
 half pay during the third, and no pay during the fourth, as by 
 that time it is considered that most men can obtain situations 
 and work for themselves outside. Each man may receive Is. 
 per week pocket money out of his surplus earnings, and any 
 balance is banked for the purchase of clothes, or sent towards 
 the support of wife and children, or saved until he leaves the 
 home. 
 
 The money thus earned in one Labour Home visited amounted 
 on an average to 10s. lOd. for 33 persons, who during the 
 previous six months had left the home for situations found for 
 or by them ; two had saved over 35s. in the three months 
 during which this was possible, and five had saved from 18s. to 
 80s. To these savings must be added the money spent for the 
 men on clothes before going to a situation. The highest sum 
 earned (inclusive of 6s. for board and lodging) in any one week 
 was 14s. lOd, ; the usual earnings were 8s. to 9s. 
 
 The occupations at which the men and youths in the London 
 Labour Homes are engaged at the present time (September 
 1893) are given below : — 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Wood chopping 
 
 Carpentry and cabinetmaking - 
 
 Jobbing work (window cleaning, &c.) 
 
 Cooks - - - - 
 
 Orderly and servants in labour homes 
 
 Foremen of homes 
 
 Paperhangers, painters, &c. 
 
 Shoemaker 
 
 Miscellaneous - 
 
 Total - 
 
 94 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 18 
 6 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 
 149 
 
CHURCH ARMY LABOUR HOMES. 
 
 175 
 
 During 1892, 803 men were admitted to the London Labour 
 Homes. The birth places of these men were stated by them as 
 follows : — 
 
 Birthplaces. 
 
 Number. 
 
 London . . - - . 
 
 
 314 
 
 Other parts of England and Wales — 
 
 
 
 {a.) Urban - - - - 
 
 - 
 
 252 
 
 (6.) Rural ... - 
 
 - 
 
 127 
 
 (c.) Unspecified _ . _ 
 
 " 
 
 21 
 
 Scotland . _ _ - - 
 
 
 24 
 
 Ireland - - _ - - 
 
 - 
 
 31 
 
 Abroad _ - - - - 
 
 - 
 
 34 
 
 Total admitted during 1892 
 
 803 
 
 These men were admitted under the following circum- 
 stances : — 
 
 How Admitted. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Applied direct to office or homes 
 
 298 
 
 Recommended 
 
 by Charity Organization Society 
 
 6 
 
 j> 
 
 local clergy or army - - - 
 
 18 
 
 j> 
 
 prison chaplains 
 
 11 
 
 }) 
 
 superintendents of workhouses, casual 
 
 
 
 wards, and boards of guardians 
 
 284 
 
 5> 
 
 Church of England Temperance 
 
 
 
 Society - _ _ _ 
 
 12 
 
 » 
 
 Banner Street Refuge 
 
 16 
 
 » 
 
 Newport Market Refuge 
 
 17 
 
 J> 
 
 visitors to common lodging houses 
 
 67 
 
 J> 
 
 other agencies 
 Total - . - . 
 
 74 
 
 ' 
 
 803 
 
 The inquiries into the antecedents of the men are in most 
 cases carried out by two agents employed at the head-quarters 
 at Edgware Road, who give their whole time to this branch of 
 the work. Records are kept of these inquiries. When a man 
 has been some time in a home, his captain is generally able to 
 supplement the account of his history. The names of the men 
 who ought shortly to be leaving the home are sent, with a list 
 of the occupations they have worked at, at any time of their 
 lives, to the Labour Bureau at the central ofl&ce ; and this full 
 information makes it somewhat easier to find the men sit®|5^i^ 
 
 fuNWERSlTV 
 
 ?'a^Nb 
 
176 
 
 AGENCIES PROVIDING WORK. 
 
 The alleged previous occupations of the men are given 
 below : — 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Agriculture - - - . _ 
 
 Mining - _ _ _ . 
 
 Building trades - - - 
 
 Engineering, iron, shipbuilding, and metal trades 
 
 Textile trades - - - - - 
 
 Printing trades - . _ . 
 
 Clothing trades _ _ . - 
 Wood working (except carpenters) 
 Food and drink preparation trades 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 Seamen _ _ . - _ 
 
 Railways . - . _ _ 
 
 Carmen _ _ - . _ 
 
 General labourers _ . _ - 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen _ _ - 
 
 Retail tradesmen > _ - - 
 
 Shop assistants _ . . - 
 
 Miscellaneous - - - - - 
 
 Army ------ 
 
 Professional, i.e., medical, legal, &c. 
 
 Unspecified - - . 
 
 Total admitted during 1892 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 70 
 35 
 
 2 
 17 
 34 
 13 
 26 
 67 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 142 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 153 
 
 2 
 16 
 19 
 
 803 
 
 During the first month a man is not expected to go out for 
 the purpose of seeking a situation, but during the second and 
 subsequent inonths he may obtain leave for this purpose. Any 
 man leaving the home without an approved situation, or without 
 permission, or being dismissed for breaking his total abstinence 
 pledge, or for idleness, disobedience, etc., forfeits all moneys placed 
 to his credit, and cannot be again received into any of the labour 
 homes. At the Labour Home already referred to five men had 
 to be dismissed for drunkenness on the August Bank Holiday, 
 forfeiting respectively 15s. 2d., 7s., 4s. 6d., 3s., 6d. On Whit- 
 Monday two were dismissed for the same cause, one of whom 
 forfeited 31s. 6d. One of the men who left without permission 
 forfeited 20s'., and another forfeited 3s. 5d,, but as a rule those 
 who thus left of their own accord had, at the most, only a few 
 pence to their credit. 
 
 The first of the next two tables shows the length of stay at 
 the London Labour Homes of the persons who left them during 
 1892, and the second the circumstances or cause of leaving. 
 
CHURCH ARMY LABOUR HOMES. 
 
 177 
 
 Length of Stay. 
 
 Under 1 week - 
 1 week to 4 weeks 
 4 weeks to 12 weeks 
 12 weeks to 16 weeks 
 16 weeks to 1 year 
 Over 1 year 
 
 Total who left during 1892 
 
 Number. 
 
 35 
 
 191 
 
 283 
 
 79 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 654 
 
 Cause of Leaving. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Left without notice _ - - 
 Situations found through Church Army 
 Got work of o^vn accord 
 
 Restored to friends - - - 
 Dismissed for drunkenness 
 
 „ „ other misconduct 
 
 Left through illness - _ - 
 
 Emigrated . - - - 
 
 Other causes . - . - 
 
 Total who left during 1892 
 
 140 
 255 
 84 
 28 
 52 
 60 
 10 
 2 
 23 
 
 654 
 
 The number of inmates who left the homes to go to situations 
 or were restored to their friends was, therefore, 56 per cent, of 
 the whole. 
 
 In the 283 cases in which situations were found for inmates 
 of the London Labour Homes by the Church Army or by 
 friends, the trades were as follows : — 
 
 Trades. 
 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Building trades 
 
 _ 
 
 . 
 
 17 
 
 Engineering, iron shipbuilding, and metal trades 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Printing trades _ . _ 
 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Clothing trades - - - 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 Woodworking trades (except carpenters) 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Food and drink preparation trades 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 5 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 _ 
 
 '. 
 
 20 
 
 Seamen - - - _ 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 6 
 
 Railways 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 o 77723. 
 
 M 
 
178 
 
 AGENCIES PROVIDING WORK. 
 
 Trades. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Carmen, &c. 
 General labourers 
 Clerks and warehousemen 
 Retail tradesmen 
 Shop assistants 
 Miscellaneous - 
 Unspecified 
 Army and militia 
 
 Total situations found during 1892 
 
 9 
 22 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 102 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 283 
 
 (h). Training Farm at Langley. 
 
 An attempt, on a small scale, to train a certain number of 
 the unemployed in farming work with a view to emigration 
 to Canada is being made at Bird Green Farm, Langley, Essex. 
 The men received are selected by the Charity Organisation 
 Society, the Self Help Emig-ration Society, and by the director 
 personally, and, when possible, the societies or friends of the men 
 contribute a small sum weekly towards their keep. 
 
 An experienced manager has been engaged, and provision has 
 been made for accommodating eight men at a time at the farm 
 house. 
 
 The applicants are required to walk to the farm from London 
 a distance of 45 miles, and to work under the direction of the 
 manager without wages. They are fed and lodged in the farm 
 house in which the manager and his wife also live., and a strict 
 discipline is maintained. 
 
 No skilled labour beyond that of the manager is employed, 
 the whole of the work being done by the men who remain on 
 the farm for an average of about six to eight weeks. Each man 
 when sufficiently trained in the use of farm tools is found a 
 situation in Canada, to which the whole or part of his fare is 
 paid by the Self Help Society. 
 
 A summary of 72 cases accepted for the farm between May 
 1891 and June 1893 shows that— 
 
 6 who were sent never arrived at the farm. 
 
 12 left through laziness, bad conduct, or for other reasons. 
 
 5 found employment in England. 
 
 39 were sent to Canadian farms. 
 
 1 was sent to New Zealand. 
 
 9 were still at the farm. 
 
 Of the men sent to the Colonies it is stated that only three 
 have since been reported as unsatisfactory. 
 
HOME COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 179 
 
 A full record is kept of the career of each man dealt with. 
 The whole experiment is being carefully conducted, but belongs 
 less to the class of agencies for providing work for the unem- 
 ployed than to that of emigration agencies, with which this 
 report is not primarily concerned. 
 
 (c.) — Home Colonization Society. 
 
 The experiment of the Home Colonization Society in West- 
 moreland is as yet at too early a stage in its working 
 for any final judgment on its progress to be possible. As, 
 however, it is the most direct attempt to establish in England a 
 labour colony by voluntary effort on somewhat similar lines to 
 those adopted in Holland, this Report would be incomplete 
 without some reference to it. 
 
 The object of the society is to provide work in English 
 " Industrial villages " for the able-bodied poor. 
 
 The proposal as described in 1888 by the present director of 
 the colony was to plant a body of able-bodied unemployed 
 men and women in some rural district and hand over to 
 them some 300 or 400 acres to enable them to supply their own 
 wants by their own work. They were to make one another's 
 bread, weave one another's clothes, consume one another's 
 produce, and thus avoid buying in an outside market. A 
 home, food, education and medicine were to be offered in return 
 for obedient service. Part of the land was to be put aside and. 
 its produce sold in the ordinary markets to defray the expenses 
 of management. The sales of surplus produce and purchases 
 in the open market were to be confined to articles now 
 imported into England from abroad. 
 
 With these aims in view foui- acres of land were purchased in 
 April 1892, another acre in the following July, and 126 acres in 
 November. The society has therefore been less than a year in 
 possession of enough land for a small colony, and criticism of the 
 results would therefore be obviously out of place. There are at 
 present 22 persons in the colony. Operations were begun with 
 two colonists and there have been as many as 30. The average 
 number has been 15 persons, who are stated by the Hon. Director 
 to have been maintained at a total cost, from the commence- 
 ment to 15 May 1893, of 385/. 9s. 6d, or about 10s. per week 
 each, exclusive of cases where shelter and food have been given 
 to tramps for work done. The labour of the colonists has been 
 supplemented by the services of one or two skilled agriculturists, 
 at different times, for the initiation of the unskilled, at the cost 
 of 26Z. 18s. 2d. The colony is, so far as possible, self-contained. 
 
 The society, as its name implies, aims at the permanent settle- 
 ment of the colonists on the land and not at drafting them off 
 to ordinary farms, but it must necessarily take time for the 
 casual colonist to be replaced by those caring to stay per- 
 manently. Up to the present time (September 1893J 52 persons 
 
 M 2 
 
180 HOME COLONIZATION SOCIETY. 
 
 have passed through the colony, of whom 22 are now resident. 
 Of these 22 colonists — 
 
 9 came 15 months ago. 
 
 1 » ? " " 
 
 ^ J5 ^ jj y, 
 
 1 4 
 
 ^ j> 2 „ „ 
 
 3 „ less than 2 months ago. 
 
 Of the 22 colonists now resident 11 are men, 5 are women, 
 and 6 are children, two families having settled on the farm. 
 Of the women one was a milliner, one a domestic servant, one a 
 farm servant, one a dressmaker, and the fifth is a farmer's 
 daughter. 
 
 The previous occupations of the 11 men were as follows : — 
 
 (1.) Sawyer; afterwards Prudential Assurance Agent. 
 
 (2.) Farmer. 
 
 (3.) Farm labourer. 
 
 (4.) Ironworker. 
 
 (5.) and (6.) Clerks. 
 
 (7. 
 
 (8. 
 
 (9. 
 
 (10. 
 
 (11 
 
 .) Pork butcher. 
 
 ,) Woollen weaver. 
 
 .) Railway servant ; afterwards ironworker. 
 
 .) Woollen spinner ; afterwards labourer. 
 
 .) Errand boy ; then labourer. 
 
 The progress of the colony has been seriously impeded during 
 its first year by internal dissensions turning chiefly on the 
 mode of government of the village. Some of the first colonists 
 appear not to have belonged to the ordinary unemployed class, 
 but to have been attracted to the colony by the expectation of 
 taking part in a communal experiment. As a consequence 
 of these difiiculties and misunderstandings 14 members were 
 expelled from the Colony. 
 
 Note. — Recently another project for farm Colonies has been 
 set on foot by an Association called the '' English Land Coloniza- 
 tion Society," but no Colony has actually been started. 
 
 i 
 
181 
 
 PART IIL— TEMPORARY SCHEMES FOR THE RELIEF 
 OF THE UNEMPLOYED (1892-93). 
 
 (i.)— INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 During the year 1892, the period of trade prosperity which 
 had set in during 1888 and had culminated in 1890 came 
 to an end, and was succeeded by depression. The rapidity 
 of the change may be gathered from the fact that the per- 
 centage of unemployed members of the trade societies which 
 make monthly returns to the Board of Trade (and which in 
 1892 included the chief unions connected with engineering, iron 
 and shipbuilding, together with some important societies con- 
 nected with the building and other groups of trades) rose from 
 4-3 at the end of December 1891 to 10-2 at the end of December 
 1892. The greater part of the rise took place in the autumn 
 months, the proportion of unemployed at the end of each month 
 being as follows : — 
 
 July 
 
 - 
 
 5-9 per cent 
 
 August - 
 
 - 
 
 - 5-0 
 
 September 
 
 - 
 
 - 6-2 „ . 
 
 October - 
 
 - 
 
 - 7-3 
 
 November 
 
 - 
 
 - 8-2 
 
 December 
 
 - 
 
 - 10-2 
 
 'The course of the depression is still more clearly brought out 
 by the following diagram, showing the percentage of persons 
 out of work at the end of each month from 1887 to 1893, in the 
 Trade Unions which make monthly returns to the Board of 
 Trade. 
 
 oTwo^ 1637. 1888. 1888. 18 
 
 90. 1891. J892. 1893. 
 
 ■^ ' 1 1 
 
 
 '^ 1 
 
 
 12 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 :t : Ji : ~ : 
 
 / "s -t— 
 
 8 \ .i!s,^>-^/-^ 
 
 
 7 ^:£ ^ 5^^ - - - 
 
 - - - - :^ ' ^ - / 
 
 ^'" " s ± ± 
 
 
 5 *S. 
 
 y "■ s ' s ^ 
 
 ♦ ^S'^^'-S 
 
 •• ■> ^ 
 
 5 1 M n hW- IJlJ4i i L LI 
 
 --; = :;?'=S = v?^'----- "f:--T~ 
 
 J^:::::::::::;±:::::::::::::::S;:l:::::: 
 
 
 (^Each division in the above diagram indicates one month.) 
 
 It is to be observed that the unions making these returns are 
 largely connected with trades such as engineering and ship- 
 building, which are especially sensitive to slight changes in the 
 condition of industry. While therefore changes in their pro- 
 portions of unemployed are, for this reason, a very useful index 
 of changes in industry as a whole, they probably represent such 
 changes in a considerably exaggerated form ; and it is not to be 
 supposed that the total number of unemployed persons in the 
 Kingdom changed within 12 months in the proportion of 4 to 10. 
 
182 TEMPORARY SCHEMES. 
 
 It is also to be noted that all or nearly all of the actual persons 
 reported by the unions as " unemployed/' were supported by out- 
 of-work benefit, and consequently not in distress. Nevertheless, 
 the prosperity or depression of these staple trades involves that 
 of so many others, that it was anticipated early in the autumn 
 that there was likely to be an increase of distress due to scarcity 
 of employment during the winter, and movements were started 
 in many large centres, for coping with such distress, or for 
 inducing local authorities to take measures for the purpose. 
 
 Thus, on September 22nd, at a delegate meeting of the London 
 Trades' Council, it was resolved "to communicate with the 
 " societies affiliated to the Trades' Council, the South Side 
 " Labour Protection League, the Shipping Trades' Federation, 
 " the Poplar Labour Electoral Committee, and other bond fide 
 " labour organisations to obtain if possible, approximately, the 
 " number of unemployed in London," with a view to taking 
 action to secure the provision of " some useful employment for 
 " the thousands of men at present unemployed, and whose 
 " number will be largely augmented as the winter is advanced." 
 
 Nearly a thousand inquiry forms were accordingly issued to 
 London labour organisations and otiiers, asking '' for the occupa- 
 " tions and number of workpeople w^ho — through no fault of their 
 " own — were known to the person receiving the paper, and 
 " attested by a witness, to be partly or wholly unemployed." As 
 a result, only 56 forms were returned, and the information 
 therein contained is described as " of no practical value." 
 
 Having failed to obtain accurate information in this manner 
 the Trades' Council communicated with the Local Govern- 
 ment Board urging them to take measures to ascertain the 
 amount of the prevailing destitution owing to want of employ- 
 ment, and to issue a circular to local authorities suggesting that 
 they should press forward all useful work in their respective 
 districts. Circulars were also sent to the London Vestries and 
 other local authorities urging them to " establish temporary 
 " labour exchanges, with the object of registering the unem- 
 " ployed and possibly providing work." 
 
 The Trades' Council was further represented by six delegates 
 on a joint committee representing also the Social Democratic 
 Federation, and many other working class or political associa- 
 tions which was formed originally in the early autumn in order 
 to obtain tlie right of public meeting in Trafalgar Square, and 
 which, after this matter had been settled, was made permanent 
 under the altered title of the " Unemployed Organisation Com- 
 mittee," in order to conduct an agitation for the employment by 
 local authorities of men out of work. 
 
 This Committee promoted a series of meetings of unemployed 
 on Tower Hill, and organised deputations to several Departments 
 of Government. Deputations of men stated to be out of work 
 in different districts of London also waited on the local 
 authorities asking for employment. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 183 
 
 On November 14th, 1892, the circular to local authorities 
 quoted on pp. 185-187 was issued by the Local Government 
 Board. 
 
 Besides the action taken by various London vestries and by 
 the Office of Works described on pp. 188 and 213, and the work 
 of the Mansion House Conference also described on pp. 238-263, 
 a number of temporary organisations came into existence in 
 London to deal specially with out-of-work cases, but as the only 
 measures taken were, as a rule, the offer of relief in money or 
 kind, after inquiries of a more or less careful character, a detailed 
 description of their work is for the most part unnecessary in this 
 report. 
 
 In Poplar, Stepney, St. George's-in-the-East, Hoxton, New- 
 ington, and Camberwell there were temporary committees con- 
 nected with a central organisation entitled the " Clearing House 
 for the Unemployed." The local committees were composed 
 partly or wholly of men stated to be themselves unemployed, 
 presided over by the local clergyman or some other responsible 
 chairman. The unemployed committee-men were utilised at a 
 rate of pay varying from 10s. a week to 6d. an hour or 25s. a 
 week, to make inquiries as to the applicants, who, if found 
 eligible, were relieved in kind on a certain scale laid down by 
 the central organisation, varying with the size of the family. 
 
 The inquiries instituted were not of a very elaborate kind ; 
 and difficulty arising from overlapping was felt in some districts.' 
 Married men under 55 with families were preferred for relief 
 The funds were provided partly by grants from the central 
 organisation, and partly by local subscriptions. 
 
 The total sum distributed by the Central Clearing House 
 through the six local committees named, was about 722^., to 
 which the amount raised by local subscriptions must be added. 
 The "Clearing House" Committee also distributed about an 
 equal sum through various existing organisations, e.r/., the 
 Charity Organisation Society. 
 
 As regards the provinces it is not necessary in this report to 
 describe in detail the movement which took place in various large 
 centres of population in order to induce local authorities to make 
 the provision of work for the unemployed which is described 
 below. There were, however, a few centres, such as Leeds 
 and Liverpool, where, owing to special circumstances, the " un- 
 employed " agitation attracted a special amount of public 
 attention. 
 
 In Leeds the depression in the iron trade was especially acute, 
 and a considerable increase in want of employment took place 
 during the autumn and winter. A series of meetings were held 
 in the Town Hall Square, demanding work, before the Cor- 
 poration undertook the extensive relief works described on 
 pp, 222-228. After the close of these works on April 26, the 
 
184 TEMPORARY SCHEMES. 
 
 meetings were resumed by those who had thus been deprived of 
 employment and a " labour bureau " was formed as described on 
 p. 225.' 
 
 In Liverpool there is a regular recurrence of distress owing 
 to want of employment in the winter months, caused by the 
 stagnation of various branches of dock and riverside labour. In 
 consequence of the depression in the shipping trade this seasonal 
 distress is said to have been more acute than usual during last 
 winter, and in the early spring it was intensified by the want of 
 employment among cotton porters and others, due to the pro- 
 longed dispute in the Lancashire cotton trade. The large pro- 
 portion of ordinary Liverpool distress which is attributable to the 
 fluctuations and conditions of riverside employment is illustrated 
 by the figures published by the Liverpool Central Relief and 
 Charity Organisation Society, from which it appears that in the 
 year 1891-2 out of 10,047 applicants 2,025 were dock labourers, 
 1,691 cotton and general labourers, 751 seamen, and 497 con- 
 nected with shipbuilding trades. 
 
 Early .in the present year a series of meetings of the " unem- 
 ployed " were held, resulting in the formation of an " Association 
 of the Unemployed," which opened a bureau in Hunter Street 
 with the aid of private subscriptions, and registered 3,774 
 names of men who represented themselves to be unemployed. 
 Of these about 2*9 per cent, only were skilled men. The asso- 
 ciation, however, was unable to find work for more than about 80 
 of the total number until the Corporation undertook the relief 
 works in Pall Mall, contracting with the association for the 
 supply of labour. 
 
 A large number of cases, however, were relieved between 
 February and May by the Liverpool Central Relief and Charity 
 Organisation Society. Meanwhile another bureau entitled the 
 " Central Labour Bureau " was started under private management 
 in Great George Street, at which over 2,1 00 names were registered, 
 a small charge being made for registration. Of these men, some 
 30 or 40 were sent to work in Cornwall under a railway con- 
 tractor, but with this exception the Bureau seems to have pro- 
 vided little employment for its members, and is now closed. The 
 Liverpool Trades' Council took no part in the work of organising 
 the unemployed, some of its members holding that '^unemployed 
 demonstrations " tend, by magnifying the apparent extent of 
 want of employment, to induce employers to reduce wages. 
 
 Movements of a somewhat similar kind to those described 
 above, though ^s a rule on a smaller scale, look place in other 
 centres, resulting in some places in schemes of relief which are 
 described in other sections of the report. 
 
185 
 
 (ii.) THE PROVISION OF WORK FOR THE UNEM- 
 PLOYED BY MUNICIPAL AND OTHER AUTHORITIES. 
 
 The following circular was issued by the Local Government 
 Board in November 1892, to Local Authorities and Boards of 
 Guardians in England and Wales : — 
 
 Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W., 
 Sir, November 14, J. 892. 
 
 From information which the Local Government Board have 
 receiyed, it appears that there is at the present time a considerable 
 amount of distress in different parts of the country occasioned by scarcity 
 of employment, and it is probable that this condition of things may 
 become more general, and be intensified in the course of the coming 
 winter. 
 
 In the spring of 1 886 the Local Government Board issued a circular 
 letter to local authorities indicating the course which might with 
 advantage be adopted for the provision of employment for the 
 unemployed of the class who do not ordinarily seek poor law relief. 
 
 The following extracts from that circular appear to me to deserve the 
 immediate and careful consideration of the local authorities both in the 
 metropolis and elsewhere : — 
 
 " The Local Government Board are convinced that in the ranks of 
 those who do not ordinarily seek parish relief there is evidence of much 
 and increased privation, and if the depression in trade continues, it is to 
 be feared that large numbers of persons usually in regular employment 
 will be reduced to the greatest straits. 
 
 " The spirit of independence which leads so many of the working 
 classes to make great personal sacrifices rather than incur the stigma of 
 pauperism, is one which deserves the greatest sympathy and respect, and 
 which it is the duty and interest of the community to maintain by all 
 the means at it^ disposal. 
 
 "Any relaxation of the general rule at present obtaining, which 
 requires, as a condition of relief to able-bodied male persons, on the 
 ground of their being out of employment, the acceptance of an order for 
 admission to the workhouse, or the performance of an adequate task of 
 work as a labour test, would be most disastrous, as tending directly to 
 restore the condition of things which, before the reform of the poor laws, 
 destroyed the independence of the labouring classes, and increased the 
 poor rate until it became an almost insupportable burden. 
 
 **It is not desirable that the working classes should be familiarised 
 with poor law relief, and if once the honourable sentiment which now 
 leads them to avoid it is broken down, it is probable that recourse will 
 be had to this provision on the slightest occasion. 
 
 " The Local Government Board have no doubt that the powers which 
 the Guardians possess are fully sufficient to enable them to deal with 
 ordinary pauperism, and to meet the demand for relief from the classes 
 who usually seek it. 
 
186 MUNICIPAL BELIEF WORKS. 
 
 "What is required in the endeavour to relieve artisans and others who 
 have hitherto avoided poor law assistance, and who are temporarily 
 deprived of employment, is : — 
 
 " 1 . Work which will not involve the stigma of pauperism ; 
 
 " 2. Work which all can perform, whatever may have been their 
 previous avocations ; 
 
 "3. Work which does not compete with that of other labourers at 
 present in employment ; and 
 
 " Lastly, work which is not likely to interfere with the resumption of 
 regular employment in their own trades by those who seek it. 
 
 " The Board have no power to enforce the adoption of any particular 
 proposals, and the object of this circular is to bring the subject generally 
 under the notice of boards of guardians and other local authorities. 
 
 " In districts in which exceptional distress prevails, the Board 
 recommend that the guardians should confer with the local authorities, 
 and endeavour to arrange with the latter for the execution of works on 
 which unskilled labour may be immediately employed. 
 
 " These works may be of the f ollowinoj kinds, among others : — 
 
 " (a.) Spade husbandry on sewage farms. 
 
 *' (b.) Laying out of open spaces, recreation grounds, new cemeteries, 
 or disused burial grounds. 
 
 " (c.) Cleansing of streets not usually undertaken by local authorities. 
 
 " (d.) Laying out and paving of new streets, &c. 
 
 " (e.) Paving of unpaved streets, and making of footpaths in country 
 roads. 
 
 " (f.) Providing or extending sewerage works and works of water 
 supply. 
 
 " In all cases in which special works are undertaken to meet 
 exceptional distress, it would appear to be necessary, first, that the men 
 employed should be engaged on the recommendation of the guardians as 
 persons whom, owing to previous condition and circumstances, it is 
 undesirable to send to the workhouse, or to treat as subjects for pauper 
 relief ; and second, that the wages paid should be something less than 
 the wages ordinarily paid for similar work, in order to prevent imposture, 
 and to leave the strongest temptation to those who avail themselves of 
 this opportunitj^ to return as soon as possible to their previous 
 occupations. 
 
 " When the works are of such a character that the expense may 
 properly be defrayed out of borrowed moneys, the local authorities may 
 rely that there will be every desire on the part of the Board to deal 
 promptly with the application for their sanction to a loan." 
 
 I would urge on the local authorities, on whom devolves the duty of 
 carrying out the works required for their districts, that the execution of 
 such works should, whenever practicable, be commenced at an early 
 date, so that employment may be given during the winter months when 
 work is the more needed, rather than later in the coming year. 
 
 I would at the same time emphasize the great importance which I 
 attach to the co-operation of boards of guardians with local authorities, 
 in order that the pauperisation of those persons whose difficulties are 
 occasioned only by exceptional circumstances arising from temporary 
 scarcity of employment, and who are unwilling to become dependent on 
 poor law relief, may as far as practicable, be avoided. 
 
 In the case of the metropolis, some of the classes of employment 
 suggested above are not practicable, but, apart from the execution of 
 new works it will probably be found that in the performance of the 
 
MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 187 
 
 ordinary routine duties of the sanitary authority occasions will arise 
 when surplus labour may be profitably utilised. 
 
 I shall be obliged if this letter is brought under the consideration of 
 the authority at once, and it will be satisfactory to me to be kept 
 informed of the state of affairs in your district, and to learn the results 
 of any efforts which may be made in the direction suggested. 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 The Clerk to the Guardians, HEXRY H. FOWLER, 
 
 or Sanitary Authority. 
 
 It had been thought desirable for the purposes of this Report 
 to obtain particulars with regard to the action taken by local 
 authorities in consequence of the receipt of the above circular. 
 Accordingly on March 27th, 1893, the Local Government Board 
 issued a second circular, inquiring, on behalf of the Labour 
 Department of the Board of Trade, as to the measures taken 
 by local authorities for the relief of the unemployed during the 
 past winter. 
 
 Answers to this circular were received from 673 local 
 authorities, showing that 73 had taken some action in the 
 matter referred to. Further inquiries have been addressed to 
 the more important of those local authorities which have taken 
 action. Communications have also been addressed to the chief 
 Scottish local authorities on behalf of the Labour Department 
 by the Scottish Office, and to those in Ireland by the Irish 
 Local Government Board. 
 
 The result of these and other inquiries is summarised in the 
 table on the next and following pages, which states, for each 
 district from which particulars have been supplied, the name of 
 the local authority undertaking the work, the class of work 
 provided, the length of time during which it was in progress, 
 the rate of ])ay given, the number of hours per day worked, the 
 number of days per week during which the same individuals 
 were employed, and the total number and the daily average 
 number of persons employed. Some remarks are added, w^here 
 possible, with regard to the cost of the schemes, the efficiency of 
 the work performed, or other matters bearing on the success of the 
 undertakings, based for the most part on information supplied by 
 the local authorities concerned. It should be stated that of the 
 remaining 600 local authorities w^hich have replied, but hav& 
 undertaken no special relief work, 527 state that during last 
 winter there was no exceptional distress or want of employment- 
 in their districts ; 19 that distress was observable, while 54 
 ignored the question of distress. The tables giving these par- 
 ticulars are followed by an analysis of the occupations of the 
 persons registered by certain of the local authorities for the 
 purpose of employment. 
 
188 
 
 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 
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 Remarks. 
 
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 Registry opened. 
 
 Work unsatisfactory in quality, 
 and stonebreaking cost 3*. 45^^. per 
 ton more than if done by skilled 
 labour. 
 
 •29SI. spent in wages. First comers 
 were employed, and at end of three 
 days' work each man received ticket 
 entitling him to employment when 
 a vacancy occurred. 
 
 Men employed clearing snow were 
 given one day's work each, at a cost 
 of 184Z. Those working at the park 
 were selected, and were employed 
 constantly ; men idling were :dis- 
 charged. 
 
 Daily 
 
 Average 
 
 Number 
 
 of Men 
 
 employed. 
 
 1 11 
 
 Total 
 Number of 
 individual 
 
 Men to 
 
 whom Work 
 
 was given. 
 
 1 II 
 
 Number 
 
 of Days 
 
 per Week 
 
 during 
 
 which 
 
 the same 
 
 Men were 
 
 employed. 
 
 ^ 1 ^1 
 
 Hours 
 of Work 
 per Day. 
 
 O 00 osos 
 
 1 
 
 Foremen, 
 
 Id. per hour. 
 
 Labourers, 
 
 6c?. per hour. 
 
 '3d. per cwt. 
 
 6\d. per hour 
 6d. per hour - 
 
 .s 
 
 i 1 
 
 10 weeks (3rd Feb. 
 to 14th April). 
 
 19th Dec. to 22nd 
 Feb. 
 
 8 months - 
 When required. 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 Painting water vans 
 
 Stone-breaking. Road 
 cleansing. 
 
 Laying ovtt park - 
 Scavenging and clearing 
 away snow. 
 
 o _^ 
 
 o 2 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 Paddjngton Vestry - 
 
 St. Mary Abbotts', 
 Kensington Vestry. 
 
 Fulham Vestry 
 

 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 
 
 189 
 
 
 
 -is^ 
 
 arveyor is of opinion that the result 
 has been simply to benefit the men 
 employed, at an increased expendi- 
 ture of 2,000^. over the annual esti- 
 mates 'for labour and materials. 
 
 a sg' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 £^ 3.P^, 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 mount expended was 266Z. Ro 
 making by a contractor was a 
 expedited with a view to findi 
 employment for unemployed. 
 
 pplicants for work had to be reco 
 mended by the relieving officers. 
 
 140Z. expended in wages, and 20 
 voted for establishing and carry i 
 on Labour Bureau for one year. 
 
 Labour Bureau opened, but was 
 failure, none of the men obtaini 
 employment. 
 101^. expended in work. 
 
 weekly average of 108 men were e 
 ployed. Total wages paid 1,39 
 4s. lid. 
 
 A Labour Bureau was opened, b 
 in 3 months found employment 
 three persons only at a cost of 38/ 
 
 
 
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 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
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 MUNICIPAL BELIEF WORKS. 
 
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LONDON 
 
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194 
 
 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
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PROVINCIAL. 
 
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 station. The corpo- 
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 site cleared is owned 
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 will make both sites 
 ildiiif? and that the 
 1 gain by the increase 
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 MUNICIPAL BELIEF WORKS. 
 
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PROVINCIAL 
 
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198 
 
 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
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200 
 
 MUNICIPAL EELIEF WORKS. 
 
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PROVINCIAL. 
 
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 and applicants 
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 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
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 plicant was examined by a sub- 
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 sence for employment was given 
 married men. Work was inferior, 
 d cost 15 per cent, more than if 
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 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
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 not profitable 
 reventingthe 
 uch gravel as 
 
 'S." 
 
 the work at 
 about double 
 e in summer 
 
 218^. 6s. U. 
 
 11 
 
 
 V3 
 
 
 i"S| 
 
 J s^ ^- 1 
 
 S*| 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Ills 
 
 |.s«i 
 
 
 .■sea 
 
 ill 
 
 1 
 
 
 c3 
 
 "o 
 
 
 § o«2 
 
 !| 
 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 f=5 
 
 !^ 
 
 EH 
 
 Q) fn'^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 till 
 
 1£5 
 
 S 
 
 CSi 
 
 Jh 
 
 1 
 
 "III 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 Number of 
 individual 
 
 Men to 
 whom Work 
 was given. 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 . 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 P^ ^^ OJ g-d 
 
 
 
 
 «?« 
 
 
 Numbe 
 
 of Day 
 
 per Wee 
 
 during 
 
 which 
 
 the sam 
 
 Men Ave 
 
 employe 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 i« 
 
 1 
 
 Hours 
 fWork 
 er Day. 
 
 o 
 
 
 oo-g: 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 o a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i 
 
 ■ 
 
 g' 
 
 ^c^l 
 
 73 
 
 
 'o 
 
 % 
 
 'd 
 
 i:i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■2 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 d 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 ^ 
 
 ^B^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 g 
 s 
 
 I' 
 
 -2 . 
 
 
 
 o ^ 
 
 *^s^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 O n. 
 
 ^s 
 
 
 fid 
 
 5 
 
 
 W 
 
 -i^ 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 t' 
 
 
 w 
 
 (M 
 
 
 . 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 g-d 
 
 g 
 
 "> 
 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 . 1 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 6C 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 % 
 
 11 
 
 If 
 
 iicS 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 a> 
 
 Is 
 
 w. 
 
 -s 
 
 CS 
 
 t 
 
 'g 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 s 5 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 . s 
 
 CQ 
 
 fJounty and 
 Local Aut 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "^ -I'd 
 li 
 
 i 
 
PROVINCIAL. 
 
 205 
 
 < 
 o 
 
 § 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 OS 
 
 o 
 
 
 ed in 
 two 
 thers, 
 mber 
 rksin 
 nts to 
 been 
 g the 
 strike 
 
 work. 
 
 11 &I 
 
 
 
 Ifi ei 
 
 
 
 p*. "ogoajoc '? 
 
 
 
 
 i|S|ll|illlt 
 
 = ■=. &§:& 
 .S.'S 3 S g 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fS 
 
 / ^ ^ 
 
 Daily 
 verage 
 umber 
 ployed. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 <^r . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 «w^ -« • 
 
 
 
 
 o-S /? c 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 amber 
 dividu 
 Men to 
 omWc 
 as give 
 
 i 
 
 iS 
 
 s ^ 
 
 ^■s f^ 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of Days 
 
 per Week 
 
 during 
 
 which 
 
 the same 
 
 Men were 
 
 employed. 
 
 «o 
 
 «o 
 
 es o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Hours 
 f Work 
 er Day. 
 
 -2^ 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 3 S 
 
 
 
 
 o p. 
 
 s 
 
 
 05 Oi 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 E- 1.1 III 
 
 & Sill . 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2.' lis 
 
 fl 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^ri 
 
 
 -^ C 33 
 
 , 
 
 ^^'^TT-^.c: 
 
 
 
 
 
 .g 
 
 
 ' 
 
 s s 
 
 5 s 
 
 
 '^. 03 a 
 
 
 -M . ^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Is h 
 
 
 l-H 
 
 CO 
 
 t^ « 
 
 73 
 
 s^lgli 
 
 fl 
 
 -3 
 
 '> 
 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 .llllfil 
 
 lis.. Pi 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Si § 
 PI 
 
 •s 
 
 .g 
 
 g 
 
 • 
 
 c ^ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 
 d 
 
 .2 
 
 g 1 
 
 « 1 
 1 1 
 
 t 
 
 "S 
 
 >s "S 
 
 02 O 
 
 &C 
 
 ;ip 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
206 
 
 MUNICIPAL EELIEF WOEKS. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 JL.'a<-'!3 A . 
 
 
 ) 
 
 00 
 
 ^ ^ p C ic 
 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 03 C >iO C 
 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 jT 
 
 i;:iiii ■ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 mm 
 
 
 »3 
 
 
 <o . ^ 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 .s 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ztvm 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ft:=: o S-^-s 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 EH 
 
 -«J 
 
 
 n^ U'6 
 
 
 
 
 Daily 
 
 averag( 
 
 Numbe 
 
 employe 
 
 «0 
 
 S5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ^^ ^ . 
 
 
 
 
 o 03 t: c 
 
 
 
 
 _ 1. 3 o o a> 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Numbei 
 
 individ 
 
 Ment 
 
 whoniW 
 
 was giv 
 
 1-^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Number \ 
 of Days j 
 per Week 
 during i 
 which 
 the same 
 Men were 
 employed. 
 
 ■* 
 
 eo 
 
 
 
 
 llllilliilli 
 
 
 ours 
 Work 
 • Day. 
 
 00 
 
 
 w-s I 
 
 
 
 tA, 
 
 ^ 
 
 |gg5iE-||il||ife||l 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 4i CO 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 --i 
 
 
 
 
 OT 
 
 
 • _fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ba M 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 .2 fc. 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 ^ ^2 
 
 ^ 
 
 P>. 
 
 
 c fXt 
 
 O 
 
 S? 
 
 
 W 
 
 1 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 >o 
 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 ' 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 p- 
 
 -g 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 be 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 p^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 11 
 
 rA -3 
 
 o 
 
 l?5 '^ 
 
 
 
 ll 
 
 
 S o 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 
SCOTLAND. 
 
 207 
 
 0) f^fO 
 
 
 ^ C3+-' 
 
 °iiiM 
 
 
 h 
 
 ^ II 
 .5 g£ 
 
 D S eS ^^ "^5^ 
 
 
 SS 
 
 ! O O! 
 
 
 
 
 ■5 gi- 
 
 
 
 > Sh « 
 
 ? o *« 
 
 
 I I 
 
 
 "l-H O^ r-St- 
 
 i; o 
 
 ■^8 2^1 
 
 D S eS ^"^ O o 
 
 2 K o "^ 
 
 ©■S^ OH 
 
 '^ 2.2 ^ aj -1 
 
 ^ ' . .-5 = s s-a 
 
 2 o s a p g S 
 
 S cc<« tti O SCO) 
 
 I '^ 
 
 I I 
 
 <; 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 
 §. 
 
 -2 & 
 3 f^ 
 
 
 I I 
 
 I 
 
 §1 
 
 I I 
 
 § .s 
 
 -« ^2 
 
 ills 
 
 C! *-" O t- 
 
 Cr; > o 
 X o 5«<-i 
 
 5=- 1-^ 
 
 2 fis?- 
 
 
 B 3^ 
 
 a; 
 
 4L, 
 
 r» 
 
 -1^ 
 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 fcr 
 
 CD 
 
 c 
 
 'r, 
 
 >J 
 
 i ^ 
 
 o ^ 
 
 
 R-n 
 
 c ^ 
 
 <U (U o 
 
 •+3 c 
 
 
 / 
 
208 
 
 LIUNICIPAL EELIEF WORKS. 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d - 1-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e8 ^H „ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ^ |§ 
 
 
 
 •73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S - ill 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 1— I 
 
 
 ||a 3-sl 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 5 
 
 l|3|l|| 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 o 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 1— t 
 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 fS 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daily 
 Average 
 Number 
 mployed. 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 s? 
 
 
 a 
 
 c3 
 
 ® 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^- ^ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 umber o 
 idividua' 
 Men to 
 lom Wor 
 as given 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 ^.s %^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U ^ m P^i 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 Numbe 
 
 of uays 
 
 per Wee 
 
 during 
 
 which 
 
 the sam( 
 
 Men wei 
 
 employe 
 
 ^ 
 
 eo 
 
 to 
 
 
 CD 
 
 -' 
 
 
 
 
 Hours 
 of Work 
 per Day. 
 
 ':o 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 
 -♦J 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 1 II 
 
 1 -" 
 
 
 1— 1 
 
 O 
 
 .2 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 r° 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl 
 
 si 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 ^00 
 
 o 
 o ■ 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 r::? 
 
 M 
 
 
 g<1 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 lO 
 
 tH I 
 
 <M 
 
 
 s 
 
 <1> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 43 ^ • 
 
 -L 
 
 
 a 
 
 rS 
 
 .s 
 
 aj-d 
 
 gj 
 
 
 C3 
 
 <a 
 
 '^ ti 
 
 ^ S 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 *-l 
 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 S a 
 
 o ^ 
 
 ni 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ■fi 
 
 sll 
 
 i 
 
 
 T2 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 a^rC i 
 
 
 1:4-1 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 '6 
 
 3 .-s 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 'c3 
 
 
 S o 05 a 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 fi 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
TEMPORARY LABOUR REGISTRIES. 209 
 
 Statement showing Number and Occupations of Unemployed 
 Persons whose names were ent^?ed on Temporary Labour 
 Registries in certain selected Districts during the periods 
 stated. 
 
 o 77723. O 
 
210 
 
 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 Tables showing the Number and Occupations of Unemployed Persons 
 
 Districts during the 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Lime- 
 house. 
 
 Nov. 1892 
 
 to Feb. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Shore- 
 ditch. 
 
 Nov. 1892 
 
 to May 
 
 1893. 
 
 Strand. 
 
 Feb. 1893 
 to May 
 
 St. Mar- 
 
 tin-in- 
 
 the-Fields 
 
 Nov. 1892 
 
 to May 
 
 1893. 
 
 St. Mary- 
 lebone. 
 
 Padding- 
 ton. 
 
 Dec. 1892 
 to March 
 
 .Tan. to 
 Dec. 1892. 
 
 Kensing- 
 ton. 
 
 Winter 
 1892-3. 
 
 Men. 
 Farm labourers 
 Gardeners - . - 
 
 Building trades :— 
 
 Bricklayers and masons 
 
 Carpenters and joiners - 
 
 Painters ... 
 
 Others (skilled artizans) 
 
 Builders' labourers 
 
 Engineering and metal trades 
 
 Woodwork and furniture trades 
 
 Printing and bookbinding trades 
 
 Textile trades 
 
 Leather and fur trades 
 
 Clothing trades 
 
 Food, drink, and tobacco (preps 
 
 ration of) . 
 Engine-drivers, stokers, &c, 
 
 Miscellaneous (skilled) 
 
 Carmen, stablemen, &c. 
 
 Shop assistants 
 
 General labourers - 
 
 Clerks anr] warehousemen 
 
 Porters and messengers 
 
 Menservants, watchmen, and atten- 
 dants. 
 
 Coster mongers, street sellers, and 
 dealeri. 
 
 Others - - - . . 
 
 Total Men - 
 Boys - - - . . 
 
 Women and Girls. 
 
 Dressmakers, seamstresses, &c. 
 Charwomen, washerwomen, &c. - 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total Women and Girls - 
 
 Grand Total of applicants 
 
 Number for whom work, temporary 
 or otherwise, was found, apart 
 from those employed by the local 
 authorities on relief work. 
 
 92 
 
 2 
 114 
 
 16 
 17 
 32 
 8 
 45 
 38 
 84 
 21 
 
 24 
 30 
 16 
 10 
 14 
 62 
 7 
 
 203 
 28 
 
 109 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 11 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 113 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 305 
 5 
 
 191 
 
 154 
 
 I 667 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 170 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 69 
 
 1 
 913 
 
 1,056 
 
 834 
 
 191 
 
 736 
 
 234 
 
 1,056 
 
 33 
 
 Register managed by voluntary agency. 
 
XEMPORAKY LABOUR REGISTRIES. 
 
 211 
 
 wliose names were entered on Temporary Labour Registries in certain selected 
 periods stated. 
 
 1 
 
 Lambeth. 
 
 Leeds. 
 
 Liverpool.* 
 
 Leicester. 
 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Beverley. 
 
 Gateshead.* 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Xov. 1892 to 
 Feb. 1S93. 
 
 Dec.l892to 
 March 1893. 
 
 Jan. to 
 July 1893. 
 
 Dec.l892to 
 Jan. 1893. 
 
 Jan. and 
 Teb. 1893. 
 
 Dec.1892 to 
 March 1893. 
 
 March to 
 May 1893. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mex. 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Farm labourers. 
 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Gardeners. 
 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 Building trades:— 
 
 Bricklayers and masons. 
 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Carpenters and joiners. 
 
 
 105 
 
 • 96 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 22 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Paint 9rs. 
 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 others (sliilledartizans). 
 
 
 -t 
 
 - 
 
 970 
 
 197 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 Builders' labourers. 
 
 
 51 
 
 423 
 
 10 
 
 88 
 
 290 
 
 - 
 
 108 
 
 Engineering and metal trades. 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 100 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 213 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3S 
 6 
 
 WoodAvork and furniture 
 
 trades. 
 Printinj; and bookbinding 
 
 t-^ades. 
 Textile trades. 
 
 
 3 
 
 73 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Leather and fur trades. 
 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 
 886 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Clothing trades. 
 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 23 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 Food, drink, and tobacco (pre- 
 paration of). 
 Engine drivers, stokers, &c. 
 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 83 
 
 - 
 
 42 
 
 Miscellaneous (skilled). 
 
 
 138 
 
 - 
 
 1.390 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 
 21 
 
 Carmen, stablemen, &c. 
 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 95 
 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 Shop assistants. 
 
 
 1,301 
 
 927 
 
 900 
 
 215 
 
 512 
 
 - 
 
 147 
 
 General labourers. 
 
 
 18 
 
 - 
 
 200 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen. 
 
 
 45 
 
 - 
 
 €0 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Porters and messengers. 
 
 
 13 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 223 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 17 
 52 
 
 Menservants. watchmen, and 
 
 attendants, 
 Costermungers, street sellers, 
 
 nnd dealers. 
 Others. 
 
 
 1.877 
 
 1,874 
 
 3,774 
 
 1.747 
 
 1.008 
 
 37 
 
 53S 
 
 Total Men. 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Boys. 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 WoMEX and Girls. 
 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 I - 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 Dressmakers, seamstresses, &c. 
 Charwoman, washerwomen, &c. 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 ! - 
 
 Total Women and Girls. 
 
 
 , 1,877 
 
 1,874 
 
 3,774 
 
 1 1,747 
 
 1 
 
 1,008 
 
 i 37 
 
 i 53S 
 
 Grand Total of applicants. 
 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 79 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 Number for whom work, tem- 
 porary or otherwise, was 
 found, apart from those em- 
 ployed by the local auti.o- 
 ritios on relief work. 
 
 t Included with general labourers. 
 
 o 2 
 
212 MUNICIPAL BELIEF WORKS. 
 
 From the foregoing table, relating to Municipal Relief Works, 
 it appears that 38 local authorities provided work at road- 
 making and sewering, 22 at stone-breaking, 31 at road sweeping, 
 24 on digging work in parks, cemeteries, &c., 8 in getting and 
 shifting ballast, sand, &c,, 5 on sewage works, &c., 6 in painting, 
 and 11 in other kinds of work. It will be noticed that many of 
 the local authorities provided work of two or more of the above 
 classes. 
 
 Of the 96 local authorities 35 established labour registries 
 mostly of a temporary kind, on which the names of the un- 
 employed were enrolled, and in many cases those employed on 
 the relief works were selected from these registers, of which a 
 fuller account is given on pp. 213-235. 
 
 Of the 96 local authorities, 33 were in London, 56 in other 
 parts of England and Wales, and 7 in Scotland. No action wa* 
 taken by the local authorities in Ireland. 
 
 No general principle appears to have prevailed in conducting 
 these works. In some, as at Glasoow, Leeds, Norwich, Cardiff 
 and other places, an effort appears to have been made to 
 inquire into the character of applicants and to ensure that only 
 those for whom the works were intended obtained employment, 
 while in otliers the first men entered on the register were taken 
 on, and in others again any person presenting himself was 
 employed without any special inquiries being made. 
 
 The wages paid varied from Is. per day to 6d. per hour ; and 
 in some cases skilled men were paid at their ordinary rate. In 
 some cases the men were paid at the end of each day in cash, in 
 others at the end of three days, or a week ; sometimes wholly in 
 cash, sometimes partly in kind. 
 
 In one district those among the men employed who were 
 ratepayers were permitted to leave a portion of their earn- 
 ings weekly as an instalment towards the payment of their rates. 
 
 The practice in different districts was equally divergent as 
 regards the hours of work and the number of days per week for 
 which the same men were emploj'ed. In some districts they 
 were employed continuously, in others they were employed in 
 weekly or half-weekly relays, those first employed waiting 
 for their turn to come round again. In others the same men 
 worked for three days a week, with a view to make the work 
 benefit a larger number, and also to give those employed a 
 chance of using the remaining three days to look for work. 
 
 Again, the actual relation of the local authority to the em- 
 ployment of the "unemployed" varied in different districts 
 In Leeds, and in many other centres, the corporation em- 
 ployed the labour direct, in Liverpool it contracted with a 
 voluntary association for the supply of unemployed labour at a 
 certain rate and took no further responsibility ; in Wolverhamp- 
 ton the actiop of the corporation was confined to devising work 
 (road cleaning, digging, &c.) which the unemployed could 
 carry out under the supervision of the borough surveyor, the 
 wages being paid out of a fund raised by voluntary subscriptions. 
 
LONDON. 213 
 
 In Warwick a somewhat similar policy was pursued. The 
 London County Council confined itself to allowing the use of 
 a piece of waste land for test labour by a voluntary committee 
 which made all arrangements and took all responsibility. 
 
 A few notes are added on the work carried out in various 
 districts. 
 
 (a.) London. 
 
 The work provided for the unemployed by some of the 
 London vestries was not in most cases sufficiently important or 
 extensive to call for special description in addition to the par- 
 ticulars contained in the table on p. 188. The circumstances 
 that led to such action being taken in London have been 
 already described. It will be remembered that besides the 
 Local Government Board Circular, a circular was addressed to 
 the metropolitan vestries by the London Trades Council, inviting 
 them to open temporary labour registries, which were accord- 
 ingly established with varying degrees of success by 16 vestries. 
 Some of the men whose names were on the registers were employed 
 in road sweeping, clearing away snow, scavenging, or in other 
 forms of temporary occupation. Thus a large amount of such 
 extra casual employment was provided by the Kensington and 
 Lambeth Vestries. The Lambeth Vestry, for example, between 
 December 15th and February 9th, employed 1,550 individuals (out 
 of a total of 1,877 whose names were registered), at a cost of 
 962^. 17s. Ic?. Each person employed had, as a rule, three 
 days' work at street cleansing, and was paid 6cZ. an hour. This 
 plan of employing men a few days (usually three), and then 
 letting them wait until their turn came round again was 
 followed by a few other vestries and boards of works, {e.g., 
 Poplar andFulham), while in several other districts (e.(/., Woolwich, 
 Newington,Whitechapel,Bethnal Green, Shoreditch, and Hackney) 
 the men were employed for the most part in two relays, each set 
 working three days a week. This was on the whole the plan 
 most generally adopted, but in some districts the work provided 
 {e.g., clearing snow) was entirely irregular in character, so that 
 no systematic plan could be followed. 
 
 In a lew other districts the provision of work took the form 
 of temporary additions to the ordinary staff of the local authority 
 who worked for the ordinary hours during the full six days in 
 the week. This was the case in St. Marylebone, where em- 
 ployment for three months was given to a weekly average of about 
 108 men at road sweeping, sewage work, &c. It is clear that 
 when we come to deal with labourers engaged on ordinary terms 
 on the ordinary vestry work it becomes difficult to draw a sharp 
 line between those employed for the purposes of relief and those 
 employed in the usual course of business. It is, however, to be 
 noted that both in London and the provinces a certain amount 
 
214 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 of work which, to quote the terms of the Local Government Board 
 circular, falls within " the ordinary routine duties of the sani- 
 tary authority," but some of which would in the ordinary course 
 of things have been postponed until a later season of the year, 
 was expedited and arranged so as to utilise surplus labour 
 during the slackest portion of the year. For reasons stated 
 above it is not possible to define exactly the amount of relief so 
 given, but it does not appear to have been provided on a large 
 scale. 
 
 Many of the vestries made very little inquiry as to the 
 hona fides of applicants. In Hampstead, however, the men were 
 employed at stone -breaking or painting, on the recommendation of 
 the relieving officer, and the co-operation of the Guardians wa.s 
 also secured in Shoreditch, Whitechapel, St. Saviour's, South wark, 
 Woolwich, and Plumstead. In most of the other districts, 
 however, the suggestion of the Local Government Board circular 
 that " in all cases in which special works are undertaken to meet 
 " exceptional distress .*. . the men employed should be engaged 
 " on the recommendation of the Guardians " was not carried 
 out. In Bethnal Green the system of recommendation of appli- 
 cants by the relieving officers was tried, but subsequently 
 independent investigators were appointed. 
 
 In this connection it should be noticed that several of the 
 Boards of Guardians in London took common action in declining 
 to carr}^ out the suggestions contained in the Local Government 
 Board circular. The reasons assigned for this course are set 
 forth in the following resolution forwarded to the Local 
 Government Board on November 23rd, 1892, by the Guardians of 
 St. George's-in-the-East, which was also approved by the Guar- 
 dians of St. Marylebone, Westminster, Paddington, and St. 
 George's, Hanover Square, and by the vestry of St. James 
 and St. John, Clerk enwell. 
 
 " The guardians venture very respectfully to urge that any action on 
 their part, whether in co-operation with the vestry or otherwise, having 
 for its object the provision of work for wages for the unemployed would 
 be foreign to their duties as administrators of the poor law ; also that it 
 would have the effect of impressing the working classes with the idea 
 that the State had set itself the task of guaranteeing employment when- 
 ever the labour market was slack, for all men who might be out of work 
 from whatever cause. If a temporary crisis, such as the freezing over 
 of the river, or a disaster like the Lancashire cotton famine, were to 
 occur, the guardians admit that exceptional measures might be required, 
 but they respectfully submit that the necessary funds ought to be, and 
 would be, readily contributed from charitable sources. This last course 
 would not involve any departure from sound principle in the administra- 
 tion of the public rates, nor throw additional burdens on persons unable 
 to bear them ; the guardians see no reason to anticipate greater difficulty 
 this winter in dealing satisfactorily with distress than they have 
 experienced in former winters." 
 
LONDON. 215 
 
 As will be seen on reference to the table on p. 188, the vestries 
 in several of the above districts attempted to provide relief work 
 in spite of the opposition of the guardians. 
 
 The report for the year 1892-3 of the Surveyor of the 
 Kensington Vestry, which provided a considerable amount of 
 relief work for the unemployed, contains a detailed account of 
 the work with some strong criticisms on the whole plan of pro- 
 ceedings, some of which are worth quoting in this report, as 
 giving a fair idea of the difficulty of making such relief work 
 effective, and the objections entertained — by many of those who 
 have great experience of the carrying out of the work of local 
 authorities — to the utilisation of such work as a means of relieving 
 distress. 
 
 The work provided is thus described : — 
 
 " Stone-breaking being the only work continuously available, Hammer- 
 smith Wharf was opened for that purpose on the 19th December 1892, 
 and was closed on the 22nd February 1893. The men were paid 3d. 
 per cwt. for breaking Gruernsey Granite spalls, sufficiently small to pass 
 through a 2\ inch gauge. 
 
 " The total number of days' work thus given was 1,010; 901 to stone- 
 breakers, and 109 to wheel-barrow men ; the working hours averaged 
 7*7 per day, and the average earnings per man per day were 3*. l^d., 
 omitting from calculation 35 men who threw up the work soon after 
 starting. An analysis of the wages shows that, — 
 
 8 men earned over 6s. and under 7*. each. 
 
 46 
 141 
 271 
 267 
 133 
 
 35 „ 
 
 " The maximum earnings of any one man was 6s. lO^d. for nine hours' 
 work, a little over 9d. per hour. 
 
 **Five hundred and thirty-four tons of spalls, costing the vestry 
 242/. OS. lOd. were thus broken, at an expense of 177/. 0^. 8d. for 
 breakers' wages, supervision, and tools, making the cost of each ton of 
 broken granite to be 1 5s. S^d. The contract price for broken granite 
 (2 inch gauge) delivered to the same wharf, was 14*. 8d. per cubic yard, 
 or 125. 4:d. per ton ; it will therefore be seen that each ton of spalls 
 broken, entailed loss to the vestry of 3s.4:^d. without taking into account 
 the loss on road wear, arising from the inferior breakage of the stone 
 by the casual labourers. 
 
 " The only other relief work during the past winter was that of cleansing 
 roads from mud and snow ; 682/. 8*. 6d. was paid for 5,165 days' work 
 varying from 5 J to 8 hours per day. 
 
 "In accordance with the directions of the vestry, a register of applicants 
 for work, has been kept for some years. During the past winter 1,056 
 men applying for work have thus been registered ; and the following 
 information and particulars are extracted from the book : — 
 
 
 5s. 
 
 
 4s. 
 
 
 Zs. 
 
 
 2s. 
 
 
 Is. 
 
 del 
 
 • 1*. 
 
 yjn. 
 
 
 5s. 
 
 
 4s. 
 
 
 3s. 
 
 
 2s. 
 
 
216 
 
 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 Occupations of the 1056 Applicants. 
 
 Labourers 
 
 - 
 
 913 
 
 Engineer's Fitters - 
 
 - 2 
 
 Painters 
 
 » 
 
 40 
 
 Canvassers 
 
 - 
 
 . 2 
 
 Carmen 
 
 _ 
 
 18 
 
 Milkmen - 
 
 - 
 
 - 2 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 Chairmaker 
 
 - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Horsekeepers - 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 Brickmaker 
 
 - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Bakers 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Messenger 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Gaideners 
 
 _ 
 
 6 
 
 String Maker 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 Boot Maker - 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 Carpet Beater 
 
 _ 
 
 - 1 
 
 Porters 
 
 . 
 
 5 
 
 Marble Polisher - 
 
 1 
 
 Costermongers - 
 
 _ 
 
 5 
 
 Steel Polisher 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Rivetter - 
 
 - 
 
 - I 
 
 Cabmen 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Potman 
 
 - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Plumbers 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Mason 
 
 - 
 
 - 1 
 
 Conjugal r 
 condition \ 
 
 Married 
 
 _ - _ 
 
 735 
 
 
 Single 
 
 
 - 
 
 321 
 
 
 False addresses given 1)y - 
 Lodging in common lodging-houses 
 Satisfactory replies 
 Unsuitable . _ - 
 
 Not inquired into 
 
 1,056 
 
 112 
 
 110 
 
 790 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 1056 
 
 " In addition to the 6,175 days' work distributed amongst applicants, 
 letters were sent to all the large employers of labour in the district, 
 notifying the existence of the register, and inviting applications from 
 them should they be wanting workpeople of any kind. 
 
 " Although many courteous acknowledgments were received, not one 
 application was made for labour. It will be seen from the above list 
 that y oths of the men on the register designate themselves as labourers, 
 a very wide and indefinite description, and it is hardly necessary for a 
 master to apply for such labour at a depot. 
 
 The surveyor speaks of the " widespread feeling yearly grow- 
 " ing in intensity that it is the duty of some constituted 
 '' authority to provide work for anyone demanding employ- 
 '' inent," and of the circumstances under which the difficulty 
 after being " passed on " " has settled itself on the shoulders of 
 " the parochial authorities, i.e., the Board of Guardians and the 
 " Vestries and District Board of Works. The former shake off 
 " the incubus by simply conforming to the orders laid down for 
 " their guidance in the administration of relief to the poor," 
 with the final result that " the difficulty has to be faced by the 
 '' Vestry or District Board who, as a rule, pass general reso- 
 " iutions instructing its executive officers virtually to do the 
 " best they can under the circumstances." Speaking of the 
 
LONDON. 217 
 
 difficult position in which the vestry officials find themselves 
 placed, the report observes that : — 
 
 " At the times of the greatest distress, viz. : — during prolonged frosts, 
 all out-door building operations are stopped, simultaneously with the 
 stoppage of the whole of the work on the parish roads, and at such 
 times, not only is there no scope for the employment of extra labour, but 
 on the contrary if the parish work was conducted on strict lines of 
 business economy, 75 per cent, of the regular hands might be suspended 
 whenever a hard frost of any duration occurs. 
 
 Of course if a snow storm happens, all available labour is welcome, but 
 its mixed character renders it impossible to deal with a snowfall with 
 anything like the success which might reasonably be looked for if the 
 attempt was made by regular labourers under proper direction. It 
 frequently occurs on expostulating with a man for idling or neglecting 
 his work, that he will tell you that he has not come on for the purpose 
 of working, he merely wants his money ; others will seize opportunities 
 to obtain money from householders for clearing away the snow, thus 
 getting paid twice for the same work, in fact it requires a good man 
 (physically) as ganger, and an honest one to get anything approaching a 
 fair return in the way of labour, for the wages paid." 
 
 The report further comments on the objection of the 
 unemployed, or at least of their spokesmen, to stone-breaking 
 as being " convict labour," and their demand for " work of a (to 
 " them) non-repulsive character remunerated at Union rate 
 " wages " and adds : — 
 
 " Every practical man is aware that road-making, ground work and 
 building operations, cannot be executed in the winter as efficiently and 
 economically as they can be performed in the other seasons of the year. 
 Opportunities for exceptional works occasionally occur, as in the case of 
 the formation of Avondale Park, where some 3,000/. was paid as 
 wages to unskilled labourers, but such a work is not likely to again arise 
 for very many years to come. If such works were less infrequent they 
 would soon be demanded and anticipated as a matter of right." 
 
 The demolition of Millhank Prison. — Although the present 
 chapter is concerned mainly with the action of local authorities, 
 some account should be mven, while we are dealinor with the 
 Metropolitan districts, of an effort made by the Office of Works 
 to give employment to a certain number of the unemployed 
 in London by utilising their labour for the demolition of 
 Millbank prison. The following particulars with regard to this 
 scheme are based on the report of the contractors to the Office 
 of Works, dated July 28th, 1893. 
 
 The contractors were empowered to retain " No. 1 " Pentagon, 
 employ experienced foremen, time-keepers and gangers, purchase 
 the necessary tools, engage the " unemployed " at the rate of 
 GJd per hour, and to dispose of the materials when got down in 
 any manner they thought most advantageous for the Government. 
 The contractors on their part agreed to make no charge for the 
 extra demands made on them by the conduct of such a scheme. 
 
 On the first day 49 men were selected at random from a large 
 crowd of applicants, and a week later the number was increased 
 
218 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 to 100. Later some preference was shown to those who came 
 with recommendations from former employers, clergy of all 
 denominations, and certain individuals. On the whole 122 of the 
 " unemployed " were employed, about 90 per cent, being, so far 
 as ascertained, bricklayers' labourers, whose trade at that time 
 was disorganised owing to the frost and other causes. The 
 remaining 10 per cent, were stone-masons, iron workers, navvies, 
 gardeners, discharged soldiers, and one dock-labourer. Their 
 residences were as follows : — 
 
 Chelsea, Battersea, Lambeth and Camberwell - 55 
 
 Pimlico and Westminster - - - 11 
 
 Fulham, Kensington, Notting Hill, and Marylebone 17 
 
 Kentish Town - - - - ' - 2 
 
 Clerkenwell - - - - - 14 
 
 Borough - - - - - - 14 
 
 Deptford- - - - - - 1 • 
 
 St. Luke's - - - - - 2 
 
 Stepney - - - - - - 6 
 
 122 
 
 The contractors report that " the men worked very fairly at 
 " first, though from their ignorance of the proper methods the 
 '^ results achieved were inadequate ; but as time went on they 
 " drifted away to other and more congenial works. We 
 " believe that, although the wages paid to them were hardly 
 *' more than half what the regular pullers-down demanded, in 
 'f very few instances did a contractor engage them, or consider 
 " that there would be any economy in doing so." 
 
 The wages paid out amounted in all to 1,644?^. and during 
 December, January, and February averaged 106^. ::a week. 
 
 The cost of cleaning and stacking the bricks by unemployed 
 labour when paid by the time averaged 12s. to 13s. a thousand, 
 but "on two occasions when gangs of the same men were 
 " employed by piece-work they managed to earn higher wages 
 " than before although the rate agreed on was only 7s. a 
 " 1,000, and later on when men were scarce, a dangerous piece 
 " was let to a skilled gang who found it profitable at 8s. 6d, 
 " a 1,000." 
 
 (6.) Other Districts of England and Wales. 
 
 I'urning again to other districts of England and Wales, we 
 find the same diversity of methods pursued. 
 
 In most cases the reports supplied by the various local 
 authorities show few signs of any systematic attempt at co-opera- 
 tion with the guardians as recommended in the Local Govern- 
 ment Board Circular or with existing relief agencies, for the 
 purpose of selecting among the applicants for employment. In 
 
PROVINCIAL. 219 
 
 Burnley, however, applicants were examined in the Town Hall 
 in the presence of the Poor Law Relieving Officer, the town 
 missionaiies and the corporation inspectors, previous to the pro- 
 vision of work. At other places (e.g., St. Helen's) residence in 
 the district was the only condition ; at Widnes each applicant 
 had to present a letter from a town councillor certifying as to 
 his residence and his need of employment. In several cases 
 (e.g., Leeds, Cardiff, Trowbridge, &c.) married men with families 
 were given preference for employment. 
 
 The most important of the relief works carried out by English 
 local authorities were undoubtedly those provided by the 
 Corporation of Leeds, where 1,103 persons obtained an average 
 of about 60 days' employment. A separate description of 
 the Leeds relief work is therefore given on pp. 222-228. The 
 relief work organised in Liverpool in conjunction with the 
 corporation, though on a very much smaller scale, has some 
 features of peculiar interest owing to the mode in which it was 
 conducted and the extent of the agitation which led up to it, and 
 an account is therefore also given of this work on pp. 228-231. 
 
 No other relief works in England and Wales appear to call 
 for a detailed account in addition to the tabular statement on 
 p. 188. 
 
 On the whole, the small number of local authorities outside 
 London wlio took any special action will be noticed. Of the 
 provincial local authorities which replied to the circular of March 
 428 stated that there was no exceptional distress, 69 that there 
 was no want of employment, 23 that employment was plentiful, 
 18 reported the existence of distress but took no action, 44 gave 
 no definite information iis to distress, while in 52 cases only 
 were steps taken to provide work for the unemployed. 
 
 As in London, several local authorities in the provinces seem 
 to have expedited certain parts of their ordinary work in order 
 to enlarge the field of employment during a slack period. It is, 
 however, impossible to give any precise statement as to the 
 extent to which this was done or as to its results. 
 
 In the case of Birmingham the whole question of providing 
 work for the unemployed has been recently * considered by 
 the General Purposes Committee of the Corporation with a 
 view to determining what action, if any, should be taken next 
 winter. The conclusions of the Committee are thus described 
 in a report to the Corporation dated 25th July 1893 : — 
 
 " The Corporation, as at present constituted, is necessarily a great 
 employer of labotir, and hitherto no difficulty has been experienced in 
 obtaining such labour in the open market at the ordinary rate of wages. 
 Directly, however, the principle of quasi charitable employment is in- 
 troduced two questions arise : — (1.) Is this charitable work really useful 
 and economical? and (2.) How does it affect the men hitherto 
 employed ? 
 
 "For instance, no one having a piece of work in hand- would 
 willingly employ workmen who are unaccustomed to the particular 
 work ; and here one of the great difficulties of charitable employment 
 
220 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 arises. The unemployed, as statistics will show, are usually men of the 
 most varied occupations ; and it may be fairly presumed that some of 
 them are not the most thrifty, thoughtful workmen, or men particularly 
 handy at their respective trades. To put a number of ill-assorted work- 
 men of this kind upon any public work would be fatal to its proper 
 execution. In many cases the men would be physically uneqoal to the 
 task, and in ail they would require an amount of supervision quite in- 
 commensurate with any advantage that might be obtained from lower 
 wages. 
 
 " Then what would be the effect upon the workmen hitherto employed ? 
 Much of the work of the Corporation is of the roughest character, and is 
 carried on in the open air. The season when want of employment is 
 most felt is generally the winter ; and what is to become of the regular 
 Corporation workmen if numbers of the unemployed are taken on during 
 precisely that season of the year when the least amount of out-door work 
 can be done ? 
 
 " It is true that after a heavy fall of snow extra men may be taken on, 
 but the number that can be usefully employed is governed by the carts 
 and horses obtainable, as, unless the snow is removed from the streets, 
 the expenditure of time and money is comparatively useless. 
 
 " The experience of the past winter has demonstrated that only a small 
 proportion of the unemployed could be so engaged, and then only for a 
 few days. To do the work in the most economical manner, the most 
 suitable men (generally those accustomed to out-door Avork) should be 
 selected, while for every day's wages paid to the workmen, twice as 
 much has to be expended in the hire of horses and carts, and the result, 
 although costly, is not very apparent. 
 
 " Of course, the most useful employment for men out of work would be 
 in the trades to which they were accustomed to work, but it would be 
 entirely beyond the scope of a municipality to find employment for 
 workmen in their own trades. The Corporation have not the power, 
 nor, in the opinion of your Committee, would it be wise for them if they 
 had, to become manufacturers of the numerous articles made in the 
 town. Municipal workshops must be dismissed as out of the question. 
 
 " It remains, therefore, to fall back upon the sound principle that 
 municipalities exist for certain limited public functions, and these 
 purposes must be carefully considered, and the limitation of corporate 
 duties borne in mind. The local government of a town as respects its 
 lighting, watching, and public works, has no necessary connection with 
 the relief of distress. It is the duty of the municipality to carry out its 
 proper municipal functions in the most effective and economical manner, 
 and with this object to employ the most able and competent workmen. 
 
 " The relief of the poor is entirely another branch of local self-govern- 
 ment, and has been delegated by the Legislature to the Board of 
 Guardians ; but even here a distinction is drawn between poverty and 
 destitution, for it is the latter only that the guardians are legally at 
 liberty to relieve. The claim that every man out of work shall be found 
 work by someone else, cannot be recognised," .... 
 
 (c.) Scotland. 
 
 As regards Scotland, information has been supplied to the 
 Department both directly and in response to an inquiry addressed 
 by the Scottish Office to the principal Scottish local autho- 
 rities. 
 
SCOTLAND. 221 
 
 The most extensive relief works appear to have been carried 
 out in Glasgow, where a total number of 1,251 individuals were 
 employed in digging, trenching, and stonebreaking. The work 
 lasted 74 days and employed an average of 467 men per day. A 
 fuller description of these works is given on pp. 231-235. 
 
 At Dundee the Police Commissioners appointed a sub-com- 
 mittee to deal with the question of the unemployed. Stone- 
 breaking at Is. Sd. per yard (the usual price to regular men 
 being Is. lOd.) and navvying at 3cZ. per hour was provided 
 for men recommended by the Charity Organisation Society, the 
 tools and plant being provided by the Commissioners. Out 
 of 450 applicants only 300 accepted the work, and of these 
 fully 100 worked a few days only. About 500^. has been paid 
 for stone-breaking, but the work done is inferior to that done 
 under ordinary conditions and the material broken is not of the 
 same value. 
 
 At Greenock, on December 6 th last, the Trades Council sent a 
 deputation to the Town Council to call attention to the prevail- 
 ing distress, and to suggest that works of some kind should be 
 started for the unemployed. It was stated that under the cir- 
 cumstances they would not expect the trades union rates of 
 wages to be paid. After inquiry the Town Council decided on 
 December 23rd to commence the work of clearing away boulders, 
 stones, &c., from a portion of the foreshore, in order to make it 
 suitable for sea bathing. This work was chosen because it could 
 be begun without delay and the expenditure would be almost 
 entirely for wages. An appeal was made to the public for sub- 
 scriptions in money with which to pay wages, but was so poorly 
 responded to that the work had to be stopped for want of 
 funds. The total expenditure was 408^. 16s., of which 365^. lis. 
 lOd. was paid in wages. The men employed were recommended 
 after inquiry by the " Charitable Society " and their conduct was 
 " all over very good." 270 individuals were helped with work. 
 
 At Aberdeen the Town Council found employment for 190 
 men in constructing a new gasholder tank and in laying out a 
 new park. The men were paid Sd. to 4fld. per hour — " according 
 to their ability and the nature of the work." No men were 
 engaged unless they were ratepayers on the current year's 
 valuation roll, or had been resident in the town for the previous 
 six months. 
 
 At Partick a joint committee of commissioners and residents 
 arranged with the commissioners to provide employment for the 
 unemployed at stone-breaking and road-making under the 
 supervision of the burgh surveyor, to be paid by the Commis- 
 sioners at the ordinary rates charged by contractors for similar 
 work. Work was given " only to the necessitous and deserving 
 so far as the Committee could ascertain such cases." 
 
 (d) Ireland. 
 
 From reports furnished by the local authorities of the respec- 
 tive districts, it appears that no local works were carried out in 
 
222 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 Ireland during tlie past winter. A want of employment was no 
 doubt felt in some of the poorer districts during the winter 
 months, but it does not appear from the reports of the Local 
 Government Board's General Inspectors that any exceptional 
 scarcity existed. 
 
 Detailed description of Selected Schemes. 
 
 Following this general sketch, we may proceed to give a 
 more detailed description of the working of a few selected 
 schemes of municipal work for the unemployed. 
 
 Leeds. 
 
 For some time past Leeds has suffered from a somewhat acute 
 depression of the iron trades. During the autumn of 1892 a 
 series of meetings of the unemployed were held in the Town Hall 
 Squaie, and in consequence of representations made by those 
 organising these meetings, and the receipt of the Local Govern- 
 ment Board circular of Nov. 14th, a sum of 10,000^. was voted 
 by the Corporation for the employment of such men as appeared 
 to be in need in excavating and levelling ground for new parks 
 in various parts of the district. 
 
 Accordingly a register of persons unemployed was opened in 
 the City Engineer's Office, each applicant for registration being 
 verbally examined by a member of the engineer's staff. The 
 particulars about which inquiry was made included (besides 
 name and address) the age, occupation, state as regards marriage, 
 last employer, how long out of work, reason for leaving last 
 employment, length of residence in Leeds, number of family not 
 working, income, and club allowance. Most of these particulars 
 were not verified, but the following circular was addressed in all 
 cases to the previous employer, and if the reply was unsatisfa:;tory 
 the applicant was rejected. 
 
 Leeds Unemployed. 
 
 Borough Engineer's Office, 
 
 Municipal Buildings, 
 Dear Sir, Leeds, 189 . 
 
 Application having been made to the Corporation by 
 
 for employment, and as it is feared work cannot be 
 afforded for all who may apply for same, the Corporation are wishful of 
 giving the most deserving the first opportunity. To enable them to 
 ascertain this, will you have the kindness to fill up and return at once to 
 me the enclosed form, which has reference to an applicant who has 
 referred us to you for information. 
 
 Yours obediently, 
 
 Borouffh and Waterworks Enjrineer. 
 
LEEDS. 
 
 Particulars as to Applicant. 
 1. — How lonj: YiSbS he in 
 
 223 
 
 your service ? 
 2. — How was he employed? 
 
 3. — When did he leave ? 
 
 4. — Why did he leave your employ ?- 
 
 Men known to be on strike were also excluded, and precedence 
 for employment was given to married men with families. Beyond 
 these restrictions tliere was little selection attempted, and there 
 was no systematic co-operation with the Poor Law Authorities 
 or the Charity Organisation Society or other relief associations. 
 
 The total number of names of " unemployed " persons entered 
 on the register up to the middle of March was 1,874, who may 
 be classilied according to their alleged occupations and the 
 districts of Leeds in which they lived, according to the following 
 table : — 
 
 Analysis of Names registered up to and including Wednesday, 
 March 15th, 1893, by Trades and Wards in which they 
 lived. 
 
 Names of 
 Wards. 
 
 out- 
 door 
 La- 
 bour- 
 ers. 
 
 In- 
 door 
 La- 
 bour- 
 ers. 
 
 Wool- 
 len 
 
 Work- 
 ers. 
 
 Iron 
 
 Work- 
 
 ers. 
 
 Leather 
 Work- 
 ers. 
 
 Miners. 
 
 Pain- 
 ters. 
 
 Brick- 
 layers 
 and 
 Masons. 
 
 Sundry. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Mill Hill. - 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 West 
 
 57 
 
 24 
 
 2i 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 21 
 
 ISO 
 
 Brunswick - 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 Central - 
 
 53 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 2G 
 
 113 
 
 North 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 ' 
 
 11 
 
 87 
 
 North East 
 
 120 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 241 
 
 East 
 
 187 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 71 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 381 
 
 South 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 128 
 
 East Hunslet 
 
 41 
 
 IS 
 
 - 
 
 34 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 103 
 
 Holbeck - 
 
 50 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 172 
 
 NewWortley 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 78 
 
 Armley and 
 
 Wortley. 
 Bramley - 
 
 35 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 9 
 
 80 
 20 
 
 Headingley 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 _ 
 
 4 
 
 70 
 
 North West 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 84 
 
 West Huns- 
 let. 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 Totals - 
 
 778 
 
 149 
 
 100 
 
 423 
 
 73 
 
 20 
 
 96 
 
 12 
 
 223 
 
 1.874 
 
224 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 Of the men registered 771 were rejected or withdrew their 
 application for work for various reasons, and 1,103 were actually 
 employed by the Corporation. The following detailed analysis 
 of the trades of those so employed is taken from the Register : — 
 
 Gardeners - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 Building Trades : — 
 
 
 
 Brick-makers 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Bricklayer 3 
 Joiners - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 - 15 
 
 Painters - 
 
 - 
 
 - 55 
 
 Mining - - - - 
 Engineering and Metal Trades 
 
 9 
 - 264 
 
 Printing Trades 
 Leather Trades 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 - 43 
 
 Textile Trades 
 
 - 
 
 - 65 
 
 Tailors 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Food, drink, &c. (preparation of) 
 Enginemen and stokers 
 Platelayer - - - - 
 Carters - _ - - 
 
 6 
 
 - 14 
 
 1 
 
 - 19 
 
 Grooms 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Out-door Labourers 
 
 - 
 
 - 493 
 
 Indoor do. 
 
 - 
 
 - 72 
 
 Clerks 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Watchmen - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 - 
 
 - 10 
 
 1,103 
 
 The men employed on the following works were as under :- 
 
 Works. 
 
 No. of Men employed. 
 
 Pasture Hills " " " " 
 East Park - - 
 
 Cross Flats - - - - - 
 Kirkstall Abbey . . - _ 
 Hunslet Moor _ - - - 
 Woodhouse Moor - _ - - 
 
 300 
 370 
 146 
 102 
 173 
 12 
 
 
 1,103 
 
 Each man was employed for three days a week (Monday, 
 Tuesday and Wednesday ; or Thursday, Friday and Saturday) 
 for nine hours a day at 5d. an hour. He could thus earn 
 lis. Sd. a week and have three days free in which, if so dis- 
 posed, be could look for other work. The relief w^orks began on 
 December 15th and were closed as such on April 26tli, though a 
 
LEEDS. 22.5' 
 
 certain number of men have been kept at work in some of these 
 districts up to the present time (August), and as they still 
 work only for three days a week, the work may still be said to 
 partake of the character of relief work. 
 
 The work performed consisted chiefly of spade labour. The 
 quality of the work done varied considerably at different works. 
 At the East End Park the men were considered to work fairly 
 well considering their want of experience in digging, while in 
 most of the other districts the work was far from satisfac- 
 tory. On the average each man employed had about 60 days* 
 work. 
 
 Towards the end of April the scarcity of employment being 
 considered less acute the Corporation decided to close the works 
 (with the exception alluded to above). By that time some of the 
 best of the labourers had obtained independent employment, and 
 some of the worst had been dismissed for insubordination or other 
 misconduct. Thus during tb^ week ending March 15th the 
 number employed was 724 (370 during the first half and 354 
 during the second half), and this number was still further reduced 
 by the end of April. Nevertlieless the closing of the works caused 
 great complaints among the men who were employed on them up to 
 the end, and they continued to hold meetings and send deputa- 
 tions to the Council, demanding that the unexpended balance of 
 the fund voted for relief work by the Corporation should be 
 spent. Subsequently a section of the unemployed formed a 
 labour bureau in the Waverley Hall, which was lent to them 
 free of charge by the proprietor. The bureau has been 
 managed by a committee of the unemployed, and up to the end 
 of July registered some 800 names, mainly of unskilled labourers. 
 All persons in receijtt of any allowance from a trade society or 
 club were excluded. Up to the end of July, however, no 
 employers had applied for men to the bureau, as, indeed, is only 
 natural, seeing that there has been a surplus throughout the 
 district of the kind of labourers who alone have been enrolled. 
 'J he bureau, having therefore been unsuccessful, the committee 
 have raised funds by means of collecting boxes carried by 
 unemployed members, and made a daily distribution of the pro- 
 ceeds in the shape of bread and tea among those on the register. 
 Attempts have recently been made to make the bureau permanent, 
 and connect it with the | >r:ncipal employers by telephone ; but the 
 organisation as hitherto conducted has met with no sympathy 
 from the local trade unionists, who are of opinion that, while 
 valueless as a means of diminishing want of employment 
 generally, it might easily become a centre for the supply of 
 non-union labour at the time of a trade dispute. 
 
 On accovmt of the large scale on which the Leeds relief works 
 were conducted it has been thought desirable to obtain some 
 particulars as to the position of the men so employed after an 
 interval of three or four months, with a view to ascertain how 
 far, if at all, they have been permanently benefited by the scheme, 
 
 o 77723. P 
 
226 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 The total number dealt with (1,103) was obviousty too great 
 to allow of detailed inquiries as to all of them. Accordingly 
 a selection was made of about 120 cases drawn from the West, 
 East Hunslet, East and North East Wards, the number selected 
 in each ward being roughly proportionate to the total number 
 of applicants from that district. These 120 cases were personally 
 visited or otherwise inquired into by one of the Labour Corres- 
 pondents of the Department during the week ending August 19th. 
 In 37 cases the men had moved or had given wrong addresses, 
 and could not be traced, the address given proving in nine cases 
 to be that of a common lodging-house, and in two to be that 
 of a public-house. In 6 other cases no information could be 
 obtained (no one being at home, or for other reasons). In the 
 remaining 77 cases, the conditions as regards employment may 
 be stated as follows : — 
 
 Working at their own trades" - - - 27 
 Working at other occupations (including some 
 
 cases of very casual and intermittent work) - 5 
 
 Out of work - - - - - 28 
 Still working (3 days a week) at Corporation 
 
 relief works - - - - - 11 
 
 In workhouse - - - - - 4 
 
 111 ------ 2 
 
 Of those working at their former occupations 15 were labourers, 
 and seven belonged to various branches of the iron trade. The 
 five cases of men working at other occupations than their own 
 were as follows : — 
 
 Former occupation. 
 
 Present occupation. 
 
 Iron turner - - - 
 Iron turner - _ - 
 Fitter .. - - . 
 Whitesmith . - _ 
 Rough cutter . - . 
 
 Dyers' labourer. 
 
 Hawker (intermittent). 
 
 Labourer. 
 
 Labourer (in iron works). 
 
 Hawker (intermittent). 
 
 Among the men still working at the relief works are a few who 
 left the works on getting a job and have returned to them again 
 on losing it. 
 
 The accounts furnished of 27 of the men still out of work at the 
 time of inquiry seem to show that in almost every case they 
 belong to the chronically " out-of-work " class (so-called), i.e., the 
 class of men who are unaccustomed to regular work, and who 
 have either little capacity or little taste for it. 
 
 In order to make quite clear the character of the class of men 
 who form so large a proportion of the cases investigated, the 
 
LEEDS, 
 
 227 
 
 following summary is' given of the information obtained with 
 regard to each of these 27 cases. 
 
 - Wife applied to workhouse in July last 
 owing to his neglect. He has often had 
 poor law relief and often neglected wife. 
 
 No. 1. Labourer - 
 
 No. 2. Fitter 
 
 No. 3. Painter 
 
 No. 4. Cloth-dresser 
 (labourer). 
 
 No. 5. Striker - 
 
 No 6. Joiner 
 
 No. 7. Foundry labourer. 
 
 No. 8. Labourer - 
 No. 9. Labourer - 
 
 No. 10. Borer 
 
 No. 
 
 IL 
 
 Labourer - 
 
 No. 
 
 12. 
 
 Labourer - 
 
 No. 
 
 13. 
 
 Labourer - 
 
 No. 
 
 14. 
 
 Cloth-di-esser 
 
 No. 15. Labourer - 
 No. 16. Labourer - 
 
 Well-known to relieving officer. 
 
 Has been out of work ever since the relief 
 work ended. Seems half-witted. Sup- 
 ported by two sisters (tailoresses) with 
 other help. 
 
 Has applied to relieving officer four times 
 and to Charity Organisation Society 
 three times during 1892-3. Wife ill. 
 Man in low health. Caught bronchitis 
 on relief works. Has had work since, 
 but lost it in middle of July. 
 
 Has been out of work since relief works. 
 Has had no regular w^ork for years. Has 
 never belonged to a club or trade society. 
 Wife does charing. 
 
 No work since relief works. No trade 
 society, but belongs to friendly society, 
 daughter paying subscription. Two 
 daughters at a linen factory. 
 
 No work since relief work. Now in 
 receipt of out-door relief. 
 
 No work since relief work. Formerly in 
 Friendly Society (ran out six years ago). 
 Right hand injured years ago. Daughter 
 goes out cleaning. 
 
 No work sin<^e relief work. Wife in work- 
 house. " Man living anywhere." 
 
 No work alleged since Easter 1892 except 
 relief work. Wife does washing, two 
 sons work as errand-boy and in brass- 
 foundry. Said to keep a lodging-house. 
 
 Unfavourably known to relieving officer. 
 Statements questionable. 
 
 Has been out of work 10 weeks since 
 relief work. 
 
 cleaning. Man belongs to 
 society and wife to sick club. 
 
 Has been out of work for two years. 
 Mother supports him by making pies. 
 
 Has had only three weeks' work since 
 relief work. Sister keeps him. 
 
 Out of work a long time before relief works 
 and was in jail for debt last autumn, the 
 wife being on the poor law. She used 
 to woi'k at "finishing," but has been 
 very slack lately. They have been 
 ejected. 
 
 No work since relief works. Never bo- 
 longed to club or trade society. 
 
 Out of work off and on for a year before 
 relief work. No trade society or club. 
 
 P 2 
 
 Wife works at washing and 
 Man belono:s to fi-iendlv 
 
228 
 
 MUNICIPAL I RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 No. 17. Labourer - 
 
 No. 18. Casemaker 
 
 No. 19. Labourer - 
 No. 20. Labourer - 
 
 No. 2L Navvy - 
 
 No. 22. Striker - 
 
 No. 23. Mechanic - 
 
 No. 24. Clotlj dresser 
 
 No. 2o. Labourer - 
 
 No. 26. Fitter 
 No. 27. Labourer - 
 
 No vi'-ork since relief work or for a long^ 
 time before. Sister lets him staj with 
 her. Has a mother to keep. 
 
 Only 14 days' work since relief works. No' 
 club or trade society. 
 
 No further information. 
 
 *' Our of work" for two or three years. 
 No club or trade society. 
 
 No work since relief works. Seemed a 
 loafer. 
 
 No work since relief works. No club or 
 trade society. 
 
 Had one job since relief work. Wife does 
 washing, &c. They support a grand- 
 mother. 
 
 No work since relief wock. No club or 
 trade society (except burial club). Wife 
 does washing when well ; daughter does 
 tailoring. 
 
 No work since relief work or for eight 
 jnonths before. Wife goes to rag-ware- 
 house. 
 
 relief work. 
 
 or 
 
 for two 
 
 No work since 
 years before." 
 
 Was employed on relief work up to a week 
 ago. Since then out of work. Was ill 
 for four years. F'ormerly belonged to 
 friendly society (ran out). Daughter 
 tailoress. 
 
 The above summary tells its own tale. So far as the par- 
 ticulars supplied are trustworthy (and it must be allowed that 
 in some cases tbey may be somewhat inexact), it a])pears that 
 at least 16 out of the 27 found to be still unemployed have had 
 no work since the closing of the relief works. The greater 
 number of them appear to belong to a class who usually try 
 to get some advantage from any scheme of relief or charity 
 which happens to be available, but to whom, as a rule, it is of 
 no lasting benefit. On the other hand, among those who were 
 found to be working at their own trades a certain number may 
 have been considerably benefited by the temporary provision of 
 work during a slack period. 
 
 The consequences, however, that w^ould follow if winter relief 
 v/orks became a regularly established institution in such a centre 
 as Leeds, and were counted upon as a readily available resource, 
 are very serious to contemplate. 
 
 LiverpooL 
 
 The plan of relief works adopted by the Liverpool Corporation 
 differed from that employed elsewhere The exceptional scarcity 
 of employment and the causes that led to it have been described 
 on p. 184, where an account has been given of the " Association 
 of the unemployed " which was formed in the early spring, and 
 
LIVERPOOL. 229 
 
 which opened a labour registry in Hunter Street, on which some 
 3,770 names were entered. The greater number of those whose 
 names were thus entered were either unassisted or relieved 
 through the agency of the Liverpool Central Relief Society. 
 About 450 however had a few days' work (on the average about six 
 days for each man) provided through the agency of the Corpo- 
 ration, which, partly in consequence of the Local Government 
 Board circular, resolved in March to carry out at once some 
 excavating work in Pall Mall. The Corporation did not employ 
 labourers directly, but contracted with the chairman and 
 secretary of the association of the unemployed, to provide local 
 " unemployed " labour to carry out the work at a fixed piece 
 rate of Sd. per cubic yard. 
 
 The agreement is set forth at length in the following letters 
 from the Corporation Surveyor to the Secretary of the Associa- 
 tion of the unemployed : — 
 
 Surplus Land, Pall Mall. 
 
 Municipal Offices, Liverpool, 
 Dear Sir, March 6th, 1893. 
 
 Confirming our conversation of Saturday last, the Corporation 
 are agreeable to the following terms and conditions in regard to the 
 removal of their surplus land in Pall Mall by the unemployed, viz. : 
 
 The price to be paid by the Corporation to be at the rate of Sd. per 
 <}ubic yard, this price to represent all labour in excavating, and the filling 
 up of the carts, &c., the Corporation or their representative providing 
 carts, horses, and all the necessary plant and tackle. 
 
 The men employed to work to such levels as shall be fixed by the 
 Corporation. 
 
 All plankings for the drawing on of carts, and the wheeling of 
 barrows, &c. to be laid down by your men as shall be directed, the 
 Corporation or their representative providing no labour whatever. 
 
 The work to be measured weekly by a representative from the 
 Corporation, and in the event of any dispute arising on this head, the 
 matter to be referred to a competent local surveyor to be previously 
 agreed upon, whose decision shall be final and binding. 
 
 The Corporation not to be bound to supply carts after 12 o'clock noon 
 on Saturdays, and 4.30 p.m. on the other week days. 
 
 The amount due for work done to be paid by the Corporation weekly, 
 to Mr. . . . and yourself as Chairman and Secretary of the Employ- 
 ment Bureau. 
 
 The Corporation desire that the men employed by you on this work, 
 shall be local workmen who are resident within the city boundary. 
 
 Kindly inform me in writing, whether you accept the terms and 
 conditions herein contained in order that I may make arrangements in 
 respect of the cartage, &c., at once, so that no time may be lost in 
 commencing the work. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 Mr. . . . Corporation Surveyor. 
 
 .Secretary Employment Bureau, 
 57, Hunter Street. 
 
230 MUNICIPAL RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 Surplus Land, Pall Mall. 
 
 Municipal Offices, Liverpool. 
 .Dear Sir, March 8tli, 1893. 
 
 In addition to the terms mentioned in my letter of the 
 6th instant, I propose that Mr. , . . and yourself shall be considered 
 as the contractors for the work. 
 
 All money which is payable by the Corporation for work executed 
 shall be paid to Mr, . . ., Mr. . . . and yourself, whose re- 
 ceipt shall be a full discharge for the Corporation, these three gen- 
 tlemen being responsible to the workmen for their wages. It is 
 clearly understood that the Corporation do not employ the men aj^l are 
 not liable for their wages. It is to be agreed that only men resident in 
 the city, and who are now unemployed, shall be engaged on the work, 
 and that the Corporation undertake no liability for any accident happen- 
 ing. That the work shall be so arranged that the other contractors, 
 Messrs. . . . who are supplying the horses and carts and plant, shall 
 not have their horses and carts kept waiting by reason of there not 
 being sufficient material to iill the carts. 
 
 Mr. . . . and yourself to undertake to complete the whole of the 
 work with all reasonable dispatch ; and if the Corporation find that the 
 work is being uneeessarily delayed they may at any time, on giving three 
 months' notice, stop the work and put an end to this arrangement. 
 
 Kindly confirm these terms. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 (Signed) 
 
 Mr. . . . 
 
 57, Hunter Street, 
 
 The piece-rate agreed upon would in the opinion of the sur- 
 veyor, have enabled an ordinary skilled navvy to earn 7s. to 8s. a 
 day. It was purposely fixed high in order to give a chance to 
 the inexperienced and physically unfit labourers who were likely 
 to be provided. 
 
 Only about 60 men could be employed on the Pall Mall works 
 at the same time, and the smallness of the number required 
 excited some dissatisfaction among those who attended the 
 meetings of the unemployed. It was however arranged that 
 relays of " unemployed " should work a week at a time in 
 order to make the work go further. No sifting or selection was 
 attempted, the chairman of the open air meeting each week 
 calling out the names in order as they appeared on the register, 
 passing over absentees and continuing until the required number 
 of responses was met with. 
 
 The total amount earned each week according to the piece-rate 
 agreed upon was paid over to the representatives of the unem- 
 ployed and by them divided equally among those who had been 
 at work. The daily earnings of the men arrived at in this way 
 varied from 2s. 6d to 4s. Sd. in difiPerent weeks. 
 
LIVERPOOL — GLASGOW. 231 
 
 Early ia the work a difficulty arose owing to some of the 
 unemployed refusing to begin wovk before 7 o'clock, whereas 
 the contractors' men with the carts began at 6.15. The men 
 were at last persuaded to fall in with the contractor's arrange- 
 ments. 
 
 Altogether the relief works were open for about seven weeks. 
 Owing to the nature of the financial arrangement made, the 
 efficiency of the labour can be precisely estimated by the daily 
 earnings given above. Judged in this way it would appear to 
 have been about half as efficient as the labour of ordinary navvies. 
 
 The relief work, given as it was without discrimination, 
 could only have touched the merest fringe of Liverpool distress. 
 It amounted in all to one week's work for about 12 per cent, 
 taken at random of the men registered as " unemployed ". 
 
 During the past summer, since the closing of the Corporation 
 relief works, a movement has been on foot in Liverpool to form 
 a permanent organisation of a representative character to deal 
 in the winter with distress caused by want of employment. 
 The steps already taken have included the inquiries as to the 
 extent of want of employment in various trades, and the 
 appointment of a committee to draw up a scheme of action.* 
 
 Glasgow. 
 
 In Glasgow the depression in the Iron and Shipbuilding trades 
 produced a considerable amount of distress during the autumn 
 and winter. 
 
 Accordingly on December 2nd a joint committee was appointed 
 by the Lord Provost and the Magistrates to inquire into the 
 character of the distress and to devise means of relieving it, so far 
 as it arose from scarcity of work, by the provision of employment. 
 An office was opened and men out of employment were invited 
 to apply. 
 
 The questions then asked wer3 those set forth in the schedule 
 given on the next page, and the truth of the answers was 
 verified by inquiry conducted in co-operation with the Charity 
 Organisation Society. 
 
 The inquiry was partly carried out by investigation officers, 
 but where considered necessary the Committee interviewed the 
 applicants personally. 
 
 The Register was open from December 6th, 1892, up to 
 March 4th, 1893, during which period a total number of 2,801 
 names of applicants for employment were registered. This 
 number was reduced by the inquiries to 1,251, which was, 
 therefore, the number of unemployed persons provided with 
 temporary work. The following form of inquiry was used : — 
 
 * Since this was written this committee has made a report. 
 
232 
 No. 
 
 MUNICIPAL KELIEF WORKS. 
 
 GLASGOW UNEMPLOYED RELIEF FUND, 1892-93. 
 
 Form op Application for relief, with Recommendation, to be filled up 
 as fully as possible. 
 
 Any additional information likely to be of use to the Committee in 
 
 guiding them in fixing Relief is requested. 
 
 All Forms to be sent in to the Secretary, 33, College Street. 
 
 Name of Applicant, 
 
 
 Address of Applicant, 
 
 
 How long resident in Glasgow - 
 
 
 Address of last Residence, 
 
 
 Age of Applicant, - - - - 
 
 
 Trade or Occnpation, 
 
 
 Where last Employed, - 
 
 
 How long with last Employers, 
 
 
 Weekly Wage when last employed, - 
 
 
 When paid off, and why, - 
 
 
 Married, . - - - - 
 
 
 Number and Ages of Members of 
 Family, - - - - - 
 
 
 Members of Family at present em- 
 ployed. Give Names and Ages with 
 Weekly earnings of each. 
 
 
 If sinele -Number, Ages, and Rela- 
 tionship of Dependants, if any, 
 
 
 If Member of Trade, Friendly, or other 
 Society, state weekly iLUowance, 
 
 
 Address of Secretary of Do., - 
 
 
 Note of any other source of income, - 
 
 
 Church, Chapel, or Mission with which 
 Applicant is connected. 
 
 
 Rent and Size of Present House, 
 
 
 Address of House for which Taxes were 
 paid last year, - - - - 
 
 
 Show)i Receipts, - - - - 
 
 • 
 
 Report by Inspector- 
 
 Date, 
 
 Signedj 
 
 Adjudication by Inspecior or Committee 
 Date. Signed,^ 
 
GLASGOW. 233 
 
 The following is a summary of the alleged previous employ- 
 
 ments of those registered : — 
 
 
 
 
 Building Trades : — 
 
 
 
 
 Brick workers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Masons 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Carpenters and Joiners 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 17 
 
 Plumbers - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Plasterer - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Slaters 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 10 
 
 Painters 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 64 
 
 Marble Cutters 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Builders' and Contractors' 
 
 Labourers 
 
 - 56 
 
 Mining 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Engineering and Metal Trades : — 
 
 
 
 Engineers, Fitters, &c. 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 236 
 
 Boiler ^>iakers and Iron Shipbuilders 
 
 - 98 
 
 Ironfounders 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 103 
 
 Blacksmiths, Hammermen 
 
 ,&c. 
 
 - 
 
 - 150 
 
 Foundry Labourers 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 34 
 
 Others 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 38 
 
 Shipbuilders' Labourers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 10 
 
 Woodwork and Furniture Trades :- 
 
 — 
 
 
 • Coopers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Cabinet Makers, &c. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 10 
 
 Carriage Builders - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Sawyers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 Others 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 14 
 
 Printing, &c. - 
 
 r 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 Leather and Fur Trades 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 13 
 
 Textile Trades :— 
 
 
 
 
 Weavers, &c. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 63 
 
 Bleachers, Dyers, &c. 
 
 > 
 
 - 
 
 - 18 
 
 Others 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 15 
 
 > Clothing Trades : — 
 
 
 
 
 Tailors 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 18 
 
 Boots and Shoes - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 19 
 
 Food, Drink and Tobacco (preparation of) 
 
 - 19 
 
 Engine Driver^, Stokers, &c. 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 30 
 
 Railway Employes 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Miscellaneous (skilled) 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 32 
 
 Carmen and Transport 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 50 
 
 Betail Tradesmen 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 5 
 
 General Labourers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 1,590 
 
 Clerks and Warehousemen 
 
 - 
 
 . 
 
 9 
 
 Seamen 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Porters and Messengers 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Others unspecified 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 19 
 
 
 Total 
 
 - 
 
 - 2,801 
 
284 
 
 MUNICIPAL BELIEF WORKS. 
 
 • The works opened on December 8th, when 87 men were 
 engaged, and the numbers simultaneously employed increased 
 to a maximum of 870 on December I7th. 
 
 The men were employed at Ruchill Park and Springburn Park ; 
 the work at the former being mostly stonebreaking, and at the 
 latter trenching and digging. They were employed six days a 
 week and 6 J to 7 hours a day. They were paid Is. a day in 
 cash, with an extra shilling on Saturday for those who had not 
 been absent more than one day in the week and had had leave 
 of absence on that day. Breakfast and dinner were also pro- 
 vided for the men. Certain cases of special poverty and distress 
 were specially dealt with during the progress of the work, grants 
 of clothing, blankets and money being made through the Charity 
 Organisation Society to 80 or 90 families. 
 
 The works at Ruchill and Springburn met with very different 
 degrees of success. Stonebreaking was found too difficult and 
 skilled a form of work for the class of men employed, and the 
 loss upon it was far greater than in the case of the digging and 
 trenching at Springburn. This is well brought out by the 
 following financial statement based on figures published by the 
 Committee : — 
 
 
 Ruchill. 
 
 Springburn. 
 
 Amount paid in wages _ - - - 
 Amount spent on food - - - - 
 
 £ s. 
 1,295 17 
 
 300 7 
 
 d. 
 
 01 
 
 £ .<?. d. 
 819 15 8 
 
 197 2 2i 
 
 Total expended rexclusive of miscellaneous and 
 
 office expenditure). 
 Value of work performed 
 
 1,596 5 
 407 9 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 1,016 17 10^ 
 571 3 10 
 
 Loss ------ 
 
 Loss per cerd. of the total expenditure 
 
 1,188 15 
 74 
 
 8 
 
 445 14 0^ 
 44 
 
 The actual loss was reduced by the sale of tools, &c. 
 
 It became clear to the Committee during the progress of the 
 work that a large number of the men employed were those whose 
 " distress, though it might be real enough, was the result of habits 
 *' which would produce poverty and suffering in any case," and 
 the above financial statement makes it evident that in spite of 
 the comparatively low scale of wages the labour was so inefficient 
 that the result was a large loss. 
 
 After 10 weeks' operations therefore the Committee changed 
 the system from time w^ork to piece work (stonebreaking at 2s. 
 per cubic yard and digging at dd. per cubic yard). The result 
 
GLASGOW. 
 
 235 
 
 was to reduce largely the number at work, wliich had already 
 begun to decline, the labour-market being in a more prosperous 
 condition. The abrupt falling off is shown by the foliow-ing 
 statement, showing the average number employed in each week 
 during which the works were in progress. The statement is 
 compiled from materials published in the Committee's report : — 
 
 Period. 
 
 Average 
 
 Number of Men 
 
 employed. 
 
 'Week ending Dec. 10th, 1892 
 17th „ 
 
 Day Work - 
 
 Piece- J 
 Avork. I 
 
 „ 
 
 5» 
 
 24th „ 
 
 >» 
 
 ♦ > 
 
 31st „ 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 7th 1893 
 
 » 
 
 5> 
 
 14th „ 
 
 
 
 21st „ 
 
 
 „ 
 
 28th „ 
 
 
 Feb. 
 
 4th „ 
 
 ?J 
 
 5> 
 
 11th „ 
 
 18th 
 
 „ 25th 
 
 March 4th 
 
 255 
 
 849 
 594 
 524 
 491 
 561 
 578 
 610 
 584 
 560 
 
 177 
 
 114 
 
 75 
 
 Nothing could be more significant of the character of the 
 labour employed, than the rapid decline of numbers after the 
 change from time to piece-work, in spite of the high piece rate 
 offered and the low wages hitherto paid to day labourers. The 
 works were entirely closed on March 4th. 
 
 The entire expenditure on the works, including office expenses, 
 purchase of tools, &c., amounted to 3,103?. 6s. ; against which is 
 to be set 97 SI. 13s. 2d. the value of work done, 2Sl. 2s. realised 
 by sale of tools, and 400?. the value of plant in store. The net 
 loss is thus stated as 1,701?. 10s. lOd. 
 
 Concluding Summary. 
 
 the present chapter 
 a great measure of 
 
 Many of the schemes described in 
 cannot be said to have met with 
 
 success. Something doubtless has been done to tide over a 
 period when employment has been slack, but evidence is not 
 wanting that the provision of work has often been most largely 
 taken advantage of by a class of men of whom Mr. Charles 
 Booth has said, " lack of work is not really the disease with 
 " them and the mere provision of it is, therefore, useless as a 
 " cure."* In one important case in which it has been possible 
 to inquire into the present position of some of those assisted by 
 the relief works, the result has not been encouraging ; while in 
 another case in which the genuine character of the willingness of 
 
 Labour and Life of the People," Vol. L, p. 149. 
 
236 MUNICIPAL BELIEF WORKS. 
 
 "the men to work was tested during the progress of the scheme by 
 a change from time to piece-work, the result was to reduce the 
 number employed to less than one-third, in spite of the fact 
 :thafc the time rate was low and the piece rate high. 
 
 It is not claimed on behalf of any of the schemes hitherto 
 ■described that they have proved a permanent cure for the evils 
 of want of employment ; they were not in fact, for the most 
 part, regarded in this light by their promoters. 
 
 The conclusions to be drawn from the experiments of so 
 many local authorities during the past winter are therefore 
 largely negative. It appears, for example, to be conclusively 
 shown (as was indeed known already to those familiar with the 
 subject) that the offer of work without discrimination to all 
 applicants is likely to attract large numbers of a class for whom 
 it is unlikely to be of permanent benefit. Many (though not 
 all) of the local authorities who carried out relief works during 
 the past winter were sufficiently alive to this fact to attempt 
 some kind of sifting process, though the tests applied were not 
 always of a very searching character. It would appear, more- 
 over, that the inquiry was usually merely directed to ascertain 
 fitness for employment on the relief works, and did not extend 
 to the question of, the possibility of permanent assistance. In 
 the view of many of those whose experience in these matters is 
 the greatest, the relative importance of the relief works and of 
 the inquiry should be reversed if any permanent good is sought 
 for : the relief- work being looked on as one means out of 
 many of ascertaining fitness for permanent assistance, instead of 
 the inquiry being looked on merely as a means of ascertaining 
 fitness for temporary relief-work. If this view is sound the 
 relief work would be I'egarded essentially as a labour test, 
 although provided in the form of employment for wages. 
 
 Some persons have objected to stringent inquiry as inquisitorial, 
 and, doubtless, such inquiry needs much tact and judgment. 
 Perhaps, however, the evils which have resulted from its ab- 
 sence or insufficiency may be considered to outweigh any objec- 
 tions of this kind. It does not appear that the mere test of work, 
 in any form in which it is likely to be applied, is a complete or 
 satisfactory substitute for inquiry, if the permanent assistance of 
 the individual be the ultimate object kept in view. 
 
 Secondly, it would appear that the success or otherwise of the 
 relief works themselves is very largely a question of supervision 
 and administration. More foremen and gangers, and more care- 
 ful (though not harsher) discipline seem to be required than on 
 ordinary work, whereas, in practice there is often a tendency for 
 the management to be less strict. 
 
 Thirdly, if we regard the provision of work as a test of willing- 
 ness to labour, it would appear that other things being equal the 
 best shape which it can take is that which shall provide the 
 most efiective test for the purpose. Now the most searching of 
 tests appears to be continuity of eonployment. Loafers and 
 
CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 237' 
 
 tramps are not unwilling to do a couple of days' work — even 
 hard work ; and many who will work for weeks together threg 
 days in each week, would be weeded out if they were com- 
 pelled to work every day. This being so, schemes which merely 
 provide a few days' work for a large number of men in suc- 
 cessive relays are of all others the most likely to be abused. 
 They offer work in the form which exactly suits those who are 
 imwilling to submit to continuous exertion, while doing very 
 little for those really in distress. The plan of employing men 
 in two shifts — three days a week each is reco'nmended on the 
 ground that it gives them a chance to look out for work during 
 the rest of the week, but against this very real advantage must 
 be set the encouragement offered to loafers by an arrangement 
 which falls in with their habits. 
 
 To sum up, the special danger which temporary schemes of 
 municipal employment have to face is that they may fail to 
 attract the class of unemployed whose distress is merely caused 
 by temporary diflficulties over which the individuals have no 
 control, while they are unlikely to be organised and adminis- 
 tered with sufficient completeness and elasticity to enable them 
 to be of service for the lasting assistance or reformation of the 
 chronically idle and incapable. 
 
 Some discussion of the place which relief works should occupy 
 in a well-considered plan for dealing with distress caused by 
 want of employment has been already given in the chapter 
 treating of the woik of the Charity Organisation Society and 
 similar agencies, and a detailed account is given in the following 
 chapter of the working of a scheme in which an attempt was 
 made, so far as possible, to avoid some of the dangers which have 
 been pointed out above. 
 
238 
 
 (iii.) THE RELIEF SCHEME OF THE MANSION HOUSE 
 CONFERENCE (1892-3). 
 
 In the last chapter a description has been given of the various 
 efforts made by local authorities, vestries, and boards of works in 
 London and elsewhere to assist the unemployed by providing 
 work. The work of this nature undertaken directly by the London 
 County Council amounted to very little, but the Council lent its 
 aid to the carrying out of the scheme of relief of the Mansion 
 House Conference, which still remains to be noticed. Inasmuch 
 as this scheme appears to have been among the most carefully 
 devised and the most fully recorded of all the undertakings of 
 last winter noticed in the present volume, it has been thought 
 advisable to describe it in greater detail than most of the other 
 schemes. 
 
 The Mansion House Conference originated in an informal 
 Committee, which was constituted during the autumn of 1892 to 
 inquire into the alleged prevalence of distress owing to scarcity 
 of employment in East London. The Committee was established 
 by the residents at Toynbee Hall in Whitechapel, and included 
 some prominent members of local trade societies, besides repre- 
 sentatives of the Charity Organisation Society and other persons 
 specially conversant with local industrial conditions or the 
 methods of relieving distress. 
 
 At first the work of the Committee was one of inquiry, the 
 result being to show that in certain districts of East London, 
 where considerable numbers of waterside labourers reside, acute 
 distress was being felt among the less efficient class of casual 
 dock labourers, owing to the re -organisation of the system of 
 employment at the docks managed by the London and India 
 Docks Joint Committee. 
 
 During the past two years the Joint Committee, which manages 
 the London, St. Katharine's, East and West India, Victoria and 
 Albert, and Tilbury Docks, besides the up-town warehouses, have 
 been making a systematic attempt to reduce the fluctuations of 
 employment by increasing so far as practicable the permanent 
 staff, and classifying the rest of the labourers employed in two 
 classes ("A " and " B "), according to their efficiency and steadiness. 
 The object aimed at is that all the permanent staff shall be em- 
 ployed before any casual labour is taken on, that all "A " men who 
 apply shall have prefei;ence over " B " men, and all " B " men 
 over the unclassified army of casuals who do not come within 
 any of these groups. Of late a further step has been taken by 
 making " A " and " B " tickets available under certain conditions 
 at more than one "taking-on place," so as to equalise purely local 
 fluctuations in the demand for dock labour along the river. Thd 
 introduction of these changes has been attended with great 
 difficulties, and the new system has only lately got into working 
 order. It does not of course touch the deep-seated sources of 
 irregularity of work at the docks which spring from the seasonal 
 
LABOUR AT LONDON DOCKS. 239 
 
 character of various branches of trade, e.g., the freezing of the 
 Baltic, or similar causes tending to produce fluctuations in the 
 total volume of employment offered from time to time by the 
 docks. But in former days the irregularity of employment as 
 aff*ecting the individual dock labourer was out of all proportion 
 •to the necessary irregularity due to these fluctuations. The 
 permanent staff" being small, a certain amount of work, which 
 was itself regular in character, was in fact performed on the 
 purely casual system, being scrambled for by an excessive number 
 of unclassified labourers among whom it was divided on no 
 systematic plan. This cause of irregularity is suppressed in part 
 at least by the re-organisation of employment. 
 
 The tendency of the new system is, therefore, clearly in the 
 direction of increasing the regularity of dock labour. So far as 
 it is carried out, the docks will cease to be centres of attraction 
 for the residual labour crowded out of other trades. But the 
 process of " de-casualisation " has naturally been accompanied by 
 temporary distress. In proportion as the work to be had at the 
 docks has been more and more concentrated in the hands of 
 permanent or quasi-permanent labourers, the total field of em- 
 ployment, i.e., the total number of labourers who can draw some 
 kind of subsistence or partial subsistence from dock labour, has 
 necessarily contracted. The Joint Committee now employs 1,650 
 permanent labourers, 1,950 "A" men, and 2,600 "B" men. 
 Theoretically, therefore, if all these men were in their right 
 places applying for work, no man below " B " rank would have 
 a chance of employment except on days when more than all these 
 6,200 men are employed, of which during the first nine months 
 of the present year (1893) there have only been 27. As a matter 
 of fact, owing to local fluctuations, and the failure of a certain 
 number of "A " or " B " men through sickness, idleness, or other 
 causes, to apply for work, a certain but diminishing number of 
 casual labourers are still taken on, even when the volume of 
 employment falls below the above figure. Virtually, liowever, a 
 considerable number of the more inefficient casual labourers have 
 found their employment gone. 
 
 It was this class of displaced labour which alone was dealt 
 with by the Committee of Inquiry here described, which was 
 merged in a Mansion House Committee with the Lord Mayor as 
 Chairman. 
 
 The scheme subsequently adopted is therefore of special 
 interest, as having been directed not to deal vaguely with want 
 of employment generally (which, as has been shown in previous 
 chapters, is an infinitely varied phenomenon), but to deal with 
 a certain limited class of cases of want of employment due 
 to a well-known and specific cause. A fund was raised by the 
 Lord Mayor, and the London County Council allowed the use, 
 for the purpose of test work, of about 40 acres of waste land 
 adjoining the Abbey Mills pumping station at Stratford, which 
 it is hoped ultimately to use for allotments, but on which at 
 
240 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 present the Council has no power to incur expenditure. The 
 Committee began active operations early in January of the present 
 year. 
 
 Besides the restriction of the operation of the scheme to casual 
 dock labourers, it was further limited to those who had lived for 
 at least a year within a certain defined area, i.e., the Poor Law 
 Unions of Stepney, Poplar, St. George's-in-the-East, and Mile 
 End Old Town, which include a population of nearly 378,000, 
 and adjoin the river. The shaded portion of the following map 
 shows roughly the limits of the area dealt with : — 
 
 SHOREOITCH,. 
 
 The scope of the scheme was yet further defined and limited 
 by several restrictions. (1.) In order to deal primarily with 
 the most acute cases of distress it was decided to admit as a rule 
 only married men. A few cases of single men with dependent 
 relatives living in the same house were the only exceptions. (2.) 
 The plan being to deal strictly with local distress, all applicants 
 whose last address was a shelter or common lodging-house were 
 rejected. (3.) The object being to deal not with chronic poverty 
 due to old age but with cases of able-bodied labourers out of 
 work, no cases of men over 65 were admitted. The great bulk 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. 241 
 
 of those dealt with were under 55, as is shown in the table given 
 on p. 244. 
 
 Applicants for assistance who were not ruled out by the above 
 restrictions, and whose cases appeared privid facie to fall within 
 the scope of the Committee's operations, were asked certain 
 questions specified on the fonii reprinted on pp. 262 and 263, which 
 is practically identical with the inquiry forms employed by the 
 Charity Organisation Society. Of a total of 716 applicants, 372 
 cases were inquired into fully in this way. The accounts given 
 by the applicant were so far as practicable verified by reference 
 to the previous employer, the persons given as references, the 
 clergyman of the parish, the relieving officer, and the local 
 committee of the Charity Organisation Society, or some of these, 
 and by a visit by a paid agent of the Committee to the applicant's 
 address. 
 
 Seventy applicants were rejected by this sifting process as 
 fraudulent, physically unfit for employment, or ineligible through 
 drunkenness or other conspicuous defects of character or for other 
 causes, and 22 other cases were withdrawn without relief being 
 offered, the applicant finding work for himself, not appearing 
 to answer inquiries, or for other reasons. The remainder, with 
 few exceptions, were offered a fortnight's digging work on the 
 land at Abbey Mills. This work was controlled by a superin- 
 tendent recommended by the Metropolitan Public Gardens' Asso- 
 ciation, who had had previous experience in the laying-out of 
 estates, and two "gangers." A total of about 130 men worked 
 at the same time on the land. They worked for eight hours a 
 day (five hours on Saturday), and were paid at the rate of 6cZ. 
 per hour, the ordinary rate for unskilled labour in the district. 
 
 Each man received a non-transferable ticket, on the back of 
 which the conditions of employment were stated as follows : — 
 
 The work given by this Committee is only temporary, and 
 this ticket is not available beyond the week in tchich it 
 is issued. 
 
 Rules. 
 
 1. The wages will be Qd. an hour for a day of 8 hours 
 (8 a.m. to 12 a.m., and 1 p.m. to 5 p.m.). -No man taken 
 on after 8 a.m. 
 
 2. No pay for meal- time. 
 
 3. No smoking allowed while at work. 
 
 4. The foreman has authority to discharge any man at 
 once for idleness or bad conduct. 
 
 5. This ticket must be given to the foreman at the end 
 of the week. 
 
 By Order, 
 
 > Hon. Sees. 
 
 o 77723. Q 
 
242 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 The following were the forms of pay sheet and time sheet 
 employed : — 
 
 PAY SHEET. 
 
 NAME 
 
 Hours. 
 
 Kate of 
 Pay at 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total - - £ 
 
 
 
 
 Ganger's sigr 
 
 lature 
 
 
 
 
 
 WORKMAN'S TIME SHEET. 
 
 Name 
 
 Week ending 
 
 189 
 
 Day of Week. 
 
 Particulars of Work. 
 
 
 Hours. 
 
 Monday - 
 
 
 
 
 Tuesday - 
 
 
 
 
 Wednesday 
 
 
 
 
 Thursday - 
 
 
 
 
 Friday - 
 
 
 
 
 Saturday 
 
 Total - 
 
 - £ 
 
 
 
 
 Foreman's signature 
 
 The supervision was strict, and at the end of the fortnight the 
 superintendent reported to 'the Committee as to the character of 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. 
 
 243 
 
 the work and conduct of each man employed. The work was 
 regarded not as an end in itself, but as a temporary and pre- 
 liminary measure, which had the advantage of testing each man's 
 capacity and willingness to work, while the earnings provided 
 for his immediate necessities, and to some extent restored his 
 " stamina " and physique, which had in most cases been greatly 
 reduced by underfeeding and distress. Each man was instructed 
 to review his own position carefully during this fortnight, and if 
 possible to be prepared at the end to make some definite sugges- 
 tion to the Committee as to the manner in which he could be 
 permanently assisted. For this purpose each man appeared 
 before the Committee at the end of the period of work to be 
 finally dealt with. Some proved unhelpable, some were emigrated 
 or migrated, some were provided with " B " tickets at the docks, 
 and some who had definite work in prospect were assisted by 
 provision of tools or other equipment, or an extension of time at 
 Abbey Mills. The relief works at Abbey Mills were open for 
 
 seven weeKs. 
 
 Before going in detail into the manner in which the men were 
 finally disposed of, it may be well to give a clearer idea of the 
 character of the material dealt with by the Committee, as shown 
 by an elaborate analysis of the case-papers which have for that 
 purpose been placed at the disposal of the Labour Department. 
 
 The following table gives a general classification of the appli- 
 cants whose cases were examined, according to the mode in which 
 they were dealt with in the first place by the Committee : — 
 
 I. — Keliep Work not oft'ered. 
 
 «. Ineligible through drunkenness or other faults ~^ 
 
 of character - ,. _ - 
 
 b. Ineligible through physical unfitness - 
 e. Not within scope of Committee for other 
 
 causes - - - _ _ 
 
 d. Application withdrawn - . . 
 
 e. Assisted without being offered relief work — 
 
 Reinstated in Trade Societies 
 
 Emigrated - . _ _ 
 
 II. — Relief Work offered. 
 
 a. Relief work refused (man getting work) 
 &. „ „ (other causes) 
 
 c. Man dismissed from relief work for insub- 
 
 ordination or bad conduct - - - 
 
 d. Man dismissed from rehef work for incom- 
 
 petence or physical unfitness 
 
 e. Relief work accepted and performed — 
 
 Reported to be " good " - - 
 
 " fair " - - 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 11 
 
 y 96 
 
 \ ' 
 
 52 
 
 -t J 
 
 No report 
 
 poor" or "indifferent" 
 
 Total cases inquired into 
 
 224 
 
 372 
 
 Q 2 
 
244 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 The case papers give a number of interesting particulars 
 regarding the applicants, some of which have been tabulated for 
 this report. It is to be remembered that while some of these 
 particulars were verified by inquiry, some (e.g., birthplaces) rest 
 as a rule on the mere statement of the applicant. 
 
 The following is an analysis of the alleged birthplaces of these 
 372 applicants : — 
 
 Bom in London - - - - 228 
 
 „ „ other parts of England and Wales : — 
 
 Urban - - - 36 1 
 
 Rural - - - 2 I 50 
 
 Uncertain - - 12 J 
 
 „ „ Scotland - - - - 3 
 
 „ „ Ireland - - - - 17 
 
 „ Abroad - - - - 3 
 
 Birthplace not stated - - - 71 
 
 Total cases inquired into - - 372 
 
 So far as these statements are trustworthy, it appears the 
 majority of the applicants (61 per cent.) were of London 
 birth. Of the 50 persons born in other parts of England and 
 Wales, at least 36 were born in urban districts. 
 
 The extreme paucity of applicants stated to be born in rural 
 districts of Great Britain confirms the view, which is supported 
 by much other evidence, that town poverty of the type which 
 leads to demand for relief is on the whole a town product, and is 
 not directly recruited to any large extent by influx from the 
 country, though doubtless such influx may indirectly be to some 
 extent a contributory cause. 
 
 As regards ages we have the following table : — 
 
 Under 25 - - - - - 30 
 
 25 and under 35 - - - - 134 
 
 35 and under 45 - . - - . 122 
 
 45 and under 55 - - - . - 74 
 
 55 and under 65 * - - - - 12 
 
 Total cases inquired into - - 372 
 
 Applicants over 55 were only dealt with in exceptional cases. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. 
 
 245 
 
 ^ The alleged earnings and length of time out of work are set 
 out in the case-papers, but on examination these items do not 
 appear to be sufficiently trustworthy to warrant any statistical 
 inference, though they are given for what they are worth in the 
 accounts of the few cases which are described in detail on 
 pp. 248-257. The alleged number of rooms occupied and the net 
 rents paid by each applicant were to some extent verified by 
 independent inquiry, and the following table may, therefore, 
 be regarded as fairly trustworthy : — 
 
 Statement showing Rooms occupied and Net Rents paid by 
 Applicants for Relief to Mansion House Committee, 
 according to the statements inserted in the case-papers. 
 
 No. of Rooms occupied. 
 
 Is. and 
 under. 
 
 Over Is. 
 
 and up 
 
 to 2*. 
 
 Over 2s. 
 
 and up 
 
 to3«. 
 
 Over 3s. 
 and up 
 
 to 4s. 
 
 Over 4*. 
 
 aud up 
 
 to 5s. 
 
 Over 5*. 
 and up 
 
 to 6*. 
 
 Over 6s. 
 
 Total. 
 
 One 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 121 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 192 
 
 Two 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 103 
 
 Three - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 Four 
 
 . — 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 No. not stated - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 Total - 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 ru 
 
 80 
 
 71 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 369 
 
 Rent not stated 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 Total cases inquired into 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 \ 372 
 
 Many of the applicants were greatly in arrear with their 
 rents at the time of application, and were also encumbered with 
 other debts and pawn tickets. 
 
 The following table shows in detail the alleged condition of 
 the applicants as regards membership of a Trade Society. It 
 will be seen that about one-half (189 out of 372) stated that they 
 were or had been members of some Trade Society, but of these 
 99 had run out of membership or left through other causes. 
 
 It will be noticed that no fewer than 22 societies are included 
 in the list, in spite of the limitation of applicants to dock- 
 workers. This arises from the well-known fact that 
 number of dock labourers are members of other trades. 
 
 large 
 
246 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Statement showing the Number of Applicants for Relief 
 stated to belong or to have formerly belonged to the under- 
 mentioned Trade Societies : — 
 
 Name of Trade Society. 
 
 No. belonging to Trade Society. 
 
 At Time of 
 Applica- 
 tion. 
 
 rormerlj\ i Total. 
 
 Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General Labourers' Union - 
 
 Amalgatnated Protection Union of Hammermen, Engine- 
 men, Machinemen, Helpers, and General Labourers. 
 
 Amalgamated Stevedores' Labour Protection League 
 
 Gas AVorkers' and General Labourers' National Union of 
 G-eat Britain and Ireland. 
 
 National Amalgamated Union of Inland and Seaborne 
 Coal Workers. 
 
 Navvies', Bricklayers' Labourers', 
 bourers' Union. 
 
 and General La- 
 
 London Carmen's Trade Union .... 
 
 Amalgamated Union of General Labourers - 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Lightermen and Watermen of 
 the River Thames. 
 
 Chippers', Drillers', and Ship Fitters' Amalgamated 
 Society of London and District. 
 
 National Amalgamated Union of Sailors and Piremen of 
 Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 United Union of Builders' Labourers (Bermondsey) 
 
 Ballast Heavers' Society ..... 
 
 East London Union of Ropemakers - - - - 
 
 Cigar Makers' Mutual Association - - . - 
 
 Corrugated Iron Roofers', Door Makers', Sash Makers', 
 and General Iron Workers' Union. 
 
 East London Trade Union of Painters 
 
 Machine Workers' United Association 
 
 National Amalgamated Society of Coopers - 
 
 National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives 
 
 United Ship Scrapers' Protection League - 
 
 United Society of Boiler Makers and Iron Ship Builders 
 
 Xame not given ...--- 
 
 Total stated as belonging or who had belonged to a Trade 
 Society. 
 
 00 
 
 64 
 
 99 
 
 107 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Belonging lo none, or not stated 
 
 183 
 
 Total cases inquired into 
 
 372 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLICANTS. 
 
 247 
 
 A somewhat smaller number (158 out of a total of 372) were 
 stated to belong or to have belonged to a Club or Benefit Society, 
 of whom 70 had left or run out of membership at the time 
 of application. The following table gives details as to this 
 point : — 
 
 Statement showing Number of Applicants for Relief who 
 were stated to belong or to have formerly belonged to the 
 under-mentioned Clubs or Benefit Societies. 
 
 Name of Club or Benefit 
 Society. 
 
 No. stated to belong to the Society. 
 
 At time of 
 Application. 
 
 Formerly. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Prudential (Life Insurance) 
 
 Foresters _ - - 
 
 Phoenix- . _ - 
 
 lioyal Liver - - - 
 
 Oddfellows 
 
 Hearts of Oak - 
 
 Slate Clubs 
 
 Others - - - - 
 
 34 
 4 
 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 2 
 8 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 49 
 16 
 11 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 18 
 43 
 
 Total stated to belong or to have 
 belonged to a Club or Benefit 
 Society. 
 
 I 88 
 
 70 
 
 158 
 
 Belonging to none, or not stated 
 
 - 
 
 < - 
 
 214 
 
 Total cases inquired into 
 
 372 
 
 In order to supplement these figures and throw further light 
 on the industrial and social position of the class of persons 
 with whom the Mansion House Committee had to deal, 
 a fuller summary is given of the cases of 32 applicants^ 
 selected at random from the case-papers. It should again h&. 
 remarked that even after such verification as was applied to the- 
 men's statements, some of the items of information must be 
 regarded as much less precise than others. This caution applies 
 especially to the statements of total earnings, length of time out. 
 of work, other sources of relief and debts (other than arrears of 
 rent and pawn tickets). Nevertheless, in spite of probable 
 inaccuracies, the pictures afforded by the precis of the general' 
 condition and life history of the applicants are probably^ 
 sufficiently trustworthy for the purpose for which they are 
 given here, i.e., to shed light on the composition of the mass of 
 labourers stated to be suffering from '•' exceptional distress." 
 
248 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Detailed Table giving Particulars as to a certain Number 
 for assistance to the Mansion House Committee (1892-3), 
 and correction) as recorded in the Case-papers. 
 
 1. Index No. - 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 
 2. Age - 
 
 3. Birthplace - 
 
 43. 
 Ireland. 
 
 28. 
 E. London. 
 
 32. 
 
 Chatham. 
 
 
 4. TNo. living at 
 
 1 home. 
 6. -p _•!„ J Trades of other 
 Family-^ members of fa- 
 mily living at 
 L home. 
 
 Wife. 
 Wife, charing. 
 
 Wife, 4 children. 
 Wife, tailoring. 
 
 Wife, 2 children. 
 
 Wife, washing 
 (formerly). 
 
 
 6. rTotal of family 
 
 when in full 
 Earnings ■{ work. 
 
 7. 1 Ditto at time of 
 L application. 
 
 27s. (and wife's food 
 while charing). 
 
 None. 
 
 30s. 
 4s. 
 
 6s. ' 
 Noije. 
 
 
 8. Length of time out of work 
 
 2 weeks. 
 
 5 weeks. 
 
 13 weeks. 
 
 
 9. rNo. of Rooms 
 
 Housing^ occupied. 
 10. (.Rent 
 
 1. 
 
 4s. ad. 
 
 1. 
 3s. 3d. 
 
 1. 
 
 3s. 
 
 
 11. rRent owing 
 
 12. Debts ■{ other Debts 
 
 13. LPawn tickets 
 
 12s. 
 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 2s. 
 
 39s. 
 
 25S. 
 
 14s. 6d. 
 
 12s. 
 12s. 
 lis. 
 
 
 14. Friendly Society - 
 
 15. Trade Society 
 
 None. 
 (Formerly) Dockers. 
 
 (Formerly) Pruden- 
 tial (run out). 
 (Formerly) Dockers 
 (run out). 
 
 None. 
 
 
 16. other sources of Relief 
 
 Food from relatives. 
 
 None. 
 
 - 
 
 
 37. General Descriptio.i 
 
 • 
 
 Was agricultural la- 
 bourer in Ireland. 
 Came to London 
 (where mother 
 lived) 20 years ago 
 to better himself, 
 and worked as 
 "casual" labourer. 
 Since dock strike, 
 new system at docks 
 had made casual 
 work hard to get. 
 
 Worked at docks 9 
 years. Usually idle 
 between wool-sales. 
 Present slackness 
 caused by change 
 of system at the 
 docks. 
 
 Quite destitute 
 and starving. 
 Had been ill a 
 long time. 
 
 
 18. Amount of " Relief work " 
 
 given. 
 !«• Superintendent's C Conduct 
 
 20. ^V^^^- Iwork 
 
 21. other help given - 
 
 {See below.) 
 
 Discharged for bad 
 
 conduct. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Cash and goods. 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Coal and food tickets. 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Good. 
 Fair. 
 Food. 
 
 
 22. How finally dealt with 
 
 Dismissed as above. 
 
 Fee paid for Steam- 
 ship Workers' Union. 
 
 Family sent to 
 town where 
 they have rela- 
 tions. 
 
 
ANALYSIS OF CASES. 
 
 249 
 
 (taken at random) of the Casual Dock Labourers who applied 
 based on the Applicants' statements (subject to verification 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 27. 
 London. 
 
 23. 
 E. London. 
 
 .34. 
 E. London. 
 
 27. 
 Not stated. 
 
 Wife. 
 None. ^ 
 
 2 parents, 2 uncles. 
 
 Mother, washing. 
 Uncles, labourers. 
 
 Wife. 
 Wife, washing. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Wife, 2 children. 
 Wife, bottle-washing. 
 
 26s. 
 None. 
 
 (Applicant) 19*. 6d. 
 others not stated. 
 
 26s. 
 Nothing. 
 
 37*. 
 9*. 
 
 16 weeks. 
 
 8 weeks. 
 
 3 weeks. 
 
 4 weeks. 
 
 1. 
 
 OS. &d. 
 
 3. 
 
 68. 
 
 1. 
 3s. 6d. 
 
 2. 
 
 5s. 
 
 22s. 
 
 None. 
 
 17«. 
 
 30s. 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 10s. 6d. 
 
 None. 
 
 34s. 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 (Formerly) Pradential 
 
 (lapsed). 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 (Formerly) Dockers. 
 
 Loyal United 
 Friends. 
 
 Oddfellows. 
 
 Navvies' (Branch 
 Sec.). 
 
 Wesleyan Medical 
 Mission. 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 « 
 
 None. 
 
 Was employed at lead 
 works, and contracted 
 lead-poisoning. Lost 
 work at docks through 
 consequent illness. 
 Had been in U.S.A., 
 where he married, 
 and would like to 
 emigrate and join 
 wiie's relations. . 
 
 Formerly worked for 
 ship lamp maker. 
 Discharged through 
 slackness 2^ years ago. 
 Had since worked at 
 the docks. Relieving 
 officer says family had 
 been pauperised for 
 many years. 
 
 Got into arrears 
 through long illness. 
 Dock Company al- 
 lowed half pay for 19 
 weeks, and he drew 
 sick pay for 6 months 
 from Friendly So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Had saved 3Z. -when 
 he left last em- 
 ployer through 
 slackness. All gone 
 now. Wife had to 
 pay 3*. out of 9*. 
 she earns for mind- 
 ing the children. 
 Used to drink. 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Not stated. 
 
 Not stated. 
 
 Sent to convalescent 
 home. 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Fair. 
 
 3 days («ee below). 
 
 Good. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Cash and Goods. 
 
 Relief work offered 
 but not accepted. 
 Applicant mean- 
 while obtained 
 work. 
 
 After recovery emi- 
 grated by ' Self H elp " 
 Emigration Society. 
 
 Refused emigration on 
 ground that wanted 
 to continue to sup- 
 port parents. 
 
 Got work. 
 
 Got work. 
 
250 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Detailed Table giving Particulars as to a certain Number 
 for assistance to the Mansion House Committee (1892-3), 
 and correction) as recorded in the Case- papers — cont 
 
 1. Index No. - 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 
 10. 
 
 
 2. Age - 
 
 3. Birthplace - 
 
 31. 
 
 London. 
 
 49. 
 Dover. 
 
 55. 
 Ireland. 
 
 
 4. rNo. living at 
 ! home. 
 
 5. Po,« u^ Trade of other 
 Family ^; ^^^^^^^ ^f 
 
 1 family living 
 L at home. 
 
 Wife, 3 children. 
 None. 
 
 Mother. 
 None. 
 
 Wife, 3 children. 
 
 Daughter, match 
 factory. 
 
 
 
 
 6. fTotal of family 
 
 when in full 
 Earnings •{ work. 
 
 7. Ditto at time of 
 . application. 
 
 21s. 
 Nothing. 
 
 30s. 
 Nothing. 
 
 30s. 
 5s. 
 
 
 8. Length of time out of work 
 
 8 weeks. 
 ! 
 
 6 weeks. 
 
 12 weeks. 
 
 
 9, ("No. of Rooms 
 Housings occupied. 
 10. CRent 
 
 1. 
 
 2s. 
 
 1. 
 
 4s. 
 
 2. 
 5s. 6d. 
 
 
 11. rRent owing 
 
 12. Debts j Other Debts 
 
 13. LPawn tickets 
 
 32s. 
 16s. 
 
 14s. 
 
 None. 
 4s. 
 
 12s. 
 (Sold for food.) 
 
 
 14. Friendly Society - 
 
 15. Trade Society 
 
 None. 
 
 (Formerly) Dockers 
 (run out). 
 
 (Formerly) Fores- 
 ters. 
 (Formerly) Dockers 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 
 16. other sources of Relief 
 
 Clearing House. 
 
 A charitable ' 
 person. 
 
 Clearing House. 
 
 
 17. General Description 
 
 • 
 
 Had been 5| years 
 with no regular 
 work. Destitute. 
 
 Formerly a sea- 
 man. Since 1884 
 had worked at 
 docks. 
 
 Very little work at 
 docks for some time 
 past. Largely liv- 
 mg on 5s. a week 
 earned by daughter, 
 and on odd shil- 
 lings. 
 
 
 18. Amount of " Relief work" 
 
 given. 
 l'-^- Superintendent's ("Conduct 
 
 20. ^P^^t- U'ork - 
 
 21. other help given 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Good. 
 
 {See below.) 
 
 7 Discharged for 
 j insubordination. 
 
 Food tickets. 
 
 12 days, 
 r Good. 
 I Good. 
 
 
 22. How finally dealt with 
 
 " Unlielpable." 
 
 Dismissed as above. 
 
 Note given to Local 
 Board of Works. 
 
 
ANALYSIS OF CASES. 
 
 251 
 
 (taken at random) of the Casual Dock Labourers who applied 
 based on the Applicants' statements (subject to verification 
 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 
 .13. 
 
 1 - 
 
 
 20. 
 E. London, 
 
 55. 
 E. London. 
 
 30. 
 Not stated. 
 
 38. 
 E. London. 
 
 
 Wife. 
 Wife, cork -cutter. 
 
 Wife. 
 No. 
 
 Wife, three children. 
 
 Wife, two children. 
 
 
 26s. 
 22s. Gd. 
 
 30s. 
 6s.6<Z. 
 
 21s. 
 
 30s. 
 
 
 2 days. 
 
 14 weeks. 
 
 (5 years since regular 
 work. Odd jobs.-) 
 
 6 weeks. 
 
 
 1. 
 2s. Qd. 
 
 3. 
 
 &S.M. 
 
 1. 
 3s. 
 
 1. 
 2s. M. 
 
 
 17s. 
 30s. 
 16s. 
 
 58s. &/. 
 20s. 
 5?. 
 
 12«. 
 
 20s. 
 20s. 
 
 13s. Qd. 
 
 20s. 
 25s. 
 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 (Formerly) United 
 
 Friends (runout). 
 
 None. 
 
 (Formerly) Prudential 
 
 (lapsed). 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 
 Relative. 
 
 None. 
 
 Had ])een helped by 
 parish and Charity 
 Organisation Society. 
 
 None. 
 
 
 He and wife cork- 
 cutters by trade. He 
 left place because pay 
 was too low, and had 
 worked for a year at 
 the wharves on and 
 off. 
 
 Formerly employed 
 at sugar refineiy 
 for 36 years. Lost 
 Avork through slack- 
 ness and removal 
 of works. 
 
 Stationary engine 
 driver by trade. Left 
 b\ years ago, and had 
 since been a " casual " 
 cabman. Had done 
 other odd jobs (white- 
 washing, &c.). Quite 
 destitute. Would like 
 to emigrate. 
 
 Casual dock labourer. 
 Worked during wool 
 sales. Affected by 
 the re-organisation of 
 work at the docks. 
 Man and wife desti- 
 tute and underfed. 
 Offered work, but 
 got fortnight's work 
 at wool sales. Then 
 applied for work 
 again. 
 
 
 12 days. 
 Fairly good. 
 Fairly good. 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Good. 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Very poor. 
 
 10 days. 
 Food and coals. 
 
 
 '•' Nothing to be done." 
 
 No permanent help. 
 
 Refused for emigration 
 as wanting in energy. 
 Did not appear be- 
 fore Committee. 
 
 Emigration suggested. 
 
25^ 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Detailed Table giving Particulars as to a certain Number 
 for assistance to the Mansion House Committee (1892-3), 
 and correc tion) as recorded in the Case-papers. 
 
 1. Index No. - 
 
 ! 
 
 15. 
 
 16. 
 
 2. Age - 
 
 3. Birthplace - 
 
 2,. 
 London. 
 
 40. 
 Cork. 
 
 4. rNo. living at 
 
 home. 
 
 5. ■ciovv,^!,, J Trades of other 
 Family j members of 
 
 family living at 
 I home. 
 
 Wife, 1 child. 
 
 "Wife, bottle-washing. 
 
 Wife. 
 
 6. TTotal of family 
 
 when in full 
 Earnings < work. 
 
 7. Ditto at time of 
 L application. 
 
 32s. Gd. 
 
 24s. 
 
 8. Length of time out of work 
 
 10 weeks. 
 
 12 weeks. 
 
 9. CNo. of Rooms 
 
 Housings occupied. 
 10. CRent 
 
 1. 
 Is. 9d. 
 
 1. 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 11. fRent owing 
 
 12. Debts ■{ Other Debts 
 
 13. LPawn tickets 
 
 5s. 3d. 
 
 Us. to 12s. 
 
 7s. 6d. 
 
 51s. 6d. 
 No 
 30s. 
 
 14. Friendly Society 
 
 15. Trade Society 
 
 None. 
 (Formerly) Dockers. 
 
 None. 
 (Formerly) Dockers. 
 
 16. Other sources of Relief - 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 No. ^ 
 
 17. General Description 
 
 London-born Irishman, began 
 as cork-cutter. Dismissed for j 
 slowness. Since then did odd j 
 work at docks for 10 years, j 
 Then, 2 years ago, went to sea [ 
 as fireman. Left and re- | 
 sumed work at docks. (On 
 inquiry application thought 
 not to be bond fide.) 
 
 Came to England when 10 
 years old. Worked as brick- 
 layers' labouT'er. Discharged 
 through slackness, and 
 worked as casual docker 
 since. New system at docks 
 had made his work very un- 
 certain. Stated that he was 
 half-starved. Got a week's 
 work and then renewed 
 application. 
 
 18. Amount of " Relief work " 
 given. 
 
 19- Superintendent's 1^°^^"^* 
 
 20. 
 
 Report. 
 
 tw 
 
 brk - 
 
 21. Other help given 
 
 12 days. 
 
 22. How finally dealt with 
 
 Thought he could get a ship 
 if he had clothes. Offered, if 
 he brought note from mate, 
 to take clothes out of pawn. 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Good. 
 
ANALYSIS OF CASES. 
 
 253- 
 
 (taken at random) of the Casual Dock Labourers who appHed 
 based on the Applicants' statements (subject to verification 
 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 
 
 19. 
 E. London. 
 
 56. 
 E. London. 
 
 48. 
 E. London. 
 
 34. 
 London. 
 
 
 2 parents, 5 brothers 
 
 and sisters. 
 
 Mother, tailoress ; 
 
 brother (aged 16), 
 
 bottler. 
 
 Wife, 2 children. 
 
 Wife, washing ; 
 daughter, service. 
 
 Wife. 
 Wife, tailoress. 
 
 Wife and 5 children. 
 
 
 44s. 
 10s. 
 
 9s. 2d. (and food of 
 wife and daughter). 
 
 1 
 
 12s. 
 
 6*. 
 
 SOs. 
 
 
 7 weeks. 
 
 3 days. 
 
 1 week. 
 
 Only odd jobs for 
 4 years. 
 
 
 2- 
 5s. 
 
 8s. 
 
 1. 
 3s. Sd. 
 
 2. 
 2s.Gd. 
 
 
 5s. 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 50s. 
 
 57s. 
 
 Uncertain. 
 
 Over SOs. 
 
 None. 
 25s. 
 60s. 
 
 12s. 6d. 
 
 " A few shillings." 
 
 Over 30s. 
 
 
 Prudential, 
 (formerly) Carmen's. 
 
 U.K. Legal Aid Soc. 
 
 (Formerly) Seamen 
 and Firemen's. 
 
 Royal Liver. 
 Dockers. 
 
 No. 
 Stevedores. 
 
 • 
 
 
 Phoenix and occasional 
 gifts from relations. 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 Clergyman. 
 
 Priest. 
 
 
 First employed as 
 street orderly boy for 
 a year. Then at docks 
 ever since. Thought 
 he was affected by 
 new system. 
 
 Seaman for 42 years. 
 Ship laid up. Had 
 vvorked at docks 6 
 months. 
 
 Began in engineer's 
 shop. Skull mjured 
 by accident. Then 
 worked as bricklayer, 
 then being slack took 
 to dock work. Had 
 worked at docks 30 
 years off and on, and 
 helped wife at tailor- 
 ing. 
 
 Did barge work ;for 
 lead works. Fell ill 
 and lost place 4 years 
 ago. Since then had 
 only had odd jobs at 
 docks. Fell ill again 
 4 months ago. Did 
 pretty well until this 
 winter. 
 
 
 {See below.) 
 
 Discharged for | 
 insubordination. j 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Good. ! 
 Poor. 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Fair. 
 
 3 weeks. 
 Good. 
 Good. 
 
 
 Dismissed as above. 
 
 Entrance fee paid to 
 Dockers' Union. 
 
 Not permanently i 
 helped ; " unsatisfac- 
 tory." 
 
 ago record. 
 
254 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Detailed Table giving Particulars as to a certain Number 
 for assistance to the Mansion House Committee (1892-3), 
 and correction) as recorded in the Case-papers. 
 
 1. Index No. - 
 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 
 
 2. Age - 
 
 3. Birthplace - 
 
 26. 
 E. London. 
 
 22. 
 E. London. 
 
 
 4. rNo. living at 
 
 home. 
 
 5. -v^^n^r J Trades of other 
 Family --( members of 
 
 1 family living 
 L at home. 
 
 Wife, 2 children. 
 Wife, washing. 
 
 Wife and child. 
 Wife, ropeworks. 
 
 
 6. fTotal of family 
 
 when in full 
 Earnings -| work. 
 
 7. Ditto at time of 
 L application. 
 
 33*. 
 
 355. 
 
 
 8. Length of time out of work 
 
 1 week. 
 
 7 weeks. 
 
 
 9. ("No. of Rooms 
 
 Housing^ occupied. 
 10. CE^nt 
 
 1. 
 
 2*. 9d. 
 
 1. 
 Ss. 
 
 
 11. rRent owing 
 
 12. Debts \ Other Debts - 
 IS. LPawn tickets 
 
 15s. 
 10s. 
 25s. 
 
 24s. 
 30s. 
 
 
 14. Friendly Society 
 
 15. Trade Society 
 
 No. 
 Carmen. 
 
 No. 
 No. 
 
 
 I64 Other sources of relief 
 
 Phoenix. 
 
 Parish. 
 
 
 17. General description 
 
 Formerly carman, but lost 
 place 18 months ago through 
 strike, and only had odd jobs 
 at docks since. Lived on 
 pawning and loan. 
 
 Wire-work labourer, dis- 
 charged 9 months ago owing 
 to completion of orders. 
 Only odd jobs since. Every- 
 thing pawned. Very poor. 
 
 
 18. Amount of "Relief work" 
 
 given. 
 1^- Superintendent's rConduct 
 
 20. ^^P^^^- Iwork - 
 
 21. other help given 
 
 (See below.) 
 
 Discharged for insubordina- 
 tion. 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Good. 
 
 
 22. How finally dealt with 
 
 Dismissed as above. 
 
 Offered emigration, but wife 
 refused. 
 
 
ANALYSIS OF CASES. 
 
 255 
 
 (taken at random) of the Casual Dock Labourers who applied 
 based on the Applicants' statements (subject to verification 
 
 
 23.. 
 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 
 26. 
 
 
 48. 
 E. London. 
 
 21. 
 E. London. 
 
 36. 
 Suffolk. 
 
 38. 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 
 Wife, 1 child. 
 No. 
 
 Wife, 1 child. 
 
 No. 
 
 Wife, 3 children. 
 
 Wife, 2 children. 
 
 Wife, trouser finish- 
 ing. 
 
 
 30*. 
 " A few shillings." 
 
 24*. 
 4*. 6(Z. 
 
 28*. 
 
 31*. 
 3*. 
 
 
 12 weeks. 
 
 1 week. 
 
 12 weeks. 
 
 4 weeks. 
 
 
 3. 
 5*. 
 
 1. 
 2*. Qd. 
 
 1. 
 2*. 6<7. 
 
 2. 
 
 5*. 
 
 
 75*. 
 11*. 
 
 ? 
 About 23*. 
 Uncertain. 
 
 16*. 6d. 
 60*. 
 15*. 
 
 5*. 
 
 
 No. 
 No. 
 
 (Foi-merly) Phoenix. 
 
 Dockers (7 weeks in 
 arrears) . 
 
 Royal Liver. 
 
 Bricklayers' La- 
 bourers. 
 
 (Formerly) Prudential 
 (runout). 
 No. 
 
 
 Clearing House. 
 
 Chapel and relative. 
 
 Clearing House. 
 
 Children, free dinners. 
 
 
 Formerly employed at 
 brushmaker's. Lost 
 place through inti'o- 
 duction of machinery. 
 Had done odd jobs 
 at docks, getting a 
 few shillings a week. 
 Attributed want of 
 work to reorganisa- 
 tion at docks. 
 
 .First employed for 4 
 years at saw-mills. 
 Then in 3 other places 
 which he left from 
 slackness or to better 
 himself. Had worked 
 lately at docks for a 
 shipowner. Out of 
 job because ship 
 finished. 
 
 Came to London as 
 allad(18yearsagoj. 
 Worked in biscuit 
 trade. Then took 
 to miscellaneous 
 labour at docks and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Went to sea when a 
 boy at Liverpool. 
 When aged IG came 
 to London on ship 
 and stayed. Had 
 worked at docks off 
 and on with intervals 
 at sea ever since. 
 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Very poor. 
 
 12 days. 
 Good. 
 Fair. 
 
 {See below.) 
 
 Discharged for in- 
 subordination. 
 
 12 days. 
 Clothes (see below). 
 
 
 No permanent help. 
 
 No pennanent help. 
 
 Dismissed as above. 
 
 Man got prospect of 
 work and was pro- 
 vided with clothes 
 and boots to enable 
 him to take it. 
 
256 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Detailed Table giving Particulars as to a certaxn Number 
 for assistance to the Mansion House Committee (1892-3), 
 and correction) as recorded in the Case-papers. 
 
 1. Index No. 
 
 27. 
 
 Age - 
 Birthplace 
 
 London. 
 
 47. 
 London. 
 
 4. ('No. living at 
 
 home. 
 
 5. ] Trades of other 
 Family "j members of 
 
 I family living at 
 L home. 
 
 AVife. 
 Wife, a little washing. 
 
 Wife, 3 children. 
 Son, soapworks. 
 
 •e. fTotal of familv 
 
 j when in full 
 Earnings •{ work. 
 
 7. I Ditto at time of 
 
 L. application. 
 
 (Not stated.) 
 
 37*. 
 7*. 
 
 8. Length of time out of work 
 
 Got 3 hours' work last week. 
 
 Only casual jobs for last 18 
 months. 
 
 ii9. 
 
 10. 
 
 Housing 
 
 
 No. of Rooms 
 
 occupied. 
 Rent 
 
 4s. 6d. 
 
 11. rRent owing 
 
 12. Debts ] other Debts 
 18. CPawn tickets 
 
 28s. 6(7. 
 
 14. Friendly Society 
 
 15. Trade Society 
 
 16. Other sources of relief 
 
 None. 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 Dockers. 
 
 Clearing House. 
 
 17. General Description 
 
 Formerly employed by coal 
 merchant, who went bank- 
 rupt. Since then had worked 
 for 4 years as a casual docker. 
 Had been affected by new 
 system at docks since the 
 strike. 
 
 Permanently employed as 
 craneman at wharf up to 
 time of a strike 18 months 
 ago. Since then only odd 
 jobs. 
 
 18. Amount of "Relief work " 
 
 given. 
 !»• Superintendent'sC^onduct 
 
 20^ Report (Work - 
 
 21. Other help given - 
 
 22. How finally dealt with 
 
 {See below.) 
 
 Discharged for insubordina- 
 tion. 
 
 12 days. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Fair. 
 Clothing and tools 
 below) . 
 
 Dismissed as above. 
 
 Offered clothing and tools if 
 he could get promise of 
 work. Secured work. 
 
ANALYSIS OF CASES. 
 
 257 
 
 (taken at random) of the Casual Dock Labourers who applied 
 based on the Applicants' statements (subject to verification 
 
 30. 
 
 London. 
 
 London. 
 
 Wife, 6 children. 
 
 "Wife, 4 children. 
 
 36. 
 London. 
 
 32. 
 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Wife, 3 children. 
 
 Wife, 4 children. 
 
 35s. 
 
 19*. 
 
 2Ss. 
 
 5 weeks. 
 
 2 weeks. 
 
 2. 
 5*. 
 
 3. 
 
 4*. 6d. 
 
 2. 
 
 4s. ed. 
 
 About 22s, 
 About 25*. 
 
 6s. 
 
 Uncertain. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 None. 
 
 40s. 
 
 14s. 
 
 4?. to 51. 
 
 Formerly Pi-udential 
 (runout). 
 No. 
 
 Rectory. 
 
 Prudential (uncertain 
 if run out) . 
 
 Formerly. 
 
 Medical from Parish. 
 
 No. 
 No. 
 
 No. 
 No. 
 
 Charitable persons. 
 
 Church. 
 
 Jegan as engineer s 
 labourer. Then en- 
 listed at 18, After 
 6^ years left in- 
 valided. Had worked 
 off and on for more 
 than 12 firms since. 
 Would like to emi- 
 grate. 
 
 Worked at docks. 
 Injured, recovered 
 25?, compensation 
 from company, and 
 set up in coal and 
 coke business. Failed 
 after 5 weeks. 
 
 Casual docker until 
 188(5, Then emi- 
 grated by C, O, S. to 
 Canada, where he did 
 
 Formerly employed 
 at ironworks till 
 they closed 7 months 
 ago. Worked for 
 
 well on railway, 3 weeks at Black- 
 
 Returned 5 months 
 ago owing to wife's 
 illness. Employed on 
 i*ailway up to 5 
 weeks ago. Since 
 then had lived by 
 savings, paAsming, 
 and charity. 
 
 wall tunnel. Every- 
 thing pawned. 
 
 18 days. 
 
 Very good. 
 
 Very good. 
 Food. 
 
 12 days. 
 Very good. 
 Very good. 
 
 18 days. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Pair. 
 Cash. 
 
 5 weeks 
 Fair. 
 Fair. 
 
 Emigrated by help of 
 East End Emigra- 
 tion Fund. Assist- 
 ance given until 
 emigrated. 
 
 Is. given to pay en- 
 trance fee to Union. 
 Man spent it. on 
 food. Nothing further 
 done. 
 
 Emigrated to Canada 
 by help of East End 
 Emigration Fund, 
 
 Emigrated to Canada 
 with help of East 
 End Emigration 
 Fund, 
 
 o 77723. 
 
 R 
 
258 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 Such being the class of persons for whom relief work was 
 provided, we have now to see the mode in which the various cases 
 were finally dealt with after the fortnight's work had been com- 
 pleted. A large number of cases proved unhelpable, even among 
 those whose conduct and work at Abbey Mills had been good. 
 They had no suggestion to make to the Committee as to the 
 future, except that they should have more work provided. Many 
 who were considered to be possibly suitable for emigration 
 declined (usually throwing the responsibility for refusal on their 
 wives) ; others could only make hopeless suggestions, e.g., that 
 they should be set up as hawkers or dealers — a line of life in 
 which they had already repeatedly failed. No doubt all these 
 men who are recorded as " not permanently helped " found the 
 fortnight's work and wages at Abbey Mills of some temporary 
 benefit at a very slack period of the year, and some of them were 
 doubtless absorbed into the ranks of labour as the field of employ- 
 ment widened in the spring. It would be going too far to say 
 that for them the Mansion House Scheme did nothing, for it did 
 as much for them as most other relief agencies aim at doing at 
 all. But as a plan for effecting a permanent cure of the evils 
 from which they suffered it failed, as indeed any scheme must fail 
 in a large proportion of cases. These men were of the class who 
 are always in chronic poverty ; they were taken up, relieved, and 
 dropped again, most of them in much the same position as at the 
 beginning. The cases recorded as " not permanently helped," or 
 of which there is no record of permanent help, numbered 129, 
 more than one-half of the 224 persons who accepted and duly 
 performed the relief work at Abbey Mills. 
 
 Of the remainder, 10 whose work and conduct had been satis- 
 factory were recommended to the Dock Company for admission 
 to the " B " list of dock labourers. In seven cases this was 
 granted by the Company, so that a small number of the " cream " 
 of the excludeld " casuals " were thus restored to their former work. 
 Nineteen others are recorded as having obtained work, either of 
 their own accord or with the assistance of the Committee. In 
 23 other cases in which it appeared that membership of a 
 Trade Society would be of assistance in the search for work the 
 Committee supplied the fee for admission or re-instatement. 
 
 Many applicants desired aid to purchase or redeem from pawn 
 tools or other equipment. This aid the Committee only gave in 
 cases in which the applicant could bring a letter from an employer 
 or foreman offering him work, provided he had the tools or other 
 necessaries in question. After the authenticity of this letter had 
 been verified the necessary grant was made. 
 
 Sixteen families were emigrated to Canada, chiefly through the 
 instrumentality of the East End Emigration Fund. Inquiries 
 were in all cases made as to the suitability of the family for 
 emigration before they were sent out. During the interval 
 between the relief work and emigration most of these families 
 were supported by the Committee, either by an extension of 
 
COST OF SCHEME. 
 
 259 
 
 employment afc Abbey Mills or by direct relief. A few cases 
 were migrated to other parts of the United Kingdom, where they 
 had relatives or some prospect of work. 
 
 The following table shows in detail the mode in which the 
 applicants were finally dealt with : — 
 
 Statement showing the Number of Persons, who after Co^i- 
 PLETiON of Relief Work were finally dealt with in the 
 under-mentioned manner. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Oot work of own accord _ _ - 
 
 
 19 
 
 „ with assistance of Committee 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Helped with tools or equipment 
 " B " ticket provided 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 Fee paid to Trade Society or money advanced for this 
 
 
 purpose - - - - _ 
 Emigrated ----- 
 
 - 
 
 23 
 16 
 
 Migrated _ ^ _ - _ 
 Set up as hawker or dealer - - - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 Temporarily assisted with money 
 
 Passed on to another agency - - - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 Not permanently helped, or no record - 
 
 - 
 
 128 
 
 Total persons who completed Relief Work 
 
 224 
 
 The cost of the entire scheme and the mode in which the 
 expenditure was distributed was approximately 
 
 Offices, fire, lighting, stationery, print- 
 ing, postage, &;c. 
 
 Salaries and wages to officials and agents— 
 Inquiry officers, &c. 
 Superintendent and gangers - 
 
 Purchase of tools - - - _ 
 
 Wages paid to " unemployed " - - 
 
 Relief to '* unemployed " - - - 
 
 Sum expended in emigrating "unem- 
 ployed" - - - - - 
 
 Various incidental expenses - - - 
 
 as follows :— 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 79 
 
 2 
 
 H 
 
 83 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 564 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 416 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 Total 
 
 1,315 1 2 
 
 It has been thought desirable by the Department to ascertain 
 so far as possible by fresh inquiry the industrial condition of 
 those who appeared from the case-papers to have been more or 
 
 R 2 
 
260 [mansion house scheme. 
 
 less permanently assisted by the Committee, after an interval 
 of six months from the closing of the relief works and before 
 the recurrence of seasonal want of employment. As much of 
 the inquiry carried out by the Mansion House Committee was 
 made through the Charity Organisation Society, which has 
 special local means of knowledge and investigation, this Society 
 has, at the request of the Department, undertaken to report on 
 each of the 76 cases in which it appeared that the applicant got 
 work, either as a " B " man or otherwise, was helped with tools, 
 equipment, stock or money, or by payment of fee to a Trade 
 Society. The secretaries of the East End Emigration fund and 
 of the Self-He) p Emigration Society have also given information 
 as to the present position of the 16 emigrants. 
 
 Particulars have been obtained of 14 out of the 16 families 
 emigrated to Canada. Most of these are reported to be in regular 
 work and doing well. The following are details of their present 
 positions as stated in their letters or gathered from inquiry : — 
 
 A. Earning 25s. a week as driver. Sister is servant (good 
 
 wages.) 
 
 B. No stead}'' work. Dissatisfied. (Said to be lazy.) 
 
 C. Getting on well (earns 6s. Sd. a day.) 
 
 D. Working as platelayers' labourer (about 35s. a week). 
 
 E. Stableman at 33s. a week. 
 
 F. Blacksmith. Four chiklren have work. Family earn- 
 
 ings for a fortnight : — Man, SI. 17s. 6d., three elder 
 children, 1^. Os. 4cZ. each, youngest. Is. a day. 
 
 G. Driving stationary engine at 71. 18s. a month. 
 
 J yin full work, wages not stated. 
 
 J. Working at forge, 4s. 2c?. a day, with a prospect of a 
 
 rise. 
 K. Obtained and lost several places in succession. Last 
 
 heard of in work. 
 L. Employed in iron works. Stated to be comfortable. 
 M. Employed as general labourer. 
 N. Found work, nature not stated. 
 
 The contrast between the wages stated above in several cases 
 and the precarious position which the same men occupied in 
 East London previous to emigration is very striking, but 
 enough time, however, has not yet elapsed to make any final 
 judgment possible. 
 
 Of the remaining 76 persons who were assisted to find work, 
 provided with help in money, clothes, tools, or equipment, 
 reinstated in trade societies, or set up as haAvkers, 14 could not 
 be traced owing to removal, when the inquiry \vas made (in 
 September, 1893), and one was found to have died. 
 
PRESENT POSITION OF THOSE ASSISTED. 261 
 
 Of these, five had been set up as hawkers or dealers, of whom 
 four had failed and returned to casual work, and one was still 
 hawking but not doing well. This form of assistance appears 
 therefore to stand condemned. 
 
 Twenty-three had been reinstated in trade societies, or received 
 money to enable them to pay the fees. The money advanced to 
 pay the fee was misapplied in three cases. Of the 20 actually 
 reinstated eight appear to have again run out, while 12 are 
 stated to be still members, though some are perhaps in arrears. 
 Information obtained as to the present position of 18 out of the 
 23 appears to show that seven of the whole number have improved 
 their position. Owing, however, to the depression in trade the 
 societies could give them little help in obtaining work. Of the 
 seven men who obtained " B " tickets at the docks, one could not 
 be traced and owing to the slackness which has since prevailed 
 at the riverside the position of the other six has remained pre- 
 carious. Still, being on the " B " list, they will probably get 
 their share of employment when dock work revives, and in 
 this sense they have improved their position. Of 15 men traced 
 (out of 19) who had obtained work of their own accord at the 
 conclusion of the relief work, five appear to have improved their 
 position, nine to be no better off, while ono has died. The two men 
 for whom work was found by the Committee are still employed. 
 Of the five men traced (out of six) who were assisted with money, 
 three appear to be doing well. Of the 11 men traced (out of 14) 
 who were helped with clothes, tools, &:c., having already a definite 
 prospect of employment, four seem to have improved their position, 
 six to be in much the same condition as before, and the remaining 
 one is in the woikhouse. A very small proportion of the whole 
 number appear to have since applied for relief to the poor law 
 authorities or the Charity Organisation Society. 
 
 Of course a certain number of those entered as ^' not per- 
 manently helped " have probably also improved their position in 
 a greater or less degree. 
 
 If the proportion of cases permanently assisted appears small, 
 it may at least be safely assumed that the results of a carefully 
 planned scheme like that under consideration are likely to be 
 more favourable than those of more loosely managed relief 
 works ; and that if it were possible to follow up the latter with 
 equal minuteness the results would be found to be still less 
 satisfactory. 
 
262 
 
 MANSION HOUSE SCHEME. 
 
 "§ •=> ^ 
 
 Q f^i ^S 
 
 I"' 
 
 I 
 
 CQ 
 
 O 
 *^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 CO S g M 
 
 
 .Mill 
 
 
 
 } 
 
 ( 
 
 « 1 ^ 1 Ml 
 
 
 __l 1 
 
 1 ^ •= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 S '^' 
 
 .Mill 
 
 
 ~n 
 
 
 
 M S ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 g ^ 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 1^ - 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 P^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 -f^ -4-3 
 
 
 1 
 
 M P.^ , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When 1: 
 
 in Rece 
 
 OfFul 
 
 Wages 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
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264 
 
 (iv.) RECENT RELIEF WORKS IN IRELAND. 
 
 It is not proposed in this report to deal exhaustively with the 
 various schemes and works which have been tried in Ireland from 
 the year of the great famine (1846) up to the present time, for the 
 relief of exceptional distress. The conditions under which for the 
 most part these works have been undertaken have been very 
 different from those which form the main subject of this report, 
 seeing that the chief evils they have been designed to meet have 
 been rather a failure of food supply than any exceptional need of 
 employment. In this respect the periods of exceptional distress in 
 Ireland and the measures adopted to cope with it are rather 
 comparable to those caused by famine in India, than to the 
 distress resulting from trade fluctuations in Great Britain. In 
 the present report therefore the account given of Irish relief 
 works is limited to a very brief outline of the various measures 
 adopted since 1880 by the Irish Local Government Board and 
 Boards of Guardians. 
 
 Three times within 12 years the necessity for establishing 
 public relief works in Ireland or of supporting large numbers of 
 the population in idleness has been recognised by the Local 
 Government Board for Ireland, owing to the failure of the 
 potato crop. In 1880 under the Relief of Distress Acts, loans 
 were granted to landowners and to sanitary authorities on liberal 
 terms for improvement works. Sanction was also given to 
 similar works adopted by baronial presentment sessions; and 
 relaxation of the poor law rules was allowed with respect to out- 
 door relief. At the same time an Act was passed for the supply 
 of seed potatoes and other seeds on loan to the peasant farmers. 
 The Local Government Board had already taken action before 
 applying to Parliament for an indemnity. The immediate object 
 of the Government was " the relief of unskilled labour deprived 
 " for the moment of the means of supporting itself.'' They 
 therefore considered that the loans, both in the case of improve- 
 ment of land and in that of sanitary works should not be 
 iidvanced for the purpose of buildings. The amount actually 
 authorised to be expended in this manner was 1,160,000^.,* of 
 which by far the greater part was lent to landlords, and used, 
 with but few exceptions, for land improvement by drainage. 
 
 Although by these means Irish peasants were supplied 
 with food until the next potato crop the results were not con- 
 sidered satisfactory, t and neither in 1886 nor in 1891 did the 
 Government have recourse to the system of making loans to 
 landlords to employ people on their land for relief work. The 
 Poor Relief (Ireland) Act passed in May 1886 provided for the 
 
 * See P.P. 99 of 1881. 
 
 t See Annual Keport of the Local Government Board for Ireland, 1892, p. 96. 
 
IRISH RELIEF WORKS. 265 
 
 extension of out-door relief, temporarily, to poor persons by the 
 Board of Guardians of any union and granted special powers 
 for relieving distress in six unions where it was exceptionally 
 acute, viz. : — Bel mullet, Clifden, Gal way, Oughterard, Swine- 
 ford, and Westport. In order to impose a labour test and also 
 to enable guardians to discriminate between those really destitute 
 and unemployed, and those who were merely poor, relief works 
 were started. The Commissioners appointed to inquire into 
 the manner in which the Poor Relief Act had been carried out, 
 reported in April 1887 : — 
 
 "If the labour test which was imposed had been an efficient one, the 
 preliminary inquiries by the Relieving Officers might, to a certain 
 extent, have been dispensed with. But the repairs of roads are not a 
 test of ilestitution or even of poverty. Such works are not of sufficiently 
 unattrr.ctive a character to deter the whole population from seeking to 
 participate in them and we can fully endorse the remark of [one 
 witness], who assured us that every man in the district could be got to 
 work on such a test. Moreover, the works in themselves were not 
 properly carried out ; the gangers were ordinary paupers, not inclined 
 to press hai d on their neighbours, and the workmen were confident 
 that they w^ould not be dismissed if they did not give a fair return of 
 labour for the relief afforded, nor get higher wages if they Lihowed 
 unusual skill and zeal. They worked, therefore, lazily and badly. The 
 works laid out were of a useful character and much needed in these 
 remote districts, but in many cases they were left in an unfinished state 
 and even when completed they seemed, as far as we could judge, not to 
 have been executed in a permanent or satisfactory manner." 
 
 In February 1891 the Local Government Board reported that 
 it appeared that : — 
 
 "Apart from the potato crop, the small farmers are well circum- 
 stanced, but tiiey are confronted with a greater scarcity of potatoes than 
 they have experienced for over thirty years and this fact will cause dis- 
 tress iu each locality according to the extent to which the people rely 
 
 for subsistence upon potatoes There are certain 
 
 congested districts in the western counties where exceptional poverty 
 prevails, and where the occupiers of land endeavour to live altogether on 
 the produce of their small holdings and in these localities, where life is a 
 struggle at the best of times, the potato h the mainstay of the people 
 and its loss would mean a much more serious deprivation. In districts 
 tlnis situated, the people are usually able to obtain food on credit during 
 the two or three months immediately preceding the Jiarvest, but this 
 year credit has been demanded at a much earlier period." 
 
 The experience of 1881 and 1886 had pointed to the con- 
 clusion that it was inexpedient to entrust Boards of Guardians 
 with extended powers or public funds for the relief of excep- 
 tional distress and under these circumstances the Government 
 determined to undertake the responsibility of organising and 
 carrying out measures for the relief of the people wherever it 
 was proved necessary to supplement the ordinary Poor Law. 
 
 The Local Government Board impressed on its inspectors that 
 these relief works w^ere only intended for the class of persons 
 
266 IRISH RELIEF WORKS. ^ 
 
 whose distress was caused by the failure of the potato crop 
 and that the ordinary Poor Law should be left to deal with the 
 normal poverty among labourers in villages and poor persons not 
 in occupation of land, whose distress is usually a chronic con- 
 dition from time to lime during the winter months. For the 
 relief of the aged and infirm land-holders and families which 
 had no able-bodied member capable of working, a fund was 
 inaugurated by the Lord Lieutenant and administered by the 
 police with the co-operation of the Local Government Board 
 Inspectors and the Poor Law authorities. To avoid the mis- 
 management of 1886, seven additional Inspectors were appointed 
 and the Boards of Guardians were instructed to appoint 
 additional relieving officers where it was deemed necessary. 
 
 In December 1890 relief works were opened in the unions of 
 Ballinrobe, Belmullet, Clifden, Oughterard and Westport. In 
 the following month works were started in the unions of Bantry, 
 Castletown, Galway, Glenties, Skibbereen and Skull, and in 
 February in the unions of Ballina, Clonakilty, Dunfanaghy, 
 Killala and Sligo. In March works were instituted in the 
 unions of Castlebar and Swineford and in May in the* Kenmare 
 Union. Later on, in June, it was also found necessary to 
 institute works in the unions of Kilrush, Boyle, Castlerea and 
 Bawnboy. 
 
 The relief works thus initiated were in nearly every case 
 road works. The foremen of works were non-commissioned 
 officers and men of the Royal Engineers, whose services were lent 
 to the Irish Government by the War Office, but some few 
 works were supervised by competent civilians. The duty 
 of time-keepers or gangers on the works was performed by 
 members of the Constabulary, with the exception of the few 
 works in Donegal where, in consequence of the circumscribed 
 area of operations, the Local Government Board Inspector was 
 able to exercise constant supervision and the duty could there- 
 fore be entrusted to selected labourers. Elsewhere a brief trial 
 of the civilian ganger system convinced the Government that it 
 was essential to make other arrangements in order to avoid some 
 of the abuses which distinguished former relief operations. The 
 maximum number of time-keepers employed was 436. 
 
 The scale of wages paid to labourers employed was as follows : — 
 The male labourers were paid Is. 2d a day down to the 4th 
 July (after which date the wage was Is. a day), with lodging 
 allowance of Is. 6d. a week for labourers coming over five, and 
 in some instances, four miles from their homes. The wages for 
 women and for infirm and aged persons were fixed at 5s. a week. 
 For a boy under 1 6 years of age the wage was 8d. a day ; none 
 under 14 were employed. The wages paid to owners of horses 
 and carts, &c., varied from 2s. to 3s. Qd. a day. 
 
 In all, 161 works were undertaken, and a total sum of 
 128,498L was expended in wages. The numbers employed 
 
IRISH RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 267 
 
 simultaneously on the works during the spring and summer, are 
 stated as follows at intervals of four weeks : — 
 
 Date. 
 
 Number. 
 
 February 28 - 
 
 March 28 - 
 
 April 25 ----- 
 
 May 23 
 
 June 20 - - - - - 
 
 July 18 
 
 August 1 - 
 
 7,453 
 
 8,504 
 12,413 
 15,529 
 15,218 
 11,521 
 
 9,618 
 
 The amount spent on supervision was 18,890^, and on tools 
 and materials 13,182^., making the total expenditure 160,570Z., 
 exclusive of expenditure incurred on the hire of steamers for 
 service on the west coast of Ireland, for the purchase of land and 
 forestry operations thereon, for the services of Royal Engineer 
 officers and county surveyors, for inspectors and others employed 
 under the Land Commission and Local Government Board in 
 connexion with the administration of the Seed Potato Supply 
 Acts, and extra cost of works on railways attributable to relief 
 operations. 
 
 This last item of expenditure refers to the means adopted by 
 the Government to further the industrial development of the 
 more backward districts of Ireland, by the extension of railway 
 communication. Legislation had been carried out with this 
 object, and grants had been made by Parliament. When 
 distress threatened the inhabitants of the western districts 
 owing to the failure of the potato crop, the construction of the 
 light railways was pressed on and between 7,000 and 8,000 
 persons of the distressed population were employed, the wages 
 paid varying from 128. weekly and upwards for men, and from 
 78. to 9s. for boys. 
 
268 
 
 PART IV.— FOREIGN AND COLONIAL EXAMPLES. 
 (i.) LABOUK COLONIES ON THE CONTINENT. 
 
 [The following Report has been specially prepared for the Labour 
 Departrrient by Professor James Mavor, who was commis- 
 sioned by the Department to visit some of the principal 
 labour colonies on the Continent during the past suni'tner 
 for this purpose.] 
 
 It is proposed to give in outline an account of the growth 
 and history of the Iiabour Colonies in Germany, Holland, and 
 Belgium, with notes upon the recently established colony in 
 France, and upon stations for the relief of the unemployed in 
 Austria and Switzerland. The chief topics considered are : — 
 
 1. The relation of the colonies to the question of the want of 
 
 employment, principally the functions of the colony in 
 providing and in procuring work for the unemployed. 
 
 2. The classes of persons vvho occupy the colonies. 
 
 3. The relations of the colonies to the market for labour and 
 
 to the market for goods. 
 
 The labour colonies on the Continent have been established 
 with the view of organising the labour of the able-bodied 
 unemployed, either temporarily, as in Germany, or permanently, 
 as in Holland. Those who have promoted the colonies have also 
 had in view the suppression of begging, and the direction of the 
 offerings of the charitable into channels in which substantial 
 benefit might be conferred on the recipients. 
 
 In forming conclusions as to the expediency of adopting such 
 institutions in this country, it is necessary to have regard to the 
 differences between the economic condition of England and that 
 of the continental countries in which the labour colony system 
 has been adopted. In these countries agriculture preponderates 
 over industry, in England industry preponderates over agri- 
 culture. On the Continent compulsory military service absorbs 
 the young men at the moment when they would be entering into 
 industrial life. In England the system of voluntary enlistment 
 has had a far smaller influence upon the labour market. There 
 can be no doubt that, whatever may be the effect of compulsory 
 military service upon the industrial development of a nation, as 
 a whole, its influence upon the labour market is to thin it. 
 Thus, from various causes, among them those just mentioned, 
 it is probable that there is not on the Continent quite so keen a 
 competition for employment as there is in England. Whatever 
 interpretation may be given of the causes of the variations 
 between the economic conditions of any one country from those 
 of any other, it is of vital importance that these variations 
 should be kept steadily in view in such an inquiry as this. 
 
GERMAN. 269 
 
 (a.) — LEE German Labour Colonies. 
 
 Groivth of the Lahoiiv Colony System in Germany. 
 
 It may perhaps be said that there were three main reasons for 
 the rise and rapid growth of the German Labour Colony System. 
 First, ther^ was the dislocation of industry, which was one of 
 the features of the commercial collapse succeeding the inflation 
 of trade due to the payment of the war indemnity by France, 
 and the replacement of the material losses in which Germany 
 was involved by the war. Secondly, there was the need felt by 
 philanthropic Conservatives to offer some positive means of 
 amelioration for the poverty-stricken to counterbalance the pro- 
 paganda of the Social Democrats. Thirdly, there was the 
 development of a spirit of humanitarianism. The first of these 
 reasons made the labour colony an apparent necessity, and the 
 two latter secured for it financial support and personal enthu- 
 siasm. 
 
 The first German labour colony was that of Wilhelmsdorf, 
 near Bielefeld, in WestphaliM. This colony was founded by the 
 enthusiasm of Pastor von Bodelschwingh, who has during tlie 
 past 15 or 16 years made Bielefeld famous as a place for the 
 treatment of epileptic and anaemic patients, and also as the scene 
 of a considerable experiment in the provision of workmen's 
 houses. The Wilhelmsdorf colony was established in March 
 1882, and in the succeeding year was followed by Kastorf, 
 Rickling, Friedrichswille, Dornahof, and Seyda. In 1884 five 
 colonies were founded ; in 1885, two ; in 1886, four ; in 1888, 
 four ; in 1889, one ; in 1891, two ; and in 1892, two. The total 
 number of colonies is now 26 ; three of these being Roman 
 Catholic and the remainder Protestant. These colonies are dis- 
 tributed throughout the German Empire.* 
 
 The system is under the control of the German Labour 
 Colony Central Board (Centralvorstand deutscher Arbeiter- 
 Kolonien), which has for its President Count von Zieten- 
 Schwerin, who takes an active part in the administration. The 
 board is composed of two representatives from each of the 
 provinces to which the system has extended. The statutory 
 meetings are held once a year, and are usually prolonsred over 
 two days. Reports are made by the representatives, and admini- 
 strative topics and features special to one or other provincial 
 colony are discussed. 
 
 * Province of Westphalia, 2 ; Hanover, 2 ; Schleswi^ Holstein, 1 ; Branden- 
 burg, 2 ; Wiirttemberg, 2 ; Saxon}^ 3 ; Oldenburg, 1 ; Silesia, 2 ; Pomerania^lji _^ 
 East Prussia, 1 ; Baden, I ; Hesse, 1 ; Ehineland, 2 ; Bavaria, 1 ; Posen, 1 ; Thmjfi^i^ R A R y" 
 1 ; West Prussia. 1 ; Hamburg, 1. // ^ oF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 1 "^CALIFOR<i^ 
 
270 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 The Labour Colony Central Board was founded in October 
 1883. The policy of the board is thus described^ : — 
 
 1. The colonies are institutions of Christian charity, in which 
 
 anyone who has suffered inward or outward shipwreck, 
 or who stands in danger of so suffering, may be received 
 and raised again. Colonists have no legal claim to the 
 benefits of the institution. 
 
 2. All able-bodied men who are willing to work are admitted 
 
 without distinction of character or religion so long as 
 there is room. 
 
 3. Dipsomaniacs are not admitted, or, if admitted, may be 
 
 expelled. t 
 
 4. The special aim of the colonies is to secure the permanent 
 
 moral elevation of the colonists. 
 
 5. The house regulations of the colonies are the same through- 
 
 out. 
 
 6. Board and lodging must not be in excess of the strictest 
 
 requirements. 
 
 7. The scale of pay (board, lodging, and payment in cash or 
 
 clothes, &c.) must be lower than the daily wage prevailing 
 in the locality. 
 
 8. Dismissal is the only form of punishment. 
 
 9. Colonists dismissed for ill -behaviour shall not be admitted 
 
 into another colony without the consent of the colony 
 which discharged them'. 
 
 The funds for the support of the colonies are obtained (a) from 
 grants by the provincial Governments, (b) from grants by 
 the municipalities, (c) from donations and subscriptions by 
 members of the provincial societies, (d) from collections in the 
 churches, (e) from house-to-house collections. Particulars of the 
 income and expenditure of most of the Colonies will be found 
 on pp. 306-7. 
 
 The labour colony sj'stem, consisting of several parts, is made 
 up of several separate organisations working, so to speak, hand in 
 hand. There are the Verpjlegungs-Stationen, or relief stations ; 
 the Herhergen zuv HeiTnat, or workmen's lodging houses ; Ar- 
 beiter Kolonien, or labour colonies; and the Arbeitsnachweis- 
 Anstalten, or labour bureaus. There are besides, the branch 
 colonies, and a further development of labour colonies for 
 permanent residence, and still further a system of training 
 the superintendents of all of these at the Nazareth House at 
 Bielefeld, at the Raurhaus, near Hamburg, and at similar 
 institutions elsewhere. 
 
 The most important of this group of institutions are the 
 labour colonies proper. There are 25 of these throughout 
 Germany ; 23 being agricultural colonies in country districts, 
 
 * " Protokoll iiber die dritte ordentliche Versammlung des Centralvorstandes 
 deutscher Arbeiter-Kolonien," Bielefeld, 1886, p. 93 ; also Dr. Berthold in " Charity 
 Organisation Review," vol. vii., p. 438. 
 
 t Intoxicating drinks are forbidden in the colonies ; but drunkards are received if 
 willing to abandon drink, and special colonies for this class are affiliated to Wilhelms- 
 dorf. 
 
GERMAN. 271 
 
 and two being city colonies, one at Hamburg and one at Berlin. 
 The colony at Berlin has a branch colony at Tegel, where the 
 colonists are chiefly engaged in forestry. In addition to these 
 25 labour colonies which are exclusively places of temporary 
 resort for single men or men living apart from their families, 
 there is a " Home " colony, or place of resort for families, at 
 Friedrich-Wilhelmsdorf, near Bremerhaven.* 
 
 There is a very copious literature, not much of it, however, of 
 a critical order, upon the labour colony system. The statistics 
 of the colonies are contained in the monthly organ of the central 
 board, " Die Arheiter-Kolonie" published at Gadderbaum, near 
 Bielefeld, and in the valuable summaries of Dr. Berthold, 
 published at intervals of two years. The annual reports of the 
 individual colonies are also very instructive.! 
 
 The total number of persons who have entered the colonies 
 from the foundation of the first until 30th June 1893 was 
 63,394, and the total number discharged was 61,334. The 
 number of places in the colonies at the present time is 3,044. 
 
 From the foundation of the first colony until 3Jst March 
 1891 J there were 44,807 intrants. The following statement 
 shows the percentage number at various groups of ages § : — 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Under 20 years of age - - - 5 '6 
 
 20-25 years of age - - 105 
 
 25-30 „ - - 13-3 
 
 30-35 „ - ,-15-4 
 
 35-40 „ - - 15-5 
 
 40-45 „ - - 13-5 
 
 45-50 „ - - 10-9 
 
 50-60 „ - - 12-1 
 
 60 and upwards - - 32 
 
 100-0 
 
 From this table it appears that 57*7 per cent, of the colonists 
 were in the prime of life, namely, of 25 and under 45 years of 
 age ; while 16T per cent, were under 25 years of age, and not 
 more than 3'2 per cent, fairly entitled to be regarded as aged. 
 
 The following figures refer to the period of two years from 
 1st April 1889 till 31st March 1891,|| during which 22 colonies 
 were open : — 
 
 Number. 
 
 Cases admitted _ _ _ 15,425 
 
 Individual persons admitted - 11,088 
 
 Discharged cases . - . 13,307 
 
 * See infra, page 299. 
 
 t For a list of the leading publications on labour colonies, see Appendix II., page 
 
 X Later figures of the ages for all the colonies together are not yet available. 
 § Dr. Berthold, Die deutschen Arbeiter Kolonien, 1893, p. 119. 
 11 Dr. Berthold, op. cit, pp. 4 and 126. 
 
272 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 The length of stay of those who were discharged during this 
 period will be seen from the next table, which shows the per- 
 centage number of persons that remained at the colonies for 
 various numbers of days : — - 
 
 Per-centage Number 
 Number of Days. of colonists. 
 
 7 - - . - 61 
 
 8--14 - - _ - 4-3 
 
 15-21 ^ - - - 4-3 
 
 22-35 - - - - 8-5 
 
 36-49 - - - - 9-4 
 
 50-63 - - - - 8-9 
 
 64-77 - - - - 8-5 
 
 78-105 - . - . 13-6 
 
 106-147 ... - 18-6 
 
 148-203 - - - . 10-3 
 
 204-259 - - - - 3-6 
 
 260-315 - - - - 1-6 
 
 316-364 - - - 0-8 
 
 365 and over - - - - 1*5 
 
 1000 
 
 A general regulation exists among the colonies to the effect 
 that prolonged residence should be discouraged, and in no case 
 should a colonist be allowed to remain longer than two years. 
 The object of this regulation is to prevent the colonist from 
 acquiring under the German law of settlement a domicile in the 
 colony, which would render the commune in which the colony 
 is situated liable for his maintenance as a pauper, should he 
 ultimately come upon the poor roll.' Although this regulation 
 is necessarily observed in the letter, some of the colonists 
 are nevertheless practically permanent residents. At Wilhelms- 
 dorf, for example, six men take a fortnightly holiday every two 
 years, and thus^evade the law. So long as they make themselves 
 useful in the colony (and such men do) there is no reason why 
 the colony should thrust them out. After having remained 
 away long enough to escape the provisions of the law of settle- 
 ment they return to their former positions as cowkeepers or 
 what not. This practice exists, I believe, at all the colonies, and 
 accounts to some extent, although not to a large extent, for the 
 frequency of re-admissions. 
 
 The practices of the colonies, however, vary considerably as 
 to the length of time during which colonists are permitted to 
 stay. The practice not only varies as between colony and 
 colony, but from year to year. In some colonies there is an 
 apparent tendency to relaxation of the rule enjoining the 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 273 
 
 expulsion of colonists as soon as possible, while in others the 
 earlier discharges have tended to become more numerous, thus 
 indicating an increasing stringency. Those colonies in which 
 the first practice is observable have probably been the resort of 
 an improving' sort of colonists, while the contrary has probably 
 been the case with those colonies which have become more and 
 more stringent. 
 
 The following figures disclose the grounds of discharge from 
 the colonies in four consecutive periods, and show that while the 
 per-centage number of persons leaving at their own desire has 
 risen considerably during recent years, the number obtaining 
 situations direct from the colonies has steadily fallen."^ 
 
 Table showing the Causes of Discharge from the Colonies 
 during the under-mentioned periods, and the per-centage 
 number of Colonists discharged from each cause.! 
 
 Cause of Discharge. 
 
 Prom 
 
 1st April 1885 
 
 to 31st March 
 
 1886. 
 
 From 
 1st April 1886 
 to 31st March 
 
 1887. 
 
 Prom 
 1st April 1887 
 to 31st March 
 
 1889. 
 
 Prom 
 
 1st April 1889 
 
 to 31st March 
 
 1891. 
 
 Obtained situations - 
 
 Per Cent. 
 27-4 
 
 Per Cent. 
 24-7 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 20-8 
 
 Per Cent* 
 19-7 
 
 Own wish 
 
 54-1 
 
 57-8 
 
 60-4 
 
 64-5 
 
 Drunkenness - 
 
 1-5 
 
 0-8 
 
 0-5 
 
 0-T 
 
 Laziness ... 
 
 1-7 
 
 1-5 
 
 1-8 
 
 1-2 
 
 Unfitness for work - 
 
 0-4 
 
 0-5 
 
 0-7 
 
 0-9 
 
 Bad conduct - 
 
 3-5 
 
 4-1 
 
 4-4 
 
 3-T 
 
 By direction of authorities - 
 
 1-4 
 
 11 
 
 1-1 
 
 1-2 
 
 For sickness - 
 
 2-0 
 
 2-4 
 
 2-2 
 
 2-2 
 
 Time expiry - 
 
 5-6 
 
 51 
 
 5-5 
 
 2-2 
 
 Absconded ... 
 
 2-4 
 
 2-0 
 
 2-6 
 
 3-7 
 
 
 100 •() 
 
 100-0 
 
 loo-o 
 
 lOO'O 
 
 Of 2,623 who obtained situations, 814 returned to the colonies ; 
 and of 8,564 who left at their own desire, 3,117 came back 
 within two years of their discharge. 
 
 The following particulars were also obtained as to the number 
 of persons admitted — distinguishing those who had been in the 
 colonies before — into 22 colonies between 1889 and 1891, who 
 had previously been with or without a home. J 
 
 * See also infra, p. 283. 
 
 t From Dr. Berthold, op. cit., p. 129. 
 
 X lb., p. 143. 
 
 o 77723. 
 
•274 
 
 FOKEIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 
 With Domicile. 
 
 Without Domicile. 
 
 
 
 For 
 
 the first 
 
 Time. 
 
 Not for 
 
 the first Total. 
 Time. 
 
 For 
 th'i first 
 Time. 
 
 Not for 1 
 the first ! Total. 
 Time. 1 
 
 Gross 
 Total. 
 
 Numbers 
 Per-centages - 
 
 2,730 
 24-6 
 
 1,423 
 12-9 
 
 4,153 
 37-5 
 
 3,230 
 29-1 
 
 3,705 
 33-4 
 
 6,935 
 62-5 
 
 11,088 
 100 
 
 This table shows that the colonies have largely become the 
 Tesort of the homeless, 62 per cent, of those admitted being so 
 described ; and that practically continuous residence is very 
 common. 
 
 Causes of Resort to the Colonies. 
 
 Copious as are the statistics of the German colonies, and 
 numerous as are the questions upon the '' ZahlkarteJi," there are 
 no indications as to the causes which have led the colonists to 
 resort to the colonies. Since, however, 76 per cent, of the 
 colonists have been in |)rison,* there can be little doubt that the 
 immediate cause of resort to the colonies of three-fourths of those 
 who go there is inability to obtain employment owing to their 
 having been in prison. In such cases there are, of course, usually 
 remoter causes — drunkenness, habits of thieving, irregularity, 
 .&c., which prevent discharged prisoners from getting situations, 
 or from keeping situations when they do get them. 
 
 It is very difficult to determine, with any statistical precision, 
 •causes which react upon each other in such a way as to produce 
 a complex result. Moreover, tlie narratives of the colonists 
 themselves are frequently more romantic than veracious. They 
 nearly always regard themselves as victims of the rapacity or 
 coldheartedness of others, A few of them are audaciously frank 
 in acknowledging that they alone are to blame for their appear- 
 ance in such company. The police information w^hich is ob- 
 tained by the colonies is of assistance only in throwing light 
 upon the worst cases. Sometimes this information is apparently 
 exaggerated ; men, for example, who work hard and conduct 
 themselves well in the colony, having been described as the 
 terror of their village. In the absence of particulars regarding 
 the admissions to the colonies as a whole, the follow^ing table 
 throws some light upon the causes which impel men to resort 
 thereto. 
 
 * Seepage 277. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 275 
 
 Causes of Resort to the Colon r of 117 Colonists in Wilhelms- 
 dorf on 7th August 1893 — distinguishing the numbers of 
 men who had undergone imprisonment from those who had 
 not been in prison. 
 
 Causes. 
 
 Number 
 previously 
 in Prison. 
 
 Number 
 who had 
 not been 
 in Prison. 
 
 Doubtful 
 
 Ascertained inability to obtain employment, 
 without visible specific cause 
 
 Apparent inability to obtain employment, 
 without visible specific cause 
 
 Ascertained inability to obtain employment 
 owing to having been in prison 
 
 Apparent inability to obtain employment 
 owing to having been in prison, without 
 other visible specific cause - 
 
 Drink as an ascertained specific cause 
 
 Drink and laziness as specific causes - 
 
 Drink as a probable specific cause 
 
 Sentby relations,— deaf mute - - - 
 
 „ „ owing to alleged bad conduct 
 
 Sent by paiish with consent,— cripple 
 
 Sent by parish with consent,~for bad conduct 
 
 Epileptic - - - - - 
 
 Bad conduct . . . - - 
 
 Domestic misfortune - - - - 
 
 Domestic misfcirtune and sickness 
 
 Confirmed begrging . . . . 
 
 Uselessness - . . - - 
 
 On trial by institution (special case) - 
 
 Unknown causes - - - - - 
 
 Per-C3ntage 
 
 45 
 
 65 
 
 55*5 
 
 41-9 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 45 
 17 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 117 
 
 100-0 
 
 In the most recent issue of his vahiable statistics,* Dr. Berthold 
 complains that while the figures supplied by the colonies 
 reveal the numbers who have undergone imprisonment prior to 
 entry into the colonies, they do not disclose the number of those 
 who arrive direct from prison. There is much force in this 
 criticism, though the information may be gleaned from an 
 examination of the Zahlkart or docket of each individual 
 colonist, which reveals the place from which the colonist last 
 came, • although it does not contain a specific answer to the 
 
 * Die deutschen Arbeiter-Kolonien, Sechste Folge fiir die Jahre 1889-91. Berl'm, 
 1893, p. 2. 
 
 S 2 
 
276 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 question : Did he come direct from prison ? An examination of 
 the books of Wilhehnsdorf, supplemented by information ob- 
 tained from the officials and from the colonists themselves,, 
 convinced me that, though the number of persons arriving in the 
 colonies direct from prison is very variable, it is unlikely to. 
 amount in the aggregate to a very large per-centage of the whole. 
 Of the 131 colonists in Wilhelmsdorf on August 9th, 1893, the 
 following are the particulars in this connexion : — 
 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Previously imprisoned 
 
 Not „ „ - - 
 
 Doubtful cases - - [ ^- 
 
 67 
 57 
 
 7 
 
 51-2 
 
 43-5 
 
 5-3 
 
 
 131 
 
 100-0 
 
 Those marked doubtful were new arrivals whose antecedents 
 had not been obtained from the police ; but who professed not 
 to have been punished by imprisonment. 
 
 Of the 67 individuals \vho had teen imprisoned, only three 
 arrived in the colony direct from prison. It happened, however,, 
 that I mj^self witnessed the arrival of two of these on the day 
 previous to the date mentioned, there having two days before 
 been only one man who had entered the colony direct from 
 prison, although the large number of 65 had undergone punish- 
 ment. 
 
 67 individuals represented 96 cases of imprisonment. 
 
 The 
 thus :- 
 
 Lock-up — for drunkenness or begging - 46 cases 
 
 Prison - - - - 32 „ 
 
 House of Correction - - - 13 „ 
 
 State Prison - - - - 5 „ 
 
 96 
 
 The order given represents the relative seriousness of the- 
 offences. No other classification of the offences can be made 
 from the books of the colonj^, although particulars of a more 
 or less trustworthy character are sometimes gained from the 
 colonists themselves. Of those who had suffered imprisonment, 
 in prison (Gefangnisz), the larger proportion had been convicted 
 of stealing, while of those who had suffered imprisonment in the 
 State prison, one had been convicted of a murderous assault and 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 277 
 
 another of breach of trust. The cases of punishment for police 
 offences are the most numerous, as is shown by the following : — 
 
 Table showing for 22 Colonies the Number of Men who had 
 suffered various kinds of Imprisonment before being 
 admitted into the Colonies in the two years, 1889-91 ; also 
 showing the Total Number who had not undergone Im- 
 prisonment.* 
 
 
 
 
 
 Imprisoned. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock-up and 
 
 Prison 
 and 
 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock- 
 
 T.HP 
 
 Prison 
 
 and 
 
 State 
 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock- 
 up and 
 Correo- 
 
 tion. ' 
 
 Total 
 impri- 
 soned. 
 
 Not 
 previously 
 
 ^uf ^-- 
 
 Prison. 
 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 soned. 
 
 3,664 
 
 1,684 
 
 125 
 
 1,650 
 
 54 
 
 201 
 
 255 
 
 784 
 
 8,417 
 
 2,671 
 
 33-0 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 15-2 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 1-1 
 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 14-9 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 0-3 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 1-8 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 2-3 
 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 7-1 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 75-9 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 24-1 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 This Tablet brings out the broad fact that three-fourths of the 
 colonists admitted in the two years had been imprisoned. On 
 further analysing the totals in the foregoing Table, with a view 
 to showing the number of tim-es the men had been admitted into 
 the Colonies, the following results are obtained : — 
 
 No. of 
 Times in 
 Colonies. 
 
 Imprisoned. 
 
 Lock- 
 up. 
 
 Prison. 
 
 state 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock-up 
 and 
 
 Prison. 
 
 state 
 Prison. 
 
 Prison 
 
 and 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock- 
 
 Prison 
 and 
 State 
 
 Prison. 
 
 I Lock- 
 up and 
 Correc- 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 impri- 
 soned. 
 
 Not 
 impri- 
 soned. 
 
 1,958 
 
 897 
 
 90 
 
 614 
 
 26 
 
 115 
 
 110 
 
 747 
 
 325 
 
 15 
 
 361 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 67 
 
 383 
 
 201 
 
 16 
 
 243 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 229 
 
 112 
 
 3 
 
 169 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 2-4 
 
 152 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 113 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 86 
 
 34 
 
 
 66 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 
 35 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 353 
 167 
 
 4,163 
 1,734 
 
 400 
 225 
 119 
 
 1,793 
 
 506: 
 
 181. 
 
 96 
 
 ,4^ 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 * Prom Dr. Berthold's " Die Deutschen Arbeiter-Kolonien." &c., 1893, p. 65. 
 t Jb., p. 35. 
 
278 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 
 Imprisoned. 1 
 
 
 No. of Times 
 in Colonies. 
 
 Lock- 
 up. 
 
 IPrison. 
 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock-up 
 and 
 
 Prison 
 
 and 
 
 "State 
 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock- 
 up 
 Prison 
 and 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 Lock- 
 up 
 and 
 
 Correc- 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 impri- 
 soned. 
 
 Not 
 impri" 
 
 
 Prison. 
 
 State 
 Prison. 
 
 soned. 
 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 ; 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 6 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Total - - 
 Per cent. 
 
 3,664 
 33-0 
 
 1,684 
 15-2 
 
 125 
 1-1 
 
 1,650 
 14-9 
 
 64 
 0-5 
 
 i 
 
 201 
 1-8 
 
 1 
 
 255 
 2-3 
 
 784 
 7-1 
 
 8,417 
 75'9 
 
 2,671 
 24-1 
 
 The obvious explanations of the circumstance that so few 
 colonists arrive at the colony direct from prison are (a) that 
 they endeavour to secure employment, or (h) that they return to 
 their friends for a time, or (c) that they prefer to the restric- 
 tions of a colony the free life of a tramp, which they may have 
 by means of the Verpflegungsstationen or relief stations. The 
 circumstance that they have just emerged from incarceration 
 gives vagrancy unusual attractions for them. Vagrancy, how- 
 ever, sooner or later tires out the most extreme Mark Tapleyism, 
 and the discharged prisoner, after perhaps months of wandering, 
 finds his way ultimately to the colony. 
 
 In 1880, before the colonies were founded, the number of 
 individuals prosecuted for vagabondage in Germany was 23,093.* 
 In 1890, when the colonies had been in existence for eight 
 years, this number had fallen to 13,583. This may be regarded 
 as suggesting that the colonies and the subsidiary institutions 
 connected with them are dealing effectively with the problem 
 of vagrancy and begging. It would be unsafe to attribute 
 the diminution wholly to the influence of the colonies, but it 
 would be unfair not to acknowledge that their influence has been 
 considerable. 
 
 The following Table shows the particulars of the decrease in 
 the number of persons prosecuted for vagabondage during the 
 decade 1880-90. 
 
 * "There -vras scarcely a day, at least in the towns, when from six to ten beggars 
 did not call at every household begging for food, clothes, or money for a night's 
 lodging." — Cronemeyer, Eine Zuflucht der Elenden, 1893, p. 32. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 279 
 
 Number of Individuals Punished with Imprisonment for 
 Vagabondage in 1880 and 1890, and the per-centage 
 decrease in 1890 as compared with 1880.* 
 
 
 Number Punished. 
 
 Decrease 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 1890. 
 
 per Cent. 
 
 Kingdom of— 
 
 Prussia ..... 
 
 15,727 
 
 8,605 
 
 45-3 
 
 Bavaria . . . . - 
 
 1,994 
 
 1,370 
 
 31-5 
 
 Saxony ..... 
 
 1,250 
 
 963 
 
 23-0 
 
 Wiirtemberff .... 
 
 209 
 
 179 
 
 14-4 
 
 Grand Duchy of— 
 
 Baden 
 
 240 
 
 188 
 
 21-r 
 
 Hesse '- - - - ' - 
 
 830 
 
 523 - 
 
 37*0 
 
 Mecklenburg Schwerin 
 
 349 
 
 168 
 
 51-9^ 
 
 Other Grand Duchies - - - - 
 
 273 
 
 174 
 
 36-3. 
 
 Duchy of— 
 
 Brunswick - . - - • 
 
 246 
 
 140 
 
 43-1 
 
 Other Duchies 
 
 190 
 
 173 
 
 8-9 
 
 Principalities . - - - - 
 
 282 
 
 150 
 
 46-8 
 
 Free town of— 
 
 Bremen - - . - - 
 
 110 
 
 89 
 
 19-1 
 
 Hamburg . . . - - 
 
 772 
 
 480 
 
 37-8. 
 
 Liibeck . . . - - 
 
 67 
 
 60 
 
 10-4 
 
 State of — 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine .... 
 
 554 
 
 321 
 
 42-1 
 
 German Empire 
 
 23,093 
 
 13,583 
 
 41*2 
 
 Some adverse criticism has been made in Germany and much 
 discouragement has been felt, because the colonies have been 
 filled with such material. This discouragement seems, however, 
 to be needless. The class of discharged prisoners is the class 
 that needs help most of all and first of all.f What the 
 nature of that help should be may be open to difierence of 
 opinion ; but the fact that discharged prisoners crowd into tlje 
 labour colonies may be held as proving that, in their opinion, 
 these institutions meet their case better than any other existing 
 institutions. . It were well, therefore, frankly to recognise the 
 function these colonies are exercising, and if it be found that 
 there is a body of unemployed who have not sufiered moral 
 collapse, to set about providing colonies for them exclusively 
 
 * From C. von Massow, Stat, der Naturalverpflegimgsstationen in Deutschland, 
 p. 9. These statistics are taken from the public documents of each separte State. 
 
 f " Though a man may have expiated his fault in the eje of the law, he has 
 not done so in the eye of the people. Society, stronger than the laAv and less 
 merciful than the tribunal, subjects the ex-convict to a severe additional punish- 
 ment. ' The chain clanks about him all his lifelong.' " — Pastor Cronemcyer, Eine- 
 Zuflucht der Elendea ,1893, p. 6. 
 
280 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 should the advantages of such institutions for this class outweigh 
 the disadvantages. 
 
 As might be expected, the colonies are most fully inhabited in 
 winter, when the conditions of life are more severe, and when 
 out-of-door work is less easily obtained than in summer. This 
 fact is brought out by the following table : — 
 Table showing the Number of Persons admitted into 22 
 Colonies during each of the months of 1890 and 1891, and 
 the number sent away for want of room. 
 
 Months. 
 
 Admitted. 
 
 Sent away 
 
 for want of room 
 
 in Colonies. 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 • 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 January 
 
 577 
 
 556 
 
 674 
 
 543 
 
 February 
 
 474 
 
 576 
 
 624 
 
 382 
 
 March 
 
 535 
 
 559 
 
 295 
 
 101 
 
 April .... 
 
 418 
 
 612 
 
 94 
 
 10 
 
 May - 
 
 600 
 
 548 
 
 65 
 
 14 
 
 June . . - - 
 
 513 
 
 554 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 July .... 
 
 515 
 
 624 
 
 49 
 
 — 
 
 August 
 
 506 
 
 602 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 September ... 
 
 487 
 
 540 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 October 
 
 912 
 
 829 
 
 116 
 
 89 
 
 November - 
 
 890 
 
 1,082 
 
 397 
 
 321 
 
 December 
 
 635 
 
 663 
 
 1,130 
 
 463 
 
 Total 
 
 6,962 
 
 7,745 
 
 3,558 
 
 1,958 
 
 The numbers of colonists who are single, or who represent 
 themselves to be so,* very largely preponderates over those who 
 are married. The following table shows the conjugal condition 
 of the colonists who were admitted into 25 colonies from January 
 to June 1893.t 
 
 Condition as to 
 Marriage. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per- 
 centage. 
 
 Singles 
 Married 
 Separated - 
 Widowed 
 Divorced 
 
 398 
 29 
 23 
 42 
 9 
 
 411 
 28 
 16 
 45 
 11 
 
 570 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 60 
 
 8 
 
 529 
 43 
 24 
 65 
 11 
 
 543 
 52 
 30 
 67 
 9 
 
 507 
 47 
 30 
 53 
 13 
 
 2,988 
 227 
 150 
 332 
 61 
 
 79-5 
 6-1 
 4-0 
 8-8 
 1-6 
 
 Total 
 
 501 
 
 541 
 
 693 
 
 672 
 
 701 
 
 650 
 
 3,758 
 
 100-0 
 
 * It is to be noted that police inquiries fire made with the view of testing the 
 statements made by the colonists. 
 
 t See Die Arheiter-Kolojiie for the respective months. 
 
GERMAN. 281 
 
 The proportion of those described as married is six per cent, 
 only of the total admitted. 
 
 Extent to which the Colonies are reformatory. 
 
 It is impossible to obtain accurate statistics of the careers of 
 the colonists who leave the colony never to return. This is, as 
 shown, a steadily diminishing per-centage of the whole. Ex- 
 colonists do not wish the fact of their having been in the 
 colony to be known, and take pains to obliterate their traces. 
 The varying estimates of from 5 to 25 per cent, of successes out 
 of the numbers admitted are, therefore, not to be relied upon. 
 
 Repeated Admissions. 
 
 The repeated admission of the same persons into the German 
 colonies constitutes one of the features of the system.* The habit 
 of going from one colony to another, or of repeatedly applying 
 for admission to the same colony, has produced a new type, or at 
 all events, has resulted in a new name, the colony-bummler. To 
 hummel is a verb with which the German vagabond is familiar 
 in all its moods and tenses. Primarily it means " to loaf ;" but 
 it has come to mean not -to loaf in the colony, but to arrive at 
 it frequently, to loaf outside and then to drop into the colony at 
 regular or irregular intervals. There are certain notorious 
 bummlers whose visits are expected at the colonies with as 
 regular a periodicity as the phases of the moon. One of these 
 
 bummlers is a certain W L , who has been an 
 
 inmate of Wilhelmsdorf 19 times. He is now 58 years of age. 
 He made his first appearance at Wilhelmsdorf on 10th December 
 1884, two years after the colony was founded. He remained 
 for six weeks and then departed of his own accord. He wandered 
 in the outside world for four n^onths and then appeared at the 
 colony for the second time. He remained for about two months 
 and again departed to spend four months in begging or in some 
 other lucrative employment. In JNovember 1886 he again 
 entered the colony and remained until the end of January 
 1887. In May 1887 he again entered to disappear on 24th 
 June. He returned in the end of July to remain until the end 
 of September. In November of the same year he reappeared and 
 remained until the middle of January 1888. In June 1888 he 
 returned and left in July. In October he returned and left in 
 November. In May of the year following he returned and left 
 in June. In August he returned and left in September. In 
 December he returned and left in the middle of January 1890. 
 In April he returned and left in May. In October he returned 
 and remained until January 1891. In June 1891 he returned 
 and remained until August. In September he returned and 
 
 * Kelapsiii : is characteristic of the cla?s with which the German Colonies deal. 
 Out of 77,977 persons discharged from the Prussian State prisons during the 
 past ten years, there were 63,G45 cases of relapse. Of these, there were 40,461 who 
 were imprisoned more than three times. — Cr,)neme}er, Einc Zujlucht dcr Elende}i, 
 p. 7. 
 
282 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 remained until December. In January 1892 he returned and 
 remained until March. In April 1892 he returned and remained 
 until July. In September he returned and remained until 
 February 1893. In March he returned, and in May he left 
 " on the tramp," with 6s. 6d. in his pocket, the surplus of his 
 earnings during his two months' residence in the colony. This 
 restless person is quite a favourite. He is said to be an excellent 
 worker, and his eccentric comings and goings are looked upon 
 as the outcome of an amiable but incurable weakness. While 
 in the outer world he has frequently been in conflict with the 
 authorities, and has been punished with lock-up, prison, and 
 correction. 
 
 Another case * H , aged 52, appeared first at Rickling 
 
 in October 1883. After leaving Ricklinghe visited in succession 
 Friedricbswille, Meierei, Kastorf, and Friedrichswille a second 
 time. Between October 1883 and March 1891 he spent 1,673 
 days in these colonies, or about four years and a half out of the 
 total period of seven years and a half. 
 
 Taking the figures for the 22 colonies in 1889-91, it is found 
 that 53*7 per cent, of the total number had been in the colonies 
 only once, and 46*3 per cent, more than once. 
 
 Thus about one half of the colonists seek temporary relief, 
 while one half seek frequent or continuous relief from the colonies. 
 
 An analysis of the figures for each colony during three 
 periods shows some variation in the proportion of those who 
 return. 
 
 Table showing the Per-centage Proportion of the Intrants 
 into 21 Colonies, in the undermentioned periods, who 
 had previously been in the Colonies.! 
 
 
 1886-87. 
 
 1887-89. 
 
 1889-91. 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf - - - - 
 
 _ 
 
 42-6 
 
 50-1 
 
 Rickling _ _ _ _ 
 
 39-1 
 
 39-4 
 
 50-6 
 
 Kiistorf _ - _ - 
 
 45-3 
 
 55-9 • 
 
 53-8 
 
 rriedrichs-sville - - - - 
 
 41-2 
 
 46-7 
 
 54-8 
 
 Seyda ----- 
 
 37-8 
 
 38-5 
 
 47-3 
 
 Dornahof _ - - _ 
 
 33-8 
 
 42-0 
 
 53-1 
 
 Dauelsberg - _ - - 
 
 28-8 
 
 32-3 
 
 40-4 
 
 Karlshof . - - . 
 
 40-8 
 
 44-2 
 
 52-4 
 
 Meierei _ . - . 
 
 38-1 
 
 40-9 
 
 54-7 
 
 Wunscha _ . _ - 
 
 31-7 
 
 31-8 
 
 39-1 
 
 Ankenbuck _ - _ - 
 
 29-1 
 
 42-3 
 
 41-4 
 
 Neu-Ulrichsteiii _ _ - 
 
 21-6 
 
 32-4 
 
 41-6 
 
 Berlin - - 
 
 — 
 
 27-0 
 
 33-1 
 
 Liihlerheiin _ - - - 
 
 35-8 
 
 34-0 
 
 48-6 
 
 Schneckengriin » _ _ 
 
 17-9 
 
 35-0 
 
 43-2 
 
 Elkeuroth _ _ _ . 
 
 46-3 
 
 46-7 
 
 47-0 
 
 Simonshof . - _ _ 
 
 
 
 2.5-2 
 
 35-4 
 
 Maria- Veen _ - - - 
 
 — 
 
 54-8 
 
 .03-7 
 
 Magdeburg _ - _ - 
 
 
 25-9 
 
 32-3 
 
 Alt-Latzig - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 25-0 
 
 42-6 
 
 Geilsdorf . _ . - 
 
 
 " 
 
 48-8 
 
 * For this case and many others of similar type see Dr. Berthold, qp. cit., p. 144, 
 et seq. 
 
 f From Dr. Berthold's Die Deutsehen Arbeiter-Kolonien, page 64. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 283 
 
 It would also appear from the following particulars that 
 about a quarter of those who are discharged return within a 
 period of two years.* 
 
 
 No. of Cases 
 admitted 
 into the 
 Colonies. 
 
 No. of 
 Persons 
 admitted. 
 
 Per-centago of Persons 
 
 discharged during the 
 
 Period, who returned 
 
 during the Period. 
 
 1st period of two years 
 1887-1889. 
 
 2nd period of two years 
 1889-1891. 
 
 13,575 
 15,425 
 
 10,403 
 11,088 
 
 23-4 
 28-1 
 
 The repeated admissions into the German colonies as disclosed 
 by the statistics, together with such knowledge as one can obtain 
 of the types of men that make up the ranks of the 8,000 who 
 pass through colonies annually, show that the colonies are dealing 
 witli a body of at least 4,000 men, who are for various reasons 
 unable to regulate their own lives on an independent basis, or 
 who are unable to get or to keep employment under customary 
 conditions. Although the colonists are free to go from or to stay 
 in the colonies, when they elect to stay they must conform to 
 the discipline imposed upon them. There thus appears to be a 
 certain class, amounting to one half of the cases dealt with, 
 who are willing, or who feel themselves forced, to exchange the 
 freedom of ordinary industry without guarantee of subsistence, 
 for the practical, though mild, slavery of the colonies with 
 guarantee of subsistence. 
 
 The Colony as an Agency for obtaining Situations. 
 
 The per-centage of " discharges to situations," never great since 
 the development of the colony system really began, has been 
 .steadily decreasing. From Wilhelmsdorf, during the first year 
 of its existence, the per-centage of discharges to situations was 
 82.t In 1885-86, it was 28-9; in 1887-88, 277; in 1888-89, 
 28-8; and in 1889-91, 267. 
 
 In all the colonies the per-centage has fallen from 27*4 in 
 1885-86 to 197 in 1889-91.1 
 
 * Dr. Berthold, op. cit., p. 4. 
 t Cronemeyer, op. cit., p. 23. 
 
 X See Table E. Berthold, op. cit., p. 29 ; and remarks on this topic in Cronemeyer, 
 Eine Zujlucht der Elenden, 1893, p. 33. 
 
284 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 Table showing the Number of Persons Discharged from each 
 of the 22 Colonies for the under-mentioned Causes in 
 1889-90.* 
 
 
 To 
 Situa- 
 tions. 
 
 Dis- 
 charg 
 ed at 
 own 
 de- 
 sire. 
 
 For 
 Drun- 
 ken- 
 ness. 
 
 Indo- 
 lence. 
 
 Ina- 
 bility 
 
 to 
 work. 
 
 Bad 
 
 Con- 
 duct. 
 
 Ab- 
 scon- 
 ded. 
 
 Re- 
 quisi- 
 tion 
 of Au- 
 thori- 
 ties. 
 
 Sick. 
 
 Time 
 ex- 
 pired. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf 
 
 211 
 
 566 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 y 
 
 _ 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 T91 
 
 Kastorf 
 
 167 
 
 491 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 
 22 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 — 
 
 769 
 
 Eickling 
 
 225 
 
 413 
 
 . 2 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 764 
 
 FKiedrichswille 
 
 119 
 
 669 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 858 
 
 Dornahof 
 
 174 
 
 3S3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 87 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 707 
 
 Seyda - 
 
 135 
 
 263 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 286 
 
 752 
 
 Dauelsberg - 
 
 49 
 
 194 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 296 
 
 "Wunscha 
 
 198 
 
 239 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 533 
 
 Meierei 
 
 107 
 
 413 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 - 
 
 595 
 
 Karlshof 
 
 158 
 
 1,010 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1,249 
 
 Berlin - 
 
 151 
 
 400 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 96 
 
 149 
 
 20 
 
 47 
 
 - 
 
 892 
 
 Ankenbuck - 
 
 94 
 
 201 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 366 
 
 Ulrichstein - 
 
 81 
 
 393 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 507 
 
 Liihlerheim - 
 
 124 
 
 377 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 555 
 
 Schneckengriin 
 
 59 
 
 512 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 - 
 
 676 
 
 Elkenroth 
 
 86 
 
 216 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 - 
 
 333 
 
 Simonshof 
 
 79 
 
 516 
 
 — 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 7. 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 721 
 
 Maria-Veen - 
 
 41 
 
 639 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 739 
 
 Alt-Latzig - 
 
 45 
 
 202 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 313 
 
 Magdeburg - ' 
 
 250 
 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 — 
 
 427 
 
 Geilsdorf 
 
 63 
 
 312 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 333 
 
 J'riedrichwilhemsdorf 
 
 7 
 2,623 
 
 45 
 
 8.564 
 
 97 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 69 
 
 Total 
 
 159 
 
 112 
 
 491 
 
 509 
 
 164 
 
 294 
 
 294 
 
 13,307 
 
 Per-centage 
 
 19-7 
 
 64-4 
 
 0-7 
 
 1-2 
 
 0-9 
 
 3-7 
 
 3-8 
 
 1-2 
 
 2-2 
 
 2-2 
 
 100-0 
 
 The question of " situations obtained through the colony " is 
 one which is extremely difficult to investigate thoroughly. So 
 far as my inquiries enable me to form an opinion, the situations 
 are frequently of an inferior order. The situations may be found 
 in {a) the neighbourhood of the colony, or (h) at a distance. 
 
 (a-.) In the case of a colony situated in the midst of a district 
 where agriculture is carried on partly by large farmers and 
 partly by small farmers cultivating their own land or leasing 
 
 * Dr. Berthold, op. cit., p. 60. 
 
GERMAN. 285 
 
 their holdings (as cottars) from the hauern, it is, I believe, the 
 case that the large farmers will not employ the colonists. This 
 is due of course not to any bad repute that the colony may 
 have, but rather to the doubt whether the colonist has been 
 sufficiently cured of the defect, whatever it may have been, that 
 caused his resort to the colony. 
 
 Situations are thus found, if at all, among the small farmers. 
 These small farmers possessing very slender resources can only 
 afford to pay extremely small wages, and they do pay, I am led 
 to believe, to the ex-colonists whom they employ wages no 
 higher than those paid in the colony. I have even been told 
 that in some cases, in spite of the efforts of the colony to the 
 contrary, ex-colonists have been employed at wages rather lower, 
 and have been boarded at small farms in rather less comfortable 
 conditions than were those which they had in the colony, 
 their acceptance of lower wages being clearly due to their 
 estimate of the value of free labour with the freedom also of 
 drinking when they chose, as contrasted with the restric- 
 tions of the colony. It may be observed in this connection 
 that although the numbers concerned are relatively small yet 
 owing to the circumstances described, the minimum subsistence 
 wage fixed by the colony for the purpose of inducing men 
 to seek outside employment, may tend to some extent to become 
 the maximum wage for low grade labour in the district. 
 
 (6.) In cases where situations are found at a distance, all 
 depends upon the extent to which the employer takes advantage 
 of his knowledge of the antecedents of an ex-colonist to cheapen 
 his labour. The threat of dismissal by an employer who has 
 been induced by the colony authorities to employ a colonist is a 
 serious affair for a man who has been placed in the situation for 
 the purpose of gaining anew the character he had lost. 
 
 There can be little doubt that, as a rule, the employers who 
 seek to employ ex-colonists do so because they imagine such 
 labour can be employed at a low rate of wages. 
 
 Employers who employ at low rates of wages, however, 
 generally find in the long run that low wages mean dear work. 
 Thus the ex-colonist is dismissed or resigns ; in any case he 
 finds his way back to the colony, and the process is repeated. 
 
 The disproportion between the number of colonists discharged 
 at their own desire and the number of those who go to situa- 
 tions found for them by the colonies is very great. This will 
 be seen from the following table, which shows the number 
 of discharges from three principal causes, at 22 colonies in 
 1889-91.* 
 
 * See Dr. Berthold, op. cit., p. 60. 
 
286 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Sent to situations - . . > 
 Discharged at. own desire - - - - 
 Dismissed - _ 
 
 2,623 
 8,564 
 2,120 
 
 19-7 
 64-4 
 15-9 
 
 Total discharged - - ^ 
 
 13,307 100-0 
 
 This disproportion is accounted for by the difficulty which 
 the colonies experience in obtaining situations, and also by the 
 knowledge that a colonist is apt to be handicapped in a situation 
 obtained for him by the colony. 
 
 Influence of the Colonies on Wages, 
 
 The question of the influence of the operations of the labour 
 colonies on the rate of wages is one to which a positive answer 
 is difficult to give. 
 
 Two kinds of influence might be alleged, (1) that they reduce 
 the rate of wages by the competition of their products in the 
 outside market, and by the low minimum wage fixed in the 
 colonies, or (2) that they raise it by drawing off" from the labour 
 market a number of workers whose standard of subsistence is 
 extremely low. 
 
 Those best qualified to judge of the economic efiects of the 
 German colonies are unanimously of opinion that they have had 
 no influence upon the rates of wages. Two arguments are em- 
 ployed in support of this view ; 1st, that in Germany wages are 
 regulated to a great extent by custonfi, and only to a small 
 extent by the operation of the laws of supply and demand of 
 labour ; and 2nd, that the material dealt with by the colonies 
 does not in any real sense enter the competitive labour market, 
 and would not do so even if the colonies were non-existent. 
 On the first point, the extent to which customary wages obtain 
 in Germany is probably not so great as it used to be. Even if 
 it were, local customs change from time to time, and it is 
 conceivable that a colony might produce such a change in its 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 As regards the second point, if we regard the colonists as a 
 class apart — as a class of non-eflectives — it will be evident that 
 their proceedings will have a trifling — if any — effect upon the 
 labour market. The difficulty experienced by the colonies in 
 obtaining situations for the colonists goes a long way towards 
 proving the slenderness of their influence upon the market for 
 continuous labour. 
 
GERMAN, 287 
 
 It is to be observed, however, that the colonies do not 
 interfere with the labour market, because they do not deal 
 with the problem of the want of employment of the respectable 
 workman. It is because the colonist is non-efficient, that he 
 does not compete in the labour market. If the colonies turned 
 out annually large numbers of regenerate labourers, they would 
 compete. It is nob alleged that injury would result from their 
 doing so ; but the element of non-interference with the 
 processes of ordinary industry which at present is claimed for 
 the colonies would disappear, and it would depend upon the 
 skill with which they were administered, whether or not they 
 wrought to social disadvantage, however benevolent might be 
 their intentions. 
 
 The Effect of the Colony System upon the Regularity of 
 Employment, 
 
 Here, as in the other elements of the economic effects of the 
 colony system, it is difficult to obtain data upon which to form 
 definite conclusions. The statistics of the German colonies 
 show however that tliey are sought as places of refuge in winter, 
 by those who manage somehow to secure their livelihood by 
 more or less casual labour in summer. While this class of 
 labourers would find it hard indeed to live were it not for the 
 colonies, the apparent tendency is for the colony, in common 
 with other forms of relief, to diminish the relatively high rates 
 of wages in seasonal trades. 
 
 The considerations which apply to the question as to how far 
 the colonies influence the rate of wages apply here also. The 
 colonists are a class apart from ordinary labour, whose labour is 
 inefficient and non-competitive, whose spasmodic appearance in 
 the labour market can have no influence upon regular employ- 
 ment in any real sense. 
 
 Relations of the Colony to the Markets for Goods, 
 
 It is argued on behalf of the colonies, that the labour of the 
 colonists is so inefficient and their product in consequence so 
 expensive that the colonies cannot possibly compete with private 
 enterprise. This would be sound if the colonies were not sup- 
 ported by charitable funds. As it is they might give away 
 their produce and still exist. 
 
 The colonies, however, aim at being self-contained as far as 
 practicable. The bulk of their produce is consumed in the 
 colony, or in charitable institutions more or less definitely in 
 connection with it, and thus the effects of the competition of the 
 colony produce in the market are minimized. 
 
288 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 It may be that the insignificance of the quantities of 
 produce sent by the colonies into the local markets precludes 
 the idea that they can have any effect upon the market for 
 goods. That the quantities are relatively small there can be 
 no doubt. On a market day at Bielefeld, for example, the 
 quantity of produce sent in by the colony at Willi elmsdorf 
 rarely exceeds one-twentieth of the total quantity of similar 
 produce offered in the market for sale. The local farmers and 
 market gardeners offering produce for sale in this and other 
 markets to which the colonies send their goods are understood 
 to reo;ard the competition of the colonies with equanimity. 
 Here, as in the case of wages, the element of custom is said to 
 count for much. It is the case, however, that in the small local 
 markets prices vary widely even in the course of a morning. 
 In the early hours prices are low because relatively few buyers 
 have arrived. Between 8 and 9 o'clock in the morning the 
 market is crowded, competition is brisk and most business is 
 done. An hour later, when the best of the produce is gone, 
 prices fall, and any price will be taken to clear out the remainder 
 of the produce a farmer has brought in his cart. In a market so 
 restricted as this, even a comparatively small quantity has its 
 influence upon the price. It is clear therefore that unless the 
 produce of the colony farm is well marketed, the throwing- 
 into the market, at sacrifice prices, of produce grown by means 
 of a subsidy from the charitable might have a disastrous effect 
 upon the producers of similar commodities. I have, however, 
 been unable to trace any influence of this kind definitely to the 
 colonies. In the case of the colonies in the cities, it is said 
 that brush makers, toy makers, and others whose industries are 
 interfered with look upon the colonies with no favourable eye. 
 
 Extent to which the Colonies cope with the Evils caused by 
 . want of Employment. 
 
 It will be evident, from the description and criticism of the 
 colony system, that the evils caused by want of employment are 
 only met to a modified extent. The result which in other 
 countries has invariably followed the system of indiscriminate 
 admission to relief has followed it also in Germany, and the 
 colonies have been filled not by those who suffer from want 
 of employment pure and simple, but by those who, besides 
 suffering from want of employment, suffer from some moral or 
 physical defect which renders them undesirable associates for 
 those who liave not fallen or who are not physically incapable. 
 
 For this reason the German working man shuns the colonies. 
 He will not help to form the insignificant minority of 25 in the 
 society of 75 ex-convicts. 
 
 It is the universal opinion, so far as I have been able to 
 ascertain, that, at present, the regular working man will have 
 nothing to do with the colonies. 
 
GERMAN. 289 
 
 The evils caused by want of employment are on the Continent 
 less, both relatively and absolutely, than in England ; thus the 
 German colonies are not called upon to deal with these to the 
 same extent as might be expected to be the case in England 
 should such colonies be established in this country. The 
 respectable artisan out of employment is looked after by the 
 Elberfeld system of poor relief, which is now widely adopted 
 throughout Germany.* 
 
 The German Colonies and Land Reclamation. 
 
 In nearly all of the agricultural colonies in Germany, the 
 labour of the colonists is devoted to the reclamation of land. 
 In some the methods are primitive, and hand labour is used 
 where mechanical appliances might be adopted with advan- 
 tage. In others mechanical aid is not rejected. The period 
 during which the German colonies have existed is too short to 
 determine how far the annual deficits of each colony have been 
 covered by the increased value of the land operated upon. It is 
 not certain that this increased value can ever be revealed, because 
 it is unlikely that, unless in some rare case, the value will ever 
 be realised. The farm colonies have not as yet sold any of 
 their land, and thus any valuation which may be put upon it 
 must, in the absence of a purchaser, be purely speculative.! 
 
 The only instance of a labour colony in which an increment 
 has been realised is in the case of the Berlin (city) colony. Six 
 years after its foundation the society sold at a large profit the 
 greater part of the land originally purchased. J 
 
 In the case of the farm colonies no doubt the increased value 
 of the land appears, or ought to appear, in increased annual 
 yield of the soil. But while labour of the inefficient colonist 
 
 * See Reports on Elberfeld Poor Law System and German Workmen's Colonies, 
 1888. C— 5341. 
 
 f The folloAvinp: is the estimated increment in value of the colony at Rickling. 
 The -valuation was made by the Government for assessing purposes ; but Herr von 
 Henitze, the President of the Society for Rickling, and Landrath of the district of 
 Kiel, thinks that the valuation is too high. 
 
 — 
 
 1883. 1884. 
 Cost. 1 Valuation. 
 
 ! 
 
 1892. 
 Valuation. 
 
 Marks. 
 Land ... - 38,012 
 
 Marks. 
 100,000 
 
 Marks. 
 170,000 
 
 " If the amount of the Government valuation were realised, the colony would have 
 " raised the value of its investments from 7,200Z. in 1883 to 17,500Z. in 1891, an 
 " annual increment of 1,300Z., which, if deducted from the annual subsidy of 2,010/., 
 *' would reduce the cost of the colony to the community to 710Z. per annum, or a 
 " cost of about \l. lis. 6c?. per man benefited." — Report on Labour Colonies. By 
 J. Mavor, J. R. Motion, J. Speir^ and R. P. Wright. Glasgow^ 1S92. p. 4$, 
 
 X See Report, Glasgow, 1892, above quoted, pp. 19 et seq. 
 
 o 77723. T 
 
290 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 type may be applied at subsistence wages upon reclaimable 
 land with a minimum of loss or even with profit, it is by 
 no means proved that such labour, if applied to the same land 
 when brought into cultivation would enable the land to yield its 
 full nett product. The increased value of the land may thus not 
 be fully reaped by the colony uidess the land is sold or cultivated 
 by skilled labour under economical conditions. 
 
 It is obvious that the ordinary farmer endeavours to cultivate 
 his land with as few labourers as possible ; while the director of 
 the colony has to find room upon the land for as many men as he 
 €an crowd upon it. This must always niilitate against the 
 financial position of the colonies. The reclamation of land and 
 the reclamation of men are two diflferent processes, and there is 
 no evidence in the history of the German colonies to show that 
 the profits of the one will defray the costs of the other. 
 
 The following description of one of the colonies shows in 
 detail how the work is carried on. 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf. 
 
 All the German Labour Colonies are conducted on the 
 same general principle, although they differ in minor details ; 
 and in some of the arrangements the newer colonies are in 
 advance of those that were established earlier. The colony at 
 Wilhelmsdorf may, however, be taken as the type.* 
 
 The agricultural colony of Wilhelmsdorf is situated in the 
 forest which stretches southwards from the Teutoburger Wald on 
 one of the spurs of which, and in view of the colony, stands the 
 Hermann monument. When the colony was established eleven 
 years ago there was only one main road througli this portion of 
 the forest. Now, by the labours of the colonists, roads run 
 in all directions, and the district has been fully opened up. 
 It is not improbable that ere long the estate will be fully 
 occupied by the numerous institutions which the active mind of 
 Pastor von Bodelschwingh is continually projecting. One of the 
 great highways has been made by colony labour, the province 
 having defrayed a portion of the cost. Since the establishment 
 of the colony there have been constructed by colonists' labour 
 30 to 40 kilometres of roads, and buildinofs coverinof four mor- 
 gens (2 1 acres) of land. New plantations also have been made 
 to the extent of 70 morgens, and 431 morgens of land have 
 been brought into cultivation.t 
 
 * For recent detailed descviption of Friedrichswille, Rickling, and Berlin, see 
 Report upon Labour Colonies, Glasgow, 1892. For other accounts of these and of 
 other colonies, see Bibliography, p. 431. 
 
 f 4 morgens = 1 hectare; 1 hectare = 2^ acres approximately. 
 
GERMAN. 291 
 
 The land occupied by Wilhelmsdorf and its subsidiary colonies 
 for inebriates and epileptics is utilised as follows : — 
 
 Morgen. 
 
 Meadow land - - - 220 
 
 Potatoes - _ - - 36 
 
 Rye . - . - 80 
 
 Maize - - - - 11 
 
 Buckwheat - - - - 10 
 
 Wheat - - - - 26 . • 
 
 Lupins - - - - 6 
 
 Pasture and clover - - - 30 
 
 Vegetables - - - - 17 
 
 'Beet for fodder - - - 25 
 
 Plantations - - - - 70 
 
 Forest . . - - 600 
 
 Sand . - - - 430 
 
 Koads - - - - 35 
 
 Buildings - - - - 4 
 
 1,600 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf proper occupies 1,300 morgens, and Wilhelms- 
 hiitte, Eichhof, &c., oOO morgens. 
 
 The following is the farm stock at Wilhelmsdorf: — 
 
 8 horses and three foals. 
 40 swine and boars. 
 80 sucking pigs. 
 170 sheep. 
 44 cows and young cattle. 
 
 1 bull. 
 
 4 draught oxen. 
 60 fowls. 
 30 pigeons. 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances, and with the aid of agricul- 
 tural machinery, the farm of Wilhelmsdorf could be worked by 
 30 men. It must be remembered, however, that in this case 
 much of tlie work now done by the colonists — building, &c. — 
 would be done by contract, and by the employment of outside 
 labour, while some of it — road-making, &c. — would probably 
 not be done at all, or not done in connexion with the working 
 of the farm. 
 
 When an intending colonist arrives at Wilhelmsdorf the 
 first thing to be done is to demand his papers. These are, as a 
 rule, forthcoming, for police regulations are so stringent in 
 Germany that anyone without visible means of support and 
 
 T 2 
 
292 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 without papers runs risk of being promptly locked up as a 
 vagabond. These papers consist of his discharge from prison^ 
 should he have been imprisoned ; his book containing a record 
 of his places of employment, and in the case of those who 
 frequent the lodging-houses and relief stations, the Wander- 
 schein, which gives a record of his progress through the country. 
 These papers are retained by the director of the colony, and the 
 applicant is at once, without inquiry of any sort, sent to get 
 something to eat. The colony is about 5 miles from the nearest 
 town, and about 9 miles from the nearest Herberge, so that the 
 colonist must have had a considerable walk before he arrived 
 at the colony. After having had his meal, the man is set to 
 any work that may be available — field work or ditching generally 
 to begin with. During the following few days inquiries are 
 made through the police. If the man is seeking to escape from 
 justice, the police quickly make application for his surreuder ; 
 but no matter how bad his previous record may be, he is not 
 dismissed from the colony unless he misconducts himself there. 
 
 During the past- few years, however, as might be expected, 
 the colonies have been victimised by certain colonists. When 
 the conduct of these has become a nuisance their names are 
 advertised in the " Arheiter-Kolo7iie." These men are refused 
 admittance to the colonies, and in certain cases may even be 
 handed over to the police. 
 
 For the first 14 days after his arrival the colonist receives^ 
 his maintenance, but is credited with no wages in addition. 
 Should he be in need of clothes, as he generally is, he is supplied 
 with these on credit.'^ After the first fortnight the colonist is 
 credited with wages at the rate of from 20 pf. to 30 pf. (2Jc^. to 
 S^d.) per day in addition to his board and lodging. 
 
 The rate of wa^es is not uniform. Two of the cattle- 
 men who have been for a considerable time in the colony 
 have 50 pf. (6d.) per day ; two others have 40 pf. each, a few 
 have 30 pf. per day ; the bulk have 25 pf., a few old colonists 
 have 20 pf., and a very few 10 pf. (about IJd) per day. The 
 rate is wholly at the discretion of the director of the colony. 
 The bulk of the colonists have 25 pf. per day; but this applies 
 only to the nine months during which it is possible to work out 
 of doors for a full day. From November 15 until February 15 
 the rate is reduced to 20 pf. A bonus is occasionally given on 
 leaving, as a recognition of good conduct. 
 
 The amount due to the colonist as wages is not paid in cash 
 until he leaves the colony, and then he receives an order upon 
 the Bielefeld institution for the money. But in many cases the 
 
 * These are charged for as follows : — Sh'rt, 1 mk. 40 pf. ; tious2rs, 1 mk. to 
 2 mks. ; coat, 3 inks. 50 pf . to 4 mks. ; shoes, 4 mks. 
 Note. — Mnrk = Is. ; 100 pfennig = 1 mark. 
 
GERMAN. 293 
 
 colonist leaves the colony in debt. The cost of his clothes and 
 his tobacco has more than swallowed up his surplus earnings. 
 
 Of the 104 persons who entered Wilhelmsdorf during the 
 three months ending 31st March, 1893, 91 had left the colony 
 on 6 th of August. 
 
 Marks, pf. 
 
 Of these 91, 35 left in debt, the aggregate 
 
 amount being - - . - 223 12 
 
 An average of 6 mks. 37 pf. per head. 
 
 Of these 35 eight repaid their debts, 
 
 amounting to- - - - 4910 
 
 There left without cash and without debt 
 20, and there left with cash 3(3, to the 
 amount of - - - - 132 14 
 
 An average of 3 mks. 67 pf. per head. 
 
 This question of debt is in some ways likely to be a serious 
 one. The loss to the colony in the period in question at the 
 rate of about Sol. per annum is not very great, but the influence 
 upon the colonist- cannot be good. What occurs is simply that men 
 come for a few weeks to the colonies, get clothes on credit, and 
 then go off on the tramp. If, on the other hand, the colony 
 were permitted to detain a colonist until his clothes had been 
 paid for, there would at once be an infringement of the 
 principle of liberty of movement which the colonies hold sacred, 
 and the door would be open to some of the incidents of the 
 sweating system which might, in spite of the philanthropic 
 character of the colonies, work to their disadvantage. It is 
 true that when a colonist secures a situation through the colony, 
 the colony requires the employer to undertake to pay out of the 
 wages earned by the colonist the debt due to the colony. There 
 are two drawbacks to this system. In the first place, the 
 employer does not always pay, and the colony does not always 
 think it worth while to pursue him for payment ; and in the 
 second place, there is an inducement for the colonist who is in 
 debt to go on the tramp in the hope of getting for himself a 
 situation, in which case he would be relieved of the inconvenience 
 of having the colony debt stopped out of his wages.^ 
 
 The largest number ever accommodated at Wilhelmsdorf was 
 410. This was in 1888, when there was much local distress 
 during the winter. Since then other colonies have been opened 
 and similar pressure has not been put upon the resources of the 
 colony. 
 
 * The system Jtdopted at La Chalmelle of giving outright a suit of clothes on 
 arrival avoids this system of debt, and is probably no more costly to the colony, 
 Cf. page 329, infra. 
 
294 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 The following table shows in great detail the previous employ- 
 ments of colonists at Wilhelmsdorf up till 31st July 1893. 
 
 Trades. 
 
 .^«- through 
 ^"^y- Colony. 
 
 Total 
 since 
 founda- 
 tion. 
 
 Trades. 
 
 No. 
 now 
 in 
 
 Co- . 
 lony. ^ 
 
 No. 
 
 pre- 
 viously 
 passed 
 hrough 
 Colony. 
 
 Total 
 since 
 
 founda- 
 tion. 
 
 1 
 *Labourer8 
 
 65 
 
 2,805 
 
 2,870 
 
 Gilders - 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 6 
 
 131 
 
 137 
 
 Technologists - 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 Haymakers 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Bakers - 
 
 2 
 
 235 
 
 237 
 
 Miners - - 
 
 2 
 
 171 
 
 173 
 
 Confectioners - 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Bleacher 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Butchers 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 Brewers - 
 
 1 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 Barbers - 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 Distillers 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Hatters - 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Tilers 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Furriers - - - 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Slaters - 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Tailors - 
 
 1 
 
 143 
 
 144 
 
 Builders - 
 
 7 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 Glove-makers - 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Stonecutters - 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 Button-makers - 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Paviors - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Cap-makers 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 Moulders 
 
 — 
 
 47 
 
 47 
 
 Lace-makers 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Boiler-makers - 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Umbrella-makers 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 rounders 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 2 
 
 186 
 
 188 
 
 "Forger or striker 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Brush-makers - 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Smiths - 
 
 2 
 
 131 
 
 133 
 
 Cigar-makers - 
 
 2 
 
 88 
 
 90 
 
 ■Wheelwrights - 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Basket-makers - 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 Locksmiths 
 
 7 
 
 284 
 
 291 
 
 Knife-makers - 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Tin foundei-s - 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Watchmakers - 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 Brick-makers - 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 Stocking weavers 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Nail-makers - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Cloth weavers - 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 Burners - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Weavers - 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 
 102 
 
 Millers - 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Spinner 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Rope-makers - 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 Dyers - 
 
 - 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 Soap-boiler 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Fleshers- 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 Chimney sweepers 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 Tanners - 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Sculptors 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 ! 8 
 
 Saddlers - 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 Photographers - 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Furnituie polisher 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Map draughtsman 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Painters 
 
 - 
 
 186 
 
 186 
 
 Engraver 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Paperhangers - 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 IS 
 
 Lithographers - 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Joiners ... 
 
 3 
 
 98 
 
 101 
 
 Book printers - 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 Bookbinders - 
 
 - 
 
 50 
 
 i 50 
 
 Turners - 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 Compositors 
 
 — 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 ) 
 
 Iron turners - 
 
 — 
 
 45 
 
 1 
 
 . 
 
 * Hand labourer, factory worker, and farm labourer are not distinguished in the German 
 labour colony statistics, otherwise very exhaustive. It is equally impossible to distinguish the 
 classes in the books of the colonies or from the Zahlkarfen. 
 
GERMAN. 
 
 295 
 
 Trades. 
 
 No. 
 now 
 
 Co- 
 
 No. 
 
 pre- ' Total 
 viously j since 
 founda 
 tion. 
 
 passed 
 ^°"y- Colony. 
 
 Trades. 
 
 No. 
 now 
 in 
 Co- 
 lony. 
 
 No. 
 
 pre- 
 viously 
 passed 
 through 
 Colony. 
 
 Total 
 since 
 
 founda- 
 tion. 
 
 Brass founders - 
 Gold workers - 
 Tinsmiths 
 Coppersmiths - 
 Silver worker - 
 
 Lacquerers 
 
 Pile cutters 
 
 Wire drawers - 
 
 Gunmakers 
 
 Glass workers - 
 
 Potters - 
 
 Box-makers 
 
 Dentists' mechanics 
 
 Seaman - 
 
 Land registry clerks 
 
 Cooks - 
 
 "Waiters - 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 - 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 Valet - 
 Coachmen 
 
 Hospital attendants 
 Copyists - 
 Account collector 
 Accountants 
 Managers 
 Merchants 
 Authors - 
 Teachers 
 Musicians 
 Physicians 
 
 Pharmaceutical 
 mists. 
 
 Geometers 
 
 Functionaries 
 or munici{)al). 
 
 Total 
 
 che- 
 
 (State 
 
 1 
 11 
 36 
 
 18 
 
 149 
 25 
 
 872 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 42 
 
 6,698 6,867 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 39 
 21 
 1 
 
 150 
 3i 
 
 382 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 11 
 
 2; 
 43 
 
 Suramarising the above table into large groups of occupations 
 we get the following results, from which it will be seen that 
 nearly half of the colonists belong to the lower grades of 
 the labouring class. 
 
 
 In 
 
 Colony 
 31st July 
 1 1893. 
 
 1 
 
 Left 
 since 
 
 1882. 
 
 ' Total 
 since 1882. 
 
 Per- 
 centage^ 
 of 
 Total 
 of 
 Colonists. 
 
 I. Unskilled Labour:- 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Day labourers . - - . - 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. Inferior Grade Skilled Labour :— )■ 
 
 71 
 
 2,939 
 
 3,010 
 
 1-3 -8. 
 
 Parm workers . - - - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gardeners .... .J 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 III. Medium Grade Skilled Labour :-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heavy handicrafts .... 
 
 29 
 
 1,080 
 
 1,109 
 
 16 •2'. 
 
 IV. Superior Grade Skilled Labour :— 
 
 
 
 
 
 Light handicrafts .... 
 
 41 
 
 1,903 
 
 1,944 
 
 28-3 
 
 V. Prom military service • - - 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 VI. Domestic employments . - - - 
 
 5 
 
 108 
 
 113 
 
 IT 
 
 VII. Commercial employment 
 
 21 
 
 561 
 
 585 
 
 8-5. 
 
 VIII. Professional employment 
 
 2 
 
 104 
 
 106 
 
 1-5 
 
 Totals .... 
 
 169 
 
 6,698 
 
 6,867 
 
 100-0 
 
296 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 Westphalia and the Rhineland provinces of Prussia contributed 
 about two-thirds of the colonists at Wilhelmsdorf, Westphalia 
 alone being 48 per cent, of the total. Full particulars of the 
 places of origin of the colonists are given in the annexed table, 
 which also shows the aggregate number of relief days credited to 
 each province, i.e., the sum arrived at by adding together the 
 number of days that each man was in the colony. 
 
 — 
 
 Number of 
 
 Colonists on 
 
 31st July 
 
 1893. 
 
 Total number 
 of Colonists 
 since 1882. 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 No. of 
 
 Relief Days. 
 
 Anhalt 
 
 _ 
 
 11 
 
 445 
 
 Baden - - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 2,309 
 
 Bavaria . _ - - 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 7,943 
 
 Brunswick _ - - - 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 4,018 
 
 Bremen _ _ _ - 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 2,036 
 
 Hamburg . - - . 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 2,107 
 
 Lippe Detmoltl _ - . 
 
 8 
 
 219 
 
 23,857 
 
 Mecklenburg - - - - 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 1,700 
 
 Oldenburg _ . - - 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 1,579 
 
 Prussia : Province Brandenburg 
 
 7 
 
 156 
 
 17,226 
 
 „ „ Hanover 
 
 6 
 
 150 
 
 11,153 
 
 „ „ Hesse 
 
 8 
 
 432 
 
 43,649 
 
 „ „ I'osen 
 
 3 
 
 68 
 
 3,271 
 
 „ „ Pomerania - 
 
 2 
 
 59 
 
 6,525 
 
 „ „ East Prussia 
 
 2 
 
 109 
 
 16,068 
 
 „ „ West Prussia 
 
 3 
 
 82 
 
 7,560 
 
 „ „ Rhineland - 
 
 17 
 
 1,323 
 
 113,282 
 
 „ Saxony 
 
 1 
 
 180 
 
 11,876 
 
 „ „ Silesia 
 
 4 
 
 226 
 
 20,473 
 
 „ „ Schles.wig-Holstein - 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 1,664 
 
 „ ,. Westphalia 
 
 80 
 
 3,279 
 
 297,408 
 
 Saxony, Kingdom _ . . 
 
 7 
 
 84 
 
 6,228 
 
 Schaumburg-Lippe - . - 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 '2,568 
 
 Thuringia - - - 
 
 8 
 
 70 
 
 8,209 
 
 VValdeck-Pyrmont 
 
 1 
 
 55 
 
 2,352 
 
 Wxirtemberg - - - - 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 1,819 
 
 Foreign countiies _ - - 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 
 7,632 
 
 Total 
 
 169 
 
 6,867 
 
 624,457 
 
 Of the 6,867 intrants into the Wilhelmsdorf Colony, 2,421, or 
 35-3 per cent., reported that they possessed a home, while 4,446, 
 or 64*7 per cent., were without any fixed residence. 
 
 As might be expected from the antecedents of the colonists, 
 their notions of the rights of individual property are quite 
 primitive, and they barely resent being deprived by each other 
 of tobacco and trifling articles of private property which they 
 individually possess. Only one case of actual theft from the 
 colony has taken place, and this was committed, not by ♦ a 
 colonist, but by an overseer, who stole blankets belonging to the 
 colony and sold them in the neighbouring town of Bielefeld. 
 There has been one case of housebreakin^r in the neighbourhood 
 by a small patty of colonists, who left the colony and prowled 
 about the neighbourhood. 
 
GERMAN. 297 
 
 The time-table of the colony varies with the seasons : — 
 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Lute Spring. 
 
 Summer, 
 
 Bising, week days . - - 
 
 5.0 to 5.30 
 
 4.30 
 
 4.0 
 
 „ Sundays . . - 
 
 6.0 to 6.30 
 
 6.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 First breakfast - - - - 
 
 5.20 to 5.50 
 
 4.50 
 
 4.20 
 
 Morning Service . . - 
 
 5.40 to 6.10 
 
 5.10 
 
 4.40 
 
 Second breakfast ... 
 
 9.0 
 
 8.80 
 
 8.30 
 
 Dinner - - - - - 
 
 12.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 12.0 
 
 Afternoon meal (carried to the fields) - 
 
 — 
 
 3.30 
 
 3.30 
 
 Supper- - - - - 
 
 5.50 
 
 7.0 
 
 8.0 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 The followinof is the menu :- 
 
 First breakfast 
 Second breakfast 
 
 Dinner 
 
 Afternoon meal 
 Supper 
 
 - Coffee, black bread, beet jelly. 
 
 - Lard or butter or cheese, black 
 
 bread. 
 
 - Vegetables with potatoes, pig's 
 
 fat three times a week, 
 
 - Coffee, bread and lard. 
 
 - Milk (or rice or peas), soup, 
 
 potatoes, herring occasionally. 
 
 In the summer of 1893 the men were employed in the colony 
 at the following occupations. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Paid 
 Foremen. 
 
 Colonists. 
 
 Joiners _ _ - > . 
 Shoemakers ----- 
 Tailors - . - - - 
 Smiths - - - . . 
 Coppersmith (working also in sheet iron, tin, and zinc) 
 Masons and bricklayers - - ^ - 
 Dining room service - - - - 
 Laundry (for three days in each week) 
 Vegetable gang - _ . . 
 Farmyard hands - - - 
 Field workers . _ _ . 
 Garden . - . . _ 
 €lerk ----- 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 2 
 3 
 8 
 9 
 76 
 7 
 ] 
 
 Total - . - . 
 
 3 
 
 123 
 
298 FOEEK^N LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 It will be seen that most of the colonists are employed in the 
 fields.* This work includes reclamation, which at Wilhelmsdorf 
 is carried on by a method of trenching. The land npon which 
 the colony is situated contains at a depth of from two to three 
 feet below the surface, a friable limestone possessing highly 
 fertilizing properties. The superincumbent light mould is 
 removed and the stone exposed. When it weathers, which it 
 does very rapidly, this material is dug out and spread over the 
 land. Tlie practice is to employ a large gang of men on this 
 work all day in winter, when the weather admits of out-door 
 labour, and in summer in the early hours of the day. In the 
 afternoon during the hay, rye and other harvests, the whole 
 body of men are employed in the fields, gathering and loading. 
 
 The type of men who occupy the Wilhelmsdorf colony has 
 already been indicated. Their antecedents do not lead one to 
 expect either great diligence, exemplary -tionduct, or high spirits. 
 Yet the perfect orderliness, maintained without any apparent 
 effort, the absence of drill, the extent to which they are trusted 
 to work without close supervision, the general good nature, and 
 on the whole, the spirit of hard work which pervade the place, 
 are very remarkable. In some of the German colonies one 
 cannot fail to notice the crushed hopelessness of the aspect o£ 
 the men, the absence of individual initiative and their general 
 helplessness. So far as my observation went these features 
 struck me less at Wilhelmsdorf than elsewhere. The explanation 
 is probably to be found in the circumstance that the colony is 
 the oldest, and that it has had the advantage of the management 
 from the beginning of Herr Meyer, the director, whose experienced 
 kindliness enables him to deal with the men individually in an 
 impressively skilful way. It should be said in this connection 
 that the personal element counts for much in the German colonies. 
 The directors or " house fathers " are as a rule very happily chosen. 
 The enthusiasm and ability with which they deal with the men 
 under their charge form a really important feature in the 
 development of the system in Germany. 
 
 Projected further Developments of the Labour Colony System. 
 
 The development of the labour colony system has brought 
 into prominence two facts : — 1. That colonies open to all tend to 
 be occupied mainly by discharged prisoners. 2. That a certain 
 number of these and a certain number of those who have not 
 undergone punishment, but who frequent the colonies, stand in 
 need of permanent organisation. 
 
 Dr. Bertholdf proposes that those who have been frequently 
 imprisoned and. who have been also frequently in the colonies, 
 should be handed over to the police. This would involve their 
 
 * For an extended description of the agricultural methods of the German colonies, 
 see Report cited, Glasgow 1892. 
 t Dr. Berthold, op. cit., p. 71. 
 
GERMAN. 299 
 
 being sent to the House of Correction (Corrections- Anstalt) for 
 periods varying from six months to two years. 
 
 Pastor Cronemeyer,* on the other hand, proposes that those 
 who have been imprisoned twice or oftener, or who have been 
 twice or oftener in a labour colony, should be sent to a new 
 type of colony to be called the improvement colony, and com- 
 pelled to remain there for at least three months. While those who 
 belong to the second class mentioned above, namely, those who 
 have not been punished, who have been diligent in the labour 
 colony, but who stand in need of permanent organisation for 
 their labour, should be sent to another type of colony — the 
 Heimat-Kolonie ('' Home " Colony). There they would at first be 
 treated as are the colonists in the labour colony of the ordinary 
 type, and afterwards settled with their families on smallholdings 
 after the Dutch model. The distinction between Dr. Berthold's 
 proposal and that of Pastor Cronemeyer's is that the first 
 involves handing the colonists over to the police, and the 
 treatment of them as prisoners, while the second contemplates 
 their treatment throughout by the voluntary agency of the 
 Labour Colony Society. The objection to the first proposal is 
 that it is apparently a return to a method which the labour colo- 
 nies were intended to improve upon ; and the objection to the 
 second is that it involves compulsory residence in a private 
 institution, a method hitherto associated with orrave evils. 
 
 The improvenrient colony (Besserungs-Kolonie) has not yet 
 been established ; although it is conceivable that the existing 
 labour colonies might be converted into colonies of this type. 
 
 A beginning has been made with the '•' home " colony. One 
 has been founded at Friedrichwilhelmsdorf, near Wulsdorf, 
 about three miles from Bremerhaven. This colony was opened 
 in September 1886 with 12 colonists. f 
 
 During the past two years the average number of colonists 
 has been 35. The colonists, when they first enter, are housed in 
 barracks. Afterwards they are promoted to the position of 
 Heiuiat-Kolonisten (" Home " Colonists), and have separate 
 cottages for each family. Of the second class there are at 
 present 12 families. 
 
 The cost of the establishment of the colony was as follows : — J 
 
 Marks.§ 
 
 Land _ . - . . 71,724 
 
 Cost of putting buildings in repair - - 58,854 
 
 Stock, &c. - - - . . 23,291 
 
 Total - 153,869 
 
 * Eine Zuflucht der Elenden, Bremerhaven, 1893, p. 37. See also Die Heimat- 
 Kolonie Friedrich-Wilhelmsdorf. Bremerhaven, 1891 ; and Bericht uber die General 
 Versammluug der Arbeiter-Kolonie Wilhelmsdorf in Hamm am 7ten August 1886. 
 Bielefeld [1886], p. 5. 
 
 f Cronemeyer, op. cit., p. 41. 
 
 X Sechster Jaliresbericht des Vereins fiir die Heimat-Colonie Friedrich-Wilhelms- 
 dorf. Geestemunde. 1893. 
 
 § One mark = I5. 
 
SOO FOREIGN LABOUE COLONIES. 
 
 The debt, upon which interest is payable, is as follows : — 
 
 Marks. 
 
 Bearing interest at 2°/^, and sinking fund at 
 
 2°/o .... - 5^000 
 
 Bearing interest at S^""/^ - - - 60,000 
 
 Bearing interest at 4^°/^ - - - 50,000 
 
 Total - 115,000 
 
 The present value of the land is estimated at 93,667 marks, 
 an increase in value of nearly 22,000 marks. 
 
 The colony is aided by the following annual grants — 
 
 Marks. 
 
 From Emperor William's Fund - - 1,000 
 
 From the Ministry of Agriculture - - 750 
 And by collections and subscriptions to the 
 
 amount (in 1892) of - - - 11,000 
 
 Total - 12,750 
 
 This at present suffices to cover the annual deficit. 
 
 Herhergen z\it Heimat. 
 
 The Herhergen zur Heimat are a kind of model lodging-house. 
 Their establishment is promoted by the German Herberge 
 Society (Deutscher Herbergsverein), anri most of them are esta- 
 blished and maintained by provincial or local societies under 
 various names. The system is to some extent international. The 
 Society publishes a list of 410 Herhergen in Germany, eight 
 in Switzerland, four in Holland, three in L)enmark, one in Russia, 
 two in New York, and two in London. 
 
 The total amount of capital invested in the German Herhergen 
 is estimated at 30,000,000 marks (1,500,000^.\ the total number 
 of beds being 14,000 to 15,000, or about 100^. per bed. In 
 1890 the total amount of guests in the German Herhergen was 
 3,200,000. Of these, 2,000,000 paid their own expenses in cash, 
 700,000 worked for their entertainment, and 500,000 were in 
 regular employment at the Herhergen. 
 
 The accommodation at the Herhergen varies very much. At 
 Bielefeld, where the Herberge was built and is conducted under 
 the surveillance of Pastor von Bodelschwingh, there are large 
 concert halls, a gymnasium, and thoroughly comfortable sleeping 
 rooms. In Frankfort-on-Main there is the largest Herberge ; at 
 Berlin there are four, and at Hamburg two. In some of the 
 
GERMAN (lodging HOUSES). 301 
 
 smaller towns the Herbergen are rather squalid, although the 
 accommodation is, as a rale, much superior to that provided by 
 the Salvation Army shelters in London, or to that provided by 
 the municipality of Glasgow in their model-lodging houses. Not 
 only is the accommodation superior, but the cost is rather ]es» 
 than in the cases mentioned. 
 
 Prices charged at the Herbergen zur Heimat in Germany. 
 
 W = Ordinary inn conforming to the principles of 
 the Herbergsverein and recommended by it. 
 
 P = Private lodging-house ditto ditto. 
 
 H = Herberge zur Heimat founded and conducted by 
 the Herbergsverein or by a local society in con- 
 nection with it. 
 
 N = Lodging, supper, and breakfast. 
 • M = Dinner alone. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 pfgs. 
 
 pfgs. 
 
 
 pfgs. 
 
 pfgs 
 
 Notteln. P. - 
 
 - 45 
 
 50 
 
 Oeynhausen. H. 
 
 - 55 
 
 30 
 
 Longerich.W. 
 
 - SO 
 
 30 
 
 Bunde. H. - 
 
 - 60 
 
 40 
 
 Dulmen. W. 
 
 - 55 
 
 25 
 
 Bielefeld. H. 
 
 - 50 
 
 20 
 
 Dorsten. W. 
 
 - 75 
 
 45 
 
 Paderborn. H. 
 
 - 75 
 
 30 
 
 Herford. H. 
 
 - 60 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 Note. — 100 pfennig = Is. 
 
 In the Herbergen of the Brandenburg Herberge Society the 
 charges are : — Bed, 20 pf.-50 pf. (2id to Qd.) ; dinner, 30 pf.-35 pf ; 
 coffee, 5 pf. ; bread and butter, 10 pf. ; soup, 10 pf. 
 
 The class of men who occupy the Herbergen varies in 
 different places and at different times. The vagrants who 
 work for their lodging and food in the relief station attached 
 sometimes form a large proportion of the guests. At other times 
 the genuine workman seeking employment is in the majority. 
 In the dining hall of a Herberge one may find the most varied 
 company. 
 
 The comfort of the Herbergen depends greatly upon the 
 relative proportions of the classes chiefly patronising them. 
 The extent to which they are religious institutions is apt 
 to be exaggerated. The sole introduction of religion is in 
 morning and evening prayers, which the guests may attend or 
 not, as they please. The Herbergen may, however, in some cases 
 have an improving effect upon their casual visitors ; but this 
 will depend entirely upon the " House fathers." In some cases 
 these men are trained in the Nazareth House at Bielefeld, or in 
 other institutions for the training of deacons, and are really 
 agents of the Home Mission. 
 
302 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 The German Herbergen, so far as I was able to examine them, 
 seem to me to be considerably more desirable lodging-places 
 than any similar institutions in England. 
 
 The following table exhibits the growth of the Herberge 
 system in Germany : — * 
 
 
 Number of New Herbergen 
 established. 
 
 Number of beds. 
 
 1854-62 - - - - 
 1863-69 - - - - 
 1870-76 - - - - 
 1877-83 - - - - 
 1884-90 - - - - 
 1891 . - _ - 
 
 16 
 44 
 24 
 
 77 
 
 198 
 
 20 
 
 1,388 
 2,128 
 1,409 
 2,976 
 5,534 
 495 
 
 1891 Total - 
 
 370 
 
 13,930 
 
 Classifying the Herbergen according 
 provided in each, we get this result — 
 
 to the number of beds 
 
 Herbergen with upwards of 100 beds 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 60-99 beds - 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 40-59 „ 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 20-39 „ . 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 10-19 „ - 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 less than 10 - 
 
 Number. 
 
 - 16 
 * 49 
 
 - 74 
 
 - 130 
 
 - 70 
 
 - 40 
 
 379 
 
 Relief Stations. 
 
 The labour yard is familiar enough in England. Here the 
 applicant for relief is set to chop firewood, for the chopping of 
 which he receives money or an order upon some municipal or 
 other lodging-house wherewith he maj have food and lodging, 
 or he may have both in a house attached to the labour yard. 
 Whether or not the produce can be sold for the cost of the 
 entertainment, the impression is produced upon the casual that 
 he has worked for his suppei' and his bed. The Verpfiegungssta- 
 tion, or relief station on the Continent, finds, to a certain extent, 
 a parallel in the English labour yard. 
 
 No satisfactory substitute for wood-chopping has yet been 
 devised. It remains as the most easily administered form of 
 giving work. 
 
 The following tables show the extent to which relief stations 
 have been established in Germany, and the extent to which they 
 are used : — 
 
 f- * Die Herberpcen zur Heiraat undmit ihnen verbundeneu Verpflegungsstationen im 
 Jabre 1891. Bielefeld [1892]. 
 
GERMAN (relief STATIONS). 
 
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304 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 Table B. 
 
 Particulars as to the Cost of the Relief Stations throughout 
 the German Empire in 1890.^ 
 
 Marks, 
 
 Gross expenses comprised in " general costs " 1,317,072 
 Receipts from the sale of the product of 
 
 labour ----- 67,610 
 
 Nettcost - - - - J, 249,462 
 
 Number. 
 
 Total number of guests in the stations 
 attached to the labour yards on the night 
 of 15th and 16th December 1890 - 9,216 
 
 Average number per station - - 4*71 
 
 Average cost per individual — 
 
 Marks. 
 
 Per year - - - - 135*57 
 
 Per day - - - - 0037 
 
 Table C. 
 
 Particulars as to the different kinds of Relief Stations 
 throughout the German Empire in 1890.t 
 
 Stations maintained by public autho- 
 rities — 
 
 (a.) District - - - ],255 
 
 (b.) Commune - - - 452 
 
 1,707 
 
 Stations maintained by societies - - 250 
 
 Total number of stations - - 1,957 
 
 Stations annexed to ordinary inns - 1,073 
 
 „ maintained by Christian societies 252 
 
 Otherwise -'.-''- 632 
 
 Stations with labour exchanges attached 1,158 
 WithQut - - -^ ' 799 
 
 1.957 
 
 1,957 
 
 Stations with arrangements for com- 
 pulsory labour - - - 1,116 
 Without - - - - 841 
 
 1,957 
 
 Vou Massow, 02?. cii., p. 8. t Von Massow, op. cit., p. 9. 
 
GERMAN (relief STATIONS). 
 
 305 
 
 Table D. 
 
 The following table shows the progressive increase in the 
 number of stations, and the diminution in the number of 
 prosecutions for vagabondage in the Kingdom of Prussia"* : — 
 
 
 Number of 
 Stations. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Prosecutions for 
 
 Vagabondage. 
 
 
 1882 ----- 
 
 1883 ----- 
 
 1884 ----- 
 
 1885 ----- 
 1887 ----- 
 1890 ----- 
 
 595 
 915 
 917 
 951 
 
 23,808 
 20,833 
 18,157 
 15,727 
 15,466 
 8,605 
 
 The importance of the " Home " Colonies and the relief 
 stations is that they increase the mobility of the unemployed 
 labourer. They enable him to go from a place in which there 
 is no work for him to do, to another in which he may find 
 work.' If the unemployed workman has sufficient resources 
 to pay for food and lodging he may go on " Wanderschaft " 
 without working his way. He will learn at the Herberge whether 
 or not there is employment to be had in the neighbourhood 
 and if there is not, he may wander on to the next town. 
 If he has no resources he may work at wood-chopping in the 
 morning, obtain his food and lodging and wander on in the 
 afternoon. This is going on " Wanderschaft." It is a hard life, 
 but it has its attractions at all events for the German, and the 
 Herbergen and Verpflegungsstationen make it as easy as perhaps 
 it is possible to make it. 
 
 The accompanying map shows the distribution of the Relief 
 Stations, Herbergen, and Labour Colonies in the province of 
 Westphalia. The system has attained the importance of a net- 
 work over the province. These maps are displayed at the 
 Herbergen, as is also a list of situations vacant. 
 
 * Von Massow, op. cit., p. 12. The rea arks on p. 278 supra apply hera also. 
 
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306 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
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308 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 {h.) — The Dutch Labour Colonies. 
 
 The first Dutch labour colony was founded in 1818 at 
 Frederiksoord under the auspices of the Maatschappij van 
 Weldadigheid (the Society of Beneficence). Within a year after 
 its formation this society consisted of 20,000 members, and the 
 annual subscriptions reached 4,583Z. The projects of the 
 society included the formation of colonies for the repression of 
 mendicity, colonies for indigent persons and veterans, free 
 colonies, colonies for inspectors of agricultural works, colonies 
 for orphans and foundlings, and colonies for agricultural instruc- 
 tion.* 
 
 The Society of Beneficence was founded by General Van den 
 Bosch, who had acquired in the Dutch East Indies a favourable 
 impression of the system of small holdings, and who had con- 
 ceived the design of placing the able-bodied paupers of Holland 
 on small holdings subject to a life-rent, upon the great tract of 
 moor land in the provinces of Friesland and Over^^ssel in North 
 Holland. 
 
 To begin with, a tract of heath land, extending to about 
 1,200 acres, was purchased for 4,660^., ^' the money being raised 
 " l)y loan, to be repaid by instalments in 16 years, with interest 
 *' at six per cent."t Additional estates were purchased from 
 time to time, until, in 1827, the Free Colonies covered altogether 
 an area of 2,900 acres, the Colonies of Veterans 1,253 acres, 
 and the Beggar Colonies 4,280 acres, or an aggregate of 8,433 
 acres, upon which there were 6,751 souls, including officials. 
 In addition to the amount of land in cultivation, as above 
 detailed, the society owned about 5,000 acres of heath land.J 
 
 The cost of the land is stated in the accounts at from 22s. 
 to 33s. per acre. 
 
 Tlie two most important departments of the operations of the 
 Datch Beneficent Society were the Beggar Colonies and the 
 Free Colonies. The Beggar Colonies were administered by 
 the society up till 1859, when the Government took them over. 
 It is open to question whether or not the method upon which 
 the colonies were conducted was adapted for permanent manage- 
 ment by voluntary agency. 
 
 The discipline was severe ; punishment by flogging and 
 solitary confinement were imposed upon delinquents. The 
 Beggar Colonies were, indeed, rather penal than reformatory. 
 The conditions are described as having been insanitary. § 
 
 * Willink, o;>. ciL, p. 3. f Willink, loc. cit. 
 
 X Willink, op. cit., p. 36. § Ib„ p. 16. 
 
DUTCH. 309 
 
 Free Colonies. 
 
 The Free Colonies were conducted upon a different principle. 
 The colonists were from the beginning, and are now, not peasant 
 proprietors, but rather peasant life-renters. The distinction 
 between the free colonist and a farmer working under the 
 ordinary conditions of tenant farming lies simply in the circum- 
 stance that the free farmer is entitled to rely upon the society 
 to make up any deficiency in his maintenance, whereas the 
 tenant farmer has no such resource. 
 
 Sir John MacNeill, who visited the colonies in 1853, reported 
 that at Frederiksoord there were only 16 free farmers, against 
 25 in 1848, and that owing to the want of aptitude of the 
 colonists for agricultural labour, and a general want of econo- 
 mical habits, " the Free Colony, regarded as an attempt to make 
 " the families maintain themselves, must be pronounced a 
 « failure."^ 
 
 How far this sweeping judgment of Sir John MacNeill's 
 has been justified by the subsequent history of the colonies will 
 appear later. 
 
 The causes of resort to the colonies are as various and as 
 difficult to determine accurately as in other countries. Among 
 the causes set down by the director as prominent are " sickness " 
 and " too many children." While the latter cause no doubt 
 operates to a great extent in keeping the colonists in the colony, 
 an examination of the books does not disclose any ground for 
 believing that it is a potent cause in sending them there. 
 
 The records of fifty families of free farmers and labourers, that 
 is, one-sixth of the total number, extracted from the books of the 
 colony, show the following results. These cases may probably 
 be regarded as fairly representing the whole body of the 
 colonists. 
 
 Statistics of Fifty Families. 
 
 Number of cases in which one parent had 
 
 been born in one of the Dutch colonies 23, or 46 per cent. 
 Number of cases in which both parents 
 
 had been bom in the Dutch colonies - 11, or 22 per cent. 
 Number of children born to colonists prior 
 
 to entry into the colony - - 28 
 
 Number of children born to colonists in 
 
 colony - - - - 237 
 
 Total number of children in 50 families - "^QK 
 Number of children per family ^ ^ k,o 
 
 Number of colonists without ttildren - 1 ' 
 
 .i;.ri^:?sri:;'.Li^H.;.^s-^^^^^^^^ 
 
310 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 Almost all the colonists, prior to entrance into the colony,, 
 were unskilled labourers in the Dutch cities — in Amsterdam,. 
 Rotterdam, or the Hague. Unfortunately, no statistics of 
 professions are available, but there are a few carpenters, a few 
 painters, and a few men who have received partial or complete 
 professional training. During recent years the number of 
 'agricultural labourers admitted as colonists has somewhat 
 increased. There are on the colonies 400 parents, and of these 
 15 or 3*8 per cent, are illiterate. 
 
 The average age of the colonists on entrance is 40 years, 
 although a few enter at an earlier age. Adults who enter the 
 colony may, subject to good behaviour, remain colonists for life. 
 The children of colonists are sent to situations outside the 
 colony when they arrive at maturity. 
 
 One man, an Englishman, who was bom in ] 810, and was 
 married to a Dutch wife, entered the colony in ] 835. He has 
 thus been a colonist for 58 years. Another has been in the 
 colony for 54 years, and several for periods of from 30 to 40 
 years. Many, especially women, have been born, grown to 
 maturity, married, had children, and died in the colony. 
 
 In the winter of ] 892-93 there was a considerable amount 
 of distress due to want of employment at the Hague. The 
 relief society (Armenzorg) assisted, during the three months in 
 the depth of winter, 600 families at a cost of 1,500Z. Of these 
 600 families four were sent to the colonies. 
 
 There are two classes in Frederiksoord and Willemsoord, 
 labourers and free farmers. 
 
 The labourers are admitted on the recommendation of cha- 
 ritable associations in the cities. If they are infirm or incapable 
 of work the society which recommends their admission is 
 expected to pay a subsidy to the colony to help to maintain 
 them. There are a few vacancies for labourers every year. At 
 present an additional number of from 15 to 20 families could 
 be accepted. Each labourer's family is housed in a separate 
 cottage with a garden, and those of the family who are capable 
 of labour, work upon the colony farm, receiving wages at 
 the rate of 40 cts. per day in winter, and 60 cts. in summer 
 (8nf. and Is. respectively). The families of the labourers are 
 subject to the same rules as regards education as the families 
 of the free farmers.* The labourer rarely earns sufficient to 
 support himself and his famil}' until after he has been in the 
 colony for two years. After he has been there for five or 
 six years, if there is a vacancy, and if his conduct has been 
 good, he may be promoted to the Second class, that of free 
 farmers (vryboeren). 
 
 The free farmers are peasants cultivating small holdings 
 upon what is practically a life tenure. They pay rent to the 
 colony, and receive stock and seed on credit from it. If the free 
 
 * See infra, p. 314. 
 
DUTCH. 311 
 
 farmer misconducts himself he may be degraded to the position of 
 a colonist, or he may be dismissed. Should a free farmer die, his 
 widow is permitted to retain the holding if she can cultivate it 
 herself, or if there is a member of the family who can do so, he 
 may be admitted into the colony for the purpose of cultivating 
 the holding and supporting the widow. The holdings of free 
 farmers are also, occasionally, inherited by their daughters who 
 marry sons of colonists, who are thus permitted to take up the 
 succession of the farm, and so to avoid the rule of expulsion at 
 maturity. While this is the practice in certain cases the free 
 farmers have no judicial right to their holdings, and may be 
 expelled without compensation for improvements. A free farm 
 consists of two and a half hectares (6 J acres). For this the 
 free farmer pays an annual rent of from 35 florins to 75 florins 
 (2^. 18s. 4d to 61. 5 s. Od.). The rent is payable in January. 
 
 The stock supplied to each free farmer by the colony on 
 credit is : — 
 
 £ s. d. 
 Cow, value about - - 10 
 
 Rye sown in land, value - 4 3 4 
 
 Total - 14 3 4 
 
 This amount he is expected to repay at the rate of 1 2s. 6d. 
 per annum. The free farmers have, in some cases, two or three 
 milch sheep, and they generally fatten four or five pigs per 
 season. Their principal produce otherwise is potatoes, of which 
 from an average farm from 100 to 200 hectolitres (hectolitre = 
 2 1 Imperial bushels) are sold each season. Butter, to a small 
 extent, is also marketed by the free farmers. The nearest local 
 market is Steenwijk, nine miles distant ; there are larger markets 
 at JVLeppel and Assen, which are reached by rail. 
 
 In case of need loans are made by the colony. The average 
 amount of debt due to the colony by the free farmers is 129 
 florins (101. 15s.) per farmer. Two or three farmers are 
 upwards of 40Z. in debt ; 60 or 70 are from 81. to 25^. in debt. 
 The total indebtedness of the free farmers is 2,330L* This 
 indebtedness is, in some cases, being paid off gradually, but much 
 of it is of old standing, and is now practicably irrecoverable. 
 For so much of it as is of recent date the colony holds a lien 
 over the stock of the farmers. No interest is charged upon 
 these debts. 
 
 Orphans and children of paupers are sent by the Poor Law 
 Authorities to the colony, and are boarded with free farmers and 
 labourers. Payment is made by the authorities, or by charitable 
 societiest to the colony for their board, at the rate of 4s. 2d. per 
 week each. This affords some profit to the free farmer and helps 
 
 * Jaarverslag van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid. 1892, p. 36. 
 t Eighty-two children are maintained at the colony at the expense of the Burgerlijk 
 Armbestuur te Rotterdam. See Verslag van het B. A. te R. : 1892. p. 4. 
 
312 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 him to make ends meet. Children of from four to eight years of 
 age are preferred. Those who come to the colony after they 
 have attained the age of eight years are found to be difficult to 
 deal with. 
 
 About one half of the 210 free farms are in good condition. 
 
 The population of the colonies declined from 2,007 in 1873 to 
 1,736 in 1886. The decline was so uniform that in 1889 
 Mr. Willink suggested that the colony would become extinct by 
 mere depletion.* Since 1886, however, the numbers have been 
 rising as shown by the following table. 
 
 Table showing the Total Population of the Dutch Labour 
 Colonies in the under-mentioned years ; together with the 
 number of Births, Deaths, and other particulars.t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Young 
 
 La- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Persons 
 
 bourers 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 New 
 
 
 lelt to 
 
 elevated 
 
 Number 
 
 Number 
 
 Number 
 
 
 Popu- 
 
 Births. 
 
 Intrant 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 enter 
 
 to 
 
 of Free 
 
 of La- 
 
 of 
 
 
 lation. 
 
 
 Families. 
 
 
 upon 
 Situa- 
 tions. 
 
 Position 
 
 of Free 
 
 Farmers. 
 
 Farmers. 
 
 bourers. 
 
 Boarders. 
 § 
 
 Jan. 1st 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 1,761 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1884 
 
 1,744 
 
 42 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 50 
 
 4t 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1885 
 
 1,754 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1886 
 
 1,736 
 
 27 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1887 
 
 1,796 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 119 
 
 1888 
 
 1,770 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1889 
 
 1,791 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 206 
 
 83 
 
 153 
 
 1890 
 
 1,830 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 
 209 
 
 87 
 
 132 
 
 1891 
 
 1,813 
 
 29 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 61 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 87 
 
 164 
 
 1892 
 
 1,863 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 214 
 
 91 
 
 198 
 
 (Note.— Where figures are omitted, they are not given in the report.) 
 
 The group of colonies, collective statistics of which have been 
 given, consists of Frederiksoord, Willemsoord, and Wilhelmina- 
 soord. 
 
 Willemsoord, 
 
 On the colony at Willemsoord there are three colony farms ; 
 these are worked by 22 families, consisting in all of 100 persons. 
 These families are engaged wholly in agriculture. 
 
 * See Willink, op. cit., p. 25, 
 
 t From Jaarsverslag van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, 1883 to 1892 (both 
 inclusive). 
 
 X Four free farmers were also degraded to the position of labourerg in 1884. 
 § Orphans and children of pauper parents. 
 
DUTCH. 313 
 
 In 1892 two labourers were imprisoned for stealing, and six 
 free farmers and three labourers w^ere dismissed for laziness."^ 
 On the average one labourer or free farmer absconds every year. 
 Occasionally in such cases attempts are made to carry oft' stock 
 which has been supplied to the colonist by the colony on credit. 
 The area of the three colonies together is utilised as 
 follows ; — 
 
 Cultivated land - - - 1,204 hectares.t 
 
 Roads and buildings - - 110 „ 
 
 Forest and jungle - - 445 „ 
 
 Waste - - - - 350 „ 
 
 2109 hectares. 
 
 The following industries are carried on in the colonies : — 
 Matmaking, 
 Blacksmithing, 
 Tailoring, 
 Carpentry, 
 Bricklaying, 
 Basketmaking, 
 Furniture making, 
 and the colonists are besides employed in Horticulture, Forestry, 
 and Agriculture. 
 
 Six farms, each about 50 hectares, are worked under the 
 control of the director of the colony, with the aid of two 
 under-directors. There are eight foremen, all colonists, one 
 foreman being on each farm. The farm hours are : — 
 Work 4.0 to 6.0 a.m. 
 
 9.0 a.m. to 12.0 noon. 
 1.30 to 4.0 p.m. 
 4.30 to 6.0 p.m. 
 6.0 a.m. to 12.0 noon. 
 1.30 to 6.0 p.m. 
 
 Reaping is done by hand-sickle or by scythe. 
 
 The six farms belonging to the colony are worked partly by 
 the labourers and partly by the free farmers, who receive a 
 daily wage w^hen so employed. The best of the free farmers 
 find, however, full occupation in working their own land. No 
 agricultural labourers are ever employed on ordinary wage 
 terms. 
 
 Last year (1892) the colony produced upon its six farms 
 12,000 hectolitres of potatoes. The crop was so large through- 
 out Holland that it was found to be impossible to sell the 
 potatoes at a reasonable price, and a large number of pigs were, 
 therefore, bought and fattened, the sale of fat pigs realising 
 1,000^. 
 
 Wages are paid by the piece in basket-work and in furniture 
 making. Three professional basket-makers are employed. The 
 
 * These all made application to be permitted to return, 
 t 1 hectare = 2*47, or approximately 2| English acres. 
 
 Summer 
 Winter 
 
 { 
 
314 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 output of baskets and willow work, tables, chairs, &c., is worth 
 about 21,000 florins (1,750^. per year). Workers by piece at 
 basket-making make about 80 cts. (l-s. 4<d.) per day. 
 
 The adult colonist is almost invariably regarded as a hopeless 
 case. The efforts of the colony are directed mainly to the edu- 
 cation of the children. Attendance at the day or evening school 
 is compulsory. There are five elementary schools on the colony 
 lands maintained at the expense of the Government, and, in 
 addition, the colony has established (a) a School of Forestry, 
 (h) a School of Agriculture, (c) a School of Horticulture. In these 
 institutions the children of colonists are trained and sent out at 
 from 20 to 22 years of age to situations. Last year five young 
 men were sent out to the Dutch East Indies. 
 
 In the School of Forestry I found 10 children of colonists and 
 two farmers' sons from the locality. The course of instruction 
 extends over two years. The school is under Government 
 inspection. The equipment appears to be adequate. 
 
 In the School of Horticulture I found 1 2 sons of colonists and 
 ] 2 sons of neighbouring farmers or market gardeners, the latter 
 paying a fee for instruction. Botany is taught as well as practical 
 horticulture ; there is a botanic garden, four hectares of garden 
 for experimental work, and an extensive range of hothouses for 
 the use of the school. 
 
 The School of Agriculture is also well equipped for the 
 purpose. There are several farmers' sons from the neighbour- 
 hood who receive instruction along with the sons of the 
 colonists. The elements, of veterinary surgery are taught as 
 well as agricultural chemistry. 
 
 Nearly all the cottages of the labourers and free farmers were 
 built about 70 years ago.* They are neither better nor worse 
 than cottages of the same age in the same district. Although 
 they are fairly well built of brick and wood, they are badly 
 designed and are not of such a type as would now be employed for 
 peasants' dwellings. The cowshed and dwelling-liouse are under 
 one roof, and though a separate entrance is provided, this separate 
 entrance is not used in practice. It is indeed usually blocked 
 up with furniture. Admittance to the living room or rooms is 
 obtained solely through the cowshed, which serves also as a 
 barn and general place of all work. Similar cottages are no 
 doubt to be found in the neighbourhood ; but their squalor is' 
 undeniable. There can be no doubt, however, that the free 
 farmer has quite as large a stock of furniture and belongings as 
 many peasants working for agricultural wages, and that he lives 
 at a very similar standard of comfort. The cost to the society 
 for renewing the whole of the houses in the colony would bo 
 considerable. 
 
 A range of houses is being built for old people, each couple or 
 single person having a separate house. No rent is charged for 
 
 * The population of the free colonies in 1827 was 2,179 ; now it is 2,200, or prac- 
 tically the same. 
 
DUTCH. 
 
 SIS' 
 
 these houses, and the old people make a portion of their living^ 
 by cultivating the small plot attached to each house. 
 
 The director feels the need of more land. If he had more 
 land of the quality readily obtainable in the neighbourhood of 
 the farms, he could for the first year place 50 men on every 
 100 acres for the purpose of reclaimirtg it ; afterwards, of course, 
 the land would not require nearly so much labour. 
 
 The colony is not established upon a religious basis, but there 
 are three churches, one Catholic and two Protestant, in which 
 ministers of these persuasions may hold services. 
 
 The Maatschappij van Weldadigheid or Benevolent Society 
 has a large number of branch societies throughout Holland. 
 There are at present (1893) 4,059 members in these branch 
 societies. Each society is entitled to recommend colonists for 
 admission in proportion to its subscriptions to the colony funds. 
 Some societies have not taken full advantage of this provision, 
 while others are considerably in debt to the institution. 
 
 The Dutch Free Colonies differ from the German colonies, and 
 follow the English Houses of Industry, in dealing not alone with 
 able-bodied poor, but with impotent poor as well. Thus the 
 finances of the Dutch colonies must be regarded in a totally 
 different light from those of the German colonies. The presence 
 of a proportion of non-producers must make a subsidy necessary. 
 
 The statements of accounts in the reports of the Dutch 
 colonies are rather lacking in clearness ; some items being 
 omitted because they are held to cancel each other. The figures 
 given at the end of this chapter perhaps offer a fair statement 
 of the finances. It is necessary to state that the authorities of 
 the colonies are not responsible for the form in which the 
 statement appears. The figures are taken from the successive 
 annual reports of the Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, or 
 Benevolent Society. 
 
 The cost per head and per family may be calculated as 
 follows : — 
 
 1887. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Number of families - - . . 
 
 Total population . . . - 
 
 Amount of capital invested - Gulden* 
 
 Do. Per head „ 
 
 Annual outlay, being loss on~^ 
 colony operations, exclusive ?• „ 
 of interest. ) 
 
 Do. Per head „ 
 
 Interest on capital at 5 per") 
 cent., less amount at credit of > „ 
 interest and rent account. ) 
 
 Do. Per head „ 
 
 Annual cost per head, including "^ 
 interest on capital invested. ) " 
 Do. Per family „ 
 
 1,796 
 1,331,514 
 
 741 
 
 22,425 
 12.5 
 
 61,740 
 34.3 
 
 46-8 
 
 1,770 
 
 1,388,914 
 
 756 
 
 15,089 
 
 8.5 
 
 58,367 
 33.0 
 
 41.5 
 
 289 
 
 296 
 
 1,791 
 
 1,830 
 
 1,339,417 
 
 1,324,749 
 
 747 
 
 724 
 
 11,352 
 
 16,432 
 
 6.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 61,519 
 
 61,825 
 
 34.3 
 
 33.8 
 
 40.6 
 
 42.8 
 
 252 
 
 264 
 
 299 
 
 1,813 
 
 1,340,714 
 
 739< 
 
 20,350 
 11.2 
 
 61,499 
 33.9 
 
 45*1 
 
 874 
 
 Twelve gulden = 11. 
 
316 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 This yields the net result that the capital investment in the 
 Dutch colonies is about 377^. per family, and that the annual 
 average cost per family to the colony is about 4^. 10s., exclu- 
 sive of interest on the capital invested. If the interest be in- 
 cluded the average cost to the colony is about 221. per annum 
 per family. This, however, does not represent the total cost. 
 The amounts paid by charitable societies on account of specific 
 families are, as shown in the accounts, from 4,000 to 7,000 
 gulden per year. If this amount be spread over the total 
 number of families, it results that the average annual cost to 
 charitable Holland of the Dutch colonists is about 23^. per family. 
 A large part of the capital invested is no doubt represented by 
 the value of the estate. 
 
 The chief social importance of the Dutch Free Colonies lies ia 
 three features which distinguish them from the German Labour 
 Colonies. These are : — 1st, the element of permanence — the free 
 farmers are there for life if they choose ; 2nd, the recognition of 
 the family ; and 3rd, the education of the children. The farmer 
 and his family live together in one house, the children being 
 taught letters and trained to useful employments. The advantages 
 oiiered by these features to the colonists are very obvious. The 
 objections to the Dutch system are two : — 1st, the greatness of 
 the cost in relation to the smallness of the number benefited ; 
 2nd, the danger of producing a class of workers who tend to 
 become quite dependent — tend, indeed, to produce a permanent 
 race of paupers. The large numbers in the farmers' families, 
 and the tendency shown by the children to return to the colony 
 after having left it, are important elements in the case. 
 
 Yet within the limits of the intention of the Benevolent 
 Society, the Dutch colonies need not be regarded as failures. 
 They secure healthy and industrious lives for a number of 
 families, who, but for their presence in the colonies, might become 
 recruits for the criminal or permanently indigent classes. Against 
 the cost of the Dutch colonies, which is admittedly large in pro- 
 portion to the number of families actually treated, must be set the 
 hypothetical sum of the possible loss to society through depreda- 
 tions, poor relief, and charitable aid, were those who are now in 
 the colonies left to prey upon society. There remains, however, 
 the consideration that the Dutch colonies form really an 
 endowed institution where a privileged few of the Dutch poor 
 live in more or less comfortable circumstances at a cost of about 
 23^. per family per annum to the charitable societies of the 
 country. 
 
 Comparison of the Butch and German Systems. 
 
 The Dutch system recognises the family and accepts the 
 responsibility of training the children and finding situations 
 fot >th>em outside the colony when they grow up. The Ger- 
 man system disregards the family wholly, except in so far as 
 efibrts are occasionally made by the directors of the colony to 
 
DUTCH. 317 
 
 bring about family reconciliations. The Dutch system provides 
 a permanent home for its colonists ; the German system is in- 
 tended to be a temporary mode of relief. The German system is 
 almost ostentatiously a religious system, the Dutch system la} s 
 no stress upon the religious element. The promoters 'of the 
 German system are optimistic enough to hope that some propor- 
 tion of those who resort to the colony can be reclaimed, and 
 sent back to ordinary industrial life ; those who are carrying on 
 the Dutch system have no sych hope, and devote themselves 
 almost wholly to the education of the children. Expensive and 
 limited in its capacity as the Dutch system is when compared 
 with the German, there can be no doubt of the greater grasp 
 of the problem which its method discloses. 
 
 The Dutch Penal Colonies. 
 
 Up till 1859 the penal or beggar colonies at Ommerschans and 
 Veenhuizen were administered by the Benevolent Society ; but 
 in that year the Da tch Government took these colonies over from 
 the Society in order to relieve it from the financial embarrass- 
 ment in which it had become involved.* There are now two penal 
 colonies in Holland, Veenhuizen for men, and Hoorn for women. 
 The buildings at Veenhuizen are to the extent of about one half 
 of the accommodation of the original buildings of the colony, 
 and are inadequate in many ways. About one half of the buildings 
 are modern, and the equipment, though not quite so good as that 
 of the Belgian colony at Meixplas, is adequate. In the newer 
 building the cubicle system of dormitory has been introduced. In 
 the older buildings hammocks are largely employed. The present 
 population of Veenhuizen is about 2,700 persons, located in three 
 " districts," each containing 900 colonists. All of them have 
 been convicted of begging ; a very large proportion are confirmed 
 beggars. The type of men is similar to that which may be 
 found in Merxplas and in the German " Corrections-Anstalten." 
 They appear to be fibreless and irresponsible to an extreme 
 degree. 
 
 The colony is situated in the great moor extending between 
 the two railway lines which connect Lee a warden and Groningen 
 with the system of railways in Central Holland. Forestry, 
 agriculture, and gardening are the employments of the colonists. 
 Though prisoners they enjoy a certain amount of freedom within 
 the limits of the colony, they have an allowance for wages 
 and receive the unexpended balance of these on leaving. The 
 method of administration is similar to that of Merxplas, in 
 Belgium. 
 
 * For the early history of the colonies and the reasons for this financial embarrass- 
 ment, see Willink, op. cit. 
 
318 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 Debit 
 
 Finances of the Dutch 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1891. 
 
 /. — Colony Account, in Gulden 
 
 *To administrative costs 
 
 „ cost of agricultural implements, &c. 
 
 „ loss on stockkeeping 
 
 „ „ nurseries - - - 
 
 „ „ workshops 
 
 „ „ turf cutting 
 "„ donations and loans to colonists 
 
 „ cost of unproductive works 
 
 „ maintenance of buildings, bridges 
 
 roads, and canals. 
 „ miscellaneous expenses - 
 
 14.210 
 
 14,260 
 
 13,565 
 
 13,290 
 
 14,096 
 
 2,495 
 
 2,582 
 
 1,961 
 
 2,315 
 
 2,421 
 
 9,657 
 
 2,916 
 
 1,4«8 
 
 634 
 
 3,743 
 
 140 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 36 
 
 - 
 
 1,907 
 
 754 
 
 1,218 
 
 2,207 
 
 - 
 
 169 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1,815 
 
 2,044 
 
 1,711 
 
 1,957 
 
 1,877 
 
 371 
 
 582 
 
 293 
 
 384 
 
 409 
 
 5,809 
 
 5,522 
 
 6,428 
 
 7,803 
 
 8,385 
 
 974 
 
 1,060 
 
 1,046 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,219 
 
 35,471 
 
 31,042 
 
 27,245 
 
 28,801 
 
 34,393 
 
 To interest upon loans 
 „ depreciation 
 „ balance to general account 
 
 To reclamation of land 
 
 
 //.- 
 
 -Rent, 
 
 Interest, and 
 
 3.314 
 
 2,133 
 
 2,913 
 
 3,954 
 
 3,102 
 
 123 
 
 153 
 
 118 
 
 102 
 
 129 
 
 4,835 
 
 7,379 
 
 5,452 
 
 4,412 
 
 5,357 
 
 8,272 
 
 9,665 
 
 8,483 
 
 8,408 
 
 8,588 
 
 ///. — Capital 
 
 2,012 
 
 — 
 
 2,370 
 
 543 
 
 4,104 
 
 2,012 
 
 - 
 
 2,370 
 
 543 
 
 4,104 
 
 To balance of colony account, being loss 
 
 on operations. 
 „ expenditure on capital account - 
 
 „ balance carried to capital account 
 
 To loans on mortgage 
 
 balance from general account - 
 „ of unmortgaged capital 
 
 121,840 
 
 IV. — General 
 
 22,425 
 
 15,089 
 
 11,352 
 
 16,432 
 
 20,350 
 
 2,012 
 
 - 
 
 2,370 
 
 543 
 
 4.104 
 
 8,465 
 
 5,8i6 
 
 563 
 
 
 20,134 
 
 32,902 
 
 20,935 
 
 14,285 
 
 10,975 
 
 44,588 
 
 123,393 
 
 1,209,674 I 1,215,521 
 
 1,331,514 1,338,914 
 
 123,332 
 
 1,216,085 
 
 1,339,417 
 
 V. — Capital 
 
 109,996 112,960 
 7,233 
 
 1,207,518 
 
 1,324,749 
 
 1,227,754 
 
 1,340,714 
 
DUTCH. 
 
 319 
 
 Benevolent Society. 
 
 Credit 
 
 1887. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 (12 Gulden = ^1). 
 
 By profit from agriculture - 
 forestry 
 turf cutting 
 nurseries - 
 
 woipkshops - - - 
 
 miscellaneous sources 
 
 receipts from societies sending 
 
 colonists, 
 leceipts from societies sending 
 
 boarders, 
 balance being loss on operations 
 
 Depreciation Account. 
 
 By interest from investments 
 „ rents . . . . . 
 
 „ „ from property outs'de of colony • 
 
 Expenditure Account 
 
 By balance to general account 
 
 Account 
 
 By balance on rents interest account 
 „ subscriptions, &c.— subscriptions 
 
 gifts and legacies 
 collections 
 „ balance draft upon capital account - 
 
 Account 
 
 I By amount of capital invested in colony 
 &c. 
 „ balance from general account - 
 
 265 
 
 7,458 
 
 6,740 
 
 5,520 
 
 7,()36 
 
 3/277 
 
 1,8 il 
 
 3,181 
 
 2,182 
 
 2,562 
 
 646 
 
 - 
 
 121 
 
 89 
 
 185 
 
 - 
 
 150 
 
 172 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 973 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 518 
 
 775 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,144 
 
 4,789 
 
 4,279 
 
 3,028 
 
 2,522 
 
 1,223 
 
 940 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,537 
 
 1,138 
 
 22,425 
 
 15,089 
 
 11,352 
 
 16,432 
 
 20,350 
 
 35,471 
 
 31,042 
 
 27,245 
 
 28,801 
 
 34,393 
 
 — 
 
 1,161 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 283 
 
 8,156 
 
 8,393 
 
 8,372 
 
 8,357 
 
 8,194 
 
 116 
 
 111 
 
 111 
 
 111 
 
 111 
 
 8,272 
 
 9,665 
 
 8,483 
 
 8,4«8 
 
 8,588 
 
 ,012 I — 
 
 2,912 ! — 
 
 2,370 I 543 I 4,104 
 
 2,370 I 543 
 
 4,104 
 
 4,835 
 
 7,379 
 
 .5,452 
 
 4,412 
 
 5,357 
 
 1,367 
 
 1,597 
 
 1,662 
 
 1,458 
 
 1,294 
 
 26,700 
 
 11,959 
 
 7,171 
 
 3,870 
 
 5,707 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 32,230 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 7,235 
 
 - 
 
 32,902 
 
 20,935 
 
 14.285 
 
 16,975 
 
 44,588 
 
 1,323,049 
 
 8,465 
 
 1,-333.068 , 1,338,854 
 5,846 563 
 
 1,331,514 , 1,338,914 
 
 1,339,417 
 
 1,324,749 
 
 1,320,580 
 20,134 
 
 1,324,749 1,340,714 
 
320 FOREIGN LABOUE COLONIES. 
 
 (c.) — Labour Colonies in Belgium. 
 
 The Belgian Labour Colonies were originally founded in 1810. 
 When the independent Kingdom of Belgium was constituted 
 there existed six provincial " Depots de mendicite," besides two 
 colonies which had been established by the Scciete de Bienfai- 
 sance* 
 
 The six depots were situated at Namur, for the provinces of 
 Namur and Luxembo^arg, at Bruges for the two Flanders, at 
 Reckheim for the provinces of Liege and Limburg, at Hoog- 
 straeten for the province of Antwerp, at Mons for the province 
 of Hainault, and at La Cambre for that of Brabant. In addition 
 to these State institutions, there were belonging to the Societe 
 de Bienfaisance : — 
 
 1. The Colony of Merxplas-Ryckevorsel, where for an annual 
 
 payment of 35 florins able-bodied mendicants were 
 received and forced to work during the period of their 
 detention in the Colony. This payment was made by 
 the communes to which the mendicants belonged. 
 
 2. The Colony of Wortel, where the colonists were free to 
 
 come or go, and where each family was admitted on 
 payment of a sum of 1,600 florins, either by the commune 
 of its domicile or by the subscriptions of the charitable. 
 Each family so planted in the colony received a small 
 house, a garden, a piece of land, one or two cows, sheep, 
 furniture, tools, and clothes. The value of these con- 
 stituted an advance which remained at the debit of the 
 colonist until by means of the surplus of the annual 
 product of his -labour he was able to pay it ofl*. 
 These Colonies were suppressed in 1841 on the expiry of the 
 contract between the Government of the Netherlands and the 
 Societe de Bienfaisance, dated 28th January 1823. 
 
 At the same time the depots of Namur, Mons, and La Cambre 
 were also suppressed, while that of Bruges was devoted to the 
 reception of women and girls over 18 years of age, and that of 
 Reckheim was appropriated for the purposes of an agricultural 
 school for indigent boys of 15 to 18 years of age. Merxplas 
 was also for the time being devoted to the latter purpose. 
 
 The depot of Hoogstraeten, considerably enlarged, alone 
 retained its original character. 
 
 In 1870, and further in 1881, the Belgian Government acquired 
 the former Dutch Colonies de Bienfaisance of Merxplas and 
 Wortel and reunited them under the denomination of the 
 Colonies agricoles de Bienfaisance. 
 
 * Aper9U sur Torgauisation des Colonies Agricoles de Bienfaisance de I'^^tat 
 Beige. Hoogstraeten, 1890. 
 
BELGIAN. 321 
 
 At present these Colonies occupy a total area of about 1,200 
 hectares (2,964 acres) and are situated wholly in the province of 
 Antwerp in the Communes of Hoogstraeten, Merxplas, Ryck- 
 vorsel and Wortel. They are utilized as follows : — 
 
 1. The Colony of Hoogstraeten, for the infirm or partially 
 
 infirm, capable of containing 1,300 persons. 
 
 2. The Colony of Merxplas exclusively for able-bodied beggars 
 
 and vagrants who are committed to the Colony for periods 
 varying from two to seven years. Merxplas is capable 
 of containing 3,600 persons. 
 
 3. The Colony of Wortel, containing at present 1,800 persons, 
 
 of whom 38 are voluntary colonists. Any one may go 
 to this Colony who is able to obtain an order from the 
 authorities of tlie place of his domicile. The Colonies of 
 Hoogstraeten and Wortel are intended exclusively for 
 the benefit of persons whose poverty has arisen from 
 circumstances beyond their own control. 
 
 1st. The Colony of Hoogstraeten (110 hectares) occupies the 
 site, and has absorbed the buildings o£ an old chateau. The 
 buildings consist of a large quadrangle. They are surrounded by 
 a moat. The establishment is conducted with military precision. 
 The buildings are large and handsome, and externally and 
 internally are vastly superior to the relatively simpler and less 
 expensive colonies in Germany. The invalids are employed in 
 agriculture and domestic industries so far as practicable. 
 
 2nc!. The Colony of Merxplas is by far the largest and most 
 important colony of the kind. It is exclusively intended as a 
 penal colony for beggars and vagrants. The men work in 
 gangs in the fields under the supervision of an officer, who is 
 accompanied by a soldier with loaded musket. The following 
 is a list of the employments of 2,853 colonists : — 
 
 Agricultural labourers 
 
 2,000 
 
 Tailors 
 
 88 
 
 Farmyard workers - 
 
 137 
 
 Painters 
 
 24 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 61 
 
 Rope makers - 
 
 - 17 
 
 Masons, bricklayers. 
 
 
 Bakers 
 
 21 
 
 &c. 
 
 189 
 
 Gas workers - 
 
 6 
 
 Forgemen 
 
 121 
 
 Other industries 
 
 38 
 
 Carpenters - 
 
 139 
 
 Kitchen 
 
 12 
 
 Among the other industries is milling, at which six or eight 
 men are usually employed, turning two pairs of millstones by 
 hand labour, on the principle of the capstan. 
 
 In addition to this large body of men who work for the 
 colony under the superintendence of the officials, about 700 
 colonists are employed by a private coinpany under contract 
 "with the Government. These men work under precisely the 
 same conditions as the other.-:. The company carries on its 
 operations within the precincts of the colony, and does so 
 
 o 77723. X 
 
322 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 labour. The colonists so employed are 
 
 wholly with convict 
 engaged as follows :- 
 
 Carpet and rug-making on hand-looms 
 Cabinet-making 
 
 Mat-making 
 
 Portmanteau-making 
 Horse-collar making 
 
 The wages paid by this 
 and 21 centimes per day. 
 
 contracting company^ 
 Wages are at present 
 
 wholly by time, but piece-work is being introduced. 
 The numbers in the colony on 19th August 1893 were- 
 
 - 50 
 
 - 30 
 
 - 500-550 
 
 - 50 
 
 - 30 
 
 are 12, 18, 
 
 paid almost 
 
 
 Healthy. 
 
 Sick. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number in colony _ . . 
 Discharged - - - - 
 Admitted - - _ _ 
 
 2,826 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 904 
 5 
 
 3,730 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 The men were occupied as under :- 
 
 Labour in gangs 
 
 Labour, isolated 
 
 Undergoing punishment in cells 
 
 Sick, in hospital 
 
 Sick, not in hospital - 
 
 Leaving - _ - 
 
 The farm stock at Merxplas consists of — 
 
 2,684 
 49 
 46 
 51 
 853 
 47 
 
 3,730 
 
 Horses 
 
 40 
 
 Bulls 
 
 3 
 
 Draught oxen 
 
 2 
 
 Sheep 
 
 - 110-120 
 
 Cows and young cattle 
 
 103 
 
 Pigs 
 
 - 60-70 
 
 The work of the colonists has consisted very largely in the 
 construction of the buildings necessary for the large popu- 
 lation, arid in the making of roads. In the past, plantations 
 have been made to a considerable extent, and land has been 
 reclaimed from the forest, but now the chief part of the work 
 is agricultural. The products of agriculture are mainly^ con- 
 sumed in the colony. The products of manufacture, other, of 
 course, than those which form the subject of contract with 
 the company referred to above, are sent to the Government 
 magazines at Brussels for use in the various institutions carried 
 on by the Government. 
 
 The wages paid to the colonists who are employed directly 
 in the work of the colony vary according to the nature of the 
 
 * Under the management of Mr. Yanschell. 
 
BELGIAN. 323 
 
 employment, and the length of time which has expired since the 
 entry of the colonist. The rates are 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, to 38 
 centimes per day. I am informed that the majority of the 
 colonists receive from 30 to 38 centimes per day. The wages are 
 paid partly in cash for canteen expenses — tobacco and beer ; the 
 balance is retained by the administration and handed over to 
 the colonist on the expiry of his period of detention. 
 The following is the time table of the colony : — 
 
 5 a.m. - - - coffee. 
 
 8 a.m. - - ' - dejeuner. 
 
 12 noon - - - dinner. 
 
 6-7 p.m. - - - supper. 
 
 Meat soup is served at dinner twice a week."^ 
 
 No summary of the employments of the colonists before 
 their entry into the colony is available ; but an examination of 
 the books showed that approximately 60 per cent, of the men 
 at present in the colony had been agricultural labourers, about 
 25 per cent, day labourers, dock hands, &c., and 15 per cent, 
 have been skilled labourers. So far as practicable those who 
 have been skilled labourers are employed in the industries to 
 which they have been accustomed. Thus a large number of 
 masons and bricklayers have been employed in building, and 
 about 150 blacksmiths and other metal workers are employed in 
 the great forge in which fences are made. 
 
 3rd. At Wortel there are at present 1,800 persons, including 
 38 voluntary colonists who are engaged in forestry and agTicul- 
 ture under less striugent conditions than those under which the 
 forced labour of Merxplas is carried on. These colonists are 
 not committed by the tribunal of police, but are sent with their 
 own consent by order of the local authorities of the place of 
 their domicile. The following blank (translation) illustrates the 
 process : — 
 
 3Imistryof HouSE OF KefUGE AT WoRTEL. 
 
 Justice. 
 
 Srd Direction 
 General. 
 
 1st Section. 
 
 2nd Bureau. LIBERATIONS. 
 
 To be docketed hy the Secretary General of the Minister of Justice 
 and by the principal Director of the Colony. 
 
 1. N^ame. 
 
 2. Place and date of birth. 
 26. Domicile. 
 
 3. ProfeBsion — 
 
 {a) before admission. 
 (6) in the establishment. 
 
 4. Civil state (with number of children and ages). 
 
 5. Tenn of sentence. 
 
 Cf. page 297] 
 
 X 2 
 
324 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 6. Date of decision. 
 
 7. „ admission. 
 
 8. Where the colonist intends to go, if to a situation, with whom ? 
 
 9. Judiciary antecedents. 
 
 10. Number of preceding admissions. 
 
 11. Date of last discharge from a depot or refuge. 
 
 12. Whether able bodied or infirm. 
 
 13. Whether colonist demands freedom of his own wish. 
 
 The 1,200 hectares (2,964 acres) of which the three colonies 
 consist, are utilised as follow^s : — 
 
 Acres. 
 Cultivated land - - - 2,148 
 
 Non-cultivated land - - - 420 
 
 Roads - - - - 322 
 
 Gardens, &c. - ^ - 74 
 
 2,964 
 
 By Royal Decree of 2nd August 1878 the colonies were 
 placed under the immediate administration of the Department 
 of Justice. . 
 
 Their inspection and surveillance is entrusted to a commis- 
 sion, presided over by the Governor of the province of Antwerp, 
 and composed of nine members nominated by the King. 
 This commission meets once a month and delegates to one of its 
 members the duty of visiting the colonies at least once a week. 
 
 The staff of the colonies consists of a chief director (whose office 
 is filled by the director of Hoogstraeten), each of the other two 
 colonies having a director, three almoners (priests of the Catholic 
 Church), one at Hoogstraeten and two at Merxplas, three physi- 
 cians, nn accountant, a chief clerk and ten assistants, two super- 
 intendents in- chief, three principal superintendents, and 53 
 superintendents, an agricultural engineer, two farmers, several 
 farm servants (number varying), master bakers, joiners, 
 gardeners, smiths, masons, bricklayers, gas maker, &c., &c. 
 The knowledge of both Flemish and French is obligatory for 
 all the staff. In addition to the staff a detachment of 150 
 soldiers is always maintained at -the colony. 
 
 In the law of 27th November 1891,* which is now tlie rulino^ 
 statute on the subject of tramps and beggars, the expression 
 Colonies de Bienfaisance does not appear, and the institutions 
 are called depots de onendicite and Tiiaisons de refuge. The 
 first class of institutions is devoted to those who are placed at 
 the disposition of the Government by the judiciary authorities 
 for imprisonment in depots de mendicite ; and the second class 
 is to receive those whom the judiciary authorities sentence 
 to residence there, and also those whose imprisonment there 
 is required by the communal authorities.f When imprison- 
 
 * Loi du 27 Novembre 1891 pour la Eepression du Vagabondage et de laMendicite. 
 Documents Legislatifs. Bruxelles 1893. p. 1. 
 
 •j- It is competent for any man to make application to the communal authorities to 
 "be sent to the niaisons de refuge. This is the only sense iu which the voluntary 
 system has remained in the Belgian colonies. 
 
BELGIAN. 325 
 
 ment is demanded by a commune, the cost of the maintenance of 
 the prisoner is charged to the commune. All individuals found 
 in a state of vagabondage or begging are to be arrested and taken 
 before the tribunal of police. Aliens found begging are to be 
 conducted to the frontier.* 
 
 Able-bodied vagrants may be sentenced to detention in the 
 depots de meiicZic^^e for periods of from two to seven years ; while 
 infirm vagrants may be sentenced for from one to seven years. 
 The date of liberation depends partly upon the amount at the 
 credit of the colonist in the books of the colony. The cost of 
 maintenance of prisoners is defrayed as follows : — One- third by 
 the communes to which they respectively belong, one-third by 
 the provinces to wliich they belong and one-third by the State. 
 In certain cases, the whole of the cost is to be defrayed by the 
 commune. 
 
 This law was passed after a protracted series of animated 
 discussions, in which the whole policy of establishing depots 
 de mendicite was sharply criticised by M. Woeste and others. 
 
 Among some of the more important points in the speeches of 
 M. Woeste were the following : — " It is said that these de'pSts 
 " de TYiendicite are not prisons. In reality these depots imply a 
 " regime much more severe, much more punitive for those who 
 " are detained in them, than the prisons. . . . If I approve 
 *' of the proposal of the Government to prolong the period of 
 " detention ... in these depots de mendicite, it is because I 
 " am convinced that those who might be disposed to become 
 " vagabonds will recoil from this extremity, that they will 
 " change their mode of life and acquire regular habits of 
 
 " labour In these severe measures, I see this 
 
 " advantage, that the population of these depots would become 
 *' less numerous, because those who might be sent there would re- 
 " coil from the imprisonment the depots would inflict upon them. 
 ** . . . .1 am of those who think that when workmen are 
 ^' out of work, when they search well they will end by finding 
 "" it. While waiting until they do find it, it would appear that 
 " legal and private charity has to come to their relief. But I 
 " cannot admit that it ofiers any acceptable remedy to the 
 " painful situation in which they find themselves, to send them 
 " into the depots de mendicite or into the houses of refuge 
 " from which they emerge only to return."! 
 
 " The statistics which have been supplied by the Government 
 
 show to the full that to send into these depots 
 
 workmen temporarily without work, is not the remedy for 
 their distress."^ 
 
 * This provision, -which was also in the law of 1866, has never been rigidlj carried 
 out. There are now about 40 foreifijners at Merxplas. 
 
 t M. Woeste. Seance du 8 Aout 1891. Documents Legislatifs. Loi da 27 
 Novembre 1891. p. 55. 
 
 X lb., p. 57. 
 
326 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 M. Woeste went on to say that the number of voluntary- 
 entrances into the colonies had steadily diminished, and that in 
 face of an increasing population. This showed, he argued, that 
 the communes would not send their unemployed to the colonies. 
 It must be remembered that now Merxplas receives no voluntary 
 colonists at all. These go to the small colony of Wortel. The 
 figures quoted by M. Woeste were as follows : — * 
 
 Voluntary entrances 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 Merxplas. Able-bodied, healthy 
 Hoogstraeten. Infirm 
 
 231 
 
 298 
 
 203 
 324 
 
 158 
 263 
 
 75 
 
 263 
 
 78 
 190 
 
 Total- ' - 
 
 529 
 
 527 
 
 421 
 
 338 
 
 268 
 
 Under the law of 1866, the colonies were empowered to 
 receive voluntary entrants; workmen out of employment, for 
 example, provided they received authorisation from their local 
 authority (College des Bourgmestre et Echevins). The cost 
 of the maintenance of these voluntary entrants in the colony 
 was to be defrayed by their communes. This cost was fixed at 
 65 centimes per day for healthy adults, and at 85 centimes per 
 day for infirm. 
 
 Although the entrance into the colony was free after this 
 fashion, exit from it was not free. A voluntary colonist could 
 not leave until after a stay of one month from the date of his 
 first admission. If, however, he returned to the colony within 
 12 months of his liberation, he was required to remain for six to 
 12 months according to circumstances. 
 
 The following are the sources of revenue of the Colonies : — 
 
 1. The daily allowance charged for inmates, and which has 
 
 been fixed for 1 893 as follows : — 
 For invalids whose state of health requires special attention, 
 
 1-50 fr. 
 For able-bodied or infirm persons in the houses of refuge 
 
 whose state of health does not require particular care, 
 
 0-78 fr. 
 
 2. The profits from agricultural operations. 
 
 3. „ „ workshops. 
 
 On entrance into the colony, the colonists are compelled to 
 bathe, and to have their clothes disinfected. Should they have 
 any money in their possession, this money is changed into 
 tokens which are current in the establishment alone.f 
 
 After having been examined by the doctor, the colonists are 
 subjected to interrogation by the director as to their antecedents, 
 their profession, and their family condition. An anthropometric 
 examination and description follows, the results being placed in 
 files. Should the antecedents of the new arrival justify the course 
 
 ♦ Documents Legislatifs, loc. cit. 
 
 t This was also formerly the case at the Dutch colony of Yeenbuizeu. 
 
BELGIAN. 327 
 
 he is sent to labour for a brief period, and the Minister of Justice 
 is recommended to authorise his liberation. Those who are 
 retained are classified as follows : — 
 
 Hoogstraeten. — Infirm. 
 
 1st section. — Invalids of bad morals and those with whom 
 
 contact constitutes a moral danger. 
 2nd section. — Cripples and old men who are unable to gain 
 
 their means of subsistence, but who can engage in a certain 
 
 amount of labour. 
 3rd section. — The infirm, imbecile, and those absolutely unfit 
 
 for labour. 
 
 Merxplas. — A ble-bodied. 
 
 Ist section. — The immoral, unmanageable, incendiaries, and 
 those who are frequently dangerous nuisances. These are 
 confined under a regime of isolation in a separate quarter. 
 In this quarter are the workshops of the isolated prisoners 
 where they are constantly under surveillance. Each man 
 sleeps in a closed alcove. 
 
 2nd section. — Men who have been under the surveillance of 
 the police, ex-convicts and others whose conduct is bad. 
 
 3rd section. — Ex-convicts who have conducted themselves well 
 in the establishment. 
 
 4th section. — The new colonist, who has been in the colony 
 once or twice, but who has had no other conflict with the 
 authorities than simple police ofiences. 
 
 Good or bad conduct in the establishment determines the 
 passage of a colonist from one section to another. The members 
 of the different sections never come into contact with those of 
 any section other than their own. They work, eat, and sleep in 
 separate places. They have even separate churches. 
 
 The labour of the separate sections is arranged as follows : — 
 1st section. — Isolated labour, the most irksome on the farm, &;c. 
 2nd section. — Transporting material by means of barrows in 
 
 gangs. 
 3rd section. — Agricultural labour, &c. 
 4th section. — Same as above ; but without contact with the 
 
 3rd section. 
 
 At Hoogstraeten there is a printing office in which some of 
 those who are capable of light employment do printing for a 
 number of the Government establishments. 
 
 Religious services are held by the almoners (of the Catholic 
 Church) attached to the colonies. Dissenters may have the 
 ministrations of those of their own creed. 
 
 A library is provided for the use of the colonists on Sundays 
 and holidays. 
 
 The colony is situated in the middle of a great plain at a 
 distance of about 30 miles from Antwerp. The air is good and 
 the ventilation of the buildings appears to be adequate. 
 
328 FOREIGN' LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 The mean annual number of deaths during the five years 
 preceding 1891 was 113 in a population of 3,260. 
 
 Although the conception of the Belgian colonies included the 
 free as well as the penal colony — the free colony for the work- 
 men out of employment and the penal colony for the beggar and 
 the vagrant — the result of the combination in the same place and 
 under the same administration has been the almost total 
 disappearance of the free element. The number of voluntary 
 colonists has never been large and is now insignificant. There 
 appear to be three reasons for this : — 
 
 (1.) The free colony is not really free, a man may enter with- 
 out being actually committed by a magistrate but he must 
 be sent there by ti magistrate's order and he must be paid 
 for by his commune. It may be cheaper for the commune 
 to deal with the man in some other way and if it is there 
 is an inducement for it to do so. 
 (2). The '* free " colonist must chafe against the severe dis- 
 cipline of the colony and against association with those 
 who have been sent there by the police. This has only 
 operated prior to 1891, however, as only the Wortel colony 
 now accommodates voluntary colonists. 
 (3.) The difficulty of obtaining employment out of the colonies. 
 This is admitted to be almost impossible. The evil repu- 
 tation of those ^\ ho form the bulk of the colonists sticks to 
 everybody who goes there, and once within the gates of the 
 colony everything conspires to keep a man there or to force 
 him back again. There seems to be much force in M. 
 Woeste's criticism on this point. 
 It would appear from the foregoing (1) that the labour 
 colony question is really a twofold one, and that administration 
 by the State of a single colony into which men may enter 
 voluntarily or into which they may be sent by the magistrate 
 must tend to become an institution of the latter sort exclusively ; 
 (2) that it is very questionable whether or not such an institu- 
 tion can be regarded as reformatory in any real sense. The 
 Belgian institution seems to me to be simply punitive. The men 
 remain tliere for a term of years under strict discipline, and in a 
 position in which the}^ are as nearly as possible prevented from 
 doing any harm to themselves or society ; but when they emerge, 
 their record precludes their being employed in ordinary industry 
 and they again fall into the hands of the police to be st^nt back 
 to the colony to harder work and a longer term of imprisonment 
 than before. 
 
LA CHALMELLE, FRANCE. 329 
 
 ^d.) — The Agricultural Colony at La Chalmelle, 
 Department Marne, France. 
 
 This colony was founded in January 1892, at the instance 
 of M. Georges Berry, who had visited in the previous year 
 some of the German and Dutch colonies, and presented a report 
 upon them to the Paris Municipal Council.* The farm of La 
 Chalmelle is situated in the Foret de Traconne, about 50 miles 
 from Paris, and near the railway station of Les Essarts-la- 
 Forestiere. The land upon which the colony has been esta- 
 blish t-d was bequeathed to the Paris Hospitals in 1663, and has 
 now been leased by the city of Paris to l' Assistance Puhlique, 
 the branch of municipal administration having charge of execu- 
 tive details of this kind. It is intended to make upon the 
 farm improvements to the value of 30,000 francs, the city of 
 Paris paying to V Assistance Puhlique interest at the rate of 
 3 per cent, per annum upon the capital employed. 
 
 The area of the farm is 128 hectares (316 acres). 
 
 The director of the colony, M. Gaston Malet, has had ex- 
 perience in agricultural organisation on a large scale in Portugal. 
 
 The staff of La Chalmelle consists of — 
 
 A Director with a salary 
 2 gargons chefs, each - 
 1 farm foreman 
 
 of 
 
 - 3,600 frs. per annum. 
 
 - 720 „ 
 
 - 650 „ 
 
 1 cow-keeper - 
 1 smith 
 
 
 - 360 „ 
 
 - 360 -„ 
 
 1 master gardener 
 
 
 - 600 „ 
 
 The total cost of the colony for the year 1892-93 was 32,000 
 francs, the receipts from the sale of produce were 17,000 francs, 
 and the net cost of the colony for the year was 15,000 francs. 
 
 Wages are paid at the rate of 50 centimes per day. 
 
 Clothes are supplied free on entrance, but subsequent require- 
 ments are debited to the colonists. 
 
 The live stock at La Chalmelle consists of — 
 
 Horses - - - - - - 10 
 
 Swine ------ 3 
 
 . Cows - - - - - - 50 
 
 Young cattle - - - - - 3 
 
 Bull 1 
 
 Draught oxen (in winter only) - - - 4 
 
 Babbits - - - - - 100 
 
 • See KapDorts, 1892, Conseil Municipal de Paris ; also. Rapport presente par 
 M. Georges Berrj au nom de la Commission d'organisation et de surveillance sur 
 la Colonic agricole de la Chamolle. Conseil Municipal de Paris, 1892. No. 207. 
 
330 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 The time-table of the colony is as follows : — 
 
 4 — 5 a.m. Coffee, light meal. 
 
 5 — 10 a.m. Work. 
 
 10 a.m. Dejeuner. 
 
 10.30 a.m.— 1.30 p.m. Rest. 
 
 1.30 — 2 p.m. Lunch (gouter). 
 
 2—7 p.m. Work. 
 
 7 p.m. Dinner. 
 
 The length of the working day is thus 10 hours. 
 
 The kind of food provided will be seen from the following 
 table : — 
 
 Morning. 
 
 Evening. 
 
 Early Meal. 
 
 Dejeuner. 
 
 Lunch. 
 
 Dinner. 
 
 Cheese. 
 Bread. 
 Cider. 
 
 Lard Soup. 
 
 Vegetables. 
 
 Cider. 
 
 Salad. 
 
 Cheese. 
 
 Cider. 
 
 Soup. 
 
 Vegetables. 
 
 Cider. 
 
 On Wednesdays and Sundays meat soup is given for dinner. 
 
 The ration of cider is one-third litre, or nearly a quart. 
 
 Admission into the colony is reserved for those who are 
 recommended by the directors of the night refuges in Paris.* 
 In this respect the system resembles that adopted by the 
 Salvation Armyf in London. The superintendents of the night 
 refuges form an opinion as to the willingness for work of those 
 whom they shelter temporarily, and after making inquiry into 
 their antecedents send them to the colony. M. Georges Berry 
 in his report J regrets the necessity for this selection. He would 
 prefer that the colony were free to all who need its services. 
 Yet apart from the limited number of places at La Chalmelle, 
 which imposes a necessary limitation in the numbers admitted, 
 it would not be advisable to admit anyone without previous 
 inquiry. Otherwise the colony, M. Berry thinks, might become 
 the resort of the professional vagabond. 
 
 Of the 106 entrants into La Chalmelle between the first 
 foundation of the colony in January 1892 and August 1893 — 
 37 left of their own wish. 
 
 5 were expelled for disobedience and misconduct. 
 36 were placed in situations by the colony. 
 28 were still in the colony on 16th August 1893. 
 
 * •' Refuges de nuit." 
 
 t Report on Labour Colonies, Glasgow, 1892, p. 13. 
 
 X Rapport, etc., p. 8. 
 
LA CHALMELLE, FRANCE. 
 
 331 
 
 The following is a list of the trades of these 106 colonists prior to 
 their entry into the colony. 
 
 Day labourers 
 
 - 
 
 27 
 
 Bag maker - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Agricultural labourers - 
 
 16 
 
 Jeweller - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Gardeners - 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 Weaver - , . 
 
 1 
 
 Florist 
 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 Locksmiths - - - 
 
 2 
 
 Shepherd - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Galoche maker - 
 
 1 
 
 Carman 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 Glass worker 
 
 1 
 
 Carpenters - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Soldier 
 
 1 
 
 Masons 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 Cook 
 
 1 
 
 Mechanics - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Waiters _ - - 
 
 2 
 
 Distillery worker 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Coachmen - - - 
 
 2 
 
 Navvies 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Footman - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Goldbeater 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Contractor (employe) - 
 
 1 
 
 Bakers 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 Clerk 
 
 1 
 
 Confectioner 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Draper's assistant 
 
 1 
 
 Bronze worker 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Accountant 
 
 1 
 
 Painter 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Doctor and librarian - 
 
 1 
 
 Optician 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Leather worker - 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 
 106 
 
 Shoemaker - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 The occupations of those who remained in the colony on 16th 
 
 August 1893 were as 
 
 follows : — 
 
 
 
 
 f One cook. "] 
 j One clerk. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Interior 
 
 
 J One draughtsman. 
 " j One bed maker. 
 One waiter. 
 
 >6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 L One invalid. 
 
 
 Cow sheds, &c. 
 
 
 - Four colonists. 
 
 4 
 
 Workshops - 
 
 
 One carpenter. 
 One smith. 
 
 h 
 
 Repairs to buildings 
 
 One mason. 
 
 One mason's labourer. 
 
 \^' 
 
 Gardens 
 
 
 J One gardener. 
 '\ Two gardener's labourers. _ 
 
 }' 
 
 Field labour - 
 
 
 - Ten colonists. 
 
 10 
 
 Water carrying, 
 
 &c. 
 
 - One colonist. 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 The cost of maintaining the colonists varies from month to 
 month. The following are the average costs per man per diem 
 from January to June 1892 in centimes.* 
 
 1892. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 March. 
 
 April 
 
 May, 
 
 June, 
 
 47. 
 
 59. 
 
 62. 
 
 68. 
 
 69. 
 
 78. 
 
 100 centimes = about lOd. 
 
Ers. 
 
 Cts. 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 332 FOEEIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 For the month of June 1893, an analysis of the books of the 
 Colony shows the following result : — 
 
 Total cost of food per man per day 
 
 Value of the products of the farm consumed 
 
 Net cost in money per man per day 
 
 General expenditure : — 
 
 Light firing, washing, &;c., per man per day 
 
 The disciplicary measures are — 1°, reprimand ; 2°, retention of 
 salary ; 3°, detention in the farm on Sundays; 4", dismissal. 
 
 Though the farm buildings are of old date much of the land 
 has never been cultivated, and some of it has been allowed to 
 get into bad condition, the farm having been vacant for two 
 years. During the first year of the existence of the colony 
 (1892) great difficulties were experienced, as the soil is composed 
 of stiff clay and the water lay in the low fields until late in 
 spring. The canals that have been cut will help to prevent 
 recurrence of the difficulty to the same extent. 
 
 The type of men in this colony is on the whole superior to 
 that of the German colonies. Here there are no ex-convicts. 
 The causes of resort to the colony, unless the authorities take 
 too lenient a view, are quite different from those which send the 
 German colonist to his colonies. " Family misfortune," " disgust 
 with the life of Paris " and similar causes are given. The men 
 are however picked, and both in Paris and in ti)e colony are the 
 objects of individual care. Theoretically, at all events, much 
 attention is paid to individual needs and peculiarities. 
 
 It is too soon to judge of the results of the " picked colonist" 
 system as carried on at La Chalmelle. Of the 106 intrants, 36 have 
 been placed in situations, and reports of a number of these are 
 said to be favourable.* The numbers are however too insignifi- 
 cant to afford foundation for any conclusions. 
 
 * Two letters from employers of ex-colonists are printed by M. Berry in the 
 report cited. 
 
SWISS. 333 
 
 (e.) — Austria and Switzerland. 
 
 I have not been able to extend my inquiries into these 
 countries personally, but I am favoured with information from 
 authentic sources regarding the matters covered by the report. 
 
 In Austria the Natiiralverpfiegungsstation, or relief station, 
 has been adopted by the provincial diets (Landtage) of Lower 
 Austria and Moravia. It is expected that Bohemia and Silesia 
 and perhaps also other provinces will follow. According to the 
 Austrian law of settlement, vagrants are deported to their 
 " home parish " at the cost of the State, there to be dealt with 
 by the local authorities. It is alleged that in the provinces where 
 relief stations have been established, there has been a diminu- 
 tion of vagrancy and that the costs of removal have been 
 reduced. The relief stations also serve as labour bureaus, in so 
 far as they exhibit notices of places at which workmen are 
 wanted. In the exercise of this function they compete with the 
 handicrafts (Kleingeiverbe) ; and they are said to compete 
 successfully. So far there are no labour colonies in Austria. 
 
 Switzerland possesses one institution — the Tannenhof 
 Arbeiterheim — with aims similar to those of the German Labour 
 Colonies. This establishment or, " workman's home," founded 
 on the 1st April 1889, covers about 107 acres, and is carried on 
 by a Society registered as a limited liability company, the* bye- 
 laws of which describe its aims as follows : — 
 
 " By farming an estate to provide a temporary home for those in 
 search of work, as well as for unemployed persons discharged from the 
 prisons of Berne ; board, lodging, and wages being provided in return 
 for agricultural labour until permanent work be secured elsewhere."* 
 
 The Society at present consists of 30 members, each of whom 
 must own at least one share (4^.), and a vote of two-thirds of the 
 members must be recorded in favour of candidates before they 
 are admitted to the Society. Its funds consist of (a) the 
 members' shares, (6) gifts and legacies which are intended to be 
 capitalised. The revenue is made up of (a) profits from 
 agriculture, (b) private gifts and donations, (c) contributions 
 from the State, public bodies, corporations, &c. (d) legacies not 
 intended to be capitalised. 
 
 Should the Society be dissolved, which may only take place 
 after a vote to that effect by two-thirds of the members, only 
 those funds may be divided which are made up of the members' 
 
 * Statuten des Vereins Arbeiterlieitn, angenomraea in der Hauptversainmlunff 
 von 2 May 1893. 
 
334 
 
 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 shares, and any surplus capital must be devoted to the same 
 objects as those for which the Society existed. 
 
 The number of colonists sheltered by the colony varies con- 
 siderably at different seasons of the year. This may be seen 
 from the following statement, extracted from the report of the 
 Society for 1892-3.* 
 
 Statement showing the number of Colonists at Tannenhof 
 Arbeiterheim at the beginning of each of the under- 
 mentioned months. 
 
 MO"*,. J-i°4. 
 
 Months. 
 
 No. of 
 
 Colonists. 
 
 April 1st, 1892 - 
 May „ „ - 
 June „ „ • 
 July „ » ■ 
 August „ „ • 
 September „ „ - 
 
 26 
 82 
 25 
 15 
 18 
 22 
 
 October 1st, 1892 - 
 November ,, „ - 
 December „ „ - 
 January „ 1893 - 
 February „ „ • 
 March „ „ - 
 
 22 
 16 
 26 
 26 
 26 
 25 
 
 These figures show that the " home " provides for a somewhat 
 larger number of the unemployed during the winter months 
 than during the summer season. This is said to be the more em- 
 barrassing from the fact that during winter it is difficult to find 
 outdoor work for the colonists, while in summer, when their 
 labour would be useful, they go elsewhere, and some of tliose 
 who remain are of little use owing to their want of experience 
 in agricultural work. 
 
 The labour of the colonists has been utilised to such good 
 purpose during the last few years, and the land so improved, 
 that the colony could now be worked with about half-a-dozen men. 
 Steps are, therefore, under consideration for acquiring more land 
 and increasing the housing accommodation, so as to avoid the 
 necessity of limiting the number of those for whom shelter can 
 be provided during the severities of the winter. 
 
 The receipts for the year ended March 31st last amounted to 
 728^. and the expenses to 71SI. The colony, including its build- 
 ings, plant, and cattle, &c., was valued at 3,774^. The liabilities 
 reached 1,868^., leaving a net capital of 1,906^. 
 
 The Herherge zur Heimat or L'auberge de famille has 
 been developed to a considerable extent. The Herberge at 
 Zurich was founded in 1866, and similar institutions exist in 
 Basle, Berne, Geneva, Vevey, Neuchatel, Winterthur, and St. Gall. 
 
 The Herbergen at Geneva afford accommodation for two classes 
 of guests, professional (including commercial persons), and work- 
 men. In the first class are travelling pastors, merchants, and 
 
 ♦ Das Arbeiterheim Tannenhof, Vierter Jahresbericht 1 April 1892 bis 31 Marz 
 1893. 
 
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 335 
 
 commercial A-avellers, and in the second, are agricultural labourers 
 and handicraftsmen in various employments. The following are 
 
 the numbers of guests :- 
 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 Professional 
 
 and Com- 
 mercial, &c. 
 
 910 
 
 1,068 
 
 854 
 
 Workmen, &c. 
 
 1,083 
 1,188 
 1,277 
 
 Total. 
 
 1,993 
 2,256 
 2,131 
 
 The average duration of stay in 
 was as follows : — 
 
 1889 - 
 
 1890 - 
 
 1891 - 
 
 the under-mentioned years 
 
 - 4*00 days. 
 
 - 3-64 „ 
 
 - 4-03 „ 
 
 There is invariably a restaurant attached to the Herbergen. 
 
 The system of relief stations* has attained its fullest develop- 
 ment in Canton Zurich, where there are 37 stations. t In 
 Glarus,t the stations are aided by a small subsidy (in 1890 of 
 500 frs., in 1891 of 800 frs.) In Schaflhausen the first station 
 was established in July 1889. § 
 
 VI. — General Conclusions. 
 
 The general conclusions that may be drawn from a study 
 of the labour colony system are partly positive and partly 
 negative. The answer to the question — Ought the labour 
 colony system to be adopted by England ? — will depend upon 
 the answer to another question. For whom and for what is 
 the labour colony intended ? 
 
 If the intention is to suppress begging, to clear the tramps 
 from the highways, and the beggars from the streets, to hide 
 them away out of sight, to keep them out of mischief, and to 
 compel them to work, then the labour colony may be a means 
 of accomplishing this. If it is intended to provide a refuge 
 for those who have been in prison, and who for that reason are 
 unable to obtain employment, the labour colony is also a means 
 of accomplishing this. 
 
 ♦ The question as to whether relief stations should or should not be State insti- 
 tutions has been much discussed in the Swiss cantons. The opinions of the societies 
 in different centres will be found in the Ziiricher Jahrbuch fur Gemeinniitzigkeit,, 
 1891, pp. 198 et seq. 
 
 t lb. p. 196. 
 
 % lb. p. 201. 
 
 § lb. p. 202. 
 
336 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 It may be worth inquiry whether for these two purposes 
 alone, it were not well to establish labour colonies in England. 
 
 Such colonies might be of two orders : — 
 
 (a.) Penal colonies like the colonies of Veenhuizen in Hol- 
 land, and of Merxplas in Belgium; and {h.) Free colonies after 
 the Dutch or German model.* 
 
 Careful inquiry would, however, be necessary in the first 
 instance, with the object of ascertaining the numbers of persons 
 for whom it Avould be necessary to make such provision. ■ 
 
 These colonies, if established, would together provide a means 
 of dealing with " the lowest class of occasional labourers, loafers, 
 and semi-criminals." — Class A. in Mr. Charles Booth's classifica- 
 tion of the grades of poverty.t 
 
 (a.) The colony of the first type would be a prison to which 
 vagrants would be committed by the magistrates for specific 
 periods. The only difference between such a colony and a prison 
 would lie in the character of the labour performed and in the 
 nature of the restrictions upon the liberty of the prisoner. The 
 evidence seems to me to be wholly against the supposition that 
 such institutions are reformatory. They form merely a recep- 
 tacle for those, who, if they were free, would prey upon society 
 and render means for relieving the deserving poor almost wholly 
 futile. (6.) The colonies of the second type — the free colonies — 
 would serve, as the German colonies do serve, as an alternative 
 to the penal colonies, for precisely the same class. Men might 
 enter the free colony of their own free will and leave it if 
 they chose. No inquiries, other than for statistical purposes, 
 need be made, and all might be received who apply. 
 
 The question as to how such colonies should be administered 
 is difficult to answer. As for the penal colonies ii may perhaps 
 be held as proved, that they could not safely be entrusted to 
 private beneficence. 
 
 This was tried in Holland and in Belgium, and in both cases it 
 was found necessary for the State to take over the institutions. 
 As for the free colonies, the history of the House of Industry 
 and the Parish Farm in England discloses the development of con- 
 siderable abuses in the management of such institutions by local 
 authorities, while the rapid development of the German system 
 and its success up to a certain point, show that they may 
 be managed without serious disadvantage by privately incorpo- 
 rated charitable bodies, receiving municipal, provincial, or State 
 aid. 
 
 As a means of relieving the able-bodied, homeless, non-effective 
 single man — the German system, J and as a means of relieving the 
 able-bodied homeless family, — some modification of the Dutch 
 
 * On the relative merits of these systems see above p. 316-7. 
 t C. Booth. Life and Labour in East London, Vol. I., p. 33. 
 X About 80 per cent, of the men admitted iuto the German colonies are unmarried 
 (Cy. Bupra, p. 280) ; 62 per cent, are homeless (CJ. supra, p. 2'74). 
 
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. 337 
 
 system might conceivably be employed in such a way as to offer 
 advantages over the existing methods of relieving these classes. 
 If all Lhe sums at present expended by indiscriminate and orga- 
 nised charity in such relief were compared with the cost of 
 labour colonies specially designed for these classes, it is probable 
 that the labour colony would be found to be no more expensive 
 to the community than the existiog system. The advantages to 
 the community would lie in removing from its streets so many 
 source^ of moral and physical contagion, and the advantage to 
 the individuals would lie in a guarantee of subsistence. 
 
 On the other hand, the formation of unisexual colonies or of 
 family colonies, both subsidised from sources external to them, 
 tends to develope elements which might result in counterbalanc- 
 ing disadvantages, both social and individual. 
 
 Apart from the vagrant, the discharged prisoner and the 
 lowest grade of labour of low efficiency and low ^morale, there is 
 another class for whom the labour colony may be intended, a 
 class much more important to the community than those, viz. : — 
 the unemployed who are willing and able to work, but who 
 cannot get work to do. Can the labour colony system help 
 them ? The answer is that it might conceivably do so, provided 
 that the lower grades just mentioned were previously dealt 
 w^ith. A labour colony open to all comers would speedily be 
 occupied by the vagrant and the discharged prisoner. These 
 might not individually remain long in the colony on any one 
 occasion, but they would come and go. The colony would be 
 occupied by the class. This is most amply proved by the history 
 of the German and Belgian colonies. These colonies are not 
 occupied by the worthy unemployed, but by those who have 
 suffered moral as well as material collapse. The hard working 
 man of reputable life who seeks the colony because he is out of 
 employment is exceedingly rare, if indeed he exists at all.* The 
 classes will not mix, to admit the one is to exclude the other. 
 
 It would appear then, as one of the main lessons to be derived 
 from the experience of labour colonies on the Continent, that if 
 the labour colony system is adopted, one system of colonies 
 should be established first, for the discharged prisoner, the 
 vagrant and the loafer, on the " open " principle, and another 
 for the worthy unemployed on the principle of " selection " or 
 at least " investigation." 
 
 But here there arise many difficulties both as regards admini- 
 stration and economic influence. No system which involves inves- 
 tigation prior to relief can give immediate relief. No system 
 which involves admission into a colony on individual sub- 
 sistence wage for individual work can deal with the unemployed 
 workman who has a family to support. No system by which 
 the support of the family as well as of the individual is 
 guaranteed, and dealing with existing material in the lower grade 
 
 * This applies to the German " open " colonies ; see, however, " La Chalmelle," 
 p. 330, which is founded on the principle of selection. 
 
 o 77723. Y 
 
338 FOREIGN LABOUR COLONIES. 
 
 of labour, can result otherwise than in rapid increase in the 
 population for whom support is required."^" The fluctuations 
 of empL^yment are so great in England that applications for 
 admission to a labour colony miglj-t fluctuate between widely 
 separated extremes. The prompt placing of widely varying 
 numbers of men in suitable employment and in reasonably 
 comfortable conditions of living, is extremely difficult from an 
 administrative point of view. The provision of housing accom- 
 modation alone for numbers varying from a few hundreds to a 
 few thousands is a serious practical question. I'he diffei'entia- 
 tion of modern industry also constitutes a grave difl[iculty.t 
 An industrial and farm colony which could oflfer to each man 
 who applied the opportunity of working at the trade to which 
 he had been trained, would be quite impracticable. The range 
 of industries which it has been found possible to carry on in the 
 colonies is very limited, p irtly owing to the difficulty of dis- 
 posing of varied produce, and partly owing -to the administrative 
 necessity of concentrating attention upon a few specific and 
 generally rudimentary industries. Were any other plan adopted, 
 it is> probable that the waste of material would bring the 
 schemes to grief. 
 
 That the labour colony is a means of employing the discharged 
 prisoner and the vagrant witli advantage to society, and, on the 
 whole, with advantage to the colonists themselves, there can be 
 little doubt. The advantages outweigh the disadvantages. But 
 for the workman who has been accustomed to regular employ- 
 ment, and who is suddenly thrown out, or, indeed for the inter- 
 mittently employed low-grade workmen, the labour colony is a 
 very questionable resort — 
 
 Firstly. From the point of view of the probable colonist. If he 
 have a house, and a family, he will be unwilling to break up 
 these for the purpose of entering a colony ; and it would be 
 inexpedient to attempt to induce him to do so. Whether 
 he have a family or not, he may be so habituated to town 
 life that the stillness of the country would be insuflferably 
 wearisome to him. He would become restless, and would 
 speedily leave the colony. The more self-reliant he is the 
 naore he would be inclined to do this. If he has been 
 trained to a specific industry he will, especially if he is a 
 mature man, find great difficulty in adapting himself to a 
 new trade, however rudimentary that trade may be. 
 Secondly. From the point of view of the administration of the 
 colony. While the alert and skilful artizan from the town 
 would undoubtedly make the best colonist, both in a discipli- 
 nary and in an industrial sense, he would be likely to remain 
 for so short a time as to tend to make the class of superior 
 men a positive source of loss to the colony. 
 
 * See the experience of the Dutch colonies in this respect. 
 
 t In Wilhelmsdorf, e.g., there are at present (August 1893) representatives of 47 
 distinct handicrafts besides the three large classes — day-labourer, factory labourer, 
 and farm labourer. 
 
GENERAL CONCLUSIOiNS. 339 
 
 There remains, however, the consideration that by a series of 
 comparatively small colonies efficiently managed, single men who 
 tend to drift into the ranks of general labour and thus to suffer 
 themselves to be dragged down into the lower social grades, 
 might recover in fresh country air and in healthy conditions 
 the spring they had lost in the town. As a sanatorium for the 
 discouraged single workman the labour colony might thus serve 
 a useful function. The case of the married workman is much 
 more difficult. 
 
 The unemployed married woi^kman cannot be transplanted so 
 easily as the unemployed single workman, and to transplant him 
 to a colony may not be the best mode of dealing with him. If 
 he be a town handicraftsman he may not be willing to go back 
 to the land, and if he will not, what is to be done with him ? 
 Excepting to the extent indicated, the continental labour colony 
 system in its present condition does not seem to offer the solution 
 to the problem of dealing with the evils of the want of employ- 
 ment of this class in England. 
 
 Y 2 
 
340 
 
 (ii.) LABOUR BUREAUX AND EXCHANGES IN 
 FRANCE. 
 
 A report was issued by the " Office du Travail " early in the 
 present year (1893) under the title of " Le Placevient des employes y 
 " ouvriers et domestiques, en France," in which an account is 
 given of the growth and present operations of the various 
 classes of institutions existing in that country for obtaining 
 workpeople for employers, and employment • for workpeople. 
 The chief agencies described are the licensed employment 
 registries (Bureaux de placement autorises), the syndicates of 
 workmen and employers and the Labour Exchanges {Bourses du 
 Travail) established by them, the Free Municipal Registries, and 
 the work of Convents and philanthropic agencies, Friendly 
 Societies, and Guilds. The following table, showing the magni- 
 tude of the operations of these various classes of agencies- 
 in 1891, is abridged from a table published at the end of the 
 report : — 
 
 Suonmary Statement of the Operations of all Classes of 
 Employment Agencies in 1891. 
 
 
 Number 
 
 in 
 
 Operation 
 
 in 1891. 
 
 Applications. 
 
 Persons Placed 
 
 Employment Agencies. 
 
 For 
 Work. 
 
 For Work- 
 people, 
 
 Perma- 
 nently. 
 
 By the 
 Day or 
 Tempo- 
 rarily. 
 
 Guilds {Compagnons) • 
 Free Municipal Registries 
 
 Trade Syndicates : 
 
 Employers' - 
 
 Workers' 
 
 Mixed . - . . 
 
 Licensed Employment Regis- 
 tries. 
 
 Friendly Societies 
 
 Convents and .Philanthropic 
 Agencies. 
 
 No. 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 822 
 
 13 
 
 1,374 
 
 59 
 76 
 
 No. 
 6,288 
 
 24,805 
 
 22,594 
 122,666 
 2.558 
 2,495,079* 
 
 35,041 
 132,036 
 
 No. 
 6,188 
 
 13.292 
 
 20.851 
 71,639 
 
 1.882 
 938,237* 
 
 53,059 
 25.911 
 
 No. 
 6.188 
 
 10,856 
 
 18,396 
 
 86,121 
 
 1,896 
 
 459,459* 
 
 17,794 
 26,227 
 
 No. 
 
 430' 
 8.538 
 1,396 
 361,991* 
 
 16.000 
 107,431 
 
 * These figures only relates to the 994 private registry offices which furnished information. 
 
 It will be seen that the most extensive of these agencies are 
 the licensed employment registries. Of the other agencies 
 those of greatest interest for the purposes of this Report are the 
 Labour Exchanges and the Free Municipal Registries. A brief 
 account of these three classes of orgnnisations is therefore 
 appended. 
 
LICENSED EMPLOYMENT REGISTRIES. 341 
 
 (a.) Licensed Employment Registries. 
 
 The report gives the following account of the regulations 
 under which these registries are conducted : — 
 
 The draft decree proposed by the Commission on Employment 
 Registries was sanctioned by Louis Napoleon, and promulgated on the 
 25th of March, 1852. It is under this decree, possessing the force of law, 
 that the business of employment registries has since been conducted, 
 so that it is well that the text should be given here verbatim. 
 
 Decree of the 2oth op March, 1852. 
 
 Art. 1. — Henceforward no one will be allowed to carry on an employ- 
 ment registry, under any pretext, or for any professions, situations, or 
 employments whatever, without a special permit issued by the municipal 
 authority, only to be granted to persons of established repute. Present 
 proprietors of registry offices are accorded a delay of three months 
 in which to obtain the said permit. 
 
 Art. 2. — The application for a licence must state the conditions under 
 which the applicant proposes to conduct his business. 
 
 He must conform to these conditions and to the regulations which shall 
 be framed in virtue of Art. 3. 
 
 Art. 3. — The municipal authority shall supervise the registry oflSces, 
 so as to ensure that order be maintained therein, and that they be 
 conducted honestly. It shall draw up the rules necessary for this pur- 
 pose and regulate the list of charges leviable by the owner. 
 
 Art. 4. — Any contravention of Art. 1, of the second paragraph of 
 Art. 2, or of the regulations made in virtue of Art. 3, shall be punishable 
 by a fine of from 1 to 15 francs, and imprisonment not exceeding 
 five days, or by either of these penalties. The maximum of the two 
 penalties will always be applied to an offender, who within the previous 
 twelve months has been convicted of an infringement of the present 
 decree or of the police regulations aforesaid. These penalties are apart 
 from any restitution or damages entailed by the acts with which the 
 proprietor is charged. Art. 463 of the Penal Code applies to the above- 
 named contraventions. 
 
 Art. 5. — The municipal authority may cancel the licence of — (1) 
 persons who have incurred, or should hereafter incur, one of the penalties 
 provided by Art. 15, paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, and 15, and by Art. 16 
 of the Decree of 2nd February 1852 ; (2) of persons who have been, or 
 may hereafter be convicted of conspiracy ; (3) of persons who may here- 
 after be condemned to imprisonment for contravention of the present 
 decree or of the regulations framed in virtue of Art. 3. 
 
 Art. 6. — The powers above conferred on the municipal authority shall 
 be exercised by the Prefect of Police for Paris and the jurisdiction of his 
 prefecture, and by the Prefect of the Rhone for Lyons and the other 
 communes in which he discharges the functions conferred on him by the 
 law of 24th June 1851. 
 
 Art. 7. — The withdrawals of licences and the regulations issued by the 
 municipal authority in virtue of the foregoing provisions shall not take 
 effect until after the prefect has approved of them.* 
 
 The following statement based on a table published in the 
 report (p. 468) gives a summary of the work of these employ- 
 
 * Le Placement des Employes, etc., pp. 133-4. 
 
342 
 
 FEENCH LABOUR BUREAUX AND EXCHANGES. 
 
 ment registries and the extent to which they touch persons 
 engaged in various groups of trades : — 
 
 Summary of the Licensed Registry Offices and their Operations 
 according to Trades. 
 
 
 'No. of 
 Registry 
 Offices. 
 
 No. 
 which 
 furnished 
 infor- 
 mation. 
 
 Annual Number of 
 
 Trades, &c. 
 
 Appli- 
 cations 
 
 for 
 Work. 
 
 1 
 
 Offers 
 
 of 
 Work. 
 
 Persons 
 
 Placed 
 
 Perma- 
 nently. 
 
 By the 
 Day or 
 Tempo- 
 rarily. 
 
 Butchers, including Pork 
 
 Butchers. 
 Bakers - - - - 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 54,902 
 
 21,062 
 
 16,980 
 
 2,436 
 
 91 
 
 81 
 
 121,118 
 
 47,332 
 
 25,971 
 
 40,114 
 
 Brewers 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Hair Dressers - 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 84,887 
 
 22,929 
 
 15,006 
 
 42,047 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6,000 
 
 4,200 
 
 1,700 
 
 - 
 
 ("Domestic 
 Servants - < 
 
 CFarm 
 
 1,036 
 49 
 
 717 
 
 37 
 
 1,378,124 
 10,576 
 
 611,774 
 
 8,442 
 
 254,716 
 
 5,682 
 
 52,440 
 698 
 
 Clerks - ... 
 
 4 
 
 4 • 
 
 20,340 
 
 3,120 
 
 1,776 
 
 252 
 
 Provision Dealers' Assistants - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8,400 
 
 7,200 
 
 5,760 
 
 240 
 
 Waiters . - - - 
 
 74 
 
 61 
 
 712,848 
 
 149,984 
 
 88,952 
 
 193,380 
 
 Grocers' Assistants 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 20,080 
 
 28,320 
 
 26,400 
 
 - 
 
 Millers' 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 1,534 
 
 1,284 
 
 1,052 
 
 228 
 
 Cowmen .... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 360 
 
 Schoolmasters and Gover- 
 nesses. 
 Gardeners - - - 
 
 17 
 2 
 
 9 
 2 
 
 24,840 
 120 
 
 12,132 
 120 
 
 6,480 
 120 
 
 396 
 
 Farriers and Wheelwrights - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 956 
 
 788 
 
 752 
 
 - 
 
 Sailors .... 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 6,468 
 
 1,668 
 
 1,200 
 
 - 
 
 Pastry-cooks, Cooks 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 29,662 
 
 14,708 
 
 4,938 
 
 29,400 
 
 Tailors .... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 - 
 
 Dyers - . . - 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 200 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 
 - 
 
 Total 
 
 1,374 
 
 994 
 
 2,495,079 
 
 a38,237 
 
 459,459 
 
 861,991 
 
 (6.) Labour Exchanges (" Bourses du Travail.") 
 
 The following account is given in the report (pp. 150 fF.) of 
 the establishment and history of Labour Exchanges managed by- 
 Trade Syndicates : — 
 
 " The idea of creating labour exchanges is usually attributed to M. de 
 Ivlolinari, the economist, who really only originated the publication of 
 offers and applications for work when in 1846 he opened the columns 
 of his paper, the " Courier FrangaiSf' in Paris to the corporations, 
 and subsequently, when, with the same object, he started the paper " La 
 Bourse du Travail " in Brussels. 
 
 The first idea of a real exchange for workpeople appears rather to 
 belong to M. Doucoux, prefect of police in 1848, who at the time pre- 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES. 343 
 
 sented a complete scheme of organisation accompanied by a plan, to the 
 .Municipal Council of Paris. 
 
 In February, 1851, M. Doucoux submitted the same proposal to the 
 Chamber, the text being as follows : — 
 
 Art. 1. — There shall be erected in Paris, under the direction of the 
 State, a Labour Exchange. 
 
 Art. 2. — This exchange, divided into sections for the different classes 
 of trades, shall contain employment registries for' \vorkm<^n, and all 
 information adapted for the purpose of enlightening the public as to the 
 different phases of labour. 
 
 The cost of commodities, the rates of wages, in fact, all data interesting 
 to employers, workmen, producers and consumers will there be collected 
 and carefully explained. 
 
 Art. 3. — This exchange shall be built according to the plans and 
 estimates drawn up by order of the Prefect of Police and handed to the 
 Municipal Council of Paris on the 10th October 1848. 
 
 Art. 4. — A supplementary vote of 300,000 francs shall for this purpose 
 be inserted in the budget of expenditure for the year 1851. 
 
 This bill was rejected, or rather returned to the Municipal Council of 
 Paris, as being exclusively communal in its character. 
 
 The question of labour exchanges was then lost sight of, at least in 
 France, until M. Delattre and some of his colleagues revived it by 
 lodging the following proposal at the office of the Paris Municipal 
 Council, on the 24th February 1875. 
 
 " The undersigned request that measures be considered for esta- 
 " blishing at the entrance of the Rue de Flandre a labour exchange, 
 " or at least a refuge enclosed and covered so as to shelter the numerous 
 *' groups of workpeople who collect every morning for the purpose of 
 " being hired at the docks and other works," 
 
 This proposal, which only interested a single district, was made general 
 by the committee appointed to examine it, and the Administration was 
 invited to present a scheme for *' the esta,blishment of labour exchanges in 
 " all places where workmen of different trades assembled for the purpose 
 " of being hired." 
 
 Nevertheless, on the 18th July 1878, the Council specially voted the 
 construction of a permanent shelter in the Boulevard de la Chapelle. 
 
 After this resolution the organisation of labour exchanges remained in 
 abeyance until the 19th of November 1883, when M. Manier forwarded 
 to the Municipal Council of Paris the following resolution adopted at a 
 meeting held on the 16th of the same month at the Salle Rivoli. 
 
 Considering that the labour exchange will at least have the effect of — 
 
 (a.) Suppressing the Places de greve* 
 
 (6.) Facilitating the placing of workers ; 
 
 (c.) Suppressing the Registry Offices ; 
 
 (df.) Centralising the supply and demand with a view to rapidly 
 bringing workers into relation with work. 
 
 (e.) Establishing direct relations between the chambers of syndicates or 
 
 corporate associations, as well as between all workers in general 
 
 whether they belong to unions or not, 
 
 the' assembly, having heard the details of the proposal, invites the 
 
 Municipal Council to vote the said proposal in its entirety in the present 
 
 session." 
 
 This petition gave rise to further deliberations and schemes in the 
 Municipal Council and the Administration, the original character of which 
 
 * Certain localities in Paris, where it was customary for persons seeking work to 
 assemble for the purpose of being hired by employers. 
 
344 
 
 FRENCH LABOUR BUREAUX AND EXCHANGES. 
 
 has been modified by the Law of March 21st, 1884, granting to trades 
 unions the right to organise without restriction. 
 
 The report, presented by M. Mesureur, on the 5th November 1886, 
 in the name of the Labour Commission, on the establishment of a labour 
 exchanore at Paris, summarises in the following paragraph the new light 
 in which this exchange was considered from that time forward : — 
 
 " In adherico; to the standpoint of liberty of contract, you have the 
 right if not the duty to furnish labour with the means of maintaining a 
 struggle against capiral with equal and legal weapons; without the 
 labour exchange, the existence of syndical chambers will always be 
 precarious, the charges which they entail being prohibitive to the 
 majority of workmen. 
 
 It is therefore necessary that they should have premises and offices to 
 which every one ma}' come without fear of having to sacrifice more time 
 or money than hecai: afford; the free and permanent use of the meeting 
 rooms will enable workers to discuss more fully and accurately the 
 numerous questions which interest their trade or afi^ect their wages ; they 
 will have for their guidance and instruction all means of information and 
 correspondence, the resources furnished by statistics, a library with books 
 on economy, industry and commerce, and the course of production in 
 every industry, not only in France, but in the whole world. 
 
 Perhaps we shall then witness the establishment of veritable labour 
 councils." 
 
 It was then in response to these numerous requirements that the 
 Municipal Council of Paris decided to establish a central labour exchange, 
 and that a first branch of this exchange was provisionally established in 
 the old Snlle de la Redoute, 35, Rue Jean- Jacques- Rousseau, where it 
 was opened on the 3rd February 1887. 
 
 The central exchange itself was subsequently built in the Rue du 
 Chateau d'Eau, near the Place de laRepubliaue, and opened on the 22nd 
 of May 1892. 
 
 The example of Paris has, since 1887, been followed by several pro- 
 vincial towns, and labour exchanges are multiplying from year to year. 
 
 The number of trade syndicates acting as employment 
 agencies in 1891, was 3,253 ; and the following table, giving a 
 summary of their operations in that year, so far as particulars 
 were obtained, is based on a table published on p[). 521-2 of 
 the Report : — 
 
 Siwimanj Statement of the Operations of Trade Syndicates 
 Employment Agencies in 1891. 
 
 as 
 
 Pescription of 
 Registry. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Registries 
 
 to which 
 
 particulars 
 
 given relate. 
 
 Number of 
 
 Applications 
 
 for Work. 
 
 Number of 
 Applications 
 for Work- 
 people. 
 
 Number of Persons placed 
 
 Permanently. 
 
 Temporarily. 
 
 Employers' Registries 
 
 Workers' 
 
 Mixed 
 
 54 
 
 323 
 
 13 
 
 22,594 
 
 122,C66 
 
 2,558 
 
 20,851 
 71,639 
 
 1,882 
 
 18,396 
 
 86,014 
 
 1,896 
 
 430 
 8,538 
 1,396 
 
 Total - 
 
 390 
 
 147,818 
 
 94,372 
 
 106,306 
 
 10.364 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES. 
 
 345 
 
 Since the report was published the General Council of the 
 Paris Labour Exchange has been dissolved owing to the refusal 
 of certain trade unions attached to the Exchange to comply with 
 the Law of 1884. The following table, based on a statement 
 published in the Report (pp. 506-7), shows the magnitude and 
 character of the operations of the Paris Labour Exchange as an 
 employment agency duiing the year 1891. 
 
 Statement showing the Number of Applications Registered and the 
 Number of Persons for whom Permanent or Temporary Employ- 
 ment was obtained dunng the Year 1891 by the Trade Syndicates 
 belonging to the Paris Labour Exchange. 
 
 Unions. 
 
 Appli- 
 cations 
 Registered. 
 
 Persons 
 
 Persons 
 
 placed Per- 1 ^1^^^. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Jewellery ai;d Parts thereof 
 
 „ Imitation 
 
 „ Gold and " Joail- 
 
 lerie." 
 Hosiers 
 
 Butchers (1) - 
 
 Bakers 
 
 Engine Drivers 
 
 Carpenters {SoUdariti) 
 
 Iron Constructors - 
 
 Cooks (2) - 
 
 Boiler-makers 
 
 Accountants (Clerks) 
 
 Shirt Cutters 
 
 Cutters & Stitchers (Shoes) 
 
 Hair Dressers (3) 
 
 Coppersmiths 
 
 Shoemakers of France (4) - 
 
 Shoemaking {Federation) 
 
 „ {talons Louis XIV.) 
 
 (C. S.) (5) - 
 
 Sewing 
 
 "Ladies" 
 
 Colour Draughtsman 
 
 Leather Gilders 
 
 Clerks, &c. - 
 
 Federation of Metallurgy (6) 
 
 Strikers (Smiths') - 
 
 Smiths and Locksmiths 
 
 ( Forgerons-Senruriers) . 
 
 Bag and Purse Claspmakers 
 
 92 
 
 80 
 
 — 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 98 
 
 96 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 12,042 
 
 9,908 
 
 — 
 
 2,405 
 
 2.220 
 
 298 
 
 53 
 
 44 
 
 
 115 
 
 111 
 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 - 
 
 1,608 
 
 993 
 
 1.105 
 
 380 
 
 253 
 
 - ' 
 
 48 
 
 47 
 
 - 1 
 
 218 
 
 216 
 
 i 
 
 246 
 
 235 
 
 - 
 
 3,562 
 
 2,385 
 
 — 
 
 432 
 
 421 
 
 — 
 
 307 
 
 201 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 133 
 
 103 
 
 — 
 
 92 
 
 47 
 
 — 
 
 78 
 
 62 
 
 — 
 
 1.711 
 
 1,207 
 
 — 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 - ■ 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 530 
 
 494 
 
 — 
 
 107 
 
 102 
 
 — 
 
 146 
 
 131 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 -- 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 (1) We have organised a new 
 system of placing which 
 enables us to obtain work for 
 a larger number of our mem- 
 bers. 
 
 (2^) Several of those placed 
 *' temporarily " were not re- 
 moved from th3 register, as 
 their emplojTnent was only 
 casual. 
 
 j (3) These figures relate to the 
 last four months of the year. 
 Previously the returns were 
 made to the Municipal 
 Council. 
 
 (4) Operations have teen much 
 restricted in consequence of 
 difficulties which arose in 
 the working of our office. 
 
 (5) The three Shoemakers* 
 Unions are now amalgamated 
 into ona Syndical Chamber.l 
 
 (6) These places were secured 
 by different corporations, 
 chiefly artisans, but con- 
 nected with metallurgy. 
 
346 
 
 FRENCH LABOUR BUREAUX AND EXCHANGES. 
 
 Unions. 
 
 Appli- 
 cations 
 Registered. 
 
 Persons 
 placed Per- 
 manently. 
 
 Persons 
 placed 
 Tempo- 
 rarily. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Tin-workers - 
 
 73 
 
 68 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Hotel Waiters 
 
 1,083 
 
 963 
 
 97 
 
 
 Engraving {Federation) - 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 Copper-plate Printers 
 
 129 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 Typographic Printers 
 
 161 
 
 160 
 
 - 
 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 - 
 
 
 Lithography (Federation.) 
 
 ISO 
 
 172 
 
 - 
 
 
 Coffee House Keepers 
 
 2,030 
 
 766 
 
 1,202 
 
 • 
 
 Engineers ( Union) 
 
 1,401 
 
 1,336 
 
 - 
 
 
 „ Modellers 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 - 
 
 
 Cast-iron Moulders - 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Joiners (C.^.) - - 
 
 101 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 „ ( Union Syndicale) 
 
 43 
 
 38 
 
 - 
 
 
 Electrical Fitters - 
 
 131 
 
 132 
 
 - 
 
 
 Furriers 
 
 447 
 
 412 
 
 - 
 
 
 Page Numberers 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 — 
 
 
 Clock and Watch Makers - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 
 House Painters (7) - 
 Paper Stainers 
 
 603 
 22 
 
 580 
 21 
 
 
 (7) During several months of 
 the year 1891 the number of 
 persons out of work was very 
 small. 
 
 French Painters 
 
 231 
 
 236 
 
 — 
 
 
 Sign Painters 
 
 152 
 
 142 
 
 - 
 
 
 Lacemakers, by Machine - 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 
 „ by Hand 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 
 Photo-engravers 
 
 53 
 
 42 
 
 - 
 
 
 Pastry Cooks 
 
 2,640 
 
 1,958 
 
 112 
 
 
 Paper Rulers 
 
 161 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 Newspaper Employes (8) - 
 Wooden Baluster Makers - 
 Locksmiths (Serruriers) - 
 
 190 
 
 32 
 
 615 
 
 183 
 
 32 
 
 393 
 
 - 
 
 (8) A large number were 
 placed by members without 
 the mediation of the oflSce of 
 the Union, the exact number 
 not being known. 
 
 Stone Setters 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 
 Ladies' Bag and Travelling 
 
 Bag Makers. 
 Upholsterers (Female) 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 
 (Male) 
 
 70 
 
 53 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 Turncocks 
 
 311 
 
 267 
 
 — 
 
 
 Navvies (9) - 
 
 Scourers (Dyeing) (C. >Sr.) - 
 
 Dyers 
 
 192 
 67 
 47 
 
 141 
 32 
 27 
 
 - 
 
 (9) Our Syndical Chamber in- 
 creases its membership every 
 day ; we shall soon be able to 
 engage regularly in the work 
 of placing. 
 
 Commsrcial Travellers 
 
 1,341 
 
 1.226 
 
 "" 
 
 
 Bed Upholsterers - 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 Total - 
 
 37,142 
 
 29,429 
 
 2,814 
 
 
FREE MUNICIPAL REGISTRIES. 
 
 347 
 
 (c.) Free Municipal Registry Offices. 
 
 The next class of institutions to be considered is that of the 
 Free Municipal Registry Offices. With regard to these registries 
 the report states (p. 569) : — 
 
 ** The want of success attending the experiment made in carrying out 
 the decree of the 8th March 1848, bj which the Provisional Govern- 
 ment established a free information bureau in each of the mairies of Paris, 
 for a long time discounted the idea of free municipal registry offices. 
 
 " Some of the municipalities, especially those which administer the 
 arrondissements of Paris, revived this idea in 1886 in consequence of the 
 agitation against the private registry offices, and, following their example, 
 several other towns have established free registry offices, or encourage 
 private undertakings established with this object." 
 
 The following table taken from the Report (p. 611) shows the 
 scope of the work of these Registries in 1891 : — 
 
 Summary Statement of the Number of Applications for Work and 
 Workpeople Registered, and the Number of Persons Placed by 
 the Free Municipal Registry Offices in operation in 1891. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Date of 
 Establish- 
 ment of 
 Office. 
 
 
 
 
 Depart- 
 ments. 
 
 Appli- 
 
 cations for 
 
 Work. 
 
 Appli- 
 cations for 
 Work- 
 people. 
 
 Persons 
 placed. 
 
 Gironde - 
 
 Bordeaux ... 
 'Sainte-Men^hould 
 
 1888 
 
 3,161 
 
 734 
 
 696 
 
 Mama - 
 
 Vitry-le-Franpois 
 ^S^zanne 
 
 " 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 
 'Lille ... - 
 
 1884 
 
 1,248 
 
 194 
 
 — 
 
 Nord - 
 
 Cambrai 
 
 1889 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 
 ^Caudry - . . - 
 
 „ 
 
 24 
 
 2A 
 
 24 
 
 Ome 
 
 |Flers .... 
 .La Fert6-Mac6 
 
 " 
 
 } '^ 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 
 ' 
 
 '1st Arrondissement - 
 
 Oct. 1889 
 
 1,410 
 
 1,035 
 
 1,009 
 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 April 1891 
 
 975 
 
 295 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 3rd 
 
 Oct. 1888 
 
 4,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 
 4th 
 
 March 1889 
 
 2,104 
 
 956 
 
 482 
 
 
 Paris ■ 
 
 5th 
 
 May 1889 
 
 284 
 
 284 
 
 284 
 
 Seine 
 
 6th 
 
 Jan. 1889 
 
 4,000 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 13th 
 
 Sept. 1891 
 
 492 
 
 15G 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 14th 
 
 May 1889 
 
 1,000 
 
 670 
 
 604 
 
 
 
 15th 
 
 Nov. 1888 
 
 1,000 
 
 715 
 
 715 
 
 
 
 -18th 
 
 July 1887 
 
 2,743 
 
 765 
 
 627 
 
 
 kLerallois-Perret 
 
 Oct. 1883 
 Total - 
 
 1,600 
 
 400 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 
 24,805 
 
 13,292 
 
 10,866 
 
 This table shows that the most important free municipal 
 registries are those in Paris, those outside the Department of 
 the Seine, with the exception of that at Bordeaux, being com- 
 paratively unimportant. 
 
348 
 
 FKENCH LABOUR BUREAUX AND EXCHANGES. 
 
 The following is a description of the work of the oldest of 
 these offices, viz., that of the 18th Arrondisseiment (pp. 599-600), 
 which will serve as a type of those established in the various 
 districts of Paris : — 
 
 '' The free municipal registry office of the 18th Arrondissement was 
 founded on the 15tli July 1887. It is conducted with a subsidy of 
 2,000 francs from the municipal council. An accountant, who receives 
 60 francs per month, attends at the office every evening from 7 till half- 
 past 9. A clerk carries the letters, the object of which is explained 
 further on, and receives for this service 40 francs per month, bringing 
 the expenses for staff to ] ,200 francs. 
 
 A sum of 800 francs then remains for expenses of printing, postage, 
 and advertising ; the latter takes place by means of circulars, placards, 
 newspaper reports and notices left with tradespeople. 
 
 The two officials are placed under the exclusive supervision of a 
 committee of control consisting of the maire as president, some deputies, 
 and five members of the hureau de bienfaisance (two governors and 
 three commissaries) ; one of the officials registers the applications for 
 work, and the other the applications for v/orkpeople. 
 
 Registration of applications for work takes place on presentation of a 
 document stating the address, together with certificates, work books and 
 references of candidates ; in addition, for the greater convenience of 
 employers, a desk has been put up in the waiting room on which are 
 placed printed forms which employers have only to fill up, and put into 
 a box opened every evening. 
 
 Each evening, after the closing of the office the accountant, following 
 the order in which the applications for work have been registered, 
 endeavours to meet the applications for workpeople and sends letters by 
 the clerk to the parties interested, which serve them as introductions 
 to employers." 
 
 In order further to give an idea of the scope of the operations 
 of this registry the following table is inserted, giving particulars 
 of the number and occupations of persons placed in situations 
 through its agency during the year 1891 (pp. 601-2). 
 
 Statement of the Number of Persons placed in 1891 by the 
 Fiee Municipal Kegistry Office of the Eighteenth Arron- 
 dissement of Paris, distinguishing the principal Occupations 
 of those placed. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Number 
 Placed. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Number 
 Placed. 
 
 Men:- 
 
 
 Women:— 
 
 
 Clerks, commercial employees, &c. 
 
 67 
 
 General servants - 
 
 254 
 
 Barmen .... 
 
 25 
 
 Charwomen 
 
 57 
 
 Message and shop boys 
 
 31 
 
 Cooks .... 
 
 38 
 
 Mechanics ... - 
 
 18 
 
 Sempstresses 
 
 29 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 39 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Total women 
 
 25 
 
 Total men 
 
 180 
 
 403 - 
 
 Boy apprentices, paid or not 
 
 37 
 
 Girl apprentices, paid or not 
 
 6 
 
349 
 
 (iii.) THE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES IN NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 During the severe depression of trade which for some time 
 past has prevailed throughout the Australasian Colonies, many 
 schemes have been started by the various Colonial Governments 
 to assist unemployed persons by helping them to obtain work, 
 by providing State employment on relief works, and by 
 developing projects of land settlement. 
 
 A detailed account of the action of the Government in New 
 Zealand with regard to the unemployed is given below, based 
 on the two last annual reports of the Bureau of Industries. 
 
 The Report of the Bureau, presented in July 1892 to both 
 Houses of the General Assembly, states that : — 
 
 "A 'Bureau of Industries' was established by the New Zealand 
 Government in June 1891, under the direction of the Hon. W. R. 
 Reeves, Minister of Education and Justice. The objects desired by the 
 (rovernment Avere the compilation of statistics concerning the condition 
 of labour generally ; the establishment of agencies for reporting the 
 scarcity or overplus of workers in particular districts ; the transfer of 
 such workers from overcrowded localities to places needing labour ; and, 
 generally, the control of all industries for the physical and moral benefit 
 of those engaged therein. 
 
 " The pressing difficulty at the time the bureau was inaugurated was 
 the presence of ' unemployed ' labour in the chief towns of the colony. 
 The centralising tendency of modern institutions is one of the pre- 
 disposing causes of this plethora of workmen appearing in the cities, 
 aided by the displacement of hands by labour-saving machinery on 
 farms; but these influences were greatly augmented by the cessation (or 
 contraction) of public works consequent on the exhaustion of foreign 
 loans. It was necessary that some outward set should be given to 
 the human tide, and that every facility should be given to labourers to 
 proceed to available work in out-districts. 
 
 " For this purpose 200 agencies were established, for economical 
 reasons the agents being selected from officers already in the Govern- 
 ment service, and in the country districts the duties generally being 
 allotted to sergeants of police and local constables, as these officers are 
 thoroughly acquainted with the needs and capabilities of the population 
 surrounding them. These agents forward on the last day of every 
 month a schedule stating particulars as to unemployed persons in their 
 district, and make report as to the various works, private and public (if 
 any), in their locality needing more workmen. In this manner the 
 itmius and plus quantities of available labour can be generally equalised. 
 
 " On ' unemployed ' persons presenting themselves for engagement 
 their names are entered upon schedules, which declare (for statistical 
 purposes only) the age, dependent family, time out of work, &c., of 
 each applicant ; and suitable employment (if possible) is offered, men 
 with families having preference. They are assisted by means of railway 
 passes, in some cases given free to those seeking work for themselves, 
 but given to those proceeding to engagements only as advances, orders 
 on the employers against future wages being signed by the men. Most 
 of the said orders on future pay are honoured v^hen matured. 
 
350 NEW ZEALAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES. 
 
 " Every effort, short of espionage, is used to ascertain the bona fides 
 of applicants :ind to prevent the railway-passes falling into the hands of 
 rogues. 
 
 '' . . . The total number assisted to employment from the 1st 
 June, 1891, to the 31st May, 1892, was 2,974, of whom 2,000 were 
 sent to private employers and the others to public works." 
 
 The system under which the public works above spoken of 
 have been carried on, is thus described : — 
 
 " The new system is that of constructing roads and railways by what 
 ai"e called co-operative contracts. In these, a small party of men, 
 generally six in number, is allotted a certain section or length of road 
 or line ; one of them is elected a * ganger ' and trustee for the others, 
 to^deal for them with the Grovernraent, The Government engineer 
 states a price for the portion of work, and, as this is done by an un- 
 prejudiced officer, it is generally accepted without murmur by the 
 men." Progress payments are made fortnightly, for the benefit of 
 the men's families, and the whole amount is paid up in cash on the work 
 being passed by the engineer. 
 
 Another measure taken by the Bureau is — 
 
 '' the issue to the Bureau agents of labour coupons, which are given 
 in small quantities to unemployed in country districts, and which enable 
 the bearer to get food, bed, &c., in certain hotels and lodging-houses at 
 reduced rates. Employment being obtained, the coupons are no longer 
 allowed to be used, but full prices are charged." 
 
 The report also describes a scheme contemplated by the 
 Government for the establishment of State Farms for the 
 unemployed. The second report (April 1892 — March 1893) 
 states that delays had occurred in the carrying out of I his 
 scheme, but that land was being secured for the purpose.* 
 
 Tables appended to the last-mentioned report show the number 
 of persons actually assisted by the Department during the year 
 ending March 31, 1893. They set forth the occupations of those 
 dealt with in different centres of population, and in a summarised 
 form for the whole colony. The number of men assisted was 
 3,874, these having 7,802 dependants, making a total of 11,676 
 persons. This gives, as the result since the establishment of the 
 iDureau in June, 1891 (one year and ten months), the number of 
 6,467 men assisted, these having 12,531 dependants, being a total 
 of 18,998 persons. 
 
 * A report in the " Argus," dated 15th May, 1893, states that the New Zealand 
 Government has set apart several blocks of bushland for carrying out a scheme 
 for settling the unemployed on the land. 
 
 9,900 acres have been allotted for this purpose, viz : — 
 2,500 acres in the Auckland district. 
 2; 500 „ Taranaki „ 
 
 2,200 „ Wellington „ 
 
 1,500 „ Otago „ 
 
 1,200 „ Southlands „ 
 
NEW ZEALAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES. 
 
 351 
 
 After comparing the bureau with those of the other Austra- 
 lasian Colonies the report proceeds : — 
 
 ** It will soon be necessary in New Zealand to gravely consider the 
 subject of the classification and employment of the poorer members of 
 our society. The present system of charitable aid is faulty in the 
 extreme, and it will need the attention of our wisest men to orojaidse a 
 scheme that will deliver us from the network of our present difficulties. 
 The dependent classes should be divided into three distinct orders — viz., 
 the helpful poor, who only need guidance and duection to enable the 
 work and the worker to be brought together ; the helpless poor, who are 
 to be regarded as subjects for benevolent aid ; and the criminally-lazy 
 poor, who should be compelled to work, if necessary, under restriction. 
 The organisation of the whole could only be attempted by some strong 
 central power having control and direction of all charitable aid — ^both 
 that which is now administered by means of private beneficence (unequally 
 collected by the voluntary self-taxing of the generous) and that granted 
 by the State to hospitals, lunatic asylums, orphan asylums, &c. Our 
 present attitude is only a confession of weakness and of inability to 
 grapple with fast-converging difficulties." 
 
 The following Tables I. and II. are based on particulars 
 published in the Report : — 
 
 Table I. — Showing the numbers assisted by the Bureau in 
 the five chief Districts of the Colony, from 1st April 
 1892 to 31st March 1893, together with the places from 
 which they (;ame. 
 
 
 - 
 
 Auck- 
 land. 
 
 Christ- 
 church. 
 
 Dune- 
 din. 
 
 Well- 
 ington. 
 
 r 
 
 Gis- 
 borne. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Total number assisted by the Bureau 
 
 372 
 
 547 
 
 763 
 
 1.991 
 
 201 
 
 3,874 
 
 Total number of persons dependent upon 
 
 applicants. 
 Number sent to private employment 
 
 576 
 
 1,675 
 
 2,265 
 
 2,951 
 
 335 
 
 7,802 
 
 363 
 
 240 
 
 454 
 
 1,260 
 
 201 
 
 2,518 
 
 Number sent to Government Works 
 
 9 
 
 307 
 
 309 
 
 731 
 
 - 
 
 1,356 
 
 N umber of wives sent to rejoin husbands - 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 
 56 
 
 Number of children sent to rejoin fathers - 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 62 
 
 92 
 
 .- 
 
 168 
 
 Places of origin of thost 
 North Island - 
 
 J assisted :— 
 
 281 
 
 2 
 
 
 871 
 
 168 
 
 1,322 
 
 South Island - 
 
 
 17 
 
 640 
 
 745 
 
 929 
 
 26 
 
 2,257 
 
 Victoria 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 New South Wales ■ 
 
 
 43 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 2 
 
 124 
 
 Queensland - 
 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 _ 
 
 7 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 
 3 
 
 ~~ 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 South Australia 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Great Britain - 
 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 77 
 
352 
 
 NEW ZEALAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES. 
 
 Tabie II. — Showing the Occupations of the Applicants and the 
 Description of Work found for them in the Year 1892-93. 
 
 Trades. 
 
 No. of 
 Appli- 
 cants. 
 
 No. 
 sent to 
 Private 
 Em- 
 ploy- 
 ment. 
 
 No. 
 
 sent to 
 
 Govern 
 
 ment 
 
 Works. 
 
 Trades. 
 
 No of 
 Appli- 
 cants. 
 
 1 
 
 No. 
 sent to 
 Private 
 Em- 
 ploy- 
 ment. 
 
 No.i 
 sent to 
 Govern- 
 ment 
 Works. 
 
 Building trades :— 
 
 
 
 
 Clothiers :— 
 
 
 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Drapers - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 106 
 
 68 
 
 38 
 
 Tailors - 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 Painters - 
 Stonemasons 
 Others - 
 A>?riculture :— 
 Farmers - 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 6 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 24 
 2 
 
 Printing and pub- 
 lishing : — 
 Compositors 
 
 Printers - 
 
 Others - 
 
 12 
 15 
 
 4' 
 
 9 
 15 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Farm-labourers - 
 
 135 
 
 134 
 
 1 
 
 Leather workers : — 
 
 
 
 
 Grooms - 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 Bootmakers 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 Ploughmen 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 Fellmongers 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 Rabbiters 
 
 48 
 
 48 
 
 - 
 
 Saddlers - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 -• 
 
 Station hands - 
 Bushmen 
 Others - 
 Mechanics :— 
 
 27 
 
 450 
 
 15 
 
 27 
 
 353 
 
 14 
 
 97 
 1 
 
 Seafaring men : — 
 Firemen - 
 Seamen - 
 
 8 
 41 
 
 8 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 Smiths - 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 Wood workers 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 — . 
 
 Engineers 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 Professional men - 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 Ironworkers and 
 
 Moulders. 
 Engine-drivers - 
 
 10 
 5 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 Clerks 
 Flaxmillers - 
 
 16 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 Food trades :— 
 
 
 
 
 Miners 
 
 52 
 
 44 
 
 8 
 
 Bakers - 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Miscellaneous trades 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 Butchers - 
 
 16 
 
 59 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 General labourers - 
 Total 
 
 2,567 
 
 1,434 
 
 1,133 
 
 Cooks and waiters 
 Others - 
 
 3,874 
 
 2,518 
 
 1,356 
 
 The following extracts from the reports of the branch bureaux 
 at Auckland, Wellington, and elsewhere, afford some idea of the 
 method of working. The report from Auckland states that : — 
 
 " This department was opened on the 9th May 1892. Up to present 
 dates 413 persons have been found in work, or assisted to do so — private 
 employment, 402; pubUc works, 11. Large numbers besides tiie above 
 called, and were supplied with any information available as to the best 
 districts and methods of finding work. During the harvest season I 
 refused to book any one, simply directing them to the agricultural dis- 
 tricts, where I knew men were in demand. When the bureau was first 
 opened, employers seemed doubtful that the class of men which would 
 be sent through the bureau would be inferior workmen. I opened com- 
 munication with as many contractors and other employers as I could 
 find, assuring them that suitable men would only be sent, the resjult 
 
:NEW ZEALAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES. 353 
 
 being that, after a trial, I generally received information that they (the 
 employers) were suited. 
 
 *' The difficult phases of the unemployed that I met were the following : 
 A few men past the prime of life, who, from adversity or other c<4uses, 
 had now for the first time to turn to labour for subsistence. As amatter 
 of fact, employers in the present state of the labour market will not 
 employ this class of men. N^o matter how willing they are to work, they 
 are wanting in physical energy, and are unskilled in handling tools or 
 implements of labour. It would, I am of opinion, be a wise and kind 
 consideration if some kind of relief work could be provided for this class 
 of men, if only for a time, to enable them to get trained and inured to 
 manual labour. 
 
 *' Married men with families, who are living from hand to mouth, find 
 it hard to get any distance to look for labour, and in the meantime their 
 families would be destitute, so as a rule they are compelled to stop about 
 town, picking up any odd jobs that may turn up. These men are, 
 therefore, at many tmies to be classed as ' unemployed.' 
 
 " There is still another class, and an increasing one, to swell the ranks, 
 namely, young fellows who have always lived in towns, and were not 
 brtmght up to any trade or calling. These, from the mode of life, become 
 enervated and unfit for country work, and, in a majority of cases, feel 
 little inclination. I succeeded last winter in finding employment for a 
 good number of this class, but, as a rule, they soon drifted back to town, 
 and very soon improvidently spent their earnings w^ithout looking out 
 for more work. If these young fellows would only stay out of toAvn it 
 would give a better chance to the men with families I have already 
 mentioned. 
 
 *' Seeing the large numbers lately arriving by the Australian boats, I 
 apprehended that the bureau would be rushed, but up to the present 
 there is scarcely any perceptible difierence in the labour market. A good 
 many of the new arrivals called, but all received the same answer ' Take 
 to the country,' which they apparently have done. As u rule they were 
 a fair class of workmen (many old !N"ew Zeaianders), and, I may say^ 
 few have asked for assistance, and, further than information and advice, 
 none has been given. At the present, as bushfelling and clearing has 
 not .<\s yet set in, labour is quiescent, and there is no direct outlet, but,, 
 from deductions, I am of opinion that able and willing workmen taking 
 to the country will not go long unemployed. Except in some special, 
 cases, I do not believe in booking all and sundry who apply. I think it 
 better to give information and encourage the men to seek for themselves 
 than to lead them to hang around waiting for the bureau to find them 
 work. As the w^inter approaches there is no doubt that the question will 
 become more pressing ; but, if some unforeseen event, such as a large 
 influx_, does not occur, I think that by the judicious issue of a few rail- 
 way-passes and steamboat fares (the latter of which have been reduced 
 by the shipping companies of Auckland in a very liberal manner), 
 guarantees lor refund being got where possible, the difiiculty can fairly 
 be coped with." 
 
 The report from Gisborne states that — 
 
 ** since the opening of the bureau in April last 205 men have been 
 
 found employment The bulk of the men have been 
 
 employed at bushfelling and on road works." 
 
 The report from Wellington states that — 
 
 *' During the winter months of last year we were enabled to find for 
 a large number of men work at bushfelling for private employers, 
 o 77723. Z 
 
354 NEW ZEALAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES. 
 
 sending as many as twenty-five and thirty to one contract. On some of 
 these the men made fairly good wages, and finished up their season very 
 well satisfied ; others again, though having equally good chances, did 
 not do so well ; consequently there was a little grumbling. This can 
 be attributed to various causes, notably want of experience, and want of 
 cohesion among the men themselves. Road contractors also availed 
 themselves of the services of men forwarded by the department, and in 
 most cases have expressed themselves satisfied with the selection made. 
 Station-holders, farmers, and flax -mi Hers have also been supplied with 
 men and boys, the majority of whom have given satisfaction. In 
 addition to those placed in actual employment, and forwarded by the 
 department, many have availed themselves of the information possessed 
 by the department as to the best districts to proceed to on their own 
 account to look for work, notably Australians. We have had as many 
 as twenty men in one day, possessing a few pounds of their own, and 
 desiring no other assistance but to be informed as to the best place to 
 which to steer. Not the least valuable part of our work has been to 
 assist the wives and families of men who had procured work in the 
 colony to get to their husbauds, thus relieving the Benevolent and 
 Charitable Aid Boards, and at the same time helping to give these 
 people the chance of becoming good and prosperous settlers. We have 
 also had many visitors from Great Britain, they havino; been advised 
 by the Agent-General in London to call upon us. We have been 
 enabled to give them such information about labour and other matters 
 connected with the colony that, instead of wasting time hanging about 
 the city, they have gone at once into the country, and should in a very 
 short time give a good account of themselves. By our system of 
 monthly reports from agents, who are to be found in every township 
 and city of the colony, we are constantly in receipt of information as to 
 the requirements of labour in any particular part of the country, and by 
 this means have saved men needless journeys to and fro looking for 
 employment. 
 
 These Co-operative works, both road and rail, have provided 
 work for a large number of men, principally married, who in many 
 instances have removed their wives and families to the scene of opera- 
 tions and intend to settle there permanently The 
 
 men who are sent by the bureau to any co-operative work sign orders 
 for the amount advanced for rail or steamer fare. This is deducted 
 from their earnings by instalments, which takes away the feeling of 
 charity an absolutely free pass might give. (I may state that this is 
 also done in the case of m.en going to private employment, and in the 
 majority of cases the arrangement is loyally carried out.)" 
 
 The Agent at Greymouth reports that — 
 " many of the older hands of the digging community are becoming 
 incapacitated from age, but they seldom leave their districts to seek 
 lighter employment about the towns, and when permanently super- 
 annuated are usually generously provided for by friends. The bulk of 
 the unemployed dealt with by me are miners who have adapted 
 themselves as " handy-men," labourers suffering from the cessation of 
 large contracts, and artisans who have speculated a visit to the coast 
 
 for an opening in their particular calling Regarding 
 
 the work of this branch for the year, twenty-nine men were employed in 
 making bridges on the Greymouth and Hokitika Railway, fifty on the 
 formation of same work, and fifty-one on ballasting and plate-laying. 
 . . . , , . The average earnings per man per working day would 
 be in excess a little of 10.?., and, as the men were camped out within 
 easy distance of the town, the cheap living enhanced the financial 
 results for the single men. 
 
NEW ZEALAND BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES. 355 
 
 ^* I have gone carefully through my lists, and made extensive inquiries 
 to get at a true estimate of the number of bond fide unemployed. On 
 soliciting names for the ballasting conlracts, 359 names were received, 
 which, it is needless to say, was a surprising number. Inquiries, how- 
 ever, prove that exaggerated accounts of the profits of co-operative 
 labour had got abroad, and that a number of men having small claims, 
 or work on hand of a non-pressing character, had left their fixed em- 
 ployments to temporarily get a share in the supposed extravagant wages 
 under the co-operative system. Although the work in dealing with 
 such a number of applications was considerable, I speedily discovered 
 what was the matter, and struck out the names of those who were 
 procrastinating work already in hand. 
 
 " As to the average number of unemployed, it is very small, and the 
 continuous flow of contracts and casual labour gives all a chance. I 
 estimate the number of those who have been at times really needy at 
 from thirty to forty (married men being the majority), but I do not 
 think there are any who throughout the year earn insufficient to provide 
 the necessaries of life." 
 
 It is reported from Blenheim that — 
 ^' private employers have rarely patronised this office during the past 
 year — only when they wanted work done at a ridiculously low price, 
 and failed elsewhere, would they honour us v/ith a call, and that has 
 only occurred three times. Perhaps one of the reasons for the farmers 
 not applying here for labour may be that the department is not 
 sufficiently advertised. The private labour agents advertise extensively, 
 and they are certainly patronised by the farmers, &c., often to the 
 detriment of the men wlio frequently have to pay a high fee for a very 
 poor job. . . . , . There are now 258 men registered since the 
 2nd March unprovided for — viz., 224 married men, with 479 persons 
 dependent upon them, and thirty-four single men (twenty-five are recent 
 arrivals from Australia, and four from Europe — i.e., within the last six 
 months). I have passed through the office 547 men — 283 sent to 
 Government works, and 264 sent to private works, or assisted to go in 
 search of work." 
 
 Besides the New Zealand Government, most of the Australian 
 Colonies have taken steps to deal with the unemployed. For 
 example, in Victoria, a bureau was established by the Govern- 
 ment in June 1892 at Melbourne, and agencies were opened at 
 about 50 post-offices in the colony under the management of 
 local postmasters. These branch agencies were not very suc- 
 cessful, and eventually the Government decided that the bureau 
 was an incumbrance rather rather than an aid in dealing with 
 the labour diflSculty, and on the 22nd May 1893 it was abolished. 
 
 The Government of New South Wales opened a bureau in 
 February 1892, and according to the first annual repoit, issued 
 in March 1893, 15,779 persons had been registered during the 
 year, and employment had been found for 8,154. An increased 
 number of unemployed were coming from other colonies, and 
 from 400 to 600 men were in daily attendance at the bureau 
 looking for work. 
 
 At Brisbane, in Queensland, a Government Labour Bureau was 
 established in 1886 and branches formed. According to a report 
 for 1892, dated May 1893, the total number registered at 
 Brisbane and the branch ofl&ces amounted to 7,033, of whom 
 4; 230 were placed in situations. 
 
 z 2 
 
85G 
 
 PART v.— HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 (i.) PARISH EMPLOYMENT UNDER THE OLD POOR 
 
 LAW. 
 
 {a) Introdugtory. 
 
 It lias been pointed out in an earlier part of the report * that 
 under the system of administration of poor relief which has 
 prevailed in England since the passing of the Act of 1834, 
 Boards of Guardians do not provide able-bodied destitute 
 persons with employment for wages, but relieve them in such 
 manner and to such an extent as appears necessary, the family 
 being taken as the unit, while any work to which they may be 
 set is regarded as a test of destitution, and not as employment. 
 
 This was very far from being the principle which was recog- 
 nised under the old poor law, and the effects of tlie opposite 
 system of relief (viz., by parish employment) are dealt with 
 at length in the report of the Poor Law Commissioners of 1834. 
 The section of the general report which bears, on this subject 
 has been thought of sufficient interest to be reprinted below. 
 
 The Act of the 43rd of EHzabeth t (1601) therein referred to 
 provided that the churchwardens, with two or three substantial 
 householders in each parish or group of parishes should meet 
 and among other things ''take order from time to time for 
 " setting to work all such persons married or unmarried, having 
 "no means to maintain them, and use no ordinary and daily 
 " trade of life to get their living by ; and also to raise .... 
 " by taxation of every inliabitant .... a convenient stock 
 " of flax, hemp, wool, thread, iron, and other ware or stuff to set 
 " the poor on work." Previous Acts had contained somewhat 
 similar provisions, and subsequent statutes defined the duty 
 more precisely. Yet the clause was by no means widely put into 
 operation, being in fact veiy generally neglected. 
 
 During the 17th and 18th centuries a very great number of 
 schemes and reports on the subject of the employment of the 
 poor as a means of relief were published, the authors including 
 such well-known names as Sir Matthew Hale and Sir William 
 Petty. In 1697 after the Board of Trade had been reconstituted 
 by William III., one of the very earliest subjects which engaged 
 its attention was the preparation of a scheme for " the setting 
 of the poor of this kingdome at w^ork." The Minute Book of 
 the Board of Trade for this year contains repeated entries, 
 showing the amount of time devoted to this subject by the 
 
 * eee pp. 144-5. f 43 Eliz. c. 2. 
 
PARISH EMPLOYMENT. 357 
 
 Lords Commissioners, each of whom undertook to draft a plan 
 for the purpose of discussion. Among the schemes thus dralted 
 was one by John Locke, the philosopher, who was one of the 
 Commissioners. His representation on " The Employment of the 
 Poor " is printed in Mr. Fox Bourne's Life of John Locke, 
 vol. IL pp. 377-391, and is reprinted as an addendum to this 
 chapter* for its antiquarian interest alone, apart from any 
 bearing it may have on existing problems. 
 
 During the latter part of the 17th century, and the early part 
 of the 18th, several experiments were made in certain districts 
 in the direction of establishing " Houses of Industry " for the 
 employment of the poor, of which one of the first and most 
 famous was the Bristol experiment conducted by Carey. At 
 first these houses of industry were established one by one under 
 special local Acts, but in 1723 an Act was passed allowing a 
 number of parishes to be incorporated for the purpose of carrying 
 them on. 
 
 These houses, to which whole families were admitted, appear 
 to have been conducted at a loss to the parishes concerned, but the 
 amount of loss varied very greatly according to the management. 
 
 During the last quarter of the 18th century a number of 
 parish farms for the employment of paupers were established 
 and carried on with varying success. The report of 1834, as 
 will be seen below, condemns the parish farms generally as having 
 failed and become sources of malversation. The farm at 
 Cranbrook seems to have been one of the best managed and to 
 have lasted the longest. It is described in an appendix to the 
 report from the Select Committee on the Poor Laws in 1817. 
 
 Another plan which prevailed in some districts was for 
 parishes to build " poor houses " in which paupers were lodged, 
 and sent out to woi*k for outside employers during the day. 
 Pa^ipers were also employed by parishes in road making, stone 
 breaking, &c. 
 
 The results of the system of relieving the able-bodied paupers 
 by *' setting them on work " are described below. 
 
 (5.) Extract from Report of the Poor Law Commissioners, 
 
 1834, pp. 21-24. 
 
 The 43rd of Elizabeth does not authorise relief to be afforded 
 to any but the impotent, except in return for work. And much 
 as this part of the statute has been neglected, its validity is 
 recognised by the judges. In the King v. Collett, 2 Barnewell 
 and Cresswell, 324, Lord Tenterden decided it to be the duty ot 
 overseers to provide work, if possible, before they afibrded relief. 
 And whatever may be the difficulty of finding profitable work, it 
 is difficult to suppose the existence of a parish in which it would 
 not be possible to provide some work, were it merely to dig 
 
 * p. 363. 
 
358 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES, 
 
 holes and fill them again. But though such is the law, it 
 appears from the Parliamentary Returns that payment for work 
 is the most unusual form in which relief is administered. The 
 Poor Rate Returns for the year ending the 25th March 1832, 
 state that out of 7,036,968/. expended in that year for the relief 
 of the poor, less than 354,000/., or scarcely more than one- 
 twentieth part, was paid for work, including work on the roads 
 and in the workhouses. This may easily be accounted for. 
 
 In the first place, to afibrd relief gratuitously is less trouble- 
 some to the parochial authorities than to require work in return 
 for it. Wherever work is to be paid for there must be 
 superintendence, but where paupers are the workpeople much 
 more than the average degree of superintendence is necessary. 
 In ordinary cases, all that the superintendent inquires is, 
 whether the workman has performed an average day's work ; and 
 where the work is piece-work he need not make even that inquiry. 
 The practice of his trade fixes the market price of the work, and 
 he pays it without asking whether the workman has been one 
 hour or one day in performing it, or whether it exceeds or falls 
 below his wants. But the superintendent of pauper labourers 
 has to ascertain, not what is an average day's work, or what is 
 the market price of a given service, but what is a fair day's 
 work for a given individual, his strength and hal:)its considered, 
 at what rate of pay for that work, the number of his family 
 considered, he would be able to earn the sum necessary for his 
 and their subsistence ; and lastly, whether he has in fact 
 performed the amount which, after taking all these elements 
 in calculation, it appears that he ought to have performed. It 
 will easily be anticipated that this superintendence is very rarely 
 given ; and that in far the greater number of the cases in which 
 work is professedly required from paupers, in fact no work is 
 done. In the second place, collecting the paupers in gangs for 
 the performance of parish work is found to be more immediately 
 injurious to their conduct than even allowance or relief without 
 requiring work. Whatever be the general character of the 
 parish labourers all the worst of the inhabitants are sure to be 
 among the number ; and it is well-known that the eflfect of such 
 an association is always to degrade the good, not to elevate the 
 bad. It was among these gangs, who had scarcely any other 
 employment or amusement than to collect in groups and talk 
 over their grievances, that the riots of 1830 appear to have 
 originated. And, thirdly, parish employment does not afford 
 direct profit to any individual. Under most of the other systems 
 of relief the immediate employers of labour can throw on the 
 parish a part of the wages of their labourers. They prefer, 
 therefore, those modes of relief which they can turn to their own 
 account, out of which they can extract profit under the mask of 
 charity. 
 
 In those parishes in which labour is the condition on which 
 relief is granted we have found great differences with respect to 
 
PARISH EMPLOYMENT. 359 
 
 the kind and the duration of the labour required, and the amount 
 of its remuneration. In Cookham, in Putney, and in many of 
 the metropolitan parishes the work is irksome, the hours of 
 labour are equal to those which a private employer would exact, 
 and the pay less than he would give. In others, the amount of 
 labour required is far less than that which an independent 
 labourer must afford, but the pay is diminished so far as is 
 consistent with the supposed wants of the applicant. Thus, at 
 Kimpton, Hants : — 
 
 " The single young men are employed by piece work, but are restricted 
 to earn only 2s. 6d. a week, and are then at liberty to go where they 
 like. In the same place children are employed in picking stones by 
 task, and are allowed to earn the price of a gallon of bread and 6d. 
 over per w^eek, which they can do in about four days." 
 
 At Gamlingay, Cambridge : — 
 
 " The paupers are employed in collecting stones at the price of 2d. a 
 bushel, until they have earned the sum allotted to them by the bread 
 scale ; they then do as they please for that week." 
 
 At Uckfield, Sussex, instead of a part of each week : — 
 
 " They are required to work a part of each day, so as to earn the sum 
 which is considered necessary for their subsistence ; a sum which, 
 according to the magisterial scale of the Uckfield bench appears to be, 
 for a single man, 45. ; man and wife, 75. ; man, wife, and one child, 
 8*. 6d. ; with two children, IG*. ; and for each child above two, the 
 value of a gallon of flour. In a parish in Suffolk 20 acres were hired 
 by the parish and dug by the paupers at piece work, the price being 
 proportioned to their families. Either the work was completed by two 
 or three o'clock, and the rest of the day spent in idleness, or the men 
 consumed the whole day in the lazy performance of the work of a portion 
 of the day." 
 
 In Pollington, Yorkshire : — 
 
 *' They send many of them upon the highways, but they only work 
 four hours per day ; this is because there is not employment sufficient 
 in that way ; they sleep more than they work, and if any but tlie surveyor 
 found them sleeping, they would laugh at them. In Rancliffe they 
 employed a man in the winter of 1830-31 to look over them ; but they 
 threatened to drown him, and he was obliged to withdraw. If a man 
 did not like his work, he would say, * I can have 12^. a week by going 
 on the roads and doing as little as I like.' In Carlton from 30/. to 40/. 
 was paid to men last year (1831) for doing nothing." 
 
 In the parish of Mancetter, in the county of Warwick, the 
 overseer stated that young able men received 2s. Qd. a week, 
 and the magistrates would not allow the parish to employ them 
 more than three days in the week, in order that they might get 
 work for themselves. Upon inquiry it appeared that their 
 characters soon became so infamous, that no person would employ 
 them, having devoted their spare time to thieving and poaching. 
 In the township of Atherstone, Mr. Wellday, a manufacturer, 
 impatient of contributing his property to the encouragement 
 
360 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 of vice and idleness by paying men without exacting labour, 
 purchased some watercarts himself, for the purpose of giving 
 employment to paupers. The magistrates refused to allow them 
 to be used after 12 o'clock in the day, in order that these men 
 might procure work for themselves ; they were also described as 
 becoming the most worthless characters in the town. 
 
 In some of the agricultural districts. the prevalent mismanage- 
 ment ill this respect has created in the minds of the paupers a 
 notion that it is their right to be exempted from the same degree 
 of labour as independent labourers. In the parish of Swallow- 
 field (Berks) the paupers summoned the overseers before the 
 magistrates. They had been 
 
 " Offered task-work at the gravel-pit at Sd. a yard, or Is. a load for 
 digging and sifting without loading. This had been considered a fair 
 price with loading. The complainants contended before the magistrates, 
 that by what they considered ' a right,' they ought not to be employed 
 on the part of the parish more than from eight in the morning until 
 four in the afternoon, although when working for farmers, they were 
 usually kept at work fi-om six in the morning until six at night in 
 summer, or from daylight until dark in the winter. This, which they 
 claimed as ' their right,' had, in fact, been the previous practice in the 
 parish, and was and is in a greater or less degree the existing practice 
 in adjacent parishes." 
 
 In the course of the examination of Mr. Price from Great 
 Farringdon (Berks), he was asked — 
 
 " How did you enforce work on the in-door paupers ? — Chiefly by 
 admonition. Their labour was as might be expected, very slack com- 
 paratively. I, however, insisted that they should Avork during the same 
 time as independent labourers. This they resisted, and appealed to the 
 magistrates against this usage. The ground of their appeal was, that it 
 was a thing unknown before in this parish, or any other, that parish 
 labourers should work as long or as hard as the other classes of 
 labourers." 
 
 But in many places, while the labour required by the parish 
 is trifling, the pay equals or exceeds that of the independent 
 labourer. Eastbourne, in Sussex, is a striking example. In this 
 place, in which the average wages earned from individuals by 
 hard work are 12s. a week, the parish pays for nominal labour as 
 much as 16s. a week. Two families alone received from it, in 
 year ending Lady-day 1832, 921. 4s., and the wives of the few 
 independent labourers regret that their husbands are not paupers 
 At the parish farm, occupied by the incorporated parishes of the 
 Isle of Wight, 240 men were employed at one time in the year 
 1830, at the same wages as those usually given by the farmers ; 
 the}' scarcely did any work, and twice left the farm in a body to 
 threaten the directors. Their wages were consequently raised. 
 
 In the parish of Hartland, says Mr. Villiers : — 
 
 «]\j;j._ ^ J who had occupied land there for 17 years 
 
 informed me that the magistrates were in the habit of ordering the same 
 wages for the men working on the roads, not superintended, as were paid 
 
PARISH EMPLOYMEN'T. 361 
 
 to the labourers in the employ of the farmers, and that on this account 
 as well as that the poor liked to watch for the wrecks in the winter, they 
 did not seek for work out of the parish." 
 
 Mr. Richardson states that in Northamptonshire : — 
 
 " The plan generally in use in the agricultural villages is, upon the 
 man's applying to the overseer for w^ork, to send him upon some part of 
 the parish roads, where he is expected to work, not the farmer's hours or 
 anything like them, but to begin at eight, to leave at twelve for dinner, 
 an hour, and to leave the roads finally at four. It is the business of the 
 overseer or the surveyor of the roads, a farmer or a tradesman, who paid 
 or not, has his own business to attend to, to see that the men are actually 
 working. While he is present, and the farmers take credit to themselves 
 for riding up once or twice a day to the roads, the men bestir themselves 
 a little, ])ut the moment his back is turned, a man who gives himself any 
 trouble is laughed at by his companions. As the overseer at Kettering 
 told me their remark is, ' You must have your 12.9. a week, or your lOs. 
 a week, whether you work or not, I would not be such a fool as to work — 
 blast work — damn me if I work,' &c., and of course, under these circum- 
 stances, they do anything but work ; if there is a wood near, as at 
 Glapthorne and some other places round Oundle, they run into the wood 
 to steal firing, which they hide and carry off at a convenient time, and 
 universally they are in the habit of stealing turnips or posts, or any little 
 thing of that sort that comes to hand. 
 
 " In short where there were many able-bodied men employed on the 
 roads, there every body complained of petty thefts, pilfering, poaching, 
 &c., as the natural consequences. 
 
 " Whatever the previous character of a man may have been, he is 
 seldom able to withstand the corruption of the roads; two years' 
 occasional employment there ruins the best labourer. Moreover, in very 
 many instances, the difference between parish pay for pretending to break 
 stones on the road, and the real wages given by the farmer, does not 
 amount to more than Is. a week, and if the man has a family entitling 
 him to receive a given sura by the scale as head money, he receives as 
 much from the parish as he would from any other employer. Accordingly 
 the labourers who are only occasionally employed, are nearly indifferent 
 to pleasing or displeasing their employer, they quit with the remark 
 which I lieard at least a dozen times from different overseers, * I can get 
 as much on the roads, as if I worked for you.' " 
 
 The following extracts from Mr. Okeden's and Mr. Majendie's 
 Reports afford examples of all these systems sometimes separate 
 and sometimes in combination : — 
 
 " At Urchfont, a parish in the district of Devizes, the population of 
 which is 1,340, and the annual poor rates about 1,450/. there are above 
 50 men out of employ for 4.5 weeks every year. To these the parish 
 pays 3*. a week each during that time and inquires no further about their 
 time or labour ; thus creating an annual item of expense of nearly 400/." 
 
 "At the parish of Bodicott, in the district of Bloxham, a printed form 
 is delivered to those who apply for work. The labourer takes this to 
 the farmers in succession, who if they do not want his labour, sign their 
 names. The man on his return receives from the overseer the day's pay 
 of an industrious labourer, with the deduction of 2d. The same system 
 takes place in other parishes. 
 
362 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 " In the parish of Sidford Grore, in the same district, where the poor 
 rates are under 650/. per annum, 114/. was paid last year in six months 
 to men who did not strike one stroke of work for it. 
 
 '^ At Deddington, during the severe winter months, about 60 men 
 apply every morning to the overseer for work or pay. He ranges them 
 under a shed in a yard. If a farmer or any one else wants a man he 
 sends to the yard for one, and pays half the day's wages ; the rest is paid 
 by the parish. At the close of the day the unemployed are paid the 
 wages of a day, minus 2d. I could multiply instances of this application 
 of the scale to the superfluous labourers, but to do so would only waste 
 your time." 
 
 "At Rotherfield, in East Sussex, 120 men were out of employ in the 
 winter 1831-32, and various modes were attempted to dispose of them. 
 First they were set to work on the parish account ; single men at 56'. ; 
 men with families at 10^. per week ; the pay being the same as farmers 
 pay, the men left the farmers in order to get the same pay with less 
 work. Then they were billeted among the farmers at 1^. per day from the 
 farmers, and 8d. from the parish. This was changed to 1*. from the 
 parish and Sd. from the farmer. The men so billeted did not keep the 
 proper hours of work ; then the farmers' men, finding that they who 
 worked the regular hours were paid no more than those who were 
 irregular, gave up their employment to become billeted men, and the 
 farmers were induced to throw their men out of employ to get their 
 labour done by the parish purse. The billeting system having failed, a 
 6d. labour rate was made, it soon failed. Magistrates now recommend 6d. 
 in the £ to be deducted from the full rate, and that the occupier should 
 be allowed to pay that proportion of his rate by employment of the 
 surplus hands. 
 
 " The labourers are much deteriorated. They do not care whether 
 they have regular work or not ; they prefer idle work on the roads. The 
 magistrates at the Uckfield bench told the overseer, the year before last, 
 that if the men made complaint they should be allowed at the rate of 
 2*. 4c?. per head for each member of the family." 
 
 "At Burnash, in East Sussex, in the year 1822, the surplus labourers 
 were put up to auction, and hired as low as 2c?. and 3c?. per day ; the 
 rest of their maintenance being made up by the parish. The con- 
 sequence was, that the farmers turned off their regular hands, in order 
 to hire them by auction when they wanted them. The evil of this 
 system was so apparent, that some occupiers applied to the magistrates, 
 who recommended that it should be given up. During the last year, 
 the following plan has been adopted : — The names of the occupiers are 
 are written on pieces of paper, which are put into a bag ; the labourer 
 draws out a ticket, which represents 10*. worth of labour, at fair wages ; 
 next week the labourer draws another master, and this is repeated till 
 the occupier has exhausted the shilling rate. This has continued two 
 winters; much fraud is mixed up with the practice. Some farmers turn 
 off their labourers in order to have ticketed men ; other occupiers refuse 
 to pay the rate, and against them it is not enforced." 
 
Locke's repokt. 36 S 
 
 ADDENDUM. 
 
 Locke's Representation as to the Employment of the Poor.* 
 
 " May it please your Excellencies, — His Majesty having been 
 pleased by his commission to require us particularly to coDsider of 
 some proper methods for setting on work and employing the poor of 
 this Kingdom, and making them useful to the public, and thereby 
 easing others of that burden, and by what ways and means such design 
 may be made most effectual ; we humbly beg leave to lay before your 
 excellencies a scheme of such methods as seem unto us most proper for 
 the attainment of those ends. 
 
 " The multiplying of the poor and the increase of the tax for their 
 maintenance, is so general an observation and complaint that it cannot 
 be doubted of. Nor has it been only since the last war that this evil 
 has come upon us. It has been a growing burden on the Kingdom 
 these many years, and the two last reigns felt the increase of it as well 
 as the present. 
 
 " If the causes of this evil be well looked into we humbly conceive it 
 will be found to have proceeded neither from scarcity of provisions nor 
 from want of employment for the poor, since the goodness of God has 
 blessed these times with plenty no less than the former, and a long 
 peace during those reigns gave us as plentiful a trade as ever. The 
 growth of the poor must, therefore, have some other cause, and it can 
 be nothing else but the relaxation of discipline and corruption of 
 manners ; virtue and industry being as constant companions on the one 
 side as vice and idleness are on the other. 
 
 " The first step, therefore, to wards the setting of the poor on work, 
 we humbly conceive, ought to be a restraint of their debauchery by a 
 strict execution of the laws provided against it, more particularly by 
 the suppression of superfluous brandy shops and unnecessary alehouses, 
 especially in country parishes not lying upon great roads. 
 
 " Could all the able hands in England be brought to work, the 
 greatest part of the burden that lies upon the industrious for maintaining 
 the poor would immediately cease. For, upon a very moderate com- 
 putation, it may be concluded that above one-half of those who receive 
 relief from the parishes are able to get their livelihood. And all of 
 them who receive such relief from the parishes, we conceive, may be 
 divided into these three sorts. 
 
 " First, those who can do nothing at all towards their own support. • 
 
 " Secondly, those who, though they cannot maintain themselves 
 wholly, yet are able to do something towards it. 
 
 " Thirdly, those who are able to maintain themselves by their own 
 labour. And these last may be again subdivided into two sorts, 
 namely, either those who have numerous families of children whom they 
 cannot or pretend they cannot support by their labour, or those who 
 pretend they cannot get work and so live only by begging or worse. 
 
 * Board of Trade Papers, Journal B, pp. 170, 242-5, 250, 255, 263-9, 275 278 
 285,316, 326, 348-55; also Life of John Locke, H. R. Fox Bourne' Vol II ' 
 pp. 377-91. 
 
364 HiaxoRicAL examples. 
 
 ''For the suppression of this last sort of begging drones, who live 
 unnecessarily upon other people's labour, there are already good and 
 wholesome laws, sufficient for the purpose if duly executed. We 
 therefore humbly propose that the execution thereof may be at present 
 revived by proclamation till other remedies can be provide(i ; as also 
 that order be taken every year, at the choosing of churchwardens and 
 overseers of the poor, that the statutes of the 39th Eliz., cap. 4. and the 
 43rd Eliz., cap. 2* be read and considered, paragraph by paragraph, 
 and the observation of them in all their parts pressed on those wlio are 
 to be overseers ; for we have reason to think that the greatest part of 
 the overseers of the poor everywhere are wholly ignorant, and never so 
 much as think that it is the greatest part, or so much as any part, of 
 their duty to set people to work. 
 
 " But for the more effectual restraining of idle vagabonds, we further 
 humbly propose that a new law may be obtained, by which it be 
 enacted, 
 
 "That all men, sound of limb and mind, above 14 and under 50 years 
 of age, begging in maritime counties out of their own parish without a 
 pass, shall be seized on either by any officer of the parish where they so 
 beg (which officers by virtue of their offices shall be autliorised, and 
 under a penalty required to do it), or by the inhabitants of the house 
 themselves where they beg, and be by them or any of them brought 
 before the next justice of the peace or guardian of the poor (to be 
 chosen as hereafter mentioned) who in this case shall have the power of 
 a justice of the-peace, and, by such justice of the peace or guardian of 
 the poor (after the due and usual correction in the case), be by a pass 
 sent, not to the house of correction, (since those houses are now in 
 most counties complained of to be rather places of ease and preferment 
 to the masters thereof than of correction and reformation to those who 
 are sent thither,) nor to their places of habitation, (since such idle 
 vagabonds usually name some remote part, whereby the county is put to 
 great charge, and they usually make their escape from the negligent 
 officers before they come thither, and are at liberty for a new ramble), 
 but, if it be in a maritime county as aforesaid, that they be sent to the 
 next seaport town, there to be kept at hard labour, till some of his 
 Majesty's ships, coming in or near there, give an opportunity of putting 
 them on board, where they shall serve three years, under strict discipline 
 at soldier's pay (subsistence money being deducted for their victuals on 
 board), and be punished as deserters if they go on shore without leave, 
 or, when sent; on shore, if they either go further or stay longer than 
 they have leave. 
 
 " That all men begging in maritime counties without passes, that are 
 maimed or above oO years of age, and all of any age so begging without 
 passes in inland counties nowhere bordering on the sea, sliall be sent to 
 the next house of correction, there to be kept at hard labour for three 
 years. 
 
 " And to the end that the true use of the houses of correction may 
 not be perverted as of late it has for the moLst part been, that the master 
 of each such house shall be obliged to allow unto everyone committed to 
 
 * The former of these Acts provided for the erection of houses of correction 
 and the due puuishment of vagabonds therein. The latter is the famous statute on 
 which our Poor Laws are based, directing that there shall be overseers of the poor 
 in every parish, empowered, conjointly with the justices of the pe^ce, to levy poor 
 rates, set the able-bodied poor to work rovide for impotent paupers, apprentice 
 out pauper-children, and so forth. 
 
LOCKE'S REPORT. 365 
 
 his charfje fourpeiice per diem for their mainteiiance ia and about 
 London ; but, in remoter counties, where wages and provisions are 
 much cheaper, there the rate to be settled by the grand jury and judge 
 at the assizes ; for which the said master shall have no other considera- 
 tion nor allowiince but what their labour shall produce ; whom, therefore, 
 he shall have pon'er to employ according to his discretion, consideration 
 being had of their age and strength. 
 
 ** That the justices of the peace shall, each quarter-sessions, make a 
 narrow inquiry into the state and management of the houses of correc- 
 tion within their district, and take a strict account of the carriage of all 
 who are there, and. if they find that anyone is stubborn and not at all 
 mended by the discipline of the place, that they order him a longer stay 
 there and severer discipline, that so nobody may be dismissed till he has 
 given manifest proof of amendment, the end for which he Avas sent 
 thither. 
 
 " That whoever shall counterfeit a pass shall lose his ears for the 
 forgery the lirst time that he is found guilty therec»f, and the second time 
 that he shall be transported to the plantations, as in case of felony. 
 
 *' That whatever female above 14 years old shall be found begging out 
 of her own parish without a pass (if she be an inhabitant of a parish 
 within five miles' distance of that she is found begging in), shall be con- 
 ducted home to her parish by the constable, tithing-man, overseer of the 
 poor, churchwarden, or other sworn officer of the parish wherein she 
 was found begging, who, by his place and office, shall be required to do 
 it and to deliver her to the overseer of the poor of the parish to which 
 she belongs, from whom he shall receive twelvepence for his pains, which 
 twelvepence, if she be one that receives public relief, shall be deducted 
 out of her parish allowance, or, if she be not relieved by the parish, shall 
 be levied on her or her parents' or her master's goods. 
 
 *' That, whenever any such female above 14 years old, within the 
 same distance, commits the same fault a second time, and whenever the 
 same or any such other female is found begging without a lawful pass, 
 the first time, at a greater distance than five miles from the place of her 
 abode, it shall be lawful for any justice of the peace or guardian of the 
 poor, upon complaint made, to send her to the house of correction, there 
 to be employed in hard work three months, and so much longer as shall 
 be to the rext quarter-sessions after the determination of the said three 
 months, and that then, after due correction, she have a pass made her by 
 the sessions to carry her home to the place of her abode. 
 
 "That, if any boy or girl, under 14 years of age, shall be found 
 begging out of the parish where they dwell (it within five miles' distance 
 of the said parish), they shall be sent to the next working school, there 
 to be soundly whipped and kept at work till evening, so that they may 
 be dismissed time enough to get to their place of abode that night. Or, 
 if they live farther than five miles off from the place where they are 
 taken begging, that they be sent to the next house of correction, thereto 
 remain at work six weeks and so much longer as till the next sessions 
 after the end of the said six weeks. 
 
 " These idle vagabonds being thus suppressed, there will not, we 
 suppose, in most country parishes, be many men who will have the 
 pretence that they want work. However in order to the taking away of 
 that pretence, whenever it happens, we humbly propose that it may be 
 further enacted, 
 
 " That the guardian of the poor of the parish where any such pretence 
 is made, shall, the next Sunday after complaint made to him, acquaint 
 
366 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES, 
 
 the parish thai such a person complains he wants work, and shall then 
 ask whether any one is willing to employ him at a lower rate than is 
 usually given, which rate it shall then be in the power of the said 
 guardian to set ; for it is not to be supposed that any one should be 
 refused to be employed by his neighbours whilst others are set to work, 
 but for some defect in his ability or honesty, for which it is reasonable 
 he should suffer, and he that cannot be set on work for twelvepence per 
 diem must be content with ninepence or tenpence rather tlian live idly. 
 But, if nobody in the parish voluntarily accept such a person at the rate 
 proposed by the guardians of the poor, that then it shall be in the power 
 of the said guardian, with the rest of the parish, to make a list of days, 
 according to the proportion of every one's tax in the parish, to the poor 
 and that, according to such list, every inhabitant in the same parish 
 shall be obliged in their turn, to set such unemployed poor men of the 
 same parish on work, at such under-rates as the guardians of the poor 
 shall appoint ; and if any person refuse to set the poor at work in his 
 turn as thus directed, that such person shall be bound to pay them their 
 appointed wages, whether he employ them or no. 
 
 *' That if any poor man, otherwise unemployed, refuse to work 
 according to such order (if it be in a maritime county) he shall be sent 
 to the next port, and there put on board some of His Majesty's ships, to 
 serve there three years as before proposed, and that what pay shall 
 accrue to him for his service there, above his diet and clothes, be paid 
 to the o\erseers of the poor of the parish to which he belongs, for the 
 maintenance of his wife and children, if he have any, or else towards 
 the relief of other poor of the same parish ; but, if it be not in a 
 maritime county, that every poor man thus refusing to work shall be 
 sent to the house of correction. 
 
 "These methods we humbly propose as proper to be enacted. in order 
 to the em.ployment of the poor who are able but will not work ; which 
 sort, by the punctual execution of such a law, we humbly conceive, may 
 be quickly reduced to a very small number or quite extirpated. 
 
 " But the greatest part of the poor maintained by parish rates, are 
 not absolutely unable, nor wholly unwilling to do anythinsj towards the 
 getting of their livelihoods, yet even these, either through want of fit 
 work provided for them, or their unskilfulness in working in what 
 might be a public advantage, do little that turns to any account, but 
 live idly upon the parish allowance or begging, if not worse. Their 
 labour, therefore, as far as they are able to work, should be saved to the 
 public, and what their earnings come short of a full maintenance should 
 be supplied out of the labour of others, that is, out of the parish allowance. 
 
 " These are of two sorts : — 
 
 " 1. Grown people, who, being decayed from their full strength, 
 could yet do something for their living, though, under pretence that 
 they cannot get work, they generally do nothing. Tn the same case 
 with these are most of the wives of day labourers, when they come to 
 have two or three or more children. The looking after their children 
 gives them not liberty to go abroad to seek for work, and so, having no 
 work at home, in the broken intervals of their time they earn nothing ; 
 but the aid of the parish is fain to come in to their support, and their 
 labour is wholly lost ; which is so much loss to the public. 
 
 *' Every one must have meat, drink, clothing, and firing. So much 
 goes out of the stock of the kingdom, whether they work or no. 
 Supposing then, there be a hundred thousand poor in England, that live 
 upon the parish, that is, who are maintained by other people's labour 
 
Locke's report. 367 
 
 (for so is every one who lives upon alms without working), if care were 
 taken that every one of these, by some labour in the woollen or other 
 manufacture, should earn fbut a penny per diem (which, one with 
 another, they might well do and more), this would gain to England 
 130,000/. per annum, which, in eight years, would make England above 
 a million pounds richer. 
 
 " This, rightly considered, shows us what is the true and proper 
 relief of the poor. It consists in finding work for them, and taking care 
 they do not live like drones upon the labour of others. And in order 
 to this end we find the laws made for the relief of the poor were 
 intended ; however, by an ignorance of their intention or a neglect of 
 their due execution, they are turned only to the maintenance of people 
 in idleness, without at all examining into the lives, abilities, or industry 
 of those who seek for relief. 
 
 ** In order to the suppression of these idle beggars, the corporations in 
 England have beadles authorised and paid to prevent the breach of the 
 law in that particular ; yet, nevertheless, the streets everywhere swarm 
 with begjjars, to the increase of idleness, poverty, and villany, and to 
 the shame of Christianity. And, if it should be asked in any town in 
 England, how many of these visible trespassers have been taken up and 
 brought to punishment by those officers this last year^ we have reason 
 to think the number would be found to have been very small, because 
 that of beggars swarming in the street is manifestly very great. 
 
 " But the remedy of this disorder is so well provided by the laws now 
 in force, that we can impute the continuance and increase of it to 
 nothing but a general neglect of their execution. 
 
 "2. Besides the grown people above mentioned, the children of 
 labouring people are an ordinary burden to the parish, dnd are usually 
 maintained in idleness, so that their labour also is generally lost to the 
 public till they are twelve or fourteen years old. 
 
 ** The most effectual remedy for this that we are able to conceive, 
 and which we therefore humbly propose is, that, in the fore-mentioned 
 new Ihw to be enacted, it be further provided that working schools be 
 set up in every parish, to which the children of all such as demand relief 
 of the parish above three and under fourteen years of age, whilst they 
 live at heme with their parents, and are not otherwise employed for 
 their livelihood by the allowance of the overseers of the poor, shall be 
 obliged to come. 
 
 " By this means the mother will be eased of a great part of her trouble 
 in looking after and providing for them at home, and so be at the more 
 liberty to work ; the children will be kept in much better order, be 
 better provided for, and from infancy be inured to work, which is of no 
 small consequence to the making of them sober and industrious all their 
 lives sifter ; and the parish will be either eased of this burden or at least 
 of the misuse m the present management of it. For a great number of 
 children giving a poor man a title to au allowance from the parish, this 
 allowance is given once a week or once a month to the father in 
 money, which he not seldom spends on himself at the alehouse whilst 
 his children for whose sake he had it are left to sufi'er, or perish under 
 the want of necessaries, unless the charity of neighbours relieve them. 
 
 " We humbly conceive that a man and his wife in health may be able 
 by their ordinary labour to maintain themselves and two children. 
 More than two children at one time under the acre of three years will 
 seldom happen in one family. If therefore all the children above three 
 years old be taken off from their hands those who have never so many, 
 
368 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 whilst they remain themselves in health, will not need any allowance 
 for them. 
 
 " We do not suppose that children of three years old will be able at 
 that age to get their livelihoods at the working school, but we are sure 
 that what is necessary for their relief will more effectually have that use 
 if it be distributed to them in bread at that school than if it be given to 
 their fathers in money. What they have at home from their parents is 
 seldom more than bread and water, and that, many of them, very scantily 
 too. If therefore care be taken that they have each of them their belly- 
 full of bread daily at school, they will be in no danger of famishing, but, 
 on the contrary, they will be healthier and stronger than those who are 
 bred otherwise, nor will this practice cost the overseers any trouble, for 
 a baker may be agreed with to furnish and bring into the school-house 
 every day the allowance of bread necessary for all the scholars that 
 are there. And to this may be also added, without any trouble, in cold 
 weather, if it be thought needful, a little warm \\ater grucd ; for the 
 same fire that warms the room may be made use of to boil a pot of it. 
 
 " From this method the children will not only reap the fore-mentioned 
 advantages with far Icfs charge to the parish than what is nov/ done for 
 them, but they will be also thereby the more obliged to come to school 
 and apply themselves to work, because otherwise they will have no 
 victuals, and also the benefit thereby both to themselves and the parish 
 will daily increase ; for, the earnings of their labour at school every day 
 increasing, it may reasonably be concluded that, computing all the 
 earnings of a child from three to 14 years of age, the nourishment and 
 teaching of such a child during that whole time will cost the parish 
 nothing ; whereas there is no child now which from its birth is main- 
 tained by the parish but before the age of fourteen, costs the parish 50^ 
 or 60/. 
 
 " Another advantage also of bringing children thus to a working 
 school is that by this means they may be obliged to come constantly tc 
 church every Sunday, along with their schoolmasters or dames, whereby 
 they may be brought into some sense of religion, whereas ordinarily 
 now, in their idle and loose way of breeding up, they are as utter 
 strangers both to religion and .morality as they are to industry. 
 
 " In order, therefore, to the more effectual carrying on of this work to 
 the advantage of this kingdom, we further humbly propose that these 
 schools be generally for spinning or knitting, or some other part of the 
 woollen manufacture, unless in countries * where the place shall furnish 
 some other materials fitter for the employment of such poor children, in 
 which places the choice of those materials for their employment may be 
 left to the prudence and direction of the guardians of the poor of that 
 hundred. And that the teachers in the.^e schools be paid out of the 
 poor's rate, as can be agreed. 
 
 *• This, though at first setting up it may cost the parish a little, yet 
 we humbly conceive, (the earnings of the children abating the charge of 
 their maintenance, and as much work beiug required of each of them as 
 they are reasonably able tc perform,) it will quickly pay its own charges 
 with an overplus.. 
 
 '' That where the number of the poor children of any parish is 
 greater than for them all to be employed in one school they be there 
 divided into two, and the boys and girls, if thought convenient, taught 
 and kept to work separately. 
 
 * That is, districts. 
 
Locke's report. 369 
 
 " That the handicraftsmen in each hundred be bound to take every 
 other of their respective apprentices from amongst the boys in some one 
 of the schools in the said hundred without any money ; which boys they 
 may so take at what age they please, to be bound to them till the age of 
 23 years, that so the length of time may more than make amends for the 
 usual sums that are given to handicraftsmen with such apprentices. 
 
 " That those also in the hundred who keep in their hands lands of 
 their own to the value of 251. per annum, or upwards, or who rent 50/. 
 per annum or upwards, may choose out of the schools of the said hundred 
 what boy each of them pleases, to be his apprentice in husbandry on the 
 same condition. 
 
 " That whatever boys are not by these means bound out apprentices 
 before they are full fourteen shall, at the Easter meeting of the guardians 
 of each hundred every year, be bound to such gentlemen, yeomen, or 
 farmers within the said hundred as have the greatest number of acres of 
 land in their hands, who shall be obliged to take them for their 
 apprentices till the age of 23, or bind them out at their own cost to 
 some handicraftsmen ; provided always that no such gentleman, yeoman, 
 or farmer shall be bound to have two such apprentices at a time. 
 
 " That grown people also (to take away their pretence of want of 
 work) may come to the said working schools to learn, where work shall 
 accordingly be provided for them. 
 
 " That the materials to be employed in these schools and among other 
 the poor people of the parish be provided by a common stock in each 
 hundred, to be raised out of a certain portion of the poor's rate of each 
 parish as requisite, which stock, we humbly conceive, need be raised but 
 once ; for, if rightly managed, it will increase. 
 
 " That some person experienced and well skilled in the particular 
 manufacture which shall be judged fittest to set the poor of each 
 hundred on work, be appointed storekeeper for that hundred, who shall, 
 accordingly, buy in the wool or other materials necessary ; that this store- 
 keeper be chosen by the guardians of the poor of each hundred, and 1)6 
 under their direction, and have such salary as they shall appoint to be 
 paid pro rata upon the pound out of the poor's tax of every parish, and, 
 over and above which salary, that he also have 2^. in the pound yearly 
 for every 205. that shall be lessened in the poor's tax of any parish from 
 the first year of his management. 
 
 " That to this storekeeper one of the overseers of the poor of every 
 parish shall repair as often as there shall be occasion, to fetch from him 
 the materials for the employment of the poor of each parish ; which 
 materials the said overseer shall distribute to the teachers of the children 
 of each school and also to other poor who demand relief of tha said 
 parish to be wrought by them at home in such quantity as he or the 
 guardian of the parish shall judge reasonable for each of them respec- 
 tively to despatch in one week, allowing unto each such poor person for 
 his or her work what he and the storekeeper shall agree it to be 
 worth ; but, if the said overseer and storekeeper do not agree about the 
 price of any such work, that then any three or more of the guardians of 
 that hundred (whereof the guardian of the same parish in which the 
 contest arises to be always one) determine it. 
 
 *' That the sale of the materials thus manufactured be matle by 
 the storekeeper in the presence of one or more of the guardians of each 
 hundred and not otherwise, and that an exact account be kept by the 
 said storekeeper of all that he buys in and sells out, as also of the 
 several quantities of unwrought materials that he delivers to the 
 o 77723. A A 
 
870 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 respective overseers and of the manufactured returns that he received 
 back ae^aiii from them. 
 
 " That, if any person to whom wool or any other materials are 
 delivered to be wrought shall spoil or embezzle the same, if it be one 
 who receives alms from the parish, the overseers of the poor of that 
 parish shall pay unto the storekeeper what it cost, and deduct that sum 
 out of the parish allowance to the person who has so spoiled or 
 embezzled any such materials, or, if it be one that receives no allowance 
 from the parish, then the said overseers shall demand it in money of the 
 person that spoiled or embezzled it, and if the person so offending refuse 
 to pay it, the guardian of the poor of that parish, upon oath made to 
 him l3y any of the said overseers that he delivered such materials to 
 such person, and that he paid for them such a sum to the storekeeper 
 (which oath every such guardian may be empowered to administer), 
 shall grant unto the said overseer a warrant to distrain upon the goods 
 of the person so offending, and sell the goods so distrained, rendering 
 the overplus. 
 
 " That the guardian of the poor of every parish, to be chosen by 
 those who pay to the relief of the poor of the said parish, shall be 
 chosen, the first time, within three months of the passing of the Act 
 now proposed ; that the guardians thus chosen by the respective 
 parishes of each hundred shall have the inspect ion of all things relating 
 to the employment and relief of the poor of the said hundred ; that one- 
 third part of the whole number of the guardians of every hundred thus 
 chosen shall go out every year, the first year by lot out of the whole 
 number, the second year by lot out of the remaining two-thirds, and for 
 ever afterwards in their turns, so that after the first two years every one 
 shall continue in three years successively and no longer ; and that for 
 the supply of any vacancy as it shall happen a new guardian be chosen, 
 as aforesaid, in any respective parish at the same time that the overseers 
 of the poor are usually chosen there, or at any other time within one 
 month after any such vacancy. 
 
 " That the guardians of the poor of each respective hundred shall 
 meet every year in Easter week, in the place where the stores of that 
 hundred are kept, to take an account of the stock, and as often else at 
 other times as shall be necessary to inspect the management of it and to 
 give directions therein, and in all other things relating to the poor of 
 the hundred. 
 
 *' That no person in any parish shall be admitted to an allowance 
 from the parish but by the joint consent of the guardian of the said, 
 parish and the vestry. 
 
 " Tnat the said guardians also, each of them within the hundred 
 whei eof he is guardian, have the power of a justice of the peace over 
 va<?.ibonds and beggars, to make them passes, to send them to the 
 se .port towns or houses of correction, as before proposed. 
 
 " These foregoing rules and methods being what we humbly conceive 
 most proper to be put in practice for the employment and relief of the 
 poor generally throughout the country, we now further humbly propose 
 for the better and more easy attainment of the same end in cities and 
 towns corporate, that it may be enacted, 
 
 "That in all cities and towns corporate the poor's tax be not levied 
 by distinct parishes, but by one equal tax throughout the Whole corpo- 
 ration. 
 
 " That in each corporation there be 12 guardians of the poor, chosen 
 by the said corporation, whereof four to go out by lot at the end of the 
 
LOCKE'S REPORT. 371 
 
 first year, other four of the remaining number to go out also by lot the 
 next year, and the remaining foui- the third year, and a new four 
 chosen every year in the rooms of those that go out, to keep up the 
 number of 12 full, and that no one continue in above three years 
 successively. 
 
 " That these guardians have the power of setting up and ordering work- 
 ing schools as they see convenient, within each corporation respectively, to 
 which schools the children of all that are relieved by the said corpora- 
 tion, from 3 to 14 years of age, shall be bound to come as long as they 
 continue unemployed in some other settled service, to be approved of by 
 the overseers of the poor of that parish to which they belong. 
 
 *' That these guardians have also the sole power of ordering and 
 disposing of the money raised in each corporation for the use of the 
 poor, whether for the providing of materials to set them on work, or for 
 the relieving of those whom they judge not able to earn their own 
 livelihood, and that they be the sole judges who are or are not fit to 
 receive ijublic relief, and in what proportion. 
 
 " That the said guardians have also the power to send any persons 
 begging wishout a lawful pass to the next seaport town or house of 
 correction, as before propounded. 
 
 "That they have likewise power to appoint a treasurer to receive all 
 money raised for the relief of the poor ; which treasurer shall issue all 
 such money only by their order, and shall onct) a year pass his accounts 
 before them ; and that they also appoint one or more storekeepers, as 
 they shall see occasion, with such rewards or salaries as they think fit ; 
 which storekeepers shall in like manner be accountable unto them, 
 provided always that the mayor or bailiffs or other chief officers of each 
 corporation have notice given him that he may be present (which we 
 humbly propose may be enjoined on all such officers respectively) at the 
 passing of the accounts both of the treasurer and storekeepers of the poor 
 within each respective corporation. 
 
 " That the teachers in each school, or some other person thereunto 
 appointed, shall fetch from the respective storekeepers the materials 
 they are appointed to work upon in that school, and in such quantities 
 as they are ordered, which materials shall be manufactured accordingly, 
 and then returned to the storekeeper, and by him be either given out to 
 be further manufactured or else disposed of to the best advantage, as 
 the guardians shall direct. 
 
 " That the overseers of the poor shall in like manner take from the 
 storekeeper, and distribute unto those who are under the public relief, 
 such materials, and in such proportions, as shall be ordered each of them 
 for a week's work, and not pay unto any of the poor so employed the 
 allowance appointed them till they bring back their respective tasks well 
 performed. 
 
 " That the overseers of the poor of each parish shall be chosen as 
 they are now, and have the same power to collect the poor's rates of 
 their respective parishes as now, but that they issue out the money so 
 collected for the relief and maintenance of the poor according to such 
 orders and directions as they shall receive from the guardians. And 
 that the accounts of the overseers of the poor of each parish, at the 
 end of their year, shall be laid before such persons as the parish shall 
 appoint to inspect them, that they may make such observations on the 
 said accounts, or exceptions against them, as they may be liable to, and 
 that then the said accounts, with those observations and exceptions, be 
 examined by the treasurer and two of the guardians (whereof one to 
 be nominated by the guardians themselves and the other by the 
 
 A A 2 
 
372 HisroKicAL examples. 
 
 parish), and that the said accounts be passed by the allowance of those 
 three. 
 
 " That the said guardians sliall have power to appoint one or more 
 beadles of beggars, which beadles shall be authorised and required to 
 seize uj)on any stranger begging in the streets, or any one of the said 
 corporation begging either without the badge appointed to be worn or 
 at hours not allowed by the said guardians to beg in, and bring all 
 such persons before any one of the said guardians. And that if any 
 of the said beadles neglect their said duty, so that strangers or other 
 beggars not having the badge appointed or at hours not allowed, be 
 found frequenting the streets, the said guardians, upon complaint 
 thereof made to them, shall have power and be required to punish the 
 beadle so offending, for the first fault at their own discretion ; but 
 upon a second complaint proved before them, that they send the said 
 beadle to the house of correction, or (if it be in a maritime county and 
 the beadle offending be a lusty man and under 50 years of age), to the 
 next seaport town, in order to the putting him a])oard some of his 
 Majesty's ships, to serve there three years as before proposed. 
 
 " That those who are not able to work at all, in corporations where 
 there are no hospitals to receive them, be lodged three or four or more 
 in one room, and yet more in one house, where one fire may serve, and 
 one attendant may provide for many of them, with less charge than 
 when they live at their own choice scatteringly. 
 
 " And, since the behaviour and wants of the poor are best known 
 amongst their neighbours, and that they may have liberty do declare 
 their wants and receive broken bread and meat or other charity from 
 well-disposed people, that it be therefore permitted to those whose 
 names are entered in the poor's book, and who wear the badges required,* 
 to ask and receive alms in their respective parishes at certain hours of 
 the day to be appointed by the guardians, but if any of these are taken 
 begging at any other hour than those allowed, or out of their respective 
 parishes, though within the same corporation, they shall be sent 
 immediately, if they are under 14 years of age, to the working school to 
 be whipped, and, if they are above 14, to the house of correction, to be 
 remain there six weeks and so much longer as till the next quarter- 
 sessions after the said six weeks are expired. 
 
 " That if any person die for want of due relief in any parish in which 
 he ought to be relieved, the said parish be fined according to the 
 circumstances of the fact and the heinousness of the crime. 
 
 " That every master of the king's ships shall be bound to receive 
 without money, once every year (if offered him by the magistrate or 
 other officer of any place within the bounds of the port w^here his ship 
 shall be), one boy, sound of limb, above 13 years of age, who shall be 
 his apprentice for nine years.'" | 
 
 * A law passed shortly before Locke's preparation of this document (8 & 9 
 William IIL, cap. 30), chiefly to make new arrangements for the settlement and 
 and removal of paupers, and for the apprenticeship of pauper-children, had stipulated 
 that no one should be allowed to beg who did not wear the distinctive badge of the 
 parish to which he belonged. 
 
 f Board of Trade Papers Domestic, bundle B, No. 6. 
 
373 
 
 (ii.)_THE " PARIS NATIONAL WORKS " OF 1848. 
 
 One of the most famous and most extensive attempts that 
 has been made in modern times to provide employment on the 
 part of the State for the unemployed was probably that of the 
 French Provisional Government immediately after the Revolu- 
 tion of 1848. The establishment, difficulties, and failure of the 
 national works organised in Paris by M. Emile Thomas, under 
 the direction of M. Marie, the Minister of Public Works, have 
 been so often referred to since, that it has been thought desirable 
 to give here some account of them drawn, so far as possible, 
 from actual documents and decrees.* It should, however, be 
 distinctly understood, that the state of Paris at the time, the 
 acuteness of the industrial and political crisis, the supposed 
 necessity of doing something at once on a large scale for political 
 no less than economic reasons, and the jealousies and intrigues of 
 opposing parties both within and outside the Provisional Govern- 
 ment, were all factors in the situation which tended to make 
 difficult, if not impossible, the execution of any carefully planned 
 scheme. The most cursory examination of the evidence shows that 
 it is impossible to judge correctly oi the " Ateliers Nationaux " 
 on the supposition that they were merely a bond fide effiDrt to 
 carry out the decree establishing the " right to work." 
 
 The violent and sudden crisis of the Revolution of February 
 1848, naturally disturbed the course of industry in Paris. There 
 was a commercial panic, and large numbers of workpeople were 
 thrown out of work. Thus the prevailing want of employment was 
 one of the first questions with which the Provisional Government, 
 established on February 24th, 1848, found itself face to face. On 
 February 25th, on the proposal of Louis Blanc, and on the demand 
 of a deputation claiming to represent the people, the Provisional 
 Government passed a decree from which the following is an 
 extract : — 
 
 " The Provisional Government of the French Republic undertakes f@* 
 guarantee the existence of tlie workmen by work. It undertakes to 
 guarruitee work for every citizen." 
 
 For the purpose of carrying out this decree, Louis Blanc 
 advocated the formation of a Ministry of Labour, but this was 
 
 * The chief authorities consulted are — '" Histoire des Ateliers Nationaux," 
 Emile Thomas (1848); "Histoire de la Revolution Fran9aise," Louis Blanc ;; 
 " Histoire de la lievolution de 1848" (Lam.artine) ; Le Placement des Employes, 
 ((jffico du Travail), 1892. 
 
374- HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 negatived on the ground that a mere provisional Government 
 could not thus anticipate the decision of the future assembly. In 
 place of it, as a compromise, a Government Labour Commission, 
 under the presidency of Louis Blanc, was established by a 
 decree of February 28th, with power of inquiry and consultation 
 only. The Commission met at the Luxembourg. Meanwhile 
 the carrying out of the decree of February 25th, by the establish- 
 ment of national workshops, was confided not to this Commission 
 but to the Minister of Pablic Works, M. Marie, by the following 
 decree of February 26th : — 
 
 " The Provisional Government decrees the immediate establishment 
 of national workshops. The Minister of Public Works is entrusted with 
 tlie execution of the present decree." 
 
 This was followed next ,day by a .decree specifying various 
 public works to be started. 
 
 " Earth works shall be started without delay : — 
 
 1. To clear the trench of Clamart and convey the earth to Paris, so 
 
 as to prepare for the construction of a railway station for the 
 Chemin de fer de I'Ouest between the outer tunnel and the 
 Boulevard. 
 
 2. To construct the Paris terminus of the Paris-Chartres railway. 
 
 3. To improve the navigation of the Gise. 
 
 4. To extend the Sceaux railway to Orsay."* 
 
 At the same time the immediate resumption of work on 
 Government buildings, &c., was decreed. Besides the works 
 organised by the Minister of Public Works, the Minister of 
 War opened works in the Champs de Mars. From this time the 
 responsibility for the national works as actually organised 
 rested primarily with M. Marie, the Minister of Public Works, 
 while Louis Blanc and the Commission at the Luxembourg, 
 organised co-operative societies of tailors, and other trades, to 
 which the State gave certain contracts to execute. The history 
 of these societies has an interest of its own, but they were 
 entirely separate from the national works organised by the State. 
 
 l^mile Thomas (who subsequently acted as director of the 
 national works) thus describes their arrangement and difficulties 
 in their earliest stages.f 
 
 " Admission to these various works was obtained in the fol- 
 lowing manner : — 
 
 "The workman first of all obtained a certificate from the 
 landlord of his house, or furnished apartments, showing his 
 address, whether in Paris or the department of Seine. 
 
 " This certificate was visad and stamped by the police commis- 
 sary of the district. The workman then repaired to the office 
 of the maire of his ward, and, on delivering this document, 
 received in exchange a note of admission to the national works, 
 bearing his name, residence, and calling, and enabling him to be 
 
 * Lie Placement des Employes (Office du Travail), p. 115. 
 f Histoire des Ateliers Nationaux, p. 29. 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. 375 
 
 received by the director of the workplaces in which vacancies 
 existed. 
 
 " All went well while the number of the unemployed was less 
 than 6,000, but as soon as that number was exceeded the work- 
 men of each arrondissement, after having visited all the open 
 works in succession without result, returned to their maire's 
 offices tired, starving, and discontented. 
 
 " The workmen had been promised bread when work was not 
 to be had, which was reasonable and charitable ; the great mis- 
 take was, however, then committed of giving them money, and 
 distributing it in public at the offices of the rtiaires instead of 
 distributing assistance in kind, which might have been done 
 •BO easily through the agency of the bureaux de hienfaisance. 
 
 " Each maire's office was authorised to pay every unemployed 
 workman 1.50 frs. per day on production of a ticket showing 
 that there was no vacancy for him in the national works. 
 
 " The fixed sum of 2 francs was paid to any workman 
 engaged on the public excavation works, without regard to his 
 
 age, the work done, or his calling 
 
 The workman made the following simple calculation, and he 
 made it aloud : ' The State gives me 30 sous for doing nothing, 
 it pays me 40 sous when I work, so I need only work to the 
 extent of 10 sous" This was logical. ... 
 
 " The works opened by the Minister of Public Works being 
 far distant from each other, and the workmen not being able 
 to visit them all in turn to make certain that there were no 
 vacancies for them, two central bureaux were established, one at 
 the Halle-aux-Veaux under M. Wissocq, the other near the 
 onaire's office in the 5th arrondissement in the Rue de Bondy, 
 entrusted to M. Higonnet. . . . The workmen went to 
 have their tickets examined at one of these bureaux ; and 
 the absence of employment having been proved, they returned 
 to get their 30 sous at their maires' offices." 
 
 As the numbers claiming work or relief rapidly increased the 
 whole organisation got rapidly out of hand, and both the 
 bureaux and the maire's offices -became the centres of tumul- 
 tuous crowds, which those in charge were quite unable to satisfy 
 or keep in order. On March 6th, therefore, Emile Thomas, a 
 chemist connected with the Ecole Centrale, was commissioned 
 by M. Marie to re-organise the works on a semi-military plan, in 
 which he was aided by some of the senior pupils of the Ecole 
 ■Centrale. 
 
 The workmen were divided into companies, each of which, 
 wrhen the organisation was fully developed, contained 900 men. 
 Each company was divided into four lieutenancies, each con- 
 taining 224 men and a lieutenant, and each lieutenancy into 
 four brigades, each with 55 men and a brigadier. Finally each 
 brigade was divided into five squads with ten men and 
 a, chief of squad, all belonging to the same arrondissement. 
 The brigadiers and chiefs of squads were elected by the men 
 
376 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 whom they had to control. This complicated organisation was 
 not fully developed during the first month. 
 
 On March 5th, when Emile Thomas took the work in hand, 
 the number of unemployed in Paris was estimated at from 
 13,000 to 14,000, in addition to 4,000 or 5,000 already engaged 
 on public works.^ This number continued steadily to increase 
 day by day, without, however, any corresponding expansion of 
 the public works. The engineer officers were directed by the 
 Government to suggest plans for new works, but they appeared 
 unable or unwilling to do so, and day after day slipped by, the 
 director having ' to exercise all his ingenuity to provide some 
 means of occupying the idle masses of men who had been 
 enrolled, and who were drawing 30 sous a day from the State. 
 
 On March 15th, after a meeting of the chief engineers, who 
 were still unable to suggest means of employing usefully 
 more than a few hundred of the 14,000 unemployed men, it 
 was resolved to undertake a series of works in the plain of 
 Monceaux, which, if serving no other object, would at least have 
 the advantage of keeping the crowd employed. Already the 
 whole scheme was costing 20,000 francs a day, and measures 
 were contemplated for reducing and finally extinguishing the 
 pay to the idle. The following is an extract from an order of 
 the day dated March 16th : — 
 
 '' From to-morrow, Friday, the ITth inst., tlie daily pay of workmen 
 who are not working will be reduced to 1 franc instead of 1^ francs. 
 The director can guarantee to workmen that from this day forward 
 they will be employed at least every other day; in this case their pay 
 will be 2 francs." 
 
 Already political feeling between the moderate and the ex- 
 treme sections of the Provisional Government was running high 
 in view of the elections which were fixed for April. The 
 strength of the " m_oderate " party, centred in the Hotel de Ville, 
 that of the socialists in the Luxembourg. From the middle of 
 March onwards the national works depended politically on the 
 Hotel de Ville,t and were more and more utilised to counteract 
 the influence of the Luxembourg, and to secure the return of the 
 Hotel de Ville " list " of candidates at the elections. Hence 
 from this time it becomes progressively more difficult to treat 
 the works as a purely economic experiment. J 
 
 Private industry was practically at a standstill and work- 
 shops were closing every day : some for want of capital, others 
 tlirough strikes of their workmen who had recourse to the 
 national works if their demands were not granted. The 
 Minister of Public Works vainly issued on March 20th a pro- 
 
 * H stoire des Ateliers Natlonaux, p. 54. 
 
 t See the Proclamation to the workmen of the Mayor of Paris, dated March 19th, 
 1848, from which date M. Emile Thomas says, " M^^ relations were clearly defined. 
 " Alrhou<ih I had only to consult the Minister of Public Works for administrative 
 " })urposes I depended politically on the Mayor of Paris." (Histoiie, p. ]07.) 
 
 I Ibid., pp. 146, 147. 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. 377 
 
 clamation urging the workmen to return to their workshops, 
 and pointing out that large workshops had been closed or were 
 threatened with closing owing to the crisis. At this time 
 12,000 men were actually employed at the national works, and 
 the number of men enrolled was increasing very rapidly. 
 
 It may be well at this point to give in full the regula- 
 tions in force in the works, from which at least, the nominal 
 character of their organisation may be gathered. It should 
 be added that the regulations, which are here given complete, 
 were only gradually formulated. 
 
 REPUBLIC OF FRANCE.* 
 
 National Works. 
 
 Regulations for Enrolment in Brigades. 
 
 § I. Enrolment in brigades will take place for the different arron- 
 dissements in the order, and at the time indicated by an order of the day 
 sent to the offices of the maires. 
 
 § II. No enrolment in brigades takes place on Sundays or national 
 holidays. 
 
 § III. In order to be enrolled, a workman must — 
 (a.) Certify at the office of the maire of his district, that he is over 
 16 years of age, or else fatherless, or the eldest of a i'amily of six 
 children. 
 (6.) He must appear in person, and only on the day, and at the hour 
 specified for his arrondissement, provided with a note bearing his 
 namo, calling, address, the stamp of the maire of his district, and 
 dated at least the day previous to the enrolment, 
 (c.) If a workman is on guard on the day of admission for his arron- 
 dissement^ he shall ask leave from the officer in charge of the guard 
 in order to go to the central bureau. 
 (J.) A workman who desires to be enrolled in a brigade which Kas 
 already been formed, must appear in person on the day and at the 
 time fixed for his arrondissement, with a message from the chief 
 of that brigade, stating his own number, that of the company and 
 of the service. 
 (e.) A workman who has lost his book shall call at the bureau des 
 reclamations with a certificate from the chief of his company, in 
 order to obtain a fresh one ; he shall then pay 50 centimes. 
 (/.) The workmen shall enter by brigades made up of 56 of the men 
 who are present. Each brigade which presents itself incom- 
 plete shall be completed by the latest arrivals of the following 
 brigade. No brigade shall start uncompleted frt)m the bureau of 
 enrolment, except the last. 
 {g.) Brigadiers and chiefs of squads are elected beforehand by the 
 Avorkmen; but their brigade or squad may be taken tc fill up 
 incomplete lists belonging to the same arrondissement. Their 
 nomination is not confirmed until afier the enrolment in brigades. 
 (A.) Every day a lieutenant sent by the chef de V arrondissement siiall 
 come to annouuce the service numbers of the companies riiid brigades 
 to which newly -enrolled workmen belong, in order that these 
 
 * Histoire des Ateliers Nationaux, pp. 5y-73. 
 
378 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 numbers may be entered on their books. These books, moreover, 
 shall bear the names and addresses of the chefs de service of the 
 men in charge of companies, of the lieutenants, brigadiers, and 
 chiefs of squads. 
 
 The Commissary of the Republic, 
 
 Director of National Works, 
 
 Emile Thomas. 
 
 REPUBLIC OF FRANCE. 
 
 MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 National Works. 
 
 General Regulations for Workmen engaged on the Works or 
 AWAITING Engagement. 
 
 The Commissary of the Repiublic, Director of the National Works, 
 •considering that hitherto different orders of the day have regulated the 
 measures adopted for the administration of these works : 
 
 That it is important to combine in one regulation the different orders 
 of the day enumerated above : 
 
 Enacts the following provisions which have been discussed in a 
 council of the chefs d' arrondissement, and laid before the assembly of 
 workmen's delegates engaged in the national works, who have adopted 
 them, in their entirety. 
 
 JJJU^The payments of brigadiers, chiefs of squads, and workmen are fixed 
 as follows : — 
 
 Days of Work, 
 
 fr. c. 
 Brigadiers - - - - 3 per day. 
 
 Chiefs of squads - - - 2 50 „ 
 
 Workmen - - - - 2 „ 
 
 Non-worhing Days. 
 
 fr. c. 
 Brigadiers - - - - 3 per day. 
 
 Chiefs of squads - - - 1 50 „ 
 
 Workmen - - - -10,, 
 
 On Sundays work is suspended; brigadiers, chiefs of squads, and 
 workmen receive no pay. 
 
 No person enrolled in a brigade shall be entitled to two days' work 
 until after the first Monday following his enrolment. 
 
 Chiefs of squads, and workmen selected for guard duty on any day 
 except Sundays, or legal holidays, shall be considered as discharging 
 a public duty, and shall be entitled to the payment accorded for 
 days of active work, provided that within 24 hours they deliver to 
 the chief of their company the document summoning them on guard, 
 stamped with the seal of the staff officer of their legion, which document 
 must bear the Christian name of the workman. After 24 hours the 
 document will not be accepted. 
 
 The document, handed as aforesaid to the chief of the company, 
 :shall be transmitted to the director by the chef de service stating the 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. 
 
 379 
 
 the sergeant- 
 
 arrondissement, the service, the company, and the brigade to which the 
 workman belongs. 
 
 Extra guard duty, and similar duty when performed as a punish- 
 ment are excepted from the above provisions. 
 
 Lieutenants and brigadiers are exempted from national guard duty 
 by the chef de Varrondissement, who shall write to 
 major who has summoned them. 
 
 The list of the men who have received the indemnity for guard 
 duty shall be forwarded on the Monday and Thursday of each week, at 
 one o'clock, to the office of the sub-directorate of M. Dellisse, with the 
 names and addresses of the men who have been summoned. 
 
 Men who are ill and confined to bed, and not admitted to the 
 hospitals, receive without distinction, the payment of two francs per day 
 from the special agents of the medical bureau if their state of health 
 has been previously attested by a medical certificate, visad by the 
 commissary of police, and verified by one of the doctors of the central 
 bureau. 
 
 Men admitted to the hospitals shall not be paid, as the State bears 
 the cost of the hospital treatment ; if they are married their wives and 
 children shall receive indoor relief. 
 
 The family of fevery workman admitted to the hospital in consequence 
 of injuries sustained during work receives the wages payable to the 
 latter when not engaged in actual work. 
 
 On days when the weather is considered too bad for the proper 
 •execution of the works, operations shall be suspended. The chef de 
 Varrondissement shall decide as to the possibility of carrying on the 
 work. 
 
 Any workman who, having presented himself in his turn for work, 
 leaves without the permission of the chef de service shall be considered 
 jas absent. 
 
 Should he obtain leave to absent himself there will be deducted, at 
 the time of payment, quarter, half, or three-quarters of the day's pay, 
 «,ccording to the time at which he has left. 
 
 With a view to simplifying and reducing the number of separate 
 accounts the squad roll sheets are from this day suppressed, and new 
 roll sheets by brigades will be established after the following model : — 
 
 Public Woek. 
 
 REPUBLIC OF FRANCE. 
 
 NATiONiiL Works. 
 
 ROLL SHEET. 
 
 
 Arrondissement. 
 Day of 
 
 Service. 
 Brigade. 
 
 
 
 Company. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Squad 
 No. 
 
 Conse- 
 cutive 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 SurnameSjChristian 
 
 Names and Ranks. 
 
 The Brigadier 
 
 should place his 
 
 Name andSi^ature 
 
 first. 
 
 Wages 
 to pay. 
 
 Sums 
 paid. 
 
 Fines 
 
 Signature. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 State cause of 
 Punishment, 
 Absence, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
380 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 Companies not occupied iu active work shall receive payment in a 
 place determined by the chefs de service, and of wliich the lieutenants, 
 brigadiers, and chiefs of squads shall be notified. 
 
 Payment will begin at half-past three, and conclude at half-past 
 four. 
 
 The lieutenants are responsible for the payment to the chiefs of their 
 companies. This payment shall be made, under the superintendence of 
 the lieutenant, by the brigadiers, assisted by a pay clerk. 
 
 The roll sheet bears the names of the 56 men who make up a brigade, 
 including the brigadier and the chiefs of squads. This sheet shall be 
 delivered on the preceding day to the brigadier, who shall first write 
 his name at the top and then enter those of his 55 men. Each man 
 must always occupy the same place in the numeiical order of the 
 roll sheet. 
 
 When the chief of a brigade pays a workman, he shall make the 
 latter sign opposite to his name in the colunm provided for that purpose. 
 Any one refusing to sign shall not be paid. If the workman is unable 
 to sign, a man belonging to his squad, and the delegate of the same, shall 
 certify by their signatures that the payment took place in their presence. 
 
 The workman, on receiving his pay, shall hand his book to the 
 brigadier, who shall initial it, inserting the date, and the sum paid. 
 
 The lieutenant shall receive the roll sheet from the brigadier, and 
 return it, immediately after the payment has concluded, to the chief of 
 his company, so that the latter may^^iu his turn send it back to his chef 
 de service. 
 
 Fines for Breaches of Hegulations. 
 
 Chiefs of brigade whose roll sheets are not drawn up as prescribed by 
 the present regulation shall be liable to a fine of one franc. In the case 
 of seiious irregularities they shall be dismissed. 
 
 Any workman who, without just cause, fails to reply when his 
 name is called, shall not be paid, unless his absence be duly justified on 
 the following day. 
 
 Any workman who, without just cause, has on two successive 
 occasions failed to reply to his name at pay-time, shall be struck off the 
 lists. 
 
 A daily report of the fines shall be transmitted by the chefs de 
 service to the chefs d'arrondissement. 
 
 Any brigadier, chief of a squad, or workman fined three times in one 
 fortnight shall be struck off the lists. 
 
 Fines are inflicted on workmen by the chiefs of companies on the 
 reports of the brigadiers and lieutenants. 
 
 The accumulated fines shall be distributed every fortnight among the 
 workmen of each brigade. 
 
 Special Provisions affecting Brigadiers and Chiefs. 
 OF Squads. 
 
 No chief elected by the workmen may resign his post, except for very 
 grave reasons, of which the aaministration shall be the judge. 
 
 A stoppage of 5 francs shall be made from the pay of chiefs of 
 squads, for the purpose shown fmther on under the article " Tools." 
 
 Stoppages shall be made from the i)ay of biigadiers, the total cf whicli 
 will form a guarantee of 15 francs. When this sum has been reached 
 no further stoppage shall be made. 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. 381 
 
 Tickets for Relief in Kind, 
 
 Tickets for bread, meat, and soup are distributed at the relieving 
 office, 4, Rue de Chartres, between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. every day to the 
 indigent fathers of famiUes belonging to each brigade, in the following 
 proportion, and on presentation of the list given by the delegate, 
 verified and visad by the chief of the company. 
 
 Bread. 
 
 No. of Kilo- Weight, 
 
 children. grams. (Avoir.). 
 
 lbs. ozs. 
 
 1 i 9 
 
 2 i 1 1 
 
 3 \ 1 10 
 
 4 1 2 3 
 
 5 ]i 2 12 
 
 6 l| 3 5 
 
 7 \l 3 13 
 
 8 2 4 6 
 
 9 21 4 15 
 
 10 2 1 5 8 
 
 Bread and Meat. 
 
 (1.) Fathers of families who are ill and treated at the hospital are not 
 paid. Their wives and children shall receive assistance in bread, meat, 
 and soup, daily. 
 
 (2.) Fathers of famiHes who are ill, but are treated at their own 
 homes, receive working pay — that is to say, two francs ; medicines and 
 medical attendance are j-endered gratis. In this cas6 they are only 
 entitled to the allowance of breat, meat, and soup granted to all indigent 
 fathers of families. 
 
 General Regidations. 
 
 (3.) For families numbering from six to ten children and over, the 
 distribution of food shall take place three times a week. 
 For families of three to five children, twice a week. 
 For families of one to two children, once a week. 
 
 Medical Office. 
 
 An office is organised under the direction of the Chief Physicians 
 Bujeon and Gaston Gaudinot, 14, Avenue Chateaubriand. 
 
 The workmen engaged in the national works alone are admitted — 
 
 n.) For consultation, which takes place every day between the hours 
 of 8 and 10 in the morning. 
 
 (2.) For the delivery of applications from sick persons confined to bed 
 for domiciliary visits, daily between the hours of 8 and 4. These 
 visits are made by the chief and assistant physicians. 
 
 Consultations. 
 
 All workmen who are ill are admitted to consultation on presenting 
 their book. They receive (1) advice, medicine, and the dressing of 
 any wounds or injuries ; (2) temporary dispensations from work, in 
 
382 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 the case of simple indisposition ; such dispensations may not exceed 
 the term often days. 
 
 For any workman who presents himself for consultation, and only 
 obtains a medical prescription, without dispensation from work, the 
 fixing of the seal and date on his book shall certify to the brigadier that 
 the workman has presented himself for consultation without receiving 
 the indemnity and that he is entitled to the pay of one franc. 
 
 Domiciliary Visits. 
 
 Workmen confined to bed receive domiciliary visits in response to an 
 application transmitted by their chief of brigade or delegate, and 
 addressed to the medical bureau, open between the hours of 8 and 4. In 
 case of urgency patients may apply to the physician nominated by the 
 administration. 
 
 Twelve physicians are attached to the medical office ; a list of the 
 patients whom they have to visit is sent to them every morning. 
 These patients receive attendance on the same day. In case of urgency 
 patients may, as already stated in the order of the day of May 10th, 
 apply to the nearest doctor, who shall receive two francs for his visit. 
 The patient must, at the same time, give notice to the medical office, so 
 that the physician of the administration may visit him on the following 
 day. 
 
 The wives and children of workmen are likewise entitled to medical 
 assistance. 
 
 The delegates shall receive the list of the addresses of- the physicians 
 in the various arrondissements. 
 
 The applicant, in case of simple indisposition, receives — 
 (1.) Advice ; medicines, which are supplied by certain stated 
 apothecaries ; and a few days' dispensation from work, towards which 
 he will be assisted with 1 fr. 25 c. per day. Only workmen con- 
 fined to bed and who have families dependent on them shall be 
 entitled to the pay of 2 francs. 
 (2.) In the case of serious illnesses requiring a period of more than 
 10 days, workmen must obtain admission to a hospital or apply to 
 the ordinary physicians of the benevolent institutions. 
 
 Payment and Assistance to Sick Persons. 
 
 1. Workmen who, after consultation, have received a dispensation 
 from work, shall receive, in addition to attendance and medicine, a sum 
 of 1 fr. 25 c. per day until the expiration of that period. This payment 
 shall be made at the medical office by the cashier, who must sign his 
 name below the seal of the medical department. He shall only remit 25 
 centimes for each day's leave. The pay of 1 franc is to be remitted 
 to the house by the delegate of the brigade. 
 
 The payment allowed by the physician to a patient confined to bed 
 shall each day be discharged by the medical office. 
 
 The physician summoned to the house of a sick workman shall in 
 case of urgency attend to the family of the latter. 
 
 Workmen at the Works. 
 
 The chiefs of companies, lieutenants, brigadiers, chiefs of squads, and 
 workmen must be assembled at half-past six at the meeting place, whence 
 they are to set out for the works. 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. . . 383^ 
 
 The chef d'arrondissement shall determine the hour of arrival at the 
 works according to the distance to be traversed by the men in order to 
 reach them. 
 
 The meal times are fixed as follows : — 
 
 Morning meal, 1 hour, 9 to 10. 
 Evening meal, 1 hour, 2 to 3. 
 
 Work shall cease at six o'clock in the evening. 
 
 Two roll-calls at least shall be undertaken every day by the chiefs 
 of companies. Any inspector passing through the works may demand 
 a supplementary roll-call from the chief of a company, or, in the absence 
 of the latter, from the lieutenant, or even from the brigadiers. 
 
 Any workman failing to answer incurs a fine of 25 centimes. 
 Failure to respond at two calls entails the loss of the day's pay. 
 
 Any workman who fails during two days to appear at his yard shall 
 be struck off the lists, except in one of the circumstances provided for 
 by the above order of the day regulating payment. 
 
 Any workman leaving the works for a moment without the permission 
 of the chief or deputy chief of the company shall be fined 50 centimes. 
 
 The delegates shall not make inquiries of the workmen, nor receive 
 their claims during working hours. 
 
 Only the central delegates shall be admitted to the relieving offices f 
 they must present the lists which have been handed them by the three 
 other delegates. 
 
 Any workman neglecting his work, on being reported by the chief of 
 his company, by the lieutenant, or inspector, shall be fined 50 centimes. 
 
 All gaming is prohibited during working hours ; infractions of this- 
 clause shall entail a fine of 50 centimes. 
 
 Any workman, or person in charge of a squad or brigade, refusing to 
 obey his superiors, or found under the influence of drink on the works, 
 shall forfeit his day's pay. If he repeat the offence he shall be struck 
 off the lists. 
 
 Under certain circumstances of a grave nature, not provided for in 
 the regulations, the chef d' arrondissement is authorised to suspend any 
 officer or workman from his duties pending the decision of the adminis-^ 
 tration. A report on the step taken shall be immediately made to the 
 director. 
 
 No officer elected by the workmen can be deprived of his office until 
 the matter has been inquired mto by the administration. 
 
 Every workman must carry his book about his person and show it at 
 the first request of one of his superiors. 
 
 The chiefs of squads are always at the disposal of the brigadier 
 and the delegate to aid them in'their duties. 
 
 Any brigadier or chief of a squad, deprived of his rank on the 
 report of one of his superiors, may make a written appeal to the 
 director, but should his claims not be found valid, he shall return to- 
 the ranks as a simple workman and shall not be eligible for re-election. 
 
 No measure, purchase, or payment is valid without the written 
 authority of the dii-ector. 
 
 Tools, 
 
 The depot for all tools belonging to the national works, is situated in 
 the Rue Chartres, No. 4. 
 
 Divisional depots shall be established in the yard ; the tools must be 
 
384 ' . HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 deposited there every evening. Special keepers, selected and appointed 
 by the sub-director of Stores, shall be responsible for the tools during 
 the time they are not in use. 
 
 The brigadiers shall, every morning and evening, sign the sheet 
 regarding the putting in and taking out of the tools. 
 
 All the tools shall be marked " A. N." This mark shall be placed 
 on the sheds by the storekeepers for tools already taken out. 
 
 No tool may leave the depot without a ticket from the chef de service 
 for whom it is in-tended, visad by the sub-director of Stores. 
 
 No purchase of a tool shall take place without a written order of the 
 sub-director ; this order is to be kept by the merchant to establish 
 his claim for payment. 
 
 No tool shall be replaced in the depot except on presentation to the 
 keeper of a ticket from the sub-director. 
 
 No tool shall be used which has not first been entered and sent out 
 from the store in the regular way. 
 
 Brigadiers are responsible for all the tools of their brigade. The sum 
 of 15 francs, which is deducted from their pay, shall answer for the 
 consequences of this responsibility. 
 
 The person in charge of a squad is answerable to his brigadier for 
 the tools of his squad. The five francs deducted from his pay shall also 
 be guarantee for the consequences of this responsibility. 
 
 Every workman is responsible to the man in charge of his squad for 
 the tools entrusted to him. 
 
 Tools, broken or unfit for service, should be returned to the depot so 
 as to be replaced by an equal number of serviceable ones. 
 Commissary of the Republic, 
 
 Director of National Works, 
 
 Emile Th03IAS. 
 
 The administration of the works was divided among three sub- 
 directors, of whom one dealt with questions of general order, 
 enrolment in brigades, staff and relief ; the second had charge of 
 the accounts, stores, and the internal administration of the offices 
 and the out-door police ; and the third was concerned *with 
 actually carrying out the works and studying plans pro- 
 posed for their extension. Besides the large staff of clerks, 
 cashiers and book-keepers, an army of inspectors and agents 
 was employed. Twelve inspecteurs d'ordre were charged 
 with carrying out the regulations at the works and reporting 
 on the state of discipline to the first sub-directorate. Eight 
 special commissaries originally chosen from the more tur- 
 bulent of the populace were attached to the enrolment and 
 relief offices to preserve order among the applicants. Sixteen 
 doctors were employed from time to time at the medical 
 relief office. Forty-eight agents visited a certain number of 
 workmen's houses every day to satisfy themselves as to the 
 genuineness of applications for relief ; four inspectors supervised 
 the stores, including tools, vehicles, materials, and articles manu- 
 factured in the special workshops described below. An office 
 of out-door police employing six or seven persons was engaged 
 in inquiring and reporting as to cases of suspected fraud. 
 Finally, the actual inspection of the carrying out of the public 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. 385 
 
 works was entrusted to twelve inspectors under the direction of 
 a chief inspector. Daily meetings of inspectors took place for 
 consultation. 
 
 That the administration of the works was on an altogether 
 unnecessary scale is not denied even by the director, who, how- 
 ever, declared that he was continually under the necessity of 
 finding places for crowds of applicants sent to him with re- 
 commendations which he could not resist. Thus a large number 
 of actors, painters, commercial clerks, and others thrown out 
 of work by the crisis, having been refused tickets for admission to 
 the works as not wearing the workman's blouse, were employed 
 by the director as pay agents. Notwithstanding this army of 
 officials it is stated that '' no serious control was exercised over 
 " these crowds of humanity. Many of the workmen had them- 
 " selves enrolled in several brigades so as to draw wages from 
 " each ; others came solely for the purpose of drawing wages 
 " though they worked as usual in private workshops. Briga- 
 " diers exaggerated the number of men in their brigades in 
 " order to appropriate the excess wages which they were sup- 
 " posed to distribute, workmen who had a disagreement with 
 " their employers combined, deserted their own workshops, and 
 " went to the national workshops. This was done by the 
 " paper stainers and the hatters.'* 
 
 Towards the middle of April the numbers enrolled again far 
 outran the number for whom work of any kind could be pro- 
 vided. The director, left to his own resources, organized a few 
 special workshops to employ certain classes of workmen at their 
 own trades. Thus a number of wheelwrights and joiners were 
 employed to mend the tools which were constantly being broken 
 by the inexperienced workmen. Workshops of shoemakers and 
 tailors were also established, from which the more needy and ill- 
 clad of the workmen could be supplied with cheap clothes and 
 boots. It was, however, impossible to persuade the shoemakers 
 to accept this arrangement, by which they were compelled 
 actually to work instead of loafing, except by the threat of the 
 alternative of expulsion from the national works. After a 
 time the system, in these special workshops, was changed from 
 time work to piece-work, but not in most cases without 
 great opposition from the workmen. 
 
 Another plan of M. Thomas was to attempt to stimulate the 
 building trades of Paris, by advancing to employers who would 
 re -open their workshops a sum of one franc a day, on certain 
 terms of repayment, for each workman employed. He hoped 
 thus to get ofi* his hands a large proportion of the 20,000 
 members of the building trades who now crowded the national 
 works. The proposal, however, was rejected, as was also a pro- 
 position to employ the building operatives in erecting workmen's 
 dwellings. 
 
 ♦ Le Placement des Employes, &c., p. 116. 
 o 77723. 
 
386 HISTOEICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 The following table, based upon the published results of a 
 census of the national works taken on May 19th, shows the 
 magnitude to which the numbers enrolled had by this time 
 attained and the composition of this vast army by trades : — 
 
 Building trades ----- 18,182 
 
 Furnishing and wood-working trades - - 12,801 
 
 Engineering and metal trades _ - . 8,345 
 
 Clothincr trades ----- 5,806 
 
 Textile trades ----- 3,602 
 
 Jewellery, fine instruments, goldsmiths, &c. - 5,361 
 
 Printing, books, paper, &e. - - - 3,442 
 
 Leather and fur trades - - - 1,117 
 
 Glass, pottery, sculpture, &c. - - - 1,468 
 
 Food and drink preparation - - - 1,179 
 
 Workers in rope and fibre, &c. - - - 432 
 
 „ „ chemicals, oils, &c. - - - 168 
 
 Public and private service, messengers, and transport 2,439 
 
 Dealers, &c. - - - - - 465 
 
 Commercial - - - - - ' 1,143 
 
 Labour, &c. ----- 11,163 
 
 Miscellaneous employment - - - 3,194 
 
 Unoccupied ----- 7,635 
 
 87,942* 
 
 The National Assembly, elected by universal suffrage, met on 
 May 4th. A few days later the Executive Commission was 
 elected, containing all the members of the Provisional Govern- 
 ment except Louis Blanc and Albert, the Socialist representatives. 
 On May 10th Louis Blanc renewed his motion for a Minister of 
 Labour, which was rejected. On the 15th the Assembly was 
 invaded by the mob, and from that time the anti-socialist ten- 
 dency of the Government became more marked. The new 
 'Government immediately determined to reduce and suppress the 
 national works, which were draining the Treasury and demora- 
 lising the people, and which were suspected of being centres of 
 intrigue on the part of Louis Bonaparte. 
 
 On May 15th M. Marie was transferred to another post ia the 
 Provisional Government, and was succeeded by M. Trelat, who 
 at once set about the task of reduction. 
 
 On May 24th the project of the Commission of the Executive 
 Power was conveyed by him to the director in the following 
 terms : — 
 
 « Sir, 
 
 " I HAVE the honour to inform you that the Commissio?i du 
 Pouvoir Executif has just adopted the following measures regarding the 
 national works : — 
 
 " 1. Unmarried workmen from 18 to 25 years of age shall be invited 
 to enlist under the flag of the Republic, in order to complete the diffe- 
 rent regiments of the army. 
 
 *' Those who refuse to enlist for voluntary service shall be at once 
 struck off the brigade-rolls of the national works. 
 
 * Histoire des Ateliers Nationaux, pp. 376-8. 
 
PARIS NATIONAL WORKS. 387 
 
 "2. A census of the workmen of Paris shall be undertaken without 
 delay. This census shall be carried out concurrently by the offices of 
 the onaires, and by the clerks of the central office of national works 
 appointed for the purpose. 
 
 *' Workmen who are unable to affi^rd regular proof of a six months' 
 residence before the 24th of May shall be dismissed, and shall cease to 
 receive wages and relief. 
 
 '* 3. The lists of workmen drawn up according to arrondissement and 
 •occupation shall be placed in a special office, established as near as 
 possible to the centre of Paris, and where information regarding them 
 shall be given to masters by the employes of the administration. Masters 
 may make a requisition for such number of these workmen as they shall 
 declare necessary for the resumption or continuation of their works. 
 Those who refuse to follow them shall be instantly struck off the 
 general roll of the national works . 
 
 " 4. Workmen not excluded under the foregoing provisions, and 
 continuing temporarily to form part of the national works must work 
 by the piece and not by the day. 
 
 " 5. There shall be organised, with the least possible delay, brigades 
 of workmen which shall be drafted into the departments for employ- 
 ment, under the direction of the engineers ' des ponts et chaussees* in 
 the execution of extensive public works. 
 
 " I beg, sir, that you will take steps as quickly arj possible for the 
 ;application of the provisions decreed by the Commission du Fouvoir 
 Executif. The necessary lists should be prepared for distinguishing 
 those workmen, who, owing to their age, must enlist in the armies 
 of the Republic ; those who will have to be sent back to their 
 respective departments owing to inability to give regular proof of a six 
 months' residence ; those for whom employers might again apply, or whom 
 they might employ ; and finally those whom it will be expedient to enrol 
 in brigades as destined for the great works of the provinces, and of the 
 suburbs of Paris. I will inform you to-morrow of the place for deposit- 
 ing the lists of workmen of various callings not excluded from the 
 national works in virtue of the two first provisions, and for informing 
 employers with regard to them. 
 
 " You will have to appoint two or three clerks of your administration 
 who will have to remain in that locality, for the purpose of placing at 
 the disposal of employers the workmen for whom they apply. 
 
 " I leave to you the duty of informing the public by means of placards 
 and newspaper advertisements of the day when application may be made 
 at the bureau des renseignements. You understand that this measure is 
 extremely urgent, and that no single moment should be lost in carrying 
 it out. 
 
 " I attach great importance to the measure which re-establishes piece- 
 work as the basis of wages. You should apply it at once. 
 
 *' Later on I will furnish you with instructions as to the organisation 
 fof brigades of workmen to be drafted into the departments. 
 
 " Por the Minister of Public Works, 
 " P. P. the General Secretary, 
 
 " BOULAGE." 
 
 On the following day a Commission, including a number of 
 engineers and other practical men, was appointed to inquire into 
 the condition of the national works and to devise measures for 
 reducing their cost '* without prejudice to the sacred principle of 
 
 B B 2 
 
388 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 the guarantee of work," and to superintend the carrying out of 
 these measures. M. Lalanne, an engineer of bridges and roads 
 acted as secretary. The first measure ordered was a com- 
 plete census of the workmen in the national works. On May* 
 26th the director 6mile Thomas was compelled to resign and 
 was sent, practically under arrest, to Bordeaux on the pretext of 
 a commission to study the prolongation of a canal. He was 
 succeeded as director by M. Lalanne. On May 30th the National 
 Assembly decreed the substitution of piece-work for day-work, 
 but the change was difficult to carry out, and the results were 
 unsatisfactory. On June 15th the Assembly determined on the 
 suppression of the works, and to guard against the consequences 
 an army under General Cavaignac was concentrated on Paris. 
 On June 22nd the proposals for the enlistment of workmen 
 between 18 and 25 and the other measures of reduction detailed 
 in M. Trelat's letter to l^mile Thomas of May 24th appeared in 
 the '' Moniteur," and the same day an attempt was made to 
 organise the first batch of departures from Paris. The result 
 was the bloody insurrecti'^n of June 23rd. and following days, 
 which, thanks to the military organization of the national 
 works, was only suppressed after three days of street fighting. 
 In the course of the insurrection the Executive Commission 
 resigned, and General Cavaignac became dictator. 
 
 Soon after this Louis Napoleon was elected President of the 
 Republic. The gigantic schemes subsequently carried out under 
 the Second Empire for the re-building of large parts of Paris, 
 served for many years to provide employment for Paris workmen, 
 and while they lasted, formed an efiective substitute for the 
 ill-fated national works. 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WOEKS. 389 
 
 (iii.) THE COTTON FAMINE AND THE PUBIJC 
 WORKS ACT. 
 
 On the 29th of April 1861 President Lincohi issued a pro- 
 clamation declaring the ports of the States seceding from the 
 Union subject to a strict blockade. It was expected that the 
 blockade would be extensively evaded and that by means of 
 inland navigation and railways the raw material for the cotton 
 manufacture would find its way to Europe through the Northern 
 States. The Confederate Congress, however, passed an Act 
 prohibiting, under the strictest penalties, the export of cotton 
 wool, except by sea, from and after the 1st of June. Meanwhile, ■ 
 on the 13th of May, the British Government issued a proclamation 
 commanding the observance of a rigid neutrality bet Ave en the 
 belligerents, and the example was followed a few days later by the 
 French Government. An end was thus put to commerce with the 
 Southern States. By the end of autumn short time had become 
 the rule in the cotton mills in Lancashire, in the mills that still 
 kept going, and of these the number had in many cases greatly 
 diminished. In the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law 
 Board for the year 1861-62 it is stated that " the lamentable 
 " events which have taken place in the United States of America 
 " have not only paralysed one of the principal manufactures of 
 " this country, by stopping the supply and raising the price of 
 " cotton to about double its usual amount, but have deranged one 
 " of the most important of the markets for the chief products of 
 " our industry." The increase throughout the cotton manu- 
 facturing districts in the weekly average number of paupers 
 throughout the half-year ended at Lady-day 1862, on a comparison 
 with the corresponding period of 1861, was 26,512, or 47*6 per 
 cent.* 
 
 A circular was issued by the Poor Law Board, dated the 11th 
 November, 1861, stating that the Board viewed with some 
 apprehension the effects which might ensue from the stagnation 
 in the cotton trade, and asking the guardians of unions in the 
 cotton manufacturing district to' furnish the Board with a report 
 of the position and prospects of their district, and as to the 
 condition of the class more immediately affected by any dis- 
 placement of the ordinary employment of the district. t 
 
 The answers to this circular assured the Board that no serious 
 pressure existed at that time, and that generally the guardians 
 were prepared to meet any emergency which might be expected 
 to arise. J 
 
 In the fifteenth annual report of the Poor Law Boaid for 
 1862-63, it was stated that the number of persons in receipt of 
 relief in the cotton district, had increased rapidly from the 
 
 * Fourteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1861-62, p. 15. 
 
 t „ » ,» Appendix, p. 27. 
 
 X ■ » » » p. 17. 
 
390 HISTOKICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 commencement to nearly the end of the year 1862. In con- 
 sequence of the very heavy and extraordinary burdens to which 
 the ratepayers in the cotton manufacturing districts were being 
 subjected, an Act was passed entitled " An Act to enable boards 
 " of guardians of certain unions to obtain temporary aid to meet 
 " extraordinary demands for relief therein." This Act applied 
 to any unions situated wholly or in part within any of the 
 counties of Lancaster, Chester, or Derby ; and it had reference- 
 to the expenditure of such unions in the quarters ended at 
 Michaelmas and Christmas 1862. One clause of this Act pro- 
 vided that if the aggregate expenditure of the union in and 
 about the relief of the poor, should exceed the rate of Ss. in the £ 
 per annum, the guardians might, under the authority of the 
 Poor Law Board, borrow a sum sufficient to meet that excess, 
 and charge the same on the common fund of the union, the loan 
 being repayable by seven annual instalments with interest. In 
 the quarter ending at Michaelmas, 1862, two unions only,. 
 Preston and Blackburn, had reached such an amount of expendi- 
 ture in the quarter ending at Michaelmas, as enabled them to- 
 avail themselves of the borrowing powers conferred by the 
 clause. By Christmas seven other unions found themselves- 
 obliged to make similar applications to the Board.* 
 
 In May of the same year the Poor Law Board had sent 
 Mr. H. B. Farnall as the Special Commissioner of the Board to 
 report upon the methods adopted of relieving distress in the 
 cotton district, and to take superintending charge of the adminis- 
 tration of relief. Local relief committees were formed through- 
 out the distressed districts, and large sums of money from all 
 parts of the United Kingdom, from India and the Colonial 
 Dependencies, and from America, were received by these com- 
 mittees through a central committee having its head-quarters at 
 Manchester, to whom the local committees were responsible. 
 
 At the beginning of December Mr. Farnall reported that 
 whereas in the third week of November, 1861, the total number 
 relieved in the 27 unions which formed the manufacturing 
 district, was 53,206, or 2*7 per cent, of the population ; during 
 the week ending 22nd November 1862 the number relieved 
 had reached 259,385, or 13'1 per cent, of the population. Nine 
 unions showed a per-centago higher than this average, the 
 per-centage being in — 
 
 Ashton-under-Lyme - - - - 25*1 
 
 Preston - - - - - 20-4 
 
 Manchester - - - - - 19 '9 
 
 Blackburn - - - - - 19*4 
 
 Todmorden - - - - -16'5 
 
 Haslingden - - - - - 16*4 
 
 Glossop - - - - - 16'1 
 
 Rochdale - - - - - IS'O 
 
 Oldham 14-6 
 
 * Fifteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1862-63, p. 15. 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 391 
 
 The classes of the total pauperism were :- 
 Old and infirm - _ - 
 
 Able-bodied adults 
 Persons under 16 years of age 
 
 36,815 
 
 97,796 
 
 124,774 
 
 259,385 
 
 The weekly cost of outdoor relief as compared with the 
 corresponding week in 1861 had' increased 5780 per cent. 
 
 In addition to the relief administered by the guardians, 105 
 local committees were administering funds subscribed voluntarily. 
 Of these, 78 had reported to Mr. Farnall, and were then aiding 
 172,010 persons who were not also receiving parochial relief 
 from the guardians of the poor. The total number of persons 
 receiving parochial relief or aided by the charitable committees 
 was 431,395, or 21*7 per cent, of the population of the 27 unions. 
 The total weekly expenditure by the guardians in out-relief 
 and by the committees of charity was 33,545^. Is. 8d, or Is. 7jc?. 
 per week to each recipient. "^ 
 
 In subsequent reports Mr. Farnall gave returns from 141 
 local committees instead of 78. The maximum number relieved 
 throughout the whole period of distress was attained during the 
 week ending 6th December 1862. The following table gives 
 the state of affairs from 6th December up to the end of May 
 1863 :— 
 
 Numbers relieved and Cost of Relief 1862-3. 
 
 Week ending 
 
 Relieved by 
 Guardians or by 
 Guardians and 
 
 Committees. 
 
 Relieved by Local 
 
 Committees only 
 
 (Average per 
 
 week during 
 
 month) . 
 
 Total Number 
 Relieved. 
 
 Total Cost of 
 Relief. 
 
 6th December 1862 - 
 10th January 1863 - 
 28th February 1863 - 
 28th March 1863 
 26th April 1863 
 30th May 1863 - 
 
 271,983 
 244,307 
 215,218 
 
 209,872 
 192,708 
 169,597 
 
 236,310 
 236,310 
 226,452 
 216,084 
 177,355 
 128,793 
 
 508,293 
 480,617 
 441,670 
 425,956 
 370,063 
 298,390 
 
 £ 
 43,471t 
 
 43,188t 
 
 38,7l0t 
 
 36,859§ 
 
 32,34911 
 
 28,14911 
 
 Up to this period there had been hardly any movement in the 
 direction of instituting public works for the employment of the 
 men thrown out of work. The policy hitherto adopted is briefly 
 summed up in the Fifteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law 
 
 ♦ Fifteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1862-63, Appendix, p. 46. 
 t « „ » y, pp. 51-57. 
 
 X " »» »* » pp. 57-58, 
 
 § » >» »> « p. 66. 
 
 il » », »> y, p. 76. 
 
 tF » »> »> « p. 79. 
 
392 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 Board, dated June 8th, 1863 : " We have urged upon the Guardians 
 " the wholesome practice of setting to work all able-bodied men 
 '' to whom relief is afforded, and we believe that this practice has 
 " to a great extent been followed. We have found it necessary, 
 " however, throughout the manufacturing district of the north- 
 " west of England, to acquiesce in a Jarge amount of relief given 
 " at variance with the provisions of the General Relief Regula- 
 " tions Order."* 
 
 In a report dated April 10th, 1863, Mr. Farnall wi'ote : — 
 
 " It is a satisfaction to me to inform you that the Local 
 Committees do not benefit the ratepayers solely by pecuniary 
 aid, but also by means of the system of employment of the poor 
 persons whom they are aiding. Of the 216,084 persons whom 
 the Committee are aiding, the following numbers are employed 
 either in work or educational classes, viz. : — 
 
 Men 23,420 
 
 Boys under 15 - - - - • - - 16,465 
 
 Women and Girls ------ 40,147 
 
 Children at school for whom the Committees pay 53,199 
 
 133,231 
 
 "... There is now an increase of employment ; but if the best 
 authorities on these matters may be relied on, employment will 
 greatly fluctuate during the summer; during the autumn and 
 winter, however, the whole supply of the raw material will be 
 worked up by the millowners and thus give employment to the 
 operatives when they will most require it. I have been un- 
 remitting in my endeavours to stimulate Boards of Guardians 
 and Local Committees to find manual and useful work for the 
 able-bodied men whom they relieve ; and it is a gratification to 
 me to state that both the Boards of Guardians and the Local 
 Committees have cordially adopted my suggestions. That, how- 
 •ever, which would be acceptable to the workpeople, advantageous 
 to the ratepayers, and serviceable to the interests of the com- 
 munity at large, would be to supply the unemployed hands with 
 work for wages ; they have no interest in work which they are 
 forced to perform in return for parish relief or charitable aid, and 
 they long for remunerative employment.- I am fully aware that 
 the counties of Lancaster and Chester and the towns in the 
 cotton district present available anfl profitaMe resources for the 
 employment of the people on public and private works of utility ; 
 but hitherto no corporation, no public body, no great landed 
 proprietors have attempted to convert these resources into a means 
 of setting the able-bodied men to work for remunerative wages."t 
 
 * Fifteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 18G2-63, p. 14. 
 
 t ;> " » Appendix, pp. 69-70. 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WORKS. 393 
 
 Mr. R. Arthur Arnold, in his " History of the Cotton Famine," 
 wrote : — 
 
 " The question of employment was now one of most serious 
 concei-n. The relief committees had been from the time of their 
 establishment utterly unable to provide manual labour for all the 
 able-bodied men whom their funds supported and the Guardians, 
 not unnaturally, neglected a requirement which the committees 
 did not make. There were now some 60,000 or 70,000 girls 
 employed in sewing schools and 20,000 men and boys being 
 taught and teaching themselves, all of whom were accounted to 
 be working for their relief allowances. But there were upwards 
 of 25,000 able-bodied men and boys who were now receiving the 
 means of subsistence without labouring in any way in return for 
 it. The reduction observable in the numbers receiving relief 
 was rather owing to a resumption of outdoor labour on the part 
 of those who were accustomed to such work than to the increased 
 production of cotton manufactures. It had been evident during 
 the debates on the Continuance Bill, and notably in what had 
 fallen from Lancashire members, that the subject of providing 
 employment was one calculated to give great uneasiness to those 
 who were best acquainted with the district and its population, 
 large numbers having now been maintained for a whole year in 
 virtual idleness. 
 
 It could not but be expected that this should have demoralised 
 many, and together with this reflection came recollections of 
 outrage and violence of which the experience of former times 
 ominously suggested the recurrence. The labour question now 
 rested at the bottom of the difficulty in the councils of the 
 Government as well as in the minds of those who were locally 
 engaged in dealing with the distress."* 
 
 On the 29th April 1863, Mr. Robert Rawlinson, C.E. (after- 
 wards Sir Rob(irt Rawlinson), received instructions from the 
 Home Office to proceed to the cotton districts to inquire into 
 the situation and into the best means of organising relief w^orks, 
 and to report to the Poor Law Board thereon. 
 
 The result of Mr. Rawdinson's inquiries is stated in the 
 Sixteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board : — 
 
 " It soon became evident to us both from the reports of Mr. 
 Rawlinson and a careful consideration of the local Acts in force 
 in the principal towns of the district, that the obstacles to com- 
 mencing the suggested works were of two kinds : viz., 1, Financial; 
 2, Legal. 
 
 " The financial difficulty consisted in the impossibility of 
 obtaining loans at a low rate of interest. 
 
 * History of the Gotten Famine, by R. Arthur Arnold (1865), p. 249. 
 
394 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 " The legal difficulties arose chiefly from the following circum- 
 stances, viz. : — 
 
 " 1. That in some of the towns under the Local Government 
 Act and in other towns under local Acts the borrowing powers 
 were exhausted. 
 
 " 2. That powers were required for the execution of additional 
 works as well as for the execution of works partly of a public 
 and partly of a private character. 
 
 " 3. That the local authorities were not authorised to under- 
 take works of private improvement for landowners in the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 " 4. That the length of the period required for the entire or 
 partial adoption of the Local Government Act prevented works 
 from being promptly commenced. 
 
 " 5. That Boards of Guardians, as the local authority under the 
 Nuisance Removal Acts, possessed but very limited powers 
 for the execution of works of sanitary improvement, and were 
 not authorised to borrow money for that purpose. 
 
 " In order to meet the difficulties which have been enumerated, 
 a Bill, prepared after several conferences with the Public Works 
 Loan Commissioners, who rendered us very prompt and valuable 
 assistance in framing some of its provisions, was introduced on 
 the 8th of June, and received the Royal Assent on the 21st of 
 July following. 
 
 " By this measure (the 26th and 27th Vict., c. 70), a sum of 
 1 ,200,000^. was placed at the disposal of the Public Works Loan 
 Commissioners, which, in addition to certain other moneys under 
 control, they were empowered to advance to the various local 
 authorities in the distressed district to which the Union Relief 
 Aid Acts apply, to enable them to execute such permanent works 
 of the nature specified in the Act as might be approved and 
 sanctioned by the Poor Law Board. 
 
 " The Act likewise contained important provisions for abridging 
 very considerably the time requisite for the adoption of the 
 Local Government Act."* 
 
 The sum assigned by the Public Works Act was that recom- 
 mended by Mr. Rawlinson in a report dated May 30th, 1863 : — 
 
 ** M^ experience in town improvement works generally and my recent 
 inspection and inquiries in the distressed cotton district, lead me to the 
 conclusion that one million and a half sterling may be expended in 
 permanent improvements of a beneficial character, such as main sewerage, 
 drainage, new reservoirs for water supply, forming and completing 
 streets, forming suburban roads, forming parks, recreation grounds, 
 enclosing w^aste lands, draining lands, cleansing and improving rivers 
 and other similar works. "| • 
 
 * Sixteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1863-64, pp. 16, 17. 
 f „ „ » Appendix, p. 47. 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 396^ 
 
 Assumiug the sum of 1,500,000^. to be expended upon such 
 works Mr. Rawlinson estimated the distribution of the amount 
 as follows : — 
 
 — 
 
 Materials, 
 &c. 
 
 Skilled 
 Labour. 
 
 Unskilled 
 Labour. 
 
 Plant and 
 Superinten- 
 dence. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Main sewers 
 
 £ 
 191,760 
 
 £ 
 
 67,280 
 
 £ 
 105,760 
 
 £ 
 35,200 
 
 £ 
 400,000 
 
 House drains 
 
 72,000 
 
 25,230 
 
 39,660 
 
 13,110 
 
 150,000 
 
 Streets paved with square sets - 
 
 204,675 
 
 12,800 
 
 20,300 
 
 12,025 
 
 250,000 
 
 „ boulders - 
 
 153,320 
 
 12,500 
 
 20,800 
 
 13,380 
 
 200,000 
 
 Waterworks, reservoirs, &c. 
 
 12,390 
 
 10,680 
 
 21,370 
 
 5,560 
 
 50,000 
 
 Suburban roads - 
 
 30,000 
 
 15,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 Parks and recreation grounds - 
 
 10,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 66,666 
 
 3,33-t 
 
 100,000 
 
 Enclosing waste land 
 
 1,000 
 
 500 
 
 8,000 
 
 500 
 
 10,000 
 
 Cleansing rivers - 
 
 3,500 
 
 5,500 
 
 10,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 Land drainage 
 
 20,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 60,000 
 
 Baring rock 
 
 Nil. 
 
 Nil. 
 
 9,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 
 698,645 
 
 175,490 
 
 431,756 
 
 94,109 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 Add for land for parks and re- 
 creation grounds. 
 
 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 On the 20th January 1864 Mr. Rawlinson reported that 
 applications for loans to the amount of 883,706?. had been 
 granted by the Poor Law Board, that applications for 46,1 OOZ. 
 were under consideration, and that intimation had been given 
 that within the next two months applications to the amount 
 of 494,000/. would be sent in to the Board.* 
 
 "No application for a loan under the provisions of this Act has been 
 entirely rejected. In three or four cases I have felt it necessary to 
 advise the Board to refuse some portion of the amount applied for. 
 Three of the applications included a sum which it was intended to devote 
 to the erection or enlargement of town halls, which, though works of 
 * permanent utility,' did not fulfil the requirement of being * a sanitary 
 improvement.' In one case it was proposed to devote a portion of a 
 loan to the drainage of a coal mine, but deeming this a questionable 
 improvement to the estate I advised that this portion be disallowed. In 
 cases where the amount applied for has exceeded the estimates the 
 surplus has been disallowed, and also where the amount applied for has 
 exceeded the rateable value of the property assessed to the relief of 
 the poor within the jurisdiction of the local authority making the 
 application. 
 
 " Of the twin purposes of the Public Works Act, the execution of 
 works of public utility and sanitary improvement and providing em- 
 
 * Sixteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1863-64, Appendix, pp. 55, 56. 
 
396 HISTORICAL EIXAMPLES. 
 
 ployment for indigent factory operatives, under all circumstances, the 
 first is ttie more important. At the time of the passing of the Act, with 
 the uncertain and dangerous prospect of the autumn and winter months, 
 great anxiety was felt as to the latter purpose. But against the employ- 
 ment of such large numbers as were then calculated upon many circum- 
 stances have militated, som.e of which, perhaps, are not now to be regretted. 
 Chief among these must be mentioned the admirable and perfect system 
 of relief administered so liberally and yet so wisely by the Central 
 Relief Committee aided by 170 local committees whose action centred in 
 and whose bounty has been mainly drawn from the Central Relief 
 Committee. This liberal relief has spread a feeling of contentment 
 throughout the superior classes, who by this means have been to a great 
 extent disburdened of their respon.^sibility, a feeling which operated 
 l^rejudioially against the employment of the distressed cotton ' hands ' 
 upon the public works. This feeling does not amount to apathy in the 
 local authorities, but it has certainly intiuenced their decision as to the 
 character of works to be undertaken in their respective neighbourhoods 
 and may have tended to prolong their deliberations. 
 
 " With reference to the character of works undertaken, the great bulk 
 of the expenditure will be upon sewerage and street improvement works, 
 including the formation, paving, flagging, channelling, and kerbstones of 
 streets. Of the 883,706/. already ordered by the Board it is intended to 
 expend 149,849/. 176'. 6d. in the former and 425,407/. 25. 6d. in the 
 latter class of works, amounting together to 575,2571. » or 65 per cent* 
 of the total sum. The length of sewerage works thus undertaken is 
 227,083 yards, or 129 miles. The area of paving and street works under- 
 taken in respect of the above-mentioned sum is 2,41 1,109 square yards, or 
 about 500 acres, the length of streets being 234,86(5 yards, or 133*4 
 miles. 
 
 In my report dated the 30th of May 1863 I stated that "the class of 
 " works which will require the largest expenditure in material and in 
 " skilled labour will be main sewerage, house drainage, forming and 
 " paving sti'eets, flagging footwalks, and similar works." I then 
 referred to this class of works as affording the minimum of employment 
 for unskilled and indigent operatives. But these street and road im- 
 provement works do include an amount of earthwork equal to about 
 1,000,000 cubic yards which is affording a considerable amount of em- 
 ployment and will afl'ord much more for unskilled labour. In the 
 construction of sewers a rapidly increasing number will be employed, 
 and as a striking instance of the :ekill some have already acquired, I may 
 mention that an experienced guardian lately laid before his Board a 
 complaint that the men at work near his residence were not factory 
 operatives, but upon inquiry it was found that he had formed an 
 erroneous conclusion from their healthy-looking faces and from the 
 skilful manner in which they Av^ielded their implements. A practical 
 instance of their superior industry upon measured work came also under 
 m}' notice, where, while the men were working as "a labour test," they 
 had earned 7-8ths of a penny per day, but within two days after the 
 change was made from "test" to "measured work" the same men 
 earned waives exceeding 2*. per day, the work being measured and priced 
 on both occa.-ions at the same rate. 
 
 '' Considering the very defective sanitary condition of nearly all the 
 boroughs, towns, and townships in the manufacturing districts, I cannot 
 think it matter for regret that ilie local authorities have in every appli- 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WORKS. 397 
 
 cation for loans to carry out public works made the interests of the 
 proi)erty to be affected their first consideration. The peace and order 
 of the district has been completely maintained, relief for the degtilute in 
 money, food and clothing has never bren wanting, and now that it is 
 felt the distress will soon be declining never to return again in all its 
 recent severity, there is reason for satisfaction in the reflection that the 
 improvement of the district rather than the employment of the opera- 
 tives will have been the useful and enduring result of * The Public 
 Works Act.'" 
 
 During the week ending 26th December 1863 the total num- 
 ber of men employed was 822 skilled workmen and 2,250 factory- 
 operatives, and the total amount of wages paid in the week was 
 2,629^. 15s. 6hd. To these numbers might be added upwards of 
 2,000 men also engaged in out-door labour, under the direction 
 of local authorities, but whose wages were not drawn from funds 
 furnished by the Public Works Act. There were also a con- 
 siderable immber indirectly employed under the Public Works 
 Act, engaged in procuring materials furnished by contractors 
 and needed for carrying out the public w^orks. 
 
 On the 7th April 1864 Mr. Rawlinson reported as follows"^ : — 
 
 "In some places to which loans have been granted the local autho- 
 rities have not yet commenced work, but, as will be seen from Table III. 
 annexed to this Report, there are now 49 places in which works are 
 actually progressing. With reference to employment afforded by the 
 Act, my last monthly return, March 26th (Table III. of this Report), 
 shows that during the last week in March there were 4,838 men directly 
 engaged upon works, of whom 3,435 had been factory operatives, the 
 averas^e wages of sucli factory operatives amounting to about 12*. 6d. 
 per week. Two places make no return. To these 4,838 men must be 
 added — as previously intimated — the large number who are directly em- 
 ployed under the Public Works Act in obtaining and conveying materials 
 furnished by contractors, wiiich both experience and inquiry lead me 
 now to estimate at not less than 3,000 additional. This makes a total 
 of 7,838 men employed directly and indirectly and receiving payment 
 from funds provided by the Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) 
 Act. 
 
 " Some doubt having been thrown upon my estimate of the numbers 
 dependent upon these men, the surveyor of one of the most important 
 towns (Oldham), was good enough at my request to make special 
 inquiry, when it was found that 141 men working in that borough 
 represented 684 persons, or 4'8o each man. Adopting this estimate 
 with reference to the numbers employed under the Public Works Act 
 (7,838), the result would show that there are about 38,014 persons 
 supported by means of the public works. 
 
 *' The measure of the benefits of the Act are, however, but very 
 partially represented by this statement. The public works are popular 
 with those who are employed, and the moral effect of the work in 
 prospect as well as in action has been very valuable in its influences 
 upon the unemployed population. 
 
 *• A number of small shopkeepers have been delivered from a condition 
 little above the level of pauperism by the timely expenditure of large 
 
 * Sixteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1863-64, Appeuclix, pp. 67- 
 68. 
 
-898 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 sums now paid in weekly wages throagh the provisions of the * Public 
 Works Act.' 
 
 "There are more than 1,000 men (besides those I have now men- 
 tioned) engasjed in outdoor labour in tlie towns of this district, whose 
 wages are derived from private funds or from public funds obtained before 
 the passing of this Act ; 629 men are so employed and paid at Preston. 
 
 *' This experiment in Lancashire ought to inculcate a lesson for future 
 use, namely, that unskilled men may soon be taught the use of tools 
 where practical means are found to furnish employment. 
 
 " The work must, however, be necessary and useful, the men must 
 >have reasonable treatment and equitable payment, if possible, by 
 measurement. All notion of work as a punishment must be removed, 
 and the men must be intelligently and kindly taught. Many of the 
 Lancashire operatives who never worked outside the wails of a cotton 
 mill before this period of distress, can now execute sewer and drain 
 trenching in a workmanlike manner and can even lay and joint sewer 
 and drain pipes equal to any skilled labourer. 
 
 " The men have, for the most part, striven ta be useful and to escape 
 from living on the dole of charity. More men might have been earlier 
 at work if in every town and district there had been that diligence and 
 willingness which the crisis demanded, but I do not think any additional 
 external interference or assistance by Government, or even remon- 
 strance, would have done so much as the quiet and silent force of local 
 example has done. 
 
 " Government provided legal powers and money under certain specified 
 and favourable conditions, but did not, in any respect, meddle or dictate 
 as to the sort of works to be executed, other than as the Act requires, 
 namely, that works must be locally necessary, nor has Government 
 interfered as to the manner of executing such works. Advice has been 
 given by myself when asked for. 
 
 " The Central Relief Committee has rendered most material assistance 
 to the successful working of the Act. This committee has provided and 
 distributed to distressed cotton operatives going on public works 3,000 
 suits of warm woollen clothing for winter wear, as also 300 pairs of 
 stout water-tight boots for men working in water ; such wise expen- 
 diture of money has encouraged men to go on the works, has enabled 
 them to bear up against the severity of this severe winter, and, in my 
 opinion, has prevented much sickness and misery, as also saved many 
 lives. 
 
 *' The works are generally progressing in a very satisfactory manner, 
 and the operatives in increasing numbers are becoming skilled in the 
 labour of carrying them out. 
 
 " The returns do not give the actual state of the works in hand. The 
 * skilled ' and ' unskilled ' men are in many cases mixed, but there ai-e 
 instances of town sewers and land drains being completely executed as 
 respects trenching, timbering and earthenware pipe laying by so termed 
 unskilled men, that is, by men who previously earned their living within 
 the four walls of some cotton factory. Before the coming summer is 
 far advanced I may strike out of my future reports the term ' unskilled 
 labourers.' " 
 
 It has been maintained by critics of the action of the Poor 
 Law Board that Mr. Rawlinson's advice was sought too late and 
 his suggestions acted upon long after the crisis had been passed.* 
 
 * " Lancashire's Lesson," p. 107, by W. T. M. Torrens, 1864. 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 399 
 
 'That] 'the distress, although diminished, was yet abnormally 
 widespread at the time that the Public Works Act was put in 
 operation is apparent when we compare the numbers relieved 
 in the week ending 1 8th June 1861 (47,243) with the numbers 
 relieved in 1863-4, as stated in the first column of the following 
 table : 
 Numbers relieved and Cost of Relief, 1863-4. — See also 
 Table on p. 391. 
 
 Week ending 
 
 Relieved by 
 Guardians or by 
 Guardians and 
 
 Committees. 
 
 Relieved by Local 
 
 Committees only ; 
 
 (average per 
 
 week during 
 
 the month). 
 
 Total Number 
 Relieved. 
 
 Total Cost of 
 Relief. 
 
 30th May 1863 
 
 169,597 
 
 128,793 
 
 298,390 
 
 28,149* 
 
 27th June 1863 
 
 159,222 
 
 104,140 
 
 263,362 
 
 23,804t 
 
 31st October 1863 - 
 
 127,957 
 
 49,925 
 
 177,882 
 
 15,258t 
 
 26th December 1863 - 
 
 133,889 
 
 57,006 
 
 190,895 
 
 16,027§ 
 
 80th January 1864 - 
 
 144,391 
 
 69,090 
 
 213,481 
 
 19,82611 
 
 30th April 1864 
 
 108,038 
 
 48,381 
 
 156,419 
 
 14,216"f 
 
 28th May 1864 
 
 92,725 
 
 32,450 
 
 125,175 
 
 9,836** 
 
 18th June 1864 
 
 88,261 
 
 82,450 
 
 120,711 
 
 9,515tt 
 
 By an Act passed in July 1864 power was given to the 
 Lords Commissioners of the Treasury to advance the sum of 
 350,000^. beyond the sum already authorized, to the Public 
 Works Loan Commissioners and under this Act orders were 
 issued by the Poor Law Board during the next six months for 
 the whole sum authorized to be advanced, excepting a small 
 balance. J J 
 
 On the 7th November 1864 Mr. Rawlinson reported that the 
 number directly employed upon the public works was 6,424. Of 
 these only 4,002 were returned as factory operatives, but this he 
 considered due to the fact that numbers of men, formerly factory 
 operatives, had, through a long experience upon those public 
 works, become skilled labourers and were unwilling to declare 
 themselves ' factory operatives ' lest the confession should be 
 taken to invalidate their skill as labourers. He estimated the 
 number engaged in getting stone and other materials at not less 
 than 2,000, making a total of 8,424 who with their dependent 
 families represented a population of from 30,000 to 40,000 persons 
 deriving their subsistence from these works. §§ 
 
 * Fifteenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1862-63, Appendix, p. 79. 
 •)• Sixteenth „ „ 
 
 X „ „ 
 
 ft Seventeenth 
 
 XX 
 
 §§ 
 
 863-64, 
 
 
 j> 
 
 p. 78. 
 
 j> 
 
 
 »> 
 
 p. 85. 
 
 j> 
 
 
 j> 
 
 p. 95. 
 
 » 
 
 
 » 
 
 p. 99. 
 
 » 
 
 
 >» 
 
 p. 102. 
 
 » 
 
 
 » 
 
 p. 104. 
 
 1864-65 
 
 
 
 p. 67. 
 
 >j 
 
 PP 
 
 14- 
 
 15. 
 
 if 
 
 Append] 
 
 X, p. 30. 
 
400 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 Mr. Kawlinson in a supplement to this report compared the 
 conditions under which the Public Works Act was being carried 
 out in Lancashire and those under which public works had been 
 instituted in Ireland.* 
 
 " Public works to be executed in the distrensed cotton districts by means 
 of money to be advanced, * lent ' by Government, have been regarded 
 with suspicion by many persons who have had experience of such works 
 in Ireland. The loan to Lancashire appears to have been acquiesced in 
 by many members of Parliament and others as a matter of stern necessity, 
 sure to end in failure, and ultimately in being converted, if not wholly, at 
 all events partially, into a loss or gift. Such was not the intention in 
 framing the Act, nor will failure in this form be the result of the Public 
 Works Manufacturing District Act. The reasons why failure will not 
 take place as in Ireland may be stated as under. 
 
 " Ail works undertaken and executed in the distressed cotton districts 
 are necessarily devised, planned, estimated, executed and superintended 
 by the local authorities. The proviso as regards public bodies being 
 that each work shall be one of ' public utility and sanitary improvement,' 
 The entire rateable value of the property in the district is given in 
 mortgage as security for repayment of interest at 3^ per cent, per 
 annum and the principal by equal annual instalments in 30 years. 
 Private improvements may be effected on similar terms. It is under- 
 stood that distressed cotton operatives will be employed on the works 
 as far as is practicable, as also that such works as will offer employment 
 to the greatest Jiumbers of distressed operatives shall be first commenced. 
 The amount of money loaned is not advanced in one sum biit by instal- 
 ments (say in tenths of the whole) ; before a second or any subsequent 
 instalment is advanced application must be made to the Poor Law Board 
 for an additional sum ; with such application there must be a balance 
 sheet produced, setting forth the details of expenditure, as also necessary 
 plans and sections to show the progress of the works up to the date of 
 application. The works are then inspected, the accounts investigated, 
 and, if found satisfactory, a short report recommends the payment of a 
 further instalment. Although the Government engineer is in no way 
 responsible for the works, it is his duty to make inspection and to report 
 to the Poor Law Board from time to time as to the character of the works 
 and as to the mode of execution. Advice is freely given by the Govern- 
 ment engineer to any local surveyor or local body who may ask for 
 it, and frequently consultations take place and works are modified accord- 
 ing to suggestions made on such occasions. Short general rules and 
 instructions as to works have been printed and circulated. 
 
 " On public works in Ireland, river improvements, arterial drainage, 
 &c., the works are entirely devised, planned, estimated and executed by 
 Government engineers. The land and property owners, or a majority 
 of them, consent to the works. A loan as per estimate is made by 
 Government on security of the property to be benefited; but it has 
 been found that in the execution of such works first estimates have 
 been exceeded to the extent in instances of double and even threefold. 
 Repudiation of such excess has then taken place on the plea that the 
 owners of property mortgaged have been deceived. The mortgage, 
 they say, was prepared upon the assumption that estimates prepared by 
 Government engineers could be relied upon, and ought to be taken as 
 binding in respect to the mortgage. 
 
 * Seventeenth Annual Eeport of the Poor Law Board, 1864-65, Appendix, pp. 32- 
 33. 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WOEKS, 401 
 
 " In Irelaml, local authorities, owners, and others for whom public 
 works have been executed, have neither devised, estimated, nor super- 
 intended the execution of such works. In the distressed cotton district 
 (Lancashire) under the Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Acts, 
 1863-64, as previously stated, the works are necessarily in each case 
 devised, estimated, executed, and superintended by the local authorities. 
 The loan is made on security of the rates of the entire property of the 
 district, and is advanced by instalments, but only upon satisfactory 
 evidence of proper expenditure of the sum previously paid over for the 
 purposes sanctioned by the Poor Law Board." 
 
 In his next Report dated January 25th, 1865, Mr. Rawlinson 
 gave a summary of his views on the extent and cause of the 
 successful operation of the Public Works Act"^ : — 
 
 '* The public works in Lancashire have served to prove that willing 
 and intelligent men can soon learn a new occupation when stern 
 necessity forces them to it and a fair opportunity is afforded them. 
 
 " It was said previous to this great trial that cotton factory workers 
 were entirely unfitted for any other sort of labour than that of attending 
 to machines in heated factories or of working at the loom. It was also 
 asserted that using the pick and the spade woidd ruin their hands and 
 fingers by destroying that delicacy of touch required in manipulating 
 cotton thread. Experience, however, teaches the contrary, and further 
 shows that in a month or six weeks the cotton worker's hacds harden 
 to rough out-of-door work, and breathing fresh air under the excite- 
 ment of a new exercise helps to set the muscles, and speedily to 
 strengthen both the appetite and the man's bodily frame. It must, 
 however, be remembered that this is not true of all factory workers, but 
 only of a portion of them, and these the best morally and pliysically. 
 The public works executed in Lancashire have been in a great degree 
 undertaken by volunteers from amongst the distressed factory operatives. 
 That is, by men willing and wishful to escape from dependence on either 
 the dole of charity or the taint of pauperism. The work has not been 
 *test work,' and yet it has proved the most effective form of test. Will- 
 ing men have accepted the work so soon as it has been offered to 
 them, and they have striven to the uttermost of their ability to earn 
 an honest and independent living at it. Unwilling men have moved 
 away to some other district or have managed to do without this form 
 of labour, and thus the Local Relief Committees and the Poor Law 
 Guardians were for the most part as effectually relieved from their 
 presence as if they had remained at work. It will be, however, a great 
 mistake to look on this Lancashire experiment as proving that large 
 numbers of men may suddenly be turned from one occupation to another 
 wholesale. This has not been accomplished in Lancashire, nor will it 
 ever be practicable. Out of thousands of men involuntarily idle, 
 hundreds only have had profitable work found them. This has, indeed, 
 been brought as a charge of failure against the Public Works Act. The 
 notion seems to have been prevalent that all the distressed men as 
 enumerated and published in the weekly returns could and would be set 
 to work at once on the passing of the Act, and when this was seen not 
 to be the case a charge of *■ failure ' has been made. The experiment 
 of attempting to provide labour wholesale for large numbers (whole 
 
 * Seventeenth Annual Report of the Poor Law Board, 1864-65, Appendix, pp. 
 36-38. 
 
 o 77723. C C 
 
402 . HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 masses of men) was tried in Ireland during the years of famine and 
 utterly failed. If any similar attempt had been made in Lancashire the 
 failuie must have been as palpable. If Government engineers had been 
 sent down to set out works on which to find employment for all the 
 distressed men, the best and the worst alike, there could have been no 
 choice, no independence, no emulation, so that the incapable, the un- 
 willing, and the idle would have leavened the entire mass. Fortunately 
 for this Lancashire experiment, the works have b^en divided and sub- 
 divided so that men in small gangs could be employed and there duly 
 mixed with skilled workmen and entirely directed by local superintend- 
 ence. The list of names of places in which works have been undertaken 
 and are in progress will show that the works are general over the entire 
 area of the distressed cotton manufacturing district, and the reports by 
 the several local surveyors also show that in many instances the progress 
 of the several works has been quite as fast as it has been found possible 
 to obtain suitable materials, stone-flags and bricks. Then in street and 
 road works, local traffic, in some degree, controlled the numbers of 
 streets it was possible to take possession of and shut up at one time, and 
 in the formation of public parks, markets, cemeteries and waterworks, 
 where there was wider scope for numbers of men being employed, 
 negotiations as to land had to take place and then delay as to plans 
 deferred active operations, so that this form of obstruction should not be 
 charged to the Public Works Act. The local authorities have for the 
 most part been in earnest in desiring to provide useful employment ; and 
 the local surveyors bear testimony to the great value of the several 
 works undertaken, as also to the industry and good conduct of the men. 
 I beg also to bear my testimony to the earnest and indefatigable zeal of 
 the local surveyors in devising and setting out works, in making plans 
 and estimates, and in teaching and in superintending the men. The 
 Central Helief Committee have throughout rendered all the assistance 
 required in the most prompt manner and practical form. An allowance 
 to supplement wages for the first six weeks of training was made, vvith 
 suitable warm clothing for winter wear, and waterproof boots for those 
 men who were required to work with their feet in water. In my 
 opinion, the public works in Lancashire have been a great success ; but 
 I also consider that all the contingencies must be taken into account. 
 It will not be wise either to praise them extravagantly or to blame them 
 unduly, but fairly to examine the experiment in its strength and in its 
 weakness. The several reports by the local surveyors set forth and 
 describe the extent and utility of the works undertaken." 
 
 In 1866 the Poor Law Board reported that in Lancashire the 
 decrease in expenditure for the year had been at the rate of 
 19*4 per cent. "But notwithstanding such decrease, the total 
 ^' expenditure in that county has still much exceeded its former 
 *' and ordinary amount. In the year ended at Lady Day 1862, 
 " the total expenditure for relief in the county was 4 6 8,43 UZ. ; 
 '' in 1864, 856,048^.; in 1865, 689,707/. It is probable that 
 ^' the repayment of the loans raised to provide for the relief of 
 " the poor during the crisis of the distress in the cotton trade 
 ■" may for some time prevent the expenditure in that county 
 " from returning to its usual level. It is satisfactory, however, 
 " to state that the administration of relief appears to have 
 *' resumed its ordinary course, and that our assent is seldom 
 
COTTON FAMINE KELIEP WORKS. 403 
 
 " now required to deviations from the provisions contained in 
 " the Out-door Relief Regulations Order."^ 
 
 Mr. Rawlinson's report dated Janua ryl2th, 1866, stated that 
 during the last nine months of 18C5, the progress of works in 
 course of execution had been somewhat retarded owing to a 
 scarcity of skilled labour, the resumption of work in cotton 
 mills and the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient supply of stone, 
 bricks, paving setts, and other materials, f 
 
 '• No work has been executed under the provisions of the Public 
 Works Acts which was not desirable as a work of a permanent utility 
 and sanitary improvement, altogether independent of the circumstances 
 which during the existence of the cotton famine, gave rise to the special 
 Acts of Parliament, and during the dearth of employment in this district 
 their beneficial operation was even more signal than I was able to 
 convey to you by report. 
 
 " It has been observed that while up to the time of the passing of 
 the Public Works Act the district had been disturbed by suggestions 
 of large and Imperial measures of emigration, as also by other less 
 peaceful occurrences, subsequently to its coming into operation no other 
 measure has been suggested as necessary or expedient, nor has disturb- 
 ance or tumult troubled the peace, and order of the district. The 
 numbers of distressed factory operatives which I reported to you as 
 being engaged upon these works, large as they were, did not convey a 
 just idea of the total number who passed through a course of training 
 fitting tlieni for other out-door labour. For example, in the case of 
 Manchester cemetery works, the largest number reported as being 
 engaged upon these works was 130, but up to the end of last March 
 there had been not less than 453 factory operatives so employed during 
 varying intervals, of whom only 28 had been engaged upon more than 
 one occasion. 
 
 " From the difficulty of obtaining accurate iuformation, the numbers 
 from time to time returned as being *' out of work " were much exagge- 
 rated, and the numbers engaged upon the public works much more 
 nearly represented the entire number of really able-bodied men out 
 of employment capable of useful and practicable labour than was at the 
 time supposed. 
 
 " I am informed, on the authority of Poor Law Officers in the district, 
 that the prevention of pauperism by means of the public works was 
 at least to the extent of three times the number of men employed upon 
 them. 
 
 " These works relieved the district of direct imposture to an extent 
 which cannot be calculated. When useful work could be tendered in 
 place of relief, all men who would not attempt work w^ere struck oif 
 the relief lists and were disposed of, so far as any requirement for 
 charity was concerned. 
 
 " It is not pleasant to give such an example of the working of the 
 Act, but it is much the best to know and to understand the truth. If 
 makeshift works had been devised on which to place every applicant 
 for relief at a low rate of pay, the result would have been disgraceful 
 failure. The good and honest would have taken no interest in test 
 labour, and the example of the idle and worthless would have influenced 
 
 * Eighteenth Annual Eeport of the Poor Law Board, 1865-66, p. 13. 
 
 t „ „ „ Appendix, 42-49. 
 
 C C 2 
 
404 HISTORICAL EXAMPLES. 
 
 the whole mass of labour. The works devised were, however, bond 
 fide works, and the men were, to a considerable degree, self selected, and 
 were consequently earnest and honest workers. 
 
 " 1^Q> form of labour on a large scale to be executed by untrained men 
 alone has ever been found to be economical, whether used as a test for 
 relief or as a punishment. During the Irish famine this was proved 
 to be the case in that country ; similar results have been developed in 
 other countries, under other circumstances, Large masses of men, such 
 as were thrown out of employment in Lancashire during the cotton 
 fiimine, cannot be organised into efficient workers on a grand scale, as 
 the evil influences of the worst men appear to leaven the mass, and 
 idleness will then inevitably prevail. The gangs of labourers attempted 
 to be organised in Lancashire before the introduction of the Public- 
 Works Act, as at Stockport, at Preston, and at some other places^ 
 proved utter failures. However little the men were paid, the work 
 performed represented much less. Idleness soon verged into mischief^ 
 and mischief soon became actual riot. 
 
 " Under the Public Works Act, as previously stated, all the men were 
 in a degree, volunteers ; they were divided into small gangs directed by 
 skilled men, and every possible encouragement was offered to honest 
 industry. So soon as any gang of men wished it, they were placed on 
 
 * piece-work,' and every encouragement was given to induce self- 
 reliance and independent action. Sewer-trenching and earthenware 
 sewer-pipe laying required manipulative skill, but more care ; the 
 trenches had to be ' timbered,' to preserve the deep sides upright and 
 in place ; the bottom had to be formed truly in line and in gradient, so 
 as to receive the sewer pipes, and these required to be laid so as to 
 prevent breaking or crushing. Before three months had passed over, 
 some of the cotton operatives, at their own solicitation, commenced this 
 form of work, and they very speedily became to all intents and purposes 
 
 * skilled workmen.' Many of these men selected themselves into gangs, 
 and contracted for trenching and sewering street after street to the 
 satisfaction of themselves, and to the entire satisfaction of their 
 employers. The men chose to become responsible agents, and this 
 induced interest in their work as also earnestness and care." 
 
 In conclusion Mr. Kawlinson wrote : — '' The public works in 
 Lancashire, are being gradually and rapidly brought to a close. 
 They have afforded useful work to several thousands of earnest, 
 sober, striving men. Many of these men have learned new occu- 
 pations, and, whilst doing so, by labouring in the open air, have 
 found that they rapidly improved in health and gained bodily 
 strength. Some have gone back to their former occupations, 
 some have moved into other parts of the county to find work as 
 skilled out-of-door labourers, and others, though remaining in the 
 district, prefer to follow their new form of occupation rather 
 than return to the cotton mill, even when larger wages have been 
 offered. 
 
 " The local authorities, as per agreement, have regularly paid 
 the stipulated interest for the money advanced by Government, 
 and in due course of time the entire amount of borrowed capital 
 will be returned into the National Exchequer, leaving Lanca- 
 shire richer by the full money value of all the works undertaken 
 under the powers of the Public Works Acts, 1863-4, and executed 
 in the time of her deep distress." 
 
COTTON FAMINE RELIEF WORKS. 
 
 405 
 
 The following analysis of the expenditure in the more im- 
 portant towns and districts indicates some of the benefits which 
 have been conferred upon these localities, as well as the skill 
 and ability with which the several surveyors have designed and 
 executed the works committed to their charge : — 
 
 Name of Place. 
 
 IMaterials. 
 
 Labour. 
 
 Team 
 Work. 
 
 Land. 
 
 I i 
 
 i Compensa- 1 
 I tion and | 
 i Incidentals.! 
 
 Total. 
 
 Ashton-under-Lyne 
 
 £ 
 29,602 
 
 £ 
 1^,905 
 
 5.471 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 2,774 
 
 £ 
 52,752 
 
 Asliton and Staly- 
 brid^e Water- 
 works. 
 
 Blackburn - 
 
 3,793 
 46,614 
 
 15,238 
 33,707 
 
 879 
 7,146 
 
 5,000 
 
 312 
 1,965 
 
 25,222 
 89,-162 
 
 Bolton 
 
 22,0 i9 
 
 35,373 
 
 2,816 
 
 21,389 
 
 — 
 
 81,627 
 
 Burnley 
 
 1],627 
 
 11,432 and teamwork 
 
 129 
 
 124 
 
 23,312 
 
 Glossop 
 
 3,011 
 
 13,493 
 
 1,845 
 
 - 
 
 987 
 
 19,313 
 
 Macclesfield 
 
 6.665 
 
 10,257 
 
 697 
 
 - 
 
 23 
 
 17.612 
 
 Oldham 
 
 26,555 
 
 30,771 
 
 8,255 
 
 16.326 
 
 3,868 
 
 85,773 
 
 Over Darwen 
 
 7,416 
 
 5,390 
 
 716 
 
 - 
 
 620 
 
 14,142 
 
 Preston 
 
 22,141 
 
 18,723 
 
 3,089 
 
 718 
 
 - 
 
 44,676 
 
 ■Stalybridge - 
 
 4,970 
 
 3,793 
 
 1,341 
 
 - 
 
 632 
 
 10,736 
 
 Stockport - 
 
 13,594 
 
 10,005 
 
 1,497 
 
 7,773 
 
 1,722 
 
 34,591 
 
 Wigan 
 
 18,092 
 
 23,794 1 
 
 2,079 
 
 2,018 
 
 69 
 
 43,052 
 
 
 216,159 
 
 226,886 j 
 
 J 
 
 35,831 
 
 53,353 
 
 13,076 
 
 545,305 
 
406 
 
 PART VI. CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 
 
 Ifc is easier to catalogue and describe the work of the various 
 classes of agencies that deal with the unemployed, than to sum- 
 marise in any useful form the practical conclusions that can be 
 drawn from the review. Want of work is no new phenomenon, 
 but many of the schemes for dealing with its results have been 
 in existence too short a time for any but provisional judgments 
 to be formed regarding the permanent effect of their operations. 
 The whole problem is in an experimental stage, and all experi- 
 ments which are carefully devised and fully recorded are valuable 
 as contributions to its solution, even if they meet with little 
 immediate success. 
 
 So far as any sound judgment can be formed on the evidence 
 brought together in the course of this inquiry, it appears that 
 many of the agencies described rather touch the fringe of the 
 distress caused by want of employment than go to the heart of 
 the evil. Many of them are useful within their own limits, and 
 might be still more useful if duly co-ordinated. But there is 
 yet too little attempt to map out and divide the field of work, and 
 to assign to each agency its proper function ; and the loss of 
 power due to isolated action must be very great. More complete 
 co-operation among the agencies in each district seems a more 
 pressing need than the establishment of fresh institutions dealing 
 with the unemployed. 
 
 Within their own sphere, and so far as their own members are 
 concerned, the trade societies which m.ake provision for their 
 unemployed are doing a most valuable work and pursuing a 
 policy which for the most part is sound, and which would be 
 still more highly beneficial if it could be further extended. But 
 the work of trade societies in this direction is at present chiefly 
 confined to members of skilled trades, and though covering 
 many persons employed in some of the industries {e.g., iron and 
 shipbuilding), in which the fluctuations of employment are 
 greatest, it leaves almost untouched the mass of semi-skilled and 
 unskilled labourers whose Unions, where they exist, do not 
 receive sufficiently high contributions to enable them to pay out- 
 of-work benefit, even if they desired to do so. 
 
 Labour bureaux appear in some cases to afiTord a valuable 
 means of placing work-people in employment, especially as 
 regards certain classes of occupations. They are, however, liable 
 to be least useful when the depression in the labour market is 
 greatest, and they are usually successful in proportion to the 
 care taken to select applicants for registration, and thus virtually 
 to exclude the chronically "unemployed" class, which is the 
 crux of the problem. 
 
 Special classes of unemployed persons who, like discharged 
 soldiers, or discharged prisoners (other than members of the 
 criminal class), often find an initial difiSculty in getting a situa- 
 
CONCLUDING SUMMARY, 407 
 
 tion by their own efforts out of proportion to the difficulty 
 which they may afterwards find in keeping it, may be usefully 
 dealt with by judiciously planned organisations, and some of 
 the organisations for this purpose are highly to be commended. 
 Those dealt with, however, form only a small per-centage of th^ 
 total unemplo^T'ed. 
 
 Turning from agencies for finding situations for the unem- 
 ployed to tbose for providing work, we find that, as far as 
 experience has yet gone, permanent labour colonies, in countries 
 in which they have been long enough at work to enable any 
 safe conclusion to be drawn, almost invariably tend to become 
 receptacles for those who have suffered " inward " as well as 
 *' outward shipwreck," to use the words of the description of 
 the German colonies published by the Central Board. They 
 are valuable agencies for the suppression of vagabondage and 
 the employment of vagrants and ex-prisoners, and are dis- 
 charging an important function in relieving society of the 
 presence of these classes. They do not appear, however, in any 
 great degree to touch the effects of trade fluctuations. As 
 Professor Mavor states in an earlier section, " the hard-working 
 " man of reputable life who seeks the colony because he is out 
 " of employment is exceedingly rare, if indeed he exists at all. 
 " The classes will not mix, to admit the one is to exclude the 
 " other." This statement appears fully borne out by the fact 
 that 76 per cent, of the inmates of the German colonies have 
 been imprisoned. 
 
 There is no sufficient evidence that such colonies reform any 
 sensible proportion of their inmates, or do much more than 
 provide for them and relieve society of their presence so long 
 as they choose to remain at the colonies. There is an unques- 
 tionable tendency towards repeated re-admissions, and it is not 
 clear that any large proportion of inmates are restored per- 
 manently to the ranks of self-supporting labour. This applies 
 to the colonies which receive single men for limited periods. 
 The Dutch system of planting families permanently in free 
 colonies on the land is costly in character and limited in scope. 
 It will therefore probably be thought inapplicable as a remedy 
 for the evils of want of employment in this country. These 
 colonies form, to use the words of Professor Mavor, " an endowed 
 " institution where a privileged few of the Dutch poor live in 
 " more or less comfortable circumstances at a cost of about 2SL 
 " per family per annum to the charitable societies of the country.'* 
 
 No English experiments in labour colonies are long enough 
 established for their results to be safely judged, and it is as yet 
 doubtful how far their experience will be materially different from 
 that of the German colonies. If any further projects are started 
 for labour colonies in this country, some disappointment will 
 probably be avoided if it be realised at the outset that their 
 probable tendency will be to become filled with " social wreckage " 
 rather than with the reputable unemployed. This does not 
 
408 , CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 
 
 necessarily imply that they will be failures, because it is this 
 class (termed Class " B." by Mr. Charles Booth), ie., the class of 
 men who are unable or unfit to guide their own lives in the 
 competitive world, which is the most difficult to deal with effec- 
 tually. How far free colonies without power of penal discipline 
 or detention are likely to be of much use for this purpose is a 
 matter open to doubt, and to judge from the experience of foreign 
 experiments, promoters of such colonies would do well to limit their 
 expectations as regards the reformatory eff'ect of their schemes. 
 
 Temporary projects of relief work such as those started by 
 local authorities last winter are usually intended to tide w^ork- 
 men over periods of seasonal slackness or special trade depres- 
 sion. So far as they discharge this function they obviate much 
 suffering, at least for the time. The evidence, however, given in 
 ^ an earlier part of this report, based on the experience of the past 
 winter seems to show that there is a danger lest the offer of 
 relief work be chiefly embraced by members of the loafing and 
 shiftless class, to the partial or total exclusion of the competent 
 victims of trade fluctuations; for in England as in Germany 
 these classes do not easily mix. For purposes of permanent 
 reformation or improvement temporary relief works are not 
 likely to be of much use. 
 
 The arrangement of the ordinary routine work of local 
 authorities with some regard to seasonal changes, so that as far 
 as possible such work may be performed when the demand for 
 labour is least, may do good service in mitigating seasonal slack- 
 ness in certain branches of labour. It is well, however, not to 
 entertain exaggerated expectations of the effect w^hich such 
 arrangements are likely to exercise on the general labour mar- 
 ket. The engagement of particular individuals because they 
 want w^ork, rather than because they are the best suited to 
 do such work as requires to be done would form no necessary 
 part of such schemes. 
 
 Of the historical examples given in the later sections of the 
 report the description of parish employment under the old Poor 
 Law shows the terrible abuses which may arise from a policy of 
 indiscriminate employment without adequate organisation, 
 supervision, or control. The disastrous history of the French 
 National Works in 1848 teaches perhaps little, since the 
 experiment was tried under very great disadvantages. Many 
 of the diflSculties, however, which arose in the course of 
 that experiuient differ rather in degree than in kind from those 
 which were met with by many of the local authorities which 
 organised temporary relief works during the last winter in the 
 United Kingdom. The administration of the Public Works Act 
 in Lancashire during the cotton famine oflPers an instructive 
 example of the methods to which it may be necessary to have 
 recourse to meet a sudden and unforeseen emergency such as 
 fortunately does not often occur. 
 
 The meagreness of the results which either have been achieved 
 or appear possible of achievement in the direction of permanently 
 
CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 409 
 
 assisting the unemployed, compared with the amount of effort 
 expended upon them, may seem at first sight disappointing. It 
 is, however, to be remembered that the problem so far as the cure 
 of the effects of want of employment is concerned is essentially 
 one of arresting decay — a process always difficult and often 
 impossible. The matter for wonder is not that greater results 
 have not been attained, but that those who are familiar with 
 the difficulties of effecting the permanent reformation of a single 
 individual prone to idleness or drink, should seriously expect by 
 the aid of the loose organisation of a relief committee acting on 
 imperfect knowledge, and limited in time, resources and powers, to 
 exercise much lasting influence on the future lives of large masses 
 of men whose want of work is often a symptom rather than a 
 cause of the evils from which they suffer. By the time the un- 
 employed crowd to the register of the vestry or relief -committee 
 the mischief has, in many cases, already gone too far for remedy. 
 The relief work with which they are provided is to many of them 
 merely one out of the series of casual jobs by which they are 
 accustomed to live, and when it is over they are in the same 
 position as when it began. They have been supported for a 
 few days, but they have not been set on their feet. 
 
 It is possible, of course, to under-rate as well as to over-rate 
 the utility of temporary assistance. Even if those who receive* 
 it relapse shortly after into their former condition, their suffering 
 has in many cases been mitigated for the time being. But 
 against the advantages of all schemes for providing work for the 
 unemployed must be set the grave danger of their tendency to 
 become chronic, and to be looked forward to and counted on 
 every winter ; a danger on which it is unnecessary to make any 
 comment. 
 
 The fact is that the central difficulty to be met is not so 
 much the existence of an unemployed class, as the economic 
 deterioration of the casually and insufficiently employed ; and this 
 is an evil which must in the main be met, if met at all, by 
 measures of prevention rather than of cure. Any proposal 
 which sets out with the idea that the evils resulting from want 
 of employment are capable of immediate remedy on a large scale 
 should for this reason be regarded with the greatest caution. 
 
 The result, then, of this inquiry is not to pronounce the problem 
 insoluble but to suggest that any hopeful solution is less a 
 question of remedying results than of removing causes. Here 
 we open up questions lying outside the scope of this report. So 
 far as inefl&ciency is due to imperfect knowledge of a trade, we 
 touch the question of training ; so far as it is a matter of 
 personal or moral deterioration, questions of sanitation, and the 
 general physical surroundings and conditions of labour are 
 involved ; so far as it is a matter of excessive trade oscillations, 
 we verge on the wide and difficult question of the extent, if any 
 to which the violence of these fluctuations is due to preventible 
 causes. Some of these questions will form the subject of future 
 reports. 
 
410 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 
 List of Tkade Unions which paid Out-of-Work Benefit or Travelling Assistance to their Unemployed Members 
 in 1891, with Total Amounts Paid, Number of Members Receiving Benefit (where stated), Average Amount per 
 head of Total Membership, and per head of Members in receipt of Benefit, and other particulars with'' respect to the 
 payment of Unemployed Benefits. 
 
 Rate of Payment under Rules of Society 
 
 for Unemployed, Travelling, or Emigration 
 
 Benefit. 
 
 See p. 84. 
 16*. per week. 
 
 10s. per week for 13 weeks. Must be 10 weeks in 
 employment before being again eligible. 
 
 10s. first 18 weeks, 8s. for the second, and 7s. for 
 the next 18. Travelling money of \d. per mile 
 only allowed if unemployed after that date. 
 
 See p. 42. 
 
 Travelling relief Is. Gd. per day for seven days to 
 the week. A traveller can only be relieved once 
 in four months at the same place. 
 
 See p. 41. 
 
 8s. per week for 16 weeks in one year (established 
 
 in 1888). 
 
 
 1 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of 
 Members 
 receiving. 
 
 '8 
 
 oil 1 
 
 6 
 2 6 If 
 
 - 
 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of Mem- 
 bership of 
 Union. 
 
 '^O O 
 Os-O M 
 
 lO •* rH r-t (J5 00 
 00 -?l O O O r-l 
 r-l rH O O O O 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 p-i 
 
 PL, 
 < 
 
 Number of 
 Members 
 receiving 
 Unem- 
 ployed 
 Benefit in 
 any form 
 in 1891 
 (where 
 stated). 
 
 I 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 ofq| 
 
 1 
 
 Travelling 
 
 Assistance 
 
 only. 
 
 c^^ 1 
 
 11 fe S 1 1 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 O ^ . 
 
 ^1 1 
 
 54 
 1,855 
 
 17,689 
 467 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Members 
 
 at end of 
 
 1891. 
 
 4,000 
 665 
 
 38 
 1,521 
 
 17,058 
 2,198 
 
 34,779 
 5,558 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Bakers and Confectioners :— 
 
 Amalgamated Union of Operative 
 Bakers and Confectioners of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. 
 Dublin Operative Bakers' Trade 
 
 Union. 
 Kilkenny Operative Bakers' Trade 
 Union. 
 United Society of Brushmakers 
 
 Building Trades :— 
 
 Operative Bricklayers' Society 
 
 United Operative Bricklayers' 
 Trade Accident and Burial So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Carpenters 
 and Joiners. 
 
 Associated Carpenters and Joiners 
 
 
 If 
 
 517 
 441. 
 
 381. 
 Unregd. 
 
 Unregd. 
 
 62 
 Unregd. 
 
TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 411 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Is 
 
 > § 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 P 
 
 
 lOs. per week for 8 weeks. Is. 8rf. per day travel- 
 ling money for 8 weeks. , . - 
 6s. to 12s. per week, according to membership, for 
 
 13 weeks. 
 10s. for 10 weeks. 
 
 See p. 47. 
 
 lis. weekly for 8 weeks. 
 
 10s. per week for 12 weeks. Emigration benefit, 
 31. 10s. to 5^., according to length of membership. 
 
 12s. per week for 10 weeks in any one year. 
 
 See p. 45. 
 
 2s. per day in winter only. 
 
 Travelling benefit is 12s. dd., to be repaid if the 
 
 member returns in loss than three months. 
 10s. 6d. per week travelling. 
 
 9s. per week for 13 weeks, and 4s. Qd. for a further 
 13 weeks. 
 
 pq 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 |.i 
 1 li 
 
 
 
 * 1 1 S 
 
 (M CO 
 
 W C5 
 
 ! 1 1 ^ S 
 
 ■H 
 
 Ills 
 
 .r*1 rlt* r+* 
 
 r^Oq CO 
 
 ^^ 00 00 00 
 
 5jjO 000 
 
 ia w la T^ 
 rH 
 
 CO r-l 00 IM 
 CO l-H ^ -"Jl 
 r-l 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 8 }3 1 
 
 .-: 1 1 g 
 
 } 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 <» 
 oil 
 
 Hi 
 
 1 I 
 
 ^I 1 1 1 
 
 1111 
 
 § ' ^ 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 9. 
 
 11 
 
 =.11^1 
 
 ^ 1 c g 
 
 1^1' 1 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 p 
 
 5§ 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 i i s 1 
 
 CO ^ i-i 
 
 i-i « CO eo 
 
 IH i-H 
 
 1 - 1 1 1 
 
 05 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 1 ^ ^ !s i 1 1 ■ 
 
 s W^ f « 1 1 
 
 1 ^11 ^1 i III ■ 
 
 !1 ^ i r tifsii? 
 llliiiiill Hill 
 
 a §H, go's S^OP- S gaj;^fPii 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 2 III! °i , . 
 lllllllllfll 
 
 1^ eg cq p <- 
 
 
 11 
 
 § ^ § 3 
 
 >* ei jt» 
 
 S5 S :? S 
 
 s s :: s § 
 
 <M ^ '1' il 
 
412 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 c3 
 Oh 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 I— ( 
 
 H 
 
 ^.2 
 
 •II 
 
 c tao 
 
 - s 
 
 I s^ 
 
 P4 to 
 
 s- .S . 
 
 t3 71 «rt 
 
 fl > ?i 
 
 =s g g 
 
 "S H m 
 
 s © 
 
 o S 
 
 «^ 
 
 S^o, 
 
 t;-s 
 
 S 
 
 
 ^1§ 
 
 -^ a 
 
 «2 
 
 c 
 
 S'l 
 
 
 fi 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 rbSeS 
 
 
 
 
 g. 2^.22 
 
 
 c 
 
 lis 
 
 
 «2 § 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 a5 
 
 Ha 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 s 
 
 
 
 '3) 
 
 0^ 
 
 11^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 ^§5 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 bC 
 
 r4. 
 
 fill 
 
 -"lis 
 
 44 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 ^1 
 
 ^.1 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 CO S M 
 
 S3 
 O 
 
 
 
 !l 
 
 
 ?^ 
 
 rH 
 
 EH 
 
 B< 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 I I 
 
 I I 
 
 
 O 03 bo rt Cl 
 
 'Sir- 
 CtJO 
 
 I I 
 
 i I 
 
 <4-i Oi r-l 
 
 .t3 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 at 
 
 >j 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 <: 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 
 1 
 
 I s 
 
 I I 
 
 1 I 
 
 o 1 
 
 
 
 rS-^ .2 
 
 2 
 
 2 ^ o 
 
 
 
 I 03 >-.'^ O, 
 
 
 . c o 
 
 
 OJ- 
 
 1 
 
 ojoS- -i^Ot-'^ coo 
 
 2 
 
 - s 
 
 I r' 
 
 
 S3 
 
 Pg-^ogg 
 
 Spq ^ <i fi^ 
 
 2 ^^^9.5 
 
 S3 
 ^1 
 
 
 ^ <1 
 
 o IS- 
 
 32 
 
 s3 <S 
 
 60^ 
 
 a^ 
 <1 
 
 ^1 
 •11 
 
 ^ § 
 
 M ^ 
 
TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 413 
 
 eg 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 a* 
 
 o 
 
 I— < 
 
 
 a| 
 
 3? 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ O 
 
 •S = S ^ 
 
 2S 
 
 
 '^r- a 
 
 H.2 o 
 
 ' 2 S^ 
 -^.^=2 8 
 
 ia«^ 
 
 S p. S o 
 
 § •« ^*^ a 
 
 "S ^ fi 2 3 
 
 = i 
 
 e; a .2 40 O- - "S 53 
 
 
 
 sg- 
 
 
 
 .O «'rH 
 
 
 
 a bw3 
 
 
 
 §-^3 a 
 
 
 
 ^§1 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 g2» 
 
 
 
 >--^ 
 
 i 
 
 rt 
 
 
 K^l 
 
 "^ 
 
 rH C O 
 
 2 
 o 
 
 .id 
 
 9 
 
 .3 « 
 
 
 I? 
 
 ;3 
 
 week for (5 wee 
 eeding to empIo 
 in from the fund 
 
 87. 
 
 ,a 
 
 «2 
 
 CO 
 
 
 «2 
 
 '^ 
 o 
 
 mt 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 S '^ 
 
 00 »o 
 00 00 
 
 1 I 
 
 i I I I 
 
 
 
 S" 
 
 ^ iJ -^ 
 
 •2 1 i 
 
 ''I 
 
 go 
 
 
 <» ^ '^ •= 5 
 
 2^ So a: 
 
 .a 
 g -Si 
 
 1^ <1 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 1 
 
 Union, 
 malgam 
 sterers 
 attress 
 
 Society 
 
 pq 
 
 <! ^ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 t/2 O 
 
 eg so 
 
 11 
 1^ 
 
 ^ 9 
 
 s a 
 
414 
 
 APPENDIX 1. 
 
 
 t»-2 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 
 ork, Gs. per 
 child under 
 er week for 
 
 7*. 6d. for a 
 
 
 .11 
 
 Ii 
 
 
 "Bb 
 
 
 
 
 ^^» ^ 
 
 
 »'S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l^fl II 
 
 lill :| 
 
 -=5 'I o o o "-^ 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 !^ 2 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 «2 fl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 OJ-S 
 
 
 
 
 6c»r"«s «" jH 
 
 
 in g 0) 
 
 Sep 
 
 HO 
 
 1 
 d 
 
 St 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 ft d 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1*- 1- 1 
 
 0. 
 
 1 
 
 H' 
 
 
 1 |i 
 
 's 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 «M< 
 
 
 fe 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 c-| 
 
 1 »1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 <;« 
 
 rH 
 
 
 I-l 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l^c^. 
 
 •^'S* 
 
 -* CO 
 
 
 t- 00 o 
 
 "J? 
 
 rH 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 sf 
 
 
 O (M 
 
 o o 
 
 O 
 
 CO O rH 
 O O O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 - 
 
 1 
 
 I I 1 
 
 § 
 
 CO 
 
 •1 
 
 «4-i a> _J 
 
 .ai . 
 lit 
 
 
 § 1 
 
 1 
 
 i I i 
 
 fe 
 
 1 
 
 •s 
 
 -SI 
 
 IB 
 
 ir 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ii 
 
 <«1 
 
 I ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 o 1 i i 
 
 lO 
 
 
 S 
 
 ^' w" S 
 
 1 
 
 eo' 
 
 E 
 
 Q 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 M 
 
 Ill 
 
 111 
 
 1 111 ■ 
 
 =» si: 
 1 S^ . 
 
 1 J i 
 
 ii ^1 i 
 ll Ii 1 
 
 1! 
 1 
 
 hi 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 o 
 
 P3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ->?< 
 ^ 
 
 1 1 s 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 "scS 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 fl 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^s 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 1 
 
TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 415 
 
 
 W 
 
 P5 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 P- 
 
 o 
 
 ft 
 
 P5 
 H 
 
 
 Rate of Payment under Rules of Society 
 
 for Unemployed, Travelling, or Emigration 
 
 Benefit. 
 
 Amount not fixed. Committee has power to allow 
 such benefits as the funds will afford. . 
 
 1st six weeks 10s. per week ; 2nd six 7s. ; 3rd six 
 2s. Gd. Apprentices half these rates. 
 
 Unemployed, 8s. per week for 8 weeks. Member 
 of 6 years and upwards 10s. per week for 
 13 weeks, with half-pay afterwards for like 
 periods. Travelling, Is. per day for 91 days, with 
 Gd. for a bed, afterwards reduced to dd. per day, 
 and Gd. for bed. , ^ ^ 
 
 18s. per week for 3 months, 10s. for the next 3, 6s. 
 for the next 3, and 4s. for the next 3 months. 
 
 10s. per week for 4 weeks, and Gs. for a further 4 
 weeks. Apprentices half these rates. 
 
 10s. for G weeks, 6s. for next six weeks, and 8s. for 
 a further 40 weeks. Ti-avellers allowed mileage 
 and bed-money. 
 
 
 Amount per Head. 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of 
 Members 
 receiving. 
 
 tSo »n O eo 
 
 ci^ ^ CO :^ I 1 1 1 1 
 
 C(Jr-l rH r-l i-H 
 
 
 Per Head 
 of Mem- 
 bership of 
 Union. 
 
 oji-t !>• (N eo 
 
 c^o o o o 
 
 CS r-l M ■* CO 
 O r-l O O O 
 
 
 Number of 
 Members 
 receiving 
 Unem- 
 ployed 
 Benefit in 
 any form 
 in 1891 
 (where 
 stated). 
 
 s s ■= - , 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 Travelling 
 
 Assistance 
 
 only. 
 
 °*l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 
 O ^ 
 
 t^ !» t» ©3 
 
 C^rH eo 
 
 2,547 
 
 180 
 20 
 
 104 
 
 186 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Members 
 
 at end of 
 
 1891. 
 
 Is-- 
 
 5,486 
 
 170 
 
 198 
 
 421 
 
 987 
 
 
 1 
 
 Clothing Trades— c<w^. 
 
 Leeds Wholesale Clothiers' 
 
 Operatives' Union. 
 London Clothworkers' Union 
 
 Manchester and District Mantle 
 and Yi^aterproof Cutters' 
 Society. 
 
 Londonderry Shirt, Collar, and 
 Underclothing Cutters' Union. 
 
 Coach Building : — 
 
 United Kingdom Society of Coach- 
 makers. 
 
 London Coachmakers' Trade Union 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Railway 
 Wagon and Carriage Makers, 
 Wh(}elwright3, and Carpenters, 
 
 National Amalgamated Society of 
 Railway Wagon and Carriage 
 Builders and Lifters. 
 
 Wheelwrights and Blacksmiths' 
 Societv. 
 
 
 IB 
 
 647 
 688 
 741 
 
 114 L 
 
 Unregd. 
 
 278 
 158 
 
 607 
 
 Unregd. 
 
416 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 o 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 c6 
 O 
 
 Rate of Payment under Rules of Society 
 
 for Unemployed, Travelling, or Emigration 
 
 Benefit. 
 
 12s per week. Emigration, from 11. in first year 
 to a maximum of 51. in the ninth. Travelling 
 allowance to a limit of 5s. in one week. 
 
 Not stated in rules. Exemption from contribu- 
 tions during idleness provided for. 
 
 6s., 7s., and 8s. per week for six weeks, according 
 to length of membership. No member can 
 receive more than 6 weeks' benefit in any one 
 year. 
 
 7s. 6d. per week for IS weeks, members leaving 
 Belfast in search of work receive 5s. and railway 
 fare. 
 
 10s. per week for members of 2 j'ears' standing, 
 9s. lof 12 months, and 8s. of 3 months, for a 
 period of 13 weeks. 
 
 10s. weekly for 10 weeks. 
 
 6s. per week for 10 weeks. 
 
 12s. weekly for 13 weeks, and 6s. fcr a further 13 
 weeks. 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 u 
 < 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of 
 Members 
 receiving. 
 
 ^- 'J" ^ -* ^ ST CO 
 ^ 1 00 «o J2 1 10 1 00 s^ 
 
 qj r-l C3 M r-l 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of Mem- 
 
 bership of 
 
 Union. 
 
 r^OJ>l-l OCM OCOOr-1 
 
 i«00 OtO O-^COIN 
 
 (^000 00 0000 
 
 Number of 
 Members 
 receiving 
 Unem- 
 ployed 
 Benefit in 
 any form 
 in 1891 
 (where 
 stated). 
 
 1^1 "1 ^ \ ^ ^ 
 
 lis 
 If! 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 Travelling 
 
 Assistance 
 
 only. 
 
 <^ i 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^3^1 "" i g^s§ 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Members 
 
 at end of 
 
 1891. 
 
 00 to '^ (N i-H CO ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Coopers:— . 
 
 Philanthropic Coopers' Society 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Coopers - 
 
 Leith, Edinburgh and District 
 Friendly and Protective Society 
 of Journeymen Coopers. 
 
 Belfast Coopers* Society 
 International Union of Cork Cutters - 
 
 Enginemen :— 
 
 Amalgamated Society of Stationary 
 
 Engine Drivers and Stokers. 
 Enginemen 's National Protection 
 
 Association (Dews bury). 
 Amalgamated Society of Engine 
 
 Drivers and Eiremen (Land and 
 
 Marine) . 
 National Independent Protection 
 
 Association of Enginemen 
 
 (Worsboro' Dale) . 
 
 1 
 Pd 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 Unregd. 
 
 702 
 Unregd. 
 
 71 I. 
 
 43 S. 
 
 138 
 317 
 628 
 
 280 
 
TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 417 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 IB 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
 It 
 
 Pi 
 
 lis 
 
 II 
 
 -gP 
 
 7s. per week for not more than eight weeks in one 
 year. 
 
 4s. 2d. allowance for 5 days. 
 
 5s. for 12 w eeks. 
 
 10s. per week for 13 weeks. 8s. for 13, 6s. for 20, 
 5s. for 26, and 4s. for 26. Any unemployed 
 member sent to a job receives his fare and a 
 further sum of 2s. fid. to 6s. according to dis- 
 tance travelled. 
 
 Railway fare to members only \vhen migrating. 
 Railway fare to any port of embarkation to 
 members and families emigrating. When 
 family consists of two or three children under 
 12 years of age, 10s. to each family; when of 
 four or more under 12 years of age, 20s. to each 
 family. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 <1 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of 
 Members 
 receiving. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 10 
 
 Per Head 
 of Mem- 
 bership of 
 Union. 
 
 ^•.*«< r** -*« ..«C« -4* «|« 
 
 oiW O O 00 O 00 iH 
 
 Number of 
 Members 
 receiving 
 Unem- 
 ployed 
 Benefit in 
 any form 
 in 1891 
 (where 
 stated). 
 
 1 « 1 I I I 1 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 p 
 
 Travelling 
 
 Assistance 
 
 only. 
 
 c«i 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 O ^ 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 945 
 
 7 
 1,939 
 
 858 
 (Emigra- 
 tion, Mi- 
 gration, 
 &c.). 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Members 
 
 at end of 
 
 1891. 
 
 38 
 79 
 
 230 
 
 2,304 
 
 260 
 2,123 
 
 15,000 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Female Labour Trades :— 
 
 Uphoisteresses' Society (London) - 
 
 Amalgamated Protective and 
 Provident Society of Women 
 Working in Trades in Oxford. 
 
 London Society of Women em- 
 ployed in Bookbinding. 
 Glass Making :— 
 
 United Trade Protection Society 
 of Glass Bottle Makers of York- 
 shire. 
 
 North of England Society of Glass 
 Bottle Makers. 
 
 National Society of Flint Glass 
 Makers of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 Labour. Agricultural and General 
 Unskilled :— 
 National AgrioulturaL Labourers' 
 Union. 
 
 •&2 
 
 of ^ 
 
 Unregd. 
 359 
 
 Unregd. 
 
 Unregd. 
 
 266 
 Unregd. 
 
 164 
 
 o 77723. 
 
 D D 
 
418 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 
 W 
 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 Oh 
 
 o 
 
 I— t 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 -Saa-S 
 
 
 rr 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^.i 
 
 
 
 "i \!?s 
 
 
 -s 
 
 
 
 
 .2 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 1141 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 i;i 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 
 
 under 
 ravelli 
 enefit. 
 
 ZD 
 
 ^ 
 
 £ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 .a 
 
 3 
 
 ^0 
 p 
 
 
 4. H W 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ic 
 
 W 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 <J 
 
 
 CTi 
 
 s 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 |l 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ® 
 
 1II 
 
 * 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 
 CO 
 
 >o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 fe 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 CQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 li-i 
 
 -^^ 
 
 H^. 
 
 ^ -^ -"^ 
 
 
 HN« 
 
 00 
 
 j> 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 Number of 
 Members 
 receiving 
 Unem- 
 ployed 
 Benefit in 
 any form 
 in 1891 
 (where 
 stated). 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 i 
 
 
 S 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 SiC ff> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s cs tA 
 
 crt , 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2«i 
 
 g g ° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tt-^ 
 
 H <J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 §!•- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s-ls 
 
 •w J 
 
 .»! 
 
 .=C ?! 
 
 r-l 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 ■^ 
 
 1>. 
 
 ^aa 
 
 2 1 
 
 C^'^S' 
 
 S 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 
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 of 
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TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 419 
 
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420 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 -to 
 
 Rate of Payment under Rules ot Society 
 
 for Unemployed, Travelling, or Emigration 
 
 Benefit. 
 
 10*. per week for not more than 13 weeks in one 
 year. 
 
 11*. per week fot IG weeks, and 8*. for a further IG 
 weeks. 
 
 7*. Gd. per we^^k for 12 weeks, 5*. for a further 10 
 weeks, and 3*. until work is obtained. 
 
 10*. per week for 13 weeks, and G*. for a further 
 13 weeks. Travelling benefit 1/. with one week's 
 donation pay to last for a period of 21 days. 
 
 6*. per week for 8 weeks. Benefit oprtional for 
 each branch. Travelling benefit, gift of 3*. Gd., 
 at Id. per mile (beginning at 6 miles} from last 
 branch where relieved, once a day ; 4*. for 
 steamer when necessary. 
 
 1*. 8d. per day for 4 weeks once in 6 months. Not 
 
 more than 41. allowed in one year. 
 See p. 34. 
 
 12*. per week for married men, 8*. for single. Tra- 
 velling in search of work 10*. per week. 
 
 10*. per week for 12 months in one year. Emi- 
 gration, IZ. to 51. as decided by committee. 
 10*. per week. 10*. per week as walking money. 
 
 12*. per week for 8 weeks in any one year. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 if 
 
 S Is 
 
 t3«> t, ooooooooo 
 
 
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 ooN '^inoo o '^eofMeo Oi-ico 
 
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 «3 
 
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 1 ° II ^ 
 
 eo i>. CO to o T-i 1-1 
 
 05 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Metal Trades -eo»i5. 
 
 Scientific Instrument Makers' 
 
 Trade Society. 
 Co-operative Society of Smiths 
 
 Associated Society of Blacksmiths, 
 
 Scotland. 
 Dublin Smiths' United Society - 
 
 United Kingdom Amalgamated 
 Society of Smiths and Strikers. 
 
 London Unity of Hammermen 
 
 Liverpool Society of Shecit Metal 
 
 Workers. 
 National Amalga:rated Society of 
 
 Brass Workers. 
 Birmingham Operative Brass Cock 
 
 Finishers' Trade, Sick, and 
 
 Dividend Society. 
 Hull Society of .Journeymen Brass 
 
 Founders ai d Finishers. 
 BeUast Brass Founders' Society - 
 
 London Braziers' Society - 
 
 
 
 gfSs i sill iSs 
 
TKADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 421 
 
 
 r! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Srf. per day for 
 Travelling or 
 
 eeks in any one 
 
 d 15#. per week, and 
 lild for a month, 
 a week or upwards by 
 r other similar cause 
 
 2 
 
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422 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 
 W 
 
 w 
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 &= 
 
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 52; 
 
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TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
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424 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 I— I 
 
 pq 
 
 w 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 I 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 O 
 I— I 
 
 ^.2 
 
 .2 "S 
 
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 o o 
 
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 i 
 
 'So 
 
 gi 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 1° 
 
 fl o £ 
 
 II 
 
 S"£ 
 
 1 
 
 be 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 g >. -2 
 
 a ^-l.e 
 
 9. © 
 
 ting and Bookbindin 
 
 cont. 
 
 ondon Society of Li 
 
 Printers. 
 
 rinters' and Station 
 housemen, Cvitters' 
 tants' Union. 
 axton Association o 
 Warehousemen. 
 
 kg 
 
 III 
 
 Trade Society of Vellu 
 
 Bookbinders, 
 London Consolidated 
 
 Journeymen Bookbin 
 Bookbinders' and Mach 
 
 Consolidated Union. 
 
 le and Harness Trade 
 
 ondon Saddle and 
 
 Makers' Trade 
 
 Society. 
 
 iddlers', Harness Mai 
 
 Makeri', and Bridl 
 
 Union. 
 
 1 
 
 Hi 
 
 A^ 
 
 Q 
 
 P 
 
 ^A 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ra -tj 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
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TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 425 
 
 
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 ravell 
 
 1 
 
 -^ 
 
 
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 c . 
 
 !"■ 
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 ayment 
 loyed, T 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
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 .2 
 
 
 
 
 11 lit 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 
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 g 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
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 c^ ^ o 
 
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 hW 
 
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 t>. 
 
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 m 
 
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 >n 00 
 
 
 
 
 
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 "=^1111 
 
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 1 
 
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 urabe 
 of 
 ember 
 end c 
 1891. 
 
 12 11 
 
 § ^ 
 
 § 
 
 1 
 
 § 1 1 
 
 © eT r-T 
 
 CO r-l 
 
 
 
 
 
 « g "S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 III ^ f 
 
 feS! -- .1 
 
 j2 ■ 
 
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 1^ 
 
 og 3g' I" 
 
 
 •a 
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 1 
 
 £ 
 
 Si 
 
 11 
 n 
 
 "1-2" 
 
 lilt 
 
 II 11 :i 
 Ii '1 n 
 
 -! .§1 ?o 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 © 
 
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 ^•5i§Q§p« 
 
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 §11 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 
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 •So go'-^io 
 g S ©J= M g 5 w 
 
 
 < 
 
 m 
 
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 02 
 
 
 
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 bos 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 M 
 
 I-l 
 
 -* •* © 
 
 
 CO <o 
 
 M 
 
 <M 
 
 ^ & a 
 
 
 t- 00 
 
 0» 
 
 
 
 rt^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
426 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 
 52; 
 PQ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 c3 
 
 o 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 PC! 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 -i? .2 
 
 IS 
 
 p^ to 
 
 ;3 
 
 g 
 
 fl 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 a 
 
 
 Per Head 
 
 of 
 Members 
 receiving. 
 
 1. 
 
 -"S . 
 
 S fci ao 
 
 
 
 O M il C g 
 
 III nt^ll 
 
 O 8j 
 
 s o 
 
 ll 
 
 o « 
 
 3 tK 
 
 o a 
 
 2:^ > 
 
 S.' 
 
 
 
 
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 I I 
 
 I I 
 
 
 11 
 
 H <! 
 
 I I 
 
 1 I I 
 
 ej cc s-J 00 
 
 I „ I 
 
 sa o s 
 
 p5 Is 
 
 S S 
 
 s 2 
 
 o =? 
 
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 §^3 ft, 
 
 w ;z; pq 
 
 'S:"S S 
 
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 ^ss 
 
 0.2'ai 03.2 !» SS 
 
 Pms ^'c i^ s-iS 
 ,; -t^ 'C r^ «'i .2 S 4^ 
 •2o5»fli.2 
 
 5 so-< O'^W- 
 
 --•'S -s 
 
 - - :3"i 
 
 llllliiill 
 
 o pm ;g ;z; <i 
 
 > fl^< 
 
 0C30 
 
 02 o 
 
 
TRADE UNION UNEMPLOYED BENEFIT. 
 
 427 
 
 fa 
 W 
 
 PQ 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 c3 
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 !4-l 
 
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 . ^1 
 
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 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 Hi 
 
 g M 
 
 Travel- 
 Must 
 ng en- 
 6s. per 
 
 B year, 
 nded if 
 
 ding to 
 
 1 
 
 Rate of Payment under Rules of Socie 
 fcfr Unemployed, Travelling, or Emigrat 
 Benefit. 
 
 on 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 I1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 ^ 
 ■^ 1 
 
 % t 
 
 III 
 
 1 
 
 ■§ 
 5 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 <:3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 III .• ?l 
 
 in Mil 
 li!lplli 
 
 rt fH 53 00 S G ;-eo^ 
 
 'S ,; Si S :- Sri»^^ g 
 
 3 i 
 ill: . 
 
 2*g£|S 
 
 05- 
 
 H 
 
 t 
 
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 j,^ 
 
 
 
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 so' « 
 
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 -S • . 
 
 ti ec 
 
 r*" 
 
 rW 
 
 ^ 
 
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 ©Sag 
 
 
 
 r-* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 oi so t- 
 
 ;il 
 
 '-' 
 
 t^ 
 
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 »a ^ 
 
 -^ ^ 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 pgcl^ 
 
 Cti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r-K 
 
 
 
 iH 
 
 Number of 
 Memboi-s 
 receiving 
 Unem- 
 ployed 
 Benefit in 
 any form 
 in 1891 
 (where 
 stated). 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 g 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 be ® 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 +3 
 
 s § 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Q? 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
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 g S ° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fl'd'-' 
 
 B <1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g|.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 C5 r-l 
 
 'ji 
 
 tP 
 
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 og .^% 
 
 ^^% . 
 
 ■S 
 
 C|j 
 
 
 
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 '"' 55 
 
 S.^£?^ 
 
 Sr-(Bj«l 
 
 . P 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S.2 2» S.S 
 S"' g;! g« 
 
 umber 
 
 of 
 embers 
 end of 
 1891. 
 
 i s 
 
 1§ 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 I 1 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^ ^ % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 111 
 
 1 
 
 _6C 
 
 
 'S 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 III 
 lip 
 
 
 
 1 >^ 
 
 § 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 H p, 
 m.2 « 
 
 11 
 
 i1 
 
 11 
 
 
 1^ ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 w 
 
 OfJ 
 
 <l 
 
 < w. 
 
 f^ ^i5 
 
 m 
 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f, ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 Ei S 
 
 Q 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 2 M 
 
 H.- H? 
 
 M 
 
 .2 S 
 
 10 5C 
 
 Tj- 
 
 v> 
 
 
 -S 10 
 
 Vi 
 
 S 38 
 
 ^ 
 
 I'll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
428 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 
 -&I 
 
 
 llll 
 
 
 1 
 
 =2 
 
 »4 
 
 
 
 •2 -S 
 
 ""^ 
 
 ^«^^g 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 |.| 
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 c 
 
 OS 0) 
 
 ■^ il 
 
 3^ 
 
 -PT3 © S 
 
 
 1 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 •+0 
 
 d 
 
 ^1 
 
 a 
 
 T' - «o M 
 
 ©^s :§ 
 
 1 
 
 .2 
 
 IS 
 
 11 
 IS 
 
 J* 
 o 
 
 2 © 
 
 
 ^ 
 b 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 rtlCT 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 
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 o 
 
 l-H 
 
 ^ 
 
 w 
 
 s ^i 
 
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431 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LABOUR COLONIES.* 
 (^Compiled by Professor Mavor.) 
 
 German Labour Colonies. 
 
 " Arbeiter-Kolonie (Die)" (Organ of the 
 Central-Vorstande deutscher Arbeiter- 
 Kolonien, &c.) Bielefeld, monthly. 
 
 Arbeitsloseu. Die offentliche Ftirsorge fur 
 die Unverschuldeteri. Miinehen, 1890. 
 Eduard Pohl's Verlag. 
 
 Augener. Die Herbergen zur Heinaat und 
 Vereinshjiuser in ihrer sozialen Bedeut- 
 ung. 
 
 [Bericht.l Jahresbericht iiber das Ge- 
 schaftsjahr 1891 des Westfalischen Ver- 
 pllegungsstations-Verbandes. Bielefeld. 
 1891. 
 
 [Bericht.] Elfter Jahresbericht des'.Vereins 
 filr freiwillige Armenpflege und fiir Wan- 
 deruntersttitzung in Augsburg, 1892. 
 Augsburg, 1893. 
 
 [Bericht.] Jahresbericht 1892 und Bericht 
 liber die Siebente Hauptversammlung 
 am 13 mid 14 October 1892 in Bielefeld. 
 Bielefeld, 1892. 
 
 [Bericht.] Die Heimat-Kolonie Friedrich- 
 Wilhelmsdorf. Bremerhaven, 1891. 
 
 [Bericht.] Sechster Jahresbericht des 
 Vereins fiir die Heimat-Kolonie Friedrich- 
 "Wilhelmsdorf im Kreise Geestemiinde. 
 Geestemiiude, 1893. 
 
 Bericht der Westfalischen Kommission fiir 
 die Verpflegungsstationen. January 1889. 
 
 Bericht der Dritten Landesversammlung 
 der Internationalen Kriminalistischen 
 Vereinigung. Berlin, am 7 und 8 April 
 1893. Berlin, 1898. 
 
 [Bericht.] Westfalischer Stations Ver- 
 band. Jahresbericht iiber das Ge- 
 schaftsjahr 1891, des Westfalischen Ver- 
 pflegungsstations-Verbandes (1 Oktober 
 1890 bis 30 Sept. 1891.) Bericht iiber die 
 General -Versammlung am 2 Juni 1892. 
 Statistische Tabelle sammtlicher Statio- 
 nen. Gadderbaum. b. Bielefeld. 
 
 [Bericht.] Siebenter Rechenschafts- 
 bericht des Vereins fiir Arbeiter-Kolonien 
 in Bayern. Anerkannter Verein, 1892. 
 (Oldenburg), Munchen 1892. 
 
 Bericht des Vereins fiir Arbeiter-Kolonien 
 im Konigreich Sachsen iiber das ersle 
 A^erwaltungsjahr vom 7 September 1885 
 bis 30 Juni 1886. Dresden 1886. 
 (And following years.) 
 
 Bericht des Vorstandes an die Mitglieder- 
 versammlung iiber das Rechnungs- und 
 Betriebsjahr 1 Juli 1889 bis 1 Juli 1890. 
 Daraistadt, 1890. 
 
 Berichto. Hauptcomitcs des Vereins fur 
 Arbeiter-Kolonien. Hannover. Staats- 
 vath Mliller, Hannover. 
 
 Bericht des Pommorschen Proviuzial- 
 Vereins zur Bekampfung des Vagabun- 
 denthums. Baron von Braunschvreig u. 
 Moltow. Pommern. 
 
 [Bericht.] Rechnungsberichte des Vereins 
 fiir Arbeiter-Kolonien in Bayern Aner- 
 kannter Verein. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
 
 German Labour Colonies— cow^. 
 
 Berliner Arbeiter-Kolonie, Berichte iiber 
 die, Ister bis 8ter, Bericht, Berlin, 1893. 
 
 Berthold, Dr. G. Die Entwickelung der 
 deutschen Arbeiter-Kolonien. 1885-86. 
 Leipzig, 1887. 
 
 Berthold. Die Weiterentwickelung der 
 deutschen Arbeiter - Kolonien. 1886-87. 
 Berlin, 1889. 
 
 Berthold. Statistik der deutschen Arbeiter- 
 Kolonien fiir 1887-89. Berlin, 1891. 
 
 Berthold. Die Deutschen Arbeiter-Kolo- 
 nien. Sechste Folge, fiir die Jahre 1889-91. 
 Berlin, 1893. 
 
 Bettelei, oder Herbergsvereine ? Vereine 
 gegen, Fhigblatt des Deutschen Herbergs- 
 vereins. Bielefeld, 1886. 
 
 Bodelschwingh, Pastor, Dr. von. Wie 
 kann fiir die Wanderbevolkerung in 
 unseren Groszstadten gesorgt werden ? 
 Bielefeld 1889. 
 
 Bodelschwingh, Pastor, von. Der Kampf 
 wider die Vagabundennoth, wie kann er 
 siegreich zu Ende gefiihrt werden ? 
 Bielefeld, 1888. 
 
 Bodelschwingh, Pastor, von. Die Arbeiter- 
 Kolonie Wilhelmsdorf. 
 
 Bodelschwingh. Vorschlage zur Verein- 
 igung der Arbeiter-Kolonien und zur 
 einheitlichen Organisation der Verpfleg- 
 ungs-Stationen. 
 
 Bodelschwingh. Die Ackerbau-Kolonie 
 "Wilhelmsdorf" nach ihren bisherigen 
 Erfahrungen. Bielefeld, 1883. 
 
 Bodelschwingh, P. von. Centra Ivorstand 
 deutscher Arbeiter - Kolonien Sitzungs- 
 protokolle, 1883 (Delegirtenversammlun- 
 gen in Hannover) 1884, 1885, 1886. Biele- 
 feld. 
 
 Brandenburgischen Provinzial- Vereins zur 
 Bekampfung des Vagabundenthums zu 
 Berlin, Statut des. Neu Ruppin, 1884. 
 
 Chevallerie, de la, zm- Bekampfung der 
 Bettelei und Vagabondage. Leipzig, 1882. 
 
 Cronemeyer, Eberhard. Eine Zuflucht 
 der Elenden. Bremerhaven, 1893. 
 
 Cronemeyer, Eberhard. Heimatkolonien. 
 Bielefeld. 
 
 Cronemeyer, Eberhard. Heimatkolonie 
 
 und Besserungskolonie. 
 Cuno, Bau und Einriphtung der Herbergen 
 
 zur Heimat. Leipzig, t883. 
 
 Deutscher Herbergsverein, Statistik der 
 Herbergen zur Heimat, i890, mit Abhand- 
 lung iiber kleine Herbergen, nebst Ansicht 
 und Grundrisz der Herberg in Bismark. 
 
 Deutscher Herbergsverein. Bielefeld, Ja- 
 nuary, 1887. 
 
 Deutscher Herbergsverein. Bericht I.May 
 1886. 
 
 Deutscher Herbergsverein. Bericht 2, 
 Hauptversammhing, Bielefeld, 1887. 
 
 This list makes no claim to be exhaustive. 
 
432 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 German Labour Colonies — cont. 
 
 Deutscher Hei'bergsverein. Bericht 4. 
 Hauptversammlung, Bielefeld, 18S9. 
 
 Deutscher Herberg-sverein. Bericht 5. 
 Hauptversammlung, Bielefeld, 1890. 
 
 Deutscher Herbergsverein. Bericht 6. 
 Hauptversammlung, Bielefeld, 1891. 
 
 Droz, Pastor. DieHerbergen zur Heimath. 
 RathschlJige flir deren Begriindung und 
 Portfiihrung. Berlin, 1889. 
 
 Droz, Pastor. Denkschrift iiber Herbergen 
 zur Heimat. 
 
 Elvers. Zur Vagabundenfrage. E. 
 
 Evert. Die Entwickelung der Natural- 
 verpflegungs-Stationen und Arbeiter- 
 Kolonien. Berlin, 1886. 
 
 Pleichmann. Strafanstaltsgeistlicher 
 
 Deutsches Vagabunden- und Verbrecher- 
 thum im 19 J abrhundert. Barmen. 
 
 Priedrichswille, Haus- und-Tages-Ordnung 
 fiir die Arbeiter-Kolonie. Berlin, 1887. 
 
 Fiirsorge filr die mittellosen "Wanderer. 
 Leitsiitzo vom Standpunkte des deutschen 
 Herbei'gsvereins und des Westfalischen 
 Stationsverbandes. December 1891. 
 Bielefeld, 1892. 
 
 Hape, die Herberge zur Heimat. Ratgeber 
 bei ihrer Einrichtung und Verwaltung. 
 Leipzig. 
 
 Heimat-Kolonie. Priedrich-Wilhelmsdorf, 
 die. Brenerhaven, 1891. 
 
 Heimatlosen ? "Was thun wir fiir die, 
 Flugblatt des Deutchen Herbergsvfjreins. 
 Bielefeld, 1885. 
 
 Heimatlosen ? Was 'thun wir fiir die, Flug- 
 blatt des deutschen Herbergsvereins. 
 Belie'elJ,1886. 
 
 Herbergen zur Heimath, "Verzeichnisz der, 
 Ausgaben A. & B. Bielefeld, 1892. 
 
 Herbergsvereins, Statut des deutschen. 
 Gadderbaum, 1886. 
 
 Herbergen zur Heimat und die mit ihnen 
 verbimdenen Verpflegungsstationen im 
 Jahre 1891, mit Uebersicht fiber die 
 "Stationsverpflegung" im Jahre 1892. 
 Bielefeld 1892. 
 
 Kerbergen zur Heimat in Magdeburg, 
 Siebzehnter Rechenschafts-Bericht (iiber 
 das Jahr,1892 ) . Magdeburg, 1893. 
 
 Herberge zur Heimat, Zwanzigster Jahres- 
 bericht des Vereins zur Erwerbung einer 
 Gehilfen- und Fabrikarbeiter. Niirn- 
 berg, 1893. 
 
 Herbergs-Buchfiihrung, zur, Sonder-Ab- 
 druck aus der "Arbeiter-Kolonie." Ja- 
 nuar 1889. Gadderbaum 1889. 
 
 Herbergen, Stationcn. Wauderordnung. 
 Bielefeld, 1886. 
 
 Herbergsvereins. Aus den Verhandlungen 
 derVll. Haupt-Versammlung des deut- 
 schen, vom 13 Oct. 1892 in Bielefeld. 
 Bielefeld. 1892. 
 
 Herbergsvereine. An sammtliche Herbergen 
 zur Heimat, deutscher. Bielefeld, 1890. 
 
 Herbergen zur Heimat :— 
 Das einheitliche "Wahrzeichen der echten 
 Herbergen zur Heimat. Bielefeld. 
 
 Die Einrichtung von Herbergen zur 
 He:math an kleineren Orlen. 
 
 Vereinshaus mit Herbergen zur Heimat 
 wie das Kirchliche Gemeinde-Institut. 
 
 Deutscher Herbergsverein. Jahresbericht 
 1892. Bielefeld, 1892. 
 
 German Labour Colonies— co»f. 
 
 Herbergen, Stationen.Wanderordnujig. Ab- 
 druck aus dem Westfalischen Sonntags- 
 blatt. Gadderbaum [1886]. 
 
 Herbergsvereine? Verein gegen Bettelei 
 Oder. Bielefeld 1886. 
 
 Huzel. Das System der Communalen 
 Natural- V'erpflegung armer Reisenden. 
 
 Kraine, Otto. Arbeitslosigkeit. Bettelei 
 und Wander verpflegung. Leipzig, 1893. 
 
 Massow, C. von. Die Natural verpflegungs- 
 Stationen und die Nothwendigkeit ihrer 
 Reform als Voraussetzung ihres Fort- 
 bestehens. Bielefeld, 1887. 
 
 Massow, C. von. Statistik der Verpflegungs- 
 stationen, 1890. 
 
 Massow, C. von. Fortschritte, Wirkung 
 und Mangel der "V^erpflegungs-Stationen, 
 
 1885. 
 
 Peabody. Labour Colonies, German. 
 Forum Feb. 1892. 
 
 Perthes. Das Herbergswesen der Hand- 
 werksgesellen. Gotha, 18:<3. 
 
 ProtokoU der ersten ordentlicheu Ge- 
 sammtverbands-Versammlung zii Ber- 
 lin. Bielefeld, 1892. 
 
 ProtokoU der Konstituirenden Yersamm- 
 lung des Gesammtverbandes deutscher 
 Verpflegungsstationen in Kassel, 12 und 
 13 Januar 1892. 
 
 ProtokoU. Centralvorstand deutscher 
 Arbeiter - Kolonien Sitzungsprotokolle 
 1883 (Delegirtenversammliingen in Han- 
 nover), 1884, 1885, 1886. 
 
 Queker, Ch. de. L'assistance pratique 
 donn6e en Allemagne aux ouvriers sans 
 travails dans les auberges, les stations et 
 les colonies ouvri6res. Bruxelles, 1893. 
 
 Rathmann, A. Die Herbergen zur Hei- 
 mat. 
 
 Reiche, Pastor F. W. Die Aufgaben der 
 Herbergen zur Heimat in der Gegen- 
 wart. Bielefeld, 1891. 
 
 [Report] — 
 Des Colonies Libres de Travailleurs en 
 Hollande et en Allemagne. 
 
 Reports on the Elberfeld Poor Law System 
 and German Workmen's Colonies. C— 
 5341. London, 1888. 
 
 Report on the Working Men's Colony at 
 Dornahof. Foreign Office Reports. C— 
 5253-10. London, 1887. 
 
 RocboU, Dunkle Bilder aus dem Wander- 
 leben. Berlin, 1885. 
 
 Schlegelmilch, Pastor I'r. Auch eine 
 Sociale Antwort. Streifzug durch Bethel. 
 Rathenow, 1891. 
 
 Sciilunk, A. F. Aufstellung iiber die 
 finanzielle Lage der deutchen Arbeiter- 
 Kolonien. Berlin, 1893. 
 
 Schleswig-Holsteinischer Provinzial-Ver- 
 ein fiir landliclie Arbeiter - Kolonien. 
 Bordesholm 1885. 
 
 Schleswig-Holstein, Bericht des Vorstandes 
 des Vereins fiir landliche Arbeiter- 
 Kolonien, der Provinz. Bordesholm, 
 1891. 
 
 Tannenhof. Das Arbeiterheim. Drifter 
 Jahresbericht vom 1 April 1891 bis 31 
 Marz, 1892. Bern, 189L 
 
 Wanderbevolkerung, Einheitliche Fiirsorge 
 fiir die. Bielefeld, 1891. 
 
 Wanderkarte der Herbergen, VerpflegungS' 
 stationen und Arbeiter Kolonien. West- 
 falens. Gadderbaum, 1891. 
 
lilBLIOGKAPHV OF LAliOUK COLONIES. 
 
 438 
 
 GEli.AlAN LAiiOLli t'OLOMES— CO;/^. 
 
 Wanderer. Fiirsorge fur Arbcitsucliende. 
 " Der Reichshote." Berlin, 4 Aujfust 
 1893. 
 
 Westtalischer Stationsverband. Jahresbe- 
 richt fiir 1892. Gadderbainn, 1893. 
 
 AVilhelnisdorf. Die Arbeiter-Kolonie, und 
 verwundfes, 1882-88. Bielefeld, 1889. 
 
 Wilhelinsdorf und Friedrichshiitte, 1890. 
 Bielefeld, 1890. 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf, nut den Zufluchts- und Ar- 
 beitsstiitten fiir Trunkfallige, Friedrichs- 
 hiitte Wilhelmshiitte. Kurzer Bericht 
 liber das Jahr 1892. Bielefeld 1893. 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf und die Westfiilisehen 
 Xaturalverpflegungsstationen, die Ar- 
 beiter-Kolonie. Bericht iiber die General- 
 Versanimlung in Hanini, am 7 August 
 1886. Bielefeld 1880. 
 
 Wilhelmsdoi'f, die Arbeiter-Kolonie. Biele- 
 feld 1888. 
 
 Wilhelmsdorf, die Arbeiter-Kolonie, 1882- 
 88, und Vervvandtes. Gadderbaum, 1889. 
 
 Vagabundenfrage Die. Erortert von Pastor 
 H. Stursberg in Diisseldorf .--Uber Selbst- 
 hilfe und Staatshilfe bei Bekampf ung des 
 Vagabundenthums. Vortrag von Geh. 
 Regierungsrat Liitgen in Hannover, 
 i'ber die Bestrebungen und Erfolge des 
 Armen-Unterstlitzungsvereins in Siegen 
 zur Bekampf ung der Vagabundierenden 
 Bettelei. Vortrag von Grubendirektor 
 P. H. Knops in Siegen. Vorschlage zur 
 Vereinigunjj der Arbeiter-Kolonien und 
 zur einheitlichen Organisation der Natu- 
 ral-Verpflegungstationen im Deutschen 
 Reiche. Bielefeld, 1881. 
 
 Zieten-Schwerin, Graf. Die Verpflegungs- 
 stationen als nothwendige Hiilfsanstalten 
 der Arbeiter-Kolonien. 
 
 Dutch Labour Colonies. 
 
 Clarke, Ernest. The Dutch Agricultural 
 Colonies. London, 1892. 
 
 Een Woord tot opwekking, &c. By J. F. 
 Ternooij Apel, 1885. 
 
 Erica ( Jaarboekje de M. v. W.) Edited since 
 1865 by Eiler ts de Hasin. Published yearly 
 by D. B. Centen. 
 
 Gerlach. De Vrije Landbouw-Kolonieu de 
 Maatschappij van Weldadigheid. Bv 
 J. W. R. Published for the Society. 
 Amsterdam, 1884. 
 
 Haan, Eiler ts de. De Noord Nederlandsche 
 Landbouw Kolonien. Amsterdam, 1872. 
 
 Haan, Bilerts de. Nieuwe Rotterdamsche 
 Courant. xMarch 1888. Eenenzeventigjarige. 
 
 Jaarsverslag van de Maatschappij van Wel- 
 dadigheid. Tjeenik Williuk, Zwolle. 
 
 MacXeiU, Sir John. Eighth Annual Report 
 of the Board of Supervision for the Relief 
 of the Poor (Scotland), containing a 
 report on the Free and Pauper Colonies 
 of Holland, 1853. 
 
 Nicholls, Sir G«orge. Report on the Con- 
 dition of the Labouring Classes, and the 
 provision for the Relief of the Poor in 
 Holland and Belgium. May 5, 1838. 
 
 Reglement van Beheer der M. v. W. Zwolle, 
 de Erven J. J. Tijl, 1878. 
 
 [Reports on Dutch Colonies]— 
 Des Colonies Libres de Ti-availleurs en 
 Hollande et en AUemagne. 
 
 Mr. Jenkin's Report to the Duke of 
 Richmond's Commission. London, 
 1882. 
 
 o 77723. 
 
 Dutch Labouk Coloxies— couf. 
 Staatsbladdeu :— 
 
 1885. Nos. 48, 102, 139, 156, 207, 5508. 
 
 1886. „ 14, 21, 62, 231. 
 
 1887. „ 19,23. 
 
 1888. „ 8,41. 
 
 Statuten der Vereeniging de 31. \. W., 
 
 1878. 
 
 Tallack, W. The Dutch Labour Colonies. 
 " Times," September 14, 1886 ; " Public 
 Opuiion." October 1, 1886: "Leisure 
 Hour," February 1887, p. 111. 
 
 Toelichtende Staaten, published in Dutch 
 Pari, papers and in hot Bijblad op de 
 htaatscoui-ant. 
 
 ^"erslag over de Verrichtingen aangaande het 
 Armbestuur in het Koninkri jk der Nedc- 
 landen. 1885. pp. 43-46, and last table. 
 
 Weldadigheid, Maattschappij van, Verslag 
 der Commissie. Steenwijk, 1863. Zwolle, 
 1864. 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 
 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 
 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1880, 
 1887, 1883, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. 
 
 Willink, H. G. The Dutch Home Labour 
 Colonies. London, 1889. 
 
 Belgian Labour Colonies. 
 
 Colonies Agricoles de Bienfaisance de I'etat 
 Beige, Apercu sur I'organisation des. 
 Hoogstraeten, 1890. 
 
 Rapport, Ecoles Agricoles de Ruysseledc 
 et de Beernom, Douzi6me, '1860-79. 
 Bruxelles, 1882. 
 
 Vagabondage, loi du 27 Novembre 1891, 
 pour la repression du et de la mendicit('. 
 Bi-uxelles, 1893. 
 
 Pbench Labour Colony. 
 
 Berry, Georges, Rapport presente par, au 
 nom de la Commission d'organisatiou et 
 rte la surveillance suj- la colonic agricole 
 de la Chalmelle (\.) No. 207. Paris 
 
 Austrian and Swiss Labour Colonies. 
 
 Auberge de Famille, Rapport de \\ Geneve, 
 1892. 
 
 Arbeiterheira, Statuten des Vereins ange- 
 noijiinen in der Haupt-Versammlung von 
 2 May 1893. 
 
 Bericht-Vierter Jahresbericht des Arbei- 
 terheims Tannenhof von 1 April 1892, bis 
 31 Marz 1893. 
 
 Ziirich Jahresbericht der Evangelischon 
 Gesellschaft m, 1891-92, Ziirich, 1893. 
 
 Ziiricher Jahrbuch fiir Gemeinnutzigkeit. 
 1891. Zurich, 1892. 
 
 Do- do. 1892. Ziirich, 1893. 
 
 Miscellaneous Works and References. 
 
 Charity Organisation' Review (passim), 
 especially Marcb ^S88, Jan. and Dec. 1891 
 and May 1892. 
 
 Drioiix. Substitutdes Oberstaatsanwalts in 
 Orleans. \ erlag Orleans, Georges Jakob. 
 
 Hennell, Mary. An Outhne of the various 
 ^ocial Systems and Communities which 
 have been founded on the Principle of 
 Co-operation. London, 18&4. 
 
 Joltrain, A. Les services sanitaires de 
 la ViUe de Pans et du departement de la 
 Seme. Paris, 1893. 
 
 EE 
 
434 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 Miscellaneous Worxcs and References 
 —cont. 
 
 Mansion House Conference on the Un- 
 employed. First Report. London, 1888. 
 
 Mavor, James, Jas. R. Motion, John Speir, 
 and R. P. Wright. Report on Labour 
 Colonies, Glasgow, 1892. 
 
 Mills, Herbert V. Poverty and the State. 
 London, 1886. 
 
 The Social Outlook 
 Back to the Land. 
 
 Mills, Herbert V. 
 London, 1892. 
 
 Moore, Harold E. 
 London, 1893. 
 
 Report upon Farm Labour Colonies and 
 Farm Settlements, by Committee of the 
 English Colonisation Society. I^ondon, 
 1893. 
 
 [Report]— 
 Bulletin de la Societe Generale des 
 Prisons. Nov. 1886, p. 938. Paris, 
 1886. 
 
 Miscellaneous Works and References 
 — cont. 
 
 Indiana State Conference of Charities 
 
 lljp'nT;. 
 
 Reports of the Philadelphia Society for 
 Organizing Charity, 
 
 Report of the Whitechapel Board of 
 Guardians for 1893. [Contains a section 
 on agricultural training homes.] 
 
 Senior, Nassau, W. Statement of the Pro- 
 vision for the Poor, and of the Lands of 
 the Labouring Classes in a considerable 
 portion of Amex-ica and Europe. London, 
 1835. 
 
 Stevenson, D. M. Labour Colonies, and 
 the Unemployed: A partial solution of 
 1 he problem. Glasgow, 1892. 
 
 Warner. " Some Experiments on behalf of 
 the Unemployed." 
 
435 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Aberdeen Relief Works, 221. 
 
 Agencies dealing with unemployed. Gene- 
 ral Classification, 12. 
 
 Agricultural Colony at La Chalmelle, 
 329. 
 
 Army and Navy Pensioners' Employment 
 Society, 138. 
 
 Austrian Relief Stations, 333. 
 
 Bakers and Confectioners, Amalgamated 
 Union of Operative, 84. 
 
 Bakers (Operative) of Scotland National 
 Federal Union, 84. 
 
 Bakers' Trade Union, Dublin Operative, 
 85. 
 
 Baking Trade, 84. 
 
 Barge Builders' Union, 40. 
 
 Battersea Labour Bureau, 111, 114. 
 
 Beamers, Twisters, and DraAvers (Black- 
 burn District) Amalgamated Associa- 
 tion of, 71. 
 
 Belgian Labour Colonies, 320. 
 
 liibliography of Labour Colonies, 431. 
 
 Binders' Trade Society, Vellum (Account 
 Book), 67. 
 
 Bird Green Training Farm, 178. 
 
 Birmingham, Report on providing work 
 for unemployed at, 219. 
 
 Blanc (Louis) and the Paris National 
 Works, 373. 
 
 Bloomsbury Labour Bureau, 115. 
 
 Blowing Room and Card Operatives, 
 Amalgamated Association of, 70. 
 
 Boiler Makers' and Iron Shipbuilders' 
 Society, 35. 
 
 Bookbinders' and Machine Rulers' Con- 
 solidated Union, 68. 
 
 Bookbinders (Day-working) of London 
 and Westminster, 66. 
 
 Bookbinders, London Consolidated Society 
 of Journeymen, 66. 
 
 Bookbinding and kindred trades, 48. 
 
 Bookbinding, Society of Women employed 
 in, 68. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Makers, Amalgamated 
 Society of, 76. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Operatives, National Union 
 of, 77. 
 
 Bourses du Travail, 342. 
 
 Brassworkers, National Society of Amal- 
 gamated, 34. 
 
 Bri delayers' Society, Operative, 42. 
 
 Building Trades, 41. 
 
 Bureau of Industries, New Zealand, 349. 
 
 Bureaux (Labour), and Exchanges in 
 France, 340. 
 
 Bureaux (Labour) English, 97. 
 
 Business, Registries for Women and 
 Girls in, 120. 
 
 Cabinet Makers, Amalgamated Union of 
 79. 
 
 Cabinet Makers' Association, Perseverance, 
 80. 
 
 Cabinet Makers' Association, The 
 Alliance, 78. 
 
 Cabinet Makers, Progressive Union of, 80. 
 
 Camberwell Labour Bureau, 111, 115. 
 
 Card and Blowing Room Operatives, 
 Amalgamated Association of, 70. 
 
 Carpenters and .Joiners, Amalgamated 
 Society of, 41. 
 
 Charity Organisation Society and kindred 
 associations, 146. 
 
 Memorandum of suggestions in cases 
 of exceptional distress, 151. 
 
 Chelsea Labour Bureau, 107, 114. 
 
 Church Army Labour Homes, 173. 
 
 Cigar Makers' Mutual Association, 87. 
 
 Clearing House for the Unemployed, 183. 
 
 Clickers' and Rough Stuff Cutters' Society, 
 Norwich, 77. 
 
 Clothing Trades, 75. 
 
 Coachmakers, United Kingdom Society of, 
 85. 
 
 Commissionaires, Corps of, 139. 
 
 Compositors, London Society of, 48. 
 
 Concluding Summary, 406. 
 
 Confectioners and Bakers, Amalgamated 
 Union of Operative, 84. 
 
 Continental Labour Colonies, 268. 
 
 Coopers, Mutual Association of, 81. 
 
 Correctors of the Press, London Associa- 
 tion of, 55. ^ 
 
 Cotton Famine and the Public Works Act, 
 889. 
 
 v^otton Spinners, Amalgamated Associa- 
 tion of Operative, 69. 
 
 Cutters' (Rough Stuff) and Clickers' So- 
 ciety, Norwich, 77. 
 
 Discharged Prisoners, Agencies for finding 
 work for, 141. 
 
 Discharged Soldiers, Agencies for finding 
 work for, 135. 
 
 Dock Labourers, National Union of, 89. 
 
 Dock, Wharf, Riverside, and General 
 Labourers' Union, 89. 
 
 Domestic Servants' Registries, 122, 130. 
 
 Drawers, Beamers, and TAvisters (Black- 
 burn District) Amalgamated Associa- 
 tion of, 71. 
 
 Druids, United, Ancient Order of, 96. 
 
 Dundee Relief Works, 221. 
 
 Dutch Labour Colonies, 308. 
 
 Dutch Penal Colonies, 317. 
 
 Dyers' Association, Huddersfield, Brad- 
 ford, Barnsley and District, 73. 
 
436 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Egham Labour Bureau, 99, 118. 
 Elevator Workshops (Salvation Array), 
 
 164. 
 Employment of the Poor, John Locke's 
 
 report on, 357, 363. 
 Engineering Trade Societies, 20. 
 Engineers, Amalgamated Society of, 20. 
 Equalisation of Work among members of 
 
 Trade Societies, 20. 
 Exceptional distress : memorandum of 
 
 suggestions by the Charity Organisation 
 
 Society, 151. 
 
 Factories, Registries for Women and 
 
 Girls in, 121. 
 Farm Colony, Salvation Army, 1G7. 
 Farm (Training) at Langley, 178. 
 File-Cutters' Society, Sheffield, 35. 
 Fluctuations of Trade : Analysis of causes, 
 
 10. 
 Foreign and Colonial Examples, 2GS. 
 Foresters, Ancient Order of, 94. 
 Frederiksoord Labour Colony, 308. 
 Free Labour Colonies in Holland, 309. 
 French Labour Bureaux and Exchanges, 
 
 340. 
 French Labour Colony, 329. 
 French National Works of 1848, 373. 
 French Polishers' Society, Alliance, 81. 
 Friedrichwilhelmsdorf Home Colony, 299. 
 Friendly Societies and their Unemployed 
 Members : 91. 
 
 Ancient Order of Foresters, 94. 
 British United Order of Oddfellows, 
 
 9G. 
 Hearts of Oak Benefit Society, 91. 
 Independent Order of Rechabites, 95. 
 Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds, 95. 
 Manchester Unit}-- of Oddfellows, 94. 
 National United Order of Free 
 * Gardeners, 96. 
 
 United Ancient Order of Druids, 96. 
 Furnishing and Woodworking Trades, 78. 
 Furniture Japanners' Trade Union, 
 London, 81. 
 
 Gardeners (Free), National United Order 
 
 of, 96. 
 German Labour Colonies, 269. 
 " Gifts " (Printing Trades), 48. 
 Girls' Friendly Society, 128. 
 Glasgow Relief Works, 221, 231. 
 Gold Beaters' Trade Society, 88. 
 Greenock Relief Works, 221. 
 
 Hadleigh Farm Colony, 167. 
 
 Hatters' (Journeymen) Fair Trade Union 
 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, 78. 
 Hearts of (3ak Benefit Society, 91. 
 Herbergen zur Heimat, 300. 
 Historical Examples, 356. 
 Home Colonizalion Society, 179. 
 Hoogstraeten Labour Colony, 321. 
 Hoorn Penal Colony, 317. 
 
 House and Ship Painters, National Amal- 
 gamated Society of Operative, 47. 
 
 House Decorators and Painters, Amalga- 
 mated Society of, 46. 
 
 Houses of Industry, 357. 
 
 Industries, Bureau of : New Zealand, 349. 
 Ipswich Labour Bureau, 100, 118. 
 Irish Relief Works, Recent, 264. 
 Iron Founders, Friendly Society of, 29. 
 Iron Moulders of Scotland, Associated, 
 33. 
 
 Kendal Industrial Village Colony, 179. 
 Kensington Relief Works, 215. 
 
 La Chalmelle, Agricultural Colony at, 
 
 329. 
 Labour Bureaux and Exchanges in France, 
 
 340. 
 Labour Bureaux or Employment Regis- 
 tries : — 
 
 Introduction, 97. 
 
 Battersea, 111, 114. 
 
 Bloomsbury, 115. 
 
 Camberwell, 111, 115. 
 
 Chelsea, 107, 114. 
 
 Egham, 99, 118. 
 
 Ipswich, 100, 118. 
 
 St. Paucras, 109, 114. 
 
 Salford, 103, 118. 
 
 Westminster, 111, 115. 
 
 Wolverhampton, 103, 118. 
 
 Other Bureaux and Registries, 111. 
 
 Concluding Summary, 112. 
 Labour Bureaux : Table showing Number 
 and Occupations of Applicants : — 
 
 Metropohtan, 114. 
 
 Provincial, 118. 
 Labour Colonies ; Bibliography, 431. 
 Labour Colonies : general conclusions 
 
 regarding, .335. 
 Labour Colonies on the Continent, 268. 
 
 Austria, 333. 
 
 Belgium, 320. 
 
 France, 329. 
 
 Germany, 269. 
 
 Holland, 308. 
 
 Switzerland, 333. 
 Labour Exchanges in France, 340. 
 Labour Exchanges (Salvation Army), 
 
 Labour Homes, Church Army, 173. 
 Labour Registries (Temporary) estab- 
 lished by various local authorities, 209. 
 
 Beverley, 211. 
 
 Gateshead, 211. 
 
 Kensington, 210. 
 
 Lambeth, 211. 
 
 Leeds, 112, 211. 
 
 Leicester, 211. 
 
 Limehouse, 210. 
 
 Liverpool, 112, 211. 
 
 Paddington, 210. 
 
 St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 111, 210. 
 
 St. Marylebone, 210. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 487 
 
 Labour Eogistrics (Temporary) — cont. 
 Sheffield, 211. 
 Shoreditch, 210. 
 South wark, 210. 
 Strand, 111, 210. 
 
 Labourers' Union, Dock, Wharf, River- 
 side, and General, 89. 
 
 Lace Makers, Amalgamated Society of 
 Operative, 74. 
 
 Lace (Warp) Trade Association, 74. 
 
 Lancashire Cotton Famine, 1861-4, 389. 
 
 Lan^lev, Training Farm at, 178. 
 
 Leeds Kelief Works, 219, 222, 
 
 Lightermen and Watermen, Amalga- 
 mated Society of, 89. 
 
 Lithographic Printers, Amalgamated 
 Society of, 65. 
 
 Liverpool Relief Works, 228. 
 
 Local Government Board, Circular of 14th 
 Nov. 1892, regarding relief of distress, 
 185. 
 
 Local Government Board memorandum, 
 regarding the Able-bodied Unemployed, 
 144. 
 
 Locke, John, on the Employment of the 
 Poor, 357, 363. 
 
 Makers up (Stuff) Bradford Provident 
 Society, 73. 
 
 Mansion House Conference (1892-3) 
 Relief Scheme, 238. 
 
 Mavor (Prof.), Report on Continental 
 Labour Colonies, 268. 
 
 Meaning and Classification of Want of 
 Employment, 7. 
 
 Merxplas Labour Colony, 321. 
 
 Metal Trade Societies, 20. 
 
 Metropolitan Association for Befriending 
 Young Servants, 122. 
 
 Millbank Prison, work provided by 
 demolition of, 217. 
 
 Mills, Registries for Women and Girls in, 
 121. 
 
 Miners' Association, Durham, 83. 
 
 Miners' Association, Yorkshire, 83. 
 
 Miners' (Northumberland) Mutual Con- 
 fident Association, 82. 
 
 Mining Industry, 82. 
 
 Miscellaneous Trades, 85. 
 
 Municipal and other authorities, provision 
 of work by, 185. 
 
 Municipal Relief Works, Table of Par- 
 ticulars of -work provided, 188. 
 
 National Labour Exchange (Salvation 
 
 Army, 161. 
 National (Paris) Works of 1848, 373. 
 New Zealand Bureau of Industries. 349 
 Newspapers as an Employment Agency, 
 
 131. 
 
 Odd Fellows, Manchester Unity of, 94. 
 Oddfellows, British United Order of, 96. 
 Out-of-Work Benefit paid by Trade Unions 
 
 in 1891, Table of, 410. 
 Overlookers, Oldham Association of 
 
 Power-Loom, 70. 
 
 Painters and House Decorators, Amalga- 
 mated Society of, 46. 
 
 Paris National Works of 1848, 373. 
 
 Parish Employment under the old Poor 
 Law, 356. 
 
 Partick Relief Works, 221. 
 
 Pattern Card Makers' Original Trade 
 Sick and Burial Society, 71. 
 
 Pattern Makers' Association, United, 28. 
 
 Penal Colonies in Holland, 317. 
 
 Pensioners (Army and Navy) Employ- 
 ment Society, 138. 
 
 Plasterers, National Association of Opera- 
 tive, 45. 
 
 Plumbers' Association, United Operative, 
 45. 
 
 Poor Law Commissioners, Report of 1834, 
 357. 
 
 Poor La!>v : its relation to the able-bodied 
 unemployed, 144. 
 
 Poor Law, Parish employment under the 
 Old, 356. 
 
 Power Loom Overlookers, Oldham Asso- 
 ciation of, 70. 
 
 Power Loom Tuners' Society, Hudders- 
 field and Dewsbury, 72. 
 
 Power Loom Weavers' Association, West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, 72. 
 
 Pressmen, Amalgamated Association of, 
 57. 
 
 Printers' and Stationers' Warehousemen, 
 Cutters', and Assistants' Union, 58. 
 
 Printers' Labourers' Union, 57. 
 
 Printing, Bookbinding, and- kindred 
 Trades, 48. 
 
 Printing Machine Managers' Trade Society, 
 London, 55. 
 
 Printing Machine Minders' Society, Pla- 
 ten, 58. 
 
 Prisoners (Discharged), Agencies for find- 
 ing work for, 141. 
 
 Provision of Work by Municipal and 
 other authorities, 185. 
 
 Public Works Act and the Cotton Famine, 
 389. 
 
 Rechabites, Independent Order of, 95. 
 Registries, employment, 97. 
 Registries for Women and Girls, 120. 
 Relief of the Unemployed, Temporary 
 
 Schemes, 181. 
 Relief Scheme of the Mansion House 
 
 Conference, 238. 
 Relief Stations in Austria, 333. 
 Relief Stations in Germany, 302. 
 Relief Works in Ireland, Recent, 264. 
 Relief Works : Particulars of Work pro- 
 vided by Municipal Authorities : 
 
 London, 188. 
 
 Provincial, 194. 
 
 Scotland, 207. 
 
 Details of Selected Schemes, 222. 
 
 St. Martin-in-the-Fields' Labour Regis- 
 try, 111, 210. 
 St. Pancras Labour Bureau, 109, 114. 
 
488 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Salford Labour Bureau, 103, 118. 
 Salvation Array, Social Wing of the, 160. 
 Scope and Plan of the Report, 5. 
 Seamen, Agencies for Employment of, 
 
 134. 
 Servants (Young) Metropolitan Associa- 
 tion for Befriending, 122. 
 Shepherds, Loyal Order of Ancient, 95. 
 Shipbuilding Trade Societies, 20. 
 Shipwrights' Provident Union of the Port 
 
 of London, 40. 
 Shipwrights' Society, Associated, 37. 
 Soldiers (Discharged), Agencies for find- 
 ing work for, 135. 
 Soldiers (Reserve) National Association 
 
 for Employment of, 136. 
 Spinners (Cotton) Amalgamated Associa- 
 tion of Operative, 69. 
 Steam Engine Makers' Society, 2ff. 
 Stevedores' (Amalgamated) Labour Pi-o- 
 
 tective League, 89. 
 Stonemasons' Society, Operative, 43. 
 Strand District Labour Registry, 111, 210. 
 Stuff Makers-Up Provident Society, Brad- 
 ford, 73. 
 Swiss Workmen's Home, 333. 
 
 Tailors, Amalgamated Society of, 75. 
 Tailors, Scottish National ^Association of 
 
 Operative, 76. 
 Temporary Schemes for relief of the Un- 
 employed, 181. 
 Textile Industries, 69. 
 Thomas (Emile) and the French National 
 
 Works, 374. 
 Trade Societies : — 
 
 Action in regard to unemployed mem- 
 bers, 17. 
 
 Assistance to members in obtaining 
 work, 19. 
 
 Baking Trade, 84. 
 
 Bookbinding and Kindred Trades, 48. 
 
 Building Trades, 41. 
 
 Clothing Trades, 75. 
 
 Engineering Trades, 20. 
 
 EquaHsation of Work, 20. 
 
 Furnishing Trades, 78. 
 
 Metal Trades, 20. 
 
 Mining Industry, 82. 
 
 Printing Trades, 48. 
 
 Shipbuilding Trades, 20. 
 
 Textile Industries, 69. 
 
 Travelling Benefit, 19. 
 
 Unemployed Benefit, 18. 
 
 Waterside Labour, 89. 
 
 Woodworking Trades, 78. 
 
 Miscellaneous Industries, 85. 
 Trade Unions which paid Out of Work 
 
 Benefit in 1891, Table of, 410. 
 
 Training Farm at Langley, 178. 
 
 Travelling Bejiefit {see also under names 
 of Trade Societies), 19. 
 
 Tuners, Huddersfield and Dewsbury So- 
 ciety of Power-Loom, 72. 
 
 Twisters, Beamers, and Drawers (Black- 
 burn District) Amalgamated Associa- 
 tion of, 71. 
 
 Typographical Association, 59. 
 
 Typographical Association, Scottish, 63. 
 
 Typographical Provident Society, Dublin, 
 
 64. 
 Typographical Society, Leeds, 63. 
 
 " Unemployed " : 
 
 Ambiguity of term, 7. 
 
 Various significations, 9. 
 Unemployed Benefit, 18, 410. 
 
 (S'ee also under names of Trade and 
 Friendl}^ Societies.) 
 Unemployed, General Classification of 
 
 agencies dealing with, 12. 
 Upholsterers, London Amalgamated 
 
 Society of, 81. 
 Upholsterers' Trade Society, London, 81. 
 
 Veenhuizen Penal Colony, 317. 
 
 Want of Employment, meaning and 
 
 classification of, 7. 
 Warehousemen's Provident Society, 
 
 Huddersfield, 73. 
 Warehouses, Registries for Women and 
 
 Girls in, 121. 
 Warpdressers, Manchester Association of, 
 
 71. 
 Watermen and Lightermen, Amalgamated 
 
 Society of, 89. 
 Waterside Labour, 89. 
 Weavers, Northern Counties Amalgamated 
 
 Associations of, 70. 
 Weavers, West Riding of Yorkshire Asso- 
 ciation of Power-Loom, 72. 
 Westminster Labour Bureau, 111, 115. 
 Westmoreland Labour Colony, 179. 
 Wilhelmsdorf Labour Colony, 290. 
 Willemsoord Labour Colony, 312. 
 Wolverhampton Labour Bureau, 103, 118. 
 Women's Registries, 120. 
 Woodworking Trades, 78. 
 Wortel Labour Colony, 321. 
 
 Young Servants, Metropolitan Association 
 for Befriending, 122. 
 
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