*^ 9 9 9 a 9 ORONHYATEKHA, M.D., S.C.R., Illustrious Commander, Royal Foresters. COL. ALONZO B. CALDWELL, P.S.C.R. ; Founder of the Order. HISTORY OF THE Independent Order of Foresters BY ORONHYATEKHA, M.D., fl Supreme Chief Ranger. HUNTER, ROSE & COMPANY. 1894. / ," ^76 3 O7 Eatered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, by Oronhyatekha, Supreme Chief Ranger, at the Department of Agriculture. printed and bound by Hunter, Rose & Company, TORONTO. PREFACE. -t-^^^-^ UR faith that the Independent Order of Foresters will, in time, be one of the greatest Fraternal Benefit Societies in existence, scattering untold blessings wherever it may be established, is so strong that we have persuaded ourselves that manv will hp. crlnxl -t.-n-mok i-r^- *<- :hi:r:rj^tj^. Page 253, for " 253, " " 253, ' " 311, " " 335, " " 405, " " 405, " " 479, " " 495, " " 583, " " 599, ' ^' 862, W. Hickey, read W. R. Hickey. J. Dunfield, read J. Dunfield, M.D. A. S. Wickwan, read A. S. Wickware. M. B. Mallony, read M B. Mallory. W. S. Linton read T. H. Little, M.D. W. E. A. Faigney, read W. E. A. Faichney. E. W. Chafeir, read E. W. Chafin. Theo. MacGillivray, read Theo. McGillivray. J. W. Stock, read J. W. Stocks. W. R. Francis, Hifrh Chief Ranger Md., read P. J. Spenzer, read P. I. Spenzer. Ninth line, for death rate of 5.47, read 5.45 +. W. R. Francis, P.H.C.R. Ind. of the Eight Worthy High Court of Ontario, for one or two important links in the history of the Order. The sketches of some of the leaders we have been unable to obtain, while unfortunately a few have been mislaid by the publishers ; and as we cannot longer delay the History we are obliged to go to press without them. We hope we shall soon be called upon to issue a new edition when we trust to 975797' Fib 3 Oy PRINTED AND BOV'ND BY HiTNTBP, ROSE & Company, TORONTO. PREFACE. UR faith that the Independent Order of Foresters will, in time, be one of the greatest Fraternal Benefit Societies in existence, scattering untold blessings wherever it may be established, is so strong that we have persuaded ourselves that many will be glad, in time to come, to have the early re- cords of " our I. 0. F." compiled and placed together in the form of a history, so that future generations of Foresters may have it in their power to make themselves familiar with the rise and progress of the Order, and study the ups and downs which it experienced in its early days. Fortunately we have been able to secure all of the early records with- out any break, from the Convention of the 16th and 17th June, 1874, at Newark, New Jersey, (and which resulted in the founding of the Order), down to the present time, thus enabling us to gather all the facts in this history, from official and authentic sources. We are largely indebted to the founder of the Order, Col. A. B. Caldwell, for many of the early records. We are also under obliga- tions to James Hooper, Esq., of Winnipeg, one of the charter members of the Eight Worthy High Court of Ontario, for one or two important links in the history of the Order. The sketches of some of the leaders we have been unable to obtain, while unfortunately a few have been mislaid by the publishers ; and as we cannot longer delay the History we are obliged to go to press without them. We hope we shall soon be called upon to issue a new edition when we trust to 975797' iv PREFACE, have all the sketches in their order. The book has attained much larger dimensions than at first contemplated, but we hope that the information given especially regarding the standard " Mortality Tables " and the bird's-eye view, if we may be allowed the expression, of con- temporary Societies, will be of service not only to Foresters but to Fraternal Society men generally. The Author. Toronto, Canada, 2nd April, 1894. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. -^>^ PAGE Adams, Jag., D.S.C.R., Ont 405 Agnew, Jno., High Treas., P.E.I 857 Aitken, Hon. D. D. S.V.C.R 471 Aplin, Gen. H. H., D.S.C.R., High Inspector, Michigan 287 Backhouse, A. H., P.H. Coun , Ont. 527 Barclay, L. T., High Counsellor. Ont. 253 Bartram, W. H., P.H. Coun., Ont... 335 Botterell, E., P.H.C.R., P.S.C.R... 107 Bowerman, James, D.S.C.R 527 Boynton, Hon. N. S , D.S C.R 487 Brown, W. H., High Counseller, Mo. 623 Butler, Thos.,P.D.H.C.R 463 Caldwell, Col. A, B Frontispiece. Calvert, J. C, H. Sec, New Jersey. 767 Campbell, A. F., M.P.P., D.S.C.R. 543 Campbell, Rev. G. M., D.S.C.R 639 Card, D. M., D.S.C.R 735 Carey, Rev. Canon W,B., M A., D.S. C.R., Past Supreme Chaplain 631 Carothers, Judge R. M., P. H. C. R.. High Sec, N. D 535 Carver, P. W., High Coun., P.E.I.. .. 857 Challes, G. E., D.S.C.R 383 Chaflin, E W., P.G.C.T., P.H.C.R., Wis 405 Chambers, J., High Secretary, Mich. 607 Chiswell. S. Southern, D. S. C. R., High Chief Ranger, Vlirl-Ensjland. . 727 Clark, E. D., M.D., High Physician, Ont 351 Clark, C. E., M.D., High Physician, Missouri 495 Clarke, J. M., High Secretary, P.E.I. 857 Gierke, H. S., M.D., D.S.C.R., Ont. 623 Coleman, Le Baron, H.C.R.,N,B.. 759 Collins. Rev. E., Past High Chaplain, Mich 319 Collins, H. A., H.V.C.R., Ont 335 Couch, Wm., Family of the late 40 Crawford, Jas., D.S.C.R 719 Creed. H. C, M.A,, P.H.C.R,, N.B, 823 Cruse, Oliver, D.S.C.R 527 Cummer, E. S., Past Su])reme Sec- retary 129 Cyphiot, T., M.D., High Physician, Que 311 Davey, T. G,, Supreme Treasurer. ... 169 Dickenson, G. L , Ex.-M.P. D.S.C.R. 543 Dixon, A. H., DS.C.R 295 PAGE Dodge, Newell H., High Chief Ranger, Wis 647 Drennan, W. M., Supreme Marshal 383 Dullam, Frank, High Treas. Mich.... 271 Duncan, J. S., D.S.C.R., HighSec'y., Scotland 751 Dunfield, J., M.D., Past High Physi- cian 253 Dus3eault, J. S. X., D.S C.R 703 Eastman, E. P., High Treasurer, N.B. 623 Elkins W., P.C.R.,Oot 6.39 Ellis, Francis, Family of the Late 39 Emmerson, F. W., High Secretary. .. N.B 229 Faichney, W. E. A, D.S.C.R., H.V. C. K., New York 405 Finigan, J., D.S.C.R 479 Fitzgeraid, Judge W. W., Past High Chief Ranger, Ont 145 Fitzgerald, C. R., High Secretary, New York 623 Fleming, Atwell, High Treasurer Ont 343 Francis, W. R., High Chief Ranger, Ind .^83 Frise, J. A., P.H.C.R., Mich 767 Frost, W. B.. P.H. Coun., Ont. D.S. OR 655 Garges, Milton. High Sec, Minn.. . . 607 Gibbens, H., D.S.C.R 383 Gosselin, A.. D.S. C.R 719 Green, Wm., D.H.C.R. for Toronto. 367 Greer, B. W., D.S.C.R., Supreme Auditor 79 Griffith, Wm., P.H.C.R., Past Su- preme Vice-Chief Ranger 213 Grover, Jas., D.S.C.R 703 Groves, G. M., M.D., P.H.P.. Ont. . . 295 Halkett, J. B., P.S.V.C.R., Hi-h Secretary, Ontario 197 Hall, C. S., D.SCR 511 Harper, G. A., P.H.C.R., American agent of Supreme Court 359 Haydon, R. W., D.S.C.R 639 Haymaker, K. v., P.H.O.R., Ohio... 607 Hearn, E. J., Past High Counsellor, Ont 253 Hetherington, E. M.,P.H.C.R., Mis- souri 495 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Hetherington, G A., M.D., P.S.V.C. R 1735 Hey wood, ReV. ' Thos.'," T>. S. c". R.' '. '.' '. '. '. 735 Hickey, W. R , Past High Vice-Chief Ranger, Ont 253 Hodgson, John, D.S.C.R 367 Hoke, Judge W. B., P.S.C.R 89 Holm an, Geo. W., P.D.H.C.R 383 Hyett, W. T., High Treasurer, Wales 751 Johnson, S. H., P.H.C.R., New York 639 Joslyn, Lee E., H.C.R., Mich 711 Keating, G., D.S.C.R 527 Kirkpatrick, Lieut. -Gov., Ont 815 Lawless, Thos., Supreme Auditor 367 Linton, Hon. W. S D.S.C.R 319 Little, T, H., M.D., D.S,C.R 335 Lloyd, Thos. H., High Coun, Ont 351 Lowrie, W. H., D.S.C.R 463 Macgillivray, Rev. Alex., High Chief Ranger, Ont 575 MadiU, Frank, M. P., D.S.C.R 479 Malins, Joseph, D.S.C.R.., 751 Malins, Joseph, H. C. R., Mid-Eng- land 447 Mallory, M. B.,M.D., D.S.C.R 311 Marsh, E. T., H.V.C.R., Min-Eng... 857 Marter, G. F., M.P.P., D.S.C.R.... 735 Martin, J. M., M. D., High Chief Ranger, P.E.I 695 Marshall, Jas., H.C.R.,; General Man- ager Great Britain and Ireland 423 Mathison, R., D.S.C.R. 327 Meek, R., D.S.C.R 237 Merryfield, C. H., D,D.H.C,R., Ont. 405 Millar, David, D.S.C.R., Past High Chief Ranger, Ont 591 Millman, Thos., M.D,, Supreme Phy- sician . . 157 Milne, A. R., Past High Chief Ranger 245 Milne, Wm. S., High Auditer, Ont... 703 Monroe, R. G., D.S.C.R., High Chief Ranger, N. S 559 Morgan, S. E., M.D., Member Med- ical Board 295 Morin, Victor, D.S.C.R 719 Mowat, Hon. Sir Oliver, Q.C., LL.D. K.C.M.G 783 McArthur, Colin, Past High Coun. . . 303 McCann, J. S. R., H. Aud., Ont. . . . 367 McCaughan, Rev. W. J., D.S.C.R., H.C.R., North Ireland 439 McCleneghan, Maj. A.R.,P.H.V.C.R. 99 McConnell, J., M.D., Sup. Sw. Br.. 671 McCready, J. E. B.,P.H.C.R., EUtor St. John Daily Telegraph 203 McDermand, C. A., HC.R., Ill 663 McDougall, Ronald, D.S.C.R.. Dep. Supreme Secretary, Great Britain and Ireland 431 PAGE McElfresh, G. A., H.C.R., Cal 679 McGillivray, John A., Q.C., Supreme Secretary 119 McGillivray. Theo. A., D.S.C.R 479 McGinley, Hon. C. H., P.H.V.C.R., Mich 319 McKee, A.^M., D.S.C.R 463 McPherson, Jno. G., P.D.H.C.R 511 Oronhyatekha, in Indian costume 61 Oronhyatekha Frontispiece. Oronhyatekha, Acland, D.S.C.R., P. Supreme Mess 479 Parish, Geo., D.S.C R 335 Parker, Col. B. F., D.S.C.R 858 Paterson, Col. N.F.,Q.C., P.H.C.R., General Superintendent, Great Brit- ian and Ireland 413 Perry, W. H., High Secretary, Cal.. 511 Phillips, Frank L., P.C,R 271 Procter, Geo., P.H.C.R 261 Rae, W., D.S.C.R 279 Riddell, J. L., D.S.C.R 767 Rose, Daniel, D.S.C.R, P.S.J.C. .. . 671 Rose, Dan. A., I). S. C. R., Business Manager, The Forester 743 Ross, Hon. Geo. W., D.S.C.R 807 Scott, Alex., D. S. C. R., High Treas- urer, Scotland 751 Scrobie, Alex. R., D.D.H.C.R 279 Scroggie, Geo 351 Simpson, Louis, D. S. C.R 719 Skillen, W. E., C.D.H.C.R 543 Smith, Frank, High Treasurer, Que.. 671 Sonntag, H. O., D.S.C.R 607 Spenzer, P. L, H.C.R., Ohio 599 Sperce, G., D.S.C.R 495 Strathearn, Peter, H.C.R., Que. .... 687 Stern, Hon. Judge Jacob, H. 0. R., New York 375 Stevenson, A. E., D.S.C.R 858 Stewart, D., P.H.C.K., P.E.I 858 Stocks, J. W., D.S C.R , High Secre- tary, Que 495 Stone, Wm., D.S.C.R 858 Stockwell, O. P., H. Coun., N.Y 511 Sweatman, Rt. Rev. Dr 791 Switzer, H. F 351 Thomas, Rev. H. A.. P. H. Coun., Ont 279 Thomas, J. Parker, D.S.C.R 279 Thompson, W. F. H., D.S.C.R,, High Vice-Chief Ranger, Wales 455 Tietenberg, Louis P., H.V.C.R., New York 271 Twamley, James, P.H.C.R., N.D.... 551 Wade, A. V D.S.C.R., High Secre- tary, N. S 311 Waddell, Thos. , H. C.R., Man .567 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Vll PAGE Walsh, Rev. Wm., D. S. C. R., Past Suprenre Chaplain 503 Walters. Prof. W. H., D.S.C.R -543 Ward, M. C, xM.D., C. M., High Physician, London, Eng 775 Weeks, A. A.. D.S.C.R., Past High Marshall, Mich 319 Wedderburn, Hon. Judge W., Sup. Coun 223 Whale, C. C, D. S. C. R., Inspector, High Court, Ont 519 PAGE Wharry, Col. W. W., D.S.C.R., High Secretary, 111 391 Whitcomb, E. H., M.D., High Phy- sician, Minn 271 Wickware, A. S., D.S.C.R 295 Wilson, Geo. ]i., D.S.C.R 311 Williams, H. , D.S.C.R 463 Williamson, J. D., M.D., High Phy- sician, Ireland 703 Woodruff, H. C, N.J 767 Wyatt, W. A., High Chief Ranger, Mo, 615 ORONHYATEKHA, M.D., Supreme Chief Ranger. v. . .. * c** ** t c * -i. e c e * c c e HISTORY OF THE INDEPENDENT Oi|DEl| OF FflijESTEBS. > ? < CHAPTER I.-" ' ^ ' " CONVENTION AT WHICH IT WAS ORGANIZED HELD IN NEWARK, NEW JERSEY CONVENTION OPENED ON THE 16th JUNE, 1874 I. O. F. INSTITUTED 17tH JUNE, 1874 AND THE CAUSES THAT LED TO ITS INSTITUTION. HE Ancient Order of Foresters sometimes called the " English Order of Foresters " had its origin in Knarsborough, England, in 1745. In 1864 its first court was planted in America by the institution of Court Brooklyn No. 4421, in Brooklyn, New York. Ten years afterward, viz., in 1874, there were 64 of its courts in existence in various parts of the United States, all being govern- ed, as the Order was governed in Great Britain, by the High Court of England. As early as 1871 an agitation had arisen in America, having in view the establishment of a Subsidiary High Court for the United States, whose chief function would be the speedy disposal and settlement of disputes of a domestic nature, arising in any of the courts located within the United States, subject of course to an appeal for final adjudication to the mother High Court in England. After the petition for a Subsidiary High Court had been thrown out several times by the mother High Court, the agitation changed to one for separation from the High Court of England, and the establishment of an " Inde- pendent " High Court for the United States, and in the early 10 HISTORY OF THE part of 1874 this agitation culminated in the establishment of Court Independence No. 1, at the "Cave," 799 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey, on the 24th March, 1874, by Bro. Thomas Matts and others. This was followed soon after by a call to all who favored " Independence " to assemble in " National Conven- tion " on the 16th June, 1874, at Newark, New Jersey. The history of the events connected with this convention, which resulted in the birth of " The Independent Order of For- esters," we prefer to give in the language of our venerable Brother Col. A. B. Caldwell, " Most Worthy High Chief Ranger," which ,\f7?i',the titje;gi^i^ \,o the first Supreme Chief Ranger, and which title contiAu(5(l'tt)'' be used till the session of the Supreme Coiti't; li^Id xri Loificjorif, Canada, 1879, when its title was changed from "TheMost Worthy High Court" to "The Supreme Court," and the title of the Chief was changed from " Most Worthy High Chief Ranger" to Supreme Chief Ranger," and those of the officers below him from " Right Worthy High Vice-Chief Ranger,'* " Right Worthy High Permanent Secretary," etc., to " Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger" and " Supreme Secretary," etc. Foresters of to-day will probably smile at the " spread-eagle- ism " of our first Chief, in his address, delivered at the first an- nual convocation of the I. O. F. subsequent to its organization, but when one considers the environments of the Most Worthy High Chief, one is not surprised at the language used by the dis- tinguished brother, and one would be surprised, if the severe twisting of the British Lion's tail, given in the addresss, did not produce the desired efiect. In order that the reader may under- stand some of the language used in the address, it may be here explained, that soon after the organization of the I. O. F., a dis- pute arose as to who should be credited with the title of " Founder" of the Order. By some it was claimed that Bro. Thos. Matts, of Court Independence, No. 1, was justly entitled to the honor. That this claim was not altogether groundless is shown by the facts given by Bro. Col. A. B. Caldwell himself, in the following : The " Royal Order of Foresters," from which the I.O.F. sprang in 1874, was founded at Knarsborough, England in 1745, and in 1834, in a convention at Rochdale, the name was changed to that of *' The Ancient Order of For- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 11 esters " still the title of the original Order in England. In 1864, the first regular Ancient Court was planted in this country, that of Court Brooklyn, No. 4,421, in Brooklyn City, State of New York. During ten years in America, 1864-1874, the Ancient Order, according to their published statis- tics . possessed only 68 courts, all working under dispensations granted by the High Court of the British government. Your High Chief Ranger, A. B. Caldwell, having united with the Ancient Order at N. Y. City in 1870, became at once restless and dissatisfied with the arbitrary laws, and general mismanagement of that Order in this coun- try, and he soon commenced agitating Independent Forestry. He visited the various courts in New York and Brooklyn, and Newark, N. J. , and ap pealed to the brethren everywhere to withdraw from the English Jurisdic- tion, and establish an Independent American High Court. Being invited to deliver an address in Court Brooklyn, he used these words at the close, which met with a hearty response from the large gathering present : "Do they forget what the Colonies did with English dictation in Revolu- tionary times cut loose from British rule and declared for self-government ; do they forget what Oddfellowship did in 1819 separate from the 'Man- chester Unity,' and build up a greater brotherhood of men than they on American soil ? So will we, the Foresters in this conntry. If this district does not strike the first blow for our fraternal rights, the Past Chiefs of the United States, like the Past Grands of the Oddfellowship, will be called into convention, and a High Court, not a ' second fiddle ' subsidiary concern, will be organized, like the United States Grand Lodge of Oddfellows in 1821. Then it will not take four months before we can get supply goods after an order has been given, as our dealing with a self -inflated shaw-cross and a pompous English executive council will be at an end, and our dispensations will reach new courts sometime before the Millenium ! We will have a constitution to work under instead of that bundle of British inconsistencies called ' general laws,' which, to a novice, are as intelligible as the criddle of the Sphinx.' Away with all * foreign influence ' in building up Forestry in America. Let the Patrick Henry cry go out among the Forestric breth- ren from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Maine to Georgia ' Give us lib- erty or give us death ! ' We want no more Forestry dealt out to us from England in homoeopathic doses. We want something feasible, practicable something by which we can stir-up * Young America. ' The blessed principles of charity are divine, moral, natural rights, given to all mankind alike. Cut loose then, I say, from the arbitrary and despotic power of England, and nail your Forestric Standard of Freedom on the pedestal of every court in the United States, and send the glad tidings to thousands of anxious Foresters in this land of Washington. They want no subsidiary High Courts now they will have nothing less than an Inde- pendent High Court of America." The spirit of Independence at once took deep root, and the Ancient 12 HISTORY OF THE leaders were alarmed, but the matter of secession was temporarily checked by a proposed compromise the Ancients and Independents uniting in a petition to the High Court of England for a Subsidiary High Court, with full power to enact their own code of laws, and adopt their own system of general management. The petition was sent over, but was insolently de- nied barely receiving any consideration our Trans- Atlantic brethren de- claring that we were ' incapable of Home Rule. ' "This unexpected treatment aroused the Independents to a high pitch of indignation, and was also received by the Ancients with great mortificatk>n and discontent, many of them, in the 'New York and Brooklyn United Districts' openly avowing themselves henceforth and forever on the side of the Independent cause. The District Chief Ranger, Ernest A. Levy, called a special meeting of the District to consider the situation, when your High Chief Ranger seized upon the favorable opportunity, and j)re. sented to the meeting the following preamble and resolutions, which, after a stormy debate were nearly unanimously adopted at midnight, on Sept. 12th, 1873 : " Whereas we have learned with pain, mortification and humiliation that our last petition for a Subsidiary High Court in America has been denied by the Executive Council and the High Court of England ; and ' * Wliereas our petitions on previous occasions, for the same purpose, have all met with a similar fate ; and ** Whereas the enactment of a 5-6 rate last year, promising a High Court in this country, was only 'a delusion and a snare,' and it is now evident that our request will never be granted during the lifetime of the pampered Per- manent Secretary, or a Parliamentry Agent Pinchbeck ; and *' Whereas our trans- Atlantic brethren are unjustly prejudiced against this district, and have unfairly and insolently treated us through their represen- tatives in the proceedings of the High Court, notwithstanding full and satis- factory explanations have been made, and every redress of grievances in our power has been rendered to those in this country who had suffered by all or any conceivable mismanagement of the early administration ; and ' ' Whereas the delegates of this district, now in convention assembled, be- lieving that Forestry as a benevolent Order can never much further advance in this country by the present vexatious system of obtaining supply goods, and under the complex and arbitrary English Gene'al Laws, which are un- suited to the sentiment or practical use of Americans, so as to impart to the brethren of this country, as do the laws of our land, the cherished principles of self-government ; and believing also that a High Court in Ameri a, with State jurisdictions under it, parcelling out dist ict jurisdictions, as in the case of other kindred societies, can be maintained or sustained, so as to give For- estry in this country a higher rank, and be taken hold of by more talent, and lend it an impetus incalculable, by spreading its magic influence in every hamlet and town in our large domain ; and believing as we do that the prin- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 13 ciples of charity and benevolence are divine, and inherent rights given by- God to all His people alike, and not intended by Him to be limited to Euro- pean powers, and dealt out by England to America begrudgingly, and by in- finitesimal portions, as has been done to this district (since its formation in 1869) by the red-tape machinery of our British brethren ; Therefore, be it *' Besulvedj - That the New York and Brooklyn United District, herein by its delegates assembled, do hereby declare its independence in Forestry by severing its allegiance to, and all connection with, the High Court and the Executive Council of England of the ' Ancient Order of Foresters,' and shall henceforth transact all business as best suits its taste and convenience, for the benefit of the brethren in this district, without the aid, dictation, or counsels of the English Order ; and be it further ^^ Resolved, That while we have thus disconnected this district from all allegiance to the Forestric powers of Great T ritain, it shall be our pride and pleasure to be able to receive in continued fellowship our English brethren, and to aid them as usual in sickness and distress, and in the private walks of life." The District Officers were ordered to call a National Convention, in view of founding an American High Court, and Pythagoras Hall, New York, was named for such purpose on the 16th Oct., 1873. But this movement was soon frustrated. Several deaths had previously occurred in the district, and the District Treasurer, together with the District Trustees, being all opposed to Independence, absolutely refused to pay over any of the endowment money. As there was no civil law to compel these payments, the District Court not being incorporated under State law, the Dis- trictChief, at the solicitation of your High Chief, calleda special meeting, when your High Chief, after giving charitable reasons for retracing his steps for the present, moved a reconsideration of the previous vote, which was unanimously carried, and four or five widows were subsequently paid their several endow- ments, when Independence became rampant again, and the various courts in the district, at their meetings, freely discussed the question of secession. The subject remained in statu quo until the spring of 1874, when your High Chief was invited to address an Independent club in Newark, N J. He went thither, at No. 867 Broad-St. , and addressed the club which had styled itself Court Independence, No. 1. He presented the membe. s with a written call for a Foresters' Convention, which they signed, together with Club General Kearney, and which call was soon signed by various courts in New York, Troy, and elsewhere, to the number of nearly 500 Ancient Foresters. The call for a National Convention was made to assemble at Liberty Hall, in Newark, on the 16th day of June, 1874, and the Most Worthy High Court was founded on the 17th day of the same month, "^ * * It appears that the agitation of Independence in New York City had attracted the attention of some Odd- fellow friends and a few Ancients at Harrison, N.J., and they, on the 1st day of June, 1873, assembled, organized a club, and called it ' ' Court General 14 HISTORY OF THE Kearney, No. 1, Independent Order of Foresters, of the State of New Jersey." They elected officers with the titles of the Ancient Order, and the following names constituted the court : W. Smith, E. Hazleton, R. Heelis, G. West, G. Wain, E. Hopkins, E. Matthews, John Scanlon, C. Owen, R. Bradshaw, O. Donnell, M. Fallen and T. McGrath. Subsequently, on the 20th day of January, 1874, pursuant to call issued by Bro. Thos. Matts, who had just withdrawn from the Ancient Order, four persons, namely, Thos. Matts, James Jenkins, Wm. Lear and James Green, appeared at ** The Cave," 799 Broad- St., and, after discussing Independent Forestry, adjourned until Janimry 27th, when the following enrolled themselves, and organized into a club of Independent Foresters, namely: Thos. Matts, James Jenkins, Wm. Lear, M. C. Green, Edwin G. Moore, James Nabb, Samuel Cohen, James Green, Henry Romer, John Matts, George Atkins, John Gaskell, Joseph Winter and Henry Billings. This club then elected their officers, as follows : Thos. Matts, as District Chief Ranger ; James Jenkins, C.R. ; Wm. Lear, V.C.R ; John Gaskell, Sec; Morris C. Green, Treas. ; E. G. Moore, S.W. ; Joseph Winter, J.W. ; James Nabb, S.B. ; Henry Romer, J.B. ; Dr. S. S, Lyons, Court Physician. On the 24th day of March, 1874, the court met again at 867 Broad-St., 36 members being present, when D. C.R. Thos. Matts, self- instituted the club as Court Independence, No. 1, and installed its officers. They adopted a ritual varying but little from the Ancient Order. On the 20th day of April, 1874, Court General Kearney was formally in- stituted by Court Independence, No. 1, and was given a written dispensation as Court No. 2. On the 10th June, 1874, Court Independence, No. 1, insti- tuted Court United States as No. 3, of New York City, and gave them a written dispensation. Thus it would appear that, at the time of the Convention on the I7th June, 1874, there were actually in existence three courts of the Independent Order of Foresters, and one can understand why the friends of Bro. Thos. Matts should have put forward a claim that he was really the founder of the Order. The title, however, of founder of Independent Forestry has been, by gen- eral consent, accorded to Col. A. B. Caldwell, and as the master mind that moulded the discontented elements in the A.O.F. into an organized body, and led them to success, he undoubtedly has the best claim to the distinction of " Founder of the Order." There can be no disputing the fact that our venerable and distinguished Brother was the head and front of the Order at its organization and till he resigned the Supreme Secretaryship in 1880, and that to his indomitable energy and push is due very much of the suc- cess of the Order in its earlier days. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 15 He was the first Supreme Chief Ranger, or rather the first " Most Worthy High Chief Ranger," which office he held for a year, and then became Supreme Secretary, which position he held till he resigned it in 1880. The birth-place of Bro. Caldwell was Albany. He received a very liberal education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857. Since that time he has devoted his energies to his pro- fession and to journalism, and for recreation he took a hand in politics and benevolent society work. As a politician, he has rendered signal service to his party. He has always been known, as he terms himself, a " hard shell Democrat." A friend informs us that he has voted for every Democratic candidate for President, commencing with Lewis Cass, in 1848. That he often voted with the minority, did not in any way chill his enthusiasm. On one occasion he was, much to his disappointment, unable to record his vote. A flood had destroyed the railway track, and he was unable to get home from a stumping tour in time to deposit his ballot. The Col. has held many prominent positions in his party, such as delegate to state conventions, chairman of two state asso- ciations, chairman of city committees, etc. In 1862, Governor Horatio Seymour appointed him Assistant Inspector-General of New York, for his well-known knowledge of military affairs, and in two years he organized and inspected 42,000 of the National Guard. In 1870 he removed to New York, where he resided for a season, devoting a considerable portion of his time to journalism. He was editor of Mount Vernon Democrat, and managing editor of the New York News. The Colonel may very properly be called a "joiner." He has passed the portals of at least twenty fraternal and benevolent so- cities. According to the Grand Lodge Report of 1877, of the Knights of Pythias, the adopting of the endowment rank in that powerful organization is largely due to his influence. In 1872, Brother Caldwell became a member of the Ancient Order of Foresters. He was soon made a lecturer of the Order, and when visiting courts, he pointed out how the Order might be made more useful. He moulded many to his way of thinking. Of course he met with vigorous opposition. He was accused of 16 HISTORY OF THE "preaching secession," and was threatened with expulsion. He told the obstinate ones that he would soon save them all that trouble, as he was going to leave them, so when he thought everything was ripe, he went into the Brooklyn and United District Convention, offered resolutions declaring for Independent Forestry, and carried them by eight majority. It was a great triumph. In a few evenings after, his own court declared for " Liberty, Benevolence, and Concord.'' He then called a conven- tion at Newark, New Jersey, June 16th, 1874, and was met by Foresters from four States, and then and there founded the In- dependent Order of Foresters, with Col. Caldwell as Most Worthy High Chief Ranger. No endowment was created then. At the next session held at Philadelphia, October 19th, 20th, and 21st, 1875, Bro. Caldwell presented the ten cent plan of endowment, which was adopted. This gave to the beneficiary of a member ten cents from each member in good standing, the total benefit not to exceed S1,000. He was elected Supreme Secretary at this session, and retired at the Boston session of the Supreme Court in 1880, when the Supreme Court adopted the following resolution by a standing vote : Besolved, That the thanks of this Supreme Lodge be tendered to our much- beloved and highly respected brother, A. B. Caldwell, as founder of this Order, for his distinguished services, and for his honorable, high-toned, and trustworthy character in the capacity of Supreme Secretary. The Order of W^ Independent Order of Foresters at large owes him a debt of gratitude that never will be forgotten. May his days of usefulness never cease, and when he shall have been gathered to his fathers, may his memory be ever cherished as long as time itself. Bro. Caldwell regards to-day with the liveliest satisfaction, the magnificent structure that has been reared on the foundation that he laid with so much enthusiasm. To our Supreme Chief of to-day, he gives his loyal and hearty support, and when the opportunity affords, his facile pen and eloquent tongue are active in promoting the interests of the Order in whose early history he played so conspicuous and creditable a part. He stands to live to see the I. O. F. the strongest, as it is undoubtedly the best. Fraternal Society in the world. INDEPENDEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 17^ From the records of the convention of the members of the Ancient Order of Foresters, held on the 16th and I7th June, 1874, at Newark, New Jersey, we take the following : Pursuant to published call, signed by nearly 500 members of the Ancient Order of Foresters, inviting all Foresters in the United States, a National Convention was convened at Liberty Hall, Newark, N.J., on the evening of the 16th June, 1874. The convention was called to order by the Past Chief Ranger, A. B. Cald- well, of Court Empire City, New York, and the spirit animating the m.em- bers of the convention may be gathered from the following extracts from the address of the chairman : Brethren, Delegates of the Convention, Having been empowered by the Committee of Arrangements to call this convention to order, I now do so, and in performing this pleasurable and honorable duty, I must say that it is the proudest hour of my life, standing, as I now do, upon the rostrum of the most beautiful hall in Newark City, lo- cated on the soil of a state which inspired American heroes to victory at Trenton, Princeton and Monmouth, in the days of the Revolution ; and when now those fond memories cluster around me, and gladden my inmost soul, I gaze upon your earnest, upturned faces, and see upon them the impress of the same heroic spirit which animated the patriot Henry to utter the im- mortal expression, " Give me li'^erty or give me death ! " We have assembled here to-day to commence the great and good work of American progress in Forestry ; to pluck out the tares from the wheat, to ex- tract the thorns from the rose or, in less metaphorical language, to Ameri- canize Forestry in the land of Washington. In performing this reformatory^ duty, it is not our desire to destroy the " Ancient " Order, but to 1 uild it up, and to accomplish our high missiop, we intend to place means in the hands of our Ancient brethren in this country, and let them improve and progress that venerable and honorable Order, even against their prejudiced and non- progressive leaders. When our forefathers in colonial times asked for liberty, which was denied to them, they assembled in convention and resoh ed to take it ; so do we we are here for a similar purpose. Once we asked by petition^ and twice by our votes, for a Subsidiary High Court, and thrice have we been denied. We will not take that now. We are going to do better, by rearing a great Temple of American Liberty of our own, a Forestric edifice, a United States High Court, one that will rule us as sovereigns and not as serfs, by a Constitution, and not by arbitrary "General Laws," and during its liberal and fraternal administration will see that we are governed by justice, tem- pered with mercy. We are confronted with being "Secessionists," " Malcontents," etc. Well, call us what you please, my kind friends, only do not attribute to us any longer the humiliation of bowing the knee to the image of the British Baal im 18 HISTORY OF THE this, the " Land of the Free and Home of the Brave ! " We may be truly- called combatants, as we war against prejudice and vice, whether found in the Ancient Order or out of it, and we are emboldened the more to combat preju- dice when we read those beautiful lines of Thomson, so inappropriately in- scribed upon the frontispiece of the English *' General Laws : * -jf -H- -if- Determined, hold Your independence ; for that once destroy'd, Unfounded freedom is a morning dream. That flits aerial from the spreading eye. " \ I say then, Independents, that by remaining with the Ancient Order we could have nothing but "unfounded freedom," so let those advisory lines nerve us on to the combat, and henceforth *' hold our independence " by un- furling our banner of "Liberty, Benevolence and Concord," and defy the brazen opposition of autocratic rule. Some of those benighted leaders, who prefer darkness rather than light, forget not their home prejudices, and cannot see much good in this great country, assume that the ' ' General Laws " are not as arbitrary as we contend. Let us to the proof. We charge, then, that the Chief Ranger of every court is an autocrat ; and it matters not how much kindliness of heart he possess- es^ or how willing he is to be libetal, the "General Laws " compel him to be an autocrat. No member can appeal from his decision and bring it for discussion before the court, and allow the members to decide upon the ques- tion. Do you call that arbitrary ? If the Chief Ranger puts a motion to the court, which in substance may be defined in the "General Laws," he is liable to expulsion ! Is that arbitrary % If a brother happens to be in arrears for dues for the space of two quarters, no matter how unfortunate he may have been in business or through poverty, and he is taken sick, he is turned away as being " unfinancial," and deprived of weekly benefits ! A law that would thus, like a heartless Insurance Company, technically deprive a poor sick brother of his weekly pittance, is arbitrary, unjust and cruel, and should be spurned with contempt by every American citizen. So, too, if a court hap- pens to be a little in arrears for dues, notwithstanding the enormous charges made by the Ancient District Courts, that court is declared "unfinancial," and the poor widow of a deceased brother, who happened to die just then, is deprived of her endowment as well as the funeral expenses wherewith to bury her dead husband ! Do you call that arbitrary, or robbery, or both ? The Arbitration Committee of a court makes dkfitial report and the court has no power to amend or reject it, nor substitute a minority for the majority report. Is that arbitrary ? The powers delegated to a District Court by the "General Laws" are as arbitrary as those used in a Subordinate Court, and s. hundred similar instances may be cited to show the autocratic rule wielded over the votaries of the Ancient Order. Is it any wonder then that we are here assembled for the purpose of throwing off the yoke of oppression, and INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 19 declaring ourselves '"Free and Independent?" Did our forefathers not do the same ? Are we better than they ? Should we be less wise or patriotic ? Should we not strenuously oppose arbitrary laws, unjust legislation, and British subjugation ? Have we not been dealt with harshly, with intoler- ance, with deception ? And when we have asked for self-government, have we not been treated uncourteously and unfraternally ? Is there any tie which should bind us longer to those despotic rulers, who for thirty contin. uous years have even domineered over our Trans- Atlantic brethren ? In the last High Court of England murmurs of discontent arose, and several dis- tricts rebelled against the unfraternal treatment by the insolent and pamper- ed Sharcross, but their complaints were drowned by the arbitrary gavel ! Freedom of speech was muzzled there, and the mouth of the press, which derives its nourishment from the Forestric crib, was sealed ! Brave, noble and generous-hearted Englishmen, who are here with us to-day to strike for * Home Rule," know that I speak the truth and utter their own sentiments. We propose to lay before this honorable body a code of laws that will rem- edy all *hose evils complained of. In those laws will be found everything de- vised for liberality, frugality and progression in American Forestry. When the constitutions for a United States High Court, State and Territorial High Courts, District Courts, Subordinate Courts, and a Code of Procedure for the trial of offences shall be reported, discuss them freely and do not arrive at any hasty conclusion, for you will not be legislating for yourselves alone, but for posterity. In your hands^ then, my brethren, are now confided the des- tinies of Forestry in America. Have no fears over the result. The lion and the lamb will soon lie down together on this continent, and Young America will lead them. I do not love Forestry less because I desire it to be free. I revere English Forestry for its gray hairs, for its being the mother of great principles, founded in 1745, and rearing a family of half a million, providing them with over 5,003 snug homes, and a fortune of $10,000,000. But how is it in this country ? When, after several years' struggling, here we have about eighty courts and not over 3,000 members! Call you that progression.? Must we keep on tilling the same soil which produces us so little ? The prin- ciples of Forestry are not to blame for the non-progression it is the " Gen- eral Laws," which so arbitrarily govern us. They are unsuited to the tastes and wants of our American people. It was the same with the * ' Manchester Unity " of Oddfellows, when it came here from England. Thomas Wildey, an Englishman by birth, headed the Independent movement, drove out the "Manchester Unity," and how stands "American Oddfellowship " to-day ? It has over 6,000 lodges, nearly half a million members, twenty millions of as- sets, and ranks first and foremost among American societies. In the same manner do we propose to progress l^orestry in this country, by supplanting the Ancient by the Independent. We have more advantage now than Independent Odd Fellowship had when they started in 1819. They had o societies to rival with but the Masons, and people were averse to 20 HISTORY OF THE secret societies on account of the unfortunate '^ Morgan excitement." To- day we have nosu.h prejudice to contend against, besides, we have hundreds of kindred societies who will also join us and fill up our ranks. I am a Mason, an Odd Fellow, a Druid, a Forester, belong to the Mystic Band of Brethren, and other kindred societies, and there is no rivalship, all join in together, and Independent Forestry, for its blessed principles, its large benefits, its novel design, and its beautiful Ritual, will grow rapidly, as it is a vast improvement upon all charitable secret societies extant. Hence we may expect reinforcements immediately from our Ancient brethren, who will join us by courts, and by opening new courts, besides our friends the Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Redmen, Kescher Shel Barzel, Free Sons of Israel, Harrugari, United American Mechanics, Bina Brith, Druids, Good Fellows, Seven Wise Men, Mystic Band of Brothers, and other societies, are expected to swell our ranks in due time, so to receive the great benefits to be derived from ours, the most liberal and tolerant institution on the globe. It needs no prophetic eye to foresee the bright destiny of this great Order. When the late English High Court denied our petition for a Subsidiary High Court in the United States, the Labor and Unity, of London, an Ancient Forestric orgap, was thus forced to exclaim : " We are afraid that the ques- tion of American Forestry will have to be met before long in a more earnest manner than has yet teen the case ; and delegates will have to make up their minds to meet it on broad and comprehensive principles. ' Home Rule ' will it needs no prophetic eye to discover be the cry of our American breth- ren, and this is the eventuality for which English Foresters will have to pre- pare themselves." The Forestric press of England foresaw the impending storm, and here we are, as predicted, to strike for " Home Rule " upon " broad and comprehen- sive principles." England is jealous of American progression, and 55 years ago she treated Odd Fellowship precisely as she now treats Forestry, rules us with an iron rod, and denies us local self-government, We hold that the principles of charity are divine, and bestowed upon all humanity alike, so we accept them from God himself, not from our mother country, to whom we are in no way indebted. The principles of Forestry are ours as much as they are Britain's, no more, no less. We love them for their simplicity and beauty, and cling to them for their truth. They teach us morality, but impose upon us no religious dogmas, nor proscribe any one for his birth-place ; they in- culcate in our hearts a reverence for the Deity, but care not whether a bro- ther worships God as a Unity or Triune. They are not intended to infuse brains into a cranium where there is no cavity for reception, nor send blood coursing through a heart of granite, nor create a man out of a beast. They only ask their votaries to be men, follow the instincts of conscious manhood, and aid each other in charity, always keeping in view the three great pillars of our Order, *^ Libe7ias, Benevolentia, et Concordia." Let us then to the work, and as we trudge along together in the humble walks of life, do not INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 21 forget what has brought us here, but bear in our minds the Websterian motto : "Liberty and Union, 7iow a,nd forever , one and inseparable." Bro. Caldwell then enquired of the convention whom they de- sired for President. Bro. Thos. Matts, of Court Independence No. 1, of New Jersey, nominated P. C. K Michael E. Goodhart, of Court Ben. Franklin, New York, who, upon the motion being put, was made an unanimous choice of the convention. Bro Caldwell named Bro. Thos. Matts, and C. R. Jas. Jenkins, to escort Bro. Goodhart to the chair. After the President's appro- priate speech, Chief Ranger Jas. Jenkins offered the following preamble and resolution, which were unanimously and vocifer- ously adopted, most of the Convention rising from their seats with enthusiasm. " Whereas the Ancient Order of Foresters having been fully tried for several years on this continent under the rule of the English ' General Laws,' and not having met with sufficient success in this country, owing to the arbi- trary and vexatious government which those laws imposed upon the Order, and believing that an Independent High Court in America, with a liberal con- stitution and wholesome laws, would better serve the tastes and wants of the American people, and supply the necessities of all the members of the Ancient Order : Therefore be it *' Resolved, That we, the delegates in Convention now assemble 1, do hereby declare ourselves Free and Independent Foresters, and resolve to proceed forthwith to the formation of an Indeper;dent High Court of the United States of America and enact such laws for its government, for ourselves and our posterity, as shall be liberal, just, and equitable." On motion of P. C. R. Caldwell, the following named Brothers were appointed by the President as a committee of seven to draft laws for the Order : A. B. Caldwell, Francis A. Davis, Mor- ris C. Green, Herman Stiefel, Henry Bowen, William Smith, and William Lear. Bro. Thos. Matts then moved a committee of seven to recom- mend High Officers to and for the High Court. The motion pre- vailed, and the Chair appointed as such committee, Bros. Thos. Matts, Samuel Gompers, William H. Britton, William Dobbs, Jacob Ankell, Dr. Silas Smith Lyons, and William Charles Nichols. 22 HISTORY OF THE SECOND DAY'S PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONVENTION. 17th DAY OF JUNE THE NEW ORDER CALLED THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FOR- ESTERS THE SUPREME BODY CALLED THE MOST WORTHY HIGH COURT TITLE OF CHIEF OFFICER, MOST WORTHY HIGH CHIEF RANGER. The convention reassembled, pursuant to adjournment, the band marching into the Hall heading the New York Delegation from the central depot. After cheers given to the delegation. President Goodhart called the convention to order, and announ- ced the report of Committees. Bro. Caldwell, Chairman of Com- mittee on Laws, made report of the Constitution, By-Laws, and Rules of Order for the M. W. High Court; Constitution, By- Laws, and Rules for State and Territorial High Courts; Consti- tution, By-Laws, and Rules for District Courts; Constitution, By-Laws, Rules and Code of Procedure for the trial of offences for Subordinate Courts, which, upon being read, discussed, and amended, were unanimously adopted. Bro. Matts, Chairman of Committee on High Officers, made the following report : To the Honorable the President and Delegates of the National Conven- tion of Independent Foresters : The undersigned, your committee, would respectfully beg leave to report and recommend to the convention the election of the following named Broth- ers as High officers of the Most Worthy High Court, namely : Most Worthy High Chief Ranger, Past Chief Ranger Alonzo B. Caldwell, of New York City ; Right Worthy High Vice-Chief Ranger, Past District Chief Ranger James Saunders, of Illinois ; Right Worthy High Permanent Secretary, Francis A. Davis, of New York ; Right Worthy High Treasurer, Morris C. Green, of New Jersey ; Right Worthy High Senior Woodward, William Chas. Nichols, of Pennsylvania ; Right Worthy High Junior Woodward, William Dobbs, of Maryland. Your committee have every assurance that the Brothers above named are true and Independent Foresters, are worthy and well qualified, and will ac- cept the high trusts if elected. We have divided the positions, in our judg- ment, according to merit and localities where Forestry mostly exists in the United States. The report was received and adopted, and the officers duly and unanimously elected, when the band struck up " Hail ! Columbia," INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 23 amid cheers by the convention, and thus was the Independent Order of Foresters born, under the name of the Most Worthy High Court, with the title of Most Worthy High Chief Ranger for its chief executive officer, the subordinate officers having to be satisfied with the less pretentious, though no shorter title of Right Worthy High Vice-Chief Ranger, etc. The President announced installation of officers, and appoint- ed Bros. Matts and Jenkins as High Marshals. Bro. Caldwell was duly installed, assumed the gavel, and delivered the follow- ing inaugural address : Brother Representatives : In the name of the Most Worthy High Court of the Independent Order of Foresters of the United States of America, I greet you and congratulate you upon your success in establishing a High Jurisdiction of Forestry in this our glorious land ; and from the deepest recesses of my heart do I thank you for the high honor you have conferred upon me in electing me unanimously to the Chieftainship of this High Body. I fear your choice has been influenced more from a desire to reward early advocacy of our great cause than by a consideration of any peculiar fitness which I may possess for this high, hon- orable, arduous, and responsible position. However, I accept it, and will endeavor, with the aid and assistance of the good and true Foresters you have elected as High Officers with me, to bring to this official position the fullest powers of my mind, any good qualities of heart, and all the physical energies I may possess, to progress and elevate the standard of the Indepen- dent Order of Foresters in America. To accomplish this, my brethren, I opine no easy task. Our pathway will be filled with obstructions. We will be met with difficulties on every side, but we must bear up our trials with for- titude and patriotism for the sake of suffering humanity, rely upon the just God above us in aid of our glorious mission, and never weary in well-do- ing. To a true Forester there is no delight equal to the luxury of doing good to our fellow-man. As a bright example, he must be moral, temperate, and decorous ; pay due obedience to his country's laws, and in all his deal- ings with the world he must be actuated by the golden rule of right be honest, frugal, generous, and ever '* Watching the bedside and soothing the pillows Of those who are plagued with a merciless pain. And burying those who have crossed the river. Ne'er to return to their court-rooms again. Assisting the fallen, unfortunate brother, To raise up and place him once more in the van ; Inculcating an earnest love, honor, and truth. And teaching him proudly to say, * JPm a mail I * '* 24 HISTORY OF THE Our Order is formed foi* purposes of Benevolence and Friendship. Our duty is to visit the sick, relieve the distressed, bury the dead, protect the widow, and educate the orphan. "Liberty, Benevolence and Concord," are the great cardinal pillars of our Forestric Temple ; let us then cherish them in a true, fraternal spirit, and the God of Peace and Love w^ll be with us in our labors of Charity and Friendship. There is a rich heritage before us it is not to be obtained by the spear or the sword, it is a moral conquest a mission of humanity, the extension of relief, succour, education, and moral culture. In a Republic like ours, Independent Forestry will find a congen- ial and liberal home. Here it will have an ample field for inculcating its beautiful lessons of Morality and Benevolence, and, rising above intolerance and bigotry, above the turmoils of partisanship and sectarian strife, will teach its votaries to worship at one shrine in the cause of suflfering human- ity. It is the beacon-light whose golden sheen pilots the imperilled wander- er through breakers of vice and wrong to a haven of peace and safety. In order to procure a rapid, healthful, and permanent growth of this Inde- pendent Order, something more than zeal in a worthy cause is needed. We must be thoroughly united and harmonious in our action, be cautious, wary, and brave, as well as active. Some of our Ancient brethren will at once assume hostilities towards us. The ambitious and jealous leaders will traduce and misrepresent us, and take advantage of every little imperfection ; but we must not be indiscreetly drawn into any controversy, either in an aggressive or a defensive attitude. We must not retaliate, as our mission is of Peace, Friendship, and Love to our fellow-man. We must not be angry, as "soft and gentle words turn away wrath." Let us then, my brethren, cul- tivate the familiar acquaintance, the friendly relations, the interchange of fraternal courtesies and intimate sociability with our Ancient brothers, and make them know amd feel that our true mission is Brotherly Love and not a war of persecuting rivalship or extermination. While we would feel a natural pride and pleasure in having all of them unite with us for our mutual good, we must not taunt or injure the feelings of the humblest brother by any unkind word or hasty action. Let us vie honorably and deal gently with all those who may conscientious- ly difier with us. Time and Truth will correct every error, and the Searcher of all hearts will fix the destiny of Forestry in America. The M.W.H.C.R. then installed the balance of the High elec- tive officers, who took their respective stations, when he an- nounced the following appointed officers, who were confirmed by the M.W.H.C. and duly installed :R.W.H. Marshal, Samuel Gompers, of New York; RW.H. Conductor, Henry Bowen, of New Jersey ; RW.H. Sen. Beadle, Francis Finn, of Troy, N.Y.; R. W.H. Jun. Beadle, Edward Thompson, of Ohio ; RW.H. Chap- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 25 lain, Rev. Mr. Clute, of New Jersey ; R.W.H. Messenger, Morris W. Hughes, of Pennsylvania. The M.W.H.C.R. announced the following as his District Dep- uty High Chief Rangers, who are located by counties, and who were confirmed : In Illinois James Saunders, Du Page Co.; Maryland Theophilus George, Alleghany Co.; New Jersey William Lear, Essex Co., Elmore J. Hazleton, Hudson Co.; New York Michael E. Goodhart, George A. Williams, for 12th, 19th, 23rd and 24th Wards ; Francis Finn, Rensselaer Co.; Ohio Ed- ward Thompson, Meigs Co. ; Pennsylvania William Charles Nichols, Luzerne Co.; Dr. E. N. Harpel, Schuylkill Co. Among the resolutions adopted after the organization of the Most Worthy High Court, two may be recorded, as follows : R.W.H. Per. Sec. Davis submitted the following, which was unanimously adopted with cheers : ^^ Resolved, That the Executive Council be instructed to construct a suitable Ritual, and present the same for adoption at the next High Court meeting, by which the wives, daughters, and sisters of Foresters may participate in some degree of Forestry with their relatives." C. R. George A. Williams, Court United States, offered the fol- lowing, which was declared carried : ** Resolved, That all Ancient Courts hereafter declaring themselves for In- dependence, and making application to join this Order, the Executive Council may grant them dispensations and charters (when printed) and forward the Ritual and Key to same at the price of $10." The M. W. H. Court then adjourned to meet again on the third Tuesday in October, 1875, in Philadelphia, Pa. Shortly after the organization of the High Court or " Most Worthy High Court," as it was called, a futile attempt was made to effect a reconciliation, as shown in the following correspon- dence : To Hon. Jerome Buck and Col. A. B. Caldwell, the former High Chief Ranger of the Ancient Order, and the latter High Chief Ranger of the Independent Order of Foresters. New York, March 3rd, 1875. Dear Sirs and Brothers, As you both are personal friends of mine, t take this liberty of addressing you in order to effect a reconciliation between B 26 HISTORY OF THE men and brothers, and to bring about a union of elements of Forestry in America ; and, notwithstanding how much either of you may differ with me respecting the proposition I make herein, you will accord to me sincerity of purpose and a strong and earnest desire to promote ' Unity, Benevolence and Concord ' among those whom a prejudiced misunderstanding has unfor- tunately separated. As a delegate who took an active part in the formation of the recent Subsidiary High Court, and also being prominently connected with other fraternities of similar character, I feel competent to advise, and flatter myself that my suggestions should have some weight, and believe Lean suggest facts sufficient to be entitled to the most earnest consideration and deepest reflection of both of you. It is an old maxim among fraternities that in union there is strength, and we all know how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity, herein the necessity of all Foresters (whether Ancient, Independent, or those who are unfortunately like Mahomet's coffin suspended between both) to still remain friends and act in concert to- gether for the accomplishment of the noble purpose we unitedly have in view. I believe that by a little self-denial and healthful advice of the Executive heads of the co-ordinate branches of Forestry a union can be as easily eff'ected as heretofore was accomplished with the two bodies of Masonic Order of this State, and no less among the Oddfellows who have been divided for years in- to Northern and Southern New York, but whose union in 1866 formed a tower of strength and edifice of fraternal beauty in this State which at once sent a thrill of joy over the land and gave Oddfellowship an impetus where decline and almost ruin were imminent and apparent, but fortunately averted by the allaying of passion, prejudice and sectional pride, and the exercise of self-denial on the part of the leaders of both parties It is to consummate a similar beneficial result that I address this to you and trust you will listen not only to reason but to that sympathy which dwells in each Forestric heart. You are both good exponents of your respective organ- izations young, active, aealous, eloquent speakers and ready debaters, have the entire confidence and esteem of your voteries, and much will devolve up- on your individual efibrts if you honestly desire the advancement and pros- perity of American Forestry, My proposal is that each of you select two of your most trusted members as a committee of conference to act in conjunction with yourselves, select an umpire, and endeavor to unite upon a fair and equitable basis of settlement. I believe that such a conference would be prolific of good, in more ways than one, at least it is worthy of trial. As I address both of you as brothers, I ask individual replies, when it will be gratifying to know that you have united with me to make so noble an ef- fort for the promotion of peace, harmony and good will. Respectfully and fraternally yours, J. P. SOLOMON. To which the two High Chiefs responded respectfully as fol- lows, as was understood to be at the earnest request of Brother INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 27 Buck, he having seen the unparalleled success of the Indepen- dent Order and the retrogression of the English Order in this country. {From the FJnglish High Chief.) Subsidiary High Court, A. O. F., New \'ork, March 5th, 1875. J. P. Solomon, FJsq., My Dear Sir and Brother, I have long known and admired the warm and generous impulses of your good heart and have felt that were it possible that the lofty, liberal and charitable views you hold to your fellow men could be practised, our fallen manhood might not altogether despair under the harsh and almost unrelenting conditions of present existence. Your communication upon the union of both branches of Forestry is before me, and it is ineflface- ably stamped with the exalted personal characteristic I have mentioned, and I warmly thank you for asking me to join you in any generous, loyal, manly action that may advance the interests of humanity without the sacrifice of personal or official dignity and honor. The latter, I believe conscientiously, you would not incur, for I know you are delicately sensitive as to the means as well as the ends and would not justify the former unless they were as high and as pure as the ends to be achieved. I deeply deplore that there should be any factitious divisions in Forestry, and surely it seems ridiculously absurd that there should be two bodies both ailike organized, holding the same bene- ficial tenets, practising the same objects with almost the same forms and cer- emonies, but both in disdainful clashing and impinging rivalry impending the blessed and holy purposes of one common society. We purposely frustrate the grand designs of the institution. We exhaust in envious and unfratemal jealousy the means of good before we can dispense them. The philanthropic measures of one division collide with those of the other. Our hearts are apt to be made rancorous, stem, inflexible and unforgiving by hatred, and the most turbulent and unfratemal feelings are aroused and let loose by silly, shallow and abortive recrimination. It is most unfortunate that the clans- men in the heat and haste of sincere of stimulated passion get beyond the call of the leaders, and injure more the cause they badly represent than their foes. Again, how idle and preposterous seems our votive ties ! It is almost sacreligious and the basest profanation of our altars solemnly to promise con- stancy, fidelity, charity ^nd love, and then turn with '* eyes on fire " to those who have participated in our common obligations, and revile, defame and seek to destroy. It becomes the most wretched and ofiensive hypocrisy ; our views are as ropes of sand, "and should be whistled down the wind " as insincere and mendacious ; our proud motto of "Unity, Benevolence and Concord " becomes a hollow mockery by words and jeers, by the contempt and ridicule of right- headed, right-minded and right-handed men. But why dwell upon the man- ifest absurdity of allowing a secret society to be broken into fragments or di- vided by schism, and especially Forestry ? Indeed I never see the divine shibboleth of our Order without feeling a rebuke that anything should sepa- 28 HISTORY OF THE rate those whom God has joined together, that we should be divorced from brothers who should be linked to us with clasps of steel, to ameliorate the condition of our fellow men, to soften the aspirations of life, to hush with gentle words, unavailing sobs and sorrows, to arrest with kindly hands wayward steps, to wait and watch and pray at the bed of sickness, and even in the dread presence of death to stand firmly beside the shrinking form of our brother man, pointing and cheering with an unfaltering trust the escaping soul to the il- limitable and unbroken beatitude of the skies. The examples of the Masons and Oddfellows cited by you signally attest the benefits resulting from UnitaSj Benevolentia et Concordia. How is the benignant and much desired result to be obtained. I think it will devolve "wholly, almost exclusively, on yourself. Si Pergama dextera defenda potuit hacee defensa fuisset. Troy can only be taken by thy right hand. You must of course arrange all the formalities of meeting for discussion ; sedulously to keep away from the committees all foreign matters that may increase irritation and widen the chasm, to teach patience, forbearance, self-sacrifice, and the single unclouded love for Forestry and its principles, by whomsoever dispensed and practised. Have you carefully, sagaciously and prudently matured your plan ? For my- self, I will lay aside all the " pomp and circumstance " of office, and join you most heartily in any feasible way to unite the Forestric fraternity wherever dispersed, cheerfully surrendering any office, submitting to any wholesome and proper plan for the general good, utterly eschewing personal elevation or importance, to lock shields with all true faithful brothers in the blessed cause forever and aye. Of course I am unalterably attracted and attached to the Ancient Order, and could think under no circumstances of severing my connection with it, or have my fealty to it in any way impaired or impugned, for it has and will hold my life, love and loyalty. Then, perhaps, you may have trouble with the Independents, but, whether you have or not, believe me that I shall do all in honor, conscience and manhood to bring peace and happiness, and unity and perpetuity among the Foresters in America. For your kind personal expressions, please accept my grateful acknowledgments. I believe I have comprehensively answered your communication, and will sub- mit your proposition to my Council, who will appoint a committee of con- ference without delay. Fraternally yours, JEROME BUCK, H.C.K, A.O.F. From the Independent High Chief. Independent Order of Foresters, Most Worthy High Court op the United States of America, Executive Council, 6 City Hall Place, New York, March 8th, 1875. Hon. J. F. Solomon. Dear Sir, Your kind and fraternal letter addressed to Brother Jerome Buck and INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 29 myself respecting the union of Forestry in America, is entitled to great consideration, coming as it does from an old friend, one, too, who be- longs with me in two other Orders, the Masonic and Oddfellow organiza- tions and who was also initiated with me in the Ancient Order of Foresters. I laid your letter before the council and they authorized me to make reply. Your idea of consolidating *'the co-ordinate branches of Forestry" in this country, in the same manner as was done in the respective divisions of the Masonic and Oddfellows Orders of this State I cannot comprehend. I at- tended both of those unions, but see no similitude in those events to the one you seek to accomplish by a like reconciliation, as Masonry, in the uni- versal organization spoken in every language of the civilized world, is gov- erned by no general fountain-head, and its division in this State was but a mere local separation and was easily cemented by simply joining the two pieces together. So, too, was it in the Oddf ellowship organization, only a re- union of a former divided body, but now you have a different case entirely, two distinct organizations, likened to each other only in name and principles. The laws, rituals, regalia and systems of the two bodies are in every way dissimilar, in fact, diametrically opposed to each other ; besides, the one you belong to is exclusively under the English jurisdiction, while the one I be- long to has absolutely absolved itself from such allegiance. Ours is Inde- pendent, having its own High Court in America, while yours is monarchical in form, and only a sub-agent of a principal foreign High Court with no pow- er or authority to treat with our High Court, which is principal. If the English High Court or its Executive Council and the Independent American High Court or its Executive Council were to confer together as you propose, it would in my judgment, be more proper, on account of their absolute and co-relative powers, but as it is, I can see but little hope of that success you so fondly predict might ensue from the proposed conference. Nevertheless, J shall accede to your request, seeing no harm or dishonor likely to grow out of it, and I do so for the following reasons. First, to prove to our Ancient brethren in this and the mother country, that we hold no personal animosity toward them, and that we desire at all times to treat them as brothers of a kindred society. Second, that a conference might in some future day, if not now, lead to mutual visitation and relief between Independent American Forestry and Ancient English Forestry, upon such plan as I have ever advo- cated in Oddfellowship, and which had the sanction of that renowned and lamented Oddfellow, Past Grand Sire John A. Kennedy. Third, that if no basis of union could be an ived at, we might inaugurate a fraternal feeling and an era of goodwill, at least such as exists now between all other chari- table societies in America which are based upon Charity, Truth and Justice. It is scarcely nine months since Independent Forestry blew the bugle blast of liberty, and seceded from the English jurisdiction. Since that time the Spartan nucleus has grown into a permanent and powerful Order, numeri- cally and financially strong, and full of zeal and happiness. As its first advo- 30 HISTORY OF THE cate in America and present standard-bearer, placed at its head against my protest, I regret not the labor, means, and sacrifices of rest and home com- forts it has cost me, and while I stand ready at all times to step aside and make even greater sacrifices in labor and means, if it were essential, to unite our brethren in America and the mother country upon principle and equality, yet I cannot and will not strike the victorious colors of Independ- ent American Forestry to an English rival in ' ' the land of the free and the home of the brave." But, my brother, I accept your letter as a flag of truce, coming as it were from a foreign enemy (but not *' Timeo Danaos et donaferentes "), and even in the flush of victory we receive it in a fraternal spirit, and shall respect and honor the brother who bears it to our camp. Therefore, if your proposition meets with favor by Brother Buck and his Council, I shall be pleased to meet him with two conference brothers from our organization, and will unite upon yourself, as umpire, to meet at your office at any time it may be most convenient for all parties concerned. Very respectfully and fraternally yours, A. B. CALDWELL, M.W., * High Chief Ranger, Another letter was received from Bro. Solomon, and to which Bro. Caldwell responded, both of which appear as follows : New York, March 18th, 1875. Dear Sir and Brother, Your fraternal response to my communication of the 3rd afibrds me the satisfactory assurance that my humble efforts towards a union of the For- estric bodies of this country will not prove fruitless. If you will kindly for- ward me the names and addresses of the brethren you have selected to re- present you in the proposed conference, I shall place myself in immediate communication with them and proceed at once to business. Fraternally yours, J. P. SOLOMON. New York, March 18th, 1875. Dear Bro. Solomon, Yours received, requesting our side of the conference to be named. We name yourself as umpire, and Bro. Thos. Matts, of New Jersey, and Bro. Peter M. Morgan, of New York, as members of the conference. Yours fraternally, A. B. CALDWELL, M.W.H.C.R. Bro. Buck named his side of the conference, Bros. Henry RofFe and Robt. Hastings. Two meetings were held at Bro. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS, 31 Solomon's residence, but Bro. Buck positively refused to attend, after learning that the Independents were to raise the question of the " Sub's " right to treat with them, as it was clearly under- stood by the limited power given to the " Sub." that they could do nothing as agent in this country except by and with the con- sent of their principal in England. However, that question was waived, and the Independents pressed the spokesman on the Ancient side to present propositions but he denied having any. He wanted an adjournment to think it over, but the Independ- ents withdrew from the conference, after presenting the pro- positions they had prepared, as follows : For the purpose of effecting a union of the co-ordinate branches of For- estry in the United States, we, Jerome Buck, Henry Roffe, and Robt. Hast- ings, of the Ancient side, and Alonzo B. Caldwell, Thomas Matts, and Peter M. Morgan, of the Independent side of Forestry, and Jacob P. Solomon, selected by both sides as umpire, do hereby stipulate and agree to and with each other (providing that the Ancients and Independent Courts in America ratify and confirm the same) : First : That we base a union of all the courts on this continent to be named and styled "American Forestry," and the High Body to be termed "The High Court of Forestry of the United States of America." That all the laws, rules, and regulations governing said body and the subordinate courts under its jurisdiction, in the United States, shall be exclusively such as said High Court from time to time may enact, and said High Court shall have full power to issue all dispensations for opening new courts in the American jur- isdiction ; also all rituals, certificates, cards, forms, formulas, lectures, cere- monies, signs, tokens, emblems, pass-words, etc., except such as shall here- after be named, and prescribe such regalia as the united Order may necessarily require and agree upon. Second: And for the purpose of having the co-operation of the mother country, and to secure to ourselves and our Transatlantic brethren mutual visitation and relief, we hereby agree to accept and adopt from the High Court of England, the fountain-head of Forestry, its prescribed common seal and general emblem, its annual travelling pass-word, a Forester's token, and general pass- word, entersign and countersign, providing the English High Court and the American High Court shall mutually agree upon an obli- gation to be administered to all visitors before entering either the Union Courts on this side, or the Ancient Courts on the other side of the Atlantic. Third : That in the event of such union, each of the present branches of Forestry on this continent shall discharge its own indebtedness and all lia- bilities incurred before being received into the union. 32 HISTORY OF THE Fourth : That the several courts in each branch now formed be allowed to use their present regalia for the period of three years, commencing from the date of the union, and that during such time the respective regalia shall be recognized by each branch, but after that time such courts, as well as new courts to be formed under the union, shall use the regalia that the United Order in this country shall prescribe. Fifth : That for the carrying out of this compact, a copy of the same shall be transmitted to the Executive Council of England, signed by this Mutual Conference Committee, and attested by the seals of the Subsidiary and Inde- pendent High Courts, with the request that the same be laid before the English High Court for its approval, and that copies of the same be sent im- mediately to all the Ancient and Independent Courts in America for their ratification and adoption ; and, in case of such mutual ratification, a special High Court meeting shall be called by the two E. C's. in this country, which meeting shall consist of one representative from each Ancient and Independ- ent Court, and proceed to enact suitable laws, etc. , as expressed in the first paragraph of this compact, and to choose officers for the united High Court, such representation to be made equal, as agreed upon by the two E. C. To all of which we pledge ourselves, individually and unitedly, to use our influence to carry out in good faith, from the date hereof. Bro. Solomon expressed himself satisfied with these propositions except he would advise in lieu of the word " American " to sub- stitute " The High Court of the Order of Foresters of the United States," which the Independents accepted, but the Ancients re- fused. It would appear from the foregoing record that immediately after the Independent Order of Foresters came into existence that then the Mother High Court of the A. O. F. granted a charter for a "Subsidiary" High Court for America, thus ac- knowledging the righteousness of the demands of the founders of the I. O. F. The correspondence we have just given was be- tween the representatives of the Subsidiary High Court of the A. O. F., irreverently referred to as the " Subs.," and those of the I. O. F. However, the olive branch came too late ; the Rubicon had been passed, and henceforth the two Orders led a separate existence, and for a time each did its best to destroy the other. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 33 f.-^eiJ^ CHAPTER IL The first annual convocation adoption of an endowment LAW. HE first Annual Convocation, called in the records the second, of the M. W. H. Court of the United States, was held in the City of Philadelphia, Penn., commencing Tuesday, 19th October, 1875, at 9 a.m. The sessions were held in the Handel and Haydn. %i Hall. Upon roll-call of the officers, the following were found to be present : Alonzo B. Caldwell, M.W.H.C.R., presiding. Wm. Lear, R. W. H. V. C. R., j^ro tern. Francis A. Davis, R. W. H. Per. Sec. Morris C. Green, R. W. H. T. Wm. C. Nichols, R. W. H. Sen. Woodward. Wm. Dobbs, R. W. H. Jun. Woodward. John Selser, R. W. H. Sen. Beadle, pro tern. Charles Sykes, R. W. H. Jun. Beadle, pro tern. Edmund D. Barthe, R. W. H. M., pro tern. Jonathan C. Fincher, R. W. H. Cond., pro tein. Rev. Wm. Raybould, R. W. H. Chap., pro tern. Morris W. Hughs, R. W. H. Mess. The M. W. H. C. R. then called up the court, and announced that before the High Court could be legally opened, the Repres- entatives and visiting P. C. R's. present should take the M. W. H. Court degree, which was duly conferred upon all present. After singing, and an opening prayer, offered by the R. W. H. Chap., a quorum being present, the M. W. H. C. R. ordered the R.W.H.M. to proclaim the M. W. H. C. duly and legally opened. The record presented by the officers made a most creditable showing. Since the founding of the Order 46 new courts had been instituted, including the three already mentioned as being 34 HISTORY OF THE in existence at the time of the convention. In addition to these 46 courts, two courts for the ladies, one at Plymoutli, Pa., and the other at Middleport, Ohio, were ororanized, under the titles of Lady Lafayette Miriam De:;ree Court, and Hope Miriam Degree Court. These courts were scattered over 1 1 States of the Union as follows : New York, 13 courts. Pennsylvania, 10 courts. Ohio, 7 courts. West Virginia, 4 courts. New Jersey, 3 courts. Maryland, 3 courts. Illinois, 2 courts. Michigan, 1 court. Massacliusetts, 1 court. Missouri, 1 court. At this session rituals were adopted, not only for the subordin- ate court degree, but for the ladies' degree called Miriam Degree, and the uniformed degree, which was named Glenwood Degree. The subordinate court degree ritual was simply the ritual of the Ancient Order of Foresters, with the necessary alterations re- quired by the change of tlie name of the Order. At this time no insurance benefit existed in connection with the system of the Ancient Order of Foresters which they had just left, and we ap- prehend that the Independent Order of Foresters might have been fairly described as the Ancient Order of Foresters with a slight change in the name and with the addition of an insurance department, which, when perfected, would give to the benefici- aries of the members of the new Order an insurance benefit of Si, 000. The scheme presented by the' Executive Council and adopted by the Most Worthy High Court was an exceedingly simple one. It consisted, as will be seen, by each surviving mem- ber paying 10c. upon the death of a brother Forester, and the sum realized, whatever it might be, provided it did not exceed $1,000, was paid to the beneficiary of the deceased brother. These contributions were not sent to the supreme officers, but were sent to the Treasurer of the Subordinate Court where the death occurred. There was no distinction made in respect of age so far as these contributions were concerned, each member, whether old or young, paid his ten cents as his contribution towards the INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 35 relief of the widow and orphans of the deceased brother. This crude endowment law continued as the law of the I. O. F. until 1879, when, at the session of the Most Worthy High Court, held in the City of London, Canada, the first radical change was made. The changes made at the Louisville session, and at the St. Louis session, though not radical, were far reaching in their effects upon the Order. These changes will be noted in the Chapter on Endowment Laws. In the light of the experience of the present day, it would seem incredible that any organization could be formed giving insur- ance benefits without requiring a regular medical examination, but it is a fact nevertheless true, that up to 1879 no regular medical examination forms were in existence, not being required by the Supreme Body of the Order. As a matter of fact the first 7,000 or 8,000 members were enrolled, as was the present Su- preme Chief Ranger, by simply answering four questions, and being looked over, not examined, by the Court Physician. With such a beginning, it is not a matter of surprise that in a few years the mortality rose to thrice the figures which are being experienced in the Order at the present day. We suspect also that at the start, and for a year or two afterwards, there was practically no limit to age exacted from applicants for admission to the Order. The following is an epitome of the financial state- ments presented by the officers : Received for supplies $1614 20 " from contributions 464 46 $2078 66 Paid disbursements for supplies $1131 78 " Kent's printing account 390 78 *' Management expenses 446 70 $1969 26 Balance in treasury $ 109 40 Amount due under Art. XIX. of Constitution $ 56 99 '' ** for regalia 45 00 Value of assets as per schediile '* B " 313 10 Total worth of H. C .$524 49 36 HISTORY OF THE The following report of the Credential Committee shows the courts which were represented, and by whom, and from what State they came : To the Most Worthy High Court of the United States . The Special Committee on Credentials respectfully beg leave to report, that we have thoroughly examined the certificates of the High Representa- tives, and find the following correct, and that the Representatives named therein are entitled to seats in the Most Worthy High Court : Couiis. United States, No. 1. Empire City, No. 2. Benjamin Franklin, No. 3. Independence, No. 4. Celestine, No. 5. Francis, No. 6. George Washington, No. 7. Charter Oak, No. 8. Jacob's Tent, No. 9. Arion, No, 10. Elmira, No. 11. Prosperity, No. 12. King Solomon, No. 13. District Court, No. 1 . Washington, No. 1. Progress, No. 2. Charles Sumner, No. 3. Star, No. 4. Flower of the Forest, No. 5. Welcome Strangers, No. 6. Hazel, No. 7. Rose of the Valley, No. 8. George Washington, No, 9. Purity, No 1. Enterprise, No. 2. Faith, No, 3. Pride of the West, No. 4. Caldwell, No 6, Forest. No, 6. NEW YORK. Regular. James B. Farley. Jacob Ankel. William J. Connelly. Abraham Lederer. Charles Levy. Samuel Miller. Benjamin B. Pitcher. William W. Newth. Peter M. Morgan. Isaac Niner. Michael H. McGrath- Henry Griffin. Morris Thalheimer. Mich'l E. Goodheart, PENNSYLVANIA. Evan T. Morgan. Edmund D. Barthe. Evan G, Davies. George W. Mitchell. Jonathan C. Fincher. George Faircloth. William C. Nichols. OHIO. William T. Jones. Robert M. Cordes. Edward Thompson. Alfred Goaks. Alfred Chase. John F. Lincoln. Proxy. Thomas V. Cater. Edmund Kohn, Charles Sykes. David Konigsberg. A. B. Caldwell, Charles Sykes. Francis A. Davis. William Morris. Jacob Levi. Isaac Niner. E. N. Harpel. James Herring. Morris W. Hughs. George T. Davies. James Morton. Robert M. Cordes. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 37 Courts. Liberty, No. 1. Energy, No. 2. Fidelity, No. 3. Flower of the Forest, No. 4. Independence, No. 1. General Kearney, No. 2. Columbia, No. 3. Liberty, No 1. Purity, No. 2. Mount Pleasant, No. 3. Garden City, No. 1. Star of the West, No. 2. Washington, No. 1. Detroit, No. 1. Bay State, No. 1. America, No. 1. WEST VIRGINIA. Kegular, William Raybould. NEW JERSEY. William Lear. Walter Dickinson. MARYLAND. William Dobbs. Samuel Miller. ILLINOIS. George H. Blanchard. John Ormond. CONNECTICUT. John Propson. MICHIGAN. James A. Randall. MASSACHUSETTS. John Selser. MISSOURI. Proxy. Benjamin B. Pitcher. William Raybould. Jacob Ankel. Morris C. Green. Thomas Matts. Daniel James. William Dobbs. E. F. Hartzell. Dovey T. Squire. The report of the Finance Committee will be of interest to the members of the present day. It is as follows : To the Most Worthy High Court of the United States. The Committee on Finance respectfully beg leave to report that they have had under consideration the several suggestions of theM.W.H.C.R., as men- tioned in his annual address, and we come to the conclusion 1st That we recommend his suggestion to not levy any fixed amount of assessments upon members or courts during the present term, except for en- dowment, which shall be ten cents per member. If any amount is needed, and we incline to think, from the past good management, that very little, if any, will be, it can be raised by the E. C. under Article XIX of the Con-, stitution, and, in such case, we recommend that no greater amount shall be raised than may actually be required to defray the balance of accrued indebt- edness. 38 HISTORY OF THE 2nd And we also recommend that no assessment shall be levied upon courts for mileage in travelling expenses of High Court Representatives, or of High Court oJ9icers, but that each court shall defray the expense of its own Representative to the Most Worthy High Court ; and we further recommend that, where courts are able in funds, and possess P.C.R.'s in good standing, each and every such court shall be enjoined, and is hereby ordered, to send a regular or a proxy Representative to the Most Worthy High Court. 3rd And, for the purpose of raising ways and means, and of placing new courts on a par with the present courts now constituting the Order, we re- commend that the E. C. charge all new courts coming in during the present term the sum of $10 additional to the amount now charged for the necessary paraphernalia. Respectfully submitted, in L. B. and C, WM. RAYBOULD, E. G. DA VIES, JACOB ANKEL, HENRY GRIFFIN, Committee on Finance. This report contains the only reference to the Endowment Law- presented by the Most Worthy High Chief Ranger and adopted by the High Court, and does not appear agsCin in the records till two years later at the Louisville session. On page 97 of the min- utes of the proceedings of that session, we find the first published, Endowment Law, with a note that it is the old law slightly amended. This law, as well as the other Endowment Laws, can be found in the chapter on Endowment Laws. A study of that chapter will show how, fijom simple beginnings, the law has de- veloped, until to-day the Order has, perhaps, one of the most per- fect Endowment Laws in existence. The original law, as already stated, was exceedingly simple in its provisions, the main features thereof were these : When a member of a court died, notice thereof was sent to the Supreme Secretary, giving, at the same time, the name and address of the treasurer of the subordinate court, and a certificate that he had given special bonds. At the beginning of each month the Supreme Secretary issued a call giving the names of the deceased brothers, and the names and numbers of the courts of which they had been members, and the names of the treasurers of the subordinate courts to whom re- mittances were to be made. The courts had forty days in which FIRST AMERICAN ENDOWMENT. Paid Francis Ellis, died Oct. 29th, 1875, Court Ben. Franklin, No. 3, N.Y. Received $143.70. Old 10 cent endowment plan. FIRST CANADIAN ENDOWMENT. Paid wife of Wm. Couch, who died August 25th, 1877, of Court Hope, No. 1, London, Ont. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 41 to make the remittance, while the members had thirty days from the date of the call to pay their assessments. It follows, from the above, that if a call contained the announcement of say five deaths, each subordinate court in the jurisdiction had to send its share, which was the sum of ten cents from each of its members, to hve different subordinate court treasurers, located in various parts of the United States and Canada, as the case may be. The subordinate court treasurers were charged with the duty of pay- ing the amount received from the subordinate courts over to the beneficiaries of the deceased brother, and the trustees were charged with the duty of obtaining a receipt from the beneficiar- ies for the moneys paid to them by the Order, which was after- wards sent to the Supreme Secretary. The maximum amount that any beneficiary could receive was $1,000; but, until an as- sessment yielded $1,000 or more, beneficiaries had to be content with only whatever amount was realized by the one assessment. As a matter of fact, the first assessment yielded only $143.70, which was paid to the beneficiaries of Brother Francis Ellis, of Court Ben. Franklin, No. 3, of New York. By the way, this death was not numbered. No. 1 being assigned to the second death in the Order, that of Brother Thomas Henshall, of Court Rose of the Valley, No. 8, Pittston, Pa. This cumbrous system was continued until the fourth annual session of the Supreme Court, held in St. Louis, Mo., in Novem.- ber, 187cS, when a change was made, requiring all the remittances to be sent to the Supreme Treasurer. Nothing more of interest was done at the first annual session, except to adopt a regalia, the style of which is fully set forth in the following Article XXI. of the Constitution, or, as it was then called, General Laws, to wit : ARTICLE XXI. The regalia for the members of the Order shall be as follows, to wit : Collars of subordinate courts shall be red, white and green, pattern as pre- scribed by the E. C, closed in the centre with an appropriate star or button of white or silver color. Rosettes, composed of red, white and green colors, with a moose head in the centre, may be worn on all regalias, or as a separate rosette. A white or silver star, or moose head, may be worn on the lef^ breast, same size as below. C 42 HISTORY OF THE The Chief Ranger shall wear a red, white and green collar, trimmed with yellow lace, a yellow star in front, closing the collar, and one yellow star on each lower corner. Yellow cross mallets shall be worn on the left breast, the initial letters, C. R., in yellow on the right breast, and the emblem, a yellow moose head, about one inch in length, and three-quarters of an inch in width, on the left breast all attached to the collar. The Vice Chief Ranger shall wear a red, white and green collar, trimmed with white or silver lace, a white star in front, closing the collar, and one white star on each lower corner. White cross mallets shall be worn on the left breast, the initials, V. C, in white on the right breast, and, if desired, the emblem, a white moose head, same size as the C. R. 's, may be worn on the left breast all attached to the collar. The Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Treasurer, Senior and Junior Wood- wards, Senior and Junior Beadles, shall each wear a red, white and green collar, trimmed, if desired, with white lace, and a white star, or moose head on the left breast. Each collar shall be closed in the centre by a white star or button, and contain a white star on each lower corner. There shall be worn on the left breast of the Secretary's collar a set of cross-pens, white color, and on the right breast the initial letter, S., in same color ; on the Assistant Secretary's collar, same sides and color, a single pen and the initial letter S. ; on the Treasurer's collar, same sides and color, a set of cross-keys and the initial letter T. ; on the Senior and Junior Woodward's collars, same sides and color, on each a set of cross axes, and the initial letters, S. W., on the Senior Woodward's collar, and the initial letters, J. W. , on that of the Junior Woodward's ; on the Senior Beadle's collar, same sides and color, a set of cross shepherd's crooks, and the initial letters, S. B. ; on the Junior Beadle's collar, same sides, a yellow bugle, and the initial letters, J, B., in white. The stars used on the lower corners of the collars of the C.R. and V.C.R. shall be about two and a half inches in diameter ; those used in the centres, closing those collars, shall be about two inches in diameter ; those used for the other above mentioned officers' collars shall be, for the lower corners, about two inches in diameter, and for the centres, about two inches in diam-. eter. The stars mentioned above, as may be worn on the breasts of oflBicers' or members' collars, shall be about one inch in diameter. The Chaplain's regalia shall be a sash worn over the left shoulder and un- der the right side, made from red, white and green cloth, on the lower ends, and the upper body all white. The trimmings shall be of white lace, white fringe on the bottom ends, and a white star about two and one-half inches in diameter on each end, and a white star or button closing the lower centre. On the left breast, a white Bible, and above that a white letter C. The Physician's regalia shall be a sash, similar in pattern to the Chaplain's, red, white and green, except the upper body to be equally divided between red and white cloth lengthwise, and the trimmings to be all yellow, lower INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 43 stars same size as the Chaplain's. On the left breast, a yellow star about an inch in diameter, and the initials, M. D. The regalia for Miriam Courts shall be the same as worn in subordinate courts, except those used by lady members, which will be a collar of red, white and green, disunited at the top, and closed by a clasp. On the lower pointed centre, a yellow star and a yellow tassel, on the right breast the letter M., and on the left breast a yellow star, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter. The regalia of candidates for initiation shall be a green sash, worn over the left shoulder, and crossed underneath the right arm. After transacting considerable business of a routine character, the Most Worthy High Court was brought to a close. The following were elected members of the Executive Council, after which the Most Worthy High Court adjourned, to meet the following year at Cleveland, Ohio : M.W.H.C.R., A. B. Caldwell, New York. RW.H.V.C.R, Henry Griffin, Rochester, N.Y. R.W.H. Per. Sec, E. G. Davies, Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. R.W.H.T., M. C. Green, Harrison, New Jersey. R.W.H.S.W., R. M. Cordes, Cleveland, Ohio. KW^H.J.W., John Selser, Worcester, Mass. The second annual session was held in the City of Cleveland, Ohio, commencing I7th October, 1876. There were present the following principal officers : M.W.H.C.R., A. B. Caldwell. R.W.H.V.C.R., H. Griffin. R.W.H. Per. Sec, E. G. Davies. R.W.H. Treas.,^ro -- .2 op^ . a; c3 iJ l a S Jo 11 :S.2 1 it 2 'I t3 I, II i! ^ > I 3"C S (U _S s ^ S o g 5-= X =^ a3 2 *i c So -t^-g p_ oJ 3 4) <1> 11 O +i Executive Committee Rooms, "^^ New York, March 5th, 1879. To the Courts Wherever Existing. I am ordered by the M. W. H.C.R.., Judge Wm. B. Hoke, to transmit the fol- lowing to each R. W.H.C. and subordinate court in the entire jurisdiction : Judge W. B. Hoke, M.W.H.C.R. Dear Sir and Brother, Whereas James Saunders, at the meeting of our M.W.H.C., held in St. Louis, made false and malicious statements, which were proved as such, and which he confessed ; and Whereas these statements have gone out as facts, and injured our Or- der throughout Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri and other States, I deem it advisable that the E. C. expel said James Saunders from the Order. Yours, in L., B. and C, EDWIN S. PIKE, R.W.H. V.C.R. 144 HISTORY OF THE Louisville, Kentucky, March 20th, 1879. I concur in this, and order that James Saunders, of Chicago, 111., be, and is hereby, expelled from the Order of Foresters for the facts above stated, as also for reiterating the same slanders on his return home, and for conspiring against the law and peace of our Order, and disobeying our laws, and violat- ing his Forestric obligations. WILLIAM B. HOKE, M.W.H.C.B. Concurred in also by R. W. High Per. Sec. Caldwell, and R. W. H. Treasurer Hickman, of the E. C. And I am further ordered by M.W.H.C.R. Hoke to promulgate the fol- lowing : Office of the M. W. H. C. R. of the World. Louisville, Ky., April 28th, 1879. JVJiereas the R.W.H. Court of Illinois has repudiated our Endowment Law and enacted one of their own, under which they are now working, and refused to obey the Endowment Law enacted by the M. W.H.C., and do not pay their endowment tax, thus defying and setting at naught the laws, rules, and regulations of our Order ; therefore Ordered, That the charter of the said R. W. H. C. be, and the same here- by is, declared null and forfeited, and each R.W.H.C. and subordinate court in our entire jurisdiction is enjoined not to hold Forestric communication with said R.W.H.C, noritsH.S. Com., nor any subordinate court in that State, excepting courts Nos. 2, 3, and 7, until further notice. All courts desiring to return to their allegiance can do so by promising loy- alty in petition, when such courts shall be restored and protected in same manner as all loyal courts now acting under the immediate jurisdiction of the M.W.H.C. InL., B. andC, WM. B. HOKE, M.W.H.C.R. Concurred in by Bros. Pike, Caldwell, and Hickman, of the E.G. Attest: A. B. Caldwell, H. W. H. Per. Secretary. We are happy to conclude by reporting that not a single appeal case has been placed before us since our last communication. W. B. HOKE, M.W.H.C.R. EDWIN S. PIKE, ' R.W.H.V.C.R. A. B. CALDWELL, R. W. E. Per. Sec. J. W. HICKMAN, R.W.H.T. JUDGE W. W. FITZGERALD, Past High Chief Ranger, Ontario. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 147 The S. Secretary gave the following statistics in his report : No. No. Membership. Deaths. Membership. Deaths. 1070 Kentucky 45 134 Nevada 1 2316 Ohio . . 44 119 Alabama 1 1448 New York 42 40 Maryland 1 1524 Massachusetts 18 33 Colorado 1 402 Indiana 15 208 Iowa 635 Pennsylvania . 13 68 New Jersey 423 Tennessee 13 42 Connecticut 9o5 Missouri 12 53 District of Columbia 354 West Virginia 11 25 Arizona 746 Ontario, Quebec, Manitobr. 9 27 Minnesota 272 Michigan 9 26 Texas 67 Mississippi 6 25 South Carolina 102 Illinois 5 24 Dakota Territory 104 Arkansas 2 46 Kansas 232 Virginia 2 54 Georgia Grand Total. { ^^"^^^^^^^I^ ll'^74 ( Deaths 250 This enormous death rate of over 21 in a 1,000 was but the legitimate fruit of the manner in which the business of the Order had been conducted. For during the first four years it might be said that practically there were no medical examinations made of candidates for admission into the Order. Not only that, but in the United States what may be termed the " saloon element " formed a large proportion of the membership of the Order, and in the natural course of events would very materially increase the death rate. The R.W.H. Permanent Secretary has this to say about the defalcation : The embezzlement of Henry Griffin, late defrauding R.WH. Treasurer, confused and startled the Order. No definite amount of his embezzlement could ever be reached. He kept but few books, and those we found were in a muddled shape, the surplus from sub-treasurers received by him were mixed up with endowment receipts, and not over one-third of what he re- ceived was credited the Order on his books. I issued to the courts circulars twice, inquiring for the amounts paid to Griffin, and did not receive answers from over one-half of them. Whether their failure to respond was caused by fear that they would be bound to pay over again, or that we would find out they had never paid Griffin at all, I am at a loss to determine, but I am 148 HISTORY OF THE sure that both fears, to a considerable extent, prevailed. From all the evi- dence I received, the payments to him amounted to about $16,000, though my estimation was still higher. I have to give what proof is in hand. After his arrest and imprisonment, I obtained from him the following restitution, he declaring that it was all he had left of the embezzlement : In M. O. and checks $ 250 00 Seaman's check 136 70 Rain's check (certified). 1,500 00 Two U. S. registered bonds ($1,000 each) 2,000 00 Premium on bonds 6 00 Registered letters (cash) 72 60 One draft 40 00 Cash 1,266 CO Currency found on his person 735 00 Five drafts to his order ($1,000 each) 5,000 00 $11,006 30 Of which I turned over to our present R.W.H. Treasurer, Bro. J. W. Hickman, as follows : Two U. S. bonds and premiums $2,006 00 One check (Rain) 1,500 00 Cash (in drafts) 7,000 00 Cash 3 32 Paid John W. Stebbins, lawyer at Rochester 80 00 Paid Lawyer Crittenden, Rochester, 20 00 Telegraphing from New York to Louisville, to Rochester, at Rochester, and to divers places, and on return telegrams. 45 80 Expenses to Rochester and return to New York three times, railway fare and hotel bills 80 28 Circulars and postage 10 00 Fare, etc., from Rochester to Buffalo, and return, with prisoner 4 10 Expenses on two bonds to obtain Griffin's destroyed five $1,- 000 drafts 6 80 Drafts and M. O. sent Bro. Hickman, R.W.H. Treas 250 00 $11,006 30 The five $1,000 drafts, above mentioned. Griffin alleged he destroyed when arrested at Buffalo. He purchased them in his own name in Philadel- phia, Pa., three $1,000 drafts of Drexel & Co., on Drexel, Morgan & Co., New York, and two $1,000 drafts of E. W. Clark & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., on Clarke, Dodge & Co. , New York, and made affidavit of such facts, and destruction of drafts, which accompanies this report, together with all the correspondence between said bankers and myself, relative to the same. The INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 149 collection of these drafts by me was delayed for a few weeks, caused by be- ing obliged to give bonds (myself and another) as indemnity to said banks in order to obtain the duplicate drafts and money on them. This whole transaction between Griffin and myself was performed under the best of legal advice, and by and with the consent of the E. C. We commenced action in the Supreme Court at Rochester against Griffin, and settled the suit by restitution of $11,000, and a little over. We refused to settle on any terms until we were satisfied that we could not obtain a single dollar otherwise. He had shrewdly secreted the money beyond the pale of discovery, but he was decoyed into our hands in trying to eficct his escape into the British Provinces, as was supposed. The M. W. H. Court has been censured for putting his bonds at so low a figure as $10,000. It must be re- membered that the endowment law made it imperative for the R. W. H. Treasurer (a new duty incumbent upon him) to pay out of his hands every endowment whenever $1,000 should have accrued. Again, no one supposed that the yellow fever would have given us several deaths to pay, besides, a good many deaths otherwise accrued in the months previous to December by sub-treasurers failing to qualify, so that when the last M. W. H. C. changed the mode of payments, 17 deaths came pouring in for December, 1878, and being noticed, it threw a large amount of money in Griffin's hands, the last part of December, 1878, and forepart of January, 1879 ; and notwithstanding our M. W. H. C. R., Judge Hoke, and myself, wrote and begged of him continually to pay off the endowments, he, under one pretence and another, defied the law, and disobeyed our behests, until he found we were after him, when he escaped, but was soon captured after his flight. I deem it proper to make affidavit to the above facts. City and County of \ <;, ^j New York. J ^- ^ Alonzo B. Caldwell, R. W. H. Per. Sec , deposes and says he has read the foregoing statement, and knows the contents to be true, and that he has rendered a full and true account of his transaction with Henry Griffin, as above stated, according to his best knowledge and belief. A. B. CALDWELL. Sworn to before me this 14th \ day of October, 1879. J Thomas F. Gilroy, Notary Public, N. Y. Co. The following extracts, taken from the printed minutes of the Supreme Court, present to us all matters of importance which were dealt with at this Session : Rep. Hebron, of Massachusetts, presented the following resolution, which was adopted : 150 HISTORY OF THE Besolved, That a committee of five be appointed to consider what changes, if any, are required in the present Endowment law, and report to the Most Worthy High Court before the conclusion of its labors in the present session. The chair appointed as such committee Reps. Doherty, Morris, Caldwell, Oronhyatekha, Partridge. Reps. Morris and Partridge presented resolutions on titles of officers. Referred to Committee on Legislation. Moved and carried that all endowment resolutions and documents present- ed to this High Body be referred to the above named Endowment Commit- tee. Carried. Rep. Caldwell presented the following resolution, with a request that it be referred to the committee on judiciary. So referred. Beadvedf That the Constitution be so amended as to empower the M. W. H. C. or E. C. to suspend any High Financial officer when there is strong presumption of his malfeasance in office, or the fact of his continued neglect of duty. Upon which the committee subsequently reported as follows : To ihe M. W. H. Court of the Wodd. Your Judiciary Connnittee beg leave to submit the following report on amendment to the Constitution offered by Rep. A. B. Caldwell and hereto attached. We recommend the adoption of the same, but amended as follows. That Art. XYII. of the Constitution be so amended as to empower the Ex- ecutive Committee to suspend any financial officer of the M. W. H. Court when there is strong presumption of his malfeasance in office, and the case is fully investigated. In L., B. and C, ROB'T. L. MORRIS, Chairman, JOHN B. HEBRON, JAS. D. MoKIE, G. G. McROBBIE. The Committee on Constitution made the following report, which was adopted. To ihe M. W. H. Court of ihe World. Your Committee on Constitution would respectfully offer the following in lieu of various documents presented to them : Title of the M. W. High Court to be hereafter known and entitled " The Supreme Court of the World," and the officers of the same to be hailed and known as Past Supreme Chief Ranger, Supreme Chief Ranger, Supreme Yice Chief Ranger, Supreme Secretary, Supreme Treasurer, etc. Title of the R. W. High Courts to be hereafter known as High Court, the officers of same to be styled Past High Chief Ranger, High Chief Ranger, High Vice Chief Ranger, High Secretary, High Treasurer, etc. In the sub- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 151 ordinate ritual strike out the word " worthy " where it prefaces the title of oflBcers. In L., B. and C, A. W. BINGHAM, W. F. WALLACE, CHAS. KUNZIE, CHAS. F. MINOTT, JAS. D. POUTCH. The Committee on Petitions made the following report, which, upon mo- tion of Rep. Caldwell, was adopted : To the Officers and Members of the M. W. H. Court of the World. Your Committre on Petitions, to whom was referred the communication of Messrs. Kilpatrick and Petrie, of the State of Illinois, asking for seats in this M.W.H. Court, as representatives of a so-called High Court of Foresters, of the State of Illinois, would respectfully report : That they met the above gentlemen, and received from them a full state- ment of their case, and of the causes which led to the act of the E.G., through which the H. Court of Illinois was suspended from the Order. That the suspended courts of Illinois manifest no disposition to purge them- selves from the insubordination for which they were suspended ; and That they refused to comply with the terms through which alone they can again become entitled to the name of Independent Foresters, and to repre- sentation in this M. W. H. Court. Your committee would therefore submit the following resolution : Resolvedy That the communication and petition, presented by Messrs. Kil- patrick and Petrie, be respectfully returned to the petitioners, with the state- ment that this M.W.H. Court cannot treat with the suspended Foresters of Illinois until they shall have purged themselves from the insubordination through which they voluntarily, and of their own act, ceased to be members of theLO.F. J. J. MULHERON, JOHN GROGAN, J. A. PAIN, JOS. D. POUTCH, ORONHYATEKHA. The Committee on Credentials made the further report, which was adopt- ed, and the R.W.H. V.C.R. Pike conferred the H.C. degree on the brethren reported upon. TotheM.W.H.C of the World: Your Committee on Credentials have examined the qualifications of Bro. Edward Botterell, of Court Ottawa, No. 41, of Ontario, " J. T. Cooper, of Court Pride of the West, No. 31, Ontario, ' *' Peter Robb, of Court Clinton Maple Leaf, No. 16, Ontario, * J. W.Rowland, of ' " " " " 152 HISTORY OF THE and find that they are entitled to have conferred on them the degree of this M.W.H. Court, and would recommend that the degree be conferred. J. J. MULHERON, C. A. CALVERT, J. A. PAIN. The Committee on the State of the Order made the following report : To the M. W.H. CouH of the World. Your Committee on the State of the Order would submit the following re- port : First, On the resolution of State Representative, J.S. Bull, of Ohio, sub- mitted to the High Court of Ohio, and referred to this M.W.H. Court, that the minutes of the meeting of 1878 having been approved at the present meeting, it is not now competent for this court to take any action on any transaction of the meeting of 1878 without having first had a reconsideration of the vote constituting this transaction, and that your committee does not consider it desirable to recommend such reconsideration. Second, On the resolution submitted by State Representative Grogan to the High Court of Ohio, and referred by that court to this M.W.H. Court, which resolution reads as follows : ^^ Besolved hy this High Court (of Ohio) that our representatives to the M.AV.H. Court of the World be instructed to inquire why the securities of H. Griffin, late High Treasurer of the World, have not been required to make the defalcation of H. Griffin good," your committee would report that the question asked in the resolution is a pertinent one, and that it is due to the Order that it receive a satisfactory answer. Respectfully submitted, JOHN GROGAN, J. J. MULHERON, A. W. BINGHAM, G. T. ROBERTSON, Committee. M.W.H.C.R. Hoke made a full explanation as to the reasons why Griffin's bonds were not prosecuted, that the bonds were only $10,000, and the E.G., in order to get hold of $11,000 or nothing, had to release the bonds on com- promise. Rep. Grogan then moved that the explanation was satisfactory, and re- quested the report of the committee be adopted. Carried. Having been so instructed by his High Court, Rep. Oronhyatekha moved that the Province of Ontario have leave to form a separate jurisdiction for their own Endowment, and that Court Dufferin, No. 7, have permission to he heard in opposition to it. Leave was granted to Court Dufferin, No. 7, to be heard. After which hearing, and a discussion by various representatives, the ayes and nays were called, with the following result : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 153 Those voting in the affirmative were, Reps. Lindley, Hebron, Caldwell, Bingham, Oronhyatekha, McRobbie six votes. Those voting in the negative were Reps. McGloghlon, Simmons, Hickman, Poutch, Somes, Ormond, Griffiths, Minott, Partridge, Robertson, Doherty, McKie, Mulheron, Kunzie, Grogan, Calvert, Pain, Proper, Morris (two votes), Carpenter, Bain, Wallace (two votes) 24 votes. The separate jurisdic- tion was denied. The reports of the Endowment Committee were then taken up. Bro. Klauber moved that the. following minority report be laid on the table. Carried. MINORITY REPORT. Whenever the membership in any State or Province shall exceed one thousand, said State or Province may have full control of the collection and disbursement of its Endowment Fund, and be responsible only for the losses by death among the members of its own jurisdiction, except as hereinafter specified, and provided also that when such control is given there shall be remaining under the beneficiary jurisdiction of the Most Worthy High Court fifteen hundred members : A High Body desiring to be so set apart, shall make application to the M. W. H. C. (if in session), or to the E. C, and if it shall appear by the state- ment (certified to) of the High Secretary that such High Body has the requisite number of members, then the M. W. H. C. or E. C. shall give that body full control over its Endowment Fund, and, from the date such author- ity is given, the M. W. H. C. shall have nc power to assess the courts under the jurisdiction of such High Body for any deaths, except those that have occurred prior to said date, and except as hereinafter provided. Should the membership of any jurisdiction, thus set apart, become less than one thousand, the control of the Endowment Fund shall revert back to M. W. H. C. and a jurisdiction once so diminished shall not again have con- trol of its Endowment Fund until its membership shall have reached fifteen hundred. Should the membership of the M. W. H. C . jurisdiction become less than one thousand, the M. W. H. C. or E. C. shall have the power to assess the entire Order such sums as may be necessary to enable it to pay the benefit allowed by the Order during such time as the amount of one assessment will not pay the full benefit allowed. Whenever any of the beneficiary jurisdictions of the Order shall have been visited by an epidemic, or shall have met with some unforseen exigency, so much so that the payment of the death losses therefrom would for a time be oppressive upon its membership imperilling the existence of the Order in such cases the M. W. H. C. or E. C. shall have the power to assess the entire Order a sufficient sum to meet the losses so incurred over and above the average death rate throughout the Order for the twelve months preceding. Should the membership of any State fall below one thousand and the en- J 154 HISTORY OF THE dowment fund be then controlled by the M.W.H C, such R. W. H. C. shall be responsible for all losses occurring up to such date, except in the in- stance referred to in the preceding section. States that shall elect to have control of their own endowment fund shall be governed by the provisions of this law, except that the duties devolving upon the M.W.H.C. officers under the operations of the general law shall under this law devolve upon R.W.H.C officers holding like rank. The medical examination of all applicants for membership shall before in- itiation be first forwarded to a board of Medical Referees to be selected by each R.W.H. Court for their approval. In states or provinces where no High Court exists, then said examination shall be forwarded to the M.W.H. Court Physician for his approval. The High Standing Committee of each state shall, until the assembling of their High Courts, be empowered to select the Medical Board of Referees. This law shall take efiect from and after the date of its passage. The majority report was then taken up, and upon motion of Rep. Wallace, it was read by sections and adopted. The report of the committee and amended law are as follows : To the M. W.H. C.H. of the World. The undersigned, a committee appointed to take into consideration what, if any, changes are needed in our present endowment law, would report that they have attended to that duty and respectfully report the accompanying law. HUGH DOHERTY, A. S. PARTRIDGE, ROBT. L. MORRIS, ORONHYATEKHA. The undersigned, a member of the committee on endowment law, to whom was referred all matters relating to endowment^ would respectfully report that while he agrees with the rest of the committee in the general application of the law submitted, yet, under instructions from his State High Court, he would present the accompanying law, relating to the separate control of en- dowment funds by the several R.W.H. Bodies, who may desire to avail them- selves of such provision of law. Respectfully submitted in L., B, and C. HUGH DOHERTY, Massachusetts. The undersigned, a member of the endowment committee, would also state that, while he firmly believes the endowment plan presented by the majority of the committee is the best which could be devised, he stands instructed by his R.W.H.C. to not vote for any classification of rates.' L., B. and C. A. B. CALDWELL, New York. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 155 The text of this law appears as No. 3 in the chapter on En- dowment Laws. Rep. Caldwell moved that the constitution be amended, so that the fees for charters, and supplies accompanying the same, in States having no High Courts, be fixed at $60, of which $20 shall be paid to the person or persons who get up each court. Carried. Reps. Morris and Minott presented the following, which was adopted : Besolvedy That a prize of $100 be offered by the E.C. for the shortest and best ritual for subordinate courts, provided the same be adopted by the next Supreme Court. The officers elected for the ensuing year were as follows . S. C. R., E. S. Pike, St. Louis, Mo. S. V. C. R., E. Klauber, Louisville, Ky. S. S., A. B. Caldwell, New York, N.Y. S. T., J. W. Hickman, Louisville, Ky. S. S. W., D. Mayer, West Va. S. J. W., H. Doherty, Boston, Mass. There being no further business, Supreme Chief Ranger Pike closed the Supreme Court in due Forestric form, to meet again in Boston, in October, 1880. Thus ended one of the most important sessions of the Supreme Court. It will be seen by the records that the estimate of the officers, that the Order had lost over 4,000 members due to the '' Griffin steal," was by no means an over-estimate, and it is not a matter for surprise, that notwithstanding 89 new courts had been instituted, the Order had met in London with a less mem- bership than it had when it adjourned at St. Louis. The wonder is that it was not wrecked altogether. The new Treasurer, Bro. J. W. Hickman, presented a business-like and detailed report, the first by the way that had ever been presented to the Supreme Body which might be considered in any way satisfactory. The RW.H. Per. Secretary's report showed that during the year $103,000.00 had been paid to the widows and orphans in the Order, which was certainly a most satisfactory showing, especi- ally as there were only 98 assessments ordered, entailing a cost to the membership of only B9.80 for the year's insurance, four of the assessments having been paid out of the surplus. Unfor- tunately, however, that apparently satisfactory state of things was brought about by delaying to issue a number of the calls 156 HISTORY OF THE for deaths which had taken place in the Order. This only post- poned the evil day for a while. It will be particularly noted that Messrs. Kilpatrick and Petrie presented themselves as Represen- tatives from the High Court of Illinois, notwithstanding the re- vocation of the charter of the said High Court, due to its rebellion, but the Supreme Body declined to admit them, and on motion of Rep. Oronhyatekha, Bro. John Ormond, of Court Star of the West, Braceville, 111., was seated as a delegate from the loyal courts of Illinois. The Credential Committee's report showed Representatives present from Iowa, New Jersey, Ohio, Missouri, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Kentucky, Michigan, Texas, Virginia, Indiana, West Virginia, Colorado, New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Nevada, District of Columbia, Arkansas, Alabama, South Caro- lina, and Illinois. Among those whose credentials were presented as a P.C.R., which entitled him to a seat in the Supreme Body as a visitor, was that of Bro. E. Botterell, of Court Ottawa, w^hich had recent- ly been instituted by Dr. Oronhyatekha. The then H.C.R. of Ontario, Bro. McRobbie, objected to the admission of Bro. Bot- terell on the ground that he (Bro. McRobbie) had no knowledge of the institution of Court Ottawa, No. 41, and that he as R.W. H.C.R. had not given his sanction to its institution. The Com- mittee on Credentials, seeing that he had signed the charter of the court, considered the objections raised as being frivolous, and reported in favor of seating the brother. Thereupon the Supreme Court degree was conferred upon Bro. Botterell, and he was made a member of the Supreme Court. This accounts for the fact of Bro. Botterell's name not appearing in the first report of the Cre- dential Committee. The future Past Supreme Chief Ranger w4io has taken so important a part in laying the foundations of the Order, and building it up, was not allow^ed long to remain in the ranks, for the very next day, at the re-organization of the High Court of Ontario, he w^-as elected Past High Chief Ranger. At this session Reps. Drs. Griffiths and Oronhyatekha again made an ineffectual attempt to have all medical examinations THOMAS MILLMAN. M. D., Supreme Physician. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 159 submitted to a reviewing officer. In vain it was pointed out that the system was perfectly practicable, having been then in vogue in Ontario nearly a year past. One member, holding no less a rank than P.S.C.R.,in his argument, used the following extraordinary language : " Suppose a person made application for membership, and he was compelled to wait for a week or more for initiation, waiting to hear the decision of the medical referee, and, while so waiting, became ill and died, what would become of his widow and orphans ? " The reply of the doctors was simple, and ought to have been convincing. They said, " This Order is not insti- tuted for the protection of those who are about to die, and those applicants only should be initiated who, after the most careful ex- amination, gave promise of reaching their expectation of life, and the sooner we recognized the fact that the I. O. F. is not an hospital, and place its insurance department upon a business basis, the better for the Order." But the representatives were not to be convinced. The most they would consent to, was to have the medical examinations referred to High Court Physicians for review, where the local examiner had doubts as to the risk. The Supreme Secretary's bonds were fixed at $15,000, while those of the Supreme Treasurer were placed at $50,000. Upon the whole it might be safely said that at no previous session of the Supreme Court, was there so much accomplished towards placing the Order upon a sound, basis. The sixth annual session of the Supreme Court of the World was held in Boston, Mass. The following officers and repre- sentatives w^ere present : OFFICERS. S. C. R, E. S. Pike. S. M., A. S. Partridge. S. V. C. R, E. Klauber. S. Cond., A. J. Glaeser. S. S., A. B. Caldwell. S. S. B. ^ro tern., Geo. S. Mower. S. T., J. W. Hickman. S. J. B. pro tern., Chas. Kunzie. S. S. W., D. Mayer. S. Chap, A. W. Bingham. S. J. W., Hugh Doherty. S. Phys. jpro tern., Dr. R. Howe Taylor. S. Mess., J. E. Somes. 160 HISTORY OF THE REPRESENTATIVES. Alabama. B. F. Ludwig. Arkansas. Frank Silverman. Colorado. Frank Vivian. Dakota. Louis B. Schoenfield. Georgia. J. T. Denning. \ Indiana. J. E. Somes, one year ; John T. McCoy, 2 years. Iowa. R Howe Taylor. Kansas. Jos. Kraemer. Kentucky. H. C. Lloyd, 1 year ; C. F. Minott, 2 years. Massachusetts. J. B. Hebron, 1 year ; John Power, 2 years. Michigan. J. H. Roberts, Samuel Shellfish. MissoURL A. S. Partridge, 1 year ; T. H. Thomas, 2 years. New York. A. W. Bingham, 1 year ; A. B. Caldwell, 2 years. Ontario. Dr.Oronhyatekha, 1 year; Edward Botterell,2 years. Ohio. IST. B. Wilson, 1 year ; Wm. L. Downey, 2 years. Pennsylvania. J. A. Pain, 1 year ; Wm. Reep, 2 years. South Carolina, Geo. S. Mower. Tennessee. Rob't L. Morris, 1 year ; J. R. Wilkinson, 2 years. Virginia. S. H. Randlett. West Virginia. H. W. Rand, 1 year ; W. F. Wallace, 2 years. The following extracts are from the report of the Supreme Chief Ranger : To the Ojfficexs and Representatives of the Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters. Brethren, One year ago we met in legislative council within the Dominion of Canada, To-day we meet in the United States, the guests of one of the most populous and progressive States, in a city renowned in history, and noted for its cul- ture and refinement. In Canada we were the recipients of marked atten- tion and unlimited hospitality. Here we find an honored and devoted Brotherhood extending the hand of fellowship, and welcoming us to their city, their homes, and their hospitality. These are but evidences of the honor and esteem in which the Order is held, not only by the brethren, but also by the citizens of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and which should stimulate us to strive in the future to maintain our present standing To-day the future is bright before us, and, with the rich experiences of the past, no matter how much they have been fraught with evil or good, or how < z < o < H h- O H < h O o UJ UJ cc Q. D CO UJ I INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 161 many struggles it required to gain them, yet, with these experiences, we ought to be able to steer clear of the rocks and shoals upon which our For- estric ship has been nearly stranded in some of the States under our juris- diction. An organization which refuses or fails to profit by past experiences, is unworthy the support of honest men. The Independent Order of Forest- ers is no longer an experiment. The principles upon which it is founded, the good which it has accomplished and is accomplishing, the position it oc- cupies among kindred fraternities, and the high opinion in which it is held by the people of the United States and Canada, demonstrate it to be a success, and I should recommend that, in your legislative enactments, you duly con- sider this fact. Nothing tends so much to retard the progress of our Order as hasty legislation, and it would be well, therefore, for me to ask you to ex- ercise the greatest possible care and thought in your deliberations. Experi- ence has developed the fact that, in some instances, our laws are as yet crude and imperfect, and, in some cases, inconsistent. I am glad to be able to announce that there has been a rapid and healthy growth of the Order during my administration ; and I have no doubt but that this growth would have been much more apparent, had it not been for the internal troubles we were compelled to encounter. On the 1st of October, 1879, we had a membership of 11,574, which embraced the seceders from Canada and Ohio. We now have a membership of 13,074, an increase, if we but calculate in these seceding courts, of some 5,000 members. As you are aware, on the 23rd of October, 1879, during the sittings of this Supreme Body, the High Court of Ontario, which was also in session, seceded from the parent body. Immediately after the adjournment of the Supreme Court, my first ofiicial act was to appoint Bro. W. D. McGloghlon High Chief Ranger of Ontario. On the 24th of the same month the reorganization of the High Court of Ontario took place, and Doctor Oronhyatekha was elected High Chief Ranger. Notice of this reorganization reached me on the 3rd of the following month. The commission of Bro. McGloghlon was recalled, and the following proclamation issued : *' To all Subordinate Courts oftha I. 0. F. in Ontario. ' ' Whereas the High Court of the Province of Ontario did, on the 23rd day of October, 1879, in convention assembled, by a majority vote, resolye to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the World ; and " Whereas eight subordinate courts, by their representatives, did refuse to withdraw from said jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, and have declared themselves true and loyal to the Supreme Court, and have proceeded to fill all vacancies in the offices of said High Court of Ontario by election, "Now, therefore, I, Edwin S. Pike, Supreme Chief Ranger, do hereby proclaim said High Court of Ontario due and legal, with Dr. Oronhyatekha as High Chief Ranger, and said High Court will be recognized as such. "Done at the city of St. Louis, this 3rd day of November, 1879. " EDWIN S. PIKE, S.aB." 162 HISTORY OF THE On the 15th day of November, I received a letter from the H.C.R. of Ohio, Bro. W. L. Downey, in which he informed me that there was a growing de- sire on the part of several courts in his jurisdiction to secede from the Na- tional organization, so far as the endowment was concerned, and establish one confined solely to their own State. On the 17th day of the same month a second letter was received, and I was surprised to learn from it that the High Chief Ranger balanced himself between two opinions, yet leaning towards the side of State endowment. If you will but patiently follow me through the recital of this, the greatest trouble occurring during my administration, marking particularly the dates of each incident, you can well imagine my feelings, when upon receipt of a circular, over the signature of the H.C.R. and H S. , requesting all subordinate courts to vote whether they desired State endowment, knowing full well that this Supreme Body had emphatic- ally denied other jurisdictions this privilege, I deemed this act of the H.C.R. illegal, and a stroke at the vital interests of the Order in the State of Ohio. The following day I received a circular, over the signature of the C.R. and R. S. of Court Forest City, refusing to pay further endowments into the Supreme Treasurer's hands, and selecting a temporary State endowment treasurer to receive the same. This last circular was the first open act of rebellion, and on the 18th inst. I issued an order suspending Court Forest City, No. 34. As I have been repeatedly asked why this was done, I will now answer : The H.C.R. himself seemed to favor the movement, and thus placed himself in the attitude of one who could not control the courts of his State in the interest of the Supreme Court, or the Order outside of his jurisdiction, and I believed, and still believe, that this act of suspension, although in the ac- complishment of it I may have overstepped the legitimate sphere of a S.C.R. was the cause of saving many courts to the Order. On the 28th inst. the H.C.R. issued proclamation convening the H. C. in special session. By invitation, with Bro. J. W. Hickman, Supreme Treas- lu-er, I attended the meeting of the H. C. on the 16th day of December, 1879. After listening to arguments pro and con, the convention finally resolved that their grievances were not only the changes in the new Endowment Law, but that they were opposed to the actions of the Supreme Court in re-electing some of the Supreme Court officers. My time being limited, permission was granted to hear from Brothers Hickman and myself, and after all the argu- ments were exhausted from both these sources, the H.C. adjourned to meet in the afternoon. I was compelled to return to my home, and, immediately upon my arrival, I received a telegram announcing the withdrawal of nineteen courts from the H.C. I am pleased to announce that, during the whole of this exciting epi- sode, Bro. W. L. Downey, H. C. R., preserved a dignity and calmness com- mensurate with his high position in the Order, and, when he found that it was impossible to retain these nineteen courts in the H C. , he announced his intention to retain possession of the High Court charter, and remain loyal INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 163 to the Order. I am happy to inform you that, under the guidance of Bro. W. L. Downey, to whom should be given great credit, the Order in Ohio has regained its former membership and usefulness. I submit the correspondence, papers, etc., in this case to the Supreme Court for their perusal, and request that my action in the matter be ap- proved. The duty devolves upon you also, with proper and judicious legislation, to shape the future destiny and success of this grand enterprise. Mature every law that may come before you, and consider well its harmony with the principles of Forestry. Let us improve, adorn and beautify the highway selected for our onward march, rather than try some unknown and unexplored route. Finally let courtesy and brotherly love characterize all your deliberations, re- membering that upon the Supreme Architect of the universe we must rely for success, and without whose fostering care all works are as nothing. InL., B. andC, EDWIN S. PIKE, Supreme C. B. In the report of the Executive Council, they submitted certain claims for endowment, which serves to show the extremely loose manner in which the business of the Order was carried on, and accounts for the excessive claims on its endowment funds. The most notable of these claims are as follows : "the murphy case. ''Brother Murphy was initiated January 11th, 1879, in Court Friendship, No. 29, Mass., and died of heart disease July 18th, 1879, six months after. I instituted an enquiry, and elicited from the Court Physician, who was an examiner of an Insurance Company, that he had rejected Bro. Murphy on account of heart disease, that he had had the disease for fifteen years, and had told Bro. Murphy that his chance for living was slight, might drop dead at any moment. That the court pressed and urged the Physician to take Bro. Murphy in, when he told them he had no personal objections, but if they admitted him "they must run their chances." The E. C. of 1879 denied this claim. High C. R. Doherty, of Mass., brought it up at the Lon- don Supreme Court, and urged the claim on equitable grounds, when it was. referred to the new E. C. for further investigation, which was had soon after the Supreme Court adjournment. No new facts were gained, except a confirmation of the previous statements. The E. C. examined a commit- tee's statement of some five members of that court, as to the physical con- dition of Bro. Murphy, but not one of whom was a physician. And fur- ther. Dr. Seymour, the Court Physician, a member of the court, was not examined by them at all. The C. B., Bro. Thomas Purseglove, made his first statement to me as follows : 164 HISTORY OF THE "I think, if you will look at this matter fairly, Bro. Caldwell, you will perceive that the Doctor was not so much to blame as the parties who used their influence to allow Mr. Murphy to pass. I trust you will look upon this as an error of judgment more than anything else, and that it will prove a warning to all of us to do business only in a business way." " On Bro. Purseglove's last examination, he said, in answer to the chair- man: "What admissions did you make to Bro. Caldwell?" "Bro. P. "I told him the Doctor rejected Murphy, but owing to influence allowed him to pass, and that Bro. C. must consider it an error of judgment, owing to our eagerness to get new members." Chairman "Is it your opin- ion now ?" Bro. P. " Most decid- dlxj. " Chairman " For what reasons 1 " Bro. P. "Owing to the influence which Bro. Carter exerted in behalf of Murphy." "Hence in this case the E. C. decided : " 1st. There is no dispute but that Dr. Seymour rejected Bro. Murphy, and did so in writhig, and that Bro. Murphy well knew he had heart dis- ease of a dangerous character, and it was against our laws to admit him in the Order. * ' 2nd. That the court well knew that it was illegal to admit a candidate of unsound constitution and ill-health, as their court application and their laws showed them that. 3rd. From their own testimony furnished, they proved that they overawed the Doctor to " let him pass," which neither he nor they had any right to do, as they could not legalize an act forbidden by our laws. "4th. That the admission of Bro. Murphy was either a conspiracy to defraud the Order, or to impose upon it by the admission of a man with a dangerously diseased constitution. View it as you will, in any light, though it be a sad disappointment, the act is reprehensible, and the C. R. of that court fairly expressed it in his statement. "5th. The E. C. therefore denied the claim, and forbid me placing it among the death calls." This claim was again presented on petition to us, and in death call No. 44 we again rejected it, as follows : "The H. S. Com. of Massachusetts, asks us to re-open the Murphy case, decided against in the February (41) death call. This case has been twice fully investigated upon sworn evidence, and we cannot advise its payment up- on any rule of law or equity^ and a re-opening of the case would be a waste of time. The Brother knew he was afflicted with heart disease for several years,, and it is not denied by any one, neither by the court nor examining physician, and the Brother was illegally admitted without a medical certificate, the physician positively refusing to give one, and he died in a few months after of the chronic disease of which the Doctor predicted he would in a short time, at the time of his examination. The petition desires us to order the claim paid upon 'Benevolence' principle, so as to dispel any doubt in the minds of INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 165 beneficiaries as to the payment of their claims The petitioners must see that such a payment would establish a dangerous precedent, as it would counten- ance frauds and impositions upon our Order, and drive out thousands of mem- bers, who would not tolerate such a loose endowment system. Our Order lays down rules and regulations of insurance, and no policy can be paid only in accordance with law or equity. The Supreme Treasurer is hereby author- ized to return the $4 50 paid by the deceased into the endowment fund. We cannot conscientiously order such claims to be paid, and will lay them before the next Supreme Court meeting at Boston, together with all the papers and testimony. We advise such claimants as this or any future one to commence a civil action, so as to establish a precedent. We will receive a legal process, waive all technicalities, and try the case upon its merits before the proper tribunal in Massachusetts, and thus set at rest whether our Order is to pay claimants upon law, equity, or charity, and whether members can be legally admitted into our Order with dangerously diseased constitutions, when our laws forbid it. so as to protect honest and healthy members who come into our Order, and cheerfully pay all just demands." "the sheehan case. Our decision in this case is as follows : Court Lafayette, No. 23, of Boston, paid its last endowment assessment December, 1878. We have no record of any payments since. None was ever paid to Supreme Treasurer Hickman. The Endowment Law, pursuant to Section 8 (Law 1 878), suspended No. 23 in February, 1879, and it never had a legal existence since. It was duly notified of its suspension by the Supreme Secretary, and urged to reinstate itself. The court seemed to hold on, as we find that the H.S. Com. of Massachusetts suspended it also for non-payment of State per capita tax , July ]st, 1879. Bro. Jeremiah A. Sheehan was a member of this court. He paid, as per court books, December 19th, 3878, $1.60; March 6th, 1879, $1.20; April 21st, 1879, 80 cents; May 21st, 1879, $1.20 ; total, $4.80. Had the court been in good standing even up to July 1st, 1879, it is evident the deceased had not paid the ten deaths in the June call, and was, therefore, unfinancial at that time. It further appears that the deceased received a High Court certificate September 16th, 1879, de- posited it in Court Freeman's Pride, No. 2, Boston, and the usual committee of investigation was appointed. The committee rejjorted two present one favorable and one unfavorable. The committee was discharged, and a new one appointed Oct. 21st, 1879, and the two present at the ensuing meet- ing reported unfavorably, and the court, by ballot, rejected the candidate. He died Dec. 2nd, 1879, and his mother claims the endowment. This case is governed by the law of 1878, and Sec. 8 says, ' ' No member of a suspend- ed court shall be entitled to the benefit of said endowment money until said assessment, for which said court is suspended, is paid^ and the court is rein- 166 HISTORY OF THE stated." Also on page 114, journal 1878, we find this decision, " As soon as a brother takes his withdrawal card from the court to which he belongs, his membership in the Order ceases, and he is not entitled to the endowment money, neither can his heirs claim the same in case of his death, until he has deposited his card in some court, and has been regularly accepted by said court, and is so enrolled upon the books of the court. We, therefore, must decide : 1st. Bro, Sheehan was a member of a suspended court, and not entitled to any endowment until that court had been reinstated, pursuant to sec. 8. The court was never reinstated. Had he continued paying endowment assess- ments to the Supreme Treasurer after his court became defunct, under the endowment law he would have been financial at his demise. 2nd. The deceased was neither financial nor in the Order when he died. He was an unfinancial member of a suspended court, and stood rejected in another court, and was not in the Order at the time of his death. He lost his financial and social status through his own fault, but mostly through the recklessly bad management of his court. His petitioners endeavored to show that the committee on investigation were misinformed, and the court would have admitted him if the true facts had been known. Why was not the remedy applied before the brother died ? Time enough had elapsed to do him justice. We cannot question the prerogative of the committee's report nor the court's rejection. We can only deal with the fact of his being a re- jected member. We can find no rule in law or equity to pay this claim, and trust it will be adjudicated by the civil law of Massachusetts. We shall sub- mit this case also to the next Supreme Court convention for adjudication with all the papers, and we fraternally ask the petitioners to furnish us with all the testimony in their power. We also ask all other claimants to do likewise, so that the Supreme Court, soon to sit, may adjust all such matters presented. "the WISEMAN CASE." This is a case of increased endowment, and our decision is as follows : "No. 314. Bro. Joseph Wiseman was initiated as a charter member in Court King Solomon, No. 13, Syracuse, N.Y., by dispensation granted to a benevolent society, Sept. 28th, 1875, and he died Apr. 5th, 1880, of bronchitis. Paid $31.95. Designated his endowment to Bertha Levy and Gates Levy, to whom is hereby ordered paid $1,000. The heirs claim $3,000, but the E.C. can see no law or equity to justify such payment, and hence will report the facts and papers received to the ensuing Supreme Court for adjustment. The facts are simply these. Deceased, soon after the adoption of the new endow- ment law, in October, 1879, applied for increased endowment of $3,000. His name with others were filled out in the policy book. Deceased did not visit his court in November or December, but on March 25th his son-in-law presented a medical certificate, bearing date January 3rd, 1880, which was INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 167 rejected, but the Secretary pro tern, in mistake, gave out the policy the same evening to the son-in-law. At the subsequent court meeting, April 22nd, 1880, facts were presented that the deceased had been drawing $4. 00 per week sick benefits in two other benevolent societies from early in December, 1879, up to the date of his death, April 5th, 1880. Watchers had also been furnished him during that time, and he had not been reported sick in his court till January 22nd, 1880, although his son-in-law and brother-in-law had attended the court meetings. The medical certificate for increased policy came up for discussion at the meeting, April 22nd, 1880. Members protest- ed against receiving it, as it was made out by another physician, and not by the regular Court Physician of No. 13, nor by the order of the court. They protested on this ground, and also the fact that deceased knew he had bron- chitis when he certified otherwise, that he had the disease from early Decem- ber, 1879, up to April 5th, 1880, when he died with it, and he asserted in the medical certificate that he never had it at all. The court took a vote, and accepted the medical certificate by one majority. The case is clearly one of imposition, and cannot be allowed, except for the first-class payment of $1,000." The following is the membership by States, territories and provinces, and the number of deaths respectively in each, as given in the report of the Supreme Executive : No. No. Membership. Deaths. Membership. Deaths. 90 Alabama 1 987 Kentucky 17 158 Arkansas 4 42 Kansas 18 Arizona 255 New Jersey 73 Colorado 137 Nevada 2 91 Connecticut 39 Nebraska 39 District of Columbia 2225 Massachusetts 22 38 Dakota Territory 52 Mississippi 2 32 Minnesota, 221 New York 19 340 Michigan 4 637 Ontario 4 37 Maryland 1 1003 Ohio 14 1522 Missouri 15 214 Quebec 18 Manitoba -. 122 South Carolina 48-Florida 1 381 Tennessee 8 119 Georgia 1 117 Texas 551 Pennsylvania 9 264 Virginia , 3 637 Indiana 6 397 West Virginia 3 84 Iowa 20 Wisconsin 266 Illinois... Grand Total ^Membership 13,074 S Deaths 136 1G8 HISTORY OF THE The Supreme Secretary says, "The deaths named in the roll commenced in June, 1879, the same as it did in the roll of 1878, hence by comparison of the death roll of this term with that of the previous report, we find a de- crease of deaths 114, which shows that our death rate has largely decreased, while our membership has increased. The yellow fever of 1878 cannot be but very little considered in the comparison, as we have had only eleven deaths by the scourge altogether in this Order, and I am happy to state that the E.G. during the past two years, although urgently importuned, have not formed a single court in any yellow fever district, and in every instance of a dispensation issuance for the formation of new courts, the most rigid medical examination has been demanded, and invariably complied with." The Supreme Treasurer, in his report, said, "I desire to give a synopsis of my entire financial transactions with the I.O.F. since my coming into office as your Supreme Treasurer, February 1st, 1879, as there are still those who are willing to doubt the honesty and integrity of myself and work. For the year 1879, my receipts as per my last year's report were $97,057.81. In this report can be seen how every cent was received, and how expended, as each month's receipts and disbursements are individualized. My receipts from October, 1879, to October, 1880, have been $133,397.07', and expenditures $132,112.69, which are simplified, itemized, and individually set forth for each month in my general report, which will be submitted to your Finance Committee. I commenced paying endowments, March 6th, 1879, with No. 137, who died September 22nd, 1878, not being paid for nearly six months after death, and finding the Order behind through no fault, however, of your present Supreme Treasurer but delayed by facts which are still fresh in the minds af all. These deaths were always paid as promptly as the coming in of money would justify." The Supreme Physician presented a carefully considered report, but which, though adopted by the Supreme Court, the officers afterwards ignored almost entirely and left matters in this most important department practically as they were before. The re- port is as follows : Louisville, Ky., Oct, 11th, 1880. To the Officers cotd Representatives of the Supreme Court. Brothers, I am debarred, on account of my official and professional business, from having the honor and pleasure of meeting with you this session. I therefore deem it proper as your Supreme Physician, to offer a few sug- gstions for your careful consideration. First. I consider it of the greatest importance to have a pamphlet issued setting forth in clear and concise form Instructions to Examining Physicians of Courts, and would very respectfully suggest that a committee be appointed T. G. DAVEY, Supreme Treasurer. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. I7l for such purpose, and embracing such eminent physicians as Bros. Drs. Mulheron, of Michigan, Doherty, of Massachusetts, and Oronhyatekha, of Canada. Second. My experience as your Supreme Physician has taught me that it is of vital importance to the perpetuity of our Order to have all applications and medical examinations submitted for approval to the Supreme Physician before initiation. This system has been adopted by all Life Insurance Com- panies, and has worked satisfactorily for many years. Third. Your attention is called to the large number of deaths that have occurred in this Order, and others of those engaged in certain classes of business, the death rate from this cause alone is enormous. Proper legisla- tion should be had at once. Fourth. You should define what is meant by regular physicians, or rather of what particular school of medicine your examining physicians should be graduates. Fifth. The blank application for membership is herewith enclosed with additions thereto, which I believe will prove beneficial, also printed slip of instructions to High Court Physicians. Special attention is called to marked clauses. Sixth. I believe it would result in great good to make the term of the ex- amining physicians of subordinate courts one (1) year instead of six (6) months. No physician to act as such or be installed until he shall have furnished the Supreme Physician or High State Physician with a copy of his diploma, or other proper evidence that he is a graduate of some regular chartered school, college or university of medicine. Seventh. Make it illegal for an examining physician to examme an appli- cant who is closely related to him. Eighth. Make it imperative that all charter members, or others forming new courts, shall be examined upon the prescribed blanks of the Order. The examiner to be a member of the Order, or some respectable physician appointed by proper authority. The above embraces about all of the suggestions that I have to ofier. My idea (see marked slip of instruction) in having the secretary read the applica- tion to the lodge, is that it gives every brother an opportunity to object or controvert the statements made. By the time the application goes through the hands of the committee, through the lodge, the examining physician and Supreme Physician, about all the safe guards possible will have been thrown around it. During the term, my task, I can assure you, has been no light one. My correspondence, as the delegates from this city can tell you, has been very burdensome, causing me to work many nights after midnight. Up to this month I have carefully examined into all suspicious cases, demanding the original examinations and full proof in all cases. In this I have had the kind and earnest co-operation of our overworked Supreme 172 HISTORY OF THE Secretary, Bro. Caldwell. My actions in this respect have often been misunder- stood, causing at times a vast amount of correspondence, etc. , some informing me that the Order at that point where deceased lived would certainly go down, etc., etc., etc., if payment was delayed, and am sorry to say, where I had a right to expect aid, obstacles were often thrown in my way. I directed the removal in a number of instances of incompetent physicians, some of whom never saw the inside of a medical school. Applications for membership have been sent me by timid medical examiners for rejection. Here again is another reason why all applications should be sent to a higher authority. Too often physicians pass applicants because they are their family physicians, etc., and dislike to reject them. I can assure you the "lot " of your Supreme Physician for the last year has not been a "happy one." I would respectfully suggest in the appointment of my successor that you at least allow him reasonable compensation for postage, which in the year amounts to quite a snug little sum. I have endeavored to carefully and conscientiously fill the important posi- tion of chief physician of the Order, intending truly to carry out the law and act fully up to it, as I understood. In conclusion, allow me to say that I be- lieve you can do no better or more sacred work than to carefully look after the Medical department of the Order. You will have in your rank medical gentle- men of high standing, appoint them early in the session to look after it, have no hasty legislation, and, my word for it, our mortuary list for next term will be so small as to astonish the world. With sentiments of the highest esteem and personal regards, I am, brothers, Very truly and fraternally, GEO. W. GRIFFITHS, Supreme Physiciaiij I. 0. F. Representative Oronhyatekha, of the special committee of three physicians on medical rules, "reported, when it was BesdvecU That the new form of medical certificates should be printed and promulgated, when the present ones in existence should be used up. Representative McCoy moved to strike out of the report so much as refers to medical examinations being sent to an Examiner-in-chief for review. Yeas and nays ordered, with the following result : Those voting in the affirmative were Ludwig, Vivian, Shoenfield, Somes, McCoy, Taylor, Kramer, Roberts, Shellfish, Hebron, Bingham, Caldwell, Reep, Pain, Randlett, Wallace. 16. Those voting in the negative were Silverman, Denning, Minott, Lloyd, Partridge, Thomas, Oronhyatekha, Botterell, Wilson, Downie, Mower, Mor- ris, Wilkinson, Rand. 14. To the Supreme Court. Your committee, to whom was referred the annual report of Supreme Physician Griffiths, beg leave to report that we have carefully considered the INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 173 same, and heartily endorse the recommendations therein contained, in regard to medical examinations, etc. We also present and recommend for adoption the following rules and in- structions for medical examiners, and that they be required to use them. InL., B. and C, ORONHYATEKHA, HUGH DOHERTY. RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY MEDICAL EXAMINERS OF THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS IN THE EXAMINATION OF ALL CANDIDATES. This card of instruction is issued for the purpose of calling the attention of medical examiners to three important points to be considered in relation to every case. These are. I. Family History, II. Personal History, and III. Present Condition. While these rules, based upon the large experience of Life Insurance Com- panies, may be somewhat arbitrary and may, in rare cases, exclude men who would be considered good risks, their careful observance is strictly enjoined upon all examiners. They are not by any means to be regarded as comprehending all grounds for rejection, but as indicating the decision of the Supreme Council on ques- tions in regard to which differences of opinion may exist. I. Family History. (a) General and indefinite statements regarding deaths; for instance, ''childbirth," *' effects of childbirth," " changes of life," "accident," "debility," " acute disease," etc., etc., must be explained by a statement as to whether or not there was any pre-existing or predispos- ing disease. (b) Symptoms and efiects of disease should not be allowed in place of the disease on which they depend. For instance, "dropsy," "asthmatic dis- ease," etc., etc. (c) If ignorance of family history is pleaded, try to gain a proximate idea and 'state the same. (d) If consumption is found to have occurred, or to be at present existing in the family, the applicant is to be regarded as not eligible, and must be re- jected under the following circumstances. If in both parents, not eligible under 40 years of age. If in one parent, not eligible under 30 years of age. If in any other two members of the family, not eligible until 35 years of age. If paralysis, apoplexy, insanity, or heart disease is found to have occurred in any two members, or cancer in one of the applicant's family, all the facts regarding it are to be furnished to the medical examiner. II. Personal History, (a) An applicant who has had syphilis, or has 174 HISTORY OF THE raised blood, is not at all eligible until after ten years, and then only in the most favorable cases. (b) An applicant is not eligible who has had asthma within three years, except when produced by external causes similar to those of hay or rose asthma or by certain employments which have been permanently relin- quished. (c) If an applicant has had gravel or calculus within three years or been subject to such attacks within five years. (d) If an applicant has had undoubted attacks of hepatic or nephritic colic within five years. (e) If an applicant has had fistula within three years. (f) If an applicant has had apoplexy, dropsy, insanity, habitual cough, chronic ulcer, fits of any description, or organic disease of liver or kidneys within seven years. If an applicant has ever been grossly intemperate, the period of necessary reform shall be decided by the medical examiner. III. Present Condition, (a) The applicant is not to be considered elig- ible if the pulse is found, after repeated examinations, to be intermittent and irregular, or to be persistently above 90 or below 56, or respirations above 23 or below 12. (b) If hernia exists, unless a proper truss can and will be worn, or if hernia is incarcerated. (c) If varices of the extremities exist, extending above or of unusual size up to the groin. If cases of great excessive of weight or the opposite, a full and explicit state- ment must be furnished regarding build, general appearance, average weight for the past fifteen years, etc. , and given to the medical examiner. Tlie following table exhibits the proper average relation of height to weight. 5 feet 120 lbs. 5 feet 7 inches 150 lbs. 5 feet 1 inch 124 lbs. 6 feet 8 inches 156 lbs. 5 feet 2 inches 128 lbs. 5 feet 9 inches 162 lbs. 5 feet 3 inches 132 lbs. 5 feet 10 inches 168 lbs. 5 feet 4 inches 136 lbs. 5 feet 11 inches 174 lbs. 5 feet 5 inches 140 lbs. 6 feet 180 lbs. 5 feet 6 inches 144 lbs. N. B. A variation of 20 lbs. at 5 feet, or 50 lbs. for 6 feet, and of inter- mediate height in proportion, will not be considered extremely excessive. Information in regard to private and other diseases not enumerated must be elicited, and the facts bearing upon each case reported to the medical exam- iner. It is positively required that the candidates be examined privately, that the chest be stripped by the removal of all starched and other clothing, which INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 175 might interfere with the recognition of disease of the thoracic viscera, and that careful auscultation and percussion of the thorax be made and the result stated in full. In cases where, from the appearance or answers of candi- dates in regard to personal or family history, the examiners have reason to suspect the presence of any disease requiring it, they must make a chemical analysis, and, if possible, a miscroscopic examination of the urine, charging therefor such fee, not to exceed three dollars, as they think just. All examiners are enjoined to exercise the greatest care and vigilance, al- ways giving the Order the benefit of any doubt which may exist, and more especially when examining candidates for new courts prior to their organiza- tion, in which case none but Jirst-class risks can be admitted without causing unpleasantness. See that all questions are properly answered and all blanks properly filled. Representative McCoy, of the special committee on endowment claims, made report as follows, which was adopted (after Bro. Jacob Levi, of Syra- cuse, had leave to address the Supreme Court). To the Supreme Court, Your committee, to whom was referred the case of Bro. Jos. Wiseman, of Syracuse, N. Y. , beg to report as follows : In this case it is sought to recover additional insurance upon a policy issued by Court King Solomon, No. 13, of Syracuse, N. Y. The committee find the facts in this case to be substantially as set forth by the E. C. in death No. 314, except in the matter of watchers. This case presents a state of facts which clearly show the most reprehensi- ble carelessness in the management of the aifairs of the court. Bro. Joseph Wiseman, with others, made application for increased endowment during the latter part of 1879. Blank policies were filled out for such increased en- dowment, bearing date, Dec. 29th, 1879, which policies bear the signature of Jacob Levi, as Chief Ranger, when in truth and in fact Jacob Levi was not C. R. at that time. It is also in proof that these policies bearing date Dec. 29th, 1879, were signed by the said Jacob Levi as C. R. at the second meeting of the court in January, 1880, up to which time no medical certifi- cate had been presented to the court, and at which time Bro. Wiseman was sick. On or about March 11th, 1880, a certificate of medical examination was presented to the court, and was rejected. On April 5th, 1880, Bro. Wise- man died. On April 22nd, 1880, the medical certificate was again discussed by the court, and adopted by a majority of one. Your committee are clearly of opinion that Bro. Wiseman was rejected on his application for increased endowment by his court at a previous meeting. And your committee are further of opinion that Bro. Wiseman acquired no equity or right to addition- al insurance by virtue of his having applied therefor, since the provisions of the law granting additional insurance have not been complied with. Your committee, therefore, endorsed the action of the E. C. in the matter. 1 76 HISTORY OF THE In the " Murphy Case " the committee reported as follows : Your special committee on the Massachusetts cases have had the matter of Michael Murphy, of Court Friendship, No. 29, I. O. F., under considera- tion. It appears to your committee that Bro. Michael Murphy was initi- ated Jan. 11th, 1879, and died July 18th, 1879, of heart disease. It further appears to your committee that the said Murphy told the examining physi- cian that he had had heart disease for fifteen years, and that thereupon the physician rejected him ; and that the members of Court Friendship, Na 29, represented to the said physician (Dr. C. Seymour) that Murphy was an in- fluential man, and would be a decided acquisition to the court, persisting in their importunities until the physician gave a certificate recommending his admission. It does not appear to your committee that Murphy at any time at- tempted to conceal his physical condition, or in any way was a party to an at- tempt to defraud the Order. Your committee therefore conclude that, in ac- cordance with law, the said Michael Murphy is entitled to the endowment benefit, and would therefore recommend that the action of the E. C. be set ' aside, and the benefit be paid to the proper parties. InL., B. andC, J. T. McCOY, H. C. LLOYD, FRANK SILVERMAN, J. R. WILKINSON. Rep. Morris moved to non-concur in the report. Rep. Caldwell moved in amendment to adopt the report of the committee. He argued that new evi- dence disclosed the fact that the Doctor had misled and deceived the E. C, and he was solely to blame in the premises, and not the deceased on his ad- mission into the Order. The amendment prevailed and the report was adopted. The committee made a further report, covering the " Sheehan Case," which was adopted, as follows : To the Supreme Court. Your connnittee, to whom was referred the matter in dispute in the case of Jeremiah A. Sheehan, beg to report as follows : Jeremiah A. Sheehan was a member of Court Lafayette, No. 23, of Mass. The E. C, in reporting upon this case, alleges that said court was suspend- ed February, 1879, and has not had a legal existence since. The E. C. ad- mit that the records of Court Lafayette, No. 23, show that Bro. Sheehan had paid endowments up to May 21st, 1879. It appears to your com- mittee that on September 16th, 1879, the High Court of Massachusetts through its H. C. R., granted to Brother Sheehan a card certifying his good standing in the Order up to that date, which card was deposited in Court Freeman's Pride, No. 2, of Boston, with a view of securing membership in said court. This application for admission into said court by card was re- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 177 f erred to a committee on character. A majority of said committee reported adversely on said application. Did this brother lose his membership in the Order because of the refusal of Court No. 2 to receive him ? Your committee thinks he did not. It also is in evidence that Bro. Sheehan paid regularly his endowment to such per- son as he was informed was entitled to receive it. With the application for membership in No. 2 was deposited three dollars. Upon being refused admis- sion into this court, Bro. Sheehan directed that this amount of three dollars be paid by the court to the proper person to receive his endowment calls. It appears in evidence before your Committee that Bro. Sheehan made every effort to maintain his good standing in the Order, as shown in the fact that the D. D. H. C. R. had received from him and now holds in his possession $4.80, this amount having been paid by Bro. Sheehan to said Deputy as the proper person to receive the same. The E. C. in deciding the case of Donovan, who was a member of the same court with Bro. Sheehan, recognizes Donovan as financial up to July, 1879, while in the case of Sheehan the E. C. held that the court was in suspension from and after February, 1879, and never had a legal existence since. Your committee fail to see how the court could be held to be in good standing in the one case and not in the other. The endowment of Donovan was paid. The weight of testimony, as given before your committee, would appear to entitle the said J. A. Sheehan to his endowment. J. T. McCOY, H. C. LLOYD, J. W. WILKINSON, FRANK SILVERMAN. Representative Randlett, of Virginia, moved that a per capita tax of ten cents on each and every member of the Order be levied this year, for the purpose of defraying the current expenses of this Supreme Body, which shall be in addition to the representative tax, at least one-half of which to be paid on or before Jan. 1st, 18 SI, and the other half prior to May 30th, 1881. Carried. After the transaction of considerable other business, but not of general interest, the Supreme Court adjourned to meet again next June, in New York City, N.Y. The following officers were elected and installed as members of the High Standing Committee : S.C.R., E. Klauber, Louisville, Ky.; S.V.C.R., J. B. Hebron, Bos- ton, Mass.; P.S.C.R,E.S. Pike, St. Louis, Mo,; S.S., A.S. Partridge St. Louis, Mo,; S.T., J. W. Hickman, Louisville, Ky.; S.S.W., J. E. Somes, Indianapolis, Ind.; S.J.W., W. F. Wallace, West Virginia. 178 HISTORY OF THE \\e now come to the seventh and last session of the Supreme Court under what might be termed the old dispensation. It was held in the city of New York, commencing June 14th, 1881, and lasted six days. There were present the following members of the Executive Committee : ^ S. C. R., E. Klauber. ^ S. V. C. K, John B. Hebron. P. S. C. R, E. S. Pike. S. S., A. S. Partridge. S. T., J. W. Hickman. S. S. W., J. E. Somes. S. J. W., W. F. Wallace. Representatives were present from Alabama, Arkansas, Color- ado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Missis- sippi, Michigan, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Ontario, South Caro- lina, Texas, Tennessee and Wisconsin. The following extract from the report of the Supreme Chief Ranger certainly gives a hopeful view of the future of the Order. He said : Forestry has been put to a severe test, and nobly has she stood it, coming out with her escutcheon as clear and bright as it was on the day when our noble leader, Alonzo B. Caldwell, organized the first court of Independent Foresters. I now predict and what has been done in the past year is a good criterion a grand and great success for the I.O.F. It will shine forth like a beacon star to the widow and orphan, and each and every member may rest assured that when his time comes to be gathered to his fathers, that the Order which has for its motto the three noblest attributes of a true man Liberty, Benevolence and Concord will protect and assist those left behind. Let us work together, and let us work hard, so that in a short time we may form a chain of Foresters large enough to encircle the globe, and strong enough to withstand the attacks of " time and man." No one reading the above would have thought that within two or three years thereafter, the Order, as it existed at the time that the above was written, would be practically extinct. The Executive Committee gave the following information as to the status of the Order: INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 179 On entering upon the discharge of the duties appertaining to our positions, we made a careful examination of financial condition of our Order, the result of which showed that we were about $32,000 in arrears inpayment of endow- ments, the cause of which was detailed in a circular dated Dec. 21, 1880, and a plan therein given whereby the arrearage should be overcome, and the Order placed out of debt and the same put into execution. In consequence of an unprecedentedly heavy death rate during the past winter, the demands upon our endowment fund have been such as to measurably defeat our pur- pose, although the arrearage has been so far overcome as to cease to be a serious impediment to our future prosperity, as will be seen by the report of our Finance Committee. After giving the names of the 89 members who had died since last report, they concluded with the following summary : Of the foregoing endowments 68 were for $1,000 . . . .$68,000 00 '' 9 " 2,000 .... 18,000 00 " " 12 * 3,000 .... 36,000 00 Making a total of "Which, being located in i<:>9 noft no States, is as follows : Alabama, 1 death. $ 3,000 Nevada, 3 deaths . . .$ 3,000 Arkansas, 1 ' 1,000 New York, 13 " ... 13,000 Connecticut, 2 ' 4,000 Ohio, 3 " . . . 3,000 Illinois, 1 ' 1,000 Ontario, 1 " . . . 2,000 Indiana, 2 ' 4,000 Pennsylvania, 3 ' ' ... 5,000 Kentucky, 11 ' 23,000 Tennessee, 4 " ... 6,000 Massachusetts, 20 * 22,000 Virginia, 1 " . . . 1,000 Maryland, 1 ' 1,000 West Virginia, 3 " . . . 5,000 Michigan, 3 ' 3,000 Mississippi, 2 * 5,000 Total.... 89 $122,000 Missouri, 14 ' ...... 17,000 180 HISTORY OF THE B S S I CI O n3 o O -J o s 0) 2 s o a. 0} a 0)52 '-i"|^*-g^^gSgg|SSg88SSS 1 t^t~ in JS e0C0t^-^'^eCt^C01>U5^(N(NM-(Ni-llOrHOC0e!b * t- COIN O rH rH (N CO eO -^ W rH O^ - o OH 1-1 rH"* 00 "S M 00 (N rl O 00 XI in r-l rH ri a^ 15153 .12 .*< in *i in CO iH IN 1-1 li 1-1 rl rH i-l s.| in i * m t^ o (N i-i -111 (N OS CO o: ta r-i in I OJ Citt- (N 1 1* C5IN'*(M -(NOINOS g*^* : i1t~Q0(N'He0iHO5(NQ0i-t t~ C5 Oi 00 rH rH S.i-iineo(N'*oor-io (N rl < I O rJ CO rH 00 eO CO 00 CO i-l C^ rH 00 00 ill I!'- "^COtN i-l(M05C 1-1 -in CO i-i 1-1 1^ C..'*iin050! 1^1 (N CO 00 1-H CO in n nS. V. C. E. " E. S. CUMMER, ">Si. Secretary. "T. G. DAVEY, " >S. Treasurer. " T. MILLMAN, " S. Physician. " Office of the Executive CouifciL. " London, Sept. 15th, 1882. "Having, since the meeting of the Executive Council, personally visited London and attended large meetings of some of the courts, and freely con- 222 HISTORY OF THE versed with both loyal members and with the malcontents, and having care- fully reviewed the actions of the S. C. R., and of the Executive Council, J hereby declare that I cordially approve and endorse all of the acts of my col- leagues in connection with the recent trouble in London ; and I desire to fully share with my colleagues the responsibility of any and all acts taken in the premises. "JOHN A. McGILLIVRAY, " S. Counsellor'. " Moved by Bro. Rev. W. "Walsh, and seconded by Bro. T. J. Birch, that those portions of the report of the E. C. which relate especially to the charges, be taken up clause by clause. Carried. After considerable discussion as to the proper procedure, the Supreme Chief Ranger explained that this was not a case of an appeal from his action or that of the Executive. That, as the suspended members had failed to appeal, they had been cited by him to appear before the High Court to show cause why they should not be expelled from the Order. This action obviously brought the whole matter de owvo before the High Court, and the suspended members would have the right to bring every act of himself and of the Executive down to the present time in review, and to offer any evidence they saw fit in sup- port of their charges, while he was, on his part, prepared to show, by incon- testable evidence evidence that would satisfy them all beyond any doubt that these brethren had been guilty, and are now guilty, of such unforestric conduct and of such insubordination to the constitutions and laws, as to richly merit expulsion from the Order. He also stated that nothing short of a thorough and searching inquiry into all matters connected with the charges would satisfy himself and colleagues, and he w^as sure that nothing less than that would satisfy the representatives present. These views meeting with general approval, the S. C. R. opened the case, beginning with the charge of try- ing to destroy the I. O. F. by fomenting discord in the ranks, and by pro- moting secession to the C. O. F." The evidence and cross examination of all the witnesses, as taken before the High Court in Session, which lasted the whole afternoon and throughout the night, is then given in full, but which we need not repeat here. Suffice it to say that the fullest latitude was given the suspended members to establish any of the charges they had already made or any new charges they might desire to make. evening session. Wednesday, 8th Nov. *' High Court was opened in due form at 7.30 p.m., the H.C.R., Bro. John A. McGillivray, in the chair. The minutes of the previous session were read, amended, and approved as amended. HON. JUDGE W. WEDDERBURN, Supreme Counsellor. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 225 "The H.C.R. addressed the High Court, regretting his absence during the afternoon session, which was owing to professional engagements, which de- layed him too late for the earlier train. He also stated that at the session of the High Court at Hamilton he was appointed to confer with the Executive of the C.O.F., with a view to bring about amalgamation of the two Orders, and that when he returned from his trip to the North-West he addressed Mr. Long, H.C.R. of the C. O.F., on the subject ; but, as yet, that gentleman had not had even the courtesy to acknowledge the receipt of his communica- tion. He was sorry to say that instead, his communication to Mr. Long had been misrepresented, a statement having been sent to the public press that he had applied for the admission of the courts to the C.O.F., when, as a matter of fact, he had, in obedience to his instructions from his Executive, simply written to Mr. Long, with a view of opening negotiations for the- amalgamation of the two Orders. He also believed that the H.C R. of the C.O.F. had communicated with private members of the I.O.F. in reference to their joining the C.O.F. After further remarks, the H.C.R. called the Special Order, and the charge of misappropriating the funds of the Order was then taken up. The S.C.R. stated the circumstances of the investment of the endowment of our late Bro. Chatterton, which had been designated to his infant daughter. He referred to page 20 of last High Court minutes, where it will be found that the High Court asked for that loan. He believed that all the suspended members were present at the time, and there was not a word of objection offered to the motion. Virtually, the motion was adopted unanimously. The action of the Supreme Court will be found on page 2 of the same minutes." At 9.30 p.m. the High Court took a recess, to attend a ban- quet tendered to them by the Courts of London. The High Court was again called to order at lip. m., and the taking of the evidence resumed. The record goes on to say : " At about 4 o'clock in the morning t^e Supreme Chief Ranger, in deference to the expressed opinions of a number of representatives that enough evidence had been offered, stated that he would now rest his case. He desired, how- ever, every representative to distinctly understand that he was prepared ta go into every case referred to by the suspended members, or to any other they might choose to refer to. There was not an act of himself or of the Executive that he desired to conceal from any member' of the Order. They courted the fullest and most searching investigation. And if there was any- thing else that was not clear and satisfactory to the representatives present, he (the S.C.R.) hoped it would be stated, and he would be prepared to go fully into the matter. It being the opinion that all the important matters, had been fully gone into and explained, the S. C. R. retired while the High. Court deliberated upon the case presented. 22G HLSTOKY OF THE Thus, after a most searching investigation the end was reached, and the following verdict rendered by the High Court : Moved by Bro. J. W. Drake, and seconded by Bro. G. M. Creighton, That Bros. Towe, McElheran, McLaughlan, Scarrow and Reed be now ex- pelled from the Order. Moved in amendment by Bro. Rev. W. Walsh, and seconded by Bro. J. Fina- gin, that Bro. Towe be requested to make his reply at once, and we then deal with his case separately, and that the cases of the other brothers be taken up afterwards. Carried. Bro. Towe then proceeded to address the High Court, after which it was moved by Bro. J. W. Drake, and seconded by Bro. J. Brundle, that Bro. E. Towe be now expelled from the Order. The yeas and nays were ordered, and the vote resulted as follows : Yeas High Chief Ranger, 1 ; Junior Past Hi^h Chief Ranger, 1 ; Senior Past High Chief Ranger, 1 ; High Secretary, 1 ; Auditor, 1 ; Walsh, 1 ; Drake, 1; Millman, 1; Cody, 1; Creighton, 1; Nixon, 1; Mahaffy, 1; Holden, 1 ; Bowles, 1 ; McDonald, 1 ; Mackie, 1 ; Birch, 1 ; Baker, 1 ; Proc- tor, 1 ; Griffith, 1 ; Finagin, 1 ; Kester, 1 ; Horsman, 1 ; Gleason, 1 ; Shen- ick, 1; Shrieves, 1; Brundle, 1; Campbell, 1; Oronhyatekha, 1; Botterell, 1 ; Cummer, 1 ; McGHlivray, 1 ; Halle, 1. Total, 33. Nays Heard, 1; Momey, 1. Total, 2. The H. C. R. declared Bro. E. Towe expelled from the Order, and re- quested him to leave the room. Mr. E. Towe then retired from the High Court just as day was breaking. Moved by Bro. J. W. Drake, and seconded by Bro. J. Brundle, that Bros. J. J. Reed, R. M. McElheran, J. F. McLaughlan, and M. Scarrow be ex- pelled from the Order. The yeas and nays were ordered, and resulted as follows : Yeas High Chief Ranger, 1 ; Junior Past High Chief Ranger, 1; Senior Past High Chief Ranger 1 ; High Secretary, 1 ; Auditor, 1 ; Drake, 1 ; Mill- man, 1 ; Cody, 1 ; Creighton, 1 ; Nixon, 1 ; Walsh, 1 ; Mahaffy, 1 ; Holden, 1 ; Bowles, 1 ; Cook, 1 ; Mackie, 1 ; Birch, 1 ; Baker, 1 ; Proctor, 1 ; Griffith, 1 ; Finagin, 1 ; Kister, 1 ; Horsman, 1 ; Gleason, 1 ; Shenick, 1 ; Shrieves, 1 ; Brundle, 1 ; Campbell, 1 ; Oronhyatekha, 1 ; Botterell, 1 ; Cummer, 1 ; McGillivray, 1; Halle, 1. Nays None. The H. C. R. declared Bros. R. M. McElheran, J. J. Reed, J. F. Mc- Laughlan, and M. Scarrow expelled from the Order. Moved by Bro. J. Finagin, and seconded by Bro. J. W. Dr^ke, that this High Court express entire confidence in the Executive of both the High and Supreme Courts. Carried by a unanimous standing vote. Bro. Rev. W. Walsh stated that inasmuch as a circular has been issued by persona lately members of this Order, but now of the Canadian Order of INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 227 Foresters, containing a most villainous attack upon our Supreme Chief Ranger, it is the duty of this High Court to express its fullest confidence in that officer. He therefore begged to move, seconded by Bro. T. D. Shenick, the following resolution : ' ' That we express our entire confidence in the integrity and uprightness of our Supreme Chief Ranger, Bro. Dr. Oronhya- tekha." Bro. Walsh added that, as a member of the Committee of Inquiry at Hamilton, and, therefore, in a special position to know all the ins and outs of these troubles, he had no hesitation in saying that the conduct and bearing of our Chief throughout the whole difficulty was such as to raise him very much in his estimation, and in the light of the most searching investigation, both at Hamilton and here, at the present time, he was more than ever con- vinced that we had an upright, honorable and straightforward Supreme Chief Ranger. The motion was carried by a unanimous standing vote. Moved by Bro. D. Gleason, and seconded by Bro. J. Finagin, that the hearty thanks of this High Court be tendered to the Foresters of London for the very handsome manner in which they have entertained the delegates at this session. Carried. Moved by Bro, W. C. Bowles, and seconded by Rev. W. Walsh, that no further action be taken with reference to amalgamation with the C. O. F. Carried. On motion, the High Court adjourned. A special session of the Supreme Court was convened in the Foresters' Hall, in the city of London, Thursday, Nov. 9th, 1882, at 10.30 a.m., immediately following the adjournment of the special session of the High Court of Ontario, with Bro. J)r, Oronhyatekha, S. C. R., in the chair. On the roll of Officers being called, the following were report- ed present : S.C.K, Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha. . P.S.C.R., Bro. E. Botterell. S. Secretary, Bro. E. S. Cummer. S. Treasurer, Bro. T. G. Davey. S. Physician, Bro. Dr. T. Millman. S. S. W., Bro. J. Crawford. 8. J. W., Bro. M. J. Cody. S. Marshal, Bro. I. Nixon. Auditors, Bros. R. J. Halle and T. D. Shenick, 228 HISTORY OF THE The S.C.R. made the following pro tern, appointments : S. V. C. R., Bro. John A. McGillivray. S. Chaplain, Rev. Bro. W. Walsh. S. Assistant-Secretary, Bro. A. F. Campbell. S. S. B., Bro. D. Gleason. S. J. B., Bro. J. Mackie. The S.C.R. addressed the Supreme Court, and explained fully the special object for which the Supreme Court was called to- gether. He also explained the other business to be laid before the Supreme Court for its consideration. The S. Secretary then read a copy of the summons served on Bro. E. Towe, citing him to appear before the Supreme Court to show cause why he should not be expelled from the Supreme Court, The S. Secretary read tlie follow^ing communication from the High Court of Ontario : London, Nov. 9th, 1882. To the Supreme Chief Ranger^ Ojfficers and Reiyresentatives of the Supreme Court. Brethren, I am directed by the High Court of Ontario to inform you that Bros. E. Towe, R. M. McElheran, J. F. McLaughlan, J. J. Reed and M. Scarrow, who had previously been suspended by the S. C. R. for gross unforestric con- duct, in that they had circulated scandalously false reports of the proceed- ings of the High Court at Hamilton, and of the position of the Order, and in having uttered and circulated false and malicious charges against the Supreme Chief Ranger and other members of the Executive Council, were duly sum- moned to appear before the High Court to show cause why they should not be expelled, and that after a most careful and exhaustive enquiry into the whole matter, the charges were found fully sustained, and the said brethren were expelled from the Order. Yours in L., B. and C, E. S. CUMMER, H. Secretary. E. Towe having failed to appear, it was Moved by Bro. John A. McGillivray, and seconded by E.S. Cummer, that this court do approve of the action of the High Court of Ontario in the ex- pulsion of Bros. Towe, McElheran, McLaughlan, Reed and Scarrow. Car- ried unanimously. F. W. EMMERSON, High Secretary, N.B. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 231 One of the courts which was nearly ruined by the discordant element, under the leadership of those who had been suspended by the S.C.R., and who were subsequently expelled by the High Court of Ontario and the Supreme Court, as above recorded, was Court Dufferin, No. 7. It appears that the court had opened up negotiations with the Canadian Order of Foresters, who had agreed to receive all the members of Court Dufferin without medical examinations and without the customary fees, provided Court Dufferin seceded from the I.O.F. in a body. It was after having entered into this agreement that the officers of Court Dufferin invited the Su- preme Chief Ranger and other Supreme Officers to be present on a given night, " as matters of importance were to be submitted to the court on that occasion." It was the purpose of the officers of the court to surrender the charter of the court to the S.C.R., and thus, if possible, do greater injury to the Order they were about to betray, by making it appear that they had voluntarily left the I O. F. The S. C. R., however, was not to be so easily caught. For, hav- ing received trustworthy information as to the purpose for which he was invited, he quickly decided upon a plan of action and then accepted the invitation. He arranged with Bro. Jas. Crawford, the Court Deputy of Court Dufferin, that as soon as the court was opened, he was to object to the presence of Mr. K Towe and others, who had been suspended from the Order by the S. C. R., expecting that the court would permit the suspended members to sit in court, and thus justify the suspension of its charter. Bro. Crawford, at the Hamilton session, was inclined to favor Towe and his friends, but just as soon as he found that Towe and his party were becoming disloyal to the Order, he left them, and in all the subsequent troubles, as upon this occasion, stood man- fully by the I.O.F. When the evening came, the S.C.R., accompanied by the Supreme Physician, Bro. Dr. T. Millman, and Supreme Treas- urer, Bro. T. G. Davey, put in an appearance, some time before the court was opened, and found, as anticipated, that all the sus- pended members were already present in the court-room. As agreed upon previously, immediately after the opening of the 232 HISTORY OF THE court, Bro. Crawford called the attention of the C. R. to the pres- ence in the court-room of certain suspended members, and point- ed out the provision of the Constitution relating to such matters, and suggested that the C. R. request the withdrawal of the sus- pended members. As expected, a motion was promptly made -and carried by a large majority to permit the suspended mem- bers to remain during the session of the court, thus placing them- selves in the hands of the Supreme Chief Ranger, who promptly suspended the charter of the court for violation of the Constitu- tion, and placed the same in the charge of Bro. Crawford. He intimated that the charter would be restored in due course to the loyal members of the court, if a quorum of such were left. There- upon he and the Supreme officers retired. The chagrin of the leading spirits at this unexpected turn of events, can better be imagined than described. They did not surrender their charter, and when they joined the C. 0. F., they did so as suspended mem- bers of the I. O. F. The charter of the court was afterwards restored to some 16 members, who had remained loyal to the Order. All the princi- pal officers, however, with the bulk of the membership seceded and joined the Canadian Order of Foresters, under the name of Court " Defiance." The name chosen was not only significant but appropriate. The officers were not content with carrying away all the books and forms belonging to Court Dufierin, but took some $200 of its funds, and then defied the officers of the I.O.F. to re- cover their property. As, however, a large number of the mem- bers of Court Duflferin were between 50 and 60 years of age, and a few of them in ill health, the oflScers of the I.O.F. considered that they had got rid of them very cheaply indeed, and did not bother themselves to recover the property of the Order which had been taken by the seceders. These old men were afterwards admitted to the C.O.F. in " defiance " of its laws. The Supreme Court simply replaced the lost books and forms, which after- wards brought forth the following letter from the reorganized court which was ordered to be placed upon the minute books of the special session of the Supreme Court : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 283 Court Dufferin, No. 7, 1.O.F., Office of J. Fred. Cryer, Recording Secretary. London, Oct. 25, 1882. E. S. Cummer, S.S., Hamilton. Dear Sir and Bro., At the regular meeting of the above court held last night, I was requested to forward you the following resolution, viz. : Moved by Bro. Geo. Parish, seconded by Bro. J. Fred. Cryer, and carried unanimously, that this court tenders the Supreme Court, I.O.F., a hearty vote of thanks for their kindness expressed in presenting us with a new set of forms and books. Kindly present this to the Supreme Court at next meeting, and oblige Yours in L., B. and C, J. FRED. CRYER, R. Secretary. The record of the special session would not be complete with- out noting the off-hand manner in which the Supreme Court treated the proposition to admit the ladies to the Order. The minute on the subject was brief and to the point, as follows : Moved by Bro. John A. McGillivray, and seconded by Bro. R. J. Halle, that, in the opinion of this Supreme Court, it is not advisable at present to take any steps for the admission of ladies as beneficiary members of the Or- der. Carried. After which the Supreme Court adjourned. The second annual communication of the Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters was held in the city of Toronto, August 8th, 1883, Dr. Oronhyatekha, S. C. R., in the chair. Officers present : S. C. R., Oronhyatekha, M. D., London. P. S. C. R., Ed. Botterell, Ottawa. S. V. C. K, J. B. Halkett, Ottawa. S. Sec, E. S. Cummer, Hamilton. S. Treas., T. G. Davey, London. S. Physician, T. Millman, M. D., London. S. Counsellor, W. W. Fitzgerald, London. Assistant Sec, H. F. Switzer, Midland. S. S. W., J. Crawford, London. ^ o 7 234 HISTORY OF THE S. S. B., D. H. Williamson, Midland. S. Messenger, Geo. Parish, London. Auditor, R. J. Halle, Chatham. The S. C. R. appointed the following Credential Committee : Bros. E. S. Cummer, W. W. Fitzgerald and G. Parish, who reported the following credentials correct, and the brethren entitled to seats in the Supreme Court : MANITOBA. H. S. Crotty, P. H. C. R., Winnipeg. R. W. Jamieson, H. C. R., Winnipeg. J. Hooper, P. H. S., Morris. ONTARIO. Jas. Crawford, London. G. Parish, London. H. F. Switzer, Midland. W. C. Bowles, Ottawa. John Culbert, Ottawa. Wm. Rea, Ottawa. Wm. Gerry, London South. J. R. Hunter, Windsor. J. Finagin, Hamilton. G. Wilcock, M.D., Toronto. A. F. Campbell, Brampton. Rev. E. A. W. Hanington, Ottawa. W. Kay, Embro. Jas. Duncan, Windsor. D. H. Williamson, Midland. G. A. Proctor, Sarnia. The representatives were then duly initiated into the Supreme Court by S. C. R., Oronhyatekha. The following are extracts from the S. C. R's annual report: Toronto, 8th August, 1883. To the Officers and Members of the Supreme Courts I.O.F, Brethren, Again it becomes my privilege to sound the gavel which will call you to the labors of another Annual Session of our Supreme Court. Let us, before INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 235 entering uj^on our duties, one and all, return thanks to the Supreme Ruler of the universe for the many mercies vouchsafed to us during the year past, and for the large measure of success which has attended our efforts in behalf of our noble Order, and humbly ask for Divine guidance in our deliberations here for the advance of our sacred cause. -x- -^t -Jf * STATE OF THE ORDER. Notwithstanding the fact that, immediately after the adjournment last year of the Supreme Court, a few of our members, led by two men, the one a defeated candidate for the office of Supreme Treasurer, and the other for the office of High Chief Ranger of the High Court of Ontario, forgetting the sacred obligations taken by them obligations which, to all honorably -minded men, have all the binding force of a solemn oath endeavored, in their feeble way, to undermine the foundations of our Order, and notwithstanding the fact that there was persistent circulation of the most wilful and malicious falsehoods, not only against the Executive Council, but against the High Court of Ontario, as well as against the Supreme Court, there was but a brief check to the onward march of our noble Order. * * * Although Mr. Towe was the year before in the Executive Council, and the year before that an Auditor, and therefore in a position to know any secrets, if any there were, in connection with the management of the Order, yet he utterly failed to make a single point, except by the use of the rough, unrevised memoranda of liabilities of the High Secretary, surreptitiously obtained by him, and en- deavoring to palm them off as the schedule of liabilities submitted to the Auditors at Ottawa. The verdict of the High Court in expelling Mr. Towe by nearly an unanimous vote there being only two otays and in expelling Messrs. McElheran, McLaughlan, Reed, and others, by a unanimous vote, seemed to have been eminently satisfactory to the entire membership, for from that time we have had peace and contentment in the entire Order. Our membership has not only increased more rapidly than that of any other kindred Order in the Dominion, but the character of the membership who have joined us during the year has been of the highest a membership of which any society might well be proud a membership that gives promise of stability and permanence to our institution. LOSS OF COURTS. Owing to the course taken by Court DufFerin at the time of the agitation of the seceders, I felt it my duty to suspend the charter of the court. After- wards it was restored to some sixteen loyal members, under the leadership of Bro. Sergeant J. Crawford. At this time also the Executive Council of the Canadian Order of Foresters made a proposition to Court Maple, No. 4, that, if they would secede from us and join them in a body, they would take them over as a court. * * * Accordingly, early in September, the Right Worthy High Chief Ranger of the C. O. F., and others of his Executive Officers, visited London, and for- 236 HISTORY OF THE mally received Court Maple into the bosom of the C.O.F. Bro. B. Gates, though then on his death bed, as already stated, was examined by one of the C. O. F. Medical Examiners and passed by their Medical Board, and was duly enrolled as a beneficiary member of the C. O. F. in September. * 5<- ^ NEW COURTS. We have instituted since last meeting of the Supreme Court, 25 subordin- ate courts in Ontario ; 10 in Manitoba ; 3 in Dakota ; 3 in Michigan ; and 3 in New Brunswick ; making a total of 44 subordinate courts. On the 9th of October last I had the honor of instituting the High Court of Manitoba, with capable and high-minded gentlemen as the first High Of- ficers, and I believe the day is not far distant when the Independent For- esters will be a power in that magnificent province. When you consider that on the 1st October last we had only 880 members in good standing in the Or- der, and only $1,145,07 to our credit in the bank, and to-day we have in the neighborhood of 1,700 members in the Order, and over $6^000 to our credit in the bank, notwithstanding the fact that we have paid since our last meet- ing, death claims amounting in all to $10,000, of which, seven representing $9,000, accrued during the year, you will agree with me that we have made ex- traordinary progress. All claims during the year were paid within six days of due proof of claim. RECOMMENDATIONS. I would recommend that an amendment be incorporated in the Constitu- tion, giving power to certain officers of the Order to interdict any foolhardy undertaking about to be engaged in by a brother Forester, and making pro- vision that if, after such interdiction, a brother Forester continues in his course, he does so at his own risk, and if the undertaking results in death, his beneficiary shall not be entitled to any benefits of the Order. * -^ * The following is taken from the S. S.'s report : Never in the history of the Order, at least since I have held the position of Secretary, has there been so much contentment among our membership as during the past year. This, I presume, is due to our incomparable system and laws. Shortly after the adjournment of the Supreme Court, our mem- bership was reduced to 880, and our balance in the bank to only $1,145.07, owing to the systematic villification of the Order, and misrepresentations in- dulged in by those who, in consequence, were unanimously expelled by the High Court at its special meeting in London. On the 30th June, the close of the fiscal year, we had 1,530 members, and a balance in bank of over $5,000.00, with a constantly and rapidly increasing membership, and to-day we have on our rolls over 1,600 members and over $6,000 to our credit in the bank. We have, therefore, more reason than ever to thank God and take courage, for He certainly has blessed us in our noble work. After showing that 40 new courts had been instituted, of which R. MEEK, Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger. .* t^ lec e c * 'c c ' ' ' " f ' < INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 239 exactly one-half, or 20, had been personally instituted by the S. C. R., he submitted the following summary of the membership : No. of Members at last Report 1080 " initiated 927 Total 2007 No. of Members withdrawn 4 " *' suspended 461 expelled 5 died 7 Total 477 Total members in good standing at date 1530 The Supreme Treasurer's report showed that $14,508.34 had been received during the year on Endowment account, of which $9,000 had been paid in benefits and $648.74 for management expenses, thus leaving a balance in that fund for the year's trans- actions of $4,859.60, making the total cash balance in hand on en- dowment account, $5,565.22, The record shows the following action to have been taken re- garding hazardous risks and foolhardy undertakings : Moved by Bro. W. W. Fitzgerald, seconded by Bro. J. A. McGillivray, that the question of hazardous risks as per report of Committee sent up from the High Court of Ontario, be referred to the Executive Council, to deal with the subject as they may deem proper, and to specify what employments or occupations are specially hazardous, and what rates shall be charged on such lives when they are accepted in our Order. Carried. Moved by Bro. J. A. McGillivray, seconded by Bro. J. Crawford, that no action of the Executive Council in re hazardous risks shall be retro-active, and that no change of rates in these classes shall affect those now members of the Order in good standing. Carried. Moved by Bro. J. A. McGillivray, seconded by Dr. T. Millman, that any member about to engage in an extremely hazardous and foolhardy undertaking, likely to result in premature death, and of a fruitless nature, may be interdicted, and that the Executive Council be instructed to amend the Constitution and Laws so as to provide for the same. Carried. The report of the Medical Board was then presented by Dr. T. Millman, the Secretary, as follows, and, on motion, was adopted. BEPORT OF MEDICAL BOARD. Report of Medical Board, from July 1st, 1882, to June 30th, 1883. The number of medical examination papers submitted to the Board during the year were 1143. 240 HISTORY OF THE 945 were passed for |1,000 each $945,000 97 *' " " 2,000 " 194,000 48 " " " 3,000 " 144,000 1090 . Total amount $1,293,000 48 applying for $1,000 rejected $48,000 2 " 2,000 " 4,000 3 *' 3,000 ' 9,000 53 Total $61,000 In addition to this amount, four $2,000 applicants were re- duced to $1,000; six $3,000 applicants were reduced to $1,000 $16,000 Total rejected and reduced $77,000 Submitted in L., B. & C T. MILLMAN, M.D., Sec. of the Board. The Committee on Laws presented the following report, which, on motion, was adopted . Supreme Qiief Raiigei , Ojfficers and Representatives. Your Committee on Laws beg leave to report as follows : 1st. We would recommend that an amendment be incorporated in the Constitution, giving power to certain offi.ers of the Order to interdict any- foolhardy undertaking about to be engaged in by a brother Forester, and making provision that if, after such interdictien, a brother Forester contin- ues in his course, he does so at his own risk, and if the undertaking results in death, his beneficiary shall not be entitled to any benefits of the Order. 2nd. There are quite a number of amendments of a trivial character which are required in order to remove any doubts as to the meaning of each clause, and the sections might still further be re-arranged so as to group together all those that relate to one subject ; and as we are now entirely out of Constitu- tions, and we shall require at once a new edition, we would advise you to give the Executive Council power and authority to thoroughly revise the Constitution, and re-arrange the sections, and make and incorporate such amendments as they may deem best. 3rd. We would also recommend the issuing of a new form of charter, and would suggest the adoption of the design herewith submitted. Such charter to be furnished to such existing courts as may desire them, at cost, and to be issued to new courts as they are formed. 4th. We also recommend that the action of the Executive in the admission of the Maccabees in the manner they were admitted be confirmed. All of which is respectfully submitted in L. B. and C. , JOHN A. McGILLIVRAY, D. H. WILLIAMSON. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 241 On motion, the salaries of the Supreme Secretary and Treasurer were fixed the same as last year. The election of officers was next proceeded with, and resulted as follows : S.C.R. Oronhyatekha, M. D., London, re-elected by acclamation. S.V.C.R. J. B. Halkett, Ottawa, re elected by acclamation. ' S.S. E, S. Cummer, Hamilton, re-elected by acclamation. S.T. T. G. Davey, London, re-elected by acclamation. S. Physician. T. Millman, M.D., London, re-elected by acclamation. S. Coun. W. W. Fitzgerald, London, re-elected by acclamation. S. Auditors. R. J. Halle, Chatham, and H. F. Switzer, Midland, re- elected by acclamation. Kingston was selected as the next place of the annual meeting of the Su- preme Court. It was determined to hold the meeting immediately after the adjournment of the High Court of Ontario. The Supreme Chief Ranger then made the following appointments of officers: S. Chap. R. W. Jamieson, Winnipeg. S. J. S. A. F. Campbell, Brampton. S.S.W. W. Gerry, London South. S.J.W. W. Rea, Ottawa. S.S.B. G. Wi!cock, M.D., Toronto. S.J.B. D. H. Williamson, Midland. S.M.W. Bowles, Ottawa. S. Con. O. J. Clark, Woodstock. S. Mar, J. Hunter, Windsor. The officers for the ensuing year were tlien duly installed by Bro. E. Bot- terell, P.S.C.R. Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha was elected chairman, and Dr. Millman, sec- retary, of the Medical Board. The third member was left to be chosen by the S.C.R., and if possible to be selected from the Maritime Provinces. High Physicians were constituted ex-officio members of the Board. The sum of $400 was voted to the Supreme Chief Ranger, for his services to the Order for the ])ast year. The Supreme Court then adjourned, to meet again in the city of Kings- ton immediately after the adjournment of the High Court of Ontario. The Third Annual Communication of the Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters was opened in due form in the Court House, Kingston, at 9 a.m., Thursday, August 21st, 1884, Dr. Oronhyatekha, S. C. R., in the chair. OFFICERS PRESENT. Dr. Oronhyatekha, S. C. R.; E. Botterell, P. S. C. R. ; J. B. Halkett, S. V. C. R. ; E. S. Cummer, S. Secretary; W. W. Fitz- 242 HISTORY OF THE Gerald, S. Coun. ; W. Gerry, S. S. W. ; H. F. Switzer, and R. J. Halle, Auditors ; J. A. McGillivray, P. S. Coun. The Credential Committee reported the following credentials correct, and the brethren entitled to seats in the Supreme Court : Ontario. Bro. A. R. Milne, Kingston ; Bro. D. E. Howatt, Deseronto ; Bro. James Crawford, London ; Bro. J. A. Todd, M.D., Georgetown^ Bro. W. C. McLean, Barrie ; Bro. W. C. Wilson, Woodstock ; Bro. James Slater, Hamilton ; Bro. James Bowerman, Napanee ; Bro. John Culbert, Ottawa ; Bro. A. H. Backhouse, Aylmer ; Bro. Geo. Parish, London ; Bro. Rev. J. M. Gray, Sterling ; Bro. John Finagin, Hamilton ; Bro. T. H. James, Glen- williams ; Bro. Wm. Griffith, Hamilton ; Bro. A. Swayze, London ; Bro. Jas. Adams, Kingston ; Bro. H. Moreland, Ottawa ; Bro. Geo. Henderson, Hamilton. New Brunswick. Bro. Hon. D. L. Hanington, Dorchester ; Bro. W. A. Trueman, Albert'; Bro. Geo. Hetherington, M.D., St. John ; Bro. Geo. H. Pick, Moncton. Nova Scotia. Bro. Hon. D. C. Fraser, New Glasgow ; Bro. H. T. Suther- land, New Glasgow ; Bro. E. A. King, Oxford ; Bro. C. A. Lowe, Spring Hill Mines. Quebec. Bro. F. H. Wildgoose, Montreal ; Bro. C. W. Bolton, Montreal. The following representatives were then initiated into the Supreme Court Degree by the Supreme Chief Ranger, Dr. Oronhyatekha : Bro. A. R. Milne, Kingston, Ontario ; Bro. A. H. Backhouse, Aylmer, Ontario ; Bro. A. Swayze, London, Ontario ; Bro. W. C. Wilson, Woodstock, Ontario ; Bro. W. C. McLean, Barrie, Ontario ; Bro. Wm. Griffith, Hamilton, Ontario ; Bro. James Slater, Hamilton, Ontario ; Bro. H. Morland, Ottawa, Ontario ; Bro. T. H. James, Glenwilliams, Ontario ; Bro. Geo. Henderson, Hamilton, Ontario ; Bro. J. A. Todd, M.D., Georgetown, Ontario ; Bro. James Adams, Portsmouth, Ontario; Bro. Rev. J. M. Gray, Sterling, Ontario; Bro. G. A. Hetherington, M.D., St. John, N.B.; Bro. F. H. Wildgoose, Montreal, Quebec ; Bro. C. W. Bolton, Montreal, Quebec. The following extracts are from the S. C. R 's report : extension of the order. Towards the end of August of last year, under an agreement with the Ex- ecutive Council, I proceeded to the Maritime Provinces for the purpose of more thoroughly establishing the Order there. I had the honor of institut- ing the High Court of New Brunswick, in Moncton, on the 5th of September, 1883, with an efficient staff of officers, at the head of which was our distin- guished Bro. Sheriff R. A. Chapman, of Dorchester, a gentleman eminently qualified for the position, and one who has taken a deep interest in the wel- fare of the Order in his jurisdiction. INDEPENDENT OKDER OF FORESTERS. 243 Shortly after, the work was begun in Nova Scotia by the institution of the first court at Amherst, under the name of Court Acadia, No. 102, and on the 24th of the month the High Court was duly formed at Truro, under most favorable auspices. Here, as in the sister province of New Brunswick, the Order was most fortunate in having secured so able a leader as the Hon. A. C. Bell, M.P.P., of New Glasgow, with the Hon. D. C. Frazer as Past High Chief Ranger. My old friend, I. J. Hingley, the Grand Secretary of the Good Templars, was chosen High Secretary. It was my intention to con- tinue the work a while longer in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and then to cross into Prince Edward Island and introduce the Order there ; but, un- fortunately, I was summoned home by the Executive upon urgent business connected with the Oates matter, and I have not been able since then to re- turn to the field. Inasmuch, however, as High Courts were formed both in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the work has continued successfully, as was to have been expected, in both provinces. As some evidence of the care . with which the selection of the membership was made, it is gratifying to state that no deaths have occurred in our ranks in the Maritim,e Provinces, and but two or three small claims for sick benefits have been made during the year. I hope you will arrange, at this session, to prosecute the work with vigor all along the lines, and that before the year 1884 dies we shall see our numbers doubled. I had arranged to visit Nebraska, Dakota, and Minne- sota, during the month of July, but owing to unforeseen circumstances I was obliged to postpone that visit. I have no doubt but that we could easily establish High Courts in each of those jurisdictions. OUR LATE BROTHER J. WELLS. On the 9th of May the death claim papers covering the death of our late Bro. J. Wells, of Court Elgin, No. 29, of Aylmer, was laid before your Su- preme Officers. The Supreme Secretary, in transmitting the ])apers, called my attention to the fact that the brother had been reported by his court as suspended on the 1st day of March, and that on the 28th of April the Su- preme Secretary had received, from the financial Secretary of the court, a communication intimating that Bro. Wells had been reinstated on the 25tli of April. The certificate of the physician accompanying^ the claim papers, showed that the brother had been ill sixty days of the disease of which he died on the 6th of May, thus appearing that the re-instatement had taken place only eleven days before death, and while the brother was ill. The brother having been suspended on the 1st day of March, and no action having been taken for his reinstation till fifty -five days after suspension, could not have been legally reinstated without again passing our medical ex- amination. Again, even if the reinstatement had taken place within the thirty days, it having been shown by the medical certificate accompanying the claim papers that the brother had been ill for something like forty-nine days prior to his reinstatement, according to Section 120 he could not 244 HISTORY OF THE have been reinstated under any circumstances, during the time of such illness. It was with great regret that, under these circumstances, we felt that we could not recognize the claim. The Brethren of Court Elgin, of Aylmer, were notified of this, and the C.D.H.C.R. was requested to meet me at St. Thomas, with the books of the court. Not only did he come with the books, but he was accompanied by the Secretaries of his court, when full explana- tions were given, and I became thoroughly satisfied that the brethren of the court had been acting in good faith, and not as it appeared at first, in wilful violation of our laws, in reinstating the brother during his illness. I understand that Bro. Backhouse, of Court Elgin, No. 29, has been in- structed by his court to lay before the Supreme Court the circumstances connected with the unfortunate suspension of our late Brother Wells, and which leads the court to hope that your honorable body may see your way clear to order the payment of the endowment. I would therefore recommend that the papers be referred to a special committee to examine the whole matter, and before whom the brother can appear, and prefer the claims of his court. I am satisfied if that committee can report that the claim can be paid without violating our laws, that you will cheerfully order its payment, and that you will not allow a mere technical objection to stand in the way of its payment. * * * AMENDMENT TO THE INSURANCE LAW, Late in the session of Parliament, this year, a Bill was introduced by Sir Leonard Tilley for the purpose of bringing all societies giving an insurance benefit to their members, under government inspection. As soon as received the Bill was submitted to our Counsellor, and it was his opinion that, owing to our having a reserve fund, one of the clauses might be used against us ; a,nd in order to insure against any trouble, I proceeded to Ottawa for the pur- pose of having, if possible, all ambiguity removed from the clause in ques- tion. I had interviews both with Sir Leonard Tilley and Prof. Cherriman, and it was agreed to change the clause in question in the way we desired. Sir Leonard Tilley at the time expressed some doubts as to whether he would be able to push through the Bill, owing to the lateness of the session and the press of pilblic business ; and the Bill was, in fact, one of the "babes " that had to be slaughtered. But there is no doubt but that it will again be brought before the House next year and pushed through to an Act at the next session of Parliament. * "fr * The Executive Council were unanimously of the opinion that the measure submitted by the Government, through Sir Leonard Tilley, was a wise one 3,nd in the true interests of every well conducted organization, like the Inde- dendent Order of Foresters, and hence had our hearty support. It is to be hoped that before another year the Bill will become law, and that every organization will be required to submit to Government inspection and super- A. R. MILNE, Past High Chief Ranger. f c ; INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 247 vision. So far as the Independent Order of Foresters is concerned, it fears nothing by comparison with any other organization of the kind, and the more it is inspected the mor^ will its unsurpassed system commend itself to those vvho know anything about the fundamental principles of insurance. AMENDMENT TO THE ENDOWMENT LAW. After careful enquiries, I am convinced that we can, with a small addi- tional tax, still further improve our Endowment Law, by the addition of the following provisions relating to an endowment class : 182. (1) Each member of the Order, in good standing upon the 1st day of September, 1884, at his own option, may be enrolled in the endowment class on or before the 1st day of October, 1884, by his paying a special enrolment fee equivalent to one assessment, according to his present rating. (2) Thereafter he shall pay semi-annually, before each first day of January and before each first day of July in each year, one extra assessment equiva- lent to one assessment, according to his present rating. (3) Candidates, on initiation, may be immediately enrolled in the endow- ment class, by ])aying a special enrolment fee equivalent to one assessment, according to their age and the amount of endowment taken, as provided in sections one hundred and seventy-seven and one hundred and seventy-nine. (4) Thereafter they shall pay semi-annually before each first d*y of Janu- ary, and before each first day of July in each year, one extra assessment equivalent to their monthly rates of assessment, for the time being. 183. (1) Members, other than those embraced in section one hundred and eighty three, may be enrolled or reinstated in the endowment class by paying a special enrolment fee equivalent to one assessment, according to the sched- ule of rates provided for in the Endowment Laws, for their actual age at the time of such enrolment or reinstatement. (2) Thereafter they shall pay semi-annually before each first day of Janu- ary, and before each first day of July, in each year, one extra assessment, equivalent to their special enrolment fee. FORFEITING STATUS. 184. (1) Any member, who is enrolled in the endowment class, failing at any time to pay the required extra assessments, shall forfeit his standing in the endowment class, and shall revert back to the ordinary class, or to the extra hazardous class, as the case may be. (2) Any member, who has thus forfeited his standing in the endowment class, may be reinstated in such class by his again paying the special enrol- ment fee, and two extra assessments for each extra assessment he may be in arrears at the time of reinstatement. 185. Members in the endowment class shall have their endowments paid in full to themselves within thirty days after completing their expectancy of life, according to the following table : 248 HISTORY OF THE Age. Expectation Full Endo^^nlent A^e. Expectation Full Endowment of Life. pajable at of Life. payable at 18 45 63 40 29 69 19 44 63 41 28 69 20 43 63 42 27 69 21 42 63 43 26 69 22 41 63 44 26 70 23 41 64 45 25 70 . 24 40 64 46 24 70 25 39 64 47 24 71 26 39 65 48 23 71 27 38 65 49 22 71 28 37 65 50 21 71 29 36 65 ' 51 20 72 30 36 66 52 20 72 31 35 66 53 19 72 32 35 67 54 19 73 33 34 67 55 18 73 34 33 67 56 17 73 35 32 67 57 17 74 ^31 68 58 16 74 37 31 68 59 15 74 38 30 68 60 15 75 39 29 68 186. On the payment of the full endowment to a member in the Endow- ment Class, all claims or interest of such member, or of the widow, orphans, or beneficiaries, heirs, administrators, or assigns of such member to the En- dowment Fund of the Order shall thereby cease, and become absolutely null and void. I also recommend the addition of a provision for the admission of ladies in- to full beneficiary membership, to rank in our extra hazardous class. * * "^ The Supreme Secretary reported as follows as to the state of the Order: There have been 43 new courts instituted during the year, as follows : 12 in Ontario, 18 in Nova Scotia, 12 in New Brunswick and 1 in Dakota Terri- tory. We have also resuscitated 3 dormant courts, which are to-day live and active courts. There were on the 1st day of July, 1884, 2,355 members in good standing on our books, as the following statistics will show : No. of members at last report 1,530 " Initiated during the year 1,228 Total 2,758 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 24^ No. of members withdrawn during the year 10 No. of members suspended during the year 385 No. of members died 8 403 ^ No. of members on 1st July, 1884 2,355 The present membership is classified as follows, viz. : 1st or $1,000 class, 2,083 ; 2nd or $2,000 class, 192 ; 8rd or $3,000, 80. The Supreme Treasurer's report showed that the receipts for the year on Endowment account, including interest, amounted to S23,922.56, of which $1,176.70 was paid for management expen- ses, and $10,408.61 to the beneficiaries of the deceased Foresters, leaving a balance of $12,337.25, which, with the amount on hand at the beginning oftthe year, left a total balance of $17,196.85. The Medical Board in their report said : It is the opinion of the Board, that owing to the examination of the urine being made imperative and we could have required nothing less, if we desired to maintain the high character which our Order has attained there must be increased compensation paid to our Medical Examiners. During the year the Board has received and considered 1,417 applications, classified as follows : 75 applicants for $3, 000 $ 225,000 138 " " 2,000 276,000 1,204 " " 1,000 1,204,000 1,417 $1,705,000 These applications were disposed of as follows : PASSED. eOapplicants for $3,000 $ 180,000 119 " *' 2,000 276,000 1,153 " " 1,000 1,153,000 1,332 $1,571,000 REDUCED. 7 applicants for $3,000 to $2,000 $ 7,000 5 " " 3,000" 1,000 10,000 12 " ' 2,000" 1,000 12,000 24 Total reductions $29,000 REJECTED. 3 applicants for $3,000 $ 9,000 7 " " 2,000 14,000 51 " " 1,000 61,000 61 Total rejected $74,000 P 250 HISTORY OF THE Thus out of the 1,417 applicants the board has passed 1,356 for $1,662,000, and has rejected 61 applicants for 74,000, which, added to amount of those reduced, makes a total of $103,000 declined by the Board. J The causes of rejection were as follows : 21 Heart complications. 11 Diseases of lungs. 3 Intemperance. 3 General bad health. '^ 1 Abscess. 1 Insanity. 1 Rheumatism. 1 Disease of the bladder. 19 Hereditary phthisis. 61 Upon the whole, the Medical Board is of the opinion that the mortality record of the past year, having been only seven in a membership of over 2,000, shows conclusively that the examinations have been carefully made, and the supervision which the Board has exercised has been conducive to the interests of the Order. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, Thos. Millman, M.D., Secretary of the Medical Board, The recommendation of the Supreme Chief Ranger to admit ladies into the Order suffered a disastrous defeat, notwithstand- ing the addition of the rider that " the operations of the law for the present be limited to the United States." The official record shows that only 7 voted in favor, while 20 voted against. It was sometimes said that the Executive was dominated en- tirely by the S.C.R. and frequently used as a matter of reproach, and many an invective was hurled at the " one-man power " with which the Order was supposed to be governed. But those who made such accusations knew little of what they were talking about. As a matter of fact many a hot discussion has taken place in the executive, and the S.C.R. overruled by his colleagues as to matters of public policy in connection with the Order. These differences hardly ever found their way outside of the Ex- ecutive rooms, because, as a rule, the S.C.R. defers to the opinions of his colleagues, his rule being that if unable to convince them as to the propriety or expediency of any proposed measure, not INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 251 to run the risk of defeat in the Supreme Court. In other words, to submit to the Supreme Court only such matters as had receiv- ed the endorsement of his colleagues. . Once in a while, however, the S.C.R. carried these differences to the Supreme Court. One of these occasions is recorded in the minutes now under review. It was in regard to the incorporation in our laws of the sections relating to the " Special Endowment." The following is the re- cord : The Committee on Constitution and Laws presented their second report, as follows : The question of the establishment of an endowment class to whom would be paid the amount of endowments to the members on their at- taining the full expectation of life having been referred to us, after due con- sideration (the question being of such importance), we recommended that it be allowed to stand as a notice of motion till the next annual meeting of the Supreme Court. J. A. McGILLIVRAY, Chairman. ED. BOTTERELL, W. W. FITZGERALD. Moved by Bro. J. Crawford, and seconded by Bro. W. Gerry, That the consideration of the proposed amendment to the Constitution as to the en- dowment class be not postponed, but taken up now and the said amendment put upon its passage. Carried. When this last motion was adopted, Bro. Botterell, who sat to the left of the chair, suggested that it be referred back to the committee " with instructions," instead of the Supreme Court then and there acting on the subject matter contained in the re- port of the committee. The S.C.R. accepted the suggestion and so ad visea the Supreme Court. It was then Moved by Bro. J. Adams, and seconded by Bro. J. Crawford, That the proposed amendment to the Constitution as to an endowment class be re- ferred back to the Committee of Constitution and Laws, with instructions to report in favor of the adoption of the proposed amendment. Carried. The committee, however, were in no hurry to report back as instructed, and the S. C. R., learning that several of those who were in favor of the amendment were obliged to leave for home that night, and as the committee still held back its report, placed the matter in the hands of the " boys." Shortly afterwards it was 252 HISTORY OF THE Moved by Bro. J. Crawford, seconded by Bro. A. Swayze, That inasmuch as the Committee on Constitution and Laws has failed to report on the matter of the amendment of the Constitution referring to the endowment class, it be taken out of the hands of the committee, and be acted upon by the Supreme Court now. Carried. Moved by Bro. R. J. Halle, seconded by Bro. J. A. Todd, That the amend- ment of the Constitution, as proposed by the Supreme Chief Ranger, con- cerning an endowment class, be adopted. Moved in amendment, by Bro, W. W. Fitzgerald, seconded by Bro. E. Botterell, That the consideration of the proposed amendment be postponed until the next annual session of the Supreme Court. The amendment was negatived on the following division : Yeas.G. Parish, J. Adams, E. Botterell, W. W. Fitzgerald, J. B. Hal- kett, J. A. McGillivray, Dr. Geo. Hetherington. Total, 7. Nays. A. R. Milne, D. E. Howatt, J. Crawford, W. C. McLean, W. C. Wilson, Jas. Slater, A. H. Backhouse, JohnFinagin, W. Griffith, A. Swayze, G. Henderson, Oronhyatekha. H. F. Switzer, R. J. Halle, W. Gerry, E. S. Cummer, F. H. Wildgoose, C. W. Bolton. Total, 18. The original motion was then carried on the same division. The amend- ment to the Constitution having been carried over by a two-thirds vote, the Supreme Chief Ranger declared the amendment duly adopted. The Finance Committee presented the following report : To the Supreme Chief Hanger and Representatives. We, the Finance Committee, beg leave to report as follows ; Seeing that the Auditors have done their work so efficiently, and at considerable expense and loss of time, we would recommend that the sum of % 10 each be paid out of the Supreme Court funds, which shall include their travelling expenses. With reference to that portion of the S. C. R's. report regarding the Medi- cal Board, your committee are of opinion that the very satisfactory manner in which the work has been done in the past, as clearly shown in the low death rate of our members, deserves recognition at the hands of the Supreme Court, and we would recommend that the sum of 25 cents be fixed in future as the fee for each examination paper reviewed. We further recommend that the Supreme Secretary's salary be fixed at the sum of $800 for the com- ing year, and that of the Supreme Treasurer at $150 for the coming year. We recommend that a grant be made to the S. C. R. of $200 for his very efficient services to the Order during the past year, and further, that the Journal Secretary be donated the sum of $10 for his services during the pre- sent session of Supreme Court. We cannot but congratulate the Order on its financial prosperity during the past year, and trust that it will continue to the end of time. All of which we beg leave to respectfully submit. W. GRIFFITH, J. A. TODD, A. H. BACKHOUSE. J!M:\?r L. T. BARCLAY, High Counsellor, Ont. E. J. HEARN, Past High Counsellor, Ont. J. DUNFIEUD, Past High Physician, Ont. W. HICKEY Past High Vice Chief Ranger, Ont. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 255 The report of the Finance Committee was considered, clause by clause, and the report adopted as a whole. The Supreme Chief Ranger, on being informed of the action of the Su- preme Court, in voting him the sum of $200, as a slight appreciation of his very efficient services during the past year, most heartily thanked the officers and representatives for their tangible recognition of his services, and express- ed a desire, with the approval of the Supreme Court, to donate the $200 in two prizes of $100 each, one to the subordinate court initiating the largest number of members between the 1st of September next and the Ist of August, and one to the member who shall be instrumental in bringing in the largest num- ber of members during the same period. Moved by Bro. J. A. McGillivray, and seconded by Bro. W. Griffith, that while the officers and representatives of the Supreme Court heartily appreci- ate the generosity and kindness of the S.C.R., they desire to express a most decided wish that he do not so dispose of the amount donated, but they de- sire him to accept it for himself. Carried. The Committee on Appeals and Petitions then presented their first report, re- lating to the claim presented by Bro. A. H . Backhouse on behalf of the heirs of Bro. Wells, deceased. Court House, Kingston, August 21st, 1884. To the Supreme Chief Batiger mid members of the Supreme Courts I.O.F. We, the members of your committee, beg leave to report as follows : That we have given due consideration to the claim made on behalf of the late Bro. J. Wells, Court Elgin, Aylmer, Ontario. We find in this case that our late Brother suspended himself on 1st March, 1884, for non-payment of dues and assessments, and that his death took place on May 6th, 1884, and that be- tween his suspension and death he was not constitutionally reinstated (see clauses 117 and 118 endowment laws). We therefore sincerely regret that we cannot recommend the payment of said claim. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, A. R. MILNE, w. c. McLean, W. C. WILSON. Bro. Backhouse requested that he be heard in the matter, and the Supreme Court granted him unlimited time, and he addressed the Supreme Court at length, and placed before them all the facts in detail, as well as the evidence bearing on the case. The members of the Supreme Court endorsed the report of the committee, and on motion of Bro. A, R. Milne, seconded by Bro. W. C. McLean, that the re- port of the committee be adopted, it was unanimously carried. The election of officers was then proceeded with, and resulted as follows : S.C.R., Bro. Oronhyatekha, M.D., London, Ontario, re-elected by accla- mation. 256 HISTORY OF THE S.Y.C.R., Bros. Geo. Hetherington, M. D , St. John, N.B.; J. Crawford, London, Ont., and J. Adams, Portsmouth, Ont., were nominated. Bros. J. Crawford and J. Adams withdrew, and Bro. Geo. Hetherington, M.D., was declared duly elected by acclamation. S.S., Bro. E. S. Cummer, Hamilton, Ont,, re-elected by acclamation. S.T., Bro. T. G.'Davey, London, Ontario, re-elected by acclamation. S. Physician, Bro. T. Millman, London, Ont., re-elected by acclamation. S. Counsellor, Bro. John A. McGillivray, Uxbridge, Ont., elected by ac- clamation. S. Auditors, Bros. E. J. Halle, Chatham ; H. F. Switzer, Midland ; Grif- fith, Hamilton, and McLean, of Barrie, were nominated. Bros. Griffith and McLean declined, upon which Bros. Halle and Switzer were declared re- elected by acclamation. ..St. John, N.B., was unanimously selected as the place for holding the next annual meeting of the Supreme Court, oa condition that excursion rates be secured for representatives. In the event of excursion rates not being obtainable to St. John, Mon- treal was the next place selected for holding the annual communication of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Chief Ranger then made the following appointments of offi- cers : S. Chaplain, Bro. Rev. J. M. Gray, Stirling. S. J. S., Bro. A. H. Backhouse, Aylmer. S. S. W., Bro. G. Parish, London. S. J. W., Bro. J. Adams, Portsmouth. S. S. B., Bro. C. W. Bolton, Montreal. S. J. B., Bro. W. C. Wilson, Woodstock. S. Marshal, Bro. J. Crawford, London. S. Con., Bro. W. C. McLean, Barrie. S. Messenger, Bro. D. E. Howatt, Deseronto. The officers were then installed by Bro. Botterell, and after transacting routine business the Supreme Court adjourned. As the Wells case was subsequently taken into the courts of law by the beneficiaries, and several points of general interest to fraternal society men were involved in tlie case, which were settled by the judgment of the court of Queen's Bench, we think it best to give here the case as reported by the S. C. R., in 1889, together with the judgment of the court, as delivered by His Lordship, Judge Street : THE WELLS CASE. The case against the Order known as the " Wells Case," has been decided since our last session in favor of the Order. For the information of the INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 257 younger members, I may state briefly that Brother J. Wells, a dentist of Aylmer, Ont., was one of the charter members of Court Elgin, No. 29, and he continued a member till the 1st day of March, 1884, when he ceased pay- ing assessments. At the first regular meeting of the court thereafter, he was reported in open court by the Financial Secretary as being suspended. Im- mediately afterwards one of the members, who was a friend of the brother, called upon him and told him that he had been reported in court as suspend- ed, and asked him to reinstate himself. His reply was unmistakable. It was to the following effect : "I regard the Order as rotten,' and will have nothing more to do with it, but will take care of myself in the future." A few days after this he was taken seriously ill, and steadily became worse till he died on the 6th day of May. On the 25th April, when the brother was sick unto death, the Financial Secretary, Brother Dr. McCausland, one of the attending physicians, sent two assessments to the Supreme Secretary, on Brother Wells' account, and marked him reinstated in the books of the court. The Supremo Secretary notified the local court that he had received the as- sessments and held them subject to the action of the Medical Board. In other words, the Supreme Secretary in effect, informed the couH that before Brother Wells could be reinstated, he would again have to pass the Medical Board. The Financial Secretary, in his evidence, testified that he believed a mem- ber could reinstate himself any time within three months, by simply paying up the arrears, and therefore in sending the assessments for Brother Wells at the time that he did, he thought he was acting within the Constitution, and that the brother was actually reinstated. He further testified that it was his own money he had sent, and that to the day of the trial he had not been repaid at all. The death claim papers came in on the 9th of May. The certificate of the attending physician showed that the late Brother Wells was ill of the disease of which he died for sixty days prior to his death. As he died on the 6th of May, this w^ould show that Brother Wells was taken ill on or about the 7th of March, a week after he had deliberately left the Order, by ceasing to pay his assessments. There was no question as to the fact that, on the 25th April, the date the two assessments, which should have been paid on the previous 1st day of March and the 1st day of April, were sent to the Supreme Secretary, the brother was in a critical condition, and getting worse and worse day by day. In view of these facts, the alleged reinstatement was held by the Executive Council to be wholly illegal, especially in view of the following section of the Constitution : 110. No member of the Order can, under any circumstances, be rein- stated without he is, at the time of reinstatement, in good bodily and mental health; and any court attempting to reinstate a member while ill or disabled, or is in any way unsound in mind or body, shall ipso facto forfeit its charter, and the court shall be dissolved, and shall not have its charter renewed : and 258 HISTORY OF THE such attempted reinstatement shall be deemed to be irregular and void, and of no effect ; and if the member sought to be reinstated has been a consenting party to such irregularity, he shall stand expelled from the Order. The Executive having declined to pay the claim, the matter was brought before the Supreme Court at its session in Kingston, in August, 1884, when the Supreme Court, after an exhaustive inquiry, confirmed the action of the Executive. Three years afterwards suit was entered to recover the amount of the policy, viz., $1,000. , The case, after several postponements, came to trial at the Elgin Fall As- sizes, held in St. Thomas in 1888, before Mr. Justice Falconbridge and a jury. The case, however, was withdrawn from the jury by his Lordship, as the questions involved in the case were wholly matters of law, and not of facts. The Judge decided against the Order, when notice of an appeal was at once given, and, later on, argued in term at Osgoode Hall, before Chief Justice Armour and Justices Street and Falconbridge. The judgment of the Court, which was delivered by Mr. Justice Street, was as follows : The evidence is stated in the judgment of Street, J., 4th February, 1889. Street, J. : The Constitution and By-Laws of the Independent Order of Foresters were put in at the trial. From them it appears that the defendants are in- corporated under the Act above referred to by the name under which this action is brought against them. The corporate officers are elected annually at a meeting composed of representatives from the various branches of the Order, called *' Subordinate Courts," these branches being organized under the authority of the officers of the Supreme Court, or Central Body. All policies of insurance are issued by the Supreme Court. The members of the Order are persons who have joined some one of the subordinate courts. Each member, upon joining the Order, is obliged to take out a policy of in- surance upon his life for at least $1,000, and is not allowed to take one for more than $3,000. A scale of monthly assessments, payable by each mem- ber, is contained in the By-Laws : these assessments are payable by each member on or before the first day of each month to the Financial Secretary of the subordinate court to which he belongs, and he remits monthly to the Secretary of the Supreme Court (called the Supreme Secretary) the amount of the assessments received by him, and these assessments form the fund from which the claims under the policies of insurance are paid. The term "good standing " in the Order is defined by By-law 52 as signi- fying ' ' that the member is not either suspended or expelled from his court, or from the Order, and that he has paid within the prescribed time * -i* -^ all his assessments for the endowment fund." By the same By-Law it is de- clared that ' * a member not in good standing loses all his rights and claims upon the Order, of whatsoever kind and nature, and can only regain them when reinstated according to these laws." By-law 247 provides that, in case ' ' a member has not to his credit in the court treasury the full amount of one assessment for each $1,000 of endow- ment held by him on the first day of each and every month, he shall stand suspended, and he shall not be entitled thereafter to receive any benefit from the court or Order until he is duly and legally reinstated." By-law 117 provides the mode in which a member suspended for non-pay- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 259 ment of assessments may, within thirty days from having become suspended, be reinstated. By-law 118 provides that any member suspended for non-payment of any accrued liability, and not having been reinstated within thirty days from the date of suspension, as provided in section 117, can be reinstated only on payment of all arrearages, passing again the medical examination of the Order, and being approved by a two-thirds vote of his court. By-law 119 provides that "on the reinstatement of any member the Finan- cial Secretary shall at once transmit due notice on form No. 8 to the Supreme Secretary, giving name in full, date of admission, date of suspension, and date of reinstatement, and no one shall be deemed to he reinstated till after the trans- mission of such notice.^* By-law 120 provides that *' no member of the Order can, under any circum- stances, be reinstated without he is at the time of reinstatement in good bodily and mental health : and any court knowingly reinstating a member while ill or disabled, or in any way unsound in mind or body, shall ipso facto forfeit its charter * * and such reinstatement shall be irregular and void and of no effect, and if the member sought to be reinstated has been a consenting party to such irregularity, he shall be expelled from the Order by the Executive Council." By By-laws 248 and 249 the Secretary of each court is required to make a return to the Supreme Secretary at the beginning of each month of the names and ages of the persons admitted to membership or reinstated since last report ; the names and ages of those who have died , been suspended, or ex- pelled, or who have withdrawn from the Order since last report-; and is on the first day of each month to remit to the Supreme Secretary the amount of one assessment for the endowment fund for each member of the court in good standing, and the amount of all arrearages due on each reinstated member. The " medical examination of the Order " mentioned in By-law 118 is de- fined by by-law 53 as follows : " the medical examination of the Order con- sists of three parts, viz : " (1) The full, explicit and correct answers to all the questions propounded to applicants in the medical e:aB,mination forms. *' (2) The examination, which is to be made upon the prescribed form by a duly commissioned court physician, or by a physician specially authorized by the Supreme Chief Ranger to make the medical examination : and "(3) The review of such medical examination by the Medical Board." The Medical Board is to be elected annually at the annual meeting of the delegates from the subordinate courts, and other persons are ex officio members of it. We have here an elaborate system of rules, carefully planned in the interest of the company, and having for their main object the enforcement of absolute punctuality in the payment of the monthly sums which go to form the funds to meet claims under penalty of immediate suspension from any rights on the part of the assured ; and these rules are so framed that a member once suspended can only be restored to his former rights by the consent and with the approval of the Central Governing Body of the Order. With the extremely small monthly payments called for by the rules, and the large number of persons insured from time to tim'e under such a system as this, it does not seem unreasonable that the system should be a stringent one, in order to prevent endless trouble in the collecting of assessments and end- less confusion in regard to claims of this nature. The facts of the cases so far as they concern this particular policy (for other claims were sued for as to which no contest here arises), do not seem to be of a complicated nature, nor open to much dispute. 260 HISTORY OF THE On the 19th January, 1SS3, the defendants authorized the formation of a subordinate court at Ayhner, Ontario, called "Court Elgin, No. 29," of which Jeremiah Wells became at once a member. On the Ist of February, 1883, he paid his first monthly assessment of 92 cents and became entitled to a policy for SI, 000 which was issued to him on the 10th of February, 1883. On the 23rd of November, 1883, in accordance with the rules of the Order, he directed that the benefits to arise under the policy should be paid to his daughter, Minnie Wells, the plaintiff in this action. He continued to pay his monthly assessments regularly until and inclusive of 1st of February,' 1884 ; he failed to pay the assessment due 1st of March, 1884, and by such failure he became at once suspended by virtue of By-law 247, and ceased to be a member of the Order " in good standing," under By-law 52, and his name appears in the minutes of the meeting of "Court Elgin, No. 29," held on 14th of March, 1884, in the list of suspended members. He had taken a severe cold at Christmas, 1883, which had settled upon his lungs, and by the end of February it was apparent that he could not recover ; he never rallied from this illness, and died on 6th of May, 1884. A day or two before the 25th of April a sum sufiicient to pay the assessments for the 1st of March, 1st of April, and 1st of May was paid to the Financial Secretary of Court Elgin, No. 29, either by Mr. Collington. the son in-law of Wells, or by some other friend of his. On the 25th of April, the sum of $1.84, being the arrears due 1st of March and 1st of April, was sent by Dr. McCausland, the Financial Secretary of the subordinate court, without any return or explanatory state- ment, to Mr. Cummer, the Supreme Secretary of the Order, and were acknowledged by the latter by post card as "endowment assessment for April for J. Wells," the post card being dated on 29th of April. On 25th of April the regular meeting of the subordinate court was held, and the name of Wells was reported as that of a member who had been reinstated, and among the payments reported to the meeting appears, "J. Wells, $1.84." No other meeting of the court was held until after the death of Dr. Wells, but in the monthly report sent down by Dr. McCausland, the Financial Secretary, to the Supreme Secretary, after the death of Dr. Wells, and before the 14th of May, his name appears on the list of "members in good stand- ing," as having paid 92 cents which, with other moneys, is enclosed with the report. A list of "members reinstated since last report" forms part of the return, and the name of Dr. Wells does not appear in that list, although if reinstated at all, he had been reinstated during the period covered by the report. The Supreme Secretary acknowledged receipt of this return and of the money enclosed in it on the 16th of May, adding at the foot of his post card " Reinstatement assessments held subject to the re-examination, as required l)y the Constitution." The Supreme Secretary, being called and having produced his register ^of payments of assessments made up from the monthly returns sent in to him, swore that the reason why he did not give credit to Dr. Wells' account in the register for the $1.84 and the 92 cents remitted on the 29th of April and the beginning of May, as he would have done.in the ordinary course, but credited them to the account of the subordinate court, was because of the fact that the completion of the reinstatement had not taken place. Dr. McCausland in his evidence states that Wells "was reported reinstated on the 25th of April, along with two other members, the sum of $1.84 having been paid over, on or about 2oth of April to pay the assessment due by the deceased for the months of March and April, 1884. I don't remember who paid it, but it was paid on his behalf, and I reported the matter to the local GEORGE PROCTOR, PAST High Chief Ranger INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 263 court, and the money was promptly sent the Supreme Secretary at Hamilton within a few days, and deceased died within ten days of that time. I report- ed his illness as extending over a period of sixty days prior to his death. The nature of the illness was inflammation of the lungs. The deceased was in a very serious condition at the time of the payment of the $1.84, and at the time of his death I was under the impressio7i that any suspended member coidd hereinstated within ninety days by patjment of back dues, without medical re- examination: that -was the reason I reported the deceased as reinstated on the 25th of April." TJie deceased was buried by the members of Court Elgin, No. 29, as a per- son who had died whilst a member and at the expense of the court. After his death, on the 14th of May, 1884, the Supreme Secretary wrote to the Fin- ancial Secretary of the court that *' if it turns out on investigation, as it now appears, that the late brother was sought to be improperly reinstated, the assessments remitted will be refunded to your court." It appears that about the 25th of April the deceased was informed by Dr. McCausland, the Finan- cial Secretary of the court, that he had been actually reinstated in the Order by what had been done. The By-laws of the Order, whether actually shown to have come to the knowledge of the deceased or not, are binding upon him, because it was his duty to make himself acquainted with the terms of the policy delivered to him, in which these by-laws are incorporated as a special condition. It is clear beyond question that his reinstatement was not only not in accordance with the By laws, but was in direct violation of them, and that if the rights of the plaintiff are to be governed by the by-laws, she cannot succeed in this action, because according to the By-laws the deceased was not a member in good standing in the Order at the time of his death. The Financial Secretary of the subordinate court was the agent of the company to receive the monthly assessments from persons in good standing, and also from persons who had been suspended for non-payment of their assessments and were in course of reinstatement. The conditions to be performed 1 y a suspended member de- sirous of being reinstated, after a suspension, had been in force for over thirty days, were : ] st. Payment of arrearages ; 2nd. Passing medical examination ; 3rd. Being approved by a two-thirds vote of his court. Of these three con- ditions to his reinstatement the deceased had performed only the first, and possibly the third, as the fact of his reinstatement was mentioned and not objected to at the court meeting on 25th of April. It is conceeded on all hands that his state of health was such that it was impossible for him to have complied with the second of these conditions, and he did not attempt to do so. The facts of the receipt of his arrears by the Financial Secretary of the court, and of his having assured the deceased that his standing in the court had been restored, and that the Supreme Secretary had received and retain- ed the two sums of $1.84 and 92 cents, are relied upon by the plaintiff as showing a waiver or creating an estoppel on the part of the defendants. It is certainly true that in many cases this has been so held : Wing v Harvy, 5 D. M. (h (r. 265: Hodsdon v. Guardian Life Insurance Co., 97 Mass. 144; Frost V. Saratoga Mutu^d, 5 Denio 154 ; Watt v. Atlantic Mutual, 31 C. P. 53 ; Neil V. Union Mutual, 7 A. R. 171 ; Mo^att v. Reliance, 45 U. C. P. 561 ; Accg. v.Fernie, 7 M. &W., 151 ; Busteed v. West of England Ins. Co., 5 Ir Chy. Pep. at 571 ; but the application to societies of this nature of the doctrine of waiver has been questioned in an American case of Borgraefe v. Knights of Honor, 22 Missouri Appeal Reports 127, where many of the questions arising here are very fully discussed. In every case, however, in which the fact of payment and receipt have 264 HISTORY OF THE been held to operate as a waiver of a forfeiture, the receipt of the premium has been inconsivStent with an intention of the company to insist upon the forfeiture. Waiver depends upon the intention existing in the person re- ceiving the payment, as implied from the circumstances under which it has been received. If a payment is received under circumstances which are as consistent with an intention not to waive any right as with a contrary inten- tion, and nothing is done on the part of the insured to show an intention one way or the other, it would be unjust to presume against him that he received the payment intending to waive his rights. The onus is upon th^ party alleging a waiver to prove facts which establish it. The Financial Secretary of the Court here accepted these payments not in- tending to waive any rights which the defendants had, for he was ignorant that any such rights existed ; he supposed the mere payment within ninety days of the suspension operated as a reinstatement. But both he and the assured were bound to know from the By-laws that the payment of the arrears was only the first step towards the restoration of the assured to his rights. The Financial Secretary was an agent to receive the assessments under cer- tain conditions, which were binding upon both himself and the deceased. He had full right to receive the arrears from the assured, but only as a first step towards the reinstatement of the latter. He was required by the By-laws to pay all m^oneys over to the Treasurer (By law 197) of the Court, from whom, on the first of each month, he is to obtain a cheque for the moneys payable to the Supreme Secretary, under By-law 249. He had no right to forward to the Supreme Secretary any payments made by members who had been sus- pended until their reinstatement had been completed. His knowledge of the By-laws appears to have been incomplete, for immediately upon receiving the $1.84 for the arrears due by the deceased, instead of paying it to the Court Treasurer, as required by the By-laws, with whom it should have remained pending the medical examination, he sent it direct to the Supreme Secretary. Now, that official was aware from his books that the deceased had been sus- pended on the 1st of March, and being the medium of correspondence between the Central Body and the subordinate court, he must also have been aware that he had not been reinstated according to the By-laws ; he had no author- ity under these By-laws to receive any money from suspended members who had not been properly reinstated, but he must be taken to have known that it was not contrary to the By-laws for the Secretary of the subordinate court to receive arrears from suspended members pending their complete reinstate- ment ; and therefore, instead of doing that which would have been the pro- per and prudent course under the circumstances, and returning the amount at once to the Secretary of the sub. court, he carried it to the credit of the subordinate court and simply acknowledged receipt of it as * ' Endowment Assessment for April of J. Wells." If Dr. Wells had been, at this time, in a state of health which would have enabled him to eflfect a new insurance, I think this action of the Supreme Secretary would have afforded strong ground for urging against the defendants that they were stopped from denying that the money had been accepted by ttiem with the intention of keeping the policy alive, and of waiving their right to require the assured to undergo the medical examination. The question as to the authority of the Supreme Sec- retary to waive the medical examination would not have arisen upon this con- tention, because the Executive Council or Board of Directors of the defend- ants must have vested in them an authority to waive such an examination, and the deceased would have been entitled to assume that they had done so from the fact that their mouthpiece, the Supreme Secretary, had practically informed him that he was reinstated. But no such contention is open to the INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 265 plaintiff here, because it is evident that at the date (29th of April) when the Supreme Secretary wrote this receipt, Dr. Wells was hopelessly ill, and, in fact, almost at the very point of death, for he died on the 6th of May, and his disease had visibly and daily become worse since the middle of the pre- vious February. The question must therefore be decided upon the ground not of estoppel but of waiv'er, and treating it under that head I can find nothing in what was done by the Supreme Secretary as showing an intention to accept this payment absolutely as from a member in good standing, for he carried it to an account which was in fact, so far as this payment is concerned, a suspense account, awaiting the completion of the other steps necessary for the reinstatement of the deceased. In the case of waiver, where the element of estoppel does not come in, I think it is open to the defendants to require the plaintiff to prove the author- ity of the officer who is alleged to have waived the defendants' rights, and to insist that in the absence of such proof, the alleged waiver cannot be held to have taken effect. The defendant corporation is governed by an Executive Council elected by the delegates from the subordinate courts at the annual meeting ; the Su- preme Secretary is a member of this council. The duties of the Supreme Secretary are set out in By-law 19 ; he is there authorized and required (sec. 4) to perform all duties relating to the Endowment Funds, as directed in the laws of this Supreme Court (sec. 6). He is to keep a record of the mem- bershi]) of the courts, of the names of the beneficiaries, and the amount of their policies (sec. 9). He is to keep a correct account between the Supreme Court and the subordinate courts (sec. 10). He is to receive and pay over to the Supreme Treasurer all money due the Supreme Court (sec. 15). He is to examine all notices sent him of assessments forwarded, and if incorrect notify forthwith the court from which the money was sent and have the same cor- rected (sec. 21). Perform such other and further duties as may from time to time be required by the Supreme Court, or by the Executive Council, or by the Supreme Chief Ranger, who is the head of the Order. He is, in fact, a somewhat subordinate member of the Executive Council, with powers which, as between himself and the Corporation, are strictly limited and defined, and give him no power to dispense with any of the forms and ceremonies pre- scribed by the By-laws, but on the contrary are strictly limited by them. In favor of a person who has been induced by circumstances upon which he had a right to rely, to deal with an agent under the belief that the agent possessed a certain authority, and has acted on such belief, that authority, although not existing in fact, is constantly treated as existing, in order to avoid injustice or give effect to a contract. But this principle is not to be extended to cases in which" the belief as to the existence of the authority has not been acted on; it would be carrying it beyond reasonable limits to imply an authority in the agent which never existed, for the pur])ose of giving effect to an intention on the part of the principal which was never entertained. Here the act relied upon as a waiver, viz., the retention of the money, was the act of the Supreme Secretary alone, never communicated to or ratified by the Executive Council during the few days which elapsed before the death of Dr. Wells, and explained away by the Supreme Secretary almost immediately afterwards in a manner which his entries of the money fully bear out. I think upon the whole that there was neither the intention nor the authority on the part of the Supreme Secretary to waive the medical examination, and that if the intention did exist, the authority did not. The result appears to me to be this : that the plaintiff is only entitled under the policy in case her father was a member in good standing at the 26G HISTORY OF THE time of his death ; that he was not in good standing at the time of his death, because the acts necessary, under the By-laws by which he was bound to bring him within that description had not been done by him, and their performance had not been waived by the defendants. I think, therefore, that the action fails ; but, as the plaintiff has been led by the action of the Supreme Secretary and the officers of the court below, to believe that her father had been restored to his standing in the Order be- fore his death, the defendants should not recover costs against her. Armour, C. J. : I agree that there was no waiver or estoppel, an^l in the result. Action dismissed, When it is stated that this is only the second ease which the Order has resisted since its organization, the conclusion must follow that the Independent Order of Foresters must treat claim- ants not only equitably, but most liberally. The other case which it resisted was the celebrated " Oates case." Though the judgment of the court, in this case, was adverse to the Order, yet it was a case that never should have been paid. The facts were as follow : Prior to August, 1881, Bro. Ben. Oates was a member in good standing in Court Maple, No. 4, London. After the session of the High Court of Ontario, at Hamilton, in 1882, the disappoint- ed office-seekers, whose expulsion from the Order has already been recorded, set about to foment discord among the member- ship in London, and incite them to rebellion. Bro. Ben. Oates was at this time absent from London, he hav- ing gone the year before to Southern California for the benefit of his health, being ill of consumption. It was represented to the members of Court Maple, by those desiring to destroy the Order, that the I.O.F. was doomed, that it could not live, that in the event of the death of Bro. Oates, it was doubtful if his widow could get anything from the I.O.F., and that if the court went over in a body to the C.O.F., that that society would take them all in, including B. Oates. A round robin was circulated, pledg- ing the members of Court Maple to join the C.O.F. on the above terms. In the meantime, Court Maple did not pay the August assessment, and by the terms of the Constitution, the whole court became suspended on the 1st September. Bro. Oates returned to London during the last week in August, the 28th or 29th, we believe. The Supreme Chief Ranger, as soon as he heard Bro. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 267 Oates had returned, sent word to him that if he desired to remain in the Order to have no fear as to the payment of his endow- ment. Ben. Oates, however, chose to join in the rebellion. He went with Court Maple in a body and joined the C. O. F. He was admitted to the C.O.F., not because he was a fit subject, for he was then in the last stages of consumption, but because he and all the members of Court Maple had agreed TO DESERT THE I. O. F. at this critical time, and thus do all that lay in their power to destroy our Order. After he had received his reward from the C.O.F. for his desertion, by being admitted to their Order, he en- deavored to reinstate himself with the I.O.F. This the Executive tried to prevent, as was their duty to the loyal members. He was admitted as a beneficiary member of the C. O. F., about the 6th or 7th of September. He made application to the Su- preme Secretary of the LO.F.on the 12th Sept., for a Supreme Court card, which was very properly refused, inasmuch as, according to our records, the last payment made by Court Maple, of which B. Oates was a member, was for July. No return or payments hav- ing been forwarded for August, the presumption was that no payments had been made by the members of Court Maple for August ; and consequently, B. Oates and all the members of that court stood suspended on the 1st of that month. He afterwards made application to the S.C.R. for a card, who also refused to grant it, and informed him that he could not be reinstated without pass- ing a medical examination. No other decision could have been arrived at, seeing that he stood suspended on the 1st August, and the application for reinstatement was not made till the 12th of September, or more than 30 days after suspension, during which, under the old Constitution, a man could reinstate himself without a medical re -examination a defect in our laws which has happily been long since remedied. Secondly, the Supreme Chief Ranger had, by virtue of the authority given him by the Constitution, suspended the court on the 5th or 6th of September, because of its rebellion. B. Oates died in January, 1883, and some five months after his 268 HISTORY OF THE death, the C. O. F. paid the widow the endowment of $1,000. Application was made to our Order also, for the payment of another $1,000, which was refused. The suit was brought to com- pel the payment by us of the $1,000 alleged to be due. When Court Maple seceded, the oiRcers carried off the books of Court Maple with them, and the Supreme officers had no means of telling how the member of Court Maple stood, except from the returns sent them by the officers of Court Maple. As no returns or payments were made to the Supreme Court for or by any of the members of Court Maple for the month of August, the Supreme officers could come to no other conclusion than that the members of Court Maple had not paid their assessments for August, and that therefore they all stood suspended on the 1st August, including B. Gates. The Register of the Supreme Sec- retary showed that the last payment made by B. Gates was for July. But the swearing of the plaintiff's witnesses was straight and to the point, and deserved a verdict. Mrs. Gates swore that she had lost or mislaid the receipts, so that they could not be compared with the entries in the Finan- cial Secretary's book. She also swore that she did not know where the pass-book of her late husband was ; while the father- in-law of Gates, who, as one of the conspirators, had been unan- imously expelled by the High Court, at its special session in Lon- don, swore that Mr. Towe had the pass-book. The minute book, which should record the amounts paid by each member, and the time of payment, was also missing. The Financial Secretary's book, however, was produced, wliich, of course, showed that B. Gates had paid up everything. He had even taken the precau- tion to pay an extra assessment in July, and another payment was made the 28th of August. The Treasurer of Court Maple swore that he had received the assessments for August, but that instead of forwarding it to the Supreme Court, had appropriated it to his own use in payment of a debt the court owed him, thus fully corroborating the conten- tions of the Supreme officers. Gwing to a mistake on our part, there was no plea of rebellion in our pleadings, and hence no evidence could be offered by us on INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 269 that point. Had that plea been put in, there is no doubt but that we would have won the case Here are the words of the Chief Justice, when delivering judgment of the Court in Bank : " I am not sure that the way, cause and manner in and for v/hich the deceased and many others of the Court Maple, No. 4, lefl it and joined, in a body, a rival Order, might not have re- quired some consideration if it had been pleaded properly, for the evidence shows these members were abandoning Court Maple and taking the deceased along with them upon terms made with the rival court, that the deceased should, without medical examination, have the like benefits in the funds of the new court which he had in the old one, and it is quite clear he could not have been admitted into any other court but upon soTne special arrangement." The court held that, as the evidence showed that Gates had paid his assessments for August, though it never reached the Supreme Court, and as the laws of the Order permitted members to reinstate themselves within 30 days of their suspension without a medical re-examination, but by simply paying up the arrears due at the time, and as Gates appears not to have been suspended till the 1 st September; and that, as he had applied for reinstatement by ask- ing for a Supreme Court card within the 30 days, the card, accord- ing to the rules of the Society, should have been granted to him. Such was the Gates case, which the C. G. F. leaders so often used in their endeavors to damage the I. G. F. This, and the Wells' case, are the only two cases that tlie I. G. F. has ever re- sisted in the courts. The fourth annual communication of the Supreme Court of the Independent Grder of Foresters was opened in due form in the City Hall Chambers, Gttawa, at 10 o'clock a. m., Thursday August 27th, 1885, Dr. Gronhyatekha, S.C.R., presiding. The following officers were present at the opening : S. C. R., Dr. Gronhyatekha, London. P. S. C. K, E. Botterell, Gttawa. S. S., E. S. Cummer, Hamilton. 270 HISTORY OF THE S. a, J. A. McGillivray, Uxbridge. S. J. S., A. H. Backhouse, Aylmer. The S.C.R. made the following appointments ; S. J. S., Thos. Lawless, Napanee. S. S. W., George Parish, London. S. J. W., G. A. Proctor, Sarnia. ... % S. S. B., John Finagin, Hamilton. * S. J. B., C. G. Whale, Manotick. S. Marshal, J. Crawford, London. S. Conductor, J. Beaumont, Glenwilliams. S. Messenger, W. H. Bennett, Wyoming. The S. C. R. appointed the following Credential Committee : Bros. E. S. Cummer, J. B. Halkett. A. R. Milne. The committee, after due investigation, reported the creden- tials of the following representatives from the High Court of On- tario correct, as follows : Office of the High Secretary, Ottawa, August 27th, 1885. The Supreme Chief Ranger, Officers and Representatives of the Supreme Court, Independent Order of Furesfers. Worthy Representatives, This certifies that the follow^g members of the High Court of Ontario have been duly elected representatives to act for said High Court at the meet- ing of the Supreme Court, to be held in the city of Ottawa, commencing on Thursday, 27th August, 1885, viz. : Representatives A. R. Milne, John Culbert, Geo. A. Proctor, J. A. Todd, M.D., J. Finagin, A. H. Backhouse, W. H. Henderson, M.D., B.W. Greer, S. Wright, M.D., W. Griffith, J. W. Frost, C. C. Whale, C. W. Jones, Jas. Slater, Thomas Lawless, George Parish, William Gerry, W. H, Bennett, Joseph Beaumont, A. Oronhyatekha, W. H. Laurie and Rev. W. Walsh. Yours fraternally, W. W. FITZGERALD, High Chief Ranger. JAMES B. HALKETT, High Secretary. The report was adopted, and thereupon the following, who were already members of the Supreme Court, took their seats : A. R. Milne, John Culbert, George A. Proctor, J. A. Todd, M.D., W. Griffith, J. Finagin, James Slater, George Parish, W. Gerry. B. W. Greer, A. H. Backhouse, Rev. W. Walsh. y LOUIS P. TIETENBERG, H.V.C.R., New York. E. H. WHITCOMB, M.D., High Physician, Minn. FRANK L. PHILLIPS, P. C. R. FRANK DULLAM. High Treasurer, Mich. * c " t INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 273 After which the following members, who had not previously attended the Supreme Court, were introduced and initiated into the Supreme Court degree : S. Wright, M.D., J. W. Frost, Tho. Lawless, W. H, Bennett, A. Oronhyatekha, C. C. Whale, J. H. Beaumont, C. W. Jones, W. H. Henderson, M.D., W. H, Lowrie. The following extracts are taken from the S.C.R.'s report. In speaking of the North- West rebellion, he said : Although numbers of our brothers, with their comrades nobly responded to the call to arms, it is a cause for devout thankfulness to Almighty God that they have been so mercifully spared by the hand of death. The only Forester killed during the rebellion was our late Brother S. C. Elliott, our first Supreme Counsellor, and one of the original incorporators of our Suj)reme Court, and who was among the first to give up his life in the cause of his country, having fallen on the field at Duck Lake. I regretted very much that the notice of the arrival in London of the remains of our honored dead brother v as so very short that there was not time to make proper ar- rangements for his funeral. However, we did the best we could under the circumstances, and summoned such courts as we could reach to attend the obsequies of our late brother. I am pleased to say that the courts responded nobly, St. Thomas and Aylmer dividing the honors between them, each send- ing a very large contingent. Although our late brother at the time of his death only held the status of a social member, yet under the circumstances I felt it my duty to tender to the family, on behalf of the Order, a public funeral, and which was duly accepted. I trust my action in this matter will meet with your approval. While thus showing our readiness to take care of the dead, and to consign to the grave with befitting ceremonies the earthly remains of our brethren slain in battle, we did not also forget OUR BRAVE VOLUNTEERS who were fighting the battles of our country. On the breaking out of the rebellion the Executive issued the following circular, which I know will meet v/ith your cordial endorsation : official circular no. 5. Office of the Executive Council. London, 31st March, 18S5. To all Subordinate Courts. At a special meeting of the Executive Council held this day, it was unani- mously resolved that the dues and assessments of those of our brethren who have been called out and sent to the North- West to put down a wicked and senseless rebellion, should be paid out of the general funds of the Supreme Court during the time that our brave brethren are on active duty. 274 . HISTORY OF THE Financial Secretaries of courts are therefore requested, immediately upon receipt of this circular, to forward to the Supreme Secretary the names of all brethren who have gone to the front in response to their country's call, giv- ing name in full, the rank and batallion or corps to which the brother is at- tached. The Executive Council also feel sure that, wherever needed, subordinate courts will supplement this small contribution by making a liberal weekly al- lowance to the families of our absent brethren, either by voluntary subscrip- tions or by votes out of the general funds of the court. By order, ORONHYATEKHA, s. a R. E. S. CUMMER, S. Secretary. 'Jt * * *,-x- * * AMENDMENT TO THE INSURANCE LAW. During the last session the amendment to the Consolidated Insurance Act of 1877, introduced last session by the Hon. Sir Leonard Tilley, was again re-introduced. I am informed that over no Bill that has been before the House of Commons for some years past has there been such a fierce fight as over this Bill. It was necessary to watch its progress closely, lest some fatally obnoxious clause should be slipped in by the enemy. Fortunately, we had a vigilant guardian of our rights and interests at headquarters, in tha person of our esteemed Past Supreme Chief Ranger, Bro. E. Botterell. I had so much confidence in his judgment and vigilance that I did not deem it necessary to visit the capital, till summoned to Ottawa by him. This was during the final stages of the Bill, before the Committee of Banking and Commerce. At this time we urged upon Sir Leonard Tilley the propriety of requiring from all the fraternal societies, upon registration, a certain de- posit proportioned to their membership, and a certain additional deposit an- nually upon renewing their licenses, until each had a deposit of $50,000. The soundness of our proposition was not questioned, but it was deemed too late in the session to attempt any further alteration in the Bill as it then stood. . After touching again on the admission of ladies, he said : THE ANNUAL SESSION was called in Montreal, in accordance with the action of the Supreme Court last year, only after every efibrt had been made to secure excursion rates to St. John, N.B., but without success. We had no difficulty in securing favorable terms from the Intercolonial, provided the rates would be made by either the G. T. R. or the C. P. R., but these latter railways, it was alleged, had entered into an agreement not to grant any other terms than one and one-third fare for the round trip. After these efforts to secure excursion INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 275 rates had failed, Montreal, the alternative place, was fixed for our annual session. * At the last moment, through the public press, I learned of the prevalence of an epidemic of small pox in the city of Montreal, and I immediately took upon myself the responsibility of changing the place of holding the an- nual session of the Supreme Court to Ottawa, believing that the emergency was sufficiently grave to fully j ustify such a course. In addition to changing the place of the annual session, I also felt it my duty, under the powers given me by the constitution, to at once suspend initiations in and around Mon- treal till after the small pox epidemic had been stamped out. Under the heading of the " State of the Order " the Supreme Secretary said : The year just closed has been a prosperous one; peace and harmony have marked our course throughout the entire year. The Order, during the year, has made steady and continuous progress in nearly every High Court juris- diction. There has been a marked increase in membership ; the subordinate courts have been alive to the interest of the Order and have largely increased their membership during the year. The High Court of Manitoba has been dormant during the year, but I am pleased to learn from the C.D.H.C.R. of Court Winnipeg, No. 13, that the members in the province have decided upon waking up in the interests of Forestry, and arrangements have been made to at once proceed with the work of instituting subordinate courts, and placing their High Court in proper working order again, and I hope that in a short time they will report a large membership in that province. There have been 37 new courts institvited during the year, as follows ; 19 in Ontario, 9 in New Brunswick, 5 in Quebec, 1 in Manitoba, 1 in Minne- sota, 1 in Michigan, and 1 in Nebraska. There were on the 30th June, 1885, 2959 members in good standing on our books, as the following statistics will show : Number of members last report 2355 " initiated during the year , 1315 3670 No. suspended during the year 696 No. died during the year 15 711 No. of members on 30th June, 1885 2959 The present membership is classified as follows, viz. : 137 members holding each $3000= $ 411,000 329 " " 2000= 658,000 2493 " " 1000= .,.2,493,000 2959 members holding altogether 13,562,000 276 HISTORY OF THE Of the 37 new courts, the S. C. R. had instituted personally 23. The Supreme Treasurer's report showed the amount of cash on hand at the last report on Endowment Account to have been $17,196.85, and the receipts during the year, including interest, $27,796.61, out of which there was paid for benefits $16,698, and $1,389.84 for management expenses, leaving a balance in the treasury of $26,905.62, of which $10,000 had been deposited in the Government Post Office Savings Bank, at Ottawa. The rules of the P. O. Department contained no provision for accepting deposits from societies, but only from individuals, and this was limited to $1,000 from any one person. The S. C. R., however, was able to induce Sir Leonard Tilley, the then Minis- ter of Finance, to accept $10,000 from the Independent Order of Foresters. To show the bitter animosity of the C. O. F. at this time, it may not be out of place to mention in this connection that some time afterwards the Canadian Order of Foresters applied for permission to make a similar deposit, but they were refused by the Department. Forthwith the officers of the Can- adian Order of Foresters circulated a report that the I. O. F. had no such deposit in the P. O. Department, as was claimed. The following from the Independent Forester, of the time, fully sets forth the whole case OUR POST OFFICE DEPOSIT. The following letter from Bro. Thompson fully explains the methods of the C.O.F. officials: Stratford, Feb. 9, 1886. Dr. Oronhyatekha, S.C.R. Dear Sir and Bro., I write you a few lines to tell you a little of my experience with the CO F. I have been at Sebringville trying to secure names for a court of our Order there. I had about enough names, when some of the Canadian Order of Foresters found out I was there, and forthwith their D.D.H.C.R. from Lis towel and another from Milverton came and made a great effort to turn the men against our Order by telling all manner of lies, one or two of which I shall proceed to let you know\ AN ALLEGED LETTER. They said they had a letter from the P. O. Savings Bank, at Ottawa, stat- ing that the T.O.F. had not a cent of money on deposit with the Government. I asked them to let me see the letter, but they refused to show it to me. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 277 I referred them to the Independent Forester, wherein is published the re- ceipt for the $10,000. They replied that you published what you liked in that paper, and that they would bet any money that we had not a cent on deposit, as we claimed. They also stated that we were starting courts all over the United States, which was a good thing for yourself, as they died very mysterously over there. They also stated that our Total and Permanent Disability Benefit was a fraud, because we could not pay any such claim, etc., etc. This is not one-tenth part of the lies they told about our Order. They called a meeting at a hotel and invited me to stay to hear our Order exposed, which of course I accepted. I remained till 10.30 o'clock, when all that had showed up were six besides themselves. I wish you or some other officer would come to Sebringville soon and ex- plain all these things. Yours in L., B. and C, ANDREW THOMPSON. This unfair and discreditable opposition of the C.O.F. to the extension of the I.O.F. was not confined to Sebringville alone, but the onslaught on our work seems to have been very general, as the following letters will show : LiSTOWEL, Aug. 6th, 1883. Qiarles Merryfield^ Esq.^ Dear Sir, I am informed that there is a prospect of starting a court of Foresters in Monckton. I believe that there are some parties trying to start one of the In- dependent Order. Now if you join that Order you are badly sold, it is a fraud. I will explain the matter to you when I see yoa. Now if you can get 15 or 16 good men, besides yourself, I will run you through free of charge, but don't say anything about it to any person, but work hard and report to me at once. Hoping to hear from you soon, Yours truly, JOHN TORRANCE, Listowel, Ont. Bro. Merryfield, however, was disgusted at such tactics and went to work and instituted a court of the I.O.F. Sherbrooke, 18th Feb., 1886. To Dr. Oronhyatekhaj Supreme Chief Banger, Dear Sir and Bro., We have a great deal to contend with here. I will give you a few items. In the first place, we have a District Deputy High Chief Ranger of the CO. F. who has given up his business and devotes his whole time to starting courts. 278 HISTORY OF THE At a meeting we held previous to starting the court at Cookshire, the C.O.F. came out to our meeting in strong numbers and tried to break it up by say- ing that the I.O.F. was an American concern, and that they never paid their bills unless in a court of law, and brought up the Cates case, and circulated it around so that it was pretty hard to convince the public that we were all right. Yours in L., B. and C. J. W. STOCKS, , D.S.C.M. In addition to these, the Supreme Chief Ranger had letters from T. Otwa}^ I'age, Principal of the High School, Waterdown ; J. T. Carson, Principal of the High School at Simcoe, and from others, that the same tactics were being pursued by the C. O. F. officials in those places. Similar reports were also received from Plattsville, Delhi, Fergus, Guelph, and elsewhere. In an editorial, the Supreme Chief Ranger said : '* We have no hesitation in saying that if any of the deputies of the I.O.F. were found dealing with the C. O. F., or any other sister society, as the C. O. F. officials and deputies have persistently dealt with the I. O. F., they would be required to forthwith surrender their commissions. The I. 0. F. has no quarrel seeks no quarrel with any sister organization, and does not in any case, desire to build itself up on the failure or ruins of any other Or- der, but at the same time, it is prepared at all times to repel any attack , come from whatever source it may, and Bros. Torrance, White, Stanley, and other gentlemen of that stamp know by this time that the I. O. F. is well able to defend itself, that the task is so easy that even ' an Indian ' has little diffi- culty in coming out successfully in any contest which they may invite. THAT $10,000 DEPOSIT. The issue raised by the C. O. F. officials at Sebringville and elsewhere, was plain and to the point, viz. : That the I. O. F. had not a deposit of $10,- 000 with the P. O. Savings Bank Department at Ottawa, and as Torrance put it, at Sebringville, ' ' and he had the correspondence in his pocket to prove it." At another meeting, held in Oil Springs, at which Mr. White, the present R. W. H. Secretary of the C. O. F., met the Supreme Chief Ranger of the I. O. F. and discussed the affairs of the two Orders, Mr. White, in speaking of the I. O. F. deposit with the P. O. Department, said : *' In reference to the letter of Mr. Thompson, which the Doctor had read, I have been informed that our Executive had applied to the P. O. Depart- ment to make a deposit in the Savings Bank branch, and the Department REV. H. A. THOMAS, P. H, Coun., Ontario. ALEX. R. SCOBIE, D.D.H.C.R. J. PARKER THOMAS, D. S. C. R. WM. RAE, D.S.C.R. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 281 had replied that they did not receive more than |1,000 from any one de- positor. That the Executive of the C. O. F. had then replied that the De- partment had accepted $10,000 from the Independent Order of Foresters, and they saw no reason why they should not accept the same from the Canadian Order of Foresters, and that then the Department had replied that the I. O. F. had no such deposit with the Post Office Department. Of course I do not know this personally, but that is what I have been told by our Executive. I can say this much, that the Canadian Order of Foresters have never been obliged to be sued for claims, as the Independent Order has been in the case of Mrs. Oates." The following is the correspondence on which the C. O. F. of- ficers based their charges that the I. O. F. had no deposit with the Post office Department. The first letter is dated 15th January, 1886, and is from Mr. Gammage, the R.W. H. Secretary of the C.O.F., to J. C. Stewart, Esq., Superintendent of the P. O. Savings Bank, at Ottawa, ask- ing upon what terms a deposit of $10,000 could be made with the department by the C. 0. F. On the 18th of January, following, D. Matheson, Assistant Superintendent, replies that, "the Post Office Savings Bank cannot accept so large a sum as that proposed to be deposited by your Society, the limit of an amount being $1,000." Then follow the two letters which we give below : Office of the R. W. H. Secretary, Brantford, Ont., Feb. 3rd, 1886. D. Matheson, Esq., Asst. Supt. P. O. Savings Bank Dept., Ottawa, Ont. Dear Sir, In reply to yours of the 18th of January, 1886, I understand that special arrangements were made with the Independent Order of Foresters with headquarters at London, Ont., for them to deposit $10,000 in the Post Office Savings Bank. Of course, I am not in a position to say that such was the case, but I have been so informed, and I thought we might also be allow- ed to make a deposit of $10,000 for the Canadian Order of Foresters in the same way. If such arrangements can be made we would be pleased to avail ourselves of the opportunity. Will you kindly answer 1 Yours truly, A. E. GAMMAGE, High Secretary y CO.F. R 282 HISTORY OF THE Post Office Department, Caxada, Savings Bank Branch, Ottawa, Feb. 4th, 1886. A. E. Gammage, Esq.^ High Secretary, C.O.F., Brantford, Ont. SiE, Referring to your letter of the 15th of January last, and to that of the 3rd inst., I beg to say, as intimated in my letter of the 18th ul&., that this Branch has no power to accept so large a sum, or over $1,000, in any one account, or to receive any moneys on any other conditions than those pre- scribed by the statutory regulations of the P. O. Savings Bank. As mentioned to you in my letter of the 18th January, no doubt, if you address the Finance Minister^ a metitvs of investing your Society finds to the desired amouidw'dl he devised. It is a matter, the sum being so large, in which consideration aflFecting the general financial policy of the Government may possibly be involved. I am, sir, Your obd't servant, D. MATHESON, And. Supt. Will it not occur to every man, having the least common sense, that when Mr. Gammage practically said, " but you have allowed the I. O. F. to deposit $10,000, and I don't see why you won't allow us to do the same," that the Assistant Superintendent would have promptly replied, " you are mistaken, sir ; the I.O.F. have not $10,000 deposited with this department," provided that such had been the fact. But the Assistant Superintendent does no such thing. On the contrary, he actually intimates to Mr. Gammage how it might be done, viz. : in the way it was done by the I. O. F. He says, " This Branch has no power to accept so large a sum, or over $1,000 in any one account," but he adds, " as mentioned to you in my letter of the 18th of Januarj^, no doubt, if you address the Finance Minister, a means of invest- ing your Society funds to the desired amount will he devised^'' Now, he who runs knows that the P. O. Savings Branch could not of itself and witliout special arrangements with the Finance Department, accept more than $1,000 from any one depositor. Dr. Oronhyatekha, knowing this, made his application to the then Finance Minister, Sir Leonard Tilley, and " means of investing the I. O. F. funds to the desired amount was devised." The fol- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 283^ lowing correspondence speaks for itself. It appeared in the Independent Forester of September, 1884, and February, 1886 : Office of Supreme Chief Ranger, OF THE Independent Order,of Foresters, London, Ontario, 19th Sept., 1884. To Sir Leonard TUleyy Minister of Finance, Ottawa. My Dear Sir Leonard, At the recent session of the Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters, a resolution was adopted instructing the Executive Council to de- posit with the Government Savings Bank, out of the Surplus Funds of the Supreme Court, the sum of ten thmisand dollars, to be subject only to cheques signed by the seven members of our Executive Council. Will you kindly inform me (1) What rate of interest you will allow on such deposit. , The de- posit is likely to be a permanent one. (2) In whose favor shall we make our cheque, and where shall we make our deposit. As soon as arrangements can be completed by you to receive our deposit, a cheque will be drawn in favor of the party you may designate, and your Department furnished with the signatures of our present Executive Officers, on whose joint signatures alone, or their successors in office, the deposit, or any part of it, can be withdrawn . I am, yours sincerely, ORONHYATEKHA, Supreme Chief Hanger. Finance Department of Canada. Ottawa, 26th Sept., 1884. Dear Sir, Sir Leonard Tilley has handed me your letter of the 19th inst., requesting that a deposit account should be opened in the Government Savings Bank of $10,000 out of the surplus funds of the Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters. I have had your letter transferred to J. C. Stewart, Esq. , Supt. of the Savings Bank Branch of the Post Office Department, a7id desired him to comply with your request, atid to instruct the postmaster at Lon don to open an account with your Order, and I have also requested Mr. Stewart to communicate with you on the subject. Yours very truly, J. M. COURTNEY, Deputy Minister of Finance, Dr. Oronhyatekha, Supreme Chief Ranger, I.O.F., London, Ont. 284 HISTORY OF THE Post Office Department, Canada, Savings Bank Branch, Ottawa, 29th Sept., 1884. Dr. Ormihyatekha, Supreme Chief Ranger, Independent Order of Foresters, London. Sir, Your letter of the 19th inst., addressed to Hon. Sir Leonard Tilley, Min- ister of Finance, has been transferred to this office with his special ai/^liority to have the account ivhich you mention opened, and a deposit received through the postmaster of London, When opening the account it will be necessary . for the seven members of your Executive Council to appear before the re- ceiving postmaster and sign the declaration which all depositors have to make when placing moneys in the bank. Any change in the membership of the council must be notified, over the signatures of those retiring, to this office. It is understood that repayment is only to be made on the joint application of the existing seven members of the Executive Council, whose names are on record in the bank at the time of withdrawal. Special instructions go by to-day's mail to the postmaster of London to ac- cept your deposit I am, Sir, Your obedient servant, D. MATHESON, Assistant Superintendent. London, 1st Oct., 1884. No. 344. $10,000. To the Manager Dominion Savhtgs Bank, London. Pay R. J. G. Dawson, Postmaster oi London, or order, the sum of ten thousand doUars on account of permanent deposit in the Savings Bank Branch of the Post Office Department, and charge to endowment account. ORONHYATEKHA, >j>\ a E. E. S. CUMMER, S. Secretary. T. G. DAVEY, S. Treasurer. Post Office Departivient, Ottawa, Savings Bank Branch. London. 7896. The Postmaster having reported to the Postmaster-General the receipt by him, on the 16th Oct. , 1884, of your deposit of ten tJiousati^d dollars, that INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 285 amount has been placed to the credit of your account in the books of the Post Office Savings Bank. J. C. STEWART, Superintendent. To Dr. Oronhyatekhaj and others in trust for the Supreme Court of the Independent Ord* r of Foresters. As soon as lie received Bro. Thompson's letter, apprising' him what was being done by the C. O. F. officials at Sebringville, Dr. Oronhyatekha wired Hon. J. Carling to obtain for him a state- ment of the I. O. F. account in the P. O. Savings Bank from the Superintendent. The Hon. gentleman sent the following satis- factory letter, to wit : THE superintendent's LETTER. Post Office Department, Canada, Savings Bank Branch. Ottawa, 12th Feb., 1886. My Dear Sir, In answer to your inquiry, I would say that you are quite correct as to the deposit made in the Post Office Bank by Dr. Oronhyatekha and others, as trustees of the Supreme Court of Independent Order of Foresters. The deposit, $10,000, was made on 16th Oct., 1884. Interest amounting to $266.70 was added on the 30th of June, 1885, and seven months' interest has since accrued, , although not yet computed ; the current year's interest, say $410.64, will be added on the*30th June next. Yours faithfully, J. C. STEWART, Superintendent. Hon. J. Carling. Scarcely had these false statements been thus publicly ex- posed and refuted before the C.O.F. officials renewed their at- tacks upon the Order in another form, and much of the time of the S.C.R. was taken up in repelling the same, either by corres- pondence or by attending public meetings to correct the erroneous statements against the I.O.F. made by CO F. representatives. One of the most notable of these meetings was held in Arkona on the 26th February, 1886, following shortly after similar meet- ings held in Sebringville, Oil Springs and Thedford. The causes which led to this meeting were as follow: Dr. Oronhyatekha was invited to attend a public meeting in Arkona, and deliver an 286 HISTORY OF THE address on " the principles and aims of the Independent Order of Foresters." He did so on the 11th day of February, and at the close of the meeting instituted Court Rock Glen, No. 186. It appears that Mr. White had been canvassing in Arkona for a court of the C. O. F. for a considerable time prior to the institu- tion of Court Rock Glen, and regarded the advent of the I. Q. F. as an offence which deserved condign punishment. Accorclingly another public meeting was forthwith arranged for, which was held under the auspices of the C. O. F. on the evening of the I7th February, at which addresses were delivered by the representa- tives of the Canadian Order of Foresters, viz. : Messrs. White, Dr. Stanley, Jamieson and Towe. The burden of these were abuse of the Supreme Chief Ranger, and of the I. O. F. Some of the residents of Arkona who were present at Dr. Oronhyatekha's meeting, noting the contrast of spirit displayed at the two meet- ings, inquired whether Dr. Oronhyatekha had been invited to be present at the meeting, and stated that they considered it very unmanly, to say the least of it, to attack a man behind his back. The C. O. F. representatives replied that Dr. Oronhyatekha had been invited, or at least knew of the meeting, whereupon a telegram was sent to Dr. Oronhyatekha by the C. R. of Court Rock Glen, asking if it were true that he had been invited to the C. O. F. meeting then in progress in Arkona. The S. C. R. replied promptly that he had no notification of the meeting, and authorized the Chief Ranger, if he thought necessary in the interests of the I. O. F., to arrange a public meeting, at which he could meet his accusers face to face. This telegram was read to the meeting amid cheers, and then and there a meeting was agreed to be held in the same hall on Friday, the 26th February , on which occasion the representatives of the two Orders were to be present, and discuss publicly the merits of the two Orders. It is needless to say that, when the evening arrived, the hall was crowded to the doors by an intelligent audience, among whom were some thirty or forty members of the C. O. F., including the H. C. R., Elliott, Medical Referee, Dr. Stanley, and Messrs. White, Towe, McElheran and others. The meeting was duly organized by the election of Wm. Vahey, GENL. H. H. APLIN. D.S.C. R. High Inspector, Michigan. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 289 Esq., ex-Reeve of the village, as chairman. Dr. Oronhyatekha rose and said : Mr. Chairman, a few days ago I had the honor and pleasure of addressing a meeting largely composed of ladies in this same hall, upon the subject of Independent Forestry. I appeal to those of the audience who were present upon that occasion to. say whether, from first to last, I said one unkind word of any of the sister societies or of any of their officers (cheers and cries of no !) I tried to speak a kind word for them all, and even urged my hearers, if they did not see their way clear to join the I. O. F., to join the C. O. F. or some one or other of the existing fraternal benefit societies. The I. O. F. has no quarrel and did not desire any quarrel with any of the sister organizations. They did not desire to build up their Order upon the ruins of another (cheers). They believed there was room for all to do a good work, but while they were thus peaceably disposed towards all, they were prepared at all times to defend themselves. (Cheers.) I have been informed that at a meeting held last week in this same hall, under the auspices of the C. O. F., the speakers had assailed me personally in my absence, and had assailed the Order I have the honor to represent, most scandalously, and I am here to-night to defend myself and the Independent Order of Foresters against all comers (cheers) ; and I can confidently leave the issue with this intelligent audience, being sure their verdict, after hearing the evidence upon both sides, will be one of honorable acquittal of myself and of the I. O. F. of the foul charges which were made here the other night (cheers). I understand that Mr. White, Dr. Stanley and Towe will champion the C. O. F. cause. They have asked for half of the time of this meeting, and although they have already had one whole evening to themselves, I have no objection to giving them half of the time of this meeting, as I feel confident I can answer them all to the satisfaction of the audience in less than half of the time (laughter and cheers). I am now prepared to hear the charges which have been made in my absence, or any other my friends may have to make, and I will be prepared to plead to them, and submit my answers to this intelligent jury. (Cheers). The chairman then called upon Mr. White, who on rising was cheered by his C.O.F. brethren from Watford. He said he had met the Doctor at a meeting of the C. O. F. held in Oil Springs, and to which the Doctor had been magnanimously admitted and al- lowed to speak, and that he had assiiled the C.O.F. in the most vindictive manner. Among other things the Doctor had said was that the medical ex- aminations of the CO F. were^ery loosely carried on, and that the Executive were in the habit of hoarding the funds, and did not pay the widows prompt- ly. He concluded by saying he would leave the discussion to others who would follow him, and who were better acquainted with the history of the past than he was. 290 HISTORY OF THE The chairman then called on Dr. Oronhyatekha to reply, who on rising was received with cheers. He said : Mr. Chairman, my friend White had at Thedford, as he has to-night, claimed that the meeting- in Oil Springs was a meeting of the C.O.F. The history of that meeting is as follows : For some time back my friend C. W. Caton, station agent at Oil City, 2h miles from Oil Springs, had been impor- tuning me to hold a meeting in Oil Springs, in order to draw membership into the court of the I.O F. at Oil City. At last I consented, and sent up bills with instructions to have the meeting advertised as soon as they could secure a hall. I received notice afterwards that the Orange Hall had been secured, and that the meeting had been advertised for Friday, 12th Feb., the night after our first meeting here. When I found the two meetings had been arranged for so closely together, I requested the Supreme Secretary to proceed to Oil Springs and fill that appointment for me, but when I returned to London from this place, I received a message from Oil Springs saying that the C. O. F. representatives were there, and not to fail to come to Oil Springs, whereupon I immediately left for that place. When I arrived at Oil Springs I found that the Orange Hall had been regularly rented to the I. O. F. representative, and that on Monday before the meeting, which was as already stated, fixed for Friday, 12th February, large printed bills had been posted all over the village, announcing that I would speak in the Orange Hall on the "principles and aims of the I. O. F." On Friday morning little slips were found pinned under the I. O. F. printed posters, and on these slips were written that Thos. White, Esq., of Watford, would also address the audience, in the same hall and on the same night as adver- tised for the I. O. F. The Worshipful Master of the Orange Lodge in Oil Springs, is present here to-night, ready to substantiate every word I say, if Mr. White dare deny my statements. (Cheers.) The Worshipful Master states, that before consenting to rent the lower or public hall to us, he had consulted Mr. Johnston, one of the C. O. F. leaders in Oil Springs, whether there would be any objection to a public meeting being held on the night of the regular meeting of the C. O. F. Court, and it was only after he had been told that there would be no objection, that he had consented to rent the pub- lic hall to the I. O. F. for a public meeting, that he had asked this' out of courtesy, and not because the C. O. F. had any rights in the matter. For you will understand that the Orange hall in Oil Springs consists of a public hall upon the ground floor, used by any one to whom it might be rented, and of an Orange Lodge room in the second story, and which had been sublet to the C. O. F. Court, to be used upon Friday nights for their court purposes. What is the claim they set up, do you suppose, in order to shut us out from our own meeting ? Why, that as they had rented the upper or lodge-room ,to use for Friday nights to hold their regular court meetings, that they were therefore on those nights in possession of the whole building. (Laughter and INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 291 cheers.) Why, sir, the Worshipful Master, in his indignation when this ab- surd and idiotic claim was being set up, asked what the C. O. F. intended to plant in the lot in the spring (renewed laughter), for they might as well say they were also in possession of the lot, as to say that they were in possession of the lower or public hall, because they had rented the lodge-room upstairs to use one night in a week for the purposes of their ordinary court meetings. These are the facts, gentlemen, in connection with the meeting at Oil Springs, and which Mr. White will not dare to deny to-night (cheers). And yet, in the face of these facts, Mr. White has had the impudence to declare that the meeting was a C. O. F. meeting, to which I had been magnanimously ad- mitted (laughter). Mr. Chairman, I do not ask you to take my statements in regard to this matter, I have in my hand the affidavit of the gentleman who secured the hall for me, and who advertised that meeting for the I. O. F. It is as follows : THE AFFIDAVIT OF BRO. JOHNSON. Province of Ontario, ^ I, James Harvey Johnson, of the village of Oil County of Lambton. > Springs, in the County of Lambton, Province of To Wit : ) Ontario, make oath and say, that I am the party who arranged for the public meeting to be held in the Orange Hall in Oil Springs, on Friday, the 12th February, 1886, to be addressed by Dr. Oronhyatekha, S. C. R. of the Independent Order of Foresters ; That before posting any bills or advertising the meeting in any way, I secured the Orange hall for that night from the Master of the Lodge, who I believe has full authority to let the hall ; That having secured the hall, I posted the bills on Monday, the 8th ; That at the time I engaged the hall I had no knowledge whatever of any public meeting of the C. O. F. for same night ; That the first I saw of their bills was on the day of the public meeting ; I saw some of them pinned to the bottom of the bills I had posted on the 8th. That all the arrangements made by me for the aforesaid public meeting of the I. O. F, were made in good faith with all parties, and without any con- fliction whatever with the meeting of any other society. Sworn before me at Oil Springs, this 25th day of February, in the year of our Lord 1886. J. H. JOHNSON. HENRY BROWN, A Commiissioner for taking affi^datUs in the H. C. of Justice. Mr, White has told you that I had charged that the C. O. F. conduct- ed their medical examinations very loosely. Well, Mr. Chairman, that is true. But my friend tells you only a part of the truth. What I said was that either the C. O. F. Medical Board passed dying men or else the Execu- tive violated the express provisions of their constitution. The facts in the case are that Ben. Oates was taken into the C. O. F. within a few months of his death, that he was admitted to the C. O. "F. a month after his return from California, whither he had gone the year before for the benefit of his health. He had returned to die. He was so ill of consumption when re- 292 HISTORY OF THE turning that he had to be brought home practically in his bed, yet he passed through the hands of the C. O. F. Medical Board, and was admitted to that Order, hence I have charged that the C. O. F. Medical Examinations were a huge farce, or that the Executive had set at naught the laws of the Order by admitting a man to membership without first passing the Medical Board, as required, by their laws (cheers). My friends can accept either horn of the dilemma (renewed cheers). Mr. White tells you that I charged that the C. O. F. were hoardig their funds to the detriment of the widows. Mr. White has again told only a part of the truth (cheers). What I said was that if it be true, as claimed by the H. C. R. at the Sebringville meeting, that the C. O. F. had over $20,000 in the surplus funds upon the 18th of this month, then it followed that the widow of Mr. Somers, who has been reported as having died upon the 11th Jan , together with the other widows of brethren reported in the February issue of the C. O. F. official organ as having died during the month of January, were still unpaid, so as to keep up the balance in the treasury, and so as to secure to the Order a little more interest, and that the I. O. F. did not hoard its funds in that way ; that we paid our claims promptly, and let the bal- ances in the bank and the interest lake care of themselves (loud cheeis). Although my friend White has not referred to the matter to-night, I may as well answer now, while I am on my feet, a statement he made at Thed- ford in reference to the membership of the C. O. F. He told us at Thedford that the membership of the C. O. F. was nearer 6,000 than 5,000. White " I did not say so." Well, I am glad Mr. White feels called upon to disown the statement, but there were some gentlemen present at Thedford who are here to night, and who can say whether they heard such a statement or not. [Dr. Wilkinson, Mr. Wylie, Mr. Bradshaw and Mr. McKellar, said they were present at the meeting at Thedford, and that they had heard White make the statement.] The S. C. R.., continuing, said, well Mr. Chairman, granted that the four or five gpntlemen, residents of Arkona, who were present at Thedford with myself, misunderstood what was said by Mr. White in reference to this mat- ter, then I ask what does Mr. White say now is the membership of the C. O. F. ? White Well, Mr. Chairman, to be definite, it is 5,200. " S.C.R. Well, yes, that is a definite statement, 5,200 members. But let us see, gentlemen, whether that definite statement places Mr. White in any better position. In the official organ of the C. O. F., which I have before me, it is there stated by the High Secretary of that society, that the membership is 6,000. But Mr. White now tells us it is 5,200, while the High Chief Ranger, who is present here to-night, said at Sebringville only a few days ago it was neither 6,000 nor yet 5,200, but only 4,.n00 (cheers and laughter). In the February number of the official organ of the C.O.F. Bro. Neelands, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 293 the worthy and respected High Treasurer of the C. O. F., reports that he received for January assessment the sum of $2,849.55. If we assume that the rate of assessments of the members of the C.O.F. would average C5 cents each we would be about right. Six thousand members would therefore bring i3,900 per assessment, while five thousand two hundred members would give $3,380, and four thousand five hundred members, $2,925, so that the esti- mate of the H.C.R. of 4,500 members is nearer the mark, though even that is overdrawn (cheers), since the $2,849 would represent only about 4,384 members. But if it be true that there are 5,200 members in the C.O.F. then, sir, the Treasurer has not accounted for all the money sent in to him, for he reports having received for January only $2,849.55, while 5,200 members, each paying 65 cents, would yield $3,380, a shortage of over $500 in one month (cheers). But, sir, those who know Bro. Neelands know that when he states that he only received $2,849.55 for January on account of endowment assessments^ that that is every copper that has been paid to him by the mem- bers (renewed cheers). I leave you to judge whether the statement of Mr. White that the membership in the C. O. F. was 5,200 be correct or not (cheers). After a few further remarks the Supreme Chief Ranger resumed his seat amid applause. Dr. Stanley was then called upon and -was received with cheers by his C. O. F. friends. He said that he -was a gentleman, and that he and his father- in-law had a very large practice, that he once presided at a temperance meet- ing at which Dr. Oronhyatekha spoke, and that he used to think a good deal of the Doctor, but that after a while he did not think so much of him. He proceeded to give his reasons why his regard for the S.C.R. had waned. He said the first thing that shook his confidence in the Doctor was when he (the Dr.) organized a court at Watford without any medical examinations of the candidates, and when the Doctor, as High Chief Ranger, had, of his own motion and without consulting the Executive, changed the time of the meet- ing of the High Court. He then went on to say he was there on the defensive. He was there to defend himself and the Executive of the C.O.F. against the charges which Dr. Oronhyatekha had made at Oil Springs. He then entered upon his defence by pleading guilty to the charges in the Oates case. He also pleaded guilty to the charge of admitting Dr. Payne and other suspended members of the I. O, F. , notwithstanding they were greatly over age, some of them being nearly 60 years of age, while the Constitution of the C. O. F. provided that no one should be admitted above 45 years of age. He was al- together silent as to the charges made by the S. C. R. in connection with the P. O. deposit of the I. O. F. He then said Dr. Oronhyatekha was very witty, and would get the audience laughing and then try to carry them with him. He again assured the audience that he was a gentleman, and sat down evidently satisfied that the S. C. R. ought to feel entirely annihilated. The chairman then called on Dr. Oronhyatekha to reply, who said : Mr. Chairman, my friend. Dr. Stanley, has said so little, touching the 294 HISTORY OF THE questions before us, worth noticing (laughter) that I do not intend just now to take up your time answering him. A little later on, when we have had more from the other side, I may say a word or two in reply to him (renewed laughter and cheers). Mr. Towe was next called upon. He began by reading from a volume of law reports relating to the Gates case, and had not proceeded far before his knees became too weak to hold him up, and he asked to be permitted to sit down. He read and read, with what purpose no one could see. After a time he stopped reading, and, his knees having recovered from their weak spell, he rose to his feet and told the audience that Dr. Oronhyatekha had tried to cheat the Widow Gates of her endowment, and had employed four lawyers and had done his best /or to cheat the widow of what was her due. He had sat by the death-bed of his Brother Gates, and had held the dying man's hand, and he had promised him that he would stick to his widow to the last. He had done so (Dr. G. Hear, hear). Yes, he had stuck to the widow till she had got her money. The Canadian Grder had paid her like men, but the Indepen- dent Grder had to be sued for it, and, when she had recovered judgment, they would not pay the claim till a writ was placed in the Sheriff's hands. Yes, a writ, gentlemen. Here is the writ. (Towe here pulled out a paper which he said was the writ issued before the I. G. F. would pay Mrs. Gates.) He went on to rehash the charges he had made against the S. C. R. at the session of the High Court in Hamilton, in 1882. The S. C. R. then replied as follows. He said : Mr. Chairman, in reference to the charges of Dr. Stanley, that I had insti- tuted the court at Watford Avithout medical examinations, I have to say, in the first place, that, at that time, the Grder was under the control of the American Supreme Court, and a medical examination was not required. If, therefore, I had instituted the court without medical examinations, I would have simply carried out the law as it then stood (cheers). In the second place, I did not institute the court at Watford, but it was instituted by Bro. B. W. Greer, of London (laughter and cheers). Dr. Stanley Mr. Chairman, this is the first time I have heard that, and there are twelve or fifteen of us here who were charter members of that court, and this is the first time we have heard of it. S. C. R. Well, Mr. Chairman, that is a square issue between Dr. Stanley and myself, and I will undertake to have placed in your hands the aflidavit of Mr. B. W. Greer, whose honor and veracity no man who knows him would dare call in question, to the efiect that he organized the court, and not my- self. Dr. Stanley It's the first time I have heard of it, and besides, the court at Listowel was also organized by the Secretary of the I. G. F. Medical Board without any medical examinations. S. C. R. That may be, because that court was also organized while we were under the American Supreme Court, and I was in no way responsible S. F. MORGAN M.D., Member Medical Board. A. H. DIXON. D. S. C. K. G- M. GROVES, M.D., P. H. Physician, Out. A. S. WICKWAN, D. .S.C. R. *: : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 297 for what was done then. (Cheers.) I may say this, Mr. Chairman, that as soon as I was elected H. C. R. of Ontario, I took steps to have in- troduced the Medical Examinations as it now exists, and during my first year of office we put it into operation in Canada. Dr. Stanley I doubt it ; what year were you elected ? S. C. R. Either in 1878 or 1879. Dr. Stanley Well I doubt it; why, the members of Court Alvinston were admitted without any Medical Examination, and there is a gentleman present, Mr. Arkell, who was initiated into Court Alvinston without any ex- amination, and he will say so himself. Here a gentleman rose in the audience and protested against these interruptions. He said the S. C. R. had patiently listened to all that had been said against him by his opponents, and had not once interrupted. S. C. R. Oh ! my friend Dr. Stanley is only trying to prove that what he said so often in his speech is true, viz., that **he is a gentleman." (Laughter and cheers.) ARKELL SPEAKS. Mr. Arkell.' Yes, I was admitted into Court Alvinston without any Medical Examination whatever. S. C. R. Of course I am not in a position to-night to contradict that statement, though I have strong doubts of its correctness. It is just possible Mr. Arkell may have been initiated, and that others may have been initiated into Court Alvinston without a Medical Examination, but in that case they would hold the status only of social members, and would not be entitled to any benefits whatever. The statement that Arkell had been admitted to the I. O. F. without the required Medical Examination was in a few days shown to be utterly devoid of truth by the following incontrovertible evidence : (copy.) I, Benjamin W. Greer, of the City of London^ Ont., do solemnly declare : (1) That I am a member of the Independent Order of Foresters, also of the Canadian Order of Foresters. (2) That in 1878 I was a member of the Independent Order of Foresters, and as a Deputy, I had the authority to institute courts. (3) That sometime during the summer of 1878 I instituted a court of the Independent Order of Foresters at Watford, in the County of Lamb- ton. And I make this solemn declaration, conscientiously believing the same to be true, and by virtue of an Act passed in the thirty-seventh year of Her S 298 HISTORY OF THE Majesty's reign, entitled an Act for the suppression of voluntary and extra judicial oaths. Declared before me at the City of Lon-"^ don, in the County of Middlesex, I - B. W. GREER. this 26th day of March, A.D. 1886. J W. W. FITZGERALD, A Notary Public for the Province of Ontario. j Notarial | ( Seal. *^ I Alvinston, 15th March, 1886. Dr. Oronhyatekha, S.C.R. Dkau Sir and Brc, In reply to your favor of 12th inst., I feel it my duty to inform you that the statement which Dr. Stanley and Mr. Arkell made at Arkona is entirely false. I have been the Financial Secretary of Court Alvinston almost ever since the court was instituted, and no such name as *' Arkell" has ever been enrolled in the books of our court. Furthermore, I feel sure no such name has ever made application for membership to our court. I hope, therefore. Supreme Chief Ranger, that you will take steps to have the falsehood removed from off our court, for we can give you satisfactory evidence that such a man or any other person, has never been initiated into Court Alvinston without a thorough medical examination. I am glad to be able to add that Court Al- vinston is in a prosperous condition, and that it consists of young, healthy men, two-thirds of whom are under thirty years of age, while the court of the C. O. F. of this place consists very largely of old men. Yours in L., B. and C, JAMES LANG, Financial /Secretary. The following is the statement of the Supreme Secretary upon the issue : London, 17th March, 1886. Dr. OronhyatekhUj S.C.P. Dear, Sir and Brc, In accordance with your request, I have carefully searched the Su- preme Court Register, wherein appears the name of every brother who has ever been admitted to our Order as a Beneficiary Member. I find no such name as Arkell in connection with Court Alvinston, and I have no hesitation in saying that no such man was ever a beneficiary member of our court at Alvinston. Yours in L., B. and C, E. S. CUMMER, Supreme Secretary. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 299 Now, Mr. Chairman, a few words about this Towe. (Laughter.) He has told us to-night that he had stuck to the widow. Well, I believe he has the reputation of being good at standing by the widows, at least until he has se- cured a " commission." (Renewed laughter.) I understand that Towe had boasted at the 'meeting the other night that he had met me before upon a platform. That is true ; Mr. Towe has met me before upon a platform. But the only time we ever met on a platform was at the meeting of the High Court of Ontario in Hamilton, in 1882. It wag under the following circumstances : Towe had just been defeated for the office of Supreme Treasurer, when thinking and thinking rightly that I had caused his defeat, he rose in his place and preferred the charges against me, which he has re-hashed to you here to night, yet, though as he said he had known for months that I was guilty of such conduct, he nevertheless went down to the High Court and presented his annual report, in which he speaks of me in the following words : *' To the large experience of our Chief, taken in connection with his ceaseless vigilance, may be attributed, in a measure, our present success." (Cheers.) It is due to say that Towe charges that I wrote that report myself. In other words that he had not brains enough to write a simple report, and had to come to me to f urni sh him with a little brains (laughter), and that though he knew that I was all that he tries to make me out to-night, he not only kept his mouth shut about it till after his defeat for office, but actually commended me to the assembled representatives as a person '* whose ceaseless vigilance " gave the Order its pros- perity. Well, after Towe's defeat for office he formulated these charges against me. I immediately told the High Court that I would not hold my position with such charges hanging over me, and demanded a committee of enquiry (cheers). The High Court in response to that demand appointed a committee consisting of the Rev. W. Walsh, now of Ottawa, John A. McGillivray, a barrister, and who is now the present Supreme Counsellor, Mr. Switzer, of Midland, Dr. Ross, of Barrie, and Mr. Drake of St Thomas. Mr. Towe and myself appeared before that committee, and after a thorough investigation the committee prepared their report, completely exonerating me from each and all of the charges (cheers), while finding each and every charge brought against Towe to be true. Here the S.C.R. recounted the various charges, which are fully recorded in the Supreme Court minutes of the special session, held in London in 1882, and need not be repeated here. After recounting these charges, to the apparent great satisfaction of the large audience, the S.C.R. proceeded as follows : The committee spent the whole night long in this investigation, and in preparing their report to the High Court. The next morning, when I en- tered the ante-room to go into the High Court, I found the committee and 300 HISTORY OF THE INIr. To we waiting for me. Mr. Tow^e here jumped to his feet and said, " The Doctor is only trying to draw a red herring so as to draw your atten- tion from the Oates case. " S.C.R. Mr. Chairman I don't wonder To we is getting uneasy (laughter and cheers), but let him possess his soul in patience, I'll come to the Gates case in due time, after I have roasted him a little more (renewed laughter and cheers). I was asked if I would consent, for the sake of the Order, to a set- tlement and to drop the matter then and there. I replied ' ' yes, upon one con- dition, viz., that Towe would, upon the floor of the High Court, publicly withdraw each and every charge he had formulated against me and apologize for having falsely preferred them." (Cheers.) To this Mr. Towe agreed. (Renewed cheers.) On my part I agreed to accept the conclusions of the committee, and, gentlemen, what were the conclusions of the committee ? why that that fellow had been guilty of acting as agent for both parties to'a cause, had accepted "commissions" from widows as charged, but that he had not done it with an evil intent. * * ^ We then went into the High Court, and in open session Mr. Towe rose in his place, and solemnly declared that what he had charged against me, and which he has repeated here to-night, were utterly and absolutely untrue, (prolonged cheers) and duly apologized for his conduct towards me. I then, as already stated, declared that I accepted the conclusions of the committee, whereupon Towe came upon the platform, where I had been honorably placed by the unanimous votes of my associates (cheers), and we met on that platform and he gave me his hand as a pledge that he would never again repeat the in- famous charges he had brought against me (cheers). That was the occasion, Mr. Chairman, and these were the circumstances under which this fellow and myself have before met upon the platform. (Laughter and cheers.) With regard to the contention that the committee would not give Mr. Towe time to procure witnesses and secure evidence of my guilt, why. Sir, not- withstanding that he had solemnly declared in open High Court, that the CHARGES AGAINST BiE WERE UXTRUE, and notwithstanding the committee had reported that they had found the charges to be utterly false (cheers), and notwithstanding Mr. Towe's pledge that he would never again repeat such foul and slanderous charges, this fellow returned to London, and taking advantage of my absence from the city having been called away by reason of the illness of my wife visited the subordinate courts in the city of Lon- don, and there repeated these charges against me. When I returned to the . city and found what he and three or four kindred spirits had done, I suspend- ed them from the Order, as unworthy to hold membership therein (cheers). I next called the Executive together to review my acts in the premises, and when they met they unanimously confirmed my acts. But Towe and his friends said, "Oh! but the members of the Executive are the Doctor's friends, and some of them are as bad as he is, and are equally guilty with himself, and are not an impartial tribunal to try us." Well, Mr. Chairman, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 301 perhaps there was some force in this. But, though professing a readiness to be tried by the High Court or any other impartial tribunal, they failed to ap- peal, and when they failed to appeal, I was determined to take them before the tribunal which they had themselves said was impartial, and therefore I cited them before the High Court ' ' to show cause why they should not be expelled from the Order for wilful, malicious and persistent slandering of my- self and the Executive " (cheers). They did appear before the High Court, which had been convened in spe- cial session in the City of London, on the 8th and 9th of November, 1882, or over four months after the time of the first investigation by the committee at Hamilton, and, therefore, after Towe had ample time to gather up his evi- dence against me. (Cheers.) I stated to the High Court that the accused had the right to review my career in the Order from the time of my initiation down to the present time, and if they found during that time a single fact which would go to substantiate their charges against me, then they were not the slanderers I had charged them to be, and ought not to be expelled from the Order, but that I ought to be compelled to step down and out, as un- worthy to be the associate of honest and honorable men. (Cheers.) The High Court adopted these views and gave these men full scope. They had a patient hearing. Every latitude was allowed them, and on the morning of the second day, after having heard all the evidence, the High Court reached its verdict. I will read from the record what that verdict was. ' ' Moved by J. W. Drake, and seconded by Bro. J. Brundel, that Bro. E. Towe be now expelled from the Order." The yeas and iiays were ordered, and the result was, yeas, 33 ; nays, 2. *'The H. C. R. declared Bro. E. Towe expelled from the Order, and re- quested him to leave the room. Mr. E. Towe then retired from the High Court." (Cheers.) That, gentlemen, is the record of this fellow who is brought here to-night to assail me and the I. O. F. (Renewed cheers.) The record of the same body with reference to myself is as follows : ' ' Moved by Rev. W. Walsh, seconded by D. Shenick, that we express our entire confidence in the integrity and uprightness of our Supreme Chief Ran- ger, Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha. Bro. Walsh added that as a member of the Committee of Enquiry at Hamilton, and, therefore, in a special position to know all the ins and outs of these troubles, he had no hesitation in saying that the conduct and bearing of our Chief, throughout the whole difficulty, was such as to raise him very much in his estimation ; and in the light of the most searching investigation, both at Hamilton and here, at the present time, he was more than ever convinced that we had an upright, honorable, and straightforward Supreme Chief Ranger." (Prolonged applause.) Gentlemen, what was the answer of the assembled representatives of the High Court, some of whom came there warm friends of Towe, after they had heard all of Towe's evidence, and after Towe had had over four months to get his evidence ? The record will show that ' ' the motion was carried by a 302 HISTORY OF THE unanimous standing vote." (Renewed cheering.) But, gentlemen, I must apologize for wasting so much time upon this fellow. But there is just one other point about which I wish to speak. It is about a matter to which I understand Towe had referred at the former meeting here. I understand that Mr. Towe had paraded a cheque of the Supreme Court, signed by myself in blank, as an evidence of unpardonable carelessness on my part in the management of the affairs of the Supreme Court. In the first place, Mr. Chairman, how comes Mr. Towe in possession of this pro- perty of the Supreme Court ? Why, sir, by violating a solemn oblig^ation of office an obligation that, to all Foresters, should be a binding one that he would *' deliver to his successor in office all books, papers, furniture, regalia, or other property or effects that may come into his possession or custody." (Cheers.) He tells us here to-night that he does not intend to give up that which is the property of the Supreme Court, but that he intends to keep it as an evidence of my carelessness. Well, sir, I have no wish that he should give it up, for every time that he exhibits that paper he shows evidence that he has violated his obligation of office taken at his installation. (Cheers.) But what were the circumstances under which I signed that cheque in blank ? Instead of being censurable for doing it, I did it in the interests of the membership. Mr. Chairman, at the time that I signed that cheque, which is being exhibited here to-night, Mr. Towe was Supreme Treasurer of the I. O. F. It was my custom, when about to leave London to be absent for a time, perhaps for three or four weeks, to sign a few cheques in blank and leave them with Mr. Towe, so that, if any brother was taken ill, he would not have to wait till my return to get his benefits paid ; or, if any brother died, and the proofs of claim were received during my absence, the widow would not have to wait till I returned to have her claim paid (cheers), but that these cheques, already signed by me, could be properly filled up, and, after being signed by Towe as Supreme Treasurer, and by the Supreme Secretary, sent to the beneficiaries. That was the j)ur- pose, Mr. Chairman, and that alone, for which I used to sign cheques in blank. (Cheers.) It was done solely in the interests of the membership at large, and, if there was any impropriety in my doing so, it was in my trust- ing that my friend Towe would faithfully perform his duty as an officer of the Order. (Laughter and cheers.) [The S. C. R. next repeated substantially what he had said at Oil Springs about the Oates case, the audience cheering again and again, as he made point after point.] After this the CO. F. people called McElheran, who made his usual speech, being a re-hash of Towe's charges against the S. C. R. When he had finished, Dr. Oronhyatekha said, Mr. Chairman, all that is necessary to do in reply, is for me to read the official record regarding this man. It is as follows : "Nominations were then made for H. C. R. as follows : Bros. R. M. Mc- Elheran, Dr. Oronhyatekha, John A. McGillivray, and E. Botterell. COLIN McARTHUR, Past High Counsellor. I. f - t INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 305 *'Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha declined in favor of Bro. John A. McGillivray ; and Bro. . E. Botterell also declined. "The ballot was taken and the scrutineers reported the following result : Bro. John A. McGillivray, 63 ; Bro. McElheran, 16." That was at the annual session of the High Court at Hamilton. At the special session four months after, I find the following further record : "Moved by Bro. J. W. Drake, and seconded by J. Brundel, that R. M. McElheran be expelled from the Order ; yeas, 33 ; nays, none." That, gen- tlemen, is the record (cheers), and when I tell you that he was expelled for slandering me and the officers of the Order, I think I need say no more in reply. (Loud cheers.) A vote of thanks to the Chairman was then carried, and then "God Save the Queen " was sung. This, of course, among all well regulated minds, end- ed the meeting. Not so with Dr. Stanley, for he jumped upon a bench and said, * ' I move that in the opinion of this meeting, the charges against the I . O. F., regarding the Oates case, have been sustained," and called those in favor to hold up their hands, when only about 30 or 40 hands were held up out of the whole audience. When Stanley saw that only about the number of the C. O. F. members present voted for his motion he refused to call the contrary, although there were cries from all over the hall of ' ' call the con- trary, call the contrary." "able and successful defence." It was then moved and duly seconded, ' ' that a cordial vote of thanks be tendered to Dr. Oronhyatekha for the able and successful manner he has defended the I. O. F.," wliich was carried by at least 10 to 1. The meeting then ended, it being about 2 o'clock in the morning. With this meeting, the C. O. F leaders seemed to have had enough of public discussions with the S. C. R, for, after issuing a. circular containing a virulent personal attack upon Dr. Oronhyat- ekha and the members of the Executive Council, they ceased assailing the I. O. F. in the flagrant manner they had been doing. In those early days the Order, though prospering fairly well, could not, as now, afford to treat attacks upon itself with digni- fied silence. Occasionally the S. C. R. was also called upon to answer attacks made in the interests of Old Line Insurance Com- panies, chiefly through the columns of the Monetary Times. One of these answers of the S. C. R. to such an attack we take from the columns of the Independent Forester of August, 18(S9. It is as follows : 306 HISTORY OF THE OPEN LETTER BY THE S. C. R. To Edward Botterell, P. S. G. B.y House of Commons, Ottawa. Dear Sir and Brother, You will be gratified to learn that my predictions as to the effect on our Order of the attacks of the Moiietary TimeSy published last year, and since issued and largely circulated in leaflet form, have been fully verified. Since those attacks appeared, the applications for membership have continued to flow in a steady stream, averaging nearly 600 a month, and ending in July with over 700 applications. No one, who knows anything about the prin- ciples of insurance, can possibly be aflfected by these attacks ; they are so un- fair and so dishonest, that they answer themselves, except with the extremely ignorant. In order to refresh your memory as to my views of these periodic attacks, I will quote the following from my letter to Brother Colin McArthur, High Counsellor of Quebec, to wit : "In reply to your favor of the 4th inst., I beg to say that since the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters became a strong and prosperous body, the Mone- tary Times, at the instance of insurance companies, has, from time to time, attempted to divert popular favor froiix the I. O. F. by just such attacks as are contained in its issues of 23rd and 30th Nov. last. I have sometimes been asked why we d^ not invoke .the power of the law against such unjust at- tacks. To succeed in any action, the first thing we would have to do would be to prove that these articles have damaged the Order. If called into the witness box, I should be obliged to testify that the articles of the Monetary Times have never done us an iota of harm. On the contrary, they have in- variably resulted in advantage to the I. O. F. In the first place, they give us a free advertisement. In the second place, their attacks have always been so manifestly unfair, and so full of fallacies and positive misstatements, that people who think are compelled to come to the conclusion that the position of the I. O. F. must be unassailable by fair arguments, when so ably con- ducted a journal as the Monetary Times is compelled to resort to questionable methods in order to make a colorable case against the Ordei . ' ' The question of lapses, noticed in your letter, is so important a factor in the business of insurance, that any conclusions which may be reached in any matter of this kind, wherein that factor has been left out of consideration, must be utterly fallacious. For not only do insurance companies make a large profit out of lapses, but what is of even greater importance to them and to the I. O. F., is the fact that, by reason of lapses and the constant addition of new blood, by the admission of new members, companies and societies practically renew their membership every eight or ten years, thus keeping down the average age of the membership, and keeping the membership al- ways within a few years of the medical examiner's hand, thereby keeping the rate of mortality away below the figures of the Monetary Times.'' To this the Monetary Times afiected to reply, but it was indeed a lame at- tempt. Yet it was the best that could be put in for its masters, viz., the in- siu-ance companies. On the question of lapses, and profits thereon, it said: " Now, if the American Experience Table is a correct authority (and it ought to be, since it is the actual experience among insured lives, and is the INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 307 legal standard in all the principal American States), then it is plain that the I. O. F. will have a surplus on a member's payment of only a trifle at the beginning, and in ten years from his entry will have a stiff annual deficit to meet, growing larger the longer the member lives. During the twenty years, ^93.07 more will have been paid out, in meeting his share of the natural death calls, than he will have contributed. Instead, therefore, of the Doctor being able to count five per cent, interest in his favor upon the $413.20, he can only count it on the gain of the first few years, and, when this and the interest upon it is swallowed up, interest counts against him upon the annual deficit of the last column of the table. His rate is inadequate. For the pre- sent it gives, or should give, a slight gain, not only of what is shown near the head of the last column of the above table, but also for about five years after the medical examination, there is a saving arising from careful selection. No one should die from consumption, or heart disease, or cancer, within a year or two after entry. Therefore the losses do not come up to the tabular rate, usually, until the second five years is entered upon. Then and there- after the evil efi'ect of lapses, or selection against the society, commences to be felt, and just to the extent that this goes on does the death-rate run higher than what the American Experience Table provides for." At the time I wrote the letter to Brother Colin McArthur we had 11,104 members and $110,700.79 in our surplus funds. To-day we have nearly 15,000 members and not far from $170,000.00 in our surplus funds, a gain in the surplus in the last six months of a period of twelve years of nearly $60,000. Notwithstanding the ex cathedra statements of the Monetary Times that in '*ten years we will have a stiff annual deficit to meet," during the last eight year that the Order has been under the present administration there never has been a year, hardly a month, in which we did not show a substantial gain in our surplus funds. In the light of our experience, there- fore, what must we conclude of the remarks of the Monetary Times that *' the losses do not come up to the tabular rate, usually (sic) until the second five years is entered upon ? " Why, either that our experience is unusual^ which it is not, else that the writer of the Monetary Times is grossly ignorant of the subject he is writing about, or he is something worse. You know that we have entered on the third period of five years, and as it usually happens to every live society or company, we are piling up the surplus faster than ever, notwithstanding the rule laid down that when the second five years is entered upon that "there and thereafter the evil efi'ects of lapses, or selection against the society, commences to be felt, and just to the extent that this goes on does the death-rate run higher than what the American Experience Table provides for. " Our death-rate for the past seven months has been less than four in a thousand, notwithstanding the * ' evil effects of lapses. " How does the experience of any old line insurance company stand with the statement that after the second period of five years is entered upon, the mortality must begin to run higher than in those laid down in the experi- ence table. I have just pointed out that this is not true of the Foresters. Let us in- quire if it is true of any good insurance company or society. Take the Ontario Mutual, which began business in 1870. In 1888, after it 308 HISTORY OF THE had passed the major portion of the third period of five years, it had 8,700 members, and 55 deaths for the year ending 1888, thus makingarate of mortality only 6.5 in a thousand. It collected in premiums alone, $337,214, and only paid for losses $61,700, while its expenses were $71,934. that is to say, that for every dollar paid to the widow, more than a dollar was disbursed for expen- ses. The experience of this company, therefore, does not, by any means, bear out the statements of the Monetary Times. This company in its 19th year could have paid all its losses and all its enormous expenses out of one- half of its premium income alone, and still have laid by $69,946 in its reserve fund. It could, therefore, have paid all its losses and its enormous manage- ment expenses out of the rates of the Foresters. Let us next take the Confederation Insurance Company. This company began business in 1871, and its death-rate in its 18th year was 6.9 in a thous- and. Its premium income was $510,582, and it paid in death losses, matured endowments and annuities $142,254. For expenses and dividends to stock- holders it paid $136,802, being nearly $1.00 for management expenses and dividends for every dollar of losses paid. Suppose this company had been as economical in management as the I.O.F. and spent only $20,000 for manage- ment expenses instead of $136,802, this company could have paid all losses and expenses out of one half of its premium income alone, and have had $182,074 left over to add to its surplus. Lastly, let us look at one of the older companies and see whether its exper- ience gives any different testimony. I refer to the Canada Life, which began business in 1847, or 42 years ago. We find that in 1888, when it had entered the ninth period oifive years each, it received in premiums alone $1,250,729. It paid for death losses, matured endowments, and annuities the sum of $423,347, and for expenses and dividends the sum of $62,325, so that this company could have paid all its losses and an immense sum for management expenses out of its premium income alone, and still have had left $576,057 to carry to reserve. The experience of this company also contradicts the state- ments of the Monetary Times. Suppose we apply to the Canada Life the tests which the Monetary Times applies to the I.O.F. and to other fraternal benevolent societies. The Canada Life admits applicants up to 65 years, so that we are below the mark, if anything, when we assume that the average age of its original policy hold- ers must have been as high as 35 years. "Now move the hand of time twice twenty years," and the policy holder of 35 years of age has become 75 years old. The American Experience Table tells us that the rate of mortality at that age is 94.3 in a thousand, while the Dominion Superintendent of Insur- ance informs us that the ofticers of the Canada Life report that the death rate in that company, after 41 years, is only 8.9 in a thousand, instead of 94.3 "called for by the inexorable hand of death." The same state of affairs is true of the other active old line companies, viz : that the actual rate of mortality is away below that called for by the Experience Tables. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 309 In his last report, the Dominion Superintendent of Insurance states that, "the death rate has been entirely re-calculated for the last four years," and *'it is believed that the results arrived at represent the actual mortality "among insured lives in Canada as accurately as can be gathered from the re- " turns of the companies," and are represented to be as follows among the active companies, to wit : 18859.6 in 1,000. 18868.1 in 1,000. 18878.3 in 1,000. 18888.6 in 1,000. There are a number of substantial reasons for believing that the rate of mortality among the Foresters will be even lower than that experienced by the insurance companies. In the first place, the limit of age for admission is up to the 55th year of age in the I. O. F., and among the insurance compan- ies it is in some, at least, as high as the 65th year of age. In the second place, a large proportion of those who insure in the old line companies are men over 35 years of age. The age of a majority of the members of the I.O. F. to-day is under thirty years. Then our selection of lives is better than in the old line companies ; for our members, in addition to having to pass the same medical examination as those who are insured in insurance companies have to pass, are subjected to the scrutiny of the older members of the Order as to their moral qualifications, and which must necessarily improve the character of the risk of the I. O. ^F. Do you ask me if there are any known reasons why the rate of mortality among the insured lives and among the members of the I, O. F. should be so much lower than that called for by the Experience Tables ? In answer, most certainly there are well-known reasons why this should be so, and I cannot better bring them before your mind than by quoting from my letter to Bro. Colin McArthur, as follows : ' ' The Monetary Times, in all its former articles, always assumed that the question of the death of the I. O. F. was one only of a very feio years. In the present answer to its imaginary correspondent, it practically admits, doubtless inadvertently, that the policies of the I. O F. will be good for their face at least for 20 years to come. It is good enough to suppose that we shall then have $500,000, in the surplus funds of the Order, but that then 500 old men will step up to the Treasurer and draw out, each of them, a $1,000, thus wiping out entirely our surplus. This statement, that the endowment of 500 old men would mature at the end of 20 years, all in a bunch, is based on the assumption that there will be no lapses of membership in the Order during all that time. "I need not say to you that such an assumption is necessary to reach such a conclusion, but that such an assumption in connection with the I. O. F. is wholly unwarranted by facts. "The Order was introduced into Canada in 1876. As twelve years have already elapsed, there ought to be at least 500 in the Order to-day over sixty years of age, and to be in the line of the Monetary Times we must assume that none of these 500 will die during the next ten years, and what is more remarkable, none will allow their membership to lapse. 310 HISTORY OF THE "Unfortunately for the Monetary Times the facts do not at all accord with its figures. "A careful examination of the registers of our Order discloses facts, which I doubt not, will astonish even yourself. Although we had in three courts alone, in 1878, over fifty members who were between the ages of fifty-five and sixty, yet we now have just nine members who are over sixty years of age, and not 500 as supposed by the Monetary Times. We have eighty-seven who are over fifty-five years old, and only 612 out of the 11,105 members who are fifty years of age or over. I find a very large proportion of our members are under thirty years of age. " The explanation of this very gratifying state of the affairs of the l>0.r. lies in the fact that since 1878 we have initiated 17,150, of whom 171 have died, and 5,874 have lapsed, leaving 11,105 in good standing at date. Of the 11,105 members, over 3,500 have been admitted within the last seven months." As a matter of fact, we now* have nearly 15,000 members, and of these there were admitted during the past year over 6,000 members. To build up an argument, therefore, as the Monetary Times has done, on the assumption that there will be no lapses, is to build on a false foundation, which shows either rank dishonesty or monumental ignorance of the subject treated of. Suppose, for argument's sake, w^e admit that in the I. O. F. there will be no lapses of membership, but that every one who is initiated will re- main in the Order until he dies or reaches his expectancy of life, there is still another important factor which the Monetary Times totally ignores, viz : the influx of new blood. I have already indicated that this is something phe- nomenal in the I. O. F ; that the average for the past seven months has been over 500 per month, consisting mostly of young men under thirty years of age, a rate that would send any of our insurance managers up to the 7th heaven if found in connection with his company. This alone would very materially falsify the figures given by the Moiwtary Times, even if there were no lapses in the Order. As a matter of fact, we have initiated during the last three years no less than 10,178, thus bringing the great bulk of our present membership, comparatively speaking, fresh from the hands of our Medical Examin- ers. This brings me to the consideration of another part of the subject. During the first two or three years after admission to our Order, it will cost us, to carry the risk of a member, not what we charge, viz. : a small per cent, above the "cost of risk" at the age of joining, but only about a quar- ter of that figure. Thus, it follows, if the 3,500 men who have been initiated into the Order during the last seven months, remain with us for the next two years and then drop out, we shall have collected from them about $72,000, while it will have cost us only about $18,000 or $20,000 to carry their risks, making a profit of about $50,000 in the transaction. If they remain five years, it will have cost us about one-half of what we have collected in that time to carry the risks on their lives, thus making a profit of about $90,000. This margin becomes less .and less till about the tenth year, when the cost of T. CYPIHOT. M.D., High Physician, Quebec. GEO. L. WILSON, D. S. C. R. DR. M. 8. MALLONY, D. S, C. R. A. V. WADE, D. S. C.R., High Secretary, Nova Scotia. c t c t c c c c,"^ c t t INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 313 carrying them will be about equal to what we collect from them. This is the result of a proper medical selection as it is done in the I. O. F,, and is a well known rule in insurance circles, established by the combined experience of Insurance Companies for the past 100 years. But by the end of the ten years, instead of having the 3,500 initiated ten years ago, the bulk of these will have allowed their membership to lapse, and a new lot will have taken their places, and it is this constant renewal of the membership that is taking place in every company and society, which keeps down the rate of mortality, way down below what is called for in the Experi- ence Tables. Let me now direct your attention to another subject, which will show at a glance, that the I. O. F. is able to give insurance as cheaply as it does be- cause of its small management expenses, while most Insurance Companies, for each $1.00 paid in death claims, pay $1.00 or more for management ex- penses and dividends to stockholders, as the following, taken from the reports of the Superintendent of Insurance, for the five years ending with 1887, is- sued by the Department of Finance will show : FIVE years' record. Name of Company. if Paid for Death los- ses, Annu- itants, En- dow'ts, etc Manai^e- ment Ex- penses, in- cludinjjf di- vidends. No. of New In- surers Se- cured. Cost for each new Member Secured. Canada Life Confederation North American $4,892,719 2,028,365 718,447 1,216,176 1,410,744 404,842 $1,547,444 444,906 129,387 272,649 371,801 260,229 $1,111,950 530,422 283,460 317,779 467,293 29.206 14,797 7,785 2,744 6,285 5,052 7,587 $75 00 68 00 103 00 50 00 92 00 3 00 8,557 6,923 5,217 8,017 7,261 17,084 $129 00 76 00 54 00 Ontario Mutual 39 00 Sun Life 64 00 1 71 1.0. F ENORMOUS COST OF MANAGEMENT. The above table shows that the five Old Line Insurance Companies, being the five best companies in Canada, paid out of their premium income alone, not only all death and other claims against them, but that they expended, for managing expenses and dividends to stockholders, the enormous sum of $2,710,904.00, and still had a balance left of $4,789,360.00. The I. O. F., which secured double the number of new insurers, expended only $29,206 for management expenses during the five years. Every intelligent man can see at a glance how it is that the I. O. F. can charge so much less for its in- surance than the Old Line Insurance Companies. The following record for the last year for which we have official figures will still further explain why the I. O. F. is so much cheaper than the Old Line Insurance Companies : T 314 HISTORY OF THE ONE YEAR S RECORD. Name of Company. Canada Life . . . Confederation . . North American Ontario Mutual Sun Life I. 0. F Manage- ment Expenses, etc. No. of new members secured. 237,384.00 1,624 148,730.00 1,398 80,000.00 1,509 73,932.00 2,030 124,029.00 1,723 7,200.00. 6,126 Cost for each new member secured. $146.00 106.00 53.00 36.00 72.00 1.17 Amount of Benefits paid. ^9,366.00 113,180.00 35,872.00 63,306.00 97,281.00 93,95000 Cost for each $1 paid to widows and orphans. ^0.64 1.31 2.19 , 1.16 ^1.27 .07 Thus it will be seen that the average of the management expenses of the above first-class Old Line Insurance Companies was $132,815, or over 18 times greater than that of the I. O. F., notwithstanding the fact that the I. O. F. secured nearly four times the number of new insurers than the average of the Companies. The only reply the Mmietary Times could make to these facts was that it was not discussing the question of expense, and that the business of the Insurance Companies was managed by able and exper- ienced officers. It must strike you, however, as it must strike every intelligent man, that when it is charged that our rates are inadequate, and it is practically claimed that anything less than the rates of the Old Line Insurance Companies must be inadequate, the matter of the expenses of the I. O. F., as compared with those of the Old Line Companies, must be very pertinent to the issue. Take for instance the Sun Life, which comes nearest to the I. O. F. in the amount of benefits paid in one year. The Sun Life required $221 310 to pay its management expenses, and $97,281 of benefits, so that each of its 6,741 policy holders had to pay $32.83 to provide the sum required. Had THEY BEEN MEMBERS OF THE INDEPENDENT OrDER OF FORESTERS, TO ACCOMPLISH PRECISELY THE SAME THING, ALL THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN REQUIRED OF THEM, AT THE VERY OUTSIDE, WOULD HAVE BEEN $15.50 EACH, OR LESS THAN ONE HALF WHAT WAS REQUIRED IN THE SuN LiFE. Let me now for a moment direct your attention to the unfair way the Monetary Times attempts to carry on its arguments. You will find in my letter to Brother McArthur, the following : " The Monetary Times, in its issue of the 23rd November, says: *' * For the $1,000 payable at death or expectancy, the young men will con- tribute an average of $316.50 each, and the old men $390.84 each (plus two extra monthly assessments a year, viz. : $1.20 for the youngest and $3.70 for the oldest, as explained farther on). Those members who do not die or drop out otherwise, but remain the number of years shown in the second column, must each then get $1,000 as a cash endowment, if they have paid the four- teen instead of twelve rates each year. ' ' ' ' Now, move time forward twenty years, and the old people will each have drawn out $1,000 for about $400 paid in, plus what the $3.70 per year pro- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 315 duces, while the younger group will not have got half way through. Let us suppose the funds on hand at the end, amount to about $500,000, and that the old people number about 500. It is easy to see that they will carry off the whole, leaving nothing for those who come next. But that is not so much to the point as the fact that each will have drawn out nearly $600 more than he has paid in, thus leaving a deficiency of about $300,000.'" Before replying to the above I endeavored to get clearly before my mind exactly what was stated therein. The expressions *'plus two extra monthly assessments," and "must each then get $1,000 as a cash endowment, if they have paid the fouHeen instead of tivelve rates each year" gave me clearly to understand that the writer was dealing with our "Special Endowment Class." So I said in the letter : " You are aware that those of our members who are in the Special Endow- ment Class, and are fifty-four years old, pay $1.85 per month, with an extra $1,85 every six months, making a payment of $12.95 every six months." Then, after showing that our funds were invested at from four to six per cent., and much of it compounded every six months, and taking the average interest as at five per cent., I said : " In nineteen years we receive from them (that is from those who pay fourteen assessments a year) $828.45, or $102.18 more than ' the cost of risk, according to the American tables of assurance experience, ' and not a deficit of $304, as stated by the Monetary Times." In its reply to that letter, the Mcynetary Times tries to wriggle out of a corner in the following shameless manner : " We showed that a man aged fifty-four pays only $1.85 per month, or $22.20 per aimum, and that if he lived out his expectancy (nineteen years) his total contributions to the Order would be about nineteen times that sum, viz. $421.80. In parallel column we gave the actual cost of risk for each year on a man of that age living until seventy-two, which footed up $726.27. This demonstrated a deficiency of $304.47 in meeting the actual outgo for death losses year by year. And we asked, ' How is this deficit to be made good ! ' " The Doctor's answer to this is that in the Endowment Class $1.85 more is collected each six months, making $26.90 instead of $22.20. We answer {sic) that we were not then alluding to the Endowment Class, but to the Ordinary Class, in which only $1.85 per month, or $22.20 per year, is collected. " When the above answer is taken into consideration, in view of the fact that, as already pointed out, the Monetary Times, in its original article, did clearly allude to the Special Endowment Class, and in view of the fact that my answer was not the bold statement that " in the Endowment class $1.85 more is collected," but that when the interest on the payments made TO us BY SUCH MEMBERS AS WERE CITED BY THE Monetary Times WAS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, IT WOULD BE FOUND THAT WE RECEIVED FROM THEM $828.45, or $102.18 more than was called for by the American Exper- ience Tables of Mortality. I think we are entitled to claim that the Monetary Times has entirely failed to meet the answer we gave to its original attack. 316 HISTORY OF THE I cannot better conclude this letter than by taking the following from the letter addressed to Brother McArthur : ' In conclusion, let me recapitulate briefly "(1.) The Monetary Times assumes, in its calculations that there will be no lapses in our Order, a state of ^things that never did nor ever will exist in any society or company. "(2.) The Monetary Times, in its calculations, made no allowance for the infusion of new blood that is taking place constantly and to so large an ex- tent in the I. O.F. V *' No calculation in connection with the question of insurance is hbnest, or of any value without due consideration being given to the above two points. " (3.) The Monetary Times, in its calculations, takes no account of interest which forms so important a factor in estimating the value to a society of per- iodic payments into its treasury. ' ' Why did the Monetary Times ignore these points, that are so vital to a just and honest conclusion upon the questions at issue ? Simply because the moment it made due allowance for the profits that are usually made in conse- quence of a medical selection and the lapses, and for the effect of a constant influx of fresh young blood, and gave credit for interests, it would have had to admit that the system of the I. O.F. , especially in view of its economical management, rested on a perfectly sound financial basis and would continue to prosper as long as boys were born in the country and grew up to manhood, and thus became eligible for membership in the Independent Order of Foresters.'* I might just add so long as the Old Line Companies, while expending a dollar or more in management expenses and dividends for each dollar paid to the widows and orphans, are able to meet their obligations, just so long will the I.O.F., which expends less than 10 cents in management expenses for each dollar paid to the widows and orphans, be equally able to meet all its obligations, though collecting only half of the rates of the Old Line Com- panies. Yours sincerely, ORONHYATEKHA, S.G.B. Toronto, 1st August, 1889. But we must now return to our narrative of the Supreme Court session. The Medical Board's report was as follows : Chambers of the Supreme Court, Ottawa, 26th Aug., 1885. To the Supreme Chief Bxmger, Officers and Members of the Supreme Court. Brethren, I beg herewith to submit the annual report of the Medical Board for the year ending June 30th, 1885. During that time the Board has received and considered 1,499 applications, classified as follows : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 317 64 applicants for $3000 191 " " 2000 1244 ' " 1000 The applications were disposed of as follows : PASSED. 54 applicants for $3000 172 ' " 2000 1194 " " 1000 reduced: 8 applicants for $3000 to $1000 11 " " 2000 to 1000 REJECTED. 2 applicants for $3000 8 " " 2000 50 " '' 1000 Thus out Qf 1,499 applicants the Board has passed 1,439 for $1,729,000, and has rejected 60 for $72,000, which, added to the amount of the 19 ap- plicants reduced, makes a total of $99,000 declined by the Board. The causes of rejection were as follows 19 Heart Complications, 8 Diseases of Lungs. 5 Intemperance. 3 General bad health. 2 Epilepsy. 1 Varicose Ulcers. 1 Spinal Disease. 1 Imbecility. 1 Cataract. 19 Hereditary Phthisis. The Board again desires to place on record its high appreciation of the painstaking and thorough manner in which the Court Physicians have per- formed their allotted duties. There is one point, however, to which the Board wishes to draw their attention. In many cases the applicant states he does not know ages at death, or causes of death of parents, grandparents, etc. He merely makes the statements without comment. The Medical Ex- aminer should, if possible, elicit an approximate idea of ages and causes of death, and satisfy himself whether any of the deceased died from any heredi- tary affection, and have such information noted in the Medical Examination paper. This is especially desirable with applicants from 18 to 35 years of age. It is still the opinion of the Board that the compensation paid to our Medi- cal Examiners is too small, and feels an increase will be conducive to the wel- fare and stability of the Order. It is recommended to your earnest con- sideration. All of which is respectfully submitted In L., B. and C, THOS. MILLMAN, M.D., Secretary of Medical Board, 318 HISTORY OF THE The Credential Committee presented their second report, stating that the following members had signed the roll of this Supreme Court, and were entitled to seats therein : Oronhyatekha, S.C.R., London. E. Botterell, P.S.C.ll., Ottawa. E. S. Cummer, S.S., Hamilton. John A. McGillivray, S. C. , Uxbridge. Tho. Lawless, S, J.S., Napanee. Geo. Parish, S.S. W., London. V Jas. Crawford, S. Mar., London. J. B. Halkett, P.S.V.C.R., Ottawa. W. W. Fitzgerald, P.S.C, London. J. G. Baird, M J)., P.S.P., Arnprior. J. E. B. McCready, H.C.R. of New Brunswick. Dr. G. A. Hetherington, S.V.C.R., St. John, N.B. J. H. Kilpatrick, Portland, N.B. The Committee on Constitution, among other things, reported against the admission of ladies. On the recommendation of the Finance Committee the salary of the Supreme Secretary was fixed at $1,000, and that of the Supreme Treasurer at $300. They also recommended a grant of $500 to the S.C.R. for his services during the past year. During the session the S. C. R. recommended that the maxi- mum commission to deputies for organizing courts be raised from $60 to $75. This was energetically opposed by the then S. Coun- sellor, Bro. John A. McGillivray, who declared that, " at $60 per court it was the road to wealth." Before the matter was settled, the Supreme Court adjourned, after having accepted an invita- tion to proceed to Aylmer, Que., during the afternoon and assist at the organization of a subordinate court, which was said to be all ready for institution with over twenty-five charter applicants on the list. When, however, the 3. C. R. heard the name of the Deputy connected with the case, having had some previous experience with him, he pleaded urgent business, and was ex- cused from attending the approaching ceremony. The whole Supreme Court, however, proceeded in the afternoon to Ayl- mer, to institute the court. It was agreed that on their re- turn from their mission of glory at ten o'clock, p.m., the Su- preme Court should resume work and finish up, the business that 'N. W. S. UINTON, D.S.C.R., Member of Congress, Saginaw, Mich. V. E. COLLINS, Past High Chaplain, Mich. HON. C. H. MCGINLEY, P-H.V.C.R., State Senator, Mich. A. A. WEEKS, D.S.C.R., Past High Marshal, Mich. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 321 night. When the Supreme Court arrived in Aylmer, instead of twenty-five they found only three men who were ready to join the court unconditionally, and two others expressed their willing- ness to become Foresters if the court were successfully established- It is needless to add that the deputation failed in their mission, and returned completely crest-fallen, and were unmercifully "chafied" by the Supreme Chief for their want of success. When the question of compensation to Deputies was again reached, on the S. C. R. observing that he " trusted the Supreme Counsellor was convinced from recent experiences that a commis- sion of $60 to organizing officers was not a sure road to wealth," that officer meekly retracted all he had previously said on the subject, and expressed his willingness to vote the whole charter fee, if asked, as the future commission to organizing officers. We find the following in the records : At this stage, it being about midnight, Bro. C. C. Whale rose to a question of privilege, when the following address was read by him: To the Supreme Chief Banger, I. 0. F., Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha Dear Sir and Bro., A number of the members of the High Court of Ontario, and of the dele- gates to the Supreme Court, have considered it their bounden duty, not only to yourself, but also to the whole Order, to take advantage of our present meeting to present you some token of their high appreciation of your fore- sight in staying at home and sending them to Aylmer to institute a new court of the Order, and as this session of the Supreme Court has now been held to a very late hour, we think the time has now come when it is most advisable that the presentation should be made. We, therefore, in behalf of our- selves and co-missionaries to Aylmer, in the Province of Quebec, beg your ac- ceptance of some of the fruits of our labors, and we earnestly hope that this small token of our respect for you will prove acceptable at this time, and we trust that by its use you may be strengthened and supported in the perfor- mance of your ardous duties. THE COMMITTEE. As Bro. Whale finished reading the address, the High Chief Ranger of On- tario, the present Judge Fitzgerald, amidst the roars of laughter of the mem- bers of the Supreme Court, brought in an immense piece of cheese and a box of crackers and deposited them before the astonished Chief, who, however, speedily recovered himself, and, looking at the cheese, said, '* Brethren, there seems to be millions in it, and as I cannot say I am too full for utterance, I ac- cept the presentation and call this Supreme Court from labor to refreshment. '* 322 IIISTOllY OF THE AVhereupon the brethren adjourned to the ante-room and there immensely enjoyed " the fruits of the labors of the missionaries to Aylmer," after which the Supreme Court resumed its work with renewed energy. The Supreme Court then proceeded to elect its officers, and the following "were chosen, all by acclamation : S. C. R. , Dr. Oronhyatekha, London. S. V. C. R , Dr. G. A. Hetherington, St. John, N.B/ S. Sec, E. S. Cummer, Hamilton. S. Treas., T. G. Davey, London. %^ S. P., Dr. W. H. Henderson, Kingston. S. Coun., J. A. McGillivray, Uxbridge. S. Auditor, Thos. Lawless, Hamilton. " C. W. Jones, London. The S. C. R. appointed the following officers : S. Ch., J. E. B. McCready, St. John, N.B. S. J. S., Thos. Lawless, Hamilton. S. S. W., G. A. Proctor, Sarnia. S. J. W., J. Finagin, Hamilton. S. S. B., C. C. Whale, Manotick. S. J. B., J. A. Kilpatrick, St. John, KB. S. Mar., J. Crawford, London, S. Con., J. Beaumont, Glen Williams. S. Mess., W. H. Bennett, Wyoming. The city of St. John, Il. B., was chosen the place for holding the next an- nual meeting, and the fourth Tuesday of August, 1886, was fixed as the date thereof. P. S. C. R. Bro. E. Botterell then installed the officers into their respec- tive offices, after which the Supreme Court adjourned. The fifth annual communication was opened in due form in the Pythian Hall, St. John, N.B., at 10 o'clock, a.m., Tuesday, 24th August, 1886, Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, S.C.R., presiding. The following officers were present at the opening : S. C. R., Oronhyatekha, M.D., London. P. S. C. R., E. Botterell, Ottawa. S. V. C. R., G. A. Hetherington, M. D., St. John, N.B. S. S., E. S. Cummer, London. S. Coun., J. A. McGillivray, Uxbridge. S. Physician, W. H. Henderson, M.D., Kingston. S. J. S., A. Fleming, London. S. S. W., Geo. A. Proctor, Sarnia. S. J. B., J. A. Kilpatrick, Portland, N.B. Auditors, C. W. Jones, London ; Thos, Lawless, Hamilton. The S. C. R. made the following appointments pro tern. : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 323 S. S. B., Wm. Gerry, London. S. J: W., Geo. Parish, London. S. Con., R. S. Masters, KentviUe, N.S. S. Mar., A. R. Milne, Kingston. S. Treas., W. N. Yerex, London. S. Chap., Rev. B. W. R. Taylor, Petitcodiac, N.B. The S. C. R. appointed Bros. E. S. Cummer, John A. McGillivray, and James B. Kalkett a Credential Committee. THE CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE'S REPORT. The Supreme Secretary, Bro. E. S. Cummer, presented the report of the Credential Committee, as follows : Chambers op the Supreme Court, St. John, N.B., 24th Aug., 1886. To the S. C. B., Officers and Members of the Supreme Court. Your Credential Committee beg leave to report the following officers and representatives entitled to seats in this Supreme Court : (Here the officers' names were given as they appear above.) representatives. Bro. H. C. Creed, Fredericton, N.B.; Bro. T. Herritt, Petitcodiac, N.B.; Bro. B. S. Thorne, M.D., Havelock, N.B. ; Bro. Geo. H. IJughes, St. Mary's, N.B.; Bro. J. H. Gray, M.D., Portland, N.B.; Bro. B. W. R. Taylor, Pet- itcodiac, N.B.; Bro. D. Douglas, Sarnia, Ont.; Bro. Jos. Beaumont, Glen- Williams, Ont. ; Bro. S. S. Merick, Carleton Place, Ont. ; Bro. Col. A. B. Cook, Norwich, Ont. ; Bro. W. Gibbens, London, Ont. ; Bro. W. W. Fitz- gerald, London, Ont. ; Bro. Geo. A. Proctor, Sarnia, Ont. ; Bro. J. B. Hal- kett, Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. A. R. Milne, Kingston, Ont.; Bro. W. Gerry, London, Ont.; Bro. W. R. Hickey, Bothwell, Ont.; Bro. Geo. Parish, Lon- don, Ont. ; Bro. W. N. Yerex, London, Ont. ; Bro. Acland Oronhyatekha, London, Ont.; Bro. A. Fleming, London, Ont.; Bro. C. W. Jones, London, Ont.; Bro. Thos. Potter, M.D., Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. B; W. Greer, London, Ont. ; Bro. Wm. Griffith, Hamilton, Ont. ; Bro. Jas. Slater, Hamilton, Ont. ; Bro. W. N. Johnson, Bothwell, Ont.; Bro. N. F. Patterson, Q.C., Port Perry, Ont. ; Bro. P. Robertson, Ottawa, Ont. ; Bro. Jas. Crawford, London, Ont.; Bro. J. W. Frost, Owen Sound, Ont.; Bro. D. C. Dunbar, Shelburne, Ont.; Bro. C. C. Whale, Manotick, Ont.; Bro. Rev. R. A. Thomas, Ailsa Craig, Ont.; Bro. J. Culbert, Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. Thos. Webster, Paris, Ont.; Bro. J, Church, M.D., Aylmer, Quebec; Bro. J. T. Carson, Simcoe, Ont.; Bro. M. D. Ross, London, Ont.; Bro. F. McClure, Truro, N.S. ; Bro. J. "S. Quilman, Puslinch, Ont.; Bro. R. S. Masters, KentviUe, N.S.; Bro. Thos. Clarke, Truro, N.S. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, E. S. CUMMER, JAS. B. HALKETT, JOHN A. McGILLIVRAY. 324 HISTORY OF THE The following extracts are taken from the S. C. R's report : Brethren, Once more it becomes my duty and pleasure to present my annual address to the supreme body of our Order. Before, however, entering upon our labors, as legislators for the entire Order, let us devoutly give thanks to the Great Spirit, the giver of all good, not only for having spared so many of us < for another year, but for the manifold blessings shown to our beloved Order in the past, and humbly ask Divine guidance in our legislation at this session. Four years ago I had the honor and pleasure of assisting in planting the Order in this Province and in the neighboring Province of Nova Scotia, and it is a matter of sincere satisfaction to me to be able to meet my brethren of New Brunswick in their own Province and in this beautiful city, and be able to say to them, all the representations which I made to them regarding the Order have been fulfilled. Then we numbered a small band of less than 1,000, with a bare $1,000 in our treasury ; to-day we are over 4,600 strong^ and that we are hearty and vigorous is shown by the fact that our treasury has a balance to its credit of over $44,000.00, of which $35,000.00 are deposited with the Government and with safe monetary institutions of the land, as a Permanent Reserve Fund. But when the report of the Medical Board is laid before you, and it is shown that 2, 187 persons have applied for member- ship during the year past, you must all be convinced that our Order com- mends itself to the judgment of the intelligent people of theland, and that it is destined in the near future to become one of the largest, as it is now one of the best, Benefit Societies in the Dominion. It will be our duty to steadily keep in view the great possibilities of the Order, and to shape our legislation so that our successors may at any time easily extend its operations, thereby ever keeping our grand Independent Order of Foresters in the foremost ranks of the great benefit organizations of our country. * * * . ADDITIONAL ENDOWMENT BENEFITS. When we re-organized the Supreme Court,.: five years ago, we had but a very small membership in good standing less than 400. It was not thought safe to create then more thana $3,000 Endowment Benefit. Indeed strenuous efibrts were made to restrict our Endowment Benefits to $1,000. We are now strong enough numerically and financially to complete the foundations, as it was originally contemplated, by the creation of an additional $2,000 benefit, and in order to bring the matter before the Supreme Court I recom- mend the following amendments to the Constitution. Amend Section 202 as follows : ANNUITY BENEFIT. 201. (1) Every Beneficiary member on reaching his seventieth Birthday shall be relieved from any further payments of any assessments, dues, capi- tation tax or other demands of the Order, and shall be entitled to have paid to him thereafter annually one-tenth of the amount of Endowment Benefit, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 325 not exceeding three thousand dollars, on which he shall have paid assess- ments during the last ipast fifteen consecutive years, until the whole amount of such Endowment shall have been paid, provided, that if the member dies be- fore reaching his seventy-ninth birthday the unpaid balance of Endowment Benefit shall be paid to his beneficiaries or personal representatives. Then followed the amendment which contemplated the giving of the $2,000 additional benefit in connection with the Royal Foresters. After referring to various subjects he concluded as follows : Seven times have you honored me with the highest seat in the gift of our Order. Each time it had been done by acclamation. During that period the Order has grown from a position of insignificance and absolute penury to omb of affluence and commanding importance. This has been largely due, in the first instance, to the solid foundations of the Order and to the perfect super- structure erected thereon by the founders, and in the second place, to the right, trusty, and able and true men you have given me, from time to time, as colleagues in the Executive Council. Personally, I feel that you have been very kind to me; that you have honored me far beyond my deserts ; and now, as I surrender into your hands the high and responsible position of Chief Executive officer of this great Order, I desire to place on record my grateful sense of the brotherly esteem and confidence you have always shown towards me ; for the uniform support you have given me through sunshine and cloud, and for the charity you have ever thrown around my shortcomings. If I have so discharged my duties that at the end of my long term of office I still retain your confidence and esteem with undiminished lustre, I shall have received a reward which I shall prize above all other gifts you can bestow. * * * The Supreme Secretary said : In my last annual report I had the pleasure of laying before you the work of a progressive year, and at the close of another Forestric year we have still greater reasons for congratulations and thankfulness to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, who has crowned our efforts with hhcreased prosperity. But in the midst of our prosperity the grim messenger has entered our ranks and twenty-two of our brethren have been removed from our forest homes by the hand of death. In every case our Order has manifested its sympathy with the bereaved widows and orphans by the prompt payment of the endowment claims, every claim having been paid in full by your Executive within a few days of filing the necessary papers. As will be seen by the published monthly reports, a majority of the subor- dinate courts have been actively engaged in the good work, and have suc- ceeded in largely increasing their membership. * * * 326 HISTORY CF THE Our Supreme Chief Ranger has labored incessantly during the year in building up and strengthening the Order ; and in addition to his own personal eflforts, has been fortunate in securing the services of an efficient staff of deputies, and as a result of the year's labors there have been fifty courts instituted during the year, as follows : 43 in Ontario, 3*in New Brunswick, 1 in Nova Scotia, 2 in Quebec, and 1 in State of Michigan. There were on the 30th June, 1886, 4,314 members in good standing on our books, as the follow- ing statistics will show : ^ Number of members last report 2959 ' ' initiated during the year 1980 4939 Number suspended during the year 603 " died during the year 22 625 Number of members 30th June, 1886 4314 The present membership is classified as follows, viz. : 166 members holding each $3000 = $ 498,000 437 " " " 2000= 874,000 3711 " " " 1000=3,711,000 4314 members holding altogether $5,083,000 The Supreme Treasurer's Report showed that there was received during the year on endowment account, including inter- est, the sum of $42,098.30, out of which there was paid to bene- ficiaries the sum of $27,500, and for management expenses $2,- 039.34, leaving a balance in the treasury of $39,464.68. The report of the Medical Board was as follows : Chambers op the Supreme Court, St. John, N.B., 24th Aug., 1886. To the S\ipreme Chief Ranger, Ojjficers mid Members of the Supreme Court. Brethren, I beg herewith to submit the Annual Report of the Medical Board for the year ending June 30th, 1886. The Board has received during the year for its consideration 2,187 Medical Examination Papers, classified as follows : 88 applicants for $3,000= $ 264,000 263 " " 2,000= 526,000 1,836 '\ " 1,000= 1,836,000 2,187 $2,626,000 And were disposed of as stated below : R. MATHISON. D.S.C.R. SuPT. Deaf and Dumb Institute. Ontario. ,* t C < c INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 329 PASSED. 73 applicants for $3,000= $ 219,000 236 " *' 2,000= 472,000 1,715 " " 1,000= 1,715,000 2,024 $2,406,000 REDUCED. 7 applicants for $3,000 to $1,000= $ 7,000 12 " " 2,000 " 1,000= 12,000 19 $19,000 2,043 $2,425,000 REJECTED. 8 applicants for $3,000- $ 24,000 15 " " 2,000= 30,000 . 121 " " 1,000= 121,000 144 $176,000 Thus out of 2,187 applicants, ^he Board has passed 2,043 for $2,425,000, and has rejected 144 for $175,000, which, added to the amount refused of the 19 applicants reduced, makes a total of $201,000 declined by the Board. The causes of rejection were as follow : 35 Heart Complications ; 23 Diseases of the Lungs ; 19 Intemperance ; 9 General Debility ; 9 Rheumatism ; 3 Albuminuria ; 2 Insanity ; 2 Varicocele ; 2 Spinal Disease ; 1 Cancer ; 1 Epilepsy ; 1 Paralysis ; 1 Bronchocele ; 1 Sy- philis ; 1 Cirrhosis of Liver ; 1 Nearly Blind ; 1 Never Vaccinated and re- fused to be ; 32 Hereditary Phthisis, etc. So far as the Board can judge, the examinations during the year have been carefully made by the Court Physicians. It will be noted that three of the applicants were rejected for Albuminuria (probably Bright's disease). Possibly others would have been rejected if the urine had been examined in every case, but it is out of the question for the Board to insist on this with an examination fee of only $1.00. Let this be raised to $2.00, or even more, and then the Board can demand a full exam- ination in each case and the Order will be largely the gainer in the end. The Board would earnestly request each member of the Order not only not to re- commend any applicant who uses intoxicants to such excess as to produce in- ebriation, but also not to recommend any one who is in the constant or fre- quent habit of using intoxicant drinks, as such applicants are not safe risks several members have been suspended during the year by the Executive Council for intemperance it would have been better for the Order and less irritating to those brethren if they had never been accepted. Of course, whenever the Board has had its attention drawn to such habits, and which U 330 HISTORY OF THE they consider are so deleterious to health, it has exercised its discretion and rejected such applicants. But the Board is not always made aware of such defects, and hence it asks the co-operation of the membership at large to mini- mize the risk upon each life accepted and received into our noble Order. All of which is respectfully submitted in L. , B. and C. , in behalf of the Medical Board. T. MILLMAN, M.D., Secretary of Medical Board. I Outside of the ordinary routine business, there were few "mat- ters of general interest transacted at this session. Bro. J. B. Halkett presented the report of the Committee on Constitution and Laws as follows : St. John, August 24th, 1886. To the S.C.B., Officers and Representatives of the Supreme Court, I.O.F. Brethren, Your Committee on Constitution and Laws have had under considera- tion that part of the Supreme Chief Ranger's report referred to them, viz. : That relating to ^'Additional Endowment Benefits," and recommend as fol- lows : I. That the proposed amendment in section 168 (1) introducing the words "four thousand dollars or five thousand dollars" be not adopted. II. That in lieu of the proposed sub-section of sections 168, 178 and 179, relative to additional endowment for Royal Foresters, provision be made in. the Constitution and Laws whereby Royal Foresters may become enrolled in a separate endowment class, to be known as ' ' The Royal Foresters' Endowment Class," or otherwise. III. That the proposed amendment of section -202 (1), introducing the words " shall be relieved from any further payments of any assessments, dues, capitation tax, or other demands of the Order," and other words, be ap- proved. Respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, JAMES B. HALKETT, A. R. MILNE, HERBERT C. CREED. Taken up clause by clause. Clause 1. Adopted. Clause 2. Rejected. Clause 3. Adopted. On motion, the report was then adopted as a whole as amended. On the recommendation of the Finance Committee, the salary of the Supreme Secretary was placed at $1,000, with a grant of INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 33 T S200 added for assistants in his office, and that of the Supreme Treasurer at S350. The sum of $1,500 was voted to the S.C.R. for his services dur- ing the past year. The admission of ladies again came before the Body in a memorial from the High Court of Ontario, and again the Su- preme Court refused to open its doors to them. Officers were elected as follows, all by acclamation : S C.R., Oronhyatekha, M.D., London, Ont. S.V.C R., Geo. A. Hetherington, M.D., Sfc. John, N.B. S S., E. S. Cummer, London, Ont. S. Treas., T. G. Davey. London, Ont. S. Coun., John A. McGillivray, Uxbridge, Ont, S. Phys., Prof. W. H. Henderson, M.D., Kingston, Ont. S. Auditors, C. W. Jones, London, Thos. Lawless, Hamilton. MEDICAL BOARD. Oronhyatekha, M.D., Chairman. Thos. Millman, M.D., Secretary. Prof. W. H. Henderson, M D., Supreme Physician. APPOINTED OFFICEKS. The Executive Committee made the following appointments : S. Chaplain, Rev. B. W. R. Taylor, Petitcodiac, N B. S.J.S., Thos. Potter, M D., Ottawa, Ont. S.S.W., W. Griffith, Hamilton, Ont. S.J.W., B. S. Thome, M.D., Havelock, N.B. S.S.B., Geo. Parish, London, Ont. S.J B , W. Gerry, London, Ont. S. Marshall, A. R. Milne, Kingston, Ont. S. Conductor, R. S., Masters, Kentville, N.S. S. Messenger, Acland Oronhyatekha, London, Ont. The medical examination fees were made $1.00 for $1,000 poli- cies, and $2.00 for $2,000 or $3,000 policies. Montreal was chosen as the next place of meeting. The brethren of New Brunswick, but especially of St. John, spared neither pains nor expense in making the visit of the repre- sentatives pleasant and agreeable, and the representatives were unstinted in their praises in regard to the hospitalities shown them. The S.C.R. had the opportunity of addressing an immense street audience from the balcony of the Waverley Hotel. 332 HISTORY OF THE The sixth annual communication of the Supreme Court was opened in the St. Lawrence Hall, Montreal, at 10 o'clock, p.m., Thursday, August 18th, 1887, Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, S.C.R, presiding. The following officers were present at the opening : S. C. R., Bro. Oronhyatekha, M.D., London, Ont. P. S. C. R., Bro. E. Botterell, Ottawa, Ont. t^ S. S., Bro. E. S. Cummer, London, Ont. S. Treas., Bro. T. G. Davey, London, Ont. S. Coun., Bro. John A. McGillivray, Uxbridge, Ont. S. Auditors, Bro. C. W. Jones, Bro. Thos. Lawless. S. J. S., Bro. Thos, Potter, M.D., Ottawa, Ont. S. S. W., Bro. W. Griffith, Hamilton, Ont. S. J. W., Bro. B. S. Thorne, M.D., Havelock, N. B. S. S. B., Bro. Geo. Parish, London, Ont. S. J. B., Bro. W. Gerry, London, Ont. S. Marshal, Bro. A. R. Milne, Kingston, Ont. S. Messenger, Bro. Acland, Oronhyatekha, London, Ont. P. S. V. C. R., Bro. J. B. Halkett, Ottawa, Ont. P. S. Coun., Bro. W. W. Fitzgerald, London, Ont. The S. Y. C. R. not being present, the S. C. R. appointed Bro. H. C. Creed to the office pro tern. Soon after the opening, on motion of Bro. E. Botterell, seconded by Bro. Geo. A. Proctor, the Supreme Court adjourned until 9.30 o'clock, Friday morning, in order that the institution of a High Court for the Province of Quebec might be proceeded with. At the morning session, the following representatives were introduced and admitted to the Supreme Court Degree, and signed the roll of members of the Supreme Court : Bro. Rev. Thos. Heywood. Wyoming, N. J. ; Bro. N. F. Paterson, Port Perry, Ont. ; Bro. H. GibtDens, London, Ont. ; Bro. S. S. Merrick, Carleton Place, Ont. ; Bro. Jas. D. Kennedy, London, Ont. ; Bro. T. P. Ross, Lon- don, Ont.; Bro. A. McGuire, London, Ont.; Bro. Edw. J. Heam, London, Ont. ; Bro. Geo. L, Dickenson, Manotick, Ont. ; Bro. Geo. Shambrook, Ham- ilton, Ont.; Bro. J. W. Frost, Owen Sound, Ont.; Bro. Geo. H. House, East Saginaw, Mich.; Bro. Thos. Butler, Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. A. H. Back- house, Aylmer, Ont. ; Bro. A. H. Dickson, Eglinton, Ont. ; Bro. A. G. Pit- taway, Ottawa,On t.; Bro. J. B. Halkett, Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. Wm. Rae, Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. Wm. Thackaberry, London, Ont.; Bro. W. H. Hickey, Both well, Ont.; Bro. John Humphrey, Havelock, N.B.; Bro. Isaac N. Parker, Elgin, N. B.; Bro. J. V. Skillen, Moncton, N.B.; Bro. F. W. Em- merson, Petitcodiac, N.B.; Bro. A. H. Fessenden, London, Ont.; Bro. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 333 Peter Robertson, Ottawa, Ont.; Bro. R. C. William, Hopewell, N.S. ; Bro. R. McDonald, Guelph, Ont. ; Bro. Chas. Leggett, Kingsville, Ont. ; Bro. S. Zimmerman, Hamilton, Ont. ; Bro. John S. Quilman, Hamilton, Ont. The P. S. C. R., Bro. E. Botterell, introduced Bro. A. H. Dickson, upon whom he had conferred the Supreme Court Degree in the ante-room. The following extracts are taken from the report of the S.C.R. : EXTRA HAZARDOUS RISKS. I recommend that the subject be referred to a special committee, with a view of a further extension of the application of this section of our constitu- tion. According to the English census returns, it is found that the mortality among the various callings is as follows : Coal miners 14.8 Lead-miners 20.3 Beersellers 20. 6 Licensed Spirit Retailers or Saloonkeepers 23.9 Copper-miners 24 7 Hotelkeepers , 26. 8 As we proscribe coal-miners from being full beneficiary members, it seems to me that we ought similarly to proscribe the above callings, which show a greater danger to those who engage in them. * * * THE REQISTRATION FEE. Last year the subject of the registration fee was brought to the notice of the High Court of Ontario, and a proposition was submitted to recommend the making the same a uniform fee of $1.00. I felt it my duty to oppose the proposition, because of discrimination in favor of those taking the larger amount of endowments. Further reflection has convinced me that the prin- ciple involved in the proposition was a good one, and with a slight modification we might adopt the proposed amendment with advantage to the Order. I, therefore, recommend that you so amend the constitution as to make the reg- istration fee a uniform fee of one dollar for each $1 000 of endowment taken. ADDITIONAL ENDOWMENTS. I desire again to bring before you the question of providing additional en- dowments in the Order, and would again recommend the substance of the amendments submitted last year covering this subject. * * * THE FIRST SUICIDE. During the year we had unfortunately to deal with the first suicide in the Order. The circumstances surrounding the case were very peculiar, and were first brought to my attention by our brother. Rev. Thos. Heywood, who is ever vigilant when the interests of the Order are concerned. I received very urgent appeals from some of the officers of the court to pay the claim of $3,000 in full, but the evidence submitted was of such a character as to lead me to the conclusion that the brother had forfeited his policy ; in other words, 334 HISTORY OF THE that he was not insane at the time of the commission of the act. At any rate, I felt it my duty in accordance with instructions of the Executive Council to proceed to Elizabeth, New Jersey, and acquaint myself fully with all the details of the case. The task was not a very agreeable one, but I felt that it was due to the Order that every circumstance connected with our late unfortunate brother should be fully examined. I was seconded in these efforts by the brethren in Elizabeth, and my grateful acknowledgments are more especially due, for valuable information, assistance and timely counsels, to Bros. Hey wood, Clarke, Dr. Mack, Robinson, Cooly and others. ^When my task was done, I think there was a unanimous feeling among the mem- bership that the late brother had, by commiting suicide, forfeited all claims upon the Order. However, as provided in the constitution, I recommended to the Executive Council that a donation be made to the beneficiary a sister of the deceased of the sum of $600, which would include the payments the late brother had made while in the Order. The Executive endorsed this re- commendation, and the legal representative of the beneficiary, whom I found a gentleman in every sense of the term, accepted this sum, and thus was set- tled amicably a case that gave me great anxiety, and which at one i)oint gave promise of vexatious litigation. ^ -^ * INITIATION OF CANDIDATES. In the earlier history of the Order it was perhaps absolutely necessary that permission should be given to initiate in certain cases, as social members and not entitled to benefits, before the applicant had passed the Medical Board. I believe the time has now come when we should draw the line still more tightly, and I strongly recommend that no one be permitted to be initiated, in the future, until the Medical Board has duly passed the appli- cant, except in the case of charter applicants, who are present at the institu- tion of the court, but charter applicants who cannot be present at the first meeting when the court is instituted, shall, like all other applicants, be com- pelled to await the action of the Medical Board before being initiated. During the year I asked the Medical Board to define the term ' ' surgical cases " as it occurs in our constitution, and in conformity with that request the following was published as the official meaning of said term : OFFICIAL DECISION. As questions frequently arise in the Order as to what are " surgical cases " within the meaning of the constitution, the Medical Board desire to give the following interpretation of the law. (1) Surgical cases, within the meaning of our constitution, are those in which a breach of continuity has undoubtedly occurred, of some tissue of the body such as bone, muscle, ligament, etc., including those cases where the *' breach of continuity " is caused by the surgeon in an operation as for re- moval of a tumor. (2) Also reductions of dislocations, or other cases requiring special skill, care and attention on the part of the surgeon. \' W. S. LINTON., D.S.C.R. GEO. PARISH, D.S.C.R. H. A. COLLINS, H. V. C. R., Ontario. W. H. BARTRAM, P. H. Coun., Ontario. c t o o^^' e ,ct ^ t , tJ ^ i:r'. r ) I :' ,>>' ^^-w E. D. CLARK, M.D., High Physician, Out. H. F. SWITZER. THOMAS H. LLOYD. GEO. SCROGGIE. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 353 gerald, and of the "Father " of myself in Forestry, Bro. B. W, Greer, who gave me the first password I ever received in the Order, as well as the names of such veterans as Brothers Atwell Fleming, Wm. Gerry, Geo. Parish, A. Aikman, J. Crawford, A. Maguire, H. Gibbens, Wm. Tackaberry, H. Pratt, A. Hale and Geo. McClelland ; names which are familiar to the older mem- bers of the Supreme Court ; names of men who for fidelity to principle and earnestness of purpose and devotion to our Order have no peers. We had the satisfaction of knowing that we left the Order in London in a most flourishing state, and the names I have mentioned, with a host of the younger generation of Foresters nearly as good, were a guarantee that the Order would continue in the future, as in the past, to flourish in the good old Forest City, where at the present time no less than seven first-class courts, each with a large membership, are now in existence. We have been exceed- ingly fortunate in having secured a most eligible suite of rooms for headquart- ers, and at a very reasonable rental. I hope in the near future to see at least two or three thousand members of the Order in the courts within the City of Toronto. RETROSPECTIVE. In 1878 I was first elected High Chief Ranger of Ontario, which position I held continuously, with the exception of about two months, for a period of four years. During all this time it was a continuous fight to keep the Order alive. It was young and unknown in this country. Its constitution and laws were of the very crudest, and, above all, it had neither funds in its treas- ury, nor much credit even among its friends. The commission paid to organizing ofiicers ranged from $5 to $15 and travelling expenses, for each court instituted. The travelling expenses were supposed to be paid by the new courts, but so far as my experience goes they were invariably paid by the instituting officer himself. x, The High Court of Ontario was instituted at Brantford, on the 17th June, 1878, with eleven courts. The next annual meeting was held in London a few months afterwards, on the 3rd and 4th Oct. In the meantime eight new courts had been instituted, of which seven had been organized by myself. The following year twenty-one courts were instituted in Ontario, twelve of which I had organized personally. During this year three courts were also instituted in Quebec and one in Manitoba. The strength of the Order at the close of the Forestric year was reported as at thirty-five courts in good stand- ing, having a membership of between 800 and 900. As some encouragement to those who intend to devote their whole time to the organizing work of the Order, I take the following extract from the report of the auditors for 1879 : "We deem it but just and right to the H. C. R. to add that he received, during the year, altogether from subordinate courts, for expenses as institut- ing officer and dedicating halls, the sum of $24. And that, during the year, he travelled in the interests of the Order altogether 6, 000 miles, and was ab- sent from his office and home 69 days, towards the expense of which the High 354 HISTOKY OF THE Court contributed $37.50; subordinate courts, as above intimated, $24.00; total, $61.50." In October, 1879, the secession of thatsection, now known as the Canadian Order of Foresters, took place, which left us only the following courts Court Hope, No. 1, London. " Mnple, " 4, " Dufforin, " 7, " " Victoria, "10, *' Napanee, " 30, Napanee. V " Moira, " 33, Belleville. " Thames, " 38, Beach ville. *' Wellington, " 21, Drayton. " Ottawa, " 41, Ottawa. " Oronhyatekha, " 20, Hamilton. These courts had among them 196 members in good standing. Nothing daunted, however, we began the work of reconstruction, and, during the next year, twenty-four courts were instituted, of which I organized jjersonally nine- teen. We reached another crisis in our history in 1881, when the separation be- tween us and the American Supreme Court took place, followed by the insti- tution of our present Supreme Court. Among the courts that joined our fortunes, was Court Elizabeth, No. 1, New Jersey. For this we were in- debted to my old friend, the Rev. Dr. Heywood, our present Supreme Chap- lain. It was the only American court that cast its lot in with us. It was from the first, as it is to-day, one of the best working courts in the Order. At that time we numbered only 369 members in good standing in the Order, with a debt of over $4,000. Notwithstanding all adverse circumstances, however, our real prosperity dates from that period. Though slow at first, our growth, as to numbers and financial strength, has been steady and unin- terrupted, till to-day we have the satisfaction of knowing that no society is increasing like the Independent Order of Foresters, the Medical Board hav- ing reviewed, for the twelve months ending with the 31st of August, 1889, in the neighborhood of 8,300 medical examinations. The following table will show, at a glance, our progress from time to time : Date. No. of Members. Surplus in Bank. July, 1881, 369 $ 4,000 00 in debt. Oct., 1882, 880 1,145 07 July, 1883, 1,737 7,582 84 " 1884, 2,360 19,815 28 " 1885, 3,046 28,036 93 " 1886, 4,628 44,220 75 " 1887, 6,921 71,384 40 " 1888, 9,901 99,754 51 " 1889, 14,286 160,110 76 Sept., 1889, about 16,000 175,000 00 INDEPENDENT OliDER OF FORESTERS. 355 With the vast territory yet wholly unoccupied, and with the best Fraternal Benefit Society extant, there is no reason why the incoming Executive Coun- cil should not be able to report to the next Supreme Court, at least 40,000 members. (I ought to say 50,000 members, but I refrain, lest you should think I am visionary,) and not less than half a million of dollars in the Reserve Fund. CONCLUSION. For the ninth time I surrender into your hands the high and responsible trust you have so repeatedly placed in my charge. At the close of my twelfth year of official life, as your Chief Executive officer, one of the great- est sources of satisfaction to me is that the veterans of the Order, who sur- rounded me ten years ago, and gave me wise counsels and generous aid in building up our grand and noble Order, are here to-day, as they have always been, through cloud and sunshine, the staunchest and truest friends that man ever had. To them is due, in a great measure, the great prosperity we now enjoy, and I desire to place on record my deep debt of gratitude for their uni- form kindness to me personally, and my appreciation of the wise counsels and loyal support they have always accorded to me in the discharge of my of- ficial duties. To the younger members I am sure I can appeal for indulgence for my shortcomings. I think you will all believe me when I say that I have en- deavored, to the best of my ability, to do my duty as your Supreme Chief Ranger, and that the errors I have committed have been rather those of the head than of the heart, over which I am sure you will throw the mantle of charity, which is the distinguishing characteristic of Independent Foresters. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, ORONHYATEKHA, Sup}'eme Chief Ranger. The Supreme Secretary preseuted the following in his report: During the term just closed, 178 new courts have been instituted, as fol- lows : 88 in Ontario, 37 in Michigan, 26 in Quebec, 10 in Ohio, 7 in New ;^runswick, 3 in New York, 2 in Nova Scotia, 2 in Manitoba, 1 in New Jer- sey, 1 in British Columbia, and 1 in the Northwest Territories. There were, on the 30th June, 1889, 14,286 members in good standing on the books of the Supreme Court, as the following statistics will show : Number of members last report 6,656 " initiated during the term 9,383 16,039 Number suspended during the term 1,643 " died " ' ' 110 1,753 Net membership, 30th June, 1889 14,286 356 HISTORY OF THE A gain of 7,630 members during the term, equalling an increase of about 113 per cent, upon the membership with which we commenced the term. The insurance held by the membership is classified as follows : 498 members hold $3,000 each , $1,494,000 1,335 " " 2,000 " 2,670,000 12,453 " " 1,000 " 12,453,000 14,286 members holding $16,617,000 representing an average risk of $1,233 per member. K The Supreme Treasurer said in his report : I now have the pleasure of presenting to you my statement of the financial affairs of the Supreme Court for the two years ending 30th of June, 1889. The balance 1st July, 1887, was $66,974.13; the balance 1st July, 1888, was $94,444,32, after paying the widows and orphans of deceased brethren the large sum of $64,750.00, showing gains during the year of $27,470.19. During the past year we have paid to the widows and orphans the large sum of $76,100.00, and we have at the end of June last $152,367.84, showing gains during last year of $57,923.52. My statement on sick and funeral benefits speaks for itself. We have had a large amount of sickness during the year, and our balance on hand is less than in 1887. In our general fund we show a handsome balance of $6,471.73. Our total balance of cash on hand ending June 30th, 1889, was $160,110.76. The report of the Medical Board read as follows : Chambers of the Supreme Court, Toronto, Ont., Sept. 3, 1889. To the Supreme Chief Banger, Officers aitd Members of the Supreme Court. Brethren, I beg herewith to submit the biennial report of the Medical Board for the two years ending 30th June, 1889. The Board has received during the two years for its consideration 11 598 medical examination papers, classified as follows : 442 applicants for $3,000 $ 1,326,000 1,123 " " 2,000 2,246,000 10,033 " *' 1,000 10,033,000 11,598 $13,605,000 and were disposed of as given below : PASSED. 340 applicants for $3,000 $ 1,020,000 910 " " 2 000 1,820,000 9,235 " *' 1,000 9,235,000 10,485 $12,075,000 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 357 REDUCED. Accepted. Rejected. 31 applicants for 3,000 to $1,000 $ 31,000 $ 62,000 39 " " 3, 000 to $2,000 78,000 39,000 113 " " $2,000 to $1,000 113,000 113,000 183 $222,000 $214,000 REJECTED. 32 applicants for $3,000 $ 96,000 100 " " $2,000 200,000 798 " " $1,000 798,000 I to $1,094,000 Thus, out of 11,598 applicants, the Board has passed $10,000 for $12,297,- 000, and has rejected 930 applicants for $1,094,000, which, added to the amount refused to the 183 applicants reduced, makes a total of $1,308,000 declined by the Board. The causes of rejection were as follow : 256 History of phthisis (consumption). 134 Heart Complication. 130 Intemperance. 100 Diseases of the lungs. 72 General (complication of diseases). 56 Rheumatism. 37 Disproportion in height and weight. 27 Asthma. 20 History of insanity. 12 Epilepsy. 10 History of apoplexy and paralysis. 8 Syphilis. 6 Cancer. 6 Spinal curvature. 6 Albuminuria (probably Bright's disease). 5 - Diabetes. 4 Youth and want of family history. 4 Hepatic and renal colic. 4 Sciatica. 3 Chronic dyspepsia. 3 Stricture of urethra. 3 Hip disease. 3 Never vaccinated and refused to be. 3 Occupation. 2 Diseases of the liver. 358 HISTORY OF THE 2 Blind. 2 Inflammation of the bowels. 2 Chronic inflammation of the larynx, 2 Chronic discharge from the ears. 1 Locomotor ataxia. 1 Fistula in ano. 1 Gout. 1 Goitre. 1 Psoriasis. *^ 1 Irreducible hernia. 1 Necrosis of bone. 930 It is gratifying to the Board, as no doubt it is to the whole Order, to know that the death rate continues small. For the year ending 30th June, 1888, it was only 6.6 per 1,000, and for year ending 30th June, 1889, it was even lower, being only 4.7, averaging for the two years 5.6 per 1,000. The medi- cal department of the Order may, without presumption, take considerable credit to itself for this result. We have an almost perfect medical examination form, and when that is carefully and conscientiously filled out (and we believe it is in nearly all cases), the applicant's defects, if any, must come to light. It will be noticed that the proportion of rejections is 1 in 12|, or eight per cent. This is quite large, and many are rejected by local examiners whose papers never reach the Board. The Board would again recommend that this Supreme Body insists on a careful analysis of urine in all cases, and fix the examination fee at $2 for all applicants. Five deaths from kidney complications and eleven rejections for same during the past two years show sufficient reason for this recom- mendation. You will observe that nearly one-seventh of the rejections was for intem- perance, and it is strongly urged that the ballot be discriminately used where applicants are known to be addicted to the use of stimulants. Regular in- surance companies find intemperance their greatest bane. It is to be hoped that at this Supreme Court meeting a clause will be adopted whereby all future applicants engaged in the liquor traffic will be excluded from member- The Board recommends that the following be placed in the Extra Hazard- ous class : Those who are deaf, or have lost an eye, an arm or a leg. The reason for this recommendation is that such are more liable to become totally and permanently disabled than sound men. Yours in L., B. and G. T. MILLMAN, M.D., Secretary of Medical Board. G. A. HARPER. P.H.C.R. American Agent of Supreme Court. "^ . INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 361 The following table shows the different diseases for which sick benefits have been paid for the two years ending 30th June, 1889, also number of brethren ill with each disease, and number of days ill : No. of Applicants. Days 111. Tetanus 1 28 Locomotor ataxia 1 84 Apoplexy 2 98 Insanity 2 156 Concussion of the brain _ 3 52 Inflammation of the brain 2 72 Paralysis 4 238 Spinal irritation 4 95 Sunstroke 5 220 Sciatica , 23 973 Neuralgia 33 463 Lumtago 56 944 , Asthma 4 88 Haemoptysis 4 127 Laryngitis . #. . . 5 66 Phthisis 7 460 Congestion of the lungs 28 478 Pleurisy '. 32 723 Pneumonia 62 2,056 Bronchitis 112 2,309 Influenza (severe colds, catarrh, etc.) 43 529 Scarlet fever 3 53 Mumps 23 369 Diphtheria 23 323 Measles 31 517 Typhoid fever 56 2,172 Intermittent and remittent fever (malaria) 188 3,397 Rheumatism (acute, chronic, etc.) 75 2,274 Ulcerated throat 18 273 Tonsillitis (Quinsy) 58 791 Ulceration of stomach and bowels . . 2 32 Gastritis (infla iimation of stomach) 30 543 Enteritis (inflammation of bowels) 30 465 Cholera morbus 8 145 Intestinal colic 14 198 Peritonitis 19 493 Diarrhoea 19 213 Dysentery 27 359 Dyspepsia (indigestion, bilious attacks, etc.) 50 705 Hepatitis (inflammation of liver) 2 39 W 362 HISTORY OF THE No. of Applicants. Days 111. Atrophy of liver 2 84 Congestion of liver 17 349 Gall stones , 3 52 Nephritis (acute) 11 302 Bright's disease 5 324 Congestion of kidneys 9 130 Diabetes 1 65 Cystitis 3 129 Retention of urine 2 ^84 Gravel and renal calculi 3 42 Heart diseases of various kinds 6 242 Skin diseases of various kinds 5 62 Vaccination 8 77 Furnuculi (boils) 16 230 Erysipelas 26 481 Carbuncle 25 363 Felons (whitlow) 20 412 Ulcers of various kinds 9 397 Abscess of various kinds 47 745 Blood poisoning 11 332 Fistula 2 45 Hoemorrhoids (piles) 11 222 Inflammation of and injury to eyes 20 413 General debility 24 583 Synovitis 7 92 Periostitis 2 78 Orchitis 3 44 Injuries to upper extremities 113 ?,013 Injuries to lower extremities 88 1,604 Injuries to back 30 428 Injuries, not defined 134 3,057 Dislocations, upper extremities 1 28 Dislocations, lower extremities 4 1 59 Fractures, upper extremities 13 565 Fractures, lower extremities 4 161 Fractured ribs 12 249 Amputations (fingers chiefly) 7 287 Total 1,813 38,550 It will thus be seen that 1,813 applicants have been ill for 38,550 days, re- ceiving for the same over $28,000 from Supreme Court, besides free medical attendance and other benefits from their respective courts. Submitted in L., B. and C, T. MILLMAN, M.D., l^ecretary of Medical Board. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 363 The admission of the ladies was again introduced, this time by Bro. G. A. Harper, of Ohio, and again rejected. His Worship E. F. Clarke, Mayor of Toronto, Alderman E. King Dodds, chairman, and Alderman Booth, as members of the Reception Committee of the council of the city of Toronto, were introduced by Past Supreme Chief Ranger Brother E. Botterell, Supreme Counsellor Brother John A. McGilli- vray, and Brother N. F. Paterson, Q.C., H.C.R. of the High Court of On- tario, and the distinguished visitors were received with the royal salute. The Supreme Chief Ranger, in a few, well-chosen remarks, received the visitors, and invited them to the seats of honor upon his right ; after which he introduced them to the Supreme Court. His Worship the Mayor, in happy terms, welcomed the Supreme Court to Toronto, after which Aldermen Dodds and Booth addressed the Supreme Court in a few felicitous words. After replies from the Chief and others, the Mayor and aldermen retired. At the election of officers, the Supreme Chief Ranger appointed as tellers Brothers Rev. W. Walsh, Rev. W. B. Carey, Rev. Thos. Garrett, and subse- quently Brother David Millar was appointed an additional teller to assist in the counting of the ballots, and thus expedite business. For Supreme Chief Ranger : Brother John A. McGillivray nominated Bro- ther Dr. Oronhyatekha. No other nominations being made, the Past Su- preme Chief Ranger, Brother E. Botterell, declared Brother Dr. Oronhya- tekha, re-elected by acclamation. Supreme Chief Ranger for the ensuing term. For the office of Past Supreme Chief Ranger : Representative Frost nom- inated Brother E. Botterell. No other nominations being maae, he was de- clared re-elected by acclamation. For the office of the Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger : Brother A. R. Milne nominated Brother William Griffith ; Brother G. A. Harper nominated Brother Fred. Dunn; Brother J. T. Carson nominated Brother George Proctor. On the ballot being taken, Brother Griffith received 72 votes, Brother Dunn 78^, and Brother Procter 21. No candidate receiving a ma- jority vote, the Supreme Chief Ranger declared that there was no election, and directed that the name of Bro. Proctor be dropped and another ballot be taken, which resulted in Brother Griffith receiving 87^ votes, and Brother Dunn 81J. Brother Wm. Griffith was declared elected Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger. For the office of Supreme Secretary : Representative Hawke nominated Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger Herbert C. Creed ; Representative James Watt nominated Supreme Secretary E. S. Cummer ; High Chief Ranger Paterson nominated Supreme Counsellor John A.' McGillivray. On ballot being taken, Brother McGillivray received 85 votes. Brother Creed 43^, and Brother Cummer 40|. Brother McGillivray was declared elected Supreme Secretary. 364 HISTORY OF THE For the office of Supreme Treasurer : Past Supreme Counsellor Brother W. "W. Fitzgerald nominated Brother T. G, Davey ; Representative Geo. Ken- nedy nominated Representative D. Rose. On ballot being taken, Brother Davey received 108^ votes, and Brother Rose 42^ votes. Brother T. G. Davey was declared re-elected. For the office of Supreme Physician : Brother E. H. Allen, H. C. R., of New Jersey, nominated Brother Dr. T. Millman. No other nominations be- ing made. Brother Dr. Millman was declared re-elected by acclamation. * For the office of Supreme Counsellor : Brother J. B. Halkett nomihated Brother F. W. Ennnerson ; Brother A. R. Milne nominated Brother W. W. Fitzgerald ; Brother H. Bawden nominated Brother N. F. Paterson, Q.C. ; Brother J. H. Courtney nominated Brother J. W. Frost ; Brother Paterson declined the nomination. On ballot being taken, Brother Emmerson received 73 votes ; Brother Frost 36|, and Broth'er Fitzgerald 56|. On a second ballot being taken, the name of Brother Frost was dropped, and Brother Em- merson received 96^ votes, and Brother Fitzgerald 67^. Brother Emmerson was declared elected. For the office of Supreme Auditors : Brothers B. W. Greer, Thos. Lawless, E. Moore, D. Birch, and David Millar were nominated. Brothers Moore, Birch, and Millar having declined, Brothers Greer and Lawless were declar- ed re-elected by acclamation. For the elective members of the Medical Board, the Supreme Physician nominated Brother Dr. Oronhyatekha as one. Brother Dr . Oronhyatekha was declared re-elected by acclamation as one of the members of the Medical Board. Brother Rev. W. B. Carey nominated Brother Dr. Henderson, Past Su- preme Physician, for the office of third member of the Medical Board. Brother D. Rose nominated Brother Dr. McConnell. On ballot being taken, Brother Dr. Henderson received 80| votes, and Brother Dr. McConnell 47^. Brother Dr. Henderson was declared re-elected. Brother Rev. Canon W. B. Carey presented the following report of the Committee on the State of the Order : Chambers of the Supreme Court, I.O.F., 3rd September, 1889. To the Supreme Qiief Ranger and Members of the I.O.F. Your committee beg to tender their most sincere congratulations upon the very large and solid growth of the Order since the last meeting of the Su- preme Court two years ago in the city of Montreal, 178 new courts having been instituted during that time, and 9,383 new members added to the Or- der, which made on the 1st July last, after deducting the number of sus- pensions and deaths, a net membership of 14,286, and a reserve surplus of $160,000, these being, in the words of the Supreme Chief Ranger, " evi- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 365 dences of prosperity which are not equalled in the annals of any kindred so- ciety in the Dominion." This unparalleled growth in the short space of eight years only illustrates the fulfilment of the promise of Holy Writ, which in this case we may appropriate to 'ourselves, and truly shows us how " a little one may become a thousand, and a small one a great nation." We have also to offer our congratulations upon not only the thorough efficiency, but also upon the thorough economy of management. Our Supreme Head, the Ex- ecutive and officers, deserve our most hearty and sincere thanks, $1.17 ptr head being the cost for each new member secured, and if the whole of the management expenses for the various departments of the Order were charged to the Insurance Department, the cost to each member, for each dollar paid to the widows and orphans, would be only seven cents. The status which we have attained by the incorporation of our Order by the Dominion Parliament, and the removal of our headquarters from London to Toronto, are also subjects for sincere congratulations, and will, in our opin- ion, do much to further the best interests of the Order. We trust that any injury which may have accrued from this action to the Forest City of Lon- don, the benign and fostering cradle of Independent Forestry, may be more than compensated for by the general good to the Order. We must express our sincere regret that the Dominion Government has not seen fit to accept in trust the $50,000 from us as they do from the straight line iiisurance com- panies. And we trust the day is not far distant when the Government may see their way to accept this deposit. We have up to this dealt with the past. Let us now briefly look at the future. If the past- has been one of unparal- leled success, surely the future for Independent Forestry is of unbounded prospect. We have only to *' go in and possess the land." A good heritage is ours. Let us then rise to the occasion, and before the next meeting of the Supreme Court, let us plant our banner in every province, state and country north of the line of 38. To attain this end, everything in connection with our Order must be instituted and carried out upon the most thorough and business-like basis, and everything done in the management of the Supreme, High and Subordinate Courts to establish and maintain the strictest confi- dence and respect in the eyes of the general public. To establish a feeling of settled permanency, too much care cannot be taken with respect to the nature of the investments. If other large monetary institutions can afibrd to invest only in Government bonds, county and municipal debentures, and first farm mortgages, we for the sake of the greater security can afibrd to do the same, although we may suffer a slight diminution of our interest. Your committee would recommend that Court Organizers, who may be from time to time employed, be instructed to use great care in instituting new courts, and to see that they are on a strong and sure basis, and to rather refrain from instituting a court in a locality rather than that a court thus formed should be on a weak basis, as your committee are of opinion that the neces- sary winding up of a court does an irreparable injury to Forestry. While urg- 366 HISTORY OF THE ing this precaution, we must acknowledge the good work done by Court Or- ganizers, and your committee would recommend all High Courts who as yet have been without such valuable assistance, to avail themselves of such agency at as early a date as possible. The Medical Board's report shows that the same judicious care and atten- tion have been exercised by that body during the last two years which char- acterized all their eflforts for the Order in the past, and too much praise cannot be given them for their faithful service to the Order. Before your committee close they have to allude with sorrowing hearts to our death roll, light though it be, 110 good and faithful Foresters having passed from their Forest home of labor here. All of which is respectfully submitted. W. B. CAREY, E. H. ALLEN, \VM. KINGHORN, Jr. On motion, the report of the Committee on the State of the Order was re- ceived and adopted. Brother Fred. Dunn, Chairman of the Finance Committee, presented the following report : To the Supreme Chief Ranger^ OJ^cers a^id Members. In approaching the question of compensation for the work done the past two years by the Executive, and also the question of salaries for the coming year, your committee desire to place before you certain facts, probably known to most of you already, but which the committee deem best to state again. 1. This is the first meeting of the Supreme Court at which the Supreme Treasurer's report shows a balance to the credit of the fund for management expenses. Heretofore there has always been a deficit, now there is a balance of $6,471.73. 2. Since 1887 the Order has more than doubled its membership, the gain being 7,630 members, or 113 per cent, increase, and an increase in courts instituted of 178. 3. There is every prospect that the Order will more than double its mem- bership in the ensuing term. 4. It follows from the increase of membership and courts and the prospec- tive increase, that the work of the Executive officers has greatly increased and will continue to do so, and that their compensation should be greater to correspond with the added responsibility. 5. Your committee therefore recommend that the present Supreme Chief Ranger receive for his past efficient services, a bonus of $1,000, and that he receive $3,500 per year, while he occupies the office, and devotes his entire time and attention to the duties thereof, 6. That the retiring Supreme Secretary receive a bonus of $1,000, for his faithful services. THOS. LAWLESS, Supreme Auditor. J. S. R. McCANN, High Auditor, Ont. JOHN HODGSON, D. S. C. R. WM. GREEN, D. H. C.R. for Toronto. * t * .<.'' INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 369 7. That the salary of the Supreme Secretary be $2,000 per year. 8. That the Supreme Treasurer receive $800 per year, 9. That the Auditors each receive $150 per year, and their necessary travelling expenses. 10. That the Supreme Journal Secretary receive $20. 11. That the press reporters receive $10 each. 12. That the messenger and janitor receive $5 each. Respectfully submitted, in L., B. and C, FRED. DUNN. W. R. HICKEY. THOS. CLARKE. The Supreme Chief Ranger at this stage retired from the room, after having called Past Supreme Chief Ranger Botterell to the chair. After a full discussion, the report of the committee was adopted as presented, with the exception of the recommendation regarding the future salary of the S. C. R., which was raised to $4,000. Brother Supreme Vice Chief Ranger Herbert C. Creed, presented the following report of the sub-committee on constitution and laws. To the Sn.ipreme Chief Banger, Ojfficers and Members of the Supreme Co%irty I.O.F. We, your committee appointed to consider the memorial presented by Brother Crawford, of London, to the High Court of Ontario, regarding Juvenile Forestry, beg to recommend that juvenile courts be established throughout the Order, and that each such court be placed under the immedi- ate supervision of some brother appointed for the purpose, by the Supreme Chief Ranger. Your committee would also recommend that the constitution and By-laws of the Juvenile Order, as framed by the Supreme Chief Ranger and Execu- tive, be adopted, the same being found to embrace everything necessary for the thorough working of the branch. HERBERT C. CREED. J. F. CAREY. DAVID MILLAR. JAMES CRAWFORD. A. MAGUIRE. The minimum age was fixed at twelve years. Brother High Chief Ranger House, of Michigan, after stating that the High Court of Michigan had obtained a badge to be presented to Brother Gen. H. H. Aplin, P. H. C. R. of that High Court, in recognition of his distinguished services to the Order during his term of office, requested that the Su- preme Chief Ranger now present the badge to the distinguished brother on behalf of the High Court of Michigan. The Supreme Chief Ranger then, on behalf of the said High Court, pre- 870 HISTORY OF THE sented the badge of honor to Brother Gen. Aplin, and dubbed him, " Cheva- lier of the Grand Cross of Merit." The brother feelingly acknowledged the great honor which had been con- ferred upon him. The Supreme Chief Ranger appointed the following officers : S. Chap., Rev. W. B. Carey, Kingston, Ont. S. J. S., David Millar, Toronto, Ont. S. S. W., Gen. H. H. ApHn, Lansing, Mich. S. J. W., G. A. Harper, Cleveland, Ohio. ^ S. S. B., E. H. Allen, Newark, N.J. S. J. B., Thos. Clark, Wolfville, N.S. S. Mar., N. F. Paterson, Q.C., Port Perry, Ont. S. Mess., James Slater, Hamilton Ont. S. St. B., W. E. Skillen, St. Martins, N.B. S. St. B., D. Rose, Toronto, Ont. S. Sw. B., Thos. J. Birch, Stratford, Ont. S. Sw. B., H. Walters, Quebec. S. Supt. Juvenile Court, J. Crawford, London, Ont. The elected and appointed officers were then duly installed by Bro. E. Bot- terell, P. S. C. R., Bro. J. H. Courtney acting as Supreme Marshal. The Constitution and Laws received a most thorough revision at this ses- sion, and, in order to insure their being made as nearly perfect as possible, it was moved by Brother G. A. Harper, seconded by Brother Dr. Millman, ' ' That the Constitution and Laws of the Order adopted at this session be referred to the Executive Council, and the Chairman of the Committee on Constitution and Laws, with power to make all changes and alterations necessary, without amending matters of substance, and to index and prepare the same for publication." Carried unanimously. Detroit was selected as the next place of meeting for the Su- preme Court. The Supreme Court next met in Detroit, Michigan, commen- cing at 2 p.m., Tuesday, 1st September, 1891, the Supreme Chief Ranger, Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, presiding. The following officers were present at the opening of the Su- preme Court : S. C. R., Oronhyatekha, M.D., Toronto, Ont. P. S. C. R., Edward Botterell, Ottawa, Ont. S. V. C. R, Wm. Griffith, Hamilton, Ont. S. Sec, John A. McGillivray, Uxbridge, Ont. ' INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 37l S. Treas., Thos. G. Davey, London, Ont. S. Phys., Thos. Millman, M.D., Kingston, Ont. S. Coun., F. W. Emmerson, Petitcodiac, N. B. S. Auditor, Thos. Lawless, Toronto, Ont. S. Auditor, B. W. Greer, London, Ont. S. Chap., Rev. Alex. Macgillivray, Toronto, Ont. S. J. Sec, David Millar, Toronto, Ont. S. S. W., Gen. H. H. Aplin, Lansing, Mich. S. J. W., G. A. Harper, Cleveland, Ohio. S. S. B., Geo. Parish, London. Ont. S. J. B., John Chambers, Port Huron, Mich. S. Mar., N. F.. Paterson, Q.C., Port Perry, Ont. S. Mess., A. V. Wade, Digby, N. S. S. St. B., W. E. Skillen, St. Martins, N. B. S. St. B., Daniel Rose, Toronto, Ont. S. Sw. B., Thos. J. Birch, Stratford, Ont. S. Sw. B., H. Walters, Quebec, Que. Supt. J. C, James Crawford, London, Ont. The Supreme Secretary presented the first report of the GVe- dential Committee as follows : Chambers of the Supreme Court, Detroit, 1st September, 1891. To the Supreme Chief Banger, Officers and Representatives of the Supreme Court. Your Committee on Credentials beg to present their first report. The fol- lowing representatives have been duly accredited to this Supreme Body. Officers of the Supreme Court. S. C. R., Oronhyatekha, M.D. ; P. S. C. R., Edward BottereU ; S. V. C. R., William Griffith; S. Sec, John A. McGiUivray ; S. Treas., T. G. Davey ; S. Phys., Thos. Millman, M.D. ; S. Coun., F. W. Emmerson; S. Chap., Rev, E. Collins; S. J. Sec, David Millar ; S. S. W., Gen. H. H. Aplin ; S. J. W., Geo. A. Harper ; S. S. B., M. M. Allin; S. J. B., Thos. Clarke; S. Mar., N. F. Paterson, Q.C. ; S. Con., J. W. Frost; S. Mess., James Slater ; S. St. B., W. E. Skillen; S. St. B., D. Rose ; S. Sw. B., Thos. J. Birch ; S. Sw. B., H. Walters ; S. Supt. of Juv. Courts, J. Crawford ; Auditors, Thos. Lawless, B. W. Greer. Past Executive Officers. P. S. V. C. R., James B .Halkett ; P. S. V. C R , Dr. Hetherington ; P. S. V. C. R., H. C. Creed ; P.S.C, W. W. Fitzgerald, Q. C. ; P. S. Phys., Thos. Millman, M. D. High Court of California. W. H. Perry, W. W. Stockwell. Entitled to 4 votes. 372 HISTORY OF THE High Court of Illinois. W. K. McGregor, Col. W. W. Wharry. En- titled to 3 votes. High Court of Michigan. D. D. Aitken, Dr. Thompson, Major N. S. Boynton, Rev. E. Collins, W. A. Crouch, A. Decker, W. F. Glidden, Dr. S. E. Morgan, H. A. Robinson, Robert Thompson, G. G. Vanal- stine, Dr. P. O. Wagener. Entitled to 11 votes. High Court of Minnesota. Dr. E. W. Buckley, Jas. Kelly. Entitled to 3 votes. High Court of Missouri. Jas. F. Hazel, Dr. E. M. Hetheringtoh, Frank J. Roth. Entitled to 3 votes. High Court of Ntw Brunswick. Le B. Coleman, J. T. Hawke, A. P. Sherwood, W. W. Sprague, Hon. Judge Wedderburn, W. Kinghorn. Entitled to 3 votes. High Court of North Dakota. R. M. Carothers, M. A. Shirley, James Twamley. Entitled to 3 votes. High Court of New Jersey. Robt. J. Aljoe,^ W. T. Bingham, B. O. Horton, G. C. Wardell. Entitled to 4 votes. High Court of Nova Scotia. William B. Alley, Edward Hogan, Robt. G. Monroe, Allan V. Wade. Entitled to 4 votes. High Court of Ohio. Jas. W. Blake, C. L. Dennis, K. V. Haymaker, Dr. P. J. Spenzer. Entitled to 5 votes. High Court of New York Wm. E. A. Faichney, Charles R. Fitzgerald, Henry C. Munson, T. L. Phillips. Entitled to 4 votes. High Court of Ontario. James Adams, A. Aikman, L. T. Barclay, Thos. Butler, W. Cadwell, A.F.Campbell, M P.P., J. T Carson, George Brown, A. H. Dixon, His Worship Mayor W. M. Drennan, Atwell Fleming, William Gerry, Robt. Gilray, Robt. GriflSth, E. S. Cummer, W. W. Fitzgerald, Q. C, James Hewer, John Hodgson, John Leys, Henry Gibbens, R. Mathison, Rev. Alex. Macgillivray, Theodore A. McGillivray, Alex. McKee, Acland Oronhyatekha, George Parish, Jas. Stokes, W. F. H. Thompson, Wm. Wallace James Watt, C. C. Whale, G. L. Wilson, J. B. Halkett, W. H. Bartram. Entitled to 35 votes. High Court of Quebec. Dr. Cypihot, Fred. G. Kearns, W. D. Lighthall, Dr. G. F. Slack, Frank Smith, Peter Strathern, Henry Walters, B. A. Entitled to 7 votes. All of which is submitted in L., B. and C, JOHN A. McGILLIVRAY, A. V. WADE. The report was duly adopted. We take the following extract from the S. C. R.'s report : Since the last session of the Supreme Court we have instituted High Courts in Minnesota, New York, California, North Dakota, Illinois and Missouri. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 373 "We have also broken ground in Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Montana, Arizona, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Kansas, and last, though not by any means the least, we have planted the banner of the I. O. F. in Great Britain, where I hope in the near future to have High Courts rivalling in numbers and influence, as well as zeal for our loved Order, our oldest High Courts. Negotiations are also in progress now for the introduction of the Order into New Zealand and Australia. * -x- * ADMISSION OF LADIES. Five years ago, in pressing upon your notice the admission of our wives and daughters to full membership in the Order, I said : I beg again to submit for your consideration the proposition to admit ladies to full rights and privileges in the Order, and upon the same terms as men are admitted. We have now succeeded in making a place for Indepen- dent Forestry in the Dominion that is not occupied by any other society in the land. We have established our Order on a firm and enduring basis, and the courts of our Order are speedily becoming known throughout the length and breadth of this great Dominion. The time has now come when we should begin work throughout the Northern States. In that enlightened and progressive country we shall be fearfully handicapped until we shall have re- moved the defect in this respect from an otherwise perfect organization. You are aware that the defect is merely nominal, and that our Constitution, as it stands at present, does not in any way prohibit or bar the admission of ladies to our Order, and that without a single modification or amendment of the Constitution, if you so desire it, we can begin admitting our wives and daughters into our Courts, to enjoy with ourselves the inestimable privileges which our grand Order affords to all its members. The Knights and Ladies of Honor is about the first society of its kind to admit female insurance. Its growth, at first, was retarded by the popular prejudice that female risks were greater than male. Such a prejudice was founded upon ignorance of the comparative mortality of the two sexes. Its experience has verified the testimony of experts upon this subject. Its fe- male risks have constantly pvoved better than its male. A noted English authority says : " Female expectation is generally about three years in advance of males." Dr. William Brinton, of London, says : " We are bound to remember that all the perils decreed to the female leave her life, as a whole, rather superior to that of the male of corresponding age." Dr. J. A. Allen, of New York, an expert upon these matters says : "Al- though some companies decline all female risk, it is safe to say that, taken altogether, they are equally eligible as those of males. Indeed, if anything, the exposure and vicissitudes to which males are or- dinarily subjected, during the active years of adult life, more than balance any fatal results from the incidents of the female life during this period. According to the statistics of Sweden, the expectation of life of females is. 374 HISTORY OF THE at different ages, from one to four years greater than that of males. In Eng- land the number of male deaths (averaged from 1838 to 1862 25 years) to every 100 female deaths, was 103. It is quite clear then that, so far as risks go, the Order will be benefited by the admission of ladies into our ranks, and I venture to say that there is no one in the Order who would question for a moment the statement that our courts and our Order would be greatly improved and elevated by the change. I beg again to bring the subject before you for consideration. The only suggestion that I would make at this time is that ladies be permitted to en- ter as beneficiary or social members at their own option. The first time that the S. C. R. brought this subject to the at- tention of the Supreme Court was at the special session held in London, Canada, in 1882. At this time the Supreme Court did not see fit even to send it to committee, but rejected the proposition on sight. It was again introduc( d at the Kingston session in 1884. The follow- ing is the record of the action thereon : The Committee on Constitution and Laws presented their first report, as follows : Your committee, having had the clause in reference to the admission of ladies into beneficiary membership, in the S. C. R's report referred to them, have, after due consideration, concluded to recommend that such course be not adopted. JOHN A. McGILLIVRAY, Chairman. E. BOTTERELL, W. W. FITZGERALD. Moved by J. A. McGillivray, and seconded by W. W. Fitzgerald, that the first report of the Committee on the Constitution and Laws be adopted. Moved in amendment by Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, seconded by Bro. J. Finagin, that the report of the committee be not adopted, but that it be re- committed, with instructions to amend by striking out the word "not" in the report ; but that the operations of the law, for the present, be limited to the United States. The amendment was negatived on the following division : Yeas. Bros. Dr. Oronhyatekha, E, S. Cummer, A. R. Milne, Geo. Par- ish, John Finagin, T. H. James, and A. Swayze. 7. Kays.'E. Botterell, J. B. Halkett, W. W. Fitzgerald, H. F. Switzer, R. J. Halle, D. E. Howatt, James Crawford, Dr. J. A. Todd, W. C. McLean, W. C. Wilson, J. E. Slater, A. H. Backhouse, W. Griffith, James Adams, H. Morland, G. Hetherington, M.D., F. H. Wildgoose, C. W. Bolton, W. Gerry, J. A. McGillivray . 20. The report of the committee was then adopted on the same division.. HON. JUDGE JACOB STERN, H.C. R. New York. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 377 The following year, at Ottawa, the S.C.R. brought the matter again before the Supreme Court, and again the Supreme Court rejected the proposition. At the St. John session in 1886, the subject was again present- ed through a memorial sent from the High Court of Ontario against the admission of the ladies. The following is the record in the matter ; PETITIONS AND APPEALS. Bro. W. W, Fitzgerald presented the report of the Committee on Petitions and Appeals as follows : To the Supreme Court of the I. 0. F. Your Committee on Petitions and Appeals beg leave to report as follows : 1st. In reference to the resolution passed by the High Court of Ontario respecting the admission of ladies into the Order, your committee are of the opinion that it would be unwise to admit ladies to the Order, and we would therefore recommend that no action be taken. 2nd. In reference to the resolution of the High Court, asking an amend- ment of section 38 of the constitution, so as to allow subordinate courts by a unanimous vote to dispense with the services of a court physician ; your committee are of the opinion that the employment of a court physician is a great safeguard to the Order, and we would therefore recommend that no ac- tion be taken. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, / W. W. FITZGERALD, Chairman. W. GERRY, THOS. CLARK. Bro. Thos. Clark explained that he signed the first clause of the report, though he was in favor of the admission of the ladies. Clause 1. Moved in amendment by Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, seconded by Bro. Dr. Thorne, that the clause be amended by substituting the words "wise and desirable" instead of the word " unwise," and that all the words after the word "recommend "be struck out, and the following substituted therefor: "That they be forthwith permitted to become members of the Order on due application and initiation." The amendment was lost on a division. At the Toronto Session it was again introduced and referred to a commit- tee. The following record shows the action taken thereon : Bro. Geo. A. Harper, from the committee appointed to consider the resolu- tion to admit women into the Order, submitted the following majority report of said committee : We, the undersigned members of the Special Committee, to which was re- ferred the resolution that women should be admitted to the Order, respectfully 378 HISTORY OF THE recommend its adoption by this Supreme Body, and recommend further that within six months thereafter, the Supreme Chief Ranger take the necessary and proper steps to carry the will of this body into effect, and that women be admitted into the Order after 1st March, 1890. Submitted in L., B. and C, FRED. DUNN, GEO. A. HARPER, Comfaittee. Bro. John A. McGillivray submitted the following minority report of the same committee : In view of the past attitude of this Supreme Body, upon the admission of women into the Order, which is entirely in harmony with my own views upon the subject, and, while deeply regretting my inability to agree with my con- freres on this committee, still believing as I do, that the well-being of For- estry is to a certain extent at stake in this matter, and in the interests of our homes and firesides, of our mothers, wives and daughters, I beg to report against the resolution for the admission of the fair sex into the Order. Respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, JOHN A. McGILLIVRAY, Chairma7i. Brother G. A. Harper moved the adoption of the majority report, and Brother Fred. Dunn seconded the motion. Brother John A. McGillivray moved in amendment, which was duly second- ed, That the minority report of the committee be adopted. After a lengthy discussion, the question was called, and the yeas and nays demanded by Brothers Geo. A. Harper and J. B. Halkett. On the roll being called, the Supreme Court divided as follows : FOR THE AMENDMENT. Brothers E. Botterell, Herbert C. Creed, T. G.Davey, Thos. Millman, M.D., John A. McGillivray, Rev. Thos. Heywood, D.D., F. W. Emmerson, Geo. H. House, N. F. Paterson, Q.C., J. W. Frost, W. Gerry, A. H. Dixon, Thos, Butler, Geo. Parish, Jas. Slater, J. B. Halkett, W. W. Fitzgerald, A. H. Backhouse, W. Griffith, J. T. Hickmett, J. T. Carson, A. L. Chandler, Jas. Adams, Rev. W. Walsh, A. L. Davis, F. J. Bowen, Rev. W. B. Carey, Geo. A. Proctor, T. D. Bailey, T. J. Birch, James Sherman, Robert Preston, Fred. Millman, A. Hooker, James Crawford, Alex. Aikman, Wm. Calder, D. Ormiston, E. Moore, H. Tompkins, J. H. Courtney, W. Cadwell, James Hewer, A. Wittmaak, John Leys, James D. Murray, James Shier, W. G. Little, Rev. Thos. Garrett, A. H. Dixon, W. N. Johnston, W. E. Skillen, W, Kinghorn, Gen. H. H. Aplin, John Chambers, G. H. House, A. V. Wade, Frank Smith, Henry Walters, Peter Strathern Total 60. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 379 AGAINST THE AMENDMENT. Brothers Dr. Oronhyatekha, E. S. Cummer, Thos. Lawless, C. C. Whale, S. Zimmerman, A. Hale, H. Pratt,' A. Maguire, A. E. White, A. R. Milne, H. Gibbens, A. Stewart, David Millar, Daniel Rose, D. Douglass, Geo. Ken- nedy, P. F. Carey, F. C. Paulin, A. Cornish, Rev. J. B. Robinson, James Watt, J. W. Walls, Le Baron Coleman, A. Sherwood, J. Y. Skillen, J. T. Hawke, E. L. Perkins, J. E. Gum, Hon. Fred. Dunn, Thos. Clarke, E. H. Allen, Geo. A. Harper total 32. The Supreme Chief Ranger appointed Brothers the Rev. W. B. Carey, G. A. Harper and John A. McGillivray to count the above votes. The roll was then referred to the tellers to report as to the number of votes that the above division lists represented. The tellers reported that they had divided and counted the above votes among the different High Courts, and found that the total number of votes cast was 167, of which 110 had voted yea, and 57 nay. Majority for the amendment 53. The amendment was therefore declared carried, and the ladies were again denied admission to the Order. At the session now under review, as at the last session, the subject was again referred to a special committee, consisting of Bros. G. A. Harper, H.C.R., Ohio ; Dr. E. W. Buckley, H.C.R., Minnesota ; David Mil- lar, H.C.R., Ontario ; R. G. Monroe, H.C.R., Nova Scotia ; Peter Strathern, H.C.R., Quebec. The following is the record of their report : Representative Geo. A. Harper, chairman of the Special Committee ap- pointed to consider that clause of the Supreme Chief Ranger's report relating to the admission of women into the Order, presented a majority report of that committee recommending the admission of women, as follows : To the Supreme Chief Ranger ^ Officers and Kepresentatives of the Supreme Court. Your special committee, to whom was referred the overture from the High Court of Ohio that women be admitted as beneficial members of this Order, beg leave to report as follows : That we recommend the admission of women as social or beneficiary mem- bers, at their own option, to the Order, but in separate courts. G. A. HARPER, R. G. MONROE, DAVID MILLAR, PETER STRATHERN. Representative E. W. Buckley, M.D., presented a minority report, as follows : 380 HISTORY OF THE To the Supreme Chief Raiiqer^ Officers and Represet datives of the Suijreme Court. Being unable to agree with the conclusion reached by a majority of my col- leagues of the special committee appointed to consider and report upon the advisability of admitting women to our Order, I consider it my duty to ex- plain in a minority report my reasons for so doing, and they are as follow : 1. Our noble Order has, after a long and severe struggle, reached the posi- tion where its success, especially as an insurance organization, is beyond a doubt assured, and I consider it unwise to undertake the experiment of in- suring women upon the same basis as we now insure men. I say, experiment, because I am firmly convinced that the insuring of women has not been tried for a sufficiently long time, and by as large a number of organizations as would entitle this body to accept the statistics as a basis. 2. If women were admitted as beneficiary members, and entitled to receive one-half of their insurance upon total disability, I firmly believe the Order would be engaged in continual trouble in attempting to decide as to what constituted total disability in a woman. So difficult to determine is this matter, and so varied the causes which may produce it in women, that the accident insurance companies refuse to accept the risk ; they only issuing policies payable upon the death of the insured. 3. The instructions to Court Physicians demand that the applicant be stripped to the waist and a thorough examination be made of the heart and lungs. Shall we make an exception of the women, and if so, where shall the line be drawn ? All physicians know the difficulties experienced in making a thorough physical examination of the female chest, and even under the most favorable circumstances the examiner is hampered by the conformation of the female chest. Consider these difficulties, and ask yourself if there is not danger that many undesirable risks be accepted. I need not remind you that the success of this or any insurance Order rests primarily upon the conscientious fulfilment of their duties by the examining physicians, and I firmly believe that the examinations of female applicants could not and would not be m.ade with that thoroughness which the good of the Order de- mands. 4. Our Order now ranks with the very best fraternal organizations in ex- istence, and as we grow in numbers and influence will be more firmly estab- lished in its position. If we decide to take this contemplated step, will we not lose our prestige and drop to a lower level ? It is my firm conviction that we will, as I do not believe the time is ripe nor the people of this con- tinent yet educated to look favorably on the subject. 5. Before committing the Order to such a decided step would it not be advis- able to have the matter placed before the local courts of the Order, so that the sentiment of the whole Order may be known ? Having learned some months ago that this matter was under consideration, I took pains to learn the sentiments of a number of the courts in my jurisdiction, and am in a INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 381 position to state positively that they are opposed to it. Even if the report of this committee be accepted, a radical revision of rates would be necessary, or a special schedule would have to be made for female members. 6. Not even the most enthusiastic advocate of this subject can maintain that the women could be admitted to the sick and funeral benefits without making special provisions for the diseases peculiar to women and the sickness to which they are inevitably subject. 7. In conclusion, I wish to call attention to the many delicate points of social equality which must inevitably arise when the other sex are admitted. It is well known that women are much more particular in such matters than are men, and dissensions would undoubtedly occur which would result in great harm and be detrimental to the good and welfare of the Order, of the present success of which we are so proud and whose future prosperity we have so much at heart. Respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, E. W. BUCKLEY. The consideration of this report brought out to the fullest ex- tent the arguments on both sides, and, when the vote was taken to adopt the majority report, it was defeated by 81 nays to 84 yeas. The next extract from the S. C. R.'s report had reference to additional endowment benefits, and to changes in the Sick and Funeral Benefit Department, and was as follows : ADDITIONAL ENDOWMENT BENEFITS. Five years ago I submitted the following also for your consideration : When we re-organized the Supreme Court, five years ago, we had but a very small membership in good standing less than 400. It was not thought safe to create then more than a $3,000 Endowment Benefit. Indeed strenu- ous efforts were made to restrict our Endowment Benefits to $1,000. We are now strong enough numerically and financially to complete the founda- tions, as it was originally contemplated, by the creation of an additional $2,000 benefit. It seems to me that the raising of the limit of endowment benefits from $3,000 to $5,000 would greatly strengthen our Order, and I am of opinion that our financial strength at the present time justifies in making the change now. I accordingly recommend that the constitutions and laws be so amended as to provide for a 84,000 and $5,000 additional endowment benefits, and that the same be put into operation as soon as the necessary amendments to our Act of Incorporation can be obtained. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Experience has taught me that it is not for the best interests of the Order that the provisions regarding separate endowment jurisdiction should be con- tinued in our organic law. The experience of a sister society which gives 382 HISTORY OF THE state endowment jurisdiction, has proved beyond a doubt that this feature is a great weakness to its system. In some of its state jurisdictions I am in- formed the assessments in one year ran up to over 40, while the average assessments of the whole society in the same year was under 10. No one will deny that disaster to a society in one State will affect it more or less in other States. Some societies, which had somewhat similar provisions to our own for separate endowment jurisdiction, have profited by experience und have striken out altogether such provisions from their constitution. '.Believ- ing that our best interests lie in the direction of the unity and indivisibility of our whole Order, I ask you to strike out of the Supreme Court constitu- tion section 48 thereof, and thus let it go forth from this Supreme Court ses- sion that the Independent Order of Foresters must remain *'one and indi- visible now and forever." I also recommend that section 240 of subordinate court constitution be amended so as to read as follows : 240. (I) Any applicant in the ordinary class or in the hazardous class who is admitted to the Order, or any member who may be reinstated between the Ji'tietha.ndjifty-Jitth birthdays shall pay on admission or reinstatement the rate for his age and class as given in sub-sections one and two of this sec- tion, and shall pay the same rate of assessments thereafter so long as he re- mains continuously in good standing, and in the same class. (2) RATES FOR THE ORDINARY CLASS. Age $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 50 2 50 5 00 7 50 51 2 60 5 20 7 80 52 ' 2 70 5 40 8 ]0 53 2 85 5 70 8 55 5t 3 00 6 00 9 00 (3) RATES FOR THE HAZARDOUS CLASS. Age $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 50 2 60 5 20 7 80 51 2 75 5 50 8 25 52 2 95 5 90 8 85 53 3 20 6 40 9 60 54 3 50 7 00 10 00 (4.) No applicant in the extra hazardous class can be initiated, after pass- ing his yy^iei/i birthday. (5) An applicant in the ordinary or hazardous class who has passed his Jifty-Jifth birthday, may be admitted to beneficiary membership as provided in section one hundred cmd twenty^ sub-section th^-ee. SICK BENEFIT LAWS. The time has come for the revision of our laws relating to sick benefits, and I would recommend the following amendments : B>^.riR GEO. W. HOLMAN, P. D. H. C. R. W. M, DRENNAN, S. Marshal, ex-Mayor Kingston. GEO. E. CHALLES, D. S. C. R. H. GIBBENS, U.S.C.R. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 385 Change sub-section (1) of section 224 by inserting before the words ^^five dollars," in the third line thereof, the words " //tree dollars, lour dollars and," and the words "as hereinafter provided" after the word "illness," in the fourth line thereof. Change sub-section (1) of section 225, so as to read as follows : SCHEDULE OF MONTHLY KATES. Monthly Monthly Monthly Monthly Age. rate of Age. rate of Age. rate of Age. rate of Assessment. Assessment. Assessment. Assessment. 18 40 cts. 28 45 cts. 38 52 cts. 47 66 cts. 19 41 29 46 39 53 48 68 20 41 30 46 40 54 49 70 21 42 31 47 41 55 50 75 22 42 32 47 42 56 51 80 23 43 33 48 43 58 52 85 24 43 34 48 44 60 53 90 25 44 35 49 45 62 54 95 26 44 36 50 46 64 55 and upward 27 45 37 51 Change sub-section (1) of section 226 by inserting the words ^' three dollars for the first week, four dollars for the second week and " immediately before the words ^^Jive dollars" in the eighth line thereof, and by striking out the word "during " in the same line and inserting in lieu thereof the words " thereafter for a further period of iew weeks, making. " * ^^ * BASIS OF REPRESENTATION. The Supreme Court is now so large a body that we can with advantage still further limit the representation from the High Courts. I therefore beg to recommend that sub-section (1) of section 87 be changed so as to read as follows : 87. (1) Each High Court jurisdiction having one thmtsand members or less, shall be entitled to one representative in the Supreme Court, and one additional representative for every additional one thousand members in good standing upon the rolls of its subordinate courts, at the close of the semi- annual term immediately preceding the term in which the election is held. In this connection, I might observe, that now that the system of paying the representatives their expen.es in attending the Supreme Court has been incorporated into the constitution, entailing heavy expenses upon the Order at each session of the Supreme Court, and in view of the completeness of our constitutions and laws, it might be wise to make our sessions triennial instead of biennial. That section 224 (1) be amended by inserting after the word "member" in the first line thereof the words ' ' residing is such countries as do not prohibit the giving of sick benefits." Also amend section 232 (2) and (4), also section 88 5 HISTORY OF THE 233 (1) by adding thereto the following words, "provided that the laws of the country in which the member resides do not prohibit the payment of such benefits." * * ^ SUPREME secretary's MONTHLY REPORT. You will have noticed that the monthly reports of the Supreme Secretary occupy a very large space in The Forestn\ and in the nature of things must continue from month to month to grow larger and larger. None but those who have actually prepared these reports can h^ve an adequate idea of the labor involved in their preparation. It has ocfcurred to me that some modification of these reports might be made with advantage to all concerned. One of the principal objects in publishing these reports is to show to the members whenever their own court has become delinquent, so that immediate measures may be taken by them to remedy the shortcom- ings of their officers. Some of our financial secretaries are not over-particular to have their reports accurate, and when they have sent a remittance believe they have done their whole duty, even if that remittance be considerably short of the demands of the accompanying reports. I suggest that in future the Supreme Secretary jjublish only the gross re- ceipts instead of a detailed statement of the receipts from each court, and that he also publish the names of the courts which are delinquent, cither by not remitting in time or by remitting less than the amount called for by the monthly reports. I believe this system will enforce accuracy among financial secretaries, as it certainly will the better point out to the members con- cerned the delinquencies of their officers so soon as their court becomes re- ported as above. MODE OF ELECTING REPRESENTATIVES. The common practice among High Courts at the present time in electing their representatives, is to declare those having received the highest number of votes, to the given number required, upon the first ballot, duly elected. To take any other course might in some instances take a very long time to elect the required number of representatives. I think we had better graft the present usage into our constitution, and I therefore recommend that section 69 of the constitution be amended by adding thereto another sub-sec- tion to read as follows : "(8.) In the election of representatives to the Su- preme Court the required number having the highest number of votes upon the first ballot, shall be declared elected. * * * WEAK AND INACTIVE COURTS. It appears to me desirable that power be given to High Chief Rangers and to the Supreme Chief Ranger to do missionary work among v/eak, as well as among inactive courts. I beg, therefore, to recommend that section 121 be amended by adding thereto sub-sections, to read somewhat as follows : (5) The Supreme Chief Ranger and High Chief Rangers, within their re- spective jurisdictions, shall have power to send deputies to weak courts which INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 387 have less than thirty members in good standing on their rolls, or to such in- active courts as fail to initiate a candidate for a period of three months. Such deputies shall have authority to enroll members under the powers and regu- lations contained in sub-sections one^ two and three of this section. (6) The initiation fees of all members enrolled under the provisions of the next preceding sub-section, shall be vested in the Supreme Court or in the High Court, according as the work has been done by a Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger or by a Deputy High Chief Ranger. MICHIGAN. During the last year we have had a little unpleasantness in this jurisdic- tion. The then High Chief Ranger called a special meeting of the High Court for the 18th December, 1890, to be held in Saginaw, ostensibly for the purpose of petitioning the Sujjreme Court for a separate endowment jurisdic- tion. This action was entirely within his constitutional rights, and the only fault which could be found therewith was as to the policy of calling a special meeting of the High Court and thereby putting the subordinate courts to great expense, within two or three months of the regular annual session thereof. As soon as the call for the special session reached the courts, indig- nant protests began to pour into the office of the Supreme Chief Ranger at the course taken by the High Chief Ranger. But it was not till after I had in my possession the written testimony of competent witnesses that the pur- pose of the call was, not so much to establish a separate endowment juris- diction for Michigan as provided in our constitution, as to rear over the ruins of our Order a new Society, to be known as ' ' The Independent Order of For- esters of the United States," that I deemed it my duty to interfere actively in the campaign then going on. The result of the campaign is known to you all, viz, : the complete overthrow of the movement to disrupt the Order; for, notwithstanding the fact that the then High Chief Ranger had had pre- pared for him, by a skilful and able attorney, an address which would doubt- less have succeeded had it been presented before an ordinary j ury, it had no effect upon the High Court of Michigan. They were too intelligent to be car- ried av/ay by the diatribes and by the specious arguments contained in the address, and the following resolution was carried unanimously in amendment to a motion to petition the Supremo Court for a separate endowment jurisdic- tion, viz. : ' ' That being satisfied with the management of our present Su- preme Chief Ranger and his confreres on the Executive Council, and believ- ing that the best interests of our wives and children will be subserved by re- maining under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, be it resolved that the High Court of Michigan remain as it is under the Supreme Court jurisdic- tion." After the session of the High Court, the then High Chief Ranger was duly charged with treason and with libelling the Supreme Chief Ranger, and cited to appear before the Executive Council for trial. All the charges were estab- lished to the satisfaction of every member of the Executive Council, and the 388 HISTORY OF THE oflfending officer was duly expelled from the Order. The fact that he did not appeal from the action of the Executive Council, may be fairly taken as an indication that the accused knew that the evidence on which he had been ex- pelled was so clear and conclusive, that it would have been sheer folly to have brought the case uj) to the Supreme Court. Having thus ignominiously failed to disrupt the Order under the guise of securing for Michigan a separate endowment jurisdiction, the misguided individual has ever since his expulsion been doing what little he could to hinder the progress of our Order. That his efforts have not borne mu6h fruit, even in his own State, is shown by the fact that the Order in Michigan, dur- ing the year, has grown from 2,500 to nearly 5,000 members. I need not refer to the incessant slandering of myself, in which he has indulged since his expulsion from the Order, for I have reason to believe that you will answer them somewhat as did the High Court of Michigan, which by an unanimous standing vote, adopted the following resolution, to wit : ** Resolved, that the High Court, having listened to the full and complete answer of the Supreme Chief Ranger to the charges circulated by George H. House, of Saginaw, do hereby express their belief in the statements made by the Supreme Chief Ranger and their unabated confidence in his ability and integrity as the head of their Order." Nor was the High Court satisfied with this, but at a subsequent stage they gave the greatest possible emphasis to their resolution of confidence by pass- ing another resolution, which was also carried by a unanimous standing vote, instructing their representatives to cast the vote of Michigan solidly for the re-election of the Supreme Chief Ranger. That was the answer which my brethren of Michigan gave to my traducer ; with their answer I am entirely satisfie^d. I may tell you also that a proposition for a separate endowment jurisdiction was submitted for the consideration of the High Court, which by an over- whelming vote refused even to consider the question. One of the chief arguments used for separation was to the effect that the brethren in Michigan have no resource in the courts of law should the Ex- ecutive refuse to pay a claim. As a matter of fact, every State in the Union stands in this respect precisely on the same footing as the various Provinces in the Dominion. Parties in Michigan or in New Brunswick, can sue for and recover in the courts any debt which may be justly due them by any debtor in Ontario, and the only difference in treatment which such parties might receive from those domiciled in Ontario is that they might be required to give security for costs. When, however, it is remembered that the action of the Executive Council on every disputed claim is reviewed and may be re- versed by the Supreme Court, in which already our American brethren have about an equal vote with the Canadian brethren, and the probabilities are that at the next session of this Body the American vote will largely pre- ponderate, you can see how wholly groundless is the argument for separation INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 389 based on such reasoning. You are quite aware that the Executive Council is but the creature of the Supreme Court, and must obey any instructions which the Supreme Court may give in regard to any claim. If there were any cause for apprehension of unfair treatment it would come from the Canadian members. But we have no such apprehension. We know that when our American brethren shall have a controlling majority in the Supreme Court, every legitimate claim, come from what country it may, will be honestly and fairly, aye, generously dealt with, as each and every claim has been up to the present moment. The following is the action taken by the Supreme Court in reference to this subj ect, as found in the records : Major N. S. Boynton, chairman of the Si)ecial Committee on Separate Endowment Jurisdiction, presented a majority report of that committee, as follows : REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON SEPARATE ENDOWMENT JURISDICTION. To the Supreme Chief Eanyer, Officers arid Representatives of the Supreme Court. Your special committtee to whom was referred the matter of separate en- dowment jurisdiction, with nominal request to draw up and submit a law to take the place of section 48, which has been, on the recommendation of the Supreme Chief Ranger, stricken out by previous action of this Supreme Body, would recommend the adoption of the following as a substitute therefor : Section 48 (1) The powers of High Courts, in addition to those prescrib- ed in the constitutions and laws of this Order, when the laws of a country, state or province, do not prohibit the same, shall be to provide endowment benefits to the amount of two thousand dollars to such members in a High Court jurisdiction as may desire the same, in addition to that provided by the Supreme Court , but in no case shall a certificate of endowment be issued by a High Court to any member in its jurisdiction who does not hold an en- dowment certificate for at least one thousand dollars in the Supreme Court, and keep all dues and assessments paid thereon. (2) A suspension of a member from Supreme Court endowment benefits will cause his suspension from the High Court and subordinate court to which he may belong. (3) A High Court shall also have the power to provide for a sick and funeral benefit fund and an accident disability fund to such members as may desire such benefits. (4) They shall also have power to establish an auxiliary branch of the Order, to be known as the Lady Foresters, in their own jurisdiction, the members thereof to be confined to the wives, widows, mothers, daughters and sisters of the members of this Order, between the ages or 16 and 55, and to provide an endowment fund therefor. 390 HISTORY OF THE (5) A High Court slinll have the power to enact laws, rules and regulations for the government of the additional endowment fund, the sick and funeral fund, the accident disability fund, and the ladies' auxiliary branch, subject to the ap])roval of the Supreme Executive Council, and be subject to and not conflict with the constitutions and laws of the Supreme Court and of the Order. (6) A suspension of a member from any of the foregoing benefits provided by a High Court shall not aflfect his Supreme Court endowment or other benefits. ^ (7) Before a High Court can exercise any of the powers granted herein, it must have at least three thousand Supreme Court endowment members. (8) Before any action can be taken by a High Court to establish such funds or auxiliary branch, it must, at a regular annual session, pass a resolu- tion by a two-thirds vote of the officers and members present, expressing a desire to establish any one or all of the benefit funds and Ladies' auxiliary branch, and when so adopted the High Court shall proceed at once to formu- late laws therefor, and submit the same to the Supreme Executive Council for approval, and such laws shall have no binding force until so approved. Your committee would urge the addition of the foregoing section to the constitution, believing, as we do, that it will do much towards strengthening the High Courts in such countries and states where the local laws do not pro- hibit the giving of the above recited benefits, and promote the growth of the membership therein. It will, in our opinion, give such courts control of the benefits provided, and it will be a source of revenue to their General Fund. Your committee desire to ex)ress their high appreciation of the manner in which the Supreme Chief Ranger met the difticulties arising in Michigan dur- ing the past year or more, and which at one time threatened the destruction of the Order in this jurisdiction. His firm and determined action in bring- ing about the expulsion of the leading disturbing spirit from the Order we heartily endorse. We commend him for refusing to notice and reply to the gross personal attacks made on him by an expelled officer through printed circulars and the public press, and congratulate the Independent Order of Foresters on having a Chief Executive Officer with sufficient courage and force of character to quell an incipient rebellion, and put down treason wherever and whenever it appears. We admire his dignity, his firmness, and his open, frank, outspoken manner. We hope he will in the future, as in the past, continue to show the same strong traits of character. The mem- bers of this committee residing in Michigan can assure the officers and repre- sentatives of this Supreme Court that the Foresters in this jurisdiction have full confidence in his ability as an Executive Officer, and will give him and the Supreme Executive Council their loyal and earnest support. We feel confident that disloyalty to the Order, either in Michigan or elsewhere, will not secure much of a foothold while the present Supreme Chief Ranger holds his present position. COL. W. W. WHARRY, D.S.C.R., High Secretary, III. ** ' INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 393 The attention of your committee has been called to the legal difficulties in the way of some states, preventing active work being done there, and while the matter has not been referred to this committee in a formal way we never- theless believe it would be proper for us to report thereon. We therefore take the liberty of offering the following preamble and resolution, and recom- mend their adoption : Whereas some Superintendents of Insurance have virtually ruled that the Independent Order of Foresters cannot legally transact business in certain States unless they comply with the laws governing regular life insurance companies, and Whereas it would require in such case a deposit of one hundred thousand dollars with the State treasurer to comply therewith, and WJiereas we do not concede that this association is a regular life insurance company but a fraternal beneficiary organization, the same as our sister societies, with the same lodge system and working under a ritual, and hence exempt from the provisions of the insurance laws, and Wliereas we believe that the Independent Order of Foresters should be ad- mitted and allowed to institute subordinate courts in every State where other kindred societies are admitted under the statutes governing fraternal benefi- ciary organizations, therefore be it Eesolved, that the Supreme Executive Council be, and they are hereby, in- structed and authorized to employ competent legal counsel in any State where such difficulties are raised, and take steps to bring the question before the courts with a view of reaching a decision which will determine the legal status of the Independent Order of Foresters within such jurisdictions. N. S. BOYNTON, Chairman. W. W. STOCKWELL, GEO. G. VANALSTINE, H. H. APLIN. Representative J. T. Carson presented a minority report as fol- lows : To the Supreme Chief Banger, Ojfficers and Representatives of the Supreme Court. As a member of the committee on separate jurisdiction, I beg leave to bring in a minority report, respectfully submitting that clause 4 and such portions of clause 5 as relate to the formation of a Ladies' auxiliary branch by any High Court of this Order, be struck out of #i,id report. On all matters included in the report I am in entire harmony with my fellow members of the said committee. Respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, JOSEPH T. CARSON. On motion of Representative Geo. A, Harper, seconded by Representative R. Gilray, the consideration of the majority and minority reports were left Y 394 HISTORY OF THE over until the disposition of the report of the special committee on admission of women into the Order. After the settlement of the question of the admission of ladies to the Order, Major N. S. Boynton's report was taken' up, and, on consideration, was a.dopted, except so much as refers to changes in the Constitutions and Laws of the Order, which were ordered to stand as a notice of motion for the con- sideration of the Supreme Court at its next session. The S. C. R. then referred to the extension of the Order in Great Britain, as follows : You will be gratified to learn that, during my recent visit to Great Britain, I succeeded in making arrangements for the introduction of the Order into Great Britain by the organization of a court in Liverpool, England. Our agent, Brother James Marshall, of Glasgow, Scotland, is a most able man, and I look forward in the near future to see the Order, under his manage- ment, rapidly spread throughout Great Britain. The Supreme Secretary said in his report : During the term, you will notice that the subordinate courts and High Courts have about doubled in number, and, as a consequence, the work of the office has increased in even a larger proportion in that short period of time. When last we met, the number of subordinate courts was 424, which, up to the 1st day of July last, had increased to 825, and some 40 courts in addition have since been instituted ; the High Courts then numbered 7, which have now increased to 14. On reference to my letter books I find, aside from the many thousands of formal letter circulars and notices issued by me during my term of office, that I dictated, re-read and signed 12,570 letters directed to the membership of the Order. When last in session, my predecessor in office reported the membership as 14,286 on the 30th day of the June preceding. I have pleasure now in draw- ing your attention to the fact that, not only have our courts almost doubled in number, as aforementioned, but the membership has more than doubled. On the 3Cth day of June last past, it was 28,894, which number has since been augmented almost a thousand. Membership, as per last report 14,286 Initiated during the term 19,607 33,893 Number suspended and withdrawn during the term 4,746 Dead 253 4,999 Net membership 30th June, 1891 28,894 The insurance held by the membership in the different classes is as follows: INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 395 1,400 members holding endowment certificates for $3,- 000, amounting to $ 4,200,000 3,193 members holding endowment certificates for $2,- 000, amounting to. . . 6,386,000 24,301 members holding endowment certificates for $1,- 000, amounting to 24,301,000 $34,887,000 The average risk per member is $1,207, as against $1,233 as per last re- port. We mourn the loss of 253 departed brethren, removed from our Forestric circle by death, as against 110 per the report of my predecessor aforesaid, many of which deaths were caused by the dreadful ravages of la grippe, which, I am safe in saying, has cost the Order fully $50,000 in the period re_ ferred to, through deaths and sickness occasioned thereby. Perhaps the most gratifying feature of our success which I am privileged to report is the fact that while our courts and membership have doubled in number, our surplus has increased at a much larger ratio, viz., from $160,- 110.76 to the magnificent sum of $337,718.71 (to which has since been added something like $20,000); and, to convey an idea of the volume of business done in the ofiice, I might be permitted to instance the fact that while the income for the month of June, 1889, was $18,774.98, the income for the same month this year was much more than double that amount, namely, $40,448.25. The following extract is taken from the Supreme Treasurer's report : In the endowment account the receipts have increased each month, with one exception, until in the last month of our Forestric year, the amount reached $28,505.74 nearly double that received for the first month of our statement. This shows a growing confidence in our Order, of which we are justly proud. While the receipts have so rapidly increased, we are glad to say that our death rate has rather decreased ; claims paid during the year just ended were $149,727.77, while for the previous year they amounted to $142,771.57 an increase of but $7,009, in an increase of membership of 9,257 during the year just closed, a very creditable reflection on the careful manner in which our Medical Board scrutinizes risks and the judicious proposition of new members in the subordinate courts. The surplus in this fund, which my state- ment places at $341,225.24 on the 1st July, had on 1st August increased to $361,960.08, which with the accrued interest added gives us a total surplus in this fund of $367,660.91. I cannot speak so satisfactorily as to the state of the sick and funeral fund. Referring again to my statements " A" and '* B," and comparing the two years' receipts and payments, you will notice that the fund is far from satis- factory. 396 HISTORY OF THE I have prepared at considerable trouble a statement (E) showing the amount of endowment, sick and funeral benefits paid to the membership of each dif- ferent court. This statement, taken in connection with that of the Supreme Secretary, showing the receipts from each court, will enable you to estimate the relative status of each court in the Order. Our Supreme Chief Eanger will more particularly deal with the present state of this fund, and I trust some remedy will be suggested whereby this very useful branch of our benefits may be more in keeping with the '^general prosperity of our noble and benevolent Order. The following is the report of the Medical Board : Chambers of the Supreme Court, Detroit, Mich., 1st Sept., 1891. To the Supreme Chief Ranger, Officers and Members of the Supreme Court. Brethren, I beg herewith to submit the biennial report of the Medical Board for the two years ending June 30th, 1891. The Board has received during the two years for its consideration, 22,148 medical examinations papers, classified as follows : 1,208 applicants for $3,000 $ 3,624,000 2,894 " " 2,000 ; 5,788,000 18,046 " " 1,000 18,046,000 22,148 $27,458,000 and were disposed of as given below : PASSED. 1,027 applicants for $3.000 $ 3,081,000 2,573 " " 2,000 5,146,000 16,862 " " 1,000 16,862,000 20,462 $25,089,000 REDUCED. Accepted. Rejected. 52 applicants for $3,000 to $1,000 $ 52,000 $ 104,000 59 " " 3,000" 2,000 118,000 59,000 156 " " 2,000" 1,000 156,000 156,000 267 $326,000 $319,000 REJECTED. 70 applicants for $3,000 $ 210,000 165 " " 2,000 330,000 1,184 " " 1,000 1,184,000 1,419 $1,724,000 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 397 Thus, out of 22, 148 applicants, the Board has passed 20,729 for $25,415,000, and has rejected 1,419 applicants for $1,724,000, which, added to the amount refused to the 267 applicants, makes a total of $2,043,000 declined by the Board. The causes of rejection were as follows : 262 History of phthisis (consump- 4 Hepatic colic. tion). 4 Diseases of the liver. 233 Heart complications. 4 Fistula in ano. 211 Intemperance. 4 Syphilis. 154 Diseases of the lungs. 4 Necrosis of bone. 81 General complication of dis- 4 Blind. eases. 4 Chronic diarrhcea. 57 Rheumatism. 3 Hip disease. 55 Disproportion in height and 3 Irreducible hernia. weight. 3 Goitre. 53 Occupation. 3 Scrofula. 44 Asthma. 2 Stricture of urethra. 44 Albuminuria, Bright's disease, 2 Calculus in bladder. etc. 2 Aneurism. 32 History of Insanity. 2 Malaria. 22 Diabetes. 2 Chronic laryngitis. 17 Epilepsy. 1 Opium eater. 14 Chronic discharge from the 1 Chorea. ears. 1 Hsematocele. 12 Spinal curvature. 1 Phlebitis. 11 Permanent injuries affecting 1 Lumbar abscess. risk. 1 Chronic ulcers. 9 Never vaccinated and refused 1 Gout. to be. 1 Hysteria. 8 Paralysis. 1 Haematemesis. 8 History of cancer. 1 Chronic inflammation 8 Sciatica. eyes. 6 Diseases of the bladder. 1 Peritonitis. 6 Chronic dyspepsia. 1 Piles. 5 Renal colic and gravel. 5 Chronic typhlitis. 1,419 of the In the above list it will be noticed that the principal causes of rejection retain the same order as those of former reports ; but one very noticeable feature, and which is a decided departure, is the large number of rejections from diseases of the kidneys, no less than 66. This undoubtedly is owing to the clause in constitution adopted at the last meeting of the Supreme Court, insisting on an analysis of the urine in all cases. If this analysis had not been made, most of these applicants would have been accepted, and, in the ^398 HISTORY OF THE course of a very few yoars at the outside, death would have claimed them, and the Order would have to meet their insurance. Many insurance com- panies make light of this requirement of our Order, and claim medical men will not make a proper analysis for the small fee they receive, and a great many of our court physicians demur at our rigid examinations and the small fee they receive. The Board, however, is satisfied the work is properly done notwithstanding the small fee. Again, a large percentage of the rejections, over one-seventh, have been due to intemperance, and still we are afraid applicants who are intemperate slip in, and unfortunately do not mend their ways even under the salutary influ- ence of the Order, and have to be suspended. This is very unpleasant to these brethren, to the courts to which they belong, and to the Order at large. Such men in a court destroy it socially and reputably, and prevent good men having a favorable opinion of the Order. We would therefore urge the mem- bers to be strict, at the same time just, in the use of the ballot. The adoption of the clause at the Supreme Court meeting to exclude saloon keepers and hotel keepers who attend their own bar has been productive of much good. Nearly all of this class are not good risks themselves, and they do not as a rule, elevate the tone of a court, in fact, by their companionship, are apt to lead others astray. The large number of rejections on account of occupation is chiefly of this class. We would now urge this Supreme Body to advance another step, and that is, exclude all those who have anything to do with the liquor traffic, and would also suggest that all these be excluded from participating in section 124, sub-section 2, in fact, be not allowed to become members of the Order at all. Dr. J. J. Ridge, of England, lately published the following article in the English Lancet: Sirs, The annual report of the United Kingdom Temperance and General Provident Institution, in which the expected and actual claims for the year 1890' are given, affords another opportunity of testing the comparative lon- gevity and vitality of total abstainers and drinkers of alcoholic liquors. The weight and conclusiveness of this test increase with every year. The twenty- fifth return is as follows : Temperance section , General section .... bed Claims. Actual Claims. 314 225 382 389 This shows 71.6 per cent, in the temperance section, and 100.2 in the gen- eral, a difference of 28.6 per cent, in favor of the abstainers. This is a little higher than the averages of the whole 2.5 years, which are 69.9 and 96.6 per cent, respectively, a difference of 26.7 per cent. The advantage of total ab- stinence is shown by the following quinquennial returns : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 399 Temperance Sec. General Section. , Expected Claims. Actual Claims. Expected Claims. Actual Claims. 1866-70 549 723 933 1,179 1,472 374 , 511 ! 651 ! 835 1,015 i 1 008 1,267 1,485 1,670 1,846 944 1871-75 1,330 1876-80 1,480 1881-85 1,530 1886-90 1,750 Total 4,856 3,386 7,276 7,034 This table shows that, while in the General Section the deaths have fallen short of the expected number by 242, in the Temperance Section the deaths are 1,470 fewer. The fact that, in the General Section, the deaths are be- low the healthy male average, proves conclusively that the difference between the two sections is not due to excessive drinking on the part of any consider- able number of the General Section. The comparison, therefore, is fairly between abstainers and moderate drinkers rather more moderate than the average middle-class picked lives, and shows conclusively that the use of al- coholic liquors produces degeneration of the tissues, and shortens life. The Board would recommend that all applicants who have a defective arm or leg, and who are safe insurance risks, be placed in the hazardous class, the same as those already are who have only one arm or leg, as they are equally liable to become totally and permanently disabled. The death rate, 5.95, is somewhat higher than heretofore, but when we consider the epidemic of "la grippe," and its ravages during the past two winters, I am sure we can be very thankful that it is not higher. We have this encouraging fact, that, after paying claims for 250 deaths, our reserve fund has increased from $152,367.84 to $337,718.71, or, at the present mo- ment, upwards of $375,000. The Secretary of the Medical Board desires to thank the Order for its con- tinued confidence in him. He has held the position for ten consecutive years, during which time over 43,000 examination papers have passed through his hands. He has watched the rapid growth and prosperity of the Order with pride, for, no doubt, much of its success has been dependent on the Medical Department. He also desires to thank the other members of the Board for their kindness and courtesy, and especially the chairman, who, by the way, has held that position for ten years. SICK benefit department. The following table shows the different diseases for which sick benefits have been paid for the two years ending June 30th, 1891, also the number of brethren ill with each disease, and number of days ill : 400 HISTORY OF THE No. of Applicants. Da^^s 111. Multiple sclerosis 1 30 Locomotor ataxia 1 58 Concussion of brain 2 45 Congestion of brain 16 595 Spinal irritation 3 90 Apoplexy 3 91 Epilepsy... 6 149 Sunstroke 10 gl7 Paralysis 11 435 Insanity and nervousness 17 653 Sciatica 60 1,879 Neuralgia 104 2,018 Lumbago -. 141 2,164 Pleurodynia 7 110 Laryngitis 8 137 Haemoptysis 18 656 Asthma 20 534 Catarrh 31 566 Phthisis consumption 24 913 Pleurisy 88 2,102 Pneumonia 147 4,530 Bronchitis 347 7,315 La grippe 584 11,655 Influenza severe colds, &c 623 10,736 Ulcerated throat 31 479 Tonsillitis quinsey 146 1,673 Diphtheria 23 357 Mumps 69 1,014 Scarlet fever 6 126 Measles 46 717 Typhoid fever 161 6,710 Rheumatism acute, chronic, &c 223 5,807 Intermittent and remittent fever malaria 408 9,094 Hsematemesis haemorrhage of stomach 4 135 Pharyngitis .' 5 43 Cholera morbus 13 146 Typhlitis 14 387 Peritonitis 22 410 Dysentery 30 467 Gastritis inflammation of stomach 30 729 Diarrhoea 65 943 Enteritis inflammation of bowels 66 1,110 Dyspepsia indigestion, bilious attacks, &c 145 3,019 Cancer of liver 1 22 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 401 No. of Applicants. Days 111. Enlargement of liver 3 54 Jaundice 11 78 Hepatitis inflammation and congestion of liver 68 1,491 Prostatitis 1 30 Hydrocele '. 2 44 Stone in bladder 2 52 Diabetes .' 5 266 Orchitis traumatic 12 269 Gravel and renal calculus 13 232 Diseases of bladder 17 449 Congestion of kidneys 18 406 Disease of kidneys Bright's disease, &c 19 428 Varicocele 1 18 Varicose veins 3 53 Aneurism 4 100 Heart diseases of various kinds 18 462 Skin diseases of various kinds 24 504 Furunculi boils . . 32 377 Carbuncle 28 495 Erysipelas 39 985 Felon whitlow 55 1,148 Tumors and enlarged glands 14 397 Abscesses of various kinds 95 2,053 Ulcers of various kinds . 16 528 Blood poisoning 29 640 Haemorrhoids piles 23 394 Inflammation of and injuries to eyes 57 1,290 Inflammation of ears 5 73 General debility 16 473 Necrosis of bone 3 217 Synovitis 14 352 Injuries to upper extremities 474 10,344 Injuries to lower extremities 405 9,107 Injuries to head 49 1,057 Injuries to the back and sides ...... 185 3,780 Dislocations, upper extremities 11 401 Dislocations, lower extremities 3 103 Fractures, upper extremities 19 774 Fractures, lower extremities 25 1,245 Fractured ribs 42 1,015 Amputations 2 120 Total. 5,541 123,370 402 HISTORY OF THE It will thus be seen that 5,541 applicants have been ill for 123,370 days, re- ceiving for the same over $88,000 from Supreme Court besides free medical attendance and other benefits from their respective courts. Owing to the epidemic of "la grippe" and influenza during the past two years the number of claims has been very large and several extra assessments had to be levied. This caused considerable dissatisfaction. To prevent this in future I would recommend the rates of assessment in sick department be slightly increased. At present time they are lower than in nearly all other societies who allow the same amount of benefit^^. There have been nearly 7,000 days' benefits disallowed for various reasons, such as : Members not in good standing in sick department ; neglecting to send in claims until after several months, and thus forfeit them ; no physi- cian in attendance ; officers of courts refusing'to certify to claims, believing the brethren not ill enough to be on the funds ; having received eighty-four days' benefits for an illness and sending in additional claim for same illness ; and in several instances, I regret to have to state that fraudulent claims were sent in. It is needless to state in the latter instance such members were expelled from the Order and the officers of the courts reprimanded for not fully investigating said claims before certifying to them. Submitted in L., B & C, T. MILLMAN, M.D., Supreme Physician and Secretary of Medical Board. The recommendations of the S.C.R. regarding the S. & F. bene- fit department were adopted, except that for the first two weeks the benefits were made $3.00 per week instead of $3.00 for the first week, and $4.00 for the second week. The basis of represen- tation from High Courts was changed to two from each High Court and one for each 1,000 members or fraction thereof. The consideration of the subject of triennial sessions was postponed till the next session of the Supreme Court. The recommendations of the Supreme Chief, touching weak courts, were also adopted. The first report of the Finance Com- mittee was as follows : Detroit, 2nd Sept., 1891. To the Supreme CJiief Manger^ Officers and Representatives of the Suprem.e. Court. Brethren, Your Finance Committee present this their first report : 1 . That the per diem allowance payable to the representatives attending the sessions of this Supreme Court be calculated so as to include the actual time required in coming to and returning from this Supreme Court. 2. That. a special committee be appointed to calculate the mileage, and that INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 403 each representative, over his own signature, shall hand to the chairman of such committee a statement, giving place of residence, the number of miles therefrom to Detroit by the most direct travelled route ; the amount due him by such route at five cents per mile one way, and the actual time required in coming and returning by such route, and the time of his first attending the present session of this Supreme Court. SALARIES OF OFFICERS. In fixing the salaries of the officers of the Supreme Court, three distinct matters claim attention on which to base our conclusions. 1. The work actually done for the last two years, the results following such work, and what may be expected during the ensuing term. 2. The amount paid by kindred organizations for similar work. 3. The ability of the Supreme Court to pay salaries. Respecting the first, the work actually accomplished, and the consequent results, nothing need be said except to add that they have been especially gratifying to the entire membership. There may have been some delays owing to the volume of new business, but as soon as matters were reached they were correctly and satisfactorily settled. It may be somewhat uncertain to base the amount to be paid the salaried officers, upon the assumption of their re-election, and yet no other conclusion would, in this report, be justi- fiable. It therefore follows, as experience is our best teacher, that each c^f the salaried officers will be more valuable to the Order the next two years than they have been during the period just closed. They are to-day better pilots for our ship than they were six, four, yes, even two years ago. With our rapidly increasing membership, they will certainly have double the re- sponsibility, and if experience has made them more valuable they should have an increase in salary. This brings us to the second consideration, viz. : The amount paid by shni- lar organizations for like services. It is generally believed that the compen- sations for services in insurance organizations are somewhat higher in the States than in the Dominion. A fair average is from $6,000 to $10,000 for Presidents, and $3,000 to $5,000 for Secretary, and, mark you, the best paid officers have a number of able heads of departments to relieve the Presidents and Secretaries of the mere routine work of their respective offices. This brings us to the third subject matter upon which to base our conclu- sions as to pay of officers, viz. : The ability of the Supreme Court to pay its officers any given sum. However willing the body might be to give our offi- cers increased remuneration, and no matter how richly they deserve such re- cognition, if we have not the money for management expenses, and no likeli- hood of getting it, it would be folly to think of doing what we might desire to do under difierent circumstances. Let us carefully examine this problem, as it is a^i -important. The total income for management expenses in 1889, was $31,828.07, and during 1890, $48,725.23. But we never have used the whole of these 404 HISTUilY OF THE amounts. It is reasonable to conclude that the receipts for mana;^ement ex- penses will increase in like ratio, viz., and be for 1891 ^74,588,62. But to be on the safe side, we will say if the receipts for expenses increase only one half of the ratio we would naturally expect, we will have in 1891 $61,657, and in 1892 and 1893 a corresponding increase. While this is an excellent showing, we must not forget that broader fields of activity make larger expenses of management, but it would impeach the good judgment of our Executive Council to suppose it would pay out money to T)ush the work unless there was an assurance that such work woi^d be to the financial gain of the Order, and assuming that some of this would be as *' bread cast upon the waters to return after many days," our past history justifies the conclusion that each year's business, as applied to missionary work, would more than pay for itself. After thus carefully considering the matter in all its bearings your com- mittee recommend that it is wise and proper to pay your officers as follows : Supreme Chief Ranger $6,000 Supreme Secretary 3,000 Supreme Treasurer 1,800 Supreme Auditors COO each per annum, and that they examine the books, etc., six times a year, instead of four, as at present. Supreme Journal Secretary $50 Press Reporters 30 each. Messenger 5 We further recommend that, in consideration of thirteen years' loyal and faithful service as Past Supreme Chief Ranrcr, rendered without remunera- tion, our respected Brother Edward Botterell be presented with a solid silver tea service, suitably inscribed. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C, W. W. WHARRY, Chairman. JAMES B. HALKETT, Secretary, DAVID MILLAR, D. D. AITKEN, PETER STRATHERN. Tlie election of officers resulted as follows : For Supreme Chief Ranger : Representative Edward Botterell nominated Dr. Oronhyatekha, and no other name being put in nomination, the Past Sujjreme Chief Ranger declared Dr. Oronhyatekha re-elected by acclamation. For the office of Past Supreme Chief Ranger : Representative the Rev. Alex. Macgillivray nominated Edward Botterell ; -Jio other nominations being made he was declared re-elected by acclamation. For Supreme Vice Chief Ranger : W. E. A. FAIGNEY, D. S. C. R., H.V. C. R., N.Y. C. H. MERRYFIELD, D. D. H. C. R., Ont., E. W. CHAFEIR, P. G. C. T., P. H. C. R., Wis. JAS. ADAMS, D.S.C.R.. Ont. * < t^. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 407 D. T). Aitken was nominated by Major N. S. Boynton. W. Griffith was nominated by W. W. Fitzgerald, Q.C. Gen. H. H. Alpin was nominated by H. Robinson. Frank Smith was nominated by P. Strathern. W. Griffith resigned, and on the ballot being taken D. D. Aitken received 67 votes, H. H. Alpin 45 votes, and Frank Smith 8 votes. Representative D. D. Aitken was thereupon declared elected Supreme Vice Chief Ranger. For the office of Supreme Secretary : Representative John A. McGillivray was nominated by N. F. Paterson, Q. C, and there being no other nomina- tion he was declared re-elected by acclamation. For the office of Supreme Treasurer : Representative T. G. Davey was nominated by J. B. Halkett, P. S. V. C. R., and there being no further nominations he was declared re-elected by acclamation. For the office of Supreme Physician : Thomas Millman, M. D., M. R. C. S. E., etc., was nominated by W. W. Fitzgerald, Q. C. E. S. Morgan, M. D., was nominated by Gen. H H. Aplin. On the ballot being taken, Dr. Millman received 110 votes, and Dr. Morgan 14 votes. Dr. Millman was thereupon declared re-elected Supreme Physician. For Supreme Counsellor : The Hon. William Wedderbum, Q. C, was nominated by F. W. Emmerson. R. G. Monroe was nominated by A. V. Wade. N. F. Paterson, Q. C, was nominated by Rev. E. Collins. W. W. Fitzgerald, Q. C, was nominated by William Griffith. Representative W. W. Fitzgerald declined, and the ballot having been taken it was found that Judge W. Wedderburn received 64 votes, N. F. Paterson 41, and R. G. Monroe 8. Judge Wedderburn was thereupon de- clared elected Supreme Counsellor. For the office of two members of the Medical Board as colleagues to Dr. Millman : (3ronhyatekha, M.D, was nominated by Edward Botterell, P.S.C.R. S. E. Morgan, M.D., was nominated by H. Robinson. Prof. W. Henderson,' M.D., was nominated by Rep. James Adams. Dr. Oronhyatekha declined to be a candidate, and Drs. Henderson and Morgan were declared elected members of the Medical Board. For the office of Supreme Auditors : Representative Geo. A. Harper, Chas. R. Fitzgerald, B. W . Greer, Thos. Lawless, Wm. Kinghorn, and Col. W. W. Wharry were nominated. On the ballot being taken, it was found that B, W. Greer had received 67 votes ; Thos. Lawless, 65 votes ; Geo. A. Harper, 40 votes ; Chas. R. Fitzgerald, 24 votes ; Wm. Kinghorn, 15 votes ; and Colonel Wharry 20 votes. B. W. Greer and Thos. Lawless were thereupon declared elected Auditors for the next term. Nominations for next place of meeting were then taken, the places named 408 HISTORY OF THE being Chicago, Toronto, London, St. Paul and St. John, N.B. On an infor- mal vote being taken, Chicago received 36 votes, Toronto 31, St. John 5, London 4, St. Paul 3. No selection being made, a ballot was taken between Chicago and Toronto, which resulted in Chicago receiving 70 votes and Toronto 44 votes, and Chicago was declared the next place of meeting. The Auditors reported as follows : To the Supreme Chief Ranger ^ Officers and Representatives of the Suprertue Court. The undersigned Auditors respectfully report that they have made period- ical examinations of the books, vouchers, accounts and securities of the Su- preme Court, which have been found correct as reported from time to time. The condition of the several funds at 30th June, 1891, was as follows : Endowment Fund, credit balance $336,765 91 General Fund, credit balance 190 89 Sick and General Fund, overdrawn 8,811 14 The permanent investments at same date amounted to $301,976.13, and the balance at credit of Supreme Court in current bank accounts was $34, 789. 78 after deducting amount of outstanding cheques, making a total surplus of $336,956.80. This does not include interest accrued but not paid in. The mortgages, debentures, deposit receipts and other securities have been exam- ined and compared with the record of the books, and are found correct and in good order. All of which is respectfully submitted, THOS. LAWLESS, B. W. GREER. Toronto, 29th August, 1891. Bro. N. F. Paterson, the chairman, presented the report of the Committee on the State of the Order, from which the following extract is taken on the subject of additional endowments : Your committee, in considering the suggestions of the Supreme Chief Ranger, that the endowment benefits be raised to $5,000, availed themselves of such information as they could obtain, and learned that there are several fraternal organizations operating in the United States and Dominion of Can- ada, which oifer such benefits. At present, about one member in twenty of our Order has availed himself of the $3,000 endowment benefits. Your committee recommend that the question first be submitted to the several High Courts, and their opinions thereon obtained. Regarding the extension of the Order beyond North America, we find the following minute : It was moved by Representative N. F. Paterson, Q.C., seconded by Rep- resentative Robert Gilray, and carried. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 409 That this be a direction to the Executive Council that the Order be not extended to the continents of Asia, Africa (except South Africa), or South America without the consent of the Supreme Court in session being first had. The Executive were instructed to make the necessary alterations in the Constitution to harmonize with this action. The Supreme Chief Ranger then named the following representatives as appointed officers of the Supreme Court : S. Chap., Rev. H. C. Munsen, New York. S. J. Sec, Robert Mathison, Ontario. S. S. W., Hon. Judge R. M. Carothers, North Dakota. S. J. W., W. H. Perry, California. S. S. B., R. G. Monroe, Nova Scotia. S. J. B., Dr. E. W. Buckley, Minnesota. S. Mar., Mayor W. M. Drennan, Ontario. S. Cond., Peter Strathern, Quebec. S. Mess., G. C. Wardell, New Jersey. S. St. B., T. J. Birch, Ontario. S. St. B., Dr. E.M. Hetherington, Missouri. S. Sw. B, , Alderman Robert Griffith, Ontario. S. Sw. B., K. V. Haymaker, Ohio. S. Sup. J. C, Daniel Rose, Ontario, The elected and appointed officers were installed by Representative Ed- ward Botterell, Past Supreme Chief Ranger, assisted by Representative Robert Gilray, acting as Supreme Secretary, and High Auditor, B. W. Greer, as Supreme Conductor. The Supreme Court then adjourned, to meet again in Chicago. We will conclude this part of the history by incorporating herein the biennial report of the Supreme Chief Ranger, pre- sented at the Chicago session of the Supreme Court, which will bring down the history practically to the present date, and give us at a glance the immense progress which the Order has made during the last two years. 410 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER Y. GREAT PROGRESS MADE BY THE ORDER EQUALIZING THE TAX- ATION OF THE MEMBERSHIP, A FOUNDATION PRINCIPLE AM- ENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTIONS AND LAWS RESERVED CASES ADDRESS TO THE HIGH COURTS OF LONDON AND MID-ENGLAND. To the Officers and Members of the Supreme Court, Independent Order of Foresters. Brethren, NCE more it becomes my privilege to open the session of the Supreme Court and to renew the fraternal bonds which bind old friends and workers together, as well as to bid a cordial welcome to those who for the first time will take part with us in legislating for our large membership. The Great Spirit God, our Heavenly Father who has mercifully vouchsafed to us life and health to take part in the deliberations of this session of our beloved Order, has likewise pros- pered the work of our hands as Foresters, to a remarkable degree, since our last session. Let us, therefore, before entering on our labors, unite with one accord in returning thanks to Him for the manifold blessings we have enjoyed at His hands. When we closed the last session of the Supreme Court, we had 29,637 members in good standing on our rolls, and we had a surplus of $361,960.08, equivalent to 74,375, in our treasury. On the 1st of August inst. we had about 51,500 members in good standing, with a cash sur- plus of $745,972.96, or 153,281, so that if we have not doubled our membership, we have the satisfaction of knowing that we have more than doubled our surplus. EXTENSION OF THE ORDER. The following High Courts have been instituted since our last session, viz. : Wisconsin, Indiana, London, Mid-England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island. In connec- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 411 tion with the introduction of the Order into Great Britain and Ireland, it would be hard to appreciate fully all the difficulties and obstacles we have had to encounter in this work, but thanks to the sagacity of Bro. James Marshall, and to the energy and prudence of himself and Bro. Ronald McDougall, assisted later by Bro. Col. N. F. Paterson, we have succeeded not only in establishing but also in firmly intrenching Independent Forestry in the British Isles, by securing such brethren as County Councillor Joseph Malins, the distinguished head of the Good Templar Order in Eng- land, Dr. Edward Little, Bro. James Marshall,Rev. W. J.McCaughan and J. Munday, to lead the Order in their respective High Courts, I trust, even to greater success than it has experienced on this side of the Atlantic. These Chiefs are without exception surrounded by as able lieutenants as any leader could desire, and success must crown their efforts to give to the people of the " Old Land " what we believe to be the best fraternal society that was ever devised to bring relief to the distressed, and to elevate humanity. REGISTERED A " FRIENDLY SOCIETY " AND " WARRANTED " AS AN INSURANCE SOCIETY. When first planting the Order it was deemed best that we should register a " Friendly Society," which was accordingly done, and well done, too, by Bro. James Marshall. It was provided that this society and its Branches or Courts should be in connection with " The Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters." I doubt whether any society will ever again secure such a registra- tion as that which Bro. Marshall obtained for us. When this was accomplished, application was then made for a license or " war- rant" to enable the Supreme Court to transact an insurance business without the limitations imposed in Great Britain and Ireland on Friendly Societies. We requested permission to lodge with the British Government, Canadian securities to the value of the 20,000 required for a license, but it was refused. We then lodged the cash, and received from the Board of Trade our warrant to transact an insurance business throughout the British Isles. Later, on learning that the Government would not allow us any interest on our cash deposit, we concluded that, as the government permitted it, we would invest the money we had " lodged " in Indian securi- il2 HISTORY OF THE ties, which would yield us 3 per cent, interest, and instructed Bro. McDougall to take the necessary steps to have the change made. Last June the Supreme Secretary was sent over to make another effort to get the Government to accept Canadian securities, and I am happy to tell you that his mission was successful, and the change has been effected, and our deposit with the Government is now in the shape of interest-bearing Canadian securities. We are, therefore, in this regard strictly in line with our charter. DIVISION OF TERRITORY INTO ELEVEN HIGH COURT JURISDICTIONS. It has been determined to divide England into seven provinces, each to be governed by a High Court. The " High Court of London," and the " High Court of Mid-England" have already been instituted by myself on the 4th of May last. The whole of England, except that embraced within the territorial jurisdiction of the High Court of London, has been, for the present, placed under the High Court of Mid- England, with the understanding that, whenever there are the constitutional number of courts in any of the provinces, the same may be set apart into a High Court jurisdiction, and a High Court duly constituted therein, if desired. Scotland has been set apart into one High Court jurisdiction, while L-eland has been divided into a north and south jurisdiction. There has also been a desire expressed to divide Wales into a north and a south jurisdiction, and the High Court which I had the honor of instituting at Cardiff, on the 16th of May, 1893, was formed with the understanding that its jurisdiction may be limited to the southern portion of the country. The matter, however? has not been finally determined, and it may be thought advisable to give to the present High Court, jurisdiction over the whole of Wales. From my experience in other Orders, it seems to me best, if any division be made, that it be on the lines of an English- speaking High Court and of a Welsh-speaking High Court, each having concurrent jurisdiction over the whole of Wales, POSSIBLE NEW FIELDS OF LABOR. You will be pleased to learn that the Order is not only reaching eastward, but is also extending westward, and already we have had a good court established in Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. I regret that Bro Rev. D. V. Lucas, who was sent to New Zealand COL. N. F. PATERSON, Q C, P.H.C.R. General Superintendent, Great Britain and Ireland. c < t C C ( '^ c - t * - .1 c ^ , c * , < INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 415 and Australia, to plant .the Order there, did not succeed owing to adverse legislation, a difficulty which has met us in a number of the States. The work done by Bro. Lucas, however, is, I think, not wasted, but is as bread cast upon the waters, which will in time yield us abundant returns. Since the introduction of the Order into Great Britain we have received inquiries regarding the I. O. F. from the Scandinavian countries, Belgium, France, India, South Africa, and elsev/here, and, but for the cholera in Europe, we might have had courts al- ready established in Sweden, Belgium and France. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Before referring to the amendments to our constitutions and laws, which the Executive Council recommends to be made, I may be permitted to direct your attention to the fact that one of the foundation principles of the Independent Order of Forest- ers is that each member shall bear his due proportion of the cost of the protection given by the Order to its membership. Hence it is that we exact different rates from brethren of different ages, to accord with the differences inthe cost of assurance as laid down in the standard tables of mortality. Not only this, but we have carefully classified our membership, so that if a brother be en- gaged in any pursuit which is accompanied with more danger than the ordinary pursuits of life, we equalize the cost of carry- ing his insurance with the rest of the membership by proportion- ately increasing the rate of assessments to be paid by him. This principle of the equalization of the rates, paid by each and every brother, is carried in America to the extent of charging members such rates as seem just and equitable by the Executive Council, when they move from the prescribed healthy area in the United States into those portions of the country where the mortality of the people is somewhat higher. Perhaps no other principle of our Order, than this one of requiring each brother to pay his just and due share of the cost of the manifold benefits given by us, has con- tributed to a greater degree in inspiring in the minds of intelli- gent people, wherever the I. O. F. has been established, that con- fidence in our Order which is so essential to our stability. Accord- ingly when we introduced the Order into Great Britain, this prin- 416 HISTORY OF THE ciple had to be considered. We found that there was a difference in the rate of mortality between the people of Great Britain on the one hand, and those of Canada and America on the other, taking the " Combined Experience Table," and the " American Ex- perience Table " as the standards, amounting to 5.63 per cent, in favor of America. But if the more recent tables, viz., the " Act- uaries (H^i) Table," and the " Meech (30 offices) Table"' be taken, we will find a difference of 5.56 per cent, in favor of America. If, however, we take the "Combined Experience Table" and the "Meech Table," we will find the mortality in Great Britain and Ireland to be 10.18 per cent, higher than in Canada and the United States. There was another factor present which had to be well weighed before determining the rules for Great Britain and Ire- land, and that was the matter of the expenses of management, which we found would in all probability be always very much higher than in America. EQUALIZATION OF THE COST OF BENEFITS. The Executive Council therefore decided that it would be right and equitable to use for Great Britain and Ireland the rates pre- scribed for the " hazardous class " as the ordinary rates, and the extra hazardous rates for the hazardous, and the following as the extra hazardous rates, for Great Britain and Ireland : EXTRA HAZARDOUS CLASS. AGE. 200 400 600 AGE. 200 400 600 s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. 18 3 8 7 4 11 34 5 3 10 6 15 9 19 3 8 7 4 11 35 5 6 11 16 6 20 3 9 7 6 11 3 36 5 9 11 6 17 3 21 3 9 7 6 11 3 37 6 12 18 22 3 10 i 8 11 6 38 6 3 12 6 18 9 23 3 10 7 8 11 6 39 6 6 13 19 6 24 3 11 7 10 11 9 40 6 9 13 6 20 3 25 4 8 12 41 7 14 21 26 4 1 8 2 12 3 42 7 3 14 6 21 9 27 4 2 8 4 12 6 43 7 6 15 22 6 28 4 3 8 6 12 9 44 7 9 15 6 23 3 29 4 4 8 8 13 , 45 8 16 24 30 4 6 9 13 6 46 8 6 17 25 6 31 4 8 9 4 14 47 18 27 32 4 10 9 8 14 6 48 9 6 19 28 6 33 5 10 15 49 10 20 30 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 417 One o the chief objections, almost universally raised in Great Britain, was that our rates were altogether too low, and the an- nouncement of the equalization of the rates, as above indicated, was received with great satisfaction by many of our members in the jurisdiction. Of course, all who had become Foresters prior to the time that the change was made would not be affected there- by, but they would continue to pay the same rates as if they lived in the more favored countries, viz., Canada and the United States. With the bright prospects before us of extending the Order throughout the civilized world, and thus making it a great inter- national organization, which will give to the people of every civil- ized land the great privileges and benefits we enjoy as members of our Independent Order of Foresters, the Executive Council recom- mends you to so amend the constitution and laws as to enable them to apply this principle of equalizing the taxation of our membership the world over, by adopting such rates for each country to which the Order shall be introduced in the future as will make the expense to our membership everywhere alike, viz., the cost of insurance, according to the standard mortality tables of the various countries to which the Order may be extended, with the " Meech (30 offices) Table " as tlie standard of unit. The fur- ther amendments to the constitution and laws that I submit for your consideration are to be found in the August issue of The Independent Forester. Since 1882, no appeal has ever been brought to the Supreme Court against any action or decision of your Supreme Chief Ran- er. This is due, not so much to any special wisdom or prudence displayed by him, as to our incomparable constitutions and laws, which have grown to their present perfection under the fostering care exercised by the Supreme Court. I have no doubt but that you will give to the proposed amendments the same careful consid- eration that you have always done in the past, and adopt such of them as you may deem for the best interests of our beloved Order. reserved cases. Your special attention is directed to claims which reached the Executive Council more or less clouded, and therefore, according to our laws, had to be reserved for your consideration. The 418 HISTORY OF THE papers in the several cases are properly marked ready to be hand- ed to the committee to whom you may refer the same. I regret to be obliged to state that four of the reserved cases are those of suicides, and require careful scrutiny on your part. It will, per- haps, be well to refer them, as you did at the last session, to a special committee. MEDICAL, examiner's FEES. I Your attention has been several times specially directed by the Medical Board to the fees paid to our Court Physicians for the examination of applicants for membership. While I fully recog- nize the duty of this Supreme Court to secure to workingmen the great benefits accruing to membership in our Order at a minimum of cost, yet I do not think it should be done so largely at the ex-, pense of our Court Physicians. Every physician who has experi- ence as an examiner for the old line companies, will tell you that the medical examination papers of the I. O. F. are perhaps the most rigid and searching of any extant. It seems to me that we could fairly ask those applicants who apply for the larger bene- fits to pay proportionately larger fees, and in this way, while not increasing the cost of the benefits to workingmen, yet in a measure more justly compensate our Court Physicians for the invaluable services they render to the Order, in examining our applicants in the manner we require them to do. I recommend, therefore, that you adopt for the future the following scale of examination fees, the dollars for America, and the pounds, shil- lings and pence for the British Isles. American Currency. English Currency Amount of Insurance. Examination Fees. For S500 S1.25 100 5/0 " 1,000 1.50 . .' 200 7/6 " 2,000 2.00 40010/0 " 3,000 3.00 60012/6 " 4,000 4.00 80015/0 " 5,000 5.00 1,000 1 TRIENNIAL SESSIONS. In view of the great expense involved in connection with our regular Sessions, and in view of the fact that our constitution and IXDEPEXDEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 419 laws are very nearly perfect, and in view of the large provisions made for calling Special Sessions, I recommend that in future our regular sessions be held triennially, instead of biennially, as at present. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS. As the Order grows larger and our territory more extended the responsibilities in connection with this most important depart- ment greatly multiply,- and the whole matter has had the serious consideration of your Executive Council. We have received some criticisms from our British Court Physicians regarding our pre- sent medical examination forms. Complaint has been made that we ask too many questions in these forms. I do not agree with this. It may be true that some of the questions, perhaps, have less point in Great Britain, but which are a great safeguard to the Order in America, as for instance, the question, " Do you re- ceive a pension ? " On the other hand, there may be some ques- tions, which would be of value in the British Isles, for which we have not felt the need in America. These, the eminent medical men, who form a part of the British delegation to the Supreme Court, will point out to us that they may be incorporated into the next edition of the medical examination forms, now being re- vised. I have already received a paper from Bro. John Gorden Wilson, M.D., M.B.,etc., the High Physician of Scotland, contain- ing some valuable suggestions which will be incorporated in the next edition of our Medical Examination Forms. The Executive are making arrangements so that the British examination papers may be reviewed at our London office, and those without a cloud passed at once, those that are imperfect re- turned for completion, and those that are clouded forwarded on to the " Home Office" for consideration by the Medical Board. There is one point about which I am tenacious, perhaps unneces- sarily so, and that is, that, as far as possible, the I. O. F. shall be identical in Canada, the United States, the British Isles, and wheresoever else it may, in the future, be introduced, and that an I. O. F. " Form " shall be alike the world over. 420 HISTORY OF THE A RETROSPECTIVE GLANCE. Let me now take a brief retrospective glance at the Order, beginning from its foundation, down to the present time. The I. O. F., as you know, was founded on the I7th June, 1874, at Newark, New Jersey, by some 400 or 500 discontented mem- bers of the "Ancient Order of Foresters." During the first year, the I.O.F. was, like the A.O.F., giving no endowment or insurance benefits, but only " sick," " funeral " and social benefits. At the first annual meeting after the founding of the Order, which was held in October, 1875, at Philadelphia, Pa., an endowment or insurance scheme was added to the system of the I. O. F. The Endowment Law which appears in the History of the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters as "Endowment Law, No. 1," was simple in the extreme. It provided that, on the death of a bro- ther, each surviving member should be assessed ten cents, all pay- ing a like sum, whether old or young. Whatever amount one assessment yielded, if it were not more than $1,000, was paid to the widow and orphans of the deceased. If an assessment yield- ed more than $1,000, then the $1,000 was paid to the beneficiaries and the balance returned to the Supreme Court as "surplus." When these surpluses amounted to $1,000, it was paid to a bene- ficiary without assessing the membership for such death claim. THE FIRST CLAIM PAID BY THE I. O. F. The first claim paid in the Order amounted to only $143.70, and was paid to the widow of Bro. Francis Ellis, who died 29th October, 1875, some ten days after the Endowment Law had been adopted by the Supreme Court. This law continued, with but slight modifications, till the London session of the Supreme Court, held in October, 1879. Under this law, the sum of $254,468.96 was paid to the beneficiaries of deceased Foresters, the last claim paid being that of Bro. Geo. W. Yost, of Court Ellsworth, No. 16, who died ^8th December, 1879. At the St. Louis session, the Supreme Court changed the law somewhat by requiring the subordinate courts to send all assess- ments to the Supreme Treasurer, who would pay out to the bene- ficiaries what was due to them. This change had become neces- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. , 421 sary, because, as the Order grew larger and larger, the number of deaths multiplied proportionately, so that some months courts were obliged to send 10 t'o 12 or more remittances to as many subordinate court endowment treasurers where deaths had oc- curred during the month. Sometimes also, endowment treasurers alleged that they had not received all that it was claimed had been sent to them, while in some few instances there was no attempt to conceal the fact that the endowment treasurer had gone wrong and misappropriated the funds to his own use. THE DEFALCATION AND SECESSIONS. The change, as noted above, was made in November, 1878, and the ariiended law came into effect the next month. By the end of January, 1879, the Supreme Treasurer was a fugitive from justice with $17,000 of the widows' and orphans' fund in his possession. He was captured at Black Rock, near Buffalo, while trying to escape into Canada. The Executive Council, on a com- promise with the ex -treasurer and his bondsmen, sliortly after- wards recovered some $11,000 of the stolen funds. The result of the defalcation was a secession in Illinois where the members formed themselves into an independent state jurisdiction, and are to be found to-day, principally in and about Chicago under the name of " The Right Worthy High Court of the Independent Order of Foresters of the State of Illinois," commonly called " I. O. F. of Illinois." In Canada all but 12 courts with 196 members seceded and formed the Canadian Order of Foresters. In 1879, the Supreme Court met in London, Canada, with a diminished membership. The estimate of the officers was that the I. O. F. lost over 4,000 members through the defalcation of the treasurer, and it is probable that the I. O. F. would have gone to pieces then and there had not a magnificent man, a man of great tact as well as firmness, been at the head of the Order at this period, in the person of Bro. Hon. Judge William B. Hoke, whom to know was to esteem and respect. INCREASE OF BENEFITS. At the session of the Supreme Court, held in London, 1879, the endowment law was radically changed. Instead of the endow- 422 HISTORY OF THE ment benefit being limited to only $1,000, it was provided thai in future the benefits should be $1,000, $2,000 or $3,000. Instead of the original "10 cents an assessment" the following scale was adopted : RATES OF ASSESSMENTS. $1,000 12,000 $3,|)00 21 years and under 30 . , $25 $ 50 $ "75 Over 30 and under 35 30 60 80 "35 " 40 35 70 1 05 "40 " 45 40 80 1 20 ''45 " 50 60 1 20 1 80 These rates were levied as often as required, or rather, as many assessments were " called " each month as were required to pay the death losses. Owing to the fact that up to this time, outside of Canada, practically no regular medical examinations existed in the Order, and consequently hundreds were not only in- itiated, but hundreds also were allowed to increase their endow- ments without a proper medical examination, it soon became the rule for three or four assessments to be levied each month, yet, in spite of these heavy assessments, by the time of the separa- tion, which took place in the Order in 1881, the Supreme Court was $34,000 in arrears in the endowment department. The amount paid to the widows and orphans under the last endow- ment law, up to the time of separation, was $267,000. REORGANIZATION OF THE SUPREME COURT. When the Supreme Court, at the New York session, in 1881, attempted to change the name of the Order to the " United Order of Foresters," the Canadian section of the Order refused to con- sent to the change, and when the American section carried out their purpose and abandoned the name of the I. O. F., the Canadian section simply reorganized the Supreme Court and placed the Order practically on its present basis. This was accomplished at Ottawa on the 1st of July, 1881. The changes made at this time were far-reaching, and, as the experience of the Order since has amply demonstrated, were wise and prudent. JAMES MARSHALL, H.C.R., Glasgow, Scotland, General Manager, Great Britain and Ireland. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 425 III the first place, the Order was changed from being an " as- sessment society/' in the ordinar}^ acceptation of the term, to a regular premium-paying Order. The limits of age, which had heretofore been 21 to 50, were widened, so as to admit persons from 18 to 54 years. The figures representing the "cost of risk" at the different ages from 18 to 54, as laid down in the " Actuaries','' or " Combined Experience Table," were taken, and loaded with a small percentage for management expenses, and adopted as the scale of premium rates to be paid by future members of the Order. EARLY TRIALS AND DIFFICULTIES. When the " numbering of the people " took place, there were found just 369 members in good standing in the Order in a few weak subordinate courts, and, notwithstanding there was over $4,000 of a debt, the leaders did not falter in their purpose to make a name for the Independent Order of Foresters, which would be a credit to its membership. By the end of the first year under the new regime, not only had every claim for benefits been paid promptly, but a large portion of the old debt had been paid off, and a small surplus of $3,523.29 was accumulated in the treasury. The membership had risen to 1,080. Everything looked bright and hopeful for raising the I.O F. out of the mire into which it had been dragged by the former rulers. Then another storm burst over the Order that for a time made things look gloomy indeed. As formerly, the trouble was from within. Some of our brethren, who seemed to think that they should have been chosen as leaders, but were not, left our ranks, and in doing so moved heaven and earth in their mad endeavors to compass the destruction of our beloved Order. They succeeded in re- ducing our membewship to 880 in October, 1882, and our balance in bank was down to $1,145.07. The leaders of a sister society gave every aid and comfort to those who were endeavoring to effect the ruin of the I.O.F. They even went so far as to offer to receive any courts of our Order which would secede from us and join them in a body, not only without the usual fees, but without any medical examinations. But all these efforts served only to arouse the energies of our leaders to renewed efforts to AA 426 HISTORY OF THE place the LO.F. in the forefront of fraternal beneficiary societies. From that time to the present, though the march onwards and upwards was for years very slow, yet in spite of all opposition, it was steady and unchecked, till to-day, by common consent, our beloved Independent Order of Foresters, with its 52,000 members and more, and its three-quarters of a million of dollars ^ or 154,109, of a surplus, is accorded the first place amoiig fra- ternal benefit societies. The Endowment Law, which was adopted at the reorganiza- tion of the Supreme Court, contained many of the main features of our present incomparable laws. But there have been some material improvements and additions made thereto since that time. The "Special Endowment" feature was added after a severe struggle, at Kingston, in 1884. During this year, $10,000 of the funds of the Order were deposited with the Post Office Savings Bank. At the next annual session held in Ottawa, the com- mission for instituting a new court, which was originally only $5, then raised to $15, and finally, in 1882, to $60, was raised to $75. The fifth annual session was held in St. John N.B., in August, 1886. The benefit for aged Foresters was added at this session. The next session was held in Montreal, Quebec, in August, 1887, when the Supreme Court adopted an amendment, making the sessions biennial. All applicants, other than charter applicants, were also required to pass the Medical Board before initiation. Heretofore applicants were allowed to be initiated as social members before passing the Medical Board. Saloon-keepers and hotel-keepers who attended their own bars, were placed in the " hazardous class." THE LO.F. SECURES A SPECIAL ACT OF INCORPORATION. The Supreme Court met next in Toronto, in 1889, where the S.C.R. had the satisfaction of reporting that the Order had taken another step in advance of sister societies by securing a special Act of incorporation from the Parliament of the Dominion, which was assented to on the 2nd May, 1889. A proposition was made to cut down the maximum age limit to 50 years. The S.C. R. met this by proposing that those between 50 and 54 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 427 years of age be not cut off altogether, but that they be charged the " cost of risk " from year to year, according to their actual age, as per the " Combined Experience Table," and which was adopted by the Supreme Court. Two years' experience satisfied the Executive that this changing rate from year to year was too troublesome, and they had the law amended to its present form, by which the old men of 50 to 54 years of age are charged the average of the "cost of risk" between their age at joining and 70 years of age. The Juvenile Branch of the Order was also created at this session, the Supreme Court having declined the previous year to do more than to authorize the formation of an experi- mental Court at London, Ontario. The next session of the Order was held in Detroit, in 1891. The sick and funeral benefit department was thoroughly re- modelled. The benefits for the first two weeks were reduced to S8, but those for the remaining ten weeks were left as formerly, at $5, while the rates were slightly raised. Saloon-keepers and hotel-keepers were restricted to "special membership," that is, they could no longer become full beneficial members, but would be al- lowed only very limited benefits in the Order, viz: the sick benefit. Soon after the close of this session, an attempt was made to raise a feeling of discontent among the rank and file of the Order. Advantage was taken of the changes made in the sick and funeral benefit department, and the raising of the salary of the Supreme Chief Ranger, to cause dissensions in the ranks A few of our members were misled, by the articles which ap- peared from time to time in a certain sensational journal, into believing that there was great dissatisfaction within the I. O. F. As a matter of fact, the discontent was limited to five or six courts. One of these issued a circular, which was deemed by the Executive Council to be inflammatory in its nature. The Supreme Chief Ranger promptly answered it, by imposing the highest penalty prescribed for such offences by the constitutions and laws, viz. : suspension of the charter. Nor would he consent to revoke the order for suspension till the court had withdrawn the oflfensive document. This action of the Supreme Chief Ranger had a most salutary eflfect, and no further effort was 428 HISTORY OF THE made to resort to unconstitutional methods to redress imaginary grievances. Nothing could more forcibly illustrate how the I. O. F. is feared by the old line companies than the promptitude with which this apparent discontent in the Order was seized by cer- tain of their organs and magnified to the utmost. It was repre- sented that the beginning of the end of the I.O.F. was at hand, and that its final destruction was only a question of time. No combination of circumstances, however, could have arisen that would have better served to bring out the strength of the bonds that unite our great fraternal organization into one solid indivisible body than these same ill-advised attacks. Foresters everywhere personally resented the aspersions cast upon their officers, as being attacks upon the I. O. F. itself. Everywhere the greatest activity prevailed in the subordinate courts, and the applications for membership, which in January, 1892, amounted to 1,195, increased to 1,736 in February, and rose to 2,513 in March, or a total of 5,105 in three months. The Order was started on its way in the British Isles, as already noted, in 1892. When instituting the High Courts of London and of Mid-England I had the honor of presenting an address which may be of interest to some of you, and therefore I have incorporated the same herein, as recently revised, as follows : ADDRESS BY ORONHYATEKHA, M.D., SUPREME CHIEF RANGER, ON THE OCCASION OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE HIGH COURTS OF LONDON AND MID-ENGLAND, 4tH MAY, 1893. It becomes my pleasant duty at this time to perform the ceremony of instituting the High Court of our noble Order in the Old World. I need not say that when I look into the faces of the members of the Order who are INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 429 present to assist me in thi.: work, I experience a profound satisfaction in having the privilege of performing this duty, feeling sure, as I do, that the brethren who will be selected to take charge of the affairs of the High Court vill not only faithfully guard the interests of the Independent Order of /"oresters, but that they will discharge their duties as officers of the High Court, with zeal, prudence and fidelity. Before proceeding to the special work for which this convention was called, I desire to make a few ob- servations on the foundation principles of the Independent Order of For- esters. The aim of the founders of the Order was primarily to bring the benefits of insurance, to a very limited degree it is true, within the reach of the industri- ous working classes who are to be found in the ranks of the great Friendly Societies. They sought to accomplish this by combining the benefit-giving powers of Friendly Societies with those of Insurance Corporations, and secure for the membership of the Order all those benefits which may be obtained in the two systems, and at such cost as to bring them within the reach of working men. At the beginning, only $1,000 was provided for as the insurance benefit, to be given to the members of our Order. It must be confessed that the founders of the Order had very little, if any, knowledge of the cardinal principles of insurance, and as a consequence the methods which they adopted for raising the funds wherewith to pay the insurance benefits ^o the widows and orphans were primitive in the extreme. They arranged ohat up j.i the death of a brother a uniform assessment should be levied upon all the surviving members, and from the proceeds of which the insurance benefit should be paid to the beneficiaries of the deceased Forester. For the protection of the Order in its infancy, a provision v/as incorporated in the constitution, that the beneficaries of a deceased brother should not be entitled to more than the proceeds of one assessment, nor in any event to more than one thousand dollars, and as the assessments exacted from sur- viving members were only ten cents per death, you will find in the records of the Order that the first insurance benefit paid, amounted to only S143. 70, indicating that at the date such death occurred there were only 1,437 mem- bers who paid the assessment. This system, crude as it was, continued un- changed till 1879, at which date the insurance benefits were increased by the addition of a two thousand and three thousand dollar class, and by a limited gradation of the rates of assessments to be paid by the membership. These modifications continued in force till 1881, when the separation be- tween the American and Canadian sections of the Order took place, the American section taking the name of the "United Order of Foresters," while tho Canadian section retained its original name, " The Independent Order of Foresters." It was then that the Order was reorganized, and changed from an " Assessment society " to a regular premium-paying Order as it is to-day. 430 HISTORY OF THE The brethren who undertook this difficult task sought to secure for the membership of to-day, as well as for the membership of a century hence, the insurance benefits at the lowest possible cost consistent with permanency and stability. They, therefore, studied well, not only the statistics furnished by actuaries at various times, but they also examined closely the teachings of insurance history, and they came to the conclusion that the figures of actu- aries were modified by certain conditions which were invariably present in well-regulated companies, and that by reason of such modifications insurance benefits could be legitimately furnished by a society like the Independent Order of Foresters for a much less sum than is usually charged by Old Line Insurance Companies. With your permission, I will point out some of these conditions that induced the brethren who were acting with me to depart from the figures given by actuaries, and adopt those which are given in our tables at the present time. THE THREE PREMIUM ELEMENTS. The premium rate of every insurance company, as you know, is made up of three elements, viz., the mortality, the expense, and^the reserve element, which, when added together, represent the "gross " or office premium, and is claimed to be the minimum amount which an insurance company ought to charge as annual premiums in order to be safe and permanent. The mor- tality element is based upon the tables of actuaries, and does not vary to any material extent among the various companies. The reserve element, how- ever, may vary somewhat, being modified for instance by the rate of interest on which the calculations are based, some taking 4 per cent., others 4^ per cent, as the standard. The expense element is one in which considerable variations take place in different companies, being indeed dependent upon the system pursued in the search for new business, and on an economical manage- ment generally. I may observe in passing that when applying for our Act of Incorporation the Superintendent of Insurance for the Dominion of Can- ada was constrained to admit that the expenses of the Lidependent Order of For- esters have been reduced to a minimum. The subjoined table shows these elements in a whole life policy for one thousand dollars, based on the "New Actuaries" or "Actuaries (H^) Table " of Mortality, and 4 per cenfe. as given by Mervin Tabor, one of the most eminent of American actuaries, and author of the " Three Systems of Life Insurance." These three elements added together, as in the fourth column, represent the amount that is generally charged by the Old Line Companies as annual premiums at the respective ages given in m: RONALD McDOUGALL, D.S.C.R.. London, England, Deputy Supreme Secretary, Great Britain and Irlland. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. TABLE No. 1. 433 Age Reserve Element. Mortality Element. The two Elements make the Net Premium. Expense Element. The three Ele- ments make the Gross Premium. 18 $ 5 54 $ 6 81 $12 33 .>$ 4 12 $16 47 19 5 76 6 88 12 64 4 22 16 86 20 5 98 6 97 12 95 4 i2 17 27 21 6 20 7 07 13 57 4 4:j 17 70 22 6 48 7 13 13 61 4 54 18 16 23 6 74 7 2J 13 J 6 4 66 18 62 24 7C2 7 31 14 33 4 78 19 11 25 7 31 7 41 14 72 4 91 19 65 2G 7 61 7 62 15 13 5 04 10 17 27 7 92 7 64 15 56 5 18 20 74 28 8 55 7 76 16 01 5 33 21 3t 29 8 69 7 9 16 48 5 49 21 97 30 8 95 8(2 16 97 5 6 22 615 31 9 34 8 15 17 49 5 83 23 Si 32 9 72 8 32 18 04 6 01 24 05 33 10 13 8 49 18 62 6 20 24-82 34 10 60 8 73 19 23 6 4J 26 65 35 11 01 8 83 19 87 6 62 26 49 36 11 63 9 01 50 54 6 85 27 ^9 37 12 07 9 19 21 26 7 09 28 36 Z8 12 62 9 40 i2 02 7 34 29 36 S9 13 22 9 60 2 5 82 7 61 Wis 40 13 86 9 82 23 68 7 89 31 57 41 U54 10 05 24 59 8 19 32 78 42 15 25 10 30 25 55 8 5! 34 07 43 ]5 95 10 64 26 59 8>6 35 45 44 16 63 11 C5 27 68 9 23 36 91 45 17 31 11 54 28 85 9 61 38 46 46 17 97 12 11 LO 08 10 03 40 11 47 18 64 12 75 31 39 TO 46 41 85 48 19 553 13 44 32 V7 10 9 5 43 69 49 20 06 14 17 84 23 11 41 4o64 50 50 78 15 00 35 78 11 92 47 70 51 21 53 15 89 27 42 12 47 49 89 52 22 29 J6 86 39 15 13 06 52 21 53 23 08 17 92 41 00 13 66 54 66 54 23 90 19 05 42 95 14 32 57 57 I may be permitted, in passing, to point out to you that old line com- panies, as will be seen from the above table, collect from their policy -holders for the "expense element" about an average of 25 per cent, of tJi^ groas pnminms received. Some c Hipanies spend much more than this, and in that case, of course, they use portions of the " reserve element " for purposes of management expenses. For instance, "The Confederation Life " expend- ed in 1891 for commissions and dividends 24.77 per cnt. of its total pre- mium income, including receipts for annuities. " The Sun Life " expended 27.24 per cent., while the " Citizens" expended, not reckoning what it paid for ' ' interest, " no less than 76 41 per cent. , and the ' ' Korth American Life ' ' 30.77 of total premium income. The experience of the British Companies is very like that of our Canadian Companies. As, for instance, the " British Equitable," in 1892, expended for commissions and management expenses 28.35 per cent, of its premium income ; the " Colonial Mutual " in 1891 used 29.06 ; the " London, Edinburgh and Glasgow," in 1891, used 43.90 ; while the " London Amicable " appropriated in 1889 55 S 8 per cent., in 1890 434 HISTORY OF THE 65 96 per cent., and in 1891 52.60 per cent., or an average during the three years of i!8.04 per cent, of its total premium income. You will find in the returns and reports of some companies that the actual expenditure for man- agement expenses is given at considerably less than 25 per cent, of the pre- mium income In some instances this expenditure is placed as lovi^ as 10 per cent. I must remind you, however, that it does not matter whether the ac- tual expenses paid be less or more, the companies invariably collect about 25 per cent, of the total premiums for purposes of management expenses. Of cpurse, this would not be so objectionable if the companies in giving surrender values always took into consideration the excess of the "expense element " received by them year after year from their policy-holders. In an address like the present, there is neither time nor space to do more than refer to the mo.tality tables. However, if one desires fuller infor- mation, on the subject, it can be found in the chapter on Mortality Tables in the history of the Independent Order of Foresters. For our purposes it will be sufficient to give the figures of the " Combined Experience Table " the table on which the rates of our Order are based and those of the " Ameri- can Experience Table," the " Actuaries' (H*') Table," (on one or the other of which mofct of the old line companies' premium rates are based), the '' Meech Table " (30 American offices), giving the cost of risk at each age from 18 to 54 years, the limits laid down in our constitutions and laws for admission to our Order. A study of these tables will show that the *' Com- bined Experience Table " is probably the best all-round table for a society like ours to adopt for determining the ratios of the rates to be paid by the members. The following are the four tables referred to : TABLE NO. 2. THE MORTALITY TABLES, SHOWISQ ANNUAL COST OF RISK FOR $',000. The Combined Ex- American Experi- Actuaries' (Hm.) Meech Male Table Age. perience Table. ence Table. Table. (SO American offices). 18 $7 13 $7 73 $4 79 $8 68 19 7 21 7 76 5 74 6 72 20 7 29 7 80 6 5:3 6 76 21 7 38 7 85 6 72 6 81 22 7 46 7 91 6 84 6 86 23 7 56 7 96 6 76 6 91 24 7 67 8 01 6 64 6 97 25 7 77 8 06 6 63 7 03 26 7 89 8 13 6 68 7 11 27 8 01 8 20 6 90 7 19 28 8 14 8 26 7 17 7 27 29 8 27 8 34 7 47 7 38 30 8 42 8 43 7 72 7 48 31 8 58 8 51 7 92 7 60 32 8 75 8 61 8 10 7 73 33 8 92 8 72 8 28 7 87 34 9 09 8 8i 8 tQ 8 03 35 29 8 95 8 77 8 '/I 36 9 48 9(9 9 11 8 39 37 9 6.) 9 23 9 46 8 19 38 9 91 9 41 9 78 8 83 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 435 TABLE l'(0.2. Continued. The Combined Ex- American Experi- Actuaries' (Hm.) Meech Male Table Age. perience Table. ence Table. Table. (30 American offices.) 39 $10 13 $9(9 $10 08 $ 9 08 40 10 L6 9 79 10 31 9 36 41 10 61 10 01 10 49 9 65 42 10 89 10 15 10 73 10 00 43 1125 10 52 11 13 10 35 44 11 70' 10 83 11 i6 10 ',6 45 12 21 11 16 12 19 11 20 46 12 84 11 56 12 94 11 69 47 13 52 12 to 13 70 12 23 48 14 i6 12 51 14 41 12 81 49 15 06 13 11 15 22 13 46 50 15 94 13 78 15 95 14 17 51 16 90 14 54 16 67 14 95 52 17 t5 15 39 17 {.5 5 81 53 19 09 16 33 18 to 16 75 64 20 31 17 40 19 7 3 17 78 If we study the figures of these tables, we will readily understand the basis of the " mortality element " in the premium rates of insurance companies. We may observe, in passing, that there are now two recognized methods for arranging the premium rates of companies. The one is to charge the cost of risk from year to year without loading for the "reserve element." Under this method the premium rates increase from year to year as the policy-holder grows in age. This method has been adopted, in recent times, by a few com- panies, and they are usually known as " natural premium " companies. " LEVEL PREMIUM " COMPANIES. The other method, which is almost universally in vogue among old line companies, is to load the " mortality element " with the " reserve element," in which case the policy-holder at the beginning, and for some years after, pays a much larger sum for his insurance than the estimated cost to carry the same, while in later years of his life he pays somewhat less than the esti- mated cost. By reason of the fact that under this method the premium rates do not increase, but remain the same from start to finish, the companies adopting it have been called the "level premium" companies. You can readily understand how under such a system insurance companies make large profits on all poKcy-holders who permit their policies to lapse or be- come forfeited within the first few years. When, however, constructing a table of rcktes for insurance companies, actuaries assume that there will be no lapses, but that every policy-holder will keep his policy alive till it matures, tnd no account, thirefore, is taken by them of the gains accruing to com- panies by reason of the lapses which are constantly occurring in all com- panies. In theory, no doubt, this is strictly correct, and speaking from an actuarial standpoint no company can be considered safe unless it requires a sufficient sum from each pol.cy-holder in the way of j)remiums lo enable it to accumulate therefrom a sum ecjuivalent to the face of the policy, by the timq the expectation of life is reached, and as it is not thought desirable in the 436 HISTORY OF THE great majority of cases, as already stated, to increase the premium rates from year to year, a sum is added to the cost of risk, as laid down in the actuaries' tables, so as to make a certain even sum which the policy-holder is required to pay from the beginning of the life of his policy till maturity. This addition to the cost of risk is called " LOADING FOR THE RESERVE," and is equivalent to the " reserve element " in a premium. Thus, according to the " Actuaries (HM.) Table," at 25 years of age, the cost of risk for 11,000, as adjusted by Mervin Tabor, at 4 per cent, is only $7.41, but to this is added ^.31 as the ' reserve element," making a total of $14.72, as the proper "net premium," which ought to be paid at that age, and when the "expense ele- ment" of $4.91 is added, we get a total of $19.63, as the " gross premium " rat charged under this method for a man taking out a policy in his 25th year. Most old line companies rate their applicants at '* next birthday," so that the rates above quoted v/ould be for a man 24 years of age. It will be seen from this, that every policy-holder in the ordinary insurance company is required to pay to the company during his first years of connec- tion therewith, far in excess of the estimated cost to the company to carry his risk, by reason of the fact that the " reserve element" will not be re- quired by the company to pay any part of the cost of risk till years after- wards It is true, of course, that if a policy-holder live 1 11 his expectation of life, he will reach a period when the payments which he makes to the company will be less than it will cost to carry his ri k at that age. As a matter of fact, however, according to the " Actuaries (H^- ) Table," the cost of risk dpes not exceed the "net premium" of $14 72 mentioned above till twenly-four years afterwards, or till the policy-holder has reached his 49th year, when the cost of carrying his risk reaches $15.22, and it is not till then that any portion of the "reserve element" which the company has been collecting for 24 years is required to be used by the company to carry the risk. Every policy-holder, therefore, who enters a company when twenty five years of age, and who pays the premiums usually required by old line com panics at such an age, contributes to the treasury of the company for the ''mortality element" and "reserve element" alone, $45,41 (Tabor's adjust- ment), during the first three years of his connection therewith, to which there must be added before you ascertain the whole burden of carrying the policy, $15.13 for the " expense element," while the actuarial estimate of the cost "Actuaries (H^^ ) Table" of carrying the insurance during the three years, as adjusted by Tabor, is only $22 57; thus yielding the company a clear profit of 22.84 for each and every one of such policy-holders, out of the premiums paid at that age, and this without taking into account the $15.13 additional, which is the sum usually apportioned by companies for management expenses, and out of which considerable more profits are made by some companies at least. For a period of five years the actuarial estimate of the cost of this same in- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 437 surance would be $33.22, but a company would collect therefor, in addition to the "expense element," the net premiums of $77.90 (Tabor's adjustment^ thus making a profit of at least $39.68. For a term of ten years the actuarial estimate "Actuaries (H^. ) Table " as per Tabor of the cost of insurance, without taking into account the " ex- pense element" amounts to $79.93, but an old line company would collect the "net premiums," which would amount to $168.25, thus taking in ex- cess of the actuarial estimate of the cost of carrying the risk, the sum of $88.32, without taking into account the interest on the accumulations during the ten years, nor of the "expense element" of $56.05. The sub- joined analysis showing the proportions of the premiums on a $10,000 policy, allotted to each "element," during twenty-five years, will show at a glance the immense sums that are paid by the insured for the "reserve element," and which are seldom required for purposes of legitimate insur- ance, so far as a large proportion of the insured are concerned. In the illus- tration we have taken, it will be observed that the policy-holder not only pays the cost of his insurance from year to year, amounting at age thirty to $80.20, and increasing till at age fifty-two it amounts to $168.60, but also pays yearly $56.60 for management expenses. In addition to all this, he is re- quired to pay for the "reserve element" a certain yearly sum, beginning with $89.50, at age thirty, and ending at age fifty-two with $1.10, amount- ing in the aggregate, compounded at 4% interest, to $2,528.00. For what purpose is this large additional sum, over and above the cost of insurance and a most liberal allowance for management expenses, required of policy-holders. It is said that it is to enable the company to carry the risk without increasing the premium rate of $226.30 when at age fifty-three (being the 24th year of the life of the policy) the mortality and expense elements together amount to $9.50, and at age fifty-four to $20.80 more than the yearly premiums, and therefore these deficits have to be taken from the reserve fund ]reviously accumulated in order to make up the yearly premium of $226.30. No consideration however is given to the fact, as shown in Table No. 4, that the duration of policies average only from 5.64 years to 9.12 years. ANALYSIS OF THE PREMIUMS PAID DURING 25 YEARS. ON A WHOLE LIFE POLICY FOR $10,000. AGE AT ENTRY 80 YEARS. Age. Mortality Resei-ve Expense Element. Element. Element. 30 80 20 $89 50 $56 60 31 81 50 - 88 20 56 60 S2 83 20 86 50 56 60 33 84 90 84 80 56 60 34 87 30 82 40 56 60 35 88 30 81 40 56 60 36 90 10 79 60 56 60 37 91 90 77 80 56 60 38 94 00 75 70 56 60 39 96 00 73 70 56 60 Total Annual Premium. 8226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 226 30 438 HISTORY OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE PREMIUMS PAID DURING 25 YEARS -Continued Age. Mortality Reserve Expense Total Annual Element. Element. Element, Premium 40 98 20 71 50 56 60 226 30 41 100 50 69 20 56 60 226 30 42 103 00 66 70 56 60 226 30 43 106 40 63 30 56 60 226 3a 226 30 V 44 110 50 59 20 56 60 45 115 40 54 30 56 60 226 30 46 121 10 48 60 56 60 226 80 47 127 50 42 20 56 60 226 30 48 134 40 35 30 56 60 226 30 49 141 70 28 00 56 60 226 30 50 150 00 19 70 56 60 226 30 51 158 90 10 80 66 60 226 30 52 168 60 1 10 56 60 226 30 53 179 20 -9 50 56 60 226 30 54 190 50 -20 80 56 60 226 30 Such facts as these, especially when taken in connection with the "medical se- lection," seemed to us, when reorganizing the Order, most important factors in considering what was theactual cost of insurance. When we found that it took nearly a quarter of a century for a policy-holder to reach the line of demarca- tion when the premiums exacted by old line companies became less than the mortality and expense elements added together, and therefore the accumula- tions of the "reserve element" were not required to be used till then, we came to the conclusion that, in view of the facts disclosed in table No. 4, as to the average duration that policies were kept alive, we could safely leave the "reserve element" in the hands of our membership to be called for when actually needed. We observed that in constructing the "Combined Experi- ence Table," the actuaries found the average life or duration of the policies in the seventeen Brit sh offices was only 8.50 years, and that the average of the life of the policies brought under observation, in constructing the "New Actuaries " or " Actuaries' (H^) Table," was only 9.12 years, while the tables of rates were based on the assumption that all policies would be kept in force on an average thirty years or over. When we remember that the foundation principle of the Independent Order of Foresters is to furnish protection to its members at cot whatever that may be, and when we take into consideration the fact that the membership of active companies are* being constantly re- newed with fresh and presumably with young lives, we can understand how the rate of mortality in a society like the I.O.F. may be, for an indefin- ite time, kept far below the estimated rates laid down in the various standard tables of mortality. But these were not the only considerations that forced the coiviction upon us that the assurance benefits of the Order could be given at the figures laid down in our Constitutions and Laws, REV. W. J. McCAUGHAN, D.S.C.R., High Chief Rangei North Ireland. 440 HISTORY OF THE EFFECT OF MEDICAL SELECTION. Another factor presented itself to us, equally important in its bearing up- on the question of the actual cost of insurance, and that was the effect of medi- cal selection. We found that during the first five years' experience with a given number of policy-holders, the cost of insurance did not by any means amount even to the estimates given by actuaries ; in other words, that instead of it costing a company during the first five years, the actuarial estimate of .$34.85 according to the "Actuaries' (H^) Table," or $40.08 according to the *' Combined Experience Table," to carry the policy of a man taking $1,000 at his 25th birthday, it would cost only about one-half of that sum, or about 20.00, thus still farther increasing the profits of the company. Our own experience in this respect confirms that of other companies and societies, as the following will clearly demonstrate. I. O. F. EXPERIENCE. In 1888 we initiated 6,573 members, whose average age was about 35 years. We received from them during the first year of their membership $28,154, out of which we paid for management expenses $1,407, and for benefits $9,- 003, leaving a balance to our credit on the first year's premiums ( f $17,747. During the five years ending with the 31st December, 1892, we received from them $232,034, out of which w^e paid for management expenses $11,001, and for benefits $108,000, making the total disbursements $119,601, leaving a balance in our hands of $112,433 out of the jmall premiums paid to us durr ing the five years by those five thousand odd initiates. According to the " Combined Experience Table " we should have paid out in insurance benefits during the five years, on account of these members, $270,290, instead of $108,000, so that our actual mortality was over 60 per cent, below the expected mortality as laid down in the " Combined Experi- ence Table." We might observe, in passing, that if we examine the records of the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters we shall find that the average duration of the membership of these 5,573 initiates does not differ materially from the aver- age life of the policies involved in the computations connected with the ^Actuaries' (H^' ) Table." As a matter of fact out of the 5,573 who joined the I.O.F. in 1888 there were left at the end of 1892 only 4,014, the rest having either died or lapsed, and their places filled by *'new blood" fresh from the medical examiner's hands. It must occur to you that if this process of recording the membership of the I.O.F. goes on indefinitely, and there is no reason why it should not, the rate of mortality in the Order must always be below the rates laid down in the Actuaries' Tables, and that, too, without taking into consideration that the average age of the membership of the I.O.F. is considerably lower than the average age of the policy-holders of the ordinary old line companies. INDEPEXDEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 441 In 1889 we initiated 6,651 members, and they paid us during the four years ending with the 31st December, 1892, the sum of $218, 944, out of which we jjaid for management expenses $10,947, and for benefits $108,000, leaving a balance at the end of the four years to our credit on their account of $99,997. According to the figures of actuaries, instead of the above sum of $108,000 we should have paid out $255,198. In 1890 we initiated 10,590 members, and they paid us during the three years ending at the same time $263,749, out of which we paid for manage- ment expenses $13,187, and for insurance benefits $120,000 instead of $301,- 394, which was the actuarial estimate, leaving us a balance of $130,562. In 1891 we initiated 12,356 more members, who paid us for the two years ending with the 31st December, 1892, 191,004, out of which we paid for man- agement expenses $9,550, and for benefits $88,000, leaving a balance in our favor of $93,454. According to actuaries, we should have paid for benefits $231,922. In 1892 we initiated 16,134 members, who paid into our treasury during the year the sum of $87,717, out of which we paid for management expenses $4,385, and for benefits $19,000, instead of the actuarial estimates of $149,- 884, leaving a balance to our credit of $64,332. Thus, during the five years, we received from members initiated during that period $993,448, out of which we paid for management expenses $49,670 and for benefits $443,000, leiaving a balance to our credit, without taking into account the interest earned, the goodly sum of $500,778. If, however, we had had the experience laid down in the tables of actuaries, we should have paid out, during these five years, on account of the members we initiated in that time, the sum of $1,208,678 instead of $443,000, which would have given us a deficit of $215,230 instead of the profit which we did make, viz. , $500,778, notwithstanding that we charged our members but a small fraction over the "cost of risk," as laid down in the " Combined Experience Table," and without any loading whatso- ever for the reserve. NEW BLOOD AND LAPSES. The infusion of "new blood " is another factor which serves to modify the actual cost of insurance. For example, as already stated, we initiated, in 1888, 5,573 members. The mortality rate among them, or among the " per- sisting members," during the year, viz., 1888, was 1.43 per 1,000. In 1889, it was 3.02 ; in 1890, it was 4.07 ; in 1891, it was 5.82 ; and in 1892, 6.52, or a mean rate of mortality of 4. 17 during the five years. But, by reason of the infusion of " new blood," the mean mortality rate among the members initiated from 1888 to 1392, both inclusive, was only 3.20, instead of 4.17 ; thus very materially rsducing the cost of carrying the risks. So long, there- fore, as this infusion of . "new blood" continues, so long will the actual cost to the Order of carrying its risks be less than is laid down in the table of actu- aries, even without any lapses among the membership. But if, in addition to the infusion of "new blood," we have lapses occurring constantly, we shall, BB 442 HISTORY OF THE in the course of time, have replaced the old with new members, fresh from the hands of medical examiners. Taking our own experience : In 1892, we had 5,189 lapses, out of an average membership of 37,114, equal to 13.98 per cent., so that, if this same experience continues for the next seven or eight years, we shall practically, by that time, have renewed our whole member- ship. The experience, in this respect, of old line companies is the same, and is tersely set forth in the *' Pocket Chart," by J. Thomson Paterson. author of the "Fundamental Principles of Insurance," etc. : TABLE NO. 3. THIRTY AMERICAN OFFICES' EXPERIENCE. What becomes of 1,000 policy-holders and SI 000 000. |s ."So a^i rt'o.S ^ s 1 "5 o i: tS6 ;^t^.2lS 5 .s Amount req for death 1 each yea w Number of supposed t insured for each, every those who d discontinue replaced by ones. 1 6 95 8 6,000 $30,000 1,000 2 8 182 8,000 30,000 1,000 3 9 103 9,000 30 000 1,000 4 10 83 10,000 30,000 1,000 5 10 69 10,000 30,000 1,000 6 11 60 11,000 30,000 1,000 7 11 50 11,000 30.000 1,000 8 12 53 12,000 30,000 1,000 9 11 34 11,000 30,000 1,000 10 12 29 12,000 30.000 1,000 11 12 27 12,000 30,000 1,000 12 13 24 13,000 30,000 1,000 13 14 19 14,000 30,000 1,000 14 14 15 14,000 30,000 l,noo 15 14 167 17 14,000 30,000 1,000 Totals 860 $167,000 $450,000 15,000 Observe that more than five discontinued for every one that died, and that the average death rate each year for the fifteen years was on^i/ 11. 13 per 1,000, and the discontinued 57.33. The original, from which the above is compiled, may be seen on pages 160-61, "System and Tables of Life Insurance," by Hon. Levi W, Meech. AVERAGE LIFE OF POLICIES. According to the testimony of that eminent actuary, Sheppard Homans, author of the American experience table of mortality, the average life of American policies was only seven years. If this be true, then the insured lives of companies arc always within sight of the medical examiners, because if the constant replacing of the lapsed policies by new risks. That Sheppard Homans vns not far from the truth can be established by abundance of evi- dence from the records of lifo offices down to the present time. At the annual convention of the insurance commissioners, held in Denver, Colorado, in 1889, W. D. Whiting, actuary and insurance commissioner, of INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 443 the State of Maine, read a paper, from which the following is an extract : ' ' The AVERAGE EXPECTATION OF LIFE IS ABOUT THIRTY YEARS, WHEREAS THE AVERAGE DURATION OF POLICIES IS LESS THAN TEN YEARS." In a work published by Morice A. Black, Fellow of the Institute of Actuar- ies, entitled, "The Progressive Policy of the Australian Mutual Provident Society," page 84, there appears the following: "The average age of the policies brought under observation in several of the more important mortal- ity statistics, will be seen from the following table " : TABLE NO. 4. s 8 2 tJD Table of Mortality. il a ^ li If fri o O to ir 1^ No. of policies or lives embraced in the observations. d Policies. Lives. 17 Combined Experience. Institute of Actuaries. Scotch Offices. Mutual of New York. 1706 to 1834 1720 to 1845 1815 to 1843 1843. 1837 1863 1863 1873 8.50 9.12 8.54 5.64 83,905 *'ii5,2'54"* 20 10 1 146,847 94,749 101,967 EXPERIENCE verSllS THEORY. No one can study the figures given in tables 3 and 4 without being con- vinced that the conditions present in actual experience are entirely different from those which, according to actuaries, are supposed to exist, and on which they base their calculations in constructing the premium rate tables of the old line companies. Nevertheless in estimating the probable cost of insur- ance, in spite of the information possessed by them and by everybody having a knowledge of insurance matters, actuaries do not take into consideration that a large proportion of the policies will be kept alive for a few years only, and then allowed to lapse, and the excess of premiums already paid, if not entirely, certainly the greater part, confiscated to the company. Ordinary common sense will tell us that with such confiscations as are indicated in Table No. 4, the actual cost of insurance must be much less than is charged by old line companies. So, also, when we remember that the average expectation of life is over thirty years (and we know that as the sanitation of countries improves, this average will increase), and that the calculations of actuaries are based on this average expectation of life, we cannot wonder at the enormous profits made by old line companies when we learn from experience that the average duration of the life of policies is less than ten years. Indeed, table No. 4 discloses to us the astounding fact that the highest duration of the life of policies brought under observation in constructing the various standard mortality tables referred to therein, was only 9.12 years, while one was as low as 5.64 years. We can also understand in a measure, from the figures 444 HISTORY OF THE presented to us in table No. 5, showing the enormous sums of insurances terminated otherwise than by death or maturity, why active and well-maip' aged insurance companies are never called upon to use a dollar of the ' ' re- serve element " collected by them from year to year from all their policy- holders. TOTALS OF INSURANCES TERMINATED. The figures in table No. 5 are taken from J. Thomson Paterson's book, to show the total insurances undertaken by some of the best ajid oldest American old line companies, and the totals of insurances terminated since organization, as well as the mode of such terminations. TABLE No. 5. TOT.\L INSl'RAXCES EFFECTED. Name of Company. 11 11 Total Insurance writ- ten since orjjani- zation to 1st Janu- ary, 1891. Total Insurance in force on 1st Januarj, 1891. Total Insurance ter- mii>ated since or- ganization to 1st January, 1891. iEtna Life 40 39 44 31 31 39 40 46 48 47 46 32 44 44 41 40 $ 459,323,259 80,480,404 512,232,683 1,747,712,238 100,757,131 196,617,171 202,941,843 490,302,493 1,571,945,866 308,812,020 1,326,577,508 518,978,449 184,422,708 65,677,396 195,270,892 158,587,332 $ 117,656,381 28,374,563 153,234,742 720,662,473 29,027,638 63,290,789 54,500,754 172,840,944 638,041,180 84,024,809 569,338,726 238,908,807 90,278,701 35,017,951 28,218,753 36,322,163 $ 341,666,878 Berkshire Life 52,105,841 Connecticut Mutual Equitable, N. Y 358,997,941 1,027,049,765 71,729,493 Massachusetts Mutual Manhattan Life Mutual Benefit Mutual Life New Ensrland Mutual New York Life North-Western Mutual . . . Penn. Mutual State Mutual 133,326,382 148,441,089 317,461,549 933,904,686 224,787,211 757,238,782 280,069,642 94,144,007 30,659,439 167,052,139 122,245,169 Union Mutual . . United States Life ... . . MODE AND PERCENTAGE OF TERMINATION. Insurance Terminated. Percentage of Insurance Tenninated. Name of Company. By Death and Maturity. Otherwise than by Death and Maturity. Death and Matur- ity. Otherwise than by Death and Maturity. iEtna Life Berkshire Life Connecticut Mutual Equitable Life $ 42,348,990 5,8.31,673 77,254,373 80,843,688 7,286,632 11,545,524 19,849,530 59,208,259 138 919,012 28,844,626 75,926,620 28,004,378 13,115,781 4,335,855 14,653,976 9,134,673 $299,317,978 46,274,168 281,743,568 946,206,077 64,442,861 121,780,858 128 591 559 258,253,290 794,985,674 195,942,585 681,312,162 352,065,264 81,028,226 26,323,690 152,398,163 113,130,496 9.20 7.25 12.15 4.63 7.23 5.78 9.79 12.07 8.84 9.33 5.73 5.40 7.11 4.60 7.49 7.02 65.16 57.49 56.95 54.13 63 96 61.93 63.35 52.67 50.57 63.45 51.35 67.83 43.93 40.08 78.04 71.33 74.36 64.74 69.10 58.76 HomeLife Massachusetts Mutual Manhattan Life Mutual Benefit 71.19 67.71 73.14 64.74 Mutual Life, N. Y New England Mutual New York Life North-Western Mutual. . . . Penn. Mutual State Mutual 59.41 72.78 57.08 73.23 51.04 46.68 Union Mutual 85.53 United States Life 78.35 You will see from the figures in the above table, that the experience of old line companies in respect of lapses is similar to our own, and quite in har- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 445 mony with the testimony of eminent actuaries. This being the case, we should naturally have expected that the rates exacted by the old line com- panies would have been greatly reduced, instead of being continued on a scale so greatly in excess of the legitimate requirements of the business. That their premiums are far in excess of what is required to meet their losses, is a fact amply demonstrated by the figures given in Table. No. 6, which shows the actual experience of some of the larger American companies. TABLE NO. 6. EXPERIEXCK OF 16 COMPANIES. Name of Company, II Total premiums collected since organization. Total Death Claims and Endowments paid since organization. Premiums in excess of Claims and Endowments. ^tnaLife. . Berkshire Life . Connecticut Mutual.. . Equitable, N.Y 40 39 44 31 31 39 40 46 48 47 46 32 44 44 41 40 8 94,280,448 14,344,120 164,258,948 261,768,842 18,812,112 30,195,699 38,219,927 132,813,423 338,742,358 61,469,993 245,587,220 84,559,801 37,372,893 12,172,172 31,561,846 22,163,906 a 42,348,895 5,831,673 77,254,373 80,843,688 7,286,632 11,545,524 18,849,530 59,208,259 138,918,012 28,844,626 75,926,620 28,004,378 13,115,781 4,335,855 14,653,976 9,134,673 $ 51,931,553 8.512,447 87,004,575 180,925.154 11,525 480 18,650,175 19,370,397 Home Life. Massachusetts Mutual . . . Manhattan Life Mutual Benefit Mutual Life, N. Y New England Mutual New York Life 73,605,164 249,824,346 32,625,367 169,660,600 Northwestern Mutual . Penn. Mutual State Mutual 56,555,423 24,257,112 7,836,317 Union Mutual United States Life.. 16,907,870 13,029,233 There is but one reasonable explanation to be given of the figures in the above table, especially when taken in connection with the universal testi- mony of actuaries of eminence as to the periodic rejuvenation, if I may be allowed the term, of companies and societies, and that is, that the old line companies collect from their policy-holders far more than is actually required for insurance purposes. For if you take from the $1,022,221,213 remaining from the premium receipts after payment of all claims as shown in table No. 6, say S409,580,927, which is about the proportion of the expense element in the premiums, as the sum required and expended for management expenses, we should still have remaining of the premiums, without including interest earned, the sum of $612,640,286 in the hands of the above old line com- panies, represented in table No. 6. Or if we take the experience of three of the best known American old line companies, viz, : The Mutual Life of New York ; the New York Life and the Equitable, as shown in their sworn reports on file in the Insurance Department of the State of New York, we will find the following facts in connection with their work for five years, viz. : from 1886 to 1890, both inclusive, they received from their policy-holders, for x^remiums alone, the enormous sum of $319,504,425, out of which they paid for claims, including death losses and matured endowments, only $113,- 451,821, thus leaving a balance for management expenses and dividends, and for accumulation, the sum of $206,0C>2,604. If we deduct from the above bal- 446 HISTORY OF THE ance the expenses paid, viz. : $75,531,050, we shall still have left in the coffers of the companies out of the five years' premiums, a balance of $130,521,554, or a matter of only $26,104,310 for each company, and this, mark you, was after the companies had been doing business on an average over forty years. We have taken no note in the above figures of the millions which these companies received during the five years in the shape of profits and interest on the surpluses, or unused portions of the premiums paid to them in previ- ous years by their policy-holders, amounting to the sum of $78,377,539, which would have paid in round numbers two-thirds of all losses which the companies had to meet during the five years. With such facts in the history of life insurance companies coming under our observation, you can well understand our contention that even the old line companies could very materially reduce the amount they collect from their policy-holders on account of the " reserve element," and still have an abundance wherewith to pay all claims. Indeed, you are aware that there are now several insur- ance companies in existence which have greatly reduced their premium rates, and yet are able to meet all obligations, and are prospering beyond expect- ations. These, which may be termed the ** modern life insurance companies," have brought their rates down to a point which is not much higher than those of the Independent Order of Foresters ; probably not any higher than is entailed upon them by reason of the necessary difference in the " expense element" between them and the I. O. F., due to their not having the "lodge system." MODIFICATIONS. Having then in view the profits arising from the medical selection of mem- bers, the modifications made by the infusion of new blood, and the effect of lapses, practically renewing the membership of a company before the effect of the medical selection has entirely passed away, I think you will agree with me that we had very strong grounds for concluding that insurance benefits could be furnished to the people of this country, and to the people of every civilized country, not for a time only, but from one generation to another, for very much less than is usually charged by old line companies. I think further that you will say that we were justified in coming to the conclusion that insurance could be furnished legitimately considerably below the net insurance figures given to us by actuaries in their insurance tables, but just how much less was not an easy problem to solve. After careful con- sideration of all the circumstances connected with the case, and an exhaus- tive study of the experiences of insurance companies and of societies, we con- cluded that, if we collected from our members the amounts laid down in the *' Combined Experience Table" at age of entry, with a small per cent, ad- ded for expenses, it would be sufficient for all time, and that it would not be necessary to increase these rates as time passed on and the surviving and persisting members increased in age. JOSEPH MALINS, G.O.T. OF I.O.G.T. High Chief Ranger, Mid-England. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 449 In case, however, it should prove that we had under-estimated the actual cost of insurance, and that we should reach a time when the rates charged by us would be inadequate to pay the benefits provided for in our Constitutions, we reserved to ourselves the authority and power to call for extra premiums whenever required. It is due that I should state that, while this reservation was made, we believed that we should never be called upon to exercise the powers given us therein ; and, after an experience of nearly twelve years under the new regime^ we believe this more firmly than ever. During all this time, nothing has occurred in our history to indicate that these estimates were erroneous. On the contrary, as we grow in years, we are strength- ened in our views that THE REAL COST OF INSURANCE IS WITHIN THE RATES OF OUR ORDER. I am sometimes asked if the reservation of this power does not make the liability of the I. O. F. unlimited ? I answer, no. The liability of every Forester is limited, in the first instance, by the cost of our insurance, and, in the second instance, by the duration of a brother's membership ; for as soon as a Forester discontinues his membership, his liabilities to the Order termi- nate. Nor can any more premiums be exacted from him than his due share of the actual cost of insurance. STRONG CORROBORATIVE EVIDENCE. Just before sailing from Canada, one of our best and oldest insurance com- panies, viz., "The Canada Life," held its forty-sixth annual general meeting' and, singularly enough, the statement submitted by the directors furnished one of the strongest corroborative evidences that we have ever had from an old line company as to the soundness of the position of the Independent Order of Foresters upon the question of premium rates. We find from this statement that the company received in 1892, on pre- mium account, the sum of $1,719,351.87, and paid for death losses $633,885 ; for matured endowments, $58,000, or a total of $691,885 ; and for expense account, $304,448.17. If we add to this latter $25,000, paid to the share- holders, we shall have a total of $329,448.17 paid to carry on the afiairs of the company during the year, or nearly two dollars and fifty cents for each dollar paid to the widows and other beneficiaries. The President, in moving the adoption of the report of the Directors, said, among other thing : *' The income of the year was $2,344,077, it having been doubled in the last ten years. We paid for death and endowment claims the sum of $691,- 885, but the total death claims of the year amounted to $771,726, the balance of which was awaiting the production of proofs of death or title to discharge the company. While this sum is a considerable one, it is within the amount expected and provided for, although I may mention that besides having, as 450 HISTORY OF THE the report states, a great many deaths from la grippe and the numerous ill- nesses by which it was succeeded, we had also an unusual number of deaths from sudden and what may be called uncontrollable causes. For example, ten of our policy-holders for $42,300 died by drowning and other accidents ; two for $9,000 were murdered, and five for $13,000 were the unfortunate victims of suicide, making altogether such an amount of loss from such causes as we had not before experienced. KotwiLhstanding that, however, the year's income from interest was within $10,000 of the amount of the death claims paid, leaving^ it may be said^ after paying expenses aiid other charges^ the year's prenuum receipts in the company's hands jor accumidaMon." We should have expected from the teaching of actuaries that in companies which were twenty or more years old there would be some indications as to the necessity of collecting the "reserve element" embraced in their premi- ums. In other words, that the death rate among the policy-holders of such companies would have become so large, by reason of their increased ages, that it would be no longer possible to pay the losses from the premium receipts alone, but that the companies would be compelled to draw on their reserve fund chests to help pay their losses. Instead of which, however, we find here a company which, in its 46th year, was able to pay nearly the whole of its claims, viz.: $771,726 from the year's income from interest on past accumulations, leaving the entire year's premium receipts, except the small sum of $10,000, in the company's hands for accumulation. Whence came the funds from which such a large sum of interest was derived ? From the unused portions of the premiums paid by policy-holders in previous years, or, in other words, from that portion of the premiums received by the company in excess of the actual cost of the life insurance which it had furnished, being composed in part of the whole of the " reserve element " it has been collecting during the past forty-six years. It is sometimes said that the experience of British life companies will not bear out the evidence given by those of Canadian and American old line companies upon this point. Let us take, therefore, the experience of a rep- resentative British company, viz., the "Prudential" which was founded in 1848, and therefore now in its 46th year. We find that this great company in 1891 in its ordinary business, that is, exclusive of the ' * industrial depart- ment," received from its policy-holders a premium income of $7,021,363, out of which it paid for death losses and matured endowments the sum of $1,- 883,915, so that this representative company did not require, even in its forty-fourth year, to use any of the "reserve element" to meet its losses, notwithstanding that it had been diligently collecting the same during all the years of its existence. On the contrary, we find that after deducting from its year's premium receipts an additional sum of $702,138, for management expenses, we shall have left for accumulation the sum of $4,435,310 out of the year's premium income. Is there a business man in the three Kingdoms, not interested in the company, excepting the actuaries of course, who will not INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 451 say that there ia room here for some reduction in the charges which the com- pany makes for its insurance ? The actual facts are that a company with only one-half the rates of the *' Prudential " could have paid all claims and all the large management expenses out of its year's premium income, and still have had ^924,627 to carry to " reserve." If you say I am taking an exceptional year, my reply is that during the five years ending 31st of Dec, 1891, the company received in premium income alone the enormous sum of $23,186,201. The death losses and endowments paid amounted to $6,212,795, and the management expenses to $2,318,829, or a total expenditure during the five years of $8,531,624, leaving the sum of $14,654,577 for accumulation out of the five years' premium income. Ac- cording to the theory of actuaries, in years past when the company was younger, and the average age of its policy-holders lower, its premium income must have been much more in excess of the actual disbursements than it is to-day. In the " industrial section " during the five years the company re- ceived, on premium account, the sum of $82,041,546, out of which it paid for losses $33,375,219, and for expenses $33,813,409, or an average of 41 per cent, of its total premium income, REDUCTION IN MANAGEMENT EXPENSES. We said a moment ago that the Independent Order of Foresters, by reason of its Lodge system, was able to reduce its management expenses to a mini- mum. That was another important factor for consideration. We believe that the Independent Order of Foresters, working on this basis, can reduce the *' expense element" below the figures given in table No. 1, fully 75 per cent., and therefore permit of the premium rates in the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters being correspondingly reduced below the gross level premium rates exacted by the old line companies, without in the lea^t reducing our benefit-paying powers. In other words, if Company A. charges say $31.57 at age 40, as an annual premium for an insurance of $1,000, and spends say $7.89 for expenses con- nected with the policy, while the Independent Order of Foresters can get along with an outlay of only 53 cents for expenses, it follows that the I.O F. will be just as well oft' with an annual premium of only $24.21, as Company A. with its higher premium rate of $31.57. Table No. 7 will show us the actual premium incomes and expenditures in three of the best American, three of the best Canadian old line companies, and three leading British Companies, as well as of three Fraternal Benefit Societies, bringing out in bold relief the immense sums that are saved to the members of the societies by reason of the enormous reduction of the "ex- pense element" in connection with the work of the Independent Order of Foresters, and other Fraternal Benefit Societies. 452 HISTORY OF THE TABLE NO. 7. THE EQUITABLE OF NEW YORK. (Incorporated 1859.) THE NEW YORK LIFE. (Incorporated 1841.) Premium Income. Claims Paid. Expenses Paid. 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $ 16,272,155 19,115,775 22,047,813 25,357,523 29,352,508 $ 5,444,339 6,187,211 7,734,462 8,087,380 9,068,679 $ 3,428,379 4,076,645 4,945,44a 6,001,095- 7,337,39) Totals $112,145,774 $36,522,071 $25,791,958 THE MUTUAL LIFE OF N. Y. (Incorporated 1842.) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $ 15,634,721 17,110,902 19,444,308 23,727,859 27,063,083 $ 7,214,680 8,387.505 9,476,459 9,657,695 10,377,222 $ 3,153,983 3,649,514 4,972,107 6,428,894 7,207,616 Totals $102,980,873 $45,113,561 $25,412,114 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $ 15,160,469 17,826,892 20,560,610 24,242,517 26,587,290 $ 4,237,873 5,329,283 6,483,313 7,412,848 8,352,872 $ 3,182,977 4,290,314 4,416,540 5,754,828 6,682,319 Totals $104,377,778 $31,816,189 $24,326,978 THE CANADA LIFE. (Incorporated, 1847.) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $1,077,175 1,157,428 1,250,729 1,335,755 1,542,256 .$402,329 369,366 422,348 353,978 621,129 $310,329 237,385 262,326 253,433 375,341 Totals $6,363,343 $2,169,150 $1,438,814 THE CONFEDERATION LIFE. (Incorporated, 1871.) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $473,177 519,460 510,582 580,733 621,484 $ 93,636 113,180 142,254 134 260 127,196 $120,671 148,741 136,802 138,287 150,058 Totals $2,705 436 .$610,526 .$69 1, 559 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 453 THE SUN LIFE. (Commenced Business in 1871.) ,1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $302,657 406,355 423,809 451,532 761,750 $ 81,729 97,281 109,902 113 676 122,610 $109,780 124,029 132,421 146,808 169,230 Totals $2,346,103 $525,198 $682,268 BRITISH EQCITABLE. (Date of Formation, 1854.) 1887 1888 1839 1890 1891 $748,454 749 573 721,619 694,098 679,610 $435,673 408,303 441,596 471,531 542,720 $216,328 216,250 211,145 211,782 202,531 Totals $3,593,354 $2,299,823 $1,058,036 ORESHAM. (Date of Formation, 1848.) Totala $2,874,652 2,906,991 2.927,601 3,015,133 3,112,437 $1,870,960 2,014,882 2,042,749 2,065,199 1,958,721 $849,544 750,079 864,422 783,659 785,003 $14,836,814 $9,952,511 $4,032,707 LONDON AND LANCASHIRE. (Date of Formation, 1862.) 1887 1642,285 $255,563 $166,070 1888 685,036 255,733 220,571 1889 733,980 291,761 186,106 1890 779,469 373,706 192,861 1891 803,803 412,630 199,426 Totals $3,644,673 $1,589,393 $965,034 THE ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN. (Organized 1867. ) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $3,227,842 X 3,740,188 4,275,959 4,5 5,629 5,117,386 $2,912,957 3,453,287 3,985,088 4,149,805 4,762,157 $261,408 273,817 311,302 348,989 365,674 Totals $20,887,004 $19,293,294 $1,561,190 454 HISTORY OF THE THE KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES. (Organized 1883. ) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 $ 39,247 51,896 85,623 96,198 157,176 27,350 37,884 71,608 73,800 131,816 $ 7,614 9,611 12,258 17,728 25,675 Totals !?430,140 ^42,458 872,886 THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. (Commenced present system 1881). 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 e 63,554 107,336 145,868 228,605 343,792 $ 28,503 64,037 88,754 116,788 181,847 $ 9,569 11,710 13,255 27,656 34,900 Totals $889,155 t479,929 897,084 An examination of table No. 7 will disclose a remarkable similarity in the figures of the old line companies, in one respect at least. They all, whether older or younger, collect from two to three dollars fo^r each dollar they are called on to pay to the widows and orphans or other beneficiaries of the policy-holders. THE MANAGEMENT EXPENSES, ETC. This table shows that the three American companies spent in management expenses and other outgo such as dividends, etc., the sum of $75,531,050, being 23.64 per cent, of their total premium income. The Canadian com- panies paid out $2,815,641, which is 24.66 per cent, of their total premium income, while the British companies expended for this purpose $6,055,777, being 27.43 per cent, of their premium income. The Independent Order of Foresters, on the other hand, expended for management expenses, not only for its insurance department, and for its "Friendly Society's" branch but also for its trading department, the sum of $97,084, being 10.91 per cent, of its premium income. As a matter offacty mily 5 per cent, was tdken from the premium income and used for management expenses^ the balance of the sum ex- pended for the maintenance and spread of the Order being taken from the revenues derived from the profits of the trading department maintained by us, for the benefit of the fraternal branch of our Order. I do not wish you to understand me as saying that insurance companies, in respect of their management expenses, are extravagant ; on the contrary, there is every reason to believe that their business affairs are not only ably man- aged, but are most economically administered, and that the great dispropor- tion in the cost of management between them and us is due to the different modes of carrying on the busuiess. W. F. H. THOMPSON. D.S.C.R.. High Vice-Chief Ranger, Wales. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 457 WHAT IS THE CHIEF EXPENSE ? It is generally conceded, I think, that the chief expense connected with the business of life insurance is in the getting of new policy-holders. The old line companies are compelled to pay enormous commissions for securing new risks, while the Independent Order of Foresters gets this work done, and done better in every way, through its subordinate courts, at a mere nominal cost. When the three American companies mentioned in table No. 7 spent in ex- penses during the five years the enormous sum of $75,531,050, they carried on their business probably as economically as it could have been done by any old line company, the fault not being in the administration but in the system. The Subordinate Courts of the Independent Order of Foresters are veritable recruiting stations, the vast majority of them being constantly on the alert to secure new business, With hundreds of willing heads devising methods and thousands of willing hands ever ready to execute the plans for increasing *' our membership," and generally without fee or hope of reward. In 1892 the Independent Order of Foresters had over 17,000 applications for membership, 16, 135 of which were approved by the Medical Board, and our management expenses, including the sick and funeral department, were $55, 183, whereas twelve old line Canadian insurance companies, exclusive of the *' industrial " policies obtained by one of the companies, secured only 15,548 new policy-holders altogether, and their combined management ex- penses amounted to $1,148,664. In other words, during 1892 we secured 587 more policy-holders than all the Canadian old line companies put together, at an expense of $3.42 per member as against $73.88 per policy-holder of the twelve old line companies. Of course some allowance must be made for the fact that the business on the one hand was in the hands of twelve companies while on the other hand it was done by only one company. The * ' Canada Life" alone, however, one of the twelve Canadian companies referred to above, spent for management expenses and dividends in 1892 the sum of $329,448.17. The expenditure of this immense sum on one year's management expenses and dividends on the part of the " Canada Life " was due largely, as already stated, to the fact that the company had to pay a large sum as commissions to its army of agents for each new policy-holder secured. You are aware also that tho expenditure of the " Canada Life " and every such company, in re- spect of wll new policy-holders, continues so long as such policy-holders re- main with the company, by reason of the fact that there must be further deductions made from the annual premiums, paid, to be handed to the agent as ' ' commissions on renewals. " GREAT DIFFERENCE IN COST. Table No. 8 will give us at a glance the amount paid out for expenses for each policy or member gained during the five years under consideration by the respective companies and societies, mentioned in the preceding table. CO 458 HISTORY OF THE TABLE No. 8. (Shows how much was paid for expenses for each policy or member gained over all.) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 Average Cost per Member of Insurance Equitable Life Mutual ' 1237 351 281 422 131 109 13 4 3 $212 332 274 385 265 151 12 6 5 $260 286 266 379 249 240 18 4 3 $269 269 281 357 231 122 20 6 5 $270 306 289 506 174 81 18 23 4 $249 60 308 80 New York " Canada " ^ 278 20 409 80 Confederation Life 210 20 Sun Life 140 60 Ancient Order of United Work- men The Knights of the Maccabees.. The Independent Order of For- esters 16 20 8 60 4 00 The Old Line Companies' Average $266 20 Fraternal Benefit Societies' *' 9 60 [Note. The British companies are not included in this table, because we have been unable to get any information as to the number of policy-holders in any of the British companies.] HOW PREMIUMS CAN BE KEDUCED. The above table indicates to us the possibilities in the way of reducing the premium rates of the old line companies, if only they could secure new pol- icy-holders with as little expense as the Independent Order of Foresters. It must be patent to every one that if, in the five years, the three great Amer- ican companies had expended only $15,975,221 instead of $75,531,050 for management expenses, they could have reduced their premium rates by about 19 per cent, without in the least impairing their financial strength. In other words, even if the rates of the Independent Order of Foresters were placed 19 per cent lower than the ordinary rates of the old line companies, it would still have just as much money with which to pay claims, by reason of its management expenses being so much less than those of the old line companies. Let us still further illustrate the point under consideration by comparing the Independent Order of Foresters and an old line company, viz., the " Confederation Life," of Canada, which is nearly of the same age as the I.O.F. OLD LINE COMPANY VS. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. Table No. 9 shows the cost during twenty years for an insurance of $3,000 at death to 4,000 policy holders, 1,000 at each age given, in that excellent old line company, the " Confederation Life," of Canada. TABLE NO. 9. No. of Policy Holders, Ages. Benefits Secured Cost per Year. Cost in 20 Years. 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 19 24 29 34 (1) $3, 000 at death and nothing else. $41,400 47,550 55,. 500 66,400 Total... $ 828,000 951,000 1,110,000 i,308,oro $4,197,000 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 459 Table No. 10 shows the cost to 4,000 Foresters of corresponding ages, for the same period, to secure $3,000 at death, and the additional benejits named in the table. TABLE NO. 10. No. of Foresters. Ages Benefits Secured. Cost for Admission. Cost per Year Cost for 2) Years. 1,000 l.OfO 1,000 1,000 ID 24 29 34 (1) .$3,000 Insurance. (2) Free Medical Attendance (3) 03 to $5 Sick Benefits.... (4) 050 Funeral Benefit (o) Total and Per. Dis Be'fit of 500, 81,000 or 1,500. (6) Fraternal and Social Ben- efits, etc $11,000 11,000 1 .000 11,000 ^30,880 32,920 35,080 37,120 Total $628,600 669,400 712,600 753,400 2,764,000 WHAT EACH SECURES FOR HIS MONEY. Thus, during the twenty years, the 4 000 policy holders of the Confedera- tion Life will have paid $4,197,000 for an insurance only of $3,000, payable at death, while the 4,000 Foresters will have paid during the same period only $2,764,000 to secure not only the insurance benefit of $3,000 at death, but also the following additional benefits, viz. : No. 1. Free medical attendance for twenty years. No. 2. $3.00 to $5.00 per week sick benefits during twelve weeks of any illness during twenty years. No. 3. $50.00 funeral benefits. No. 4. $500, $1,000, $1,500 on total and permanent disability. No. 5. The social, and fraternal, and educational privileges of the Order. What is true as to the difterence of cost, as well as to the additional bene- fits secured, between the " Confederation Life " and the Independent Order of Foresters, is true, perhaps, even to a greater extent as between other fra- ternal benefit societies and any old line insurance company, because the premiums of the Independent Order of Foresters, during the past twelve years, have been sufticiently large to enable it to pay all losses and all man- agement expenses, and accumulate a surplus fund which now amounts to over THREE QUARTERS OF A MILLION DOLLARS. COMPARATIVE COST. We might carry out this individual comparison between the '* Confedera- tion Life " and the Independent Order of Foresters into another table, which will show the relative management expenses, and the work accomplished by them, for tb** v^ar 1891. 460 HISTORY OF THE TABLE NO. 11. I.O.F. Confederation Life, Paid for Commissions, Salaries and other Expenses of Officers and Clerks Paid Rent, Taxes, Medical Fees, Stationery, Postage, &c. Paid Extension of the Order $20,830 41 8,324 58 6,498 05 $109,408 51 28,966 21 None. Total Expenses $35,653 04 $138,374 72 Paid Death Losses, Matured Endowments, and S. and F. Benefits $199,035 64 8,435 ' $123,507 19 1,791 !No of New Insurers Secured Thus it will be seen that for a little over one-quarter of the expense the In- dependent Order of Foresters secured nearly five times the number of new insurers, and paid some $75,528 more in money benefits than the old line company. BRITISH EXPERIENCE. I have already referred to the statement that the experience of Canadian and American life offices difier so much from British companies that it can- not be taken as a guide when reviewing the business of British oflices. It will be found, however, that there are no very great differences between the experience of the Canadian or American and the British old line insurance companies. They afford us pretty nearly the same testimony upon all vital points upon which our brethren relied when re-constructing the Independent Order of Foresters. In proof of which, we find the following as the experi- ence of the '* Scottish Life," a company that was formed in the same year that the Independent Order of Foresters was re-organized, and therefore one that can be fairly compared with our Order. SCOTTISH LIKE. (Date of Formation, 1881.) Premium Income. Claims Paid. Expenses Paid. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 $ 92,513 106,263 117,602 131,988 146,116 $ 4,847 12,516 21,768 27,584 35,662 $ 24,591 22,848 25,165 26,133 28,246 Totals $594,482 ~ $102,377 $126,983 You see that th^'s company in its 11th year received for premiums alone the sum of $146,116, out of which it paid for benefits $35,662, and for manage- ment expenses, $28,246. For the five years embraced in the table and end- ing with 1891, the company received for premiums alone $594,482, out of which it paid for benefits $102,377, and for management expenses $126,983, Instead of the $126,983 expended by this company for management expenses, the Independent Order of Foresters would have required not more than $29,- !724^ and thus would have saved to its members $97,259 in expenses during INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 461 the five years When we were laying the foundations of the Independent Order of Foresters we believed that the management expenses of our Order could always be kept a lonj way below the figures universally prevailing among old line companies, and that we could, therefore, as already stated, lower our premium rates by at least the amount of this reduction in our man- agement expenses, and still have as much money for our policy-holders as the old line companies. There is another point which might be made in refer- ence to the "Scottish Life" in order to fully understand the force of the- comparisons herein made, and that is, that the Independent Order of For- esters secured during the five years ending December, 1892, no less than 51,- 304 new policy-holders at a total cost for management expenses, inclndituj the sick and funeral department, of $166,039, while the Scottish Life issued (mly 1,579 new policies during the same period, at a cost of $140,651, or at the rate of $89.07 per new policy-holder, as against $3.24 per new member in the Independent Order of Foresters. Take another British company for illustration, viz., the "Economic," formed in the year 1823. During the five years this company issued 3,559 new policies and spent for management expenses and "other outgo," $1,023,383, or $399,89 for each new policy- holder it secured. SURRENDER VALUES. We are sometimes asked whether we give surrender values in the event of members dropping out after being with us for, say, ten years, as do the old line companies. Certainly not, and there is no reason why we should^ because of the fact that we collect from our policy-holders, joining, say, at age 25, during the ten years, only $8 \40 as premiums on an insurance of $1,000. This $80.40 received by us in premiums during the ten years, if compounded at 4 per cent, interest, would amount at the end of the term to $100.38. According to the "Combined Experience Table," the cost of carry- ing $1,000 for ten years is $83.84, which if similarly compounded at four per cent interest would amount at the end of the term to $104.08, so that, as a matter of fact, we have collected from our policy holders less than the esti- mated cost of insurance as laid down in this standard table. We have, there- fore, earned the whole of the premiums paid to us, and consequently we are under no obligation to return any portion of the moneys received. But how is it with the insurance companies? Let us take the "Royal," a first-class British company, for an example ; any other company would do as welL This company charges, at 25 years of age, for a whole life policy without pro- fits, an annual premium of $19.50 for an insurance of $1,000 payable at death, which would amount to $195.00 at the end of the ten years. This, if similarly compounded at 4 percent., would amount at the end of the term to $243.47. I have not the " cash surrender" figures which the " Royal" would pay on a non- participating policy, but it is stated the " Royal " would pay at the end of ten years on a "participating" policy the sum of $67.^9. If we take this sum as the surrender value which the " Royal " would pay on a 462 HISTORY OF THE non-participating policy it would make the net cost of the insurance $175.53 as against $100.38 in the I. O. F. So that a Forester giving up his policy at the end of ten years without any surrender value would be better off by $75.2 ) than a policy holder in the " Royal," after having been paid the sur- render value allowed by that company."*^ MORTALITY IN COUNTRIES. Let me direct your attention to one other subject, and then I am done. It is to the actual rate of mortality experienced by some of the older insurance companies and friendly societies, as well as to the rate of mortality in certain cities and countries, and from which we can deduce approximately the death rate we may expect eventually to have among the members of our Order. TABLE No. 13. Showing the death-rate per 1,000 in certain companies, societies, cities and coimtries. Years Death Rate Old. PER 1,000. 33 12.23 44 13.15 42 10.43 45 9.82 10.17 25 10.32 8 6.01 19 5.45 77 12.60 146 11.72 Equitable of New York Mutual Life of New York New York Life Canada Life 30 Old Line Active Companies doing business in America (for 1*291) Ancient Order United Workmen (the whole Order) Knights of the Maccabees Independent Order of Foresters ( 1893) Manchester Unit}- Odd Fellows Ancient Order of Foresters (whole Order) [Note. It will be observed that, for the purpose of thi'i comparison, we have assumed that ^1,000 was the equivalent of 200. We have also tiken the rates for a whole life "non-participat- ing " policy of the Royal as against the I.O.F. policy, on which the Forester not only ceases to pay premiums at age of 70, but he is also then paid one-tenth of the face of the policy, and, thereafter, at each recurring birthday, an additional tenth is paid, till at age 79 the whole amount assured is in the hands of the member himself. Then, also, the given surrender value that is likely to be paid by the Royal is for a "participating" policy, which must be considerably in excess of the actual sum that the Royal would pay on a " participating policy," so that on all the three points named an advantag ; is given the Royal. We might have continued to compare the rates of the I.O.F. with the rates of the Royal for a "participating" policy, as was done originally, because of the facts above recited, viz. : that the policy of the Royal was a who'e life policy, while that of the I.O F. may be said to be an endow- ment policy, the premiums not only ceaising at age sexenty, but a tenth of the face of the policy being then paid. We have not included the entrance fees of the I.O.F., because they are far more than counter- balanced by the Total and Permanent Disability Benefit given by th^ Order, and for which no ac- count has been taken in this comparison. It has also been contended, by some, that the Court dues should have been included in the com- parison. But one might as well insist that the dues oir assessments paid for Sick and Funeral Benefits should also have been included in computing the cost of assurance in the I.O.F. Every Forester well knows that for the Court dues each and every member receives therefor certain privileges and benefits, outside, altogether, of the assurance benefit. The medical attendance bene- fit, the social and fraternal privileges of the Order, the furnishing of trained nurses in certain cases all these substantial benefits are paid for out of the Court dues, and therefore it wou'd be wholly vnfair to r. ckon such dues as a part of the cost of the assurance benefit given by the I.O.F. It must be borne in mind that the figures used in these computations were slightly a'tered by the Supreme Court at its session held in Chicago. The changes, however, do not alter the prin- ciple sought to be illustrated in this comparison.] THOS. BUTLER, P D.H.C.U W. H. LOWRIE I>.S.aR. H. WILLIAMS, D.S.C.K. A. M. McKEE, D.S.C.R. 464 HISTORY OF THE DEATH RATE IN 48 CITIES. Amsterdam 23.7 Detroit 18.1 Antwerp 24.7 i Dresden 25.4 Baltimore 21.1 ! Dublin 27.1 Belfast 28.2 I Edinburgh 20.2 Berlin 27.6 ' Glasgow 25.3 Birmingham 19.8 Hamburg 25.4 Bordeaux 26 7 Hull 22.8 Boston 23.5 Leeds 21,6 Bradford 21.1 Leicester 21.8 Montreal . . . Naples . .. Newcastle . . New Orleans New York . . Nottingham . Paris . Philadelphia Rome Brighton 19.0 1 Leipsic 26.1 \ St. Louis .. . . Bristol 19.6 i Liverpool 26.7 j San Francisco Brussels 23.9 i London 21.2 Sheffield Buenos Ayres 20 9 t Lyons 24.7 ' Sydney Bucharest 24.5 | Manchester 25.5 Turin Cincinnati 20.2 1 Marseilles 28.0 j Vienna Copenhagen 22.1 (Melbourne 18.8 | Washington . . 27.0 .33 1 21.8 .22.7 .27.3 .22 4 28 6 16.8 .27.8 .19.3 18 1 .21.tt .19.5 .25.9' 27.6 16.2 Grand Aa-erage per TiiorsAXD of Population Deduct 40 per cent, being percentage of those who dit before they are 25 years of age Death rate of adult population per thousand DEATH RATE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE. 23,3 Years. Great Britain. ; ' 21 f V 23.0 22.2 21.4 215 21.5 23.0 23.8 23.3 23.5 France. Yeai-s. Great Britain. France. 1857 1858 1853 1860 1861 1862 23 8 V 24.1 i 27.0 1 214 1 23.2 21.7 j 1867 1868 1860 1870 1871 22.0 2M 22.8 22.8 22.6 22.7 24.0 23.5 28.3 1863 1864 1865 22-5 'Grand Average... ^- Less 40 per cent. . . 22.40 8.96 23.70 9.48 1866 23.3 I Average rate . .. 13 44 14.22 From this table I think we are fairly entitled to conclude that so long a any society is reasonably active in replacing, with new and especially with, young blood, its deaths and lapses, so long that society may expect its death- rate will be kept within reasonable limits. Indeed, for years and years it may be kept at about 9 or 10 in 1,000, if we may rely on our own, as well as on the past experience of insurance companies, and that of other societies. DEATH RATE UNDER 13 IN 1,000. For if the death rate of societies, among them being some of the oldest in. the land, has not reached over 13 in 1,000, and if the death rate among the adult population ol the cities named above be only Win 1,000, and if the death rate among the whole adult population of Great Britain, without selection of any kind, and with no lapses to help reduce the rate of mortality, and with- out any maximum age limit, be only 13.44 in 1,000, and if to-day $1,000 could be paid to the beneficiary of every man and woman therein atr a cost of only $13.44, surely there is no necessity for collecting the whole of the enor- mous sums for the " reserve element," as is done by the old line companies. With such statistics furnished by actual experience, we are, I think, fairly justified in concluding that the death rate among the members of the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters, who are so carefully selected, and whose maxi- mum age for admission is 54 years, cannot reach to the disastrous heights pre- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 465 dieted for our edification by representatives of the old line companies, bub that we may confidently look forward to have at least as favorable a record as the old line companies quoted herein, whose rates, after half-a-century of business^ we find to be under 13 in 1,000. Believing that in the matter of a low average death rate, the society which has an equitably graded rate of assessments, like that of the Independent Order of Foresters, whose members are united by one treasury into which all. pay, and from which all are paid their benefits, and whose risks are scatter- ed over the widest healthy area, will always have the most favorable average rate of mortality, we come to Great Britain to ofi'er to its people the advant- ages which our noble Order has for 18 years afforded to the people of Canada and of the United States ; and, believing further that the Independent Order of Foresters may be made the medium through which incalculable blessings may be brought to many a sorrowing household, especially of the working classes, in the United Kingdom, we ask with confidence the support and co- operation of the philanthropists of this country in our beneficent work. We do not come to you as adventurers, or as an unknown or an untried or- ganization, but we come to you as a Society with years of successful experi- ence in our own country, and with a reputation for fair and upright dealing* that is unquestioned, from one end of our great Dominion to the other. We COME TO YOU AS AN ORGANIZATION DULY CHARTERED BY THE PARLIAMENT OP OUR COUNTRY. We come to you not empty-handed, but with an overflowing: treasury, whose surplus on the 1st of May amounted to the goodly sum of $665,911. We come to you with a history and an experience of unexampled prosperity, both as to finances and numerical strength, of which any company orsociety might justly be proud, as the following epitome of the past 12 years demonstrates. PROGRESS OF THE I. 0. F. Date. No. of mem- bers. Balance in Bank. Date. No. of mem - bers. Balance in Bank. July, 1881 January, 1882 1883 369 1,019 1,134 2,216 2.558 3,648 5,804 7,811 11,618 Nil $ 3,555 47 2,769 58 13,070 85 20,992 30 31,082 52 60,325 02 86,102 42 117,599 88 January, 1890 1891 . ... 17,026 24,466 32,303 43,024 43,712 44,704 188,130 86 283,967 2a " 1892 408,798 18 1884 January, 1893 580,597 85. 1885 607,603 05 " 1886 March " 6 5,425 34 " 1887 April, " Mav " 45,925 47,419 648,397 ?7 665,911 40 " 1888 1889 The following is the record of our progress since May last Date. June, 1893 July, " , Aug., " . Sept., " . Oct., " . Nov., " . Dec, " . No. of Members, 48,589 50,847 51,203 51,^72 52,001 52,446 53,317 Balance in Bank 710,502 90 745,972 96 756,362 06 777,481 66 788,595 00 823,073 60 Jan., Feb., Mar., April, May, June, July, Date. about No. of Members. Balance in Bank. 54,484 5>,149 56,559 58,339 59,607 60,266 62.f,00 $858,857 8* 875,860 06 87tf,230 08 911,820 93 928,707 04 951,571 63 985,434 68 466 HISTORY OF THE 20,000 DEPOSITED WITH THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. As evidence of our bona fides we have caused to be deposited with the Gov- ernment OF THIS country 20,000, and have received the necessary Official Warrant of the Board of Trade authorizing us to carry on our business in the British Isles. Having every confidence in the future of our beloved Order, we have no hesitation in placing the great interests of the Independent Order of Forest- ers in your hands. We doubt not but that under your management the history of the Independent Order of Foresters in the New World will be repeated in the Old Land. Lcome to you clothed with plenary powers from my Executive Council to take such steps as may be necessary to ensure the unbounded success of the Order in this country. I am authorized, if it should be deemed best, to depart from our usual rules and to create for the special consideration of the working classes of this country an insurance benefit of $500, at such rates as will make it easy for the industrious among them to provide this substantial sum for their dependents, and secure for themselves the exceptional advan- tages of membership in our Order, as also to offer them an alternative by the acceptance of which they can effectually free themselves from the burden- some payments inseparable from the '' industrial system " of insurance com- panies supposed to be maintained for the special convenience of the working- man. In couvstituting the High Courts to-day, we create the machinery with which we can put in force, with greater advantage, that branch of the Order w^hich has been heretofore lying in abeyance. I refer to the Friendly Society branch thereof. The Supreme Court will continue by virtue of its ' ' Warrant" from the Board of Trade to administer the affairs of the insurance depart- ment, while the High Courts, which we are about to constitute, with the High Courts of Scotland, of Ireland and of Wales to be constituted next week, can take charge of the Friendly Society branch of the Order, and I doubt not but that the work which Ave are doing to-day will result in making the Independ- ent Order of Foresters as well and as widely known in this country as it is to-day on our side of the Atlantic, not only for its great work for humanity and its honorable and upright dealings with all, but also for its unparalleled success. CONCLUSION. It now only remains for me again to place on record my deep appreciation of the assistance which my colleagues on the Ex- ecutive have, at all times, rendered to me in my work as Su- preme Chief Ranger of this great Order. Harmony in the Executive Council is essential to secure the best results from the efforts put forth, from time to time, to extend the Order's influ- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 467 ence and operations. I think I may fairly claim that good re- sults have followed nearly all our efforts to place the l.O.F. in the first position, as a Fraternal Benefit Society. I have learned to love my colleagues for their zeal for the welfare of our noble Order, and for the loyalty with which they have stood by me, and cheered me and upheld my hands in the discharge of my multifarious and sometimes almost too arduous duties, I have learned to respect and honor them for their integrity and for the wisdom they have ^ways displayed in the consideration of the questions which have been brought before us from time to time, for adjudication. I belie '.e the other members of the Executive will join me heartily when I say that there could be no better nor more efficient Supreme Secretary than our own " John A.," and no better Treasurer than our " little man " Davey. In conclusion, I pray that the Supreme Ruler of the Universe may guide and direct us in all our deliberations here, so that the legislation of this session many be wise and judicious, and result in the continued and greater prosperity of the Order, which we have all learned to love for the manifold benefi s it brings to mankind. Submitted in L., B. & C, ORONHYATEKHA, Swpreme Chief Ranger. Chicago, Illinois, 31st August, 1893. 468 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER VI. THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION BY-LAWS AND RULES OP ORDER OF THE M. W. H. COURT THE ENDOWMENT LIWS THE FIRST ADPOTED IN 1875 AND AMENDED IN '1877 THE SECOND ENDOWMENT LAW ADOPTED IN 1878 THE THIRD ADOPTED IN 1879 THE FOURTH BY THE RE-ORGANIZED SUPREME COURT IN 1881. HE first three endowment laws to be found in this chapter were adopt- ed under what may be termed the American Supreme Court, and the fourth was formulated after the re-organization of the Supreme Court in 1881, and forms the basis of our present benefit laws. As will be seen under the first and second law, each surviving mem- ber was called on to pay 10 cents on the death of a member in good standing. The J^gregate of these contributions, to the extent of $1,000, formed the benefit payable to the widows and orphans of deceased Fores- ters ; as the beneficiaries were entitled to the proceeds of one assessment only, provided such assessment did not exceed $1,000, it follows that as the mem- bership of the Order was omy 1437 when the first death occurred on the 29th of October 1875, the first widow. Mrs. Ellis, whose portrait appears on page 39, received only $143.70 on the death of her husband. This death was not given a num- ber, the second death being numbered 1. The last death which occurred under the law known as the " 10 cent Law " was that of Bro. Geo. W. Yost of Cjurt Ellsworth, No. 16, who died on the 23th December, 1879, and wh:)se widow was paid $1003. The total amou at paid to the widows and orphans under this system was $2.54,468.96. Under the endowment law as adopted at the London Session in 1879 up to the time the Americans attempted to change the name of the Order to the " United Order of Foresters," in 1881, and the consequent separation of the Order into two sections, there occurred 173 deaths, to whose beneficiaries there was paid the sum of $267,000.00. Since the rdorgauization of the Supreme Court on the 1st July, 1881, to the 1st of J uly, 1893, a period of twelve yeari, the I. O. F. h*s had 923 deaths and for which the sum of $1,098,500 has been paid to the widows and orphans of our deceased Foresters. Though our present Supreme Officers take credit only for the amount paid by the Order to Canadians, yet as a matter of fact they might reasonably claim credit in their statements for the whole amount paid byjthe Independent Order of Foresters since its organization on the 17th of June, 1874, to the present time, which is $1,619,968.96. Besides the payments to the widows and orphans of deceased Foresters, the total and permanent disability benefits are chargeable to the endowment fund and since 1881 no less than 38 brothers have been paid this benefit, amounting all together to the sum of $24,500, which would increase the total amount paid by our Order to the widows and orphans of deceased brethren to the sum of $1,644,468. This is exclusive of the amounts paid for sick and funeral benefits by the Supreme and Subordinate Courts which may be estimated at about half a million dollars more. The following is the text of the original laws adopted at the foundation of the Order : Preamble, Constitution, By-Laws, and Rules of Order of The Most Worthy High Court of the Independent Order of Foresters of the United States OF America. PREAMBLE. Whereas it has been found expedient, and of great importance to mankind, to per- petuate those institutions which confer on them great and essential benefit ; and we. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 469 the delegates of the Subordinate Courts in the United States of America, in good and regular standing, here assembled, believing that a just and All- Wise Creator intended that no limit should be placed upon His people in the exercise of their natural rights, nor be deprived of any immunity or privilege He has given us all alike, nor be restrained by any earthly power, beyond that of equality and morality, as taught by thoh^e pure-minded patriots in this land, and those humanitarians who have obeyed His Divine Will; therefore, be it enacted, that thi?, the Most Worthy High Court OF THE United States of the Independent Order of Foresters, for the more effectual purpose of binding each other in the bond of one common union, by which we will be enabled to insure a cooperation of action, and of providing for the best interests of our beloved Order, based as it is upon the permanent principles of "Liberty, Benevolence, and Concord," and to secure to ourselves and posterity more effectual blessings which are to be derived from so valuable and beneficial an institution, do ordain and establish the following as the Constitution of the Most Worthy High Court of the United States op the Independent Order of Foresters. Done at the city of Newark, in the State of New Jersey, on this 17th day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four. coisrsTiTUTioisr. ARTICLE L This Court shall be known by the name and title of the " Most Worthy High Court of the Independent Order of Foresters of the United States of America," and possesses original and exclusive jurisdiction in Forestry over the States and Territories comprising the Federal Government in the United States. It U the source of all true and legitimate authority in Forestry in the United States of America, All State and Territorial High Courts assemble under its warrant, and derive their authority from it. With it is placed the power to enact such laws and regulations as shall be for the good of the Order in general. It is the ultimate tribunal to which all matters of general iruportance to the State and Territorial High Courts are to be referred, andi. Court, District Court, and Subordinate Court shall be furnished with a copy of the printed proceedings of this High Court, also with a printed copy of the Constitution, By-Laws, and Rules of the Order of this High Court. ARTICLE XVIII. All dues and moneys for this High Court shall be paid to the R. W. H. P. Sec, and by him paid over to the R. W. H. Treasurer, who shall give his receipt for the same. ARTICLE XIX. All State and Territorial High Courts and District Courts shall enforce upon their subordinates a strict adherence to the forms furnished by the High Court or Executive Council, and shall be held responsible for any irregularities that they may allow under thcii- jurisdiction. They shall neither adopt, nor use, nor suffer to be adopted or used in their jurisdiction, any other charges, rituals, lectures, degrees, ceremonies, forms of installation, or mode of initiation, or regalia than those prescribed and furnished by this High Court or the Executive Council, or other matters as expressed in the Laws and the Constitution. ACLAND ORONHYATEKHA, D.S.C.R., P. S. Mess. THEO. A.'mACGILLIVRAY. D.S.C.R. FRANK MADILL, M.P., D. S. C. J. FINIGAN, D.S.C.R. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 481 ARTICLE XX. The High Courts, District Courts, and Subordinate Courts under this jurisdiction may open and close their meetings with prayer, in form as prescribed by this body ; also such opening and closing odes as the E. C. shall furnish. ARTICLE XXL The Executive Council, in the first instance, shall have power to prescribe suitable regalia for the Order, of all ranks, and at the next session of the High Court, they shall report such form and style ; and, if approved by the High Court, the description shall form this article. ARTICLE XXII, The A. T. P. W. is primarily designed for the use of brethren who are travelling beyond the limits of the jurisdiction to which they belong; but may also be used in the jurisdiction to which brothers belong who have received it in good faith for said primary purpose ; and in order that each brother may be properly instructed in it, and visiting brethren from other jurisdiction be properly examined, the two highest electivo officers of a Court are to be privately put in possession of the word at the time of their installation, that they may be qualified to give or receive it. The worthy High Chief Ranger of a State or Territory, and their regular Deputies, should also be in possession of it. ARTICLE XXIIL The fiscal year of this High Court shall commence on the first day of August and terminate on the thirty-first day of July. ARTICLE XXIV. The Subordinate Courts working under the immediate jurisdiction of this High Court, which fail to make their returns for one year, shall forfeit their charters, and whenever such remissness occurs the M. W. H, C. R. shall take proper measures to enforce the law. ARTICLE XXV. No resolution, order, or other action of this High Court shall operate to change, alter, or amend any of these By-Laws, unless said resolution, order, or other action, shall, upon its face, and by its terms, assume to make such change, alteration, or amendment, and shall state distinctly the particular by-laws to be effected. RULES OF ORDER. 1. The presiding Officer having taken the chair, the officers and members shall take their respective seats, and at the sound of the gavel there shall be a general silence. 2. At the appointed hour the M. W. H, C. R. shall organize the meeting, collect the Q. P. W., and direct the R. W. H. P. Sec. to call the names of the officers. The R. W. H. P. Sec. shall also call the roll of Representatives, who shall rise and answer as their names are called. If a quorum be present, the M. W. H. C. R. will call upon the R. W. H. Chaplain to address the Throne of Grace. The R. VV. H. Marshal shall, by direction of the M. W. H. C. R., proclaim the H. C. duly and legally opened. 3. The business shall be taken up in the following order : 4. The R. W. H. P, Sec. will report on the certificates of Representatives, which shall be referred to a sp*ecial committee of three. 5. The minutes of the last annual meeting and intervening meetings, if any, shall be read and passed upon. 6. The report of the M. W. H- C. R., as to his acts and doings during the recess of this Court, shall be presented. 482 HISTORY. OF THE 7. The annual reports of the Executive Council, R. W. H. Per. Sec, and R. W. H. Treasurer shall be presented. 8. The Special Committee on Representatives' certificates shall make their report. 9. Adjournments shall then be fixed upon. 10. The election of officers and their installation. Then the appointed officers and their installations. 11. The M. W. H. C. R. shall announce the following committees, to wit : Committee on Finance, Committee on State of the Order, Committee on Judiciary, Committee on Legislation, t Committee on Appeals, "'^ Committee on Correspondence, Committee on Constitutions, Committee on Petitions, Committee on Returns, Committee on High Courts not represented. Committee on Printing, each to consist of not less than three nor more than five Representatives ; a majority of each committee shall constitute a quorum. 12. Petitions presented, read, and referred. 13. Other communications presented and read. 14. Reports of Special Committees. 15. The above order of business may be dispensed with, and either rule opened at any time, at the discretion of the Court. 16. No motion shall be subject to debate until it has been seconded and stated by the Chair. It shall be reduced to writing at the request of any member. 17. When a question is before the Court no motion shall be received, unless it be to adjourn to lie on the table the previous question to refer to postpone indefi- nitely to postpone to a certain time or to amend and the motions just enumerattd shall take precedence in the order ot enumeration. The first three shall be decided without debate. 18. On a call of Representatives of three States or Territories, 9, majority of the Court may demand that the previous question shall be put, which shall always be in this form : " Shall the main question be now put ? " and until it is decided no further debate shall take place, and the vote shall be taken, first, on any amendments that may be pending, and next on the final question. 19. When the reading of any paper or other matter is called for, and the same is objected to by any member, it shall be determined by vote to the Court, without debate. 20. Before putting a question the presiding officer shall ask, " Is the Court ready for the question ? " If no member rise to speak, the presiding officer shall rise and put it. While he is putting a question or addressing the Court, no member shall interrupt him, walk out or across the room, nor entertain private discourse, nor speak upon the question. 21. The presiding oflScer, or any member doubting the decision of a question, may call for a division of the Court ; but a division can not be called for after the Chair has announced the result of a vote. 22. No member shall be permitted to speak or vote unless clothed in regalia according to his rank and station, and occupying his seat at the place designated for him. 23. During the progress of a ballot for an oflBcer no motion can be entertained, or debate or explanation be permitted. 24. Every officer and member shall be designated by his proper title or office, according to his standing in the Order. 25. Every member, when he speaks or offers a motion, shall rise and respectfully address the presiding officer; and while speaking he shall confine himself to the ques- tion in debate, avoiding all personalities and indecorous language, as well as all reflec- tions upon the Court or any of its members. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 483 26. Should two or more members rise to speak at the same time, the Chair shall decide which is entitled to the floor. And no member shall interrupt another while speaking, unless to call him to order for words spoken. 27. If a member, while speaking, shall be called to order, he shall, at the request of the Chair, take his seat until the question of order is determined, when, if permitted, he may proceed again. 28. The decision of the Chair on points of order may be appealed from by any member, which point of order shall be reduced to writmg and handed to the Chair, and in such cases the question shall be, ' ' Shall the decision of the Chair stand as the judgment of the Court ? " 29. No member shall speak more than twice on the same question, until all the members wishing to speak have had an opportunity to do so. 30. When a petition, memorial, or communication is presented, a brief statement of its contents shall be made by the introducer or the Chair ; and after it ha < been read a brief notice of its purport shall be entered upon the journal. 31. Any member may call for the division of a question when the sense will admit. 32. Any member who voted with the majority may call for a reconsideration of the vote at the same session at which it was passed ; and if sustained by a majority of all the votes, the reconsideration shall be carried. 33. No matter shall be considered at any morning session until all the committees shall have had an opportunity of presenting reports, in their order of appointment. 34. Any member has a right to protest, and to have his protest spread upon the journal, but it must be couched in proper language. 35. Every member is bound to vote and serve on committees, unless excused by vote. 36. Propositions for the amendment of the Constitution, made in conformity with ^ Article XXV. of the Constitution, may be made and entered on the journal as a ' matter of course, without any action of the High Court. This rule shall also apply to all reports of standing committees which are hereby required to lie on the table one day. 37. When the report of the Committee on Appeals, or a resolution accompany- ing the same, is regularly before the Court, and action is being had thereon, the state- ment of facts contained in the report of the committee and in the record of appeal shall be deemed conclusive, and it shall not be in order to make any statement thereon inconsistent with the facts so stated in such record or report. This rule shall not apply when action is had upon a motion to recommit such report with instructions. 38. When the High Court has, by a vote, determined to adjourn for the day, the M. W. H. C. 11., before declaring the body adjourned, shall call upon the chairman of the several standing committees to give any notice they may have with regard to the time and place of meeting of these several committees. 39. From and after the passage of this resolution, all matters affecting the work of the Order shall be referred to the Committee on the State of the Order ; all matters of construction of written law shall be referred to the Judiciary Committee ; and all mattera looking to new legislation shall be referred to the Legislative Committee. ENDOWMENT LAW, No. L ADOPTED AT THE SESSION OF THE MOST WORTHY HIGH COURT HELD AT PHILADELPHIA, PA., OCTOBER, 1875, AND SLIGHTLY AMENDED AT LOUISVILLE, KY., OCTOBER, 1877. Sec. 1. In case of the death of a financial member, the sum of ten cents per member shall be paid to the person or persons whom the brother shall designate, or in case he does not designate some person, then the nearest of kin, not to exceed $1,000. Sec 2. On receipt of the notice of a death from the High Per. Secretary, the Court receiving the proper notice shall, by its proper officers, draw upon its Treasurer an 484 HISTORY OF THE order for the sum of ten cents for every member on its books, not suspended, and for- ward the same to the person designated by the Court in which the death occurs. Sec. 3. The person who shall be designated to receive said money shall, through the Secretary of its Court, forward to the High Per. Sec. a receipt for the same im- mediately. Sec. 4. The trustees of said Court in which said death shall occur, shall upon the payment of the whole of said endowment money, obcain from the person or per- sons duly entitled to receive the same a receipt in duplicate form, signed by the party or parties receiving the same, one of which said receipts shall be attested by the C. R. and Secretary of said Court, and under the seal thereof, and be forwarded to the High Per. Secretary. Sec. 5. The Secretary of a Court wherein a death shall occur, shall,'^^ soon as possible, send to the H. Per. Sec. a certificate signed by him, the C. R. and V. C. R. , with seal of the Court affixed thereto, stating the name and residence of the deceased, and that he at that time was entitled to the full rights of a member of such Court, and give the name and residence of the Treasurer thereof, and that he has given ample security. Sec. 6. On receipt of such certificates, the H. 1 er. Sec. shall notify each and every Court in this jurisdiction of the fact of such death, and give the name and residence of the Treasurer of the Court of such decease, to whom said Court shall pay their respective contributions immediately. Sec. 7. Before the Secretary ehall notify the H. Per. Sec. as aforesaid, the C. R. of such Court shall convene the Court in special session or otherwise as soon as possi ble, and cause the Treasurer of his Court to give ample security for the total amount of contribution to be so received for the Court by him, and for the faithful performance of his duty in the payment of the endowment money to the person or persons entitled thereto. Sec. 8. Any surplus over and above the sum of $1,000, received by any Court at any time, under the provisions of this law, occasioned by the death of one of its mem- bers, shall be at once transmitted, without any reduction whatever, to the H. Per. Sec. . who shall deposit the same, as other moneys are ordered to be, with the H. Treasurer, to be kept as a separate fund ; and whenever a sufficient amount of surplus of money shall so accrue, not exceeding 1,000, said amount shall be paid as entJ.owment for the next death without assessment. Sec. 9, All Courts not forwarding their assessment as above, within 30 days from the date of the said notice, shall be declared suspended by the M. W. H. C. R., andnomember of ttie said suspended Court shall be entitled to the benefit of any endow- ment money until said assessment for which said Court is suspendo'3 is paid and the Court reinstated. Sec. 10, Immediately upon receipt of said money from such suspended Court, the H. Per. Sec. shall notify the H. C. R. who shall immediately forward to the D. D. H. C. R. of said district, a notice of its reinstatement, and said D. T>. H. C. R. shall immediately notify the proper officers of said Court of its reinstatement. Sec. 11. The H. Per. Sec. shall send to the Court, on the first of each month, all the notices of death which have accumulated during the previous month. Sec. 12. All Acts in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed. Sec. 13. This Act shall take effect immediately. ENDOWMENT LAW No. 2. ADOPTED AT THE SESSION OF THE MOST WOBTHY HIGH COURT HELD AT ST. LOUIS, MO., NOV., 1878. Be it enacted. That on and after this date the sum of one thousand dollars shall be paid to the person or persons whom the deceased brother shall have designated to receive the same, or in case he does not designate some person, then to the nearest of kin of such deceased brother. Sec. 1. One thousand dollars shall be the highest amount paid by this Order on the death of a brother. This sum shall be paid on the death of every member, pro- vided, however, that should a death occur when one full assessment on each member would not amount to one thousand dollars, then the sum paid shall be the amount of one full assessment on each member in good standing in the Order at the date of death, and such amount shall be all that can be claimed by any one. Sec. 2. In case no direction is made by a brother, either by entry or benefit cer- tificate, the Court may cause the same to be paid to the person or persons entitled INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 485 thereto. In case no person or persons are entitled to the endowment, it shall revert to the endowment fund and be paid out as surplus after one year, if not claimed by legal heirs. Sec. 3, On the death of a brother in good standing, the C. R, and Rec. Sec, of the Court shall immediately forward to the R. W. High Per. Sec. a notice of such death in writing; such notice must state the age, name, and date he was initiated, the date and cause of his death, and the amount he has paid into the endowment fund, and that he was in good standing. Sec. 4. The Right Worthy High Permanent Secretary, on receiving the proper notice of such death, and all such notices, shall print the same on one sheet monthly, giving the name of each deceased brother, the cause and date of his death, age, occupa- tion, and da*^e of initiation, the name and number of each Court, and its location; and on the first day of each month, with date thereon, he shall transmit a printed copy of such death call to each and every Court justly entitled to pay the same in this MosJ; Worthy High Court jurisdiction, also on this monthly notice of calls for assessments insert report of previous month's receipts. Sec. 5 Be it further enacted. That every subordina^^e Court shall, on the first day of each month, make report to the Right Worthy High Permanent Secretary of the number of members, in good standing, and the said subordinate Court shall within forty days forward to the Right Worthy High Treasurer the sum of ten cents for each j transmit to Right Worthy High Permanent Secretary a full list of the names of the members of his Court on the Court books, honorary members excepted. Said list to be in legible hand and written on one side of the sheet. Sec. 13. It is further enacted that on non-compliance on the part of any Court with the foregoing endowment law, it may be suspended by the Executive Council, and if so suspended shall be reinstated on compliance with all articles and Sections of this Endowment Law. SeO. 14. The endowment fund of this Order, whenever vested, shall be kept separate and distinct from all other funds, to be used for no other purpose than to provide for endowment benefits. Sec. 15. The following shall be the form of notice of death : % I. O. F. Court No 18. . . .To RW.H. Per. Secretary. This is to certify that Bro a member of this Court in good standing, died on the day of 18. . . . Date of initiation Age at death years. Cause of death Total amount paid by him into Endowment fund $ Person or persons to whom the benefit is to be paid Remarks Yours in L., B. & C, (Seal) C,R. Rec. Sec'y. Sec. 16.-*- All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed'. Sec. 17. This act shall take effect immediately, ENDOWMENT LAW, NO. 3. ADOPTED AT THE SESSION OF THE SUPREME COURT, HELD AT LONDON, ONTARIO, OCT., 1879. Sec. 1 Every member of this Order, in financial standing at death, shall be en. titled to have paid to the person or persons designated by him the endowment herein* after provided ; and in case no one has been so designated by the deceased, then the same shall be paid to his legal heirs. Sec. 2. The endowment payable on the death of a member shall be $1,000, $2,000 or $3,000, according to the rate of assessments which he shall have paid ; provided, that if a death occurs when one assessment on each member would not amount to $3, 000, then the sura paid shall be the amount of one assessment on each member, or two- thirds or one-third of that amount, according as the deceased had been paying assess- ments upon $3,000, $2,000, or $1,000, and such sum shall be the full amount that can be claimed by any one. Sec. 3 The rate of assessments shall be as follows : $1,000. $2,000. $3,000. 21 years and under 30 25 50 75 Over 30 and under 35 30 60 80 " 35 '^ " 40 35 70 1.05 40 " ' 45 40 80 1.20 " 45 * " 50 60 1.20 1.80 And every candidate presenting himself for initiation shall pay to the F. S. the above rate of assessments according to his age and amount of endowment desired. Sec. 4, Whenever a death occurs, and there is not a sufficient amount in the treasury to pay the endowment, the S. Secretary shall immediately notify every court to forward to the S, Treasurer the assessment due to each member in financial standing prior to the date of said death. On the receipt of such notice by tho courts the C.R. and R.S. of each and every court shall at the next succeeding regular meet- ing draw an order upon the Treasurer for the amount of such assessment, and the Treasurer shall without delay transmit said amount by P. O. money order, by draft, or by express, all charges prepaid, to the S. Treasurer, and the R. S. shall notify the S,S,, upon the form prescribed by theE, C, of the amount sent, date. No. of assess- ment and mode of such transmission. Sec. 5. All courts not forwarding their assessments, as above instructed, Krithin HON. N. S. BOYNTON. D. S. C. R. ,' < 4 INDEPENDEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 489 forty days from the date of said notice, shall stand suspended. Any court so suspend- ed may reinstate itself any time within sixty days from the date of suspension by the payment of the assessments for which the court became'suspended; but if after thir- ty days, then each member must in addition be examined upon the form prescribed, at the expense of the court, by the court or a competent physician, and must be ap- proved by the E.G. Sec. 6. Members of suspended courts, and members of courts which have sur- rendered or forfeited their charter, who were in good standing at the time of such suspension, surrender or forfeiture of charter, shall, upon application to the S,S. or H.S,, if within thirty days, and on payment of the usual fee, receive from the H.S., or the S.S., a clearance card, and shall then be entitled to endowments, provided they pay the assessments to the S, Treas. as they fall due : and provided they affiliate at the earliest practicable time with some Subordinate Court. Sec. 7. An assessment having been ordered, the F. S. shall immediately proceed to collect the same by giving each member notice thereof ; and any member failing to pay the same within thirty days of the date of the S.S. notice (which shall be the date of the F. S. notice to the members) shall stand suspended, and be so notified by the R. S. of his court. A member of the Order so suspended desiring to be reinstated must pay all dues, fines and assessments charged to him at the date of suspension, and all dues that he would have had to pay had he remained in financial standing ; provided, however, that the application for reinstatement be made within six months of the date of sus- pension, and if more than thirty days of said time shall have expired, the applicant must also furnish a certificate of physical fitness from the court physician. The appli- cation shall be laid before the court, and if a majority of the members agree thereto, the applicant shall be restored to membership. If more than six months have elapsed since the date of suspension, then he must again make application and pay the same fees as if he were a new candidate. Sec. 8 Immediately upon the death of a brother in financial standing, due notice thereof shall be sent to the S.S,, which notice must be in the form prescribed by E.G., and under the seal and signed by the G.R. and K.S. of the court of which the brother was a member, and must state his name in full, date of joining the Order, date and cause of death, amount contributed to the Endowment Fund and the names of the person or persons, if known, to whom the benefit is to be paid. Upon the receipt of said notice, the same shall be laid before the E.G., and if everything be satisfactory, a warrant for the payment of the amount to which the heirs or beneficiaries are entit- led shall be drawn upon the S.T., which warrant shall be signed by the S.G.R. *nd S. Sec'y ; and be made payable to the person or persons designated by the brother to re- ceive it, or to his heirs. Sec. 9.- All moneys received by the S. T. on endowment account shall be at once deposited by him in such chartered Bank as shall have been designated by the K. C. to the credit of the S. Court, and the bank instructed by both S. C. R. and S. Treas. not to allow either party to withdraw any of the Endowment Funds with- out the signature of bc^th on a check payable to the order of a third party. Sec. 10. Any person at the time of applying for admission shall choose what amount of Endowment he desires, and a certificate for the sum cl?oen shall be issued to him, and he shall not be privileged thereafter to change the same except upon due notice to his Court, stating the time when such change is to take effect, and paying all assessments upon deaths occurring prior thereto ; and if the change is for a higher amount, then it shall only be done upon passing such a medical examination as shall be prescribed by the E. C. For additional Endowments after initiation he shall pay assessments according to his age. But no additional Endowments ahail be allowed to members who have passed their fiftieth birthday. This provision shall not apply to those applying before the 1st of January, 1880-, Sec. 11. All members of the Order, in good standing on the first of January, 1880, shall in all assessments be classed as being 30 years of age and under ; and all candidates initiated and members reinstated thereafter shall pay the rate of assessments according to age, provided for in section 3 of this endowment law. This section shall apply only to all members in good standing on the 23pd of October, 1879, and each member who may be reinstated on or before January 1st, 1880, and all such members on or before that date shall pay into their Court Treasury one assessment as required by Sec. 3. Sec. 12. The medical examination, which shall be made on the prescribed blanks of the Order, of all applicants for membership, shall be referred to the High EE 490 HISTORY OF THE Court Physician, if any doubt exists befoi-e initiation, for his approval. In the State or Provinces where no High Court exists, then said examination shall be forwarded to the Supreme Court Physician for his approval, if any doubt exists. All medical examiners of this Order shall be graduates of some accredited School of Medicine. Sec. 13. Courts in remitting to the Supreme Treasurer their assessments for the Endowment Fund, shall not be compelled to pay for any member suspended from the roll on the Endowment books of his Court, for his individual non-payments prior to date of the Court's remittance. Sec. 14. The Recording Secretary of each Court shall, on the first of each quarter, transmit to the Supreme Secretary a full list of the names of the members of his Court, honorary members excepted. I Sec. 15. This law shall take effect from and after the first day of January, 1880, and all laws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. ENDOWMENT LAW No. 4. Whereas it is advisable to provide a fund for the benefit of the widows and orphans of deceased Foresters, and for the benefit of aged and disabled Foresters, the Supreme Court hereby enact the following endowment law. Sec. 1. Every Beneficiary member of the Order, in good standing at death, shall be entitled, on due proof of death, to have paid to the person or persons designated by him the endowment hereinafter provided ; and in case no one has been so designated by the deceased, then the same shall be paid to his legal heirs, provided always that if no one has been designated to receive the benefit, and no legal heirs claim it within twelve months from date of death, such endowment shall revert to the General Endow- ment Fund of the Order. Sec. 2. The endowment payable on the death of a Beneficiary member shall be SI, 000, 2,000, or $3,000, according to the class in which he shall be enrolled at date of death. Sec. 3. Every Beneficiary member, upon being accepted as such, shall pay to the Financial Secretary of his Subordinate Court, on account of the Endowment Fund, an advance assessment acording to the schedule of rates, provided for in Sec. 4 of these laws, and the same amount on each aesessment made thereafter so long as he remains continuously a beneficiary member of this Order in good standing. He shall before initiation designate the amount of the endowment he proposes to take, whether in the one thousand dollars or first class, or in the two thousand dollars or second class, oi in the three thousand dollars or third class. Sec. 4. The rate of assessments which every beneficiary member shall pay, according to his age at the date of admission, shall be as follows : Ages. $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 Ages. $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 18 and 19.. 60 $ 1 20 S 1 80 37 and 38.. $ 82 ^ 1 64 $ 2 46 19 and 20. . 61 1 22 1 83 38 and 39.. 84 1 68 2 52 20 and 21.. 62 1 24 1 86 39 and 40.. 86 1 72 2 58 21 and 22.. 63 1 26 1 89 40 and 41.. 88 1 76 2 64 22 and 23. . 64 1 28 1 92 41 and 42.. 90 1 80 2 70 23 and 24.. 65 1 30 1 95 42 and 43.. 92 1 84 2 76 24 and 25.. 66 1 32 1 98 43 and 44.. 95 1 90 2 85 25 and 26.. 67 1 34 2 01 44 and 45.. 98 1 96 2 94 26 and 27.. 68 1 36 2 04 45 and 46. . 1 02 2 04 3 06 27 and 28.. 69 1 38 2 07 46 and 47.. 1 07 2 14 3 21 28 and 29.. 70 1 40 2 10 47 and 48.. 1 14 2 28 3 42 29 and 30.. 71 1 42 2 13 48 and 49. . 1 22 2 44 3 66 30 and 31.. 72 1 44 2 16 49 and 50. . 1 35 2 70 4 05 31 and 32. . 73 146 2 19 50 and 51.. 1 45 2 90 4 35 32 and 33.. 74 1 48 2 22 51 and 52.. 1 55 3 10 4 65 33 and 34.. 75 1 50 2 25 52 and 53. . 1 65 3 30 4 95 34 and 35.. 76 1 52 2 28 53 and 54.. 1 75 3 50 5 25 35 and 36.. 78 1 66 2 34 54 and 55.. 1 85 3 70 5 55 36 and 37.. 80 160 2 40 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 491 and shall pay the same rate nf assessments thereafter so long as he remains continu- ously in good standing in the Order, as hereinafter provided. Sec. 5. On the initiation of a candidate the Financial Secretary shall immedi- ately transmit to the Supreme Secretary the name, age, occupation, and P.O. address of the initiate, amount of endowment taken, the name and P. O. address of the beneficiary or beneficiaries, together with an enrollment fee of one dollar. He shall also transmit the advance assessment to the Supreme Treasurer, with the next monthly remittance. Sec. 6. On the initiation of a candidate he shall, in addition to the advance assessment, deposit with the Financial Secretary the amount of one assessment, according to the class in which he is enrolled, to be placed to his credit, and to be replaced Dy him as often as it is paid out on endowment account. Sec. 7. Each beneficiary member of the Order, shall, on the first regular meeting night in each month, pay to the Financial Secretary the amount of one assessment, according to the class in which he is enrolled, and according to his rating, as per schedule provided for in Sec 4 of these laws. Sec. 8. Upon the first regular meeting night of each month, the Financial Secre- tary shall present to the Court the monthly assessment report upon the form prescribed by the Supreme Court, giving name and age of each member in good standing in the Court at date, names and ages of all who have been admitted to membership since last report, names and ages of those who have died, been suspended, expelled, or who have withdrawn from the Order since last report, together with the amount due the Supreme Treasury on endowment account from each member, which report shall be verified and attested by the C. R. and H. S. under the seal of the Court, and immediately transmit the same to the Supreme Secretary, together with an enrolment fee of one dollar for each member admitted since last report. Sec. 9. Upon the presentation of the monthly assessment report by the F. S. (or if the F. S. fails to report, the C. R. will immediately appoint a committee of two brethren to prepare said report, to be presented the same evening) the C. R. and R. S. shall draw an order at once for the sura called for by such monthly assessment report, and have the same transmitted by draft or P.O. money order, without delay, to the Sup. Treasurer. Drafts to be made payable to the order of the Sup. Treasurer, and the bank in which the deposits of the funds are made, and P. 0. money order to be drawn to the order of the bank. Sec. 10. Any member failing to pay the regular monthly assessments upon the first meeting night in each month, shall be at once notified by the F. Secretary that unless the same be paid before the first day of the next succeeding month he shall stand suspended, and be so reported at the next stated meeting thereafter. Sec. 11. A member of the Order suspended under Section 10 of these laws, desir- ing to be reinstated, must pay all dues, fines and assessments charged to him at the date of suspension, and all dues that he would have had to pay had he remained in financial standing provided, however, if more than thirty days and not more than six months have elapsed since the date of suspension, the applicant must also pass a medi- cal examination in the same way as initiates, and at his own expense, and the applica- tion be laid before the Court, and, if a majority of the members agree thereto, the applicant shall be restored to membership, and shall thereafter be rated in all assess- ments at his age at date of reinstatement. But if he pays all assessments that he would have had to pay had he remained continuously in financial standing he shall retain his original rating in assessments. But if more than six months have elapsed since suspension, he may become a member again by reinitiation or reinstatement, at the option of his Court. Sec. 12. On the reinstatement of any member, the Financial Secretary shall at once transmit due notice of the same to the Sup. Secretary, giving name in full, date of admission, date of suspension, and date of reinstatement, and no one shall be deemed to be reinstated till after the transmission of such notice. Sec. 13. All Courts not forwarding their assessments, as above instructed, within the month in which the assessment falls due, shall stand suspended. Any Court so suspended may reinstate itself any time within thirty days from the date of suspension by the payment of the assessments for which the Court became suspended ; but if after thirty days, then each member must, in addition, be examined upon the form prescribed by the Supreme Court and approved by the Medical Board having jurisdic- tion, and at the expense of the Court, and must be approved by the E. C. ; and each 492 HISTORY OF THE member shall thereafter be rated in all assessments as provided for reinstated members in Section 11 of these laws. Sec. 14. Members of suspended Courts and members of Courts which have sur- rendered or forfeited their charter, who were in good standing at the time of such suspension, surrender, or forfeiture of charter, shall, on application to the S. S. , if within thirty days, and on payment of a fee of one dollar receive from the S. S. a Supreme Court card, and shall then be entitled to endowments, provided they pay the assessments to the S. Treasurer as they fall due ; and provided they affiliate, at the earliest practic- able time, with some Subordinate Court ; but if after thirty days, then they must pass the usual medical examination provided for candidates for initiation, and be approved by the Medical Board and be rated in all assessments as provided in Section 11 of these laws. Sec. 1.5. Immediately upon the death of a brother in financial standing, due notice thereof shall be sent to the S. S., which notice must be in the form prescribed by Section 51 of these laws, and must state his name in full, date of joining the Order, date and cause of death, amount contributed to the Endowment Fund, and the name of the person or persons to whom the benefits is to be paid. Upon the receipt of said notice, the same shall be la'd before the E. C, and if everything be satisfactory, a warrant for the payment of the amount to which the heirs or beneficiaries are entitled shall be drawn upon the S. T. , which warrant shall be signed by the S. C. R. and S. Secretary, and be made payable to the person or persons designated by the brother to receive it, or to his heirs. Such warrant or draft shall be sent to the C. D. H. C. R. of the Court of which the deceased was a member, or to the C. D. H. C. E.. living nearest to the beneficiary or beneficiaries, and be delivered by him, in the presence of the C. R. or R. S. or F. S., to the beneficiary or beneficiaries on their surrendering the benefit certificate of the deceased ; provided, however, if satisfactory proof is given of the loss or destruction of the benefit certificate, the warrant or draft may be delivered on the execution of a proper release of all claim against the Endowment Fund of the Order. Sec. 16. All moneys received by the S. T. on endowment account, shall be at once deposited by him in such chartered bank as shall have been designated by the E. C. to the credit of the S. Court, and the bank instructed by the S. C. R. and S. Treasurer not to allow either party to withdraw any of the Endowment Fund without the signature of both on a check payable to the order of a third party. Sec. 17. Every person, at the time of applying for admission, shall state in the application what amount of endowment he desires, and a certificate for the sum chosen snail be issued to him, and he shall not be privileged thereafter to change the same except upon due notice to his Court, stating the time when such change is to take effect, and paying all assessments upon deaths occurring prior thereto, and a fee of fifty cents, which shall be forwarded with application for the change to the S. Secretary ; and if the change is for a higher amount, then it shall only be done upon passing the same medical examination as shall be prescribed for candidates for initiation. For additional endowments after initiation he shall pay assessments according to his age ; but no additional endowments shall oe allowed to members who have passed their fifty- fifth birthday. Sec. 18. The medical examination, which shall be made upon the prescribed blanks of the Order, of all applicants for membership or for reinstatements, and all applicants for increased endowments, shall be referred to the Medical Board for approval, who shall report upon each case, without delay, to the Supreme Secretary, who shall, upon receipt of this report, immediately issue to those applicants whose medical examinations have been approved and passed by the Medical Board a properly registered Endowment Policy ; he shall also notify the new Courts in which the initia- tion of charter members has taken place, of the names of all whose medical examina- tions have not been passed by the Medical Board, and who thereupon shall become social members, not entitled to endowment benefits nor liable to endowment assess- ments. All medical examiners of this Order must be graduates of some recognized school of medicine, and legally recognized as duly qualified practitioners, and duly eonmiissioned by the S. C. IL Seo. 19, At the beginning of each month the Supreme Secretary shall send to each Court a mortuary statement, giving the name, age and cause of death of each member deceaspd during the last month or since last report ; name, number and loca- tion of Court of which the deceased was a member, date of admission and amount paid by deceased on endowment account ; location of party or parties to whom the endow- ment benefit was to be paid, and the amount of endowment. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 493 Sec. 20. The Supreme Treasurer shall keep a correct and separate account of all moneys received and paid for the Endowment Fund, and only pay out the same on legal orders drawn to pay death benefits ; shall keep a correct and separate account of all money received and paid out belonging to the General Fund, which shall not be used to pay death benefits , on or before the fifth of each month shall transmit to all Courts a statement comprising the following items : General Fund, balance on hand at last report, total receipts and payments, and balance on hand. Endowment Fund, balance on hand at last report ; total received on each call, and from whom received ; total disbursements, to whom paid, date of payment, and balance on hand. Shall have the accounts correctly posted and ready for examination by the Ex. Council at the close of each month, or whenever they may require it ; shall make to this Supreme Court, on the first day of its annual communication, a full and correct report of the business of the year, and of the condition of the Treasury ; shall deliver to the Supreme Court or its proper officer, whenever called upon to do so by the Executive Council, all money, books, papers and other property belonging to this Body or Order. Sec. 21. For the faithful discharge and performance of the duties of the office, the Supreme Treasurer shall, before installed m office, give a good and sufficient bond in such sum as shall be fixed upon by the Supreme Court or Ex. Council, and depos- ited with the Supreme Trustees. The bond majr be increased by the action of the Executive Council whenever satisfied that this sum is not sufficient to cover the amount that may accumulate in the Treasury during the year. Sec. 22. The Endowment calls shall be a first lien upon all the funds of a Court, and any officer neglecting or delaying to forward the same to the Supreme Court shall be liable to summary expulsion. Sec. 23. All members of the Order in good standing on the 1st January, 1880, and who are now in good standing in the Order, shall, in all assessments for the amount of endowments held by them on 1st January, 1880, be classed and rated at their actual age, or as at thirty years of age ; but in any additional endowments they may have taken since that date, they shall be rated at their actual age at time of taking such additional endowment. Sec. 24. Whenever, by reason of an excessive mortality, there are no available funds to meet promptly the endowment claims of the widows and orphans or heirs of deceased Foresters, the E. C. shall order a special assessment, which shall be immedi- ately paid by the Sub. Courts, in which case the funds of the treasuries of Sub. Courts shall at once be replaced by the members. Sec. 25. Courts failing to pay special assessments within thirty days from date of the Sub. Secretary's call for the same, shall stand suspended, and be so notified by the S. Secretary. Sec. 26. Members failing to replace within twenty days the assessment taken to pay special assessments ordered by the E. C, shall stand suspended, and be so reported to the Court by the F. Secretary at the nexi regular meeting after such suspension. Sec. 27. Whenever the Reserve Fund accumulates so as to exceed the proportion of $100 for each member in good standing, the E. C. shall pay death claims out of the Reserve Fund, in which case the monthly assessments of all members of twelvemonths' standing will be remitted till the excess of Reserve Fund is paid out. Sec. 28. Every member on reaching his 70th birthday shall be entitled to have paid to him thereafter annually one-tenth of the amount of endowment on which he shall have paid assessments during the last past ten consecutive years, until the whole amount of endowment shall have been paid ; provided that if the member dies before reaching his 80th birthday the unpaid balance of endowment shall be paid to his heirs. Sec. 29. Every member who shall, from mental or physical causes, become totally disabled from following or directing any labor, business or profession, and which disability shall appear to the Supreme Physician to be permanent, provided such disability did not arise from his voluntary act, or from intemperance, or any im- moral or unlawful conduct on his part, or from a violation of the laws of the country, shall have his assessments paid out of the Endowment Fund ; and if the disability con- tinues for the space of six months, then the Supreme Chief Ranger shall appoint a Board of three reputable physicians, members of the Order, if possible, neither of whom shall be the family physician of the applicant, to examine into the facts of the case, cause of injury, and permanency of the disability, and to report thereupon to the Supreme Physician. If the report be that it is a clear case of permanent and total disability, and it meets with the recommendation and approval of the Supreme Physi- 494 HISTORY OF THE cian, the ^member shall be entitled to the benefit. The Supreme Chief Ranger may appoint a' deputy to appear before the Board in behalf of the Order. Sec. 30. The E. C, upon receiving credible information that a member is habit- ually using intoxicants to such excess as to endanger his life, or to materially affect the risk upon his life, shall order the Supreme Physician or some other physician, to make a proper investigation, and if, upon the investisration, the Supreme Chief Ranger is satisfied from the evidence that the brother is using intoxicants to such excess as to endanger his life, or to materially affect the risk upon his life, he shall so report to the E. C, whereupon the E. C. shall suspend such offending brother from all benefits of the Order. Sec. 31. A member of the Order suspended under Sec. 30 of these lavfe can not again be reinstated, except he first pass the medical examination prescribed for initi- ates and being balloted for and accepted by his own Court, when the E. C. may order his reinstatement. Upon the receipt of such order of the E. C. by the Sub. Court, and upon the suspended member paying all dues and assessments he would otherwise have paid had he remained continuously a beneficiary member, he shall be reinstated to his former statues in the Order. EPIDEMIC. Sec. 32. Whenever any pestilence or epidemic disease shall prevail, or shall be threatened in any district where a Court or Courts of this Order are established, the Supreme Chief Ranger shall immediately upon being notified thereof, or in any man- ner acquiring knowledge of the same, suspend the initiation of new members into said Court or Courts during the continuance of said pestilence or epidemic. The territory to be proscribed, and the peiiod of the suspension aforesaid, to be defined by the Sup. Chief Ranger, upon the advice of the Supreme Physician. Seo. 33. Each beneficiary member shall enter upon his application the name or names of the members of his family or those dependent upon him, to whom he desires his benefit paid, subject to such future disposal of the benefit among his dependents as the member may thereafter direct, and the same shall be entered in the benefi'. certi- ficate according to said direction, with all Christian names to be written out in full. Sec 33. On receipt of the application and fee, the Supreme Secretary sV all enter the member's name, age, occupatioi, date of acceptance a,4 a beneficiary member, rate of assessment, number of the certificate, name of beneficiary, and if more than one the pro rata interest of each, and such other facts as may be deemed necessary, upon a register, the roll of each Court to be kept by itself and indexed. He shall number and file the application for reference, in his office, and return to the Recording Secretary of the Suborniuate Court a benefit certificate, signed by the Supreme Chief Ranger and himself, under seal of the Supreme Court, and made payable as the member shall have directed in his application. And the Recording Secretary of the Subordinate Court shall enter on its records the number thereof. Sec. 34. A member may at any time when in good standing surrender his benefit certificate and a new certificate shall thereafter be issued payable to such beneficiary or beneficiaries dependent upon him as such member may direct, upon the payment of a certificate fee of fifty cents. Said surrender and direction must be made in writing, signed by the member, and forwarded under seal < f Subordinate Court, with the benefit certificate and fee to the Supreme Secretary. Upon furnishing satisfactory proof to the Supreme Secretary of the loss of the benefit certificate, and the payment of a fee of fifty cents, a duplicate thereof shall be issued to such member. When a second certi- ficate is issued, the first one shall be void. Sec. 35. In the event of the death of one or more of the beneficiaries selected by the member before the decease of such member, if he shall make no other or further disjiosition thereof, upon his death such benefit shall be paid in full to the surviving beneficiary or beneficiaries, each sharing pro rata as provided in the benefit cer- tificate. Sec. 36. In the event of the death of all the beneficiaries selected by the member, before the decease of such member, if he shall make no other or further disposition thereof, the benefit shall be paid to the heirs of the deceased member, dependent upon him ; and if no person or persons shall be entitled to receive such benefit by the laws of this Order, it shall revert to the Endowment Fund. Sec. 37. A member of the third class who desires to reduce his endowment certifi- cate to the amount of the second class or first class, or a member of the second class who desires to reduce his endowment certificate to the amount of the first class, if he G. SPENCE, D.S.C.R. E. M. HETHERINGTON, P.H.C.R., Missouri, d. W. STOCK, D.S.C.R.. High Secretary, Quebec. C. E. CLARK, M.D., High' Physician, Missouri. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 497 has no assessment charged against him, may give written notice to his Court at any time to change to a lower amount in the class designated; provided, that such member shall pay full rates on all assessments due on or before said change ; and he shall sur- render to his Court his benefit certificate, with fifty cents, which, with a certificate of the change, and the member's notice thereof, shall be forwarded by the Recording Sec- retary of this Court to the Supreme Secretary, who shall issue to such member a bene- fit certificate of the lower amount designated. Sec. 38. _ A member of the first class, under fifty-five years of age, may change to membership in the second class, or third class, by making written application to, and receiving the consent of his Court, after being examined and recommended in the man- ner prescribed for new members, and he shall pay as an assessment thereafter in the second class, or third class, at the age at which he makes such change. Said applica- tion must be accompanied by the amount of one advance assessment required by the chan,'e. The member so changing shall also surrender his benefit certificate, pay fifty cents to the Recording Secretary of his Court, who shall forward the application, certi- fying thereon the date of the change, examiner's certificate, benefit certificate, and fifty cents to the Supreme Secretary, who shall issue a new benefit certificate to said member. Sec. 39. Upon the payment of a permanent disability claim, the member receiv- ing the same shall surrender his benefit certificate to the Court, and the Chief Ranger aud Recording Secretary shall forward the same with the receipt and proof of payment to the Supreme Secretary, who shall issue a new certificate for the amount unpaid, stating thereon the necessary facts, but the members shall continue to pay assessments at the rate upon which the original benefit certificate was issued. Sec. 40. Each benefit Certificate shall be in the form prescribed by the Supreme Court ; shall bear the signature of the Supreme Chief Ranger and Supreme Secretary (or a facsimile thereof), and an impression of the seal of the Supreme Council. Be- fore delivery to the member it shall be signed by the Chief Ranger of the member's Court and countersigned by the Recording Secretary, with the seal of the Subordinate Court attached. Sec. 41. Any Court failing to comply with any provision of this law may be suspended by the Supreme Chief Ranger, after notice of such failure or neglect shall have been given to the Court and to the High Court in whose jurisdiction such Court is situated, by the Supreme Secretary under seal. And any officer or member failing or refusing to comply with the provisions of these laws shall in consequence cease to be a member of the Order. Sec. 42. Each Court at the December election in every year shall elect no more than two Court Physicians who shall be members of the Order, graduates of respect- able medical colleges, and practising physicians in good standing, and whose duty shall be to carefully examine any applicant for membership by initiation, in accordance with the prescribed form, and cause the same to be forwarded to the Medical Board, and no examination for such Court shall be legal unless made by a physician so elected, and duly commissioned, except by the special dispensation of the Supreme Chief Ranger for satisfactory cause. Sec. 43. ^ A Subordinate Court Physician shall never examine an applicant for membership in the ante-room or meeting-room of the Court at the time of meeting or thereabouts ; never examine a relation by blood or marriage, or in any case where the benefits are payable to himself or any member of his family; carefully and thoroughly examine all candidates privately, where there is no noise or confusion ; cause the renaoval of all starched or other clothing which might interfere with the recognition of intrathoracic disease ; and fully answer each and every question in the prescribed form. Sec. 44. ^ A Court Physician may be removed by the Supreme Chief Ranger, for cause, and his successor shall be elected by the Court at the next regular meeting after the notice of such removal, or as soon as practicable thereafter. Such notice shall be given either in person or by mail to the Court Physician, as well as to the Court, and if said physician shall after such notice examine a candidate, he shall, without further ceremony, be^ expelled from the Order by direction of the Supreme Chief Ranger, or by the action of the Subordinate Court, or the High Standing Committee of the Jurisdiction. Any Court that shall permit such examination, after notice, may be suspended. Sec. 45. No person shall become a beneficiary member of the Order until his examination shall have been bubmitted to the Medical Board, who may order, before 498 HISTORY OF THE approval of examination, a microscopic examination and analysis, or either of thenu The fee of the Subordinate C^urt Physician shall be at least one dollar. Sec. 46. No beneficiary member shall reside in North America south of the 38th parallel of latitude for a period longer thin thirty days, without a special permit from the Supreme Physician, countersigned by the Supreme Secretary, and seal of the Supreme Court attached, and paying such additional rates of assessments as may be determined on by the C. E. Sec. 47. No benefit claims shall be assigned to others as collateral security for debt, nor shall the beneficiaries or beneficiary be changed except in manner provided for in the By-Laws. Sec. 48. Any member of the Order who committs suicide shall thereby forfeit all his claims on the Endowment Fund of the Older, and the Beneficiary, or Benefitiaries, or heirs shall not be entitled to receive the Endowment, but the Executive Committee, luay after proper investigation, donate one-half of the amount to the family or depend- ent relatives of deceased, as may have been designated by the deceased in his Benefit certificate. Sec. 49. Until the proper formation of the Supreme Court, the High Court shall be deemed to be the Supreme Court, and the duties and obligations of the Supreme Court Officers required by these laws shall be performed by the corresponding High Court Officers. Sec. 50. An amount not exceeding five per cent, of the gross receipts may be taken by the Supreme Court to pay management expenses. Sec. 51. Forms. ' CLAIMS FOR ENDOWMENT. "A." Court No. Province of 18 To the Executive Council, Supreme Court, Independent Order of Foresters : This certifies that our late Brother ^ {give name in full), aged years, was a member in good standing at the time of his death in Court No. I. O. F,, located at Province of and that his heirs are entitled to the Endowment^ of thousand dollars, as provided by the Endowment Laws of this Order, he being enrolled at death in the class. Date of his enrolment in such class day of A.D. 18 . Age at such enrolment, years. Paid on Endowment account, $ Date of initiation, day of A,D. 18 Age at initiation, years. Endowment designated to Cause of death, as per medical certificate attached, marked " B." C. E. Pv. Sec. MEDICAL CERTIFICATE. B.' I certify that late member of Court No. , I. O.F., located at , Province of was ill of for a period of days ; that I attended him professionally in his last illness, and that he died of on the day of A,D. 18 M.D. Dated at day of 18 , INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 499 DECLARATION OF FINANCIAL SECRETARY. "C." Province of ^ I, ..[name in full] County of ( of the of in the j County of TO WIT. / Province of Make oath and say: That I am the Financial Secretary of Court , No. I.O.F. located at _ Province of and that the statement contained in the above certificate of death (marked " A.") of our late Bro. , signed by the Chief Ranger and Recording Secretary of Court No. , I.O.F., are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. F. Secretary. Sworn to before me at in the County of , this day of in the year of our Lord 18 and certified under my official seal. , a Notary Public for the Province of Sec 52. These laws may be repealed, revised, altered or amended, at any regular or called session of the Supreme Court, upon a written notice of the amendment, giving the Section sought to be amended and the form of the amendment, when by unani- mous consent it may be considered. If an unanimous consent is refused, then the amendment must lie over till the next day, when it may be called by any member of the Supreme Court and considered. After consideration, if two-thirds of the Repre- sentatives present vote in favor of it, the amendment shall be declared adopted. 500 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER VII. SHORT HISTORY OF MORTALITY TABLES TABLE OF EXPECTATION OR AVERAGE DURATION OF LIFE TABLE OF "COST OF RISKS " MORTALITY RATE DURING THE FIVE YEARS AMONG THE LO.F. MEMBERS ADMITTED BETWEEN 1888 AND 1892, BOTH INCLUSIVE MORTALITY RATE OF LO.F. IN EACH YEAR FROM ITS FOUND- ATION TO 1st JULY, 1893 MONETARY TABLES. % . ' T is not our purpose to do more than give a concise history of those mortality tables which are best known, and which are or have been generally used in England and America, so that the reader may understand us clearly when referring to any of these tables, or when discussing premium rates of insurance and the component parts thereof. One of the earliest tables is the " Northampton Table," which was constructed by Dr. Price, based on the vital statistics of Northampton, England. The Doctor's observations extended over a period of forty-six years, viz., from 1735 to 1780. I understand that this table is yet used by some English companies, but it is generally conceded that its rates of mortality do not accord with the results of more recent and more extended observations. The next table to come into general notice was the " Carlisle Table " which was prepared by Mr. Milne from observations of the vital statistics of Carlisle, England, extending from 1779 to 1787. This table was largely used, and is still the basis of valu- ations and of the premiums of some English as well as American companies. In the light of some of the later mortality tables,- however, it presents some anomalies which are not easily ex- plainable. For instance, the rate of mortality at 45, according to this table, is greater than it is at 50. Half a century later, or in 1843, the "Actuaries' " or "Combined Experience Table " was prepared and published by a committee INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 501 of eminent British actuaries, based on the experience of seven- teen life offices in England and Scotland. It soon became the recognized standard table in Great Britain, as well as in some portions of the United States, and is still largely used on both sides of the Atlantic as the basis for premium rates by life insur- ance companies. The next table to be brought under observation is variously designated as " Dr. Farr's No. 3," or " the English or National No. 3," or " the English Life No. 3." In 1869 another table was published by the " Institute of Actuaries " from observations of 20 British life offices extending over a series of years and usually known as the " New Actuaries' Table" or the "Actuaries' (H^-) Table," We give also the Healthy Female "(H^-)" and the Healthy Male and Female "(H^^-) Table" of the Institute of Actuaries. In a separate table, numbered 3, we give the percentage of mortality among female lives according to the " English Life Table No. 3," as well as the percentage of mortality among healthy male lives> not taking into consideration the first five years of assurance, as found in the publication of the Institute of Actuaries. This is designated " Actuaries' (H^- 5 ) Table." These latter figures will show us, in a measure, the reduction in the mortality, due to the niedical selection of lives. As, however, the effect of medical selection does not pass away altogether till after ten or twelve years, it follows that the figures given do not fully indicate the advantage afforded insurance companies and societies by the medical selection of lives. About the time that the " Combined Experience Table " was given us by a committee of eminent British Actuaries, the " American Experience Table " was prepared by that eminent insurance authority, Sheppard Homans, from the experience of the Mutual Life of New York, of which company Mr. Homans was actuary from 1856 to 1871. All the standard European tables were used by Mr. Homans in adjusting his table. It was first adopted by the State of New York in 1868 as the basis for the valuation of policies, and is largely used in America as a standard. 502 HISTORY OF THE More recently, viz : in 1881, a new and very valuable American standard table was published under the authority of the " Chamber of Life Insurance." The revised edition of this work, issued in 1886, is probably the best work on the subject extant in America. It is commonly called the " Meech Table " from the name of the actuary in charge of the publication. In the address of the S. C. R delivered on the occasion ofi^ the institution of the High courts of London and Mid-England in London, on the 4th of May, 1893, and incorporated into this history, there will be found a table showing how the three elements which compose the premiums of old line insurance companies are made up and which is reproduced in table No. 4. The net premiums or " cost of insurance," as it is called, is also shown in the table. In the following four tables will be found not only the " ex- pectation of life," and the " cost of risk," for one year at the ages given, according to the principal standard tables of mortality, but also the respective cost of male and of female risks, and of male and female risks when taken together, thus enabling the reader to calculate the relative mortality of the two sexes. TABLE NO. 1. The followine: table shows the " Expectation of Life," or average duration of life, as given in the various standard "Mortality Tables," according to the experience of populations and of life assur- ance companies. < < 1^ 3 sl-f It! 11? as?,- If If f 1 1 Si 1 American Experience (Shep. Homan's), 1858. n || i S3 tn 10 39.78 48.82 48.36 47.05 50.29 48,20 49.89 48.72 49.99 4;<.05 11 89.14 48.04 47.68 46.31 49.54 47.35 49.38 48.08 49.32 47.21 12 38.49 47.27 47.01 45.54 48.78 46.54 48.38 47.45 48.64 46.40 13 37.83 46.51 46.33 44.76 47.89 45.78 47.50 46.80 47.95 45.64 14 37.17 45.75 45.64 43.97 47.03 45.05 46.60 46.16 47.26 44.91 15 36.51 45.00 44.96 43.18 46.16 44.34 45.90 45.50 46.57 44.19 16 35.85 44.27 44.27 42.40 45.25 43.64 45.14 44.85 45.88 43.48 17 35.20 43.57 43.58 41.64 44.44 42.95 44.23 44.19 45.18 42.79 18 34.58 42.87 42.88 40.90 43.61 42.25 43.39 43.53 44.48 42.12 19 33.99 42.17 42.19 40.17 42.82 4L54 42.64 42.87 43.78 41.46 REV. WM. WALSH, D.S.C.R., Past Supreme Chaplain. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 505 TABLE NO. l.~Continued. < 1 rSoO m 11! Ill o o ll 0) h II 2 n Ie < 1 Kg < American Experience Sbep. Homan's), 1858. ,03 20 33.43 41.46 41.49 39.48 42.06 40.82 41.98 42.20 43.07 40.82 21 32.90 40.75 40.79 38.80 41.33 40.09 41.23 41.53 42.36 40.19 22 32.39 40.04 40.09 38.13 40.60 39.39 40.51 40.85 41.65 39.56 23 31.88 39.31 39.39 37.46 39.88 38.70 39.84 40.17 40.93 38.96 24 31.36 38.59 38.68 36.79 39.15 38.04 39.15 39.49 40.21 38.38 25 30.85 37.86 37.98 36.12 38.41 37.41 38.44 38.81 39.49 37.80 26 30.33 37.14 37.27 35.44 37.66 36.81 37.65 38.12 38.77 37.23 27 29.82 36.41 36.56 34.77 36.91 36.23 36.93 37.43 38.04 38.66 28 29.30 35.69 35.86 34.10 36.16 35.66 36.18 36.73 37.31 36-08 29 28.79 35.00 35.15 33.43 35.42 36.09 35.47 36.03 36.58 35.49 80 28.27 34.34 34.43 32.76 34.68 34.50 34.75 35.33 35.85 34.89 31 27.76 33.68 33.72 32.09 33.95 33.91 34.04 34.63 35.12 34.29 32 27.24 33.03 33.01 31.42 33 21 3 {.31 33.30 33.92 34.38 33.69 33 26.72 32.36 32.30 30.74 32.48 32.69 32.59 33.21 33.65 33.06 34 26.20 31.68 31.58 30.07 31.75 32.07 31.86 32.60 32.91 32.42 35 25.68 31.00 80.87 29.40 31.02 31.45 31.15 31.78 32.17 31.78 36 25.16 30.32 30.15 28.73 30.29 30.81 30.41 31.07 31.43 31.13 37 24.64 29.64 29.44 28.06 29.56 30.18 29.69 30.35 30.70 30.47 38 24.12 28.96 28.72 27.39 28.84 29.54 28.97 29.62 29.96 29.81 39 23.60 28.28 28.00 26.72 28.12 28.90 28.27 28.90 29.22 29.16 40 23.08 27.61 27.28 26.06 27.40 28.25 27.57 28.18 ' 28.48 28.48 41 22.56 26 97 26.56 25.39 26.68 27.61 26.85 27.45 27.75 27.82 42 22.04 26.34 25.84 24 73 ii5.96 26.96 26.14 26.72 27.01 27.15 43 21.54 25.71 25.12 2t.07 25.23 26.30 25.42 26.00 26.28 26.45 44 21.03 25.09 24.40 23.41 24.51 25.65 24.69 25.27 25.55 25.74 45 20.52 24.46 23.69 22.76 23.79 24.99 23.98 24.54 24.82 25.02 46 20.02 23.82 2i.97 22 11 23.08 24.33 23.27 23.81 24. Oi 24.30 47 19.51 23.17 22.27 21.46 21.3S 23.66 22.57 23.08 23.38 23.57 48 19.00 22.50 21.56 20.S2 21.63 22.98 21.89 22.36 22.66 22.83 49 18.49 21.81 20.87 20.17 20.99 22.30 21.20 21.63 21.95 22.08 50 17.99 21.11 20.18 19.54 20.31 21.62 20.51 20.91 21.24 21.33 51 17.50 20.39 19.60 18.90 19.63 20.93 19. 8 1 20.20 20.54 20.59 52 17.02 19.68 18.82 18.28 18.95 20.24 19.17 19.49 19.84 19.87 53 16.54 18.97 18.16 17.67 18.28 19.55 18.50 18.79 19.15 19.15 54 16.06 18.28 17.50 17.06 17.62 18.87 17.81 18.09 18.47 18.44 55 15.58 17.58 16.86 16.45 16.96 18.19 17.14 17.40 17.80 17.73 56 15.10 16.89 16.22 15.86 16.32 17.52 16.53 16.72 17.13 17.03 57 14.63 16.21 15.59 15.26 15.68 16.85 15.90 16.05 16.47 16.35 58 14.15 15.55 14.97 14.68 15.05 16.18 15.26 16.39 15.83 15.67 59 13.68 14.92 14.37 14.10 14.44 15.52 14.64 14.74 15.19 15.02 60 13.21 14.34 13.77 13.53 13.83 14.85 13.99 14.10 14.56 14.37 61 12.75 13.82 13.18 12.96 13.24 14.20 13.42 13.47 13.94 13.73 62 12.28 13 31 12.61 12.41 12.66 13.56 12.83 12.86 13.34 13.10 63 11.81 12.81 12.05 11.87 12.10 12.95 12.26 12.26 12.74 12.49 64 11.35 12.30 11.51 11.34 11.55 12.35 11.72 11.67 12.16 11.90 65 10.88 11.79 10.97 10.82 11.01 11.77 11.17 11.10 11.60 11.31 66 10.42 11.27 10.46 10.32 10.49 11.21 10.65 10.54 11.04 10.74 67 9.96 10.75 9.96 9.83 9.98 10.66 10.12 10.00 10.50 10.19 68 9.50 10.23 9.47 9.36 9.48 10.12 9.61 9.47 9.97 9.65 69 9.05 9.70 9.00 8.90 8.98 9.59 9.13 8.97 9.46 9.13 FF 506 HISTORY OF THE TABLE NO. 2. The following table shows the percentage of mortality, and the " cost of risks " at the respective ages, as given in the various standard ' ' Mortality Tables," based on the experience of certain dis- tricts in England, and on those of life companies. ! < L 6 Actuaries', or Combin- ed Experience Table, (17 offices) 1843. II oil II Actuaries' (HM.) Table (20 offices) 1869. r Ill 1 < If 04 3 li 10 9.16 4.49 6.76 6.63 4.90 3.14 4.42 7.49 6.48 3.14 11 8.89 4.82 6.79 5.07 3.99 4.21 4.09 7.52 6.50 4.21 12 8.97 5.00 6.81 4.78 3.32 5.14 3.88 7.54 6.52 6.14 13 9.05 5.18 6.85 4.72 2.91 5.88 3.81 7.67 6.54 5.88 14 9.14 5.52 6.90 4.86 2.76 6.44 3.85 7.60 6.57 6.43 15 9.22 6.19 6.94 5.19 2.87 6.84 4.04 7.63 6.59 6.60 16 9.86 6.71 7.00 5.64 3.25 7.05 4.36 7.66 6.61 7.00 17 10.90 6.91 7.06 6.22 3.88 7.07 4.82 7.69 6.65 7.74 18 11.97 6.96 7.13 6.88 4.79 6.90 5.43 7.73 6.68 8.30 19 12.89 7.01 7.21 7.59 5.74 6.69 6.04 7.76 6.72 8.66 20 14.03 7.06 7.29 8.32 6.33 6.8S 6.49 7.80 6.76 9.12 21 14.82 6.95 7.38 8.50 6.72 7.29 6.79 7.85 6.81 9.11 22 15.04 6.99 7.46 8.68 6.84 7.92 6.92 7.91 6.86 10.23 23 15.27 7.04 7.56 8.86 6.76 8.82 6.95 7.96 6.91 10.87 24 15.51 7.09 7.67 9.03 6.64 9.84 6.95 8.01 6.97 10.97 25 15.76 7.31 7.77 9.20 6.68 10.81 7.00 8.06 7.03 11.27 26 16.01 7.37 7.89 9.38 6.68 11.38 7.09 8.13 7.11 11.61 27 16.27 7.77 8.01 9.65 6.90 11.81 7.83 8.20 7.19 11.44 28 16.54 8.70 8.14 9.74 7.17 12.01 7.58 8.26 7.27 11.33 29 16.82 9.83 8.27 9.93 7.47 11.95 7.83 8.34 7.38 11.44 30 17.10 10.10 8.42 10.13 7.72 11.85 8.06 8.43 7.48 11.62 31 17.40 10.21 8.58 10.34 7.92 11.71 8.22 8.51 7.60 11.60 32 17.71 10.13 8.75 10.56 8.10 11.57 8.37 8.61 7.73 11.13 33 18.03 10.05 8.92 10.80 8.28 11.66 8.55 8.72 7.87 10.67 34 18.36 10.15 9.09 11.05 8.50 11.72 8.75 8.83 8.03 11.21 35 18.70 10.26 9.29 11.33 8.77 11.76 9.00 8.95 8.21 11.08 36 19.06 10.55 9.48 11.62 9.11 11.90 9.33 9.09 8.89 11.14 37 19.48 10.85 9.69 11.94 9.46 12.04 9.68 9.23 8.59 li.27 38 19.81 11.17 9.91 12.29 9.78 12.19 10.00 9.41 8.83 11.52 39 20.22 11.88 10.13 12.65 10.08 12.34 10.27 9.59 9.08 11.34 40 20.91 13.00 10.36 13.06 10.31 12.55 10.50 9.79 9.36 11.76 41 21.63 13.77 10.61 13.48 10.49 12.75 10.69 10.01 9.65 12.01 42 22.40 14.37 10.89 13.94 10.73 12.94 10.91 10.26 10.00 11.17 43 22.91 14.58 11.25 14.44 11.13 13.15 11. '2 8 10.52 10.35 10.89 44 23.45 14.80 11.70 14.97 11.56 13.38 11.73 10.83 10.76 11.20 45 24.01 14.81 12.21 15.54 12.19 13.62 12.32 11.16 11.20 11.24 46 24.61 14.82 12.84 16.15 12.94 13.76 13.01 Ik 56 11.69 11.27 47 25.23 14.60 13.52 16.80 13.70 13.88 13.72 12.00 12.23 10.90 48 25.88 13.98 14.V6 17.49 14.44 14.00 14.42 12.51 12.81 11.15 . 49 26.91 13.68 15.06 18.5^3 15.22 14.16 15.11 13.11 13.46 11.82 50 28.35 13.42 15.94 19.02 15.95 14.45 15.78 ' 18.78 14.17 12.23 51 29.54 14.29 16.90 20.42 16.67 14.96 16.51 14.54 14.96 13.41 52 30.44 15.20 17.95 21.45 17.65 15.62 17.32 15.39 15.81 14.60 53 81.39 16.15 19.09 22.61 18.60 16.41 18.31 16.33 16.75 15.14 54 32.41 16.90 20.81 23.64 19.73 17.39 19.45 17.40 17.78 15.89 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 507 TABLE NO. 2. Continued. c I. T p. lit ill it 11 ! < 3 III IS?. u |r "8 1^ 1 1^ ^'^ 1 . 139,' Bro. James Newell, Court Alvinston, No. 67, Alvin- ston, Ont., died February 19th, 1888 : 1000 00 No. 140, Bro. Edmund S. Armn- bring, Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, Hamilton, Ont. , died Febru- ary 15th, 1888 1000 00 No. 141, Bro. Chas. D. Kigby, Court Royal Jubilee, No. 114, Halifax, N.S., died February 17th, 1888 1000 00 No. 142, Bro. William Watson, Court Oak Leaf, No. 62, Wheat- ley, Ont.. died March 2nd, 1888 1000 00 No. 143, Bro, John H. Moser, Court La Have, No. 205, Bridge- water, N.S., died February 24th, 1888 1000 00 No. 144, Bro. Allan Crawford, M.D., Court Alvinston, No. 67, Alvinston, Ont., died March 4th, 1888 1000 00 No. 145, Bro. Alex. Bennett, Court Elizabeth, No. 1, Eliza- beth, N.J., died March 13th, 1888 3000 00 No. 146, Bro. Chas. H. Mclntyre, Court Flint, No. 2.39, Flint, Mich., died March 20th, 1888. . 1000 00 No. 147, Bro. Thos. S.Williamson, Court Simcoe, No, 166, Simcoe, Ont , died March 19th, 1888... . 2000 00 No. 148, Bro. James Caldwell, Court Chautauqua, No. 202, Summerside, P.E.L. died 20th March, 1888 1000 00 No. 149, Bro. Alex. Robertson, Court Moira, No. 33, Belleville, Ont., died 29th February, 1888 1000 00 No. 150, Bro. David Gibb, Court Peerless, No. 193, St. Mary's, Ont., died 30th April, 1888 .... 1000 00 No. 151, Bro. Orville G. Turner, Court Harvard, No. 281, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 27th April, 1888 1000 00 No. 152, Bro. Johnston Grraham, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont., died 7th May, 1888 1000 00 No. 153, Bro. Samuel Brennagh, Court Manitou, No. 135, Mani- tou, Man., died 13th April, 1888 1000 00 No. 154, Bro. George Phillips, Court General Gordon, No. 152, Forest, Ont. , died 9th May , 1888 1000 00 No 155, Bro. John Edmund Rend, Court Loyalist, No. 121, Port- land, N.B., died 18th May, 1888 1000 00 No. 156. Bro. William Butler, Court Eureka, N<>. 65, Comber, Ont., died 14th May, 1888 . . . ..$1000 00 No. 157, Bro. Peter H. Mcln- tyre, Court Sydenham, No. 53, Strathroy, Ont., died 11th May, 1888 1000 00 No. 158, Bro. David H. William- son, Court Midland, No. 87, Midland, Ont., died 5th June, 1888 2000 00 No. 159, Bro. Allen H. Cliff, Court Rock Glen, No, 186, Arkona, Ont., died 8th June, 1888 2000 00 No. 160, Bro. Walter H. Norie, Court Madawaska, No. 81, Amprior, Ont., died 15th April, 1888 2000 00 No. 161, Bro. Amos Hessell, Court Stormont, No. 3, Cornwall, Ont. , died 25th June, 1888 .... 2000 00 No. 162, Bro. John Corcoran, Court Washington, No. 44, Elizabeth, N. J., died 2nd July, 1888 1000 00 No. 163, Bro. James Cathcart, Court Lucan, No. 207, Lucan, Ont., died 14th June, 1888 .... 1000 00 No. 164, Bro. John S. McLeod, Court Evangeline, No. 109, KentviUe, N.S., died 17th July, 1888 1000 00 No. 165, Bro. Chas. A. Boush, Court CoUingwood, No. 95, Col- lingwood, Ont., died 1st June, 1888 1000 00 No. 166, Bro. Isaac R. Hart, Court Bracebridge, No. 243, Bracebridge, Ont., died 7th Au- gust, 1888 1000 00 No. 167, Bro. John DeRoy, Court Marion, No. 267, Decker- ville, Mich., died 18th August, 1888 1000 00 No, 168, Bro, Henry J, Mont- gomery, Court Toronto, No. 167, Toronto, Ont., died 24th August, 1888 2000 00 No, 169, Bro. Z. HemphiU, Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, Hamil- ton, Ont., died 5th Sep., 1888 . . 3000 00 No. 170, Bro. John Lindsey, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont., died 24th Sep., 1888 1000 00 No. 171, Bro. Crawford E. Slack, Court Peerless, No. 193, St. Mary's, Ont., died 3rd Oct., 1888 1000 00 No. 172, Bro. Geo. Wortley, Court Royal, No. 212, Essex Centre, Ont., died 1st Oct., 1888 1000 00 No. 173, Bro. Wm. A. Somerville, Court Intervale, No. 134, Pen- obsquis, N.B., died 2nd Oct., 1888. 1000 00 540 HISTORY OF THE No. 174, Bro. Arnold Mastin, Court Picton, No. 177, Picton, Ont., died 13th Oct., 1888 $1000 00 No. 175, Bro. Robert Little, Court Sarnia, No. 55, Sarnia, Oct., died 18th Oct., 1888 1000 00 No. 176, Bro. James H. Scott, Court Tyrconnell, No. 99, Wal- lacetown, Ont., died 23rd Sepr., 1888 3000 00 No. 177, Bro. Jesse Hilborn, Court Black Knight, No. 173, Preston, Ont., died 22 ad Oct., 1888 .... 1000 00 No. 178, Bro. Hugh A. McLaren, Court Credit Valley, No. 75, Insrlewood, Ont., died 14th Oct., 1888 2000 00 No. 179, Bro. Harry Da vey. Court Warkworth, No. 334, Wark- worth, Ont., died 21st Oct , 1888 1000 00 No. 180, Bro. Wm. H. C. Hill, Court Cookshire, No. 176, Cook- shire, Que., died 22nd Oct., 1888 1000 00 No. 181, Bro. Alfred N. Tetlock, Court Mississippi, No. 78, Carle- ton Place, Ont., died 3rd Nov., 1888 1000 00 No. 182, Bro. Philip S. Martin, Court Lindsay, No. 181, Lind- say, Ont., died 5th Nov., 1888 3000 00 No. 183, Bro. Jas. Russell, Court Rock Glen, No. 186, Arkona, Ont., died 26th Oct., 1888 1000 00 No. 184, Bro. I. Corkindale, Court Picton, No. 177, Picton, Ont., died 16th Nov., 1888 2000 00 No. 185, Bro. Thomas Boardman Court Northern Light, No. 127, Owen Sound, Ont., died 23rd Nov., 1888 1000 00 No. 186, Bro. John Morrison, Court Sarnia, No. 55, Sarnia, Ont., died 2nd Dec, 1888 1000 00 No. 187, Bro. Edwin Jos. Greaves, Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont., died 2nd Dec, 1888 lOOO 00 No. 188, Bro. James Carr, Court Maple, No. 155, St. Thomas, Ont., died 30th Nov., 1888.... 1000 00 No. 189, Bro. John Smith, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont., died 9th Dec, 1888 1000 00 No. 190, Bro. Joshua G. Reynolds, Court Elizabeth, No. 1, Eliza- beth, N.J., died 3rd Dec, 1888 1000 00 No. 191, Bro. Robert N. Bryan, Court Elizabeth, No. 1, Eliza- beth, N. J., died 5th Dec, 1888 1000 00 No. 192, Bro. Ed. J. P. Dubel- beiss. Court Flower City, No. 336, Rochester, N.Y., died 15th Dec, 1888 1000 00 No 193, Bro. Robt. C.Thompson, Court Parkhill, No. 156, Park- hiU, Ont., died 14th Dec, 1888 1000 00 1889. No. 194, Bro. Joseph Wilson, Court Bolton, No, 308, Bolton. Ont., died 6th Jan., 1889 $1000 00 No. 195, Bro. John J. Hecker, Court Fremont, No. 355, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 10th Jan., 1889 1000 00 No. 196, Bro. Walter Smith, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont,, died 10th January, 1889 1000 00 No. 197, Bro. James Ellar, Couri Union, No. 86, Brampton, Ont., died 5th January, 1889 2000 00 No. 198, Bro. Charles E. Firkins, Court Hamilton, No. 170, Ham- ilton,Ont., died 12th Feb., 1889. 1000 00 No. 199, Bro. Arthur L. Martin, Court Eastman, No. 317, East- man, Que, died 29th Jan., 1889 1000 00 No. 200, Bro. Alva M. Metcalf, Court Warkworth, No. 334, Warkworth, Ont., died 7th Feb., 1889 1000 00 No. 201, Bro. Henry W. Lydiaid, Court Evangeline, No. 109, Kentville, N.S., died 24th Feb., 1889 3000 00 yo. 202, Bro. William Wemp, Court Hope, No. 1, London, Ont., died 28th Feb., 1889 1000 00 No. 203, Bro. Joseph Wood, Court Maple, No. 155, St. Thomas, Ont,, died 2nd March, 1889 .... 1000 00 No. 204, Bro. Robert Argue, Court Sydenham, No. 43, Strathroy, Ont,, died 5th Mar., 1889 1000 00 No. 205, Bro. George E. Quennell, Court Selkirk, No. 235, Wallace- burg, Ont., died26frh Mar., 1889. ICOO 00 No. 206, Bro. William J. Burwell, Court Concord, No. 70, Corse- ley, Ont., died 12th March, 1889 1000 00 No. 207, Bro. Joseph W. Corr, Court Mississippi, No. 78, Carle- ton Place, Ont., died 31st Mar., 1839 1000 00 No. 208, Bro. Duncan Sinclair, Court Belmont, No. 153, Bel- mont, Ont., died 4th April, 1889 1000 00 No. 209, Bro. Alex. Mitchell, Court Alliston, No. 50, Allis- ton, Ont., died 8th April, 1889 1000 00 No. 210, Bro. D. J. Van Velsor, M.D., Court Harwich, No. 98, Blenheim, Ont. , died 13th Apr., 1889 2000 00 No. 211, Bro. William J. Hether- ington. Court Clifton, No. 220, Niagara Falls, Ont., died 18th April, 1889. . . .-. 1000 00 No. 212, Bro. William Weeks, Court Lambeth, No. 143, Lam- beth, Ont., died 9th May, 1889 2000 00 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 541 No. 213, Bro. George A. Schram, Court Parkhill, No. 156, Park- hill, Ont., died 23rd May, 1889$1000 00 No. 214, Bro. George H. Williams, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont., died 27th May, 1889 .... 1000 00 No. 215, Bro. Pei-igrine M. Clark, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kin^rs- ton, Ont., died 30th May, 1889 1000 00 No. 236, Bro. John Judge, Court Lucan, No. 207, Lucan, Ont., died 11th May, 1889 1000 00 No. 217, Bro. Frank I. Wallace, Court Bolton, No. 308, Albion, Ont., died 18th April, 1889 .... 1000 00 No. 218, Bro. William H. Mat- thews, Court Shelburne, No. 45, Shelburne, Ont., died 23rd June, 1889 1000 00 No. 219, Bro. James W. Taylor, C urt City of the Valley, No. 222, Dundas, Ont., died 28th June, 1889 2000 00 No. 220, Bro. George Robt. Davis, Court Kennebecasis, No, 24, Norton Station, N. B., died 10th March, 1889 1000 00 No. 221, Bro. William Tawse, Court Desmond, No. 187, Port Huron, Mich., died 1st July, 1889 1000 00 No. 222, Bro. John W. TurnbuU, Court Bear River, No. 119, Bear River, N. S., died 1st June, 1889 1000 00 No. 223, Bro. Horace E. Dayton, Court St. Mary's, No. 145. St. Mary's, N.B., died 7th July, 1889 2000 00 No. 224, Bro. W. D. Manchester, Court Vassar, No. 337, Vassar, Mich,, died 10th Aug., 1889... 1000 00 No. 225. Bro. James F.Tait, Court Clifton, No. 220, Niagara Falls, Ont., died 5th Au?., 1889 1000 00 No. 226, Bro. Elias A. Keith, Court Butternut Ridge, No. 184, Havelock, N. B. , died 12th Aue., 1889 1000 00 No. 227, Bro. Alex. C. M. Hod- gins, Court Madawaska, No. 81, Arnprior, Ont., died 29th July, 1889 1000 00 No. 228, Bro. William Hall, Court Union, No. 86, Brampton, Ont., died 17th Au?. , 1889 1000 00 No. 229, Bro. Ed. Graham, Court Garnet, No. 64, Wyoming, Ont. , died 16th Aug., 1889 1000 00 No. 230, Bro. Dexter Willard, Court Beaver, No, 2, Cook- shire, Que. , died 8th Aug., 1889 2000 00 No. 231, Bro. Christopher Ob- lander, Court Elmira, No. 397, Elmira, Ont., died 2nd Aug. ,1889 1000 CO No. 232, Bro. Jonathan S. Rose, Court Royal, No. 212, Essex Centre, Ont., died 1st Sept., 1889 SIOOO 00 No. 233, Bro. John Herbert, Court Greenwood, No. 257, Clandeboye, Ont, died 3rd Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. 234, Bro. W. M. Medley, Court Stadacona, No. 224, Que- bec, Que., died 24th Aug., 1889 3000 00 No. 235, Bro. Francis Bartley, Court Keewatin, No. 19, Rat Portage, Ont., died 2nd Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. 236, Bro. George S. Mitchell, Court Lisgar, No. 97, Toronto, Ont., died 8th Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. 237, Bro. David Van Valbren- burg, Court Huron, No. 163, Point Edward, Ont., died 6th Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. 238, Bro. Archibald C. Mc- Kinlay, Court Credit, No. 133, Georgetown, Ont., died 14th Aug., 1889 1000 00 No. 239, Bro. Charles Hall, Court Garnet, No. 64, Wyoming, Ont., died 5th Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. 240, Bro. John Milton Davis, Court Royal, No. 212, Essex Centre, Ont., died 12th Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. 241, Bro. Willard C. La- fayette, Court Mentor, No. 435, Potts, Mich., died 15th Septem- ber, 1889 2000 00 No. 242, Bro. James Simpson Scott, Court Caledonia, No. 256, Caledonia, Ont., died 19th September, 1889 1000 00 No. 243, Bro. Henry B. Kil- 1am, Court Petitcodiac, No. 94, Petitcodiac, N.B., diea3rdOct., 1889 1000 00 No. 244, Bro. George Emms, Court Acadia, No. 102, Amherst, N.S., died 5th Oct., 1889 1000 00 No. 245, Bro. Richard J. Jam- ieson, Court Manotick, No. 144, Manotick, Ont., died 9th Oct., 1889 1000 00 No. 246, Bro. Henry Davison, Court Desmond, No. 187, Port Huron, Mich., died 8th Oct,, 1889..... 1000 00 No. 247, Bro. F. J. Bowen, Court Orient, No. 416, HamiltonOnt., died 12th Oct., 1889 2000 00 No. 248, Bro. John Wellock, Court Harbor, No. 268, Sand Beach, Mich., died 10th Oct., 1889 .... 1000 00 No. 249, Bro. Walter J. Johnston, Court Mentor, No. 435, Pott?, Mich., died 1st Oct., '1889 1000 00 542 HISTORY OF THE No. 250, Bro. Kobert Dickinson Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont., died 17th August, 1889 $1000 00 No. 251, Bro. Michael Doran, Court Oil City, No. 77, Oil City, Ont., died 12th Oct., 1889. 1000 00 No. 252, Bro. John W. Rivier, Court Stormont, No. 3, Corn- wall, Ont., died 25th Oct., 1889. 1000 00 No. 253, Bro. Melvin Beemer, Court Mentor, No. 435, Potts, Mich., died lOch Aug., 1889. . . . 1000 00 No. 254, Bro. Joseph B. Grimshaw, Court Enterprise, No. 54, Lon- don South, Ont. , died 22nd Oct., 1889 1000 00 No. 255, Bro. John Schirer, Court Elgin, No. 29, Aylmer, Ont., died 21st Oct., 1889 1000 00 No. 256, Bro. Andrew E. Mallory, Court Locksley, No. 118, St. Martins, N. B., died 25th Oct., 1889 1000 00 No. 257, Bro. James A. Wilson, Court Moncton, No. 71, Monc- ton, N.B , died 20th Oct., 1889 1000 00 No. 258, Bro. Henry B. Savage, Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont., died 7th November, 1889 1000 00 No. 259, Bro. Rob't John Carroll, Court Liberty, No. 313, Rich- mond, Mich., died 15th Sept., 1889 1000 00 No. ^60, Bro. Jno. Lawson, Court Millicete, No. 139, Fredericton, N.B., died 19th Nov^., 1889. . . . 1000 00 No. 261, Bro. Michael F. Meehan, Court Lafayette, No. 314, Eliza- beth, N. J. , died 24th Nov., 1889 1000 00 No. 262, Bro, William Folemsbe, Court St. Thomas, No. 400, St. Thomas, Ont., died 6th Dec, 1889 1000 00 No. 263, Bro. F. Rooney, Court Iosco, No. 278, East Tawas, Mich, died 5th Dec. , 1889 1000 00 No. 264, Bro. Edward Dale, Court Prince Albert, No. 149, Sherbrooke, Que., died 18th Nov., 1889 1000 00 No. 265, Bro. John Jas. Phillips, Court Sarnia, No. 55, Sarnia, Ont., died 17th Dec, 1889 .... 1000 00 No. 266, Bro. Thomas HiU, Court Seguin, No. 107, Parry Sound, Ont., died 19th Dec, 1889 .... 1000 00 No. 267, Bro. Donald McCall, Court Au Sable, No. 89, Au Sable, Mich., died 9th Dec, 1889 1000 00 No. 268, Bro. George Ferguson Durand, Court Mystic, No. 259, London, Ont., died 2()th Dec, 1889 3000 00 No. 269, B o. F, W. Bolton, Court Bolton, No. 308, Bolton, Ont, died 17th Dec, 1889 $1000 00 No. 270, Bro. James McDonald, Court Winnipeg, No. 13, Win- nipeg, Man., died 26th Dec, 1889 1000 00 No. 271, Bro. Joseph Humphries, Court Burrard, No. 347, Van- couver, B.C., died 2nd Dec, 1889 ^. 2000 00 No. 272, Bro. John Jothan, Court Fergus, No. 22, Fergus, Ont., died 25th Dec, 1889 1000 00 1890. No. 273, Bro. William S. Foot, Court Dufiferin, No. 4, London, Ont., died 10th Jan., 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 274, Bro. George Lee Garden, Court Winnipeg, No. 13, Win- nipeg, Man., died 12th Apiil, 1890 1000 00 No. 275, Bro. Richard Wilson, Court Manotick, No. 144,Mano- tick, Ont., died 16th June, 1889 1000 00 No. 276, Bro, Hugh McKercher, Court Huron, No. 163, Point Edward, Ont., died 13th Jan., 1890 1000 00 No. 277, Bro. F. L. Stevenson, Court Island City, No. 375, Brockville,Ont., died 22nd Jan., 1890 2000 00 No. 278, Bro. Frederic Barnes, Court Mount Royal, No. 7, Montreal, Que., died 14th Jan., 1890 1000 00 No. 279, Bro. W. A. Goring, Court Hope, No. 1, London, Ont., died 16th Jan., 1890 1000 00 No. 280, Bro. Robt. Dodds, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 20th Jan., 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 281, Bro. Robert Sinclair, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kings- ton, Ont., died 19th January, 1890 1000 CO No. 282, Bro. Robt. Munro, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont , died 14th Jan., 1890 3000 00 No. 283, Bro. Alexander Peterkin, Court Buctouche, No. 449, Buc- touche, N.B., died 25th Jan., 1890 1000 00 No. 284, Bro. Frank S. Chute, Court Oak Leaf, No. 62, Wheat- ley, Ont., died 4th Feb., 1890. . 1000 00 No. 285, Bro. Thomas Tallach, Court Dresden, No. 164, Dres- den, Ont., died 4th Feb., 1890.. 3000 00 No. 286, Bro. G. M. A. Ross, Court Burns, No. 302, Embro, Ont., died 6th Feb., 1890 2000 00 Vlt S \ A t ->! G. L. DICKINSON, EX-M.P., D. S. C. R. W. E. SKILLEN, C. D. H.C.R. PROF. W. H. WALTERS, D. S. C. R. A. F. CAMPBELL, M.P.P., D. S. C. R. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 545 No. 287, Bro. Mathew Bixel, Court Sydenham, No. 43, Strathroy, Ont., died 1st Feb., 1890 $3000 00 No. 288, Bro. Stephen Merritt, Coxirt Dufferhi, No. 4, London, Ont., died 5th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 289, Bro. Samuel F. Green, Court Moira, No. .33, Belleville, Ont., died 17th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 290, Bro. Charles H. Taylor, Court Butternut Kidge, No. 184, Havelock, N. B., died 28th Dec, 1889 1000 00 No. 291, Bro. Elijah Grossman, Court Kennebecasis, No. 24, Norton Station, N.B., died 23rd Jan., 1890 1000 00 No. 292, Bro. Wm. Hy. Berney, Court Amity, No. 39, Hamilton, Ont., died 19th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 293, Bro. Joshua S. Long, Court Elizabeth, No. 1, Eliza- beth, N. J., died 18th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 294, Bro. Henry E. Young, Court Harwich, No, 98, Blen- heim, Ont., died 28th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 295, Bro. Henry George Blacker, Court Sarnia, No. 55, Sarnia, Ont., died 1st March, 1890 1000 00 No. 296, Bobert Alex. D. Mc- Kenzie, Court Lansdowne, No. 213, Thorburn, N. S., died 27th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 297, Bro. Roderick S. Hag- gert. Court Union, No. 86, Brampton, Ont., died 27th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 298, Bro. Albert H. Runyer, Court Hastings, No. 246, Hast- ings, Mich., died 9th March, 1890 1000 00 No 299, Bro. Ernest Wm. De- Ville, Court St. Maiy's, No. 145, St. Mary's, N. B., died 27th Jan., 1890 1000 00 No. 300, Bro. I. B. Matthews, Court Elgin, No. 29, Aylmer, Ont., died 28th Dec,, 1889 1000 00 No 301, Bro. David Crandall, Court York, No. 120, East Toronto, Ont., died 28th Feb., 1890 1000 00 No. 302, Bro. A. W. Burgess, Court Colton, No. 440, Colton, Cal., died 8th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 303, Bro. David Wright, Court Petrolia, No. 42, Petrolia, Ont., died 5th March, 1890. . . . 3000 00 No. 304, Bro, R. A. Smith, Court Signet, No. 358, Newmarket, Ont., died 26th Feb., 1890.... 1000 00 No. 305, Bro. John Taylor, Court Sts. of Mackinaw, No. 262, Cheboggan, Mich., died 8th Nov., 1889 $1000 00 No. 306, Bro. James William McLaren, Court Buckingham, No. 330, Buckingham, Que., died 17th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 307, Bro. Wm. J. Roberts, Court Rockland, No. 146, New Rockland. Que., died 20th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 308, Bro. Alexander Dumar, Court Monroe, No. 391, Roch- ester, N. Y., died 14th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 309, Bro. George Munce, Court Resort, No. 318, Lyn- doch, Ont., died 22nd March, 1890 1000 00 No. 310, Bro. John Jamieson, Court Beaconsfield, No 80,Pak- enham, Ont., died 30th March, 1890 2000 00 No. 311, Bro. Robert L, Scott, Court Lebanon, No. 382, Toron- to, Ont. , died 26th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 312, Bro. Freeman Hodgins, Court Belmont, No. 153, Bel- mont, Ont., died 25th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 313, Bro. Henry Hayter, Court Alvinston, No. 67, Alvin- ston, Ont., died 5th April, 1890 1000 00 No. 314, Bx'o. Ernest Simpson Thomas, Court International, No. 323, Rock Island, Que., died 10th March, 1890 1000 00 No. 315, Bro. James Chudley, Court Maple, No. 155, St. Thomas, Ont., died 18th April, 1890 1000 00 No. 316, Bro. Edward Wassell, Court Queen City, No. 66, Tor- onto, Ont., died 20th April, 1890 2000 00 No. 317, Bro. Stephen Patrick Ryan, Court Washington, No. 44, Elizabeth, N.J., died 26th April,1890 1000 00 No, 318, Bro. John Ramsey,Court Harvard, No. 281, Cleveland, Ohio, died 26th April, 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 319, Bro. T. Fenwick Fowler, Court Upham, No. 385, Upham Station, N.B., died 30th April, 1890 1000 00 No. 320, Bro. Frederick Howard Peers, Court Hampton, No 429, Hampton, N.B.,died 5th April, 1890 1000 00 No. 321, Bro. W. C. Van Staden, Court Sydenham, No. 43, Strathroy, Ont., died 10th Au- gust, 1889 3000 00 546 HISTORY OF THE No. 322, Bro. Henry Eggers.Court Saginaw, No. 494, Saginaw, Mich., died 4th May, 1890 . . . .$1000 00 No. 323, Bro, Patrick McGuire, Court losca, No. 278, East Tawas, Mich., died 23rd May, 1890 1000 00 No. 324, Bro. John Nixon, Court Union, No. 86, Brampton, Ont., died 24th April, 1890 1000 00 No. 325, Bro. Colin Gearing, Court Picton, No. 177, Picton, Ont. , died 26th May, 1890 .... lUOO 00 No. 326, Bro. Carl Brock, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleveland, Ohio, died 28th May, 1890 ... 1000 00 No. 327, Bro. Leonide Beauregard, Court Valley field. No. 523, Val- leyfield, Que., died 5th June, 1890 2000 00 No. 328, Bro. Arch. J. Mclnnis, Court Stormont, No. 3, Corn- wall, Ont., died 13th June, 1890 1000 00 No. 329, Bro. Thomas Courtney, Court Midland, No. 87,Midland, Ont., died 31st May, 1890 1000 CO No. 330, Bro. David Eagles, Court Salisbury, No. 190, Salisbury, N.B., died 28th June, 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 331, Bro. Andrew B.McIntyre, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont., died 25ch June, 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 332, Bro. Geo. Wm. Culley, Court Sarnia, No. 55, Sarnia, Ont., died 6th July, 1890 1000 00 No. 333, Bro. Thomas Webster, Court Brantford,No. 503, Brant- ford, Ont., died 20th July. 1890. 3000 00 No. 334, Bro. Wm. J. Canwright, Court Universal, No. 428, Pull- man, 111., died 24th July, 1890. 1000 00 No. 335, Bro. A.S. Murray, Court Victoria, No. 10, London, Ont., died 28th July, 1890 1000 00 No. 336, Bro. Julius B. Bernstein, Court Shawnee, No. 514, Defi- ance, Ohio, died 27th July, 1890 1000 00 No. 337, Bro. James Miles Pow- ell, Court Mystic, No. 259, Lon- don, Ont., died 24th July, 1890 1000 00 No. 338, Bro. Patrick E. Tobin, Court Lafayette, No. 344, Eliza- beth, N. J., died 7th Aug., 1890 1000 00 No. 339, Bro. Cornelius kerr, Court Woodstock, No. 69, Wood- stock, Ont., diedl3th Aug., 1890 1000 00 No. 340, Bro. Geo. Foster, Court Danville, No. 340, Danville, Que., died 5th Aug., 1890 1000 00 No. 341, Bro. Wm. Risk, Court ^ Dominion, No. 25, Highgate, Ont., died 9th June, 1890 1000 00 No. 342, Bro. Frederick Smith, Court Picton, No. 177, Picton, Ont., died 2l8t Aug., 1890 1000 00 No. 343, Bro. Henry Stone, Court Queen City, No. 66, Toronto, Ont. , died 20th Aug., 1890 $1000 00 No. 344, Bro. Lewis Deemer, jr.. Court Applegate, No. 426, Applegate, Mich., died 13th Aug., 1890 lOCO 00 No. 345, Bro. James T. McDer- niott. Court Progress, No. 134, Weldf ord, N. B. , died 29th Aug. , 1890 f... 1000 00 No. 346, Bro. Harold Wm. PooTe, Court Canada, No. 53, Strat- ford, Ont., died 31st Aug., 1890 1000 00 No. 347, Bro. Edward Thomas Matthews, Court Anchor, No. 393, Upton Works, Mich., died 7th Sept., 1890 1000 00 No. 348, B-o. James Oke, Court Exeter, No. 123, Exeter, Ont. , died 13th Sept., 1S90 2000 00 No. 349, Bio. Conrad Sebold, Court Elizabeth, No, 1, Eliza- beth, N. J., died 15th Sept., 1890 1000 00 No. 350, Bro. George H. Gardner, Court Mapie City, No. 370, Maple, Out., died 16th Sept., 1890 1000 00 No. 351, Bro. Thomas Summers, Court Mississippi, No. 78, Carle- ton Place, Ont., died 16th Sept., 1890...-. 1000 CO No. 352, Bro. Wm. Coker, Court Keewatin, No. 19, Rat Portage, Ont., died 17th Sept., 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 353, Bro. John Robertson, Court Madoc, No. 377, Madoc, Ont., died 17th Sept., 1890 1000 00 No, 354, Bfo. George Simpson, Court Hastings, No. 246, Hast- ings, Mich., died 29th Sept., 1890 1000 00 No. 355, Bro. John Temple, Court Pyramid, No. 412, Copleston, Ont., died 27th Sept., 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 356, Bro. John Miller, Court Clinton, No. 470, Clinton, Ont., died 2nd Oct., 1890 1000 00 No. 357, Bro. William J. Thomp- son, Court Oscoda, No. 285, Oscoda, Mich., died 9th Oct., 1890 , 1000 00 No. 358, Bro. Louis R. Westrick, Court Riverside, No. 349, St. Clair, Mich, died 10th Oct., 1890 1000 00 No. 359, Bro. James Bartholemew Knight, Court Mystic, No. 2 9, London, Ont,, died 11th Oct., 1890 1000 00 No. 360, Bro. Archibald Camer- on, Court Belmont, No. 153, Belmont, Ont., died 14th Oct., 1890 1000 00 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 547 No. 36?, Bro, William Decow, Court Marquette, No 443, Port- age la Prairie, Man. , died 26th Oct., 1890 $1000 00 No. 363, Bro. James Llovd,Court King City, No. 363, King, Ont., died 27th Oct, , 1890 1000 00 No. 364, Bro. Henry Mines, Court Hope, No. 1, London, Ont., died 31st Oct., 1890 1000 00 No. 365, Bro. George W. Hatch, Court Salinas, No. 640, Salinas, Cal., died 23rd Sept., 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 366, Bro. Edward Hiram Seelay, Court Hampton, No. 429, Hampton, N.B., died 9th Nov., 1890 1000 00 No. 367, Bro. Bichard Groom - bridge, Court Alvinston, No. ^ 67, Alvinston, Ont., died 5th Nov. , 1890 1000 00 No. 368, Bro. William Bother- stone, Court Miranda, No. 326, West Bay City, Mich., died 12th Nov., 1890 1000 00 No. 369, Bro. Henry R. Williams, ( )ourt Rockland, *No. 146, New Rockland, Que., died 11th Nov., 1890 1000 00 No. 370, Bro. Henry Newall, Court Winnipeg, No. 13, Win- nipeg, Man., died 18th Nov., 1890 3000 00 No. 371, Bro. William Gibson, Court Downer, No. 466, Marys- ville, Mich., died 22nd Nov., 1890 1000 GO No. 372, Bro. Karl Larson, Court Harvard, No. 281, Cleveland, Ohio, died 27th Nov., 1890 .... 1000 00 No. 373, Bro. Edward WiUiam Evans, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 28th Nov., 1890 1000 00 No. 374, Bro. Charles A. West, Court Carleton, No. 162, Cen- treville, N.B., died 11th Dec, 1890 1000 00 No, 375, Bro. John Taylor, Court Huntsville, No. 646, Hunts- ville, Ont., died 15th Dec, 1890 1000 00 No, 376, Bro. Gustav A. Bischoff, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 12th Dec, 1890 1000 00 No. 377, Bro. Geo. Henry White, Court Gen. Gordon, No. 152, Forest, Ont., died 18th Dec, 1890 1000 00 No, 378, Bro. James Muterer, Court Keewatin, No. 19, Rat Portage, Ont. , died 18th Nov., 1890 1000 00 No. 379, Bro. Frank Shinsky, Court Waldone, No. 529, East Saginaw, Mich., died 26th Dec, 1890 2000 00 No. 380, Bro. Georrre Bracken, Court Forest City No. 8, West Lome, Ont., died 18th Dec, 1890 $1000 00 No. 381, Bro. D. M. Smellie, Court Madoc, No. 377, Madoc, Ont., died 20th Dec, 1890.... 1000 00 No. 382, Bro. T. J. McClelland, Court Shelburne, No. 45, Shel- burne, Ont., died 5th January, 1891 1000 CO No. 383, Bro. Alex. G. K. Anderson, Court Fergus, No. 22, Fergus, Out., died ISth Dec, 1890 1000 00 No. 384, Bro. Kenneth McKenzie, Court May Flower, No. 209, Pictou Landing, N.S., died 14th Dec, 1890 1000 00 1891. No. 385, Bro. Wm. Jno. Hudson, Court Wellington, No. 21, Drayton, Ont., died 3rd Jan- uary, 1891 lOCO 00 No. 386, Bro. Patiick Shine, Court Onward, No. 553, Jersey City, N. J., died 6th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 387, Bro. A. W. House, Court Maple, No 155, St. Thomas, Ont., died 6th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 388, Bro. Robert Reid, Court Robin Hood, No. 84. Bariie, Ont., died 28th Dec, 1890 1000 00 No. 389, Bro. Ezra Bethel, Court Robin Hood, No. 84, Barrie, Ont., dierl 28th Dec, 1890 1000 00 No. 390, Bro. J. H. Crowley, Court Layfayette, No. 344, Elizabeth, N.J., died 9th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 391, Bro. Andres Sorenson, Court Universal, No. 428, Pull- man, 111., died 12th Jan., 1891. 1000 00 No. 392, Bro. Newman B. iSteel, Court Imlay, No. 436, Imlay City, Mich., died 6th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 393, Bro. August Seefeld, Court Berlin, No. 154, Berlin, Ont., died 16th January, 1891. . 1000 00 No. 394, Bro. Joshua W. Jarvis, Court Danville, No. 340, Dan- ville, Que., died 12th January, 1891 1000 00 No. 395, Bro. Robert A. Tubman, Court Rideau, No. 31, Ottawa, Ont., died 23rd Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 396, Bra. Hiram Larry, Court Rapid, No. 381, Burritt's Rapids, Ont., died 23rd Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 397, Bro. James P. Stewart, Court Lake View, No. 418, Port Sanilac Mich., died 7t,h Jan., 1891 1000 00 548 HISTORY OF THE No. 398, Bro. W. W. Berford, Court Perth, No. 384, Perth, Ont., died 21st Jan., 1891 $1000 00 No. 399, Bro. Wm. Ed. Mason, Court Dominion, No. 25, High- gate, Ont., died 11th Jan., 1891. 1000 00 No. 400, Bro. James McVety, Court Burrard, No. 347, Van- couver, B. C, died 27th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 401, Bro. James McName, Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont., died 31st Jan., 1891. 1000 00 No. 402, Bro. Geo. Scheuerman, Court Columbia, No. 104, Cleveland, O., died 28th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 403, Bro. James Joseph Mil- ner, Court Mt. Brydges, No. 183, Mt. Brydges, Ont., died 2nd Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 404, Bro. William Ginn, Court Aurora, No. 188, Aurora, Ont., died 18th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 405, Bro. S. J. Jacobs, M.D., Court Relief, No. 248, Lunen- berg, N.S., died 3rd Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 406, Bro. Ira Lavere, Court Success, No. 191, Oil Springs, Ont., died 13th Feb., 1891 .... 1000 00 No. 407, Bro. David DeLong, Court Locksley, No. 118, St. Marlins, N.B., died 28th Jan., 1891 1000 00 No. 408, Bro. George W. How- land, Court Beaver, No. 2, Len noxville. Que., died 25th Feb., 1891 2000 00 No. 409, Bro. John Ashworth, Court Victoria, No. 10, Lon- don, Ont., died 18th Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 410, Bro. Frederick Baier, Court Alpena, No. 293, Alpena, Mich., died 25th Feb., 1891. . . . 1000 00 No. 411, Bro. W. M. Oakes, Court Sequin, No. 107, Parry Sound, Ont., died 24th Feb., 1891 2000 00 No. 412, Bro. Arch'd Cochrane, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleve- lan I, Ohio, died 24th Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 413, Bro. Peter H. Bacchus, Court Berlin, No. 154, Berlin, Ont., died 4th March, 1891 .... 2000 00 No. 414, Bro. John Wright, Court Balmroal, No. 269, Montreal, Que., died 25th Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 415, Bro. P. B. Rosenberry, Court Rock Glen, No. 185, Ar- kona, Ont., died 7th March, 1891 1000 00 No. 416, Bro. Robert E. Clifford, Court Eastman, No. 317, East- man, Que., died 23rd Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 417, Bro. John W. Waters. Court Mt. Brydges, No. 183, Mt. Brydges, Ont., died 7th March, 1891 $1000 00 No. 418, Bro. Alexander Pope, Court Stadacona, No. 224, Que- bec, Que., died 10th March, 189 L 3000 00 No. 419, Bro. Winfield Scott Hair, Court Missisquoi, No. 299, Cow- ans ville. Que., died 24th Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 420, Bro. William A. Mor- gan, Court Emerado, No. 497, Emerado, N. D . . died 2nd Mch,\ 1891 1000 00 No. 421, Bro. James Adams, Court Milicete, No. 199, Fred- ericton, N B , died 15th March, 1891 1000 00 No. 422, Bro. Arthur H. Izzard, Court Port Elgin, No. 587, Port Elgin, Ont., died 26th Feb., 1891 2000 00 No. 423, Bro. Franklin Clubine, Court Aurora, No. 188, Aurora, Ont., died 21st March, 1891. . . . 1000 00 No, 424, Bro. Samuel J. Camp- bell, Court Kennebacasis, No. 24, North Station, N. B., died 21st March, 1891 1000 00 No. 425, Bro. James R. Wolsey, Court Pyramid, No. 412, Cople- ston, Ont., died 24th Feb., 1891 1000 00 No. 426, Bro. David Youmans, Court Spadina,No. 241, Toronto, Ont., died 24th Feb., 1891 .... 1000 00 No. 427, Bro. Wm. Middleton, Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont., died 3rd April, 1891 2000 00 No. 428, Bro. Thomas Trelford, Court Bruce, No. 28, Chesiey, Ont., died 31st March, 1891. . . . 1000 00 No. 429, Bro. M. Dahler, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleveland, Ohio, died 29th March, 1891 . . 2000 00 No. 430, Bro. Wm. A. Miller, Court Liberty, No. 313, Rich- mond, Mich., died 17th March, 1891 1000 00 No. 431, Bro. Eugene Schwegat, Court Winnipeg, No. 13,Winne- peg, Man., died 6th March, 1891 1000 00 No. 432, Bro. Charles Edmon Grove, Court Deseronto, No. 93, Deseronto, Ont. , died 13th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 433, Bro. Andrew J. Wood- ward, Court Woodstock, No. 69, Woodstock, Ont., died 9th April, 1891 3000 00 No. 434, Bro. Richard M. Fenton, Court Southampton, No. 74, Southampton, Ont., died 12th April,1891 1000 00 No. 435, Bro. John A. Bacheller, Court Hastings, No. 246, Hast- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 549 infrs, Mich., died 15th April, 1891 $1000 00 No. 436, Bro. Thomas Flynn, Court Yamaska, No. 292, Farn- ham, Que., died 13th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 437, Bro. William A. Lothian, Court Yale, No. 399, Yale, Mich., died 10th April, 1891 ... 1000 00 No. 438, Bro. Joseph Blackburn French, Court McGregor, No. 6, Chatham, Ont., died 16th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 439, Bro. Samuel L. Potter, Court Harvard, 281, Cleveland, Ohio, died 10th April, 1891 .... 1000 00 No. 440, Bio. Walter Wake, Sr., Court Huron, No. 161, Point Edward, Ont., died 21st April, 1891 1000 00 No. 441, Bro. Alexander Stewart, Court Canada, No. 53, Strat- ford, Ont., died 11th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 442, Bro. James A. Sime, Court Oronhytekha, No. 23, Hamilton, Ont., died 26th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 443, Bro. William Benny, Court Southampton, No. 74, Southampton, Ont., died 4th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 444, Bro. James Blake, Court Hillsborough, No. 91, Hillsbor- ough, N.B., died 24th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 445, Bro. Eli Sirois, Court St. Lawrence, No. 219, South Quebec, Que., died 2na May, 1891 . 1000 00 No. 446, Bro. Matthew S. Ryan, Court Millville, No. 682, Mill- ville, N. B., died 22nd April, 1891 ^.,,.. 1000 00 No. 447, Bro. Herbert A. Ellison, M.D., Court Sissiboo, No. 122, Weymouth Bridge, N.S., died 3rd May, 1891 1000 00 No. 448, Bro. John Wilson, Court Kennebacasis, No. 24, Norton Station, N.B., died 9th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 449, Bro. William Albert Wood, Court Stormont, No. 3, Cornwall, Ont,, died 20th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 450, Bro. Alfred Gogglemann, Court Lafayette, No. 344, Eliza- beth, N, J., died 10th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 451, Bro. Ralph O'Neil, Court Denfiel.i, No. 194, Denfield, Ont., died 10th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 452, Bro. James L. Knowlton, Court Mountaineer, No. 577, Saginaw, Mich., died 4th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 453, Bro. Ira J. Woodworth, Court Kansas City, No. 725, Kansas City, Mo., died 10th May, 1891 $3000 00 No. 454, Bro. James Gilmour Head, M.D., Court Glenmorris, No. 178, Glenmorris, Ont., died 13th April, 1891 1000 00 No. 455, Bro. Lafayette Olmsted, Court San Jacinto, No. 463, San Jacinto, Cal. , died 8th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 456, Brother James Mc- Cracken, Court Keewatin, No. 19, Rat Portage, Ont., died 19th May, 1891 2000 00 No. 457, Bro, William Leask, Court Oronhyatekha, No, 23, Hamilton, Ont. , died 15th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 458, Bro. John McGilJ, Court Victoria, No. 10, London, Ont., died 21st May, 1891 1000 00 No. 459, Bro. Richard Leonard Vancott, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 10th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 460, Bro. Geo. H. Smith, Court Valley City, No. 73, Gait, Ont., died 28th May, 1891 2000 00 No. 461, Bro. John Bonaclier, Court Evershed, No. 638, Nia- gara Falls, Ont., died 24th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 462, Bro. Theodore H. Spen- cer, Court Eagle, No. 250, Glad- win, Mich., died 23rd May, 1891 1000 00 No. 463, Bro. J. Victor Lov eland. Court Sawyerville, No. 590, Sawyerville, Que., died 1st June, 1891 1000 00 No. 464, Bro, Terence O'Brien, Court Crow Island, No. 576, Crow Island, Mich., died 21st March, 1891 1000 00 No. 465, Bro, John J. Ryan, Court Lafayette, No. 344, Elizabeth, N. J., died 8th June, 1891 1000 00 No. 466, Bro. Cintilla W. Stevens, Court Sylva, No. 76, Court- wright, Ont., died 6th June, 1891 lOQO 00 No. 467, Bro. George Dean Dick- son, Court Moira, No. 33, Belle- ville, Ont., died 18th May, 1891 1000 00 No. 468, Bro. Thomas McEd- wards. Court Puslinch, No. 51, Morriston, Ont., died 13th June, 1891 1000 00 No. 469, Bro. James Steenson, Court Oak Leaf, No. 62, Wheat- ley, Ont., died 25th May, 1891. 1000 00 No. 470, Bro. Chauncey L. Palmer, Court California, No. 550 HISTORY OF THJ 451, Riverside, Cal., died 8th June, 1891 $1000 00 No. 471, Bro. Geo. P. Smith, Court Centre, No. 636, Bay City, Mich., died 19th June, 1891. . . . 2000 00 No. 472, Bro. Geo. E. Pickell, Court Ruby, No. 201, Tilson- hurg, Ont., died 13th June, 1891 1000 00 No. 473, Bro. Charles H. Brown, Court Manitou, No. 135, Mani- tou, Man., died 20th June, 1891 2000 00 No, 474, Bro. Henry M. Jost, Court Relief, No. 248, Lunen burg, N, S., died 27th June, 1891 1000 00 No, 475, Bro, John W. Ryerson, Court Simcoe, No. 166, Simcoe, Ont., died 3rd July, 1891 $2000 00 No. 476, Bro. John A. Clark, Court Blenheino, No, 208, Drumbo, Ont,, died 12th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 477, Bro. John H. Tr^leaven, Court Tara, No. 367, Tara, Ont., died 17th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 478, Bro. Thomas Savage, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 20th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 479, Bro. Jas. D. Ingram, Court Brant, No, 168, Paris, Ont., died 18th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 480, Bro. William Coyes, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont. , died 24th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 481, Bro. David A. Shephard, Court Peck, No. 411, Peck- Mich., died 28th July, 1891. . . . 1000 00 No. 482, Bro. C. E. Vought, Court San Barnardino, No. 447, San Barnardino, Cal., died 4th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 483, Bro. Albert E. Ripley, , Court Dresden, No, 164, Dresden, Ont., died 25th July, 1891 1000 00 No. 484, Bro. Fred. E. Leven- seller. Court Iosco, No. 278, East Tawas, Mich., died 7th August, 1891 1000 00 No. 485, Bro. Fred. W.Stansbury, Court Temple, No. 510, Los Angeles, Cal. , died 13th August, 1891 2000 00 No. 486, Bro. William Rany, Court Flower City, No. 336, Rochester, N. Y., died 12th August, 1891 2000 00 No. 487, Bro. Geo. M. Roos, Court Preston, No. 848, Preston, Ont., died 31st July, 1891 1000 00 No. 488, Bro. Amos O. Royce, Court Walkerton, No. 521, Walkerton, Ont., died 20th August, 1891 $1000 00 No. 489, Bro. Arthur A. Robert, Court Cham plain. No. 663, Montreal, Que., died 2nd August, 1891 2000 00 No. 490, Bro, Charles L. Vaughon, Court Au Sable, No. 289, Au Sable, Mich., died 16th August, 1891 1000 00 No. 491, Bro. David A. Lowe, Court Seguin, No. 107, Parry^ Sound, Ont., died 16th August, 1891 1000 00 No. 492, Bro. Robert A. Donald, Court Hammond, No. 545, Hammond, N. Y., died 31st August, 1891 2000 00 No. 493, Bro. Peter F. Ferris, Court Dominion, No. 25, High- gate, Ont., died 2nd September, 1891 1000 00 No. 494, Bro. Foster Baynton, Court Harmony, No. 57, Both- well, Ont., died 31st August, 1891 1000 00 No. 495, Bro. Charles W. Votier, Court Berlin, No. 154, Berlin, Ont., died 29th June, 1890 2003 00 No, 496, Bro. Andrew McFarland, Court Alfafa, No. 660, (>'omp- ton, Cal., died 22nd March, 1891 3000 00 No, 497, Bro. Johu W. Hous- man. Court Richmond, No. 234, Port Richmond, N.Y died 23rd August, 1891 1000 00 No. 498, Bro. Alexander Renner, Court Royal Jubilee, No. 114, Halifax, N. S., died 23rd Aug- ust, 1891 1000 00 No. 499, Bro. Robert G. Laing. Court Middleton, No. 132, Delhi, Ont., died 9th August, 1891 1000 00 No. 500, Bro. Samuel R. McClean, Court Northern Light, No. 127, Owen Sound, Ont., died 26th August, 1891 2000 00 No. 501, Bro. Antoine Gougeon, Court Lachine, 544, Lachine, Que., did 23rd August, 1891, . . 2000 00 No. 502, Bro. John W. Sinamons, Court Petrolia, No. 42, Petrolia, Ont. , died 2nd Sept. , 1891 1000 00 No. 503, Bro. William Carter, Court Greenwood, No. 257, Clandeboye, Ont. , died 1st Sep- tember, 1891 1000 00 No. 504, Bro. Arthur J. A. Os- good, Court Cookshire, No. 176, Cookshire, Que., died 12th Sep- tember, 1891 1000 00 No. 505, Bro. Albert D. Pheasey, Court Buckeye, No. 312, Cleve- JAMES TWAMLEY, Past High Chief Ranger, North Dakota. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 553 Jand, Ohio, died 2nd September. 1891 $1000 00 No. 506, Bro. Chas. H. Kirby, Court Harbor, No. 208, Sand Beach, Mich., died 21st Sep- tember, 1891 1000 00 No. 507, Bro. James A. Snider, Court Amity, No. 39, Ham- ilton, Ont., died 21st Sept., 1891 1000 00 No. 508, Bro. Brooks W. Howard, M.D., Court Croswell, No. 273, Croswell, Mich. ,died 18th Sept. , 1891 1000 00 No. 509, Bro. John M. Schmidt, Court Saginaw, No. 494, Sag- inaw, Mich., died 10th Sept., 1891...., 1000 00 No. 510, Bro, Edward Colin Noble, Court Cookshire, No. 176, Cookshire, Que., died 21st Sept., 1891 1000 00 No. 511, Bro. Fred. Lavigne, Court Brownville, No. 561, Brownville, N. Y., died 26th Sept., 1891 1000 00 No. 512, Bro. John Nichol, Court Excelsior, No. 79, Almonte, Ont., died 26th Sept., 1891.... 1000 00 No. 513, Bro. Dewitt C. Wescott, Court Capital City, No. 614, St. Paul, Minnesota, died 2nd Oct., 1891 2000 00 No. 514, Bro. John C. Doherty, Court Mississippi, No, 78, Carl- eton Place, Ont., died 2nd October, 1891 2000 00 No. 515, Bro. WilUam Bell Ken- nedy, Court Stadacona, No. 224, Quebec, Que., died 5th October, 1891 3000 00 No. 516, Bro. Benjamin J. West, Court Croswell, No. 273, Cros- well, Mich., died 2nd October, 1891 1000 00 No. 517, Bro. Robert W. Fleming, Court Novar, No. 673, Novar, Ont., died 23rd Sept., 1891 1000 00 No. 518, Bro, Henry Scott, Court Success, No, 191, Oil Springs, Ont., died 14th Oct., 1891 1000 00 No. 519, Bro. George Trimble, Court Union, No. 86, Bramp- ton, Ont., died 22nd Sept., 1891i 1000 00 No. 520, Bro. Amos R. Pepper, Court Cromwell, No. 841, Rock- land, Ont., died 15th October, 1891 1000 00 No. 521, Bro, W. S. Wiegins, Court Warkworth, No. 334, Warkworth, Ont., died 14th Oct., 1891 2000 00 No. 522, Seymour V. Norton, Court Deseronto, No. 93, Deser- onto, Ont., died 28th Oct., 1891. 1000 00 II No. 523, Bro. William F. Gray, Court Salisbury, No. 190, Salis- bury, N. B., died 23rd Oct., 1891 $1000 00 No. 524, Bro. Eli Macpherson, Court Simcoe, No. 166, Simcoe, Ont., died 26th Oct., 1891 1000 00 No. 525, Bro. Clement Stacev, Court Credit Valley, No. 75, Cheltenham, Ont., died 19th Oct., 1891 1000 00 No. 526, Bro. Thomas Armitage, Court Hope, No. 1, London, Ont., died 3l8t Oct., 1891 1000 00 No. 527, Bro. James McKay Court Thames, No. 38, Beach- ville, Ont., died 30th Oct., 1891. 1000 00 No. 528, Bro. Ellis Dresser, Court Valley, No. 232, Saginaw, E.S., Mich., died 13th Oct., 1891 .... 1000 00 No. 529, Bro. Thomas Robinson, Court Stormont, No. 3, Corn- wall, Ont., died 4th Nov., 1891. 1000 00 No. 530, Bro. Moses McBride, Court Port Elgin, No. 587, Port Elgin, Ont., died 5th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 531, Bro. Abram Grant, Court Milic-te, No. 139, Fred- ericton, N.B., died 5th Oct., 1891 1000 00 No. 532, William F. Davis, Court Desmond, No. 187, Port Huron, Mich., died 9th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No, 533, Bro. E. P. McMaster, Court Grandin, No. 511, Gran- din, N.D., died 5th Nov., 1891. 1000 00 No. 534, Bro. John McLaren Mcllquham, Court Lanark, No. 562, Lanark, Ont., died 6th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 535, Bro. Jas. Wilson Clark, Court Deseronto, No. 93, Deser- onto, Ont., died 18th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 536, Bro. John Roy, Court Clifton, No. 220, Niagara Falls, Ont., died 11th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 537, Bro. Albert H, Bullock, Court Doon, No. 260, Doon, Ont., died 22nd Nov., 1891. . . . 1000 00 No. 538, Bro. Wm. E. Uren, Court Spadina, No. 241, To- ronto, Ont., died 17th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 539, Bro.WiUiam W. McCor- mack. Court St. John, No. 223, Souris, P.E.I., died 20th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 540, Bro. Stephen B. HaU, Court Dakota, No. 481, St. Thomas, N.D., died 21st Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 541, Arthur H. McLauchlan, Court St. Mary's, No. 145, St. 554 HISTORY OF THE Mary's, N. B., died Ist Sept., 1891 $1000 00 No. 542, Bro. James E. Blair, Court Metcalfe, No. 609, Met- calfe, Ont., died oth Dec, 1891. 1000 00 No. 543, Bro. Martin G. Cooney, Court Capital City, No. 614, St. Paul, Minnesota, died 26th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 544, Bro. Francis W. Monro, Court Garden City, No. 172, St. Catharines, Ont., died 3rd Dec, 1891 , 1000 00 No. 545, Benjamin T. Butler, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont,, died 3rd December, 1891.. 1000 00 No. 546, Bro. Edison A. Polley, Court Stormont, No. 3, Corn- wall, Ont., died 4th Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 547, Bro. S. McFeetors, Court Copper Cliff, No. 425, Copper Cliff, Ont., died Ist December, 1891 1000 00 No. 548, Bro. William S. Shar- row. Court Nemesis, No. 645, East Tawas, Mich., died 13th November, 1891 1000 00 No. 549, Bro. Samuel Wright, Court Robin Hood, No. 84, Barrie, Ont., died 4th Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 550, Bto. George W. Arkel, Court Himsworth, No. 686, Powassan, Ont., died 11th De- cember, 1891 1000 00 No. 551, Bro. W L. Mead, Court Hastings, No. 246, Hast- ings, Mich., died 11th Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 552, Bro. James Spring, Court York, No. 120, York, Ont., died 11th Dec, 1891. 1000 00 No. 553, Bro. Thomas Gracie, Court Evershed, No. 638, Niagara Falls, N.Y., died 5th December, 1891 1000 00 No. 554, Bro. Edward Morrison, Court Fairview, No. 518, St. Paul, Minn., died 27th Nov., 1891 1000 00 No. 555, Bro. Charles W. An- stey. Court Orient, No. 416, Hamilton, Ont., died 22nd De- cember, 1891 1000 00 No. 556, Bro. Robert Murray, Court Lucknow, No. 454, Lucknow, Ont., died 20th Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 557, Bro. William Wickens, Court Dresden, No. 164, Dres- den, Out., died 22nd Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 558, Bro. George F. Thomp- son, Court Telford, No. 147, Montreal, Que., died 26th De- cember, 1891 1000 00 I 1892. No. 559, Bro. John B. Wells, Court Lambeth, No. 143, Lam- beth, Ont,, died 2nd January, 1892 $1000 00 No. 560, Bro. Ross D. Coggan, Court Hampton, No. 429, Hampton, N. B., died 31st De- cember, 1891 1000 GO No. 561, Bro. Wm. Ley, Court Erie, No. 47, Leamingt6n, Ont., died 28th December, 18^1. 1000 00 No. 562, Bro. John Castonguy, Court Centre, No. 636, Bay City, Mich., died 22nd Dec, 1891 1000 GO No. 563, Bro. Sidney Graves, Couit Frontenac, No. 59, Kings- ton, Ont., died 1st Jan., 1892. . 1000 00 No. 564, Bro. James Robert Lowe, Court Forest River, No. 483, Forest River, N, D., died 27th Dec, 1891 1000 GO No. 565, Bro. W. J. Macdonald, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont., died 6th Jan., 1892 3000 GO No. 566, Bro. James F. Pratt, Court Grandia, No. 511, Grandin, N. D.,died 30th De- cember, 1891 1000 00 No. 567, Bro. James A. West- erby, Court Elkland, No. 826, Cass City, Mich., died 6th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 568, Bro. Charles E. Peter- son, Court Arctic, No. 762, Crystal. N. D., died 23rd Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 569, Bro. A. E. Pridham, Court Goderich, No. 25-3, God- erich, Ont,, died 10th Jan., 1892 1000 OO No. 570, Bro. David Robb, Court Huron, No. 163, Point Edward, Ont., died 6th Jan., 1892 2000 00 No. 571, Bro. E. J. Lafrinier, Court Champlain, No. 663, Montreal, Que., died 1st Jan., 1892 3000 00 No. 572, Bro. "Robert Carr, Court Locksley, No. 118, Saint Mart- ins, N. B., died 26th Dec, 1891 1000 00 No. 573, Bro, Dennis O'Connor, Court Cairnsmore, No. 432, Toronto, Ont., died 29th Dec, 1891 2000 00 No, 574, Bro. William Percival Howland, Coiirt Morris Vine- yard, No. 532, Los Angeles, Cal., died 7th January, 1892. . . 2000 00 No. 575, Bro. John Martin Hyde, Court Moira, No. 33, Belleville. Ont., died 3rd Jan., 1892 1000 00 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 555 No. 576, Bro. Burgoyne Camp- bell, Court Kennebecasis, No. 24, Norton Station, N. B., died 12th Jan., 1892 $1000 00 No. 577, Bro. Henry L. Koch, Court San Jacinto, No. 463, San Jacinto, Cal., died 3id Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 578, Bro. H. E. Jefferson, Court Mount Royal. No. 7, Mon- treal, Que., died 6th January, 1892 1000 00 No. 679, Bro. Wm. J. Walton, Court Waldone, No. 529, Sagi- naw, Mich., died 14th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 580, Bro. George Blair, Court Madawaska, No. 81, Arn prior, Ont., died 16th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 581, Bro. Samuel A. Jackson, Court Iron, No. 899, Muskegon, Mich., died 12th Jan., 1892. . . . 1000 00 No. 582, Bro. John M. Penwar- den, Court Maple, No. 155, St. Thomas, Ont., died 14th Jan., 1892 3000 00 No. 643, Bro. James Dale Wel- don. Court Wildwood, No. 633, Boulder Creek, Cal., 1st Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 584, Bro. Chas. W. Surtus, Court Vars, No. 535, Vars, Ont., died 15th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 685, Bro. John Mc Williams, Court River Speed, No. 169, Hespeler, Ont. , died 19th Jan. , 1892 1000 00 No. 586, Bro. George Beale, Court Crediton, No. 14, Crediton,Ont., died 2l8t Sept., 1891 1000 00 No. 587, Bro. John Robertson, Court Preston, No. 848, Pres- ton, Ont., died 13th Jan., 1892.. 2000 00 No. 588, Bro. George Emery, Court Maple, No. 155, St. Thomas, Ont., died 27th Jan., 1892 2000 00 No. 689, Bro. Wm. Smith, Court Welcome, No. 12, London, Ont., died 24th Jan. , 1892 1000 00 No. 590, Bro. Frank M. Massey, Court Mound City, No. 913, St. Louis, Mo., died 30th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 691, Bro. George Thomas Smithers, Court Royal Jubilee, No. 114, Halifax,N.S., died 29th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 692, Bro. Samuel S. Blake, Court Aulton, No. 866, Seattle, Wash., died 2nd Nov., 1891.. 1000 00 No. 593, Bro. Simeon Tucker Clark, Court Lockport, No. 608, Lockport, N.Y., died 24th Dec. , 1891 1000 00 No. 594, Bro. William Taylor, Court Selkirk, No. 295, Wallace- burg, Ont., died 14th Jan., 18&2$1000 00 No, 695, Bro. Henry Briscoe, Court Forest City, No. 8, West Lome, Ont., died 3rd Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 596, Bro. John I. Morris, Court Eureka, No. 65, Comber, Ont., died 1st Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 597, Bro. Hugh Drummond, Court Eureka, No. 65, Comber, Ont., died 11th Jan., 1892 .... lOCO 00 No. 598, Bro. James R. Cochran, Court Locksley, No. 118, St. Martins, N.B., died 2nd Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 599, Bro. Alexander Dun- cansou, Court Melbourne. No. 407, Melbourne, Ont., died 30th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 600, Bro. Franz A. Meyers, Court Marquette, No. 443, Por- tage T^a Prairie, Man. , died 6th Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 601, Bro. Charles W. Searle, Court Intervale, No. 34, Penobs- quis, Ont., died 3rd Feb., 1892. 1000 00 No. 602, Bro. William Allen, Court Whittemore, No, 647, Whittemore, Mich., died 8th Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 603, Bro. Henri Choquette, Court Valleyfield, No. 513, Val- leyfield. Que., died 28th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 604, Bro. James D. Camp- bell, Court Grant, No. 386, Blaine, Mich., died 11th Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 605, Bro. John Parker, Court Sauble, 196, Ailsa Craig, Ont., died 10th Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 606, Bro. John H. Walther. Court Niagara, No. 227, Buflfalo, N. Y., died 6th Feb., 1891 3000 00 No. 607, Bro. Henry Stoll, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleveland, Ohio, died 18th Feb., 1892 .... 1000 00 No. 608, Bro. Thomas A. North- rup. Court TiOyalist, No. 121, St. John, N.B., died 11th Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 609, Bro. Moses Zerow, Court Deseronto, No. 93, Deseronto, Ont., died 20th Feb., 1892.... 1000 00 No. 610, Bro. A. D. Campbell, Court Madawaska, No. 81, Arn- prior, Ont., died 2lst Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 611, Bro. Samuel T. Gildart, Court Petitcodiac, No. 94, Petit- codiac, N.B., died 23rd Feb., 1892 1000 00 No. 612, Bro. Morton D. Corner, Court Mentor, No. 435, Potts, Mich., died 23rd Feb., 1892. . . . 1000 00 556 HISTORY OF THE No. 613, Bro. Edward Herst, Court Jas. A. Garfield, No. 684, Garretsville, Ohio, died 24th Feb., 1892 elOOO 00 No. 614, Bro. Eobert Smith, Court Hazel, No. 92, Aulton, Ont., died 28th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 615, Bro. Andrew Shillington, Court Harwich, No. 98, Blen- heim, Ont., died 14th March, 1892 1000 00 No. 616, Bro. William Wallace, Court Montery, Montery, Cal., died 11th Jan., 1892 1000 00 No. 617, Bro. William Dennison, Court Keewatin, No. 19, Rat Portage, Ont., died 12th March, 1892 1000 00 No. 618, Bro. John S. Witzell, Court Dashwood, No. 415, Dash wood, Ont. ,died 8th March, 1892 1000 00 No. 619, Bro. E. J. Hart, Court A8siniboia, No. 478, White- wood, N. W. T. , died 14th March, 1892 3000 00 No; 620, Bro. Thomas H. Guest, Court Londonderry, No. 105, Acadia Mines, N. S., died 15th March, 1892 1000 00 No, 621, Bro. Ralph E. Pratt, Court Iosco No. 278, East Tawas, Mich. , Jied 16th March, 1892 3000 00 No. 622, Bro. William Prittie, D. D., Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, Hamilton, Ont., died 15th Feb,, 1892 3000 00 No. 623, Bro. John Lyon, Court Milton, No. 137, Milton, Ont., died 24th March, 1892 2000 00 No. 624, Bro. Wm. R, Anderson, Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, Hamilton, Ont., died 8th March, 1892 1000 00 No. 625, Bro. Thomas Clark, Court Garnet, No. 64, Wyom- ing, Ont., died 22nd Mar., 1892 1000 00 No. 626, Bro, Joseph Armstrong, Court Star, No. 365, Farquhar, Ont,, died 26th March, 1892 . . 1000 00 No. 627, Bro. Thomas E. Walt- man, Court Milicete, No. 139, Fredericton, N.B., died 18th March, 1892 1000 00 No. 628, Bro. Robert C. Carr, Court Walosiook, No. 103, Hart- land, N.B., died 25th Feb., 1892 1000 CO No. 629, Bro. Wm. Howell, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont., died 31st March, 1892. . 1000 00 No. 630, Bro. J. Moore, Court Granite, No. 651, Battersea, Ont., died 2nd April, 1892 . .. 1000 00 No. 631, Bro. J. C. Collier, Court Huron, No. 163, Point Edward, Ont., died 4th April, 1892 . . . .$3000 00 No. 632, Bro. Robert Arthurs, Court Winnipeg, No. 13, Win- nipeg, Man., died 9th April, 1892 1000 00 No. 633, Bro. Alexander John Loggie, Court Brunswick, No. 62, Chatham, N.B., died 4th March, 1892 2000 00 No. 634, Bro. W. H. Haines, Co^rt Balmoral, No. 26. Montreal, Que., died 15th April, 1892 $3000 00 No. 635, Bro. Charles O. Brown, M.D., Court Cold Brook, No. 298, Knowlton, Que., died 8th April, 1892 1000 00 No. 636, Bro. John Duncan, Court Union, No. 86, Brampton, Ont. , died 31st March, 1892 1000 00 No. 637, Bro. Robert F. Abbott, Court Hazledean, No. 507,Hazle- dean, Ont., died loth April,1892 1000 00 No. 638, Bro. N. W. Rutherford, Court Bowesmont, No. 631, Bowesmont, N. D., died 24th March, 1892 1000 00 No. 639, Bro. Dennis J. Houli- han, Court Lafayette, No. 344, Elizabeth, N. J., died 16th April, 1892 1000 00 No. 640, Bro. Luke Palmer, Court Kent, No. 441, Grand Rapids, Mich., died 23rd March, 1892. . 3000 00 No. 641, Bro. Angus McKenzie, Court Maple Leaf, No. 60, Glen- coe, Ont., died 7th April, 1892. . 1000 00 No. 642, Bro. Peter Cassidy, Court Au Sable, No. 289, Au Sable, Mich., died 31st Oct., 1891.... 1000 00 No. 643, Bro. Andrew W. Henkel, Court Los Angeles, No. 422, Los Angeles, Cal. , died9th April, 1892 1000 00 No. 644, Bro. John McCutcheon, Court Argyle, No. 254, Toron- to, Ont., died 13th April, 1892. 2000 00 No. 645, Bro. Frank E. McCub- bin. Court Waldone, No. 529, Saginaw, Eastside, Mich., died 29th April, 1891 2000 00 No. 646, Bro. Daniel Austin, Court Mason, No. 354, Luding- ton, Mich., died 29th April, 1892 1000 00 No. 647, Bro. James May, Court Lafayette, No. 344, Elizabeth, N.J., died 30th April, 1892.... 1000 00 No. 648, Bro. W. A. Jones, Court Leonard, No. 477, Grand Rapids, Mich., died 30th April, 1892. . . 1000 00 No. 649, Bro. Allan Wilkinson, Court International, No. 323, Rock Island, Que., died 24th April, 1892 1000 00 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 557 No. 650, Bro. James Bell, Court Washington, No. 44, Elizabeth, N.J., died 7th May, 1892 $1000 00 No. 651, Bro. Frank H. Hayes, Court Loyalist, No. 121, St. John, N.B., died 20th May, 1892 1000 GO No. 652, Bro. Henry G. Estey, Court Milicete, No. ]39, Freder- icton, N.B., died 13th May, 1892 1000 00 No 053, Bro. Thomas Wise, Court Pyramid, No. 412, Copleston, Ont., died 19th May, 1892.... 2000 00 No. 654, Bro. Chas. Thos. Lang, Court River Speed, 169, Hes- peler, Ont. , died 24th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 655, Bro. William Brock, Court Thamesford, No. 68, Thamesford, Ont., died 19th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 656, Bro. Martin Jamieson, Jr., Court Cedar, No. 275, St. 1^'nace, Mich., died 24tU May, 1892 1000 00 No. 657, Bro. Duncan McDoug- all. Court Lucknow, No. 454, Lucknow, Ont. , died 31st March, 1892 1000 00 No. 658, Bro. John Ough, Court Collingwood, No. 95, CoUing- wood, Ont., died 17th May, 1892 1000 CO No. 659, Bro. John P. Richard- son, Court Delaware, No. 592, Florence, N.J., died 30th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 660, Bro. Duncan McColl, Court Harmony, 57, Bothwell, Ont., died 30th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 66L Bro. Heur^ E. Pollard, Court Santa Monica, No. 438, died 15th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 662, Bro. Samuel Cairns, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 17th June, 1892.... 1000 00 No. 663, Bro. James R. Watts, Court Rosewood, No. 72, Monc- ton, Ont., died 18th May, 1892. 100.0 00 No. 664, Bro. A. S. Robertson, Court Maxville, No. 943, Max- ville, Ont., died loth June, 1892 1000 00 No. 665, Bro. George H. Ed- wards, Court Buckeye, No. 312, Cleveland, Ohio, died 2nd June, 1892 1000 00 No. 666, Bro. L. Martin, jr., Court Banner, No. 360, Cleveland, Ohio, died 7th June 1892 1000 00 No. 667, Bro. James Sheppard, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 31st May, 1892 1000 00 No. 668, Bro. James R. Murray, Court Alexandria, No. 141, Marysville, N.B., died 3rd June, 1892 1000 00 No. 669, Bro. C. H. Doxsee, Court Trent, No. 333, Camp- bellford, Out., died 5th June, 1892 $1000 00 No. 670, Bro. F. W. Phillips, Court Washington, No. 44, Eli- zabeth, N, J., died 7th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 671, Bro. George Bradley, Court Algoma, No. 140, Mani- towaning, Ont., died 21st May, 1892 1000 00 No. 672, Bro. Hosmer Baughman, Court Royal, No. 212, Essex, Ont., died 23rd May, 1892 1000 00 No. 673, Bro. Garry Rogers, Court Gateway. No. 963, La- Crosse, Wis., died 31st June, 1892 1000 00 No. 674, Bro. James L. Horton, Court Scoodic, No. 597, St. Stephen, N.B., died 16th June, 1892 1000 00 No. 675, Bro. Gilbert Black, Court Eganville, No. 279, Eganville. Ont., died 19th June, 1892. . .'. 1000 00 No. 676, Bro. George H. McNah, Court Soiithampton, No. 74, Southampton, Ont., died 30th June, 1892 1000 00 No. 677, Bro. Dorland Caverley, Court Madoc, No. 377, Madoc, Ont., died 30th June, 1892 1000 00 No. 678, Bro. John J. Robinson, Court Melbourne, No. 407, Mel- bourne, Ont., died 23rd June, 1892 1000 00 No. 679, Bro. William Middaugh, Court Harbor, No. 268, Sand Beach, Mich., died 1st July, 1892 '.. 1000 00 No. 680, Bro. John Curran, Court Lachute, No. 280, Lachute, Que., died 21st June, 1892 1000 00 No. 681, Bro. J. R. Chapman, Court Shefford, No. 290, Water- loo, Que. , died 26th June, 1892. 1000 00 No. 682, Bro. Ferdinand Ficard, Court Lake Megantic, No. 558, Lake Me^^'antic, Que. , died 13th July, 1892 2000 00 No. 683, Bro. Wm. Cameron Gray, Court Royal Jubilee, No. 114, Halifax, N.S., died 13th July, 1892 1000 00 No. 684, Bro. Jarvis G. Moore, Court Wildwood, No. 633, Boul- der Creek, Cal., died 2nd July, 1892 1000 00 No. 685, Bro. Wm. T. Lilly, Court Circle City, No. 831, South Riv- erside, Cal, died 29th June, 1802 1000 00 No. 686, Bro. George F, Ford, Court Leisure Hour, No. 318, Wilkesport, Ont., died 30th April, 1892 1000 00 558 HISTORY OF THE No. 687, Bro. Andrew W. Balfour, Court Kiowa, No. 735, Greens- burg, Kansas, died 4th July, 1892 $1000 00 No. 688, Bro. Richard Frank Thomas, Court Clifton, No. 220, Niagara Falls, Ont., died 1st July, 1892 1000 00 No. 689, Bro. W. W. Beardsley. Court Eastern Star, No. 884, Waterville,N.S., died 15th June, 1892 1000 00 No. 690, Bro. Peter Errickson, Court Seattle, No. 526, Seattle, Wash., died 1st July, 1892 .... 1000 00 No. 691, Bro. Thomas F. Scott, Court Red Rose, No. 618, Chi- cago, 111., died 18th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 692, Bro, Nelson Seers, Court Elgin, No. 29, Aylmer, Ont., died nth Jun^ 1892 1000.00 No. 693, Bro. Charles A. Mills, Court Mayville, No. 522, May- \ille, Mich., died 16th July,1892 1000 00 No. 694, Bro. William Christie, Court Tamworth, No. 392, Tarn- worth, Ont., died 21st July, 1892 1000 00 No. 695, Bro. Fred. A. Chisholm, Court Tamworth, No. 392, Tarn- worth, Ont., died 1st July, 1892 1000 00 No. 696^ Bro. Edward Spencer, Court Buckeye, No. 312, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 18th July, 1892 1000 00 No. 697, Bro. F. L. Geldbert, Court Relief, No. 248, Lunen- burg, N.S., died 25th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 698, Bro. Benjamin F. Dono- ho. Court Fowler, No. 767, Fowler, Cal., died 25th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 699, Bro. John George Maier, Court Minden, No. 430, Minden City, Mich., died 24th July, 1892 1000 00 No. 700, Bro. Joseph Lord, Court St. Catherine, No. 729, Mon- treal, Que., died 27th July, 1892 2000 00 No. 701, Bro. William H. Hen- derson, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 14th August, 1892 1000 00 No. 702, Bro. William Richard Howell, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont., died 27th July, 1892 2000 00 No. 703, Bro. Alex. Hoey, Court Queen City, No. 66, Toronto, Ont., died 7th August, 1892 1000 00 No. 704, Bro. L. H. McMahon, Court AUiston, No. 50, Alliston, Ont., died 22nd June, 1892 .... 2000 00 No. 705, Bro. H. Everingham, Court Jarvis, No. 138, Jarvis, Ont., died 20th May, 1892.... 1000 00 No. 706, Bro. John C. Hahn, Court Flower City, No. 336, Eochester,N.Y., died 30th July, 1892 $1000 00 No. 707, Bro. John Crayston, Court Clifton, No. 220, Niag- ara Falls, Ont, died 16th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 708, Bro. Sever O. Lee, Court Arvilla, No. 776, Arvilla, N.D., died 14th Aug., 1892 3000 00 No. 709, Bro. E. E. Walsh, Co^irt Acadia, No. 102, Amherst, N. S., died 3rd Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 710, Bro. Henry A. Hoff- man, Court Silver Leaf, No. 540, Hanover, Ont., died 25th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 711, Bro. Thus. Watson, Court Credit, No. 133, Georgetown, Ont., died 4th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 712, Bro. William Henry Huff, Court Dresden, No. 164, Dresden, Ont, died 20th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 713, Bro. George Brown, Court Tunnel, No. 159, Port Huron, Mich., died 17th Aug., 1892 2000 00 No. 714, Brother Robert Parker, Court Rising Sun, No. 764, Hillsdale, Ont., died 9th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 715, Bro. James H. Snider, Court St. Marys, No. 145, St. Marys, N. B. , died 22nd July, 1892 1000 00 No. 716, Bro. W. C. Rich, Court Alvinston, No. 67, Alvinston, Ont., died 12th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 717, Bro. Heber J. Burgess, Court Kings, No. 366, Apoha- qui, N.B., died 2nd Sept., 1892. 1000 00 No. 718, Bro. Wm. H. Franks. M.D., Court Jewel, No. 132, Norwich, Ont. , died 30th Aug. , 1892 1000 00 No. 719, Brother James Hortop, Court Glen, No. 40, Glenwil- liams, Ont., died 6th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 720, Bro. Duncan M. Beatty, Court Ueseronto, No. 93, Deser- onto, Ont., died 26th June, 1892 1000 00 No. 721, Bro. Robert Currie, Court Riverspeed, No. 169, Hespeler, Ont, died 13th July, 1892 1000 00 No. 722, Bro. John Hawkins, Court Waverley, No. 345, Fletcher, Ont., died 6th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 723, Bro. Walter Bine, Court Miramichi, No. 165, Newcastle, N.B., died 6th Sept., 1892.... 1000 00 No. 724, Bro. James Murray, Court Desmond, No. 187, Port R. G. MONROE, D.S.C.R.. High Chief Ranger, Nova Sgotia. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 561 Huron, Mich., died 3rd June, 1892 $1000 00 No. 725, Bro. Stewart Sills, Court Morden Valley, No, 894, Mor- den, Man., died 26th July, 1892 3000 00 No. 726, Bro. William H. Mills, Court Remember, No. 697, Kan- sas City, Kan., died 12th Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 727, Bro. Alexander S. Mc- Donald, Court Chautauqua, No. 202, Summerside, P. E. I., died 18th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 728, Bro. Wm. Turner, Court Mount Royal, No. 7, Montreal, Que., died 17th August, 1892. .. 2000 00 No. 729, Bro. Thomas Crispin, Court Willow, No. 719, Church- hill, Ont., died 13th May, 1892 1000 00 No. 730, Bro. Auguste Leconte, Court Montcalm, No. 888, St. Henri, Que. , died 11th Septem- ber, 1892 1000 00 No. 731, Bro. John Mcintosh, Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, Hamilton, Ont. died 18th Sept , 1892 2000 00 No. 732, Bro. John Campbell, Court Happy Retreat, No. 150, Derby, N.B., died 15th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 733, Bro. Lincoln Wright, Court Zilwaukie, No. 678, Zil- waukie, Mich., died 28th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 734, Bro. Albert N. Guertin, Court St. Charles, No. 954, Montreal, Que., died 26th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 735, Bro. Robert T. Johnson, Court Milford, No. 4G0, Mil- ford, Ont., died 1st Sept., 1892.. 1000 00 No. 736, Bro. Samuel F. Martin, Court Oxford, No. 46, Platts- ville, Ont., died 29th Septem- ber, 1892 1000 00 No. 737, Bro, William Pool, Court Benson, No. 785, Nanaimo, B. C, died 2(;th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 738, Bro. Fred. W. Wurtz, Court Dash wood, No. 415, Dash- wood, Ont., died 22nd Septem- ber, 1892 1000 00 No, 739, Bro. Robert S. Robin- son, Court Lorneville, No. 811, Ijorneville, Ont. , died 2nd Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 740, Bro. Robert Thompson, Court Oscoda, No. 285, Oscoda, Mich., died 2nd October, 1892. . 2000 00 No. 741, Bro. Daniel E. Holmes, Court Burns, No. 302, Enibro, Out., died 7th October, 1892. . , 1000 00 No. 742, Bro. Ferdinand Strau- chen. Court Flower City, No. 333, Rochester, N. Ydied 27th September, 1892 $200'J 00 No, 743, Bro, Hugh W. Colling, Court International, No. 323, Rock Island, Que,, died 8th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No, 744, Bro, Charles Patient, Court Iosco, No. 278, East Tawas, Mich., died 17th Sept., 1892 1000 00 No. 745, Bro. Austin Charles Baird, Court Goodland, No. 1016, Terrebonne, Que., died 2.3rd Sept.,1892 3000 00 No, 746, Bro. William McFad- den. Court Cayuga, No. 284, Cayuga, Ont,, died 9th October, 1892 1000 00 No, 747, Bro. Peter Sinclair, Court Belmont, No. 153, Bel- mont, Ont,, died 12th October, 1892 1000 00 No. 748, Bro. John Samson, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ont., died 16th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 749, Bro. John H. Cornish, Court Gratiot, No. 379, Fort Gratiot, Mich., died 15th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No, 750, Bro. George H, Pettes, Court Gateway, No. 963, La- Crosse, Wis., died 21st Aug., 1892 1000 00 No. 751, Bro, John Sara, Court Maple Leaf, No. 60, Glencoe, Ont., died 18th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No, 752, Bro, James Irons, Court Perth, No, 384, Perth, Ont., died 2.5th Oct,, 1892 1000 00 No. 753, Bro, E. J. Bodman, Court MorrisVineyard, No. 532, Los Angeles, Cal,, died 20th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 754, Bro. John A. Lafander, Court Chicago, No. 733, Chi- cago, 111., died 16th Oct,, 1892. . 1000 00 No. 755, Bro. Stephen Slough, Court Clifton, No, 220, Niag- ara Falls, Ont., died 29th Oct,, 1892 1000 00 No, 756, Bro. Matthew J. Rourk, Court Elm, No. 1021, Gage- town, Mich., died 1st Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 757, Bro. Wm. Patterson, Court Balmoral, No. 269, Mon- treal, Que., died 7th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 758, Bro. William Anderson, Court Selkirk, No. 235, Wal- laceburg, Ont., died 5th Nov., 1892 1000 OO No, 759, Bro. Isaac B, Stron>_', Court Kennebec.'isis, No. 24, N(rt'm Station, N.B., died 25th Oct.. 1892 1000 00 562 HISTORY OF THE No. 760, Bro. J. A. Inarram, Court Marquette, No. 443, Portage La Prairie, Man., died 2nd Nov., 1892 $3000 CO No. 761, Bro. Thomas Newton, Court Forest City, No. 8, West Lorne,Ont., died 5th Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 762, Bro. WiUiam F, Cale, Court Ethel, No. 175, Ethel, Ont, died nth Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 763, Bro. James Stephens, Court St. Mark, No. 282, To- ronto, Ont., died 18th Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 764, Bro. Charles Leckler, Court Valley, No. 232, East Saginaw, Mick, died 31st Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 765, Bro. John Borthwick, Court Forest Home, No. 431, Palmerston.Ont, diedlothOct., 1892 1000 00 No. 766, Bro. Thomas W. Coth- ran. Court Herbert, No. 2G6, Newport, N.S., died 20th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 767, Bro. Charles C. Brown, Court Mulgrave, No. 824, Hali- fax, N.S., died 20th Novem- ber, 1892 1000 00 No. 768, Bro. Lewis Gilday, Court Morristown, No. 542, Morris- town, N.Y., died 15th Nov., 1892 2000 00 No. 769, Bro. James W. Flock- liart. Court Stellar, No. 324, Stellarton,N.S.,died 25th Nov., 1892 1000 00 N'>. 770, Bro. John A. Younie, Court Burns, No. 302, Embro, Ont. , died 29th Oct^ 1892 ... 1000 00 No. 771, Bro. J. R. Cunnington, Court Queen City, No. 66, To- ronto, Ont., died 24th Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 772, Bro. Richard Mclnnis, Court Meaford, No. 976, Mea- ford, Ont., died 27th Oct., 1892 1000 00 No. 773, Bro. Andrew Varcoe, Court Phoenix, No. 182, Fene- lon FaUs, Ont., died 30th Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 774, Bro. William Bruce, Court Milicete, No. 139, Fred- ericton, N.B., died 22nd Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 775, Bro. Fred. C. Scherf, Court Red Wing, No. 980, Red Wing, Minn., died 23rd Sep., 1892 1000 00 No. 776, Bro. Martin Brazer, Court Arvilla, No. 776, Arvilla, N.D., died 20th Dec, 1892 .... 1000 00 No. 777, Bro. Joseph Bond, Court Lanark, No. 562, Lanark, Ont. , died 7th Dec, 1892 2000 00 No. 778, Bro. Ezra Hall, Court Hastings, No. 246, Hastipgs, Mich., died 13ch Dec, 1892. ...$1000 00 No. 779, Bro. Otto Radloff, Court Banner, No. 360, Cleveland, Ohio, died 5th Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 780, Bro. Amos Bowen, Court Stadacona, No. 224, Quebec, Que., died 17th Dec, 1892 3000 00 No. 781. Bro. John D.Rose, Court Nemesis, jSo. 645, East Tawas,* Mich., died 8th Dec, 1892 . . . .'1000 00 No. 782, Bro. Charles H. Howe, Court Warners, No. 1039, War- ners, N. Y. , died 18th December, 1892 1000 00 No. 783, Bro. Henry Price, Court Regina, No. 652, Woodstock, N. B., died 16th Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 784, Bro. John P. Scott, Court Glen, No. 40, Glen WilUam, Ont., died 16th Dec, 1892 3000 00 No. 785, Bro. Anton Lerch, Court Universal, No. 428, Pullman, 111., died 17th Sep., 1892 ICOO 00 No. 786, Bro. George Miller,Court Douglas, No. 665, Douglas, Man., died 23rd Nov., 1892.... 2300 00 No. 787, Bro. George Albert Gil- more, Court Forest Home, No. 431, Palmerston, Ont., died 16th Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 788, Bro. Wellington Wal- lace, Court Robin Hood, No. 84, Barrie, Ont,, died 31st Dec, 1892 2000 00 No. 789, Bro. D. P. Hendershot, Court Pine, No. 808, Manistee, Mich., died 18th Nov., 1892 . . . 1000 00 No. 790, Bro. Warren J. Mit- chell, Court Scoodic, No. 597, St. Stephen, N.B., died 31st Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 791, Bro. Andrew Peterson, Court Santa Maria, No. 613, Santa Maria, Cal., died 27th Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 792, Bro. Arthur J. Rounds, Court Mayville, No. 522, May- ville, Mich., died 27th Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 793, Bro. Andrew S. Mel- ville, Court Northern Light, No. 127, Owen Sound, Ont., . died 19th Dec, 1892 2000 00 No. 794, Bro. John Eaton, Court Woodstock, No. 69, Woodstock, Ont., died 23rd Dec, 1892.... 1000 00 1893. No. 795, Bro. Barney Baker, Court Watertown, No. 405, Watertown, N.Y., died 10th Jan., 1893 1000 00 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 563 No. 796, Bro. Lewis L. Jewell, Court Pearl, No. 113, Park- head, Ont., died 11th Nov., 1892 $1000 00 No. 797, Bro. Roderick Cameron, Court Duluth, No. 724, Duluth, Minn., died 13th Jan., 1893. . . . 1000 00 No. 798, Bro. Edward Brown, Court Milicete, No. 139, Fred- ericton, N. B., died 2nd Jan., 1893 1000 00 No. 799, Bro. John Hines, Court Lyon, No. 466, Grand Rapids, Mich, died 3rd Jan., 1893 2000 00 No. 800, Bro. William McAulay, Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, died 22nd Dec. , 1892 2000 00 No. 801, Bro. Geo.. A. Mitchell, Court Dryad, No. 488, Har- riston, Ont., died 24th July, 1892 1000 00 No. 802, Bro. George Sias, Court Sitta Vamacse, No. 353, Mid- land, Mich, died 14th Jan., 1893 1000 00 No. 803, Bro. Wm. M. Phillips, Court Mississipi, No. 78, Carl- eton Place, Ont., died 25th Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 804, Bro. Alexander Brown, Court Welland, No. 116, Wel- land, Ont., died 20th Dec. , 1892 1000 00 No. 805, Bro. John Wallace, Court Lucknow, No. 454, Luck- now, Ont., died 27th Oct., 1892. 1000 00 No. 806, Bro. James McCallum, Court Bellmont, No. 153, Bell- mont, Ont., died 4th Jan., 1893. 1000 00 No. 807, Bro. David Manser, Court Sarnia, No. 55, barnia, Ont, died 2ist Jan , 1893 1000 00 No. 808, Bro. William H. Wilson, Court Aurora, No. 188, Aurora, Ont., did 31st Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 809, Bro. Robert Hugh Ber- wick. Court Yamaska, No. 292, Farnham, Que., died 20th Jan., 1893 1000 00 No. 810, Bro. Charles Hoskins, Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont,, died 30th Jan. ,1893. 1000 00 No. 811, Bro. Henry James Spriggs, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 5th Feb., 1893 1000 00 No. 812, Bro. Robert Stone, Court Perth, No 884, Pertli, Ont., died 27th Jan., 1893 lOOQ 00 No. 813, Bro. Henry E. Barr, Court Cobourg, No. 15, Co bourg, Ont., died 10th Feb., 1893 1000 00 No. 814, Bro. Robert J. Duke, Court Equity, No. 112, Orange- ville, Ont., died 8th Feb., 1893. 1000 00 No. 815, Bro. W. W. Roblln, Court Roslin, No. 823, Roslin, Ont., died 13th Feb., 1893 $1000 00 No. 816, Bro. John L. Baughart, Court Sydenham, No. 43, Strathroy, Ont., died 2nd Feb,, 1893 1000 00 No. 817, Bro. Peter Hutt, Court Mason, No. 354, Ludington, Mich., died 13th Jan., 1893. . . . 1000 00 No. 818, Bro. Rev. John Wm. Hickson, Court Keswick, No. 697, died 5th Dec, 1892 1000 00 No. 819, Bro. Joseph Fortier, Court Mason, No. 354, Luding- ton, Mich., died 1st Feb., 1893. 1000 00 No. 820, Bro. Francis J. Craik, Court Fulford, No. 147, Mont- real, Que., died 16th Feb., 1893. 1000 00 No. 821, Bro. Richard Morwood, Court Welland, No. 116, Wel- land, Ont., died 26th Jan., 1893 1000 00 No. 822, Bro. Francis O. Houser, Court Huron, No. 163, Point Edward, Ont., died 23rd Feb., 1893 2000 00 No. 823, Bro. Elijah B. Banister, Court Utica, No. 1090, Utica, Mich. , died 5th Feb, , 3893 1000 00 No. 824. Bro. James Gregson, Court Tamarack Grove, No. 245, North Bay, Ont., died 15th Feb., 1893 1000 00 No. 825, Bro. James A. Devlin, Court Harwich, No. 98, Blen heim, Ont., died 18th Feb., 1893 1000 00 No. 826, Bro. Peter John O'Mal- ley. Court Signet, No. 358, Newmarket, Ont., died 19th Feb., 1893 2000 00 No. 827, Bro. Frederick Kuhl- mann, Court Columbus, No. 920, Elizabeth, N. J., died 14th Feb,, 1893 2000 00 No. 828, Bro. John Ridge, Court Summervale, No. 161, Fullar- ton, Ont., died 25th Feb., 1893.. 1000 00 No. 829, Bro. Edward C. Robin- son, Court Gordon Falls, No, 101, Elgin, N. B., died 23rd Feb., 1893 .. 1000 00 No. 830, Bro. George L. Edgett, Court Salisbury, No. 190, Salis- bury, N. B., died 23rd Feb., 1893 1000 00 No. 831, Bro. James T. Dailey, Court Philadelphia, No. 502, Philadelphia, N. Y., died 16th Feb., 1893 1000 00 No. 832, Bro. Edward Morris Fillion, Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., died 6th Feb., 1893 1000 00 564 HISTORY OF THE No. 833, Bro. Joseph Eiddell, Court Brock, No. 242, Toronto, Ont., died 19th Feb., 1893 $1000 00 No. 834, Bro. Thomas Brown, Court Ridge town. No. 221, Ridgetown, Ont., died 2nd March, 1893 1000 00 No. 835, Bro. James William jNIeacham, Court Sioc, No. 1067, Colusa, Cal., died 1st March, 1893 1000 00 No. 838, Bro. Frank R. Simons, Court Warren, No. 556, Cole- man, Mich., died 1st March, 1893 1000 00 No. 837, Bro. John Jackson, Court Biirrard, No. 347, Van- couver, B. C, died 25th Dec, 1893 2000 00 No. 838, Bro. Albert Henry Cooney, Court Perth, No. 384, Perth, Ont., died 17th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 839, Bro. Lewis Morris, Court Mentor, No. 435, Potts, Mich., diod 22nd Feb., 1893. . . . 1000 00 No. 840, Bro. W. S. Weather- wax, Court White Ro^ie, No. 1013, Ravenswood, 111.^ died 31st J anuary, 1893 1000 00 No. 841, Bro. James Ranger, Court Hickson, No. 867, Hick- son, Ont., died 2l8t July, 1893.. 1000 00 No. 842, Bro. S. J. H. Pett, Court AUandale, No. 727, Allandale, Ont., died 20th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 843, Bro. William Evans, Court Starlight, No. 1C24, Sag- inaw, E. S. Mich., died 13Dh March, 1893 1000 00 No. 844, Bro. Joseph H. Wright, Court Tonawanda, No. 624, Tonawanda, N.Y., died 21st March, 1893. 1000 00 No. 845, Bro. Hiram R. Spooner, Court Midland, No. 87, Mid- land, Ont., died 25th Feb., 1893. 2000 00 No. 846, Bro. Charles A. Carl- son, Court Summerdale, No. 1135, Summerdale, 111., died 29th Jan., 1893 1000 00 No. 847, Bro. Bell E. Barry, Court Lee, No. 389, Fargo, Mich., died 19th Maich, 1893.. 1000 00 No. 848, Bro. R. V. Keating, Court Beaconsfield, No. 80, Pakenham, Ont., died 13th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 849, Bro. John A. Mills, Court Prosperity, No. 668, To- ronto, Ont., died 31st March, 1893 3000 00 No. 850, Bro. George Baxter, Court Queen City, No. 66, To- ronto, Ont., died 22nd Feb., 1893 $2000 00 No. 851, Bro. Joseph Scarborough, Court Silver Leaf, No. 54U, Hanover, Ont., died 3rd April, 1893 1000 00 No. 852, Bro. Adelard Benoit, Court Hand-in-Hand, No. 1203, Coaticook, Que., died 9th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 853, Bro. Almond J. Smithers, Court De Peyster, ', No. 1222, De Peyster, N. Y., died 10th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 854, Bro. Alban Price, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont., died 3rd Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 855, Bro. J. W. Shackelton, Court Pine, No. 808, Manistee, Mich., died 4th April, 1893. . . . 1000 00 No. 856, Bro. Wm. H. Eraser, Court Gratiot, No. 379, Fort Gratiot, Mich., died 8th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 857, Bro. Charles A. Seybold, Court August, No. 873, Chic- ago, 111., died 19th April. 1893. 1000 00 No. 858, Bro. James Fleming, Court Southampton, No. 74, Southampton, Ont., died 13th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 859, Bro. James W. Atkin- son, Court Lisgar, No. 97, To- ronto, Ont., died 13th April, 1893 2000 00 No. 860, Bro. Joseph Frank Wild, Court Hemoga, No. 632, Independence, Ohio., died 11th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 861, Bro. John Carrothers, Court McGregor, No. 6, Chat- ham, Ont., died 10th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 862, Bro. Daniel Chas. Echlin, Court Harwich, No. 98, Blenheim, Ont., died 27th March, 1893 2000 00 No, 863, Bro. John T. Youill, Court Excelsior, No. 99, Al- monte, Ont., died 7th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 864, Bro. F. M. Sherv/ood, Court Carleton, No. 162, Centre- ville, N,B., died 8th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 865, Bro. Wm. D. Munroe, Court Rescue, No, 445, Grand Rapids, Mich., died 24ih April, 1893 1000 00 No. 866, Bro. Wm. G. Sherwood, Court Kennebacasis, No. 24, Norton Station, N.B., died 21st April, 1893 1000 00 No. 867, Bro. Ebenezer Corkum, Court Relief, No. 248, Lunen- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 5G5 burrr, N. S., died 26th April, 1893 SIOOO 00 No. 868, bro. Lauucelot Hardy, Court Tyrian, No. 1083, Kent, Ohio, died 18th April, 1893. . . . 1000 00 No, 869, Bro. William Govier, Court Manitou, No. 135, Mani - tou, Man., died 6th April, 1893. 1000 00 No. 870, Bro. E. R. Johnson, Court Prince Albert, No. 149, Sherbrooke, Que., died 29th April, 1893 2000 00 No. 871, Bro. John Soutar, Coiirt Wade Park, No. 937, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 27th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 872, Bro. Wm. Thos. Jami- eson, Court Gower, No. 217, North Gower, Ont., died 28th April, 1893 1000 00 No 873, Bro. W. H. Hutchings, Court Banner, No, 360, Cleve- land, Ohio, died 2nd April, 1893 2000 00 No. 874, Bro. Robt. A. Eoss, Court Bobin Hood, No. 84, Barrie, Ont died 27th April, 1893 1000 00 I No. 875, Bro. Erastus W. Corn- forth, Court Bedford, No. 303, Bedford, Que., died 6th May, 1893 1000 00 ! No. 876, Bro. Alfred Erost, Court { Northern Light, No. 127, (.)wen Sound, Ont., died 8th May, ' 1893 1000 00 No. 877, Bro. Edward B. John- ston, Court Beaver, No. 2, Len- nox ville. Que., died 7th May, 1893 1000 00 No. 878, Bro. Duncan McKenzie, Court Thistle, No. 1002, Wil- liamstown, Ont., died 24 th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 879, Bro. Alex, M. Shaver, M.D., Court Harwich, No. 98, Blenheim, Ont., died 4th May, 1893 1000 00 No. 880, Bro. Frank Glidden, Court Fortune, No. 297, Gran- by. Que., died 27th April, 1893. 1000 00 No. 881, Bro. James Patton, Court Pleasant Hour, No. 904, . Bishop's Mills, Ont., died 4th May, 1893 1000 00 No. 882, Bro. Wm. John Wilson, Court Frontenac, No. 59, King- ston, Ont., died 2nd March, 1893 1000 00 No. 883, Bro. D. A. McRae, Court Star of the West, No. 905, Winnipeg, Man., died 7th February, 1893 1000 00 No. 884, Bro. Andrew Burleigh, Court Waldone, No. 529, Sag- inaw, Mich., died 2nd May, 1893 $1COO 00 No. 886, Bro. James Trail, Court Omaha, No. 1091, Omaha, Ne- braska, died 13th May, 1893.. . . 3000 00 No. 886, Bro. George Parker, Court Lucan, No. 207, Lucan, Ont., died 23rd March, 1893.. . . 1000 00 No. 887, Bro. A. W. Waldron, Court Fulford, No. 147, Mont- real, Que., died 12th May, 1893. 1000 00 No. 888, Bro. C. A. Weagant, Court Colton, No. 440, Colton, CaL, died 18th May, 1893.... 1000 00 No. 889, Bro. Rudolph Bruske, Court Valley, No. 232, Saginaw, Mich., died 26th April, 1893. . . 1000 00 No. 890, Bro. George Armstrong, Court Star, No. 365, Farquhar, Ont., died 15th May, 1893.... 1000 00 No. 891, Bro. Cyrille Verdon, Court St. Roch, No. 701, St. Cunegonde, Que., died 18 th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 892, Bro. Wm. S. Cairns, Court Silvan, No. 218, Mon- tague Bridge, P.E.I. , died 23rd May, 1893 1000 00 No. 893, Bro. Maurice Gardner, Court Riverside, No. 349, St. Clair, Mich., died 16th May, 1893 lOCO 00 No. 894, Bro. James Morrison, Court Windsor Mills, No. 286, Windsor Mills, Que., died 30th April, 1893 1000 00 No. 895, Bro. Colin M. Fowlie, Court Myrtle, No. 6, Rich- mond, Que., died 29th. May, 1893 1000 00 No. 896, Bro. Wm. Plows, Court Jubilee, No. 27, Hepworth, Ont., died 21st May, 1893.... 1000 00 No. 897, Bro. Walter J. Mc- Dougall, Court Fairfield, No. 890, Fairfield East, Ont.. died 24th December, 1892 1000 00 No. 898, Bro. Lewis Garver, Court Noble, No. 975, Logatis- port, Ind., died 29th May, 1893. 2000 00 No. 899, Bro. John McGill, Court Charlotteville, No. 338, Vit- toria, Ont., died 4th June, 18tf3. 1000 00 No. 900, Bro. Daniel Geo. Mc- Kay, M.D., Court Chautauqua, No. 202, Summerside, P.E.I. , died 16th May, 1893 *... 1000 00 No. 901, Bro. John J. Whitters, Court Oscoda No. 285, Oscoda, Mi jh., died 10th June, 1893 .... 1000 00 No. 902, Bro. Willis W. Fowler, Court Long Beach, No. 35, Long Beach, Cal., died 22nd May, 1893 1000 OC No. 903, Bro. Peter Anderson 566 HISTORY OF THE Court Lake Erie, No. 1205, Buffalo, N.Y., died lOch June, 1893 $3000 00 No. 904, Bro. John W. Abray, Court Woodham, No, 255, Woodham, Ont., died 29th May. 1893 1000 00 No. 905, Bro. L. N. Bernard, Court ViUe Marie, No. 1031, Montreal, Que., died 21st May, 1893 2000 00 No. 906, Bro. Milton D. Benja- min, Court Vineyard, No. 10*4, Brocton, N.Y., died 14th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 907, Bro. George Burton Bean, Court Famous, No. 621, Moes River, Que., died 19th May, 1893 2000 00 No. 908, Bro, Albert Yates, Court N Penetanguishene, No. 623, Pene- tanguishene, Ont., died 11th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 909, Bro. Hugh Christie, Court Winchester, No. 524, Win- chester, Ont., died 28th Nov., 1892 1000 00 No. 910, Bro. Wm. A. Vance, Couit Winnipeg, No. 13, Win- nipeg, Man., died 22nd June, 1893 1000 00 No. 911, Bro. Henry E. Stringer, Court Pelham, No. 233, len- wick, Ont., died 16th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 912, Bro. John W. Mires, Court Grant, No. 386, Blaine, Mich., died 24th June, 1893... . 1000 00 No. 913, Bro. Joseph Leonard, Court Custer, No. 402, Brown City, Mich., died 27th June, 1893 1000 00 N.. 914, Bro. George D. Rendle, Court Valley City,No. 73. Gait, Ont., died 10th May, 1893 1000 00 No. 915, Bro. Jonathan Ashworth, Court Thedford No. 192, Thed- ford, Ont., died 7th May, 1893 1000 00 No. 916, Bro. Patrick Haslen, ('ourt Delaware Valley, No. 672, Delaware, Ont., died 4ih Feb., 1893 1000 CO No. 917, Bro. Thomas Henry Dumble, Court Gananoque, No. ,371, Gananoque, Ont., died 10th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 918, Bro. Herman Finstead, Court Progressive, No. 254, Newark, N. J., died 15th March, 1893 1000 00 No. 919, Bro. William Bissett, Court Calgary, No. 295, Cal- gary, N.W.T,, died 9th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 920, Bro. Christopher R. Whallen, Court Boiestown, No. 845, Boiestown, N.B., died 2l8t May, 1893 81000 00 No. 921, Bro. Lindsay Morgan, Court Osnabruck, No. 610, Osnabruck Centre, Ont., died 8th May, 1893 1000 00 N(. 922, Bro. W.D. Ritchie, Court Ottawa, No, 41, Ottawa, Ont., died 13th May, 1893 3000 00 No. 923, Bro. Muncey L-ving, , Court Northumberland, No. '^ 1,204, Cape Traverse, P.E.I. , died 4th May, 1893 1000 00 No. 924, Bro. Alfred E. Maxey, Court Dover Centre, No, 1177, Dover Centre, Ont., died 23rd June, 1893 1000 00 No. 925, Bro. James E. Larkins,. Court Eberne, No. 857, Hender- son, Maine, died 9th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 926, Bro. Geo. Clark, Court Acadia, No. 102, Amherst,N.S., died 2nd July, 1893 1000 00 N.. 927, Bro. A.(\ Johns, Court 'airtiein. No. 890, FairHeldE., Out., died 13th June, 1893 .... 1000 00 No. 928, Bro. Hugh Pritchard, Court Mt. Royal, No. 7, Mon- treal, Que., died 30th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 929, Bro. John C. Faulkner, Court Orange, No. 827, Orange, Cal.. died 29th June, 1893 2000 00 No. 930, Bro. James Cavers, Court Ormistown, No. 1087, Ormis- town. Que., died 8th July, 1893. 1000 00 No. 931, Bro. Edward Gordon, Court Onaway, No. 206, Alber- ton, P. E. I., died 7th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 932, Bro. Campbell F. Gra- ham, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ot-' tawa, Ont,, died 9th July, 1893. 1000 00 No. 933, Bro. A. N. Duncombe, Court Emerick, No. 821, Water - ford, Ont,, died 20th May, 1893 3000 00 No. 934, Bro. George Fyfe, Court San Bernardino, No. 447, San Bernardino, Cal., died 3rd July, 1893. 3000 00 No. 935, Bro. Lucas Theodore, Court Berlin, No. 154, Berlin, Ont.. died 9th July, 1893 1000 00 No. 936, Bro. S. tracey. Court La Crosse, No. 944, Lacrosse, Wis., died 25th June, 1893 .... 2000 00 No. 937, Bro. Wm. V. Maclese, Court Saskatchewan, No. 1030, Prince Albert, N.W.T., died 18th Jan., 1893 1000 00 No. 938, Bro. Bert. W. Rackliff, Court Penobscott, No. 1186, Old Town, Me., died 11th June, 1893 1000 00 No. 939. Bro. Chas. Siehl, jr., THOMAS WADDELL, High Chief Ranger, Manitoba. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 569 Court East Buffalo, No. 1184, Buffalo, N.Y., died 15th June, 1893 $1000 00 No. 940, Bro. Jas. Beli Cook, Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ont. , died 14tli July, 1893 1000 00 No. 941, Bro. Thos. G. Millwood, Court Bay Centre, No. 736, Bay Centre, N.D., died 2nd July, 1893 1000 00 No. 942, Bro. Angus MacDonald, Court Huron, No. 163, Point Edward, Ont., died 26th June, 1893 $1000 00 No. 943, Bro. Isaac Booth, Court York, No. 120, East Toronto, Ont., died 26th May, 1893 1000 00 No 944, Bro. A. L. Ayres, Court Peerless, No. 193, St, Marys, Ont., died 22nd June, 1893 1000 00 No. 945, Bro. J.M.Thibert, Court St. Roch, No. 701, St. Cune- gonde, Que., died 22nd July, 1893 1000 00 JJ JL">1 Uicil)l llloiil)!} Jfigl) Court ONTARIO I f 1 1 E I JHhK: I w I I ^ > I ii. ORIGINAL CHARTER OF R. W. HIGH COURT OF ONTARIO. NEW CHARTER OF HIGH COURT OF ONTARIO INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 571 RIGHT WORTHY HIGH COURT -->^ t' INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 633 London 13th August, 1889. To the High Chief Rem ger. Officers and Members of the High Court of Ontario, I. 0. F: Dear Sir and Brethren, I have the honor to present this, the first report of Court Excelsior, No. 1, Juvenile Court I. O. F., located in the city of London, Ont. After permission had been granted by the High Court at its last session, for instituting a court of the above in the above city, I am pleased to report that we, the Committee of Management, have succeeded beyond our expecta- tions, in instituting a court of as fine a lot of young boys as were ever seen together, but not until the Committee of Management had done some very hard work evening after evening in session. On the 30th of November last, after making preparations, we instituted the above court, with some 50 boys, ranging in age from 10 to 16 years, and up to the present a strong increase has been going on, till we now number about 65 members, but we expect by the next meeting of the High Court to have over 100 members, and no doubt would have had, if we had had a Constitu- tion, for the parents of a large number of boys ask to look at the Constitution and By-Laws, and when we told them we have none till after the meeting of the High Court, and then it will be settled whether it will be universal or not ; after being told this, scores of them have declined to let their sons join until the matter is finally settled by this body. This is the reason that our court is not twice the number it now is, but we are satisfied if the High Court adopt this report, and make the institution of Juvenile Courts general throughout its jurisdiction, it will become one of the best features the Order ever had. * * * We have established a drill class, and the boys are taking great interest in it, but not so much since the weather has turned out so warm, but as the evenings get cooler there will be a large attendance. It would do you good to be present at some of these meetings to notice the way the ofiicers per- form tlieir duties, and the large numbers who turn out to the meetings, and notice the interest they take in the business. Before I close, I hope and trust that the seed we have sown here in Lon- don may take root and grow throughout the Order at large, as I am fully convinced that it will be the means of building up our noble Order, for as we, the older ones, are called home to our reward, the young ones will step into our places. I remain yours in L. , B. and C. , JAMES CRAWFORD, General Superintendent. To the High Chief Ranger, Officers and Members of the High Court of Ontario, I.O.F. Your committee, appointed to inquire into matters as contained in the re- port of Brother Crawford, General Superintendent of the Juvenile Depart- ment of our Order, beg leave to report : NN 634 HISTORY OF THE (1) That we approve of the adoption of this report. (2) We recommend this High Court to memorialize the Supreme Court to make at its next session this Juvenile Branch general throughout the Order. (3) That the Supreme Court be requested to instruct its Committee on Constitution and Laws to frame a code of By-laws for the Juvenile Depart. ment. All of which is respectfully submitted in L., B. and C. JAMES B. CRAWFORD, J. J. MIX, ^i GEO. KEATING. On motion, it was ordered that the report in reference to Juvenile Forest- ers be committed to the representatives of this High Court to the Supreme Court, with instructions to bring it before that body. The making of a ritual for the Juvenile Foresters having been entrusted to the S.C.R.,he embodied the following therein as the ob- ligation to be taken by all initiates into that branch of our Order : " OBLIGATION. *'I do solemnly promise, upon my sacred word and honor, never to tell any one who is not a member of the Juvenile Foresters, any of the signs, passwords, or other secrets of the Order which may come to my knowledge. " I also promise to obey the laws of this court, to be kind to all members of the Order, and do all I can to advance the prosperity of the Juvenile For- esters. * ' I also promise not to use any profane words, to abstain from the use of tobacco in every form, also to abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage. *' Lastly, I promise to obey my parents in all things, as well as the officers of this court in the discharge of their duties in the Order." This obligation, containing as it does a pledge against swearing, and against the use of tobacco and intoxicants, has commended the Juvenile Department of the Order to the thoughtful. The Supreme Chief Ranger asked the privilege of presenting to Bro. J. Jamieson, M.P., a handsome gold jewel, being no less than the Grand Cross of Merit, on behalf of the Supreme Court, in recognition of valuable services rendered to the Order by the assistance given in promoting the passage of the Act of Incorporation through the Dominion Parliament. The brother was then duly invested and proclaimed a ' ' Chevalier of the Grand Cross of Merit." Brother (now Judge) Jamieson acknowledged the honor in a few well- chosen remarks. Bro. N. F. Paterson, Q C, Port Perry, was elected H. C. R. Guelph was chosen as the next place of meeting. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 635 The thirteenth annual session of the High Court was held in the City Hall, Guelph, beginning the 12th of August, 1890. The officers present at roll call were as follows : H.C.R., N. F. Paterson, Q.C.; P.H.C.K, A. R. Milne; H.S., James B. Halkett ; H.T., T. G. Davey ; H. Auditors, Daniel Rose and David Millar; H. Chap., Rev. A. Macgillivray ; H.J.S., Thomas Lawless ; H.S.W., John Leys ; H.J.W., J. A. Lillie ; H.S.B., Wm. Dunn ; H.Mar., T. D. Bailey; H. Coun., H. A. Botterell ; H. Mess., Acland Oronhyatekha. The following extracts are taken from the report of the H.C.R.: (4.) During the year I have had the pleasure of paying twenty-one visits to courts. I have delivered thirteen public lectures on the objects and benefits offered by our Order. I have commissioned 33 P. D. H. C. Rangers, 20 D. D. H. C. Rangers, and 140 C. D. H. C. Rangers. Wherever I have gone I have met with the utmost kindness from the brethren of the local courts, the remembrance of which will ever be fondly cherished by me. Forty new courts were instituted, of which 5 were organized by Bro. C. C. Whale, 2 by Bro. Thomas Butler, P. D. H. C. R., 1 by Bro. R. E. Armstrong, P. D. H. C. R., and 1 by myself. Since this report was written, I am informed 9 new courts have been organized in Ontario for the month of July. (5. ) The membership of our Order, since the separation, ten years ago, is now upwards of 21,000. The following figures show the strides being made from year to year in this province : 1881 369 members, 15 courts. 1882 973 members. 1883 1,340 " 1884 1,631 1885 2,084 " 1886 3,332 1887 4,841 " 1888 6,699 1889 9,483 " 1890 11,815 " 297 courts. (6.) Our continued prosperity affords a complete answer to those advocates who have lately been rushing into print to attack iis. We successfully with- stood their assaults when we were numerically weak ; now, in our giant strength, we can afford to let them write on. "* "^ * The committee on Constitution and Laws, through their secretary, Bro. Ormiston, presented the following draft of by-laws for the High Court, which on due consideration was adopted : To the High Chief Banger and Members of the High Court of Ontario, I. O. F. Your Committee on Constitution and Laws begs to present its final report as follows : By-laws for the High Court of the Province of Ontario. ARTICLE I. SESSIONS. Sec. 1. The regular session of the High Court shall be held annually. Sec. 2. Special sessions shall be held as provided in Article 62, Sec 3, of the Constitution. 636 HISTORY OF THE ARTICLE II. CONCERNING THE HIGH COURT DEGREE. Sec. 1. All members of the Order in good standing other than officers and representatives who attend the session of the High Court shall be eligible for the High Court degree, and be entitled to ait therein as Honorary Mem- bers. Sec. 2. Honorary Members shall not be entitled to take part in the debates nor shall they have the right to vote on any question nor hold any office in the High Court. ARTICLE III. REPRESENTATION. Sec. 1. The basis of representation from Subordinate Courts shall be : Each Subordinate Court with fifty members or less shall be entitled to one represent- ative and one additional representative for each additional fifty members or major fraction of fifty. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be elected as provided in Section 88 of the Constitution. ARTICLE IV. HIGH COURT DUES. Sec. 1. The High Court dues, payable by each Subordinate Court, shall be at the rate of fifty cents per year for each beneficiary member in good standing upon its roll, which shall be payable in advance, one half on the first day of January and one-half on the first day of July, and shall be trans- mitted by each financial secretary with the semi-annual returns to the High Secretary. ARTICLE V. All supplies used by the Subordinate Courts shall be purchased of the High Court, as provided in Supreme Court rules. ARTICLE VI. The order of business shall be as provided in the ritual of the High Court. ARTICLE VII. Each Representative, immediately after addressing the presiding officer, shall give his name and address. ARTICLE VIII. AMENDMENTS. These By-laws shall not be altered, amended nor repealed except by the High Court at a session thereof, a two-third vote concurring, provided that no By-law nor any change thereof shall take effect until approved by the Supreme Chief Ranger in writing and the seal of the Supreme Court attached. Bro. N. F. Paterson, Q.C., was re-elected H. C. R. Brockville was ananimously chosen as the next place of meet- ing. The High Court finally adjourned shortly after midnight on the 13th. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 637 The fourteenth session of the High Court was opened in the town hall, Brockville, on the 11th day of August, 1891. The following officers were present at roll call : H.C.K, K F. Paterson,Q.C.; P.H.C.R., A.R.Milne; H.V.C.R., Da\ d Millar; H. Sec, James B. Halkett ; H. Treas., T. G. Davey ; H. Phys., Geo. H. Groves, M.D.; H. Coun., E. J. Hearn; H. Chap., Rev. A. Mac- gillivray; H.J.S., Thos. Lawless; H.S.W., David Ormiston, B.A.; H.J.W,, P. Falconbridge ; H.S.B., Thomas Butler ; H.J.B., D. A. Nesbitt; H.Mar., Jas. Hewer; H. Coun., W. M. Eagleton ; H. Mess., W. Cadwell; H. Audi- tors, Daniel Rose and W. S. Milne; H.C.I., C. C. Whale. The following extracts are taken from the High Chief Ranger's report : (2) During the year just closed, our beloved Order has been attended with a marked degree of prosperity, the total membership falling but little short of 30,000. In this High Court jurisdiction the initiations numbered 3,836, being the largest number for any year since the instituting of the Order in this province. The total membership at the end of the year was 14,937, the net increase, after deducting withdrawals, lapses and deaths, was 3,122, the greatest number during any one year. * * * (16) It has occurred to me in the past that it is not in the interests of the Order that the offices of Supreme Chief Ranger, Supreme Secretary and High Secretary should be subjected to the probability, or even possibility, of change each year in the incumbency. It is important that brethren well qualified should fill these positions. To accept any of them, especially one of the two former, means a total surrender and abandonmeat of all other busi- ness occupations. As the question will, in all likelihood, come up at the ap- proaching meeting of the Supreme Court, it might be advisable for our repre- sentatives to be forearmed with the opinion of this High Court. -^ -^ * (32) It has been well said that joining a friendly society is better than de- positing money in a savings bank. Sickness may come before the savings are large, or, if large, they may melt away through a long illness. (33) The principle assumed by some societies that each member should pay an equal sum, whatever his age may be, is a mistaken one. (34) There is a rising scale of probability of sickness throughout all the years of a man's life. A well-constituted friendly society, therefore, having regard to such increase of probabilities with years, and following in the foot- prints of ordinary life insurance companies, adopts the principle of payment appropriate to age, as no other system can be considered equitable. * * * (36) As an evidence that the principles upon which our Order has found- ed its system of insurance are sound, I may mention that whilst the Domin- ion Parliament granted to us an act of incorporation, at the present session two benefit societies were refused incorporation. (38) This may well be termed the life insurance age of the world. With 638 HISTORY OF THE the advancement of civilization and enlightenment of the age, man has learn- ed to regard life insurance as a legitimate means of making provision for those dependent on him. (39) What, then, is the duty of the hour ? The brother who contents him- self with being a member doing nothing to advance the membership is not loyal to himself, to his court, nor to the Order. A continuous, healthy influx of new blood is absolutely necessary to our success. Having no salaried or commissioned agents, we rely solely upon the efforts of individual members that the Order may go "onward and upward." Each individual member, therefore, is morally bound to put forth every legitimate effort to induce his fellow-men to join our ranks. We have transcribed the following from the records of this session : THE FREEDOM OF THE CITY. At this stage a deputation consisting of His Worship the Mayor and Mr. Councillor Lyman was announced in waiting, and upon being introduced by P.H.C.R. Milne and H. Counsellor Hearn, they were received with High Court Honors, after which His Worship read the following address : To the Oficers mid Members of the High Court of the Indepe^ident Order of For- esters of the Frovince of Ontario, Gentlemen, In my representative capacity as Mayor of the town of Brockville, it is my pleasant duty to extend to you a cordial welcome to the town of Brock- ville, which I beg to assure you appreciates the compliment implied by the presence within its precincts of the High Court of so important a body as the Independent Order of Foresters. I have not the honor of being a member of your society ; yet from what I have read, seen, and learned otherwise, it is an organization which appeals to the sympathy of every person who has a proper regard for an institution with such admirable aims and objects. On behalf of the citizens generally, I beg to extend to you the freedom of the town, and assure you that my best personal, as well as my official, efforts shall be enlisted in the task of making your stay pleasant, and am sure I shall therein receive the hearty co-operation of our citizens personally. I have every reason to hope that, at the conclusion of your business delib- erations, which I trust will be of the most successful character, you will feel that, in welcoming you in the name of the citizens, I am employing no mere conventional formality, and that your reminiscences of your stay in the " Is- land City " will suggest only pleasant recollections. Permit me, gentlemen of this High Court, to ask your acceptance, at the hands of its Mayor, of the hospitalities and freedom of the town of Brock- ville during your stay within its borders. (Signed,) DAVID S. BOOTH, Dated this 11th day of August, 1891. Mmjor. RtV. G. M. CAMPBELL, D.S.C.R., Kew Brunswick. W. ELKINS, P.C.R.,.Ontario. S. H. JOHNSON, P.H.C.R., Xew York. R. W. HAYDON, D.S.C.K. ; t . i INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 641 Bro. N. F. Paterson, H. C. R., responded in appropriate terms, express- ing the gratification of the High Court at the warm welcome extended to it. Moved by Rev. A. Macgillivray, seconded by Bro. Daniel Rose, and unani- mously Resolved, That the officers and members of the High Court of Ontario de- sire to express their great satisfaction at the presence in their midst of the Supreme Chief Ranger, and would avail themselves of the present opportu- nity to convey to him their hearty congratulations on the distinguished honor that was recently conferred upon him by his election to the position of Right Worthy Grand Templar, the highest office in the gift of the Independent Or- der of Good Templars. The High Court regards this distinction not only as an l\onor to the Supreme Chief Ranger, but also as an honor to the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters, and their earnest hope is that he may be long spared to adorn both offices by that high character and those splendid abilities that have contributed so largely to the advancement of both Orders. The Supreme Chief Ranger thanked the High Court heartily for the reso- lution just adopted. As the High Officers had failed to acknowledge, in their re- ports, the work done by the Supreme Court in the province, the S. C. R. did not lose the opportunity of showing what had been done by the Executive Council when reporting on the state of the Order, as follows : Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, chairman, blx)ught in the report of the Committee on the State of the Order, which was adopted, and is as follows : To the Eigh Court of Ontario. Your Committee on the State of the Order beg to present the following re- port : They find, from the official reports before them, that the Order was never in a more satisfactory and prosperous condition than it is at the present time. When the keen competition which exists in our Province is taken into consid- eration, we think the institution of seventy-four new courts in Ontario alone is a record of which any High Standing Committee may justly be proud. In this connection your committee desires to place on record their apprecia- tion of the material assistance rendered our High Court by the Supreme Court, under whose auspices sixty of the seventy-four new courts were in- stituted. The courts instituted by the officers of the High Court, with the number of members in such courts on the 1st June, are as follows : High Physician, Court Fitzroy, No. 16 36 E. WiUfong, " Winterbourne, (( 204 28 C( " Ayr, i( 413 18 Thos. Butler, ** Merivale, " 541 21 R. Armstrong, " Metcalfe, (( 609 18 642 HISTORY OF THE H. V. C. Ranger, Court Scarboro', No 628 24 J. T. Carson, * ' Western Star, 648 19 Rev. A. P. Watts, ' Granite, 651 18 Thos. Butler, * ' Billing's Bridge, 670 24 P. F. Carey, ' * Rouille, 674 18 High Secretary, * * Cambridge, 675 16 High C. Ranger, * * Kinmount, 703 21 12 256 We desire, also, to mark our high appreciation of the manner in which our <,use has been uplifted by many of our subordinate courts. But your com- mittee are of opinion that, of all the agencies producing the magnificent re- sults showTi in the reports of our High Officers, of a net gain in membership during the year of over 3, 100, none has been more potential than the grand work done by our genial Inspector, Bro. Charles C. Whale. Your committee recognize the fact that our great Province has been pretty well fijled with courts, and that the duty of the incoming Executive will be chiefly in the direction of building up the existing courts, hence the wisdom of putting into the field, durmg the coming year, an additional inspector to as- sist our Bro. Whale in his all-important work All of which is respectfully submitted. ORONHYATEKHA, A. R. MILNE, JAS. ADAMS, WM. GERRY. Bro. David Millar, of Toronto, was elected H. C. R. The High Court then adjourned, to meet next year in Barrie. The High Court held its fifteenth annual session in the Opera House, Barrie, commencing 9th of August, 1892. The High Officers present at roll call were : H.C.R., David Millar; P.H.C.R., N. F. Paterson, Q.C.; H.V.C.R., Rev. Alex. Macgillivray ; H. Sec, Jas, B. Halkett ; H. Treas., Thos. G. Davey; H. Phys., J. Dunfield, M.D.; H. Coun., W. H. Bartram ; H. Chap., Rev. John McLaren; H. J. S., Thos. Lawless ; H.S.W., L.G.Morgan; H.S.B., J. T. Carson; H.J.B., Alex. McKee ; H. Mar., Wm. Little ; H. Coun., A. L. Chandler ; H. Mess., Charles C. Baird ; H. Auditors, Daniel Rose and David Ormiston ; H. C. Ins., C. C. Whale and Henry Gibbens. The following extracts are from the High Chief Ranger's re- port : We have a membership in this High Court jurisdiction of 17,729, which makes an increase of 2,792 during the year showing unmistakably the hold INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 643 which the Order has upon the country. But what I consider a stronger in- dication of our prosperity is that the "lapses" do not increase in the same proportion as the " membership. " * r ^ Of the ninety-one courts instituted, eighty were organized by the Deputies of the Supreme Chief Ranger. * -x- -x- It may not be amiss, in this place, and before concluding, to say a word or two about the Order as a body. It is a long leap to make from a membership of 369, to one of 40,000, and from an indebtedness of $4,000 to a surplus of nearly half a million of dollars. Yet this has been accomplished by the I.O.F. in the short space of eleven years. Time brings great results to those who do their duty. The Order has added ten thousand members to its roll during the year. Gradually it is gaining strength in every High Court, and justly asserting itself as the best fraternal benefit association in existence. It has already started in forming a girdle round the earth, having its standard in the Eastern Hemisphere in Great Britain, and in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia. Under Divine guidance, it will be one of the great agencies destined to make all men of one mind who will live in harmony and peace, and war be driven forever from the earth. Then let us pray, that come it may, and come it will for a' that, That man to man, the world o'er, will brothers be and a* that. The soundness of the principles of this Order has been unsuccessfully as- sailed, and the letters of the Supreme Chief Ranger have been recognized as the ablest contributions to the press in defence, not only of this Order, but of those on which all sister associations are based. So much has the merit of these contributions been recognized, that men at the head of some of our sis- ter associations doing business in Ontario, have preserved them, and as occa- sion requires, use them in the advocacy of their own associations as against straight line insurance companies. You will thus see that the letters were written in no narrow and selfish, but in a broad and liberal, spirit. They have been the most powerful articles in demonstrating the soundness of the principles of the I.O.F. or any other fraternal associations rightly conducted. The position which we occupy has not been attained by any hap-hazard work. One man was the architect, and the same man has been the builder, and let us, who receive and see the benefit be thankful that he has seen the fruit of his labors solidly and substantially grow to their present dimensions. The management has been conducted with ability and integrity, and, as has already been stated, its record is an answer to adverse criticism. There is not a policy-holder of the Independent Order of Foresters who has not the utmost confidence that his interests are carefully protected. These interests are under the care of broad integrity, and, will I say, massive ability, and the Order to-day is a monument to the integrity, enterprise and skill of the Supreme Chief Ranger. What the Order has accomplished under the ruling mind of Dr. Oronhyatekha is a matter of history, long may he live to control its destinies. 644 HISTORY OF THE The Doctor has Leon also fortunate in having as colleagues such men as P. S. C. R., E. Botterell, a strong man, second only to himself. Two such men at the head of our Institution give the greatest confidence to the mem- bership, and is a guarantee that the interests of the future will be as wisely conserved as they have been in the past. The others are men of integrity and position, on whose judgment the S. C. R. has at all times unhesitatingly relied, men who would give strength and confidence to any association with which they might be connected. The following extracts are taken from the minutes of the session. CIVIC WELCOME. An intimation having been conveyed to the High Court that members of the Corporation of Barrie were waiting to present to the High Court an address of welcome to the town, it was resolved to receive the deputation, and Brother N. F. Paterson, P. H. C. R., introduced the gentlemen. After they had been appropriately welcomed, Mr. John M. Bothwell, Reeve, in the absence of the Mayor, read the following address of welcome : To the Officers and Members of the High Cmirt of the Independent Order of Foresters of the Province of Ontario : On behalf of the Corporation of the town of Barrie, it is our pleasing duty to extend to you a most cordial and hearty welcome to our pleasant and prosperous town, and beg to assure you that we are fully sensible of, and duly appreciate, the compliment paid us by the selection of our town as the place of meeting for 1892, of such an important body as the Independent Order of Foresters. In presenting our official greeting, we sincerely trust that the present pro- pitious weather will continue during your stay amongst us, and that you will, while here, spend a pleasant and profitable time, both with regard to yourselves personally, and the beneficent Order you are representing ; and that when your official business is concluded, and you return to your respect- ive homes, you will carry with you such pleasant recollections as will induce you to pay us further visits either in your official or social capacity. We regret very much the absence of our Mayor, who is out of town on his holidays, and we know he will feel keenly the disappointment of not being with us in presenting you with this address and joining us in our felicitations. Signed on behalf of the Corporation of the town of Barrie. JNO. M. BOTHWELL, Reeve. S. M. WELLS, First Deputy Reeve. R. E. FLETCHER, Second Deputy Reeve. F. M. MONTGOMERY, Councillor. M. J. FRAWLEY, Councillor. S. CALDWELL, Councillor. independejS^t order o7 foresters. 645 A suitable response was made by the High Chief Ranger, which was sup- plemented by some ha])py remarks by the Supreme Chief Ranger ; after which the deputation retired. A large amount of business was transacted by the High Court, and much time was spent in the consideration of a number of proposed amendments to the constitutions and laws, but which would not be of much interest to the general reader. When the business of the High Court was finished shortly before midnight of the 11th, the Supreme Chief Ranger took the chair and in- stalled the officers for the ensuing year. Bro. Rev. Alex. Macgillivray, of Toronto, was elected H. C. R. At the conclusion of the installation ceremony, the newly elected High Chief Ranger, and other officers, addressed the High Court for a few min- utes, thanking the members for the high honor conferred upon them, and ex- pressing their determination to put forth every effort in their power jO extend and strengthen Independent Forestry in Ontario. PRESENTATION. At this stage of the proceedings, the Supreme Chief Ranger stepped for- ward, and, on behalf of the members of the Order, presented to Brother John A. McGillivray, Q.C., S.S., the silken insignia and other vestments appropri- ate to his rank in the legal profession. Brother McGillivray spoke briefly but eloquently, in retiu^ning thanks for this additional expression of good-will on the part of his brother Foresters toward him. Fortunately for the historian, the records of the High Court of Ontario are so ample and complete that a simple dig3st thereof must represent pretty fairly its history. We have seen that at its institution there were only 11 courts, all told, in existence in Canada, with about 250 members. During the 15 years that have elapsed since that date, the High Court of Ontario has never had its lamp extinguished. Once, it is true, its beacon light could scarcely be seen, as its flame feebly flickered, and a breath would have put it out altogether. But it was not to be, though the num- ber of its courts was reduced to 10, with only 196 members, it still fought bravely on for "Liberty, Benevolence and Concord." Truly the men who stood then at their posts, within the walls of the High Court of Ontario, fighting bravely against enemies from without, and against traitors from within, have had their reward in seeing the mother High Court grow and prosper with the 646 HISTORY OF THE Order, till to-day she stands proudly pre-eminent with her 521 courts and her 21,000, and more, loyal and true Foresters. The feelings of satisfaction with which they view the magnificent pro- portions to which the Order has grown in Ontario, must be accom- panied with a just feeling of pride at the knowledge that the 21,- 000 Foresters within the High Court represent the very flower of the honest, intelligent and substantial citizens of Ontario. Pow could it be otherwise, with such noble leaders as those who have succeeded Dr. Oronhyatekha as High Chief Ranger ? Bros. John A. McGillivray, Q.C., Ed. Botterell, Judge W. W. Fitzgerald, Geo. A. Proctor, W. Griffith, A. R. Milne, N. F. Paterson, Q.C., David Millar, and last, though not by any means the least, Rev. A. Mac- gillivray, H.C.R., who is just closing one of the most successful years in the history of the High Court of Ontario, are names that are a guarantee of success. They are names of which any society may justly be proud. They are names that will always be fondly cherished by the Independent Foresters of Ontario. We dare not undertake even to mention the names of the able and worthy men who have served during these years as lieu- tenants. Such names alone would fill a volume. NEWELL H. DODGE, High Chief Ranger, Wisconsin. ^.t^i/'lK< II.- INDEPEXDEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 649 QUEBEC HE High Court of Quebec was instituted at Slier- brooke, by Bro. A. B. Caldwell, then Supreme Secre- tary, on the 7th September, 1880. The following composed the first staff of officers. viz., H.C.R., H. Bradford, Sherbrooke; H.V.C.R., Thos. McMichael, Windsor Mills; H. Secretary, R. Davidson, Sherbrooke; H. Treasurer, T. J. Tuck, Sherbrooke ; H.S.W., E. E. Bartlett, Waterville ; H.J.W., T. J. Maughan, Richmond; H.S.B., H. W. Hunting, Huntingville ; H.J.B., G. Henry, Lennoxville; H. Chaplain, A. Law, Lennoxville ; H. Physician, Dr. F. Q. Austin, Sherbrooke ; H. Mar., L. Smith, Sherbrooke ; H. Mess., E. L. Hunting, Lennoxville ; H. Con., C. R. Jones, Waterville. The High Court did not accomplish much, and lasted only a short time, when the charter was allowed to lapse. In 1887, the present High Court was instituted in Montreal. The following account, given at the time, is taken from the columns of The Independent Forester : RE-INSTITUTION OF THE HIGH COURT. Pursuant to notice given by the S.C.R., the represent;itives from the courts in Quebec met in conventi(jn in the St. Lawrence Hall, Montreal, on the evening of the 18th August, 1887, to take into consideration the formation of a High Court for the Province of Quebec. The officers and members of the Supreme Court were present at the convention. After explanations from the S.C.R., the representatives retired for consultation, and in due time reported that four were in favor of the formation of a High Court, and three opposed. The S.C.R. stated that he could not see his way clear to recommend the for- mation of a High Court unless there was greater unanimity expressed among the representatives of the Subordinate Courts, and suggested that an adjourn- ment be taken for further consultation till the following evening, when, if they had come to an agreement, the Supreme Court would undoubtedly take a recess to assist at the formation of the High Court. The convention ac- cordingly adjourned to meet again on the evening of the 19th August. OO 650 HISTORY OF THE The representatives of the courts in the Province of Quebec again assembled in the St. Lawrence Hall on the evening of the 19th August, and reported that they had unanimously agreed to petition for a charter for a High Court for the Province of Quebec. Thereupon the Supreme Court took a recess, and the convention of the Subordinate Court representatives was called to or- der by the S.C.R. The High Court Degree was then conferred upon the representatives and members present. \. The S.C.R. then appointed a nominating committee, who reported, recom- mending the appointment of the following staff of officers, which was done. H.C.R., Bro. Frank Smith, Richmond ; P.H.C.R., Bro. Charles Knowles, Quebec ; H.V.C.R., Bro. H. W. Hunting, Lennoxville ; H. Sec, Bro. John W. Stocks, Sherbrooke ; H. Treas., Bro. Robt. Burge, Lennoxville; H. Phys., Bro. Dr. Henry Russell, Quebec ; H. Coun., Bro. F. S. Foss, Sher- brooke ; H. Auditors, F. H. Wildgoose and T. I. Rutherford, Montreal ; H. Chaplain, Bro. Rev. J. H. Dixon, Montreal ; H.S.W., Bro. C. W. Bolton, Montreal ; H.J.W., Bro. Peter Johnson, Richmond ; H.S.B., Bro. W. W. Bailey, Cookshire ; H.J.B., Bro. Louis J. D. Berg, Quebec ; H. Mar., Bro. Charles J. Odell, Sherbrooke ; H. Con., Bro. W. H. Killingbeck, Rockland ; H. Mess., Bro. George Henry, Lennoxville. The above brethren were then duly installed into office by the S.C.R. and the officers of the Supreme Court, the following being elected representatives to the Supreme Court : Bros. J.H. Dixon, John W. Stocks, F.H. Wildgoose, H. W. Hunting. The High Court of Quebec then duly adjourned. The brethren of Quebec labored for some time under great difficulties, owing principally to the mixed population of the country, and to the fact that the major portion of the people were Roman Catholics. At length, however, courts were formed, composed almost exclusively of French citizens, and into s6me of which Catholic priests were initiated, and became Forest- ers. From this time the I. O. F. has made steady progress, till to-day there are, besides the English speaking and the mixed courts, some 35 prosperous courts composed almost entirely of French Catholics. Court Champlain, No 663, one of the French Courts, proudly stands in the front ranks of our courts, with upwards of 250 members. THE SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION. The sixth session of the High Court was held in Valleyfield, beginning on the 22nd day of August, 1893, and lasting three days, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 651 and proved to be a most successful session. The following ex- tracts are taken from the printed minutes of the session. The H. C. R., among other things, said : Reviewing the work of the past year, I have much pleasure in assuring you that in no one year of our history as an Order have we enjoyed such un- precedented success as during the past twelve months. The total member- ship on the 31st July, 1892, was 38,560 ; on July 31st, 1893, the total mem- bership was 50,847, showing an increase during the year of 12,287. In this High Court jurisdiction the initiations numbered 1,655, being the largest number for any one year since the instituting of the Order in this Province, the total membership being, with the year ending July 1st, 1893, 4,750 in 102 courts, after deducting withdrawals, lapses and deaths. In order that you may have a better idea of the good work being done by our Order in this Province, I beg to submit to you the following statistics ; BENEFITS PAID. For the year ending July 31st, 1893 : 16 on $1,000 00. ... $16,000 00 6 " 2,000 00 12,000 00 ($1,000 held for letters of guardianship). 2 " 3,000 00.... 6,000 00 $34,000 00 total amount paid. Paid for sick benefits from July 1st, 1892, to July 1st, 1893, $6,580.04. Funeral benefits paid from July 1st, 1892, to July 1st, 1893, $700.00. From the High Secretary's report I take the following :- You will note with pleasure that the Forestric year just closed has been the most prosperous period in our annals in this Province. A year ago the High Court of Quebec had under its jurisdiction 3,074 members in 72 courts ; this year I am enabled to report 4,719 members in 100 courts on your rolls, 33 new courts having been instituted during the year, as against 24 new courts in last year's report. Four courts have been suspended, one court consolidated, making five courts to be deducted from the gross increase, and yet leaving the encouraging net gain of 28 courts and 1645 members. I can- not pass this portion of my report without alluding to the grand work of in- stitution carried on by our distinguished High Chief Ranger and his deputies in the establishment of so many new courts in this Province, an accomplish- ment the more noteworthy, as it will be noticed, in the report of last year's proceedings of the High Court, it had been anticipated that the limit of in- crease had been nearly reached. PROGRESS OF THE ORDER. The steady growth of the Order from the institution of the High Court to the present time, is shown at a glance by the following table : 652 HISTORY OF THE High Court of Quebec, instituted Aug. 19tli, 1887, with 10 subordi- nate courts, and 278 members. At end of first year, 24 courts instituted net gain, second " 2 " " third a 9 fourth n 13 fifth n 24 sixth a 33 416 members. 246 336 743 1045 1645 " i Total Membership 4719 FINANCES. Our finances are in a healthy condition. All accounts have been paid di- rectly after presentation, and, notwithstanding the large outlay in mission work, organizing new courts, and prizes paid to courts and members, the available cash balance continues to get higher. The pass-word of the High Standing Connnittee has been to live within our means, pay all we owe, and borrow nothing. A year ago I was able to report $1,295.44 as being in the E. T. Bank. This year there is $1,825.71, a net gain of $530.27, with lia- bilities of only $50.20. The visit of the British Representatives to the High Court was quite an event. They arrived from Montreal by steamer at 5.30 p.m., of the 23rd of August. The High Court adjourned and proceeded in a body to the docks to receive the distinguished visitors, and accord them a right royal welcome to Quebec. It is needless to say that this was done in the enthusiastic manner in which the High Court is accustomed to do such things. The visitors, who were accompanied by the Supreme Chief Ranger, were escorted by the whole High Court to the City Hall, where the sessions of the High Court were held, and where the distin- guished brethren were formally welcomed. Later on in the evening, the S.C.R. introduced to the High Court the following brethren, who each delivered a short address : Bro. Rev. W. J. McCaughan, High Chief Ranger of the High Court of Ireland. Bro. James Marshall, High Chief Ranger of the High Court of Scotland. Bro. Alex. Scott, High Secretary of the High Court of Scotland. Bro. Martindale Ward, M.D., High Physician of the High Court of London. Bro. J. D. Williamson, M.D., High Physician of the High Court of Ire- land. Bro. F. W. Rackham, High Secretary of the High Court of London. Bro. J. S. Duncan, High Treasurer of the High Court of Scotland. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 653 Bro. W. T. Hyett, of the High Court of Wales. Bro. Joseph Maliiis, Jr. , of the High Court of Mid-England. Bro. Ronald McDougall, Agent of the Supreme Court in England, Bro. W. F. H. Thompson, H. V.C.R. of the High Court of Wales. Bro. Col. N. F. Paterson, General Superintendent of the Order in Great Britain, who in turn responded very kindly to the hearty welcome tendered them by this High Court. The Supreme Chief Ranger then addressed the High Court, giving some very good advice regarding the choice of material to be initiated into the Order. The Supreme Chief Ranger afterwards installed the following officers : H.C.R., Bro. Peter Strathearn, 134 Dorchester-street. P.H.C.R., Bro. Henry Walters, M.A., Morin College, Quebec. H.V.C.R., Bro. Geo. F. Slack, M.D., Farnham. H.S., Bro. J. W. Stocks, Box 664, Sherbrooke. H. Physician, Bro. Douglas Decow, Montreal. H. Counsellor, Eugene Sicotte, Richmond. H. Chaplain, Rev. Bro. J. E. Duclos, Valleyfield. H. J. Secretary, Bro. James Ellis, 131 Peter-street, Quebec. H. S. Wood- ward, Bro. J. A. Bergeron, Montreal. H.J., Bro. W. C. Fuller, Sher- brooke, H. S. Beadle, Bro. W. J. Brown, Montreal. H. J. Beadle, Bro. Jas. J. Solby, Hochelaga. H. Conductor, Bro. Ed. P. Pope, Hatley. H. Marshal, Bro. J. S. X. Dussault, Montreal. H. Messenger, Bro. O. W. Bedard, 46 St. Peter-street, St. Roch. Auditors. Bro. Frank H. Wildgoose, 201 Ash Avenue, Point St. Charles. Bro. D. J. McArthur, Montreal. The High Court adjourned on the 24th August, to meet again next year at Sherbrooke. 654 HISTORY OF THE NEW BRUNSWICK CONVENTION of the members of the Independent Order of Foresters assembled in the Pythian Temple, Moncton, on Wednesday, 5th day of September, 1883, at 5 p.m., Bro. J. E. B. McCready, editor of the Monc- ton Daily and Weekly Transcript, presiding as Chief Ranger ^)ro tern. The following otticers and members were reported present, and qualified to sit in the convention, viz : From Court Moncton : H. A. Atkinson, V. C. R. ; A. M. Hubley, R. S.; C. H. Webb, F. S. ; F. C. Harris, S. W. ; W. Watson, J. W. ; C. E. North- rop, S. B. ; Rev. George O. Gates, Chap. ; Dr. J. F. Covey, Physician ; E. M. Estey, T. ; John H. Marks, W. McK. Weldon, B. W. Duffy, John B. gangster, H. McAfee, Dr. E. T. Rogers, Dr. W. Norfolk ; From Court Dor- chester : H. R. Emnierson, C.R. ; R. A. Chapman, V. C. R. ; M. G. Teed, R. S. ; P. M. Morrison, F. S. ; A. E. Oulton, P.C.R. ; S. McDowell, J W. ; S. W. Tingley, S.B ; A. W. Upham, J.B. ; S. E. Wilson ; From Court Chig- necto : J. F. Allison, C.D.H.C.R. ; C. Oulton, J. W. ; From Hillsborough : John A. Beatty, C.R. ; Rev. Geo. W. Fisher, V.C R. ; From Petitcodiac : F. W.Emmerson, C.D.H.C.R. ; J. A. Ritchie, C. R. ; From OttaM-a : Chas. Punchard, D. S. C. R. The Supreme Chief Ranger was then announced, and duly introduced, and received with grand honors. The Chief Ranger /x-o tern, then resigned the chair to the Supreme Chief Ranger, who, in a brief speech acknowledged the hearty welcome extended to him, and also explained the purpose for which the convention had been called. The following petition was drawn up and signed by all the members of the Subordinate Courts present : To the Executive Council of the Independent Order of Foresters : The undersigned officers and members of the Subordinate Courts, believ- ing that the highest interests of the Independent Order of Foresters will thereby be promoted in the Province of New Brunswick, respectfully pray that a charter for a High Court, to be known as the High Court of New Brunswick, be granted to them. EX-MAYOR \y. B. FROST. D.S.C.R., Past High Counsellor, Ontario. INDEPEXDEXT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 657 And, as in duty bound, your petitioners will ever pray. Dated at Moncton, this 5th day of September, 1883. The prayer of the petitioners was granted by the Supreme Chief Ranger, and a Committee on Nomination for High Court officers was appointed, com- j)osed of the following brethren : J. E. B. McCready, R. A. Chapman, F. W. Emmerson, J. F. Allison, and John A. Beatty. The Committee retired for consultation, and a brief recess was declared during the absence of the committee. On their return the convention was again called to order, when the committee presented their first report relating to the elective officers. The convention then adjourned to meet again at 7.30 p.m. The convention was again called to order at 7.30 p.m. by Bro. Dr. Oron- hyatekha, Supreme Chief Ranger. Bros. J. E. B. McCready and F. VV. Emmerson were appointed to test those present in the Subordinate Court Degree. All present having been reported to be worthy Foresters, the Su- preme Chief Ranger informed the Committee on Nominations that they had recommended a brother as one of the officers, who was yet only a social mem- ber, and therefore ineligible, and requested them again to retire and complete their nominations for all the offices. The conmiittee accordingly retired again, and shortly afterwards returned and submitted their report. The report of the committee was laid on the table, and the Supreme Chief Ranger then conferred the High Court degree on the representatives present, after which the nominations were conferred, and the following duly installed as the first staff of officers : H.C.R., Bro. R. A. Chapman, Sheriff of the County of Dorchester ; P. H. C. R., Bro. J. F. Allison, Merchant, Sackville ; H. V. C. R., Bro. J. E. B. McCready, Editor Transcrvpty Moncton ; H. S., Bro. H. A. Atkinson, Bar- rister, Moncton ; H. T., Bro. A. E. Oulton, Judge of Probate, Dorchester ; H. Physician, Bro. Walter Norfolk, M.D., Moncton ; H. Counsellor, Bro. H. R. Emmerson, Barrister, Dorchester. REPRESENTATIVES TO SUPREME COURT. Bro. Hon. D. L. Hanington, M. P. P., ex-Premier, Dorchester ; Bro. Dr. J. R. Inch, Principal of College, Sackville ; Bro. George H. Pick, Freight Dep't I. C. R. , Moncton ; Bro. W. A. Trueman, Barrister, Albert, Albert County. AUDITORS. Bro. P. W. Morrison, Banker, Dorchester ; Bro. J. A. H. Mason, Banker, Sackville. The High Chief Ranger elect then submitted the following appointments, which were duly confirmed, viz. : H. Chaplain, Bro. Rev. George O. Gates, Moncton ; H. J. S., Bro F. W. Emmerson, Barrister, Petitcodiac ; H. S. W , Bro. J. A. Beatty, Albert ; H.J.W., Bro. C. Outhouse, Sackville ; H.S.B., Bro. M. G. Teed, Barrister^ GoS HISTORY OF THE Dorchester; H. J. B,, Bro. S. Ritchie, Petitcodiac ; H, Marshal, Bio. C. E. Northrop, Moncton ; H. Conductor, Bro. S. Edgar Wilson, Dorchester ; H. Messenger, Bro. J. H. Marks, Moncton. Moved by Bro. J. E. B, McCready, seconded by Bro. H. R. Emmerson, that the bonds of the High Secretary and High Treasurer be fixed at one thousand dollars each. Carried. Moved by Bro. H. A. Atkinson, that the charter fee for Subordinate Courts be one hundred dollars. Carried. j. Moved by Bro. H. A. Atkinson, seconded by Bro. J, F. Allison, that the capitation tax be fixed at 75 cents per annum. Moved in amendment by Bro. J. E. B. McCready, seconded by Bro. H. R. Emmerson, that the capitation tax be one dollar. The amendment car- ried. On the motion of Bro. H. R. Emmerson, seconded by Bro. J. F. Allison, Moncton was unanimously selected as the place for holding the next annual meeting. The second Wednesday in August was selected as the time for holding the next annual session. Short speeches, which were enthusiast'cally received, were then delivered by the High Chief Ranger, High Vice Chief Ranger, Supreme Chief Ranger, High Chaplain, Past High Chief Ranger, High Secretary, High Treasurer and High Counsellor, all the speakers exprc&sing unbounded confidence in the future of the Order. The Supreme Chief Ranger also exemplified the unwritten work. The High Court of New Brunswick was then duly closed, to meet again in Moncton, on the second Wednesday of August, 1884, and thus concluded a most successful and auspicious inauguration of the High Court. THE TENTH ANNUAL SESSION. The Tenth Annual Session of the High Court of New Brunswick was held in the city of St. John, beginning on the 8th of August, 1893, and lasting three days, there having been about 200 mem- l3ers and visitors present. We transcribe from The Independent Forester the following, from a letter written by the S.C.R. relative to this session. At the evening session of the first da -, Hon. Judge VVedderburn, Supreme Counsellor, and myself, paid an official visit to the High Court. It is need- less to say that the welcome we received was such as to quicken the pulses of any man with joy and gladness. What a contrast was there to the High Court which greeted ua in this same city years ago. Then there were only 21) members present who were so timid that they seemed to be afraid to hear the sound of their own voices. This time we were greeted by about 200 as enthusiastic Foresters as are to be found anywhere, composed very largely INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 659 of bright, stalwart young men, who give you an idea of strength and vitality, with here and there a head that was frosted o'er, that suggested wisdom and stability. I had not long to wait to learn that the timidity of former years had entirely worn away, as one of the stalwarts rose in his place and, without any circumlocution, amid roars of laughter of the High Court, said that he "did not believe that the decision of the Supreme Chief regarding the reconsider- ation of the ballot selecting the next place of meeting was correct." How- ever, I had only to "bide a'wee " for my revenge on the brother for thus questioning the correctness of my decision, for, in replying to the enthusias- tic welcome, I had occasion to chaff the Supreme Counsellor for his benight- edness in opposing the admission of the ladies to the Order. The next morning I found that Bro, McKay, as the saying is, was still "after me," and with a boldness born of youth, stated that as the S.C.R. had last evening referred to the admission of the ladies, and the subject would be very likely introduced at the Supreme Court, he moved that the representatives be instructed to vote against such a measure. An amendment was promptly moved that the representatives be instructed to advocate and vote for the admission of the ladies. I explained to the High Court than I had given my promise to my col- leagues on the Executive not to introduce again personally the question of the admission of the ladies, and I therefore thanked the brother for bringing the subject up, as that would necessitate the taking of the question to the Su- preme Court. The vote was taken, and when the supporters of the amend- ment seemed to have secured a majority and so declared by the H.C.R., the question got intensely interesting, and cries of " division," "division," arose from all over the house, and then the order of the chair, that "all in favor of the amendment please rise " was instantly followed by a general uprising of the supporters of the ladies, and the count began and the result soon announced as "49." The chair then gave the order, "those opposed will rise," and the count was again carefully made and when the H. Marshal said, "27 H.C.R.," there was a burst of applause from the victors, mingled with roars of laughter, at this most unexpected turn of events. I was look- ing at H. Secretary Emmerson as the two sides rose to be counted, one after the other, and which, even to the unpractised eye, showed a most decisive victory for the champions of the ladies. His face was a study, the look of blank dismay and amazement thereon as he saw his High Court instruct the representatives, by a vote of nearly two to one, to "work and vote to have the doors of the Order thrown wide open to our wives, daughters and sweet- hearts," was worth the study of one of the "old masters." A brother after- wards asked me, "did you observe McKay's face as the vote was taken V I said "No, I was looking at Emmerson at the time." "Well," said he, "You missed a sight. The comers of McKay's mouth dropped as he stood looking at his fellow 'noes,' and when the Marshal announced the result of the count. 060 HISTORY OF THE the corners seemed to work down till they looked as if they were going round the angles of his jaw. The look on his face was enough to make an Egyptian mummy laugh." Thus was a most substantial, and, I am bound to say, most unexpected victory secured for the ladies, God bless them. I suspect the ladies have largely to thank the Good Templar Foresters for the vote. The Supreme Counsellor, who was among the defeated, philosophically observed to me, "Well, it's always the unexpected that happens." His looks told me he was speaking from the heart. ?^ The High Court adjourned about noon on Thursday. At two o'clock of the same day a procession was formed at the Mechanics' Institute, where the High Court had held its sessi>ns, and marched through the principal streets, headed by a band, to Indian Town, and thence, as the guests of the local courts, for a short sail up the river St. John to "a clam bake at Watter's landing." It is needless to say that this treat was immensely enjoyed by us all, as with stories and songs we sailed up and down the waters of the pictur- esque St. John river. In the evening there was an immense meeting in the Opera House, which was filled "from pit to dome" with an appreciative audience. The chair was occupied by Bro. Dr. Hetherington. The first speaker he introduced was the Mayor of the city, who in graceful words welcomed the Supreme Chief Ranger and the High Court to St. John. He trusted that the visiting Foresters would not only enjoy themselves, but that their gathering would result in advancing the welfare of their Order. The chairman then introduced the silver-tongued Bro. Rev. G. M. Camp- bell, whose polished and well-rounded sentences not only riveted attention but delighted the immense audience as he eloquently portrayed the God- given foundation principles of Independent Forestry. He paid a glowing tribute to the Mohawks for their eloquence and sagacity in council and bravery in war, and he trusted that the Supreme Chief Ranger would long be spared to administer the afiairs of the Independent Order of Foresters. The S. C. R. was the next speaker, who occupied a little over an hour in dis- coursing about the I. O. F. and its benefits. He was foUowed by the Hon. Judge Wedderburn, who spoke briefly, but with his usual polish, force, and eloquence, after which Bro. Monroe, High Chief Ranger of Nova Scotia, delivered the closing address, and, with " God Save the Queen " from the band, a most successful meeting was brought to a close. Before the adjournment of the High Court, the Supreme Chief installed the following officers : H.C.R., Le Baron Coleman, St. John, N.B.; P.H.C.R., Herbert C. Creed, M.A., Fredericton. ; H.V.C.R., Wm. Kinghorn, Fredericton ; H. Sec, F. W. Emmerson, Petitcodiac ; H. Treas., E. P. Eastman, Petitcodiac ; H. Phy., R. W. Sprague, M.D , Montague Bridge ; H. Coun., A. W. McCrea, St John ; H. Chap., Rev. E. Bell, Boiestown ; H J.S., W. W. P. Starratt, Elgin; INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 661 H.S.W., R. F. Keith, Havelock ; H.J.W., Howard Williston, Newcastle ; H.S.B., Wm. E. Thistle, Hartland ; H.J.B., A. C. Gibson, Centerville ; H. Mar., W. H. Walker Fredericton ; H. Con., W. Reid, Marysville ; H. Mes., H. Berton Allison, Sackville ; Auditors, J. A. Lindsay, Woodstock ; G. G. Scovil, M.P.P., Bellish. GG2 HISTORY OF THE NOVA SCOTIA, CONVENTION of the members of the Indepemdent Order of Forestei^ met in the Orange Hall, Truro, and ^ ^ 4,^ ^^'^s duly called to order by Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, (^^^ Supreme Chief Ranger, at 5.30 p.m., of the 24th day of September, 18(S3. After all the brethren had been tested, and found worthy Foresters, the Supreme Chief Ranger explained the objects of the Convention, and appointed the following a Committee on Nominations, viz. : Bros. W. M. Reed, H. S. Sutherland, E. A. King, J. B. Black and J. Suckling, to report at the evening session. The Convention then took a recess till 7 o'clock p.m. EVENING SESSION. The Convention was called to order at 7 o'clock p.m., by the Supreme Chief Ranger, Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha. The following petition w^as then duly presented, viz. : To the Executive Conncilf Indepe^ident Order of Foresters. We, tlie undersigned representatives from the Subordinate Courts in the Province of Nova Scotia, believing that the interests of the Order would be promoted thereby, respectfully pray that a charter be granted to them, for the organization of a High Court for Nova Scotia. And, as in duty bound, your petitioners will ever pray. Dated this 24th day of September, 1883, at Truro, Nova Scotia. J, W. Macdoxald, p. J. Chisholm, A. W. Gray, John B. Black, W, M. Read, W. B. Alley, Thos. N. Campbell, GeorcxE Emms. G. A. Peppy, Thos. E. Aikins, Wm. H. Bates, E. A. King, D. O. Eraser, Jas. Kearns, EiNNAN McClure, J. E. BiGNY, Adam C. Bell, Hector T. Sutherland, Alex. Dick, Henry J. Townsend, R. Grant, Arthur Davison, Alex. Cameron, John Everett, I. J. Hingley, Daniel Gunn, C. A. Lowe, Bliss McN'utt, W. N. Mills, Cecil C. Freston, William Craig, Chas. Eraser, Thomas Eoley, John Suckling, Albert Y. Spear. In behalf of the Executive Council, the Supreme Chief Ranger granted the prayer of the petition, whereupon the High Court degree was conferred on the representatives present. C. A. McDERMAND, High Chief Ranger, Illinois. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 665 The Committee or Nominations then presented their report, as follows : To the Supreme Chief Bmiger and Brethren of the Convention. Your Committee on Nominations beg to present the following report of nominations of officers for the High Court of Nova Scotia : H C.R., Bro. Hon. A. C. Bell, M.P.P., New Glasgow; P.H.C.R., Bro. Hon. D. C. Fraser, New Glasgow ; H.Y.C.R , Bro. W. M. Reid, Amherst ; H. Secretary, Bro. I. J. Hingley, Oxford ; H. Treasurer, Bro. T. E. Atkins, Acadia Mines ; H. Physician, Bro. J. W. McDonald, M.D., Acadia Mines; H. Counsellor, Bro. F. McClure, Truro; H. Chaplain, Bro. Rev. J. A. Mosher, Acadia Mines ; H J.S., Bro. A. Davison, Amherst; H.S.W., Bro. J. Suckling, Truro; H.J.W., Bro. C. Fraser, Spring Hill Mines; H.S.B., Bro. A. Cameron, New Glasgow ; H. J.B., Bro. J. E. Bigney, Acadia Mines ; H. Marshal, Bro. D. Gunn, Truro ; H. Conductor, Bro. C. C. Freston, Acadia Mines ; H. Messenger, Bro. J. Kilpatrick, Parrsborough. REPRESENTATIVES TO SUPREME COURT. Bro. Hon . D. C. Fraser, New Glasgow. Bro. H. T. Sutherland, New Glasgow. Bro. E. A. King, Oxford. Bro. C. A. Lowe, Spring Hill Mines. AUDITORS. Bro. J. B. Black, Acadia Mines. Bro. A, Dick, Spring Hill Mines. The report of the Committee on Nominations was unanimously confirmed, and the brethren nominated each declared duly elected by the Supreme Chief Ranger. INSTALLATION. The installation of the officers was next proceeded with, for which purpose the Supreme Chief Ranger made the following pro tern, appointments, viz. : P.S.C.R., Bro. Wm. H. Batts; S.V.C.R., Bro. Capt. Upham ; S. Secre- tary, Bro. W. N. Mills ; S. Treasurer, Bro. A. Speed; S. S. W., Bro. W. Craig ; S J. W., Bro W.B. Allen; S. Chaplain, Bro. J. Thomas ; S. Marshal, Bro. C. Punchard ; S. Conductor, Bro. B. W. McNutt ; S. Messenger, Bro. P. J. Chisholm. The Supreme Officers then retired into the ante-room, and were introduced, and received with the grand honors, after which they proceeded with the in- stallation of the officers of the High Court of Nova Scotia. The Supreme Chief Ranger then delivered a short address, and exempli- fied the unwritten work. Moved by Bro. H. T. Sutherland, seconded by Bro. D. C. Fraser, that the next meeting of the High Court be held in Halifax, on the third Wednesday of July, 1884. Carried. PP 666 HISTORY OF THE The charter fee of subordinate courts was fixed at $100, and the commis- sion to organizers at $50. After transacting other business, the High Court of Nova Scotia was duly- closed, to meet next year in the city of Halifax. THE NINTH ANNUAL SESSION. The ninth Annual Session of the High Court of Nova Scotia was held in the Foresters' Hall at Halifax, on the 20th and 21st September, 1892j| The regular annual Convention of the High Court of Nova Scotia was called to order, and opened with appropriate ceremonies in Foresters' Hall, at nine o'clock in the evening of the above date, with Bro. R. G. Monroe, H.C.R., in the chair. All the officers responded to their names at the calling of the roll, with the exception of the H. J.W, and H. Mar. The H.C.R. appointed the following brethren to be the Committee on Credentials : Bros. A. V. Wade, Jno. A. Russell, H. W. Brooks, T. S. Farn- ham and J. J, McNeil. There were present the following Officers : R. G. Monroe, H.C.R. ; John Daley, P.H.C.R. ; E. J. Hiseler, H.V.C.R. ; A. V. Wade, H. Secy. ; J. A. C. De Balinhard, H. Treas. ; H. W. Brooks, H. Coun. ; Dr. J. W. Goodwin, H. Phy. ; Dr. A. C. Hawkins, H. Aud. ; Edwal-d Hogan, H. And. ; J. F. Hanson, H. Chap. ; C. E. Farnham, H. J. Secy. ; J. J. McNeO, H.S.W\ ; J. C. Lloy, H S.B. ; Jno. A. Russell, H.J.B. ; T. S. Famham, H. Con. ; F. Lynch, H. Mess. Past Executive Officers : Geo M. White, P.H.V.C R. ; H. S. Dodge, P.H. Treas. ; W. M. Reid, P.H.V.C.R. ; Henry Lovitt, P.H.C.R. ; W. B. Alley, P.H.V.C.R. ; Major John Daley, P.H.V.C.R. There were over 40 representatives present. The following is an extract from the High Secretary's Report ;- No. of members, July 1st, 1891 542 Sept., 1892 902 Total increase 360 No. of courts last report 20 " " since suspended 2 18 No. of courts instituted during year 17 Total on 1st September, 1892 35 Courts Lansdowne and Hapsburg are the courts which became defunct, the former being a court of several years' standing, while the latter only existed a few months. Any effort to resuscitate and keep these courts in working condition would, I am advised, only result in wasted energy." INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 667 The High Court adopted a By-law, making the regular session biennial. The basis of representation from subordinate courts was fixed at two from each court with 50 members or less, and one addi- tional representative for each additional 25 members or a major fraction thereof. The following Officers were elected and duly installed : H.C.R., R. Gv Monroe; P.H.C.K, J. Daley ; H.V.C.R, J. E. Batton ; H.S., A. V. Wade ; H.T., J. A. C. De B^linhard ; H. Phy., A. C. Hawkins, M.D. ; H. Coun., Rev. A. Miller ; H. Auditors, H. S. Dodge, J. H. Yould. Appointed Officers: H. Chap., John A. Russell; H. J. Secy., C. E^ Famham ; H.S.W., Thos. H. Miller ; H. J. W., Edward Hogan ; H. S. B., OrbinSproul ; H. J. B., J. K. Tobin ; H. Mar., Jas. Brown. There being no further business before the meeting, the High Court of Nova Scotia adjourned at three o'clock on Thursday morning, to meet again two years hence (1894), on the first Tuesday in August, at Weymouth. 668 HISTORY OF THE NEW JERSEY. HE High Court of New Jersey was instituted at Elizabeth, on the 20th May, 1887, by Supreme Chief Ranger Oronhyatekha, assisted by the fol- lowing pro, tern. Supreme Officers : P.H.C.R., George W. Hulick, of Court Washington, No. 44. H.V.C.R.,T.B. Clark, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. H.S., G. Chauncey Warden, of Court Washington, No. 44. H. Chap., Rev. Thos. Heywood, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. H. Treas. , E. G. W. Ladd, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. H.S.W., S. W. Ellis, of Court Washington, No. 44. H.J.W., J. M. Moses, of Court Washington, No. 44. H.S.B., A. Schmidt, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. H.J.B., J. D. Lowden, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. H. Cond., Elwood Phares, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. H. Marshal, Thomas Hindson, of Court Washington, No. 44. H. Messenger, George A. Ford, of Court Elizabeth, No. 1. There were present as delegates from Court Elizabeth, No. 1 : Bros. El- wood Phares, J. D. Lowden and E. G. W. Ladd. Court Washington, No. 44 : Bros. Geo. W. Hulick and J. M. Moses. Court Richmond, No. 234 : Bros. E. H. Brayne, Wm. Murphy, O. M. Van Name, W. Stephens, A. W. Merritt and R. H. Merritt. Bros. Geo. Marriot, of No. 1, and S. W. Ellis, of No. 44, were appointed to fill vacancies. Visitors present : Bros. Peter Dorland, E. S. Randolph, Eugene Day, C. Schmidt and B. H. Marsh, of No. 1, and Daniel Stewart and John Scott, of No. 44. Moved by Bro. E.G. W. Ladd, of No. 1, seconded by Bro. G W. Hulick, of No. 44, that we petition the Supreme Cou^t for a charter for the High Court of the State of New Jersey. Carried unanimously. S.C.R. Oronhyatekha, in behalf of the Executive Council, granted the prayer of the petition, and appointed Bros. Heywood, Clark, and Ladd, of No. 1, and Hulick and Wardell, of No. 44, a committee to nominate a staff of ofl5cers. Recess of 15 minutes declared. Court called to order by S.C.R. Oronhyatekha. Committee on nominations reported the following as the first staff of officers, viz.: H.C.R., Joseph D. Bennett, No. 1. H.V.C.R., G. Chauncey INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 669 Warden, No. 44. H.S , J. M. Moses, No. 44. H. Treas., H. F. Robinson, H. Coun., Elwood Phares, No. 1. H. Physician, E B. Grier, M.D , No. 44. H. Chap., W. W. Park, No. 1. H.J.S., B. M. Marsh, No. 1. H.S.W., E. H. Brayne, No. 234. H.J.W., Thos. Hindson, No. 44. S.H B., E. G. W. Ladd, No. 1. H.J.B., Wm. Murphy, No. 234. H. Marshal, R. A. Mulford, No. 1. H. Con., S. W. Ellis, No. 44. H. Messenger, 0. M. Van Name, No. 234. Supreme Chief Ranger Oronhyatekha declared the above-named brethren elected, and duly installed them into office. Bros. Clark and Hey wood, of No. 1, Hulick and Wardell, of No. 44, and Murphy, of No. 234, were nominated as representatives to the Supreme Court, The above-named brethren were declared elected by the S.C.R. Bro. Rev. Thos. Hey wood, of No. 1, was appointed Jr. P H.C.R. At this stage, at the request of the Supreme Chief Ranger, P. H.C.R. Hey- wood retired, and conferred the High Court Degree on Bros. Alex. Bennett, of No. 1, W. Stephens, A. W. Sheritt and R. H. Merritt, of No. 234. Moved by Bro. G. W. Hulick, of No. 44, seconded by E. G. W. Ladd, of No. 1, that a commission of fifty dollars ($50) be paid to H.C. Deputies for instituting Courts in the State. Carried. S.C.R. Oronhyatekha gave notice to the High Court that he had appointed Bro. T. B. Clark, of No. 1, Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger for the State. The High Court then adjourned, subject to the call of the High Standing Committee as to the time and place of next session. THE SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION. The sixth Annual Session of the High Court was held in Jersey City on the 27th Sept., 1893. We take the following from the report of the High Chief Ranger, Bro. W. T. Bingham : During the previous year, through the efibrts of the Supreme Court Depu- ties, seven Courts were instituted, and one Court through the officers of the High Courts. In the last year we have not been so successful, as but three new Courts have been added to our list, two through the work of the High Court and one through the efi'orts of the Supreme Court Deputy; notwithstanding this^ how- ever, we have experienced a very healthful growth. The membership of 958 reported at the last session of this body has in- creased to four numerals, and stand at the first of July, 1,206, since which time there has been a steady increase. This gives us an increase of 248 for the year, 12 less than that of the previous year. At this point I can but note the universal enthusiasm existing in all the Courts. -x- * * 670 HISTORY OF THE I will at this point call your attention to the liberal action of our Supreme Chief Ranger in alloting to our state a Supreme Court Organizer for the ex- tension of Forestry more thoroughly throughout the state, and the fact that all expenses connected with the office are paid by the Supreme Court. The High Secretary, Bro. F. Merrill, Jr., gave the following statistics in his report : I herewith submit for your consideration the following report of a|l mat- ters pertaining to the detail of my office as required by the Constitution : Total number of Courts, July 1st, 1892 15 Xumber of Subordinate Courts instituted during year ended July 1st, 1893 3 Total 18 Withdrew 1 Total number of Subordinate Courts July 1st, 1893. 17 Membership, July 1st, 1892 958 Membership added from July 1st, 1892, to July 1st, 1893 248 Total membership, July 1st, 1893 . 1,206 The following officers were duly installed for the ensuing year : H;C.R., C. F. Kane, Elizabeth. H.V.C.R., John C. Huff, Somerville. H.S., James C. Calvert, Elizabeth. H.T., John J. Woodruff, Elizabeth. H. Coun., E. H. Allen, Newark. H. Phys., Dr. Wm. A. Mack, Elizabeth. H. Auditors, Bernard Tyson, Port Richmond, Staten Island ; Conrad B. Bennett, Trenton. H. Chap., Rev. Geo. Buckle, Ehzabeth. H.J.S., W. S. Harrison, Elizabeth. H.S.W., J. F. Laing, Elizabeth. H.J.W., William Russell, Port Richmond, Staten Island. H.S.B., F. Whiteley, Plainfield. H. J, B., J. A. Quinn, Jersey City. H.M., George Colon, Newark. H. Cond., W. S, Darnell, Camden. H. Mess,, Carl Treptow, Bayonne, The next session of the High Court will be held in Trenton. DANIEL ROSE, D.S.C.R., Past Supt. Juvenile Courts. FRANK SMITH, High Treasurer, Quebec. J. McCONNELL, M.B., P. H.P., Ont Supremo Swonircarer. FRANK DULLAM, High Treasurer, Michigan. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 673 MICHIGAN --^^^<- HE S. C. R. instituted the High Court of Michigan at Flint, Michigan, on Thursday, 4th August, 1887. There was a fair attendance of members and dele- gates. The following officers were duly installed as the first High Court Officers : High STANDKfG Committee H. C. R., Gen. H. H. Aplin, Lansing, Auditor-General of the State ; P. H. C. R., J. W. Fitzmaurice, Cheboygan, Manager North- Western Hospital ; H. V. C. R., Geo. H. House, E. Saginaw ; H. Secretary, Fred Dunn, Lansing ; H. Treasurer, Frank DuUam, Flint ; H. Physician, F. J. Todd, M.D., Clare; H. Counsellor, Hon, Frank L. Dodge ; H. Chaplain, Rev. Bro. Harris, Port Huron ; H. J. S., Geo. n. Saxton ; H. S. W., G. W. Smith, Clare ; H. J. W., J. Chambers, Port Huron ; H. S. B., A. F. Doyle, Carsonville ; H. J. B., J. A. Frise, Flint ; H. Marshal, J. D. Murdock, Sault Ste. Marie ; H. Conductor, J. W. Hardy, M.D., Flint. Representatives to Supreme Court Bro. Gen. H. H. Aplin, Lansing ; Bro. Fred. Dunn, Lansing ; Bro. Geo. House, E. Saginaw ; Bro. Dr. F. J. Todd, Clare ; Bro. J. D. Murdock, Sault Ste. Marie. The High Court, thus auspiciously launched, went on the even tenor of its way, meeting with a fair degree of success, till an attempt was made to assassinate the Order in Michigan. At this time the High Court numbered about 8,000, and its prospects for the future were bright indeed. In November, 1890, the High Chief Ranger issued a call for a special meeting of the High Court to be held in Saginaw on the following 18th December, ostensibly for the purpose of petitioning the Supreme Court to set aside Michigan into a separate endowment jurisdic- tion. As soon as this call reached the Subordinate Courts in the State, letters began to pour into the office of the Supreme Chief Ranger protesting against the proposed separation, and calling upon that Officer to take such measures as he should think best 674 HISTORY OF THE to avert what they deemed would be a calamity to the Order in Michigan. In obedience to these appeals, which came from very section of the State, the S. C. R. took a hand in the matter, with the result that when the High Court met in Saginaw it refused by a unanimous vote to petition for separa- tion. In the meantime, irrefragable evidence came into the hands of the S. C. R. that the calling of the special sessiqn to petition for a separate endowment jurisdiction was only a pre- tence, the real purpose being to form a new society with Mr. House as the chief executive officer. Accordingly, charges were formulated against House, and in due course he was expelled from the Order. The following copy of a letter, written by the S. C. R., is given, because it indicates clearly the points in the controversy,' as well as what was done to maintain the unity of the Order : Office of the Executive Council, Independent Order of Foresters, Toronto, 13th March, 1891. To the Saginaw Courier-Herald : A copy of your paper has been sent to me, containing an item concerning the Independent Order of Foresters in Michigan, which is somewhat mis- leading. As I am sure you have no desire to misrepresent the I. O. F., I crave your permission to make the following statement : Mr. House, the late High Chief Ranger of Michigan, did call a special session of the High Court for the purpose of petitioning the Supreme Court of the Order to separate Michigan from the rest of the Order by the estab- lishment of an independent endowment jurisdiction for the State. The Order in Michigan was never so fully nor so well represented at any previous session of the High Court as it was at this special session. There were nearly 200 officers and representatives present, having come from all over the State. Mr. House, in a very ably written address, did his best to persuade the High Court to support him in his proposed action, but after a full discus- sion the following substitute, moved by Gen. H. H. Aplin, Past High Chief Ranger, of West Bay City, was adopted by a unanimous vote : "That being satisfied with the management of our present Supreme Chief Ranger and his confreres on the Executive Council, and that the best interests of our wives and children will be subserved by remaining under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, therefore be it ' ' Resolved^ That the High Court of Michigan remain as it is, under the Supreme Court jurisdiction." INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 675 The action of Mr. House in calling the special session, though deemed by me inopportune and unwise, was not treasonable, nor was it so regarded by me, nor was Mr. House called in any way to account for doing that which he had the right to do under the laws of the Order. When, however, incontestable evidence reached me that the calling of the High Court in special session, within less than three months after the regular session, thus putting the Order to great expense, was only a pretence, and that the real purpose was to destroy the I. O. F. in Michigan and establish a new Order over its ruins, with Mr. House as its head, it became my duty to cause the fullest investigation, and if the evidence adduced was of such a character as to leave no room for doubt that Mr. House had been plotting to destroy the I. O. F., to mete out to him his just deserts. Charges were accordingly preferred against Mr. House ; one of the clauses of the charges read as follows : "3. And for wilfully conspiring with certain others at East Saginaw, on or about the 13th November, to destroy the Order in Michigan by taking measures to use the machinery of the Order to establish a new organization proposed to be called the 'United Order of Foresters of the United States,' or some such name." The trial was set for the 26th of December last, to be held, as required by the Constitutions and Laws of the Order, before the Executive Council. The evidence submitted was so clear and conclusive that the Executive Council, by a unanimous vote, decided to expel the chief culprit and Mr. House was according expelled from the Order. Mr. House, who had failed to appear before the Executive Council, claimed that he had not received the summons to appear for trial till the 27th Decem- ber, though posted in Toronto on the 22nd. As soon as the Executive Council learned that Mr. House had not received the summons in due time, they at once decided to give him a new trial, if he desired it, and so advised him. Mr. House, however, concluded not to ask for a new trial, nor to carry the case by a])peal to the Supreme Court, thus practically adniitting his guilt in the premises. With reference to Brother J. G. McCall, late High Secretary, he voided his office by reason of his not furnishing duly approved bonds, as required by the laws of the Order. These vacancies were filled in accordance with the Constitutions and Laws of the Order by the High Standing Committee of Michigan, and not by myself. In conclusion, permit me to say that it is true that it is my good fortune to be an Indian, but as it is inherited I ought not to be censured for belong- ing to that race. Under existing circumstances I had much rather be the "Indian of Toronto" than the House in Saginaw, -h- -x- * In conclusion, I beg to say that there has been no disruption in the I. O. F. anywhere, and in Michigan I believe the Order has never been more 676 HISTORY OF THE united nor more enthusiastic than it is to-day. Not only are the Subordinate Courts all over the State making substantial gains, but we are instituting new Courts almost every week in various parts of the State ; there having been eleven new Courts instituted in Michigan alone since Mr. House's expulsion from the I. O. F. ' Yours sincerely, Oronhyatekha, Supreme Chief Banger, I. 0. F. Soon after the expulsion of Mr. House, he made another attempt to destroy the Order in his State by trying to get the Legislature to enact certain laws which would have compelled the Supreme Court to withdraw from Michigan, but this attempt ended also in failure. In the meantime the " Supreme Forest of America " was or- ganized with the following officers : Past Supreme Forester, Geo. H. House, Saginaw ; Supreme Forester, Kev. S. A. Bernan, Port Huron ; Vice-Supreme Forester, Wm. Cline, Port Huron ; Supreme Financier. H. G. Barnum, Port Huron; Supreme Coun- sellor, S. W. Vance, Port Huron. It was also claimed that a subordinate forest was organized with 125 members. Notwithstanding the fact that this new or- ganization offered to take over the I.O.F. courts free of charge and without medical examination, not a single court joined the new order and it died a natural death, At the next session of the High Court of Michigan held at Grand Kapids the most unmistakable evidence was given of the loyalty of the brethren not only to the Order but to the Supreme Chief, by the passing of a resolution instructing the representa- tives to the Supreme Court to vote for the re-election of Bro. Dr. Oronhyatf^kha. At the next session of the Supreme Court, held in Detroit in 1891, the Constitutions and Laws were amended by striking out the section which gave permission, under certain conditions, to form separate endowment jurisdictions, thus putting it out of the power of any one to plot, under the color of the law, to destroy the Order. THE SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION. Since then the High Court has made steady progress, and at its last meeting, held in Saginaw, commencing 28th February, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 677 1893, the officers reported that there were in the state some 6,000 Foresters in 160 Courts, of which 27 had been instituted during the last year. The S.C.R. at the close of the sessions installed the following officers, viz. : H.C.R., Bro. Frank Millis. H.V.C.R., Bro. Lee E. Joslyn. H. Sec, Bro. John Chambers. H. Treasurer, Bro. Frank Dullam. H . Phys. , Bro. B. C. Fair. H. Coun., Bro. John C. Ryan. H. Chap., Bro. W. D. Crouch. H.S.W., Bro. Geo. H. Riebo. H. J. W., Bro. Thomas Partridge. H.S.B., Bro. Ed. Johnson. H.J.B., Bro. Geo. W. Cherryman. H. Mar., Bro. E. S. Hancock. H. Mess., Bro. W. H. Graves. H. Con., Bro. M- M. Callaghan. On motion, Owosso was selected as the place for holding the next com- munication of the High Court. The untimely death of Bro. Frank Millis, H.C.E;.,just as he had completed his arrangements for a vigorous campaign to push the organizing work of the Order throughout the state, was a great calamity to the High Court. The promotion of Bro. Lee E. Joslyn, a bright young lawyer, of Bay City, and who, at the time of the death of the High Chief, was High Vice Chief, to the vacant post of H.C.R., and the election of Bro. Rev. E. Collins as H.V.C.R. were steps in the right direction, and the High Standing Committee are to be congratulated on the wisdom of their action under the trying circumstances. We have no doubt a good record will be made by the new High Chief and his col- leagues during the unexpired term. 678 HISTORY OF THE OHIO HE High Court of Ohio was duly constituted in the Chambers of Court Columbia, Broadway, Cleveland, Ohio, on the 18th July, 1888, by the S.C.R, Brother Dr. Oronhyatekha. Delegates were present from all the Courts in the jurisdiction, and the following officers were duly installed as the first staff of officers of the High Court HIGH STANDING COMMITTEE. H.C.R., Jas. H. Cunningham. RH.C.R, E. P. Hawley, M.D. H.V.C.R., Jas. R. Knight. H. Sec, Jas. W, Blake. H. Treas., A. A. Button. H. Phys. W. J. Sheppard, M.D. H. Coun., Frank E. Dillenbaugh. APPOINTED OFFICERS. H. Chap., H B. Hungerford. H.S.W., L Goldsmith. H.J.W., L. J. Robe- chek. H S.B., T. Keane. H.J.B., Wm. H. Toms. H. Mar, J. G. Zuck. H.C., R. B. Mahaflfey. H. Mess., Fred. Erchelmann. HIGH AUDITORS. Harris E. Mason. E. B. Jones. The next Session of the High Court was fixed to be held on the 2nd Tuesday of September, 1889, in Cleveland, Ohio. THE FIFTH ANNUAL SESSION. The fifth Annual Session of the High Court, was held in the City of Akron, commencing Tuesday, 1st day of August, 1893. Upon roll call the following officers were found present : K V. Haymaker, H.C.R. G. A. Harper, P.H.C.R. P. I. Spenzer, M. D., H.V.C.R. Charles L. Dennis, H.S. Charles K. Davis, H T. A. F. Messner, M.D., H.P. L. Z. Tanney, H. Coun. John Dietz, H J.W. Frank Bailey, H.S.B. George Haldane, H.J B. Peter Weigerding, H. Mar. John Cramer, H.C. George Koestyle, H. Mes. C. G. Knapp, H. Chap. J. O. Smith, H. Aud. There were present also five Past High Officers, and represent- tatives from 39 Subordinate Courts. G A. McELFRESH, High Chief Ranger, California. . Samson and Dr. Dickson as Supreme Senior and Junior Woodwards respectively, who tested those present, and reported all as worthy Foresters. The Supreme Chief Ranger conferred the High Court Degree upon all present who had not previously received the same, and declared the High Court of California duly opened. After the appointment of a Finance Committee, the High Court took a recess, and an Encampment of Royal Foresters was duly instituted, with seventy-two charter members. This was done to afford an opportunity to some brothers to join the Encampment who were compelled to leave by an early train. The High Court was again called to order, and the Finance Committee presented a report recommending that the sum of $10 be levied upon all the subordinate courts in the jurisdiction, in order to pay for the charter and other expenses connected with the institution of the High Court. The report of the committee was adopted, and the represenia- tives present paid the amount required from their respective Courts. It was resolved that the next session of the High Court of California be held at the City of Los Angeles, in the State of California, to begin on the third Tuesday in May, 1891. The Supreme Chief Ranger announced, on behalf of the Executive Council, the appointment of the following High Court Officers, viz. : J. M. MARTIN, M.D., High Chief Ranger, P.E.I. T' INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 697 High Standing Committee H. C. R., Rev. B. W. R. Tayler, River- side ; P. H. C. R., W. S. Williams, Los Angeles ; H. V. C. R., Webb N. Pearce, Oakland ; H. Sec, Herbert C. Parks, Los Angeles ; H. Treas,, A. F. Mills, Pasadena; H, Pliys., A. Schloss, M.D., Los Angeles; H. Coun. , J. M. Voss, Los Angeles. Appointed Officers H. Chap., Rev. J. W. Morris, Glendora ; H. J. S., W. W. Waller, Santa Monica ; H. S. W., H. V. Van Dusen, Los Angeles ; n. J. W., G. B. Rowell, M.D., San Bernardino ; H. S B., J. T. Stewart, M.D., Monrovia ; H. J. B., Willis Sweeney, Long Beach ; H. Marshal, W. F. Perry, M.D., Perris ; H. Con., J. M. Brace well, Redondo ; H. Mess., J. C. Rives, Downey ; H. Auditors, D. Samson, Los Angeles ; R. Wirsching, Los Angeles. The High Court requested the Supreme Chief Ranger to sit for a photograph before leaving the city. After transacting other business, the High Court was duly closed, to meet again in ^regular session in May, 1891. THE THIRD ANNUAL SESSION. The third session of the High Court, held at Bakersville, on Tuesday, 11th Oct., 1892, was the most successful ever held by that body. About seventy- five officers and representatives were in attendance, and the amount of en- thusiasm exhibited, and deep interest shown in the consideration of the vari- ous questions and matters which were submitted for the action of the High Court, gave the most indisputable evidence of the high estimation in which the Independent Order of Foresters was held in the State of California. The High Chief Ranger said : *' The year just brought to a close has been the most prosperous in the life of our Order in the state since its organization, and we confidently look forward to the new year as one of great promise. Already the indications are such as to lead us to believe that our expectations in this respect will be fully realized. ' ' From the report of the High Secretary, it will be shown that our net gains during the past year have been 11 new courts and 885 members, while during the same period the sum of $20,000 has been paid to the beneficiaries of deceas- ed brethren in this state. In this connection, it is worthy of note that the average age of our deceased brethren was but 30 years, and the average amount paid by each into the Endowment Fund, $13, while the average amount of endowment paid to beneficiaries was $1,200. The following named brethren were duly elected and installed as officers of the High Court : H.C.R., G. A. McElfresh, Los Angeles. RH.C.R., W.T. Harris, Los Angeles. H.V.C.R., Rev. E. T. Nesbit, Colusa. H. Secretary, W.H. Perry, Los Angeles. H Treas., F.M. Parker, Los Angeles. H. Phy., H.R. Brown, M D., San Francisco. H. Coun., L. H. Valentine, Los Ange- les. H. Auditors, S. L. Colburn, Los Angeles, W. E. Parker, Monterey. RR 698 HISTORY OF THE H. Chaplain, F. W. Blake, Gilroy. H.J.S., F. W. Guthrie, Rivera. H. S.W., S.J. Saviers, Sacramento. H. J. W., W. Whittington, M.D., Reed- ley. H.S.B., S. Longstreet, Redondo. H.J.B., S. O. O'Dum, Rocklin. H. Marshal, P. L. Archibald, San Francisco. H. Conductor, E. Gower, Fowler. H. Messenger, C. L. Winchell, Vallejo. REPRESENTATIVES TO THE SUPREME COURT : C. L.Wilde, L. H. Valentine, W.W. Stock well, of Los Angeles, and James Hills, of Riverside. t. The next session of the High Court will be held in the city of Monterey, in October, 1894. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 699 NORTH DAKOTA HE High Court of North Dakota was organized by the Supreme Chief Ranger, Brother Dr. Oronhyatekha, at Grand Forks, North Dakota, on 14th May, 1890. The organization took place in the beautiful new hall of the Oddfellows. The convention was called to order at 7.30 p.m., and shortly after, the credential committee reported the following eligible to seats in the High Court : Court Langdon, No. 151 Delegates : H. D. AUert, O. C, Wentworth, Members : A. L Failor, J. A. Truax, G. W. Morgan. Court Minto, No. 475 Delegates : Jas. Twamley, John Montgomery. Members : T. H. Howard, John Moore, Geo. Glenn, Jno. Brown, D. McCannell, W. S. Mitchell, Wm. J. Britton, Frank Woods, Rev. J. R. Yost. Court Drayton, No. 479 Delegates : Alfred C. Wilkens, J. H. Jamieson. Court Dakota, St. Thomas, No. 481 Delegates : F. N. Burrows, Wm. J. Stinson. Members : Geo. Flath, Wm. Flath, J. A. Inman, T. A. Thompson. Court Park River, No. 482 Delegate : Henry Baldwin, two votes. Court Forest River, No 483 Delegates : C. R. Elgas, W. H. Daniels. Members : J. A Carpenter, R. A. Young, Dr. R. G. Montgomery, John A. Sullivan. Court Grand Forks, No. 493 Delegates : M. A. Shirley, R. M Carothers. Members: O. Hexom, R. S. Knudson, A. E. Halsted, J. W. Rode, W. F. Saunders, Ed Lund, H. Fulmer, Dr. C. S. Crane, J. H. Stevenson, H. A. Foss, J. ]\I Kennedy, C. H. McMannus, Harry Beyer, W. A. Simonton, C. H Weeks, E W. DeLorimier, W. R. Tait. Court Ardoch, No. 496 Delegates : W. A. Fox, E. C. Bates. Members: Jno. Stevenson, G. R. Jacobi, Dr. J. Montgomery. Court Emerado, No. 497 Delegates : M. W. Scott, W. A. Morgan. Member : C. B. Hall. Court Lisbon, No 500 Delegate : T. N. Oium, two votes. Court Grandin, No. 511 Delegates : F. P. Emery, Dr. J. M. Hotson. Court Fort Abercrombie, No. 516 Delegates : Andrew Blerserud, Geo. A. Hammer. 700 HISTORY OF THE The Supreme Chief Ranger then conferred the High Court degree upon the representatives and members present. The Supreme Chief Ranger then requested a committee of five to consult with him as to the first officers of the High Court, after which the following appointments were made, and the officers duly installed, viz. : H.C.R., Jas. Twamley, Minto ; P.H.C.R., Hon. J. Montgomery, Miftto ; V.C.R , C. R. Elgas, Forest River; 11. Sec, M. A. Shirley, Grand Forks; H. Treas., J. H. Jamieson, Drayton; H. Phys , M. W. Scott, M.D., Emerado ; H. Coun , R. M. Carothers, Grand Forks ; H Chap., Rev. J. R. Yost, Minto ; H. J. Sec, C. S. Crane, M.D., Grand Forks ; H S.W., H. Baldwin. Park River; H.J.W., J. M. Hotson, M.D., Grandin ; H.S.B., W. J. Stinson, St. Thomas ; H.J.B.. W. S. Mitchell, Minto ; H. Marshal, 0. C. Wentworth, Langdon ; H. Con., G. A. Hammer, Ft. Abercrombie ; H. Mess., Sheriff T. N. Oium, Lisbon. Auditors E. C. Bates, Ardoch ; J. A. Truax, Langdon. Immediately after the installation of the officers at 9 p.m., the High Court took a recess in order to attend a reception at the opera house, an account of which we take from one of the Grand Forks dailies, as follows : THE RECEPTION, The opera house was filled with an interested audience, including a large number of ladies. Chief Ranger Carothers, of the Grand Forks Court, presided in his usual happy manner. The first number on the programme was a piano solo, rendered by Miss Hattie Woodworth, who delighted everybody by her magical handling of the keys. City Attorney O'Keefe welcomed the High Court in behalf of the city, and extended the freedom of the city to the Supreme Chief Ranger in a brief but eloquent address. The response by High Chief Ranger Twamley, of Minto, was also brief but interesting, and embellished with numerous happy hits, in Mr Twamley's peculiarly felicitous and interesting style. The ladies' quartette, consisting of Mrs. Geo. Bliss, Miss Amundson, and the Misses Elder, sang one of their sweetest selection", which was received with the greatest enthusiasm, and an encore was insisted upon. Hon. Senator Montgomery, of Ardoch, welcomed the Supreme Chief Ranger in a very brief address. He said he was a classmate of the doctor in Toronto University, and alluded in an interesting manner to several inci- dents of their school life. Dr Oronhyatekha responded and addressed the audience at some length. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 701 He said never in the entire extent of his work had he been more highly honored than here in Grand Forks, and he was overwhelmed with the honors conferred upon him. He discussed in an interesting manner the objects of the Order. . . . The speaker gave many pleasing illustrations, and his address throughout was greatly enjoyed. Miss Clara Robinson gave a humorous recitation entitled "The Jiners," which nearly unsettled the Foresters for further business. She received a most enthusiastic encore, and recited "The Masons." Another song by the ladies' quartette closed the programme. The Foresters returned to the Lodge Room after the reception, and finished the business of the High Court . About 11 p.m. the High Court was again called to order by the Supreme Chief Ranger, and the election of the representatives to the next meeting of the Supreme Court, to be held in Detroit, Mich., in 1891, was proceeded with, and the following, after a ballot, were declared duly elected : Brother James Twamley, Minto ; Brother M. A. Shirley, Grand Forks ; Brother Hon. J. Montgomery, M.D., Ardoch ; Brother R. M. Carothers, Grand Forks. The place of the next session of the High Court was decided to be at Grand Forks, at such time as the High Standing Committee should decide. After the transaction of routine business, the High Court adjourned, sin& die, shortly after one a.m. THE FOURTH ANNUAL SESSION. The fourth annual session was held at Grand Forks, in the chambers of Court Grand Forks, No. 493, on Thursday, June loth, 1893, at 10.30 a.m. The meeting was called to order by H.C.R., R. M. Carothers, who appointed a committee on credentials, and an adjournment was had until 2.30 p.m. Upon re-assembling, the report of the committee on cre- dentials was adopted, and those entitled thereto were admitted, and received the High Court degree. The reports of the high officers were then given, from which it appears that the Order has made substantial progress in this jurisdiction during the past year. The committee on constitutions and laws submitted a by-law regulating representation in this High Court as follows : Each subordinate court of fifty members, or less, shall be entitled to two representatives, and one additional representative for each additional twenty-five members, or fractional part thereof, in 702 HISTORY OF THE good standing, at the end of the term immediately preceding its annual session. The By-law was adopted, as well as the follow- ing : All financial secretaries having served at least one term as such, and who hold that office at the time of meeting of the High Court, shall be representatives to the High Court by virtue of their office. The High Court adopted the following : " That this High Court, at its next session, pay to one attending delegate from each subordinate court one round-trip railway fare." This amenU^ ment prevailed, and the report, as amended, was adopted. After transacting considerable other business, the following officers were duly installed by P.H.C.R. Bro. James Twamley : H.C.R., Alfred E. Wood, Fargo. H.V.C.R., James R. Cooper, Emerado. II. Sec, R. M. Carothers, Grand Forks. H. Treas., Isaac M. Row, Lisbon. H. Phys., Dr. R. M. McLean, Mignonette. H. Coun., John H. Fraine, Grafton. H. Auditors, W. H. Fallen, Bismark ; J. G. Webster, Grand Forks. H. Chaplain, Rev. D. McColm, Crescent. H.S.W., W. D. Best, Bay Centre. H.J.W., S. S. Ford, Arvilla. H.S.B., C. E. Gallup, Grandin. H.J.B., D. Shannon, Bowesmont. H. Mar., CD. Vernon, Minto. H. Cond., H. Pomrank-e, Forest River. H. Mess., Alfred Schell, Arctic. A motion, declaring it to be the sense of the High Court that women should be admitted to the Order, was laid on the table after extended debate. As representatives of this High Court to the meeting of the Supreme Court, to be held in Chicago in August, the followiug brothers were elected : R. M. Carothers, Grand Forks. G. R. Jacobi, Ardoch, Alfred Schell, Arctic. Dr. C. S. Crane, Grand Forks. Fargo was selected as the next place of meeting, and the third Thursday of July, A.D. 1894, as the time. The High Court having concluded its labors, it was duly closed, after which the members sat down to a banquet as the guests of Court Grand Forks. J. S. X. DUSSEAULT, D.S.C.R. JAS. GROVER, D.S.C.R. J. D. WILLIAMSON, M.D., High Physician, Ireland. WM. S. MILNE, High Auditor, Ontario.. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 705 ILLINOIS, |URSUANT to a call issued by W.W. Wharry,D.S.C.R., a well attended convention assembled at No. 1G7 Adams-street, Chicago, 111., on Friday, 23rd day of -^ January, 1891, at 8 o'clock p.m., for the purpose of forming a High Court of the Independent Order of For- ^ esters. The D.S.C.R. exhibited his authority, viz., a dispensation from the S.C.R., Dr. Oronhyatekha, clothing him with the power to organize the High Court of Illinois, with less than six courts, which read as follows Office of the Executive Council, Independent Order of Foresters, Toronto, 19th of January, 1891. To whom it may concern: Dispensation is hereby granted to institute the High Court of Illinois, with a less number of Subordinate Courts than six. Oronhyatekha, S.C.R. The followinof were installed the first staff of officers : o H.C.R., E. W. Chafin. P.H.C.R., L. F. Cole. H. V.C.R., D. V. Glad- man. H. Sec, Thos. Macqueen. H. Tr., Jas Haswell. H. Phys., A. G. Haerther, M.D. H. Coun., Geo. Bradshaw. H. Auditors, Bros. Thos. Wilson and John Sutherland. H. Chap., Wm R. Metcalf. H.J.S., M. Y. Campbell. H.S.W., Jacob Reichard. H.J W., Francis M. Barber. H.S.B., Joshua Lofander. H.J.B., John Bate. H. Mar., Adam Hauf. H. Cond. , John C. Cuthbert. H. Mess. , Wm. D. Cooper. Bro. Cole moved, seconded by Bro. Pratt, that when we ad- journ it be to meet on the second Tuesday in August, 1891, at such time and place as may be designated by the H.C.R. Car- ried. The H.C.R. then declared the High Court of Illinois adjourned by limitation of business, to meet on the second Tuesday in August, 1891. 706 HISTORY OF THE SECOND ANNUAL SESSION. The Second Annual Session of the High Court was convened at ten a.m., August 15th, 1893, in the Masonic Hall, 57th-street, C. A. McDermand, H.C.R., and J. F. O'Neil, H.V.C.R., presiding. The High Chief Ranger appointed the following Committee on Credentials : Robt. Whyte, chairman ; C. H. Owen, C. D. Abbey, Theo. Borland, and J. C. McLeod, which committee reported the following officers entitled to seats and votes: Philip Sattler, P.H.C.R.; C. A. McDermand, H.C.R.; ^J. F. O'Neil, H.V.C.R.; W. W. Wharry, H.S.; J. S. Riddell, H. Treas.; R. J. Ough, H. Phys.; Theo. Borland, H. Coun.; C. H. Owen, H. Aud.; S. H. Dennison, H.J.S.; L. R. Lines, H.S.W.; C. J. Sykes, H.S.B.; J. J. Bye, H.J.B.; Frederick Klein, H. Condr. ; Matt. Nelson, H. Mess. In addition to the above officers, thirty-two representatives from the sub- ordinate courts were present. All the subordinate courts but two were represented. After a long and profitable session, the High Court adjourned, the follow- ing officers having been installed by Philip Sattler, P. H.C.R. : H C.R., C. A. McDermand, 382 West Madison-street, Chicago, 111.; H.V.C.R., R. J. Ough, 1228 Milwaukee-ave., Chicago, 111.; H.S., W. W. Wharry, 279 Lincoln-ave., Chicago, m.; H. Treas., Robt. Whyte, 170 68th-street, Chicago, 111.; H. Phys., C. D. Abbey, 831 West 47th-street, Chicago, 111.; H. Coun., Wm. A. Stolts, Room 908 Security-building, Chicago, 111. ; H. Auditors, J. C. Mc- Leod, Charles J. Sykes ; H. Chap., John R. Pierson ; H.J.S., John Ther- mahlen, jun.; H.S.W., Geo. G. Campbell ; H.J.W., Chas. M. Boney. IXDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 707 MISSOURI High Court of Missouri was instituted by the S. C. R. at Kansas City, on Wednesday evening, 25th Feb- ruary, 1891, when the following officers were installed : RCR., G. W. Porter; P.H.C R, W. H. Miller; H. C. R., W. Cross ; H. S, Charles E. Virden ; H. T., A. L. Stringer; H. Coun., F. W. Gifford ; High Phy., E. R. Lewis ; H. Chap., C. B. De Groat ; H. J. S., E. M. Hetherington, M.D.; H S.W, J. Gilwee ; H.J.W., H. G. Sutherland; H.S.B., R. Winkleman; H.J.B., G. T. Filbert; H.M., W.D. Asher; H. Cond,, J. F. Hazel ; H. Mess., B. G. Beach ; H. Auditors, W. T. Bancroft. J. R. Pomeroy. Within a few months of the institution of the High Court, the H. C. R. was accused of some disreputable transactions, which drove him not only out of the Order, but which came nearly driving the Order out of the State. Great credit is due to some of the brethren for their loyalty to the I. O. F., and for the brave fight they have made to keep it alive and re-instate it in public confidence. It is needless to say that the present staff of High officers have succeeded admirably, and we have no doubt as to the future of the High Court under their leadership. THE SECOND ANNUAL SESSION. The High Court opened its second annual session at Shrine Hall, Kansas City, on the 28th July, 1893, with delegates present from thirty- five courts in the two States. Among the distinguish- ed officers present was John A. McGillivray, Q.C., Supreme Sec- retary. The convention was called to order by Pligh Chief Ran- ger Wyatt, of this city. High Secretary W. A. Armour, also of Kansas City, was at his desk. Last night's session was devoted to instructions in the secret 708 HISTORY OF THE work of the Order, and in the election of officers for the coming year. Two representatives elected to the Supreme Court which convenes at Chicago, September 6th, are W. A. Wyatt, of Court Remember, No. 696, Kansas City, Kas., and Dr. C. E. Clark, of East side Court, No. 874, Kansas City, Mo. The officers elected were as follows : High Chief Ranger, W. A. Wyatt ; Past High Chief Ranger. Dr. E. M. Hetherin^ton ; High Vice-Chief Ranger, W. D. Asher; High Secretary, W. A. Armour ; High Treasurer, Rev. J. C. Armstrong ; High Counsel- lor, W. H. Brown, and High Physician, Dr. C. E. Clark. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 709 WISCONSIN. ->=><- N response to the call of the Supreme Chief Ranger, Dr. Oronhyatekha, the representatives of the sub- ordinate courts of the I.O.F. in the State of Wiscon- sin met in the Senate Chamber at the State Capitol, Madison, on the afternoon of Thursday, 31st March, 1892. In the absence of the Chief, who was detained by missing a connection at Chicago, Col. W. W. Wharry, D.S.C.R., called the convention to order, and some preliminary business was transacted. In the evening, a public meeting was held in the Senate Chamber. Newell H. Dodge, of Madison, presided. On the plat- form were Governor Peck of Wisconsin ; Supreme Chief Ranger Oronhyatekha, and Supreme Secretary John A. McGillivray. Governor Peck delivered a most cordial and graceful address of welcome. As might be expected, the author of " Peck's Bad Boy " interspersed his address with that sparkling humor that has made him known throughout the North American continent. The Supreme Chief and Supreme Secretary followed with ad- dresses setting forth the principles and benefits of the I.O.F. After the public meeting dispersed, the Supreme Chief called the High Court of Wisconsin to order, and conferred the High Court degree on thirty-three members. The following staif of officers was then chosen and formally installed by the Supreme Chief, assisted by the Supreme Secretary and Col. Wharry : High Chief Ranger, Newell H. Dodge, Madison ; P.H.C.R., E. W. Chafin, Waukesha; H.V.C.R., C. W. Bowron, Oshkosh; H. Counsellor, Judge John C. Slater, Kenosha ; H. Secretary, A. C. Isaacs, Madison ; H. Treasurer, S. H. Russell, LaCrosse ; H. Physician, Charles H. Hall, Madi- son ; H. Chaplain, Rev. W. W. Hurd, LaCrosse ; H. Journal Secretary, C. H. Knight, Eau Claire; H.S.W., F. Bell, West Salem: H.J.W., T. B. Blair, Neenah ; H. S. B., J. L. Hay, Janesville ; H. J. B., M. J. Brady, 710 HISTORY OF THE Kenosha ; H. Marshal, H. P. Goodman, Whitewater ; H. Conductor, J. N. Kintzinger, LaCrosse ; H. Messenger, J. Tollefson, Madison; H. Auditors, G. B. Blair, Waukesha ; P. D. Peterson, Appleton. After a resolution of thanks to Governor Peck for the use of the Senate Chamber, the Court adjourned sine die. The High Court of Wisconsin begins what promises to be a prosperous career, with twenty-six subordinate courts, and an excellent staff of High Court officers. THE FIRST ANNUAL SESSION. ^ The first annual session of the High Court of Wisconsin, Independent Or- der of Foresters, met in the city of Madison on Wednesday, Feb. 1st, 1893, at 2 o'clock, p.m., and was called to order by Newell H. Dodge, H.C.R. The following officers answered to the roll call : H.C.R., Newell H. Dodge; H. Secretary, A. C. Isaacs ; H. Treasurer, S. H. Russell ; H. Physician, Charles H. Hall, M. D. ; H. J. Secretary, C. H. Knight; H. Mess., J. Tollefson ; P.H.C.R., E. W. Chafin. The Chair made the following appointments: H.V.C.R., C. H. Hall ; H. Chap., S. H. Russell ; H.S.W., J. H. Proctor ; H.S.B., Aug. Heller. The report of Newell H. Dodge, H.C.R., spoke in high terms of the many solid advantages offered by the I.O.F., and showed that, notwithstanding the difficulties incident to breaking ground in new territory, the Order had, in the first year of its operation in Wisconsin, secured a permanent foot- hold, and made substantial progress. As the Order gets fully known, men will not be slow to seek the solid advantages connected with membership. The practical interest and timely aid rendered by the Supreme Chief Ranger, Dr Oronhyatekha, was acknowledged as being of the highest value to the High Court, and contributed very much towards overcoming the difficulties that confronted them at the outset. The H.C.R. complained of the insuf- ficiency of H. Court revenue, and recommended that the High Court dues be increased from 50 cents to $1. This recommendation, requiring a two-thirds vote, was defeated by one vote. The High Court has been incorporated under the laws of the State of Wisconsin. The report of the High Secretary spoke gratefully of the co-operation of his brother officers, and of the counsel and assistance given him by the Su- preme Executive. The outlook he regarded as most cheering. There are al- ready 32 courts, with a membership of over 600. Bro. S. H. Russell, High Treasurer, in his report, showed receipts $173.29, and expenditure $166.99, with a balance due High Secretary for moneys advanced of $289.40. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The following officers were elected for the ensuing term, and duly installed by the High Chief Ranger, Bro. E. W. Chafin acting as Supreme Marshal : P.H.C.R., E.W.Chafin, Waukesha; H.C.R., Newell H. Dodge, Madison ; LEE E. JOSLYN, High Chief Ranger, Michigan. IXDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 713 II.y.C.R., C. W. Bowron, Oshkosh ; H. Coun., John C. Slater, Kenosha ; H. Sec, A. C. Isaacs, Madison ; II. Treasurer, S. H. Kussell, LaCrosse ; H. Phys., Chas. H. Hall, M.D., Madison ; H. Auditors, Geo. B. Blair, Waukesha; Orrin Thompson, Neenah ; H. Chap., Rev. W, W. llurd. La Crosse; H.J.S., C. H. Knight, Eau Claire; H.S.W., Frank Bell, West Salem; H.J.W., T. B. Blair, Neenah ; H.S.B., W. A. Gray, Marinette; H.J.B., J. C. Proctor, Madison ; H. Mar., T. Macqueen, Madison ; H. Con., J. N. Kintzinger, LaCrosse ; H. Messenger, J. Tollefson, Madison. Representatives to Supreme Court r^-Newell H. Dodge, Madison; S. H. Russell, LaCrosse ; E. W. Chafin, Waukesha. Supreme Chief Ranger Oronhyatekha, on being introduced, was received with the royal salute. ' He addressed the High Court, and exemplified the unwritten work of the Order. At his suggestion, a resolution was unani- mously passed to levy a small assessment on the members, so as to wipe out all the liabilities of the High Court. It was also decided to ask the Supreme Court to put a number of organ- izers into the field. The High Court was entertained at the close of its labors to a bountiful repast by Bro. Newell H. Dodge, H.C.R. The next meeting of the Higli Court of Wisconsin will be held at Milwau- kee on the first Wednesday of February, 1894. 714 HISTORY OF THE INDIANA CONVENTION was held at the Knights of ribnor Hall, Market-street, on the 8th of July, 1892, which resulted in the organization of the High Court of the State. There were at the time six subordinate courts in the State, two in Logansport, and one each at Peru, Ko- komo, Elwood and Marion. The following officers were installed : H. C. R. W. R. Francis, M.D., Marion. H. V. C. R. H. B. Tuthill, Michigan City. H. S. Chas. N. Graffis, Logansport. H. T. Chas. L. WoU, Logansport. High Physician. Dr. J. A. Downey, Logansport. H. Counsellor. C. N. Hall, Peru. High Auditors R. L. Leeson, Jr., Elwood ; E. Ronihilt, Marion. High Chaplain. Rev. H. M. Oberholtzer, Logansport. H. J. S. J. N. Shultz, Michigan City. H. S. W. T. J. Cockran, Peru. H. J. W. H, J. Brookmeyer, Logansport H. S. B. H. J. Crismond, Logansport. H. J. B. John H. Schwerdman, Logansport. H. M. F. M. Reynolds, Elwood. H. Cond. F. V. Connor, Marion. H. Messenger. Chas. B. Longwell, Logansport. The High Court was instituted by Supreme Secretary, John A. McGilli- vray, Q.C., assisted by A. F. Campbell, M.P.P., D.S.C.R. Owing to various circumstances, the High Court did not meet at the time to which it had adjourned, and it was not therefore represented at the session of the Suprem.e Court held in Chicago. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 715 MID-ENGLAND AND LONDON CONVENTION of Representatives from the Subordi- nate Courts of the I.O.F., in England, assembled in the Memorial Hall, London, on Thursday, May 4th, 1893, for the purpose of forming two High Courts of the Order. At 2 p.m. the Convention was called to order by Bro. Dr. Oronhyatekha, S.C.E., and he appoint- ed the following fro tern. Supreme Officers to assist him in the ceremony of institution ; S.V.C.R., Bro. Lieut. -Col. Paterson. S.S., Bro. Jno. J. B. CoUings. S. Chap., Bro. H. Gibbons. S.M., Bro. Dr. Acland Oronhyatekha. S. Con., W. F. H. Thompson. S.S. Beadle, Bro. C. B. Stevens. The following committee on Credentials was then appointed :^Bros. Jos. Malins, P. W. P. Calhoun, W. F. H. Thompson, Dr. Martindale C. Ward and J. H. Jenkins. After examining the Credentials, Bro. Joseph Malins, on behalf of the Committee, then presented the following report, which was adopted, and the candidates were duly admitted to the High Court Degree. London, May 4th, 1893. Supreme Chief R/f^''orn in Kansas City, Missouri. February 26th, 1864. Attended the Ward (public) schools and private schools until the fall of 1880, when he entered the Freshman Class of the State University of Missouri, at Columbia, Mo., graduating there in June, 1883, Avith the degree of A.B , and receiving the degree of A M. in 1887. In July, 1883, commenced the study of law in the office of his father, P. S. Brown, and was admitted to practise in September, 1884. In October, 1884, became the junior member of the law firm of Brown, Chapman and Brown, which firm is now in existence. Became a Forester in 1891, and since that time has been High Counsellor of the High Court of Missouri ; and is the State legal adviser of the Supreme Court. Is a member of Court Central, No 675. Has for some years been interested in Freemasonry. Is a 32 Mason, and at the present time W.M. of Blue Lodge, and a holder of office in the Scottish Rite. Is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, and B. P. O. Elks. Thomas Butler, D. S. O. R , Court Capital, Ottawa, Ont., was born 23rd December, 1846, in the Township of Goulbourn, County of Carleton ; INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 739 f?pent his boyhood on a farm, and received his education in the public school of his native township ; 16 years ago removed to the City of Ottawa^ where he has resided ever since. Is the sixth son of Benjamin Butler and Catharine Hodgins, who removed from Co. Tipperary, Ireland, in the year 1842, and settled in Goulbourn, where they resided until their death a few years ago. In 1882 mariied Matilda, second daughter of Andrew Graham, of Huntley ; joined Court Ottawa in 1882 ; in July, 1892, instituted Court < 'apital, No, 1115 ; held the position of Treasurer of Court Ottawa for a num- ber of years, and C. R. of Court Capital for two terms ; has also held the commission of P.D H.C.Il. for over six years, and during that time has in- stituted a number of Courts and has performed a considerable amount of mis- sion work for the Order. In religion is an Episcopalian, and in politics a Conservative. The Rev. George M. Campbell was born on September 26th, 1852, at Wallace, Cumberland Co., N.S. Is Scotch by descent, his paternal grandparents using the Gaelic language. Spent his boyhood days on the farm, and was educated at the village school. Having resolved to enter the ministry, he became a private student under the Rev. Dr. Smith, now of Halifax, N.S. He is an alumnus of Mount Allison Uni- versity, and a member of the conference of New Brunswick and Prince Ed- ward Island of the Methodist Church. He has occupied several of the best pulpits of the Church, notably at Woodstock, St. Stephens, Moncton, and 8t. John, NB. He accepted a call, to take effect in July, 1894, to the pas- torate of the First Methodist Church, Charlottetown, P.E.I. Helms held high positions in Masonry, Oddfellowship, and Sons of Temperance. He was one of the Representatives to the Supreme Court, at Chicago, from the High Court of New Brunswick, and has been connected with Forestry five years. He has been three times elected representative to the High Court. A. F. Campbell, M.P.P., D.S.C R., Court Union, No. 86, Brampton, Ontario, was born near Brampton, County of Peel, Ontario ; he spent nine years in teaching in the public schools of the county, and then went into the newspaper business ; established a weekly jomnal in Brampton in 1874, and continued to be its editor and publisher for fifteen years. Contested Peel county in 1866 for the Legislative Assembly, against the then sitting mem- ber, but was defeated. Was elected for Eastern Algoma at the general elections in 1890 ; is a Liberal Conservative in politics ; was Mayor of Etramp- ton in 1887 and 1888 ; was five years a member of the County Council of Peel, and has been a member of Brampton Public School Board for thirteen years. He joined the I.O F. in 1881, and has been a member of Court Union, No. 86, Brampton, ever since. Was Chief Ranger of his court for three terms. As D.S.C.R., he has spent considerable time in organizing courts in Nova Scotia, Indiana, and New York. 740 HISTORY OF THE D. M. Card, D.S.C.R., was born September IGth, 1839, at Weston Ont., both parents natives of Nova Scotia ; was educated at Weston, Toronto Normal School, and Weston High School ; assisted his father in business for several years, and studied medicine under Dr. Dillhook, of Weston ; subse- quently became a veterinary surgeon and practised his profession at Ux- bridge, Ont. ; was elected a municipal councillor of Uxbridge, and was appoint- ed a justice of the peace ; was appointed on the staff of the Crown Lands De- partment at Toronto in 1871 ; became a Crown Lands Inspector in 1873, and filled that position until 1882, when, having met with an accident to his khee, which ultimately resulted in amputation of the leg, he was forced to resign ; on his recoveiy was appointed by the Supreme Ranger to take charge of the Order's interest in Manitoba and the North-West ; first admitted into Court Ontario, No. 85, at Uxbridge, subsequently connecting himself with Court Brandon, No. 427. He has been a valuable organizing officer. The Rev. Canon W. B. Carey, M. A., Ex-Supreme Chaplain, Kingston,, was born in Ireland, and came an infant to this country with his parents, who settled at Napanee, Upper Canada ; is the only surviving son of the late Francis Vize Carey, M.D., formerly surgeon in H.M.R. Navy, who practised for some years as a physician and surgeon at Napanee, Ont, ; was educated at the Napanee Grammar School and at the Rev. T. D. Phillipp's Classical School, St. Catharines ; was a student of Trinity College, Toronto, and graduated from Trinity University in both Arts and Theology ; was ordained in 1869 by the late Bishop Bethune, of Toronto, for the Curacy of Ancaster and Dundas, Ont. ; also served as Missionary at March, Ont. , at Iroquois and Edwardsburgh, and is now, and has been for some years. Rector of St. Paul's Church, Kingston, Rural Dean of Frontenac, and Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Ontario. He is a member of the former banner Court, Fron- tenac, No. 59, and takes a deep interest in the welfare of the Order. Judge Robert MiUigan Carothers, High Secretary for North Da- kota, Grand Forks, N.D., was born in Swissvale, near Pittsburgh. Pa., on April 16th, 1859. In the year 1860 he accompanied his parents^ to Tipton, Iowa, wliere his father was pastor of the Presbyterian Church. He returned to Pennsylvania in 1866. He received his education in the Western University of Pennsylvania, and in 1877 he again removed to Iowa, accepting a position in the College for the Blind of that State. This position he held for five years. In 1886 he located in Grand Forks, County Dakota, and in December, 18S7, entered the law department of the University of Michigan. In June, 1889, he graduated from that in- stitution with the degree of LL.B. In November, 1888, he began the practice of law in Grand Forks, N.D , and in 1890 was elected County (Probate) Judge of Grand Forks County. He was re-ele.ted in 1892. In INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 741 February, 1800, he became a charter member of Court Grand Forks No. 493, and has served the Court as Chief Ranger and Financial Secretary. At the organization of the High Court of North Dakota he was elected High Counsellor. The following year he was elected High Secretary, the next year High Chief Ranger, and at the session of the High Court in June, 1893, he was again elected High Secretary. At the session of the Supreme Court at Detroit, in 1891, he was one of the representatives from his High Court, and was appointed Supreme Senior Woodward. He was one of the most active members of the Supreme Court at Chicago. Eugene "W". Chafin, P.H.C.R., Waukesha, Wis., was born two miles south of Mukwonago , Wisconsin, November 1st, 1852 ; lived on the farm, and attended district school until he was twenty-one years of age ; graduated from the State University of Wisconsin, June 17th, 1875, and was admitted to the bar on that day. He has since practised law in Waukesha, and is now engaged in practice, being a member of the firm of Chafin & Parkinson. He is a member of the Independent Order of Good Templars and was Grand Counsellor in 1885, and in 1886 was elected Grand Chief Templar of Wiscon- sin, holding the oftice for four years ; he is now Grand Electoral Superintend- ent of that Order. At the organization of the High Court of Illinois, I.O.F., he was elected High Chief Ranger, and upon the organization of the High Court of Wisconsin, he became its first Past High Chief Ranger. During his residence at Waukesha, he has served eight years as Justice of the Peace, and three years as a member of tbe School Board, and is at the present time President of the W^aukesha County Agiicultural Society. He has organized several courts of Foresters in Wisconsin, and was a delegate to the Chicago session of the Supreme Court in 1893. A Prohibitionist in politics, he has served eight years as a member of the National Prohibition Committee. George E Challes, of Court Queen City, No. 66, Toronto, was born at Napanee in 1857. Was educated at the Napanee Grammar School, and at 16 entered the law office of Williams and Hooper, where, during 5^ years, he received an excellent business and legal training. In 1879 he accepted a position in the head office of the Napanee Paper Company, and, after eighteen months, was given the managership of the Toronto business of the company, which position he still occupies. He is a charter member of Court Queen City, No. 66, and takes a deep interest in all that concerns the I.O.F. Prof. C. E. Clark, M.D., High Physician for Missouri and Kansas, Kansas City, Mo., was born at Whitehall, 111., May 10, 1864. When he was six his father moved to Western Missouri. He was educated in the public and high schools in Kansas City, and at the State Normal School 742 HISTORY OF THE In 1883 he commenced the study of medicine at Rush Medical College, Chicago, from which institution he graduated with honors in 1886. After spending a year in special duty, he engaged in practice at Kansas City. In 1891 he was elected Adjunct to the Chair of Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics in the Kansas City Medical College, and in 1892 was promoted to the Lectureships on Materia Medica and Clinical Laryngology, which position he still holds. He joined the I.O.F. August 6, 1891, behig a charter member of Court East Side, No. 874, serving continuously since the institutiyn of the court, as Court Physician, and two terms as Financial Secretary. ' He was elected a delegate to the High Court of Missouri and Kansas which met at Kansas City in May, 1892, and was there elected High Physician. At the meeting of the same High Court in July, 1893, he was unanimously re- elected High Physician, and also elected delegate to the Supreme Court at Chicago, which he attended. Calvin "Worcester Day Clark, M.D., High Physician, Tamworth,. Ont., was born in the township of Ernesttown, Co. of Lennox and Adding- ton, Ont. , in 1863. Is a descendant, on both sides, of United Empire Loyal- ists. Was educated at the Public School in Adasca, and at the High Schools in Sydenham and Napanee. He graduated from Queen's University, Kingston, in 1885, and attended hospital lectures at Montreal in 1882. He spent twa years in the hospitals of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Birmingham, Bristol and London. In 1887 he took an English degree, and practised in Bristol as an assistant and partner. He returned to Canada in 1888, and entered upon practice at Tamworth, Addington Co., where he still resides. He is a charter member of Court Tamworth, No. 392, instituted in April, 1889, and has held the office of Court Physician ever since. He was Chief Ranger of the court for four terms, and has been CD II.C.R. for three terms. He was elected a member of the High Standing Committee and High Physician at Barrie. He has been and is a diligent worker in the in- terests of the Order. Harvey S. Clerke, M.D., of Court Clandeboye, No. 461, Lucan, Ont., TTas born at Kinsale, Ontario Co., Jan. 13th, 1853. On the death of his father, in 1862, the family moved to Whitby, where he attended the old dis- trict school and Grammar School. While at Whitby Grammar School, ob- tained a certificate as teacher, and engaged in teaching a couple of years ; then spent six months attending Cobourg Collegiate Institute, and another six months at Toronto Normal School, where he obtained a Provincial Certi- ficate for teaching. After two years spent in teaching,- he passed his m-itricii- lation examination in Arts before Victoria University, with honors in mathe- matics. Was Principal of Port Perry Public School for three years, and then went into the study of medicine. In 1883 he graduated with honors from Toronto and Victoria Universities, also before the College of Physicians DAN. A. ROSE. D.S.C.R,. Business Manager " Independent Forester. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 745 and Surgeons of Ontario. Early in 1884, he located in Lucan, Middlesex Co., Ontario, where he has been actively engaged in the practice of medicine ever since. Is Medical Health Officer for his own village, a member of the High School Board, and Coroner for the County of Middlesex. In 1889, joined the I.O.F. ; was instrumental in the formation of Court Clan deboye. No. 461. Has always been the Court Physician, and for several years was its representative to the High Court of Ontario, Le Baron Coleman, High Chief Ranger, New Brunswick, was born in the City of St. John, N.B., in 1852 ; was educated in the superior school of the City. In 1876 he entered the service of the Intercolonial Railway, in the freight department. In 1891 he retired from the railway, and accepted a position with the Canadian Express Company, which he still fills. He joined the Order in St. John, N.B., at the time it was introduced there, in 1882, and became a charter member of Court Loyalist. He was elected Court Deputy, and in 1889 was elected High Vice Chief Ranger, which office he filled for two years, and was then elected High Chief Ranger, and is now upon his third term of office. He is a staunch and untiring worker for the I.O.F. , and believes that it will become the leading Order in the world, as it is certainly the best to-day. H. A. Collins, H.V.G.R. of Ontario, was born in Ireland, May 7th, 1844 ; commenced business at Toronto in 1800 ; is a prominent society man : became a master Mason in 18G8, and was Master of Doric Lodge in 1877, '78 and '79 ; is a member of King Solomon, R. A. C, of Godfrey de St. Aldemar Commandery, K.T. ; is Grand Registrar of the Great Priory of Canada, and D.D.G.M. of the eleventh Masonic district ; is Potentate of Rameses Temple of the Mystic Shrine ; also Grand Master of the Independent Order of Odd- fellows. He is an active worker in the cause of Forestry, and one of the most popular members of the Order. The Rev. Edward Collins, H. V. C. R., was born in Beckington, Somerset, England, on February 23rd, 1852. He received his early training in the Blue Coat School of S el wood, and later attended Golden Knoll Academy, completing his school life in the Diocesan Training Col- lege. After a period of travel, he came to Toronto in 1872, and later set- tled in Lambton county. In 1880 he removed to Michigan, where he taught for some years in the public schools, and filled the positions of Justice of the Peace and Public School Inspector. In 1891 he was appointed lay reader, and soon after became a postulant under the late Bishop Harris. Ht was ordained to the diaconate June 10th, 1888, in Grace Church, Detroit, and appointed missionary to Huron and Cadillac counties, which position he fill- ed till he was called in October, 181)0^ to the Rectorship of St, Stephen's UU 746 HISTORY OF THE Church, Detroit. He was ordained to the priesthood in Dec, 1891. He was initiated into the mysteries of Forestry in Court Marion, No 267, in 1888, and is at the present time a member of Court Cadillac, No. 863, De- troit. He has been a member of the High Court of Michigan, from the year after its creation ; a representative to the Supreme Court ; High Chaplain ; High Auditor for the last four years ; High Vice-Chief Ranger, and is a most enthusiastic worker. t. James Crawford, of Court Dufferin, No. 4, London, Ontario, was born at Woolwich, Eng., November 16th, 1834 ; family came to Mont- real in 1838, and in 1840 settled in London, Ont. Enlisted in Capt. Gard- ner's battery in 1853, and returned to England. Served at the Crimea, tak- ing part in the battle of Inkerman and in the siege of Sebastopol. Returned to England in 1856 ; served ten months at Northampton, and was then trans- ferred to a battery coming to Canada. Got his discharge and settled at Lon- don, Ont., where he served fifteen years on the police force, for twelve of which he was sergeant ; is now inspector for the London Humane Society. He joined the I. O. F. in 1877, and has been an active member ever since^ and rendered some valuable services to the Order. Besides several high positions, he was the first Superintendent of the Juvenile Department. He has two Crimean medals. Herbert C. Creed, A.M., P.H.C.R., P.S.V.C.R, Fredericton, New Biunawick, was born at Halifax, N.S., Sept. 23rd, 1843 ; was educated chiefly at the High School in connection with Dalhousie College, Halifax, and ma- triculated at the college in 1857 ; studied there for three years, and in 1851 entered Acadia College, where he graduated with honors in 1865. For four years, while still studying, he was teacher of French in Horton Academy and the Ladies' Seminary at Wolfville, N.S. Was appointed soon after leaving college. Principal of the County Academy, at Sydney, Cape Breton ; remained there four years, then became Principal of Yarmouth Seminary, N.S., and after that of the Eyglish High School, Fredericton, N.B., resign- ing the latter position at the close of 1873, to take a place on the faculty of the Provincial Normal School of New Brunswick, where he has remained up to the present time, with various changes of work. He has held many positions of prominence, being in fact one of the leading educationists in New Brunswick. He has also written largely for the press, and ia a promin- ent Baptist, having filled the honorable offices of secretary, vice-president, and president of the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces. Has been an active Templar, Mason, and Oddfellow. Was initiated into Court Mili- cete, No. 139, T.O.F., in 1884 ; was appointed High Auditor in 1885, and H.C.R. of New Brunswick in 1886, holding the latter office for five years. He was elected S.V.G.R. in 1887, and again in 1888. He was made a Royal Forester in 1886, and became brigadier-general in command of the New INJ)EPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 747 Brunswick division. He has assisted the Supreme Chief Ranger from time to time in perfecting the work of the Royal Foresters. Oliver Cruse, D. S. C. R , Seattle, Washington, was born Novem- ber 28th, 1833, at Stibb, Parish of Langtree, County of Devon, Eng- land. Emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1852, moved to St. Thomas, Ontario, in 1855. Was initiated in Court Tecumseh, St. Thomas, as charter member in 1877, kept in connection until that court seceded to C.O.F. Was V.C.R. of Court Royal, St. Thomas, Ontario, when reorganized, until the charter lapsed ; and was first C.R. of Court Maple, No. 155, and CD. H.C.R. on institution of that court in 1884, until he removed to the State of Washington in 1889. Has three sons and two sons-in-law members of the Order. Has done some valuable work on the Pacific Coast. E. S. Cummer, Past Supreme Secretary, was one of the charter members of Court Oronyhatekha, No, 23, Hamilton, instituted in 1878, and was chosen the first Chief Ilanger ; was born at Newtonbrook, in the County of York, Ontario. At nineteen he took out a first-class certificate as a teacher. In 1886 he settled in the City of Hamilton, and became man- ager of a co-operative grocery business. In 1882 he resigned a position he then held in the Episcopal Methodist Book Publishing and Printing House, to devote his whole time to the work of the office of the Supreme Secretary. A few months after joining the Order, he was appointed to fill a vacancy on the High Standing Committee. In September, ISfcO, he was elected High Secretary of Ontario, and in July, 1881, when the present Supreme Court was instituted, he was elected Supreme Secretary, and continued to fill the important office until 1889, when he was succeeded by the present S. S. T. Cypihot, M.D., Ex-High Physician for Quebec, St Cunegonde, Que.^ was born in Montreal on April 26th, 1860. Was educated at Ste. Therese de Blainville College, and graduated from tl3 Victoria School of Medicine in 1881. Has practised medicine since in St. Cunegonde, a town adjoining- Montreal. During the smallpox epidemic in 1885 he was appointed Medical Health Officer of St. Cunegonde, which position he has continued to occupy. In 1887 he was appointed Justice of the Peace and Commissioner, and in 1890 was elected School Commissioner. He has had four terms as Chief Ranger of Court St. Roch, No. 701, and was elected High Physician for Quebec in 1892, and was the first French representative at the Supreme Court in 1891. Thomas G. Davey, ST., is an Englishman by birth, and hails from Devonshire, where he first saw the light forty-four years ago. He moved with his family, when but twelve years of age, to Canada, and settled first 74S niSTOllY OF THE in Stralford. After two years' residence there they removed to London, where he has resided ever since. Early in his career he became familiar with the news and periodical business, and for a time was engaged in supplying trains in the United States. Later, he followed the same business in West- ern Canada, confining his operations to the Grand Trunk system. In 1876, he became associated with C. H. Shaver in the Railroad News & Advertising Co., which business has of late years grown to colossal magnitude, the lines on which they operate reaching from Chicago to Ontario, besides several roads in the State of Michigan. They also publish the Grand Trunk Daily Bulletin. He became a Forester on September 28th, 1880, and has for many years occupied high and responsible positions in the Order. In 1882 he was ap- pointed Supreme Treasurer, and in the same year he was chosen High Treasurer for Ontario, both of which positions he held till 1892, when he declined to be again a candidate for the office of High Treasurer. He has the proud satisfaction of knowing that he was re-elected Supreme Treasurer at the last meeting of the Supreme Court by the unanimous vote of his brother Foresters. In addition to being a Forester, Bro . Davey is also a member of the Royal Arcanum. In politics, he is a Reformer, and takes an active interest in the welfare of the political party of his choice, but with the moderation and fairness becom- ing an officer of a great organization that embraces members of all political parties, he never allows his personal views to interfere with the interests of the Order, or with the friendship that should exist between the members of a great fraternal association. He is a member of the Methodist denomination, and is a consistent and liberal supporter of his church. The brother is a keen sportsman, and in season will be found following the exciting pastime. If he has any weakness it takes the shape of partiality for dogs. We do not know the exact number of canines about his establishment, but we are assured that it is consider- able ; none of your ill-mannered curs, but well-bred dogs. They have made for themselves a name in the country, as they always coma out prize-win- ners at Industrial Exhibitions in Canada and the United States. Brother Davey brings to the Executive great business ability, and his opinions on questions of finance and investments are considered of great value by the Supreme Chief Ranger and other members of the Council. Chevalier, George L. Dickinson, Chief Ranger, Court Manotick, No. 144, was born in Toronto, July 4th, 1848, and educated at Ottawa Grammar School, and at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. He was elected Deputy Reeve of the township of North Gower in 1877 and 1878. On the retirement in 1888 of the late Right Honourable Sir John Macdonald from the representation of Carleton in the House of Commons to sit for Kingston, he was elected Mem- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 749 ber for that county. Durino* his term in the House the Act incorporating; the I.O.F. became law. He was honored by the Supreme Court by being decorated with the Grand Cross of Merit, which he treasures as a valued souvenir. He has been Chief Ranger of Court Manotick, No. 144, for several terms, and is a great admirer and staunch believer in the Order, and has unlimited faith in its progress and success. Alexander H. Dixon, of Court Eglington, was born September 1st,, 1847, near Brampton, County Peel. He remained in his native county until 1881. He joined the Order in 1886, as a member of Court Eglington, of which court he has been the Court Deputy without intermission. For a year or so he worked as an organizing officer under the direction of the S.C.R., and many courts attest the ability and fidelity with which the work was done by him. Newell H. Dodge, H.C.R. of Wisconsin, was born July, 1845, and is a native of Ohio. His ancestors settled in Salem, Mass., in 1869. Ilia family has a distinguished and honorable history that can be traced back to the days of the early Norman kings. The High Chief Kanger of Wisconsin received, in his early boyhood and youth, a liberal education in the public schools of Wisconsin, in the State university, also in the Milwaukee Business- College. He is at present actively and successfully engaged in business pur- suits. When the I.O.F. was introduced in Winconsin, he was one of the first to connect himself with it, his varied experience in life insurance con- vincing him that the principles upon which Independent Forestry is founded are thoroughly sound, and in every way deserving of confidence. la Court Wisconsin, No. 928, the High Chief Ranger is a zealous and successful worker, never being absent from its regular meeting. When the High Court was formed, in 1892, he was the unanimous choice of the representatives for High Chief Ranger, and at the second meeting of the High Court this choice was re-affirmed by his election for a second term. On more than one occa- sion he has been delegated by the Supreme Court to perform duties calling for tact and judgment, and on all these important missions he has been suc- cessful. He reports the Order in Wisconsin as making steady progress, and predicts that the day is not far distant when it will be the leading insurance organization in the State. He is a prominent Mason, and a member of other fraternal organizations. In politics he is a Democrat, and has been a repre- sentative in the city council, but has no aspirations for political honors. W. M. Drenan, Ex-Supreme Marshal, of Court Frontenac, No. 59, Kingston, Ont., was born at Kingston, Ont., in 1855. When his father died he succeeded him in the furniture business, to which, in 1886, he added an undertaking department. Was Public School Trustee for four 750 HISTORY OF THE years, Alderman in the largest Ward in the city for seven years, and Mayor of Kingston for two years, being elected by the largest majority ever given any Mayor. He is a great Society man, holding high positions in several branches of Masonry, and in a number of other secret bodies. He is also a military enthusiast, and joined the 14th Batt. P. W. O. Rifles during the Fenian raid, then accepted a supernumerary Lieut, of King- ston Field Battery, and rose step by step, until he now holds the rank of Major in command. He is C.D.H.C.R. of Court Frontenac, No. 59. I^ Frank Dullam, High Treasurer, Flint, Michigan, was born near Flint, Michigan, December 29th, 1853. His parents came from Devonshire, England, October, 1844. He attended the country district school, and worked on his father's farm until 17 years of age, when his parents gave up farming and removed to Flint, where he attended the High School. His "spare time was spent in the store of Cummings and Dullam, learning the drug business. In 1873 he purchased the interest of W. C. Cummings, and, with his brother, William Dullam, continued 'the wholesale and retail drug business under the name of Dullam Brothers, and has continued the same up to the present time. He joined the Order of Foresters in Flint, Mich- igan, as a charter member of Court Flint, No. 239, in 1887. He was elected Treasurer of the High Court of Michigan when it was first organized, and, with the exception of one year, has held the responsible position con tinuously since. He has been instrumental in organizing several courts in the vicinity of Flint. He is one of the most active young business men of Flint, and, besides beinsr elected a member of the City Council, he is Treas- urer of the Union School District, and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Flint First National Bank. In Bro. Dullam, the High Court has a high minded and honorable officer, and the Order a worthy Forester in every sense of the term. John Dunfield, M.D., Past High Physician, Petrolia, Ont., was born in the County of Carleton, not far from Ottawa. He received such edu- cation as could be obtained in the little log school house at the cross roads, about half a mile from his home. At fifteen he obtained a teacher's certifi- cate. For eight years he taught school, and then moved to the oil regions of Enniskillen Township, where he tried his luck in boring for oil. His first attempt was successful. He entered Trinity Medical School, Toronto, in the autumn of 1874, and graduated in the Spring of 1877, with first-class honors in all subjects. Since that time he has practised his profession in the Town of Petrolia. He still possesses a group of producing oil-wells, owns a pretty little farm in the Corporation, and takes a great interest in the breeding of light but serviceable roadsters. He has been an ardent advocate of In- dependent Forestry ever since 1880. Is Past High Physician and Treasurer Q) r nH .i> pi^ 'f^'/ hh. \y r W. T. HYETT, High Treasurer. Wales. J, S. DUNCAN, D.S.C.R., High Secy, Scotland. JOSEPH MALINS. D.S.C.R. ALEX. SCOTT, D.S.C.R., High Treas., Scotland. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 753 of Court Petrolia, No. 42, ever since its organization. He is a member of the County Council, having been elected Reeve of the Town of Petrolia at the beginning of 1893. B. P. Eastman, High Treasurer, High Court of New Brunswick, was born at Dennysville, in the State of Maine, December, 1838, and was educated in the common schools of his native State. He was among the first to respond to the call for troops made by President Lincoln at the out- break of the late rebellion. He was two years in the war, and was engaged in several battles. He has devoted himself to the lumbering interests almost all his life. On Independent Forestry being introduced into the Province of New Brunswick in 1883 he joined the Order, and has ever since taken an active interest in its welfare. In 1884 he was elected High Treasurer of the High Court of New Brunswick, which office he has held ever since. His sound common-sense makes him one of the most popular officers in the Order. In 1893 he was elected a Delegate to the Supreme Court at Chicaofo, which he attended. William Elkins, P.D.H.C.R., of Court Lisgar, No. 97, Toronto, is one of the old guard. Was born in Westbury, Wilts., Eng., January 7th, 1844, and is the third son of Mr. Joseph Elkins. He is the only charter member left in the first court instituted in Toronto namely. Court Lisgar, No. 97, of which court he was the first Chief Ranger, being also appointed D.D.H.C.R. At the High Court meeting in Hamilton, in 1882, he was ap- pointed to office. Has held commissions of CD H C.R. and P.D.H.C.R. under both H.C.R. Rev. A. MacGillivray, and the late H.C.R., Bro. D. Millar. He is a staunch Methodist, and for over fifteen years was a local preacher. Having a thorough knowledge of matters pertaining to insurance in benevolent societies, he is a most valuable and useful member of the Order. F. W. Emmerson, P.S.C, High Secretary of New Brunswick, was born at Maugerville, Sunbury Co., N.B., Oct 31st, 1855; son of Rev. R. H Emmerson, a widely -known Baptist minister. He was educated in the pub- lic schools of New Brunswick, and of Boston, Mass. , the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, and the University of New Brunswick, from which institution he graduated with the degree of B.A. in 1875. He was a grammar school teacher for three years, and then entered upon the study of the law. Com- pleting his course in 1881, he received the degree of LL.B. from Boston University. He entered upon the practice of his profession at Petitcodiac, N.B., in 1882, and has resided there constantly since, being appointed a referee in equity and a stipendiary magistrate for the county of W^estmore- land, N.B., in 1887. Becoming a Forester in 1883, in the following year, on the High Court of New Brunswick being formed, he became High Secro- 754 HISTORY OF THE tary, a position he holds to this day. He was Supreme Counsellor for two years. In 1883 he spent a month with the Supreme Chief Ranger in estab- lishing the Order in Nova Scotia, and distinguished himself by his energy and zeal. He was a promoter, and is now secretary of the Havelock Min- eral Spring Company. His last promotion is to the Judgeship of the Pro- bate Court. W. B. A. Faichney, H.V.C.R., Court Watertown No 465, ^".Y., was bom on December 23rd, 1846, in the village of Oxbrow, Jefferson Co., N.Y. ; comes of Highland-Scotch Presbyterian stock. Was educated at Watertown, N.Y., and entered upon the trade of carriage ironing when 18. In 1885 became connected with the Union Carriage and Gear Co., of Water- town, in which he has charge of the ironing department. Is a prominent Mason, a leading Oddfellow, and a member of the Order of Red Men. With all his society work, he never allows anything to interfere with his efforts in the interests of Forestry. At the last session of the High Court of New York he was elected High Vice Chief Ranger. Chevalier Charles R. Fitzgerald, High Secretary, High Court of New York, Buffalo, N.Y., was born of Quaker parentage in the city of New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1848. During the war of the Rebellion, he served in the 26th New Jersey Volunteers. He was educated in the primary schools, and graduated from the Newark High School and the New- ark Academy. Moved to Buffalo, N.Y., in 1865, where he now resides. For nearly twenty years he was Secretary of the Board of United States Steamboat Inspectors at Buffalo. For a time he was connected with Brad- street's Mercantile Agency. He is a 32 Mason, and has rendered that body great service. He became one of the charter members of Court Buf- falo, No. 549, in 1889, and was its first Past Chief Ranger, and is now one of its trustees. In 1890, at the formation of the High Court of New York, he was unanimously chosen High Secretary, and has been regularly re-elected at each annual session of the High Court. In 1881, he served as Represen- tative to the Supreme Court at Detroit, Mich., where he received many votes for the position of Supreme Auditor. At the last annual session of High Court, he was again elected to represent his High Court. He has been a cor- respondent for the press, and in that line has accomplished a great amount of good both for M asonry and Forestry. At the last session of the High Court of New York, by a standing vote, he was awarded the " Grand Cross of Merit" for distinguished services rendered the Order, and was invested with the same at the session of Supreme Court at Chicago. Judge V7. W. Fitzgerald, Q.C., P.S.C.,and P H C R., is one of the best known and most highly esteemed members of the Order. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. /OD As one would judge from the name, the parentage of Judge Fitzgerald is Irish. There is a tradition in the family that they are the direct descend- ants of the Irish kings, the O'Geralds, but the descent is so long and so great that our P. H.C.R. does not condescend to retrace it, and claims nationality as a Canadian. His father, Frederick Fitzgerald, J. P., settled in London township, near the city, upwards of eighty years since ; his mother was Mar- garet Weir, also of London township, and who still resides on the old home- stead. Educated at the public schools, such as they were in those days, and by private tuition under the late James C. Thompson, M.A., T.C.D., London ; first studied law in London, and afterwards in Toronto ; called to the bar in 1870, and practised in London ever since till his promotion to a judgeship ; created Q.C. in 1890. Appointed Judge of Welland in 1893. He is a mem- ber of the Masonic body. He is one of the leading Orangemen of Ontario, being a P,G. Master. In 1888, he was sent from Canada to represent the Orangemen at the Triennial Council at Carrickfergus, in Ireland, and now is a member of that Supreme body. He joined the Ancient Order of Fores- ters in 1874-. At that time that ancient association had no governing body in Canada ; all their laws were made in the Mother Land, and were not, as might be expected, suited to the genius of the Canadian people in many particulars. Bro. Fitzgerald made inquiries, and found an Independent Order existed in the United States, and concluded to have it introduced into Canada, and on the 26th of April, 1876, Court Hope, No. 1, I.O.F., was organized in London. Only six were present at the first meeting, and of these the Judge alone is left to us. The dispensation authorizing the formation of Court Hope, No. 1, was issued by ''The Most Worthy High Court of the World of the Independent Order of Foresters." Bro. Fitzgerald was ap- pointed first High Chief Ranger in Canada, and he holds as a treasured memento of his office the first H.C.R. 's seal. For two years Bro. Fitzgerald was High Chief Ranger of Ontario, and on the formation of the Supreme Court, he was chosen Supreme Counsellor. His advice, always thoughtful and sound, is frequently sought, and always valued, by the Supreme Executive. In politics, he is a Conservative. He is a member of the Church of Eng- land. He was married in 1873, to Sara M., daughter of T. Crawford, Esq., of Kent, England. They have three children, two sons, Fred and Chester, and a daughter. Amy. Atwell Fleming, H.T. of Ontario, was born in the city of London, Ont., on the 14th of November, 1856. He is of English descent, his parents hav- ing emigrated to Canada from Weardale, county of Durham, in 1854. He received his early education at the Public Schools of his native city. At the age of 15 he was apprenticed to the printing business in London, and has worked successively through the various departments in the printer's art ; 756 HISTORY OF THF at the present time he is assistant manager of the London Advertiser, the principal Reform journal in Western Ontario, with which institution he has been connected for eighteen years. In his capacity as Superintendent of the Advertiser Job Department, he first became associated with the official organ of the I.O.F., the contract for printing the same having been entrusted to him in 1881, the circulation being at that time only 800 copies. He was made a Forester in Court Victoria, No. 10, in May, 1882, and has been Treasurer of the Court for nine years. In 1886 he was a delegate to the High? Court at London, and to the Supreme Court at St. John, N. B,, and has been a delegate to each High and Supreme Court meeting since that time. Was- Journal Secretary at the Supreme Court meeting in 1886 at St. John, N.B., and the succeeding year at Montreal. At the latter he was appointed Easi- ness Manager of the Independent Forester, a position in which he worked with untiring energy and zeal and to the entire satisfaction of the Supreme Executive, and in fact the whole membership, resigning the position only when the publication office of the Forester was removed to Toronto, in January, 1892. Was elected High Treasurer of the High Court of Ontario, at Barrie, in 1892, and re-elected at Sarnia in 1893. He is an ardent Phi- latelist. W. R. Francis, High Chief Ranger of Indiana, was born at Wellsboro, Pa., March 22nd, 1863. Attended common schools, and the State Normal School at Mansfield, Pa., graduating in June, 1871. He studied medicine at Westfield, Pa., and graduated at the Buffalo Medical College, February 23rd, 1876. He practised at Knoxville, Pa., from graduation till March, 1890, when he removed to Marion, Ind., where he has become a leading physician. He was the first High Chief Ranger of Indiana at the organi- zation of the High Court of that State. J. A. Frise, P.H.C.R., Flint, Mich., was born near Newcastle, Ont. At 15, after his family had moved several times and had settled in London township, he went to Stratford to learn to be a tinsmith. In 1875 he became manager in the same business for Mr. George Weston, at Petrolia, Ontario* He married in 1877, and in 1880 moved his family to London, Ontario, accepting a position as traveller for theEmetson Piano Co., of Boston, Mass. Next we hear of him as travelling for the large music house of Boe Stephens, Detroit. A six years engagement being completed, he entered on the music business for himself, at Flint, Mich. He is pre-eminently a self-educated and self-made man. He is a member of Court Flint, No. 239, at Flint, Mich., and after filling several offices by appointment in the High Court for Michigan, in 1890 he was elected High Vice Chief Ranger. In 1891 he was elected High Chief Ranger, and held the office for two terms. He was compelled to resign the appointment of Brigadier-General of the Royal Foresters, owing to increasing business. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 757 John W. Frost, of Court Northern Light, No. 127, Owen Sound, was born at Long Island, near Bytown (now Ottawa), in 1838. At twelve he en- tered the preparatory department of Victoria College ; subsequently took an arts course, and graduated in 1862 ; later on took the degrees of B.A. and M.A. In 1890 he was Vice-president of the Alumni Association of Victoria. Entered mercantile life at Owen Sound in 1862, and continued in business for ten years, when he married, and shortly after entered upon the study of the law, attending lectures at Osgoode Hall, and remaining in a Toronto law office for two years. He was called to the bar in Hilary term, 1876, since which time he has practised law at Owen Sound with great success. He is President of the Law Society of the County of Grey ; is the author of *' Broken Shackles," published three years ago by the Wesleyan Book Room, Toronto ; has been a High School Trustee, member of the Board of Public Instruction, member of the Town Council, Deputy Reeve, Chairman of the Finance Committee of Grey County Council, and Mayor of Owen Sound. He is a charter member of Court Northern Light, No. 127 ; was Court Deputy for several years, High Counsellor one year, and is a constant attendant at High Court and Supreme Court. No one carries more weight in the councils of the Order, nor is any one more trusted by the S.C.R. than is Bro. Frost Milton Garges, High Secretary, High Court of Minnesota, St. Paul, was born in Ohio, in 1867. Was educated in the public and high schools of Zanesville, Ohio, and entered the telegraphic profession. In 1886, he entered the service of the Associated Press, and the following year was placed in charge of that institution's operating department at St. Paul, Minn., which position he still holds. His connection with Forestry dates from September 19, 1889, when he became a charter member of the first court formed in Minnesota. He represented his court in the Higli Court Convention of 1890, and received the appointment of High Journal Secretary. In May, 1893, the office of High Secretary becoming vacant, he was elected by the High Stand- ing Committee to fill the unexpired terms, and has thrice been unanimously re-elected by the High Court. He is not only one of the most zealous of Foresters, but one of the most efficient High Secretaries in the Order. Henry Gibbens, D. S.C.R , of Court Hope, No. 1, London, Ont., was born in Reading, Berkshire, England. After attending the public school in his native town, he went to Oxford, where he spent two years in college, and distinguished himself as an athlete. After being in business in Malvern a few years, he went to Birmingham, and was engaged in the offices of the Midland Railway. He came to Canada to take charge of the Guthrie Home at London, Ont., where he was manager till it was closed in 1890. He joined Court Hope, No. 1, in London, Ont., on Dec. 17th, 1884. He is a member of the Royal Foresters ; is also a Mason, and a member of several other so- 758 HISTORY OF THE cieties, and was for some time president of St. George's Society, of London. He is an ardent worker in the interests of Forestry, and has spent some time in England furthering its objects. Williani Green, Court North, Toronto, was bom June 10th, 1859, at Brampton, Ont, He received an ordinary High School education in his native town. He has been connected with the Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association of New York. He joined the Order on July 6th, IBS';!, as a charter member of Court North Toronto, being elected Chief Ranger, and afterwards C. D. H.C.R. of that court. He was a representative to High Court in Hamilton in 1887, and was appointed City Deputy in 1892 by Rev. Alex. Macgillivray, H.C.R. B. W. Greer, S.A., of Court Victoria, No. 10, London, Ont., is a. native of Ireland, and came to Canada in 1848 along Avith his father, who settled on a farm in London township. When he was twelve years old he moved to the city to learn carriage-making, but he abandoned that occu- pation for painting and house decorating. In 1864 went to Louisville, Ky., and thence to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he found employment in a wall paper establishment, and remained until ]871, when he returned to London and formed a partnership with his former employer in a similar line of business ; the partnership being continued successfully until 1891, when he disposed of his interest in it for the purpose of giving his attention to real estate. He joined Court Hope, No. 1, in 1876. He was led to take an interest in the work of the Order through witnessing the benefits conferred upon the fam- ilies of sick and deceased members by even the small assessments of ten cents per capita which then prevailed. Some years later he becarae a member of Court Victoria, No, 10, with which he has remained ever since. Through the troubled years of 1879-82," while modestly avoiding prominence, he never- theless did his share in shaping the destinies of the I.O.F. that has since grown to such magnificent proportions. He has frequently been called on to serve in both the Supreme and High Courts, with credit to himself and honor to the institution. In 1888 he was elected one of the Supreme Auditors, to which position he has been re-elected at each succeeding session. He is also a high degree and high oflicial member of the Masonic body. He served the city of London as Alderman in 1879, and again in 1887. He was also for some time a director of one of the monetary institutions having headquarters in that city. He is one of the most trusted friends of the S. C. R., and is always consulted as to the policy to be pursued in any important movemeut con- nected with the Order. William Griffith, P.S.V.C.R. and P.H.C.R , Court Oronhyatekha,. No. 23, Hamilton, Ont., was born al Kilkenny, Ireland, May 13th, 1840; came to Canada when quite young, and completed his education at the Ham- LE BARON COLEMAN, High Chief Ranger, New Brunswick. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 7G1 ilton Business College. Farmed for two years in Bruce county, Ont., and then learned the boot and shoe trade in Toronto. In 1861 he resided in Bowmanville, and in the following year became connected with a wholesale house in New York. In 1864 he returned to Hamilton, and three years later made a tour of Europe. In 1868 he returned to America, and, after spending a year in California, he again returned to Hamilton, where he has resided ever since. Having spent six years as buyer for the wholesale house of T. C. Kerr & Co., in 1876 he started in the wholesale boot and shoe busi- ness for himself, in which he is still prospering. He is a staunch Conserva- tive and Episcopalian. He was an Alderman of Hamilton for three years, and is a Mason of high degree. He became a Forester in 1883, and has been unceasing in working for the good of the Order, contributing not a little to the magnificent position it has won. In 1887, by unanimous vote, he was chosen High Chief Ranger of Ontario, holding the position with marked ac- ceptance for one year. He has held the office of S.V.C.R., and is still ren- dering valuable service to his own subordinate court, Oronhyatekha, No. 23, as Treasurer. In every capacity he has ])roved himself an able administrator, a wise counsellor, and an indefatigable worker. James Grover, Lewiston, Me., was born in the County of Middlesex, Ont. , and attended Victoria College, at Cobourg, Ont. Is an Episcopalian, and married. Has been engaged in manufacturing, and of late years has done a good deal in the real estate business. Recently he was appointed D.S.C.R. and entered upon the organizing work of the Order and in which he is meeting with a success begotten of enthusiastic energy. George Hodgins Groves, M. D., Past High Physician for Ontario, Court Carp, No. 142, was born June 6th, 1851, in the Township of Fitzroy, Carleton Co., Ont. ; son of Richard Groves, farmer, and an early pioneer of Carleton. Became a teacher at 18, and taught school for six years, for three of which he was Principal of Carp public school. Graduated at McGill Uni- versity, Montreal, in 1879, taking the degree of M.D.C.M. the same spring, also becoming a member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of On- tario. At once entered the practice of his profession at Carp. He became a Forester in 1887, being a charter member of Court Carp, No. 142, of which lie has been financial Secretary and Court Physician for some years. He was High Physician for Ontario for two years. He was President of Huntley Agricultural Society for twelve years. He was a director of the Central Canada Exliibition Association, Ottawa, for one year. Was for several years Vice-President of the Rideau and Bathurst Medical Association, J. B. Halkett, Past Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger, and High Secretary of Ontario. Bro. James B. Halkett is in the prime of life. He first saw the light in St. John, New Brunswick, in September, 1845. His father was the VV 762 HISTORY OF THE late Rev. Andrew Halkett, at one time pastor of St. Andrew's Church, St. John, N.B., and for nearly thirty years minister of Brechin, Scotland. For a gO')d many years he has been in the civil service, at Ottawa. In Forestry, Bro. Halkett is a veteran, entering the Order in 1879. When the Supreme Court was organized, he was chosen its first Supreme Vice-Chief Ranger. Hq has been HigJi Junior Beadle, High Journal Secretary, High Vice-Chief Ranger, and was Recording Secretary for Court Ottawa, now the banner court in the Order ; at present he is a member of Court Laurentian. |Ie was elected to his present ofhce in 1884, and has held it continuously ever 'since. One of the pleasing incidents of the meeting of the High Court in Brock ville, was the presentation to the High Secretary of a beautiful silver tea service, suitably inscribed. The presentation was made, amidst nmch enthusiasm, by P.H.C.R., Norman F. Paterson, Q.C. Bro. Halkett is also prominent in temperance work. A Son of Temperance, and a Good Templar, he has done good work for both organizations as a Provincial Deputy. He is a member of St. Andrew's Society, Ottawa, and has filled the position of Secretary. With the late Rev. Dr. Kemp, and the Rev. F. W. Parries, Bro. Halkett edited, some years ago, the ' Handbook of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, " an instructive little volume that had quite a wide circulation. He has also, at various times, edited the Chess Column of several magazines and newspapers. In years gone by, before the duties of the oftice of High Secre- tary became so onerous, he was a frequent contributor to the columns of the Forester. Bro . Halkett has been twice married. His present wife is a daughter of the late Rev. Thos. Lightbody, and is well known as a writer for children, under the 7iom de ph^me oi 'Sister Belle." Bro. Halkett is an earnest Christian worker. As elder and session clerk for the Presbyterian congregation of Stewarton, Ottawa, he is rendering valuable service. Charles S. Hall, Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger, New York, was born March 25th, 1856, at Dayton, Ohio, where he attended the public school and the Miami College. He learned the trade of designer and decorator in draperies at which he was employed until 1876, when he became a travelling salesman for the Western States and the Pacific Coast ; also travelling in South America and Europe In 189 ) he joined the I.O.F., and has been one of the best organizers, having accomplished a great deal in the State of New York, He is of Engrlish descent. George A. Harper, Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger, Cleveland, O., was born in New York State in 1849. He taught school for two years, and then became an insurance agent. In 1873 he removed to Cleveland, Ohio, and engaged in the manufacture of rubber stamps, which business he suc- cessfully conducted till the fall of 1890, when he sold out to engage wholly in secret society work. He joined the Independent Order of Foresters in 1888. He was one of the prime movers in organizing the High Court of INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 763 Ohio, in which he has held, and still holds, high and responsible positions. He has been High Chief Ranger, Representative to the Supreme Court, Supreme Junior Woodward, and is now Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger. He was the first American agent of the Supreme Court. At the session of the High Court of Ohio in 1893 he was again elected representative to the Supreme Court, and rendered valuable services as Chairman of the Commit- tee on Constitutions and Laws. He is now president of the World Mutual Benefit Association, of Wheeling, W. Va., with headquarters in New York City. J. T. Ha"wke, Court Moncton, N.B., Avas born and educated at Ply- mouth, England ; came to America in 1873, accepting a position as composi- tor on the Rome, N.Y., Sentinel. In the same year he came to Canada, and worked at the case on various Ontario journals. He at length became a re- porter on the St. Thomas Times, After a varied experience he became the Globe's political correspondent at Ottawa, and was then made managing news editor of the same paper, occupying the position for another three years. In 1885 he became editor of the Hamilton Tribune. Another year went by, and he occupied the editorship of the Ottawa Free Press. In 1887 he purchased the Transcript, a daily and weekly paper published at Moncton, N.B., of which he is now editor and proprietor. He was Secretary of the Maritime Press Association for the first three years of its existence. He joined the Foresters, through Court Ottawa, about 1880. Has been member of Court Ottawa at C)ttawa City ; Court Oronhyatekha, at Hamilton, Ont., and Court Moncton, at Moncton, N.B. He has been High Court representative six years i a succession from Court Moncton, and Supreme Court representative from New Brunswick at Toronto in 1889 ; at Detroit in 1891, and at Chicago in 1893. R. W". Haydon, Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger of Court Excelsior, No. 79, Almonte, Ont., was born in Branton, Devonshire, England, on March 1st, 1842, and after learning the tailoring business, came to Canada in 1862, and settled in Almonte in 1870, since which time he has been a continuous re- sident of the "Little Manchester." He carries on an extensive merchant tailoring business. He is an enthusiastic member of several benevolent societies, but to none of them is he more loyal than to the I.O.F. He is a charter member of Court Excelsior, which was instituted on his premises in December, 1881, and he has done a great deal toward securing for the Order a solid footing in the town and district. K. V. Haymaker, P.H.C R., High Court of Ohio, was born in Defiance, Ohio, Feb. 14th, 1856. His educational advantages were restricted to the common schools, and at the age of sixteen he began teaching, which occupa- tion he followed for ten years. In the intervals of school terms he read law, and in the fall of 1880 he entered the senior class of the Cincinnati Law 764 HISTORY OF THE School, from which institution he was gradunted in May, 1881, and admitted to the Bar. He began the practice of law at his old home, Defiance, Ohio, at which place he has ever since resided. His interest in Forestry com- menced in 1590, at which time he became one of the charter members of Court Shawnee, No. 514, and was selected Court Deputy of the court, which position he has since held. In the same year he was elected High Treasurer for the High Court of Ohio. In 1891 he was elected High Vice-Chief Ranger, and the next year was made High Chief Ranger, and is now^ Past High Chief Ranger At the meeting of the Supreme Court, in 1891, at Detroit, he was one of the representatives from the High Court of Ohio, and was appointed by the Supreme Chief Ranger one of the Supreme Sword Dearers, which position he now holds. Edward J Hearn, Past High Counsellor for Ontario, Court Mizpah, Tottenham, Ontario, was born at Maytield, Co. Peel, Ontario, May 1 1th, 1858 Studied at the high school, Brampton ; matriculated as a law student in May, 1878 ; studied a year in a Brampton law office, and four years in Toronto offices. He graduated as a solicitor in 1883, and as a barrister-at- law in 1^84. He was vice-president of the Osgoode Literary and Legal Society for one year, and Secretary-treasurer of the Catholic Literary and Debating Society of Toronto in 1881 and 1882. He joined the Order in 1886 as a charter member of Court Mizpah, No. 130, located at Tottenham, Ontario. He was made Past Chief Ranger at the institution of that court, and also received his commiss'on as Court Deputy, which position he has held ever sin e. He has attended five sessions of the High Court of Ontario, as a delegate from Court Mizpah, and one session of the Supreme Court as a delegate from the High Court of Ontario. At the meeting of the High Court, at Guelph, in 1890. he was elected High Counsellor for Ontario by acclamation. He has established a law office in Toronto, at the same time maintaining a branch office at Tottenham. Ellery M. Hetherington, M.D., P.H.C.R., Missouri, was born in New Brunswick, Canada, Feb 24th, 1860, After being educated in the Public Schools of his Province, he engaged in the drug business in St. John, N.B., and pursued the study of medicine with his brother. Dr. George A. Hetherington. After a few years, he graduated in pharmacy, and went to Boston, Mass., where he continued in the same business and still studied medicine. He was subsequently graduated f i om the Medical College at Bal- timore by the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He first became identi- fied with the Independent Order of Foresters as a charter member of Court Loyal, St. John, N.B., the first court organized in that city in 1884. After going to Kansas City, Mo., in 1888, to pursue his profession, he was instru- mental in organizing Court Central, No. 635, the second court organized in the State. He was made Court Physician and Court Deputy, which oflicus INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 765 he still holds. At the second meeting of the High Court of Missouri, he was elected H C.R and representative to the Supreme Court. He is a prominent member of several fraternal orders. Rev. Thomas Heywood, Court Elizabeth, Elizabeth, N.J., was bom in Crumpsall, near Manchester, Eng., Feb. 24th, 1833. Having few educa- tional opportunities, he commenced to earn his own living at ten years of age. At sixteen, he combined with others in organizing a night school, which sub- sequently developed into a prosperous Mechanics' Institute. Having mar- ried in 1854 he accepted a clerkship in a large factory at Salford, which led to a responsible position in a Manchester warehouse, his studies being con- tinued in the meantime. In 1860 he became Secretary of the Manchester and Salfurd Temperance Society, with which fifty other societies were affili- ated. In 1862, owing to the cotton famine in Lancashire, he went to Lon- don, and secured, through the World's Temperance Convention, which was held there that year, a number of engagements to lecture in the cause of Temperance. In 1863 he accepted the governorship of Bayley's Workman's Hall, and spent a busy three years in mission work and lecturing. He next accepted a life insurance agency, and soon became superintendent of agencies, from which he graduated into the general managership. Having a burning desire for the ministry, he became a lay preacher. In 1870 he accepted an engagement to lecture for six months in the United States, which led to the Susquehanna Association of New York granting him a license to preach, and to his ordination on Sept 19th, 1871 In 1874, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church of Paterson, N.J., and in 1876 entered upon the pas- torate of the Congregational Church of Elizabeth, N.J., the duties of which he fulfilled until, in 1886, he accepted a call to the Presbyterian Church of Wyoming, N J. In consequence of a death in his family, he resigned the last mentioned charge after two years occupancy, and since that time has been engaged in filling various pulpits for longer or shorter periods as sup- ply. In 1877 he became a charter member of Court Elizabeth, No. 1, and from that date to the present has been an enthusiastic Forester. It was through his influence that Court Elizabeth joined the reorganized I.O.F. in 1881, instead of going with the U.O.F. Since then on several important occasions he has rendered the S.C.R. valuable services in carrying on the work of the Order. Wm. R. Hickey, H.V.C.R., Both well, Ont., was born December 10th, 1855, at the Township of Williamsburg, in the county of Dundas, Ontario. Is of U. E Loyalist stock. He was educated at the Morrisburg Grammar School, and entered the Law School, Toronto, in November, 1874 ; was ad- mitted as a solicitor in November, 1879, and called to the bar in February, 1880. He commenced practice in partnership with the late D. McCraney, M P.P., at the town of Bothwell, where he has ever since resided He has 766 HISTORY OF THE been a member and chairman of the Public School Board since January, 1888. He was elected Mayor of Both well, in January, 3893. Is a member of the A.F. &A.M. andl.O.O.F., and a retired Captain of the late 24th, Kent, Battalion. He was admitted to the I O.F. January 27th, 1881, and elected High Counsellor in 1887 and 1888, and H.V.C.R. in 1889. John Hodgson, Court Beaverton, No. 185, was born Nov. 20th, 1839, in the Township of Whitby, Ont. He was educated at the common school of his native village. At eighteen he went to Victoria College, Cobourg, and matriculated in the Arts Course. He then went to Toronto University, and took honors in both Classics and Mathematics. Upwards of seven years ago he moved to Beaverton, where he has built up a large general business. At this place he joined the I.O.F., but found there were only eight members who were ttilking of disbanding. He, however, induced them to work for the upbuilding of the Court and soon had a charter, and with fifty members. Since then he has helped to institute other courts, and has done some valu- able work for the Order. Hon. W. B. Hoke, P.S.C.R., Louisville, Ky., was born in 1838 in Jefferson County, Ky. , and was educated for the bar. He graduated from the law school of the University of Louisville in J 859, taking the highest honors in his class. In 1866 he was elected judge in his native county, and seven consecutive times he has been re-elected, so that he is now filling his seventh term in that honorable position. He is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity. When the Kentucky Mutual Security Fund Company was started in 1883 at Louisville, he was elected President, which post he has since occupied. He was elected S C. R. at St. Louis in 1 878, and wisely and ably filled the office. Geo. "W. Holman, P. D. H. C. R., Elmsville, Ont., was born near Exeter, County of Huron, Ontario, March 19th, 1857. Received his educa- tion at Goderich High School and London Commercial College, and has taught school nineteen years, fourteen of whicli have been spent in his pre- sent location. He has been clerk of the township of Osborne during the past eight years, and Secretary-Treasurer of the West Huron Teachers' In- stitute for a similar period. He has held the position of President of the latter, and was three times its representative at the Ontario Association. Becoming a Forester in 1888, he at once came to the front, being elected C.R. of Court Exeter, Xo. 123, for three consecutive terms, and four times its representative to the High Court by acclamation. Was commissioned a P.D. H.C.R. in 1890, and has held that honor ever since. Chevalier Joseph Jamieson, Q.C., Past High Counsellor for the High Court of Ontario, Guelph, Ont., was born in the township of South Sher- J. A. FRISE, P.H.C.R., Flint, Mich. J. C. CALVERT, High Secretary, N.J. J. L. RIDDELL, D.S.C.R. J. J. WOODRUFF, High Treasurer, N.J. t t o^^ , INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 769 brooke, County of Lanark, Ont., March 15th, 1839. Was educated at Perth Grammar School. Was called to the Bar of Ontario in 1869. He was Reeve of Almonte for three years, and was also Warden of the County of Lanark. Was elected to the Dominion Parliament for North Lanark in June, 1882, and continued to represent that constituency until December, 189J , when he was appointed Junior Judge of the County of Wellington, and removed to the City of Guelph. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1889. Was leader of the Prohibitionists in the House of Commons for several years. In 1889 he introduced and carried through the House of Commons the Act in- corporating "The Supreme Court of the Independent Order of Foresters," for which eminent services to the Order he receive 1 the " Grand Cross of Merit." He became a member of the Order on October 29th, 1883, joining Court Excelsior, No. 79, at Almonte, Ont., of which court he continues to be a member. He was High Counsellor of the High Court of Ontario in 1880. Solon H. Johnson, P. H.C. R., High Court of New York, was born at Depauville, Jefferson Co., N.Y., September 8th, 1856. Is the son of Hon. James Johnson. When 11 years old his parents moved from Depau- ville to Watertown, where they resided tliree years, moving from there to their present home. He finished his education at Hungerford Collegiate Institute, Adams, N.Y. He was in business with his father until 1883, when he accepted a position with the wholesale grocery house of A. P. Tuller and Co., Rome, N.Y. He remained in their employ five years, re- turning to his former home at Clayton, N.Y. In September, 1890, he was appointed Postmaster of his native town, which position he still holds. He is a member of Clayton Lodge, 539, I.O.O.F. Was a charter member of Court Clayton, No. 171. Is R.S. and CD. H.C.R. in Subordinate Court. Was elected P. H.C.R. at the instituting of the High Court of New York at Rochester, in 1889. He has ofticiatedas H.C.R., and was elected a delegate to the Supreme Court held in Chicago, 1893. Lee El. Joslyn, High Chief Ranger of Michigan, was born at Darien, Genesee county, N.Y., July 25th, 1864, where he lived until seven years of age, and attended district school for two years. In 1871 his parents moved into the mountains of McKoan county, Pa., where the facilities for at- tending school were so limited, lie had small opportunities for extending his education. Two years later tlie family settled in Dryden township, Lapeer county, Mich., where he attended the Dryden village school until seventeen years of age, working in the early morning, at night, and on Saturdays, to earn sufficient to keep hiniself in clothing and books, as his parents were poor. He graduated at Dryden, and entered upon tlie sttidy of the law in the office of Hon. W. W. Stickney at Lapeer, Mich., in 1881, teaching district school a por- tion of the time during the su("ceeding two years, and acting as nightwatchman in the Abram House. He made rapid advance in ins legal studies in spite of 770 HISTORY OF THE his other exacting duties. In September, 1883, he accepted the principalship of the gi-aded schools at Olisville, Genesee county, Mich. In 1885 he re- signed that position to become principal for one year of the First Ward school in West Bay City. Being admitted to the Bay county bar in June, 1886, he at once entered upon the practice of his profession in West Bay City. In 1888 he moved his office to Bay City. Taking an active interest in politics, his eloquence brought him into prominence in the Democratic party. ]n 1888 and in 189Q he was elected Circuit Court Commissioner, and in 1892 Prosecuting Attorney of Bay county, which office he is now filling. He was initiated into Court Miranda, No. 326, of West Bay City in 1887, and when the High Court met at Bay City in 1892, he was chosen High Coun- sellor. At Saginaw, in 1893, he was elected H.Y.C.R., and became H.C.R. on the death of Bro. Frank Millis. He is a never-tiring worker, and is put- ting forth telling eflorts in the interests of the Order. He certainly is one of the best of our High Chief Rangers. Thomas La"wless, Supreme Court Auditor, Court Oronhyatekha, No. 23, Hamilton, Ont., is a native of the County of Chateauguay, Quebec, and is of Anglo-Irish parentage. He was born on January 23rd, 1844. His early advantages were those then usually enjoyed by a poor farmer's son in com- parative backwoods. In his fourteenth year he removed to the town of Peter- horough, where five years were spent in a large mercantile establishment. In the latter part of 1863 he removed to Hamilton, where he learned the print- ing trade, and a little later entered the profession of journalism, in which he found employment for several years on the Hamilton Spectator, and subse- quently on the Montreal Witness, the Napanee Standard, and other publica- tions. Although not now directly connected with the Press, he is still an oc- casional contributor to fraternal journals. In 1883 he joined Court Napanee, No. 30, in which he filled the offices of V.C.R. and C.R. Removing to Ham- ilton in 1885, he transferred his membership to Court Oronhyatekha, No.. 23, of which he is still a member. In 1885 he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the Supreme Court auditorship, and at every session of the Su- preme Court held since has been re-elected. Besides the position of Auditor, he has filled the office of S. J.S. for one or two sessions, and has been H.J.S. of Ontario for several sessions. Besides his Forestric connection, he has held several prominent positions in the Independent Order of Good Templars, being still its Grand Secretary, an office he has held for many years, and has also taken an active interest in Oddfellow ship, holding rank therein as P.G. and P. C. P. Hon. William S. Linton, Member of Congress, S.S.W., Court Acme, "Saginaw, Michigan, was born at St. Clair, Michigan, February 4th, 1856. When four years of age, he removed with his parents to Saginaw, Michigan ; there he was educated in the public schools. At the age of 15, he com- menced clerking in a general store at Farwell, Michigan, and soon after- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 771 wards became manager of his father's saw mill and lumber yard at same place. When 21, he became superintendent of large lumbering industry at Wells, Bay County, (now Alger, Arenac County,) Michigan, and w^as for two terms a member of Bay County Board of Supervisors. In 1879, he again removed to Saginaw, and has since resided there, being engaged in the lumber and salt business. He is Vice-President of the Linton Manufactur- ing Co. , and President of the Allen Nursery Co., of Rochester, N.Y. In 1883 was elected alderman, and was the youngest member of the East Sag- inaw Common Council, serving two terms, at the end of which he was elected representative to the Legislature of 1887-8, being with one exception the only successful candidate upon his ticket in the county. Was for three years President of the Young People's Building and Loan Association of Saginaw County. During 1890 and 1891 he was elected Grand Commander of the* Knights of the Maccabees, and in the Masonic fraternity has held prominent positions. He is a charter member of Court Acme, I.O F., Saginaw, Mich., and is a representative to the Supreme Court. At the Chicago Session he was chosen to fill the office of Supreme Senior Woodward. During 1891 he was President of the State League of Building and Loan Associations. In 1892 was elected Mayor of Saginaw, being the first Republican chosen to the position in the consolidated city. He has been President of the Saginaw Water Board. Was elected to the Fifty-Third Congress as a Republican, from a district that had for years given the Democratic party a majority. T. H. Little, M. D., Court Brock, Toronto, was born in the County of Grey, September 8th, 1861. His earlier days were spent at Eugenia Falls, where his father operated a saw-mill Afterwards the family removed to Owen Sound, where he was educated at the Public School and Collegiate In- stitute. He graduated as a Teacher in 1880. After engaging in this profes- sion for a number of years, he commenced the study of Medicine, graduating with honors from Toronto and Victoria Universities in 1888. He has since been engaged practising his profession in Toronto. He is an energetic For- ester, having been initiated into Court Northern Light, No. 127, on Septem- ber 13th, 1887. He has held the position of Physician to Court Brock for the last four years. At the session of the High Court in Sarnia in 1893 he was elected High Physician. His father, Wm. Little, of Owen Sound, has been Court Deputy of Court Northern Light ever since its inception ; in fact, nearly all the family are Foresters. ' ' Thomas Henry Lloyd, H. Con., Court Signet, No. 358, Newmarkat, Ont., was born on Lot No. 8, 3rd concession of the township of King, County of York, on July 1st, 1845. Was educated at the public schools of the same county. In 1865 he joined King Company Volunteers under Capt. Garden, and was ordered into active service the following year. During 1869 he attended Toronto Military College, and obtained a second- 772 HISTORY OF THE clfiss certificate. In 1870 he was gazetted Ensign of No. 4 Company, stat- ioned at Newmarket, and two years later was promoted to the Captaincy of the same company. In 1884 he attended the Royal Military College, New Fort, Toronto, obtaining the first First-class Certificate from that Institution, and was gazetted Major the same year. In 1869 he entered the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, from which he graduated in the spring of 1870, locating at Newmarket, where he has since continued his practice. In 1876 he was elected Councillor for the town, subsequently becoming Deputy- Reeve, Reeve, and Mayor. Mayor Lloyd is one of the charter members of Court Signet, No. 358, and has filled all the important positions of the court, and is now High Conductor of the High Court of Ontario. "W. H. Lowrie, D.S.C.R., Court Russell, No. 49, was born of Irish parents, April 14th, 1847, in the township of Huntley, County of Carleton, Ontario Family removed to Russell Co. in 1853, where he has since resided, except for one year spent in Montreal. He worked on the farm until he was 28, when he became a real estate and loan agent. As well a& being an enthusiastic Forester, he belongs to the Masonic fraternity and ta the Orange Society, having for eight years been County Master for Russell. He has been President of the Russell Conservative Association for ten years, and has been tendered and has refused the parliamentary nomination for the c('unty. He joined the OrJer in 1883 as a charter member of Court Russell, No. 49, and has been C. D. ever since. Is also District Deputy High Chief Ranger. Rev. D. V. Lucas, D.D , was born the son of a pioneer farmer, a few miles from Niagara Falls, Ont. He is a Canadian of the fourth generation^ his great-grandfather and family, who fettled at Boston, Mass., more than a century and a quarter ago, having crossed tlie border when independence waa declared. He grew up to manhood on a farm, attending a country school during the winter months. At 23. he entered Victoria College, Cobourg, Ont,, where he studied for five years, and then entered upon the work of the Methodist ministry. In his second year he consented to become a missionary to the Pacific coast, there being then no railway across the continent. After returning eastward, he filled a number of charges, and was occupying a pas- torate in Montreal when he was asked to take the secretaryship of the Que- bec Temperance Alliance. He worked diligently in that position for three years, and was then appointed by the Dominion Alliance to represent Canada at a British and Colonial Temperance Congress, which was held in London, Eng., in 1886. Here he met delegates from Australia, and accepted an invi- tation to visit that far oft' country His mission to the Antipodes was a tri- umphant success. From Australia, he proceeded in 1888, accompanied by Mrs. Lucas, by way of the Red Sea, through Italy and France, to England, where he worked for three months with the L^nited Kinydom Alliance, in INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 778 successful opposition to the compensation clauses in the Salisbury Govern- ment's Local Government Bill. In his travels, he says he sees so much of the evils of intemperance, that he proposes to devote the remainder of his life to the promotion of prohibition. Rev. Alexander Macgillivray, High Chief Ranger of Ontario. Was born of Scotch parents in the township of Nottawasaga, County of Simcoe, Ont., somewhere about the middle of the century. Was educated at the com- mon school and at the Collingwood Grammar School. At seventeen he quali- fied as a first-cLiss teacher, and at eighteen became master of the home school. After three years successful teaching, he read classics at the Collingwood High School and matriculated at Queen's College, Kingston, Ont., in Octo- ber, 1870. He proved himself an apt student, and a clever speaker. He edited the College Journal for a session, and contributed largely and ably to its columns, tie w^s for one year president of the College Missionary Asso- ciation. He completed his studies in 1877, and accepted a call to S . An- drew's, Williamstown, being ordained and inducted on September 21st of that year. He spent the year 1885 in Great Britain, as agent of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Canada, to present the claims to Christian necessities of French Canadians. In 1887 he was called to the congregation of St. John's, Brock ville, where for four years he labored with remarkable success. In 1891 he became the first pastor of Bonar Church, Toronto, and is still occupying that charge with great acceptance. He joined the Independent Order of Foresters in 1889, and in the same year was ap- pointed High Chaplain of Ontario. In 1891 he was elected High Vice-Chief Ranger, and the following year was chosen High Chief Ranger. He was re- elected H.C.R. at Sarnia in 1893, an unusual honor, but one which he richly deserved. He is also associate editor of The Independent Forester. H is services to the Order are invaluable ; no man standing higher in the coun- sels of the Su;.reme Chief Truly he works without ceasing, and the fruits of his labors are far too abundant to be set forth in a brief biographical sketch such as this Three brothers are also Foresters, namely, Rev. M. Macgillivray, of Chalmers' Church, Kingston ; Professor Macgillivray, of Queen's University, Kingston, and Captain Macgillivray of the 48th High- landers, Toronto. Frank Madill, M.A., M.P., Marshal, High Court of Ontario, Beaver- ton, was born in the Township of Scott, in the County of Ontario, November 23rd, 1852. Was educated at Uxbridge and Whitby High Schools and the University of Toronto, where he graduated B.A. in 1873, and M.A. in 1876 ; studied law in the office of the late Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, Q.C., M.P., and was called to the bar of Ontario, Michaelmas term, 1877, and still practises his profession at Beaverton. During his University course, he held the athletic championship. He was Lieutenant of No. 4 Company, 34tli 774 HISTORY OF THE Battalion, and is now Paymaster of the same battalion, with rank of Captain. He is a member of Beaverton Court, No. 185, and at present Marshal of the High Court of Ontario. He is a prominent member of other secret societies ; is on the executive of the Liberal-Conservative Union of Ontario ; is Commodore of the Beaverton Yacht Club, Vice-President of the Beaverton Gun Club, and President of the Checker Lacrosse Club. He was first returned to the Legislative Assembly for North Ontario, 4th June, 1881^ and sat until the general election, 1883, at which he was defeated by t^yenty votes. At the general election, 1887, he was elected for the same riding for the Commons, and re-elected at the last general elections. Joseph Malins. Jr., B.A., Delegate to Supreme Court for Mid-England, was born at Birmingham, July 24th, 1871. He is the second son of Counsel- lor Joseph Malins, P.H.C.R., the well-known Temperance Reformer, who in- troduced the Good Templar Order into England in 1868, and who has been Grand Chief Templar of England ever since the institution of the Grand Lodge, in 1871. Young Joseph was educated for six years at King Edward VI. s Grammar School, Camp Hill, Birmingham, where he took three scholar- ships and numerous prizes, and from which, on leaving as head boy, in 1887, he received an exhibition of 30 a year for three years. He proceeded ta the Mason College, Birmingham, where he gained prizes for Latin, French, English language, and History, in his first year, and in 1888 matriculated at the University of London. In his second year he gained prizes for French and English Literature and History, and in 1889 passed the Inter- mediate Arts examination of the University of London, with first-class honors in English. In recognition of his distinguished position as a student, the Mason College awarded him one of the two second year's scholarships of 30. In his third year's college course he carried off the French prize of the Senior Class, and in 1890 graduated B.A. with honors in French at the University of London. In 1891, the Senate of the Mason College conferred on him the associateship of that institution, the highest distinction which the College can confer. While at college, Joseph Malins had joined in debates at the Union Society. He entered the teaching profession, but also became actively engaged in tem- perance and religious work. In 1891, he was admitted as a local preacher in the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Articles translated by him from Ger- man and French have appeared in various temperance and religious papers. Early in 1893, Joseph Malins, jr., became a Forester, and was chosen by the High Standing Committee of the High Court of Mid-England to till up a vacancy in the number of the representatives chosen to attend the Supreme Court of the I.O.F. at Chicago, in September, 1893. M. B. Mallory, D.D.S., L.D.S., Campbellford, Ont., was born in th& County of Lennox, Ont. , in 1844 ; his early life was spent on his father's- MARTINDALE C. WARD, M.D., CM., High Physician, London, Eng. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 777 farm, but he received the benefits of a fair education, and attended for two years a Medical School in Toronto. In 1865 he went to Oregon and settled in Portland, where he learned the drug business, and then took up the study of Dentistry, obtaining a Diploma as Doctor of Dental Surgery for the United States. He returned to Canada in 1873, and obtained a diploma as dentist from the Royal College of Dental Surgeons in Toronto, and settled in Wingham, Huron County, where he practised the profession of dentistry until 1887, when he moved to Campbellford, Northumberland County, where he now enjoys a lucrative practice. He has for years been a member of the High School Board. Besides the I. O. F., he takes a good deal of interest in other societies. Emanuel T. Marsh, H.V.C.R., High Court Mid-England, has had considerable experience in insurance matters, and has held some valuable agencies among the leading insurance offices, both of the Old and New World. He was born at Fordingbridge, Hampshire, England, March 4th, 1860. Not- withstanding the terr.ble opposition and strong adverse criticism that shrouded the I.O F., when it was first introduced to the British Isles, as soon as he had an opportunity of looking into the question, he immediately enrolled himself a member of the Order, and the Society secured in him one of the most staunch and press-forward members in the country. The earlier part of his career was spent in his native town, and for a few years young MaJ'sh was a member of the scholastic profession, but eventually he went to Read- ing, where he has by degrees risen, and is now the chief correspondent in one of the most noted agricultural houses in the country. Bro Marsh is a strong advocate of Teetotalism, and, with his charming little wife, has done much to help forward the work of Temperance in Reading. Jas. Marshall, H.C.R., D.S.C.R., Glasgow, Scotland, was born in 1835, in a small hamlet in Linlithgowshire or West Lothian, but his parents remov- ing in his childhood days to Glasgow, he there received the rudiments of the superior sort of education which Scotland even in those days of nearly half a century ago was able to give her sons. He took first place, or dux, of one or two of his classes, but at his own wish was apprenticed at the early age of twelve years to the business of a draper. Attendance at evening classes on week nights, teaching in a mission school on Sunday nights, and his own reading, so advanced his education and fitness to take his part in the world's business, that before reaching his eighteenth birthday, he was " on the road " as a com- mercial traveller, and for thirty years he followed this occupation with suc- cess and credit. He is the representative of the Order in Scotland, and as such has done good work, having instituted upwards of a dozen courts in that country alone, besides rendering valuable assistance in other parts of the United Kingdom. He prepared the British edition of the Constitution, he revised the forms, obtained estimates for a great deal of the necessary print- WW 778 HISTORY OF THE ing, corrected and revised proofs, and advised and assisted in the work of the head office in various ways, and in addition, found time and energy to take a front place in the newspaper warfare which raged fiercely round the advent of the I. OF. in great Britain. He is High Chief Ranger of the High Court of Scotland, and was one of the delegates at the Supreme Court meeting in Chi- cago, 1893. He has the distinction of being the first initiated member of the Order in Scotland, and was made a Royal Forester by the S. C. R. He also made the first arrangements for the introduction of the Order there, and has the further distinction of having instituted the first encampment of 'Royal Foresters for Great Britain. He is a staunch temperance advocate, and a prominent member of the Good Templars. Later, he was promoted to the more important position of General Manager for Great Britain, a position he has filled with general satisfaction not only to the Chief, but to the entire Executive. George Frederick Marter, M.P.P., Gravenhurst, No. 224, Mus- koka, eldest son of the late Dr. Peter Marter, of Brantford, Ontario, a native of England, was born at Brantford, June 6th, 1840 ; educated at the Brantford Grammar school ; was a clerk of Windham township council for ten years ; a councillor for Waterford, and reeve of Gravenhurst for one year. At that time he was a leading merchant in the latter town. Two or three years ago hcmoved to Toronto, and has made such active progress in the esteem of the citizens of that progressive city that he was spoken of as a possible candidate for the mayoralty of 1894. Always an active politician and one of the leaders in the Conservative party, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for Muskoka in 1886, and in 1890 was re-elected. Mr. Marter has made himself famous by his active interest in the Temperance cause. In 1893 he introduced what was known as the Marter Bill, proposing that the Pro- vincial Government should refuse to issue any license for the sale of liquor. The introduction of this bill probably led to the taking of the plebiscite in Ontario on the question of prohibition of the liquor traffic. He is ever ready to take the platform in favor of temperance or total abstinence. He became a member of the I. O. F. by becoming a charter member of Graven- hurst Lodge, No. 244, and as he does into everything else he undertakes, he has thrown his whole heart into the work of serving the Order in every way that a busy life will allow. He is of the people, and is ever with them in any movement for their benefit, like the I. O F. John M. Martin, M.D., CM., was born in Inverness-shire, Scotland, on April 15th, 1856. His parents emigrated to America in 1859, and settled at Heatherdale, near Montague, P. E. Island, where his mother, a sister, and a brother still reside . When between the ages of fifteen and twenty, he was the principal hand om his father's farm. He afterwards, through his own exertions and industry, secured means which enabled him to spend some INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 779 time at the Provincial Normal School, then conducted by the late Donald Montgomery, afterwards Chief Superintendent of Education for the Pro- vince. In 1876 he began teaching, and during the following eight years he was either engaged in that same occupation, or attending one of the schools or colleges. During those years he never allowed an opportunity for im- provement to pass without utilizing it. In 1885 he entered McGill Uni- versity, Montreal. While at college, every year found him occupying an improved position in his class. He graduated in Medicine in 1889, and located at Montague, where he secured a good and lucrative practice from the outset. He enjoys the esteem of his brethren in the profession, as well as the confidence of his patients. In politics he is Liberal, and has been urged to allow himself to be put in nomination for Legislative honors at the recent Provincial elections. He was made a Forester in 1889 by initiation into Court Silvern, No. 218, located at Montague now the seccmd largest court in the jurisdiction. He was at once elected Court Physician, a position which he still holds, and the duties of which he discharges with unremitting care and conscientiousness. He at once took an active part in the business of the court. In 1892 he was elected a representative to the High Court of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, which met in Summerside, and again in 1893 was re-elected representative to the same body, which met in the city of St. John, N.B. At this meeting he was put in nomination for the office of High Physician, in opposition to his friend and classmate, Bro. Dr. More- house, of New Brunswick, and was elected by a large majority. He took a leading part in the agitation which led to the organization of a separate High Court in Prince Edward Island. He was elected a delegate to the conven- tion held in Charlottetown on August 17th, 1893, when the High Court was instituted. He was appointed High Chief Ranger, and at the same time was elected a representative to the Supreme Court which met in Chicago last year. The doctor is in favor of the admission of women into the Order. Robert Mathison, M. A., Supreme Journal Secretary, Belleville, Ont. , was born at Kingston, Ont. , in 1843. Was educated at Woodstock common schools and grammar school. After learning the printing business, he graduated as a reporter on the staff" of the Hamilton Times, and became editor and part proprietor of the Brantford Expositor until appointed by the Government of Ontario to the office of Bursar of the Asylum for the Insane at London, in February, 1872. In 1878 he became Manager of the Indus- tries and Bursar of the Central Prison, Toronto, which position he held until September, 1879, at which time he was installed Superintendent and Prin- cipal of the Ontario Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Belleville. His merit was recognized by the National College for the Deaf at Washington, D.C., in June, 1893, by the conferring of the degree of Master of Arts, his diploma, besides the signatures of the distinguished President of the College and other members of the Faculty, being adorned by that of Grover Cleve- 780 HISTORY OF THE land, President of the United States. He is a member of Court Victoria, No. 10, London, Ont., having been initiated by the S.C.R. March 23rd, 1883. He is a staunch and true Forester, and has advanced the interests of the Order whenever and wherever possible. He has been a representative to the High Court of Ontario and also to the Supreme Court. He is a mem- ber of the Grand Lodge of the I.O.O.F., and belongs to the A.O.U.W., and is one of the Standing Executive Committee of the American Instructors of the Deaf. He and "The Chief" have been intimate friends for ovp 30 years. On one occasion, when the Chief was, at the instance of the "New England Company, delivering a few lectures on Physiology to the Indians on the Six Nations Reserve, he invited his old friend, then editor of the Brantford Expositor, to accompany him and report the lecture. It is needless to say that the invitation was accepted, and the two proceeded to the *' White School House," located among the Mohawks on the Reserves. To the disgust of the editor, the lecturer opened his discourse in the native vernacular and talked for over an hour in Mohawk, and told his audience how to eat, how to sleep, how to exercise, and otherwise how to prolong their lives in health and strength. After the lecture, "The Chief," inwardly chuckling, asked his guest how he liked it, received the reply, " It was pro- found, I have seldom listened to such an address " He supposed he had his friend completely in the box, and to rub it in asked for an extended notice. The next issue of the Brantford Expositor contained what was claimed to be a verbatim report of the lecture. It appears that Bro. Mathison had sat next to the Church interpreter, who had translated the lecture to him as it was delivered. And, from the notes then taken, " he reproduced," as the Chief afterwards said, ' ' a lecture which was so nearly like my own in substance that I could not repudiate it, but which was clothed in so much more appro- priate and beautiful language than I had used, that I went out of the lecture business at once." Years afterwards, when the Chief was visiting his old friend, then holding the position, which he still graces, of Superintendent of the Deaf and Dumb Institute, at Belleville, he was induced to address the children of the Institute, who were assembled for the purpose in the chapel. He .got rather an extended introduction, which the assembled children seemed to enjoy immensely. Indeed it might be said that for them, they received the remarks of their Superintendent with roars of laughter, which were renewed, when on rising, " The Chief " said, "I am afraid your Super- intendent has been taking advantage of the fact that I do not understand your language, and has been telling you how when we were boys together he went with me to the Indian Reserve to report one of my lectures. I acknowl- edge at once that, after 20 years, he has at last got even with me." Robert Meek, Court Frontenac, Kingston. From serving in the me- chanical department of the Kingston News, he drifted into the business office and thence into active journalism, serving on the News, the Belleville Chroni- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 781 ch, Belleville Ontario, St. Catharines News, and the Kingston Whig. For nearly two decades he presided over the editorial department of the last named paper. Interest in industrial questions drew him into labor circles, where he wielded a commendable influence in the quiet settlement of ques- tions between employer and employed. Then he became identified with the fraternal societies, and his steadfastness of character made him uncommonly useful. For eighteen months he was Chief Ranger of Court Frontenac, I.O. F., during which time it advanced in membership from 87 to 411, bringing to the court several trophies, and to Mr. Meek a valuable personal testi- monial. He either has held or holds leading positions in the A.O.U.W. and I.O.O.F., besides having served on the Kingston City Council and School Board. He is Manager of the Odd Fellows' Relief Association of Ontario, with headquarters at Kingston. C. H. Merryfield, D.D. H. C.R., Monckton, North Perth, Ont., was born in FuUarton, Ont., in 1857 ; removed in 1870 to Monckton and still re- sides there. Was educated at the Fullarton public school, and in 1881 went into business in a general store ; served as deputy postmaster for some time- In 1884 took out a license as an auctioneer ; in 1890 went into the lumber business as a member of the firm of Hurlbert and Merryfield ; in 1893 he bought out his partner and is now running the firm himself. He joined the I. O. F. as a charter member of Court Rosewood, No, 72 in 1883. He has worked hard for his mother.court, which is now in a very prosperous state. He was elected V. C. R. at the institution of the court, and in less than a year became C. D. H. C. R., which oflice he held for three years, when he was appointed D.D.H.C.R. for the County of Perth, an oflice he still holds. Every year, except one, he has been elected delegate to the High Court David Millar, Past High Chief Ranger of Ontario, was born in Scotland, but came to Canada when very young. Shortly after his initiation into For- estry in 1888 he became a member of the High Court of Ontario. In 1890 he was elected High Vice-Chief Ranger and the year following was chosen to the highest position in the High Court. At the close of his term in the latter capacity, he presented a report which was conceded to be a model of concise- ness and completeness He has also acted as Supreme Journal Secretary, in which position his ready pen proved most valuable. In 1893 he was entrust- ed with a commission by the Supreme Chief Ranger and accomplished splen- did work in the United States. He is a staunch Presbyterian and his been a delegate to the General Assembly. He is a warm friend of total abstinence, ranking as P.G.W.P. of the Sons of Temperance. Thos. Millman, M.D., Supreme Physician, M.R.C.S E., etc. Some who have had a sick claim reduced, or an application rejected, may say : *'just such a looking man as we expected, strict and unbending to a 782 HISTORY OF THE degree." But that would not be a correct estimate, for while Dr. Millman is conscientious, almost to a fault, in guarding the interests of the Order, he is socially one of the most genial of men. The Supreme Physician is one of the juniors of the Executive Council. He was born in February, 1850, near Woodstock, Ont Both his parents came from England. The doctor re- ceived a liberal English education, first in the public school and afterwards in the Woodstock high school. When nineteen, he entered Trinity Medical College from which institution he graduated as M.D. in 1873. After tlik he served for two years as Assistant Surgeon to the British North American Boundary Commission. After this he spent two years in Britain, prosecut- ing his medical studies at those famous seats of learning, Edinburgh and London. He began the practice of his profession in his native town, and dur- ing the two years' stay he had a very successful practice. In 1877 he was ap- pointed Assistant Physician at the Asylum for the Insane in London. From London he went to Kingston, in 1885, being appointed Assistant Medical Superintendent of the asylum there. In 1889, owing to the great growth of the I.O.F., his increased duties as Secretary of the Medical Board, and find- ing he could not do justice to both positions, resigned his important office in Kingston asylum, and removed to Toronto, the headquaiters of the Order. The esteem in which he was held in both London and Kingst -n was evidenced by the presentation of a gold watch in the former and a fine microscope in the latter place. The doctor is an enthusiastic botanist, and has a fine collec- tion of Canadian flora, embracing some two thousand specimens. The Su- preme Physician became a Forester in 1878, having been captured by the S.C.R when instituting a court there. He was Chief Ranger of Court Victoria, No. 10, Lond(m, for two terms. He was elected High Physician for Ontario in 1879, and on the formation of the Supreme Court, in 1881, he was elected to the position of Supreme Physician, and which he has held ever since, with the exception of two years, when the late Bro. Dr. Henderson, of Kingston, was Supreme Physician. He has been Secretary of the Medical Board since its organization. During the first year for which he held office, 1881-82, he accepted 738 applications for membership and rejected 26. Last year, 1893, he accepted 17,931 and rejected 1898. As all claims for sick bene- fits, as well as death claims, have to pass the careful scrutiny of the Supreme Physician, he is indeed kept busy, from morning till night. Among the ele- ments that have contributed to the popularity of the I.O.F,, the care of the Medical Board in accepting risks has been an important one. That Dr. Millman enjoys the confidence of the Order, was clearly shown by the unan- imous vote with which he was re-elected at the last meeting of the Supreme Court At present he is lecturer on mental diseases in Trinity Medical College. In addition to being a Forester, the doctor is a prominent Mason, and a member of the Mystic Circle. In politics his sympathies are with the Reformers, but in no sense can he be said to be a partisan. He is a member of the Church of England, a church warden and an , active Sunday-school HON. SIR OLIVER MOWAT, Q.C.. LL.D., K.C.M G., Premier of Ontario. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 785 worker. Though not a member of any temperance organization, he is a total abstainer, and an earnest advocate not only of temperance but of total prohibition, and his decided objection to receive applications from men in- clined to drinking habits has contributed not a little to the high standard of the membership of the I.O.F. R. G. Monroe, High Chief Ranger, Nova Scotia, was born in Clar- ence, Couiity of Annapolis, N.S., 11th December, 1848; received primary education in the schools of his native village. His father was Innis Monroe, and his grandfather. Col Henry Monroe, of Cromarty, Inverness-shire, Scot- land, was the first representative of the Township of Granville, County of Annapolis, in the General Assembly of Nova Scotia, and was at one time in command of the historic fortress, Annapolis Royal. He graduated at Acadia in 1872, and was admitted to the bar in 1876. He has been engaged in many leading cases, notably the suit arising out of the famous white s'ave agitation. He has twice figured as Liberal-Conservative candidate for the representation in Parliament of his county. He is a Past Master in the Masonic Order, and has been High Chief Ranger since 1880 S. B. Morgan, Sup. Med. Bd., Saginaw, Mich., was born at AVilton, Conn. ; educated at High School there ; graduated in Medicine at Yale Uni- versity, 1875. In 1880 served as Pension Examiner. Has spent the last twenty years in Michigan. Is a member of the Supreme Medical Board, I. O. F., and also an active and ofticial member of other societies. Is a staunch adherent of, and energetic worker for, the Order. Colin Mc Arthur, Court Balmoral, Montreal, Que., was born at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1835. He was educated at St. Enoch's school, of that city, and for sixteen years was associated Avith the firm of Wylie & Lochead, wall paper manufacturers, finally becoming manager. He frequently visited the United States and Canada on behalf of this firm, and finally settled in Toronto, where he lived for four years In 1880, he moved to Montreal, and there established his present business the first wall paper factory in the Province of Quebec which has become a large and important industry. He is a mem- ber of the Montreal Board of Trade, and is one of the mainstays of the in- dustries of Canada. He is an ardent member of the I.O.F., has held the oflSce of Treasurer of Court Balmoral since its inception. He also held the office of High Counsellor of the High Court of Quebec, but had to retire, on account of the pressure of other duties and failing health. D. S. R. McCann, High Auditor for Ontario, Kingston. Was born at the Town of Smith's Falls, on May 2nd, 1857. Educated at Smith's Falls, and opened his business career at fifteen, in the same town, in the office of Jason Gould, lumber merchant, subsequently entering the employment of E. T86 HISTORY OF THE P. Eddy, Hull, from which place he went to L'Orignal, where he acted in the capacity of Deputy Registrar. In 1?<78 he settled in Kingston, for three years serving in a biscuit manufacturer's, and four years in the Registry Of- fice for the County of Frontenac. In 1886 he went into business on his ac- count as a public Accountant and Financial Agent. He became a member of the Order of Foresters on October 22nd, 1889, and a year later was elect- ed to the office of Recording Secretary of Court Frontenac, No. 59, which of- fice he has held constantly since. He was elected High Auditor at BarAe in 1892. ' Alexander R. McCleneghan, J. P., Woodstock, Ont. Was born in Ireland, and came to Canada in 1829. Was educated at Toronto, and served an apprenticeship in the Queen's Printing Office there. He served under Col. McLean (the late Judge McLean), in 1837, and was one of the force that routed the adherents of Lount and McKenzie in December of that year at Gallow's Hill. He also served on the Niagara River until the evacuation of Navy Island by the so-called Patriot Army. In 1852 he removed to Wood- stock, where, with the late Wm. Warwick, he started the Times newspaper. He ofiered his services and that of a cavalry troop to the Government on the occasion of theTrent affair, and in 1866 he raised and put in the field a com- pany, which he commanded for more than twenty years. He is one of the oldest of Oxford's magistrates, and has taken much interest in municipal affairs. The success of an English Team of Volunteers at a Rifle tournament in Belgium, in 1870, suggested to Captain McCleneghan the idea of a Cana- dian contingent to the National rifle matches of Wimbledon. The matter was discussed in the Press, and received the support of both the Ontario and Dominion rifle associations. Finally, under Col Skinner of the 13th Batt., in 1872, and with the distinguished Supreme Chief Ranger, Dr. Oronhy- atekha, he found himself a member of Canada's pioneer team at Wimbledon as a representative of the 22nd Batt., Oxford. In that year the team won the Challenge Cup, presented by Sir Peter Tait, and known as the Tait Cup. He was a charter member of King Solomon Lodge, A F. and A.M., Toronto ; is a member of Court Victoria, No. 10, London, and was the right hand man of "The Chief" during the troublous time in the order in 1878-79. He is, as then, High Vice Chief Ranger of Ontario. He has been post- master of Woodstock since 1873. John McConneU, M.D., M.C.P.S.O., Toronto, Past High Physician of the Independent Order of Foresters, has been, for a number of years, an earnest member of this Order. He received his early education in the public schools of Markham, and later in the Grammar School, Richmond HilJ. After passing the matriculation examination, he started his study of medi- cine, and, when he had passed his primary examination, was placed in charge of the Burnside Lying-in Hospital, Sheppard-street. He attached himself to the Military School in connection with the 13th Hussars, and afterwards INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 787 became an officer of the Oak Ridge troop of Cavalry. From the Military School he received a first-class certificate. Succeeding in gaining his diploma in medicine, he commenced to practise his profession at Thornhill, where he continued for fifteen years, when he removed to Brockton now a ward of the city of Toronto. Shortly after taking up his residence there, he was elected Reeve of the village by acclamation ; and, in ]884, when it was an- nexed to Toronto as St. Mark's Ward, the Doctor represented it in the city council. He is Coroner for the county of York. In June, 1886, Dr. McCon- nell was gazetted Second Lieutenant of the 12th Battalion York Rangers, and, in 1887, received his commission as First Lieutenant of the York Rangers. He has been, for a number of years, attendant physician to the Orphans' Home, Toronto. J. E B. McCready, Court La Tour, St. John, N.B., was born on a farm at Penobsquis, King's County, in 1839. In his earlier years he followed farming, then for a year was station master on the European and North American Railway, now the Intercolonial. At the end of that time he en- tered the service of the St. John Telegraph. A year later, in November, 1867, he was appointed to a clerkship in the committee department of the House of Commons, Ottawa. In June, 1872, he resigned his clerkship to stand as a candidate for the Commons in King's County, but was unsuccess- ful. He was again a candidate in 1874 in the Liberal interest, and was beaten by Col. Domville in a close contest. He shortly afterwards resumed his con- nection with the Telegraph. He was for some time the Ottawa correspon dent of the Toronto Glohe. In 1882 he founded the Moncton Daily Trans- cript, and after remaining its managing editor for two years, accepted the position of managing editor of the St. John Daily Telegraph & position that he continues to hold. He has been a member of the County Council of King's County, official assignee in insolvency, and a Justice of the Peace, and a Coroner for that County. He is also a member of the Senate of the University of New Brunswick. He became identified with the I. OF, on the first introduction of the Order into the Province, being one of the charter members of Court Moncton. Subsequently he served two terms as High Chief Ranger of the High Court of New Brunswick. He is now a member of Court La Tour, St. John. John A. McGillivray, Q.C. , Supreme Secretary. The Supreme Sec- retary is a comparatively young man. He was born in the township of Pickering, County Ontario, Canada, on the 19th July, 1852. His father Oeo. McGillivray, same from Aberdeen, Scotland ; the family belonged to Inverness, and were of the McGillivrays of Dunmaglass, the chiefs of the McGillivray clan. Mr. McGillivray's mother was a Miss Fothergill ; her father represented Durham and Northumberland in the old Canadian Par- liament. Mr. McGillivray enjoyed a liberal education, commenced at the 788 HISTORY OF THE public school, and carried on at the Whitby high school, and Provincial Uni- versity. His legal studies, that were connnenced with G. T. Smith at Whitby, were finished in Toronto with the well-known firm of Jones Bros & McKen- zie. He was called to the bar in 1878, and commenced the practice of his profession in Port Perry. After a year and a half's practice there he moved to Uxbridge, where he built up one of the largest and most remunerative practices in the Province outside of the cities. In 1890, the Dominion Gov- ernment conferred on him the distinction of Queen's Counsel. Few men attain to this distinction at so early an age. On receiving the appointment of Supreme Secretary, in 1889, he sold out his flourishing practice, and has since devoted all his time to the duties of his important office. In. addition to relinquishing his legal practice, he gave up a profitable interest in a banking business in Uxbridge, as well as his interest in the " North Ontario Times ' Printing and Publishing Company, of which he was the founder and president. He became a Forester in 1881, being one of the charter members of Court Ontario, located at Uxbridge, Ont., and his promotion to the high- est offices in the Order was exceptionally rapid. In 1882 he was elected High Chief Ranger of Ontario. From 1883 to 1889, he held the position of Supreme Counsellor. In 1889, he was chosen Supreme Secretary, and at the last meeting of the Supreme Court held in Chicago, 111., last September, he was unanimously re-elected to the same position. Mr. McGillivray has had considerable experience in municipal matters. He was member of the town council of Uxbridge for three years, and for the year 1890 was mayor of the town. In 1887, he contested South Ontario for the Local Legislature and narrowly escaped being elected. Since becoming Supreme Secretary, he has declined the unanimous nomination of his party to be again their candidate. His political leanings are Conservative, and an election contest in his native county usually finds him in the thickest of the fight. But political differences never interfere with personal and Forestric friendships, and the Secretary en- joys in a marked degree the good will of those with whom he differs politically. He takes a lively interest in our "citizen soldiers " ; he entered the volunteer force as a private in 1871. He is now major of the 34th Battalion. He owns a large farm near Uxbridge, is an enthusiastic sheep-breeder ; his flock of " Horned Dorsets " is known throughout America, having carried off several prizes at the last World's Fair in Chicago. He sometimes occupies his hours^ of ease in selling his sheep to the S.C.R. and to the S.V.C.R. In addition to being a Forester, Mr. McGillivray is also a Workman, Mason, Oddfellow, a member of Mystic Circle Knights of Honor, and Goodfellows. Though not connected with any temperance organization, he is a total abstainer, and a consistent and earnest advocate of temperance. H e is a staunch and liberal supporter of the Presbyterian Church. As the efficient Secretary of the Independent Order of Foresters, and the trusted colleague of the Supreme Chief Ranger, Mr. McGillivray is rendering valuable services to thousands of his fellow men services that everv member of the Order will wish to retain. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 789 His presence is welcome to every Forestric gathering, and his tall form in the circle of concord and unity, as he leads with stentorian voice in " Auld Lang Syne," is a figure that all would be unwilling to miss. He and the Chief agree upon all questions of I.O.F. public policy except that concerning the admission of the ladies to the Order. Theo. A. McGillivray, Whitby, Ont., was born on the 12th July^ 1862, in the Township of Whitby. He lived on the farm until 1882, when be began the study of law, and studied in the offices of J. B. Dow, N. F. Paterson, Q.C. and John A. McGillivray, Q.C., and was called to the bar in 1887, receiving the degree of LL.B, from Toronto University in 1888. He is at present practising law in partnership with John Ball Dow, at Whitby. He holds commission as Captain in the Canadian Militia, and is in command of No. 2 Co., 34th Batt., with headquarters at Greenwood, in the Township of Pickering. He joined the I.O.F. in 1889, and has held all the important offices in the local court. Has been twice a delegate to the High Court, and once to the Supreme Court. Hon Chas. H. McGinley, Chief Ranger, Court Minden, Mich., was born at Kingston (formerly Ensopar), N.Y., May 22nd, 1856. In his early days he worked on a farm. Marrying early in life, he settled at Forestville, Mich., as a photographer, subsequently becoming a druggist. In 1878, after a two years' law course, he was admitted to the bar of his adopted State, and in 1 880 was admitted to practise in the United States Circuit Court. In 1888 he moved to Minden City, Mich., where he has since practised his profession. He has filled many important public offices, among others those of Circuit Court Commissioner, School Inspector, and Secretary. In 1886 lie declined the Republican nomination to the State Legislature for the second district of Sanilac. In 1892 he was elected State Senator. As a fraternal society man, he is an enthusiast, having been a member of the Michigan High Court, in which he held the office of High Counsellor and High Vice Chief Ranger. He is now, for the fourth time, Chief Ranger of Court Minden, and has served as a delegate to the Supreme Court. Alexander McKee, C.D.H.C.R., Court Ontario, No. 85, Uxbridge, was born in County of Peterboro', Ont., June 16th, 1848. His father having made a home for himself in the Queen's Bush, he was educated primarily in an old-time log school-house, but subsequently passed through the High School at Brantford. He became a teacher at twenty, and has followed that occupation for upwards of a quarter of a century. For two years he was head master of the Public Schools of Peterborough town, and was then ap- pointed assistant mathematical master in Peterboro' Collegiate Institute, which position he held for nine years, resigning in 1884 to become head- master of Uxbridge Public School, an office he still occupies. He has held 790 HISTORY OF THE the position of C.D.H.C.R. of Court Ontario, No. 85, for a number of years, and has several times been elected representative to the High Court, and once as representative to the Supreme Court. He has held the position of H.J.B. John G. McPher3on, P.D.H.C.R., Blenheim, Ont., was born in Turnbury Township, Huron Co., Ont., Dec. 9th, 1861. Educated at Public School and Colling wood Collegiate Institute. In 1882, received a second-class teacher's certificate, and taught school for four years. Graduated f rom iToronto Normal School in ]886. Taught in Blenheim, Kent Co., for the the next six years. Became P.D.H.C R. in Sept., 1892. Has now given up teaching and is giving his whole time to Forestry. He joined the I.O.F. in Sept., 1889, and for a number of years has served as delegate to the High Court. He was appointed H.J.W. at Barrie. George Parish, Court Dufferin, London, Ont., was born near Bury St. Edmunds, in England, December 4th, 1837, and came to Canada in 1857. He first settled in Woodstock, and in two years removed to London, where he went into the furniture business, and has continued engaged in it up to the present time. He is a charter member of Court Dufferin at London, of which he has been Treasurer and Chief Ranger. He has also been District Deputy High Chief Ranger, and is now D. S. C. R. He is also a charter member of Court Enterprise in South London, and was Treasurer of the court for some years. Besides the Foresters, he is a member of the Oddfellows, Select Knights, Legion of Honor and St. George's Society. He is one of the " Old Guard " upon whom the Chief could always rely in time of need. Colonel N. F. Paterson, Q. C, Past High Chief Ranger of Ontario,, was born at Springfield, county of Peel, Ont., Sept. 3rd, 1843, his father being Archibald C. Paterson, of Glasgow, Scotland, and his mother a daugh- ter of Col. Wm. Thompson, M.P., of Toronto township. On the death of her husband, Mrs. Paterson moved into Toronto city. At eleven, her son started to work in a store, and at twelve entered a law office. At sixteen he passed the matriculation examination of the Law Society. At twenty-one he was called to the bar, and was qualified to practise his chosen profession. For nearly twelve years he practised at Beaverton, Ont., and then moved to Port Perry, Ont. In 1883 his high legal attainments were recognized by his being made a Queen's Counsel. He is an active Conservative, and has had a wide experience in municipal, educational, and political affairs. He has served in the County Council, was clerk of the town of Port Perry for a dozen or more years, and as an energetic member of the School Board for a long period of years, was a number of times elected chairman. He has been for more than a decade a prominent figure in Independent Forestry. As Chief Ranger of his own court, H.V.C.R. of Ontario, and H.C.R. in 1889 RIGHT REV. DR. SWEATMAN, Bishop of Toronto. r. t . 'c o INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 793 and L890, he has enjoyed more honors than fall to the lot of most men. His knowledge of the constitution and his decisiveness made him an admirable presiding officer, and led to his appointment by the Supreme Executive, in 1892, as General Suprintendent of the Order in Great Britain, in which most responsible office he has accomplished much. "W. H. Perry, High Secretary, High Court of California, was born in Toronto, of English parents, April 14th, 1849. Was educated in the com- mon school at Lambton Mills, Ont. , to which place his widowed mother re- moved in 1853, At seventeen he secured occupation in a clothing store in Toronto, and acted as salesman for several firms during the next ten years. In 1876 he started a grocery business in Toronto, and ran it for nine years. His health being poor, in 1885 he migrated to California, and at Los Angeles again started in as a grocer. He is a charter member of Court Occident, No. 467, located at East Los Angeles. For two years and a half he was Treas- urer of his court, and then became Financial Secretary. He also represented his court at the formation of the High Court of California in 1890, and was nominated to the Supreme Court, In January, 1891, at special session, he was elected High Secretary, and has been constantly re-elected. In 1^91, at Detroit, he was appointed Supreme Junior Woodward. He joined the Odd- fellows in 1870, the Knights of Pythias in 1872, and the Masons in 1885. He passed the chair in the Oddfellows, and was Master of his Masonic lodge when he left Toronto for California. His eldest son is also a Forester. Frank L. Phillips, Court Watertown, No. 465, Watertown, N.Y., was born on Pillar Point, Brownville, N.Y., May 13th, 1854. Educated at the pub- lic schools of his county. After serving as a clerk in a general store and a grocery, he formed a partnership with J. A. Wylie and started a general pro- duce business. Two years later his partner died, and he went into the fruit and fish trade with his father. After filling various positions in m^ rcantile houses, he became head man in the butter, cheese, and farm produce depart- ment of E. II. Thompson & Go's big establishment in Watertown. He is a charter member of Court Watertown, No, 405. Has several times been High and Supreme Court representative. Is P.C.R. of his court. He is also a member of several other societies. G. A. Proctor, P.H.C.R., Court Sarnia, No. 55, Sarnia, Ontario, was born at Froomfield, County of Lambton, Ontario, November 24th, 1842. His father, a builder by trade, moved to Corunna in 1850, and followed his business there until 1876, when the family removed to Sarnia, where the subject of this sketch set up as a builder and contractor. He has been town council- lor four years, deputy-reeve two years, reeve one year, member of the High School Board four years, and in 1893 was second deputy-reeve. He became a charter member of Court Sarnia, No. 55, in 1880, being the first Chief XX 794 HISTORY OF THE Ranger and CD. At High Court Session at London, Ontario, in 1886, he was selected High Chief Ranger, and has been a representative at every Ontario. High Court and Supreme Court meeting, with one exception, for thirteen years jmst. "William Rae, Court Ottawa, No. 41, Ottawa, Ontario, was born at York, England, July 24th, 1838, and came to Canada iu 1850 with his par- ents, settling at Toronto. A printer by trade, in 1860 he moved to 0|ttawa, where he followed his vocation until 1877, when he was appointed secretary to the Ottawa public school board, a position he occupies to-day. He is one of three surviving charter members of Court Ottawa. After filling the posi- tions of recording secretary and financial secretary of his court in 1881, he be:ame Chief Ranger, whi h office he held for five terms. In 1885 the fellow members of his court presented him with a silver water pitcher and tray as a token of their esteem. He has filled a number of positions in connection with the High and Su})reme Courts, and is a faithful member of several other societies besides the I. O F. James L. Riddell, Court Calgary, No. 265, Alberta, was born in town- ship of Hamilton, County of Northumberland, Ontario, in 1850, educated at public school, on leaving which he worked at farming until the spring of 1880, when he moved west to try his fortune ; at-riving at Winnipeg, he work- ed at anything that came to land. One season he worked for Harris & Son Co., Brantford, handling their machinery. He then became a carpenter. He joined the I.O.F. in December 16th, 1880, and has taken a great inter est in the work ever since. He was commissioned in 1885 to form courts in Alberta, and is still working for the good of the Order. He became a Royal Forester in May, 1890. Dan. A. Rose, D.S.C.R., business manager of the Independent For- ester, was born in the city of Quebec, January 22nd, 1860. He is connected with the firm of Hunter, Rose & Co., Printers and Publishers, at Toronto, Ontario. In 1886, he joined Court Queen's City, being one of the charter members. In 1892 he was appointed business manager of the Independent Forester, which office he still holds. Mr. Rose is an enthusiastic member of the Order, and devotes all his spare time in advancing its interests. At the Chicago session of the Supreme Court, in August, 1893, the members presented this brother with a diamond ring as a slight recognition of his valuable services rendered on that occasion to the Order. Daniel Rose, Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger, is a Scotchman by birth, having been born in Wick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, on the 11th March, 1835. He received his education in Pulteney Academy in his native town, and afterwards accompanied the family to Canada, arriving in Montreal in 1851, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 795 ill which city they took up their abode. Here Mr. Rose learned the printing trade, and afterwards spent some time in Boston, United States, and after- wards in London, Ontario, then returned to Montreal where he started business on his own account. About sixteen years ago he removed to Toronto. During twelve of these he was a member of the firm of Hunter, Rose & Co., and since then has carried on business, under his own name, in book and job printing. Mr. Rose is a member of Court Queen City, being a charter member of the same. He has been Court Deputy, City Deputy, and has twice filled the office of High Auditor for Ontario. At the Detroit Session of the Supreme Court he was appointed Superintendent of Juvenile Courts, which office he held until 1893. He is held in high esteem among the Fores- ters, and, in addition, is a strong teetotaler, and goes heartily for prohibition. Alex. R. Scobie, Court Brock, No. 242, Toronto, was born in the city of Edinburgh, March 14th, 1851, and came to Canada with his widoAved mother and family a few years after. Subsequently he worked in his uncle's lumber mills at Port Severn, and was later on apprenticed at Meaford to the trade of builder and joiner. Worked at the bench for a year at Orillia, and then set up as a builder on his own account. He invented a check hinge, and, for the past dozen years, has been engaged in manufacturing furniture. He is a charter member of Court Brock, No. 242, instituted in 1883, and has filled t"he offices of D. D. C. R., Secretary, and Court Deputy. He is a Good Templar of seventeen years' standing. Alex. Scott, of Edinburgh, Chief Ranger of Court Edinburgh, No. 2009, and High Treasurer of the High Court of Scotland, is a native of ' ' Modern Athens," where he first saw the light on 5th January, 1855. He early be- came associated with the Independent Order of Good Templars. He held the offices of District Deputy and District Chief Templar of East Ayrshire for two years, following which, on his removal to Renfrewshire, he occupied the positions of District Secretary for one year and District Counsellor for five years. The Grand Lodge has recognized his services to Good Templary by appointing him on several occasions a member of its Finance Committee, and also of the Committee on Juvenile Work ; while the District Lodge of Edinburgh recently selected him to fill the office of District Counsellor of the largest District in Scotland. Educated to the profession of school teacher, he is at present Head Master of Granton Public School ; a Presbyterian by religion, an elder and manager of the Church of Scotland ; he has for several years acted as Clerk and Treasurer to the church of which he is a in ember; here, as in other spheres, he has given devoted service. He is charter member of Court Edinburgh, I.O.F., initiated at its institution on 18th February, 1893. Chosen unanimously its first Chief Ranger, he has occupied that important position ever since ; elected to represent his court at the first session of the High Court of Scotland, he was appointed High 796 HISTORY OF THE Treasurer, and re-elected to that position in October, 1893. As one of Scotland's representatives, he was present at last meeting of the Supreme Court in Chicago, and is never tired of singing the praises of the brethren in Canada and America, whose generous hospitality and brotherly attention made the Scotchman's tour through these wonderful countries little less than a royal progress. George Edward Scroggie, was born in Churchill County, Siiucoe, April 4th, 1865 ; educated at Barrie Collegiate Institute ; attended Toronto Normal School, from which he holds professional Teacher's certificate ; taught public school four years, and entered newspaper life in the counting room of the i?m/)tre in 1:^88; was afterwards transferred to the advertising depart- ment as city representative. He joined the Foresters in 1889, as a member of Court Cainsmore, No. 43. Has been several times High Court delegate. He is a Past Chief Templar, I. O. G. T. ; at present W. Master of Cameron L. O L., No. 613, and Deputy Grand Lecturer of Ontario West. Louis Simpson, Valleyfield, Quebec, was born near Manchester, Eng- land, about forty years ago. He was educated at Great Ealing, near London, and by private tutor. He was for five years apprenticed to the firm of Rut- tray & Simpson, Cotton Spinners and Manufacturers, Preston, England, and after gaining a wide experience in the manufacture of all kinds of cotton goods, came out to Halifax, Nova Scotia, seven or eight years ago to manage the cotton mill there. Within fourteen months of his arrival, Mr. A. F. Gault, of Montreal, persuaded him to take charge of the large mills at Valley - field, Quebec, which have grown and prospered under his management until they now afford work for 2,000 employees. He is a Justice of the Peace for the District of Beauharnois, is a school trustee and a manager of the local Protestant Church He is a staunch Forester and never fails to commend the advantages of the Order to those with whom he comes in contact. W. B. Skillen, Court Locksley, No. 118, St. Martin's, N.B., was born at St. John, N.B., December 15th, 1850 ; educated in Ireland. Is a Notary Public, Justice of the Peace, and Commissioner of the Parish Court. He takes great interest in public affairs, and is always found prominent in any movement for the public welfare Is a Trustee of Public Schools, President of St. Martin's Agricultural Society, and Chairman of the Board of Asses- sors. Is a P. G. J. W. and D.D.G.M. of New Brunswick Grand Lodge of A. F. and A. M. He joined the I.O.F. as a charter member of Court Locksley, No. 118, in November, 1883, and has held the position of CD H.C.R. ever since. Frank Smith, P. H.C.R. , High Treasurer, Richmond, P. Q.. was born 9th January, 1846, in Clackmannanshire, Alton, Scotland ; came to Canada 1st May, 1861 ; located in Richmond, P.Q. ; managed his father's business as IXDEPENDEiNT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 797 general store-keeper until March, 1873, when he purchased the property he now occupies, and is still in business as upholsterer and furniture dealer, and general store-keeper. He joined the I.O.F. at Richmond, in January, 1879, ^nd has been Financial Secretary of Court Myrth ever since. He has been absent from his court meeting only once. He was elected H.C.R. for the Province of Quebec in August, 1887, at Montreal, being the first H. C. R for the province. He has been elected a delegate to every Supreme Court meet- ing since. He was elected High Treasurer in 1892, and re-elected the follow- ing year. He has been school commissioner four years, and representative lder of St. Andrew for two years. Mr. Smith has done Herculean work for the Order, H. O. Sonntag, Court Hamilton, No. 170, Hamilton, Ont., was born February 15th, 1856, in Brooklin, N.Y., of Saxon parentage; educated in Charleston, S.C. At the age of 18 he became a commercial traveller for a wholesale tobacco house. From 1880 to 1882, he was manager and buyer for two large corporations in South Carolina and Georgia. Malarial fever brought him north. He joined the Order in 1886, as a member of Court Hamilton, No. VJO, and was Financial Secretary and Chief Ranger each for several terms. He is also a Royal Forester, and a member of other societies, in the majority of which he has held high office. He is also a member of the High Court of Ohio, and as an organizer can hardly be excelled He is now, as he has been for the past three years, a D. S. 0. R. George Spence, Court Cobourg No. 15, Cobourg, Ont., was born near the historic " Brig O' Ayr," Ayrshire, Scotland. 14th Feb., 1849. his father being a native of County Fermanagh, Ireland, and his mother a Scott by name as well as nativity. His parents came to this country in 1858 having previously emigrated to Pennsylvania, and settled in Haldimand township, County Northumberland, near the village of Grafton. He was educated at the village school In 1878 he went into the lumber business in Cobourg. He was first C.R. of Court Cobourg, No. 15, and is a foremost member of the Order in all that district. He is a regular attendant 9,t High Court, and has held a H. C. office, as well as being at present a D.S.C.R. He is a lead- ing member of other fraternal societies, and a member of the Cobourg Town Council Bro. Spence is one of the workers in the Order, aud commands the respect and esteem of all who know him. P. I. Spenzer, JM.D., H.C.R. of Ohio, Cleveland, O., was born Aug. 6th, 1837, in Wurtemburg, S. Germany, where he received his early education. In 1854 he came to the United States, and entered upon the study of phar- macy. In 1862 he joined the First Ohio Light Artillery, and was appointed hospital steward. Being in ill-health, he was discharged in 1863. He again took up pharmacy, and in 1865 he entered upon the study of medicine 798 HISTORY OF THE at Wooster University in 1870, and graduated in 1873 He has been President of the City Pharmaceutical Association, and is a member of the American and State Pharmaceutical Associations He is also a charter member of the C leveland Medical Society. He has been House Physician at the Home of the Aged Poor in Cleveland since 1873. He became a member of Ccmrt Pride of the West, No. 4, Cleveland, Ohio, I.O.F., in December, 1874. In 1878, when Ohio took up State Endowment, he became a member of Banner Lodge, No. 2. of Ohio Division, in which he was Medical Exai)iiner for three terms. Grand Vice Ranger, and Grand Ranger, each for a term. Finding that the I.O.F. was far superior in its working methods and of more stability than the death-assessment plan, he again joined the old reliable in September, 1883, with a following of seventy members, who formed Court Banner, No. 360. From the inception of this court, he has filled the office of Court Physician, also Court Deputy, High Chief Ranger, Treasurer, Chief Ranger, and, for several times. Representative to the High Court. In the High (>ourt he held the offices of High Treasurer, High Physician, High Vice Chief Ranger, and High Chief Ranger. He has been elected twice as Representative to the Supreme Court from the jurisdiction of Ohio. He is also a member of the Royal Foresters. John "W. Stokes, High Secretary of Quebec, was born at Napierville, Que., March 12th, 1853, and has resided at Sherbrooke, Que , during the last sixteen or seventeen years. He is to a large extent self-educated, hav- ing had to assist his widowed mother on the farm from the time he was eleven years of age until he was eighteen. After that, the remainder of the family having grown up, he was able to seek more congenial employment. He has been secretary of Court Prince Albert, No. 149, at Sherbrooke, Que., continually, since it was chartered in 1885. An unceasing and energetic worker in the interests of the Order, at the institution of the High Court of Quebec, in 1887, he was appointed High Secretary, an office to which he has been annually and unanimously re-elected. A man of fertile resources, he is admirably adapted for his position, and has been largely instrumental in put- ting the High Court, as well as his subordinate court, in its present flourish- ing condition. Orrin P. Stock-well, High Counsellor of the High Court of New York, was born at South Valley, Cattaraugus County, N.Y., December 21st, 1853. His grandfather was the first manufacturer of brick in the then village of Buffalo, N.Y. His grandmother was a cousin of the late President of the United States, Martin Van Buren. He was educated at the District School in Ellington, N.Y'"., and afterwards graduated from the Ellington Academy. He studied law, and was admitted to the Bar, April 10th, 1880, since which time he has been engaged in following his profession at Attica, N.Y. Was elected Town Clerk of Ellington in 1878, serving one year. Was elected Justice .of the Peace in the Town of Attica, N.Y., which position he held for INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 799 four successive years. In 1886-7 was elected Chairman of the Democratic County Committee for Wyoming County, N. Y. Has held the position of Corporation Counsel for the Village of Attica for the years 1888-9-90-1-2 and '93 ; is also the attorney for the Attica and Freedom Railroad, He entered Forestry by joining Court Attica, 796, of Attica, N.Y,, during the early part of 1892, and was elected High Counsellor of the High Court of New York at its annual session, 1892, and was unanimously re-elected to the same position at the annual session of the High Court, 1893. He was also elected Repre- sentative to the Supreme Court at the same session. Harvey Francis Switzer, Court Midland, No. 87, Midland, Ont., was born in 1847, at Palermo, County of Halton, Ont , and was educated at the village public school. At the age of 18 he took a situation as salesman in a retail dry goods store in Toronto, and then in a wholesale dry goods store in Montreal. He settled in Midland, March, 1880, and engaged in insurance and loan business, and as local agent for the Midland Loan Co. He continues in the same. In December, 1880, he was appointed town clerk, and in 1885, town treasurer, both of which offices he still occupies. He is a charter mem- ber of Court Midland, No. 87, organized in 1881. Rev. H. A. Thomas, Past High Chaplain, Warwick, Ont , was born in the County of Brant, Ont., and is one of the incorporators of the Order. He comes of United Empire Loyalist stock, his grandfather, who was a Colonel, and who was killed in the war of 1'812, coming to Canada from North Caro- lina when the thirteen colonies declared their independence. His father, Capt. Joseph Thomas, was a pioneer of Brant, and was named after the great Chief Thayendenaga (Captain Joseph Brant), who conferred a grant of 200 acres at Cayuga Heights, now known as Cainsville, upon the child. There the Rev. H, A. Thomas was born, and had his earliest education. At college he carried off the three highest honors (the silver medal for mathematics, the silver medal, given by the Earl of Dufferin, for classics, and the bronze med^l, presented by the Marquis of Lome for Modern Languages), Having spent several years in teaching, including four years as a departmental master in Cobourg Collegiate Institute, he entered upon the study of Divinity at Huron College, Xondon. He was graduated with honors, ordained deacon in 1882, made presbyter in 1 884, and for several years has been rector of Warwick, Ontario. He is president of the Huron College Alumni Association, a mem- ber of the college council and a member of the executive committee of the synod of the diocese. He became a charter member of Court Sauble, No. 196, of Ailsa Craig, in 1886, was appointed Court Deputy and elected C. R. He is now a member of Court Watford, No. 444, and takes an ardent and never tiring interest in the Order. For several years he has been delegated to the Supreme Court, and eight successive years has attended the High Court sessions. For two years he was High Chaplain for Ontario, and has been acting chaplain on many occasions. He is also an Orangeman and a Mason. 800 HISTORY OF THE John Parker Thomas, Court Moira, No. 33, Belleville, Ont., was bom ftt Colborne, in December, 1833 ; educated at the public school at Colborne and the Grammar School at Belleville, after which he was in business for a few years, retiring to begin the study of law in 1859, which he completed in 1864, when he was admitted to practise as an attorney, being called to the Bar in 1866. He has practised ever since at Belleville. He was local Master in Chancery, in 1874, and again under the Supreme Court of Judicature for Ontario in 1885-6, under commissions pro tempote, Commissioner of the Su- perior Courts of Quebec, President of the Hastings Law Library Association from its formation in 1890 to the present, and official assignee. He has also had a large experience in insurance in all its phases. He has been Secretary of the Belleville Board of Trade from 1865 to the present, and has filled vari- ous other offices. He became a charter member of Court Moira, No. 33, in 1879, and was the first Chief Ranger, and C. Deputy. He is now D.S.C.R. He has been a Mason since 1863, and has filled many important positions in the various degrees of that Order. His son, H. Parker Thomas, is now Chief Ranger of Court Moira. "W. F. H. Thompson, D. S. C. R , Twickenham, near London, Eng , was born and educated near the town of Oakville, Ont., May 4th, 1851. His grandfather was Col. W. A. Thompson, a United Empire Loyalist, who fought in the war of 1812, and his father, who is now living in Toronto at the age of 83, took part in the suppression of the Mackenzie rebellion in 1837. His days were spent on the homestead at Oakville, Ont., until he was seventeen, when he became a clerk in his uncle's store at Penetanguishene. He re- mained in that position for fourteen years, starting for himself in 1882. In 1878 he married the fifth daughter of the late Mr. George Copeland, of Pene- tanguishene. He became a widower with five children in 1889. He married again in 1890 a daughter of Mr. Joseph Short, of Lincolnshire, Eng. Having led an active commercial life for many years, he disposed of his business, and entered the field for the I.O.F. in October, 1891, organizing thirty-three courts within the year. He arrived in Great Britain on October 13th, 1892, and organized the first charter court in that country, viz , Court Caualand, at Twickenham, near London, England, on Nov. 9th. Since that time he has formed and completed 23 courts, making a total of 24 in Great Britain, or 57 since he commenced working for the Order. He formed five courts in the High Court of London, one in the High Court of England, and eight in the High Court of Wales^ previous to the institution of the High Court by the S.C.R., making fourteen courts from Nov. 9th, 1892, to May 15th, 1893. He performed the feat of instituting six courts in one month. Louis P. Tietenberg, High Chief Ranger of New York, Rochester, N. Y., was born of German parents, June 14th, 1858, at Rochester, N.Y., where he has always resided : was educated at the public schools up to twelve years INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 801 of age, when his parents died. At sixteen, he had finished his apprentice- ship at the cigar maker's trade, and at twenty-one was recognized as one of their foremost labor leaders. He filled every oflice in Cigar Makers' Union, No. 5, and twice served as delegate to the Cigar Makers' International Union of North America. He is Financial Secretary of a Rochester Loan Association, and of a Building Lot Association. He joined the I. O.F. in 18S8, and was instrumental in getting Courts Genesee and Monroe organized. At the installation of the High Court for New York, at Rochester, in 1890, he was appointed Senior Beadle, and in the following year was elected H .V. C R., being re-elected in 1892, and chosen H.C R. in 1893. He is also a Royal Forester and an Oddfellow. James T^waniley, Grand Forks, N.D., was educated in the city schools of New York and in the University of New York. He commenced mercan- tile life in that city, but in 1865 removed to Chicago, where he entered the employ of a large wholesale dry goods house. Two years later he started in business for himself and was burnt out in the great Lake Street fire. He re- turned to New York and remained there for some years, until the western fever seizing him again, he moved to St Paul, Minn. , where he was connect- ed with the house of Anerbach, Finch & Scheffer. On his health failing, he moved to the Red River Valley, and engaged in farming and general mer- chandising. He is now located at Grand Forks, where for fifteen years he has helped to develop the valley. He was regent of the University of North Dakota for ten years in succession. A. V. Wade, High Secretary for Nova Scotia, Digby, was born at Digby, N.S., in 1858, and is the youngest son of the late Hon. John C, Wade, Q.C., ex-M.P, He was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of hia native Province in 1886. Shortly after the incorporation of the Town of Digby, he was made Treasurer of the same ; and was subsequently appointed to the more important office of Recorder. As a Forester, he has always closely identified himself with the Order in Nova Scotia. He is a charter member of Court Admiral, Digby, No. 115 (one of the pioneer courts of the Order, which was organized in 1883). Two years after, he was elected High Treasurer of his High Court, and in the following year was elected High Sec- retary, to which office he has been re-elected each successive term. Thomas Waddell, H.C.R. for Manitoba, Winnipeg, was born of Scotch parentage, January 19th, 184S, at Otterburn, Co. of Northumberland, Eng. Educated at Ferguson's Academy and the Newcastle-on-Tyne Science and Art School. Adopted the profession of engineer, and was engaged in the Great North-Eastern Railway's locomotive works at Gateshead-on-Tyne. His health not being equal to the requirements of an engineer, he en- tered the employment of a large dry goods firm at Blyth-by-the-Sea as com- 802 HISTORY OF THE mercial agent. In 1871 he made a partial tour of the American continent. Returning to Enghmd, he found himself longing to settle in Canada, and, after spending three years in the dry goods business at Toronto, he moved to Seaforth. In 1879 he took up his residence in Winnipeg, where, in 1883, he joined Court Robin Hood, which court shortly afterwards became merged in Court Winnipeg, No. 13, of which for seven years he has been Recording . Secretary and Court Deputy. He is an earnest local preacher of the Metho- dist Church. For fifteen years he has been the leading boot and shpe mer- chant of Winnipeg, and, as High Chief Ranger of the Province, iS doing grand work for the Order. Rev. William Walsh, D.S.C.R., Brampton, Ont., was born of Irish parents in the township of Clarke, County of Durham, Ont., October 2nd, 1846. He was educated at the public schools, the Newcastle Grammar school, and the Normal School at Toronto. He taught school at Cartwright, West Durham, for three years, and then went to Victoria College, Cobourg, for a like period of time. He was received on probation in the Methodist minis- try, then spent a year in Ireland, and on his return was received into full connection and ordained. He spent fifteen years very successfully in the iti- nerancy, and then accepted an invitation to take charge of the Reformed Episcopal Church at Ottawa. Four years more, and he returned to the church of his ancestors, the Church of England. He spent a year at Trinity College, Toronto, during which time he acted as assistant at St. Stephen's Church. His first charge was at Bolton, and then his Bishop, being influentially urged, appointed him to the vicarage of Brampton, where he has now put in four happy years in hard and earnest work. He is a staunch teetotaler, and has served as Grand Chaplain for the Independent Order of Good Templars. He is Grand Chaplain for the Orange Order of Ontario West ; is a Mason, and an Oddfellow. He was initiated into the mysteries of Forestry in full ritual at the High Court meeting at London, Ont., some years ago. For a number of years he has been regularly appointed Deputy High Chief Ranger, and has rendered valuable assistance to the Order by preaching many special sermons, and delivering numerous lectures to Foresters and other Orders with great acceptance. He represented Ontario at the World's Conference of Young Men's Christian Associations at Berlin, Germany, and was a member of the Evangelical Alliance, which met at Copenhagen, Den- mark. Few men have received so many tokens of esteem and appreciation as the Reverend W^illiam Walsh, and few deserve them better. He is one of "the Old Guard" who stood faithfully by "the Chief "in the early struggles. Prof. Henry Walters, P.H.C.R., Court Stadacona, No. 224, Quebec City, was born at Birmingham, Eng., Jauuary 2nd, 1852, and came with his parents to Canada in 1855. He received his primary education at Mount Forest, Ont., and then travelled through various parts of the United States INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 803 and Canada. He graduated from McGill University, Montreal, B.A. , in 1885, and M. A. in 1893. Immediately on obtaining his B. A. degree he was appoint- ed professor in Morrin College, Quebec, a college in affiliation with McGill. This poaition he still holds. In 1887 he became a member of Court Stadacona, No. 224, and works as diligently as possible in the interests of the Order. He is a Past Chief Ranger of Stadacona, having held the office for three suc- cessive terms ; a P.H.C.R. of Quebec ; a P.S.S.B., and was a representative of his province at Supreme Court meetings in 1889 and 1891. He is a thirty- two degree Mason, and has held important positions in the Order. Of For- estry he sees nothing but good, and trusts that he may long be spared to aid in its noble work. Martindale Conslade Ward, M.D. and CM., High Physician, Lon- don, England, Born in London, 1841, son of Dr. Martindale, of Chelsea ; educated at St. Peter's College, received his medical training at St. George's Hospital, where he served as dresser to the late Mr. Caisar Hawkins, and having dissected a good deal for Mr. Gray (author of Gray's Anatomy), he was chosen one of the first Prosectors of Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons. Having passed the examination for M.R.C.S., England, and L.M. and M. and L.S.A., he went to Aberdeen University to complete his medical studies. Here he obtained the degrees of M.D. and CM. with " Highest Honors," and having resided for three years as private medical at- tendant in the family of Admiral Vernon Harcourt of Swinton Park, York- shire, he. in 1865, married Jane, the only daughter of Matthew Imeson of Thirsk, Yorkshire, and Settled at Twickenham where he has since resided. He is Freeman of the City of London, and has always interested himself in general and local politics. He is chairman of the Twickenham Conservative Association, and besides being an active member of the Local Board Free Library Committee, and indeed of almost every board and committee in the neighborhood, he is President of the Working Men's Club and Institute, a Trustee of the Philanthropic Society, Vice-President of the Twickenham Horticultural Society, of which he was one of the founders and on resigning the office of Treasurer was presented with a handsome piece of plate. He is a member and branch-president of the British Medical Association, also Sur- geon to the "T" Division of Metropolitan Police; lecturer to the St. John's Ambulance Association, Senior Physician to St. John's Hospital, medical officer to the Carpenters' Company, and the Twickenham Provident Dispensary ; a member of the Nottingham Order of Odd Fellows, and of the Ancient Order of Foresters, and is also medical referee to several of the large London Insurance Offices. He is a staunch supporter of the Church of England, is Church Warden in his Parish Church ; a lay delegate to the London Diocesan Church Conference, and treasurer for the Rural Deanery of Hampton. For many years he has been a brother of the Medical Guild of St. Luke, Evangelist, and Physician. Dr. Ward was one of the earliest members of the I.O.F. in England, being chosen first Chie 804 HISTORY OF THE Ranger of Court Canaland, 2,001, the first subordinate Court formed in Great Britain. The name of the court is formed of the first four letters of Canada, and the last four letters of England. Being elected to the High Court of London, he was chosen High Physician, and thence was selected delegate to the Supreme Court at Chicago. At the Supreme Court he was appointed a member of the finance committee, and afterwards elected at the first ballot a member of the Supreme Medical Board , Since his return to England, he has done his utmost to show his appreciation of the Ofdtr, and a strong encampment of Royal Foresters having being formed in London, he has been chosen its first Illustrious Commander. Hon. Judge Wedderburn, Q.C., Supreme Counsellor, is a native of New Brunswick, in the history of which he has been a prominent figure for nearly a quarter of a century. Like many Canadians, who have won for themselves honorable distinction, he is of Scottish parentage. He was born at St. John, N.B., October 12th, 1834. In point of years he is one of the senior members of the Executive. His literary education was received at the St. John grammar school. He studied law in the office of the Hon. John H. Gray, now judge of the Supreme Court of British Columbia. He was called to the bar in 1858, and created a Queen's Counsel in 1873. Prior to his entering political life he enjoyed a leading and remunerative law practice. For several years he did considerable literary work, both as contributor of leading articles and editorial writer. When the question of confederation was being agitated, he supported with voice and pen the movement that led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada. In 1870 he was returned by the city of St. John to the Legislature, and he continued to represent the city to the close of his parliamentary career. In parliament he at once t(jok a prominent position. His strenuous advocacy of better terms for his pro vince was largely instrumental in securing an increased income for New Brunswick. As the author of the famous "Wedderburn resolutions," he secured for the province absolute control of their educational institutions, and the establishment of thoroughly national schools. In 1876 he received a gratifying tribute of the confidence of both sides of the House in being unanimously elected to the position of Speaker, a position that he adorned with marked ability and impartiality, and which he vacated only to enter the government as Provincial Secretary. While Speaker of the House he pre- pared a very full and complete course of procedure, for which valuable and gratuitous services the House voted him five hundred dollars. At the close of his occupancy of the Speaker's chair, Mr. Wedderburn was the recipient of a most eulogistic vote of thanks, on motion of the leader of the Opposition, seconded by the leader of the Government. The position of Provincial Secretary he held until his appointment to the bench as judge of the county courts of Kings and Albert. In '* Parliamentary Practice " he is referred to in this complimentary manner : *' Upon the floor of the House he was a INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 805 leading si)irit ; eloquent and argumentative, a keen debater and a master of sarcasm." Hon. Judge Wedderburn has been orator and lecturer on many important occasions, his eloquent and finished addresses always commanding the attention and evoking the sympathy of his hearers. His labors on behalf of Social Reform, etc., have been many and valuable. He has been Grand Worthy Patriarch of the Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance, President of the Mechanics' Institute, and President of the Provincial Board of Agriculture. It is unnecessary to add that his term of office in each posi- tion was marked by services that were conducive to the prosperity and usefulness of these several organizations. Our Supreme Counsellor is a prominent member of the Masonic body. In 18/0 he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick, which position he held for two years . He became a Forester in September, 1890. He was a repre- sentative to the Supreme Court at its meeting in Detroit, where he at once took front rank. He took a lively interest in all the proceedings, and his wide experience, sound judgment and courteous manner, contributed not a little to the success and harmony that marked the deliberations of the Supreme Court, His election to the important position of Supreme Coun- sellor so early in his history as a Forester, and his unanimous re-election at Chicago, is the best evidence of the favorable impression he made upon the members of the Supreme Court. His presence in the Order will not only be a source of strength to Independent Forestry in New Brunswick, but throughout the whole jurisdiction. Ambrose A. Weeks, D.S.C.R., Court Kent, No. 441, Grand Rapids, Michigan, was born in the township of Grattan, Kent Co., Michigan, March 14th, 1850. Received a common school education. At sixteen started as a carpenter, and followed that occupation for the same number of years, study- ing in the winter. During that time also taught district school for seven terms, besides erecting a number of imposing buildings. In 1885 he opened a business in the village of Grattan, with a stock of drugs and groceries, and was appointed postmaster by President Cleveland. In 1889 he moved from Grattan to Grand Rapids. He was a representative at the postmaster's con- vention held in Washington, D.C., December 15-1 9th, 1887. He was town- ship superintendent of schools for three years, township clerk for three terms, and Deputy Sheriff of Kent County for six years. In 1891 he was appointed to a clerkship in the Department of State at Lansing. Resigning that, he became travelling representative of the Grand Rapids Daily Democrat. In November, 1892, he gave up that position and again entered upon the drug business, becoming senior member of the firm of A. A. Weeks & Co. He became a charter member of Court Kent, No. 441, the first court organized in Grand Rapids. He was the first Recording Secretary, and for several years has been Chief Ranger. He has held the positions of High Messenger and High Marshal, and has represented his High Court at the Supremo 806 HISTORY OF THE Court. He believes Forestry to be the noblest Order on earth, and is unflagging in his work in its interest. C C. Whale, Inspector High Court of Ontario, was born in the village of Burford, Brant County, Ont., July 17th, 1854 his father being Robert Whale, R.A., an artist of great reputation Was educated at the public schools, and at 15 was employed in a general store. After a little more than a year's experience, he started in to learn carriage painting and fpr half a dozen years had charge of the painting department in the agricultural works of Forsyth & Co., Dundas, Ont. He filled a similar position with Green Bros. & Co., Watford, for a number of years, and then set up as a carriage builder himsel% at Manotick, in the Ottawa Valley. In September, 1886, he accepted an invitation to devote his wliole time to Independent Forestry, having joined the Order seven years before. He has served under eight High Standing Committees, first as Provincial Deputy, and for the last half dozen years as High Inspector. During his career in oftice he has organized a hundred courts and has brought thousands of members into the Order. His zeal is only bounded by judiciousness, and, as a result, the Order has no more su cess ul and more popular officer than he, a fact that the High Court has again and again testified to by unanimous re-election. He is a Mason, an Oddfellow, a Son of England, and a member of the Fraternal Mystic Circle. In religion he is a Methodist. Col. "W. W. Wharry, P.H.C. R., High Secretary for Illinois, Chi- cago, was born on a farm in Sycamore, Illinois, September 2nd, 1853, of par- entage, who, on both sides, were descended from Revolutionary ancestry. He entered the University of Illinois in 1870, graduating in Literature and Science in 1874. The last three years in college, he was the leader in the gymnasium, in which there were about four hundred young men. He also won first prize in oratory, and represented his college and State in the Inter- state Oratorical Association, receiving first honorable mention. Having com- mand of the University battalion on Commencement day, he drilled the eight companies for about an hour in such a manner that Governor Beverage, of Illinois, there commissioned him permanent captain in the State service, to rank from that date. Two years later he was assigned to the command of Company F., 3rd Regt., I. N. G. ; he passed through the intermediate grades till he was in command of the Regiment. Shortly afterward, removing from the State, he resigned his last commission. In 1876 he was elected alderman of the City of Sycamore. From 1874 to 1878 he studied law, after which he accepted the position of general agent of the C. M. B. A., with which insur- ance company he remained a number of years, and resigned to take charge of a publishing business. He early noted the intrinsic excellencies of For- estry, and has earnestly interested himself in its advancement. He, in con- nection with L. F. Cole, planted the Order in Minnesota, becoming the first HON. G. Minister of Education, Ontario ; W. ROSS, DS.C.R., President of the Temperance and General life Insurance Co. I ; INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 809 P. H. C. R. of that jurisdiction. He established a number of subordinate courts in Illinois and instituted the High Court of that State. He organized subordinate courts in Wisconsin and Michighan, and first established the Order in Iowa, Nebraska, Indiana, Vermont, Maine, and the District of Columbia. Being almost a joiner, loyal in five other societies and lodges, he is no less a Forester. He has often declared that while he prizes each, yet he thinks more of Forestry than all the others together. Dr. B. H. Whitcomb, High Physician for Minnesota, was born in 1861 at Greenleaf, Mueda Co., Minn., and his early years were spent in army posts on the frontier with Hatch's Cavalry, of which command his father was senior captain. He was educated and graduated from the High School of Alexandria, Minnesota, and Carleton College, O. Entering on a course of Medical study, he graduated (after six years' work) from Columbus Medical College, taking 2nd honors in the class of 1847. He began his prac- tice in St. Paul, and early became known as a lover of athletic sports, being himself a member of the Lacrosse Team (U.S. Champions) that won the Ce- brich Cup. He is also a member of the National Guard of the State, in which organization he excels as a rifle shot. In 1889 he became interested in the I.O.F., and soon aided in starting the oldest court in the State, and one of the largest at present Court Minnesota, No. 453, of which court he was the first to sign the roll, hence he is of Minnesota members the eldest. It is mainly through his help and advice in the early days that Forestry is as advanced as it is in the State to-day. He has been High Physician since the organization of the High Court in the State, and Court Physician and C. D. in his own court since its birth. In the fall of 1892 he was nominated and elected Coroner of Ramsey Co. and St. Paul. George L. Wilson, D.S.C.R., Court Lebanon, No. 382, Toronto, Ont., was born of English parents at Guelph, Ont., 1852, and was educated at the common and high schools there. At fifteen he entered the employ of Messrs. G. & A. Hadden of his native place, remaining with that firm seven years. He worked for other firms for two or three years, and then started in busi- ness for himself. He sold out after three years' experience, and was ap- pointed representative at Guelph for the Toronto Globe. In conjunction with this he carried on an insurance agency. When the boom began in the North-West, the Globe sent him out there in company of one of the first settlers' excursions. He remained in Manitoba about six weeks, writing letters, and taking advertisments to the value of $3,000. On his return, ^he Globe engaged him on the regular staff. He is a staunch Y.M.C.A. man, an energetic member of the Methodist church, and a firm advocate of temper- ance. He became a Forester five or six years ago, and was a charter mem- ber of Court Lebanon, No. 382, Toronto, of which court he was first Chief Ranger. He filled the position for two years, and on retiring, was presented YY 810 HISTORY OF THE with a handsome P.C.R. jewel. Recognizmg his worth, the Supreme Chief appointed him a D.S.C.R. He has been warmly praised for several reports of High Court and Supreme Court proceedings. A. S. Wickware, D.S.C.R., Court Elmsley, No. 388, Smith's Falls, Ontario, was born in 1861. Is engaged in the grocery and fruit business at Smith's Falls, Ontario. He is one of the leading members of Court Elmsley, No. 388, a lodge which he was chiefly instrumental in starting halfra-dozen years ago. He has been a member of the I. OF. since 1884, when he joined Court Beaconsfield, No. 80, in Pakenham, Ontario. When he moved to Smith's Falls seven years ago, there was no court there, and where the I.O.F. was not represented, he felt was no place for him. He at once set about to organize a court, and to-day it is thriving and promising. He also took a leading part in instituting the Merrickville Court. He has held the oflices of C.R. and CD. in his own court, which he has represented at three sessions of the High Court, and is a Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger. He is but thirty years of age, but a keen, shrewd business man. Henry Williams, Court Stormont, Cornwall, Ontario, was bom at Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, February 23rd, 1852. Started in at eleven to earn his own living, at fourteen commenced an apprenticeship as a stone-cutter. Served six years, the last as a journeyman, and came to Canada in 1872, settling at Ottawa. In 1877-8 worked on the Cornwall canal, and in 1879 opened marble works at Cornwall, Ontario, which business he still commands. Is a leading member of a number of societies, and in 1881 joined the Independent Order of Foresters, as a charter member of Court Stormont. He was Chief Ranger of his court for six terms, and Court Deputy for four years For eight years he has been Court Treasurer, and still holds that position. Has served as High Court delegate seven or eight times. He has for five years been a member of the Town Council. He has instituted three courts, and is indefatigable in his work for the Order. J. D. Williamson, M.D. ; D. S. C. R. ; P. H. Phy. ; P.H.C.R. ; Lome Terrace, Mountpottinger, Belfast, was born on the 14th September, 1860, at Aghadoey, County Derry, Ireland. After a distinguished collegiate course in Galway, Belfast and Dublin, he graduated with honors in 1886 , as M.D., M.Ch., M.A.O. in the Royal University, Ireland. He immedi- ately repaired to London, to add, if possible, to his extensive medical knowledge by attendance at the large hospitals there. Soon after, he be- came assistant to a noted London physician, where his ability was soon recognized and his efibrts were crowned by the ofier of several partnerships in most lucrative practices. Before deeds of partnerships were finally settled, he wa^ informed that his friend Dr. Lane was ill and required his services. Hfe at once resolved to sacrifice his prospects as a London doctor INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 811 and return to Ireland to assist his sick friend. After his friend's death, he refused to become a candidate for the Dispensary, greatly to the surprise and chagrin of his many friends. He preferred living in a large centre, such as Belfast ; accordingly, in February, 1888, he came and settled down in Mount pottinger, a rising district of the city ; where, by close attention to professional duties, sauvity, and in no small degree to the name he had establ shed in the country, he soon became one of the leading physicians of the district. On the establishment of the Ulster Hospital for Women and Children in Mountpottinger, Dr. Williamson was unanimously elected honorary attending physician and obstetrician, a position which he still occupies to the great satisfaction of the governors. It is worthy of note, that amid his professional duties, he found time to lecture to the ambulance classes which were established in the district each winter. He is also connected with several friendly societies ; he is surgeon for one of the largest friendly societies in our city, the *' British Order of Ancient Free Gardeners." On two occasions, his brethren of the B. O. A. F. G. have presented him with valuable gifts, thereby testifying to his worth as a brother and a doctor. In tlie spring of 1893, when Lieut. -Col. Paterson, Q.C, came to Belfast to establish the Order, he soon found in Dr. Williamson, who knew the S. C. R. by reputation, as the head of the Good Templar Order acting in conjunction with Rev. W. J. MqCaughan, a willing and enthusiastic worker in the cause of the I. O. F. At the institution of the High Court of the North of Ireland by the S.C.R. in person, in May, 1893, Dr. Williamson was solely responsible for the magnificent reception accorded the distinguished visitor on that auspicious occasion. He was chosen H. Physician and as a mark of che high esteem in which he was held, he was unanimously chosen one of the three delegates to the meeting of the Supreme Court in Chicago. At the last meeting of the High Court he was unanimously promoted to the position of P. H. C. R. Bro. Williamson is also an enthusiastic Freemason, at present he is P. M. of a lodge, of which he was a founder,, he has also been elected W. M. of one of the oldest and most influential lodges in our city. He is a P. Z. and a member of K. T. W. A. Wyatt, High Chief Ranger for Missouri, Kansas City, was born on January 10th, 1860, in St. Joseph, Mo. ; was educated in the public schools and graduated from the high school in 1877. Upon leaving school he engaged in the wholesale grocery business, and continued iii that business until his removal to Kansas City in 1888. Since that time he has been with the Standard Oil Co. He became identified with Forestry in 1891, joining Court Remember, No. 696. He was appointed P.H.C.R. of the High Cour of Missouri, running to fill a vacancy. He was elected High Chief Ranger in June, 1892, and re-elected to the same office in 1893. He is a member of the A.O.U.W., and Modern Woodmen. 812 HISTORY OF THE ADDENDA. J. M. Clark, High Secretary P.E.I, was born at Bedeque, P.E I., on the 8th October, 1854, and is now the anly remaining member of a family of four, with the exception of a brother now in the U.S. He resided at place of birth until 1881 when he removed to Colorado, U.S., remaining there until 1886, when he returned to P.E. Island and engaged in the lumber and manu- facturing business, being now a member of the firm of Schewman, Clarke Co. Builders and Contractors. He joined the order of Foresters in June, 1892, and became a member of the High Court of P.E. Island at its organization in August, 1894. John S. Duncan, D.S.C.R., High Secretary of Scotland, is a typical Scotchman, quietly humorous, unpretentious, capable. He has seen forty summers thirty-six of these have been spent in Glasgow, for thither, in 1857, his parents removed from his birth-place, Gatehouse-on-Fleet, in Kircud: brightshire. He proved an apt pupil in Gorbal's Youths' School, and thus cheered the hearts of his worthy parents in the sacrifices they made to educate him and the rest of their children. John was meant for mercantile pursuits, but the bent of his mind lay otherwise, and so at fifteen he entered the great engineering works of Dubs & Co., as an apprentice. From that he trans ferred as a "man " to the engine works of one of our great Scotch railway companies; 1200 of their employes "struck" against oppressive customs. Bro. Duncan, then a youth of twenty-five, was chosen chairman of the workmen during the months of their struggle for victory. Unruly, turbu- lent spirits were wisely controlled, and not a single breach of the peace oc; curred throughout the tussle of eight months. In 1874 he married a comely damsel, and one who, like himself, has a genuine hatred of Scotch whisky, and the spirit that's in it. Two sons and three daughters reflect their parents' teaching in their practice of abstinence to-day. In 1886, the municipal au- thorities were extending the accommodation provided in the form of Model Lodging Houses, and in adding to the number of their Superintendents, Bro. Duncan was chosen out of 178 applicants. As an abstainer from intoxicating liquors, he has always been amongst the workers^ as witness the fact that he sat in the chair of District Chief Templar for six years, and as representative at Grand Lodge of the I.O.G.T., he had always some work to do. Then as an Oddfellow, he was for seven years Managing Secretary of the Mother Lodge of Scotland (" City of Glasgow "). The unexampled prosperity of the lodge during his tenure of office, and the cause of it was so marked, that a gold chain and pendant were presented to him on retiral, for his duties as Super- intendent of Clyde-Street Home were very engrossing. The chain referred to carries a gold watch, on which is inscribed the good wishes of other donors, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 813 for our brother is restless in promotion of all that tends to lighten the burden of the weary and sorrowing. The marvel is, that midst his many duties he has time to think of anything else. Yet if you want to see a man braving all weathers, successfully entrapping the finny tribe by making them engulph his delusive bait, see our brother at it. If you want " Cillie Galium." done to perfection by an amateur, see our brother at it. If you want a good Scotch story told in Scotch, set up our brother. If you want to hear a mem- ber of the Order speak warmly of the beauties of Forestry, put yourself alongside of Bro. Duncan, and he'll quickly convince you that he is earnestly seeking the advancement of the I O.F. J. S. X. Dusseault was born on the 14th June, 1835, in the city of Quebec, and was educated in the Quebec Seminary. He commenced busi- ness in 1864 with Laird & Telfer leading dry goods house. In February, 1866, he came to Montreal, and engaged in the retail clothing business with J. G. Kennedy & Co. He was appointed special agent for the Travellers^ Insurance Co. up to 1887, and with the Union Mutual Life Insurance Co., of Portland, up to 1890, when he joined Court Champlain, No. 663, I. O.F. He has filled the offices of S.C., V.C.R., and C.R. in his court, and also was nominated High Marshal for the Province of Quebec. He is also a D. H. C.R., and holds a commission from the Supreme Chief Ranger as D.S C.R. Alphonse Gosselin, Assistant City Clerk. Montreal, Que., was born October 19th 1831, in Montreal. His parents, though working people, gave a good education to a family of seven boya. Bro. Gosselin received his edu- cation in Montreal, at the Christian Brothers' School, and at St. Mary's Col- lege (Jesuits) His classical course was obtained under such men as the Hon. Denis Benjamin Viger, member of the Legislative Assembly, and, after him, his nephew, Come S^raphin Cherrier. Bro. Gosselin remained in the same institution, as a teacher of classics, for two years. On resigning this position, he had two years' experience in a music store. He was then employed on the newspaper Le Aouveau Monde, which position he resigned March 19th, 1892, having been appointed Assessor's Clerk. In three months he was pro- moted to the City Clerk's oflice, and was appointed assistant City Clerk, September 18th, 1883. He is a Roman Catholic, and belongs to four benev- olent societies, viz. : Union St. Pierre, Union St. Joseph, les Artisans Cana- diens Francais, and the I. O.F. He was Ptesident of Union St. Pierre from Nov. 2nd, 1880, to Nov. 1st, 1887, and its Treasurer since that time; Presi- dent of r Union St. Joseph, from Nov. 1st, 1881, to Nov. 6th, 1882, and its Treasurer ever since. He was a Director of les Artisans for six months. In the I.O.F., he held the position of Treasurer for one year, and in July, 1892, was appointed Court Deputy High Chief Ranger, and in July, 1893, Chief Ranger of the Banner Court of the Province of Quebec, Court Champlain, No. 063 . He also received from the High Chief of the Province of Quebec 814 HISTORY OF THE Commissions of District Deputy, in October, 1892, Provincial Deputy in February, 1893, and now holds a commission of Deputy Supreme Chief Ranger since October, 1893. Bro. Gosselin is a Justice of the Peace for the District of Montreal. In politics he is a Conservative, but takes no active part in political matters. Wm. T. Hyett was born at Swansea, on the 11th of May, 1857. At the age of eleven he entered the service of the Magnetic Telegraph Co!v When the English Government, in 1870, took over the Telegraphs he was transferred to the Government Service, in whose employ he has remained ever since. For the welfare of his colleagues he has been laboring with untiring zeal for the raising of the status of the Telegraph Service. In 1881 he took part in forming the Postal Telegraph Clerks' Association, a Society formed with a view to promote the interests of Telegraph operators. From that time until now he has, year after year, visited diflferent parts of the United Kingdom, as the Swansea representative to the annual conferences. In 1 886 through his instrumentality, the Conference yisited Swansea, when Mr. Hyett presided at its deliberations and afterward had the honor of having his photograph published in the Telegraphist, the official organ. While thus ever on the out- look for the material welfare of his fellow-workers, he does not forget or neglect his or their spiritual well-being. His connection with Forestry dates from last May, when, on his attention being called to the Order, he recog- ized its merits and determined to form a court in his own office, a task which he soon succeeded in doing, thanks to his own efforts, and those of his worthy colleague. Mr. Hyett, being at once and unanimously elected representative to the first court meeing at Cardiff. In conc'usion, then, and as a kind of summary, I may say of Mr. Hyett, and no greater praise can be spoken, that "he has done what he could. " Lieut.-Col. Hon. George Airey Kirkpatrick, Q.C., M.P., ex- Speaker of the House of Commons, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, was born in Kingston, Ontario, 13th Sept., 1841, and is a fourth son of the late Thomas Kirkpatrick, Esq., Q.C., who came from Coolmine, county Dublin, Ireland. Mr. Kirkpatrick received part of his education at the Grammar School, Kingston, and the High School, St. John, P.Q., after which he was sent to Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated with high honors, re- ceiving the degrees of B. A. and LL.B. He also graduated as moderator and silver medalist for law, literature, and political economy. Returning home, he entered his father's office, and there applied himself to the diligent study of the law, and was called to the bar in 1865, and was appointed Queen's Counsel on the 11th October, 1880. He received from his alma mnter in June, 1884, the degree of LL.D. In military affairs, Mr. Kirkpatrick has always taken an active part, entering as a private during the Trent affair, and rose step by step in the ranks till he reached the highest command, that LIEUT.-COL. HON. GEORGE AIREY KIRKPATRICK, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 8lT of Lieutenant-Colonel. He went again into active service in the town of Cornwall during the Fenian invasion, and acted during that period as adju- tant to the 14th P.W.O. .Battalion. He was elected President of the Do- minion Rifle Association, and also commanded the Wimbledon Rifle team in 1876. Bro. Kirkpatrick was first returned to the House of Commons for Frontenac in 1870, and which seat he retained continually till his appoint- ment to the exalted position he now fills with such great acceptance, viz., that of Lieutenant-Governor of his native Province. He was elected Speaker of the House of Commons in 1883. He was admitted to honorary member- ship of the I. O.F., the ceremonies having been performed at Government House by the S.C.R., assisted by a large contingent of Supreme and High oflicers, and distinguished members of the Order. Joseph Malius, P.H.C.R. and G.C.T. of England, and R.W.G. Coun- sellor of the International Supreme Lodge of Good Templars, was born at Whittington, October 14th, 1844. His father was a builder, but depression in trade caused his removal to Birmingham, where he carried on the business of a cabinet maker for several years. His father was not an abstainer, and, owing to this fact, Bro. Malins was sent Out at the age of nine to work. At his father's death, which occurred when he was sixteen years of age, he be- became a pledged abstainer and immediately entered upon active work in connection with the Temperance Society which he joined. In 1866, he mar- ried and emigrated to America, and settled in Philadelphia, where he joined the Independent Order of Good Templars and continued his active temper- ance work in connection with Lodge No. 279. In 1868, in consequence of his wife's failing health, he returned to England. In response to a request from several prominent members of the order in Philadelphia, the then R. W.G. Templar, Hon. J. H. Orme, deemed it a favorable opportunity to in- troduce the I.O.G.T. into England, and gave Bro. Malins a commission as D.R.W.G. Templar. Soon after his return to England he succeeded in re- suscitating the St. Thomas Temperance Society with which he had been for- merly connected, and organized it into a Good Templar Lodge. This Lodge, No. 1 of England, was instituted at Birmingham, Sept. 8, 1868, and as a grace- ful compliment to the country to which the Order had its birth, was called " Columbia." In British Temperance circles, Joseph Malins is a prominent figure. His form is a welcome one on any platform, and his voice is listened to with attention and respect. Bro. Malins has written a number of valu- able articles on the Order and the cause, and many of his speeches have been reproduced in the form of tracts ; in a word, Bro. Joseph Malins is one of the recognized authorities and leaders in the temperance movement not only of Great Britain but of the world. Owing to his friendship for the Supreme Chief Ranger, as well as approval of the principles of the Order, he became a Forester soon after the introduction of the Order into England, and was unanimously elected the first H.C.R of the High Court of Mid-England, an 818 HISTORY OF THE office he was compelled to relinquish at the succeeding annual meeting, owing to the fact that all his time was devoted to temperance work. His son Joseph was one of the Representatives to the Supreme Court at Chicago. Alexander Ross Milne, D.S.C.R., P.H.C.R., of Ontario, is a Can- adian, of Scotch descent, having been born in the Township of Kingston. His parents came to this country from Old Scotia in the early days of the present century and settled in the Township of Glenburnie, when tlie city of Kingston was the seat of Government, and the principal centre of ac- tivity in the Province of Upper Canada. Bro. A. R. Milne was one of seven sons who, owing to the early death of their father and adverse cir- cumstances, had, while still quite young, to start out to battle with the world. The subject of our sketch began his business career at the age of eleven years, and his father having been one of the leading engineers of his time, it was but natural that the tastes of young Milne should lie in the same direction. Having served an apprenticeship, he went to Mon- treal to complete a course in marine engineering, and having passed a creditable examination before the Board of Examiners, had to wait two years before attaining the age that would qualify him for active employment. Having obtained his papers he entered upon that career, which, extending over eighteen years, has made his name familiar to vessel-men from one end of the lakes to the other. He has been employed in building, superintending or putting together many of the first-class passenger and freight boats that ply on Canadian waters. In he was selected by the Ontario Government to take charge of the mechanical department at Rock wood Asylum, Kingston, in which position he spent fourteen years, with credit to himself and profit to the Government. Being of an inventive turn, Mr. Milne, among other things, perfected a new process for the manufacture of gas, which, being taken up by a company, he was induced to throw up his appointment and go to the U. S. in charge of the business. There he spent over a year introduc- ing the new process in the principal cities and towns of the neighboring republic. Returning to Canada, he accepted an engagement with one of the largest machine works inthiscountry as travelling representative, his business taking him from Halifax to Vancouver. In the early days before Forestry had attained to its gianthood, Bro. Milne was attracted by its benefits, and entering heartily into it, was one of the chief promoters of the organization of Court Frontenac. He has passed through all the offices, and on retiring from the chair, was honored with a mark of the appreciation of the court in the shape of a handsome gold watch and chain, suitably inscribed. He has also held office in the Supreme and High Courts, having been High Chief Ranger of Ontario for several years, setting an example in working, which has been followed by his successors in office. Five of his sons are active members of the Order, the eldest being High Auditor for the past and present year, and another Chief Ranger of Court Syracuse. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 819 William Stanley Milne, High Auditor for Ontario, was born at Kingston, Ont., on the 26th October, 1864. Here he spent his early years, receiving a good education. Bro. Milne went west as far as Toronto in 1880, where he found a suitable sphere of business activity, and where he had the happy inspiration to join the I. O. F., in the year 1887, being initiated in Court Argyle, No. 251. The first office which he was called upon to fill was that of Rec.-Sec, which he held for a year, being then elected C.R. for two terms. The CD H. C.R. 'ship was the next honor, and this was followed by his election to the important and responsible office of Auditor of the High Court of Ontario in 1890. Bro. Milne has been a delegate to the High Court every year since 1888, and was a representative to the Supreme Court in 1889. This year, 1893, he holds the offices of C. R. of Court Argyle, and Auditor of the High Court of Ontario. Victor Morin, N.P. Bro. Victor Morin was born in the city of St Hyacinthe, Que., on August 15th, 1865. After having attended the Nuns' School and the Girouard Commercial Academy, he made his classi- cal studies at the St. Hyacinthe College, affiliated to Laval University, where he graduated as B.A. in 1884. Having been admitted to the study of law, he became a student at Laval University, in Montreal, where he gradu- ated as LL. B. in 1888. He was admitted to the practice of his profession in May, 1888, and opened his office in the town of Acton, Que., where he filled also the offices of Secretary-Treasurer of the municipality and of the schools. Tveo years later, he came back to Montreal as a member of the well-known firm of "Papineau, Marin, Mackay & Morin," notaries, to which he still be- longs. Bro. Morin was made a Forester in October, 1890, as charter mem- ber of Court Champlain, No. 663, the oldest French Canadian court in the Order ; he became immediately an active worker in promoting the principles of Forestry amongst his co-patriots, and as a result of his and other workers' endeavors, we may say that in Montreal alone we have now 25 French Cana- dian courts, with a membership of 2,000. At the High Court meeting fol- lowing his initiation, Bro. Morin was elected High Treasurer, and in 1892 exchanged this office for that of High Counsellor. At the last High Court meeting, he was elected chairman of the Quebec representation to the Su- preme Court meeting held in Chicago, in which he took an active part as a member of the Committee on Constitutions and Laws ; he was also honored with commissions of Deputy Supreme and High Chief Ranger, besides the office of Chief Ranger of his court. Our brother stands now as the referee of most of the important questions concerning his French co-pntriots, and in fact, he has done for the Order amongst them as much as can be expected from a worthy Forester. He belongs to many other fraternal societies, but, in his judgment, the I.O.F. has no equal, and he used to devote to its inter- ests all the time he could spare from his business occupations. His most important work is the translation of the Ritual, and of the Constitutions and 820 HISTORY OF THE Laws, into the French language, for use in the French courts, which he carried out with Bro, Gosselin in 1892. Bro, Morin is a member of the Catholic Church, and although not an active politician, he believes in the maxims of the Liberal party. Rev. William J. M'Caughan, High Chief Ranger of Ireland. It was on the 4th December, 1859, and at Moycraig, Co. Antrim, Ireland, a county and a country which have furnished some of the most useful and br^liant leaders of religious thought, that William John McCaughan was born. His quick, bright intellect very speedily mastered the necessary course of reading, and in the year 1876. he matriculated in Magee College, Derry. The three following years were spent at college attending the usual classes, but at this time, not feeling clearly led to enter the ministry, and resolving that he would only do so when unmistakably guided to so solemn a step, he went to Eng- land, and with an independence of spirit which has always characterized him, he resolved to meet all his expenses by his own efforts. His manifest talents at once secured him an important position in the celebrated collegiate school of Erdington, Near Birmingham, where he remained for a year. He then left Birmingham and, at twenty-one years of age he entered the Free Church College, Edinburgh, to complete his theological course. Here, as at Birming- ham, he not only followed his studies with diligence, but threw himself with characteristic enthusiasm into the work of the congregation with which he became identified during his stay in the capital. Anxious that he should have an opportunity of more closely observing the condition of the church and country with which his future in the providence of God was to be so in- timately associated, he removed to Magee College, Derry, and while there finished his theological course. In due time he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Route, in the spring of 1883 ; and now it became apparent that while the ta'ented young divinity student had been observing others, there were others who had been closely observant of his career and gifts, and no sooner were the formalities of his licensing completed than he was approached by no fewer than six congregations anxious to secure him as pastor. In a short time he was clearly led to give an affirmative answer to the fine con- gregation of Wellington-street Presbyterian Church Ballymena. Bro. M'Caugh. an's decision was hailed with feelings of joy by the entire community of Ballymena, and on the 6th November, 1883, he was duly ordained to the charge under the happiest auspices. The well-known Professor Croskerry, Londonderry, speaking at the ordination meeting, said, Mr. M'Caughan re- quired no recommendation from him. He knew his intellectual abilities, and if he remained faithful to the promise of the latter years of his college career he would have a brilliant future. The graceful prophecy was abundantly fulfilled. The congregation entered upon a season of great prosperity, and the fame of its young pastor as a preacher and work er travelled far and wide. The congregation, consisting as it did of five hundred families, scattered over INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 821 a large area, required a great amount of self-denying and self-sacrificing effort on the part of the young minister, and after a time the severe strain commenced to tell upon his athletic constitution, and he was strongly recom- mended by all to take a well-earned rest. To this wise counsel he acceded, and visited America in the autumn of 1884 ; but the well-meant kindness of his home friends might have resulted in the loss of one to whom they were very deeply attached, for during his visit to the United States an effort was made to retain the popular preacher in the American church. But Bro. M'Caughan's regard for his native land, and those amongst whom his lot had hitherto been cast, was so strong, that all overtures were refused, and he re- turned to Ireland thoroughly recruited in health. He had, however, not been long at home when one of the Belfast city churches (Mountpottinger Presbyterian Church) made a strong effort to induce the minister of Welling- ton-street to become its pastor, but for a time without success. However, the district of Mountpottinger was becoming so densely populated, and the general feeling being that only a man of acknowledged ability and pulpit power should be, if at all possible, secured, a second pressing and not-to-be-denied call was presented to Bro. M'Caughan. He accepted the call, not without feelings of the keenest sorrow at parting from a people who had been among the first to distinguish the early promise of his worth, and to whom he had become greatly attached. After many expressions of goodwill, accompanied with substantial presentations, Bro. M'Caughan removed to the commercial capital of Ireland, and in August, 1885, became pastor of what was speedily to become one of the most flourishing of the city churches. In an incredibly short space of time the sacred edifice became quite in- adequate to accommodate the numbers that flocked to hear the great preacher, whose fame had preceded him. With a prompt recognition of the demands they were now face to face with, the session and committee of the church, led on by their indomitable pastor, consulted together as to the best means for meeting the ever increasing requisition for seats by families wish- ing to join the congregation. The result of these deliberations was the re- solve to enlarge the cliurch and add a large gallery, which was done. At the present time, six hundred families are in connection with the congregation, and some sixty await the first chance of joining. On the 9th of April, 1890, he was married to Miss Sara Cooper, of Wayne, Delaware county, Pennsyl- vania, U.S. In 1892, Bro. M'Caughan was offered the nomination for M. P. of East Belfast, by the Unionists, which, however, he declined. Bro. M'Caughan is convener of the Great Sustentation Fund of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. Here he finds abundant room for his remarkable adminr istrative abilities, and the present strong position of that financial bulwark of the church is largely due to his gifts of organization, and his ability to infuse his own enthusiasm into every scheme to which he puts his hand. He is editor of the *' Quarterly Visitor^" an official organ of the Presbyterian Church, and like all else he undertakes, this important journal bears the 822 HISTORY OF THE mark of his whole heartedness and strong personality, and is one of the mo.st attractive periodicals of the day. In person, Bro. M'Caughan is a typical Irishman. He has the clear-cut, intellectual Celtic features ; his physique speaks of the athlete, and there is an ever-present play of good humor upon his face, which has had something to do with the popularity he enjoys. He is possessed of rare powers of eloquence, and is full of pure Irish wit, and can convulse an audience or inelt it to tears at will. As a preacher, he has few equals. He preaches without manuscript, and flings himself with mag- nificent abandon into his theme. Not bound with notes, he speaks with a charming liberty that forms one of the chief attractions of his discourses. As is only to be expected, his services are in constant demand, and seldom does he refuse his influential help where his multitudinous engagements, permit. Bro. M'Caughan was one of the very first to appreciate the many benefits of Independent Forestry, and on the introduction of the Order into Ireland, he enrolled himself as one of the charter members of Court Dalriada. At the first meeting of the High Court of Ireland, he was unanimously chosen High Chief Ranger, to which influential position he has since been re-elected. He was honored by his High Court as one of its representatives to Supreme Court at Chicago. His striking personality was one of the fea- tures of that great gathering. Bro. Foresters, who were privileged to hear him in Toronto, and in Chicago, when he preached before the Supreme Court, will long remember the striking imagery and glowing eloquence of his dis- courses. In Chicago he was appointed Supreme Chaplain. He is also one of the literary editors of The Independent Forester. G. A. McBlfresh, H.C.R , California. The High Chief Ranger of Cali- fornia is of Scotch descent, though he himself is a native of Pennsylvania, where he saw the light in 1853, on Christmas Day. He was educated in a public school at Pittsburg, in the Normal School at Millersville, finally graduating at the Iron City College at Pittsburg. For a short time he was engaged in the mercantile business in San Francisco, but finding the business affecting his health, he abandoned it for the railway service. After several years of railway life, the subject of our sketch went to Southern California, and engaged in the real estate and insurance business. He was elected a justice of the peace for Santa Monica township, and was town recorder of the city of Santa Monica. He became a Forester in July, ] 889, being a charter member of Court Santa Monica, No. 428, the second court of the Order to be organized in the State. He was elected its first Chief Ranger, a distinction that he highly prized. It is needless to say that the brother has been an active and enthusiastic Forester ever since. He was present at the formation of the H igh Court of Calif drnia when it was instituted by our Supreme Chief Ranger on the 11th of April. 1890. He was elected a repre- sentative to Supreme Court, made a Royal Forester by the Supreme Chief, and is now Brigadier-General of Royal Foresters in his State. On being com- HERBERT C. CREED, M.A., P.S.V.C.R., Past High Chief Ranger, Fredericton, n.B. INDEPENDENT ORDEH OF FORESTERS, 825 missioned a deputy of the Supreme Chief Ranger in 1890, he resigned his ..position as justice of the peace and police judge, and devoted his time to -organizing and instituting courts. He was elected High Chief Ranger of California, at the second annual session of the High Court in May, 1891, and since then he has been annually re-elected. He was presented with a Grand Cross of Merit, a mark of recognition that is only bestowed on rare occa- sions, and one that the High Chief Ranger of California highly prizes. William Acland Hejrwood Oronhyatekha, M.D., CM., D.S.C.R., Assistant Secretary Medical Board, was born on the 11th July, 1869. He is the only surviving son of the S.C.R., and is great-grandson of the celebrated Mohawk chief, Capt. Joseph Brant. He was admitted an honorary member of the Order, by special resolution of the High Court of Ontario, in 1881, then acting as the Supreme Court. He was for a time a student at Queen's University, and graduated in Medicine at Trinity University, Toronto, in 1891. He has recently been appointed Assistant Secretary to the Medical Board, and placed in charge of the work in Great Britain and Ireland B. P. Parker, D.S.C.R , R.W.G.S., I.O.G.T., was born at Conneaught- ville. Pa., 29th July, 1829, and educated at Meadville Academy. At the age of fourteen years, he went to Wisconsin to learn the carpenter's and joiner's trade with an uncle. At the age of twenty-one, he enlisted in Company K, 2nd Wisconsin Infantry ; took part with the regiment at Blackburn's Ford and the first Bull Run. In the fall of 1861, the company was transferred from the infantry and became Company A, 1st Wisconsin Artillery. In the summer of 1863, he was ordered to Wisconsin to aid in raising three new batteries of heavy artillery, and was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in Battery C, 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery. He drilled the battery for two weeks at Fort Wood, and then had virtual command of the four-gun battery of 30 pound Parrott guns during the battle of Missionary Ridge. He served with the command in East Tennessee during 1864 and 1865, being detailed on a number of military boards, and for several months in 1865 was a member of a general court marshal at Greenville, Tenn, He was mustered out in Sep- tember, 1865, having served four and one-half years. He was oflfereda com- mission in the regular army, but declined. In 1869 he helped to raise the Mauston Light Guard, a Zouave Company, in the Wisconsin National Guard ; was commissioned Lieutenant, then Captain, and when the third battalion was organized, he was commissioned Major, and later, when the third regiment was formed, he was commissioned Lieut. -Col., Wisconsin National Guards, which position he now holds, having thus been connected with military organizations ever since he was twenty-one years of age. Soon , ;ifter returning from the army, Bro. Parker was induced to join the Inde- pendent Order of Good Templars, and has ever since been an active member of Advance Guard Lodge, No. 261, Mauston. In 1873, he was elected 826 HISTORY OF THE Grand Secretary, which office he now holds, having been re-elected at every subsequent Grand Lodge sesssion. He attended the session of the R. W.G.L. at Bloomington, in 1875, as a visitor, and has been present as a representa- tive and member since then at every session, serving on many important com mittees ; at Toronto, in 1884, he was elected R. W.G.S., and re-elected at every subsequent session of the R W. G. L, to the present time. Possessed of splendid physical and mental endowments, he is the kind of timbre that pro- duces ideal soldiers, systematic, orderly and thorough in whatever hp under- takes ; the precision and discipline of military life were not to him distaste- ful, and we find him later, as we should expe:;t, a member of the G.A.R., the Loyal Legion, and an active and prominent officer in the National Guard of his adopted State. Again, a man of the people knowing by personal experi- ence what hard work means, he is thoroughly interested in every just efibrt of the laboring classes to improve their condition, and his election for two terms as Grand Master and Supreme Representative of the A.O.U.W. of Wisconsin, attest? the high appreciation in which he is held by the members of that Society. In the Grand Lodge of Wisconsin, and the R.W.G. Lodge, he has deservedly won the title of "Model Grand Secretary," and this not alone, because, his correct business habits, thoroughness and watchful atten tion to details have kept the records of his office clerically accurate, but also, and even more, because he has large capacity to think and plan, and his broad views, good judgment, and intimate knowledge of the principles and spirit of Good Templary, give him a just conception of the Order's glorious mission, and bring him into close relation with the subordinate lodges and members, making him at once our Secretary, wise adviser, and sympathetic brother. On account of his friendship for the Supreme Chief Ranger, some years ago, he, in company with the Hon. J. B. Finch, became a Forester, and he has ever since been a warm friend of the Order, putting in a good word for it as opportunity permits. Honorable George William Ross, LL.B., M.P.P., etc. Bro. Ross, who is of Scotch parentage, was born near Nairn, in the County of Middlesex, Ontario, on the 18th of September, 1841. As we have hinted, he is the architect of his own fortunes. The possessor of a good physical frame, and a strong and intellectual organization, which he assiduously cultivates, Bro. Ross has successfully fought his way upwards with a determination and per- sistence characteristic of his Highland origin. As a boy, he was fortunate to receive the sound but eminently practical education to be had in the older settled districts of the Province a generation ago. Building upon this, by his own unaided efforts he succeeded in 1857 in obtaining a third class county certificate, and for many years devoted himself to teaching. In 1859 he ob- tained a second class, and in 1867 a first class county board certificate. Two years later, he took a course at the Normal School, Toronto, and in 1871 secured a first class provincial certificate. In the latter year he was appoint- INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 827 ed inspector of public schools for the County Lambton, and subsequently acted in a similiar capacity for the towns of Petrolea and Strathroy, While inspector for East Lambton, Bro. Ross was, in 1 875, made the recipient of a handsome gold watch and chain, with a complimentary address from the teachers of the district in acknowledgment of his zeal and educational work, and his able and unwearied service in the profession. He was also presented with a flattering address by the County Council. He was subsequently ap- pointed inspector of model schools. For some years Bro. Ross was engaged in journalistic work. At one time he owned the Sttathroy Age, and at another time was part proprietor of the Bnron Expositor. In educational journalism he als'i made his mark, having conducted, with Mr, McColl of Strathroy, the Ontario Teacher. For many years Bro. Ross has been an en- thusiastic leader in temperance and prohibitory movements in Canada, and in the House of Commons as well as in the Ontario Legislature, has earnestly advocated the cause of temperance, and taken active part in legislation. In 1879 he was elected Most Worthy Patriarch of the National Division of the Sons of Temperance of North America, and for two years presided over their deliberations at Washington and at Cincinnati. In reform | olitics, Bro. Ross has for years been a well known and distinguished figure. A ready debater, and lucid and incisive speaker, he has rendered most signal service to his party. Bro. Ross was first elected member of parliament from West Middle- sex in 1872, two years afterwards, at the general election, he was returned by acclamation. He was returned in the years 1878 and 1882. In November, 1883, he was appointed Minister of Education for Ontario, as successor of the Honorable Adam Crooks, Q.C., and in the following month was elected to the Legislative Assembly for his present seat. West Middlesex. He still holds his portfolio of Minister of Education, and as such has done much to advance the educational interests of the Province. Besides other important positions of trust held by the Brother, he is President of The Temperance and General Life Insurance Company. He is a member of Court Sir Oliver, No. 1,337. Daniel Stewart, P.H.C.R. Was born in 1848, on the banks of the Hills- borough, a few miles out of Charlottetown. He came to Sunnyside, a raw couritry youth of eighteen, and as shop-boy entered the store of R. T. Holman, where he received his business training. There by patient industry and busi- ness capacity he raised himself step by step to the head of the immense whole- sale and retail business of his employer. That position he filled with eminent success for eleven years. In 1887 he resigned his position in Mr. Hol- man's employ, and went into business on his own account. He is head superintendent of the Sabbath school, and ruling elder in the Presbyterian church, both of which positions he has honorably filled for many years. The temperance movement has not a more steadfast or loyal supporter than Mr. Stewart. Having joined the "Vanguard " division. Sons of Temperance, in 828 HISTORY OF THE 1868, as a charter member, he has been prominently identified with all tem- perance work in the town and county ever since. He became a member of the I.O.F. on its first introduction into the Province in 1886, and was elected the first C.R. of Court Chautauqua. In 1892 he was elected H.V.R. of the High Court of N.B. and P.E.I., and last year, on the organization of the High Court of P.E.I. , he was elected to the position of P.H.C.R. "William Stone, D.S.C.R., was bora on the 8th of July, at Birmfngham, England. At the age of 19 years he went into the lithographing business and by steady perseverance and aptitude for his chosen profession he has reached the top of the ladder, being for i he past ten years senior partner of the Toronto Lithographing Company, which is the pioneer of fine color lith- ography in Canada, employing over 100 hands in connection with its work. Recently, at the instance of the Supreme Chief Ranger, he organized a first- class court among the employees of his firm, which might well be followed by the employers of labor, which was called Court Senef elder, No. 1,500, after the name of the founder of lithography. Peter Strathearn, High Chief Ranger, High Court of Quebec. Bro. .Strathearn was born 26th September, 1857, in the Vale of Leven, Dumbarton, Scotland. At the early age of thirteen he was taken from school and ap- prenticed to the trade of pattern-making in a calico printing establishment, this he abandoned after two years' trial to become engaged in producing pat- terns for wall paper. While quite a young lad he lost both his father and mother, when he accepted an invitation from an uncle to come to Canada . He went into business in his uncle's employ, at the same time carrying on his education. He attended the Commercial College at Hamilton, and received from it a diploma. Business reverses overtook the firm of which he was then a member, and in 1876 he came to Toronto and accepted a situation with Mr. Staunton, paper manufacturer. In 1885 he moved to Montreal into a more lucrative position in the employ of Colin McArthur & Co., the owners of the largest wall paper establishment in the Dominion. In their establishment he has charge of the pattern department, and exercises his ingenuity in try- ing to suit the various tastes of many people. Bro. Strathearn joined the Independent Order of Foresters in Toronto, in 1883, as a charter member of Court Rosedale ; he was Financial Secretary of the court until he left the city. In Montreal he was instrumental in instituting Court Balmoral, and of this court he has been Chief Ranger for six years with the exception of one term, and during the six years he has been only absent from two meetings. He has been instrumental in instituting a large number of courts in Quebec, and has served the High Court as High Chaplain, High Vice-Chief Ranger, and is now serving his third term as High Chief Ranger. He is also a mem- ber and past ofticer of the Supreme Court. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 829 Right Rev. Arthur S"weatman, M.A., Bishop of Toronto, was born at London, England, in November, 1834. He is a son of Doctor John Sweatman of the Middlesex Hospital, London, and received his early educa- tional instruction at the hands of private tutors. In 1856 obtained a scholar- ship at Christ College, Cambridge, and in 1859 was graduated B.A., taking honors in mathematics. From December, 1856, to February, 1859, Bro. Sweatman was Superintendent of the well-known Jesus Lane Sunday School, which has always been conducted by University men. He was ordained Deacon in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1859, and in the following year was ordain- ed Priest at Chapel Royal, Whitehall, by the late Right Reverend Dr. Tait then Bishop of London, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. For some years thereafter he held the position of master of Islington College, at the same time officiating successively as curate of Holy Trinity, Islington, and of St. Stephens, Canonbury. His career, from the first, was character- ized by activity and zeal, and while at Islington he founded the Islington Youth's Institute. In 1862 he proceeded to the degree of M.A. In 1865 the Bishop of Huron was in England, and hearing from many quarters of the zeal and learning of Mr. Sweatman, induced that young clergyman to accept the head mastership of the Hellmuth Boys' College in Canada. For seven years he filled this position, revealing unusual powers for organization and administration, and at the same time making manifest his splendid scholarly attainments and ability as a clergyman. In 1872 he resigned this position to accept the rectorship of Grace Churfth, Brantford, where, with his char acteristic powers, he ministered for two years. The authorities of Upper Canada College had learned of the gifts of Reverend Arthur Sweatman and offered him the mathematical mastership in the college. He accepted the offer, but after a short time was once more persuaded to assume the charge of Hellmuth College, from which institution he had never wholly taken his heart, and which owed so much of its success to his genius for administra- tion and the power he possesses for awakening enthusiasm He was appoint- , ed Canon of the Cathedral at London, in 1875, and upon the election of the Ven. Archdeacon Fauquier to the Bishopric of Algoma, Mr. Sweatman was creat- ed Archdeacon of Brantford. He was subsequently appointed assistant minister and acting rector of Woodstock, in the place of the Rev, W. Bett- ridge who became incapacitated for active service. In 1872 he became ex- amining chaplain to the Bishop of Huron, and in 1863 he was appointed Clerical Secretary to the Diocese of Huron, and Secretary to the House of Bishops; As Archdeacon he was esteemed and beloved everywhere, and his administration of ecclesiastical affairs, during the absence of the Bishop of Huron, was enlightened and highly satisfactory. In 1879 he was chosen, by the almost unanimous vote of the Synod, to the vacant Bishopric of Toronto, which high and responsible office he still fills and adorns by his learning, his virtues and his zeal. His Lordship was recently admitted by the S.C.R. to honorary membership in the Order, since which the brother has evinced a lively interest in the progress and welfare of the T.O.F. 830 HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER XL SISTER FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. ANCIENT ORDER UNITED WORKMEN THE KNIGHTS OF HOlk)R ROYAL ARCANUM THE KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF HONOR THE KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOR^ HOME CIRCLE MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA CANADIAN HOME CIRCLE. ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN. The founder of "The Ancient Order of United Workmen," the oldest oj the great fraternal beneficiary Orders, when laying its foundations at Mead- ville, Pa., on the 27th day of October, A.D. 1868, had doubtless no concep- tion of the proportions to which the superstructure would grow, nor that the event would mark the beginning of a new era in life insurance business, which would make it possible for the^ humblest in the land to secure to his family the benefits of life insurance, and thereby bring untold blessings to thousands of homes. The system of the A. O. U. W. is a simple one, dispensing as it does with all the bothers of " Actuaries' Tables, " the " Cost of risks " and "Reserve elements," etc., etc. Two cardinal errors, in our opinion, were made by the founder and perpetu- ated by the Order down to the present day. The one is in the fact that there is no grading according to age, in the rates of assessments, the young man of 21 years of age being assessed as much as his older brother of 49 years of age. The other is in the fact that the membership is not required to pay into a central treasury, from which every beneficiary of the Order would be paid the benefit provided by its laws. That this latter is an error, and one which will be a menace to the Society, is shown by the fact that there always has been, and always will be, a great variation in the rates of mortality in the dif- ferent jurisdictions. The following statistics, taken from page 583 of the Minutes of Proceedings of the Supreme Lodge, held in Toronto, Canada, June, 1893, show the death rate in some of the leading jurisdictions for the years 1888, '89, '90, '91 and '92 : INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERis. 831 TABLE NO. 1. MAXIMUM ASSESSMENT. Jurisdiction. Kentucky Tennessee Ohio California Pennsylvania . . Indiana New York . . : . Illinois Missouri Wisconsin . Ontario Massachusetts . Date of Average Death Rate per 1,000 1 Organi- for the years | zation. 1888 18^9 1890 1891 1892 17.95 1873 24 67 19.07 23.36 24.25 1877 15.06 19.57 22.39 22.43 21.07 1872 19 04 19.71 20.34 22.56 17.29 1877 11.37 10.67 12.98 13.52 14.36 1869 12.18 10.64 13.75 12.39 12.65 1873 14.16 9.38 15.93 10.02 12.09 1874 10.01 10.53 13.89 12.26 14.90 1875 10.79 9.62 11.55 10.70 11.68 1876 12.00 9.51 10.35 9.77 12.41 1877 10.09 10.65 9.57 10.42 12.07 18 9 6 88 5.87 6.78 6.29 7.65 i 1879 6.10 5.34 5.72 5.62 6.30 1 Regular rates for $2,000 for yrs. 1894-5-6. * $30 30 * 30 30 30 30 30 27 27 26 16 16 * The maximum rate of assessments for 1894 for Kentucky and Ohio was fixed at $24. What were the special causes, operating in Kentucky and Ohio, that made the mortality so high in those jurisdictions we are not in a position to say. It cannot be due entirely to the age of the Order in those jurisdictions, because we find that while the Grand Lodsje of Indiana is as old as that of Kentucky, the average death rate, in theformer during the 5 years, was only 12.31 as against 21.86 in Kentucky. If the membership in Ohio and Kentucky had been called upon themselves to meet the whole of the mortuarj'^ calls, we fancy it would have meant the disintegration of theOrder, in those jurisdictions, not so much because of the extensive cost of the insurance, as that other Societies gave the benefits at much less cost, especially for younger ages. When, however, we turn to the rate of mortality in the whole Order, we find that the average death rate was only 10.19 per 1000 members, a very mode- rate rate when we take into consideration that the tendency of the system of non-graded assessments is very materially to increase the average age of the membership of the Society, and the consequent increase in cost of risk therein. It is, however, not our purpose to criticize the systems of our Sister Societies, but simply to lay their chief features before our readers. In the study of these, the observant reader cannot fail to note the gradual improvement and development of the various systems from the simple methods of the A. O, U. W. to the more complex, and far reaching, but more perfect and equitable system of the Independent Order of Foresters. As already noted, the A.O.U.W. dates its first organization from the 27th October, 1868, at which time the members of a Subordinate Lodge of a Society bearing the high sounding name of "The League of Friendship, Supreme Mechanical Order of the Sun," being dissatisfied with the pro- 832 HISTOllY OF THE ceedings of the Grand Council, they, upon the date named, surrendered their Charter, and headed by J. J. Upchurch, organized the first Lodge of the A. O. U. W. It appears from the records, that upon the next day a certain number of the members demanded that the words " White Male " be stricken out of the Constitutions, and thus throw the Order open to all worthy men, irrespective of nationality. This was refused by Upchurch, who refunded the money paid by the dissatisfied members, and they retired. On the 17th November, 1868, the Lodge again met, and filled the ^ offices which had been made vacant by those who had left as above noted." The Lodge was formally named Jefferson No. 1. The original Constitution pro- vided, among other things ; 1st. " That the words (white male person) should never be altered, amended or expunged, and accordingly the Order remains to-day a white man's Order only. 2nd. ' When there are six Subordinate Lodges established in any State, they shall call a meeting of two representatives from each Subordinate Lodge', and establish a State Grand Lodge, subject only to the National Supreme Lodge." 3rd. " There shall be established, when the Order numbers 1000 members, an Insurance Office, and policies issued securing at the death of the member insured, not less than $500, to be paid to his lawful heirs." On the 14th July, 1869, a provisional Grand Lodge was formed by making the Ofticers of Jefferson Lodge No. 1, Grand Lodge Officers, authorized to grant (Charters to new Lodges. The Provisional Grand Lodge held a meet- ing at Meadville, Pa., upon the 6th October, 1869, when the original provi- sions for insurance were repealed, and the law, practically as it stands now, was adopted. It provided for the payment of an insurance not exceeding $2000, also for a uniform assessment of |1.00. The next Session of the Pro- visional Grand Lodge was held at the same place on the 4th July, 1870, when it is stated Representatives were present from five Lodges. At this Session, lawyers and saloon keepers were declared ineligible. Soon after this, a division arose in the Order, and for some time there were two Grand Lodges claiming supreme authority, and this division continued till August, 1872, when the two sections reunited and formed the Supreme Lodge of the .A.O.U.W. From that time dates the growth and prosperity of the C'rder. At the end of 1892, Grand Lodges existed in the following jurisdictions, Cali- fornia, Colorado, The Dakotas, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Wash- ington, Winconsin, British Columbia, Manitoba, and N.W.T., Utah, Wyom- ing, Idaho, with a total membership, including those under the immediate jurisdiction of the Supreme Lodge, of 308,675. The system of the A.O.U.W., as already intimated, is not at all complex. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 833 In the first place, each Grand Lodge provides for its own beneficiaries by- levying assessments upon the members in its own jurisdiction. The rate of assessments is Sl-00, being alike for all ages. The benefit is $2000. and is payable to the widows and orphans, or other beneficiaries, upon the death of a member. We have just said that each Grand Lodge provides for its own beneficiaries. This is true within certain limitations, that is to say, when the death rate is excessive in any jurisdiction, and the assessments have reached a certain given point, which is decided by the Supreme Lodge, then any excess of assessments in any jurisdiction is borne by the whole Order. At the session of the Supreme Lodge, held in Toronto, Canada, in 1893, the "regular rates," as it is called, for the years 1894-5-6, were decided to be as given in Table No. 1, for the jurisdictions named therein ; so that in Kentucky the members must assess themselves 24 assessments for 1894, and 30 assessments during the years 1895-6 respectively, before they wdll be en- titled to relief from the contributions of the whole membershi]), while in Massachusetts, Ontario, and other jurisdictions, the limit is only 16 assess- ments during the year, and any assessments beyond 16 in these jurisdictions would be paid for by the whole Order. To those who are accustomed to one Supreme governing body, it seems odd that so vital a point as the maxi- mum age for the admission of the membership should have been left, till re- cent times, to the decision of individual Grand Lodges. This fact may ac- count in part for the high death rate which exists in certain jurisdictions. We have been given to understand that, in some Grand Lodges, the maxi- mum age has been permitted to be fixed as high as 60 years and over. At the recent session of the Supreme Lodge, held at Toronto, it passed a general law, limiting the maximum age in all jurisdictions to 45 years, which is a step in the right direction and made imperative by the non-grading of the as- sessments. The Order does not pretend, as an Order, to provide sick and funeral benefits for its members, though it is said that the subordinate lodges may, if they desire it, give such benefits. Asa rule, we believe, they are not given at all. Credit must, however, be accorded to the fraternity features of this great Order, in the fact that thousands of its members, when ill or in distress or out of work, have been assisted either by the payment for them of lodge dues, or in other substantial ways. The work done by the A.O.U.W. is such as to make us all proud of the mother of fraternal benefit societies. The forty-four and one-half millions of dollars paid to the widows and orphans by the A.O.U.W. during their twenty-four years' record, does not, by any means, represent the whole of their work. We have no doubt that the works of benevolence and of frater- nity, if counted up in dollars and cents, would add millions more to the magnificent record shown in the following table : 834 HISTORY OF THE Statistical Summary from 1869 to 1892. Year. Membership. Death Rate per 1,000. Amount Paid to the Widows and Orphans. 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 75 150 350 600 2,547 5,194 8,344 13,128 26,102 49,184 69,877 86,083 93.302 104,544 123,707 136,909 150,581 166,637 187,413 206,993 224,274 241,833 264,251 292,539 .00 .00 5.71 8.33 12.56 13.66 11.02 8.16 6.24 6.64 7.51 7.85 8.18 8.24 8.39 7.84 8.62 8.94 9.62 9.72 9.13 10.32 9.72 10.19 1344 67 2,350 00 57,405 90 126,000 00 174,000 00 198,000 00 308,366 28 639,979 90 1.064.956 94 1,305,887 50 1,503,555 80 1,792,603 34 2,031,047 20 2,180,126 30 2,566,458 36 2.942.957 00 3,453,2P7 00 3,985,088 19 4,153,768 28 4,762,157 09 5,307,588 54 6,015,020 60 ...144,570,948 89 The government of the A. O. U. W. is vested in a Supreme Lodge, which provides for the payment of benefits to members of any Subordinate Lodge not under a Grand Lodge jurisdiction, and has control of the general laws of the Order. The Grand Lodges under the Supreme Lodge have control of the benefit funds within their own jurisdiction, and of all local matters, including medical examinations and the appointment of medical referees. The cost of joining a Subordinate Lodge difiers a little in the various jurisdictions. The minimum cost in Ontario, as fixed by the Grand Lodge, is $8.25, as follows : Proposition fee, including J. A. degree $3 00 Workman degree 2 00 Beneficiary certificate 1 25 Advance assessment .... 1 00 Medical examination, not less than 1 00 $8 25 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 835 The cost to charter applicants is as follows : Charter $100 00 Advance assessments 1 00 Beneficiary certificate .... 1 25 Medical examination, not less than 1 00 THE KNIGHTS OF HONOR. Among the oldest of the Fraternal Beneficiary Orders established upon this continent, is that grand institution known as the Knights of Honor. The officers claim that it is the first benevolent society in the United States pay- ing a death benefit from a central Treasury, and we have no reason to doubt the correctness of this claim. It started in Louisville on June 30th, 1873, with seventeen members, and has grown to number over 2,600 Subordinate Lodges, thirty-six Grand Lodges, and a membership of over 138,000, From its inception to 1st January, 1894, a period of twenty years, it has dis- bursed to the beneficiaries of its deceased members, in sums of either two thousand, one thousand, or five hundred dollars, the enormous sum of $45,- 000,000, and in the neighborhood of $10,000,000 more have been paid to its members in sickness and distress. The objects of the Order are of the usual fraternal, social, and beneficiary character. A Knight must join and be a member of some Suborbinate Lodge, and contribute to its support, in order to be entitled to benefits. Each member pays to his Subordinate Lodge quarterly dues of not less than twenty-five cents per month ; each Subordinate Lodge pays annually to the Grand Lodge a per capita tax varying from fifty cents to one dollar, and each Grand Lodge pays to the Supreme Lodge annually a per capita tax of thirty cents. The manner of obtaining membership in a Subordinate Lodge is as fol- lows : The applicant must be a " white " person between the ages 18 and 50 years, and must make an application to a lodge upon a printed form provid- ed for that purpose ; must pass a favorable examination by the local Medical Examiner, selected by the Supreme Medical Examiner ; the examination is then submitted to the Supreme Medical Examiner, and, if approved by him, the candidate must be balloted for by the lodge two black balls rejecting. COST OF ADMISSION. The cost of admission in Alpha-Ontario Lodge, No. 3,597, is as follows : Membership or Initiation Fee $2 50 Medical Examination Fee * 2 50 Certificate Fee 2 00 Monthly Dues 25 Also, one advance assessment for Widows' and Orphans' Fund. 836 HISTORY OF THE Tlie assessments for the Widows' and Orphans' Funds are levied by and paid to the Supreme 1 9dge only, as follows : On the 20th of each month, the Supreme Reporter determines how many assessments will be needed to meet the death losses for the ensuing month. Members have until the last day of the succeeding month to pay the necessary amount to their lodges. Within ten days from that date the lodge must have the amount col- lected in the Supreme Treasury. Those failing to pay stand suspended, but can secure reinstatement without cost or trouble within sixty days ; {after that time they must again pass a favorable medical examination. The maximum benetit is ^2,000, called a *' full rate " benefit, then there is a "half rate" benefit, or $1,000, and a "quarter rate" benefit, or $500; Each member at entrance chooses which of the three benefits he will take. In addition to these benefits, each Subordinate Lodge may, at its discretion, arrange to give sick benefits. For aU members admitted prior to 1st July, 1892, the assessments for a full rate benefit are as follows : Between the ages of 18 and 45 years $1 00 " ' " 45 and 46 years 105 " 46 and 47 years 110 " 47 and 48 years 1 20 " 48 and 49 years 130 "49 and 50 years " 1 50 And proportionate amounts for $1,000 or 500 protection. The above schedule represented the rate of assessments in existence till the Session of the Supreme Lodge, held at Charleston, S.C., in May, 1892. A new rate of assessments was adopted in 1892 for all initiates joining the Order from and after the 1st day of July, 1892, which is as follows : NEW SCHEDULE OF ASSESSMENTS. . . ... i| ^^^ 5^^ I" ^s 5-^ 2' 1" I" 1^ r^ ^1 1^ I- r ^1 18 and 30, $0 80 $0 40 f 20 40 and 41, $1 26 $0 63 $0 32 30 and 31, 84 42 21 41 and 42, 1 32 66 33 31 and 32, 88 44 22 42 and 43, 138 69 35 32 and 33, 92 4<; 23 43 and 44, 1 44 72 36 33 and 34, 96 48 24 44 and 45, 1 50 75 38 34 and 35, 100 50 25 45 and 46, 1 6n 80 40 35 and 36, 1 04 5^ 26 46 and 47, 1 70 85 43 36 and 37, 1 08 54 27 47 and 48, 1 80 90 45 37 and 38, 1 12 56 28 48 and 49, 1 90 95 48 38 and 39, 1 16 58 29 49 and 50. 2 UU 1 00 50 39 and 40, 1 20 60 30 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 837 Between the ages of 50 and 51 years $2 00 " 51 and 52 years 2 50 " 52 and 53 years 3 00 " 53 and 54 years 3 50 " '' " 54 and 55 years 4 00 A memb(?r continues to pay the rate at entrance throughout his connection with the Order. The limit of ages originally was 21 to 55 years. In 1883, this was changed to 18 to 50. The Supreme Lodge also enacted that in consequence of the death rate among members for the first two years of their membership being less than one-half of one per cent., and believing tliat equity and justice demanded that newly-initiated members should receive the benefit of this low death rate as well as those who joined in the early days of the Order, voted that all members initiated after July 1, 1892, shall pay only one assessmettt per month for the first six consecutive mo'iiths, and not exceeding two assessments per month during the next eighteen consecutive mmiths of membership. The government of the Order is democratic, each lodge being entitled to representation in the Grand Lodge, and each Grand Lodge in the Supreme Lodge, consequently it contains no self-appointed Board of Directors, and the books of the Supreme, Grand, and Subordinate oflicers are at all times open to the inspection of the officers and committees of the Order. The Constitution provides for either annual or bi-annual sessions of Supreme Lodge, as may be determined at the previous session. The Knights of Honor, as one of the pioneer societies, in spite of its radi- cal defects, in its original methods of assessments has made a record for itself during the twenty years of its existence that is alike creditable to its Supreme officers, and helpful to the younger organizations that have come into existence in later years. There is no more efficient and painstaking Supreme Secretary, or rather Supreme Reporter, than Bro. B. E. Nelson, of St. Louis, Mo. The Supreme Chief Ranger of the LO.F. has been a Knight for a little over two years, and for the two years ending with the Ist day of March, 1893, he has been called upon to pay 64 assessments of $1.50 each for an insurance of $2,000, or at the rate of $25.50 per year for $1,000 of insurance. It would have cost him from $42.60 in the Canada Life to $48.50 in the Equitable, or the Mutual Life, or the New York Life, to carry the same amount of insurance. That is to say, that the Knights of Honor have given the same protection for these two years, for one-half the price, that could have been procured from old- line companies. The one great defect heretofore existing in the system of the Knights of Honor, and which was only partially remedied at Charleston, was the non- grading of ages below 45. For instance, a Knight of 18 years of age, having joined at the same time that the Supreme Chief Ranger joined, would have had to pay $1 for each assessment, and a Knight of 44 years of age would 838 HISTORY OF THE have been called upon to pay no more. The young Knight, however, could have got insurance in any one of the three great American companies men- tioned above for $20 50 a year per $1 ,000, as against $17 in the Knights of Honor, and the older Knight of 44 would have got his insurance from the Knights also for $17, as against $37.50 in the old-line companies. The effect of such a system must necessarily be to drive the younger members into other societies, whose rates are probably graded like that of the Independent Order of Foresters, where a member of 18 years of age can secure , pro- tection for $7.20 a $1,000 per year, as against $17 in the Knights of Honor. We think it safe to say that wherever the younger members are weeded out of any organization by such discrimination against them as here noted, the invariable result will be, the increasing of the average age of the whole niembership, which means the increasing of the mortality rate in the society, and consequent increase in the cost of insurance. Statistical Summary from 1884 to 1892. Subordinate Lodges may, if they like, provide Sick Benefits for the members thereof. Year. Membership. DeathRate per 1,000. Amount Paid to the Widows and Orphans. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 127,560 128.562 128,607 125.495 125,128 123,092 125,514 130,867 133,526 136,925 127,073 9.5 11. 1 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.9 13.5 12.9 14.7 15.7 13.7 2,430,000 2,824,000 2,815,000 3,010,000 3,022,000 3,134,000 3,354,000 3,421,000 3,532,500 4,207,500 4,283,372 ROYAL ARCANUM. The Supreme Council was organized June 23, 1877, and incorporated under the General Laws of Massachusetts, November 5 of that year. The First Annual Session was held in Boston, April 23 to 26, 1878, the body being composed of the incorporators, together with Representatives admitted from Grand Councils of Massachusetts, Ohio, and Michigan. At that session there were reported 82 Councils, scattered over a large portion of the United States and a part of Canada, with a total membership of about 3,000 ; 3 deaths had occurred, and a full benefit paid on each, necessitating three assessments. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 839 During the following fiscal year the number of Councils was increased to 308, and the membership to 10,500, located in 23 States and 3 Canadian Provinces ; Grand Councils were instituted in New York, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin; 30 deaths reported, and 7 assessments called. The Second Annual Session was held in Boston. The Third Annual Session was held in Detroit, Mich., April 27 to May 3, 1880. During the year then ended. Grand Councils were formed in Indiana, Illinois, Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, and Georgia ; the number of Councils was increased to 470, and the membership to 20,500 ; 61 deaths were reported, and 6 assessments called. At the Fourth Annual Session, in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 26 to 30, 1881, the membership reported was 28.000 ; Subordinate Councils, 571 ; deaths during the year, 121 ; assessments during the year, 8. At the Fifth Annual Session, in Baltimore, April, 1882, there were re- ported 13 Grand and 642 Subordinate Councils, with a membership of 34,305 in 34 States and British Provinces. A Grand Council had been formed in New Jersey. At the Sixth Annual Session, in Richmond, Va., April 24 to May 1, 1883, the membership reported was 41,369, in 13 Grand and 735 Subordinate Councils ; deaths during the year, 263 ; assessments, 10. At the Seventh Annual Session, in Chicago, 111., April 22 to 28, 1884, the membership reported was 48,912, in 14 Grand and 824 Subordinate Councils ; deaths during the year 317 ; assessments, 11. A Grand Council had been instituted in Missouri. At the Eighth Annual Session, in Buffalo, N. Y., June 2 to 9 inclusive, 1885, the membership reported was 55,029, in 886 Subordinate Councils and 15 Grand Councils ; deaths during the year, 375 ; assessments, 11. A Grand Council had been organized in Ontario. At the Ninth Annual Session, in Philadelphia, Pa., June 1 to 8, 1886, the membership reported was 61,023, in 939 Subordinate Councils ; deaths dur- ing the ten months, 341 ; assessments during 10 months, ending December 31st, 1885, 10. At the Tenth Annual Session, in Boston, Mass., June 7 to 15 inclusive, 1887, the membership reported for the year ending December 31, 1886, was 70 823, in 1,013 Subordinate Councils and 16 Grand Councils; deaths during the year, 522 ; assessments during the year, 13. At the Eleventh Annual Session, in Toronto, Ont., June 5 to 11, inclusive, 1888, the membership reported for the year ending December 31, 1887, was 79 362. in 1,070 Subordinate Councils and 16 Grand Councils ; deaths during the year 609 ; assessments called during the year, 14 . At the Twelfth Annual Session, in Atlantic City, N.J., June 4 to 11 in elusive, 1889, the membership reported for the year ending December 31, 1888, was 86,981, in 1,124 Subordinate Councils and 16 Grand Councils. There had been 669 deaths and 14 assessments during the year. 840 HISTORY OF THE At the Thirteenth Annual Session, in Milwaukee, Wis., June 4 to 11 in- clusive, 1890, the membership reported was about 98,000; 1,220 Subordinate and 16 Grand Councils. During the year 13 assessments were called, $2,146,- 250 had been paid on 728 deaths, making the total payments $12,557,450. At the Fourteenth Annual Session, in Atlantic City, N.J., June 3 to 10 nclusive, 1891, the membership reported was 111,460; 1,326 Subordinate Councils and 19 Grand Councils. During the year 15 assessments had been ailed, $2,717 302 20 had been paid on 923 deaths, making the total? pay- ments $15,274,752.20. At the Fifteenth Annual Session, in Providence, R.I., June 1 to 8 inclusive, 1892, the membership reported to December 31, 1891, was 125 029; 1,408 Subordinate Councils and 19 Grand Councils. During the year 15 assess- ments had been called, $3,096 250.00 had been paid on 1,047 deaths, making the total payments $18,371,002.20. Statistical Summary from 1877 to 1892. Year. Membership. Death-rate per 1,000. Amounts paid to Widows and Orphans. 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1,387 7,675 17,300 25,572 33,148 40,029 47,749 53,816 60,957 70,823 79,171 86,985 97,994 111,366 125,029 137,194 .00 4.63 4 64 4.61 6.47 6.47 6.49 7.48 7.49 7.94 8 43 8.28 7.83 8.77 8.85 8.80 $ c. 9,000 00 , 72,000 00 183,000 00 354,000 00 528,000 00 699,000 00 945,000 00 1,075,500 00 1.068,500 00 1,512,000 00 1,940,500 00 2 024,700 CO 2,146,250 00 2,717,302 20 3,096,250 00 3,401,750 00 Totals $21,772,752 20 OBJECTS OF THE ORDER. 1. To unite fraternally all white men of sound bodily health and good moral character, who are socially acceptable and between twenty-one and fifty-five years of age. 2. To give all moral and material aid in its power to its members and those dependent upon them. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 841 3. To educate its members socially, morally, and intellectually ; also to assist the widows and orphans of deceased members, 4. To establish a fund for the relief of sick and distressed members. 5. To establish a Widows' and Orphans' Benefit Fund, from which, on the satisfactory evidence of the death of a member of the Order who has com- plied with all its lawful requirements, a sum not exceeding three thousand dollars shall be paid to his wife, children, relatives, or persons dependent upon him, as limited in the laws relating to Benefit Certificates. There are two classes of members, the one being called a full-rate member, whose beneficiaries receive |3,000 ; the other is called a half -rate member, whose beneficiaries receive $1,500 on death. FORM OF GOVERNMENT. The government of this Order is vested in Supreme, Grand, and Subor- dinate Councils. The Supreme Council has power to make laws for the government of the whole Order. The collection and disbursement of the W. and O. B. Fund is controlled exclusively by the Supreme Council. Grand Councils have charge of the Order within their respective States, subject to the laws and regulations of the Supreme Council. Subordinate Councils have charge of the Order in their immediate vicinity, and are the agents of the Supreme Council for the collection of the W. and O. B. Fund. Grand Councils are composed of representatives elected by the Subordin- ate Councils of a State. Grand Councils elect representatives to the Supreme Council. RESTRICTIONS OF THE ORDER. The operations of the Order are restricted to territory free from epidemics. The following States and Counties have been excluded from its benefits on this account : The States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, and that portion of Tennessee and Kentucky lying west of tlie Tennessee River ; also that portion of South-eastern Georgia bordering on the Atlantic, included in the Counties of Chatham, Bryan, Liberty, Mc- intosh, Glynn, and Camden. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS. A rigid medical examination is required. The favorable recommendation of the Subordinate Examiner must be approved by the State Medical Ex- aminer, if under a Grand Council, and by the Medical Examiner-in-Chief, if under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Council. The Subordinate Medical Examiners are commissioned by the Supreme Regent, and may be removed at his pleasure. Full rate members, pay according to the following AAA 842 HISTORY OF THE SCHEDULE OF BATE OF ASSESSMENT. Between the ages of 21 and 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29 30 31. 32. 33. 34 35. 36. 37. 38. I Between $1.00 I the ages of 38 and 39. .... . $1.86 1.04 * * - - 1.08 I 1.12 I 1.16 I 1.20 I 1.24 i 1.28 : 1.32 I 1.38 1.44 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.68 1.74 i 1.80 I 39 ' ' 40.... .. 1.95 40 ' * 41.... . . 2.06 41 ' * 42 ... .. 2.16 42 " 43... . . 2.26 43 *' 44. .. .. 2.36 44 ' ' 45.... . . 2.46 45 ' '46 , .. 2.58 46 ' ' 47.... . . 2.7^0 47 ' ' 48 ... . .. 2.82 48 ' ' 49.... .. 2.96 49 " 50.... .. 3.10 50 ' ' 51... . . 3.26 51 ' ' 52.... .. 3 42 52 ' 53.... .. 3.60 53 * ' 54.... . 3.80 54 ' ' 55 ... . . 4.00 The member's assessment paid at entrance remains unchanged during his connection with the Order, if his rate remains the same. No Sick Benefits are given, but there is an excellent provision for the protection of Brethren who are taken ill, and is covered by the following provision in the Subordinate Constitution : ' ' Any member in good standing, and not in arrears for dues or fines, having six months previously obtained the degree . who may become disabled by sickness or other disability from following his usual business or some other occupation, shall, after giving written notice to his Council, receive from the funds of his Council, while said sicknoss or disability continues, a sum sufficient to pay his dues and assessments, and such additional benefits as the Council may by By-law prescribe." It will be observed that by this plan the burden of carrying a disabled Bro ther falls upon the Council to which the Brother belongs. In our opinion, the T.O.F. system, which throws such burdens upon the whole membership, is more equitable, and more easily borne. We regard the Royal Arcanum, however, as one of the best of the death assessing societies. The manage- ment by the Executive is both careful and conserv^ative. COST OF ADMISSION. A Council cannot be instituted with less than fifteen nor more than one hundred charter members. The cost to a charter member cannot be less than two and a half dollars for the degree and two dollars for a Benefit Certificate ; the Medical Exam- iner's fees, $2.50; dues for the current quarter, which cannot be less than seventy-five cents, total, seven dollars and seventy -five cents, and one ad- vance assessment to the W. and O. B. Fund. The Degree Fee after a Coun- cil is instituted is not less than $4.00. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 843 W. O. Robson, 407 Shawmut Ave., Boston, Mass., is the Supreme Secre- tary. . He is an exceptionally strong man, courteous and obliging in his in- tercourse with the Order, and accurate in all his transactions, in a word, he is a model Supreme Secretary. THE KNIGHTS AND LADIES OF HONOR. The Supreme Lodge Knights and Ladies of Honor was organized Septem- ber 6th, 1877, chartered in 1877 by the State of Kentucky, and in 1885 by the State of Missouri. In 1878, June 30th, the total membership was 1,925, and on June 30th, ]892, 72,717, and is distributed in nearly every State in the Union, with fifteen Grand Lodges, and 1,200 Subordinate Lodges, and has paid out in death benefits $7,272,410. Its membership is about equally divided between the two sexes. FEMALE RISKS. The Knights and Ladies of Honor is believed to be the first Society of its kind to admit female members. Its growth at first was retarded by the popular prejudice that female risks were greater than male. Such a preju- dice was founded upon ignorance of the comparative mortality of the two sexes. Its experience has verified the testimony of experts upon this sub- ject. Its female risks have constantly proved better than its male. On this subject, L. D. Wetherill, M.D., Supreme Medical Examiner of this Order, says in his report for the last term : "Viewing the subject (Female Risks), from any standpoint, carefully analyzing the 3,000 deaths, extending over a period of eleven years, the conclusion is obvious that females, as a class, are more desirable risks for life insurance than males. Six years' experience in reviewing applications and tabulating deaths, forces me to the same observation noted in my first report four years ago, viz. : Evidently the dangers, exposures, and various vicissitudes to which males are subjected, together with the evils of intem- perance, more than counterbalance the risks of maternity and the climacteric epoch." An analysis of the deaths gives the following results : Deaths males, 1,601; ratio, 53.37. Deaths females, 1,399 ; ratio, 46.63. ITS FORM OF GOVERNMENT. The government of this Order is vested in Supreme, Grand and Subordin- ate Lodges. The Supreme Lodge is the head of the Order, with full power to make laws for the government of itself and the Grand and Subordinate Lodges. The collection and disbursements of the Relief Fund is controlled exclusively by the Supreme Lodge. RELIEF FUND. This comprises four Divisions, viz. : Division 1, of $60 ; Division 2, of $1,000 ; Division 3, of $2,000, and Division 4, of $3,000. All persons, ex- 844 HISTORY OF THE cept those over the age of fifty years, or those physically disqualified, desig- nate in their application for membership the Division of which they desire to become a member. No person can hold more than one Relief Fund Certificate in this Order, or become a member of more than one Division at the same time. All moneys received from assessments are pooled to pay death losses, regardless of the Division to which the deceased may have belonged. Assessments are levied on the first of the month. ^ No person under 18 years of age can become a member of the Order,' and no person over 50 years of age can become a member of the Relief Fund. A fee of one dollar is charged for each original Relief Fund Certificate. AGES AND RATES OF ASSESSMENTS. AGE. $500 $1000 $2,000 $3,000 18 to 25 years 25 to 30 " 30 to 35 ' .20 .20 .25 .25 .30 .30 .35 .35 .40 .40 ..30 .35 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 .90 1.05 1.20 35 to 40 " 40 to 45 " 1.35 1.50 45 to 46 " 1.65 46 to 47 *' 1.80 47 to 48 " 1.95 48 to 49 ** 2.20 49 to 50 * 2 25 SOCIAL MEMBERSHIP. Any acceptable white person, between the ages of eighteen and sixty-five years, may be admitted to the Order as a Social Member without medical examination. They are required to pay the same dues as any other mem- ber, but they are exempt from contributing to the Relief Fund. They may also receive sick benefits at the discretion of subordinate lodges. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS. Each applicant for Relief Fund membership is examined by a physician ap- pointed by the Supreme Medical Examiner, according to forms and rules prescribed by the Supreme Lodge. Such examination is sent on to the Su- preme Medical Examiner for review and final acceptance, the same being ac companied with a thirty-five cent fee. EXPENSE OF ORGANIZATION. The cost of a charter for a subordinate lodge, including cost of organization paraphernalia, and supplies furnished by the Supreme or Grand Lodge, is $100, to be paid by the charter applicants, who are permitted to fix the amount they shall each pay for initiation, provided that amount aggregates no less than $100 for charter and supplies. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 845 Quarterly dues of not less than fifty cents are required to defray the ex- penses of a lodge, from which a per capita of thirty -seven and one-half cents semi-annually upon all members in good standing under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Lodge, is called to meet the general expenses of the Order. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FROM 1878 TO 1892. No. of Members, 30 th June. Death Rate. Total Total Death Rate. Total Paid to Number of Widows Year. aud Males. Females. Males. Females. Members. Orphans. 1878, 907 1,018 19.84 16.70 1,925 18.18 $ 12,378* 1879 3,314 3,439 8.45 8.43 6,753 8.44 55,000 1880 6,146 6,182 6.83 6.79 12328 6.81 84,000 1881 7,592 8,688 11.85 9.78 16,253 10.76 148,000* 1882 10,448 11,598 8.71 6.38 22,946 7.49 193,748 1883 12,702 14,368 9.92 7.80 27,041 8.80 294,921 1884 15,664 17,150 10.34 9.15 32,814 9.72 392,000 1885 17,900 19,C09 12.01 9 42 36,909 10.64 538,000 1886 19,206 20,690 13.38 10.68 39,896 11.98 596,000 1887 21,164 22,788 12.05 9.65 43,897 10.58 591,000 1I888 22,601 24,334 12 74 9.99 46,935 11.31 729,500 1889 24,745 26,326 13.01 9.83 59,901 11.37 735,000 1890 27,465 29,201 13.14 12.39 55.273 12.78 830,666 1891 29,853 31,156 14.14 11.88 70,284 12 98 995,000 1892 31,215 32,500 12.91 12.40 72,217 12.65 1,024,196 *Yellow fever years. COST OF JOINING THE ORDER. Average Initiation Fee $3 00 Relief Fund Certificate Fee 1 GO Medical Examination Fee 1 00 Supreme Medical Examiner's Fee 35 One Quarter's Advance Dues ^ 1 00 One Advance Assessment (graded according to age and amount ; see table). Subordinate Lodges can be instituted anywhere in the United States, ex- cept Florida and Louisiana, and certain portions of Arkansas. The minimum number required to start a lodge ia eighteen. Grand Lodges can be insti- tuted in any State or Territory when there are at least ten subordinate lodges, having in the aggregate 500 members. Cost of a Grand Lodge Charter is $50. The Knights and Ladies of Honor is a "white" Order, as most of the Or- ders are, which were founded in the ' ' land of the free and the home of the brave." 846 HISTORY OF THE COST OF INSURANCE PER ANNUM FOR $1,000 FOR EACH YEAR FOR AGES INDICATED SINCE ORGANIZATION. Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Year. 18-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45 46 47 48 49 years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. 1878 1 5 10 $ 5 95 $ 6 80 $ 7 65 $ 8 50 $ 9 35 $10 20 Ill 05 .$11 90 $12 75 1879 6 90 8 05 9 20 10 35 11 50 12 65 13 80 14 95 16 10 17 25 1880 5 70 6 65 7 60 8 55 9 50 10 45 11 40 12 35 13 30 14 25 1881 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 1882 6 60 7 70 8 80 9 90 11 00 12 10 13 20 14 30 15 40 16 50 1883 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 1884 6 00 7 00 8 00 9 00 10 00 11 00 12 00 13 00 14 00 15 00 1885 6 90 8 05 9 20 10 35 11 50 12 65 13 80 14 95 16 10 17 25 1886 7 20 8 40 9 60 10 80 12 00 13 20 14 40 15 60 16 80 18 00 1887 6 90 8 05 9 20 10 35 11 50 12 65 13 80 14 95 16 10 17 25 1888 7 20 8 40 9 60 10 80 12 00 13 20 14 40 15 60 16 80 18 00 1889 7 20 8 40 9 60 10 80 12 00 13 20 14 40 15 60 16 80 18 00 1890 7 50 8 75 10 00 11 25 12 50 13 75 15 00 16 25 17 50 18 75 1891 8 70 10 15 11 60 13 05 14 50 15 95 17 50 18 85 20 30 21 75 1892 8 70 10 15 11 60 13 05 14 50 15 95 17 50 18 85 20 30 21 75 THE KNIGHTS OF THE MACCABEES. The Knights of the Maccabees was founded in London, Ontario, by W. D. McGloughlon, in August, 1878, upon the "ten cent" plan originally adopt- ed by the I. O. F. ; that is to say, that the benefit to be paid to the beneficiaries of the member at his death, when the membership reached 10, - 000 was |!1,000. The assessments were at the rate of ](>c. per death for all ages alike. It was provided that until an assessment brought $1,000, or, in other words, that until the membership reached 10,000 the beneficiaries were to receive only the amount of one assessment, whatever that sum might be. The subordinate bodies were called "Tents," and as the Charter fee was fixed at only $10.00, and Charters could be granted to any 10 applicants, the Order sprang up like a mushroom, and within one year there were over 10, - 000 names upon its roster. At first there was practically no limit to age, and no medical examination was required of candidates. The Founder had some other peculiar ideas, relating to Fraternal Societies, which he sought to put in practical operation through the Maccabees. One of these was to do away with the expenses connected with annual meetings, and Tent No. 1 was constituted the Supreme Governing Body or Tent. A year or two after that, Tent No. 1 intimated that it did not desire longer to continue in office and asked the Subordinate Tents to vote for its successor, and when the votes were count- ed Buffalo Tent was given the honor of ruling the Order. As soon, however, as the officers of Buffalo Tent had the affairs of the Order fairly in their hands, they announced their intention of remodelling the whole institution. A review was accordingly called in Buffalo, which resulted in a division of INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 847 the Order. Tent No. 1 again resumed control of one section, and the other section went under Sir Knight Thomas Elliott, of Brantford, as Supreme Commander, and the present distinguished Maccabee leader, Sir Knight N. S. Boynton, as Supreme Lieut. Commander. Shortly after, Sir Knight Elliott resigned, and Sir Knight Boynton. by virtue of his office, became Supreme Commander. This division continued until 1880, when a grand review of the McGloughlon faction was held in Detroit, Michigan, and the majority of the representatives agreed to terms of re-union, which were finally consummated at a grand review of the two sections held in Port Huron on the 11th January, 1881, and at which Dr. Wilder, of Chicago, was elected Supreme Commander, while Major N. S. Boynton, who declined a re-election occupied a seat at the Executive Board, as Past Supreme Com- mander. Under his leadership, a little later, the Order was thoroughly re- organized, and from time to time was made more and more like the I.O.F., until at the present day there is not much difl'erence between the two, except in the matter of assessments. As already stated, at the beginning there was no grading of ages ; the benefit paid was only $1,000. On reorganization, a graded rate of assessments was adopted, and another |1,000 of benefit was added, which is given up to the 51st year of age. Later on, a $3,000 was added, which was given up to 55 years of age. Last year. 1893, it was changed again, limiting $3,000 to those under 51 years of age, $2,000 under 53, and $1,000 under 51 years, as shown under "Rate of Assessments." The objects of the Order are, to unite fraternally all white persons of sound bodily health and good moral character, who are socially acceptable, between 18 and 70 years of age, and to provide for death, sick, funeral, ac- cident, disability and old age, benefits to those between the ages of 18 and 55 years, and to educate the members socially, morally and intelh ctually. The business of the Order is conducted through a "Supreme Tent," "Great Camps," and "Subordinate Tents." It is not a close corporation by any means, as the members, through their representatives, make all the laws and elect all their officers. The " Supreme Tent," is the law-making body, and all other branches of the Order are subordinate to it. The officers of the Supreme Tent are elected every two years by representatives chosen by Great Camps and Subordinate Tents. A Great Camp may be organized in any State or Province where there are Fifty Subordinate Tents and Two Thousand Members, and when organized has general control of the Order in its jurisdiction. Subordinate Tents may be instituted with not less than 20 Members. Persons can only participate in the benefits of the Order through member- ship in some Subordinate Tent. When a member becomes permanently and totally disabled through sick- ness, injury, or when he reaches the age of 70 years, he is entitled to one- tenth ANNUALLY of the amount of his benefit certificate until the amount of 848 HISTORY OF THE the certificate is paid. All dues and assessments cease from the date of ap- proval of claim. Should he die before all is paid, the remaining part goes to his beneficiary. RATE OF ASSESSMENTS. NORTHERX DISTRICT. BETWEEN THE AGES OP 18 and 25. 25 and 80 30 and 35. 35 and 40 40 and 45 45 and 48. 48 and 51 51 and 52 52 and 53. 53 and 64. M and P5 For 11,000. For $2,000. $ 40 $ 80 45 90 50 1 00 60 1 20 75 1 50 90 1 80 1 00 2 00 1 25 2 50 1 60 3 (0 2 00 2 50 For $3,000. I 20 r35 1 50 1 80 2 25 2 70 3 00 A person employed as Engineer or Fireman on any railroad train ; Con- ductor or Brakeman on railroad freight train ; or as switchman or yardman in the employ of railroads ; postal clerks, and baggage and expressmen on railroad trains ; or engaged in mining under ground, except coal miners (who are prohibited risks), will have to pay 25 cents in addition to the foregoing assessment rates, for each $1,000 while he remains in such employ. No person can be admitted to beneficial membership while engaged in any of the following occupations : Blasting, coal mining, submarine operations, manufacturing highly inflammable or explosive materials, aeronauts, and line- men in the employ of electric companies, either in the construction or repair of lines over which the current passes ; no person can be admitted to either social or henejicial membership, who is engaged either as principal, agent, or ser- vant in the manufacture or sale of spirituous or malt liquors as a beverage, or who is addicted to the intemperate use of intoxicating liquors. WHAT IT COSTS TO JOIN. Membership Fee $5 00 Supreme Medical Examiner's Fee 25 Certificate Fee (Beneficial or Social) 1 00 Total $6 25 STATISTICAL SUMMARY FROM 18S1 TO li;93. Year. No. of Mem- bers. Death Rate. Amount Paid Beneficiaries. 1881 1882 1883 7C0 1,038 2,440 4,490 6,402 10,393 13,383 19,612 26,870 36,866 54,288 S8,217 111,5.53 2.58 2 10 4.28 5.44 4.10 6.30 5.60 6.10 5.60 5.65 6.12 $ 4,000 1884 . . . 7,000 1885 29,326 18 1886 59,139 1887 1888 80,000 148,000 1889 . 207,800 1890 1891 807,116 441,702 1892 1893 608,260 887,298 90 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 849 The Great Camp, or Grand Lodge of Michigan, has the right to give Mor- tuary Benefits as well as the Supreme Tent, but is, we believe, the only Great Camp which possesses this privilege. In 1890, a woman's auxiliary branch of the Order was established, known as the Ladies of the Maccabees, with power to provide for life, sick, accident and disability benefits. The subordinate bodies of this branch are known as Hives, and the membership is composed exclusively of women, who them- selves manage their social, ritualistic and financial afiairs with a general supervision by the Supreme Tent of the Knights. The women's auxiliary branch has now reached a membership of over 30,000, making a combined membership of over 141,000. The ladies' branch paid out to beneficiaries up to December 31, 1893, $75,000. The Hon. N. S. Boynton, who was elected President of the National Fraternal Congress at the last session of that Body, is both Supreme Record Keeper, and Great Record Keeper, of the Great Camp for Michigan, and is justly entitled to the title bf Father of the modern Maccabees ; for when he took the helm in 1881 and 188l', the Order was on its last legs, and it was not till after several years of hard work that the tide was turned, and under his leadership the Order has grown to its present magnificent proportions. No man deserves better at the hands of his brethren than the genial Major does at the hands of the Maccabees. AMERICAN LEGION OF HONOR. The American Legion of Honor was organized December 18, 1878, under the corporate laws of Massachusetts, by Dr. Darius Wilson, of Boston. It is a fraternal organization composed of white persons of both sexes, of sound bodily health, good moral character, socially acceptable, and, at admission, between 18 and 50 years of age. The objects of the Order are of the usual fraternal, social, and beneficial character. The head of the Order is the Supreme Council, composed of its Oflicers, Representatives from Grand Councils, and all Past Supreme Commanders. It holds regular biennial meetings. Under the Grand Councils are the Subordinate Councils. The Supreme Council controls exclusively the Widows' and Orphans' Fund. The benefits originally were $500, $1,000, $2,000, $3,000, $4,000, and $5,000, and the membership were taxed for this fund according to the following 850 HISTORY OF THE TABLE OF ASSESSMENTS. Between Ages of 18 and 29 29 " 30..../ 30 " 31 31 "32 32 " 33 33 " 34 . 34 '35 35 " 36 3i "37 37 ' 38 38 " 39 39 " 40 40 "41 41 " 42 42 " 43. 43 " 44 44 45 45 "46 46 "47 47 " 48 48 " 49 49 " 50 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Degree Degree Degree Degree Degree $500. $1,000. $2,000. $3,000. $4,000. $0 20 $0 40 $0 80 $1 20 $1 60 21 42 84 1 26 1 68 22 44 88 1 32 1 76 23 46 92 T 38 1 84 24 48 96 1 44 1 92 25 50 1 00 1 50 2 00 26 52 1 04 1 56 2 08 27 54 1 08 1 62 2 16 28 56 1 12 1 68 2 24 29 58 1 16 1 74 2 32 30 60 1 20 1 80 2 40 31 62 1 24 1 86 2 48 32 64 1 28 1 92 2 56 33 66 1 32 1 98 2 64 34 68 1 36 2 04 2 72 35 70 1 40 2 10 2 80 36 72 1 44 2 16 2 88 37 74 1 4S 2 22 2 96 38 76 1 52 2 28 3 04 39 78 1 56 2 34 3 12 40 80 1 60 2 40 3 20 42 84 1 68 2 52 3 36 6th Degree $5,000. $2 00 3 00 3 10 3 20 3 30 3 40 3 50 3 60 3 70 3 80 3 90 4 00 4 20 Originally the maximum age for admission was fixed at 64 years of age, which has, doubtless, contributed largely to the high rate of assessments ex- perienced by the Order in later years. The maximum age was reduced to 50 years at the Session of Supreme Council held in 1885. SPECIAL EATE TO NEW MEMBERS. Upon admission every applicant pays to the Collector one assessment as specified in the schedule following : Between the Ages of $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 18 and 30 30 " 35 35 " 40 40 " 45 45 " 50 $0.25 .40 .50 .60 .70 $0.50 .80 1.00 1.20 1.40 $0.75 1.20 1.50 1.80 2.10 Such payment is the only assessment payment that the new member makes in the month of admission. In each succeeding month after the month of admission the new member pays the number of assessments called. This INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 851 rate of one assessment remains unchanged for a period of three years, ^^fter said three years each member shall pay the number of assessments called at the original age of admission, in accordance with the following TABLE OF RATES. Death Benefits. $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 18 and 29 $0.40 $0.80 $1.20 29 " 30 .42 .84 1.26 30 *' 31 .44 .88 1.32 31 " 32 .46 .92 1.38 32 " 33 .48 .96 1.44 33 " 34 .50 1.00 1.50 34 " 35 .52 1.04 1.56 35 ** 36 .54 1.08 1.62 36 " 37 .56 1.12 1.68 37 ** 38 .58 1.16 1.74 38 " 39 .60 1.20 1.80 39 " 40 .62 1.24 1.86 40 ' 41 .64 1.28 1.92 41 " 42 .66 1.32 1.98 42 " 43 .68 1.36 2.04 43 " 44 .70 1.40 2.10 44 " 45 .72 1.44 2.16 45 * 46 74 1.48 2.22 46 " 47 .76 1.52 2.28 47 " 48 .78 1.56 2.34 48 " 49 .80 1.60 2.40 49 " 50 .84 1.68 2.52 The certificates issued by the American Legion of Honor insure the pay- ment of a disability benefit according to the following table : $ 500 Benefit Carries $ 2.00 Weekly Relief Benefit. 1,000 2,000 4.00 8.00 3,000 4,000 5,000 12.00 16.00 20.00 Not exceeding five weeks to be drawn in one year, and fifty weeks or twenty per cent, of the full amount insured in the life of the member. The benefit so drawn is deducted from the face of the certificate at the member's death, without interest. In later years the laws have been altered, by which ninety-five per cent, of every assessment, except a yearly one, is set apart for the Beneficiary Fund, which can be used only for the payment of death claims and sick or disa- bility benefits. Five per cent, of each assessment goes to an Emergency or Reserve Fund. 852 HISTORY OF THE The object of this fund is to insure the ultimate payment, in full, of every certificate issued by the American Legion of Honor. If at any time an assessment shall produce less than the full face value of a certificate, the diflerence will be taken from this Emergency Fund . The fund is lim- ited to $500,000. The surplus over this sum is annually distributed to the members of five years' standing in proportion to their contributions $506,- 840 50 has been returned to members in this way in three years Each member is also taxed one special assessment annually, which goes i^to the General Fund. COST OF MEMBERSHIP. At joining, a new member is required to pay the initiation fee exacted by the Subordinate Council, together with a certificate fee of $1.00, and medical examination fee of $2. 00, and one advance assessment, according to scale. At the last session of the Supreme Council, the $500, $4,000 and $5,000 classes were stricken out, so that the maximum benefit now written by the Order is only $3,000. This does not interfere with certificates previously issued. STATISTICAL SUMMARY FROM 1878 TO 1893. Year. Membership. Death Rate per 1,000. Amounts paid to Widows and Orphans. 1878 34 1879 1,445 7 $ 1,505 1880 15,663 1-3 61,370 1881 33,605 5-7 437,500 1882 47,297 7- 980,000 1883 53,032 8-1 1,498,800 1884 57,005 9-3 1,577,500 1885 58,192 11-2 1,935,500 1886 60,145 9-9 1,883,000 1887 62,111 12 2,264,500 1888 62,276 13-5 2,500,492 1889 62,457 12-5 2,246,936 1890 62,574 131 2,472,324 1891 61,355 15-6 2,948 544 1892 60,554 16 4 .3,111,148 1893 62,.S03 160 3,072,840 Adam Warnock, of 200 Huntington Ave., Boston, Mass., is the painstak- ing and efficient Supreme Secretary. He is a gentleman of the old school, and brings to the Executive of the American Legion of Honor a sound judg- ment and practical experience which serve to give it strength and stability. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 853 HOME CIRCLE. The Supreme Council of the Home Circle was organized in Boston, Mass., on the 2nd October, 1879, by Messrs. Thomas Waterman, Edward Page, N. Hayward Fuller, John A. Cummings, and Julius M. Swain, who were prominent officers and members of the Royal Arcanum, and who had in view the desirability of enabling members of that Order to secure additional insur- ance and to create a Society into which the members of the Royal Arcanum could take their wives, daughters, and lady friends. The body is composed of Supreme, Grand, and Subordinate Councils. Grand Councils may be instituted in such states or territories as are not proscribed by the Constitution and Laws of the Order, where there are at least 10 Subordinate Councils having 1,000 members. Subordinate Councils must consist of at least 10 members, and must be "whites" between the ages of 18 and 55 years, both inclusive. This has, however, been recently changed, and now the limit is from 18 to 50 years The cost for a Charter for a Grand Council is $50.00. That for a Subor- dinate Council, $100.00. BENEFITS. Acceptable applicants who can pass the required Medical Examination are admitted to one of four degrees of benefit, as follows : First Degree $ 500 Second Degree 1,000 Third Degree 2,000 Fourth Degree 3,500 Those between 21 and 45 years of age are eligible to either degree, those between 18 and 21 years of age, and between 45 and 50 years, to the first three degrees only. Assessments are called only when required, and are then levied upon the entire membership. One assessment in advance according to age and degree (amount of insurance carried), is paid at admission, and thereafter is due on demand with 30 days', grace. WHAT IT COSTS TO JOIN. Medical Examiner's Fees $2.50 Initiation Fee varies, with Councils, usually 3.00 Benefit Certificate 1. 00 Quarterly Dues, varies with Councils, usually 1.00 $7.50 To the above add one advance assessment, according to age and degree selected . When organizing a Council these rates may be modified, and if a large charter list is secured, the initiation fee may be reduced at the discretion of the Supreme Leader. 854 HISTORY OF THE Assessments as per table following do not increase with age, and are diie when called, and failure to pay within 30 days works a suspension, without action of the Council. Between DEATH BENEFITS. Ages of First Degree $500. Second Degree $1,000. Third Degree $2,000. Fourth Deg. $3,500. 18 and 19 .... $.12 .... ....$ .24 .... ....$ .48 ... [. 19 " 20 13 26 .... 28 .... .52 . 20 " 21 14 .... 56 21 22 .... .15 .. 30 .... 32 .. .60 $1.05 22 ' 23 16 .... 64 .... 1.12 23 * 24 .17 . .34 68 1.19 24 25 18 ... 36 .... 38 ... . 72 . 1.26 25 *' 26 19 .... 76 .... .... 1.33 26 ' 27 20 . . .40 . .80 1.40 27 ' 28 21 .... 42 .... 84 1.47 28 " 29 22 .... 44 .... .... .88 .... .... 1.54 29 ** 30 23 .... 46 . . .92 .. . . . 1.61 30 " 31 .24 .48 96 .... . 1.00 1 68 31 ** 32 25 50 1.75 32 * 33 . 26 .... 52 . . . . . 1.04 . . . .. .. 1.82 33 *' 34 .27 .54 1 08 1.89 34 " 35 28 .... 56 . . . . . . 1.12 . . . 1.96 35 * 36 .29 .. .58 1.16 2.03 36 * 37 .30 60 1.20 2.10 37 * 38 31 .... 32 .... .. . .33 ... 62 ... 64 ... ... .66 .... .. . .68 .... .72 . . .. 1.24 .... .... 2.17 38 ' 39 39 *' 40 . 1.28 . . . .... 1.32 .... . . . 1.36 . . . . . 2.24 2.31 40 * 41 34 . . .... 2.38 41 ** 42 .. . .36 . .. 38 . . . ., 1.44 . . 2.52 42 ** 43 . . .76 .... ... 1.52 ... 1.60 2.66 43 *' 44 .40 so . . 2.80 44 " 45 42 ...J 84 . 1.68 . . . . 2.94 45 ' 46 44 .. .. . . .88 .... 92 . . . .. 1.76 ... 46 47 . . .46 . . . 1.84 .. . 47 " 48 48 .... 96 .... . .. 1 92 .... 48 ' 49 . .50 1.00 2.00 . . 49 '* 50 52 . .... 1.04 .... . . . 2.08 .... Social Members. Persons over 18 years of age may be admitted as social members, but are not eligible as representatives to the Supreme Council, do not receive benefits in case of sickness or disability, and cannot share in the Benefit Fund. Sick Members' assessments and dues are paid for them, and thus their in- surance is guaranteed to their families for an indefinite period during illness. Council Dues, which must be not less than 75 cents per quarter, form a fund for current expenses and sick benefits, which is controlled by the mem- bers of each Council. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF FORESTERS. 855 STATISTICAL SUMMARY FROM 1881 TO 1892. Year. No. of Members. Mortality Rate per 1000. Benefits Paid. 1881 968 3.10 $ 1,204 1882 1492 4.70 6,930 1883 2176 5.80 17,860 1884 2706 6.50 36,418 1885 2883 7.00 46,910 1886 3713 8.00 62,744 1887 4673 6.20 77,500 1888 5395 8.50 116,500 1889 5721 8.00 119,000 1890 5956 9.00 139,000 1891 6238 7.00 134,000 1892 6531 9.50 132,000 MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICi^. The "Modern Woodmen of America " was provisionally organized at Lyons, Iowa, January 5th, 1883, and secured from the State of Illinois its charter in May, 1884. In its jurisdiction it is limited to the States of Illinois north of the 38th parallel and exclusive of Cook county ; Iowa ; Kansas ; Nebraska ; Wisconsin, exclusive of Milwaukee ; Michigan, excluding Detroit ; Minne- sota ; North and South Dakota ; with Missouri north of the 38th parallel, and excluding St. Louis county, added January 1st, 1893. It now issues benefit certificates upon the graded assessment plan, in amounts of $.tOO, $1,000, $2,000, to the age of 45 years, its maximum limit ; while $3,000 certificates are issued to the age of 41 years only. The membership or adoption fee is $5. 00, and in addition the medical examination fee, for both local and Head Ex- aminer, which expense is borne by the applicant. The Medical Examination Fee ranges from $1.00 to $3.00, and 25c. for the Head Physician or Medical Referee. The Deputy Head Consul, or organizer, receives the adoption fee entire as compensation for his services, and is required to remit the Head Office therefrom $10.00, which entitles the Camp to charter and supplies. The minimum number entitling Camp to charter is 10. The charter, fee is $100. The ordinary expenses of the Local and Head Camps are paid by semi-annual dues in addition to the assessments, tha amount of which dues is regulated by the local Camps. The following are prohibited occupations : Railway brakemen, railway en- gineers, railway firemen and switchmen, miners, employes in gunpowder factories, wholesalers and manufacturers of liquors, saloon-keepers, barten- ders, balloonists, sailors on the lakes or seas, plow-grinders and brass-work- ers, professional baseball players, professional firemen and soldiers in the regular army. 856 HISTORY OF THE ASSESSMENT RATES. IN FORCE FROM AND AFTER JANUARY IST, AGE AT NEAREST BIRTHDAY. From 18 to 28 yeai-s From 29 to 33 years . . . From 34 to 37 years . . From 38 to 39 years . From 40 to 41 years From 42 to 43 years From 44 to 45 years 500 11000 $2000 $ 25 $ 40 $ 80 25 45 85 25 45 90 30 50 95 30 50 1 00 30 55 1 05 35 55 1 10 13000 $1 20 1 30 1 35 1 45 1 60 Originally the maximum age limit was 65 years. This was reduced years in 1884. In 1 885 it was further reduced to 51 years. to 60 STATISTICAL SUMMARY FROM 1884 TO 1893. Year. Membership. Death Rate per 1,000. Amount paid Widows and Orphans. 1884 1,272 7,319 15,286 23,776 39,547 42.300 52,085 69,924 89,072 5.50 4.89 3.54 4.35 3.15 5.20 5.10 5.38 5.41 $ 4,000 14,000 42,000 86,000 172,000 204,000 464,000 475,800 695,000 906,200 1885 1886 . . . 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1898 : The Order has not had to exceed eleven assessments in any year. The expense or general fund is provided for by a per capita tax of $1.00, and at the close of business Dec. 31st, 1893, there was to the credit of the fund in the hand of the Head Banker $62,922.17, with no deferred claims. Director J, W. White is a man of energy and push. With such sterling men at the helm the Modern Woodmen are rapidly coming to the foremost of the great fraternal Orders. CANADIAN HOME CIRCLE. The Order was founded in the City of Hamilton in August of 1884 by Philip M. Pattison. It was incorporated under the laws of Ontario on the 28th day of October, 1885. The Order had paid in December, 1893, over $464,000 in benefits, and has a membership in good standing of 8,551. Assessments are levied as the needs arise, and the only provision for a reserve^fund is the placing of 10 per cent, of each assessment to a fund called " Life Expectancy Fund," where members reaching the age of 66 and up- wards, who have been in continuous membership from twenty to forty-six years, are entitled to receive a part of their Beneficiary Certificate, the balance being payable at deaths