THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES /J C t i : A NEW SYSTEM OV SHORT-HAND INVENTED BY WILLIAM HUDSON HURST ARRANGED KOR SELF INSTRUCTION AND COLLEGES PUBLISHED BY W. H. HURST & COMPANY CHICAGO, ILL. LONDON. ENGLAND A. O. FI FIELD, 44 FLEET ST. E. C. 191O COPYRIGHT 1902 BY W. H. HURST COPYRIGHT 1910 BY W. H. HURST All Rights Reserved PREFACE In the year 1902 the author published "The Short Hand Supple- ment," a book containing some new inventions in short-hand writing arranged for writers ov the Pitman system or any system adopted from it. In that edition the writer promised to later publish a complete system including those inventions and many others. But not until now has he found time to carry out that purpose. The interval how- ever has been utilized in thoroly testing all these new ideas in prac- tical work, and the system here presented cannot be improved to any considerable extent by the author. SPELLING. The spelling used in this book is the same recommended in a pamflet entitled "Simplified Spelling," copyright 1901, by Wm. H. Hurst. In that pamflet he advocates the fonetic spelling ov one or more letters at a time, and recommends that the five letters and sounds ov F, v, p, B, and M be selected first as they are the most nearly fonetic in the present orthografy. He also discourages the practice ov doubling consonants, but as that has a relation to the vowels it may be tolerated temporarily. The above recommendations have been adopted in this volume. The remainder ov the spelling is orthodox with an occasional excep- tion where the accepted form is outrageously bad, as knowledge for noledj, though for tho t etc. This will be ov use to the student in indicating the true fonetic forms ov a number ov words which are more or less obscured by the 448341 orthodox spelling. It is necessary to write shorthand fonetically in order to secure greater brevity and uniformity. Reference is made in the introduction to several European alfa- bets with a view ov dissipating the idea, which many seem to have, that we use the Latin alfabet complete and entire. The English alfabet contains several letters ov comparatively recent origin. Neither are the alfabets ov Europe uniform in regard to the letters nor the values attached to them. THE INVENTION OV SHORTHAND The basis ov shorthand is the use ov straight and curved lines for the alfabet. The idea originated with Dr. Timothe Bright, who pub- lished a book on the subject in 1588, entitled " Characterie," etc. His alfabet was as follows: ni mnr n innf T a, b, (c, k and q.) d. e, f, g, h, (i, j and y,) 1, m, n, p, p, r. s, t (u, v and w.) Dr. Bright did not join these letters to each other nor attempt to spell words with them. He added what he called a "characterie list." Each word in the list was written with the initial letter, as above, somewhat modified thus: J i J L -k advance, air, again, age. almost The final circles and hooks had no value in themselves, but the whole sign stood for the word. Forty-eight was the full number ov words for one letter, which were formed by sloping the letter in four direc- tions and altering the base in twelve ways. The "Characterie List" contained 537 words and was realy a list ov word signs. These he modified by placing dots in various positions before and after them to stand for other words. The complete work comprised a dictionary ov over 200 pages, and several thousand words. As the first letter only was fonetic the balance ov the sign being entirely arbitrary the whole might be classed as shorthand hieroglyfics. It will be seen however that he used in his system much ov the so called stenografic material. Namely the simple straight line made in four directions, the initial and final hook and circle, and the placing ov dots beside the strokes. But he did not succeed in putting these devices to the most practical use, and the use to which they are put is a most important consider- ation. 5 6 HURST'S SHORTHAND In 1602 John Willis published a sytem ov shorthand, which he called "Spelling Characterie" in later editions. This was the first system having a working alfabet used in the ordinary way. His alfabet was as follows: x\/)i< i I a. b, d, e, f. h, i, j, k. 1, m, n, o, p. q. V ) In 1618 E. Willis added and changed most ov the other signs. The signs 7 ^ ' are not those ov the first edition but are taken C h, sh, th, from the later and more popular editions. John Willis and his successors all advocated fonetic writing with their characters, and recommended the omission ov silent letters. He omits c, using k or s as the case may be, uses f for ph and directs that words shall be written "according to their sound as they are pronounced." Mr. Willis and all his successors added a large number ov arbitrary signs to their systems in order to make them brief enuf to follow a speaker. Willis represents the world by a. circle, the sun by a circle with a dot in it, the moon by a semi-circle, etc. This alfabet was gradually altered and improved by a hundred different authors until the beginning ov the 19th century. Preference always being shown for the simpler forms. REPORTING SYSTEM. Two ov the later and more popular systems are shown below: Byroml767 Taylor 1786 * X / . \ ) / . a. b. d. e. f. g, h. i, Byrom Taylor j. k, 1, m. n. P. f|. Byrom 1) c, ice, oil, ax, sea, air, shy, aim, inn, ape, ate, ache, oak, etc. Secondly these signs may be made very small and written beside the consonants when necessary according to the plan ov the early writers. Thirdly the vowels may be omitted entirely and the consonants written in different positions to indicate the vowel as is done in all systems used in verbatim reporting. This arrangement especially in connection with the following brief signs gives a writer ov Silagrafy an opportunity to write some words in full and as plain as print even in reporting, while other words ov frequent occurrence may be abreviated to the last degree. BRIEF CONSONANTS. Even with the omission ov practically all the vowels, shorthand would be far too lengthy for verbatim reporting. The early writers met this difficulty by adhering to a long list ov arbitrary signs (the descendants ov Dr. Bright's hieroglyfics) and word signs made by using one letter to stand for a word. One early writer, Wm. Mason, discovered the value ov a small circle for s in addition to the full length stroke. He published his system in 1672 and was considered the best shorthand author ov the seventeenth century. It was the use ov this small circle for s and other similar prin- ciples that finally enabled reporters to write briefly and legibly enuf to follow a rapid speaker. Byrom used a half length consonant to indicate that the same letter was repeated. Pitman later made a much better use ov this half length principle. Pitman adopted Mason's invention ov the s circle and added two ov nearly equal value ov his own, namely a small final hook for ;/ and the addition ov / or d by a half length sign. These we consider Pitman's greatest additions to short hand. REPORTING SYSTEM. n To be sure the circle, hook and half length signs had all been used before for other purposes, but it was the skilful and fitting use to which Mason and Pitman put these devices that shows their superior genius. In Silagrafy we have adopted the small circle for s invented by Mason and the small hook for ;/ and the half length for / or d invented by Pitman. We have also extended the use ov the initial hooks for / and r to cover all letters. These hooks were used by Pitman in a more restricted way. In addition to the above adaptations we have added the following original devices so that every consonant in the language maybe added to every other letter by a hook, circle or loop, namely A large circle for sh or sli, A large circle on half length to add tsh or dsh, (c/i or 7'), A large hook to add m, A small hook or double length curve to add k or gay, A large hook, semi-circle or double length curve and hook to add p or b, A small loop to add / or 7', A large loop to add /// or dli, A small loop and double length curve and loop to add ng. With the above devices we obtain a greater brevity and much more legibility than has ever been possible before. We are also able practically to dispense with the enormous num- ber ov word signs added to all the Pitmanic and other reporting sys- tems because we are able to form for all words a complete outline ov sufficient brevity. For instance the Pitman systems use one letter as a word sign for language not because this word is ov very frequent occurrence, but because the full outline ov consonants is so awfully cumbersome. Our full outline is sufficiently brief for all practical purposes, as will be seen by the following comparison: Pitman /~_ L-NG-G-W-J- v^~~ Hurst /^ L-ng gW-j 12 HURST'S SHORTHAND The dashes refer to vowels and you can see how the brief signs are used to confine them to their proper place because we are nearly always able to write each syllable with one stem and the balance ov the consonants with brief characters. The same is true ov the following and many other words: Full outline Pitman Hurst bank \ come time J fact think kingdom public remember TT object > V large 9 <^> published \x< V^ REPORTING SYSTEM. 13 Pitman uses a single letter to represent all but the first and last ov the above words, as k for come, f for fact, etc., and they are fair specimens ov hundreds ov similar abreviations used in the Pitman systems. It will be noted that these are not such common words as zV, as, not, the, that, etc., which recur over and over on every page. Such words as language, kingdom, published, fact, etc., might not occur once in a whole discourse, but the memory must be burdened witK the word sign, which is difficult to recall both in writing and reading, or else the impossible outline must be used. Silagrafy sup- plies a full outline, writing every consonant, which is at the same time brief and legible. SILAGRAFY OR SHORTHAND INTRODUCTION. The system ov shorthand herein presented is designed for report- ing and other rapid dictation with no intermediate point, altho it is so arranged that any word may be written in full including the vowels if necessary. In shorthand no attempt is made to indicate the extremely irregular spelling ov the English language by the incomplete Roman alfabet. Where the Roman letters are used in the text the sound which they usually stand for is always intended to be represented and never the letter which nearly always represents two or more different sounds and frequently no sound at all. Like any other art, most ov the fundamental principles ov short- hand are arbitrary. That is to say, a vertical line is used to represent / and a horizontal line to represent k. There is nothing in these lines that would suggest the sounds for which they stand. They are arbi- trary and must be memorized. In this respect the characters do not differ from the Roman letters, the shapes ov which do not in any way suggest the sounds for which they stand. The shorthand characters are the simplest possible forms ov writing, being only straight or curved lines made in different directions, with circles, loops and hooks added. All the aid possible is given the memory by the association ov similar forms and similar sounds. i6 HURST'S S CONSONANTS There are twenty-two elementary consonant SOUNDS in the English language (omitting the trilled r) as shown and classified in the following table: PLACE OV ARTICULATION CONSONANTS CLASSIFIED STRONG CONSONANTS SEMI-VOWELS ORAL ORAL NASAL MOMENTARY CONTINUOUS CONTIN'S CONTIN'S SURD SONANT SURD SONANT SONANT SONANT P b w m f th 8 sh V dh z zh long and hard palate ) forward ) t d 1 r y n Tong and hard palate | back ) Tong and hard and } soft palate j k h g ng Tong and soft palate. . . Each elementary consonant is represented in Silagrafy by a simple straight or curved line about a quarter inch long or other device as shown in the following table. Both sounds of r are repre- sented by a single character, as in ordinary spelling. The horizontal signs are written from left to right. All other signs are made downwards except /, r, ng, kw and gw which are made upwards. L and r may be made either up or down when joined to another consonant or vowel stem. REPORTING SYSTEM. 17 I. Table ov Consonants. v O i sn \ P \ b Zhay m gay "V we v ith ^ ye the V he ( s 1 8 HURST'S SHORTHAND Double Consonants. tsh O c/i as is chew, called cJiay dzJi D j as in jaw and dge as in edge, kw qu as in queen, called kzve. gw gu as in lan^wid, called give. Explanation. When no explanation is given in the table the shorthand char- acter has the same power and name as the letter adjoining. Gay represents the sound ov g in go, log, wagon, etc., commonly called "hard gee;" but not the sound ov g in gem, age, etc., commonly called "soft gee." For the latter sound the character j is used because gee and j have the same sound. Ith and the are two elementary consonant sounds, neither ov which is represented by a letter in the Roman alfabet altho they were represented by at least one letter in both the old Saxon and ancient Greek alfabets. Both sounds are represented in English spelling by the digraf th, as in thigh and thy. These two sounds bear the same relation to each other as s to s. In shorthand a separate character is provided for each of them. Ish is another elementary sound which has no letter in the alfabet. This sound is heard in s/ie, sure, motion, nsh, match, etc. A suitable shorthand character is given to it. ZJiay holds the same relation to sh as z to s. It is heard in a-sure, ed^v, rouge, etc., and has a single character to represent it in Sila- grafy. It is the second ov the two sounds represented by the letter j in English. Ing is an elementary sound similar to m and n. It is represented by ng in %\ng, \ong, etc., and by n in ba#k, logger, etc. It has no letter in the alfabet, but is always represented by a separate character in Silagrafy. REPORTING SYSTEM. 19 For greater convenience in writing Silagrafy four combinations ov consonants are given separate characters namely tsJi, dzh, kw and gw. CJiay is used to represent two elementary sounds which frequently occur together, namely tsh. These two sounds are represented in^ English spelling by ch and tcJi as in c/^ain, muc/t, m^tc/t, ca/c/nng. Chain, charm and most words spelt with ch really begin with the sound ov t. This is very similar to the sounds ts which begin many words in the Slav languages as Tsar etc., but which do not occur at the beginning ov English w.ords. In the same manner such words as jay, gem, joy, etc. commence with the sound of d. The letter j was formed by the Dutch scholars by adding a tail to i. Its original value was that ov y which is still retained in the German and Scandinavian languages. In French it has the sound zh and in English has degenerated to dzh. In Spanish it is pronounced like our /i, and it was never adopted into modern Italian nor Greek. Jay as stated represents two elementary sounds, namely dzh. In English spelling these two elementary consonants are represented by/, g and dge as in join, /ay, ^em, &ge, edge, ledge, etc. In Sila- grafy the one character is always used for these various spellings. Rive represents the two sounds, kw. In English spelling these two sounds are generally represented by qu as in queen, kween, quire, kwire, etc. Qu and que as in cheque, picturesque, liquor, etc., very seldom stand for k in English as they frequently do in French and other Latin languages. Gwe represents the two sounds gw as in lan^age, distinguish, guano, etc. In Silagrafy words spelt with the letter c are represented by- the character k when the sound is that ov k as in can, music, etc., and by the character s when the sound is that ov s as in rent, center, face, etc. PJi is always represented by f. X is represented by ks 3js>tax=\.^ks, fox ioks, etc., and by gz in e^rist e^ist and by z in Xebec = Zebec, etc., these being the elementary sounds HEARD in the respective words. This letter has been dropt from the Italian alfabet as useless. All "silent" letters are omitted as k in know, knock, etc., w in wring, wrong, etc., b in doubt, debt, etc. All writing is by sound and not by letter. 20 HURST'S SHORTHAND No consonant is doubled in shorthand. Doubling consonants is an expedient used in English spelling to help indicate the sound ov the preceding vowel as in hoping, hopping, etc. In Silagrafy each vowel sound has a separate character which fully distinguishes it. VOWELS. The vowels and vowel difthongs in the English language are related to each other in the following order: DIF- VOWELS DIF- THONGS FRONT OPEN BACK THONGS Loner . . oi, i e, a, a ah aw, o, oo u, ou Short i, e, a a o, u, oo Before r e u The above vowels are heard in pronouncing the following words in the order written : Oil, ice, me, may, hair, ma, \aw, no, tool, iew, out. It, etch, at ask, on, up, ioot. Her, wrge. The above table has been used as a basis for the grouping and arrangement ov the vowels in Silagrafy. REPORTING SYSTEM. 21 II. Table ov Vowels. Elementary Vowels. Long as in Short as in e ^""> me \ ^*** it a ^""5 may or hair ah . ma a ^ at or awe * N saw o r* u (' up oo _ put Difthongs. tee \' J oi y oil ou u 1 use Explanation. The small vowel signs are to be written beside the consonants. The full length vowel signs are to be joined to the consonants. Long e, a and o and the difthongs / and u have the names assigned them in the Roman alfabet. Ah, aw, oo, oi, and ou should each be pronounced as one syllable. Aw should be called awe, NOT a double u. 22 HURST'S SHORTHAND 00 should be called as in ooze with zc omitted, NOT double o. 01 should be called as in oil with / omitted, NOT or / as is most convenient. Copy and learn the value ov the following consonants the same as in the previous lesson: r-S. ^ V,-N x b fe <^^ el ar em en ing we ye he chay jay kwee gwee 2. Words used in reading exercises are used in the most rapid reporting and other work. ye are gay. he is gay. The small circle below the line is a word sign for is. 3. READING EXERCISE. The long loop is an interrogation point (?). 4. WRITING EXERCISE: We, are, he, tea, bee, thee, ye, be. 26 HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson III. Joining. 1. Each full length consonant or vowel may be joined to any other full length consonant or vowel without lifting the pen or pencil. The second letter always commences where the first ends and the third where the second ends, etc., thus: v- V The above characters should be read pee-tee, bee-dee, pee-gay-dee, be-ing, etc. Note that the first upright stroke, if any, rests on the line. 2. The following joinings are made without an angle. Copy twenty times at least. The above characters should be read pee-en, dee-dee, bee-pee, etc. REPORTING SYSTEM. 27 A vowel is always pronounced with a consonant stem, and thus a syllable is formed consisting ov a consonant and vowel, while only the consonant stem is written. 28 HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson IV. 1. In Silagrafy each syllable is represented by a separate'stroke as a rule, thus: being elm Katie weedy beady empty Ellen A vowel always accompanies a consonant. (See Lesson I, 2. READING EXERCISE: When the is written thru the line it is called a word sign because it varies from the rules. The above can easily be read by naming the consonants thus: el-en Ellen, bc-ing=being, be-de^-beady, etc. 3. WRITING EXERCISE: Katie, being, elm, weedy, gay. In the above and all ov the first lessons words have been selected which are necessarily written without abreviation even in rapid reporting. When once learnt they will not be modified by later devices. PART II VOWELS 3O HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson V. 1. The vowel signs are always made downwards excepting ou f which is made upwards, and the horizontal signs which are made from left to right. The so-called "short" vowels are written above the line and the corresponding "long" vowel on the line ov writing. Copy and learn the following: ah aw o oo i e a o u oo i oi ou u 2. Any consonant may be joined to any vowel thus: ..).. .(/ eyeing idea owing owen Effie 3. All words are written by sound and not by letter as follows: r ( ( ( I ah awe oh owe O ewe 4. READING EXERCISE: 5. WRITING EXERCISE: Write: ah, awe, oh, owing, idea. The ewe is gay. Ellen and Owen owe Erne. REPORTING SYSTEM. 31 Lesson VI. 1. When it is necessary to exactly represent a vowel, which is always understood to accompany a consonant stem, we use a very small vowel sign written close beside the consonant. When the vowel is long it is made at the end ov the stroke and when short at the beginning thus: obey up Ionia boa iota 2. When the vowel occurs before a consonant it is written be- fore it and when it occurs after a consonant it is written after it. 3. RULES FOR USE OV VOWELS: 1. When a word begins with or consists wholly ov a long vowel or difthong use a full length sign. 2. When a word begins with a short vowel, which it is necessary to write, the full length signs are preferable to the brief signs. 3. When any syllable consists ov a vowel, as in Eff/V, idea, etc, it is preferable to use a full length sign. 32 HTRST'S SHORTHAND Lesson VII. REPORTING POSITION. 1. You have learned that a consonant always carries a vowel with it, thus v is bee not b. By writing the consonant above the line the A .. . vowel is changed to o, and by writing thru the line it is changed to i. 2. The position ov a horizontal sign is determined by the first vertical or slanting stroke if any. If there is none then by the hori- zontal stroke. In reading consonants written above the line, they must be called bo, doe, toe, off, etc., those below the line pie, by, tie die, fie, etc., not ef, dee, etc. 3. EXERCISE. \ I I / bow toe doe go off tho or woe yo ho so show why by tie my pie dye guy fie vie thy lie rye nigh sigh 4. READING EXERCISE. 5. WRITING EXERCISE. The doe is shy. Ellen is going. The ewe is nigh Katie. Owen is going tho he die. Why! my tie is off. RKPORTIXG SYSTEM. 33 Lesson VIII. ALFABET. 1. As it is occasionally necessary to write initial letters in short- hand the following arrangement ov Silagrafic characters is given. In shorthand, initial letters and proper names are generally written with short parallel lines beneath thus: c T. K, Owen _ \ b I ^ /_ , ) b r^ ^ a bcde fghij klm n o \ s- .s o I ->s/ p q r s t u v w x y z C andy may be written sE and jA. 2. PUNCTUATION MARKS. Shorthand punctuation marks are as follows: O ? dout, with doutful word written in circle. () ; and , same as in longhand. 34 HURST'S SHORTHAND 3. PRINTING. In order to describe a shorthand outline with the Roman let- ters the following scheme is used: When the full length shorthand stem is intended a capital letter is used. When a brief shorthand character is intended a lower case letter is used. The figure 1 is used to indicate the o position above the line ov writing, 2 for the c position on the line, and 3 for the i position below the line. Going would be printed G1NG, bees B2s, owes O2s, lie L3. PART III BRIEF CONSONANTS 36 HIRST'S SHORTHAND BRIEF CONSONANTS. In addition to the full length consonants, each consonant except iv, y and // has a brief sign, such as a circle, hook or loop. These are so arranged in Silagrafy that nearly every one syllable word in the language may be written with a single stroke ov the pen. When words have more than one syllable, each syllable is written with a stem sign as a rule. The use ov these brief signs not only admits ov greater speed in writing but also assists in accurate reading ov notes where the vowels are omitted. The shading ov hooks, circles and loops is omitted in reporting excepting when the first letter in a word. BRIEF CONSONANTS. Letter Prefixed or added to Letter Prefixed or added to Straight lines Curves Straight Lintrs Curves P i S~\ 1 b (j r,r t i d j k I g t f i ^ V > _ th 6 P ^ dh -^> 8 i f ^ z PI ^ sh ^NO ^ zh _> -^ ch b t 7 j f b ^ I ^ c- h 1 r r 7 r^, m j -> n j ^ i ^ ^ 448341 38 HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson IX. S, Z, Sh AND Zh CIRCLES. 1. A small circle is used to represent s and z. A large circle is used to represent sh and zJi. 2. These circles may be prefixed or added to any consonant or vowel stem. 3. At the beginning ov words the unshaded small circle is used exclusively for s, and z is represented by the small circle shaded, after a stem or between two stems the small circle is used for either s or ^ without shading. 4. The large circle unshaded is used to represent sh exclusively at the beginning ov words, as zJi never begins a word in English as it does in French. After a stem or between two stems the large circle unshaded is used for either sh or zfi. 5. The circles are written on the inside ov curved stems either at the beginning or end or both, thus: sue sigh shy sems shem sen sliens weesh shel sel shar sar ash The circle and stem must be made with one stroke ov the pen from beginning to end. When a circle begins a word it is made first and the stem follows without lifting the pen. 6. The circles are made on the right hand side ov straight lines. When the straight line is horizontal or made upwards the circle is made on the upper side, which will be classed with the right hand side hereafter. Thus: REPORTING SYSTEM. 39 stee tees bees deesli skay kays sing sings shef sef sea saw sow show shy- On upward strokes the initial circle is written at the lower end or beginning ov the stroke. . 7. These signs must always be pronounced as monosyllables, thus: sen not es en, etc. 8. Notice that the vowel usually occurs between the circle and the stem, but The circle and stem sometimes have no vowel between them as in spy, tops, etc. When written the circle is always the first or last letter ov the syllable. When a vowel begins a word followed by s or sJi as in ash, asp, etc., the vowel stem must be written. (See examples, page 22.) 9. When s, z, sh or sh stand alone the vowel always follows them. 10. 5 may be added to the sh circle or s circle thus: teeshes kashps pieces 11. WORD SIGNS. A small circle on the line is used as a word sign for as or has, below the line for is or his, and above the line for us. A large circle on the line is used as a word sign for shall, above the line for should, and below the line for she, thus: 9.0 00 Q as has is his us shall she should HURST'S SHORTHAND 12. ERASING. Two common words may be joined together to form a frase thus: as the, has the, is the, should the, shall the In joining a, an or and to another word a horizontal or vertical tick is used as well as the full length sign, thus: .p ..... p. Sr...; * . .Vo \ % p v " " "v"" as a, is a, shall a, should a, and as, and is, and shall, a bee, by a. 13. READING EXERCISE. -X. .(...)../...(... 14. WRITING EXERCISE. Katie sees the pieces off the shell. Why has Effie woes? He has-a tie. He sows the rye. The chef sees the pic. Sh^ sows ideas. REPORTING SYSTEM. 4 l Lesson X. JOINING. When any circle occurs between two stems it is made as follows: 1. Between two straight lines it is always made on the outside ov the angle, thus: ' o< 2. Where the two lines are in the same direction the circle is made on the right hand side according to ^[6, Lesson 9. 3. Where a circle occurs between a curve and a straight line it is always made inside the curve, thus: 4. Where a circle occurs between two right hand curves or two left hand curves it is made inside both curves, thus: 5. Where a circle occurs between a right and left hand curve it is made on the inside ov one curve and on the outside ov the other, thus: 6. T or d may be added to the large or small circle by a hook, thus: V -4 V> pieced, teased, weesht, elsht 42 HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson XL r AND D HALF LENGTH SIGNS. 1. T and d may be added to any full length stem by making the stem half its usual length. The vowel must always be read before the t or d never after it, thus: \\ \PI_- //<" C ^> ^ U /^ si Lite, tight, late, laid, 4. 5, ,:r, sJi or zli may be added to any half length sign and is read after the / or d as follows. v V>>ofeb_o_o -9^-bv^y X>-e peetshCpeach), beech, leech, cage, gage, coach, arch, each, age. oucli edge beached, gaged. The rules for writing the circles before or after a full length sign apply to half length signs. REPORTING SYSTEM. 43 When sh follows t it forms the well known combination tsh generally represented in English spelling by cli as in muc/i and tcli in ma/c7/. Also when zli follows d it forms the much used but poorly represented combination dzli indicated in English spelling by g, ge, dge, dj andy as in adjoin, edge, age, jay, ^em. (See page 19.) 5. READING EXERCISE. Q_^ ...LI, ....f. .......... *> V / o *77> N .... J.. beem, bean, bone, team, tone, dean, deem, dome, skein, came, comb, cone, arm, inn. 4. T or d may be added to any final n or m hook by halving the stem. The t or d is the last letter read, thus: beamed, boned, teamed, stoned, deemed, caned, combed, armed, aimed, owned, oint. 5. S or s may be added to any n or m hook, thus: J J beams, teams, deems, domes, combs, arms, inns. On straight lines s is added to the ;/ hook by making the hook into a circle, thus: \ V ^ v ^O ... ..... .... beans, bees, bones, stones, cane-s, skeins, cones, gains. Note carefully which side ov the straight line the circle is on. REPORTING SYSTEM. 45 6. The small circle may be added to any half length sign to add or z after t or peeped, gaped, aped, wiped, sniped. 6. READING EXERCISE. o 7. WRITING EXERCISE. Ellen aped Katie. The type is fine. The Elb is deep. Kate sweeps fine. She should cope with the team. REPORTING SYSTEM. 55 Lesson XVII. L AND R. 1. L may be added- to any full length stem by prefixing a large injtial hook, and r by a small initial hook on the right hand side ov straight lines and on the inside ov curves. Altho the / and r hooks are made at the beginning ov the stems, they are read at the end after the vowel, thus: S \ \ f ff <_ c_ f f ^ ^ Q. peel, peer, beer, tier, deal, dear, care, gale, veer, veal, mile, Nile, wheel. year, lyre, rear, roll, eel, ear, ale, air, aisle, awl. c r - ^ ? 9 ore, ill, hour, owl, ire, oil. 2. At the beginning ov words where I or r immediately follows a consonant in the same syllable without an intervening vowel between it and the preceding consonant* as in pry, dry, play, etc., then the initial I or r hook is turned on the opposite or left hand side ov straight lines, thus: pry, ply, try, dry, cry, clay, gray, fry, fly. 56 HURST'S SHORTHAND 3. L does not combine with / or d in this fashion but is does so we use the large hook on the left hand side ov / or d for ti\j and die, thus: twice, dwell, twig, twill. 4. 5 may be prefixed to any ov these hooks. The r hook is made into a circle on the left hand side ov straight lines to prefix s, thus: spry, splice, stray, screw, spire, style. When another letter precedes the / or r hook sign, the hook may be turned whichever way is most convenient in joining. 5. Any ov the final hooks, loops or circles or other devices may be added to the stems with an initial hook or circle, thus: , brick, bribe, trim, dream, scream, gleam, twine, twins, bright, blight, trip. 6. 5 or sJi may be prefixed to the r hook to form such words as: supper, shipper, suffer, shopper, shutter REPORTING SYSTEM. 7. READING EXERCISE. 57 8. WRITING EXERCISE. Owen has an awl. Ellen has a deer. Effie is crying and weeping tears. The lyre has a fine tone. Shall the boat ply the Elb? Owen is a peer. 5$ HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson XVIII. CH AND J. 1. When cJi begins a word a small loop is used, and when / begins a word a small circle and hook are used, thus: C^ 2_x cheap, joke, chin, china, join, joy, jail. Cli or j may be written on the left hand side ov straight lines to form such words as cJieaper, joker, cJiecker, etc., in accordance with 16, Lesson 17. 2. READING EXERCISE. 3. WRITING EXERCISE. Jane has a cape. Kate chose a team. The boat is cheaper than a coach. REPORTING SYSTEM. 59 Lesson XIX. 1. When h begins a word it is joined so as to make a sharp angle, thus: C hem, hen, hay. hoe, hole, when. 2. H is generally omitted and the following vowel used, especially in one syllable words, thus: ( C hoe, hole, hill, Ohio, why. The h is always omitted before in 1 . 3. READING EXERCISE. ..(..C \ o 4. WRITING EXERCISE. Ellen has a horse. The horse is gray. My hat is high. The horse's hoof is dry. 60 HURST'S, SHORTHAND VOWELS Lesson XX. OMISSION OV VOWELS. 1. In reporting the vowels are practically all omitted in the same manner as e, o and /' have been omitted in the previous lessons. The back vowels mv and oo which are similar to o are indicated by writing the consonant in the position for o . Thus t written above the line would stand for toe, too and taw. In reading it will be easy to determine which ov these three words is intended by the context. The o position is also used for the short vowels o, u and oo and the difthong 11. 2. In the e position, on the line, we write the other front vowels* long a and short /, t\ a and the open vowel ah. 3. In the / position, below the line, we write the difthongs /, oi and ou and the vowel c as in wrre. Sloping and vertical lines when full length or double length in this position are written thru the line and horizontal and all half length signs below the line ov writing. 4. When a long vowel or difthong begins a word it should not be omitted, but written with a full stem sign, thus: eel, ace. air, ale, ice, ark, REPORTING SYSTEM. 6r 5. When the initial vowel is short it is generally omitted, but if the word is a noun or uncommon word the short vowel should be written with a stem sign, thus: Where the first syllable is unaccented and the vowel short it is omitted, as in insect. 6. As a rule every omitted vowel must have a consonant stem to represent it, or in other words each syllable must be represented by a stem, thus: 7. When two brief signs occur neither one ov which has a stem sign then a vowel stem must be written to attach them to, as: 6 8 says, such, jud e. 8. When a vowel begins a word and is followed by a brief sign which cannot be written with a stem then the vowel must be written with a stem sign. When the vowel is the last sound in a word under the same conditions then the vowel must be written with a stem, thus: 62 HURST'S SHORTHAND You have now learnt all the general principles ov Silagrafy, so- that any word may be written briefly and quickly. And as a rule you will always write according to these lessons. There are, however, about 100 short words in the English language like is, it, as, or, the+ etc., some ov which form a part ov nearly every sentence. These words are written with a single letter, which is called a word sign. Two or more ov these 100 common words frequently occur together, and by using the brief signs we are able to write from two- to five words with a single stroke ov the pen. This greatly increases the speed ov writing. There are also some rules for contracting and the omission ov to and ov which should be learnt before the practice ov shorthand is commenced. PART IV EXPEDIENTS 64 HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson XXI. CON AND ING DOTS. 1. A dot may be used for the prefixes con, coin or cog by writing it at the beginning of the following part ov the word, thus: V .o-p >N construct, conscript, complete. In reporting, the dot may be omitted and indicated by writing partly below the preceding word. 2. When con, com or cog is followed by a stem it is preferable to use the regular form, thus: T committee, commence, connect, cognize, recogni/e. 3. When con, com, or cog occur in the middle ov a word they may be omitted and indicated by writing the remainder ov the word below the first part, as in rer^nize in above cut. 4. The syllable ing may be written with a dot when more con- venient than the stem but the stem is preferable when the preceding hooks and circles permit it, thus: fencing, branching, changing, ringing, glancing. REPORTING SYSTEM. Lesson XXII. CONTRACTING. 1. As a rule every syllable must have a stem to represent it, but in unaccented syllables one stem sometimes carries two vowels and therefore forms two syllables, thus: 1 ~7 anxiety (angz-i-ety). perplexity, conformity. Mississippi, memory, perpendicular, Canada, alabaster. 2. In some long words which are familiar a brief consonant sign may be used for a syllable, as: belong, believe, delivery, circular, develop, collect, correct, immediate, recollect, regular. 3. Where the intermediate syllable consists solely ov a vowel it may sometimes be safely omitted, as in recollection, thus: 4. The first syllable in the following words may be omitted: attorney, affairs, about, agree, again, away, amount, account, according, occur, occurreuce. 66 HURST'S SHORTHAND As a rule, however, this syllable should be written in full, and above must always be so written to distinguish it from the word sign for before. Occasionally the stenografer will find a word in his work which may be abreviated according to the above rule. For instance in the termination ov correspondence the frase "and oblige" may be so written if desired. 5. R is omitted in the following words in order to shorten them: letter, matter, under, interest, member, remember. 6. MONTHS. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. 7. NUMERALS. As a rule figures are written in shorthand with the Arabic numerals, as 629, 350, etc. One and ten are always written with shorthand characters. Hundreds, thousands, millions, etc., are written with the numer- ical digits and shorthand characters for the cifers, thus: .... J 7 .r.....rr.. sr..(....j 3 ^ .5- 10, 700, 100. 88,000 10,000, 3,000,000, 5,000,000,000, REPORTING SYSTEM. 67 Lesson XXIII. WORD SIGNS 1. There are a few words ov very frequent occurrence which it is expedient to represent with a single stroke so they may be written in the quickest possible time or joined to other words in the most ready manner. Some ov these you have already learned; a complete list follows: 68 HURST'S SHORTHAND upon did \ plaintiff ' * - could ":* / iwigci if \ can but .../.. ciftcr / ^^ < <= careful because /.. r / first V ^ ' I I I I upon it-the, but it-the-would-had, because the-it, before it-the, what the-it-had-would, it had-would, at the-it, had the-it-liad, did the-it, could it-the, can it the. r. ,>.... r rUV-"3 gave it-the, give it-the, for it-the, if it-the, after it-the, which it. which had, which would, which the, ov it-the, have it-the-had, ever would-had, ( .../ ..... P ... f> . P . - P .......... t / I p < e P never had-would, that it-the-had-would, these had-would, has-as it, has-as had, has-as the, as would, is it, is the, shall the, shall it, should the, should it, she had, she would, will it-the, or it-the-would-had, are the, here it-the-would. from it-the, in it-the, any had-would, with it-the, we had-would, were it-the, where it-the-had- would, you had-would. ..1..V...-..- ~ ~ c i 1 X- who had, who would, he had, he would, how had, how would, either it-the-had-would, even it-the-had-would, only it-the-had-would. The hyfon indicates that either reading is allowable. Thus, the last shorthand character above may be read only it, only the, only had or only would. These four words will not become confused in reading notes as the context will suggest the right one. REPORTING SYSTEM. 73 4. Can may be added by a brief k sign, thus: > L ... I __, Y ./.../... but can, what can, it can, which can, ever can, never can, that can. they can, as can, she can all can. or can, any can, we can, where can, you can, who can, he can. how can, andean, either can, other can, only can, lean. 5. Could may be added to any straight line sign by kd. but could, what could, it could, for could, which could, ever could, never could, as could, she could, who could, he could, how could, and could. Sometimes the fuller outline is preferable as which would, my own, shall not, etc., and in such cases it is so written in the text. Could may be added to the following words ONLY by a k sign by writing the words in the o position, thus: that could, they could, we could, you could, I could. 6. Give may be added to will by a brief g, thus: will give, he will give, which will give, she will give, I will give, we will give, they-that will give 74 HURST'S SHORTHAND 7. Have or ov may be added by a v loop, thus: but have-ov, what have-ov, out ov, did have, could have, can have, gaveov, given ov, for have, whic'h have-ov, ever have, never have, they-that have, as ov, is ov, should have, shall have, all have-ov, will have, or have-ov, are ov, . Vo v ^s / hereov, any ov-have, would have, we have, whereov, you have, who have, either have-ov, I have. 8. They, them, their or there may be added by th loop, thus: but they-them-their, what they-their, at their-them, out there, had they-them-their, did they- them-their, could they : there, can they-there, gave them-their ^ * - . f .A. 6 6 given them-their, for they-them-their, if they-there, after they-tiiem-their, which they, ov them-their, have they-them-there, that they-there, e as they, shall they, should they, all they-them-their, will they-there, or there-they-them. are they-there, here they-there-them. from them-their, in there-them, any there, would they-there, with them-there. were they-there, how they, either there-they-them, only there-they-them. REPORTING SYSTEM. 75 9. That may be added by the tli loop and / hook, thus: but that, at that, out that, had that, did that, could that, can that, gave that, give that, for that, if that, after that, ov that, have that, they that, that that. 10. This or these may be added by a th loop and s or z circle. Be sure to shade the circle for these. .V.V. ?.?...!> D t but this-these, what this-these, at this-these, had this-these, did this-these. could this-these, can this-these, give this-these, for this-these, if this-these, after this-these, ov this-these, have this-these. that this-these, c is this, are these, shall this, should this, all this-these, will this-these, or this-these, from this-these, in this-these, would this-these, with this-these, were this-these, either this-these. 76 HURST'S SHORTHAND 11. As, /i as, is, his or us may be joined to another word by a small circle, thus: ' - V L upon us-his. but his-is-as-has-us, before his-us, what is-his-has, it is-has, at his-us. betweem us-his-as, I had his-us, did his-as, could his-as, can as-his, gave us-his-as, give us-his-as, I lid ./. /-../..: * ...*. / ../... for us-his-as, if his-as, after his-us, which is-his-as-has. ov us-his-as, have his-us-as, ever is-his- as-has. that is-his-as-has, all is-his-as-has. will his-as, or is-his-has-as-us, are his-as, from us-his-as, in his-has-us, would his-as, with his-as-us, where is-his-as; were his-as, who is-has, he is-has, how is-his-has,. either is-his-as-has, even is-his-as-has, as-has it, is it, as you, has your, as I, as we, as this. No difficulty will be experienced in practice in using the circle for the different words as the context will readily supply the right word- 12. Shall may be added by sh circle, thus: fc 4 6 ..........J lo what shall, it shall, that shall, they shall, all shall, or shall, you shall, I shall, we shalL REPORTING SYSTEM. 77 13. Should may be added by sh-d circle and hook, thus: i *0 'O 'O .. I . . . C7* \O what should, it should, that should, they should, where should, you should, I should, we should. 14. Which may be prefixed or added by the ch sign, thus: I ) \) L Q & . -o 6 . which will, which are, which may, which can, upon which, but which, at which, between which, for which, after which, ov which, that which, from which, in which, with which. 15. Will or all may be added by the / hook, thus: ' r . f r but all-will, what will, it will, at all, had all, did all, could all, can all. for all, if all, after all, .. r f ov all, have all, that will, they will, should all, shall all, will all, are all, here will, from all, (L Q_ in all, was all, with all, we will, where will, you will. I will 16. Was may be added to t by a w hook, thus: n it was, what was. 78 HURST'S SHORTHAND 17. Are or our may be added by the r hook, thus: f f what are, at our. had our, did our, could our. can our, grave our, give our. for our, if our, after our, _Lf C C ov our. have our, that are, they are. shall our, should our, all are-our, will our, here are, from our. on our, in our, any are, you are, was our, with our, we are, where are, were our. 18. May or me may be added by m hook, thus: J J J..J what may, it may. had me, did me, gave me, give me, for me, after me, ov me, have me, that may, they may, all may. here may, from me, on me, in me, any may, with me,' we may, where may, you may, I may. 19. Might may be added by ;///, thus: ./ J 6 6 , / had not, did not, could not, cannot, have not, shall not, should not, has not, is not, will not. are not, was not, were not. 22. Hand may be added to the following words only by nt. ^ ~* ^ J lo J at hand, on hand, we hand, you hand, I hand. 80 HURST'S SHORTHAND Lesson XXV. 1. As, has, is, his, shall, should, he, how, zvho or which may be prefixed to a following word. The first word determines the position, thus: as we, is he, he is, has he, shall we, shall I, should I, should they, he will, how will, who will, he can, who can, how can, ue could, who could, how could, wnich is-has, o/ ot who shall, who should, he shall, shall he, how shall, how should, which will, which have, which are, which can, which could. 2. A, an or and may be either prefixed or added to a word by a horizontal or vertical tick, but the position is determined by the other word and never by the a-an-and tick, thus: ~7 -X) Q_ a man. and the, and a, an eyp, and he, and who, and how. and is, is a, has a. 3. Ov or ov the may be omitted and the following word written close beside the preceding word to indicate the omission, thus: many ov them, some ov the same, all ov the people. 4. To may be omitted and indicated by writing the following word below and touching the line ov writing, thus: to you, to me, to go, to the, to a. to this, to them REPORTING SYSTEM. 81 1. All ov the preceding principles may be combined so as to write three or more words together, thus: which can be, she can be, as can be, as will be, which will be, as would be, which would be. 'T-r 6 :- but it is, what it is, if it is, after it is, which it is, that it is, as it is, should it be, shall it be, he had it, how was it, what can it. as all can, 6 6 as any can, as we can, which we can, which I can, as any ov, what have the, out ov the, could have it, can have it, o V J> ^> which have it, should have the, shall have it, as will have the-it, are ov the, any ov tne, would have it, as would have the, would say, we would say, I would say, we will say, I will say, as had that, as have that, as gave that, as for that, is it that, as at this, is it this, as in this, is in this, Say is added by a circle to above words only. as with this, is with this, as either this, as it shall, as it should, as they shall, as they should, as we shall, as we should, as I shall, as I should, 82 HURST'S SHORTHAND .. as you shall, which we should, which I shall, which you should, as that which, but all ov it, but all this, what will be the, it will be the, had all this, did all this, did all ov the, / r C C could all be, can all be the, for all ov it, if all that is. have all this, have all it is, that will not. they will be, it will be, will all have it, you will be, c, ... cu I will not, we will not, they will not, it was not, what was not, what are these, at our own, that are not, they are the. you are not. we are not, from our own, where are they, as it may, as it might, which gave me, as for me. as that may, as we may, is at hand, is at our hand, as I will have it, as it is the, as it was ov the, as it will be the, which have been, which have our own, in which it, on which it is, may be it is, may be it is the, as maybe it is the, as can be the, as if it is. that it is the, should it be the, as if that is, as if all that is, it will be had. as it was not, as they all had, as we will not, in all which it is, which cannot, which will not, as if our own, as at our own. REPORTING SYSTEM. 83 Lesson XXVII. ERASING. 1. Two or more common words may be joined to make a frase. Only very familiar words should be frased at first, and this principle extended with practice. Examples. \ (^ u -.. NOTES: Please find, ivith yon, some time ago, ivill pay, are all frases. See lesson 27. Aknoledj is formed according to 1 2, Lesson 22. To the, for tJie, to you, on our, which is, ov omitted, are explained in lessons 24 and 25 regarding brief sign word signs. And oblige is explained in H~4, Lesson 22. 88 HURST'S SHORTHAND LETTER NO. 2. Chicago, Jan. 14, 1910. Gentlemen: We enclose herewith binder for $10,000 insurance on building in course of construction, issued in accordance with your order of the 13th inst. You will notice that this binder, in accordance with the rules of the Board of Underwriters, is made out for a term of 30 days. At expiration, unless building has already been rated by the Board of Underwriters, we can no doubt arrange to have it extended. As stated to you over the 'phone, we believe that this is the better way to handle this insurance in the interest of your client. Yours truly, REPORTING SYSTEM. 89 The student will note some old frases as well as some new ones in this lesson. There are also a number ov brief sign word signs used. Con is indicated in construction according to IX Lesson 21. The first syllable consisting ov a vowel is omitted in accordance. See 14, Lesson 22. Order is an exception to 14, Lesson 20, and is written as an unaccented vowel would be in a similar position because ov its frequent occurrence. See insect^ TS, Lesson 20. 9O HURST'S SHORTHAND LETTER NO. 3. Chicago, Jan. 14, 1910. Gentlemen: We are in receipt of your fa^or of the 13th inst., requesting us to- issue policy for Florence Logan, on household furniture in your ware- house, but we regret to be obliged to return the application to you as the Company now has full liability in this warehouse. Thanking you very much for remembering us and hoping you will have no trouble in replacing this business, we remain Yours very truly, REPORTING SYSTEM. /// receipt,- ive regret, zve remain are written in a peculiar fashion. It is, however, quite legible and shortens the outlines considerably, which will aid in gaining speed. In regard, with reference, in ref- erence, in respect, with respect, on or before, on or about, more or less, and other familar frases may be written with the r hook in like manner. Favor may be written without the final syllable in correspond- ence but should be written in full in ordinary matter. Return is more easily written as in the lesson, be written RSTrn with downward R. It might ov course 92 HURST'S SHORTHAND LETTER NO. 4. Chicago, April 2, 1910. Dear Sir: In reference to the space that you spoke of on Clark Street, north of the Garage, I beg to say that we would be willing to make a long term lease of property in that location, but would prefer to lease the entire strip from the Garage north. In other words we do not think it would be good business to have some attractive stores go in there and allow those frame buildings to remain. If you would consider making a long lease of this frontage, kindly let me know and I will be glad to take it up with you. Yours very truly, REPORTING SYSTEM. 93 /nt ./. (9^' on the first line is written in full because 0f / does not frase well. ZJi is shaded in garage because it is an unusual combination for English. Locate would be written with downward /, and location would naturally be written the same, but this is not material. Entire is more easily written NtR than NTr. 94 HURST'S SHORTHAND LETTER NO. 5. Washington, D. C., May 9, 1910. Dear Sir: I beg to state in reply to your postcard of May 6th that copy- right in the United States secures no protection in foreign countries because the United States is not a member of the International Copy- right Union. In order to secure copyright abroad it is necessary to comply with the domestic regulations of the several countries in which such pro- tection is desired, and these requirements are so varied, that the practical course for one wishing such protection is to secure the services of agents in such countries to transact his copyright business. Respectfully, REPORTING SYSTEM. 95 V, f ^ " Secures is formed according to 1"6, Lesson 17. Protection in more easily written PrtKshN than PrTKshN. Practical is written according to the same principle. /;/ order is frased in a similar way as in receipt, etc., in Letter No. 3. To comply is an application ov two principles, the omission ov to is indicated by writing below the line and ov com by writing close to the preceding word. Transact should theoretically be written with the kt disjoined, as by joining the ns becomes s. In such an ordinary word it may be joined without danger ov illegibility. Read the instructions in Part 5 entitled "Shorthand Practice," page 86. HURST'S SHORTHAND LETTER NO. 6. To read this without a key will be one ov the hardest tasks in this book. With dictated matter you have the advantage ov having once heard the whole spoken and can remember the general subject. Here you do not know the subject nor the style ov the writer, but you should not find much difficulty in transcribing it. ..^..^.... ^\ 7 REPORTING SYSTEM. 97 COURT REPORTING. For reporting testimony three vertical lines are ruled on the left side ov the page. The first about an inch from the margin and the others about Y\ ov an inch apart, thus: Examining Counsel Witness Objecting Counsel Court This will divide the page into four unequal spaces. The object ov this arrangement is to keep the questions and answers separate with- out writing the speakers name each time. The questions ov the examining counsel commence in the left hand space and extend across the page. The answer ov witness commences in the second space and extends across the page also, but the second line ov the answer must also commence in the second colum, and so on. It is best to start each question and answer on a separate line. The surname ov the counsel should be written the first time he speaks. If there are two attorneys on each side the remarks ov the assistant should commence in the right hand half ov the proper space. When counsels change from examining to objecting or vice versa their positions change on the note book so the examining counsel always has the first colum, whether he is for plaintif or defendant. The reporter should write in longhand at the top ov his note book the title ov the case as, Smith v. Smith; the name ov the court, the number ov the case both general and term number, the name ov the judge, names ov plaintif's and defendant's attorneys, whether or not tried by jury. 98 HURST'S SHORTHAND At the beginning ov the notes should be written direct examina- tion, cross examination, redirect examination, or rccross examination as the case may be. The examination ov jurors is seldom reported except in criminal cases. The opening or closing addresses by either side are seldom required. The charge to the jury by the court must be carefully reported verbatim. Every word ov witness must be reported verbatim even if ungram- matical. The objections and arguments ov council may be summarized. The citations by council may be noted as to volume, page, case, etc., and notes made so that the quotations read may be reproduced from the original. FORM for first page ov Court Report. Superior Court of Cook Co., 111. John Johnson ) vs. The People's Traction Co ) Before Judge Smith and a Jury. Chicago, Jan. 2, 1910. Appearances: For Plaintiff, M. H. Anderson. For Defendants, Cunning, Isaacs & Green. Mr. Anderson opened for plaintiff. Anton Robertson called for plaintiff, sworn. Direct Examination by Mr. Anderson- Q. What is your name? A. Anton Robertson. Etc. REPORTING SYSTEM. 99 COURT REPORT. State of Illinois County of Cook f ' Coroner's Inquest. Intermediate Crib Disaster- Before a Coroner's Jury. Chicago, Jan. 29, 1909. Appearances: Coroner Hoffman, Eli Felsenthall, representing the Jackson Co. Francis J. Nolan, sworn. Direct examination by Mr. Hoffman. Q. What is your name? A. Francis J. Nolan. Q. What is your occupation? A. Foreman at the crib. Q. How many men were at the crib on the day of the fire? A. About 100 to the best of my knowledge. Q. On the night preceding the fire, did you see the holes loaded in the tunnel? A. I was in the bore all night. Q. Where did the men get the powder to load the holes? A. At the bottom of the shaft. I sent enough down by the elevator man for the firing with a little to reload the holes that failed to pull. Q. Who took the powder from the magazine? A. The man in charge. Q. What was his name? A. Don't know. Q. What was his number? A. Don't know. Q. How much powder did you keep in the magazine? A. About ten to fourteen boxes. Each box held about sixty pounds. Q. How did you thaw it when it froze? A. In hot water. We had a box filled with hot water and placed the powder in a com- partment that was lined with tin and waterproof. Q. Were there any shelves iri the powder house? A. There were. The dynamite was placed stick by stick. Q. How was the powder room heated? A. By steam coils. These were on the floor. Q. How hot? A. About 60 to 65 degrees in the powder room. Q. Would this thaw the dynamite? A. Dynamite freezes at 45 and thaws at 50. Q. Who was in charge of that room? A. The janitor. I don't know his name. Q. How many boxes of dynamite were in the powder room on the morning of the fire? A. Four. 100 HURST'S SHORTHAND A I- CO C, REPORTING SYSTEM. 101 ~y 1 J .,,,. It/- JL -I 2 \' 102 HURST'S SHORTHAND \ 4* ' "i C. N .t \ ..f.l -v /* REPORTING SYSTEM. 103 In charge is written NtshRdzh. Any charge may be'written the same and no charge the same in the o position, and recharge RtshRdzh. Other words may be frased according to this principle. THE LORD'S PRAYER. >. p 104 HURST'S SHORTHAND EXTRACT FROM HAMLET'S SOLILOQUY. To be or not to be, that is the question: Whether it is nobler in the mind, to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die to sleep No more and by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consumation Devoutly to be wisht. To die; to sleep; To sleep! perchance to dream; ay there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil Must give us pause. REPORTING SYSTEM. 105 r <_ ( 2.... a L 106 HURST'S SHORTHAND PRACTICE. Now the student may begin at the preface ov this volume and write the entire book in shorthand. Write only a page at a time and then read and correct your notes. You will usually find some errors when you read your notes or see some outline or frase which could be improved. You will in this way also review the lessons. When you have completed the above task, and not before, you may take the business letter No. 1 and write it repeatedly from the dictation ov a friend until you can write it at the rate ov 200 words per minute. In doing this work go slow enuf to make good outlines. Speed will come from repetition and not from hasty and illegible writing. If you can recall the outline instantly you will have plenty ov time to write it well. Then take letter No. 2 and work it up the same way and so forth thru the balance. Then you can take new matter from dictation. Take time to make every outline correct, and read every word you have written. If you find it impossible to read a word after due effort, then refer to the copy and see what your mistake is, but it is best never to refer to copy except as a last resort. When you can write 100 words per minute correctly from new matter for five or ten minutes at a time and read it readily and accu- rately you will be able to fill some commercial positions so far as shorthand is concerned but don't stop here; 150 words per minute is a much more satisfactory speed. Accurate spelling and ability to use a typewriter is also essential but we have confined ourselves to the main subject ov shorthand in this volume. There are good books to be had on these other subjects to which we refer the student. REPORTING SYSTEM. 107 FONOSCRIPT There is considerable demand for a form ov brief writing which shall be as legible as print. We can readily supply such a form in Fonoscript. The same characters are used for Fonoscript as for Silagrafy, but the accented vowels are written in full. Fonoscript can easily be written at the rate ov fifty words per minute, and some experts can attain as high as one hundred words per minute. Fonoscript is not suitable for reporting but on account ov its great legibility and comparative brevity is available for all purposes for which the ordinary longhand is used. Fonoscript uses all the stems and hooks used in Silagrafy. In Fonoscript all accented vowels are written in full. When the accented vowel is short the word is written above the line. When long, on the line. When necessary />, /, k and /"may be written with a full length stem instead ov brief signs. All words are spelt fonetically. The vowels in unaccented syllables may be omitted to a large extent because the writing will indicate exactly where the vowel should be read, and the sounds ov most unaccented vowels are very similar. When a word begins or ends with a vowel, the vowel must always be written. ' The following example, which is letter No. 3 in Part V, can easily be read by any one who has learned the values ov the various stems and hooks, loops and circles in the foregoing pages: 108 HURST'S SHORTHAND Any first-class stenografer can soon learn to read Fonoscript written by his employer or others. A text book containing this system alone will be published later. THE PRONOUNCING SPELLER W. H. HURST DESIGNED FOR POOR SPELLERS Teaches orthodox spelling from a fonetic point ov view Contains complete rules for changing / to v and y to ie, and dropping the final e when adding suffixes. Price 25 Cents (Paper Covers) PUBLISHED BY W. H. HURST & CO., Chicago, 111. [Over] THE SHORTHAND SUPPLEMENT WILLIAM H. HURST A book containing the new inventions in shorthand set out in this volume which may be added to the Pitman System Arranged for writers ov Isaac Pitman, Ben Pittman, Howard, Munson, Graham's and other Systems ov Fonografy Price 50 Cents PUBLISHED BY W. H. HURST & CO., Chicago, 111. Simplified Spelling BY WILLIAM H. HURST Copyright in 1901. (Several years before the organization ov the Simplified Spelling Board) This pamflet contains a full explanation ov the scheme ov simplified spelling used in the within volume The plan recommended in this pamflet has been indorsed by some of the most eminent Filologists and Educators in this country and England Send 10 Cents to help pay for the postage and printing PUBLISHT BY W. H. HURST & CO., Chicago, 111. [Over] FONOSCRIPT A SYSTEM ov brief writing or shorthand arranged for students and professional and business men who need a very legible as well as a brief form ov writing. A specimen ov Fonoscript may be seen on page 108 ov this volume. This book will also contain a complete exposition ov the fonetic structure ov the English language, and should be ov value to the student who wishes to know the elemen- tary sounds ov the language and their relation to each other, and to spelling. If interested, please address the pub- lishers, who will be pleased to give further information. PUBLISHED BY W. H. HURST & CO., Chicago, 111. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. MAR 8 1949 0-1*1 Form L9-10m-3,'48(A7920)444 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFORNIA AT Z56 H94si B. 0. LAWYER DAL