LITERARY PILGRIMAGES // NEW ENGLAND u BHBBBBHfaiBBBMBBHBBHNIBBBBIHH LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Class OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SCENE OF THE LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. LITERARY PILGRIMAGES IN NEW ENGLAND TO THE HOMES OF FAMOUS MAKERS OF AMERICAN LITERATURE AND AMONG THEIR HAUNTS AND THE SCENES OF THEIR WRITINGS BY EDWIN M. BACON AUTHOR OF "HISTORIC PILGRIMAGES IN NEW ENGLAND," " BACON*! DICTIONARY OF BOSTON," "WALKS AND RIDES IN THE COUNTRY ROUND ABOUT BOSTON," ETC. OF THE UNIVERSITY SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO f/3 B/z? COPYBIGHT, 1902, BY SlLVEB, BUBDETT AND COMPANY, CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAaE The Scheme 1 CHAPTER II. On Andover Hill . 4 A serene old Academic Town. Beginnings of the Andover Academies and the Theological Seminary. Some famous academy boys. Where "America" was written. The Phillips Family. Notable Andover professors : Leonard Woods, Eliphalet Pearson, Edwards A. Park, Moses Stuart, Austin Phelps. Elizabeth Stuart and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Ward). Story of "The Gates Ajar." Harriet Beecher Stowe and her "Old Stone Cabin." Her life and work there. Her grave. CHAPTER III. At the Home of Anne Bradstreet ........ 22 The ancient Bradstreet homestead. Where the first American woman- poet wrote. Her volume of verses and its reception. Her family. Colonel Dudley Bradstreet and the witchcraft delusion. After- history of the old house. Simeon Putnam's boarding-school. Story of Anne Bradstreet's life. The old Phillips manse. CHAPTER IV. In Whittier's Country ........... . 35 Along the poet's beloved Merrimac. Points about Haverhill celebrated in his poems. The old homestead where he was born. Scenes made memorable by him. Pictures from "Snow Bound": the family group about the great fireplace. Life on the farm. Early poems under the influence of Burns. The first poem in print. First meeting of Whittier and Garrison at the homestead. The poet's earlier editorial work. 2L0599 Vi CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. PAGE At Whittier's Amesbury Home 56 The " Garden Boom." Work in verse and prose done here. Later editorial labors. The Atlantic poems. The poet's first published volume. Productions of his riper years. The Old Quaker Meeting- house. The poet's pew, where "LausDeo" was thought out at a " Fifth Day " meeting. The poet's grave on the hilltop overlooking familiar scenes of his verse. CHAPTER VI. Round about Newburyport 65 "Whittier's picture of "the old and quiet town." By the "Swinging chain-bridge." Deer Island. Harriet Prescott Spofford and her work. Scene of "The Tent on the Beach." Workplace of a gal- axy of writers : Richard Hildreth, Theophilus Parsons, Cornelius C. Felton, Lucy Hooper, Caleb Gushing, George Lunt, John Pierpont, James Parton, T. W. Higginson. Whittier's schoolmaster. The old " Church of Federal Street " and Whitefield's tomb. The Parson- age where the " Marvellous Preacher" died. Birthplace of William Lloyd Garrison. His work in Newburyport and afterward. The Lowell family. Home of Hannah Flagg Gould. The Longfellow homestead in old Newbury. CHAPTER VII. The " Old Town by the Sea " 89 Birthplaces of T. B. Aldrich, James T. Fields, Celia Thaxter, " Mrs. Partington." Scenes of various classics. On the old Pier. The "Earl of Halifax " taverns. Scene of the opening picture of " Lady Wentworth." Aldrich in Portsmouth, and afterward. The old Athenaeum. James T. Fields's career. Benjamin P. Shillaber and the development of "Mrs. Partington"; His Carpet Bag. Some Portsmouth mansions. Daniel Webster's home. The Wentworth "Great House " at Little Harbor. On Kittery side. CHAPTER VIII. Among the Isles of Shoals 110 Their situation in the Open Sea. History and traditions. Haw- thorne's note on their weird shapes. Celia Thaxter's sketch. Lowell's " Pictures from Appledore." Legends of the Isles. The Old White Island lighthouse. Celia Thaxter's girlhood there. Her marriage and literary development. Her later cottage home on Appledore. Resort of literary folk. Her island grave CONTENTS. Vii CHAPTER IX. PAGE In the Forest City '.'......... 128 Along the way from Portsmouth. South Berwick, home of Sarah Orne Jewett. Story of her work. "The Falls of Saco." Portland's Longfellow landmarks. The poet's birthplace. The mansion home of his boyhood. His life here and at the country homes of his grand- fathers. His first poem in* the local newspaper. Its unconscious critic. Scenes of later poems. The Portland band of writers : Nathaniel Deering, John Neal, Seba Smith, Isaac M'Lellan, Gren- ville Mellen, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Anna S. W. Stephens, Elijah Kellogg. Story of Nathaniel P. Willis. CHAPTER X. In Maine's Chief College Town . 155 College days of Longfellow and Hawthorne. Where "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was written. Story of the execution. Mrs. Stowe's "vision." Longfellow's first professorship. Poems written in Brunswick. Longfellow's last visit to his Alma Mater. " Morituri Salutamus." The farewell gathering of the surviving classmates. Footprints of Hawthorne. The Abbott brothers, Jacob, John S. C. and Gorham D. Story of the " Rollo Books" and their com- panions. Birthplace of " Artemus Ward." His career recalled. CHAPTER XI. The Heart of Essex 173 Ipswich landmarks. Homes of Colonial writers and scholars. John Winthrop, jun. Anne Bradstreet's earlier home. Nathaniel Ward, " The Simple Cobler of Aggawam. " Hubbard, the early historian. John Norton. Thomas Cobbett. Nathaniel Rogers. The progeni- tors of Ralph Waldo Emerson. " Gail Hamilton's " home in Hamilton. Scene of "The Witch of Wenham." "Peter's Pulpit." CHAPTER XII. Massachusetts Bay Side ............. 185 Old Beverly landmarks. Birthplace of Lucy Larcom. Her early lit- erary efforts when a cotton mill-hand. Her later career. " Hannah Binding Shoes." Songs of the sea. Birthplace of Wilson Flagg. His contributions to the literature of nature. Birthplace of George E. Woodberry. His " North Shore Watch," and " My Country." Beverly Farms. Oliver Wendell Holmes at " Beverly -by -th e-I)epot. " Manchester-by-the-Sea, Summer home of Dana, Bartol, and Fields. Vlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. Hawthorne's Salem 200 Beverly Bridge and "The Toll-Gatherer's Day." Birthplaces of Charles T. Brooks and William W. Story. Hawthorne's house on Mall Street. His study "high from all noise." Story of "The Scarlet Letter." The romancer's previous work and its slow recogni- tion. The Union Street and Herbert Street houses. The Peabody house and "Dr. Grimshawe's Secret." The old bury ing-ground as pictured by Hawthorne. Nathaniel Mather, "an aged man at nineteen years." The so-called "Seven Gables house." Other Hawthorne homes. Historic house of Abner C. Goodell. Birthplace of Prescott. Jones Very. Nahant. CHAPTER XIV. A Day in Boston 219 The Athenaeum and the Anthology Club of a century ago. The Monthly Anthology and the North American Review. Homes of a group of historians : Ticknor, Motley, Prescott, and Parkman. Story of their lives and work. Glimpses of their literary work- shops. Birthplace of Wendell Phillips. Thomas Gold Appleton. The crossed swords in Prescott' s library. CHAPTER XV. Over Beacon Hill 247 Home of Richard H. Dana, the poet. Story of his publication of Bry- ant's "Thanatopsis." The younger Dana. Arlo Bates. Henry Child Merwin. Cyrus A. Bartol. Charles Francis Adams, senior. T. B. Aldrich's hill homes. William Ellery Channing and his work. Margaret Deland. William D. Howells. The Alcotts. Pinckney Street. Origin of " The Hanging of the Crane." Homes of George S. Hillard, Edwin P. Whipple, Edwin D. Mead, Louise Imogen Guiney. The poet Parsons. CHAPTER XVI. In Newer Boston 276 Charles-Street homes of Aldrich, Fields, and Holmes. A side note about Ponkapog. The library in the Fields house. Holmes's work in his Charles-Street house. As a lecturing professor. His career reviewed. His earlier home on Montgomery Place. Where the "Autocrat" papers were written. Stories of notable poems. Holmes's last home on Beacon Street, water side. His closing years and gentle death. Home of Julia Ward Howe. Story of the "Bat- tle Hymn of the Republic." Other " Back Bay " literary homes. Edward Everett Hale. Edwin Lassetter Bynner. Brook Farm. Lindsay Swift. CONTENTS. ix CHAPTER XVII. PAQE Cambridge Revisited 295 Home of the poet-painter, Washington Allston. Lowell's picture of him. Birthplace of Margaret Puller Ossoli. Story of her career. - The " Dial." Home of Louis Agassiz. His Cambridge life and work. Latter home of Jared Sparks. Where he wrote his his- tories. Old "Professors' Row." Home and study of Francis J. Child. His classic. Charles Eliot Norton at " Shady Hill." The Palfrey Place. Palfrey's public and literary life. Birthplace of T. W. Higginson. His literary and reform work. Site of Holmes's Birthplace. The " Cambrel-roofed house" and its memories. In the old church yard. John Holmes. CHAPTER XVIII. From " Craigie House" to "Elmwood" 321 The approach along Brattle Street. Scene of "The Village Black- smith." Homes of John Fiske. His notable work. In the library of " Craigie house." Longfellow's Cambridge life. His lirst rooms on Professors' Row. The " Five of Clubs." First coming to the Craigie house. Madam Craigie. The upper and lower studies and the work done in them. The tragedy of the poet's life. Neighbor- ing homes of Horace E. Scudder and T. W. Higginson. Lowell at " Elmwood.". The attic study. Story of the " Biglow " papers. Lowell's closing years at the beloved home. John T. Trowbridge at Arlington. Story of "Neighbor Jackwood." CHAPTER XIX. Sudbury and Concord 362 The Wayside Inn. Longfellow's Picture in the "Tales." Story of the poem. The Wadsworth Monument. Homes of "the Concord Group." Thoreau and his haunts. The poet Chanuing. "Aunt Mary Emerson" and Thoreau's mother. The Hut at Walden. Frank B. Sanborn and his work. The Concord Library. Birth- place of the brothers Hoar. Emerson in Concord. The Alcotts and their homes. Story of a remarkable family. Bronson Alcott's unique career. Louisa Alcott's achievements. The Concord School of Philosophy. Hawthorne at "The Wayside." Scenes of his later romances. His " Walk " on the Ridge. His earlier life at the Old Manse. CHAPTER XX. In the Connecticut Valley 415 Along the way from Boston to Springfield. Landmarks on connecting lines. Birthplace of Hannah Adams. Story of the first native X CONTENTS. American woman to make books. Kate Sanborn and her "Aban- doned Farm." Birthplace and early life of George Bancroft. Long- fellow's poem on "The Arsenal at Springfield." Landmarks of Dr. Josiah G. Holland. His "Timothy Titcomb " Letters and his popular poems. Samuel Bowles, the early independent editor. Edward Bellamy's home at Chicopee Falls. His "Looking Back- ward" and later works. Jonathan Edwards, the Puritan metaphy- sician. Timothy Dwight and the Dwight family. Smith College for Women. The Round Hill School of Bancroft and Cogswell. Bancroft's Northampton and later life. George W. Cable at " Tarry- awhile." CHAPTER XXI. Among the Berkshire Hills . ^446 Pittsfield. Birthplace of William Allen, maker of the first American biographical dictionary. The former Gold mansion, scene of "The Old Clock on the Stairs." Holmes's ancestral country seat. Scenes of ' " Elsie Venner." " The Plowman." The original "One Hoss Shay." "Broadhall." The two Majors Melville. Herman Melville and Hawthorne. Melville's sea stories. Lenox. Catherine M. Sedgwick's stories. Mrs. Charles Sedg- wick's school and some of her pupils. Maria Cummings, author of "The Lamplighter." Frances Anne Kemble. Hawthorne in "The little red cottage." Stockbridge. " Edwards Hall." Jonathan Edwards's life here. The Sedgwick mansion and the Sedgwick family. The famous brothers Field. Birthplace of Mark Hopkins. Great Barrington. Scenes of Bryant's favorite poems. The poet's earlier life in Cummington. A glance at Sheffield. CHAPTER XXII. Hartford and New Haven 472 Writers identified with the " Charter Oak City." From the " Hartford Wits" to the modern set. The grouped homes of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Dudley Warner, and "Mark Twain." Clemens's unique apprenticeship to literature. Warner's earlier home of " My Summer in a Garden." Mrs. Sigourney. Catherine Beecher's celebrated Academy. Emma Willard. The trio of Hartford lit- erary editors : Brainard, Prentice, and Whittier. Productions of the "Hartford Wits." The "City of Elms." Literary men as Yale students. The Trumbull Gallery. Distinguished graves in the Old Burying Ground. The poets Hillhouse and Percival. Theodore Winthrop. Donald G. Mitchell at "Edge wood." LIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S. PAGE Ma P Frontispiece Old Judge Phillips's Mansion House, Andover, Mass 6 Portrait of Edwards A. Park ... 9 Old Andover Home of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Ward) .... 11 Portrait of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps 15 Portrait of Harriet Beecher Stowe 18 Old Bradstreet House, North An- dover, Mass 24 Facsimile of Anne Bradstreet's Handwriting 28 Ancient Burying Ground at North Andover, Mass 33 Whittier's Birthplace, Haverhill, Mass 37 Kitchen, Whittier Homestead . . 42 Portrait of John G. Whittier at Thirty 52 A Bit of the Parlor in Whittier's Amesbury Home 57 Whittier Homestead, Amesbury, Portrait of Whittier in Late Life . 60 Friends' Meeting-house, Amesbury, Mass 61 Amesbury from Powow Hill, the View in " Miriam " 63 Chain-Bridge by Deer Island, Merri- mac River 66 Home of Harriet Prescott Spofford, Deer Island 67 Portrait of Harriet Prescott Spof- ford 68 Home of James Par ton, Newbury- port, Mass 74 The "Old Church of Federal Street," Newburyport, Mass. . . 76 Parsonage where Whitefield Died, Newburyport, Mass 77 PAGE Birthplace of William Lloyd Garri- son, Newburyport, Mass. ... 78 Portrait of William Lloyd Garri- son .. go Facsimile of the Title of " The Libe- rator" f , 82 Lowell House, Newburyport, Mass. 84 Home of Hannah Flagg Gould, Newburyport, Mass 85 Old Longfellow Homestead, New- bury, Mass 87 Portrait of Thomas Bailey Aldrich in Boyhood 90 Birthplace of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Portsmouth, N.H. . . 93 Portrait of Benjamin P. Shillaber 101 Daniel Webster House, Ports- mouth, N.H 103 The Wentworth Great House, Little Harbor, Portsmouth, N.H. 107 Celia Thaxter in her Garden, Isles of Shoals Ill White Island Light, Isles of Shoals 115 Celia Thaxter's Grave on Apple- dore Island 118 Portrait of Sarah Orne Jewett . . 129 Home of Sarah Orne Jewett, South Berwick, Maine 130 Corner in Miss Jewett's Study . . 131 Birthplace of Longfellow, Portland, Maine 133 Longfellow Mansion House, Port- land, Maine 135 Portrait of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 137 Portrait of Elizabeth Oakes Smith 143 Portrait of Nathaniel Parker Willis 146 Bowdoin College in 1825, where Longfellow and Hawthorne were Graduated . . 156 Xll LIST Off ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE House in which " Uncle Tom's Cabin" was Written, in Bruns- wick, Maine 159 Jacob Abbott in his Parlor at " Fewacres," Farmington, Maine 167 " Fewacres," Jacob Abbott's Country Home 168 Portrait of "Artemus Ward" (Charles F. Browne) 171 Portrait of John Winthrop, Son of Governor John Winthrop of Massachusetts 174 The Ancient Norton House, Ips- wich, Mass 177 Portrait of "Gail Hamilton" (Mary Abigail Dodge) . . . . . 182 Birthplace of Lucy Larcom, Beverly, Mass 186 Portrait of Lucy Larcom .... 187 Facsimile of "Hannah Binding Shoes" 188 Home of Mistress Hale, Beverly, Mass 190 Home of Wilson Flagg, Beverly, Mass 191 Portrait of Wilson Flagg .... 192 Portrait of Professor George E. Woodberry 194 Facsimile of Woodberry's Manu- script and Autograph 197 Birthplace of William Wetmore Story, Salem, Mass 201 Hawthorne's Mall Street House, Salem, Mass 203 The Peabody or " Dr. Grimshawe " House, Salem, Mass 206 Hawthorne's Chestnut Street House, Salem, Mass 212 Hawthorne's Dearborn Street House, Salem, Mass 213 Portrait of Abner C. Goodell ... 214 Home of Jones Very, Salem, Mass. 216 The Boston Athenaeum 220 Portrait of George Ticknor ... 224 Portrait of John Loth rop Motley . 229 Home of William H. Prescott, Boston, Mass. . . 234 Portrait of William H. Prescott . 238 Home of Francis Parkman, Boston, Mass 240 Portrait of Francis Parkman . . 244 PAGE Home of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Boston, Mass 255 Portrait of Thomas Bailey Aldrich 256 Facsimile of Thomas Bailey Aldrich's Manuscript 257 Home of William Ellery Channing, Boston, Mass 258 Portrait of Margaret Deland ... 262 Margaret Deland's Library, Boston, Mass 263 Portrait of Edwin D. Mead ... 266 Edwin D. Mead's Literary Parlor, Boston, Mass 267 Portrait of Edwin Percy Whipple . 272 Facsimile of E. P. Whipple's Man- uscript 273 Portrait of James T. Fields ... 277 Library of James T. Fields, Boston, Mass 278 Last Home of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Boston, Mass 285 Portrait of Oliver Wendell Holmes 286 Facsimile of Holmes's Manuscript . 287 Home of Edward Everett Hale, Boston, Mass 291 Edward Everett Hale in his Study 292 Portrait of Edwin Lassetter Bynner 293 Portrait of Margaret Fuller (Mar- chioness Ossoli) 299 Portrait of Professor Francis J. Child 307 Study in Professor Child's House, Cambridge, Mass 308 Professor Child in his Rose Garden 309 " Shady Hill," Home of Charles Eliot Norton, Cambridge, Mass. . 310 Home of John G. Palfrey, Cam- bridge, Mass 312 Bust of Dr. Palfrey in Memorial Hall, Harvard University ... 313 Holmes's Birthplace, Cambridge, Mass 315 Birthplace of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Cambridge, Mass. . . 317 Library of John Fiske, Cambridge, Mass 322 Portrait of John Fiske 324 Longfellow's Study in the Old Craigie House, Cambridge, Mass. 331 Horace E. Scudder in his Library, Cambridge, Mass 337 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Xlii PAGE Home of Thomas Wentworth Hig- ginson, Cambridge, Mass. . . . 339 Colonel Higginson in his Study . . 340 Portrait of James Russell Lowell . 341 Lowell's Study, Elmwood, Cam- bridge, Mass 343 Facsimile of Lowell's Manuscript . 355 Home of John Townsend Trow- bridge, Arlington, Mass 357 Portrait of J. T. Trowbridge ... 360 The Wayside Inn, South Sudbury, Mass 363 Old Dining-Room, Wayside Inn . . 364 Old Tap-room, Wayside Inn ... 365 Wadsworth Monument, Sudbury, Mass 370 House of Frank B. Sanborn, Con- cord, Mass 375 Portrait of F. B. Sanborn .... 377 Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1845 380 Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1858 . . 386 The " Alcotts' Orchard House," Con- cord, Mass 387 Portrait of Louisa M. Alcott ... 390 Facsimile of Miss Alcott's Writing 393 Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne in Middle Life 402 Hawthorne's Walk on the Ridge, Concord, Mass 404 Hawthorne's West Newton, M.ass. Home 406 Entry to the Old Manse, Concord, Mass 408 Hawthorne and his Publishers . . 410 Portrait of Ezra Ripley 412 Birthplace of Hannah Adams, Med- field, Mass 416 Portrait of Hannah Adams . . . 418 The Abandoned Farm Beautified . 421 Portrait of Dr. Josiah G. Holland . 426 PAGE Portrait of Samuel Bowles, the independent Editor 428 Home of Edward Bellamy, Chicopee Falls, Mass. . 430 Portrait of Edward Bellamy ... 431 The Old Jonathan Edwards House, Northampton, Mass 432 Memorial Tablet to Jonathan Ed- wards, Northampton, Mass. . . 434 The Edwards Elm, Northampton, Mass 437 Facsimile of Jonathan Edwards's Will 438 Portrait of Sophia Smith, Founder of Smith College 440 A Glimpse of Smith College ... 442 Portrait of George W. Cable . . 444 Bryant Homestead, Cuinmington, Mass 447 Portrait of Herman Melville . . . 452 Hawthorne's Desk, Used in the "Red Cottage," Lenox, Mass. . 458 The Sedgwick Mansion House, Stockbridge, Mass 460 Portrait of Catherine M. Sedgwick 462 Bryant's Home at Great Barring- ton, Mass 464 Portrait of Bryant, at the Age of 40 469 Portrait of Bryant in Later Life . 470 The " Mark Twain House," Hart- ford, Conn 474 Portrait of " Mark Twain "... 475 Mrs. Stowe's Earlier Hartford, Conn., Home 477 Mrs. Stowe's Later Hartford Home 479 Later Home of Charles Dudley Warner, Hartford, Conn. ... 480 Portrait of Charles Dudley Warner 483 Portrait of Theodore Winthrop . . 493 " Edge wood," Home of Donald G. Mitchell, New Haven, Conn. . . 498 Portrait of Donald G. Mitchell . . 500 The portrait of " Gail Hamilton " at the age of thirty-three, on page 182, is from " Gail Hamilton's Life in Letters," by permission of Messrs. Lee & Shepard. The picture of Longfellow's Study, 011 page 331, is from "Final Memorials of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," by permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mimin & Co. The pictures of Mrs. Stowe's earlier and later Hartford homes, on pages 447 and 449 respectively, are from the " Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe," by permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mimin & Co. or THE UNIVERSITY OF LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. I. THE SCHEME. ON TRAIN, June 1, 1902. Arrive Boston late afternoon. Dine with me Parker's and talk it over. PERCY DENISON. THIS telegram was brought over to my old West End study by a natty lad in blue and brass buttons, at the very moment that I was engaged in " coaching " for the visit it announced. I had been prepared for it by a letter previously received from my young Western friend, in which he had expressed his intention of coining East again for his summer vacation, and his desire to devote a fortnight to further Pilgrimages, under my guidance, similar to those that we had made together two years or so before, this time to literary rather than historic landmarks in New England. Ever since the receipt of this letter, I had been hard at work brushing up my own scattered knowledge of such landmarks, consulting authorities, and col- lecting, digesting, and condensing a mass of material, that I might, to some degree at least, meet his requirements. These were, as he put them, the story of the beginnings and develop- ment of American literature by New England writers, disclosed through visits to their landmarks, the places where they lived and wrote, and the places about which they wrote, together with something about their literary lives, their meth- ods of work, and the influence of the leading ones, upon the literature of their day and time. 1 2 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. - In brief," wrote the charming fellow, as if his request were the simplest thing in the world to fill, I want, through these Pilgrimages, to get the history of American literature so far as New Englanders have made it, from the beginning, as I got the history of the beginnings and development of our country through our Historic Pilgrimages." It was a stupendous task which he thus jauntily outlined for me, and accordingly I awaited his coming with appre- hension mingled with pleasant anticipations of his delightful companionship. I met him at the appointed time, and was captivated by his appearance. He had grown since I last saw him from a hand- some lad into a manly youth, long limbed, straight as an arrow, with an eager look in his bright eyes, a confident bearing, a buoyant air a fine type of the high-bred American youth of to-day, who looks the world squarely in the face and frankly shows his liking for it, and his firm-fixed belief in his ability successfully to cope with it. He had got beyond the high school, he told me, and was now contemplating, with an easy assurance, the "preliminaries" he was next to encounter for his entrance to college. We dined well, Percy proving an admirable host ; and, as we dined, developed our scheme. It was determined at the outset that it must spread over a wider field than that of the Historic Pilgrimages, since the landmarks which should be included were in widely separated parts of New England, and in groups short journeys apart. It should also embrace, so far as possible, the homes and haunts of all New England writers who have made a distinct mark in American literature since we have had a literature, if the story were to be obtained with an approach to fullness. With these general points settled, we speedily made up a schedule of routes covering parts of Eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Western Massachusetts, and Connecticut. Since we should travel in all sorts of conveyances, by land THE SCHEME. and by water, should do a good deal of walking, and should spend no more than a single night in any one place, we decided to reduce our luggage to the smallest compass, and to burden our hands with the fewest things. Percy, however, felt that he must take along his kodak, sketch-book, and field-glass as before ; while I concluded to carry my note-books in a handle- less cloth bag which I could tuck under my arm. With these preliminaries at length arranged, we parted, to meet early the next morning, and make our start. II. ON ANDOVER HILL. A serene old Academic Town. Beginnings of the Andover Academies and the Theological Seminary. Some famous academy boys. Where "America" was written. The Phillips Family. Notable Andover professors : Leonard Woods, Eliphalet Pearson, Edwards A. Park, Moses Stuart, Austin Phelps. Elizabeth Stuart and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Ward). Story of "The Gates Ajar." Harriet Beecher Stowe and her "Old Stone Cabin." Her life and work there. Her grave. THE North Andover home of the pioneer woman-poet of America, led our list of ancient literary landmarks, but our first pilgrimage was to more modern landmarks in Andover proper. This was because the latter is reached on the railroad line out from Boston (the Boston and Maine system) before North Andover, and because the charms of the old Massachusetts academic town, with the literary flavor bestowed upon it by the scholars and writers who have dwelt within its shades, were of first interest to Percy, since he had heard of them in his Western 'home. He had yet to make acquaintance with gentle Anne Bradstreet's unique career of two and a half centuries ago. Alighting at the Andover station, after a pleasant railroad journey of about twenty miles, we made our way direct to An- dover Hill, a short mile walk, and here were at once in a scholastic atmosphere. On either side of the broad, elm-lined, green-fringed thor- oughfare, each set within ample grounds, we saw the institu- tions which have given Andover its wide fame, Phillips (Andover) Academy, dating from the eighteenth century; Abbot 4 ON ANDOVER HILL. 5 Academy, opened in 1829, the first academy incorporated in Massachusetts for the education of girls solely, as the earlier Franklin Academy, instituted in 1800, was the first to admit girls with boys ; and Andover Theological Seminary, estab- lished in 1808, the first divinity school in the country, and the first seminary of its kind in the world. And in close neigh- borhood with these institutions stood fine, old-fashioned, roomy, often stately, dwellings distinguished as the homes through long years of grave and learned professors, and of men and women of letters. As we strolled over the historic hill, Percy admired the older more than the newer buildings of the sev- eral educational groups, the sedate earlier architecture having, as he sagely pronounced, a dignity and impressiveness which the more ornate style of some, at least, of the later-day work failed to attain. We tarried awhile at each institution, -making a tour of the buildings under courteous volunteer guides, whose friendliness Percy won by his keen, fresh interest in everything pertaining to these establishments, and his intelligent, if rapid, question- ings as to their history. Phillips (Andover) Academy, the oldest of them all, was founded in 1778, and had its origin in a proposition which Samuel Phillips 3d, made to his father, Samuel Phillips 2d, and to his uncle, John Phillips, a founder of Phillips (Exeter) Academy. They were both men of wealth, and he, their sole heir, a young man "rising thirty," as Percy's informant quaintly expressed it, was just entering public life. They promptly took action upon his proposition to found a literary institution here for the education of youth. The Seminary for the training of ministers, founded thirty years later, Percy learned was originally engrafted on the Academy. Earliest among the Academy boys were two nephews of Washington, and sons of Richard Henry Lee and Josiah Quincy ; with those of later years were Nathaniel P. Willis, Isaac McLellan, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. 6 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Percy also heard much about the Phillips family, one of importance and distinction in its day, whose generous and repeated benefactions made these institutions possible. They started here in Andover," said the same informant, " with the Rev. Samuel Phillips, a great grandson of the Puritan George Phillips, first minister of Watertown, in 1630, who came to the town in 1711 as the first minister of the South Parish, which included the earliest settlement about this hill- top. Samuel Phillips 2d and John Phillips, the founders of OLD JUDGE PHILLIPS MANSION HOUSE. the Academy, were his sons, and were both born here. Wil- liam Phillips, another son, also born here, became a successful merchant in Boston ; and his son was the rich William Phillips who was lieutenant governor of Massachusetts from 1812 to 1823, the second of the family to occupy that station. Samuel Phillips 2d became the Honorable Samuel, through his service as a representative and senator in the Revolutionary period. He married Elizabeth Barnard, a cousin to the minister of the North Parish, which included the first settlement of Andover, where Anne Bradstreet earlier lived. They had seven children. ON ANDOVER HILL. 7 " Their son Samuel Phillips 3d, the proposer of the Academy, also became prominent in public life. He was the first Lieut.- Governor Phillips, serving in 1801- '02. Samuel Phillips 3d married Phebe Foxcroft of Cambridge. She continued his benefactions to the Academy after his death, and became one of the founders of the Seminary, with her son, Colonel John Phillips (born in 1776). They erected its first two buildings. Colonel John Phillips married Lydia Gorham, a daughter of Judge Nathaniel Gorham of Charlestown, a member of the Con- tinental Congress, and president of the convention that framed the Federal Constitution. Colonel John died suddenly in 1820, at the early age of forty -four, leaving his widow, at thirty-six, with thirteen children. One of their daughters, as the wife of William Gray Brooks of Boston, became the mother of the beloved Protestant Episcopal clergyman, the Bishop of Massa- chusetts, Phillips Brooks, and his three minister-brothers." The story of the founding of the Seminary " to provide for the church a learned, orthodox, and pious ministry," was also given Percy in interesting outline. He was told of the dif- ficulties encountered in its establishment, resulting in part from two distinct movements at the outset, to attain the same end, one here, the other in Newburyport and Salem. It was partly due, also, to differences in the shadings of theological points between those who became concerned in the undertaking. In the Andover movement, developed by Eliphalet Pearson, the first preceptor of the Academy, were the united forces of Samuel Abbot, a wealthy Andover mer- chant ; Madam Phebe Phillips, the widow of the founder of the Academy ; her son, Colonel John Phillips, and others. The Newburyport and Salem movement was devised by two zealous Orthodox ministers, the Kev. Dr. Samuel Spring of Newburyport, and the Kev. Dr. Samuel Hopkins of Salem, who were strenuous for the establishment of the institution in Newburyport, and with them were enlisted some wealthy men of those towns. 8 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. "While, however, the two parties differed as to details, and as to location," the story-teller continued, " both were agreed on the essential point, the immediate need of a firmly rooted and thoroughly Orthodox training school for Orthodox ministers. For it was a time of theological up- heavals, when Unitarianism had swept through many of the older Orthodox churches, and pervaded leading educational institutions. Professor Pearson, the Andover leader, had been professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at Harvard for twenty years, and was at one time acting president of the college. He had lately resigned his position, upon the election of the Unitarian Professor, Samuel Webber, to the presidency of Harvard, which followed close upon the appointment of another Unitarian, the Rev. Henry Ware, to the Hollis pro- fessorship of divinity. At length, after much investigating and some compromising, the two movements were brought together harmoniously, and the institution was here planted. As finally arranged, the Andover projectors were designated ' Founders, 7 and the Newburyport and Salem men (William Bartlet and Moses Brown of Newburyport, and John Norris of Salem), who founded professorships, ' Associate Founders.' " The Seminary opened with thirty-six students. Since that day thousands have been graduated and sent out over the land, and to foreign parts, as missionaries, many attaining em- inence in their fields. One of its graduates was Dr. Samuel F. Smith (born in Boston, 1808, died, 1895), the author of 1 America.' He wrote the hymn at Andover, in February, 1832, the last year of his student course, composing it in a short half-hour on a scrap of paper which he caught up from his table. It was written to fit some music which he found- in a German music book, the same tune that the English adopted for < God Save the King.' Dr. Lowell Mason then music master of Boston had given him the book from which to translate something for church choir or Sunday school singing. i America ? was first publicly sung at a children's celebration ON ANDOVER HILL. 9 of the Fourth of July, 1832, in the Park Street Church, in Boston. Dr. Smith also wrote while here his widely sung missionary hymn, ' The Morning Light is Breaking.' He was in Harvard in the brilliant class of 1829, of which Oliver Wendell Holmes was a member ; and Holmes thus alludes to him in the famous lines on this class : * And there's a nice youngster of excellent pith ; Fate tried to crush him by naming him Smith. But he shouted a song for the brave and the free Just read on his medal, " My country, of thee." ' " The Kev. Dr. Leonard Woods (born 1774, died 1854),- father of the Leonard Woods, also doctor of divinity, who was the fourth president of Bowdoin College in Maine, was the first head of the Seminary as Abbot professor of Christian Theology. Dr. Woods held his chair for thirty-eight years, and in his old age became professor emeritus. He was succeeded by Professor Edwards A. Park (born in Providence, K.I., 1809, died in An- dover, 1900), himself a graduate of the Semi- nary, and the first professor of Sacred Khetoric, who as its uncompromising director for half a century gave great prom- inence to the institution. Professor Pearson (born in Newbury, EDWARDS A. PARK. 10 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Mass., 1752, died in Greenland, N.H., 1826), who was the first professor of Natural Theology, or Sacred Literature, re- tired in 1810, and was succeeded by Professor Moses Stuart (born in "\Vilton, Conn., 1780, died in Andover, 1852). Professor Stuart, whose services covered thirty-eight years, attained especial distinction for Biblical learning, and as a philologist. He was the author of that early Hebrew Grammar, published in 1821, the second edition of which, appearing ten years later, became the standard text-book for the study of Hebrew. Professor Park was succeeded in the chair of Sacred Ehetoric, when he took the leadership of the insti- tution, by Professor Austin Phelps (born in West Brookfield, 1820, died at Bar Harbor, Me., 1890), whose notable service extended over thirty -one years." At this point I remarked that Professor Stuart was "the grandfather, and Professor Phelps the father, of Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward (born in Boston, 1844), some of whose later stories I fancied Percy had read, to which he nodded assent. Of her most talked-of story, " The Gates Ajar," he confessed that he had never heard, although the book might be in the library at home. Since we were in the near neighborhood of the place where she did the work which made her known, I sug- gested that we take this next in order. Percy acquiescing, we crossed the campus and the thoroughfare, and came upon the dwelling, a comfortable white mansion of old-time aspect, pleas- antly set a little back from the street, in a sightly spot, from the rear of which spread fine, distant views. "This," I detailed, "was Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's home through her girlhood, from the age of two years to mature life. From her cultivated parents and grandparents, she inherited the genuine literary spirit ; and from her mother came her special talent for story-writing. It was as natural that she should take to the pen, as that her brothers should follow the profession which their forebears had honored. She was Pro- fessor Phelps's eldest child, and the only daughter in a family ON ANDOVER HILL. 11 3 > 12 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. of five children. Her mother was Elizabeth Stuart, the old- est of Professor Moses Stuart's three daughters; all of whom were talented. She was agreeably known to readers of New England tales and juveniles in the forties and fifties, by her pen name of ' H. Trusta/ an anagram of her maiden name. She died in 1852, ay after day the watchful girl observed the life ^f a student ? its .scholarly tastes, its high ideals, its scorn OAT ANDOVER HILL. 13 of worldliness and paltry aims or petty indulgences, and for- ever its magnificent habits of work.' She recalls his constant kindliness, his quiet direction of the studies of his children, the development of character in them, his easy conversations with them on great or profound subjects, such as 'time and eter- nity, theology and science, literature and art, invention and discovery.' " Miss Phelps began to write when a girl, and she was but thirteen when she first saw her work in print. It was a pious little story, she calls it, published in the Youth's Companion. Her first money was made a little later from a contribution to ( some extremely orthodox young people's periodical,' for which she received two and a half dollars. Her first serious work, from which she dates the real beginning of her literary career, was a short war story, < A Sacrifice Consumed,' written when she was about sixteen, and published in Harper's Monthly. For this she received twenty-five dollars on acceptance. She had kept the venture a profound secret. Even her father knew nothing of it; and when she placed before his eyes the editor's letter with the check, ' the pleasure on his expressive face was only equalled by its frank and unqualified astonish- ment.' After this she wrote pretty steadily. Her stories were accepted by various magazines, and she did much * hack work,' including a lot of Sunday school books, some of them in sets of four volumes, written to order. Not a little of this work was accomplished before she left school, which was close upon her nineteenth birthday. Meanwhile hers had been a wholesome girlhood. She was an ' out-of-door girl,' entering joyously into the games of the seasons, in winter skating, and coasting < standing up on the biggest sled in town, down the longest hills, and on the fastest local record.' "Then came 'The Gates Ajar,' remarkable for the time and its source. This was begun when she was approaching twenty- one, and was published in 1868, more than three years after- ward. It brought her quick and widespread fame, together 14 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. with a storm of criticism from portions of the religious press because of its heterodoxy. Its almost startling frankness and freedom in attempting to describe the celestial life, its picturing in much detail a material heaven and the inhabitants thereof, led many to assume that its young author was moved by a deep motive, a hope, perhaps, of establishing a new religion or a new creed. But she herself, in after years, dispelled all such theories. If she had any object at all in its conception, she declared it was that she wished to say something that would comfort some few of the women whose misery crowded the land at the time she began the story, the closing period of the Civil War. Quoting her own words (and I drew my note-book from my cloth bag) : ' The country was dark with sorrowing women. The regiments came home, but the mourners went about the streets ... It came to me, as I pondered these things in my own heart, that even the best and kindest forms of our prevailing beliefs had nothing to say to an afflicted woman that could help her much. ... At this time ... I had no interest at all in any special movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class. ... I was taught the old ideas of womanhood in the old way, and had not to any important extent begun to resent them.' " According to her custom, she said nothing to relative or friend about the work as it was progressing ; and unknown to her father, she dedicated it to him, ' To my father, whose life, like a perfume from beyond the Gates, penetrates every life which nears it, the readers of this little book will owe whatever pleasant things they may find within its pages.' " Of the good man's reception of this dedication she relates these incidents, which illustrate his gentle delicacy and sweetness of disposition : In it ' there was a slip in good English ; or, at least, in such English as the professor wrote and spoke. I had used the word* " near " as a verb, instead of its proper synonym, " approaches." He read the dedication quietly, thanked me tenderly, and said "nothing. It was left for me to find out ON ANDOVER HILL. 15 my blunder for myself, as I did in due time. [The word was changed in subsequent editions of the book.] He had not the heart to tell me of it then ; nor did he insinuate his conscious- ness that the dedication might seem to involve him as it did in certain citadels of stupidity in the views of the book/ "The story lay some time in her Boston publishers' hands; indeed, for two years, hanging meanwhile 'upon a delicate scale/ Then it ventured ____ forth between covers ; and one morning, not many weeks after, Miss Phelps received a cor- dial note from James T. Fields, of the publish- ing house, reporting that the book was ' moving grandly ; it has already reached a sale of four thousand copies/ and en- closing a cheque for six hundred dollars the largest sum upon which she had ' ever set. her startled eyes.' Subse- quently the American circulation, approaching one hundred thousand, was outrun by that of Great Britain, and trans- lations appeared in French, German, and Dutch. Nearly twenty years later < The Gates Between,' of similar nature, but more mature, appeared. Her popular story, e Hedged In,' pub- lished in 1870, was also written here in Andover ; and other work was done which sustained her fame. Andover and this old house remained her home until her marriage with Herbert 16 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. D. Ward, in 1888, when she removed first to Gloucester, by the sea, and afterward to Newton, near Boston." This long monologue began as 'we stood contemplating the "white mansion," and continued while we afterward strolled up and down the neighboring sidewalk under the elms to avoid the suspicious observation of passers. It was drawn out by Percy's ardent desire for every detail and his nattering atten- tion to it all, which showed him to be a model listener. At its finish he proposed that we make bold to call at the house, and, frankly stating our interest in its literary associations, ask to be permitted to look into the study where Miss Phelps and perhaps her mother before her had written. But this was not worth while, for there was no one special room where either of them wrote. " Till after the publication of < The Gates Ajar,' " I recalled, " Mrs. Ward has said that she had no place by herself, except her little room at the back of the house, with its one window over-looking the garden, unheated in winter. Accordingly she was obliged to write where she could. Sometimes she worked in the large dining-room while the boys were at play there. Sometimes, to escape the noise of the house, she stole up to the attic with pen and paper, or into some unfrequented closet ; or, in summer time, to a hay- mow in the barn. At last, after L 4-i* * v5 ri^l-H s .r&^ s^ ! $ ?^"^^ 1^ S C^^ 5-| *r^ TS** *f^ >vH^ ^ o ^i <2 >^^ . *> sT 5 ^ ^^ c sJ4^^-^ C ^ i , 7^>rf l? ' - v -^4a_2-^r i r~\ * On whitewashed wall and sagging beam, Until the old rude-furnished room Burst, flower-like, into rosy bloom." Against the opposite wall was the cupboard, alluded to in " Yankee Gypsies," in the " Literary Recreations." Close by stood the stout old kitchen table, upon which " the mother " and " the girls " prepared the bakings for the oven. Scattered about were the furniture and the family heirlooms restored to IN WHITTIER'S COUNTRY. 41 their old places. Off from the porch entrance by the eastern window, where it had stood an hundred years before Whittier's day, was the ancient desk of the great grandfather, the first Joseph Whittier, at which the poet wrote his earliest verses, his momentous pamphlet on slavery, "Justice and Expedi- ency," and many of his earlier sketches. At the farther northwest corner, a step or two above the kitchen floor, opened the " mother's room," furnished, we sup- posed, as in the time of this sweet woman. In the southwest corner, and at the front of the house, opened the " spare room," sometimes used as a parlor, Mr. Pickard tells us, and some- times as a bedroom, in which on December 17, 1807, our poet was born. In the southeast corner, and at the front, opened the family sitting room, i Both these rooms, as we afterward saw, opened also into .the little front entry, from which the steep front stairs, turning against the back of the chimney, as in the Bradstreet house, ascend to the second story. A straight flight of back stairs, almost as steep as a ladder, reach up from the western porch. In the second story was the " boys' chamber," where "Within our beds awhile we heard The wind that round the gables roared, With now and then a ruder shock, Which made our very bedsteads rock. We heard the loosened clapboards tost, The board-nails snapping in the frost ; And on ns, through the unplastered wall, Felt the light sifted snow-flakes fall. But sleep stole on, as sleep will do When hearts are light and life is new." On this floor are four other chambers, roughly or partially finished, these, and the " boys' chamber," all grouped around a larger and unfinished one. Above is the attic, with its rafters studded with nails and pegs, from which, as Mr. Pickard pleas- antly pictures it, " five generations of careful Quakers have 42 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. suspended braids of seedcorn, bunches of medicinal herbs, and all the articles to which the ancient New England attic is con- secrate, and on the floors of which the boys of two centuries have spread butternuts, walnuts and acorns around the great chimney." Sitting in the old kitchen, with a copy of " Snow Bound " before us, and my note-book of extracts and memoranda for KITCHEN, WHITTIER HOMESTEAD. ready reference, we pictured the family group of Whittier's youth, gathered about the great fireplace, and recalled the family history, our talk running in this wise : " The father, ' A prompt, decisive man, no breath Our father wasted ' . . . He was John Whittier, fourth in line of the household heads from Thomas Whittier, the sturdy pioneer who built the house, with the help of his sons hewing its stout oaken beams on the brook bank. The successive heads were in this order : Thomas, IN WHITTIER'S COUNTRY. 43 from about 1688, presumed to be the date of the homestead, to his death in 1696 at seventy-six; Joseph, Thomas's youngest son, from 1710 (after the death of Thomas's widow) till his death in 1739, aged seventy ; Joseph 2d, Joseph's youngest child, till his death in 1796, at eighty ; then this John, Joseph 2d's youngest son, from his father's death. John died in 1830, at seventy. " Each was a notable man in his day. Thomas, the pioneer, came over from England in 1638, when he was eighteen years old. With him were two uncles, John and Henry Kolfe, and a lass bearing the winsome name of Ruth Green, a distant rel- ative, whom, he married a few months after his arrival. He settled first in Salisbury on land now within the limits of Amesbury on the Powow River ; the ' swift Powow ' of Whit- tier's verse a tributary of the Merrimac, the neighborhood of which we are to visit in the next stage of this Pilgrimage. Thence he removed to Newbury, and thence came to Haverhill, settling on the banks of Country Brook, then called East Meadow Brook. There, at a point about half a mile southeast of this homestead, he built a log house in which he lived with his large family for forty years. In this rude home were born all of his ten children, save the eldest. Five of them were sons, each six feet tall, and each stalwart like the father Mr. Pickard quotes family tradition that he was of gigantic strength, making the astonishing statement that he weighed more than three hundred pounds before he was twenty-one. " When living in Salisbury Thomas was a representative in the General Court, and in the Haverhill settlement he was steadily a leading man. He was interested in the Quaker doc- trines, and suffered for advocating clemency toward Quakers, but it does not appear that he ever joined the Society of Friends. The family were living in the log cabin and in this homestead through the long continued Indian troubles in which Haverhill so grievously suffered. Occasionally, says Mr. Pick- ard, the Indians in their war paint passed up Country Brook, 44 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. and the evening firelight in this big kitchen ' would reveal a savage face at the window.' But the Whittier household was never harmed, and their freedom from molestation may be accounted for by the respect of the savages which Thomas Whittier had won by his fearless and just dealings with them. " From Joseph Whittier, Thomas's successor in the home- stead mastership, our poet was in direct line. Joseph's wife, the poet's great grandmother, was Mary Peasley, grand- daughter of Joseph Peasley, in his time the leading Quaker of Haverhill. Joseph Whittier became a Quaker of prominence in the community, and thereafter nearly all of his descendants for four generations were Quakers. The Peasleys also lived in this East Parish, not so very far from the Whittiers ; and the Peasley homestead was used as a garrison house, a place of refuge for the settlers on occasion of attack, during the French and Indian wars. Joseph and Mary Whittier had nine chil- dren. "Joseph 2d, the third head of the homestead, married Sarah Greenleaf, of West Newbury, on the opposite side of the river, of a family early settled there, and of Huguenot descent. They had eleven children, six of whom lived to maturity ; and only three of these married Joseph, Obadiah, and John. The poet was named for his father, and for his grandmother Greenleaf's family. " John Whittier was of stalwart frame, strong of muscle and of character, beyond middle life, in his forty-eighth year, when the poet was born. Before his marriage he had journeyed through the wilderness of .New Hampshire into Canada, and engaged in barter among the Indians and trappers ; and tales of his adventures with Indians, and of his sojourn in the French villages, were recounted in the circle gathered about this generous fire-place. " The mother. She was of heroic Quaker lineage, and born in 'the Indian-haunted region of Somersworth, New Hamp- shire, between Dover and Portsmouth,' a woman of rare good- IN WHIT TIER' 8 COUNTRY. 45 ness and benignity, her kind face ' full and fair, her eye dark and expressive : ' 1 Our mother, while she turned her wheel Or run the new-knit stocking heel, Told how the Indian hordes came down At midnight .on Cocheco town, And how her own great-uncle bore His cruel scalp-mark to fourscore. Recalling in her fitting phrase, So rich and picturesque and free, (The common unrhymed poetry Of simple life and country ways,) The story of her early days, She made us welcome to her home ; Old hearths grew wide to give us room.' " She was Abigail Hussey Whittier, twenty-one years her husband's junior. Her father, Samuel Hussey of New Hamp- shire, was a descendant of Christopher Hussey, who was a con- temporary of Thomas Whittier in Haverhill, and was associ- ated with him in standing out for the persecuted Quakers. Christopher Hussey, before he came out from old Boston in England, married Theodate Bachelor, daughter of the Rev. Stephen Bacheler, a most remarkable man, who, after long preaching as a Nonconformist minister in English pulpits, came to New England at the age of seventy-one. For the twenty- two years that he remained here, he was in pretty constant con- flict with the Puritan authorities because of his independent ways. At the age of seventy-eight, in 1639, the vigorous old man went down the eastern coast from Lynn, with Christopher Hussey, and planted the ocean-side town of Hampton, New Hampshire, where he was made the first settled minister. At the venerable age of eighty-nine he took to himself a third wife. Not long after, he separated from her, and returned to England. He was then ninety-two, and he died in his hun- dredth year. A daughter of one of his sons was the grand- mother of Daniel Webster, and so the statesman and the poet 46 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. were kinsmen. His was the ' Bacheler eye,' dark, deep set, and lustrous, which was so marked a peculiarity of both Webster and Whittier. " Next < Aunt Mercy/ She was the mother's youngest sis- ter, Mercy Evans Hussey, and she had had her romance : ' The sweetest woman ever Fate Perverse denied a household mate, Who, lonely, homeless, not the less Found peace in love's unselfishness. And welcome wheresoe'er she went, A calm and gracious element, Whose presence seemed the sweet income, And womanly atmosphere of home.' " Then l Uncle Moses.' He was the father's bachelor brother, Moses Whittier, who owned the farm with him, and spent all his life at the homestead ; who delighted in hunting, fishing, and story-telling ; who was the companion of the boys in their country rambles ; a man of blameless, simple life : ' Our uncle, innocent of books, Was rich in lore of fields and brooks, The ancient teachers never dumb Of Nature's unhoused lyceum. A simple, guileless, childlike man, Content to live where life began ; Strong only on his native grounds, The little world of sights and sounds Whose girdle was the parish bounds Whereof his fondly partial pride The common features magnified.' " Then the poet's elder sister, Mary : * A full, rich nature, free to trust, Truthful and almost sternly just, Impulsive, earnest, prompt to act, And make her generous thought a fact, Keeping with many a light disguise The secret of self-sacrifice.' IN WIIITTIER'S COUNTRY. 17 " The other sister, Elizabeth. She was ' the pet and pride of the household, one of the rarest of women/ the poet's sym- pathetic supporter and co-worker in the unpopular reforms he advocated, herself gifted with the poetic spirit : ' As one who held herself a part Of all she saw, and let her heart Against the household bosom lean, Upon the motley-braided mat Our youngest and our dearest sat;, Lifting her, large, sweet, asking eyes.' " The only brother, Matthew Franklin. He was five years younger than the poet ; and they two alone of the family circle were living when ' Snow Bound ' was written, in 1865 : * Ah, brother, only I and thou Are left of all that circle now, The dear home faces whereupon That fitful firelight paled and shone.' " Matthew married Amy, a daughter of Joseph Rochemont de Poyen, cousin of Count Vipart. The count's first wife, Mary Ingalls of Haverhill, was the heroine of Whittier's ' The Countess.' Matthew became an earnest anti-slavery man, and in middle life, while living in.Portland, published a series of satirical letters directed at the pro-slavery politicians, over the signature of ' Ethan Spike of Hornby/ For the last twelve years of his life he was in the Boston Custom House. He died in 1883, at seventy-one. " Last the poet himself : < tall, slight, and very erect, a bash- ful youth, but never awkward/ thus a contemporary has de- scribed him at the age of nineteen. Another at this period re- calls the l liveliness of his temper, his ready wit, his perfect courtesy, and infallible sense of justice/ In him were mani- fest the influence of his Quaker bringing up, and the refinement of this country home though isolated, enjoying the best social privileges of the town, drawing around it < a circle of more 48 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. than usual cultivation/ its hospitality proverbial. He was quiet and thoughtful from childhood, with a head full of fan- cies and day-dreams. He began to make verses when a school- boy, at school and in the evening at home after the chores were done, filling his slate with rhymes instead of l sums.' He was none the less a thorough going, wholesome farmer boy. Though never robust, he performed his full share of farm work, milking the seven cows, driving the oxen, caring for the sheep ; but the swinging of the flail by which the grain was threshed in the barn was beyond his strength, so this task fell to his hardier brother. "This family group was broken first when Whittier was seventeen, by the death of ' Uncle Moses,' who was killed by a falling tree that he was cutting down. A few years later, Mary married and went to town to live. Then the father died. " Six months after the father's death, the farm was sold and the family life in the homestead closed, to be taken up in the cottage in Amesbury which was then purchased. That was in 1836, when Whittier was twenty-nine, already the author of more than a hundred published poems, with a reputation as an editor, a politician, and as an anti-slavery leader." " It seems odd," Percy observed, " that in this secluded country home, with an education limited to two short terms in an academy, and with no literary companionship, he should have accomplished so much and such varied work, and won renown at so early an age." " The same thought has impressed others who have traced the beginnings of his career. Underwood, in his biographical and critical sketch of the poet, declares his quick acquirement with his poor outfit, of the mastery of verse, to be one of the mysteries of genius. With only a brief time given ,to study, he seems to have got at the core of knowledge/ His first acquaintance with poetry was limited to the 'songs of one man written in an obscure dialect, yet that one guide had led him into the land of immortal day-dreams.' IN WHITTIER'S COUNTRY. 49 " This man was Robert Burns, and Whittier has given us the story of his introduction to his songs. It came through a wandering old Scotchman who chanced at the farm, and received the entertainment of the kitchen, as wanderers and peddlers were wont to do in those unsuspicious times when the tramp as we know him was unknown. ' After eating his bread and cheese, and drinking his mug of cider, he gave us Bonnie Doon, Highland Mary and Auld Lang Syne. He had a full, rich voice, and entered heartily into the spirit of his lyrics. I have since listened to the same melodies from the lips of Dempster (than whom the Scottish bard had had no sweeter or truer interpreter) : but the skillful performance of the artist lacked the novel charm of the gaberlunzie's singing in the old farm-house kitchen.' Then the poet's reminiscence continues, < When I was fourteen years old, my first schoolmaster, Joshua Coffin . . . brought with him to our house a volume of Burns's poems, from which he read, greatly to my delight. I begged him to leave the book with me, and set myself at once to the task of mastering the glossary of the Scottish dialect at its close. This was about the first poetry I had ever read (with the exception of that of the Bible, of which I had been a close student), and it had a lasting influence upon me. I be- gan to m&ke rhymes myself, and to imagine stories and adventures/ ) " Meanwhile, Whittier had absorbed his father's little library, composed mostly of journals and disquisitions of the pioneers of the Friends' Society, with one dreary poem, 'The Davideis,' by Thomas Ellwood, an English Quaker and friend of Milton. And other books had come in his way. Whenever he heard of a book of biography or of travel in a friendly hand, he would walk miles to borrow it. When he went to the academy, or perhaps before, he had access to the small but well chosen library of Dr. Elias Weld, the 'wise old doctor' of 'Snow Bound,' to whom the poem of ' The Countess ' was inscribed. At this period the circulating library of the village book- 50 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. seller was t the opening of a new world of enjoyment ' to him ; and it was his good fortune to board through the week-days in the cultivated family of Abijah W. Thayer, then the editor of the Haverhill Gazette, who became one of his most valuable friends and advisers. " Whittier's first poem in print appeared when he was eighteen. It was published in the Newburyport Free Press, much to his astonishment, for it had been sent to the editor without his knowledge. This editor was William Lloyd Garrison, and the Free Press had been recently started by him to advance humanitarian reforms. It came regularly into the Whittier homestead, the father having become an early sub- scriber. Confident that her brother's compositions were equal in merit to those she saw there, the sister, Mary, was moved to venture this poem for its < Poet's Corner.' Selecting it from a mass of verses which the youth had already written, covering several foolscap pages, she forwarded it by the postman with- out intimating to the editor its source or authorship, simply signing the initial < W.' " When the paper containing it came to the farm, Greenleaf was at work with his father mending a stone wall by the road side. The postman, passing on horseback, tossed the paper to him, and opening it, he turned mechanically to the ' Poet's Corner.' ' His heart stood still a moment when he saw his own verses. Such delight as his comes only once in a lifetime of any aspirant to literary fame. His father at last called to him to put up the paper, and keep at work.. But he could not resist the temptation to take it again and again from his pocket to stare at his lines in print. He has said he was sure that he did not read a word of the poem all the time he looked at it/ " This poem was entitled l The Exile's Departure,' and was written just a year before its publication, or in June, 1825. "The following week another poem from the lot, written the previous year, was ventured. This was ' The Deity/ an IX WIIITTIER'S COUNTRY. 51 amplification of the passage from Scripture in the nineteenth chapter of 1st Kings, eleventh and twelfth verses, wherein the prophet relates the appearance of the Lord. It also was promptly published, and, furthermore, was distinguished with an introductory note by the editor, who had meantime ascer- tained from the postman whence these poems came. This note remarked the youth of the author, and commended his poetry, as bearing the stamp of 'true poetic genius, which, if carefiilly cultivated, the editor added prophetically, would ' rank him among the bards of his country/ " Then following close upon this flattering publication, the family at the farm were surprised by a call from young Garri- son, who had driven over from Newburyport to make the ac- quaintance of his promising contributor. Whittierwas at work in a field, barefooted, and clad only in shirt, trousers, and rough straw hat, for the day was warm, when he was sum- moned to the house by the astonishing message that a stranger had come in a carriage to see him. Slipping in by the back door, the shy youth learned who his caller was, and strove to be excused. But Mary persuaded him to ' tidy up ' and receive his visitor. Thus first met these two remarkable men who were destined to work together for years not always in har- mony as to methods, but always in friendship, for an unpopu- lar cause, the triumph of which both lived to celebrate with thanksgiving." " So it was Garrison who discovered Whittier. That is in- teresting. Their meeting in this old homestead would make a fine subject for an historical painting, I should say," Percy ventured. " So it would. Garrison was only two years older than Whittier ; but his position as an editor, and his larger knowl- edge of the world, gave him far greater weight than his years to the country youth. Accordingly his evidently sincere praise of the poet's work, and expression of belief in his capacity for greater achievement, must have been inspiring. His earnest 52 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. advice that the youth should develop his talents by broad edu- cation must have struck a responsive chord. But the father, when appealed to and urged to give his son a better training than the district school afforded, told Garrison that ( he did not wish him to put such notions in the boy's head.' It wasn't that the good man discouraged his boy's literary tendencies, as some have held ; it was only that money was very scarce on New England farms in those days. We have Whittier's own testimony on this point : 8 t f-rom which developed the Century magazine. These included t The Marquis of Carabas,' * Hester Stanley at St. Mark's,' and some of her poems. Her first book published was < Sir Eohan's Ghost,' in 1860. Her first book of poems came more than twenty years after- ward, in 1882, when her name as a writer of lyrics had been established through magazine publications. Five years later her < In Titian's Garden, and Other Poems ' was issued between dainty covers. Her < Priscilla's Love Story ' came out in 1898. " Her place as first among story writers of her class was recognized under her maiden name of Harriet Elizabeth Pres- cott. She married in 1865, after a long engagement, Richard S. Spofford, a Newburyport lawyer, himself of the poetic tem- perament. Upon his death Whittier wrote * No fonder lover of all lovely things Shall walk where once he walked, no smile more glad Greet friends than his who friends in all men had Whose pleasant memory to that Island clings.' 70 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. " The island home was purchased and built up a few years after their marriage." We began our explorations of the next day in the cool of early morning, with a trip to the neighboring Salisbury Beach, the scene of the " Tent on the Beach " ; for in this region we were yet in Whittier's country. The poet has definitely indicated for us the locality of this poem : a slope near the mouth of the Hampton River which winds through the salt meadows of Hampton, lying at about the southern extremity of the long line of sandy beach which defines almost the whole of the New Hampshire sea-coast. Northward appears Great Boar's Head, and southward the Merrimac, with Newburyport, "lifting its steeples above brown roofs and green trees " on its banks. The mouth of the Hamp- ton River also was the scene of the " Wreck of Rivermouth." Percy was aware, having familiarized himself with the poem, that the poet fancies himself camped out here with two friends, to whom he reads his poems ; their comments furnish the slender chain along which the verses are strung. And he had read that the friends one " a lettered magnate lord- ing an ever-widening realm of books," the other, a "free cosmopolite," whose " Arab face was tanned by tropic sun and boreal frost," - - were James T. Fields, the Boston publisher, and Bayard Taylor, the traveled litterateur. Whittier long outlived these two friends, I remarked by the way, though both were younger and physically stronger than he. I recalled the opening lines of the introduction to the poem, by which the author gracefully recognized his fellow poet's similarly fashioned " Tales of a Wayside Inn," which had appeared four years earlier. The lines run thus : "I would not sin, in this half-playful strain, Too light, perhaps, for serious years, though born Of the enforced leisure of slow pain, Against the pure ideal which has drawn My feet to follow its far-shining gleam : " ROUND ABOUT NEWBURYPORT. 71 Like Longfellow's work, too, I added, this included poems previously published singly at intervals in the magazines, mostly in the Atlantic but the new setting gave them new interest ; and the work was as marked a success as Snow Bound," twenty thousand copies being sold in less than a month. Back in Newburyport we rambled about the " breezy, bowery," town the forenoon through, and after the old-fashioned mid-day dinner, drove toward the older Newbuiy, covering in all such a variety of landmarks of early and later literary workers that Percy's interest never flagged. It struck him as a most happy coincidence that within the region of the ancestral home of Whittier the progenitors of Longfellow and of Lowell should have planted themselves. And he heard with pleased surprise of the galaxy of writers, men and women of various epochs, who were born in these parts, or here began the work which gave them place in our literature. He found that Newburyport was the earliest working-place of Richard Hildreth (born in Deerfield, Mass., 1807 ; died in Florence, Italy, 1865), whose " History of the United States/' he said, was in his father's library at home. It was the starting- point of Theophilus Parsons (born in Byfield, Old Newbury, 1750 ; died 1813), chief justice of Massachusetts from 1806 till his death, who was called the " giant of Greek criticism " from his intimate knowledge of the structure of the Greek language and its literature, the study of which he pursued as recreation from his legal duties. In Judge Parsons's law office, as stu- dents, were John Quincy Adams (born in Braintree, now Quincy, Mass., 1767 ; died in the Capitol at Washington, 1848), and Robert Treat Paine, Jr. (born in Taunton, Mass., 1773 ; died in Boston, 1811). Mr. Adams, while here, wrote the town's^ address to Washington upon his New England visit in 1789 ; and Robert Treat Paine, Jr., author of the famous song " Adams and Liberty," wrote the eulogy on Washington for the town's memorial service in 1800. 72 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. In old Newbury originated the Sewall family of American judges, of whom not the least distinguished was Samuel Sewall (born in Bishopstoke, Eng., 1652 ; died in Boston, 1730), the " witchcraft judge," he of the famous Diary the Boston Pepys. Old Newbury, too, was the birthplace of Cornelius C. Felton (born 1807 ; died 1862), the eminent Greek scholar, and president of Harvard College from 1860 till his death. Newburyport was the almost life-long home of Caleb Gush- ing (born in Salisbury, 1800'; died 1879), lawyer, statesman, and diplomat, whose " Keminiscences of Spain," and scholarly con- tributions to the then critical North American Review, gave him a literary standing distinct from his political fame. Of Newburyport birth were George Lunt (born 1803 ; died 1885), poet and editor, whose novel of " Eastford " and the lyrics, son- nets, and longer poems first scattered in magazines, then issued in half a dozen small volumes at intervals between the thirties and fifties, ranked him with his best contemporaries ; Lucy Hooper (born 1816 ; died 1841), Whittier's friend, who, dying at twenty -five, had won a fair name as a graceful poet and prose- writer ; and Joshua Coffin (born 1792 ; died 1864), schoolmaster, historian, antiquary, " of genial and kindly spirit and subtle humor," as Mrs. Spofford has written. Whittier has celebrated Joshua Coffin in " To My Schoolmaster : " "Old friend, kind friend ! lightly down Drop Time's snow-flakes on thy crown I I the urchin unto whom In that smoked and dingy room, Where the district gave thee rule O'er its ragged winter school, Thou didst teach the mysteries Of those weary A B C's Luring us by stories old, With a comic unction told, More than by the eloquence Of terse birchen arguments HOUND ABOUT NEWBUBYPOBT. 73 (Doubtful gain, I fear), to look With complacence on a book ! Where the genial pedagogue Half forgot his rogues to flog, Citing tale or apologue, Wise and merry in its drift As was Phaedrus' twofold gift, ' Had the little rebels known it, Risum et prudentiam monet!" Others more or less identified with the old town were the versatile Hannah Magg Gould (born in Lancaster, Vt., 1789 ; died in Newburyport, 1865), who did her life-work here ; and John Pierpont (born in Litchfield, Conn., 1785; died in Medford, Mass., 1866), compiler of the " American First Class Book," our first national school reader, and author of many hymns, and patriotic and political verses, who wrote his earlier, and some of his best poems here. Then there was James Parton (born in England, 1822; died in Kewburyport, 1891), who passed his later years, and did his finer biographical work here ; and his daughter, Ethel Parton, inheriting his genius, succeeded to his desk. Thomas Went worth Higginson (born in Cam- bridge, Mass., 1823), while minister of the Unitarian church from 1847 to 1850, produced here some of the first fruits of his keen and graceful pen. And William Lloyd Garrison was born here. After the first manner of most pilgrims to Newburyport, we turned toward the Old South meetinghouse, where " Under the church of Federal Street, Under the tread of its Sabbath feet, Walled about by its basement stones, Lie the marvelous preacher's bones. No saintly honors to them are shown, No sign nor miracle have they known ; But he who passes the ancient church Stops in the shade of its belfry -porch, And ponders the wonderful life of him Who lies at rest in that charuel dim," 74 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. " This marvelous preacher," I related, for Percy had but a vague idea of him, " was George Whitefieid, the evangelist, son of an English inn-keeper, born in the Bell Inn, Gloucester, in 1714, and a graduate of Oxford. He preached in England and Scqtland in prisons, churches, and the open fields, to great multitudes, and made extraordinary evangelizing tours in our country beginning in 1738, when he was twenty-four years old. 11 HOME OF JAMES PARTON. (From " Ould Newbury," by permission.) It is recorded, as you will see, that he crossed the Atlantic thir- teen times ; and in a ministry of thirty-eight years delivered thirteen thousand sermons. He died here in Newburyport, suddenly, in September, 1770, from asthma, which he had contracted in speaking constantly in the open air. He was buried at his own request beneath this church. ROUND ABOUT NEWBURYPORT. 75 " As to his remarkable powers and persuasiveness we have the testimony of our own Benjamin Franklin," - we were now in " the shade of the belfry -porch " and from my note-book I read these quaint extracts from the philosopher's autobiography : "He had a loud and clear voice, and articulated his words and sen- tences so perfectly, that he might be heard and understood at a great dis- tance, especially as his auditors, however numerous, observ'd the most exact silence. He preach'd one evening from the top of the Court-house steps [in Philadelphia], which are in the middle of the Market-street, and on the west side of Second-street, which crosses it at right angles. Both streets were fill'd with his hearers to a considerable distance. Being among the hindmost in Market-street, I had the curiosity to learn how far he could be heard, by retiring backwards down the street towards the river ; and I found his voice distinct till I came near Front-street, when some noise in that street obscur'd it. Imagining then a semi-circle, of which my distance should be the radius, and that it were fill'd with auditors, to each of whom I allow' d two square feet, I computed that he might well be heard by more than thirty thousand. This reconcil'd me to the newspaper accounts of his having preach'd to twenty-five thousand people in the fields, and to the ancient histories of generals haranguing whole armies, of which I had sometimes doubted. I happened ... to attend one of his sermons in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me. I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he pro- ceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me asham'd of that, and determined me to give the silver ; and he finish'd so admirably, that I empty'd my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all." " Others said of him that he ' preached like a lion.' His voice has been described as melodious as well as penetrative, his countenance most expansive, his gestures incessant and graceful." The old church was courteously opened to us, and its treas- ures were displayed by a Newburyport gentleman to whom we had been referred as having the most intimate knowledge of their history and associations. He proved the kindliest of 76 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. guides. Percy was shown, and permitted to hold in his hands, the Bible which Whitefield had used. He stood before the cen- otaph at one side of the pulpit erected " with affectionate ven- eration " to Whitefield's memory, and copied the inscription on its face, giving the facts already related, with high eulogy of the preacher's work and worth. He scanned the various por- traits of the preacher on the wall back of the cenotaph. And then, piloted by our good friend, he de- scended into the crypt under the pul- pit where the honored remains are depos- ited. The clerical trappings in which Whitefield was bur- ied, gown, cassock, bands, and wig, had disappeared when the original coffin was opened fifty years after the burial. On the coffin Percy noticed a skull which he was told was a cast of White- field's skull taken many years ago. By its side was a box con- taining an arm bone ; and the gruesome story of its theft years ago, its conveyance to England, and final return, when the purloiner was dying and full of repentance, was related to him. Two other coffins, across the feet of which Whitefield's lay, contained the dust of the earlier ministers of the church, the Rev. Jonathan Parsons, Whitefield's intimate friend, at whose THE "OLD CHURCH OF FEDERAL STREET NEWBURYPORT. ROUND ABOUT NEWBUETPORT. 77 home he died, and the Rev. Joseph Prince. They died, re- spectively, in 1776 and 1791. In the vestry Percy was shown Mr. Parsons's quaint old desk upon which Whitefield wrote. Back in the church the pew which Caleb Gushing occupied, No. 53, at the end of the row on the right side of the pulpit, was pointed out to him ; and that of Hannah Flagg Gould, No. 44, the first next the pulpit, on the broad aisle. Lastly, having been told of the whispering gallery of the church, he tested this feature with most satisfactory result. PARSONAGE WHERE WHITEFIELD DIED. The parsonage where Whitefield died stands close by, on School Street, upon which the church sides the second house beyond, now a private dwelling adjoining an old-fashioned garden. We next visited this house, while the story of the preacher's last dramatic exhortation to the people was related in this wise. He had come from Exeter, N.H., where he had preached, after a week of incessant labors. His arrival at the parsonage was at nightfall of Saturday. When the early evening prayers were over, he sought his chamber exhausted. 78 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Meanwhile this narrojyv little street continued crowded with people displaying the greatest anxiety to hear his voice. So, halting on the stairway, candle in hand, he faced the open door and exhorted them in his most impassioned and fervid manner, with tearful eyes, till the candle had burned away and died out in its socket. Then he ascended to his room, it was the west corner chamber of the second story, and at six o'clock the next morning he breathed his last. Upon the occasion of BIRTHPLACE OF WM. LLOYD GARRISON (House on the Right) School St., Newburyport. his funeral in the old church, where he was to have preached on the day of his death, a vast concourse assembled, harbor- guns were fired, and all the village bells tolled. As we returned to Federal Street Percy's attention was directed to the first house next the church, on the same side of School Street, which he had passed unnoticed in going to the old parsonage. This, he was told, was William Lloyd Garri- son's birthplace. Nearly opposite where the public school- ROUND ABOUT NEWBUllYPOllT. 79 house now stands, was the " writing " or primary school where he got the beginnings of his education. Percy wanted to look inside the cottage; but he was assured that it really wasn't worth while, for everything is changed since the Garrisons' day. Furthermore, their life here covered but a short period. " They were in humble circumstances when they came to Newburyport," our talk ran on, " so they hired only a few rooms in this little house, then the home of Captain and Mar- tha Farnham, he being captain of a vessel in the coasting trade. They came here from New Brunswick in the spring of the year of William Lloyd's birth, which was on the 10th of December, 1805. The father, Abijah Garrison, was, like his friend Farn- ham, a ship-master. Three years after the birth of William Lloyd, and after making sundry little voyages, Captain Garri- son disappeared and never returned. The mother with her children was thus left destitute. Meanwhile, between her and Martha Farnham a strong friendship had grown lip ; so the little family was sheltered here till the mother could make provision for its support. She found some employment as a nurse ; and William Lloyd, when old enough, was sent out on ' 'lection ' and ' training ' days to peddle the i nice sticks of molasses candy which she was an adept in making,' thus bring- ing a few pennies to the scant family purse. At length, when he was between seven and eight years old, the mother with the other children moved to Lynn, there the better to follow her calling, while he was left behind in a new home. This was with Deacon Bartlett, deacon of the Baptist church which the family had attended, who was living down near the river." " Can we see that house ? " " It has disappeared. Deacon Bartlett, too, was in humble circumstances. To gain a living he sawed wood, sharpened saws, and sold apples from a stand in front of his dwelling. To him and his home the boy became much attached. His schooling was confined to a grammar school on < the Mall,' in the town center, and after three months there he was taken out 80 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. HOUND ABOUT NEWBURYPORT. 81 to do chores for the deacon. He was fond of music, and sang on Sundays in the Baptist choir, sometimes acting as chorister. At nine he was apprenticed to a shoemaker in Lynn to learn the trade ; but this work soon proved too hard for his delicate frame. At ten he went to Baltimore, Md., with his mother and brother, to work for another Lynn shoemaker who was moving his business there. That enterprise failing, he re- turned to Deacon Bartlett's home, and shortly after was ap- prenticed to a cabinet-maker in Haverhill. Becoming homesick, he soon ran off and tried to get back to Deacon Bartlett ; but on the way he was restored to his master. A little later, how- ever, he was permitted to return to his old friend. " At thirteen he became an apprentice, for a term of seven years, in the office of the Newburyport Herald to learn the printer's trade. This proved the vocation most to his liking, and in it his progress was rapid. He read and studied much, and early began contributing to the paper. His first contribu- tions were made secretly, under the nom de plume of l An Old Bachelor.' Early, too, he displayed an interest in politics, and engaged in political writing for other journals. His appren- ticeship ended in his twenty-first year, and he immediately launched his own journal. This was the Free Press, in which Whittier's first poems appeared. Then and there the young editor and agitator began his uncompromising war against slavery and his vehement advocacy of unpopular reforms. After about two years of toil he sold out the Free Press as an unprofitable venture, and went to Boston to seek new employment. " This closed Garrison's Newburyport life. In Boston he became, first, editor of The National Philanthropist, the pioneer total abstinence paper of the country. Thence, after a little while, he went up to Bennington, Vermont, to become editor of the Journal of the Times. In 1829- '30, he was in Baltimore again, editing the Genius of Universal Emancipation. During this editorship he spent forty-nine days in jail for non-payment 82 LI TEE ART PILGRIMAGES. of a line of fifty dollars imposed upon him for libel in denoun- cing in his paper a Newburyport ship-master, Francis Todd, as being engaged in ' domestic piracy/ in shipping a cargo of slaves. " Back again in Boston, on New Year's Day, 1831, he started The Liberator, with his demand for unconditional emancipation, and his opening declaration, ( I am in earnest ; I will not equiv- ocate ; I will not retract a single inch, and I will be heard ! ' In this bold enterprise he had at the start but a single asso- ciate, Isaac Knapp, a fellow townsman of Newburyport, and a negro boy for assistant at the press. Garrison himself used both pen and composing-stick. His office was an attic in a VOL. 1.1 WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND ISAAC KNAPP, PUBLISHERS. IttU. BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.) OUR COUNTRY is THE WORLD OUR COUNTRYMEN ARE MANKIND. [SATURDAY, MAY 28, 183 FACSIMILE OF THE TITLE OF "THE LIBERATOR," dingy building, where he lived as well as worked. This was the famous newspaper which continued through obloquy and mobbing, peace and war, for thirty-five years, till the end for which it had been instituted was accomplished. " Throughout his life Garrison retained an affection for his birthplace. On the fiftieth anniversary of the completion of his apprenticeship with the Herald, he came down here to New- buryport and celebrated the event in the old office, when he < set up ' at the case a poem of Whittier's. And three years later, shortly before his death, he again visited the old office and 1 set up ' one of his own sonnets. He died in May, 1879, after his work was finished, and a ' chorus of affectionate congratu- ROUND ABOUT NEWBURYPOET. 83 lations had marked his closing days.' His grave is in the Forest Hills Cemetery of Boston." Later in our ramble we saw the statue of Garrison, down- town, in Brown Square. Percy had already seen Warner's nobler statue in Boston. A short walk brought us to the landmark of the Lowell fam- ily. This was the old house on Temple Street off Federal Street, under the shadow of the tall elm, where lived the grandfather of James Russell Lowell. From here the poet took the painted panel, originally set above the fireplace of the chief room, which he placed against the wall of his own study at "Elmwood," in Cambridge. It presents a picture of a merry clerical party, and beneath is the legend : "Iii essentialibus unitas, in non-essentialibus libertas, in omnibus charitas " The legend was the motto of the poet's great-grandfather, the Rev. John Lowell, who, true to its spirit, was the only preacher to open his pulpit to Whitefield upon the evangelist's first coming to Newburyport in 1740. This John Lowell (born in Boston, 1702 ; died in Newbury- port, 1767) was the first minister of the first church of New- buryport, which in after time became the first Unitarian Church. He served there for forty-three years, from his twenty-fourth year to his death. He has been described as a man of excep- tional culture and refinement, of scholarly attainments, and a free and liberal user of his powers, giving tone to the commu- nity in which he lived. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, his later successor in the Unitarian pulpit, alludes to him as almost, if not quite, the earliest of liberal preachers anywhere. He was the direct descendant of the first John Lowell, in America, or Lowle, as the ancestor spelt the name, one of the original set- tlers of Newbury. His son, John Lowell, was eminent as a jurist and was the author of the clause in the Massachusetts Bill of Rights declaring that " all men are born free and equal." And 84 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES, his three sons, John, the pamphleteer, Francis Cabot, the man- ufacturer (for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, was named), and Charles, the minister, with their sons, ably sus- LOWELL HOUSE. (From " Ould Newbury," by permission.) tained the Lowell name. James Russell, the minister Charles's son, led the family in distinction as the man of letters. On another cross-street near by, we saw Hannah Flagg Gould's home, a broad, deep, brick house, of Colonial or pro- vincial fashion, well set, with ample side yard. Hers was a ROUND ABOUT NEWBURYPORT. 85 *t I 52. C 86 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. name unknown to Percy before this pilgrimage ; but this was not at all surprising, for, although she was a favorite writer in her day, that was a day long since passed. She was of a family, he now learned, identified in later years with science as well as with literature. Most distinguished of the family was the late Benjamin Apthorp Gould, the astronomer; while it is to-day represented in letters by Elizabeth Porter Gould. Hannah was the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, who was at Lexington and served all through the war. He was the hero of her little poem " The Veteran and the Child," once a favorite piece for school declamation ; and the child was her nephew, the astronomer. The scar of a bullet wound which the veteran bore on his cheek inspired her verses entitled " The Scar of Lexington." She was born in Vermont, but was brought to Newburyport when a child of eleven, in 1800, and here her life was spent. Her writings were begun early, and continued until a few years before her death. These consisted of poems collected in book form in 1832, 1835, and 1847 ; prose sketches later brought together under the title of " Gathered Leaves " ; and many verses for children. Our ride took us along High Street, past the delightful Mall, the old Sewall place, and the Caleb Gushing place, toward " Old Town " ; then past the vine-embowered home of Whittier's schoolmaster the Joshua Coffin homestead, and, just beyond, the Old Town church with the oldest bury ing- ground opposite ; thence by a roundabout way over old New- bury and the Byfield parish. The Longfellow homestead was seen in Byfield, on a sightly spot at the head of tide-water on the Parker River, in the midst of a picturesque region. The ancient house remained standing well into the poet's day. It is supposed to have been built by William Longfellow? the family progenitor, who came from Yorkshire and settled here about 1651, subsequently marrying one of the Sewall girls Anne Sewall. I quoted a sketch of ROUND ABOUT NEWBURYPORT. 87 o s - m ^ 2. m O CD C 88 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. the homestead given in a letter to Whittier's. biographer, by one of the later generation who was born beneath its roof, as were his father, grandfather, great-grandfather, and great- great-grandfather, son of William Longfellow. He described the rear roof descending nearly to the ground ; a long kitchen with low ceiling, wide fireplace, and a big brick oven in which were baked the Thanksgiving pies and puddings ; a large " best room," and winding stairs to upper rooms ; in the yard at the end of the house, the well-curb with its long sweep, in front the granite horse-block, and over all a large spreading elm. Then the Longfellow ancestry was recalled, beginning with the emigrant William. He was an ensign in a Newbury com- pany, which took part in the disastrous expedition of Sir William Phips against Quebec in 1690. He was lost on the return voyage of the fleet, when the vessel which contained the Newbury company went ashore during a fierce storm on a desolate island. He is said to have been a merchant. His son Stephen was a blacksmith. Stephen's son, Stephen 2d, was a teacher, graduating from Harvard in 1742. He was the first of the Longfellows in Portland, Maine. His son, Stephen 3d, was a judge. His son, Stephen 4th, was a lawyer, and the father of the poet, " whose birthplace and boyhood home," I concluded, " we shall see on our pilgrimage into Maine." VII. THE "OLD TOWN BY THE SEA." Birthplaces of T. B. Aldrich, James T. Fields, Celia Thaxter, " Mrs. Part- ington." Scenes of various classics. On the old Pier. The " Earl of Halifax " taverns. Scene of the opening picture of "Lady Wentworth." Aldrich in Portsmouth, and afterward. The old Athenaeum. James T. Fields's career. Benjamin P. Shillaber and the development of "Mrs. Partington " ; His Carpet Bag. Some Portsmouth mansions. Daniel Webster's home. The Wentworth " Great House " at Little Harbor. On Kittery side. WE went on to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, by an evening train, and spent that night at the Rockingham House. Our interest in the drowsy " old town by these a " was, pri- marily, as the birthplace of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, James T. Fields, Celia Thaxter (the " poet of the Shoals "), her cousin, Albert Laighton, and "Mrs. Partington" (Benjamin Penhal- low Shillaber) ; and as the scene of various classics. But the quaint town itself, with its picturesquely faded glories, its rambling old streets, historic mansions, and stately houses of a past type, these engaged our attention quite as fully as its literary landmarks, for they constitute its especial charm. Everywhere are relics of its grandeur in the sumptuous days of the West India trade, when Portsmouth bade fair as a mari- time port to outstrip both Boston and New York. We found the town yet as Aldrich pictured it a dozen years ago in his delightful sketch. It was still " the interesting widow of a once lively commerce," enjoying now the comfort which comes with sagacious traffic in " first mortgage bonds." After breakfast at our fine inn we strolled first along the older streets tending toward the river side. We lingered about 89 90 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. the old "worm eaten wharves, some of them covered by a sparse, unhealthy beard of grass " and gazed at the weather- THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH IN BOYHOOD. (From "The Story of a Bad Boy," in the Riverside School Library. By permission of Houghton, Mifflin, & Co.) stained unoccupied warehouses " with their sarcastic cranes projecting from the eaves " for hoisting cargoes which no longer come ; and looked out-, over the now idle Piscataqua. THE "OLD TOWN BY THE SEA." 91 We strove to recall the scenes presented here in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, when "at the windows of these musty counting-rooms which overlook the river used to stand portly merchants in knee breeches and silver shoe-buckles, and plum colored coats with ruffles at the wrists, waiting for their ships to come up the Narrows;" and when " the cries of stevedores and the chants of sailors at the wind lass used to echo along the shore where all is silence now." We tried to picture the busy scenes of shipbuilding days, when " Portsmouth turned out the best ships as it did the ablest ship- captains in the world." When she set a-sailing with their rov- ing commissions, in the War of 1812, her fleet of privateers, " the sauciest small craft on record." When she built those famous California clippers of 1849 and ten years on-; and those as famous clipper ships of the packet lines which plied between Boston or New York and Liverpool, London, Havre, and Antwerp. We tried, too, to recall the " gondolas," or " gon- dalows " as the natives termed them, the freighters of earlier days which sailed up and down the river, those queer, broad, flat-bottomed scows, with huge lee-boards, one on each side, in place of keel or center-board, and a great lateen sail set on a short stump mast; and the passenger ships, rigged like the freighters. We lingered longest on the old pier at the foot of Court Street, which, during the War of 1812, was "a noisy, busy place crowded with sailors and soldiers ; " and we sat with Aldrich's lounger in the shadow of the silent warehouses look- ing out upon the lonely river as it went " murmuring past the town." To us, as to him, it was " a slumberous, delightful, lazy place." Now, as then, " the sunshine seems to be a foot deep on the planks of the dusty wharf which yields up to the warmth a vague perfume of the cargoes of rum, molasses, and spice that used to be piled upon it. The river is as blue as the inside of a harebell. The opposite shore stretches along like the silvery coast of fairy land." Directly opposite us spread 92 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. the Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, "with its neat officers' quarters and workshops, and arsenals, and its vast shiphouses in which the keel of many a famous frigate has been laid." At our right lay a cluster of small islands, on the larger of which are the fading remains of earthworks thrown up in the War of 1812. Between this island and another, opened the Narrows, three miles off, to the sea. Returning up Court Street we passed, in a tenement house at the corner of Atkinson Street, the old frame of John Stavers's " Earl of Halifax " tavern, changed in name, after the Eoyalist Stavers's hard experience with the "liberty men" at the outbreak of the Revolution, to the " William Pitt." Here, it was related, Lafayette was received in state by officers of the French fleet anchored in the harbor in 1782; hither came John Hancock in his gaudy coach with his retinue of servants ; here the portly General Hany Knox often stopped ; here Washington was received by New Hampshire's governor on his visit in 1789. This was the second " Earl of Halifax " tavern. It was the first one, on another site, which was the opening scene of Longfellow's " Lady Wentworth " : " One hundred years ago, and something more, lu Queen Street, Portsmouth, at her tavern door. Neat as a pin, and blooming as a rose, Stood Mistress Stavers in her furbelows, Just as her cuckoo-clock was striking nine. Above her head, resplendent on the sign, The portrait of the Earl of Halifax, In scarlet coat and periwig of flax, Surveyed at leisure all her varied charms, Her cap, her bodice, her white folded arms, And half resolved, though he was past his prime, And rather damaged by the lapse of time, To fall down at her feet, and to declare The passion that had driven him to despair/' We would visit the " Great House " where Martha Hilton seven years after reigned as Lady Wentworth, I promised, later THE " OLD TOWN BY THE SEAS 93 in the day. In speaking of stage-coach times, I remarked that Bartholomew Stavers, brother of the " Earl of Halifax " land- lord, established the first stage between Portsmouth and Boston beginning in 1761. It was announced as " a large stage chair," with two horses, " to perform once a week and carrying four passengers." This was the first regular stage north of Boston. Stavers's " Portsmouth Flying Stage-Coach," with from four to six horses, running every Thursday, fare three dollars, was got under way two years later. It was the aged skeleton of BIRTHPLACE OF T. B. ALDRICH. the last of these yellow mail coaches, abandoned when the railroad came in, which the boys ran down the hill from " Ezra Wingate's " tumble-down barn and landed in their bonfire in the Square, with such dire results, on that memor- able Fourth of July, as related in Aldrich's " Story of a Bad Boy." Farther along on Court Street we came to Aldrich's birth- place (born 1836 ). This was the home of his grandfather, a comfortable house with broad hall running through the middle, cheerful rooms and old-time furnishings, noble trees in front 94 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. and garden behind : all so pleasingly pictured in the same classic, " The Story of a Bad Boy," - - which I was glad to find Percy knew well, and counted among his treasured possessions. " The best part of Aldrieh's boyhood," I chatted on, " was passed here. Before he left the old town, in his teens to go to work, he had tried his hand at verse-making, and so effec- tively that, as the autobiographical story intimates, an uncle in New York hastened him into a clerkship lest he should be- come a poet ! He was a merchant's son, born the same year as Celia Thaxter (born Laighton). When he was about a year and a half old, his parents moved to New Orleans, and his home was with them there till it was time for his education to begin. Then he was brought back to attend the Ports- mouth schools, under his grandfather's care. He was through the high school and prepared for college when his father died, and his mother returned to her old home with small resources. So his hope of a course at Har- vard had to be abandoned. Then the New York uncle made a place in his own counting-room for him, and he tried hard to learn the ways of business. But while he toiled faithfully at the clerk's desk, he kept on writing, withal doing much reading of good literature ; and at length, in spite of his good uncle's efforts, he had actually become the dreaded thing a poet. The appearance of his tender ballad of < Babie Bell' and its wide republication in the newspapers, first brought him into the bright light. " You remember the often quoted opening lines ? 4 Have you not heard the poets tell How came the dainty Babie Bell Into this world of ours ? The gates of heaven were left ajar ; With folded hands and dreamy eyes, Wandering out of Paradise, She saw this planet, like a star, THE "OLD TOWN BY THE S~EA." 95 Hung in the glistening depths of even, Its bridges, running to and fro, O'er which the white-winged angels go, Bearing the holy dead to heaven. She touched a bridge of flowers, those feet, So light they did not bend the bells Of the celestial asphodels ! They fell like dew upon the flowers, Then all the air grew strangely sweet J And thus came dainty Babie Bell Into this world of ours.' " He was at this time nineteen, at the end of about tnree years in the counting-room, and was publishing both verse and prose in the Putnam's and Knickerbocker magazines, and also in the New York Evening Mirror, a paper in which was inter- ested a group of poets, among them Fitz-Greene Halleck, whose friendship he early won. " Now Aldrich felt justified in abandoning the counting-room for the literary workshop. He began as manuscript and proof- reader for a New York publishing house on a slender salary, and the next ten or twelve years were full of work with small irregular returns. For a while he was a regular contributor to the Evening Mirror. For three years, 1856-1859, he was on the Home Journal, then edited by Nathaniel P. Willis. In the early sixties he was associated with a clever band in the Satur- day Press, an unconventional journal of a brief and eccentric career. " During this period he brought out half a dozen volumes of verse and prose. These included, in 1854, his juvenile verses gathered in < The Bells, a Collection of Chimes ' ; in 1856, the story of ' Daisy's Necklace, and \V r hat Came of It ' ; in 1858, 'The Ballad of Babie Bell, and Other Poems,' and ' The Course of True Love Never did Run Smooth ' ; in 1861, 'Pampinea'; in 1862, the prose romance < Out of His Head'; in 1863, < Poems,' a new collection ; in 1865, the first complete edition of his poems up to that time. After his marriage, in 96 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. 1865, he removed to Boston, which has since been his home. His ' Story of a Bad Boy ' appeared in 1869. Next came the unique ' Marjorie Daw/ which has been translated into several languages. Later, the tales and novels which increased his fame < Prudence Palfrey '; A Rivermouth Romance/ laid here in Portsmouth ; < The Queen of Sheba > ; ' The Still water Tragedy ' ; with a pretty steady flow of lyrics and poems. "In 1870 his first work as an editor began, in the con- duct of Every Saturday, started that year as a journal of extracts from foreign periodical literature, and subsequently expanded into an illustrated newspaper after the fashion of the London Graphic, its career covering about four years. His next charge was the Atlantic Monthly, which he edited for ten years, 1880-1890; giving to that high-bred periodical an especial brilliancy. While in the Atlantic editorship his poetical drama of * Mercedes ' appeared, and was performed in a New York theater; also his sketches of travel under the happy title of < From Poukapog to Pesth ' ; his ' Wyndham Towers/ and < The Sister's Tragedy.' Of a later period are his * Unguarded Gates/ and ' Judith and Holofernes.' His collected works have been published in England, France, and Germany, and his lyrics are classed in English literature with the best in the language. He wears with modesty the honorary degree of LL.D. which Yale conferred upon him full thirty years ago. " Of the thoroughness of Aldrich's workmanship," I ven- tured, " not too much can be said in praise. He plans and fash- ions his productions with the precision of the true artist, and never tires of revision to bring them toward the perfection at which he aims. As one critic has observed, he believes thor- oughly in that long, patient search for the best word of which the unthinking reader little dreams. And in this tireless patience the critic discovers the secret of the distinction of style which makes his prose writing TOWN BY THE SEA." have figured in literature. So working around to Pleasant Street we came upon the Governor Langdon house, standing back from the street, shaded by great oaks and elms, and ap- proached over a tesselated marble walk. Here, Aldrich relates in his " Old Town by the Sea " from which we have quoted so liberally, the governor resided from 1782 till the time of his death in 1819. During this period many an illustrious man passed between the two white pillars that support the little balcony over the front door; among the rest Louis Philippe and his brothers, the Dues de Montpensier and Beaujolais, DANIEL WEBSTER HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH, N.H. and the Marquis de Chastellux, a major-general in the French army under the Count de Rochambeau whom he accompanied from France to the States in 1780. The marquis, in recount- ing his visits about the town while the fleet was lying in the harbor, described this house as " elegant and well furnished, and the apartments admirably well wainscotted." Governor Langdon he found " a handsome man and of noble carriage ; " his wife, " young, fair and tolerably handsome ; " but, singu- larly for a Frenchman, " he conversed less with her than with her husband," for the soldierly reason, however, that he was prejudiced in the husband's favor " from knowing that he had 104 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. displayed great courage and patriotism at the time of Bur- goyne's expedition." Farther along on Pleasant Street we saw the Governor John Wentworth mansion. He was the last Governor Went- worth, nephew of Governor Benning Wentworth, whom he succeeded in 1767. He served till the, brink of the Revolution, when he went to England. He was afterward governor of Nova Scotia, from 1792 to 1800, and died in Halifax in 1820. He was a joyalist of the " most florid complexion.' 7 In 1775, he harbored and refused to surrender one John Fenton, an ex- captain in the British army, who had offended the Sons of Liberty. His house here was mobbed, and the attacking party planted a small cannon before the doorstep. Then pressing into the mansion, they did considerable damage, marks of which are still shown in a broken marble chimney piece. The family escaped by the back yard when the cannon was placed. That it wasn't loaded did not signify, for this important fact was unknown to the besieged at the time. The great deep hall with its portraits, the old parlor and its adornments, long retained as they appeared in the governor's time, have been reproduced in story. Among other century or more old mansions of similar inter- est which grace the shaded streets is the Warner house, a house of brick brought out from Holland, three stories high, with gambrel roof and luthern windows, and interior rich in paneling and carvings. We are told that a wealthy Scotch- man built it in 1718, one Captain Archibald Macpheadris, a member of the King's council. It was his daughter Mary, granddaughter of the first Governor or Lieut.-Governor John Wentworth (father of sixteen children), whom Jonathan Warner married. Warner, in his turn, was a Provincial coun- cilor and served till the Revolution. But the house which most concerned Percy was a two-story gambrel-roofed dwelling on Vaughan Street; for this was Daniel Webster's first house in Portsmouth, to which in 1808, THE " OLD TOWN BY THE SEA." 105 he brought his bride to begin housekeeping. " She was Grace Fletcher, the daughter of a minister of Hopkinton, Massachu- setts," I remarked, "'whom Webster met and wooed during her visits to a sister of hers in Salisbury, New Hampshire, his birthplace. He was then twenty-six, of striking appearance, at the opening of his remarkable career." It is a cheerful house, its aspect changed little from Web- ster's day. It has the same broad hall running through the middle : the same easy stairway with fluted, twisted, and flask- shaped banisters : the staircase window with the name " Sally " cut on the glass, handiwork of Sally Reserve, a daughter of George Reserve, the stamp distributer for New Hampshire under the "odious Stamp Act" of 1765, who built the house: the front chamber wainscoted to the top : the dining-room below, enlarged by Webster to meet the demands of his gener- ous hospitality. Webster lived in this house, Percy was told, till his removal to the house on Pleasant Street, which was burned down in the "great fire" of 1813. He lost then his library and all the furniture, and the family barely escaped with their lives. After that he took his third and last Ports- mouth house, on High Street, and in 1816 he moved to Boston. As we walked away we talked of Webster's ten years in Portsmouth, of his speedy leadership in his profession, his pub- lic service, his associations, his friendship especially with Jere- miah Mason, the great exponent of the common law, often op- posed to him in legal cases, but always with friendship unbroken. " It was of them," I recalled, " that George S. Hillard in after years said : < Mason was a great lawyer, but Webster was a great man practicing law/ It was from Portsmouth that Webster was first sent to Congress ; and it was in a Portsmouth paper the Chronicle that his career as a political writer began." And then our talk drifted to other legal lights of Ports- mouth. To Levi Woodbury among them, with whom Franklin Pierce, afterward President Pierce, was a law student; then to that successful practitioner of an earlier time, Jonathan 106 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Mitchell Sewall, writer of stirring lyrics sung " in every camp and by every patriotic fireside " during the Revolution. He it was who wrote that couplet which long since passed into famil- iar proverbial use : "No pent up Utica contracts your powers, But the whole boundless continent is yours!" This was the finish of an epilogue which he composed to Addi- son's " Tragedy of Cato " when it was played in the old Bow Street Theatre of Portsmouth, in 1778, the concluding lines running : " Rise, then, my countrymen ! For fight prepare, Gird on your swords, and fearless rush to war ! For your grieved country nobly dare to die And empty all your veins for liberty. No pent up Utica contracts your powers, But the whole boundless continent is yours ! " Now began our short journey to Little Harbor. We boarded our car alongside the old Parade in the Square, and rode around through handsome Middle Street and beyond to open country. At the farther end of the great South Bury ing-ground, thick with tablets and monuments, we left the car and took to the road. This was the Little Harbor Road of historic interest and present beauty. It was a charming, winding, shaded walk of about a mile or so ending abruptly at the water-side. And not till we had reached the end did we get a glimpse of the Wentworth " Great House," which the thick foliage of the road- side completely veiled from view. Then we saw it much as pictured in " Lady Wentworth," ... "a pleasant mansion, an abode Near and yet hidden from the great high road, Sequestered among trees, a noble pile, Baronial and colonial in its style ; Gables and dormer-windows everywhere, And stacks of chimneys rising high in air, Pandsean pipes, on which all winds that blew Made mournful music the whole winter through." THE "OLD TOWN BY THE SEA." 107 To Percy's eye it was a queer confusion of architecture, with its square, flat-roofed main part of two stories, lifted above irregular wings which joined three sides of a square opening upon the water. He was informed that it dates from the middle of the eighteenth century, having been completed in 1750. It was once somewhat larger than now, a portion containing seven rooms having been removed many years ago, and set up as a sep- arate house on the Newcastle side of the harbor. In the gov- ernor's day it had fifty -two rooms. Chief among these was the Council Chamber for the transaction of business of state, an THE WENTWORTH GREAT HOUSE, LITTLE HARBOR. apartment spacious and high-studded, impressive in furnishings. At its entrance were stacks for the twelve muskets of the gov- ernor's guard. There were ante-rooms for the entertainment of the provincial worthies frequently assembled here, in which many a rubber of whist was played. Elsewhere ; "Within, unwonted splendors met the eye, Panels, and floors of oak, and tapestry ; Carved chimney-pieces, where on brazen dogs Reveled and roared the Christmas fires of logs; 108 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Doors opening into darkness unawares, Mysterious passages, and flights of stairs ; And on the walls, in heavy gilded frames, The ancestral Wentworths with Old-Scripture names." The great cellar beneath the main part, into which Percy peeped, was originally arranged for the stabling of a troop of thirty horse in times of danger. To this pleasant mansion u where the great man dwelt, A widower and childless, " Martha Hilton had come, and had lived to young womanhood, as a maid of all work "A servant who made service seem divine ! ' ? "Here the romance culminated, with Martha Hilton's mar- riage to the governor, on his sixtieth birthday, when u ' He gave a splendid banquet, served on plate Such as became the Governor of the State, Who represented England and the King, And was magnificent in everything.' " She made him a good wife, albeit having a lively sense of the dignity of her station, as witness this delicious tale of the dropping of her ring upon the floor a few days after her mar- riage. ' She languidly ordered her servant to pick it up, but the servant, who appears to have had a fine sense of humor, grew suddenly near-sighted, and was unable to find it until Lady Wentworth stooped and placed her ladyship's finger upon it/ " When the gouty governor died, in 1770, he left her his entire estate. She married again, after a decorous interval, another Wentworth, but not of the Portsmouth branch of the family. He was Michael Wentworth, a retired colonel of the THE "OLD TOWN BY THE SEA." 109 British army. He lived a life of conviviality, that shortly dissipated her fortune, and at length died in New York, by his own hand. His last words were ' I have had my cake and ate it,' which we must agree with Aldrich shows that within his own modest limitations, he was a philosopher. " Longfellow wrote his poem without seeing the mansion. His first view of it was a few days after the completion of the tale, as appears by this note in his diary : 'June 1 [1871]. Went with Fields to Portsmouth to see old houses. . . . First, lunch ; then to Little Harbor to see the Wentworth house, a quaint, irregular pile of buildings hidden from the road by rising ground, though close upon it, with lilac hedges, and looking seaward ; not unlike my description of it. We went all over the lower part of the house, and saw the present owner, a sprightly old lady of ninety, and her daughter.' " He also wrote to a friend, after this visit, ' I found it necessary to change only a single line [of the poem], which was lucky. ' " Subsequently the property fell into excellent hands, be- coming the summer seat of John T. Coolidge, jr., son-in-law of the historian Parkman. Here Parkman spent some time each summer during his latter years. While here he wrote parts of his < Montcalm and Wolfe, 7 and finished ' A Half Century of Conflict.' " Hailing a skipper cruising about the little harbor, we char- tered him to take us across to the Newcastle side. And by way of this quaint village we returned to town. A trip to Kittery-side, by ferry across the Piscataqua, and a visit there to the ancient Pepperell house with the tomb of the knight in the orchard, which we reached by trolley-car, rush- ing through a lovely winding rural road, completed our round of Portsmouth landmarks. Then preferring a yacht to the steamboat, we embarked on a miniature clipper ship, and made an afternoon voyage to the Isles of Shoals, nine miles out from Portsmouth Light. VIII. AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. Their situation in the open sea. History and traditions. Hawthorne's note on their weird shapes. Celia Thaxter's sketch. Lowell's " Pictures from Appledore." Legends of the Isles. The Old White Island lighthouse. Celia Thaxter's girlhood there. Her marriage and literary development. Her later cottage home on Appledore. -,- Resort of literary folk. Her island grave. ON the sail over I regaled Percy with tales of the Shoals, their history and traditions, which have come out through the association of literary folk with them ; for they were favorite summering places with poets, authors, and artists through the half century from 1840 or thereabouts, especially during the mature life of their own poet Celia Thaxter (born 1835 ; died 1894). First, as to their situation. I showed by a map how they lie, a cluster of eight rocky elevations, in the open sea; six of them Appledore, Haley's or " Smutty Nose," Malaga, Star, Cedar, and Londoner's in a group forming a crescent nearly a mile in width with Duck Island two miles off to the north- east from Appledore, and White Island nearly a mile southwest from Star. Haley's we saw lies closest to Appledore, the largest of the group, the two almost united by a reef bare at low tide ; while Cedar and Malaga are connected with Haley's at low tide. Star is a quarter of a mile southeast from Haley's. Duck, with its ledges thrust out on all sides be- neath the water, one extending half a mile to the northwest, is the most dangerous of all these isles. White is the most picturesque. 110 AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. Ill " On Star Island, " I went on, " are seen the remnants of the old town of the cluster, Gosport, now 7 supplanted by a summer hotel ; a little century -old stone church perched on the highest rock ; and on another, a monument to Captain John CELIA THAXTER IN HER GARDEN. Smith. For this picturesque explorer is the accredited dis- coverer of the Isles in 1614; although De Monts saw them nine years before, Pring probably sighted them two years before De Mouts, while Christopher Leavitt first set foot 112 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. upon them, in 1623. On Appledore rises a more ancient monument, a rude cairn, which tradition insists, as tradition sometimes will in defiance of seeming fact, that Smith himself, or his men, set up ; and here are the Laightons' hostelry, the ' Appledore/ and the cottage with its blooming garden, where Celia Laighton Thaxter lived. On White is the light- house where her girlhood was spent. Appledore was earlier called 'Hog,' because of its fancied resemblance to a huge hog's back rising from the water. " Haley's was dubbed ' Smutty-nose ' by passing sailors, from its long, black rock-point upon which many a brave ship has met death. It got its l regular name ' from Samuel Haley, who lived upon it for many years, till his death in 1811, at eighty- four. He was the progenitor of a sterKng family. The epitaph over his island grave records that he was a man ' of great ingenuity, industry, honor, and honesty, true to his country, . . . who did a great public good in building a dock and receiving into his enclosure many a poor distressed sea- man and fisherman in distress of weather.' His ingenuity and industry were displayed in various other ways. He erected salt-works for making salt to cure fish ; he built a rope-walk ; he set up windmills for grinding his own corn and wheat ; all these to render himself as far as possible independent of the mainland. Celia Thaxter has told of his custom every night to place in his bedroom window, high up and facing the south- east, a light which burned till daybreak, as a beacon for sailors, before, probably, the lighthouse on White Island was erected. And she thus tells the story of the wreck of the great ship * Sagunto ' from Spain, on a tempestuous January night, when the vessel crashed full upon the fatal southeast point, in sight of the tiny spark that burned peacefully in that quiet chamber : Her costly timbers of mahogany and cedarwood were splintered on the sharp teeth of those inexorable rocks ; her cargo of dried fruits and nuts and bales of broadcloth and gold and silver, was tossed about the shore, AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 113 and part of her crew were thrown alive upon it. Some of them saw the light, and crawled toward it benumbed with cold and spent with fatigue and terror. The roaring of the storm bore away their faint cries of dis- tress ; the old man slept on quietly, with his family about him, sheltered, safe ; while a stone 5 s-throw from his door these sailors strove and agonized to reach that friendly light. Two of them gained the stone-wall in front of the house, but their ebbing strength would not allow them to climb over ; they threw themselves upon it, and perished miserably, with safety, warmth, and comfort so close at hand ! In the morning, when the tumult was somewhat hushed, and underneath the sullen sky rolled the more sullen sea in long, deliberate waves, the old man looked out into the early light across the waste of snow, and on the wall lay something that broke the familiar outline, though all was smooth with the pure, soft snow. He must put on coat and cap, and go and find out what this strange thing might be. Ah ! that was a sight for his pitying eyes under the cold and leaden light of that unrelenting morning ! He summoned his sons and his men. Quickly the alarm was given, and there was confusion and excitement as the islanders, hurriedly gathering, tried if it were possible yet to save some life amid the wreck. But it was too late ; every soul was lost. Fourteen bodies were found at that time, strewn all the way between the wall and that southeast point where the vessel had gone to pieces. The following summer the skeleton of another was discovered among some bushes near the shore. . . . Fourteen shallow graves were quarried for the unknown in the iron earth, and there they lie, with him who buried them a little above in the same grassy slope. " This tragedy of the sea is the subject of Mrs. Thaxter's familiar poem, < The Spaniards' Graves/ with its fine lines : 4 O Sailors, did sweet eyes look after you The day you sailed away from sunny Spain ? Bright eyes that followed fading ship and crew, Melting in tender rain ? Did no one dream of that drear night to be, Wild with the wind, fierce with the stinging snow, When on yon granite point that frets the sea, The ship met her death-blow ? Fifty long years ago these sailors died : (None know how many sleep beneath the waves : ) Fourteen gray head-stones, rising side by side, Point out their nameless graves, 114 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Lonely, unknown, deserted, but for me, And the wild birds that flit with mournful cry, And sadder winds, and voices of the sea That moans perpetually. O Spanish women, over the far seas, 'Could I but show you where your dead repose, Could I send tidings on this northern breeze That strong and steady blows ! Dear dark-eyed sisters, you remember yet These you have lost, but you can never know One stands at their bleak graves whose eyes are wet With thinking of your woe ! ' " The Shoals lie in two states, the dividing line between New Hampshire and Maine passing between them. Appledore/ Duck, and Haley's are on the Maine side ; the others belong to New Hampshire. The cluster comprise in all something over six hundred acres. Appledore is a mile long ; Star, three- quarters of a mile ; and White, about the same extent. Cedar is the smallest, including about an acre. They got their name of the ( Isles of Shoals ' upon the dropping of that of Smith's Islands, which they bore on Captain John's map, not from their rugged reefs which run out beneath the water, but from the shoaling, or schooling, of fish about them. 11 Of their weird shapes Hawthorne wrote in his journal upon his first visit to them in 1852 (and I turned to my note- book for the extract) : ' It is quite impossible to give an idea of these rocky shores, how con- fusedly they are tossed together, lying in all directions ; what solid ledges, what great fragments thrown out from the rest. Often the rocks are bro- ken, square and angular, so as to form a kind of staircase ; though, for the most part, such as would require a giant stride to ascend them. Sometimes a black trap-rock runs through the bed of granite ; sometimes the sea has eaten this way, leaving a long, irregular fissure. In some places, owing to the same cause perhaps, there is a great hollow place excavated into the ledge, and forming a harbor, into which the sea flows ; and while there is AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 115 foam and fury at the entrance, it is comparatively calm within. Some parts of the crag are as much as fifty feet of perpendicular height, down which you look over a bare and smooth descent, at the base of which is a shaggy margin of sea-weed. But it is vain to try to express this confusion. As much as anything else, it seems as if some of the massive materials of the world remained superfluous after the Creator had finished, and were carelessly thrown down here, where the millionth part of them emerge from the sea, and in the course of thousands of years have become par- tially bestrewn with a little soil.' : " Celia Thaxter has thus pictured them with a poetic touch ; * Swept by every wind that blows, and beaten by the bitter brine for unknown ages, well may the Isles of Shoals be barren, bleak, and bare. . . . The incessant influences of wind and sun, rain, snow, frost, and spray, have so bleached the tips of the rocks that they look hoary as if with age, though in the summer time a gracious greenness of vegetation breaks here and there the stern outlines, and softens somewhat their rugged aspect. Yet so forbidding are their shores it seems scarcely worth WHITE ISLAND LIGHT. , while to land upon them mere heaps of tumbling granite in the wide and lonely sea when all the smiling * sapphire-spangled marriage-ring of the land ' lies ready to woo the voyager back again, and welcome his re- turning prow with pleasant sights and sounds and scents that the wild wastes of water never know. But to the human creature who has eyes that will see and ears that will hear, nature appeals with such a novel charm, that the luxurious beauty of the land is half forgotten before one is aware. . . . The wonderful sound of the sea dulls the memory of all 116 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. past impressions and seems to fulfill and satisfy all present needs. . . . Each island has its peculiar characteristics. . . . Each presents its bold- est shore to the east, to breast the whole force of the Atlantic which every year assails the iron cliffs and headlands with the same ponderous fury, yet leaves upon them so little trace of its immense power. . . . Each island, every isolated rock has its own peculiar rote, and ears made deli- cate by listening in great and frequent peril, can distinguish the bearings of each in a dense fog. The threatening speech of Duck Island's ledges, the swing of the wave over Half- Way Rock, the touch of the ripple on the beach at Londoner's, the long and lazy breaker that is forever rolling below the lighthouse on White Island, all are familiar and distinct, and indi- cate to the islander his whereabouts almost as clearly as if the sun shone brightly and no shrouding mist were striving to mock and mislead him.' "And Lowell, in his ' Pictures from Appledore' thus de- scribes this isle, chiefest in interest to us because of its literary associations : ' A heap of bare and splintery crags Tumbled about by lightning and frost, With rifts and chasms and storm-bleached jags, That wait and growl for a ship to be lost ; Ribs of rock that seaward jut, Granite shoulders and boulders and snags, Round which, though the winds in heaven be shut, The nightmared ocean murmurs and yearns, Welters, and swashes, and tosses, and turns, And the dreary black seaweed lolls and wags ; Only rock from shore to shore, Only a moan through the bleak clefts blown, With sobs in the rifts where the coarse kelp shifts, Falling and lifting, tossing and drifting, And under all a deep, dull roar, Dying and swelling, forevermore, Rock and moan and roar alone, And the dread of some nameless thing unknown, These make Appledore. These make Appledore by night. AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 117 All this you would scarcely comprehend, Should you see the isle on a sunny day ; Then it is simple enough in its way, Two rocky bulges, one at each end, With a smaller bulge and a hollow between ; Patches of whortleberry and bay ; Accidents of open green, Sprinkled with loose slabs square and gray, Like graveyards for ages deserted ; a few Unsocial thistles ; an elder or two, Foamed over with blossoms white as spray ; And on the whole island never a tree Save a score of sumachs, high as your knee, That crouch in hollows where they may, (The cellars where once stood a village, men say,) Huddling for warmth, and never grew Tall enough for a peep at the sea; A general dazzle of open blue ; A breeze always blowing and playing rat-tat With the bow of the ribbon round your hat ; A medrick that makes you look overhead With short, sharp scream, as he sights his prey, And, dropping straight and swift as lead, Splits the water with sudden thud ; This is Appledore by day/ " So early as 1623, the year that Leavitt landed, first of all Europeans, upon them, only three years after the coming of the Pilgrims to Plymouth, the Isles were occupied as a fishing station ; and from that time to the Revolutionary period the fisheries were pursued as an active industry. During the thriv- ing days of piracy many a buccaneer frequented these isles, and tales are told of immense treasure hidden in their rocky depths. They are numbered among the countless hiding-places of Kidd's wealth, and they harbor a pirate-ghost, ' Old Bab/ one of Kidd's men. His ghostship is of a < pale and very dreadful ' countenance, clad in a < coarse, striped butcher's frock, with a leather belt to which is attached a sheath containing a 118 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. ghostly knife, sharp and glittering, which it is his delight to brandish in the face of terrified humanity. 7 And there is a sweeter ghost, a lovely woman * fair as a lily,' wrapped closely in a dark sea-cloak, with a profusion of light hair falling loosely over her shoulders, who stands on the cliffs fixing her large and melancholy eyes on the limitless sea, as she moans, < He will come back ! He will come back/ As the legend runs, the sweet maid was left here by her pirate lover, a companion of the notorious < Blackboard/ to guard his buried treasure while CELIA THAXTER'S GRAVE. he and ' Blackboard ' sailed after a strange ship for more plun- der. She was made to swear ' with horrible rites that till his return, if it were not till the day of judgment, she would guard it from the search of all mortals.' Then off the islands a fight ensued between the pirate ship and the strange sail, which proved to be a cruiser in search of the freebooters. After a des- perate battle the pirate ship was blown up and all of her gang perished. But the maiden kept her oath. AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 119 " For more than a century before the Revolution the Shoals were fairly populous, considering their size and distance from the mainland, having from three hundred to six hundred inhab- itants. Within the first half of the eighteenth century vessels were annually loaded here with fish for Balboa, in Spain. About the year 1660 there were on Appledore (then Hog Island) thirty or forty families, who, says an old chronicler, were ' gen- erally good livers.' In so prosperous a state were the islands at that period, this same chronicler avers, that ' gentlemen from some of the principal towns on the seacoast sent their sons here for literary instruction.' This was evidently an embellishment of the simpler record that children were sent here from the mainland to school probably to the good island minister John Brock, in order that they might be safe from the In- dians then harassing the settlements. A little later the Hog islanders moved over to Star, partly through fear of the Indians who made Duck Island a rendezvous. " Early in the Revolution when the Islands were at the mercy of the enemy and affording it sustenance and recruits, the Provincial government ordered the inhabitants to quit them, which the greater part did. They scattered among the seaport towns along the coast, and most of them never returned. On Star Island in 1775 the royal Governor Went- worth performed his last official act when he prorogued the last assembly of the province of New Hampshire. "The few among the islanders who did not join the exodus were mostly the more debased, and the Isles speedily sank into a deplorable condition. From the war period till between 1820 and 1830, their inhabitants mostly lived in a wretched condition of ignorance and vice. We have Celia Thaxter's word for it that in no place of the size of the group has there been a greater absorption of ' rum ' since the world was made. A young theological student there in 1822 on missionary work intent, recorded in his journal numerous shocking instances of what he termed the ( Heaven-daring impieties ' of the island- 120 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. ers. But in time things slowly mended, mainly through the efforts of ministers sent down by that zealous Puritan organiza- tion with the ponderous name the " Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians and Others in North America ; " and through the work of courageous women who came over from the mainland to live among the people, to teach their school and reclaim their children. "When the elder Laighton, Celia Thaxter's father, took charge of the White Island lighthouse, and moved his family from Portsmouth to the little stone cottage there, the islands were yet sparsely settled, mostly by fishermen's families. That was in 1839, when Celia was scarcely five years old. Of the. home on this remote island she has given us a fascinating picture: 4 ' ' It was at sunset in autumn that we were set ashore on that loneliest, lovely rock, where the lighthouse looked down on us like some tall, black- capped giant, and filled me with awe and wonder. At its base a few goats were grouped on the rock, standing out dark against the red sky as I looked up at them. The stars began to twinkle ; the wind blew cold, charged with the sea's sweetness ; the sound of many waters half bewil- dered me. Some one began to light the lamps in the tower. Rich red and golden, they swung round in mid-air. Everything was strange and fas- cinating and new. We entered the quaint little old stone cottage that was for six years our home. How curious it seemed, with its low, white- washed ceiling and deep window-seats, showing the great thickness of the walls made to withstand the breakers, with whose force we soon grew acquainted ! u ' A blissful home the little house became to the children who entered it that quiet evening and slept for the first time lulled by the murmur of the encircling sea. I do not think a happier triad ever existed than we were, living in that profound isolation. It takes so little to make a healthy child happy; and we never wearied of our resources. True, the winters seemed as long as a whole year to our little minds, but they were pleasant, nevertheless. Into the deep window-seats we climbed, and with pennies (for which we had no other use) made round holes in the thick frost, breathing on them till they were warm, and peeped out at the bright, fierce, windy weather, watching the vessels scudding over the intensely dark blue sea, all " featherwhite " where the short waves broke hissing in AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 121 the cold, and the seafowl soaring aloft or tossing on the water ; or, in calmer days, we saw how the stealthy Star-Islander paddled among the ledges, or lay for hours stretched on the wet sea-weed, with his gun, watching for wild-fowl. Sometimes the round head of a seal moved about among the kelp-covered rocks. . . . We were forced to lay in stores of all sorts in the autumn, as if we were fitting out a ship for an Arctic expedition. The lower story of the lighthouse was hung with mutton and beef, and the store-room packed with provisions. " ' In the long, covered walk that bridged the gorge between the light- house and the house, we played in stormy days ; and every evening it was a fresh excitement to watch the lighting of the lamps, and think how far the lighthouse sent its rays, and how many hearts it gladdened with assurance of safety. As I grew older I was allowed to kindle the lamps sometimes myself. That was indeed a pleasure. . . . We hardly saw a human face beside our own all winter ; but with the spring came manifold life to our lonely dwelling, human life among ether forms. Our neighbors from Star rowed across ; the pilot boat from Portsmouth steered over and brought us letters, newspapers, magazines, and told us the news of months. ** ' Once or twice every year came the black, lumbering old " oil- schooner" that brought supplies for the lighthouse, and the inspector, who gravely examined everything, to see if all was in order. He left stacks of clear red and white glass chimneys for the lamps, and several doeskins for polishing the great silver-lined copper reflectors, large bundles of wicks, and various pairs of scissors for trimming them, heavy black casks of ill- perfumed whale oil, and other things which were all stowed in the round, dimly-lighted rooms of the tower. Very awe-struck, we children always crept into corners, and whispered and watched the intruders till they em- barked in their ancient, clumsy vessel, and, hoisting their dark, weather- stained sails, bore slowly away again." " Celia Thaxter has sung the old white lighthouse in t The Wreck of the Pocahontas ' beginning : 'I lit the lamps in the lighthouse tower, For the sun dropped down and the day was dead; They shone like a glorious clustered flower, Ten golden and five red.' That lighthouse was removed many years ago and a brick tower built in its place, and the ' ten golden and five red ' 122 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. lamps were superseded by the Fresnel's triple burner enclosed in its case of prisms, - less picturesque, but more powerful. "Thomas Laighton's coming to the Shoals as lighthouse keeper they say, was the result of political disappointment. He was the son of a spar-maker in Portsmouth. His father's trade was not congenial to him as a vocation, and he took to journalism and politics. He wrote for the New Hampshire Gazette, and was postmaster of Portsmouth under Jackson's administration. Afterward came the disappointment in his hope of a public career, and taking the island-lighthouse appointment, he resolved never to return to the mainland. Upon his retirement as light-keeper, in 1848, he moved across to Appledore, and there engaged with a brother from Ports- mouth in the fishing business. Meanwhile they had built a comfortable i house of entertainment ' for the occasional visitors who drifted over from the mainland ; and from this developed the greater hotel of the Laighton family. Thomas Laighton died in 1865, and was buried on his island. His wife, born Eliza Byrnes, of Portsmouth, ' a woman of remarkable good sense and a strong physique,' long survived him; and when she died, in 1877, her grave was also made on the island. Seventeen years later Celia's burial-place was by her side. " The discoverer of the isles as a summering place and health restorer, was the scholarly John Weiss, liberal minister and litterateur, and the biographer of Theodore Parker. He came first to the lighthouse with a companion, in 1846, and made friends with the Laighton family. They found the light-keeper < rough, but good humored ; ' the good wife genu- inely pleased to see them ; Celia, a ' bright-looking, rosy-faced girl ; ' and the two boys, Oscar and Cedric, with l their hair cut straight across their foreheads to keep it out of their eyes.' " When the family removed to Appledore, Celia was thir- teen. Among the earlier summer guests of the Laightons' ' house of entertainment ' was Levi Thaxter, then of Water- town, Massachusetts, a recent graduate from Harvard. He AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 123 was a young man of ' refined taste and intellectual endowment/ reserved and of a retiring nature, and was then studying the English drama with an eye to becoming a dramatic reader and possibly an actor. He was a cousin of Maria White who became James Russell Lowell's first wife, and was intimate with several rising men of letters. In later years he intro- duced Robert Browning's poetry to American readers and became somewhat widely known as its ' apostle.' This intel- lectual young man fell in love with the < rosy -faced' Celia,. and when she was sixteen they were married. " Young Thaxter took his girl-bride to a home in a suburb of Boston, and proceeded to direct her instruction, and her literary training and development. This was her first intro- duction to the world and it brought her exuberant joy. In Boston ' lectures, operas, concerts, theatres, pictures, music above all,' says her life-long friend, Mrs. James T. Fields, 'what were they not to her? Did artists ever before find such an eye and such an ear ? She brought to them a spirit prepared for harmony, but utterly ignorant of the science of painting or music until the light of art suddenly broke upon her womanhood.' Her genius quickly unfolded, and before she was twenty she began to write and show her talent as a word-painter. The cottage on the island, originally built for Mr. and Mrs. Laighton, was long Celia Thaxter's home the greater part of each year. And here was early established her unique salon, to which were attracted literary folk, artists, musicians, wits, and genuises of various sort, drawn to the Isles from time to time in the open seasons." As we sailed out from Portsmouth harbor and, were off Newcastle, we had the Isles directly before us. First they appeared, as Celia Thaxter has described, ill-defined and cloudy shapes, faintly discernible in the distance ; then, as approached, 124 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. separating and showing each its peculiar characteristics. It was a beautiful sail, Percy exclaimed repeatedly, all the way from the start at the tumbling old wharf in Portsmouth- town, down the " singing" Piscataqua between green shores, through the Narrows with the picturesque islands on either side, past old Fort Constitution and Whale Back with its twin light-houses, along the open sea, to the finish at the pier at Appledore where we disembarked. j^.fter registering at the hotel, and then taking a hasty sweep of the near and distant island and sea views from its broad piazzas, we walked across to the Thaxter cottage. In the front yard was still blooming, as in its mistress's day, the wonderful garden which she created with infinite care and devotion in the island's " iron soil," - the theme of her little classic, "An Island Garden," and of one of her daintiest poems, "My Garden." A "most happy little garden" indeed it was, we agreed as we recalled her own descriptions of it in prose and verse ; a space of " tangled bloom " displaying through the seasons a wondrous variety of gay, brilliant- tinted, old-fashioned flowers, snowdrops, crocuses, daffodils, narcissus, hyacinths, scillas, English primroses, tulips, and so on. Within the cottage the " room of rooms " was the parlor on the southeast side. " Hawthorne was among the earliest to describe its hostess here," I remarked. " His first visit to the Isles was in September, 1852, a favored guest, bearing an introduction from Franklin Pierce, then a Presidential candi- date, in addition to his own growing fame. He wrote in his journal : "'In the evening went with Mr. Titcomb to Mr. Thaxters to drink apple-toddy. We found Mrs. Thaxter sitting in a neat little parlor, very simply furnished, but in good taste. She is not now, I believe, more than eighteen years old, very pretty, and with the manners of a lady, not prim and precise, but with enough of freedom and ease. The books on the table were "Fre-Raphaelitism," a tract on spiritual mediums, etc. AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 125 There were several shelves of books oil one side of the room, and engrav- ings on the walls. . . . Anon . . . caine in the apple-toddy, a very rich and spicy compound, after which we had some glees and negro melodies, in which Mr. Thaxter sang a noble bass, and Mrs. Thaxter sang like a bird, and Mr. [John] Weiss sang, I suppose, tenor, and a brother took some other part ; and all were very mirthful, and jolly. At about ten o'clock Mr. Titcomb and myself took leave, and emerging into the open air, out of that room of song, and pretty youthf ulness of woman, and gay young men, there was the sky, and the three-quarters waning moon, and the old sea moaning all round about the island.' " Whittier was a frequent visitor. He would sit hour after hour, says Mrs. Fields, sometimes mending Celia's seolian harp while they talked together, sometimes reading aloud to the assembled company. William Morris Hunt, the Boston painter, was another often here. Also Professor John K. Paine, the composer. Even Ole Bull, 'that Norwegian waif and cele- brated violinist/ says Frank Preston Stearns, sometimes wandered in and entertained the gathering with < accounts of sea-serpents standing on their tails in front of waterfalls, and other marvels only visible in Norway, supposing,' appar- ently, < that his hearers would believe anything that he told them.' Artists here first showed their summer work ; musicians performed their new compositions ; poets read their poems, essayists their essays. Mrs. Thaxter, too, read her verses to the friendly audiences drawn to her parlor. " It was at the writing-table in the corner by the window with its grand outlook, that most of her literary work was composed. Here during a winter season she wrote her charm- ful ' Among the Isles of Shoals.' But her first work to find print was written elsewhere, away from the sea. This was her poem, < Land-Locked.' It appeared in the Atlantic under Lowell's editorship, sent to him, it is said, by a friend, and at once accepted and published, to the young author's surprise and gratification. Though one of her earliest productions it has been classed with the most beautiful in form and thought of her mature work. Her literary output was not great in 126 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. quantity, it is embraced within three or four small volumes, - but it was often exquisite in quality. She was distinctly our singer of the sea." From the poet's cottage we wended our way to her grave in the little family graveyard, where Percy copied the terse inscriptions on the head stones as I read Mrs. Fields's descrip- tion of the scene at her burial : " The burial was at her island on a quiet afternoon in the late sum- mer. Her parlor, in which the body lay, was again made radiant, after her own custom, with the flowers from her garden, and a bed of sweet bay was prepared by her friends Appleton Brown and Childe Hassam, on which her form was laid. William Mason once more played the music from Schumann which she chiefly loved, and an old friend, James De Normandie, paid a deep tribute of affection, spoken for all those who sur- rounded her. She was borne by her brothers and those nearest to her up to the silent spot where her body was left. The day was still and soft, and the veiled sun was declining as the solemn procession, bearing flowers, followed to the sacred place. At a respectful distance above stood a wide ring of interested observers, but only those who knew her and loved her best drew near. After all was done, and the body was at rest upon the fragrant bed prepared for it, the young flower-bearers brought their bur- dens to cover her. The bright, tear-stained faces of those who held up their arms full of flowers, to be heaped upon the spot until it became a mound of blossoms, allied the scene, in beauty and simplicity, to the solemn rites of antiquity." After a late dinner we made an evening cruise among the islands. On our return we sat late upon the hotel piazza and listened to the sea, until at length we retired, and slept " with all the waves of the Atlantic murmuring in our ears." We woke to the freshness of such a summer morning as Celia Thaxter describes on these isles : " the world like a new-blown rose, ... in the heart of which " we stood, with " only the caressing music of the water to break the utter silence, except, perhaps, a song-sparrow " pouring out " its blissful warble like an embodied joy ; the sea rosy, and the sky : the line of land AMONG THE ISLES OF SHOALS. 127 radiant ; the scattered sails " glowing " with the delicious color that touches so tendeily the bare, bleak rocks." Breakfast over, we set sail again in our yacht and returned to Portsmouth, whence we started forthwith for our pilgrimage to Portland and beyond. IX. IN THE FOREST CITY. Along the way from Portsmouth. South Berwick, home of Sarah Orne Jewett. Story of her work. "The Falls of Saco." Portland's Longfellow landmarks. The poet's birthplace. The mansion home of his boyhood. His life here and at the country homes of his grand- fathers. His first poem in the local newspaper. Its unconscious critic. Scenes of later poems. The Portland band of writers: Nathaniel Deering, John Neal, Seba Smith, Isaac M'Lellan, Gren- ville Mellen, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Anna 8. W. Stephens, Elijah Kellogg. Story of Nathaniel P. Willis. FROM Portsmouth to Portland was a long railway ride, for our train was an " accommodation," making its way leisurely through the shore towns and cities, with stops at all the sta- tions. We took it because it was the first train of the schedule for the day. The journey, however, was not tiresome. On the contrary, Percy enjoyed it all, for the country was pleasant, the people coming and going at the stations were interesting, while the route was by or near places which favorite writers have made familiar to the reading world. Such a place was South Berwick, the ancestral home of Sarah Orne Jewett (born 1849 ). We might have "stopped over" at North Berwick, the nearest station on our line to this " large old town," with its beautiful main street, and its man- sions of former sea-kings, and made a by -trip to it. But we decided to continue on, Percy being content with the picture I gave him of the Jewett homestead and of the gentlewoman whose delineations of New England life and character, the leader of modern workers in this field, have so garnished our literature. " Imagine," I said, " an old colonial mansion, two-storied, 128 IN THE FOREST CITY. 129 high-roofed, liberally proportioned, high panelled hall with wide, arch running through the middle, broad and easy stair- way ascending to ample rooms above, old-time furnishings and furniture and heirlooms j the mansion set among lofty trees and blossoming shrubs j and you have this typical old New England home. " Miss Jewett, born in this favored mansion, was the daugh- ter of a country doctor ; and being a delicate girl requiring the open air, she early became the doctor's companion on his long SARAH ORNE JEWETT. drives over a wide territory to the homes of his patients. Thus she acquired a peculiar intimacy with the life of the people. While she attended the local academy, and was other- wise well trained in < book learning,' she attributes to her father's unobtrusive influence and guidance the development of her talents in the direction her work has taken. In her own gracious way she has said : " ' My father had inherited from his father an amazing knowledge of human nature, and from his mother's French ancestry that peculiar 130 LI TERA R Y PIL GRIM A GES. French trait called gaiete de coeur. Through all the heavy responsibilities and anxieties of his busy professional life, this kept him young at heart and cheerful. His visits to his patients were often made delightful and refreshing to them by his kind heart, and the charm of his personality. ... I used to follow him about silently like an undemanding little dog, content to follow at his heels. I had no consciousness of watching or listening, or indeed of any special interest in the country interiors. In HOME OF SARAH O. JEWETT, SOUTH BERWICK, MAINE. fact, when the time came that my own world of imagination was more real to me than any other, I was sometimes perplexed at my father's directing my attention to certain points of interest in the character or surroundings of our acquaintances. I cannot help believing that he recognized, long before I did myself, in what direction the current of pur- pose in my life was setting. Now as I write my sketches of country life, I remember again and again the wise things he said, and the sights he made me see. He was only impatient with affectation and insincerity.' IN THE FOREST CITY. 131 "It was his portrait which she -limned in her story of 'The Country Doctor.' " " Both of Miss Jewett's parents were of early New England ancestry. Her mother, a woman of refined nature, was de- scended from Edward Oilman, who came from Norfolk in Old CORNER IN MISS JEWETT'S STUDY. England, to Boston in New England, back in 1638, and thence went to Exeter, New Hampshire, with its early settlers. In the Revolution days the Gilinans were ardent patriots, while the Jewetts were devoted loyalists. " Miss Jewett began writing stories in her girlhood, and 182 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. when in her teens first saw her sketches published in Our Young Folks and The Riverside, those juvenile magazines of the sixties and seventies, than which no worthier have since been established. She was but nineteen when she sent her first sketch to the Atlantic, which promptly printed it. She first published under the pen-name of ' Alice Eliot/ but after 1881 signed her own name. From the publication of her initial volume, 'Deephaven/ in 1877, she has brought out a book almost every year, published first in magazines ; and her works now make a respectable shelf-full. Of her art, Harriet Prescott Spofford, most competent as well as most sympathetic of judges, has said : ( the secret of her success, outside of the artistic perfection of her work, is the spirit of loving kindness and tender mercy that pervades it.' " Another place of especial interest to Percy was Saco, with the Saco River, now "vexed in all its seaward course with bridges, dams and mills " ; for once upon a time he had de- claimed at school Whittier's " The Falls of the Saco," begin- ning: " Who stands on that cliff, like a figure of stone, Unmoving and tall in the light of the sky Where the spray of the cataract sparkles on high, Lonely and sternly, save Mogg Magone?" At length in Portland, we sought at once the Longfellow landmarks. These are some distance from the station, up in the business center and down by the wharves. So we took a trolley car and rode up town. On the chief thoroughfare Congress Street we passed the principal Longfellow house, of which Percy got a glimpse ; but we kept on, to begin at the beginning, with Longfellow's birthplace. This we found after various turns, on old Fore Street, a tenement house now. It is no longer the " old square wooden house on the edge of the sea." The street no longer runs along the shore with the beach on the opposite side. Years IN THE FOREST CITY. 133 ago the region changed. Percy could see nothing to admire in either house or neighborhood to-day. It was hard for him to imagine that both were delightsome in Longfellow's child- hood, But that both were so, we have the assurance of the local historian. Then the mansion commanded a fine outlook over the harbor ; and the neighborhood was within the " court- end " of the town. Now, where the tide ebbed and flowed, is BIRTHPLACE OF LONGFELLOW. land, and over the beach where sometimes on Sundays the rite of baptism was administered before throngs of spectators, railroad trains run. We tarried here only long enough to identify the house, and recall its brief history so far as its association with the poet was concerned. 11 It was the home of his father's brother-in-law, prosperous Captain Samuel Stephenson," I related, " who built it, not long before the poet's birth. His parents were temporarily living here, with their little son Stephen, spending the winter with 134 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Aunt Stephenson, when Henry was born, on the 27th of February, 1807. When he was a little more than a year old the family went to live in the brick mansion on Congress Street. Five or six yea.rs afterward, at the time of the Embargo ' which left the ships rotting at the wharves,' Uncle and Aunt Stephenson moved away to Gorham, upon a farni adjoining Grandfather Longfellow's place there ; and this ' old square house by the sea ' knew no more of the Longfellows." We walked back to Congress Street and now inspected the other house most closely identified with Longfellow, the developing boy and youth. This also has changed in the passing years, but only slightly, we saw, as compared with the Fore Street house. Though crowded, by modern structures on either side, it yet preserves its dignity, and retains traces of the aspect it bore when it was among the stateliest mansions of the town, and shaded by drooping elms in front. "This mansion," I remarked as we stood off a decorous distance, while Percy deftly took a snap-shot of it with his kodak, " was erected by the poet's maternal grandfather, brave General Peleg Wads worth, not long after the Eevolutionary War, in which he took so effective a part in Rhode Island and in the expedition to * The Eastward,' as Maine then was." " Yes," said Percy, " the * schoolmaster-soldier of Kings- ton,' of whose closing of his school in Plymouth and start off with his minute-men after the Concord Fight, we heard during our historic pilgrimages in those old Colony towns of Massachusetts." " Exactly. And after the war he acquired a great estate of seven thousand acres of wild lands between Saco and the Ossipee River, ' Wadsworth Grant ' it was sometimes des- ignated on the map, and there, in his great house at Hiram, which he established the year of the poet's birth, he passed his declining years. He was a fine figure of a man with his soldierly bearing, upright form, cocked hat, and buckled shoes. IN THE FOREST CITY. 135 136 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. This Portland mansion of his was the first brick house in the town. Two years were occupied in its building, 1784-86, for it was constructed with that deliberation and thoroughness which characterized those simple days. It was then amid green fields. Here Zilpah Wadsworth passed her girlhood, coming to the new house when she was a child of seven. Here she was married to Stephen Longfellow. And here, after the General's removal to Hiram, was their home for the remainder of their lives. It was the poet's home till his establishment at Bowdoin College in the professor's chair. During the greater part of his life it was his custom to visit the old place once a year ; and his was a familiar face seen by the parlor window, or on the street on these occasions. The house remained in the Longfellow family till it was acquired by the Maine Historical Society, by deed of gift from the poet's sister, Mrs. Anna Longfellow Pierce, whose death in 1900 closed her peaceful life here." The door of the old house opened to us, and Percy enjoyed the pleasant interior. The " boys' room " was on the upper floor, he was told. In their day, as Samuel Longfellow, the poet's brother, has described it, this room looked out over the " Cove," and farms, and woodlands, toward Mount Wash- ington in full view on the western horizon ; while the eastern chambers commanded an unbroken view of the bay. Then in the kitchen " hung the crane over the coals in the old broad fireplace, upon whose iron back a fish forever baked in effigy." In the family room was the father's small buir well-selected library, embracing Shakspere, Milton, Pope, Dryden, Thomson, Goldsmith, the Spectator, the Lives of the Poets, Rasselas, and Plutarch's Lives, which Henry absorbed as he grew into boyhood. He had access, as well, to the Portland Library ; and " sometimes of evenings he got permission to go down to Johnson's bookstore to look over the new books arrived from Boston." His school life began at three years of age, at a IN THE FOREST CITY. 137 " dame's school," kept by " Ma'am Fellows." He remembered being carried to school sometimes on horseback in front of the colored man who worked for his father. At five he began going to a public school ; then, soon after, to a private school ; then, at six, to the Portland Academy. At fourteen he entered Bowdoin, with his elder brother, Stephen. We recalled the home life in the mansion-house. The father was a lawyer foremost in his profession, holding high position at the Cumberland Bar; a man of " sound good sense in affairs, high integrity, lib- erality and public spirit, old- time courtesy of manners, and cordial hospitality." He had graduated with honor at Harvard, in the same class with William Ellery Chan- ning and Judge Story. He was a representative in the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1814, and in Congress in 1823-1825. The mother was a refined and delicate woman, fond of poetry and music, and a lover of nature. " She would sit by a window during a thunder-storm enjoying the excitement of its splen- dors." From her, his brother says, came the imaginative and romantic side of Longfellow's nature. Another inmate of the household was " Aunt Lucia," the mother's sister, who " was like a second mother to her children." It was a gentle home, well ordered and wholesome. Long holidays were spent by the boys at the homes of the grandfathers, Grandfather Longfellow's in Gorhain, and Grandfather Wadsworth's in Hiram. Grandfather Longfellow, HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. 138 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. the judge, like General Wadsworth, was a man of marked characteristics. He was " an erect, portly figure, rather tall ; wearing almost to the close of his life the old-style dress, long-skirted waistcoat, small-clothes, and white-topped boots, his hair tied behind in a club, with black ribbon." Not far from Grandfather Wadsworth's place was the scene of Long- fellow's first published poem, " The Battle of LovelFs Pond," the lake in Fryeburg about which occurred "Lovwell's Fight " with the Indians. The story, as told, of the publication of this first poem when Longfellow was but thirteen recalled somewhat that of Whittier's first poem in print. With "trembling and misgiv- ing of heart" the boy "ran down to Mr. Shirley's printing- office " the office of the semi-weekly Portland Gazette, "and cautiously slipped his manuscript into the letter-box." The evening before the publication day he went again and stood shivering in the November air, casting many a glance at the windows through which he saw the printers at work, afraid to venture in. Only his sister (who like Whittier's received his literary confidences) had been let into the secret. At length the paper appeared, the issue of Nov. 17, 1820, and in its " Poet's Corner " his precious lines. Long after he said, " I don't think any other literary success in my life has made me quite so happy since." But mark the denouement. That evening he went with his father to call upon the father's friend, Judge Mellen, whose son Fred was his own intimate. In the circle about the fire the talk drifted upon poetry. During the conversation the judge took up that day's Gazette, and his eye sought the " Poet's Corner." Then said he, " Did you see this piece in to-day's paper ? Very stiff ; remarkably stiff. Moreover, it is also borrowed, every word of it ! " The secret author in his corner flushed and paled, and flushed and paled again. His heart shrank within him ; and that night hot tears wet his pillow. IN THE FOREST CITY. 139 Bidding adieu to the old mansion, we walked farther up Congress Street, passing the site of the " Freemasons' Arms/' the tavern of Thomas Motley, grandfather of the historian John Lothrop Motley ; and coming to Longfellow Square we saw the excellent bronze statue of Longfellow. Then we extended our stroll to embrace picturesque parts of the city " that is seated by the sea," and its natural beau- ties which have been celebrated in prose and verse. Percy especially desired to seek the points, if any still existed, re- ferred to in Longfellow's idyl of " My Lost Youth," which he said he had somewhere read pictured Portland in the poet's boyhood. So we wandered up and down " the dear old town," Percy, where traces of these places could no longer be found, imagining them, with the scenes described in the poem. First, being in its vicinity, we turned toward the Bram- hall's Hill region, the modern West End " of the city, with its elm-shaded streets and detached houses, set by gardens and lawns. We strolled along the Western Promenade skirting the brow of the hill, and enjoyed the expanding views of country and mountain. We looked off upon "... the breezy dome of groves, The shadows of Deering Woods: " the Deering Woods ''fresh and fair" of the poet's memory, now preserved as a public park. Then we walked back to the easterly end of the city, the older part, where is Munjoy's Hill with the Eastern Promenade, overlooking the bay, its green isles, and the ocean beyond. In this quarter were most of the places and scenes of the poet's boyhood recollections : the bulwarks by the shore ; the fort upon the hill, and its familiar sounds lingering in his memory : "The sunrise gun with its hollow roar, The drum-beat repeated o'er and o'er, And the bugle wild and shrill. 140 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. ... the sea-fight far away How it thundered o'er the tide ! " The graves of the dead captains in the old burying-ground, "... o'erlooking the tranquil bay Where they in battle died." And down by the water-side, long ago built over, "... the black wharves and the slips, And the sea-tides tossing free ; And Spanish sailors with bearded lips, And the beauty and mystery of the ships, And the magic of the sea." As we strolled into this east end we caught " . . . in sudden gleams The sheen of the far-surrounding seas, And islands that were the Hesperides Of all my boyish dreams." Ascending the hill we loitered about the old burying-ground where lay in their graves, besides the " dead captains," brave Commodore Preble, the poet's father, and other worthies long passed on ; where also is the memorial to the gallant Lieuten- ant Henry Wadsworth, the brother of the poet's mother, for whom he was named. Here, while Percy tarried by the monuments and copied their inscriptions, we recalled the story of the " dead captains.' 7 They were the Yankee William Burroughs, of the United States brig Enterprise, and the British Samuel Blythe, of His Majesty's brig Boxer. Their sea-fight was one of the memor- able encounters of the war of 1812. It occurred off this coast, almost in sight of the town, on the 5th of September, 1813. Both commanders were killed in the engagement, and after it " both lay side by side in the same dark, low cabin." John Xeal has told how the colors of the Boxer were nailed to the mast ; how her decks were swept from her bow aft, over and IN THE FOREST CITY. 141 over again ; how she was hulled several times with 18-pound shot ; and how by one of these shot her valiant captain was literally cut in two. Three days afterward, when they had been brought ashore, the dead captains were given a public funeral, and here interred side by side. Beside them, as we saw, was laid Lieut. Kerwin Waters of the Enterprise, mortally wounded in the same action. Then we read the story of Lieut. Henry Wadsworth, inscribed on the cenotaph erected by his father, General Wadsworth : . . . Lieutenant in the United States Navy," who fell before the walls of Tripoli on the eve of the 4th September, 1804, in the 20th year of his age, by an explosion of a fire-ship, which he with others gallantly conducted against the enemy. < An honor to his country and an example to all excellent youth/ Extract from a Resolve of Congress upon his act." He was attached to the schooner Scourge in Com- modore Treble's squadron, led by the Constitution, and was a volunteer for the daring service in which he met his death. " Another brother of the poet's mother," I added, " was in the navy, and conspicuously honored for gallant service. He was Alexander Scannel Wads worth, born in the Congress- Street mansion in 1790. He was second lieutenant on the Constitution when she engaged the British frigate Giterriere off Newfoundland, in August, 1812, and captured her after shooting away her three masts and so cutting her up that she had to be burned ; from which encounter, by the way, the Constitution, issuing with comparatively slight bruises, got her beloved nickname of ' Old Ironsides.' " The scenes of other poems of Longfellow's laid in this old quarter of the town, we could not trace, for they were oblit- erated years ago. Time long since swept away " The Rope- walk." And long ago disappeared the "blossoming hawthorn tree " under the hill, beneath the branches of which the poet, when a boy, watched the old potter at his work, going back and forth, as described in " Keramos." 142 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Having heard that with Portland is identified, besides Longfellow, a notable band of old-time writers who have had a share in the making of American literature, Percy desired next to see their "landmarks." But little or nothing of them is now traceable ; so he had to be content with talk only of these authors and their accomplishments. We recalled, first, the Portland-born writers who were coming forward promisingly when Longfellow was a boy. Among these was the cultured Nathaniel Peering (born 1791 died 1881), living to ninety years, who wrote poems, tales of " Down East " life, and " Carabasset, or the last of the Nor- ridgewocks," and " Bozzaris," two five-act tragedies, produced at the Portland Theatre in 1831, which brought him more than local fame. Another was the exuberant John Neal (born 1793 died 1876), living to eighty-three, poet, editor, novelist, magazine-writer, dramatist ; of a style " impetuous, indepen- dent, with dash and audacity " ; whose most' lasting renown came from, his " Battle of Niagara," published . in 1818. Another was Seba Smith (born 1792 died 1868), whose birth- place was a log house in the woods of Bucksfield ; editor, poet, and author of the " Major Jack Downing " papers, a famous series of political and humorous writings in the Yankee dialect. Then were considered Longfellow's earlier contemporaries : Nathaniel Parker Willis (born 1807 died 1867), most bril- liant star of .this galaxy, Longfellow's senior by a year ; Isaac M'Lellan (born 1806 died 1899), " poet of the rod and gun," Willis's classmate at Phillips (Andover) Academy, Longfellow's and Hawthorne's college-mate at Bowdoin, a life-long friend of these three, and of Motley, Bryant, and Holmes : whose honorable career closed at the age of ninety-three in his rural home at Greenport, Long Island; Grenville Mellen (born 1799 died 1841), poet, essayist, writer of "Glad Tales and Sad Tales," eldest son of that Judge Mellen (the first chief justice of the Supreme Court of Maine, by the way) whose IN THE FOREST CITY. 143 cutting criticism of Longfellow's first printed poem so dis- tressed the boy. Then writers of a later period : Elizabeth Oakes Smith (born in North Yarmouth, Me., 1806 died in New York, 1893), wife of Seba Smith, poet, romancer, and the first woman in America to appear as a public lecturer; Mrs. Ann S* Winterbotham Stephens (born in Derby, Conn., 1813, died in Newport, R. I., 1886), novelist, doing her earliest work in Portland, writer of fifty novels, one of them " Fashion and Famine," reaching a circulation second only to " Uncle Tom's Cabin " ; the Rev. Elijah Kellogg (born 1813 died 1901), pro- lific producer of boys' books through a long life; Mrs. Abba Goold Woolson (born 1838), daughter of the historian William Goold, essayist and lecturer ; and Pro- fessor Edward S. Morse (from 1838), the emi- nent naturalist. Percy was most disappointed in not finding the house in which N. P. Willis was born ; for once upon a time, he said, when a boy in school, he declaimed a poem of Willis's which his mother had selected for him from the " Household Book of Poetry," a thick volume given her by his father for a Christmas present. And he repeated the familiar lines of " Saturday Afternoon," yet fresh in his mind, which stirred memories of my own far distant boyhood, when a fond mother was wont to quote them to her boys at play. ELIZABETH. OAKES SMITH. 144 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. I comforted Percy with the reflection that the house in which this debonair penman was born could have but slight charm, for Willis passed only a part of his childhood in Port- land. He was but six years old when the family was moved to Boston, and Portland knew him no more except as a casual visitor. He retained but little recollection of the home here, and his birthplace was never the subject of his writings. " It was his father," I explained, " who was the Willis most closely connected with Portland, for he was an editor here for nearly ten years. He was Deacon Nathaniel Willis, born in Boston in 1780, and living to the age of ninety. He came to Portland in 1803, and established the Eastern Argus news- paper. Later, in Boston, he founded the Boston Recorder, said to have been the first religious newspaper in the world ; and in 1827, he started the still rugged Youth's Companion, of which he was editor for thirty years. " Willis's grandfather, another Nathaniel Willis, was also an editor, and a vigorous one. From 1776 through the Revolu- tion he edited that staunch Whig paper, the Independent Chronicle and Universal Advertiser of Boston, for which Sam Adams wrote. Its office was in the selfsame building on Court, earlier Queen Street, in which Benjamin Franklin worked as an apprentice on his brother's paper, the New England Courant. And Willis's father, when engaged at his father's press, worked in the same place. Grandfather Willis, so tradition has it, was one of the < Boston Tea Party.' At the close of the Revo- lution he went south and west where he edited various papers, lastly establishing in Chillicothe, Ohio, the first newspaper of what was then the Northwestern Territory. " Our Willis was fortunate in other ancestors of pronounced character. His great grandmother Willis was a Belknap, granddaughter to the Rev. John Bailey, the first minister of Watertown, Massachusetts. His great-grandfather was an active patriot. His mother, born Hannah Parker, was of an excellent New England family. From her, Professor Henry IN THE FOREST CITY. 145 A. Beers, Willis's biographer, says, he inherited the emotional, impulsive part of his nature, his < quicksilver spirit.' ' : As to the character of Willis's literary work and his place among the makers of American literature, about which Percy asked, I quoted from Lowell's " A Fable For Critics : " "There is Willis, all natty and jaunty and gay, Who says his best things in so foppish a way, With conceits and pet phrases so thickly o'erlaying 'em, That one hardly knows whether to thank him for saying 'em ; Over-ornament ruins both poem and prose, Just conceive of a Muse with a ring in her nose ! His prose has a natural grace of its own, And enough of it, too, if he'd let it alone ; But he twitches and jerks so, one fairly gets tired, And is forced to forgive where one might have admired; Yet whenever it slips away free and unlaced, It runs like a stream with a musical waste, And gurgles along with the liquidest sweep ; 'Tis not deep as a river, but who'd have it deep ? In a country where scarcely a village is found That has not its author sublime and profound, For some one to be slightly shallow's a duty, And Willis's shallowness makes half his beauty. His nature's a glass of champagne with the foam on 't, As tender as Fletcher, as witty as Beaumont; So his best things are done in the flush of the moment ; If he wait, all is spoiled ; he may stir it and shake it, But, the fixed air once gone, he can never remake it. He might be a marvel of easy delightfulness, If he would not sometimes leave the r out of sprightfulness ; And he ought to let" Scripture alone 'tis self-slaughter, For nobody likes inspiration-and-water." "The characteristics which Lowell so deftly points out, marked almost all of Willis's writings," I ventured. " What he accomplished was gained only as in his youth he once wrote, ' by ardor and not by patience/ His work was done largely ' in the rush of the gay world, and the daily drudgery 146 LITERAR Y PIL G RIM A GES. of the pen : in the toil of journalism, that most exacting of mental occupations, which is forever giving forth and never bringing in,' as Professor Beers has well said ; yet it had a freshness, an air, a sparkle all its own, which made him for a time the most popular magazine writer in the country. His English, as Beers notes, was crisp, clean-cut, pointed, < nimble on the turn/ As a poet he won a reputation before leaving college, and as a writer of prose he gained an enviable name before thirty. His best work was done before forty. He lived to sixty-one and wrote steadily almost to the end, but none of his later work was so lasting as the earlier. He was the forerunner of the gossip- ing ' foreign correspondent,' when the old world was more distant, less known, than now, and a type of which Bayard Taylor was the later exemp- lar. He was the pioneer of what may be termed collo- quial journalism ; and a coiner of journalistic phrases and ' short-cuts,' some of which long survived, like ' the upper ten,' or < the upper ten thousand,' for the < exclusive' set. He was a 'tuft hunter/ but a joyously frank, not a vulgar one. "His personality was engaging, and was no slight factor in his popularity. He carried himself, says Beers, with an airy, jaunty grace, and there was something particularly spirited and vif about the poise and movement of his head, a something which no portrait could reproduce.' Powell, in the ' Living Authors of America,' published in 1850, describes him, in person, tall and elegantly made ; with manners courteous, and N. P. WILLIS. IN THE FOREST CITY. 147 the polish of high breeding. Holmes recalled him, when in the flush of young manhood, as 'very near being very hand- some. His hair of light brown color waved in luxuriant abundance, and his cheek was as rosy as if it had been painted to show behind the footlights, and he dressed with artistic elegance.' Longfellow wrote of him, upon his return from England in 1857, Willis looks very well: fresh, rosy, and young ; the youngest looking man of fifty I ever saw : not a gray hair even in his beard; and as slender and lithe as ever/ In dress he was a dandy, but a graceful one." " So Willis was, like Longfellow, a < boy poet/ if, as you say, his reputation was established before he left college," Percy observed. " Only to a slight extent. He began writing verse when at the academy at Andover, but this was only playfulness. He was an undergraduate when he first published. " His school life began in a boarding-school, and later he went to the Boston Latin School. In Boston he was mate of a number of boys who became famous in professional life and in letters. He recalled in after years Ralph Waldo Emerson as a boy whom he used to see playing around Chauncy Place and Summer Street, < one of those pale little moral-sublimes with their shirt collars turned over who were recognized by Boston schoolboys as having " fathers that are Unitarians ; " who ' came to his first short hair about the time that we came to our first tail-coat, six or eight years behind us. 7 Willis went to Phillips (Andover) Academy to prepare for Yale, which he entered at seventeen, in 1823. In his junior year verses from his pen began to appear in the f Poet's Corner ' of his father's Boston Recorder, in other religious weeklies, and in the Youth's Companion. These were mainly on scriptural subjects. In his sophomore year he won a prize for a poem in the New York Mirror, with which he afterward became connected. His 'Absalom,' and 'The Sacrifice of Abraham/ were also prize poems. These early efforts were widely 148 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. copied ; some were reproduced in popular collections of poems ; and while yet in college the young author's contributions were being sought by magazine editors. He thus became a little literary lion in the college town ; was received much in society, and nattered and petted. At graduation he delivered the valedictory poem of his class. Upon his leaving college, his first collection of verses appeared, a thin volume, entitled < Sketches.' " Returning to Boston he began work with Samuel G. Goodrich (< Peter Parley ') who had published Willis's first book. Here he edited The Legendary, a periodical, of which only two volumes were published ; and next Goodrich's ' Annual/ The Token, in 1829. For the latter, he wrote, besides other poems and sketches, your ' Saturday Afternoon.' It was written to accompany the frontispiece of the volume, an engraving of a painting of children swinging in a barn. " Meanwhile, in the spring of 1829, Willis started his own journal, the American Monthly Magazine, without capital, with only the experience of his apprenticeship in editing for Goodrich, and a profound incapacity for business. Of course it failed. But it had a run of two and a half years, and held a fair place among its contemporaries. Willis wrote the larger part of its contents, and drew to its pages some of the best of the younger writers at that time centering in Boston, among them Eichard Hildreth, George Lunt, Isaac M'Lellan, Albert Pike, Park Benjamin, and Motley, then a student in Harvard. This magazine stopped in the summer of 1831, with a debt of some three thousand dollars. " Willis then went to New York, where he joined friends in the New York Mirror, a weekly paper founded eight years before by George P. Morris and Samuel Woodworth. Morris became the most popular song writer of his time (your mother may recall that sentimental old ballad of his, ' Near the Lake Where Droops the Willow/ or surely, < Woodman, Spare That Tree')- Woodworth was the author of the 'Old Oaken JN THE FOREST CITY. 149 Bucket,' but nothing else of like popularity or merit. He had withdrawn from the Mirror when Willis entered. Thus began a business relation and an ardent friendship between Willis and Morris, which continued with but slight interruption through the lives of both of them. " When Willis removed to New York he shook the dust of Boston most impatiently from his feet. He felt that it had treated him with rank injustice. ' The mines of Golconda,' he wrote his mother, ( would not tempt me to return and live in Boston.' He had been subjected to harsh personalities, anony- mous and open attacks in the newspapers for his i frivolity, his dandyism, and his conceit ; ' he had been a victim of slander- ous towntalk about his debts, his worldliness, his love of fashionable society and of good clothes, his fondness for fast horses, good suppers, and good fellows. Then, having failed to get honorable dismission, which he sought, from the Ortho- dox Park-Street Church, of which his father was a deacon for twenty years, he was formally excommunicated for absence from its communion and < attendance at the theatre as a spectator.' " Soon after joining the Mirror Willis was sent abroad to act as the ' foreign correspondent ' of the paper, his associates getting together, with no little difficulty, a capital of five hundred dollars for the enterprise. He was to write weekly letters, at ten dollars the letter. He sailed away on a merchant brig, and entered a new and glittering world which charmed him and animated his pen. He was in Europe this time for four years, 1832-36. Five or six months were spent in Paris, where he was warmly received by the choice little American colony. He lodged there with Dr. Samuel G. Howe of Boston, then on the threshold of his noble career as a philanthropist, and before his marriage with the brilliant Julia Ward Julia Ward Howe. Through the following winter and spring Willis was traveling about Northern Italy. The next summer and winter were passed between Florence, 150 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Home, and Naples. Then a six months' cruise up the Mediterranean was made, in a United States frigate, with a convoy, by invitation of the officers.. At Smyrna he left the frigate and sailed in a Yankee brig with a Maine captain ; Portland bound, as far as Malta. Thence by easy stages through Italy, Switzerland, and France, he reached England. " These were great and rare journey ings for those days, and they were chronicled in the Mirror letters in charmingly frank detail, with gay sketches of life, personages, and society, under the caption, ' Pencilings by the Way.' It was all of surface touches, but of such liveliness, joyousness, and frankness that it captivated his steadily widening public. It also opened London periodicals to his pen. In England he remained two years. He settled down in London lodgings for a while, writ- ing for various English magazines, among other things, the clever < Philip Slingsby ' papers, later collected in his < Inklings of Adventure ' ; and sending home Mirror letters, Loiterings of Travel ' ; meanwhile he was making fast friends among English literary folk ; frequenting literary salons, Lady Bles- sington's especially ; country houses ; ' excursioning ' into Scottish cities and the highlands. Later he prepared collec- tions of his writings for English editions. " In the autumn of 1835 he married an English girl, Mary Stace, a daughter of General William Stace of Woolwich, and the following spring they sailed on the homeward voyage. It was this departure that inspired his * Lines on Leaving Eng- land,' dated English Channel, May, 1836, one of his few living lyrics, part of which Emerson quotes in the ' Parnassus,' with its spirited opening : 'Bright flag at yonder tapering mast! Fling out your field of azure blue ; Let star and stripe be westward cas^, And point as Freedom's eagle flew ! Strain home ! oh lithe and quivering spars I Point home, my country's flag of stars I IN THE FOREST CITY. 151 The wind blows fair ! the vessel feels The pressure of the rising breeze, And, swiftest of a thousand keels, She leaps to the careering seas ! Oh, fair, fair cloud of snowy sail, In whose white breast J seem to lie, How oft, when blew this eastern gale, I've seen your semblance in the sky, And long'd, with breaking heart to flee On such white pinions o'er the sea I ' " Some time after his return Willis set up at Oswego, New York, near the Susquehanna, the rural home which he named ' Glenmary,' for his wife. Thence was sent forth some of his finest work. This included his l A 1'Abri ; or, the Tent Pitched,' treating jocundly of nature and out-door life, and the small sights and happenings about him, which Lowell so pleas- antly complimented : " Few volumes I know to read under a tree More truly delightful than his A 1'Abri." "He also tried his hand at play -writing, but with indifferent success so far as performance went, although after the publica- tion of the plays in London Longfellow wrote in his diary, ' they are full of poetry and do him honor/ Then he entered into another periodical venture, joining his friend Dr. T. O. Porter, the * Doctor ' to whom the ' Letters from Under a Bridge ' were addressed, in The Corsair. This was ' a gazette of literature, art, dramatic criticism, fashion, and novelty/ which frankly announced its intention to ' convey ' the fresh European literature it desired, inasmuch as Europeans were freely taking American publications in the absence of inter- national copyright. The Corsair ran only a year, without profit. During part of this year and the next Willis was again abroad, sending letters to his journal, and occupied with other work. While in England he engaged Thackeray, then in the first flush of his popularity, to write Paris letters for The Cor- 152 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. sair. Some of these letters Thackeray subsequently repro- duced in his ' Paris Sketch Book,' and all were republished after his death. It was this work of his own that Thackeray had in mind when, afterward, in ' Philip/ he made his hero contribute letters to a New York fashionable journal entitled 'The Gazette of the Upper Ten Thousand,' Willis's phrase. " The two or three years following Willis's second return from Europe were crowded with work for various periodicals, famous successes of their day, but long since faded. The sto- ries, tales and sketches thus published were afterward collected in his ' Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil.' This was the period of his greatest popularity, when, Beers avers, he was the best paid, and in every way most successful magazine- writer that America had yet seen. After five years of blissful life at Glenmary he was obliged to sell the place, having met with losses ; and one of the most pathetic yet charming papers written at this time was his * Letter to the Unknown Purchaser and Next Occupant of Glenmary.' A tender pas- sage was the reference to the grave of his child there : "In the shady depths of the small glen above you, among the wild flowers and music, the music of the brook babbling over rocky steps, is a spot sacred to love and memory. Keep it inviolate, and as much of the happiness of Glenmary as we can leave behind stay with you for recom- pense." " Willis then returned to New York to live, and soon afterward rejoined Morris in the New Mirror, which succeeded the earlier weekly, and their life-long partnership began. From the New Mirror came the Evening Mirror, a daily journal, upon the staff of which was Edgar Allan Poe, for a while, as critic and sub-editor. Then the two partners, having withdrawn from the Mirror, joined in the National Press, from which evolved the Home Journal, with James Parton for some time assistant editor, and after him Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Of each of these journals Willis was the active editor, and to them most of his later writings were contributed, IN THE FOREST CITY. 153 taking book form afterward. In this editorial work, as Beers happily says, he became a sort of * Knickerbocker Spectator.' " His English wife died in New York in the spring of 1845, and the following summer he made his last visit abroad. He was absent about a year, and because of his ill-health he called his writings to the home paper < Invalid Letters.' The autumn after his return he married his second wife. She was Cornelia Grinnell, a niece of Congressman Joseph Grinnell of New Bedford, Massachusetts, whom he met in Washington, when there writing letters to the London Morning Chronicle. She was twenty years his junior. In 1850 he returned to rural life at his second country seat, near Cornwall-on-the- Hudson, which became famous as ' Idlewild.' Here he wrote his only novel, < Paul Fane.' And here ho died. His body was brought to Mount Auburn, in Cambridge, for burial, with Longfellow, the elder Dana, Holmes, Lowell, and Aldrich among the pall-bearers. " Willis's favorite brother, Richard Storrs Willis (born in Boston, 1819-) became a musical editor, author, and composer, and attained a good name as a poet. The youngest sister, Sara Payson Willis (born in Portland, 1811 died in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1872), was the ' Fanny Fern ' once so well known in juvenile and light magazine literature. These two were also Portland born. < Fanny Fern's ' life was rather meteoric. She was a high-spirited, merry girl, educated in Catherine E. Beecher's ' Young Ladies' Seminary,' at Hartford, Connecticut. Married young, she lost her first husband after twelve years of wedded life, and was left with two children and little means. From her second husband, with whom her union was unhappy, she was finally divorced. He third husband was James Parton. Her relations with her brother Nathaniel grew strained in later life, and she bitterly attacked him in her story of 'Ruth Hall,' published in 1854. Her most successful books were ' Fern Leaves,' t Fresh Leaves,' and her second novel, ' Rose Clark.' " 154 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. We spent this night at the Preble House, which stands where Commodore Treble's mansion stood. Percy selected this hostlery rather than one of the grander and newer hotels, because, he said, his father used to stop here when passing through Portland on the summer journey ings to the Maine coast, and had talked about the cheery outlook upon the street in the gloaming, from its front piazza. X. IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. College days of Longfellow and Hawthorne. Where "Uncle Toin's Cabin" was written. Story of the execution. Mrs. Stowe's "vision." Longfellow's first professorship. Poems written in Brunswick. Longfellow's last visit to his Alma Mater. " Morituri Salutamus." The farewell gathering of the surviving classmates. Footprints of Hawthorne. The Abbott brothers, Jacob, John S. C. and Gorham I). Story of the " Hollo Books" and their com- panions. Birthplace of " Artemus Ward." His career recalled. THE next morning we journeyed down to Brunswick, the beautiful college town on the Androscoggin, with its memories of Longfellow and Hawthorne as Bowdoin College boys, and of Harriet Beecher Stowe and " Uncle Tom's Cabin." It is a railroad ride of about an hour from Portland, through cheerful towns and piney ways and picturesque country that delighted Percy's eye. But the town itself, with the river curving about it, "as if with a gentle caress," the broad shaded streets and pleasant mall, the college buildings and the college yard with its " hedge of lofty trees," the old-type mansion-houses embowered in green, this most impressed my companion. The day and the place invited to stroll and loiter. So we wandered leisurely along the shady ways and about the college grounds, in the footprints, as Percy liked to imagine, of Longfellow and Hawthorne. We came upon the house in which Longfellow the student roomed, and then upon that which Longfellow the professor occupied, both pleasant dwellings pleasantly placed. The former was doubly distinguished as the home of the Stowes during their residence in Brunswick, where "Uncle Toin's 155 156 L1TEHAUY PILGRIMAGES. IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 157 Cabin " was written. We were told that in Longfellow's col- lege days it was the home of the minister of the old church, Parson Titcomb. Longfellow and his brother, two years his senior and in the same class with him, shared a single room on the second floor. According to Samuel Longfellow's description, it was a very plainly furnished room, embellished only with bombazine window curtains and a set of card-racks painted by the boys' sister ; and in winter the chill was but partly taken off by a wood fire in an open grate. On the door of the closet young Longfellow marked an image of a boy about his own age, which he used to attack vigorously with the leathern gauntlet on his fists, for exercise when the heavy snow out doors prevented long walks. "This is a very splendid classick amusement," he wrote home, " and I have already be- come quite skilful as a pugilist." " Longfellow came to college at the beginning of the second term," I chatted as Percy looked about the place, " his first year's studies having been pursued at home, owing to his extreme youth. He was but fourteen when he passed the entrance examinations. At Bowdoin he wrote a number of poems and some prose, which found place in several periodical publi cations. The productions of his first year were published in the Portland papers. His subsequent prose articles were accepted first by the American Monthly Magazine of Phila- delphia ; while his poems appeared in the United States Lite- rary Gazette, an admirable Boston journal of literature, started in 1824 under the editorship of Theophilus Parsons, son of that Judge Theophilus Parsons of whom we heard in New- buryport. Seventeen of these poems were the work of one year, and being pretty widely copied in other journals they brought the youthful writer a fair reputation before his twentieth year. " What sort of a fellow was Longfellow in college ? n Percy asked. " Was he a grind ? " " Classmates of his have described him as companionable. 158 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. He was a faithful student, but not too devoted to his books. Professor Packard remembers him as an attractive youth, of well-bred manners and bearing. His was an ambitious class. It came in only a year after Maine was separated from Massa- chusetts and erected into an independent state, and state pride inspired some at least of its members to good report of their college. It was composed of excellent material, including with Longfellow and Hawthorne, John S. C. Abbott, afterward the historical writer ; George B. Cheever, later on the eminent clergyman and litterateur of Salem, Massachusetts, whose 1 Deacon Giles's Distillery,' a temperance tract, brought him wide reputation and a term in Salem jail, for < Deacon Giles ' was a veritable person ; Horatio Bridge, subsequently Com- modore Bridge ; and the sons of Chief Justice Mellen of Port- land, of Jeremiah Mason of Newburyport, and of Commodore Preble. It numbered thirty-eight members, and Longfellow ranked fourth." The association of the Stowes with this house was now re- called. It began, I remarked, with the appointment of Pro- fessor Stowe to the Collins professorship of Natural and Revealed Religion, upon the establishment of .that chair in the college, in 1849. They had been living here about two years when Mrs. Stowe engaged in her greatest work. And then I repeated the oft-told story of its execution in this wise. "Mrs. Stowe, with others of the Beecher family, were greatly moved by the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of the anti-slavery paper The Observer, in Alton, Illinois, in 1837 ; and later by the passage of the Fugitive Slaw Act of 1850 with its exciting results. Her brother Edward Beecher, then minister of the Salem Street Church in Boston, had been especially out- raged by the Alton tragedy ; for when living in Illinois he had been an intimate friend and supporter of Lovejoy (who, by the way, was a native of Maine, born in the town of Albion). In his Boston household these and kindred matters were sub- jects of indignant discussion, and warm letters upon them IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 159 passed between Mrs. Beecher and Mrs. Stowe. At length Mrs. Beecher wrote: 'Now, Hattie, if I could use a pen as you can I would write something that would make the whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is.' Mrs. Stowe read this letter aloud to her family ; and when she came to the passage quoted, she l rose up from her chair, crushing the letter in her hand, and with an expression on her face that stamped itself on her child ' (her son, the Rev. C. E. Stowe, editor of her ( Life and Letters ') exclaimed, < I will write something. I will, if I live.' The work, however, was not immediately begun, for family cares interfered. But one Sun- HOUSE IN WHICH " UNCLE TOM'S CABIN" WAS WRITTEN. day in February, 1851, when at the communion service in the college church, Mrs. Stowe experienced what she has called a vision : * Suddenly like the unrolling of a picture, the death of " Uncle Tom " passed before her mind. So strongly was she affected that it was with difficulty she could keep from weeping aloud. Immediately upon return- ing home she took pen and paper and wrote out the vision which had been, as it were, blown into her mind as by the rushing of a mighty wind. Gathering her family about her she read what she had written. 160 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Her two little ones of ten and twelve years of age broke into convulsions of weeping, one of them saying through his sobs, " O, mamma ! slavery is the most cruel thing in the world." Thus "Uncle Tom" was ushered into the world, and it was ... a cry, an immediate, an involuntary expression of deep, impassioned feeling.' " The original scheme was a magazine tale of about twelve chapters, but it grew into book proportions as it developed. Its serial publication in the National Era began in June, 1851, and ran to April of the following year. Mrs. Stowe wrote a few chapters in Edward Beecher's study in Boston, during a visit to that city, and read them aloud, as composed, to her brother and his wife. The serial publication brought her three hundred dollars. Meanwhile a Boston publisher, John P. Jewett, had made overtures for the issue of the story in book form, pro- posing a joint arrangement by which Professor and Mrs. Stowe should share with him the expense of its publication and take a half share of the profits. This Professor Stowe declined (Mrs. Stowe left the business to him to handle, having herself little faith in the further success of the work as a book) for the reason that neither he nor his wife had the means to warrant the venture. Finally an agreement was effected on the basis of a ten per cent royalty to the author on the sales. And there was no more astonished person in the country than Mrs. Stowe when she learned that three thousand copies of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' were sold the very first day of its publication, and when she received on the sales in three months a royalty of ten thousand dollars. " ' Uncle Tom ' was Mrs. Stowe's third book ; her first being a school geography published in 1832 in the West, and her sec- ond, the story of ' Mayflower,' published by the Harpers." Passing next to the other Longfellow house, we took up again the thread of the poet's Brunswick life. " It is interesting to note," I observed, " that as to his life- profession Longfellow knew his mind from the beginning. When a sophomore he wrote to his father, who desired him to IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 161 t pursue the law : ' The fact is and I will not disguise it in the least, for I think I ought not, the fact is I most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature; my whole soul burns most ardently for it, and every earthly thought centres in it.' His theme in the graduating exercises of his class, in which he had the third English oration, was in line with his cherished thought : ' Our Native Writers.' " When shortly after his graduation he was selected for the newly established chair of Modern Languages and Litera- ture in the college, a way to his ambition most opportunely opened. He postponed the beginning of this work, however, in order that he might qualify himself more thoroughly for the position by study of European languages on their native soil. This was before transatlantic steamship days, which did not begin till the late thirties, and it was deemed best for him to wait until summer to make the voyage to Europe. The autumn and winter before he sailed were passed at the Port- land home, in reading Blackstone to please his father, and in literary pursuits to please himself. A little room adjoining his father's house-office was his < study.' Three years were spent abroad, and at the opening of the college year of 1829 he assumed the professorship. He held the chair for five and a half years, popular with the students, and in high standing as an instructor. At the same time he also served as librarian of the college, a congenial rather than a laborious task. "No, Longfellow did not take this house immediately upon becoming a professor. For about two years he occupied rooms in the college halls. He came here upon his marriage with Mary Potter in 1831, when they first set up housekeeping. She was a daughter of Judge Barrett Potter of Portland, his father's friend and neighbor. To her he alludes in his < Foot- steps of Angels ' 4 ... The Being Beauteous Who unto my youth was given, More than all things else to love me.' 162 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. I " Of the house in their first season of its occupancy Long- fellow has given this summer-morning picture u * I can almost fancy myself in Spain, the morning is so soft and beautiful. The tessellated shadow of the honeysuckle lies motionless upon my study floor, as if it were a figure in the carpet ; and through the open window comes the fragrance of the wild brier and the mock orange. The birds are carolling in the trees, and their shadows flit across the window as they dart to and fro in the sunshine ; while the murmur of the bees, the cooing of doves from the eaves, and the whirring of the little humming-bird that has its nest in the honeysuckle, send up a sound of joy to meet the rising sun. 1 " The study was a room on the first floor at the right of the entrance. Here the poet wrote the first numbers of his ' Outre-Mer : a Pilgrimage beyond the Sea/ suggestive of Irving, which was started under the title of ( The School- master 7 in Buckingham's Boston monthly, the first New England Magazine. " Longfellow .left Brunswick upon his appointment to the chair of modern languages at Harvard, which his friend George Ticknor had resigned in 1834. There, as here, his assumption of his professorship was postponed till he had studied further in Europe. This time his attention was given especially to the languages of Northern Europe. He spent a summer in Norway and Sweden, and an autumn and winter in Holland and Germany. At Rotterdam, in November, 1835, affliction came upon him in the sudden death of his wife, who had accompanied him on his travels. A year later he returned, and at once entered upon the Harvard work. Then began his life in Cambridge, which continued to his death." A word was here added as to Longfellow's last visit to his alma mater, and then our talk turned to Hawthorne's college days at Bowdoin. " This farewell visit was in 1875, the fiftieth anniversary of his class, when he read his sublime ' Morituri Salutamus,' with its now familiar opening lines and picture of the college town of his youth : IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 163 * O Caesar, we who are about to die Salute you !" was the gladiator's cry In the arena, standing face to face With death and with the Roman populace. O ye familiar scenes, ye groves of pine, That once were mine and are no longer mine, Thou river, widening through the meadows green To the vast sea, so near and yet unseen, Ye halls in whose seclusion and repose Phantoms of fame, like exhalations, rose, And vanished, we who are about to die, Salute you; earth and air and sea and sky, And the Imperial Sun that scatters down His sovereign splendors upon grove and town ! ' " The scene in the old church when the now venerable poet saluted these scenes of his youth, and the instructors, of whom all save one, Professor Packard, had died, the stu- dents, who filled the seats that he and his classmates had occu- pied, and finally his classmates, 4 Against whose familiar names not yet The fatal asterisk of death is set, 1 has been tenderly described by one of this little band, the Kev. Dr. David Shepley. Just before leaving for their homes these aged classmates gathered in a retired college room for the last time and talked together a half hour as of old. ' Then/ con- tinues the narrative, * going forth and standing for a moment once more under the branches of the old tree, in silence we took each other by the hand and separated, knowing well that Brunswick would not again witness a gathering of the class of 1825."' We could trace fewer footprints of Hawthorne than of Longfellow in the modern town. Percy had read, or been told, that during his college days our romancer roomed in a house with a stairway on the outside leading to the second story. This house was in the village opposite the home of 164 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Professor Cleaveland. Hawthorne lived here, however, only through his last two years. He roomed alone, but his class- mate Bridge, afterward his life-long friend, boarded with him at the family table. When he first came to the college he took a room with his chum Mason Jeremiah Mason's son in Maine Hall, where they remained till the burning of the building in March, 1822. From this disaster they fortunately saved their effects, Hawthorne suffering only a torn coat; " luckily," he afterward wrote his sister, " it happened to be my old one." Thereafter, till Maine Hall was rebuilt, they roomed in the large house opposite the President's house. They occupied room No. 19 in the new Maine Hall in their sopho- more year. " Was Hawthorne at all chummy with the other fellows, or did he keep by himself ? " Percy asked. "Bridge, in his i Personal Recollections' of him, best answers your question. Although taciturn he was ' invariably cheer- ful with his chosen friends, and there was much more of fun and frolic in his disposition than his published writings indi- cate.' His manner was self-respecting and reserved. He was ' neither morose nor sentimental.' Bridge describes him in personal appearance ( a slender lad, with a massive head, dark, brilliant and most expressive eyes, heavy eyebrows, and a profusion of dark hair.' His figure was ' somewhat singular, owing to his carrying his head a little on one side ; but his walk was square and firm.' " He was less fond of the simple college sports of those days (although ,he took some part in them) than of long walks through the pine forest, and of hunting, fishing, and musing. In his dedication of the ' Snow Image ' to Bridge, who first ex- pressed faith in him as a writer of fiction, and later helped him to public recognition, he gives pleasant glimpses of this college life. He pictures himself and his friend as lads together at the country college, i gathering blueberries in study hours under those tall, academic pines, or watching the great logs as IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 165 they tumbled along the current of the Androscoggin, or shoot- ing pigeons or gray squirrels in the woods, or bat-fowling in the summer twilight, or catching trout in that shady little stream which, I suppose, is still wandering riverward through the forest, though you and I will never cast a line in it again ; two idle lads in short (as we need not fear to acknowledge now), doing a hundred things that the Faculty never heard of, or else it would have been the worse for us/ " And in ' Fanshawe ' he describes under the name of < Har- ley College ' the Bowdoin of this time : '"If this institution did not offer all the advantages of elder and prouder seminaries, its deficiencies were compensated to its students by the inculcation of regular habits, and of a deep and awful sense of reli- gion, which seldom deserted them in their course through life. The mild and gentle rule . . . was more destructive to vice than a sterner sway ; and though youth was never without its follies, they have seldom been more harmless than they were here.' " Many of " those tall academic pines " of Hawthorne's de- light long since fell under the axe, and his favorite paths are no more to be traced ; but we came upon the " shadowy little stream " singing along under the fitting modern name of " Haw. thorne Brook." " Did Hawthorne's genius, like Longfellow's, begin to show itself while he was a college man ? " Percy asked as we were again strolling over the campus. " No. But in his confidences with his friend Bridge it was evident what direction his thoughts were taking. Though he had yet written nothing for publication, the studies in which he excelled revealed the talent that was in him. In English and Latin composition his superiority was acknowledged by professors and students alike. Professor Packard has said of his themes that they were written in the sustained, finished style that gave to his mature productions their inimitable charm. Metaphysics he disliked, and mathematics he abhorred. His ambition to be an author he had expressed when a school- 166 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. boy in Salem, Massachusetts, where, you know, he was born. ' How would you like some day to see a whole shelf full of books written by your son, with " Hawthorne's Works " printed on their backs ? ' he wrote his mother when he left school to fit for college under a Salem lawyer. While keeping on with his preparatory studies, he worked part of each day as clerk in the office of one of his Uncles Manning (his mother's broth- ers), who owned a line of stages. He found this task uncon- genial, declaring to his sister that i no man can be a poet and a book-keeper at the same time.' " He was seventeen when he came to Bowdoin, with a mind awakened by much miscellaneous reading, and with a poetic temperament. When a little fellow in the Manning homestead in Salem, being kept much in-doors by a lameness resulting from an accident at bat and ball, he absorbed several of the English classics with which the old-fashioned library there was stored. And during a year or so spent with his mother on the farm of another Uncle Manning, down here in Maine, by Sebago Lake, ' drinking in the tonic of a companionship with untamed nature,' he practiced his boyish pen in writing little sketches. Of this country life he wrote long afterward to James T. Fields, ' I lived in Maine like a bird of the air, so perfect was the freedom I enjoyed. But it was there I first got my cursed habits of solitude.' " Hawthorne ranked eighteenth in his class, and had no 'commencement part' because he had taken no part in decla- mation. This exercise he invariably cut, having a horror of public or formal speaking. Upon his graduation he returned to Salem, and it was there, in seclusion, that his serious work as an author began." Next we talked about the three Abbott brothers, who were students here at this same period : Jacob Abbott (born 1803 died 1879), the elder, who wrote the perennial " Eollo Books," the " Franconia Stories," and scores of other juveniles, the delight of the youth of generations before Percy's ; John IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 167 Stephen Cabot Abbott (born 1805 died 1877), the prolific author of those popular lives of kings and queens, and of Napo- leon Bonaparte, which had so great a run half a century ago ; and Gorham Dummer Abbott (born 1807 died 1874), writer of religious books. We considered side by side the careers of the brothers Jacob and John. Both were natives of Maine, born, the elder, in Hallowell, whence comes the Hallowell granite, the other in Brunswick. Both were fitted for Bowdoin at the Hal- JACOB ABBOTT IN HIS PARLOR AT " FEWACRES." lowell Academy. After graduation from college each in turn went to Andover Hill and took the Theological Seminary course ; so both were fitted for the ministry. Jacob began active life as a teacher, later became a minister, and afterward devoted himself exclusively to writing. John began as a min- ister, subsequently took up teaching, and finally, like Jacob, engaged wholly in authorship. Jacob Abbott was for a short time teacher in the Portland Academy which Longfellow had previously attended ; then he was at Amherst College, Massachusetts, first as a tutor, after- 168 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. ward as a professor of mathematics and mental philosophy. From there he went to Boston and established a school for girls, one of the first in the country to give young women the same standard of education as young men, and unique in the principle upon which it was conducted, that of self-govern- ment, in which the pupils had share with the teachers. And later, in New York City, he was associated with John and Gorham (who also was an ordained minister) in the Abbott Institute, another "young ladies' school." He had become a minister meanwhile, having been licensed to preach when at Amherst ; and he had also made a start in authorship, having " FEWACRES," JACOB ABBOTT'S COUNTRY HOME. written his first books, the " Young Christian Series " of juve- niles in three volumes. u The Hollo Books" were begun in the thirties. They were written partly in Boston, when Mr. Abbott was teaching school, partly in Roxbury where he was pastor of the Eliot Congregational Church, partly in New York and abroad. Their success was phenomenal, and " Uncle George " and " Hollo " and " Jonas " became household familiars. The series embraced twenty-four volumes, composed of the distinct IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 169 " Rollo Books/' the " Lucy Books," and the " Jonas Books," all prime favorites with many young folk in their day. Next the " Marco Paul Series " appeared, in six volumes. Then, most fascinating of all to Mr. Abbott's youthful public, the twelve volumes of " Franconia Stories," their scene laid in the Fran- conia Notch of the White Mountains. Then the " Florence and John Stories ; " and the many-volumed " Harper Story Books." His books numbered in all more than two hundred, and were reproduced in foreign countries. Much of the work of his later years was done in Maine, at his country home of " Fewacres " in the rural town of Farmington, where his father had sometime lived, and where his sister resided. And there he died at the age of seventy-six. He was one of our pioneer writers of the widely popular order of juveniles, following close upon Samuel C. Goodrich (born in Kidgefield, Conn., 1793, _ died in New York City, 1860), with his "Peter Parley " books begun in the late twenties, which reached a total of one hundred and sixteen volumes. John S. C. Abbott's first publication was the " Mother at Home," a series of "talks" given originally in his parish when he was a minister in Worcester, Massachusetts, in the thirties. It was the popularity of this publication that de- termined him to take up book-making as a steady occupation along with preaching. After publishing one more religious book he entered valiantly into the field of popular history ; and his freehand sketches of kings and queens and others of the purple fell rapidly from his tireless pen. His life of Napoleon Bonaparte first ran as a serial in Hater's Magazine in the early fifties. His popular history of our Civil War was one of the earliest published. Then came his life of Napoleon III. He continued his preaching and pastoral duties while producing his popular histories. He accomplished a prodigious amount of work through a long life, due largely to his methodical habits and equable temper. His writing was generally done in two hours of the early morning before break- 170 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. fast, and after breakfast until early afternoon dinner-time. His last home was in Fair Haven, Connecticut, where he lived to his seventy-third year. With a little drive in the country about Brunswick this pilgrimage ended. And with our visit to the old college town ended our pilgrimage to Maine literary landmarks. We should have liked to visit the birthplace of Charles Farrar Browne (born 1834 died in England, 1867), whom the world knew as "Artemus Ward," the humorous writer and lecturer; but that involved too long a journey for a single " landmark." And only the boyhood of " Artemus Ward " was passed in Maine ; his writings began elsewhere. I recalled his career, however, in our talk. It was on a back-country farm that he was born, in the .upper village of Waterford toward the New Hampshire line, set in an agricultural region amidst charming scenery. The village in his youth, as he described it, contained not over forty houses in all. " But they are milk white, with the greenest of blinds, and for the most part are shaded with beautiful elms and willows. To the right of us is a mountain, to the left a lake. The village nestles between." A pleasant picture Percy thought this. Browne was a boy of twelve when he left this country home to learn the printer's trade. His first " piece " was published in Boston, in Shillaber's Carpet Bag, when he was a compositor in its little office, yet in his teens. This " piece " was a lively description of a Fourth-of-July celebration in Skowhegan, the Maine town in which he had learned his trade. He wrote it in a disguised hand, and secretly slipped the manuscript into the editor's box ; and it was his pride next day to receive it with other "copy" to "set up." From Boston he drifted through the country westward as a journeyman printer. At length he put down the composing-stick and took up the pen alone, as writer of " funny paragraphs " for a Toledo, IN MAINE'S CHIEF COLLEGE TOWN. 171 Ohio, paper. Shifting next to Cleveland, he first made use of the signature of " Artemus Ward " in the Plaindealer, attached to letters concerning a " Great Moral Show," and to humorous stories. These were copied by other papers and caught up and repeated by traveling minstrels and circuses. At length the popularity of his productions led him to take the lecture field with them. Meanwhile his name had become more familiar in the East as editor of Vanity Fair, a short-lived comic journal of New York. He started out with his first lecture near the Christmas season of 1861, the handbills announcing simply "Artemus Ward Will Speak a Piece," with place and date. This was his famous lecture on " The Babes in the Woods," the whimsi- cal feature of which was its failure to touch the subject. His second lecture was entitled "Sixty Minutes in Africa"; the third, " Among the Mormons," the tickets to which admitted " the Bearer and One Wife." With these lectures he made a successful tour across the continent. In 1866 he sailed for England, where he soon became somewhat of a lion, receiving more attention than in his own country. He was made much of by the literary set in London ; wrote for Punch ; reproduced his " Artemus Ward : His Book," first published in New York in 1862 ; issued other books; and lectured to immense audiences. In the seventh week of a London lecture engagement he was taken gravely ill, and shortly after, close upon his thirty-fourth birthday, he died. His body was brought back to the little Maine home- stead, and lies buried in the village cemetery by the side of his father, mother, and brother. 172 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. " While ' Artemus Ward's ' productions were not of so pronounced literary value as to rank him with the higher grade of humorous writers," I concluded, "their dry humor and homely diction tickled the popular taste, and brought him renown wider than that which the finer literary wits of his day achieved.' 7 The next day we drove over to Bath, and that night sailed therefrom by steamer to Boston. XL THE HEART OF ESSEX. Ipswich landmarks. Homes of Colonial writers and scholars. John Winthrop, jun. Anne Bradstreet's earlier home. Nathaniel Ward, "The Simple Cobler of Aggawam." Hubbard, the early his- torian. John Norton. Thomas Cobbett. Nathaniel Rogers. The progenitors of Ralph Waldo Emerson. " Gail Hamilton's " home in Hamilton. Scene of "The Witch of Wenhain." "Peter's Pulpit." THE next day we completed our survey of literary land- marks east of Boston with a pilgrimage into the heart of old Essex County and back along the North Shore of Massachu- setts Bay, finishing at the " headland height " of Nahant. It was a little journey of less than thirty miles from Boston to our first objective point, into a thrifty country and a region yet retaining some fragments of those early New England characteristics in which our writers have found so much for verse and story. We went out by steam cars, and returned along trolley lines, by carriage, and by steamboat to our starting-place. This first objective point was Ipswich, the ancient Agawam, that choice old Essex-town set upon its hills and along its river winding to the sea, where Anne Bradstreet began her poetizing ; and where Nathaniel Ward (born 1570 died 1653), the versatile parson, compiled the " Body of Liberties," the first code of laws in the Bay Colony, and in 1645, when he was severity-five, wrote those shrewd and witty commentaries of the " Simple Cobler of Aggawam," on manners and cus- toms of his time. Where, too, lived the Rev. William Hubbard (born 1621 died 1704), New England's early historian j the 173 174 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Rev. John Norton (born in England, 1606 died in Boston, 1663), who wrote the first Latin book published in America; the Rev. Thomas Cobbett (born in Newbury, England, 1608 died in Ipswich, 1685), writer of more books in his time than any man in New England ; and Thomas Emerson, baker, the American progenitor of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Old Ipswich folk remark with just pride, I observed in the customary " preliminary talk," of our outward trip, the character of the town's early settlers, the intellectual caliber as well as the social standing in the colonial community of these first families. Their historians are fond of quot- ing Edward Johnson's phrase, in his " Wonder- W T orking Providence of Sions Savior in New Eng-. land," that early de- scription of the Bay Col- ony, " The peopling of this town is by men of good ranke and quality." First there was the founder, John Winthrop, jun. (born 1605 6 died 1676). He was eldest son of Governor John Win- throp, and was that Win- throp who became the first governor of Connecticut. He was an accomplished scholar and the compan- ion of scholars. He possessed a library of more than a thousand volumes, one of the largest in the colony, a remnant of which still preserved bears testimony to his learning and broad intel- lectual tastes, so those who have examined it say. He was IN THE HEART OF ESSEX. 175 but twenty-seven when this plantation was begun. He built him a house among the earliest, in a picturesque spot on the south side of the river, which tradition confidently identifies ; and this home he and his gentle wife made a center of Puritan hospitality. She was Martha Painter, an old England minis- ter's daughter. She died a few years after coming here, and her dust lies in an unmarked grave in the old town bury ing- ground. For his second wife Winthrop took Elizabeth Reade, step-daughter of the famous Hugh Peters who met his fate at Charing-Cross as one of the regicides, after the restoration of Charles II. Winthrop's son, John Fitz, born here, became the second Governor Winthrop of Connecticut. A daughter mar- ried a son of Governor Endicott. Then there were the Dudleys with the Bradstreets, who lived here for a number of years ; the. Saltonstalls, Richard, son of Sir Richard, and Muriel Gurden, his wife, whom he went back to England in one of the earliest returning ships to marry, he then twenty-two, she eighteen; and the Denisons, Daniel, scholar and statesman, first major-general in the colony, and his wife Patience Dudley, Anne Bradstreet's sister, with whom he fell in love in Newe Towne (Cambridge) when the Dudleys were living there ; the Symondses, Samuel, long time deputy-governor, and his wife Rebekah; the Appletons, Samuel, who became General Appleton, a brave Indian fighter ; the Eastons, Nicholas, later of Newport, Rhode Island, and president of that colony, whose name is perpetuated in the fashionable beach of Newport ; and the Rogers family of ministers, whence came John Rogers, fifth president of Har- vard College. At a later period that Joseph Rowlandson, who, for too freely exercising his pen in prose and verse in criticism of the government and his fellow townsmen, of one of whom he wrote, " When he lived in our country a wet eele's tayle and his word were something worth ye taking hold of W as sentenced to be whipped or pay a fine, but was let off upon apologizing. 176 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Twice Governor John Winthrop visited the town, making the whole distance from Boston and back on foot, along the narrow trail through the wilderness ; and evidently thought these no extraordinary performances. His first visit was in the second year of the settlement, when the people were temporarily without a minister, and during a Sunday spent with them he " exercised by way of prophecy," or, in modern term, preached. The second visit was four years later. Then the journey out was more stately, the people of the few towns along the way guarding him on his progress " to show their respect to the governor, and also for his safety in regard it was expected the Indians were come this way " ; while all Ipswich turned out to greet him. Percy delighted in the quiet beauty of Ipswich's setting, and the serenity of the venerable town. He found much to charm him as we strolled leisurely along the tranquil streets, across the Common spreading up to the First Church on a sightly knoll, over the Green and under the elms before the Old South Church, and by the river side. On one of the Greens two lofty elms were pointed out to him as growing from the beds of the whipping-post and the stocks of colony days. Opposite the soldiers' monument we passed the site of the old tavern of frequent mention by the chatty Sewall in his Diary, at a later period noted pleasantly in John Adams's Diary, and still later thus attractively sketched by Whittier : "The tavern was once renowned throughout New England. . . . During court time it is crowded with jocose lawyers, anxious clients, sleepy jurors, and miscellaneous hangers on ; disinterested gentlemen, who have no particular business of their own in court, but who regularly attend its sessions, weighing evidence, deciding upon the merits of a lawyer's plea or a judge's charge, getting up extempore trials upon the piazza or in the bar-room of cases still involved in the glorious uncer- tainty of the law in the court-house proffering gratuitous legal advice to IN THE HEART OF ESSEX. 177 irascible plaintiffs and desponding defendants, and in various other ways seeing that the Commonwealth receives no detriment. In the autumn old sportsmen make the tavern their headquarters while scouring the marshes for sea-birds ; and slim young gentlemen from the city return thither with empty game-bags, as guiltless in respect to the snipes and wagtails as Winkle was in the matter of the rooks, after his shooting excursion at Dingle Dell." On a cross street running river-ward we came upon the Rev. John Norton's house, later the home of the Rev. Thomas THE ANCIENT NORTON HOUSE. Cobbett. We found it bearing well its load of years, two and two-thirds centuries, and having the good fortune of an occupant with a lively appreciation of its dignity and historic worth. The front door opened at our knock ; and Percy viewed the massive central chimney, the great fireplace, the deep ovens, the broad low-studded rooms with the exposed hewn oak beams. He tarried in the "best room/' where distinguished personages traveling this way were entertained ; for this, he was reminded, was the minister's house, Norton being the second minister of Ipswich, and Cobbett the third. Once, if not oftener, Governor Endicott was received here. Cotton Mather was a welcome guest. And here, with his 178 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. retinue of braves, came Mogg Megone of Agamenticus (York, Maine), that Indian chief of Whittier's earliest narrative poem, when on his way to Boston in 1676 during King Philip's War. One of John Norton's sons lost his life by drowning; and at the funeral here, so runs the record, five barrels of rum were consumed by the mourning town-folk in attendance. Along the river we followed a foot-path close to the water side. Near the low-arched bridge carrying a highway across, we saw another early seventeenth century house which tradition says was Winthrop's. About the South Church Green were more distinctively literary landmarks, indicated by an inscribed tablet in front of the meetinghouse, set up by the local his- torical society. According to this authority, Nathaniel Ward's house stood on the east side of the Green ; that of William Hubbard, the minister-historian, a few rods eastward near the river ; that of Richard Saltonstall, on the south side ; that of Nathaniel Rogers, the first Parson Rogers of Ipswich, on the west side ; and that of Ezekiel Cheever, the first schoolmaster (afterward schoolmaster at Boston), with the schoolhouse ad- joining, near Nathaniel Ward's. Percy also took note from this tablet that " The expedition against Quebec, Benedict Arnold in command, Aaron Burr in the ranks, marched by this spot September 15, 1775." Of the house sites he naturally took most interest in that of Nathaniel Ward, since Ward's work, as he had been told, was the "Ipswich classic.' 7 "Was the * Simple Cobler of Aggawam' written in the house here ? " he asked. Presum- ably ; and perhaps in the room where upon the mantel-piece was inscribed the cheerful minister's motto : " Sobrie, Justie, Pie, Laete." Although Ward was minister the first minister of Ipswich only about three years, he remained in town three or four years longer, and then removed to Haverhill, of which he was a founder. Tradition points vaguely to the site of Anne Bradstreet's IN THE HEART OF ESSEX. 179 house; and to that of Thomas Emerson, the first of Ralph Waldo Emerson's American ancestors, here settled six years after the plantation at Agawam began, which was in 1634. Of the Ipswich Emersons the only definite landmarks are the graves in the old bury ing-ground. On our rambling way to the bury ing-ground we crossed the stone-arched Choate Bridge, built in 1704, which the wiseacres expected to see crushed into the river with the first test of a loaded team, but the glory of which, nevertheless, a local poet sung at its finish : *' Behold this bridge of lime and stone, The like before was never known For beauty and magnificence, Considering the small expense." In the old burying-ground, as we loitered about the worn mounds, deciphering historic names on many a mossy stone and lingering longest by the Emerson graves, we talked of the emigrant Emerson, and traced the line from him to the Con- cord seer. Beyond the facts that Thomas Emerson, by trade a baker, was from near Durham, England, and was among the earliest comers to the Bay Colony, little of him could be told Percy. " It would be interesting to know what sort of mail he was," Percy thought. " We may safely assume," I ventured, " that he was a man of worth and standing, for he sent one son, and possibly two, to college to be trained for the ministry. He was a progenitor of ministers. Of his sons, Joseph, Ralph Waldo's great-great- great-grandfather, was the pioneer minister of Mendon, an interior Massachusetts town, and barely escaped death when the village was burned by the Indians in King Philip's War. This Joseph married Elizabeth Bulkeley, granddaughter of the first minister of Concord, and daughter of the second; and thus early the identification of the Emersons with Concord began. Joseph and Elizabeth's son Edward, Ralph Waldo's 180 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. great-great-grandfather, was a merchant ; but he was near the 1 cloth,' for the headstone at his grave records that he was ' sometime deacon of the church at Newbury.' Edward's wife Rebecca, daughter of Cornelius Waldo, brought the < beloved name of Waldo ' into the Emerson family. " The ministerial line was resumed with their son Joseph, Ralph Waldo's great-grandfather. He was long minister of Maiden, near Boston, and < the greatest student in the country,' his grand-daughter averred. He also married a minister's daugh- ter, Mary Moody, daughter of ' Father Moody, of Agamen- ticus,' most zealous of preachers and most charitable of men. Of him our Emerson has related that < when the offended parish- ioners, wounded by his pointed preaching, would rise to go out of church, he cried out, "Come back, you graceless sinner, come back ! " When they began to fall into ill customs and ventured into the alehouse on Saturday night, the valiant pastor went in after them, collared the sinners, dragged them forth, and sent them home with rousing admonitions.' To which anecdote Mr. Cabot, Emerson's biographer, has added, ' He gave away his wife's only pair of shoes from her bedside to a poor woman who came to the house, one frosty morning, barefoot. When his wife, thinking to restrain a profuseness of almsgiving which his scanty salary could ill afford, made him a purse that could not be opened without a tedious manipula- tion, he gave away purse and all to the next applicant.' " Joseph and Mary Emerson had a numerous family, of whom three sons became ministers ; and the youngest of these, William Emerson, was Ralph Waldo's grandfather. He was the patriot minister of Concord, who began his pastoral work as assistant to Dr. Daniel Bliss there ; succeeded to the pas- torate upon the good old minister's death ; married his daugh- ter Phebe ; built the Manse ; had a hand in the Concord fight ; and died in the service at thirty-three while chaplain in the army at Ticonderoga. His son William, Ralph Waldo's father, was minister first in the little town of Harvard, a dozen miles IN THE HEART OF ESSEX. 181 from Concord, and afterward of the First Church of Boston. It was in Boston that he married ' the pious and amiable Ruth Haskins,' as he recorded in his diary at the time ; and there Ralph Waldo was born in 1803, their third son." Our tour of the town finished with a drive toward " Heart- break Hill," overlooking the sea, which derives its melancholy name from an old legend of an Indian maid who "watched from the hill-top her life away " for the sailor lover that never returned, the subject of one of Celia Thaxter's poems. Then boarding an out-going trolley-car we sped on our backward course through other old Essex towns. Our first stop was at Hamilton, since Percy had learned that here lived " Gail Hamilton," the vigor and candor of whose writings he had heard his father praise. The car left us on a country road some distance from the village, but we found the walk over an agreeable one, enlivened by extensive views of rich and varied landscape. We passed through the village center along the old Bay Road which the Puritans cut out, and which before railroad days was the stage highway. Handsome trees now line it, and pleasant estates face its either side. The " Dodge place " which we were seeking for " Gail Hamilton" was Mary Abigail Dodge (born 1830 died 1896) in private life lay just outside the village, the house occupy- ing a slight elevation overlooking fair, wide-spreading country. It is of simple design, with a two-story entrance porch, and a side porch or veranda overhung with vines. Within Percy was shown the room in which " Gail Hamilton " wrote many of those trenchant essays on social, religious, and political topics which gave her a unique place among the woman writers of her time ; while her literary life was outlined to him by one who knew her best. Thus he learned that she was born in this country town, of a family well rooted in New England ancestry. As a girl she 182 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. was of high spirit and high aims, a forerunner of the ath- letic girl of to-day. At twenty-one she was teaching physical science in a high school at Hartford, Connecticut. Soon after she became a governess at Washington, in the family of the intrepid Dr. Gamaliel Bai- ley, then editing the Na- tional Era. While in Dr. Bailey's household she became thoroughly im- bued with its anti-slavery atmosphere ; and then be- gan her earliest writing for the press, much of which appeared in the Era. When she returned to Hamilton she settled down to systematic liter- ary work, and soon her pen-name grew familiar to the weekly newspaper and magazine public. This pen-name quite suited her whirl- wind style of writing. She was among the earliest to write in popular vein for woman's rights and against woman's wrongs in domestic and general life. She produced rapidly, and for a succession of years published one volume of collected papers annually, sometimes two. First appeared, in 1862, " Country Living and Country Thinking ; " the next year, " Gala Days ; " the next, " A New Atmosphere." This book, composed of high- keyed essays on the upbringing of girls and the marriage rela- tion, most stirred her critics, while it inspired Wliittier's highly complimentary " Lines on a Fly Leaf " of a copy of it : "GAIL HAMILTON." (From "Gail Hamilton's" "Life in Letters." permission of the publishers, Lee & Shepard.) Yet, spite of all the critics tell, I frankly own I like her well. IN THE HEART OF ESSEX. 183 It may be that she wields a pen Too sharply-nibbed for thin-skinned men, That her keen arrows search and try The armor joints of dignity, And, though alone for error meant, Sing through the air irreverent. I blame her not, the young athlete Who plants her woman's tiny feet, And dares the chances of debate Where bearded men might hesitate, Who deeply earnest, seeing well The ludicrous and laughable, Mingling in eloquent excess Her anger and her tenderness, And, chiding with a half-caress, Strives, less for her own sex than ours, With principalities and powers, And points us upward to the clear Sunned heights of her new atmosphere. 1 ' Meanwhile she was attaining a name as a juvenile writer ; and when in 1865 Our Young Folks' magazine was started in Boston, she was made one of its editors, in association with John T. Trowbridge and Lucy Larcom. During this editorial work, however, there was no break in her system of annual bookniaking. In her later years her writings were rather more on political than social themes. The marriage of her cousin to James G. Blaine brought her into close relations with that astute politician, and her sharp and pungent pen was much employed in the discussion of questions with which he was more or less identified. Her last work was on the life of this distinguished relative. After 1876 her home was again principally in Washington; but she died in this Hamilton home, whither she was tenderly brought from Washington when attacked by her last illness. She enjoyed warm and true friendships with many of her contemporaries, none truer or more lasting than that with Whittier. 18 1 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. Leaving the Dodge place with pleasant memories, we con- tinued along the old elm-lined road for a comparatively short distance, as country distances go, to the adjoining town of Wenham, where we were to take a trolley-car on another line onward to Beverly. Before boarding the car we glanced at " Fairflelds," the Porter Farm, with spreading mansion and acres of out-lands, the home for nearly two centuries of the Porter family, with which was allied that eminent astronomer and cultured gentleman, the late Benjamin Apthorp Gould, and of which also is the poet and essayist, Elizabeth Porter Gould. The car ride was through picturesque parts. We traveled alongside of Wenham Lake, the scene of Whittier's sweet ballad of "The Witch of W T enham": " O fair the face of Wenham Lake Upon the young girl's shone." By the lakeside near the highway we passed the point where formerly stood the "small conical hill" where Hugh Peters preached to the colonists before there was a meetinghouse in the region. So it was called " Peter's Pulpit " till its leveling in our day. We spun through North Beverly, where some of our younger poets and story writers have found inspiration ; then we were fairly in old Beverly, and soon at the end of this ride. XII. MASSACHUSETTS BAY SIDE. Old Beverly landmarks. Birthplace of Lucy Larcoin. Her early lit- erary efforts when a cotton mill-hand. Her later career. " Hannah Binding Shoes." Songs of the sea. Birthplace of Wilson Flagg. His contributions to the literature of nature. Birthplace of George E. Woodberry. His "North Shore Watch,' 1 and "My Country." Beverly Farms. Oliver Wendell Holmes at " Beverly - by-the-Depot." Manchester-by-the-Sea, Summer home of Dana, Bartol, and Fields. WE alighted from our car on Beverly's main street at the corner of Wallace Street. For on this corner is the little building in which the father of Lucy Larcoin (born 1824 died in Boston, 1893), a retired ship-captain, kept his West- India goods shop ; and back on the cross street, then a rural lane leading through open fields to the Bass-River side, is the house in which the poet was born. It is a humble landmark, this plain house amid plain sur- roundings. It has no association with Miss Larcom's literary work, for only her childhood was passed here. To be sure, she composed verses when in pinafores, or " tires," and " stuffed them into the cracks of the floor of the attic" here, as her biog- rapher notes. But these were childish things with no spark of genius in them. Still, as Lucy Larcom's birthplace the modest dwelling had sufficient fascination to keep Percy gazing up at it till he had gathered about him on the sidewalk quite a group of curious children. " You see," he said, " I've read something about the family life here it must have been this house in l A New-England Girlhood,' one of the books my sister owns. I wonder if the big fireplace in which the children sat, so big that sometimes 185 186 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. the snowflakes came floating down its long throat, is still open. And the garden, there's some suggestion of a garden yet, I see ; but it's pretty lonesome-looking, isn't it ? " We were cordially admitted to the house upon stating our mission, and Percy was permitted to roam over it. He recog- nized, however, very few of the features of Miss Larcom's sketch, and the old fireplace was no more to be seen. But this change was inevitable and natural, I reminded him, since BIRTHPLACE OF LUCY LARCOM. it was back in the twenties that the Larcoms came here to live, a short time before Lucy was born in the little chamber on the second floor ; and it was but a few years afterward, when Lucy was a slip of a girl, and the kind old father had died, that the mother moved the household of children away to Lowell. . " It was there," I continued, " when she was a cotton < mill- hand,' that her career as a writer began, with contributions to the Lowell Offering, the factory girls' journal. Her ballad of ' Hannah Binding Shoes/ which first brought her wide rec- ognition, and has sung its way through the English-speaking world, was written when she was a teacher. Other of her ex- cellent work was done in the West when she was teaching with the pioneers on the prairies of Illinois. But her native MASSACHUSETTS BAY SIDE. 187 place by the sea, where her ancestors had lived for generations, was always home to her, and here she found inspiration for her best poems. < Hannah Binding Shoes ' was a study of life here in Beverly. So was < Skip- per Ben/ And all her songs of the sea, in which she most ex- celled, < On the Beach,' < A Sea Glimpse/ 'The Light Houses/ < Peggy Blight's Voy- age, 'Wild Eoses of Cape Ann/ < My Mariner/ < On the Misery/ and the rest, were of its neigh- borhood. So, too, was that choicest of her few narrative poems, ' Mistress Hale of Bev- erly/ which relates the historic LUCY LARCOM. incident of the dispelling of the witchcraft delusion through the ' crying out ' against the Beverly minister's wife, renowned for her sweet disposition, genuine piety, and Christian virtues, and the awakening of her husband to the awful error of the persecution in which he had been among the most active." Returning to the main street we shortly came to the fine old Burley mansion now occupied by the Beverly Historical So- ciety, where Percy saw, with other treasures, the manuscript of " Hannah Binding Shoes " ; and he was given the rare privi- lege of copying it. While he was thus engaged the singular controversy over the first publication of this poem was recalled. According to Miss Larcom herself, she sent it originally to the Knickerbocker Magazine, with her name and a request for the usual payment if the poem was accepted. Then, after a lapse of some months, having heard nothing from it, and assuming that it had been rejected, she offered it to The Crayon, another New York magazine, where it duly appeared with her signature. But 188 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. meanwhile it had been tardily published in the Knickerbocker with a nom de plume ; and when it came out in The Crayon, the editor of the Knickerbocker publicly charged Lucy Larcom with stealing it, branding her as a " literary thief ess." A brisk correspondence ensued j but Miss Larcorn had no difficulty in proving her authorship, or in justifying her course. To this '"T FACSIMILE OF " HANNAH BINDING SHOES." circumstance she modestly attributed the wide notice the poem speedily received, but the human touch and the pathos of it were most potent in bringing it close to the heart of the people. It was set to music, and was sung by the concert singers of the day, of whom jione rendered it with truer and tenderer feeling than Clara Louise Kellogg. MASSACHUSETTS BAY SIDE. 189 In speaking of Lucy Larcoin's earliest writings when a Lowell mill-hand, Percy expressed surprise at her literary development under such adverse circumstances. " That was fairly explained, if my memory serves me," I observed, "in r. Fred- erick A. P. Barnard (born 1809 died in New York City, 1880), president of Columbia College, 186-41889; and of the Rev. Dr. Orville Dewey (born 1794 died in Sheffield, 1882), the early exponent of Unitarianism. XXII HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. Writers identified with the " Charter Oak City. 1 ' From the " Hartford Wits" to the modern set. The grouped homes of Harriet Beech er Stowe, Charles Dudley Warner, and "Mark Twain." Clemens's unique apprenticeship to literature. Warner's earlier home of " My Summer in a Garden." Mrs. Sigourney. Catherine Beecher's celebrated Academy. Emma Willard. The trio of Hartford literary editors : Brainard, Prentice, and Whittier. Productions of the " Hartford Wits." The " City of Elms." Literary men as Yale students. The Trumbull Gallery. Distinguished graves in the Old Burying Ground. The poets Hillhouse and Percival. Theodore Winthrop. Donald G. Mitchell at " Edgewood." UPON arriving at Hartford we sought at once the land- marks which gave the " Charter Oak City " its distinction through a succession of years as the home of the later " Hart- ford group " of authors. The leaders of these were Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Dudley Warner, and " Mark Twain." Writers earlier identified with Hartford, as Percy had been informed, were Lydia Huntley Sigourney (born in Norwich, Conn., 1791 died in Hartford, 1865), Emma Hart Willard (born in Berlin, Conn., 1787 died in Troy, K Y., 1870), George D. Prentice (born in Preston, Conn., 1802 died in Louisville, Ky., 1870), John Gardner Calkins Brainard (born in New London, Conn., 1796 died there, 1828), and John G. Whittier the latter through his work of a few years as a newspaper editor. Before these flourished " The Hartford Wits," - - John Trumbull (born in Watertown [then West- bury], Conn., 1750 died in Detroit, Mich., 1831), Dr. Lemuel Hopkins (born in Waterbury, Conn., 1750 died in Hartford, 472 HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 473 1801), Joel Barlow (born in Reading, Conn., 1755 died in Paris, France, 1812), Theodore Dwight, the elder (born in Northampton, Mass., 1764 died in New York City, 1846), and Colonel David Humphreys (born in Derby, Conn., 1753 - died in New Haven, 1818). These men together formed a club of satirists, in literary association through a number of years following the Revolution, who, as Professor Henry A. Beers affirms in the " Memorial History of Hartford County," " represented a concentration of talent such as had not hitherto existed in any American town." Noah Webster (born in West Hartford, 1785 died in New Haven, 1843), the lexicog- rapher, also spent a few of his active years in Hartford, and here published, in 1783, his famous spelling book, the first part of the " Grammatical Institute of the English Language." The homes of the later Hartford group were in close neighborhood, in the pleasantest of the residential parts of the city, occupying the hill to the west of the railroad round which winds the Park River. We reached the quarter by trolley car from the railroad station. The vine-embowered house built for " Mark Twain," which Hartford visitors are wont first to seek because of its fame through repeated descriptions, stands on a knoll well back from the street, beside an oak grove. Like most of the resi- dences of this quarter it is a brick house, but so constructed, of different colored bricks in fanciful courses, and so original in design, as to be unique among its neighbors, as is the author among his fellows. It was Cleinens's second Hartford home, built for him a few years after he had made this city his permanent abiding-place. When he occupied it the beauty and comfortableness of its interior were much discoursed upon, and many imagined it to be an ideal working-place. The wide hall, with its carved furniture, easy-chairs, and cushioned recesses ; the library, similarly furnished, v/ith crowded book- shelves, closed at one end by the conservatory, and with its windows looking out upon the attractive grounds ; the fully 474 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. equipped study, all seemed to the uninitiated to invite to lit- erary labor under the most delightful conditions. But Clemens found it distracting, and when he had work in hand he went up to the billiard room at the top of the house a.nd took his seat at a table so placed that he " could see nothing but the wall and a few shelves of working books before him." At other times, when particularly absorbed by a piece of work, he abandoned the house altogether, and locked himself into a THE "MARK TWAIN HOUSE," HARTFORD. little room in an office building down town. He has been quoted as saying that when he has once begun an extended work it is necessary to keep steadily at it from day to day without changing his surroundings. "'Mark Twain' (born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, in Florida, Mo., 1835 )," I remarked, came to Hartford to live in 1871, after the publication of his < Innocents Abroad/ and here were written some of his famous books. You know the origin of his nom de plume, that it was reminiscent of his HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 475 life as a Mississippi River pilot, when the call e mark twain ! ' in the navigation of the river became most familiar to his ears ? Clemens's literary success, which has carried him to the head of his class of writers in this age, has been truly called one of the romances of American life and letters. He was nearing thirty before he had written a line for publication, or had seriously thought of authorship. His training, moreover, was quite foreign to letters. At twelve he was through with school, and working for his living. His father died at this time. Soon afterward the boy was ap- prenticed in a printing- office for three years. He became a pilot on the Mississippi at seventeen. This calling he pursued for seven years, sailing up and down the river be- tween St. Louis and New Orleans, meeting many adventures, and coming in contact with the rough and ready characters en- countered in the river traffic before the Civil War, all of which furnished him material for his after writ- ings. At twenty-four he was in Nevada as private secretary for his brother, then the Territorial Secretary. Soon, however, this clerical work was dropped, and he became a miner. Two or three years were spent in the mines without profit except in experience. Then he became a newspaper reporter in Virginia City. u With this work his first attempts at humorous writing MARK TWAIN. 476 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. were made, and at the outset he adopted his signature of < Mark Twain.' His paragraphs and sketches were copied in other journals, and after a while he got a better place on a San Fran- cisco paper. In 1866 he was sent to the Sandwich Islands te write up the sugar industry for his paper. Upon his return he took to the lecture platform with a lecture on Hawaii. In this effort sober history and description of the islands and the people were so cheerfully interwoven with humorous note and comment, and the whole so phrased, in homely, rugged English, often with witty turns of gravely started sentences, that popu- lar audiences were captured by it, and he found himself with a growing reputation on the Pacific coast. Coming East with this lecture he met similar success. " When in New York, in 1867, he published his < Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras,' and the same year he sailed on the Quaker City expedition to the Orient. From this journey came his ( Innocents Abroad,' written out in California after his return. Its publication made him instantly famous. He continued lecturing with increasing favor, wrote constantly, and in 1871, when Hartford became his permanent home, his next book, < Roughing It,' appeared. Two years later came ' The Gilded Age,' written in collaboration with Charles Dud- ley Warner, in which figures ' Colonel Sellers,' who stands for the optimistic American speculator proclaiming for every < wild- cat ' venture ' there's millions in it ! ' Then followed at inter- vals of a year or two the succession of productions including 'The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,' 'The Prince and the Pauper,' < Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc,' * Pudd'nhead Wilson,' < The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,' and ' A Con- necticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court,' which added luster to his fame. "As his reputation was expanding, Clemens pursued a sys- tematic course of study in English language, literature, and history, and acquainted himself with the works of the mas- ters, his readings taking a wide range j thus grandly did he IIARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 477 478 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. make up for his youthful shortcomings in literary culture. Then he set himself determinedly to the acquisition of the French and German languages, although he had passed the age when foreign languages are comfortably acquired, and the strange words and idioms tangled on his elderly tongue." Mrs. Stowe, in her slate-colored cottage set among trees, back from a shrub, and flower-bedecked lawn, was Mark Twain's next-door neighbor, their estates adjoining, though hers faced another street. The Stowe family came here to live in the early seventies, we were told, and the place remained their Northern home till Mrs. Stowe's death in 1896. This also was their second home in Hartford. The earlier house built for Mrs. Stowe, after her own plans, in 1865, was in the eastern part of the city. It stood in the midst of an extensive grove of oaks, which had been one of the favorite resorts of her girlhood, and on the spot where, early in her married life, she had declared that if she should ever be able to build a house of her own, it should be placed. The site was on another bank of Park River, near the junction of this wandering stream with the Connecticut, and it was then a beautiful situation beyond the business limits. In course of time, however, fac- tories encroached upon the neighborhood, the city reached out to it, and its charm was dispelled. Then Mrs. Stowe bought this Forest-Street place, and the once picturesque gabled dwell- ing among the oaks degenerated, as the oaks were shorn, into a tenement for factory hands, and, in its last stage, into a fac- tory storage place. The Forest-Street estate was agreeably adorned, and the hospitable home became the Mecca of admirers who came from many quarters to pay homage to the author during her last quiet years here. The library, with its tall panels painted with flowers in the wall spaces between the windows, was also the family sitting-room, and here the more intimate guests were received. A feature of the parlor was a secretary filled with editions of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and other popular works of HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 479 480 LITERACY PILGRIMAGES. Mrs. Stowe, iu various foreign languages. Mrs. Stowe had no special study in the house, but wrote sometimes in the library, more frequently in her own room over the parlor. Of her later works, written in Hartford, " We and Our Neighbors " was finished here. " Oldtown Folks " and " Pink and White Tyr- anny " were written in the other house. Charles Dudley Warner (born in Plainfield, Mass., 1829 died in Hartford, 1900) was the other next-door neighbor of Mark Twain, on the south side; and a foot-path well worn by LATER HOME OF CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER. the two friends passed between their places. The beautiful woodland estate was Warner's last home. His earlier home, the little red brick cottage embowered in green, with the garden at the back which inspired his first book, was near by. There also Saunterings," Backlog Studies/' Baddeck and That Sort of Thing," were written. He bought this larger and architecturally handsomer house with its bays, verandas, gables, and dormers, and refashioned it to his taste, after his wide journey ings abroad, from which HARTFOED AND NEW HAVEN. 481 came "My Winter on Ilie Nile" and u In the Levant." The interior a friendly and gracious hand has described as " full of light and comfort, and an easy informality both in its appear- ance and its atmosphere." On the walls hung " relics of the journeyings about the world, gathered in Nubia, Egypt, North- ern Africa, Spain, and all over the continent of Europe." There were " portieres and rugs of interesting Oriental work- manship " ; pictures, choice bits of china, porcelain, and much other bric-a-brac, each object having a history and associations of its own. Books were everywhere. The study was a room high up in a gable, plainly furnished, with a generous open fireplace, and an outlook over the tree-tops to a mountain height. Here it was long Warner's custom to work and write through the forenoons ; then in the afternoon he walked down- town to the Courant office to take up his editorial work. He wrote rapidly, never employing the typewriter, or dictating to a stenographer. " Though literature was Warner's chosen vocation from the beginning," I continued, " he was not able definitely to devote himself to it till he was past forty. He was country bred, born on a farm in that Massachusetts hill town where Bryant first began to practice law, and he used to declaim ' Thanatopsis ' while milking the cow. The apple orchard of his father's farm was in sight of the Bryant homestead in Cummington. When he was five his father died. Till he was thirteen he went to a district school in the neighboring town of Charle- mont. The family then removing to Cazenovia, in. central New York, he attended a seminary there. Afterward he entered Hamilton College, and was graduated in 1851. While he was a student he composed sketches which were accepted by the old Knickerbocker, and during his senior year he wrote the English prize essay. Subsequently his work occasionally ap- peared in Putnam's Magazine. Not long after leaving college he went west with the expectation of becoming connected with a projected monthly magazine in Detroit, Michigan. The pro- 482 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. ject falling through, he joined a surveying party on the Mis- souri frontier. After about a year of this experience he returned to the East, and took up the study of law. He re- ceived his diploma from the University of Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1856. Meanwhile he had supported himself mainly by writing for newspapers and periodicals. He practiced as a lawyer in Chicago for four years. Then, in 1860, he was induced by Joseph K. Hawley, afterward general, governor, and senator, with whom he had become acquainted in Cazenovia, to come to Hartford and join him in the editorship of the Press. So ended Warner's career at the bar. When he had got well into the editorial harness, Hawley enlisted in the army, leaving him alone in the conduct of the paper. Some time after the Civil War the owners of the Press, of whom Warner had become one, acquired the older Courant, and the two papers were united, the Press drop- ping its name. Warner continued his association with the Courant through the remainder of his life, gradually withdraw- ing, in his latter years, from active editorial service as he became engrossed in literary work and book-making. " l My Summer in a Garden ' was first published in the Courant as a series of light essays running through some months. They were originally written with no thought of ultimate issue ' between covers,' merely as pleasant 'copy' to lighten the pages of the sober newspaper ; but their buoy- ancy, with their dashes of wit, philosophy, and gentle satire, evidently so charmed the newspaper readers that the making a book of them was urged by Warner's associates. When this was prepared, however, it languished for a publisher. Two Boston publishers in turn declined it. It was too slender, there was too little of it, they thought. When after its un- happy travels it had finally returned to the author, he happened one evening to meet Henry Ward Beecher at Mrs. Stowe's house. The little book and its fate became one of the subjects of their talk. Mr. Beecher was interested, and wanted to see it ; so a HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 483 messenger was sent over to Warner's for the manuscript. Mr. Beecher skimmed through several of the sketches. Then he exclaimed, * It shall be published ; you have the real stuff in you.' He would write a preface to it, he said, and would him- self take it to a publisher, who would not refuse him. The promise was kept, and before long the book was born. Its reception was immediate and flattering. Ten thousand copies were quickly sold, and it continued to sell. War- ner's place was estab- lished, and he remained a favorite of the reading public to his last publica- tion. " The Garden essays appeared in 1870. There- after his books came at intervals of a year or two, while his pen was otherwise much employed, and his work as editor of series of publications was not inconsiderable. < Saun- terings,' which had vainly sought a publisher before the appearance of 'My Summer in a Garden,' fol- CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER. lowed, helped on by its popularity. Then came the sparkling < Backlog Studies,' < Baddeck, and That Sort of Thing ' ; the pleasant books on foreign travel ; later, < A Koundabout Journey/ < The Pilgrimage/ < A Little Journey in the World,' which the critics agree is his best work ; ' Studies in the South and West,' ' As We were Saying,' and so on. Of his editing, the most elaborate work, as you are aware, is the standard < Library of the World's Best Literature.' " 484 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. While we were thus chatting, we had left the neighborhood, and were strolling by a roundabout way toward " down-town." At length in Main Street and the business center, we called at the Wadsworth Athenaeum, where Percy saw some interesting literary relics. He also noticed here a bust of Mrs. Sigourney. Continuing our walk we sought the site of her home, the pil- lared mansion, ample and imposing, which stood northward of Main Street, while I discoursed lightly on her career. " Mrs. Sigourney," this relation ran, " was a lady of fine qualities, cultivated mind, and talent, given through her life to good deeds in the community in which she lived. She was one of the most voluminous of the women writers of her time, and in the number of volumes issued made a record surpassing that of many of her contemporaries of the opposite sex. Her writings had a devout, often a definitely religious, always a pro- nounced moral tone, and she had a great vogue in her day, for which, we must agree with Professor Beers, the present genera- tion finds it hard to account. All of her sixty odd volumes were widely circulated, and three volumes of her poems were published in London. Ardent admirers sometimes called her < the Hemans of America.' Her first book, ' Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse/ was published in 1815 ; her last, ' Letters in Life,' appeared posthumously in 1866. " She came to Hartford in 1814 when she was Miss Huntley, and opened a high grade seminary for young women, which she conducted till her marriage five years later. She had been gently reared, and had received a broader education than was at the time accorded girls ; while her tendency to versification, which was displayed when she was in pinafores, was encouraged by her elders. The lines on the tablet near her pew in Christ Church were written by Whittier, long after her death : *' She sang alone, ere womanhood had known The gift of song which fills the air to-day ; Tender and sweet, a music all her own May fitly linger where she knelt to pray.' " HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 485 In another part of the business section we came to the site of the girls' academy kept by Catherine Esther Beecher (born in East Hampton, L.I., 1800 died, in Elmira, N.Y., 1878) from 1822 to 1832, where her younger sister, Harriet (Mrs. Stowe), studied and afterward taught. Other landmarks which we sought were vague or obliterated. We could find no trace of the home of that other learned Hart- ford woman and long-time school-teacher, Emma Willard, who wrote verses along with graver things. She came to Hart- ford in the late thirties, after she had passed middle life. She compiled numerous manuals on geography and history, and interested herself especially in the advancement of the educa- tion of women. As a poet she is chiefly to be remembered for her ocean hymn, the familiar " Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep." As a descendant of Thomas Hooker, the founder of Hartford, she belonged naturally to this town. Traces only were to be found of the habitations or working places of that trio of Hartford literary editors, Brainard, Pren- tice, and Whittier, in the twenties and early thirties. " Brainard was the first of them in order of time," I remarked. " He came here in 1822 to edit the Connecticut Mirror, having tried the law unsuccessfully ; an odd, over-sensitive, unambitious young man of twenty-seven. He made a poor editor, but a good poet. He was essentially the poet of the Connecticut valley. The few poems of his which have survived the longest are on themes of this region. His work was uneven and not extensive, for he wrote hastily, and died at thirty -three ; but it endeared him to many readers of his time. Most of it was done for the weekly press, unstudied and without revision. Whittier, in his memoir of the poet accompanying his collected poems published shortly after his death, declared that the verses thus written from week to week < would have done honor to the genius of Burns or Wordsworth.' " Prentice's Hartford career was brief, covering only about two years, between 1828 and 1830. It was brilliant and dash- 486 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. ing, and paved the way for his success in Kentucky with the Louisville Journal (now the Courier- Journal), which he founded. He was not long out of college he graduated from Brown University when he took up the editor's work here. He made his Hartford paper, the New England Literary Review, popular on the literary side, and spirited on the po- litical side. In its columns his earliest and some of his best poems first appeared. Whittier succeeded him in the editorial chair at his own suggestion, a friendship having sprung up between the two through correspondence resulting from Whittier's contributions to the paper from the ^Amesbury farm. Whittier's engagement was at first temporary, to serve during Prentice's absence in Kentucky, whither he went in the summer of 1830 to write the life of Henry Clay for the Presi- dential campaign of 1832. But although Prentice returned to Hartford and published his book here, he did not again take up the Review ; and soon afterward he went back to Kentucky and started his Louisville Journal. " The shy Quaker in homespun was in marked contrast to his worldly and elegant predecessor, but he performed quite as satisfactory, and, in its different way, as brilliant editorial work. Prentice in his farewell editorial introduced him to the readers of the Review in a gallant fashion : ' I cannot do less than congratulate my readers,' he wrote, ' on the prospect of the more familiar acquaintance with a gentleman of such powerful energies, and such exalted purity and sweetness of character.' Whittier was here for eighteen months, and we have seen how extensive and varied were his contributions to the Review during that time. Among his many poems first published in it was the ( Christ in the Tempest,' which became a favorite in the < First Class Keader.' While here, too, as we have noted, he prepared his first book, ' Legends of New England in Prose and Verse,' and it was printed in the office of the Review. In his writings and letters he has given glimpses of his Hartford life. He has told us that he boarded first at HARTFORD AND NEW HAVtiN. 48? the ' Old Luut Tavern/ and afterward in the family of Jonathan Law, sometime postmaster of Hartford, whose house was on Main Street, by the corner of Grove Street. It was his Hart- ford life that the poet recalled in the opening lines of the dedication of ' Miriam/ to his friend of those days, Frederick A. P. Barnard, who in his young manhood wrote for the Review : " * The years are many since, in youth and hope Under the Charter-Oak, our horoscope We drew thick-studded with all favoring stars.' " " By the way," Percy here interjected, " isn't some relic of the Charter Oak preserved ? " Only its site is marked, by a tablet, he was told. Of the Hartford Wits no definite landmarks were to be traced, while of their work, it was remarked, only the lines of Truinbull's " M'Fingal " - "No man e'er felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law " survive among our most "familiar quotations." Percy had heard this couplet quoted, but he knew nothing of " M'Fingal," he said. Accordingly this epic of the Revolution, after the manner of Hudibras, with its shafts of ridicule against the British and their Tory allies, was recalled for his benefit. Its object, he was told, was, as Trumbull himself stated it, to express " in a poetical manner a general account of the Amer- ican contest, with a particular description of the character and manners of the times, interspersed with anecdotes, which no history could probably record or display ; and with as much impartiality as possible, satirize the follies and extravagances of my countrymen as well as of their enemies." Its principal characters were "M'Fingal," a type of the old-time country squire, who stood for the Tory interests, and "Honorius," representing the Whigs. It was finished and published in Hartford in 1782, and its popularity was great. Several edi- 488 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. tions were published in England as well as in this country. Professor Beers classes it as the best of American political satires in verse " with the possible exception of the * Biglow Papers.' " Trumbull was the chief of the Hartford Wits. Of the others, Dr. Lemuel Hopkins was called the " bludgeon satirist." His verse mostly appeared in " The Anarchiad," a descriptive poem by the Wits, in a series of twenty-four numbers published in the newspapers. He also contributed to similar produc- tions, " The Echo," and " The Political Green House," subse- quently issued in book form. Theodore Dwight's work was largely in "The Echo." Joel Barlow's principal effort was " The Vision of Columbus," published in Hartford in 1787, and twenty years later expanded into " The Columbiad," brought out in Philadelphia. Colonel Humphreys's hand was in " The Anarchiad." Humphreys earlier wrote his pictur- esque life of General Israel Putnam, upon whose staff he served as major at the beginning of the Revolution. Later he was on Washington's staff, and became closely attached to the great captain, who inspired his animated battle-pieces and patriotic verse. He was the first American ambassador to Lisbon. Our walk finished at the Allyn House, where we spent this night, going on to New Haven the next morning. Arrived in the " City of Elms " we made our pleasant way along the leafy streets first of all to the Yale College buildings, west of the beautiful Green in the city's heart. We strolled about the elm-studded Campus ; viewed the famous Fence, the gathering place of Yale men from the college's early days ; and made a little tour of the buildings, including " South Mid- dle," the one spared monument of the historic " Old Brick How." As we rambled from point to point, here and there was noted a room or a quarter identified with the college life of 1IARTFORD AND NEW UAVEN. 489 after poets and authors, while Percy was told of their student days. The brilliant list began chronologically with James Fenimore Cooper (born in Burlington, N.J., 1789 died in Cooperstown, N.Y., 1851), who entered the college at thirteen in 1802, and was rusticated before the end of his junior year, when he went to sea as a midshipman in the Navy. Next was James Abraham Hillhouse (born in New Haven, 1789 - died here, 1841), poet and orator, a college mate of Cooper's, entering at sixteen, who early won a reputation among college men from his Master's oration on " The Education of the Poet," and his subsequent Phi Beta Kappa poem, " The Judgment." To him Fitz-Greene Halleck alluded in his lines " To the Kecorder " " Hillhouse, whose music, like his themes, Lifts earth to heaven " Graduating as Hillhouse entered was John Pierpont, the poet and hymn writer (about whom we had heard when in Eastern Massachusetts, in Newburyport), a fine scholar in col- lege, stimulated to high endeavor perhaps by reason of his descent from the minister, John Pierpont, one of the Yale founders ; whose " Airs of Palestine," published a dozen years after his graduation, fixed his literary rank. Then came James Gates Percival (born in Berlin, Conn., 1795 died in Hazel Green, Wis., 1856), poet and man of many talents and idiosyncrasies, of the class of 1815, graduating at its head, with his tragedy of " Zamor" a part of the Commencement exercises. Ten years later N. P. Willis was here, in his senior year (1827) rooming on the third floor of Old North, in the same entry with Horace Bushnell, who was his classmate. Donald G. Mitchell (born in Norwich, Conn., 1822 ), genial, philosophic " Ik Marvel," whose " Reveries of a Bach- elor " retains perennial charm, was of the class of 1841. Three years after, in the class of 1848, entered the scholarly and heroic Theodore Winthrop (born in New Haven, 1828 killed 490 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. in the Battle of Great Bethel, Va., 1861), novelist, story writer, and poet, a direct descendant from that second John Winthrop and first governor of Connecticut, whose career we had traced when in " The Heart of Essex j " on his mother's side in line from Jonathan Edwards, whose great-granddaughter she was, and through her connected with seven presidents of Yale ; who himself, had his health permitted, would have followed in his ancestors' footsteps, and might have become a college president. Of the class of 1853 was our poet of to-day, Edmund Clarence Stedman, son of a poet, Mrs. E. C. (Stedman) Kinney, - born in Hartford, 1833, but "brought up" from infancy in Norwich, who entered the college at fifteen, and at seventeen was suspended for some irregularities, though in later years restored to his class and given a master's degree. Note also was made of some of the renowned eighteenth century students : among them Timothy Dwight, graduated in 1769 ; Jonathan Edwards, 1721 ; Noah Webster, 1778, in the same class with Joel Barlow of the Hartford Wits and Oliver Wolcott, their intimate, whose grandfather, Koger Wolcott, was the earliest Hartford poet ; Jedidiah Morse, " the father of American Geography," of the class of 1783 ; and Benjamin Sillirnan, our " Nestor in Science," class of 1796. Thirty-three years after Noah Webster, the other dictionary maker, Joseph Emerson Worcester (bora in Bedford, N.H., 1784 died in Cambridge, Mass., 1865), was here in the class of 1811. Shortly after his graduation he went to Salem, Mass., and set up his school, where, as we had learned, the boy Nathaniel Hawthorne was once a pupil. His " Dictionary of the English Language" made its first appearance in 1860, after several years had been devoted to its compilation. In the School of Fine Arts building Percy found much en- joyment in looking over the historical paintings of Colonel John Trumbull, Connecticut's early and most distinguished painter, which constitute the " Trumbull Gallery." He made a copy of the inscription over Trumbull's tomb beneath the building, UABTFO1W AND NEW HAVEN. 491 which read : " Colonel John Trumbull, Patriot and Artist, Friend and Aid of Washington, lies beside his wife beneath this Gallery of Art. Lebanon [Conn.], 1750 New York, 1843." " Yes," I replied to Percy's question, " the poet John Trumbull was of the same family. The great-grandfathers of the poet and the artist were brothers. The artist was the son of the first Governor Jonathan Trumbull of Connecticut, Washington's close friend throughout the Re volution, and brother of the second Governor Jonathan Trumbull, who served from 1798 till his death in 1809." A short walk along High Street to Grove Street brought us to the old bury ing-ground, a quiet spot behind stone walls, "separating college halls on the one hand from the stir of business on the other," as a local writer pictures it, which Percy desired to visit when told that more distinguished per- sons are said to be here entombed than in any similar enclos- ure in the country. Wandering along the serene paths we passed graves of presidents of the college; of Benjamin Silliman, and his son, the second Professor Silliman ; of Noah Webster ; of Jedidiah Morse ; of the Rev. Lyman Beecher, father of the eminent Beecher family of brothers and sisters ; of the Rev. Leonard Bacon (born in Detroit, Mich., 1802 died in New Haven, 1881), the leading Congregationalist editor and writer in his day, and minister of the First Church of New Haven for fifty-seven years ; and of his gifted sister Delia Bacon (born in Talmadge, Ohio, 1811 died in Hartford, 1859), writer of historical tales, but wider known as the prophet of the Baconian theory of the authorship of the Shaksperian plays, disclosed in her "Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded," the publication of which in Boston and London in 1857, two years before her death, made a commotion which did not subside after it became known that the writer's mind in her later years was affected. Also were seen the tombs of 492 LITERAEY PILGRIMAGES. William Dwight Whitney (born in Northampton, Mass., 1827 died in New Haven, 1894), the eminent philologist and Sanskrit scholar ; of James Dwight Dana (born in Utica, N.Y., 1813 died in New Haven, 1895), the geologist and writer of authoritative treatises on mineralogy ; of the poet Hillhouse ; and of Theodore Winthrop. The grave of the latter was marked by a plain granite cross, simply inscribed with names and dates only. A friend with us recalled that when Winthrop was buried he was followed to the grave by the students of the college in a body, by whom he was universally beloved. The building of the Historical Society being near, opposite the opening of beautiful Hillhouse Avenue, we made a brief call there, and found much to interest us in its literary museum. Then we strolled up Hillhouse Avenue beneath the arching elms, toward the fine old pillared mansion at its head which was the latter home of the poet Hillhouse, in his time called " Sachem Wood." The place was built by his father, the states- man Hillhouse, member of both branches of the Federal Con- gress in periods following the Eevolution. He also laid out the avenue through his ancestral farm, himself planting its lines of trees, helped in this admirable work by a young man who in after years had the satisfaction of walking beneath them as President Day of the college. And to the taste and public spirit of the elder Hillhouse is mainly due the planting of the older New Haven streets and The Green with elms, a century and more ago, from which the college city got its name of the " City of Elms." Of the poet's earlier compositions written in New Haven, the most important was his " Demetria, Percy's Masque." This he carried to London in 1819 and first pub- lished there ; immediately after, however, it was reprinted in this country. His drama of " Hadad," which gained him 'most repute, was written at " Sachem Wood." The birthplace of Theodore AVinthrop was in another part of the city, some distance east of The Green, on Wooster Street. As described by Winthrop' s sister, in her biography of him, HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 493 it was a roomy house of old-fashioned New England type, with hall running through the middle, four rooms on a floor, and a great garret. Winthrop here browsed in an excellent library, and had the good fortune of companionship with a scholarly father and lover of nature, who took long walks with him into the beautiful country around their home. " He wrote nothing of note here, however," I added, " beyond the theses which won him prizes during his college term. For some time after his graduation he was abroad in search of health/ making pedes- trian tours about Scotland, into France and Ger- many, in Switzer- land, and in Italy and Greece. "In Kome he made the acquaint ance of William H. Aspinwall of New York, one of the founders of the Panama Kailroad on the Isthmus, and was engaged as tutor of Aspin- walPs boy. Later ^ THEODORE h"e was employed in the New York counting-house of Mr. Aspinwall. Soon afterward he went to Panama, in the interest of the Pacific Steamship Company, where he spent two years. The return was by a roundabout way overland. He traveled through California and Oregon, generally in the saddle, when traveling it was in the early fifties in those regions was more romantic and more difficult than now, and fuller of adven- ture. On the way he was smitten with smallpox. Before he had fully recovered he resumed his journey, and on the Plains 494 LITERARY PILGRIMAGES. was taken ill again. He lay down to die ; but his strength re- turning, he renewed the struggle and managed to pull through- Back in New York he took up his old work in the counting- house, but shortly was oft again, having joined the expedition of the gallant Lieutenant Isaac G. Strain, of the Navy, to survey the Isthmus of Darien. In this undertaking he ex- perienced many hardships. Again in New York he turned to the study of law, and in 1855 was admitted to the bar. "At this time Winthrop's home was on Staten Island, where he was a near neighbor of George William Curtis. Between the two a warm friendship sprang up, and Curtis fostered his literary activity. He had written much, sketches of travel, a novel or two, and numerous poems, but had published nothing. In 1857 he went to St. Louis to prac- tice law there ; but his health was too precarious, and he soon returned East. His first publication was a glowing description of Church's great painting of ( The Heart of the Andes/ which he had watched develop on the canvas in the artist's studio. His novel of ' Cecil Dreeme ? was offered first to one publisher, then to another in the spring of 1860. The second publisher accepted it, but put it aside because of the unsettled state of public affairs. 'Love and Skates,' his best short story, was sent to the Atlantic Monthly in the spring of 1861. It so captivated Lowell, then the editor, that, upon learning of Winthrop's enlistment in the Army, he engaged him to write a series of war sketches for the magazine. " He enlisted in the artillery corps of the New York Seventh Regiment in April, 1861 ; and his graceful, dashing sketch of the ' March of the Seventh Kegiment of New York to Wash- ington,' which appeared in the Atlantic of the following June, made his reputation at once. His active military career cov- ered three short months. At Fortress Monroe he was made acting military secretary and aid of General Benjamin F. But- ler. He was killed in the disastrous affair at Great Bethel, while standing on a log nearest the Confederate battery, wav- HARTFORD AND NEW HAVEN. 495 ing his sword and cheering his fellow soldiers to the advance. 8 Hawthorne, Una, 202, 208, 414. Hawthorne's class at Bowdoin College, 158, 164. " Heartbreak Hill," Ipswich, Mass., 181. Hecker, Rev. Isaac Thomas, 397. Hedge, Rev. Dr. Frederick Henry, 302. Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Uni- versity, 314. Herald, Newburyport, Mass., William Loyd Garrison's connection with, 81. Hesperus, the schooner, 328, 329. Hickling, Thomas, of Salem, 215. Higginson, Rev. Francis, progenitor of the Higginson family in America, 317. Higginson, Francis, father of T. W. Hig- ginson, 316; steward of Harvard Col- lege, 316 ; 317. Higginson, Louisa (Storrow), mother of T. W. Higginson, 317. Higginson, Mary Elizabeth (Channing) first wife of T. W. Higginson, 319. Higginson, Mary Potter (Thacher), second wife of T. W. Higginson, 319 ; the " Aunt Jane" of " Malbone," 319. Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 68; in Newburyport, 73, 83 ; Life of Margaret Fuller (Ossoli) by, 300, 301, 339 ; birth- place of, 314 ; sketch of, 316-319 "Cheerful Yesterdays" by, 316, 339; " Thalatta," 318 ; " Malbone," " Young Folks' History of the United States,' " Larger History of the United States,' and "Oldport Days," 319; later Cam bridge home of, 337, 338-339; "Con temporaries," " Concerning All of Us,' and " Old Cambridge," 339 ; 377. High Street, New Haven, Conn., 491. High Street, Springfield, Mass., 428. Highland Street, Roxbury district, Bos ton, 293. lildreth, Richard, his "History of the United States," 71 ; 148. Hillard, George Stillman, 105 ; Boston homes of, 264, 265 ; sketch of, 264-265 ; his intimacy with Hawthorne, 265-266 ; " Hillard's Readers," and "Six Months in Italy," 265; one of the "Five of Clubs," 325 ; 403. fcttllhouse A venue, New Haven, Conn., 492. Hillhouse, James, father of the poet, 492. tollhouse, James Abraham, a student at Yale College, 489 ; master's oration of, on "The Education of a Poet," 489; Phi Beta Kappa poem of, " The Judg- ment,'' 489 ; Fitz-Greene Halleck's allu- sion to, 489 ; home of, 492 ; " Demetria, Percy's Masque," and " Hadad," 492 ; tomb of, 492. "Hillside, The," home of the Alcotts, Concord, Mass., 398,399, 400, 405. Hilton, Martha, 92, 108. Hiram, Me., home of Gen. Wadsworth, Longfellow's grandfather, 134, 136. Hoar, Judge Ebenezer Rockwood, 377; birthplace of, Concord, Mass., 378. Hoar, George Frisbie, 293 ; birthplace of, Concord, Mass., 378. Hoar, Samuel, old mansion house of, Concord, 378. Hog Island, see Appledore Island. Holland, Dr. Josiah Gilbert, grave and monument of, 425, 426; sketch of, 426- 428 ; connection of, with the Springfield Republican, 427 ; " Sketches of Planta- tion Life " by, 427 ; the " Timothy Tit- comb Letters," 427, 428 ; " The Bay Path," "Gold Foil," "Letters to the Joneses," and " Bitter Sweet," 427 ; Springfield homes of, 428 ; editorship of the first Scribner's Monthly, '428 ; " Miss Gilbert's Career," " Seven Oaks," " Arthur Bonnicastle," and " Nicholas Minturn," 428; " Kathrina," 428, 432; 445,453. Holliston, Mass., 420. Holmes, Rev. Abiel, father of O. W. Holmes, 316 ; in " The Old Gambrel- roofed House," 316 ; " Annals of Cam- bridge," 316 ; ministry of, in Cambridge, 316. Holmes, Amelia (Jackson), wife of O. W. Holmes, 280. 516 INDEX. Holmes, John, 319 ; characterization of, 320; his sketches of Old Cambridge, 320, 356. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 5, 9, 32 ; tribute of, to Whittier, 64; 99, 142, 147, 153; " The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," 198, 199, 281, 282 ; summer home of, at " Beverly-by-the-Depot," 198, 199; 229, 231 ; Boston home of, in Charles Street, 276, 279-281, 282 ; " The Professor at the Breakfast Table," "The Guardian Angel," " My Hunt After the Captain," and " Dorothy Q," 279 ; " Elsie Venner," 279, 450 ; professorship of, in the Harvard Medical School, 279, 280; earlier home of, in Montgomery Place, 281-282 ; " The Promise," " The Chambered Nautilus," and " The Living Temple," 282, 283 ; " Contentment," 282, 285 ; " The Dea- con's Masterpiece," 282, 285, 451 ; " Par- son Turell's Legacy," " The Old Man's Dream," and "Old Ironsides," 283; " The Last Leaf," 283, 452 ; " The Mother's Secret," "St. Anthony the Reformer," " Under the Violets," " The Crooked Path," and "The Boys," Harvard Class of 1829, 284; last home of, in Beacon Street, 285 ; "No Time Like the Old Time," 285 ; " The Poet at the Breakfast Table," "Over the Tea Cups," and " Our Hundred Days in Europe," 286 ; "A Ballad of the Boston Tea Party," " Grandmother's Story of the Bunker Hill Battle," and "The Iron Gate," 287 ; the Birthday Break- fast on the seventieth anniversary of, 288 ; " The Broomstick Train," 288 ; death of, 288 ; 289, 290, 293, 296, 298 ; the " old gambrel-roofed house," 314 ; 319, 320, 356, 384, 402, 434, 439 ; Canoe Meadows, the ancestral country seat of, 450 ; " The Ploughman," 450, 451; 459, 497. Holmes, chief justice Oliver Wendell, 279, 280. Holmes, Sarah (Wendell), mother of O. W. Holmes, 320. Holmes Farm, Cambridge, 314, 316. Holmes Field, Harvard University, 314. Home Journal , Willis's, 95, 152. Hooker, Thomas, 485. Hooper, Lucy, 72. Hopkins, Dr. Lemuel, 472, 488. Hopkins, Mark, birthplace of, 464. Hopkins, Rev. Dr. Samuel, a promoter of Andover Theological Seminary, 7. Hosmer Cottage, the first Concord home of the Alcotts, 395, 396. Hosmer, Edmund, of Concord, Mass., 385. Hosmer, Harriet Grant, 457. Housatonic River, Holmes's description of, 451 ; 457, 460. Howe, Julia Ward, 149; homes of, in Boston, 253, 288 ; her " Battle Hymn of the Republic," 253, 288, 289 ;" Reminis- cences," 288. Howe, Lyman, the "Landlord" in the " Tales of a Wayside Inn," 366, 369. Howe, Dr. Samuel Gridley, 149. Howells, William Dean, Boston home of, 264 ; 267, 308, 320, 356, 431. Howes, the, of the " Wayside Inn : " Lyman, 366, 369; Col. Ezekiel, and Adam, 369. Hubbard, Rev. William, of Ipswich, Mass., 173 ; house of, 178. " Hugh Percival," early nom de plume of J. R. Lowell, 346. Hughes, Thomas, his introduction of the English edition of " The Biglow Papers," 349. Humphreys, Colonel David, 473. Hunt, William Morris, 125, 248. Huntley, Lydia, see Sigourney. Hussey, Christopher, 45. Hussey, Mercy Evans, Whittier's " Aunt Mercy," 46. Hussey, Samuel, 45. " Idle Man, The," 247, 248, 497. " Idlewild," 153. " Ik Marvel," see Mitchell, Donald G. " Ike Partington," 101. Independent Chronicle and Universal Ad- vertiser, 144. Ingalls, Mary, heroine of Whittier's " The Countess," 47. Ingersoll, Susan, association of, with "The House of the Seven Gables," 213. Ipswich, Mass., 27, 29, 31 ; literary land- marks of, 173-181 ; 311. Ipswich River, 173, 175, 176, 178. Irving, Washington, in Boston, 99 ; 162, 222 ; Allston's intimacy with, 296 ; 496. Isles of Shoals, 89, 109, 110-127, 316, 352. INDEX. 517 Jackson, Amelia, see Holmes. .Jackson, .Judge Charles, 280. Jackson, Lydia, see Emerson. Jail in Salem, the, of witchcraft times, 215. James, George Payne Rainsford, at Lenox, Mass., 458. James, Henry, on " The Scarlet Letter," 205. Jefferson Physical Laboratory, Harvard University, 314. Jewett, John Punchard, first publisher of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 160. Jewett, Sarah Orne, home of, South Ber- wick, Me., 128, 129; sketch of, 129-132; "A Country Doctor" by, 131; "Deep- haven," 132 ; 275 ; Boston home of, 277. Jewett, Dr. Theodore Herman, father of Sarah O. Jewett, 129, 131. Job's Hill, Haverhill, Mass., 38, 57. Johnson, Edward, his early history of New England, 174. Johnson, Mary, see Phelps. " Josh Billings," see Shaw, Henry W. Journal, Louisville, Ky., see Courier- Journal. Journal of the Times, edited by William Lloyd Garrison, 81. Judson, Rev. Adoniram, 419. Juvenile Miscellany, conducted by Lydia Maria Child, 457. Kellogrg, Clara Louise, 188. Kellogg, Rev. Elijah, 143. Kemble, Frances Anne, at Lenox, Mass., 457. Kidd, Captain William, at the Isles of Shoals, 117. King Philip's War, 178, 179 ; Wadsworth and Brocklebank in the Sudbury Fight, 364,369. King Street, Northampton, Mass., 433,436. Kirkland, Rev. John Thornton of the Boston Anthology Club of 1804, 222. Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Mass., 307, 314 ; Professors' Row in, 307, 325. Kittery, Me., 92, 109. Knapp, Isaac, associate with Garrison in The Liberator, 82. " Knickerbocker Magazine," T. B. Aid- rich's early poems in, 95 ; " Hannah Binding Shoes," first published in, 187, 188 ; " The Oregon Trail " first published in, 245 ; The Psalm of Life " first pub- lished in, 328 ;" The Skeleton in Armor " first published in, 329; "Threnodia" first published in, 346 ; Warner's contri- butions to, 481. Knox, General Henry, 92. Laighton, Albert, 89. Laighton, Ctedric, 122. Laighton, Eliza (Rymes), 122, 123. Laighton, Oscar, 122. Laighton, Thomas, 120, 122, 123. Laighton's Isles of Shoals, 112, 122, 126. Lake Mahkeenac (Stockbridge Bowl), 457. Lamb, Charles, Washington Allston's friendship with, 297. Langton, Governor, house of, Portsmouth, N.H., 103. Langdon, Samuel, president of Harvard College, 1774-1780, 314. Lanesborough, Mass., birthplace of Henry W. Shaw (" Josh Billings "), 448. Larcom, Capt. Benjamin, father of Lucy Larcom, 185, 186. Larcom, Emeline, her literary journal, for Lowell mill-hands, 189. Larcom, Lucy, 59, 62, 65 ; association with Our Young Folks, 183, 191 ; birthplace of, 185-187 ; sketch of, 185-191 ; " A New England Girlhood " by, 185, 189 ; early contributions of, to the Lowell Offering, the factory girls' journal, 186 ; " Hannah Binding Shoes," 186, 187, 191 ; " Skipper Ben," "On the Beach," "A Sea Glimpse," " The Light Houses," " Peggy Blight's Voyage," " Wild Roses of Cape Ann," " My Mariner," "On the Misery," and " Mistress Hale of Beverly," 187 ; " Child's Life " and " Songs of Three Centuries," compiled by, with Whittier, 190 ; " Similitudes," first book of, 190. Larcom family, 186, 189. Lathrop, George Parsons, 255, 256, 404, 405, 457, 459. Lathrop, Rose (Hawthorne), 404 ; her " Memories of Hawthorne," quoted, 405 ; referred to, 459 ; birthplace of, 459. Latin book, first published in America, 174. Law, Jonathan, 487. 518 INDEX. Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard Uni- versity, 305, 314. Leavitt, Christopher, first European on the Isles of Shoals, 111, 117. Lee, Richard Henry, sons of, at Phillips (Andover) Academy, 5. Legendary, The, 148. Legislature, Massachusetts, Whittier mem her of, 55; Stephen Longfellow member of, 137 ; Timothy Fuller mem- ber of, 300 ; John G. Palfrey member of, 312. " Lend-a-Hand " clubs, 293. Lenox, Mass., 446, 449, 450 ; literary land- marks of, 456-459 ; 461. Leslie, Charles Robert, 223. Lewis, Charles Bertrand, " M. Quad," 102. Lexington, Mass., 86, 220, 244, 358, 371, 378, 387, 405, 414. Liberator, The, 55, 82. Lind, Jenny, at Northampton, Mass., 443. Linzee, Capt. John, the British bearer of one of "the crossed swords," 234, 235. Literary World, the Duyckincks', 453. Little Harbor, Portsmouth, N.H., 92, 102, 106, 109. "Little Red Cottage" of Hawthorne at Lenox, Mass., 448, 457-458. Lodge, Henry Cabot, 218. London Punch, 171 ; tribute to Holmes, 283-284. Londoner's Island, Isles of Shoals, 110, 114, 116, Longfellow, Anna, see Pierce. Longfellow, Anne (Sewall), 86. Longfellow, Frances Elizabeth (Apple- ton), second wife of H. W. Longfellow, 329 ; original of " Mary Ashburton " of Longfellow's "Hyperion," 330; death and burial of, 335 ; 353, 425, 426, 449. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, " Tales of a Wayside Inn " by, 70, 269, 335, 336, 362- 369 ; 71, 92 ; " Lady Wentworth," 92, 102, 106-108, 109 ; birthplace of, 132-134 ; boy- hood home of, 136-138 ; first published poem of, " The Battle of Lovell's Pond," 138, 142-143 ; statue of, 139 ; " My Lost Youth," 139, 334; "The Ropewalk," 141 ; "Keramos," 141, 336 ; 142, 147, 151, 153 ; student life of, at Bowdoin College, 155, 157-158, 160 ; professorship of, 155, 161-162 ; first marriage of, 161 ; " Foot- steps of Angels," 161 ; " Outre-Mer," 162, 326 ; " Morituri Salutamus," 162; professorship of, at Harvard, 162, 325, 334 ; 165, 167 ; " The Song of Hiawatha," 217, 333-334, 336 ; 231, 260 ; " The Hanging of the Crane," origin of, 274 ; 278, 305 ; lines " To Agassiz," 305 ; " Midnight Mass to the Dying Year," 318,328 ; ' The Village Blacksmith," 321, 332; life and work of, in the Longfellow-Craigie house, 324-327 ; associates in the " Five of Clubs," 325 ; journal of, quoted, 328, 329, 332, 336 ; " Voices of the Night," first published volume of, 328 ; " The Psalm of Life," and " The Reaper and the Flowers," 328 ; " The Wreck of the Hes- perus," and " The Skeleton in Armor," 328, 329 ; " Excelsior," first draft of, in the Harvard College Library, 329 ; " The Belfry of Bruges," 329 ; the poet's second marriage, 329 ; " Hyperion," 330 ; " The Old Clock on the Stairs," 332, 448, 449 ; " Evangeline," begun as "Gabrielle," 332; Hawthorne's suggestion of the poem, 332-333 ; " The Bridge Across the Charles," " Birds of Passage," and " The Day is Done," 332 ; " The Building of the Ship," " The Golden Legend," " The Two Angels," " The Courtship of Miles Standish," and "Paul Revere's Ride," 334 ;" Kavanagh," 334, 451 ; tragedy of the poet's life, 335 ; " The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri," 335, 336; " Flower-de-luce," and " New England Tragedies," 335; " Christus," "Three Books of Song," " Aftermath," " Masque of Pandora," "Poems of Places," and " Ultima Thule," 336 ; death and funeral of, 336 ; 353, 369, 403 ; " The Arsenal at Springfield," 425^26 ; 448, 451, 458. Longfellow, Mary (Potter), first wife of H. W. Longfellow, death of, 162. Longfellow, Rev, Samuel, brother of the poet, 136, 157, 318 ; his Life of Longfellow quoted, 326, 328, 335 ; 336. Longfellow, Stephen (1), son of William, the emigrant, 88. Longfellow, Stephen (2), son of Stephen, schoolmaster, first of the Longfellows in Portland (Falmouth), Me., 88. Longfellow, Stephen (3), son of Stephen INDEX. 519 (2), judge, grandfather ot the poet, 88, 134, 137 ; sketch of, 138. Longfellow, Stephen (4), son of Stephen (3), lawyer and statesman, father of the poet, 88, 133, 136 ; sketch of, 137 ; 138, 140, 160. Longfellow, Stephen (5), brother of the poet, 133, 137, 157. Longfellow, William, of Byfield, Mass., the emigrant, progenitor of the Ameri- can Longf ellows, 86, 88. Longfellow, Zilpah (Wadsworth), 137, 140, 141, 369. Longfellow family, 88, 134. Longfellow Garden, Cambridge, Mass., 330. Longfellow homestead, Bytield, Mass., 86. Longfellow (Vassal-Craigie) house, Cam- bridge, Mass., 307, 321, 324-337; Long- fellow's description of, in Madam Craigie's time, 326 ; sketch of, 330-332 ; 340. Longfellow mansion, Portland, Me., 132; sketch of, 134-136 ; 137, 141, 161. Longfellow's class at Bowdoin College, 158. Loring, Dr. George Bailey, 204, 346. Lothrop, Margaret (" Margaret Sidney "), 402. Lothrop family, 233. Louisburg Square, Boston, 264, 400. Louisville Journal, see Courier-Journal. Lovejoy, Rev. Elijah Parish, 158. " Lovewell's Fight," 138. Lowell, Rev. Charles, son of John, the jurist, father of J. R. Lowell, 84, 253 ; at " Elmwood," 341, 345, 347. Lowell, Frances (Dunlap), second wife of J. R. Lowell, 354. Lowell, Francis Cabot, the manufacturer, son of John, the jurist, 84. Lowell, Harriet (Spence), mother of J. R. Lowell, 345. Lowell, James Russell, editorship of the Atlantic Monthly, 60, 69, 125, 353 ; 71 ; "Elmwood," birthplace and life-long home of, 83, 340-357 ; 84 ; " Pictures from Appledore," 116, 352; 123; "A Fable for Critics," 145, 350, 351 ; 151, 153, 194, 243, 253, 269; "Cambridge Thirty Years Ago," 297, 342 ; 301, 303, 311 ; " To John G. Palfrey, " 313, 350 ; " Fireside Travels," 319; 320, 334, 335, 337, 338; sketch of, 342-357 ; first poems of, pub- lished over a nom de plume, 346 ; " Threnodia," 346; " A Year's Life," first volume of, 347 ; " Legends of Brittany," second volume of, 347; magazine of, The Pioneer, 347 ; antislavery writings of, 347-350; first marriage of, 348; the " Biglow Papers," 348-349, 350, 351, 353 ; "Euridyce," "The Changeling," "To Lamartine," " A Parable," " The Part- ing of the Ways," " Beaver Brook," " The First Snow Fall," " Stanzas to Freedom," and " To W. L. Garrison," 350 ; " The Vision of Sir Launfal," 350, 351-352; " The Courtin'," 351; the pro- posed " The Nooning," 352 ; " Under the Willows," and "Leaves from my Journal in Italy and Elsewhere," 352; Lowell Institute lectures of, 353 ; editorship, with Norton, of North American Review , 353 ; professorship of, at Harvard, 353, 354; "The Washers of the Shroud," 353 ; The Commemoration Ode, 353, 354 ; second marriage of, 354 ; eulogy on Agassiz, 354 ; diplomatic service of, 354 ; " Literary and Political Addresses," 355 ; " Last Poems," edited by Norton, 355 ; death and burial of, 356 ; 384, 403, 428, 494. Lowell (or Lowle), John of Newbury, the first in America, ancestor of the Lowells, 83. Lowell, Rev. John, great-grandfather of James Russell Lowell, first minister of Newburyport, 83 ; his motto, 83. Lowell John, the jurist, son of Rev. John, grandfather of J. R. Lowell, 83, 84. Lowell, John, the pamphleteer, son of John, the jurist, 84. Lowell, Mabel, see Burnett. Lowell, Maria (White), first wife of J. R. Lowell, 123, 301, 334, 347. Lowell family, 83, 84. Lowell, Mass., 84, 189. Lowell house, Newburyport, Mass., 83. Lowell Institute, Boston, 305; J. R. Lowell's lectures at, 353. Lowell Offering, 186, 190. Lowle John, see Lowell John. Lunt, Adaline Treadwell (Parsons), 271. Lunt George, poems of, and novel, " East- 520 INDEX. ford," 72; contributor to Willis's American Monthly, 148 ; 271. Lynde, Chief Justice Benjamin, of Massa- chusetts Bay Province, grave of, 210, 222. Lynn, Mass., 79, 81, 217. " M. Quad," see Lewis, Charles B. McCabe, Chaplain, 289. McGill University, honors to Parkman, 246. M'Lellan, Isaac, 5, 142, 148. Macrae, David, 279 ; his description of Holmes, 280 ; of Emerson's smile, 387. Magazine Street, Cambridge, Mass., 295, 297. Main Street, Concord, Mass., 370, 371 , 375, 376, 378, 400. Main Street, Hartford, Conn., 484, 487. Main Street, Northampton, Mass., 433. Maine Historical Society, 136. Maine's chief college town, 155-170. Malaga Island, Isles of Shoals, 110, 114. " Mall," the, Newburyport, Mass., 79. Manchester-by-the-sea, Mass., 198, 199, 250. Mann, Horace, 208, 312, 406. Mann, Mary (Peabody), 208. Manning family, 207. Manning homestead, Salem, Mass., 166 206. Manning, Richard, 207. Manning, Robert, 166, 207. " Margaret Sidney," see Lothrop, Mar- garet. " Mark Twain," see Clemens, Samuel L. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 317. Massachusetts Bay Side, 185-198 ; 271. Massachusetts Bill of Rights, 83. Massachusetts Historical Society, 235 ; house of, 290. Mason, Jeremiah, 105, 158, 164. Mason, Dr. Lowell, 8. Mason, William, 126. Mather, Rev. Cotton, 26 ; his " Magnalia,' 29,210; 177,211,212. Mather, Rev. Increase, 26, 221. Mather, Nathaniel, grave of, 210 ; sketch of, 211. Mather, Rev. Samuel, 26, 211. May, Abigail, see Alcott. May, Rev. Samuel Joseph, 389. Mead, Edwin Doak, 266, 267 ; sketch of 266-267; his "Martin Luther," "Out- line Studies of Holland," and "Repre- sentative Government," 267. Mead, Larkin Goldsmith, 266. Mead, William Rutherford, 266. Meadow City " the (Northampton, Mass.), 432. Medfield, Mass., 416, 417. Medford, Mass., 73. Mellen, Frederick, 138, 158. Mellen, Grenville, his " Glad Tales and Sad Tales," 142 ; 158. Mellen, Judge Prentiss, 138, 142, 158. Melville, Herman, 452 ; "Arrowhead," Pittsfield home of, 452, 453; his sea and other stories written here, 452-453 ; " Typee," 452, 455, 456 ; " White Jacket," 452, 456 ; " Pierre," " Israel Potter," " Piazza Tales," and " October Moun- tain," 453 ; " Moby Dick," 453, 456 ; friendship with Hawthorne, 453-454 ; sketch of, 454-456 ; " Omoo," and " MaidS, and a Voyage Thither," 455; "Red- burn," 456 ; 458. Melville, The Majors Thomas, 451, 452 ; the first Major Melville, original of Holmes's " The Last Leaf," 452. Memorial Hall, Harvard University, 316. Memphremagog, Lake, 245. Menotomy, Indian name of Arlington, Mass., 358. Mercantile Library Association, Boston, 97, 98, 271. Merrimac River, 35,43, 44, 64, 65, 70. Merwin, Henry Childs, home and work of, 252; his "Road, Track, and Stable," 252. Metcalf, Holliston, Mass., 420. Mile River, Northampton, Mass., 443. " Miles O'Reilly," see Halpin, Charles G. Milton, Mass., 230, 231. Mitchell, Donald Grant (" Ik Marvel "), a student at Yale College, 489 ; his " Reveries of a Bachelor," 489, 499, 500 ; " Edgewood," home of, 497-499 ; sketch of, 499-501 ; " Dream Life" and " Fresh Gleanings," 499 ; " The Battle Sum- mer," 499, 500; "My Farm at Edge- wood," 499, 501 ; " The Lorgnette," 500; "Wet-Days at Edgewood," "Dr. Johns," " Rural Studies," " English Lands, Letters, and Kings," and INDEX. 521 " American Lands and tetters," 501 ; editor of Hearth and Home, 501. Molineux, Major, rhymes by, on a win- dow-pane of the " Wayside Inn," 366. Montgomery Place, Boston, 281-282. Monthly Anthology, The, 220, 222, 467. Monti, Luigi, 365 ; " The Young Sicilian" in the " Tales of a Wayside Inn," 365. Monticello Female Seminary, Lucy Lar- com a teacher in, 190. Monument Mountain, The Berkshires, Mass., 454, 464. Moody, Rev. Samuel ( Father Moody"), anecdotes of, 180. Moore, Thomas, souvenir of, in Long- fellow's study, 330. Morris, George Pope, 148, 149. Morse, Prof. Edward Sylvester, 143. Morse, Rev. Jedidiah, 419, 490 ; grave of, 491. Morse, John Torrey, Jr., biographer of Holmes, 280, 285, 288, 450 ; home of, 289. Morse, Royal, the " R. M." of Lowell's " Fireside Travels," 319. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, 419. Motley, John Lothrop, 139, 142, 148, 217 ; last Boston home of, 228; boyhood home of, 228-230 ; sketch of, 231-233 ; novels of, " Morton's Hope," and " Mer- rymount," 231 ;" The Rise of the Dutch Republic," " The History of the United Netherlands," and " Life and Death of John of Barneveld," 232 ; foreign life of, 233 ; grave of, in London, 233 ; 246, 285. Motley, Mary (Benjamin), wife of J. L. Motley, 231. Motley, Thomas, grandfather of J. L. Motley, 139. Motley, Thomas, father of J. L. Motley, 229,230. Moulton, Louise Chandler, 102. Mount Auburn, Cambridge,' Mass., grave of N. P. Willis, 153 ; grave of W. E. Channing, 261 ; "285 ; grave of Agassiz, 306 ; 335 ; graves of Longfellow and Lowell, 356. Mount Auburn Street, Cambridge, Mass., earlier the " New Road," 342. Mount Vernoii Street, Boston, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 276. M Mrs. Partington," see SMUaber, B. P. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 305. " Mutual Admiration Society," 325. Nahant, Mass., 17.3, 217, 218, 232, 250, 334. Nation, The, 194, 197. National Era, The, " Uncle Tom's Cabin" first published in, 19, 160; Whittier's poems and prose writings in, 59; 182. National Philanthropist, The, Garrison editor of, 52, 81. National Press, The, 152. Navy Yard, Kittery, Me., 92. Neal, John, 140 ; his " Battle of Niagara," 142. New England Courant, 144. New England Literary Review, Prentice's editorship of, 53, 486 ; Whittier's editor- ship of, 53, 486 ; Whittier's poems pub- lished in, 53, 486 ; 496. New England Magazine, 266. New England Magazine, Buckingham's, 162, 231, 282. New Hampshire Gazette, 122. New Haven, Conn., 415, 435; literary landmarks of, 488-501 ; 497. New Nation, The, 431. New South Church, Boston, 222. New York Ledger, The, " Hanging of the Crane " first published in, 274. New York Mirror, N. P. Willis's connec- tion with, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152. New York Review and Athenaeum Maga- zine, Bryant assistant editor of, 469. New York Tribune, Margaret Fuller a writer on, 302, 385. New World, the " Wreck of the Hes- perus " first published in, 329. Newbury, Mass., 9, 43, 64, 71, 72, 83, 86. Newburyport, Mass., 7, 8, 51, 63, 64 ; liter- ary landmarks of, 65-88 ; 318, 489. Newburyport (Mass.) Free Press, Whit- tier's first published poem in, 50, 52, 81. Newburyport (Mass.) Herald, association of W. L. Garrison with, 81, 82. Newcastle, N.H., 109, 123. "Newe Towne " (Cambridge), 27,31, 175. Newport, R.I., 319, 443. Newton, Mass., 16. Niericker, Abby May (Alcott), 391,,399. 522 INDEX. Norman's Woe, scene of the " Wreck of the Hesperus," 328, 329. Norris, John, a founder of Andover Theo- logical Seminary, 8, 25. North American Review, 72; William Tudor, founder of, 221 ; Richard H. Dana 1st and Edward T. Channing editors of, 249 ; Jared Sparks editor of, 307 ; John G. Palfrey editor of, 313 ; C. E. Norton and J. R. Lowell editors of, 353 ; 462, 468. North Andover, Mass., 4, 21, 22. North Andover, First Parish, 25, 29. North Parish, Andover, Mass., 6. North Shore, Massachusetts Bay, 173, 215. Northampton, Mass., 415, 423, 424, 425, 428, 429 ; literary landmarks of, 432-445. Norton, Andrews, the biblical scholar, 310, 312. Norton, Prof. Charles Eliot, 268, 270; " Shady Hill," home of, 310 ; Harvard professorship of, 311 ; literary work of, in the editorship of various volumes, 311 ; translations of Dante, 311, 335 ; " Historical Studies in Church Building in the Middle Ages," 311 ; 353, 355, 356. Norton, Rev. John, 174, 177, 178,311. Norton family, 311. Norton house, Ipswich, Mass., 177. " Norton's Woods," Cambridge, Mass., 310. Observatory Hill, Cambridge, 326. " Old Bab," the pirate-ghost, Isles of Shoals, 117. Old Bay Road of the Puritans, 181. Old " Church of Federal Street," The, Newburyport, Mass., 73, 75, 76, 77. "Old Corner Bookstore," Boston, 97; Fields's " curtained corner in," 99 ; 267. " Old gambrel-roofed house," the, birth- place of Holmes, 314, 316, 319, 320. Old Ironsides " (U. S. frigate " Consti- tution "), 141 ; Holmes's poem on, 283. " Old Manse," the, Concord, Mass., 180. 209, 266, 345, 380, 385, 405, 407-414. Old Newbury, see Newbury, Mass. Old North Church, Portsmouth, N.H., 97. Old South Church, Ipswich, Mass., 176. Old Town church, Newburyport, Mass., 86. " Orchard House," the Alcotts', Concord, Mass., 387, 388, 390, 391, 397, 399, 400, 404. Ossipee River, 134. Ossoli, Giovanni Angelo, Marquis, 303, 304. Ossoli (Margaret Fuller), Countess, see Fuller. Otis, James, 221. Our Young folks, 132, 183, 191, 358. "P. Philander Doesticks," see Thomson, Mortimer. Packard, Prof. Alpheus Spring, 158, 163, 165. Paine, Prof. John Knowles, 125, 196. Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., law student in Newburyport, 71; his song "Adams and Liberty," 71. Palfrey, John Gorham, home of, 311 ; public and literary life of, 311-314 ; his " History of New England," 313 ; Low- ell's lines to, 350. Palfrey Place, The, Cambridge, Mass., 311. Park, Prof. Edwards A., 9, 10. Park River, Hartford, Conn., 473, 478. Park Street, Boston, 223, 224, 228. Park-Street Church, Boston, "America" first sung in, 9 ; 149. Parker, Rev. Theodore, 122, 301, 302, 318. Parker River, 86. Parkman, Rev. Ebenezer, of Weslbor- ough, Mass., great-grandfather of Francis Parkman, 243, 244. Parkman, Elias, of Dorchester, Mass., first ancestor of the Parkmans in America, 243. Parkman, Rev. Francis, of Boston, father of Francis Parkman, 243. Parkman, Francis, 109 ; " Montcalm and Wolfe " by, 109, 240, 241, 242 ; A Half- Century of Conflict," 109, 240, 241, 242 ; Boston homes of , 239-240,246 ; sketch of, and methqds of work, 239-246; "The Pioneers of France in the New World," "The Jesuits," "The Dis- covery of the Great West," "The Old Regime," and " Count Frontenac," 240 ; birthplace of, 242 ; boyhood home of, 243 ; " The Oregon Trail," 245, 246 ; "History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac," 246; "Vassal Morton," only novel by, 246 ; professorship of, at Harvard, 246 ; honors conferred upon, in Canada, 246. INDEX. 523 Parkman, Samuel, grandfather of Fran- cis Parkman, 243, 244. Parkman, William, 244. Parkman family, 242-244. Parsonage, The, Newburyport, Mras., where Whitefield died, 77, 78. Parsons, Adaline Treadwell, see Lunt. Parsons, Rev. Jonathan, of "The Par- sonage " where Whitefield died, 76. Parsons, Judge Theophilus, 71, 157. Parsons, Theophilus, 2d, 157, 312. Parsons, Dr. Thomas William, 268 ; trans- lations of Dante by, 269, 270,335 ; sketch of, 269-271 ; the "Poet " in " Tales of a Wayside Inn," 269, 368; "The Old House in Sudbury Twenty Years After- wards," 269 ; volumes of poems by : "The Ghetto di Roma," " The Mag- nolia," "The Old House at Sudbury," and " The Shadows of the Obelisk," 270; 365. Parton, Ethel, 73. Parton, James, home of, 73, 152, 153. Parton, Sara Payson (Willis) ("Fanny Fern"), 153; "Ruth Hall," "Fern Leaves," " Fresh Leaves," and " Rose Clark," 153. " Paul Creyton," see Trowbridge, JohnT. Paulding, James Kirke, 99. Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 205, 208, 302 ; " Record of a School " (Alcott's " Tem- ple School ") by, 394. Peabody family, 205, 208, 266. Peabody house, Salem, Mass., 206, 208 ; Hawthorne's model for "Dr. Grim- shawe's " house, 209. Peabody mansion, Salem, Mass., 215. Peabody, Dr. Nathaniel, 208, 210. Pearson, Prof. Eliphalet, 7, 8, 9, 316. Peasley, Joseph, early Quaker of Haver- hill, 44. Peasley, Mary, great-grandmother of Whittier, 44. Pennsylvania Freeman, The, Whjttier editor of, 59 ; Lowell contributor to, 348. Pentucket, Indian name of Haverhill, Mass., 35. Pepperell house, Kittery, Me., 109. Pepperell, Sir William, 67. Percival, James Gates, a student at Yale College, 489, 496; his tragedy of "Zamor" a Commencement part, 489; sketch of, 495-497 ; " Prometheus," 496 ; the "Clio" series, 496, 497; "A Dream of a Day," 497 ; ballads by, 497. Perkins, Mary Beecher, 19. " Peter Parley," see Goodrich, Samuel G. Peters, Rev. Hugh, 175 ; " Peter's Pulpit," 184. Phelps, Prof. Austin, 10 ; " The Still Hour " by, 12, 14. Phelps, Elizabeth (Stuart) ("H. Trusta"), 10 ; " Sunnyside," " The Angel Over the Right Shoulder," and " Peep at Number Five "by, 12. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, see Ward. Phelps, Mary (Johnson), 12. Phelps, Mary (Stuart), 12. Phi Beta Kappa addresses, 230, 249, 265, 302, 489. Phillips (Andover) Academy, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 34, 142, 147, 230. Phillips (Exeter) Academy, 5, 193, 423. Phillips, Ann, wife of Wendell Phillips, 230, 231. Phillips, Elizabeth (Barnard), wife of Samuel Phillips, 2d, 6. Phillips, George, first minister of Water- town, Mass., first ancestor of the Phillipses in America, 6. Phillips, John, son of Rev. Samuel, a founder of the Phillips Academies, 5. 6. Phillips, Col. John, son of Samuel, 3d, a founder of Andover Seminary, 7. Phillips, John, father of Wendell Phillips, 230. Phillips, Lydia (Gorham), wife of Col. John Phillips, 7. Phillips, Madam Phebe (Foxcroft), wife of Samuel Phillips, 3d, 7, 34. Phillips, Rev. Samuel, founder of the Phillips family of Andover, Mass., 6. Phillips, Samuel, 2d, son of Rev. Samuel, a founder of Phillips (Andover) Academy, 5, 6, 7. Phillips, Samuel, 3d, son of Samuel, 2d, proposer of Phillips (Andover) Academy, 5, 7, 34. Phillips, Wendell, 32 ; birthplace of, 228, 229, 230 ; grave of, 230, 231 ; character- ization of, 230-231 ; 233, 318, Phillips, Judge Willard. 249. Phillips, William, son of Rev. Samuel. 6. Phillips, William, 2d, son of William, 6. 524 INDEX. Phillips family, 5, 6, 230. Phillips manse, North Andover, Mass., 22, 34. Phips, Sir William, 88. Pickard, Samuel Thomas, biographer of Whittier, 36, 42, 43, 56, 88. Pierce, Anna (Longfellow), 136. Pierce, Benjamin, class of 1829, Harvard, 284. Pierce, Franklin, 105, 124. Pierpont, John, 73; a student at Yale College, 489; "Airs of Palestine" by, 489. Pierrepont, Sarah, see Edwards. Pike, Albert, 148. Pilgrims at Plymouth, 117. Pinckney Street, Boston, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 271, 274, 275, 276. Pinkerton Academy, Derry, N.H., 68. Pioneer, The, Lowell's periodical of 1842, 347. Piscataqua River, 90, 109, 124. Pittsfield, Mass., 445 ; literary landmarks of, 446-453;. 458. Plainfield, Mass., 468, 481. Pleasant Street, Arlington, Mass., 357. Plunkett, Mrs. H. M., 453. "Plunkett Mansion," Pittsfield, Mass., scene of Longfellow's " Old Clock on the Stairs," 449. Plymouth, Mass., 380. Po Hill, Amesbury, Mass., 57. _Poe, Edgar Allan, 152, 195 ; " Works of, with Memoir and Notes," by George E. Woodberry, 197 ; 283, 347. Ponkapog, Milton, Mass., 276, 370. Porter, Dr. Timothy Olcott, 151. Portland, Me., 47, 88, 127; literary land- marks of, 128-154 ; 161. Portland (Me.) Academy, 137, 167. Portland Library, 136. Portland Theatre, 142. Portsmouth, N.H., literary landmarks of, 89-109 ; 120, 124, 127, 128, 215, 222, 254. Portsmouth Athenaeum, 97. Portsmouth (N.H.) Chronicle, 105. " Portsmouth Flying Stage-Coach," 93, 100. Portsmouth Harbor, 123. Portsmouth Light, 109. Potter, Judge Barrett, 161. Potter, Mary, see Longfellow. Powow River, Amesbury, Mass., 43, 64. Pratt, Anna Bronson (Alcott), 375, 391, 392, 398, 399 ; wedding of, 399 ; grave of 402. Pratt, John, 392, 399, 402. Preble, Commodore Edward, 140, 141, 154, 158. Prentice, George Denison, 53 ; in Hart- ford, Conn., 472, 485-486. Prescott, Catherine Greene (Hickling), mother of William H. Prescott, 215. Prescott, Harriet Elizabeth, see Spoft'ord. Prescott, Susan (Amory), wife of William H. Prescott, 239. Prescott, Col. William, commander at Bunker Hill, 215 ; the American bearer of one of " the crossed swords," 234, 235. Prescott, Judge William, father of Wil- liam H. Prescott, 215, 239. Prescott, William Hickling, birthplace of, 215 ; 217, 221, 227 ; Boston homes of, 233-236, 239 ; sketch of, and methods of work, 233, 235-239; the "crossed swords " alluded to by Thackeray, 234, 235, 239; his "Conquest of Peru," " Philip the Second," and " Conquest of Mexico," 325 ; the " History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella," and its re- markable reception, 235-236; Ticknor's Life of, 228, 237. Prescott house, Boston, description of, 233, 234, 236 ; 239. Prince, Rev. Joseph, 77. Princeton College, 438, 439. Professor's Row, see Kirkland Street, Cambridge. Prospect Street, Cambridge, Mass., 295, 299. Providence, R.I., 9, Margaret Fuller a teacher in, 301. Public Library, Concord, Mass., 378, 403. Public Library, Portsmouth, N.H., 102. Putnam, Rev. Benjamin, grandfather of Edward Bellamy, 429. Putnam, Simeon, School of, in Old Brad- street homestead, 25, 26. Putnam's Magazine, 95, 344, 481. Quakers, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 55, 61. Quincy, Josiah, the elder, 5, 219, 220; Boston house of, 228. Quincy, Mass., 71, 420. INDEX. 525 Quincy Square, Cambridge, Mass., 295, 304. Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass., 304. Badcliffe College, 304. Red Horse Tavern, see Wayside Inn. Reed, Nathan, 215. Reserve, George, 105. Reserve, Sally, 105. Revolution, The American, 104 ; poetry of, 106 ; 117, 119, 134, 144, 207, 219, 234, 243, 250, 291, 306, 312,314,322,326, 327, 341,364, 369, 418, 439, 473, 488, 491, 492. Revolutionary period, The, 117, 131, 250. Rhodes, James Ford, Boston home of, 289 ; his " History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850," 289. Ripley, Dr. Ezra, 345; in the " Old Manse," Concord, Mass., 407, 408 ; 412. Ripley, George, founder of the Brook Farm community, 294, 302. Ripley, Rev. Samuel, of Waltham, Mass., 409. Jiiverside Magazine for Young People, 132,338. Robbins, Rev. Chandler, 26 ; class of 1829, Harvard, 284. Rogers, Rev. John, of Ipswich, president of Harvard College, 1682-1684, 29, 175, 178. Rogers the Ranger, 244. Rolfe, Henry, 43. Rolfe, John, 43. Round Hill School, Northampton, Mass., 425 ; sketch of, 441 ; 457. Rowlandson, Joseph, of Ipswich, Mass., 175. Roxbury district, Boston, 27. Rural Cemetery, Worcester, Mass., Ban- croft's grave in, 424. Saco, Me., 132. Saco River, 132, 134. Salem Athenaeum, Salem, Mass., 15, 216. Salem-Street Church, Boston, 158. Salem, Mass., 7, 8, 24, 32, 166, 199, 200-217, 222, 271, 317, 490. Salisbury Beach, Salisbury, Mass., 70. Salisbury, Mass., 43, 72. Saltonstall, Muriel (Gurden), 175. Saltonstall, Richard, 175, 178. Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 175. Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin, home of, 371, 376 ; 372, 373,374, 375 ; his biographies of Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, and John Brown of Osawatomie, 376 ; sketch of, 376-378 ; 389, 394, 395, 397. Sanborn, Katharine Abbott (" Kate San- born"), 420; the "abandoned farm," experiment of, 420-423 ; sketch of, and her work, 423. Saturday Press, 95. School Street, Boston, 290. " Scourge," U. S. Schooner, 141. Scribner's Magazine, (the first), 69 ; J. G. Holland, editor of, 428 ; 445. Scudder, Horace Elisha, home of, 337; sketch of, 337-338; his life of Lowell, 337, 338 ; " Dream Children," and the "Bodley Books," 337,338; editorship of the Atlantic Monthly, 337, 338 ; " His- tory of the United States," " Men and Letters," "The Dwellers in Five Sis- ters 'Court," " Stories and Romances," biographies of David Coit Scudder and Noah Webster, " Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor," and " Recollections of Samuel Breck," 338 ; summer literary workshop of, at Lanesborough, Mass., 448. Seaflght, the, between the "Enterprise" and " Boxer," 140-141. Sebago Lake, 166. Sedgewick, Catharine Maria, 452 ; home of, in Lenox, Mass., 456 ; her tales of New England life : " The Linwoods," " The Poor Rich Man and the Rich Poor Man," " Live and Let Live," " The Morals of Manners," " The Boy of Mt. Rhigi," and " Married and Single," 457 ; 458 ; home of, in Stockbridge, 461 ; sketch of, 461^63 ; "A New England Tale," 462 ; " Redwood," " Hope Leslie," and " Clar- ence," 463. Sedgwick, Charles, 456, 462. Sedgwick, Elizabeth Buckminster, 456 ; her Lenox school, and notable pupils of, 457; "The Beatitudes," and other children's books by, 457. Sedgwick family, 452, 456 ; home of, in Lenox, Mass., 456, 457 ; in Stockbridge, Mass., 456, 457, 460 ; Sedgwick mansion, Stockbridge, 460, 461. Sedgwick, Henry Dwight, 462, 469 1 . Sedgwick, Judge Theodore, 462. 526 INDEX. Sedgwick, Theodore, Jr., 462. Senate, Massachusetts State, Peter Bry- ant in, 249. Sergeant, Rev. John, 460 ; tablet to, in old Stockbridge church, 463. Sewall, Anne, see Longfellow. Sewall, Jonathan Mitchell, his lyrics of the Revolution, 106; epilogue to the " Tragedy of Cato," 106. Sewall, Judge Samuel, 72 ; Diary of, 176. Sewall family, 389. Sewall place, Newburyport, Mass., 86. 'Shady Hill," home of Prof. Charles Eliot Norton, 310. Shaw, Henry Wheeler (" Josh Billings "), 448. Shaw, Chief Justice Lemuel, of Massa- chusetts, 456. Shaw, Quincy Adams, 245. Shaw, William Smith, of the Boston An- thology Club of 1804, 221, 419. Shays' Rebellion, 43. Sheffield, Mass., 470. Shepard Congregational Church, Cam- bridge, 316. Shepley, Rev. Dr. David, 163. Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow ("Mrs. Partington"), 89; sketch of, 99-102; "Sayings of Mrs. Partington," and "Experiences During Many Years," 100 ; " Life and Sayings of Mrs. Par- tington," 100, 102 ; " Ike and His Friends," 102 ; The Carpet Bag, 102, 170. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, 54, 472 ; sketch of, 484 ; her " Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse," and "Letters in Life," 484 ; Whittier's tribute to, 484. Silliman, Benjamin, student at Yale Col- lege, 490 ; grave of, 491. Silliman, Benjamin, Jr., grave of, 491. Silsbee, Edward A., 200. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Mass., graves of the Alcotts in, 402; Haw- thorne's grave in, 402, 403, 405. Smith, Abigail, see Adams. Smith College, 423; founded by Sophia Smith, 440. Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, 143. Smith, Captain John, 111, 112,114. Smith, Joseph Edward Adams (" Godfrey Greylock "), 454. Smith, Dr. Samuel Francis, his hymn* "America," when written and first sung, 8 ; " The Morning Light is Break- ing," 9 ; class of 1829, Harvard, 285. Smith, Seba (" Major Jack Downing "), 142, 143. Smith, Sophia, founder of Smith College, 440. Smith's Islands, see Isles of Shoals. Smutty Nose Island, see Haley's Island. Snell, Sally, see Bryant. Snell, " Squire," 466. Society of Friends, see Quakers. Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians, The, 120. Sons of Liberty, 104. South Berwick, Me, 128, 129. South Berwick Academy, 129. South Church, Ipswich, Mass., tablet in front of, 178. South Congregational Church, Boston, Edward Everett Hale minister of, 291. South Framingham, Mass., 416, 420. South Mountain, Pittsneld, Mass., and scenes of " Elsie Venner," 450. South Parish, Andover, Mass., 6. South Sudbury, Mass., 362, 369. Southern Literary Messenger, 500. Southey, Robert, George Ticknor's friend- ship with, 227; Washington Allston's friendship with, 297. Souvenirs, 204. Sparks, Jared, home of, 306; sketch of, 306-307 ; the Sparks manuscripts in Harvard College Library, 306 ; " Diplo- matic Correspondence of the American Revolution," 306, 307 ; " Writings of General Washington," " Library of American Biography," and Franklin's Works, 307; editorship of the North American Review, 307; 312, 420. Spence, Harriet, see Lowell. Spofford, Harriet Prescott, home of, 65- 67, 70; sketch of, 67-70; first story of, " In a Cellar," 69 ; " Sir Rohan's Ghost," "The Amber Gods," "Aza- rian," " The Thief in the Night," " New England Legends," " The Marquis of Carabas," " Hester Stanley at St. Mark's," "In Titian's Garden and Other Poems," and "Priscilla's Love Story," 69 ; 72, 131, 132. Spofford, Richard S., 69. INDEX. 527 Spring, Rev. Dr. Samuel, a projector o Andover Theological Seminary, 7. Springfield, Mass., 415, 41C>, 424 ; literary landmarks of, 425-4'.*.) ; 441, 449. Springfield, Mass., Cemetery, J. G. Hoi land's grave in, 426; Samuel Bowles'f grave in, 429. Springfield Republican, The, 378; Samne Bowles's editorship of, 427 ; J. G. Hoi land's connection with, 427. Spy Pond, Arlington, 357. Stamp Act of 1765, 105. Star Island, Isles of Shoals, 110, 111, 114 119. State House, Boston, 249, 271. Staten Island, N.Y., Theodore Winthrop's home on, 494. Stavers, Bartholomew, of the " Ports- mouth Flying Stage-Coach " line, 93. Stavers, John, landlord of the " Earl of Halifax," Portsmouth, N. H., 92. Stearns, Frank Preston, 125. Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 197, 269, 270 ; a student at Yale College, 490. Stephen, Leslie, his sketch of Lowell at " Elmwood," 356. Stephens, Mrs. Anna S. (Winterbotham), 143 ; her " Fashion and Famine " and other novels, 143. Stephenson, Capt. Samuel, 133, 134. Stockbridge, Mass., Jonathan Edwards at, 437, 438, 446, 449, 456, 457, 460-461 ; literary landmarks of, 459-463 ; 464. Stockbridge Bowl, see Lake Mahkeenac. Stoddard, Rev. Solomon, 434, 435. Storrow, Louisa, see Higginson. Story, Judge Joseph, 137 ; mansion of, Salem, Mass., 202. Story, William Wetmore, 202 ; his " Roba di Roma," " Fiametta, A Summer Idyl," " Conversations in a Studio," and " Excursions in Art and Letters," 202. Story street, Cambridge, Mass., 321. Stowe, Prof. Calvin Ellis, 17 ; professor at Bowdoin College, 18, 158, 159, 160 ; 20. Stowe, Charles, 20. Stowe, Harriet Beecher, home of, in Ando- ver, Mass., 17-20 ; sketch, 17-20, 478-480 ; " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 17, 18, 19, 59, 143, 155 ; its origin and composition, 158-160 ; " Key " to " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 17 ; "Dred," 17, 19, 20; "The Minister's Wooing," and " The Pearl of Orr's Island," 17 ; " Agnes of Sorrento," 17, 20 ; grave of, in Andover, 20, 21 ; home of, in Brunswick, Me., 155, 158-159 ; first book of, 160; "The Mayflower," 160; 472 ; Hartford, Conn., homes of, 478-480; "We and Our Neighbors," "Oldtown Folks " and " Pink and White Tyranny," 480 ; 482, 485. Stowe, Henry, 19, 20, 21. Stuart, Elizabeth ("H. Trusta"), see Phelps. Stuart, Mary, see Phelps. Stuart, Prof. Moses, 10, 12. Sudbury, Mass., 364, 369, 370. Sudbury River, 376. Summer Street, Boston, 290. Sumner, Charles, Senator, 232, 265, 304 ; one of the "Five of Clubs," 325; 329, 330, 425, 426, 452. Sumner, Horace, 304. Swift, Lindsay, 195, 197, 198, 294. Swinnerton, Dr. John, 210. Symmes, Rev. Dr. William, 25. Symmes, Zachariah, 25. Symonds, Rebekah, 175. Symonds, Dep'y-Gov. Samuel, of the Massachusetts Colony, 175. Symonds' Hill, Cambridge, Mass., 342. Symposium, The, see Transcendental Club. Taconic Mountain, The Berkshires, Mass., 458. ' Tarryawhile," Northampton home of George W. Cable, 443, 444. Taunton, Mass., 71. Taylor, Bayard, 70, 146, 338. Temple School," Boston, A. Bronson Alcott's, 301 ; Elizabeth Peabodj 's Record of, 394; model for "Alcott House," Ham Common, England, 395. Thackeray, William Makepeace, Paris letters of, to Willis's Corsair, 151-152 ; 204 ; reference of, to Prescott's " crossed swords," 234, 235 ; manuscripts of, in James T. Fields's library, 278. Thaxter, Celia (Laighton), 89, 94, 102, 110, 112 ; " The Spaniards' Graves," by, 113 ; 115, 119 ; home of, in the White Island light-house, 120-121 ; " The Wreck of the 528 INDEX. Pocahontas," 121; sketch of, 122-126; cottage and garden of, on Appledore, 123-124 ; " An Island Garden," and " My Garden," 124; "Among the Isles of Shoals," and "Land-Locked," 125; grave of, 126 ; 181, 316. Thaxter, Levi Lincoln, 122, 123, 124, 125, 318. Thayer, Abijah W., 50. Thayer, Prof. James Bradley, 316. Theological School of the New Jerusalem Church, Cambridge, Mass., 306. Theological Seminary, Andover, See An- dover Theological Seminary. Thompson, George, 55. Thomson, Mortimer ("P. Philander Doesticks "), his " E. Pluri Buster," a parody on " Hiawatha," 333. Thoreau, Cynthia (Dunbar), mother of Henry D. Thoreau, anecdote of, 372. Thoreau, Henry David, 191, 192 ; Concord, Mass., homes of, 371 ; birthplace of, 371 ; " hermitage " of, by Walden Pond, 371, 374-375, 397; sketch of, 371-375; "Wal- den," 373, 374, 376 ; " Walk to Wachu- sett," 374 ; " Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers," 374, 376 ; " Excur- sions," " The Maine Woods," " Cape Cod," and " A Yankee in Canada," 375 ; 376, 385, 386, 404, 413-414. Thoreau, John, grandfather of Henry D. Thoreau, 371, 372. Thoreau, John, father of Henry D. Thoreau, 372. Thoreau, Sophia, sister of Henry D. Thoreau, 372. Thoreau family, 371 ; home of, on the village square, Concord, Mass., 371, 372. "Thoreau house," Concord, Mass., home of Thoreau, 371 ; later, home of the Al- cotts, 375 ; 376, 400. Thoreau Street, Concord, Mass., 371. Ticknor, Anna (Eliot), wife of George Ticknor, 227. Ticknor, Elisha, father of George Ticknor, 224 ; his " English Exercises," 225 ; 226. Ticknor, George, 162, 221, 222 ; house of, 223, 224 ; library of, 223, 224, 228 ; sketch of, 224-228 ; his " History of Spanish Literature," 224, 227 ; professorship at Harvard College, 227 ; Life of Prescott, 228,237, 238; 236,261,323, Ticknor and Fields, 60, 98, 267. Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 98. Todd, Capt. Francis, 82. Token, The, 148. " Tory How," Cambridge, 327. " Town and Country Club," A. Bronson Alcott's, 398. Transcendental Club, Boston, 253, 302; evolved from " The Symposium," 384 ; Emerson's association with, 302, 384; 395. Tread well, Prof. Daniel, 365 ; the " Theo- logian," in " Tales of a Wayside Inn," 368. Tremont Place, Boston, 290. Tremont Street, Roston, 290. Trinity Church, Boston, 221. Trowbridge, John Townsend, writings of, as " Paul Creyton," 102, 359 ; editor of Our Young Folks, 183, 358 ; home of, 357, 358; story of "Neighbor Jackwood," 357, 359 ; " Jack Hazard," " A Chance for Himself," "Doing His Best," " Lawrence's Adventures," " The Young Surveyor," and " The Tide Mill Stories," 358; "The Vagabonds," 358, 359; "Martin Merrivale : his + mark," and "Father Brighthopes," 359; "Coupon Bonds," "Cudjo's Cave," and "The Winnower," 360; Sketch of, 360-361; first poem of in print, 360. Trumbull, John, of the " Hartford Wits," 472 ; " M'Fingal " by, 487 ; 491. Trumbull, Col. John, 490, 491. Trumbull, Governor Jonathan, 491. Trumbull, Governor Jonathan (the 2d), 491. " Trusta, H." (Elizabeth Stuart), 12. Tucker, Ellen, see Emerson. Tudor, William, founder of the North American Review, 221, 249. Underwood, Francis Henry, 48. Union College, 432, 439. Union Hospital, Georgetown, Louisa M. Alcott a nurse in, 391. Unitarian Church, Newburyport, Mass., see First Church, Newburyport, Mass. United States Arsenal, Springfield, Mass., 425. " United States," the frigate, 455. United States Literary Gazette, 157. 529 University of Nebraska, 194. University of Pennsylvania, Charles Dud- ley Warner at, 482. Van Schaack, Henry, of Kimlerhook, 451. Vassal house, Cambridge, see Longfellow (Craigie) house. Vassal, Col. John, of Cambridge, 327. Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, 469. Very, John, birthplace of, 216 ; sketch of, 217 ; Essays and Poems by, 217. Vipart, Count, 47. " Virginia road," Concord, Mass., 371. Wads-worth, Lieut. Alexander Scan- nel, 141. Wadsworth, Rev. Benjamin, president of Harvard College, 1725-1734, 369, 370. Wadsworth, Christopher of Duxbury, Mass., first ancestor of the Wadsworths in America, 369. Wadsworth, Lieut. Henry, 140; grave of, 141. Wadsworth, Lucia, 137. Wadsworth, Gen. Peleg, grandfather of Longfellow, builder of the " Longfellow mansion," Portland, Me., 134, 136, 137, 138, 141. Wadsworth, Capt. Samuel, of Milton, Mass., in King Philip's War, 364 ; in the " Sudbury Fight," 369 ; monument to, near the battle-ground, 370. Wadsworth, Zilpah, see Longfellow. Wadsworth, Athenaeum, Hartford, Conn., 484. Wadsworth family, 369. " Wadsworth Grant," 134. " Wadsworth Hill," Milton, Mass., 369, 370. Wadsworth House " (old President's house), Harvard University, 369, 409. Walden Pond, Concord, Mass., 371, 374, 379, 381, 385, 397. Walden Woods, Concord, Mass., 379, 386. Waldo, Cornelius, 180. Wales, Henry Ware, the "Student" in the " Tales of a Wayside Inn," 367. Walnut Street, Boston, 228, 229, 253. Walter, Arthur Maynard, 221. War of 1812, 317. Ward, Gen. Artemas, 314. Ward, Elizabeth Stuart (Phelps), Amlover home of, 10, 1C; sketch of, 10-16; first publication of, " A Sacrifice Consumed," 13 ; story of her " Gates Ajar," 13-15, 16 ; " The Gates Between," and " Hedged In," 15 ; 17, 329. Ward, Herbert Dickinson, 16. Ward, Julius Hammond, 496. Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, of Ipswich, Mass., the " Simple Cobler of Aggawam " by, 29, 173, 178 ; the Body of Liberties," 173 ; site of house of, 178. Ware, Rev. Henry, 8, 419. Warner, Charles Dudley, 472, 476 ; Hart- ford, Conn., homes of, 480-481 ; " My Summer in a Garden " by, 480, 482-483 ; " Saunterings," " Backlog Studies," and "Baddeck and That Sort of Thing," 480, 483 ; "My Winter on the Nile," and "In the Levant," *81 ; sketch of, 481- 483 ;" A Roundabout Journey," " The Pilgrimage," " A Little Journey in the World," "Studies in the South and West," "As We Were Saying," and "Library of the World's Best Litera- ture," 483. Warner, Jonathan, house, Portsmouth, N.H.. 104. Washington, George, nephews of, at Phillips (Andover) Academy, 5 ; 71, 92, 296; headquarters of, in the Vassal (Craigie-Longfellow) house, 307, 336; 312, 323, 327, 344, 364, 488, 491. Washington Street, Boston, 290. Waterford, Me., 170, 171. Waters, Lieut. Kerwin, of U. S. brig " Enterprise," 141. Watertown, first minister of, 6 ; 347. " Wayside, The," Hawthorne's last Con- cord home, 398; sketch of, 402-406; work done in the "Tower study," 403-J04; the outdoor study on "The Ridge," 404-405. "Wayside Inn, The," South Sudbury, Mass., 70, 269, 270, 362 ; as pictured in Longfellow's "Tales" of, 362, 363; earlier days of, as the "Red Horse Tavern," 364, 369 ; " Landlord Howe " of, 365, 369 ; connection of the Howe family with, 365, 369. Webber, Samuel, president of Harvard College, 1806-1810, 8. 530 INDEX. Webster, Daniel, 45, 46; in Portsmouth, N.H., 104-105 ; 225, 236, 346, 423. "Webster, Ezekiel, schoolmaster, 225, 423. Webster, Grace (Fletcher), 105. Webster, Noah, the lexicographer, Scud- der's Life of, 338 ; in Hartford, Conn., 473 ; his spelling-book, 473 ; 490 ; grave of, 491. Weiss, Rev. John, 122, 125. Weld, Elias, the "wise old doctor" of " Snow Bound," 49. Wendell, Jacob, great-grandfather of O. W. Holmes, 450. Wendell, Judge Oliver, grandfather of O. W. Holmes, site of Boston house of, 290 ; in " the old gambrel-roofed house," Cambridge, 316 ; at Pittsfield, 451 ; his chaise "The Deacon's Masterpiece," 451. Wendell, Sarah, see Holmes. Wenham Lake, 184. Wenham, Mass, 184. Wentworth, the three royal governors of New Hampshire, 92, 102, 104, 119, 317. Wentworth, Governor Benning, 92, 102' 104, 108. Wentworth, Governor John, house of, Portsmouth, N.H., 104; 119. Wentworth, Judge, grandson of the first royal Governor Wentworth, 317. Wentworth, Michael, 108, 109. Wentworth " Great House," 92, 102, 103 ; sketch of, 106-108 ; 109. West Church, Boston, 253, 341. West Newbury, Mass., 44. West River, 498. Whale Back Lighthouse, 124. Wheaton Female Seminary, Lucy Larcom a teacher at, 190. Wheelock, Rev. Eleazar, founder of Dart- mouth College, 440. Whipple, Edwin Percy, 97, 99 ; sketch of, 215, 271-274 ; Boston home of, 271, 273- 274; "Essays and Reviews," "Litera- ture and Life," " Character and Char- acteristic Men," " Literature of the Age of Elizabeth," " Success and its Condi- tions," and "American Literature and Other Papers " by, 272 ; " Recollections of Eminent Men," 273 ; 403. White Island, Isles of Shoals, 110, 112, 114, 116, 120, 121, 122. White Island Lighthouse, 112, 120, 121, 122. White, Maria, see Lowell. Whitefield, George, the evangelist, in Newburyport, Mass., 74-76; tomb of, " under the church of Federal Street," 73, 74, 76 ; 77, 78, 83, 440. Whitney, William Dwight, tomb of, 492. Whittier Club, Haverhill, Mass., 38. Whittier Elm, 55. Whittier Hill, 65. Whittier, Abigail (Hussey), mother of J. G. Whittier, sketch of, 44-45 ; 56. Whittier, Amy de Poyen, 47. Whittier, Elizabeth, sister of J. G. Whit- tier, 47, 56, 57, 190. Whittier, John, father of J. G. Whittier, 42, 43 ; sketch of, 44 ; 48, 50, 52, 53. Whittier, John Greeuleaf, first printed poem by, " The Exile's Departure," 35, 50; "The Bridal of Pennacook," "The Norseman's Ride," and " Pentucket," 35,59; "Kenoza Lake," 36; called the "shoemaker poet,*' 36; the Whittier homestead, birthplace of, 36-55, 57 ; sketch of, 36, 47-55, 59-61, 132 ; " The Sycamores," 36, 60 ; " The Fish I Didn't Catch," 38 ; " The Barefoot Boy," and "Telling the Bees," 39; "Yankee Gypsies," 40 ; " Snow Bound," 40 ; the family group pictured in, 42-47, 49, 55, 61, 63, 71 ; " Literary Recreations," 40, 58, 59 ; " Justice and Expediency," 41, 55; "The Countess," 47, 49; "The Deity," 50 ; first meeting of the poet and Garrison, 50-51 ; editor of a Henry Clay organ in Boston, 53 ; editor of the Haver- hill Gazette, 53 ; editor of the New Eng- land Literary Heview, Hartford, Conn., 53, 54, 472, 485-487 ; " Legends of New England," 53, 486 ; early activity of, in politics, 54 ; member of the Legislature, and proposed for Congress, 55 ; "In School Days," 55 ; the Amesbury Whit- tier home, 56-61 ; " Old Portraits," "Leaves from Margaret Smith's Jour- nal," and " In War Time," 58, 60 ; " The Fainilist's Hymn," " Cassandra South- wick," " Hampton Beach," "The New Wife and the Old," "Randolph of Roanoke," "Barclay of Ury," "The Drovers," " The Huskers," " Calef in Boston " " The Hill Top," " Tauler," INDEX. 531 " Burns," " Maud Muller," " A Lady of Old Time," "The Last Walk in Au- tumn," and " The Pipes of Lucknow," 59 ; " The Gift of Titemius," " Skipper Iresou's Ride," and " Barbara Friet- chie," 60 ; Laus Deo," 62 ; " The Wreck of Rivermouth," 70 ; " The Tent on the Beach," scene of, 70, 71 ; " To My School- master," 72, 86 ; " The Preacher," lines quoted from, 73; 81, 82, 125; "The Falls of the Saco," 132; 138, 176, 178; " Lines" to " Gail Hamilton," 182-183 ; " The Witch of Wenham," 184 ; 190, 278, 484 ; " Miriam," 487 ; 496. Whittier, Joseph, great-grandfather of J. G. Whittier, 41, 43, 44, 54. Whittier, Joseph, 2d, grandfather of J. G. Whittier, 43, 44. Whittier, Mary, sister of J. G. Whittier, 46, 48, 50, 51. Whittier, Mary (Peasley), great-grand- mother of J. G. Whittier, 44. Whittier, Matthew Franklin ("Ethan Spike of Hornby"), brother of J. G. Whittier, 47, 64, 102. Whittier, Moses, uncle of J. G. Whittier, 46,48. Whittier, Ruth (Green), wife of Thomas Whittier, the emigrant, 43. Whittier, Sarah (Greenleaf), grandmother of J. G. Whittier, 44. Whittier, Thomas, the pioneer emigrant, ancestor of J. G. Whittier, 42, 43, 44, 45. Whittier's country, 35-55, 70. Whittier's grave, 61, 63, 64. Willard, Emma Hart, 472 ; " Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep," by. 485. Willard, Joseph, president of Harvard, 1781-1804, 419. William Pitt tavern, see " Earl of Hali- fax " tavern. Williams College, 337, 462, 464, 467. Willis, Cornelia (Grinnell), second wife of X. P. Willis, 153. Willis, Hannah (Parker), mother of X. P. Willis, 144. AVillis, Mary (Stace), first wife of N. P. Willis, 150, 151, 153. Willis, Nathaniel, grandfather of X. P. Willis, 144. Willis, Deacon Nathaniel, father of N. P. Willis, 144. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, pupil at Phil- lips (Andover) Academy, 5, 147 ; editor of the Home Journal, 95, 152, 153 ; 142 ; "Saturday Afternoon," by, 143, 148; sketch of, 144-153 ; " Absalom," and " The Sacrifice of Abraham," 147 ; bis American Monthly Magazine, 148, 231 ; " Peucillings by the Way," the " Philip Slingsby Papers," in " Inklings of Ad- venture," " Loiterings of Travel," and " Lines on Leaving England," 150 ; " A PAbri," and " Letters from Under a Bridge," 151 ; The Corsair, and Thack- eray's letters to, 151, 152; "Dashes at Life With a Free Pencil," and " Letter to the Unknown Purchaser and Next Occupant of " Glenmary," 152 ; " Invalid Letters," and " Paul Fane," 153 ; a stu- dent at Yale College, 489. Willis, Richard Storrs, brother of N. P. Willis, 153. Willis, Sara Payson, sister of H. P. Willis, see Parton. Winthrop, Elizabeth (Reade), second wife of John Winthrop of Ipswich, 175. Winthrop, John, of Ipswich, first gov- ernor of Connecticut, 174, 175, 178, 490. Winthrop, Governor John, of Massachu- setts, 174, 176, 206. Winthrop, John Fitz, second Gov. Win- throp of Connecticut, 175. Winthrop, Laura, see Johnson. Winthrop, Martha (Painter), first wife of John Winthrop of Ipswich, 175. Winthrop, Theodore, student at Yale College, 489 ; sketch of, 490, 492, 493-495; birthplace of, 492-493; grave of, 492: " Life and Poems " of, 492, 495 ; " Cecil Dreeme," "Love and Skates," and "March of the Seventh Regiment of New York to Washington," 494, 495; "John Brent," "Edwin Brothertoft,' : " The Canoe and the Saddle," and " Life in the Open Air," 495. Witchcraft delusion, 25, 34, 206, 215. Wolcott, Oliver, 4%. Wolcott, Roger, the earliest Hartford poet, 490. Woodberry, George Edward, birthplace of, 193 ; sketch of, 193-197 ; " The Xorth Shore Watch " by, 193, 195 ; " Makers of Literature," and " Heart of Man," 193, 532 INDEX. 197 ; " Verses from the Harvard Advo- cate," 194 ; " Life of Edgar Allan Poe," 195 ; " My Country," passages quoted from, 195-196 ; " Studies in Letters and Life," Shelley's Works, with memoir, and "Wild Eden," 197; "National Studies in American Letters," 197, 294. Woodbridge, Rev. Benjamin, 29. Woodbridge, Rev. John, 27, 29. Woodbury, Levi, 105. Woods, Rev. Dr. Leonard, first head of Andover Theological Seminary, 9. Woods, Rev. Dr. Leonard, 2d, fourth presi- dent of Bowdoin College, 9. Woodworth, Samuel, the " Old Oaken Bucket" by, 148. Woolsey, Theodore D wight, tenth presi- dent of Yale College, 439. Woolson, Abba (Goold), 143. Wooster Street, New Haven, Conn., 492. Worcester, Mass., 423, 424. Worcester, Joseph Emerson, the lexi- cographer, 214, 329 ; a student at Yale College, 490. Wreck of the " Sagunto," 112. Yale College, 96, 147, 434, 435, 436, 439, 440, 462, 467, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496, 501. Youth's Companion, 13, 144, 147. Leading Books for Higher Schools Government : Its Origin, Growth and Form In the United State*. LANSING AND JONES. $1.05. The First Year of Latin. GUNNISON and HARVEY. $J.OO. An English Grammar. MILNE. 75 cents. Sketches of Great Painters. DALLIN. 90 cents. Seven Great American Poets. HART. 90 cents. The New Complete Arithmetic. SENSENIG and ANDERSON. 90 cents. Elements of Civil Government. MOWRY: 72 cents. Special State Editions, 90 cents each. Business Law. WHITE. $J.25. Introduction to the Study of Commerce. CLOW. $1.25. International Law. WILSON AND TUCKER. $J.75. Introduction to the Study of Economics. BULLOCK. $1.28. institutes of Economics. ANDREWS. $J.JO. Elements of Phvsics. MEADS. 72 cents. Elements of Chemistry. MEADS. 80 cents. An Elementary Experimental Chemistry. EKELEY. 90 cents. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. APPLETON. 75 cents. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. APPLETON. $1.25. The Silver Series of Classics Especially planned to meet College entrance requirements and the bet courses in English. Send for list. The Silver Series of Modern Language Text-Books For the study of French, German, Italian and Spanish. Send for catalog. SILVER, BURDTT AND COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO Historic Pilgrimages in New England. BY EDWIN M. BACON. This is the vivid story of early New England, told while standing upon the very spots where the stirring Colonial drama was enacted. The famous places where the Puritans and Pilgrims planted their first homes, the ancient buildings, and the monuments to the wise and dauntless founders of the great Commonwealth are visited, and, while in the atmosphere of the associations, the. thrilling narrative of the past is recounted. The connecting thread is the summer pilgrimage which a thoughtful young fellow from a western college makes to the country of his ancestors. He is accompanied by his father's friend, who talks entertainingly about the memorable facts which the hallowed soil suggests. The boy's earnest curiosity stands for the interest which some millions of others feel in the same events and personalities and shrines. Of all the books which describe that country and set forth the significance of the deeds done there, from the landing of the Pilgrims co the first blow of the Revolution, this new volume combines, perhaps, the most that is of interest to lovers of Yankee-land. It is accurate. It abounds in facts hitherto unpublished. It gives snatches from early diaries and documents. Disputed stories are sifted until the fabulous elements are cut out. The style is graphic from start to finish even statis- tics are made picturesque. ^7j Pages, ijr Illustrations. Uncut edges. Retail pi ice \ $r.jo. (for introductory price of School Edition send for Circular.) For School Libraries and Reading Circles \ this book appeals to a deep and constant taste. For Supplementary Reading in the higher grades it is a mine of interest and delightful instructiveness. " ' Historic Pilgrimages ' abundantly justifies its double purpose of serving both the student's needs of a graphic summary of the history of Massachusetts Bay, and the stranger-visitor's need of a preparation for, and a pleasant keepsake of, his journeyings." Boston Journal. Silver, Burdett and Company, Publishers, Boston. New York. Chicago. A-&4* t , RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT f O m+ 202 Ma I n L i bra ry 642-3403 LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED A TER 7 DAYS 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405 6-month loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desl Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW SANTA BARBARA NTERLIBRARY LOA 1ft IfVTTP I~ _ . _ 9 1977 DCI* PIT fT7 " T/ SScU VMA^U J W SANT v BARBARA WTERU mw ^ON o f:o. CIR.FEB i? 78 FORM NO. DD 6, 40m, 6V6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELE> BERKELEY, CA 94720 p VC 16598 Of/ 4 .L U J J Vj UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY