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 THE DOLMENS OF IRELAND.
 
 WILDli IRESCHE." 
 
 iJiiich MS,, Saec. xvi ; Lib. liril. Mus.. 28,330 
 See page 1044.
 
 T H E 
 
 DOLMENS OF IRELAND 
 
 THKIR DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, 
 
 AND AFFINITIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH THE FOLK-LORE ATTACHING 
 
 TO THEM ; SUPPLEMENTED BY CONSIDERATIONS ON THE 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY, AND TRADITIONS 
 
 OF THE IRISH PEOPLE. 
 
 ■WITH- FOUR MAPS, AND EIGHT HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 INCLUDING TWO COLOURED PLATES. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM COPELAND BORLASE, M.A., 
 
 LATE PRESIDENT 01- THE ROYAL INSTITUTIO.N OK CORNWALL, 
 ANU ONE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENTS OK THE SOCIETV OK ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON ; 
 
 1!ARRISTER-AT-L.\\V ; 
 
 Aiilhor oj " Suiiia Coi iiu/>iie ;^' " llisloricat Sketch of llic 'linTiaJe i)i Cormvall :'' 
 
 Siiiiuay!, II A\-Cfr</ oj Rambles in Many Lands;' '^ Niji/ion and its ^nlii/iiilies : 
 
 " The A^e of the Saints," etc. 
 
 IN THREE VOLUMES. 
 VOL. I. 
 
 LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL. ld. 
 
 1897.
 
 TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., 
 
 P.C, D.C.L., LL.U., F.R.S., 
 
 MEMBER OK PARLIAMENT TOR THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, 
 
 A STUDENT OF ANTIQUITY, BY PERMISSION 
 
 DEDICATES HIS WORK, IN CRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF 
 
 THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE AUTHOR OF 
 
 "PREHISTORIC TIMES' 
 
 IN RAISING ARCH.EOLOGICAL RESEARCH FROM THE LEVEL OF 
 
 AN AMATEUR PURSUIT TO THAT OF 
 
 A RECOGNIZED BRANCH OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION, 
 
 AND IN SECURING THE PASSAGE OF AN ACT OF PARLIAMENT 
 
 FOR THE PRESERVATION OF 
 
 THE AN'CIENT MONUMENTS 
 
 STILL EXTANT IN 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 VOL. 1. 
 
 2063711
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I TRUST I shall not be exposing myself to a charge of egotism if I 
 venture to state very briefly the origin and purpose of my work. 
 
 Brought up from childhood in my dearly loved county of 
 Cornwall, where — and nowhere more so — the love of the natale 
 solum is the predominant inspiration of life, surrounded on all 
 sides, as soon as my rambles took me beyond the range of cultiva- 
 tion, by the monuments of a prehistoric past, many of which lay 
 on my father's estate, and prompted to interest myself specially 
 in them by the fact that I had before me, not only the example, 
 but the actual MS. collections of my great-great-grandfather, Dr. 
 Borlase, whose book, the " Antiquities of Cornwall," is a classic 
 amongst works on Archaeology, it was no wonder that the interest 
 of my life — and, without an interest, of what value would life be ^ 
 — centred itself on the elucidation of a subject to which I seemed 
 to be by nature called. 
 
 While yet at Oxford I commenced the exploration of the 
 tumuli and hut-villages in the western portion of my county, and 
 it was while still at Trinity that a conversation with my kind 
 friend, Professor Max Muller, showed me the necessity of extend- 
 ing my researches to Ireland, the prehistoric antiquities of which 
 country are a counterpart of those of Cornwall, and filled me 
 with a desire so to do. " If," he said tome, "you really intend 
 to go deeply into the question of Celtic antiquities, it is to Ireland 
 you must go." 
 
 That the tendency of modern research, and the views I have 
 myself formed, is distinctly to decelticize the monuments of the 
 dolmen class matters not ; the fact remains that although we 
 know not, nor ever can know, what the language was which the
 
 viii Preface. 
 
 builders of the earliest dolmens spoke, the absolute identity of 
 the remains they have left us, and which time has been powerless 
 to efface, proves them to have been one and the same people, as 
 far, at all events, as the British Islands are concerned. Not, 
 therefore, to the ethnology of Ireland alone, but to that of Great 
 Britain as well, when brought into comparison with the Continent, 
 I trust that these volumes may be regarded as a contribution. 
 
 In 1872 Mr. James Fergusson published his "Rude Stone 
 Monuments," the most comprehensive work on the subject as yet 
 produced by an English writer, and owing to his courtesy, I had 
 many opportunities of discussing with him his views as to their 
 origin, purpose, and date. Although I cannot endorse the theory 
 he propounded as to the comparatively modern origin of the 
 entire series, I feel sure that in certain districts the type, the 
 mode of construction, and the cultus connected with the dolmens, 
 survived as late as the days of the Roman Provincials. Mr. 
 Fergusson was inclined to regard the dolmens as no mere tombs 
 intended to be closed for ever, but as sacred shrines in which the 
 spirits of the dead were worshipped, and which were constructed 
 with a view to being accessible to devotees. In this point I 
 entirely agree with him, and I feel that the comparisons I venture 
 to draw between the earliest Greek shrines and a certain type of 
 dolmen, as well as those between another type and the so-called 
 "Beds" attributed to Christian saints, would have deeply in- 
 terested him. 
 
 About ten years since, I embraced an opportunity of spending 
 much time in Ireland, and, summer after summer, ever since, I 
 have devoted to exploring some particular district. In this 
 manner I have been able to visit personally, and to make plans 
 and sketches of, a very considerable number of the monuments 
 which will be found in the list or survey which forms Part I. of 
 my work. For the many kindnesses and practical assistance I 
 have received during the course of these tours I shall ever feel 
 grateful. I desire especially to mention in this respect Mr. 
 Denham Franklin, the Hon. Secretary of the Cork Archaeological 
 Society, Mr. J. W. Doherty, author of "Inishowen, and Tir- 
 connell," and Lieut.-Col. Vigors, M.R.I.A. 
 
 During many months spent in the wildest portion of the wild
 
 Preface. ix 
 
 north-west, — the coasts and islands of Donegal, — where my object 
 was the study of the physical characteristics of the population, I 
 received much kindness, which I desire to record, from the Rev. 
 Father MacFadden, from the late Rev. Mr. Carson, from Mr. 
 John Williams of Bunbeg, from Mr. Neil MacCloon of Killibegs, 
 and others. Were I, indeed, to set down the names of all those 
 who have shown me hospitality and willingness to aid me in the 
 objects of my search from Fair Head to Cape Clear, I should 
 find I had drawn up a list as long as my index itself. 
 
 The year and a half during which I made my head-quarters in 
 Dublin, for the purpose of copying all the references to archaeology 
 and ethnology contained in the MS. Letters which O' Donovan and 
 others sent to the Ordnance Survey Department, the MSS. of Mr. 
 John Wmdele, etc., was rendered doubly agreeable by the kindness 
 and attention I received at the Royal Irish Academy, the library 
 of which I was permitted to use with all the freedom accorded to 
 members, and in which elements are to be met with as charming 
 from a social as they are valuable from an intellectual point of view. 
 I desire in especial to record my thanks to Sir J. T. Gilbert, 
 LL.D., F.S.A., the librarian ; to the Rev. Maxwell H. Close, M.A., 
 the treasurer ; to Mr. Robert Macalister, LL.B., the secretary ; to 
 Mr. G. H. Kinahan, C.E., to Mr. Reddan, and to many more, not 
 forgetting the genial assistant-librarian, Mr. J. J. MacSweeny, 
 who was ever ready, at the expense of time and trouble, to 
 discover for me any particular MS. I might require, as well as 
 to introduce me to any members of the Academy who, coming up 
 from the country to Dublin, could afford me information of which 
 I might stand in need. 
 
 The only attempt hitherto made to treat the subject of the 
 dolmens of Ireland comprehensively was that of Miss !Margaret 
 Stokes, who in 1S82 communicated to the Revue Archdologiqiie a 
 paper entitled, " Carte montrant la distribution des principaux 
 dolmens d' Irlande." I am indebted to that most kind and 
 accomplished lady who, in addition to the above-named brochure, 
 has done so much towards the illustration of Irish Art and 
 Architecture, for placing in my hands a portfolio of drawings of 
 dolmens, some of which, hitherto unpublished, 1 have etched 
 and reproduced in my list.
 
 Preface. 
 
 It gives me particular pleasure to be able to add the name 
 of Mr. \V. F. Wakeman. M.R.I. A., author of " Archa:ologia 
 Hibernica," to the list of those who have contributed to the 
 illustrations of my work. For sketches of several of the monu- 
 ments, also unpublished previously, I am proud to own my 
 obligations to his facile pen. As almost the only living repre- 
 sentative of the elder school of Irish Archceology of which George 
 Petrie was the father, and .Sir William Wilde so enthusiastic a 
 disciple, I should have felt that my work had lacked an essential 
 element had Mr. Wakeman not participated, as he has done with 
 that cordiality which charms all who know him, in giving to these 
 volumes that comparative degree of completeness which I trust 
 they will be found to possess. 
 
 I may add that Mr. Wakeman has made drawings for me of 
 all the urns, hitherto unpublished, in the Museums of the Royal 
 Irish Academy, the Royal Dublin Society, and the Grainger 
 collection now at Belfast. Had space and the limits of cost 
 permitted, I had intended to have appended these and other 
 illustrations of Irish prehistoric fictilia to these volumes. This, 
 however, must be reserved for a future occasion, and for a work — 
 should I live to complete it — devoted exclusively to Irish art 
 in the Bronze Age as compared with that of other countries. 
 
 I next desire to ask my old friend Dr. William Frazer, 
 F.R.C.S.I., M.R.I. A., etc. etc., to accept my grateful acknowledg- 
 ments for the kindly, and, I may add, enthusiastic interest he has 
 for many years past manifested in the progress of my under- 
 taking. In especial I thank him for permitting me, with the 
 most courteously accorded concurrence of Dr. Joseph Anderson, 
 Keeper of the National Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of 
 Scotland, of which Dr. Frazer is an Hon. Fellow, to reproduce 
 some of the most typical examples of the drawings made by Mr. 
 Cieorge Du Noyer, of the sculpturings in the cairns at Loughcrew. 
 In the part devoted to Ethnology I have also to express obliga- 
 tions to the published writings of Dr. Frazer. 
 
 I have now to offer to my friend Col. Wood-Martin, M.R.I. A., 
 for some time the able and indefatigable secretary of the Royal 
 Historical and Archaeological Society of Ireland, and the editor 
 of their invaluable Journal, the best apology in my power for the
 
 Preface. xi 
 
 very large draft I liave made on his goodness in permitting me 
 to use, in the case of the County of Sligo and a part of Mayo, the 
 pubHshed material he has so carefully collected in illustration of 
 the prehistoric monuments of those districts, in his work entitled, 
 " The Rude Stone Monuments of Ireland." Of him it may be 
 said that he is the only Irish antiquary who, selecting the county 
 in which he lives, and with every field in which he may be said to 
 be acquainted, has compiled an exhaustive and richly illustrated 
 account of all the megalithic monuments it contains, many of which 
 he has himself explored. In thanking him for the many communi- 
 cations on the subject which he has sent me, I wish also to record my 
 acknowledgments to Mr. C. E. Jones, C.E.I., the County Surveyor 
 of Sligo, for the careful plan of a most remarkable monument in the 
 Deer-Park at Magheraghanrush. In respect to the Carrowmore 
 group, I have re-edited the description by Petrie, and in that case, 
 as well as in that of Lough Arrow, have reproduced from the 
 Ordnance Survey Letters the hitherto unpublished etchings of 
 that highly accomplished artist. 
 
 For my illustrations of the dolmens of Cork and Kerry, many 
 of which have been destroyed during the last half-century, I am 
 largely indebted to the MSS. of Mr. John Windele of Cork, as 
 also for much of the folk-lore relating to those districts. Although 
 in some cases the drawings are but rough pen-and ink sketches, 
 seemingly taken on the spot, and therefore no fair specimens of 
 Mr. Windele's skill as a draughtsman, I have reproduced them, as 
 far as I could do so, line for line, since, in cases where the 
 monument no longer exists, they possess, at all events, a general 
 value as indicating the type to which each particular one belonged, 
 and the only representation of it which can ever be attainable. 
 
 For notes and drawings of dolmens in Waterford, I have made 
 much use of papers by Mr. Du Noyer. Similarly for those in 
 the districts of Fermanagh, Monaghan, and Tyrone, of the various 
 communications made to learned societies by Mr. Wakeman. 
 For many notices of those in Donegal I have turned to the lists of 
 prehistoric antiquities in those counties drawn up by Mr. Kinahan. 
 For the Counties of Down and Antrim my principal authority is 
 a paper on the subject of the dolmens of those districts by Mr. 
 William Gray. The volume of M.S. Letters (Ordnance Survey)
 
 xii Preface. 
 
 relating to Dublin has supplied me with much valuable informa- 
 tion collected by Eugene O'Curry with regard to the pre- 
 historic remains in that county. For the County of Kilkenny 
 I express my indebtedness to the papers communicated in the 
 earliest years of the existence of the Kilkenny Archseological 
 Society,* to the Journal of that Society of which he was the 
 founder, by the late Rev. James Graves, with whom, many years 
 ago, I had the honour of corresponding on the subject of com- 
 parisons between the prehistoric remains of Ireland and Cornwall. 
 
 I have spoken of the elder school of Irish archaeologists.! 1 
 now turn, both with gratification and with a deep sense of obliga- 
 tion, to what I may term the yoii7igcr school — to those, that is to 
 say, who, treating Archaeology as a definite branch of scientific 
 research, have applied the principles laid down by Montelius, 
 Lissauer, Cartailhac, and others to the works of antiquity in their 
 native land, and are prepared to show that in Ireland, as in 
 Scandinavia, the Bronze-Age art of the countries bordering on the 
 Mediterranean had its reflex. 
 
 I refer especially to the recent contributions to the Transactions 
 of the Royal Irish Academy, and the Royal Society of Antiquaries 
 of Ireland, made by two gentlemen, both of whom have honoured 
 me by their friendship and hearty unselfish co-operation, — I mean 
 Mr. George Coffey, B.A., M.R.I. A., and Mr. T. J. Westropp, M.A., 
 M.R.I.A. The formerof these gentlemen, devoting himself specially 
 to the decorative art displayed in the sculptures at New Grange, 
 Loughcrew and elsewhere, has given us with regard to the former 
 of these monuments by far the most comprehensive, exhaustive, 
 and well-reasoned treatise which has yet appeared, or, indeed, can 
 perhaps ever appear on the subject, accompanied by illustrations, 
 many of which (as also some plans of the Loughcrew remains) he 
 has kindly allowed me to introduce. To the appearance of the 
 photographs he has promised of the Loughcrew sculptured stones, 
 all those interested in the subject will look forward, since, while 
 the drawings of Mr. l)u Noyer, to which I have alluded, and 
 which I myself use, are valuable in cases where weathering has 
 
 * Afterwards the Koyal Historical and Archocological Association of Ireland, and at present 
 the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 
 
 t What may be termed an "archaic'' school was rejiresenled by Vallancey, etc., etc.
 
 Preface, xiii 
 
 - . 
 
 obliterated any of the ancient marks, the exactness of photo- 
 graphic reproduction will give to Mr. Coffey's illustrations an 
 interest and value not otherwise to be obtained. I may mention, 
 also, that Mr. Coffey informs me in a recent letter that he has 
 discovered other and hitherto unknown sculptured stones at 
 Knockmany in the County of Tyrone, a description of which we 
 shall await with interest. 
 
 To Mr. T. J. Westropp I am very much indebted for the 
 assistance he has so cordially rendered me in the case of the 
 monuments in the County Clare, for all the illustrations of which, 
 except those from my own pen, I have to thank him, and I may 
 add that, from an artistic point of view, they are some of the best 
 the work contains. Mr. Westropp has, however, devoted himself 
 principally to describing and illustrating the prehistoric stone 
 fortifications of Clare, and to comparing them with Continental 
 examples, and especially with those in the Danubian districts. 
 For myself, I am disposed to think that no branch of archaeological 
 research is more valuable, or more likely to be prolific of im- 
 portant results to ethnology than this. The question of early 
 racial movements from north-west to south-east and vice versa 
 across the face of central Europe is one to which I frequently refer 
 towards the close of these volumes. Students of archieology in 
 Germany have for some time recognized the value of the camps 
 as illustrative of the directions such movements have taken, and 
 Mr. Westropp's careful plans, accompanied by drawings of typical 
 portions of masonry, not only opens up new ground for research, 
 but brings his native island into the sphere of comparison, and 
 thereby may lead to the recognition of ethnic affinities in the lar- 
 distant east which have hitherto been mere matters of conjecture, 
 unsupported by evidence, and dismissed by critics as wholly 
 unworthy of credit. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of the help so unsparingly ac- 
 corded me, as will have been seen, by those in Ireland who are my 
 fellow-workers in these branches of research, I wish to express 
 to the Rev. Maxwell H. Close, M.A., the treasurer of the 
 Royal Irish Academy, my thanks for the careful estimates he 
 has obtained for me of the weights of the covering-stones of 
 the principal dolmens. I wish also to bear testimony to the
 
 xiv Prkiack. 
 
 unvarying courtesy shown to me, whenever I have visited the 
 Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, by my esteemed friend 
 Major MacKnery. 
 
 Passing from Ireland to London, in order to complete the com- 
 parative portion, or Part II., of my work, I have continuously made 
 use of the Library of the British Museum — the only place in 
 Europe, perhaps — where I could rely on finding each and every 
 work required for a subject so wide in range. The authorities of 
 which I have made use it is not necessary that I should here 
 specify, as, either in the text or the footnotes, references are given 
 to them all. I liopc it will be found, as I believe is the case, that 
 I have not borrowed a single statement for which I do not give my 
 authority, nor made use of a single quotation which is unacknow- 
 ledged. In this portion of the work coincidences in structural 
 detail are pointed out in Britain (Cornwall especially), in the 
 several countries bordering on the Baltic — Scandinavia, Denmark, 
 and the North-German Provinces. Examples in the Elbe districts, 
 in Schleswig and Holstein, on the coast of Holland, in France, 
 Spain, the Islands of the Mediterranean, North Africa, Palestine, 
 the Caucasus, and India, also furnish other and sometimes very 
 striking points of similarity. Illustrations of these will enable 
 the reader to notice the resemblances at a glance. No archaeo- 
 logical authority of eminence at home or abroad has been over- 
 looked in the preparation of this section of the work, the object 
 of which is to make Archaeology subserve Comparative Ethnology 
 in tracing the movements of tribes and races in prehistoric times. 
 
 Interspersed through Part II. will be found essays, prompted 
 by some incidental allusion, upon the subjects of " Cannibalism 
 and Human Sacrifice," the " Iberian Hypothesis," the " Divisions 
 of the Bronze Age as laid down by Montelius," " The Dolmen 
 considered as a Shrine, and compared with Heathen Temples and 
 Early Christian Structures," " The practices of Inhumation and 
 Incineration," etc., etc. 
 
 In Part III. all scraps of folk-lore, legend, or tradition 
 attaching to the Irish monuments have been collected, and these, 
 again, compared with those pertaining to megalithic remains in 
 other countries. For this section the M.S. letters of O' Donovan,
 
 Preface. xv 
 
 in the Royal Irish Academy, have proved especially valuable. 
 Large portions of these are here edited for the first time. 
 
 Feeling that the only true test of race was to be found in 
 Anthropology, I devoted myself to a protracted and careful study 
 of this branch of science from the comparative point of view, in 
 order to discover, if possible, the ethnological affinities of the 
 dolmen-building people in Ireland with those in Britain and on 
 the Continent. The results of this study occupy Part IV. To 
 this portion — since some of the traditions of the Irish which reach 
 us from writings in the Middle Ages profess to deal with early 
 immigrations — I have added a concluding essay upon the possible 
 bearing of such traditions upon events taking place on the Con- 
 tinent in the early centuries of the Christian era. It will be seen 
 that in differentiating the inhabitants of Ireland, in regard to 
 certain elements in the population, from the Anglo-Saxon or 
 purely Teutonic element of the neighbouring island, 1 incline to 
 what Pritchard terms the " Sarmatian Hypothesis," and am pre- 
 pared to accept a theory of immigration from countries further 
 east than those from which the new population of Britain pro- 
 ceeded. Such immigrations were, I believe, both precedent and 
 subsequent to the Hunnish invasion of the Roman Empire, 
 while racial connections between the inhabitants of the south- 
 eastern shores of the Baltic and the early population of the 
 British Isles may, I think also, have been established in 
 periods far more remote. 
 
 By far the most perplexing question which I have encountered 
 is that of assigning, however indefinitely, any even approximate 
 date for the introduction of the Celtic lansiuacre into the British 
 Isles. With a boldness which I confess may be rash, I state my 
 belief that it may have arrived there as early as the best period 
 of the Bronze Age as estimated by Montelius (see p. 525). It 
 was not, therefore, the language of the earliest dolmen-builders, 
 but, having become rooted in the islands, it became, in Ireland 
 especially, the language both of the more primitive inhabitants 
 on the one hand, and of immigrants on the other,- who, 
 pouring in from the Baltic and the German Ocean, took up their 
 abode on Irish soil. In the most archaic form of it known to us 
 it appears in the ogams, many of which may be pagan, but none
 
 xvi ' Preface. 
 
 of which can well be ascribed to an earHer date than the second 
 century a.d. This form of writing I regard as probably Teutonic 
 in origin, and as bearing to the runes of Scandinavia a relation 
 analogous to that borne by the Irish system of mythology to that 
 found in the Norse sagfas. 
 
 For the views expressed in this section I am entirely and 
 solely responsible ; and, since they are to some extent novel, but 
 have been arrived at without bias, and after great research, 1 
 desire that, in fairness to myself, they may be judged as a whole 
 and regarded as simply tentative. 
 
 For assistance received at the British Museum, 1 must first 
 and foremost tender my thanks to Mr. George Frederick Barwick, 
 B.A., whose knowledge of Germany and German works has been 
 of the greatest use to me, and particularly valuable since it has 
 enabled me to introduce comparisons with German megalithic 
 remains — some of them more closely similar to Irish examples 
 than those in any other district in Europe — -which had been either 
 unknown to or ignored by Mr. James Fergusson, and no account 
 of which has previously appeared in the English language. 
 
 To my friend Mrs. Salmon I also beg to be allowed to tender 
 my thanks, as also to Mr. Pollard, to Mr. Miller, to Mr. Naake, to 
 Mr. Bain, to Mr. Anderson, and others, for their help in giving me 
 references and explaining uncertain points and passages in the 
 many languages through which my subject has carried me. To 
 my old friend, Mr. Henry Jenner, I am indebted for many a useful 
 hint, and for relieving me, on occasion, of the desperate monotony 
 incidental to correcting proof 
 
 And here I would wish to express my appreciation of the 
 assiduity and attention of the officials of the Library of the British 
 Museum in general, and in particular of that which I have ex- 
 perienced in the " Large Room," from Messrs. Adlam and Eddon, 
 who, by their readiness to oblige, never allow a reader, however 
 many works he may require, to feel that he is giving trouble. 
 
 With regard to the very numerous illustrations in the work, I 
 accord my best thanks to Mrs. Furnivall for a large proportion of 
 the etchings, and for the two coloured plates with which her 
 skill has enriched it. In the case of the former, they are mostly 
 copies of prints, drawings, and photographs, re-drawn for production
 
 Preface. xvii 
 
 by the zincographic process. Those for which I have to thank 
 her may mostly be identified by a small af in the corner of each. 
 
 For the reproduction of these and of the other illustrations, I 
 wish to express my satisfaction with and appreciation of the work 
 of Mr. James Hyatt, of the Studio, 47, Great Russell Street, W.C. 
 In finding the necessary volumes in the British ]\Iuseum from 
 which plates have been copied, he has been assisted by Mr. E. J. 
 Byard. 
 
 In conclusion, I offer beforehand my apologies for the short- 
 comings of my work, of the e.xistence of which no one can be 
 more sensible than myself. The comparative scheme which I 
 have followed out has necessitated here and there short repetitions 
 of detail ; while, despite the utmost care, where so many proper 
 names and unusual terms occur, some there must needs be, 
 which, when discovered, must plead their author's cause for 
 pardon. 
 
 WILLIAM COPELAND BORLASE. 
 
 Library of the British Museum, 
 j^pril ith, 1S97.
 
 N.B. — For a few additional notes to pp. 211, 302 (also 299-301), 673-674, 
 1080, 1 1 30, and 1 1 56, on the subjects of (a) an urn from Loughry, (/>) the 
 chambered tumulus of AnnachochmuUin, and the circle at Wattlebridge, (e) the 
 Cassiterides and the sources of tin in Western-Europe in the Bronze- Age, (</) Magh 
 Kedni, and the Kyzini, (c) the " Round Tower " at Bolgari, (/) Timina civitas, 
 the reader is referred to the portion of Vol. iii. immediately following the Index.
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 PART I. 
 
 DOLMENS OF IRELAXD. 
 
 Localities, Desckiptive Details, and AdTiiORiTiES. 
 
 1. Province of Munstcr. 
 
 County of Kerry 
 ,, ,, Cork ... 
 ,, ,, Limerick ... 
 ,, ,, Tipperary 
 ,, ,, Waterford .- 
 ,, ,, Clare ... 
 
 2. Province of Coiinaug/it. 
 
 County of Cahvay 
 ,, ,, Mayo... 
 
 „ Sligo 
 ,, ., Leitrim 
 ,, ,, Roscommon 
 
 3. Province' of Ulster. 
 
 County of Cavan... 
 
 ,, „ Tyrone 
 
 ,, ,, Fermanagh 
 
 ,, ,, Donegal 
 
 ,, ,, Lonilontleny ... 
 
 ,, ,, Antrim 
 
 ,, ,, Down... 
 
 ,, ,, Monaglian 
 
 ,, Armagh 
 
 4. Province of Leinsler. 
 
 County of Louth 
 ,, ,, Longford 
 ,, ,, Meath 
 ,, ., Westmeath 
 ,, ,, (Queen's County 
 
 „ Dublin 
 ,, ,, Carlow 
 ,. ,, Kildare 
 
 ,, Kilkenny ... 
 ,. ,, Wicklow 
 ,, Wexford 
 Numerical -summary 
 Examples of stone-circles and pillar-stones 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 46 
 
 SI) 
 6; 
 
 103 
 no 
 126 
 
 193 
 196 
 
 201 
 20S 
 21S 
 229 
 251 
 25S 
 
 275 
 291 
 297 
 
 j72 
 374 
 376 
 39& 
 
 JOI 
 
 402 
 
 4(2 
 
 416 
 
 417 
 419.
 
 XX Contents. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 DOLMENS AND CH.\MBERED TU.MLLI. 
 Classification, Construction, asp Distribution. 
 
 TAGK 
 
 Definition of a ilolmcn and of a chamber ... ... ... ..- ••• •■• 4^4 
 
 Classifications and distinctions ... ... ... ... ■•• ••• 4^7 
 
 Constructive details ... ... ... ••■ ••• •■• ••• •■• 4j' 
 
 Estimated weights of covering-stones ... ... ... ... ... ■•• 433 
 
 Mode of construction ... ... ■•• ■■■ ■■• ••■ ••■ • •■ 434 
 
 Basins and channels in covering-stones ... ... ... ... ... ■■• 437 
 
 Dolmen-circles and wedge-shaped dolmens ... ... ... ... ■•• •■• 43* 
 
 Structural comparisons in the British Isles ... ... .. ... ■•■ 439 
 
 Cannibalism and human sacrifice ... ... ... ... ... •■■ ■■• 4^9 
 
 Structural comparisons in Scandinavia, Denmark, Schleswig, and Holstein ... ... 477 
 
 ,, in Germany and the Eastern Baltic coast : — 
 
 (a) Riigen ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 497 
 
 (A) Mecklenburg ... ... ... ... ... ... 499 
 
 ,, „ circles in, etc. ... ... ... ... ... 5°2 
 
 ,, (c) The Vistula and Dniester, Galizia, Bulgaria ... . . 5°^ 
 
 ^, ,, (rf) Livonia, Eslhonia ... ... ... ... ... 511 
 
 ,j ., ((■) East and West Prussia, Pomerania ... ... ... 515 
 
 ^, ,, The amber-routes, and Montelius on the divisions of the Bronze 
 
 Age ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-' 
 
 ., ., (/) Brandenburg ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-7 
 
 ., ,, ig) North-West Germany, Hanover, etc. . . ... ... 537 
 
 CO Holland 552 
 
 ,, ,, in Belgium ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 564 
 
 ,, ,, France ... ... ... ... ... ... 566 
 
 ,, ,, Spain and Portugal ... ... ... ... ... 631 
 
 ,, ,. the Islands of the Western Mediterranean ... ... 69S 
 
 ,, ,, North Africa ... ... ... ... ... ... 713 
 
 ,, „ Italy and Greece ... ... ... ... ... 720 
 
 „ ,, the Crimea and the Caucasus ... ... ... ... 722 
 
 ,, ,, Syria, including remarks on the practice of incineration, etc. 726 
 
 ,, ., India... ... ... ... ... ... ... 750 
 
 PART III. 
 
 NAMES AND LEGENDS. 
 
 Names, Legends, and Suterstitions associated with Dolmens and other Meoalithic 
 Remains and Venerated Sites in Ireland. 
 
 Chissification of names ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75^ 
 
 F^inne and Hiinen ... ... ... ... ... ■. ••• ••• 773 
 
 Giants ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7S4 
 
 The word f;//*' ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 787 
 
 Heroes, battle-legend, etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 792 
 
 The word /tw/;/ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ■■• ... S24 
 
 Names of women ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... S27 
 
 The SiJ/i( ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... S52 
 
 Animals: — 
 
 (J) The Pig S55 
 
 (*)TheCat... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... S72 
 
 (r) The Dog ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... S74 
 
 (i/jTheCow ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... S83 
 
 (e) The Horse (and Horseman) ... ... ... ... ... ... 905 
 
 (/) The .Xss ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 90S
 
 Contents. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Animals — Continiitd. 
 
 (,?•) The Goat 
 
 (/;) The Serpent... 
 
 (/) The Deer 
 
 (y ) The I'hooca or Pooka 
 Fir Brcagach 
 
 909 
 909 
 909 
 910 
 912 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 .\NTHR01>(Jl,0(;V AM) ETHNOLOOV 
 
 Prcliisioric Man in Ireland' ... 
 The Dolicho-plalycephalii: type 
 The Dolichocephalic type (Xo. I.) . 
 The Dolichocephalic type (\o. II.) 
 The Brachyceplialic type 
 Various types 
 Stature of the Irish 
 Hair colour of the Irish 
 
 9' 7 
 922 
 
 045 
 
 954 
 
 995 
 
 1019 
 
 1046 
 
 1049 
 
 i;tiinoi.ugv and tradition. 
 
 The .ancient Iri^h books ... 
 
 Method to be pursued in order to their right understanding 
 
 The S.aga of Partholan 
 
 The Saga of Nemed ... 
 
 The Saga of the F"ir-l!olg, including the (iaieoin, llic Fir-Domnann, the Lig 
 
 Cothraighe, etc. 
 Fortitied sites on the Danube, etc., compared with those in Ireland 
 The Celtic speech 
 The Aitheach-Tuatha rebellion 
 The Heruli compared with the Fir-Bolg 
 The Saga of the Tuatha De Danann 
 The Saga of Dathi 
 Conclusion ... 
 
 
 
 •053 
 
 
 
 1055 
 
 
 
 1057 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1077 
 
 nuime, 
 
 the 
 
 1095 
 1 123 
 
 •■34 
 
 1136 
 1142 
 115S 
 U69 
 
 \ul.. I.
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 4- 
 5- 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 
 lO. 
 
 II. 
 
 12. 
 
 >3- 
 
 14. 
 
 '5- 
 16. 
 
 17- 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 
 23- 
 24. 
 
 25- 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 30. 
 31. 
 32. 
 35- 
 34- 
 35- 
 36. 
 37- 
 3S. 
 39- 
 40. 
 41. 
 42. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 The letters R.I. A. = Royal Irish Academy. 
 
 " Wilde Ireshe," from a Dutch MS. in the Library of thi 
 Map of the Pr(rince of Munstcr ... 
 Maulnaholtra, elez'atwn and plan 
 "The Boardeen," Coomatloukane 
 rarknagullane 
 Leaba Callighe 
 ,, ., section 
 
 ground plan 
 . , , , , , . , wider range 
 
 Kilmacleninc ... 
 Urn from Carn-Thierna 
 Ballymurisheen, elevation and ground plan 
 Castle. Mary 
 Rostellan 
 Caherbirrane 
 
 ,, ground plan 
 
 Scrahanard 
 
 ,, ground plan 
 
 Scorings on terminal stone at Scrahanard 
 Lackaduv 
 " The Beatick," Macroom ... 
 
 , , , , another vieiu ... 
 
 Keamcorravooly 
 
 Gortafloodig . . . 
 Derryvacomeen 
 
 another sketch 
 ^rotind plan 
 
 ground plan 
 
 , , another view 
 
 Coo\3ic\ev3.ne, elevation and ground plan ... 
 Knockane (first dolmen) 
 
 ,, (second dolmen) 
 ha.chlne\\\, elevation and plan 
 C3.rngda.ngan, two views 
 
 ,, a third victo ... 
 
 Slieve Owen, ^ri)tt«;//>/a« 
 Killachlug, ^ro«H<///i;« 
 CarrigaguUa 
 Kilberrihert 
 
 Monolith, bullan stone, and plan of grave at Kilberrihert 
 Uaig-an-Sidura, Kilberrihert, ^>-fl«;«if//a« 
 Lackabaun, tivo vie-Ms 
 Ahaglashlin 
 
 ,, another viciv 
 
 ; Brit 
 
 sh Museum Frontispiece 
 
 
 
 Opposite 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 •5 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 26 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 
 3' 
 
 32 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 34 
 36 
 37 
 37
 
 xxiv Illustrations. 
 
 PIG> l-AGK 
 
 43. Ahaglashin, oHtV^r :■/«•;■■ ... ... ... ... ... ... 38 
 
 44. ,, ground f'lan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38 
 
 45. Gortagullane . ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 
 
 46. Ardarajjh ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 4° 
 
 47- .. s^oundpliVi ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 48. ,, elci'citioii ojii'^st-cnd ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 
 
 49. Altar (Toormorc bay) ... ... ... ... . . ... ... 44 
 
 50. ., ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 44 
 
 51. ,, c-/«'(j//tf«, with Mizzen Head ... ... ... ... ... ... 45 
 
 52. Kallynagallacli ... ... .. ■•• ... ... ... •.■ 47 
 
 53. Deerpark (Duntryleague) ... ... ... . ■ ... ■■■ $0 
 
 54. Ballyphilip ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 
 
 5S- Gaulstown ... ... ... • .■■ ■•• ... ... ... ... 5^ 
 
 56. „ ground plan ... ... ■■- ... ... ... ... 5S 
 
 57. Ballynageeragh ... ... ... ■■ ... ... ... ••■ 5'J 
 
 58. -., atwlher vieiv ... ... ... ... .. ... 60 
 
 59. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60 
 
 60. KnocVcen, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 
 
 61. ,, clevatio7i ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 
 
 62. Ballindud ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 
 
 63. Carrick-a-Dhirra ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 64 
 
 64. „ ground plan ... ... ... . ... ... 64 
 
 65. Berneens ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 66 
 
 66. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 66 
 
 67. Ballyganner .South ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 67 
 
 68. ,, ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... 67 
 
 69. Ballykinvaga ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 69 
 
 70. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... .. ... 69 
 
 71. Deerpark (Leineneagh) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70 
 
 72. ., „ ground plan ... ... .. ... ... 70 
 
 73. ,, „ elevation of cast end ... ... ... ... ... 70 
 
 74. Cappaghkennedy ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 72 
 
 75. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 
 
 76. TMycommon, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ■■■ 73 
 
 77- Slievenaglasha, ^rW/Hi/Z/izH ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 
 
 78. Leanna ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 
 
 79. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •••75 
 
 80. Commons tiorlh, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 76 
 
 81. Parknabinnia ... ... ... ... .. ••■ .•■ ••• 77 
 
 82. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... .. 77 
 
 83. Ballycasheen, ^ri>a«(///i!7« ... ... ... ... ... ... ■ . 78 
 
 84. Knockalassa (Slieve Callan) ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 
 
 85. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79 
 
 86. Cloneen ... ... ... ... ... ■• ... ... So 
 
 87. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Si 
 
 88. Cakeraphuca ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 82 
 
 89. Rylane ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .•• ... S3 
 
 90. „ ground plan ... ... . . ... ... ... ... 83 
 
 91. Rylane, second dolmen at ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 
 
 92. UnopogCf ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 
 
 93. ,, elevation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 85 
 
 94. Ballyphunta ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 86 
 
 95. ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 86 
 
 96. .. -.vest elevation... ... ... ... ... ... .. 86 
 
 97 .. north eld'ation ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 86 
 
 98. ,, so:ilh elevation ... ... ... ... ... ■■ 86 
 
 99. Tyredagh Lower ... ... ... ... ... ... .•■ ... 87 
 
 100. „ ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... .■■ 87 
 
 loi. Tyredagh Upper ... ... ■■• •■• ... ... .•• ••• 88 
 
 102. .. .. groundplan ... ... ... ... ... ... 88
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 XXV 
 
 103. Newgrove, TuUa 
 
 104. ., ,, ground plan 
 
 105. Milltown 
 
 106. ., i^roHitd plan 
 
 107. Moymore 
 
 108. Rosslara ... 
 
 109. ,, another view ... 
 no. „ plan and elivation ... 
 
 111. Maryfort 
 
 112. Dromandora, elevation a)id ground plan 
 
 113. IJallykelly 
 
 114. „ ground plan 
 
 115. Yo\\\\(y^\Q'moxe, ;^round plan ... 
 IK). Cloonycoriymore 
 
 117. ., ground plan ... 
 
 .Map oj the Province of Connaiiglit 
 
 U.S. kynvyle (gateway into rath) ... 
 
 119. ,, ground plan 
 
 120. KnocUbrack, elevation and ground plan 
 
 121. Lavally 
 
 122. 1 )rumgaroe ... 
 
 123. .\xanmore, t-uv ground plin.i 
 
 124. (Jortbrack ... 
 
 125. hMyi^\as,i, ground plan ... 
 
 126. IJallina (the Clochogle) 
 
 127. Slit:vemorc, ground plan and elevation 
 12S. ,, another monument at . ... 
 
 129. Vi'eslpotl, ground plan ... 
 
 130. Louisburgh, south of, elevation and ground pla 
 I3t. Cxceyy)i.ee\, ground plan ... 
 
 132. Cartronplank, j,''/'i'«Ha'//fl« 
 
 133. ,, elevation 
 
 134. ^ixciiA:igh, ground plaji 
 
 135. Clochcox, ground plan 
 • 36. Diumcliff ... 
 
 137. Drumkilsellagh, ^roa«(///(J« 
 
 13S. " Leacht Con Mic Ruis" (Magheraghanrush) 
 
 139. ., ,, ground plan 
 
 140. . ,, west trilithon at 
 
 141. ,, ,, east trilithon al 
 
 142. Killaspugbronc, ^'W/^/t/Z/aw ... 
 
 143. Q\o\ex\\\\\, ground plan 0/ ihamher 
 
 144. ,, sculptured stone at ... 
 145. 
 
 146. ,, fii'O sculptured stones at 
 
 147. Caxxownvixe (\l.), elevation 
 
 145. „ ,, ground plan 
 
 149. ,, {X.), elez'ation 
 
 150. ,. ,, ground plan 
 
 151. , , ^^ the dolmen^ on large scale . . . 
 
 152. ,, ,, ground plan 
 
 153. ,. (No. 13), t7.Ta/w« ... 
 
 154. „ „ ground plan 
 
 155. ,, Urn (restored) from ... 
 
 156. .. (No. 19) 
 
 157. , {So. 2^), ground plan 
 
 '5S- .. (No. 37) 
 
 159. „ (No. 46) 
 
 160. „ Button from 
 
 161. Button from Monte Abrah.io (Portugal) 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 91 
 
 91 
 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 <}i 
 
 94 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 99 
 
 ... 100 
 
 Opposite 102 
 
 lOJ 
 
 «o3 
 
 ... 104 
 
 106 
 
 107 
 
 109 
 
 ... no 
 
 "3 
 
 nS 
 
 120 
 
 ... 121 
 
 123 
 
 124 
 
 126 
 
 127 
 
 «27 
 
 128 
 
 "3° 
 
 '3' 
 
 132 
 
 '34 
 
 136 
 
 >37 
 
 «37 
 
 ... 140 
 
 141 
 
 I4> 
 
 >4i 
 
 142 
 
 146 
 
 ... 146 
 
 «47 
 
 '47 
 
 148 
 
 ... 148 
 
 '5' 
 
 >S2 
 
 153 
 
 '55 
 
 '57 
 
 ... 161 
 
 162 
 
 ... 164 
 
 164
 
 xxvi Illustrations. 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 162. LisK^hill ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 166 
 
 163. I, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 166 
 
 164. Urn from Baniasrahy ... ... ... ... ... 173 
 
 165. TawnatrulTaun ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 170 
 
 166. Caltragh, the " Griddle-more-na-Vean " ... ... ... ... ... 177 
 
 167. TM\x^^aV.d.iX, elevation and grcnin I plan ... ... ... ... ... 178 
 
 168. Gortakeeran, j,'-/-(;«H(i'//i7H ... ... ... ... ... ... 180 
 
 169. Knockatotaun ... ... ... ... ... ... ... iSi 
 
 170. Ralhscanland, ^TOuW/Za/; . ... ... ... ... .. ... iSi 
 
 171. Urn from Ballysadare ... ... ... ... . ... ... 1S3 
 
 172. Carrickglass ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1S4 
 
 173. ,, another zir,,' ... ... ... ... ... ... 184 
 
 174. ,, sround plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 384 
 
 175. Coolmurly ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1S5 
 
 176. Clock-na-lri-posta, Moytirra ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 186 
 
 lyj- ,, another vicM ... ... ... ... ... ... 186 
 
 178. C.irrickard, ^<7«Hi///a« ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 190 
 
 179. Wx^woaA, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 191 
 
 iSo. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 191 
 
 181. Kenagh ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 193 
 
 182. Churchacres ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 196 
 
 183. Drumanone ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 197 
 
 184. Tumna ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 197 
 
 '^5- i> ground plan ... ... ... ... . . ... 197 
 
 186. Scregg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 198 
 
 187. .. another vie-M ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 199 
 
 188. ,, another z'ie-M ... ... ... ... ... ... 199 
 
 Map of the Pr<nince of Ulster ... ... ... ... ... Opposite 200 
 
 1S9. Biirren (No. l), ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 201 
 
 190. ., (No. 2), ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 203 
 
 19'- •■ ., elefalioH ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 203 
 
 192- .. CSa. ;^), ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 204 
 
 193- ■• .. elrvation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 205 
 
 194' •. I, another vieri' ... ... ... ... ... ... 206 
 
 195. ChiMchtown (Ca-stlederg) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 209 
 
 196. ,, stcne ■ii-ilh scorings at ... ... ... ... ... 209 
 
 197. Loiighry, ir/tfa/;'o;; ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 210 
 
 198. ., ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2I! 
 
 199. ,, Urn found at ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 211 
 
 200. Broughderg, elevation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 212 
 
 201. „ ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 212 
 
 202. CarrygHss, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 214 
 
 203. Grooved stone from Carryglass ... ... ... ... ... 214 
 
 204. Knockmany ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 215 
 
 205. ., ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 216 
 
 206. ,. sculptured stone at ... ... ... ... ... ... 216 
 
 207. „ another sculptured itone at ... ... ... ... ... 216 
 
 208. Tawnydarragh ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21S 
 
 209. Tumulus at Castle Archdall ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 218 
 
 210. Sculpturings at Castle .\rchdall ... ... ... ... ... ... 219 
 
 211. .. ,. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 219 
 
 212. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 219 
 
 213. ,, ,, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 220 
 
 214. Coolbuck ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 223 
 
 215. ., another vieiv ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 223 
 
 216. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 224 
 
 217. Clochtogle ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 225 
 
 218. ,, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 225 
 
 219. lioohs.iCa.rm, ground plan of cairn and cisis ... ... ... ... ... 226 
 
 220. Glencar .Scotch, .i'r(;««(///i7« ... ... ... ... ... 234
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 xxvu 
 
 FIG. 
 
 
 PAUE 
 
 221. 
 
 Mondooey Upper, j,';-(;kki/ /*/<?« 
 
 -■ 23s 
 
 222. 
 
 Cairn at Finner... 
 
 237 
 
 223. 
 
 Finner(No. I) 
 
 • 237 
 
 224. 
 
 ., (No. 2) 
 
 238 
 
 225. 
 
 Kilcloony ... 
 
 ••■ 239 
 
 226. 
 
 ,, aiiol/ur view ... 
 
 240 
 
 227. 
 
 Casliel, " The Cloghan " 
 
 ... 241 
 
 228. 
 
 ., ,, gi-oii/tJ plan 
 
 241 
 
 229. 
 
 ,, ,, ,, 
 
 ... 242 
 
 230. 
 
 Two sculptured stones at " The Cloglian " 
 
 242 
 
 231- 
 
 -Malinmorc ... 
 
 ... 2(6 
 
 232- 
 
 Ballywoolen West Bannmoutli 
 
 251 
 
 ^33- 
 
 Cashel, Macosquin ... 
 
 ... 252 
 
 234- 
 
 Glasakeeran 
 
 253 
 
 235- 
 
 „ ground plan 
 
 ••• 253 
 
 236. 
 
 .Slaghtmanus 
 
 254 
 
 237- 
 
 Carrick East, " The Clochoyle," or " Cove stones " 
 
 ... 254 
 
 238. 
 
 c;iebe, " The Clochoyle " 
 
 257 
 
 239- 
 
 Lemnaghbeg 
 
 ... 258 
 
 240. 
 
 Clenagh 
 
 258 
 
 241. 
 
 Magheraboy (Ballintoy) 
 
 ... 259 
 
 242. 
 
 Ballyvennaght, " The ClochammUer " 
 
 260 
 
 243- 
 
 (No. 2) 
 
 ... 261 
 
 244. 
 
 East Torr 
 
 261 
 
 245. 
 
 Lubitavish ... 
 
 ... 262 
 
 246. 
 
 Doonan 
 
 263 
 
 247. 
 
 "The Clougbogan," Ballygilbert Hill ... 
 
 ... 264 
 
 248. 
 
 Craigs (l), "The Broadstone" 
 
 264 
 
 249. 
 
 „ (2) 
 
 ... 26s 
 
 250. 
 
 Ticloy... 
 
 266 
 
 251. 
 
 Connor 
 
 ... 267 
 
 252. 
 
 Ballygowan, "Ceannorth'sWa's"... 
 
 268 
 
 253- 
 
 Craigarogan (Ballycairngrainy) 
 
 ... 269 
 
 254. 
 
 Ballylumford (Island Magee) 
 
 270 
 
 255- 
 
 yioyadam, groiinJ p/an 
 
 ... 271 
 
 256. 
 
 Grcengraves, " The Kempe Stone " 
 
 273 
 
 257. 
 
 Ballynahatty, '• The Giant's Ring" 
 
 ... 27S 
 
 258. 
 
 ,, dolmen in " the Giant's Ring " 
 
 276 
 
 259- 
 
 Mount Stewart 
 
 ... 281 
 
 260. 
 
 Legananny 
 
 282 
 
 261. 
 
 , , ano/hei- view 
 
 ... 282 
 
 262. 
 
 Goward, "The Cloughmore" 
 
 284 
 
 263. 
 
 Kilfeaghan 
 
 ... 28s 
 
 264. 
 
 I.oughinisland ... 
 
 286 
 
 265. 
 
 Loughmoney 
 
 287 
 
 266. 
 
 Wateresk, or Slidderyford 
 
 288 
 
 267. 
 
 ,, „ another vinu 
 
 ... 28S 
 
 268. 
 
 Kilkeel 
 
 289 
 
 269. 
 
 Chambered cairn near Newbliss, i'ro««(//.'a« 
 
 ... 291 
 
 270. 
 
 Edergole ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 
 
 293 
 
 271. 
 
 'Lvnno.n, siiilplnrings on l/u- ,!o/nu->i at ... 
 
 ... 294 
 
 272. 
 
 Lennan 
 
 294 
 
 273- 
 
 Carnavanaghan 
 
 ... 297 
 
 274. 
 
 Carnbane, elmation 
 
 300 
 
 275- 
 
 ,, ^otDid plan 
 
 ... 300 
 
 276. 
 
 AnnaclochnuiUin, (■/(.■ffl/w/ 
 
 302 
 
 277. 
 
 „ urn found at 
 
 ... 302 
 
 278. 
 
 ,, ground plan of chainber at 
 
 303 
 
 
 Map of the Province of Leinster ... ... ... ... ... Opposite 305 
 
 279. 
 
 I'roleek, " The Giant's Load " 
 
 305
 
 XXVIII 
 
 Il.l.rsTUATIONS. 
 
 Kin. 
 
 2S0. Proleek, (ZHo//;.-/- :•;>;.• 
 
 281. „ p'oiiiid flan 
 
 282. ,, " the Giant's Grave," i'/v////!///.!// 
 
 283. ,, elnation 
 
 2S4. Ballynahattin, ^«/H<///oH 
 
 285. Killccn, Killing, elciatioin aiiJ i;r0iuid pious 
 
 256. I'acUlock, "The Hag's Bcil," Monasterboicc 
 
 257. .. ,, .. ^roiiiui plan ... 
 
 i>A(.e 
 306 
 307 
 307 
 307 
 30S 
 
 309 
 310 
 31 1 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 288. 
 289. 
 290. 
 291. 
 292. 
 293- 
 294 
 295. 
 296. 
 297. 
 29S. 
 29<;. 
 300. 
 301. 
 302. 
 303- 
 304- 
 305- 
 306. 
 
 307- 
 308. 
 309- 
 310. 
 
 3"- 
 31-'- 
 313- 
 314- 
 315- 
 316. 
 
 3I7- 
 3i8. 
 3'9- 
 320. 
 321. 
 322. 
 
 323- 
 324- 
 325- 
 326. 
 
 327- 
 328. 
 
 329- 
 330- 
 33'- 
 332. 
 333- 
 334- 
 335- 
 
 Loiiglicrew, plan of cairns A to L 
 plan of cairn V 
 .stone in cairn F ... 
 
 j» >» 
 plan of cairn II ... 
 stone in cairn II 
 
 ,, , . . . ■ 
 plan of cairn I 
 .-tone in cairn I . . 
 
 plan of cairn L, and of chamber 
 
 recess, with stone b.isin, etc., in cairn L 
 
 stone in cairn I, ... 
 
 stone in cairn ."> 
 
 plan of cairn T, and group around it 
 
 ,, ,, and chamber, enlarged 
 cairn T, and the " Hag's Chair " ... 
 stone in cairn T 
 
 stone in cairn U 
 
 stone in cairn W 
 Scidptmcd stone on the peak at I'atrickstown ... 
 Kathkenny 
 
 ., Markings on dolmen at 
 
 Upper surface of covering-stone at 
 ,, Circles sculptured on dolmen at 
 
 Stone urn found at Knowth 
 New-Grange, elcfation and i^rouiid plan of tunuilus and chamber al 
 
 sculptured stone at 
 
 .;"4 
 3><J 
 j>7 
 3'7 
 318 
 320 
 320 
 321 
 
 •'22 
 
 322 
 322 
 323 
 323 
 323 
 324 
 324 
 325 
 326 
 
 327 
 328 
 329 
 
 33° 
 330 
 331 
 332 
 333 
 334 
 335 
 336 
 337 
 338 
 338 
 339 
 339 
 339 
 340 
 340 
 341 
 342 
 343 
 343 
 344 
 344 
 345 
 345 
 350 
 357 
 35S 
 
 "S
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 l-IG. 
 
 337- 
 338- 
 339- 
 3+0. 
 341. 
 342. 
 343- 
 344- 
 345- 
 346. 
 347. 
 348. 
 349- 
 350- 
 351- 
 352- 
 353- 
 354- 
 355- 
 356. 
 357. 
 358. 
 359- 
 360. 
 .361. 
 362. 
 363. 
 364- 
 365. 
 366. 
 
 367. 
 
 368. 
 
 369- 
 370. 
 371- 
 372. 
 373- 
 374- 
 375- 
 376. 
 377- 
 37S. 
 379- 
 380. 
 
 3S1. 
 382. 
 
 383- 
 384. 
 385- 
 386. 
 
 387. 
 388. 
 389- 
 390. 
 391. 
 392- 
 393- 
 394- 
 395- 
 
 Xcw-Granyc, scul|)tureil slonc al 
 
 entrance to chamber at 
 sculi)tured stone at ... 
 
 Dowth, [ilaii and secliuii of mound and ehamheis 
 
 scidptiired stone at ... 
 
 plans of central cell and chamljcr ... 
 Knowlh, c/ci'itlion 0/ //ic liiiinilus n/ 
 Pict's House on the Holm of Papa Westra, section 
 Ushnagh, The Cat .Stone at ... ... 
 
 Howth, c/ifrj//o« 
 
 l^ioiind plan 
 C ha]ieiizod (Knockmary)... 
 L'ln from 
 
 Monument in the suburbs of llnblin 
 Woodtown (Mount Venus), i7ct'(7/'/(W .. 
 another 'ok-v 
 , . ground plan 
 
 I3allyedmondulT, cU-calion 
 
 ^miiid plan... 
 iross-stction 
 ton^-scction ... 
 Hallybrack (I) ... 
 VS^'Ckxwa.yi, elevation ... 
 
 , , ground plan ... 
 
 Brenanstown, clt-mtion ... ... ., 
 
 ,. ., another vie-tO 
 
 ,, ^ronnd plan 
 
 Piallybrack (2), cln'ation ... 
 
 „ „ another view ... 
 
 Carrig-GoUane ... 
 llaroldstown, elevation 
 
 ,, ,, another vie-M 
 
 ,, i^round plan 
 
 Kernanstown (Mount Browne), elevation 
 
 ,, gronnd plan 
 
 Ballynoe (Aghade) 
 Colbinstown (Killeen Cormaic) 
 Ballylowra (l) ... 
 
 (2) 
 
 " The Leac-an-Scail," Kilmogue ... 
 
 , , . . , . another rieti' . 
 
 Glencloghlea 
 
 Mongnacool, gronnd plan and seetion 
 
 " The Labba-na-Sigha," Moylisha, gronnd plan 
 
 Bree, looking W., elevation 
 
 „ looking N. ,, 
 
 „ gronnd plan 
 
 Circle at Caugh Hill 
 
 ,, CaolUil 
 
 3S8 
 35S 
 359 
 359 
 360 
 360 
 360 
 361 
 361 
 362 
 
 363 
 365 
 366 
 368 
 370 
 371 
 372 
 376 
 377 
 379 
 380 
 380 
 380 
 
 381 
 382 
 
 383 
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 38S 
 38S 
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 396 
 397 
 397 
 399 
 399 
 400 
 401 
 
 403 
 404 
 405 
 406 
 406 
 410 
 
 413 
 
 414 
 416 
 417 
 417 
 419 
 420
 
 XXX Illustrations. 
 
 PIG. I'AGK 
 
 396. Circle at Kiiuck-na-Xyrk ... ... ... ... ... ... .-• 420 
 
 397. ,, near Lettergoniian ... ... ... ... ... ... 420 
 
 39S. "Dallan-crom-na-lhittim " . ... ... ... ... •■• 4^' 
 
 399. Circle at Dromiskin ... . ... ... ... ... ... 4-' 
 
 400. I'illar-stone at Ba\vnatoun)i)lc . ... ... ■■. ... ■•■ 4^2 
 
 401. " The Long-stone," Furnace ... ... ... ... ... ... 422 
 
 402. I'iUar-stone at Doonfeeny ... ... ... ... ... ... •■• 423 
 
 Giants and Dwarfs building the dolmens of Drenlhe (Heading of Tart II.) ... 424 
 
 403. Branc (Cornwall), pl.TM and section of dolmen in tumulus at ... ... ... 428 
 
 404. " Kit's Coily House" ('"^ent) -.. •■■ •■• •■■ ■■■ •■• 43' 
 
 405. Zennor-Quoit (Cornwall), ^/w/H<///<iH ... ... ... ... ... ■■• 44° 
 
 406. Trethevy ,. „ ... ... ... ... ... 44' 
 
 407. Treg,Tseal ,. ... . ... ... ... ... ... 44' 
 
 408. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 442 
 
 409. ,, ,, sttlion ... ... ... ... ... . 442 
 
 410. Ilallc (.Saxony), jtv//o« ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 443 
 
 4 ' I • . . . . ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . 443 
 
 412. .. insciilvii sloiics III ... ... ... ... ... ... 444 
 
 4I3- .) 11 specimens of pottery at ... ... ... ■■■ ... •■• 444 
 
 414. Tregiffian (Cornwall), section ... ... ... ... ... ■■■ 44^ 
 
 415. Vo\mci-[ mounds, in ]3.pa.n, section and e/ei^a/ions ... ... ... ... ■ • 44^ 
 
 416. Anla dt: Vai-o ddi Xinha {l'ovluga.\), p/an s/io'u'iiig cup-mariings ... ... 449 
 
 417. Gavr-Iriis (Brittany), //.»/ (j/"c/;rtw/w^i//«OT«/»i rt/ ... ... ... ■■■ 449 
 
 41S. Kercado ,, plan of dolmen at ... ... ... ... ■■ 45° 
 
 419. Mane Lud ,, plan of allei couverte at ... ... ... ... ■■■ 450 
 
 420. \r Ogof {Walei), plan of do/men of ... ... ... ... ... 45° 
 
 421. Pillar-stone at Temair ... ... ... ... ... ... ■.. 45' 
 
 422. Vleyhary {Kng\and), plan of tumiilns and cliam/ier at ... ... ... 452 
 
 423. West Kennet ., plan of chambered Long-Barrir^u at ... ... ... ... 457 
 
 424- ,, ., plan of , from Aubrey ... ... ... ... 45^ 
 
 425- ,, ,, plan of el/amber at ... ... ... ... ... 45^ 
 
 426. Weyland Smith's Cave (England), i'/w/H.///!;;; ... ... ... ... 458 
 
 427. Maes Howe (Orkney), //«/; (7«,/j<y//d« ... ... ... ... ... 459 
 
 428. Varhouse (.Scotland), //(W (yi/MOT/'fnvi'irt/Vv; (7/ ... ... ... ... 460 
 
 429. Cairn of Get ,. ^.'oiind plan ... ... ... ... ■■■ ... 463 
 
 430. Camster .. section of chambered cairn at ... ... ... ... 463 
 
 43'- II .. plan of tumulus at ... ... ... ... ... 464 
 
 432. Achnacree ,, section of chambered cairn at ... ... ... ... 464 
 
 433. Sculpturings on stone in the Canary Islands ... ... ... ... ... 467 
 
 434. Cover of a cist at Carnwath (Scotland) ... ... ... ... ... 467 
 
 435- ., „ „ „ 468 
 
 436. Annan Street, near Varrow, JOii^/K?-^!/ j/owi' /;w« ... ... ... ... 468 
 
 437. Cover of a cist at Bakcrhill, Ross-shire ... ... ... ... ..■ ... 468 
 
 435. Ground plan of monument in Sweden ... ... ... ... •.- 479 
 
 439. Sketch and plan of the dolmen of Stala, Island of Oroust, Bohuslan ... ... 480 
 
 440. A Swedish dolmen ... ... ... ... ... .■• ... 480 
 
 441. Herrestrup, in Zeeland .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 481 
 
 442. Danish dolmen ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 481 
 
 443. I lafang, Scania .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .•■ 481 
 
 444. Carrowmore, cairn at . . ... . ... .•• ... ... 482 
 
 445. Danish dolmen ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 482 
 
 446. "The Three Brothers of Grugith " (Cornwall), //rtK i/(i«i'»'«,4'i'"/'J' ... ... 482 
 
 447- ,, ,, ,, ,. ., section ... ... ... ... 4S3 
 
 448. Dolmen of Fasmarup (Scania) ... ... ... ... ... ... 483 
 
 449- Clynnog Fawr, Carnarvonshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 484 
 
 450. Carved ship, Skrobelef, Laiigeland (Denmark) ... ... ... ... 4S4 
 
 451. Rock sculpturing in Scania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 485 
 
 452. „ „ „ 485 
 
 453- Eight slabs from Kivik (Sweden) ... ... ... ... ... ... 485 
 
 454. Cist of Knylthiirr, Dalshande, ^/w/z/iZ/'/rtw ... ... ... ... ... 486
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 455- Danish passage-dolmen, ^'■r('«;/(///a« ... 
 
 456. House of a Norwegian Lapp, ,.fr(7«H(/ //«« ... 
 
 457. Swedish passage-dolmen, Ou:igaxAen, ground plan 
 
 458. "Elfsten,"in Halland 
 
 459- Dolmen at Axevalla, section ... 
 
 460. Dolmen with passage near Karleby, grounil plan 
 
 461. Dolmen with gallery, ^'estergotIande .. 
 
 462. Karlsgarden, Vestergiitlande 
 
 463. Entrance to a cist at Rod, Bohiisliin 
 
 464. Karleby, \'esterg6tlande, ground plan 
 
 465. Wedge-shaped tomb at Vamb Negregarden 
 
 466. The " Brut Camp" in Schleswig, cA/ t'«^/-az7'«^i7/ ... 
 
 467. Dolmen at Biilcke, in Holstein 
 
 468. The "Brut Camp" in Schleswig, auo/licr vice 
 
 469. Dolmen in Schleswig Holstein, near Alber>dorf 
 
 470. „ at Rudenbeck, Mecklenburg 
 471- The Hiinengrab of Katelbogen, ,?/■<)««<///<;« 
 472. ., ,, elroation 
 473- <> of Naschendorf, clroalion, section, and ground plan 
 
 474. Stone-circles at Boitin, i»fca//D« ... 
 475- IT ,, c^rotind plan 
 
 476. Circle at Bearhaven, showing a " pulpit stone" 
 
 477. Dom-ring, Blomshulm, BohusUin 
 
 475. Stone circle at Carrabeha, with markings on one of the stones, g> ound plan 
 
 479. Stone oval in Vestergotlande ... 
 
 480. Circles near Odry, near the Scliwarzwa.sser ... 
 
 481. Circle and trilithon near Odry... 
 
 482. Group of Danish stone-circles, .i,(v/i// //a«j ... 
 
 483. Megalithic grave at Kociubinsce, i'/owW/Za;; ... 
 
 484. Dolmen on the Sakar Planina in Bulgaria ... 
 
 485. Circle on the .Sakar rlanina in Bulgaria 
 
 486. Stone altar on the Sakar Planina in Bulgaria 
 
 487. ,, on the Sadejerw Lake, thrown by Kallewe Poeg, and impressed with 
 marks 
 
 488. Carn with dolmen cist at Varzeit in Samlande, elnation 
 
 489. ,, ,, ,, ground plan 
 
 490. Elongated monument in Cujavia, ^'■/w/7:a'//i!« 
 49J. Megalithic grave in the Griiberlield of Steinthal (Pomerania), ground plan 
 
 492. Dolmen at Richtenberg, Pomerania, Citerior 
 
 493. Hiinebed at Besewege, near the Frankfort L"niver>ity 
 
 494. ,, in the .Vltmark ... 
 
 495. „ atHobisch... 
 
 496. Circular Hiinebed, near Ballerstiiti ... 
 
 497. Hiinebed, near Ballerstiitt 
 
 498. ,, near Ahlum 
 
 499. Tumulus in Sweden ... 
 
 500. Avenues of stone in Brandenburg ... 
 
 501. Dolmen, with wedge-shaiied environment, at Edendorf, ground plan 
 
 502. „ at Dormte (Hanover) 
 
 503. Hiinebed at Gansau (Hanover), ^ri)«H<//>/aH 
 
 504. Megalithic monuments at Riestedt, Gross Prezier, Heitbrak, Lehmke, and 
 
 (Hanover) 
 
 505. Hiinebed of Klein Prezier (Hanover), j/!rA////(j« 
 
 506. ,, at Emmendorf (Hanover), x/v/(7/ //«« 
 
 507. ,, at Gohlan (Hanover), ^rip««a'//(7« 
 
 508. Htinebeds at Riestadt, Gross Piezier, and Jastorf 
 
 509. " Steinhaus " near Fallingbostel 
 
 510. "The Biilzenbetle," near Sievein, section and ground plan 
 
 511. "Sa.\uni Lubbonis," the Lubbenstein, at Hclmstadt 
 
 512. Rude plan of dolmen in Westphalia 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ... 486 
 
 
 487 
 
 
 487 
 
 
 488 
 
 
 488 
 
 
 4S9 
 
 
 490 
 
 
 49' 
 
 
 49' 
 
 
 491 
 
 
 492 
 
 
 494 
 
 
 494 
 
 
 495 
 
 
 495 
 
 
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 500 
 
 
 502 
 
 
 503 
 
 
 503 
 
 
 504 
 
 
 504 
 
 
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 506 
 
 
 506 
 
 
 507 
 
 
 507 
 
 
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 5" 
 
 fingei 
 
 
 
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 S'5 
 
 
 5'S 
 
 
 516 
 
 
 519 
 
 
 527 
 
 
 52S 
 
 
 529 
 
 
 529 
 
 
 530 
 
 
 53' 
 
 
 532 
 
 
 534 
 
 
 534 
 
 
 538 
 
 
 538 
 
 ... 540 
 
 nsau 
 
 54' 
 
 ... 542 
 
 543 
 
 ... 544 
 
 544 
 
 ... 546 
 
 547 
 
 ■ Sl^ 
 
 
 551
 
 XXXll 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 ric. 
 5'3- 
 514. 
 
 5'5- 
 516. 
 
 5'7- 
 51S. 
 
 5'9- 
 520. 
 521. 
 522- 
 523- 
 524. 
 
 525- 
 526. 
 
 527- 
 528. 
 
 529- 
 S30. 
 53'- 
 532. 
 533- 
 534. 
 535- 
 536. 
 537. 
 538. 
 539. 
 540. 
 
 S4«- 
 
 542. 
 
 543- 
 544- 
 545- 
 546. 
 547. 
 548. 
 549- 
 550. 
 5S«- 
 552- 
 553- 
 554- 
 555- 
 556- 
 557- 
 558. 
 559- 
 560. 
 561. 
 562. 
 563. 
 564. 
 565. 
 566. 
 567. 
 568. 
 569. 
 570. 
 571- 
 
 Giants and dwarf;, building the dolmens of Drenthe 
 
 White Woman in a dolmen-mound in Drenthe 
 
 Hunebed of Tinaarloo (Drenthe) 
 
 Two sections of a dolmen in its tumulus (Drenthe) 
 
 Dolmen at t'aranda, Department of Aisne (France) 
 
 (l) Sculptured stone in the dolmen of Collorgues ; (2 4) sculptures 
 
 Maine 
 Stone circles in the Basses Pyrenees 
 Dolmen at Buzy, near Oloron, B.-isses Pyrenees 
 Plan oi aIU( couverti in the tumulus of Ilalliade (Ilautes Pyrcnee 
 " Lcs Pierres fiches" de tumulus des Deux Menhirs ... 
 The dolmen dc Puyo-Mayou ... 
 Dolmen in the Gorge de la Vail (Pyrenees Orientales) 
 The Balma del Moro (Pyrenees Orientalcs) 
 Dolmen de Vaour (Tarn et Garonne) 
 
 " The Palet de Roland " at Arles-sur-Tech (Pyrenees Orienlale 
 Mane Lud (Brittany), section of alia couverte a/ 
 Gavr Inis (Brittany), section of chambn'cd ttimiilus al 
 Sculptured stones at (iavr Inis 
 
 ,, ,, 
 
 Vessel from Bohemia 
 Pattern on ail urn from Italy ... 
 
 ., ,, Germany ... 
 
 Sculptured stone from Renougat (l-inisterre) 
 Covering-stone of cist at Treogat (Finisterre) 
 Gold cip, from O'Connor's Preface to Keating ... 
 Terra cotta bottle from Assyria 
 Gold cap from Speyer 
 Ornament from Corinth ... 
 
 ,, Poitiers 
 
 Gold ornament at Trinity College, Dublin ... 
 
 „ found at Burrisnoe 
 
 E.\ample of decoration on a golden shield from Jcvgersberg 
 Bron/e celt (Ireland) ... 
 
 Sculptiirings on slabs in dolmens in Finisterre 
 Bronze celt in Mus. R. LA. 
 Urn from Danesfort in Mus. R.I..\. 
 ,, Ballywillan 
 
 „ North Italy, tn'O cln\xtioiis, and flan 
 
 Golden bowl from Schleswig-Holstein ... 
 Urn from Bishop's Cairn, Glenwhcrry 
 Decorated pottery from L.i Tourelle (Finisterre) 
 Dolmen of Krukenno at Plouharnel, elevation 
 
 ,, ,, ,, grontul plan 
 
 " The Trepied " on Catioroc 
 Dolmen at Epones ... 
 Patterns (nine) on archaic Greek vases 
 
 (seven) ,, 
 
 Dolmen de la Justice (Oise) 
 
 ,, at Constans-Sainte-IIoiiorine (Seine et Oise) 
 Redmarton (England) 
 Dolmen de Gramont (Htr.iult) 
 " La Pierre Turquaise " (Seine et Oise) 
 
 Entrance portico or "antx" of the dolmen Des Maudits, nca 
 Dolmen Des Maudits, j/Crfc/i ja-//tf« 
 The "Grotte aux Fees," near Saumur ... 
 The " Grotte d'Esse " ... 
 The "Grotte aux Fees" at Mettray, near Tours 
 Dolmens in the valleys of the Seine and the Orvin ... 
 Dolmen of the Chapel of the Seven Saints, near I'louarcl 
 
 
 ... 552 
 
 
 553 
 
 
 ... 558 
 
 
 S6t 
 
 
 ... 571 
 
 res in the caves on the 
 
 
 570 
 
 
 ... 582 
 
 
 583 
 
 ■es).. 
 
 ... 585 
 
 
 585 
 
 
 ... 585 
 
 
 596 
 
 
 ... S97 
 
 
 59S 
 
 s) ... 
 
 ... 59.S 
 
 
 612 
 
 
 ... 613 
 
 
 614 
 
 
 ... 614 
 
 
 614 
 
 
 ... 614 
 
 
 614 
 
 
 ... 61^ 
 
 
 6lS 
 
 
 ... 616 
 
 
 616 
 
 
 ... 616 
 
 
 616 
 
 
 ... 616 
 
 
 617 
 
 
 ... 617 
 
 
 61S 
 
 
 .. 61S 
 
 
 619 
 
 
 .. 619 
 
 ... 
 
 620 
 
 
 . . . 620 
 
 
 620 
 
 
 . . 62 1 
 
 
 621 
 
 
 ... 621 
 
 
 622 
 
 
 ... 622 
 
 
 623 
 
 
 623 
 
 
 624 
 
 
 62s 
 
 
 626 
 
 
 ... 626 
 
 
 626 
 
 
 ... 626 
 
 
 627 
 
 .Mantes 
 
 ... 627 
 
 
 62S 
 
 
 ... 629 
 
 
 629 
 
 
 ... 630 
 
 
 630 
 
 
 ... 631
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 xxxiu 
 
 572. Area lie Padorna, Galicia, plan and section 
 S73' >i Sinas, (lalicia, plan and section 
 
 574. Ground-plan of ihc Dolmen de Gramont (Herault) 
 575- •■ .. r,eaba Mologa (Co. Cork) 
 
 576. ,, ,, Temple at Tecs 
 
 577. " La Pierre Turquaisc " (Seine et Oise) 
 
 578. Dolmen in the Vail Gorguina 
 
 579. ,, at \ illalbo Saserra 
 
 580. ,, near Espolla 
 
 581. ,, oi Y,c\\x\\az, sketch section 
 
 582. Plan of the chamber of Equilaz 
 
 583. Interior of the Ermita de San Miguel de Arrechiuaga 
 
 584. Megalithic chamber under the church of Santa Cruz de Cangas de Onis 
 
 585. Near Mondoiiedo, (Jalicia 
 5SO. Circle of Monte das Fachas ... 
 
 587. Portuguese dolmen 
 
 588. " I.apa dos Mouros," Portugal 
 
 589. Anta dc Serranheira, Alemtejo 
 
 590. ,, Paredes, near Evora ... 
 
 591. Small Anla de Paoo de Vinha 
 
 592. Anta de Pajo de Vinha 
 
 593. Dolmen de Mont d'Algeda, with stone basin, :^ronnd plan 
 
 594. Pannoyas, sacrificial rock with basins at 
 
 595. Dolmen at Fonte Coberta on the Douro 
 
 596. Anta de Candiera 
 
 597. La Sepultura de .Marcella, Algarve, elevation 
 
 598. „ ,, „ ground plan 
 
 599. Plan of the chamber of -Monte Abrahao 
 
 600. Plan of a megalithic tomb in a tumulus, Serro de Castello, .\lgarve 
 
 601. Plan and section of a cave at Palmella 
 
 602. Section of a little urn from Palmella 
 
 603. Little urn for suspension, from Ireland 
 O04. ,, ,, ,, cave at Palmella 
 
 605. lironze celt from West Buckland, Devon 
 
 606. ,, Penvores, Cornwall ... 
 
 607. .. Ireland ... 
 60S. ., Montalegrc 
 
 609. ,. Alemtejo 
 
 610. ,, South-East Spain 
 
 611. „ ,. 
 
 612. ,, ,, ,, 
 
 613. IJronze celt found in Yorkshire 
 
 614. ,, from Connor, Co. Antrim ... 
 
 615. ,, in the Museum of the Kcole de Soreze 
 
 616. ,, ,, „ R.I.A. 
 
 617. Ornamental plaque from Anta d'Estria 
 
 618. Mould for bronze celt from Ballymena 
 
 619. Bronze celt from the Serra Estrella 
 
 620. .. from Oldbury Hill, Hertfordshire 
 
 621. ,, Danish 
 
 622. Urn from a stone cist in the Alps 
 
 623. Bronze plaque from Switzerland 
 
 624. Lunula in Mus. R.I.A. 
 
 ()25. Gold armlet, West Cornwall, in the British Museum 
 
 G26. Detail of arndet from West Cornwall 
 
 627. „ /«««/(! from West Cornwall 
 
 628. ,, gold armlet from West Cornwall 
 
 629. Gold ring from Pcnella, Estremadura 
 
 630. Irish halbert-blades in Mus. R.I.A. ... ... 
 
 631. Ilalbert-bladc from Slieve Kielta, Co. Wexford, in British Museum 
 
 636 
 636 
 638 
 638 
 639 
 639 
 642 
 
 643 
 644 
 645 
 647 
 648 
 650 
 
 6S5 
 656 
 
 6s7 
 658 
 659 
 660 
 661 
 662 
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 668 
 668 
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 67.S 
 676 
 676 
 677 
 677 
 677 
 677 
 677 
 678 
 678 
 678 
 
 679 
 679 
 679 
 679 
 679 
 680 
 680
 
 XXXIV 
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 6J2. 
 
 633- 
 634- 
 635- 
 636. 
 
 637. 
 638. 
 
 639- 
 640. 
 641. 
 642. 
 
 643- 
 644. 
 645. 
 646. 
 647. 
 648. 
 649. 
 650. 
 651. 
 652. 
 655. 
 654. 
 655. 
 656. 
 657. 
 658. 
 659. 
 660. 
 661. 
 662. 
 663. 
 664. 
 665. 
 666. 
 667. 
 668. 
 669. 
 670. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ilalbert-blade from South-East Spain ... ... ... •■• 6S1 
 
 Riveted dagger from South-East Spain ... ... • 681 
 
 Flint arrow-heads from Ireland ... ... .■ •■ ■ ■■• 682 
 
 Irish halbert-blade in the Museum R.I. A. . ... ... •■■ 682 
 
 Flint arrow-head from the Casa de Moura .. • ■ ■ 683 
 
 ,, arrow-heads from the dohiiens in the Ccvennes . .. 683 
 
 Bronze lance-heads from Denmark ... ... • . • . •■ 684 
 
 ,, spear-head from the N. of Ireland .. ... . • ■ ■■• 684 
 
 Iron spear-head from Almedinilla ... . ■• •. ••■ ■■■ "84 
 
 Irish urn in the British Mu.seum ... .. •. ■•■ 685 
 
 Spanish urn in the British Museum ... . ••• •• 685 
 
 Dolmen at Dilar ... ... • ••• ••• ■■ 687 
 
 ,, de la Caiiada del Herradero .. . ■•■ ... ... ■. 688 
 
 „ Cruz del tio Cogollero ... ... ... •■• 689 
 
 ,, de las Ascencias ... .. .. ... •.• •■ •■ 690 
 
 La Portella Rosario, Tarragona ... .. ... ... ... ... 692 
 
 Section of the dolmen of Antequera, .Vndalucia ... ... ... ... ... 692 
 
 Interior of the dolmen of Antequera ... .. ... ... ... 693 
 
 Ground plan of the dolmen of Antequera ... ... ... ... ... 693 
 
 Rock sculptures in Galicia ... ■ ■ ■. ... ■•. ■.• 697 
 
 " The Horseman's Stone " (Clonmacnoise) ... ... •. ... ■.■ 697 
 
 Plan and section of cave at Saint Vincente, Island of Minorca ... .. 69S 
 
 Flan of one cave, and section of another, at Saint \incente .. ... .. 699 
 
 The " Nao dels Tudons," ^OK«rf-//a« «»(''.riv/;VH ... . . . ... 699 
 
 ,, ., elevation ... ... ■■ • ... . ■ 700 
 
 ,, ,, „ another vin^' ... ... . . ... yoi 
 
 Boat-shaped building in Ireland, from Wilkinson ... . ... ... 7°2 
 
 Kilmalkedar, Co. Kerry ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 703 
 
 View of the interior and of the arrangement for the door in the structure at Gallerus 703 
 
 Bedawin tomb, KiiUit el-Husn ... ... ... ... ... ... 7°4 
 
 Elevation of one of the ' ' Tombes des Geants " at Abbasante ( Sardinia) . . . 705 
 
 Plan of one of the " Tombes des Geants " at Abbasante ... ... ... ... 705 
 
 " The Giant's Grave " at Pauli-Latino, Sardinia ... ... ... ... 706 
 
 N.W. end of "Giant's Grave," near Borore, Sardinia .. ... .. ... 707 
 
 Monument in Alsace ... ... ... ... ... .. .•■ 707 
 
 " The Piedra Formosa " at Briteiros ... ... ... ... ... ... 70S 
 
 Dolmen of Tzarskaya (Caucasus) ... ... ... ... .. ... 708 
 
 Tomb of the reputed founder of the church of Boveragh ... ... ... ... 709 
 
 Elevation, plan, and top of covering-stone of the dolmen de la Vallee de Cauria 
 
 (Corsica) ... ... ... . .. ... ■■. ... 7'i 
 
 VOL. III. 
 
 Irish lady on horseback, and two Irishmen in a loracli, from early MS. of Giraldus 
 Cambrensis' " Topographia Hibernia;," in the Library of the British Museum. 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 671. African dolmens from Gen. Faidherbe ... ... ... ... ... ... 717 
 
 672. Megalithic monument at Karvati (Mycene) in the Morea ... ... ... 721 
 
 673. Dohnen in the Crimea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 722 
 
 674. Anta do Crato, Portugal ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 722 
 
 675. Dolmen in the Gorge de Djouba, Caucasus ... ... ... ... 723 
 
 676. ,, Valley of Pehada, Caucasus . . ... ... ... ... 723 
 
 677. ,, of Dakhovsk, Caucasus ... ... ... ... ... ... 724 
 
 678. ,, in Syria ... ... . ... ... ... ... 727 
 
 679. ,, of Ala Safat, Palestine ... ... ... ... ... ... 730 
 
 680. ,, a.\.y\ST-et-\\\iV.\\OiA, elevation and plan ... ... ... 731 
 
 681. ., ^.tTeW-sih Shehin, elevation a7td sketch plan ... ... ... 731 
 
 682. ,, al Km "DakVar, south side and west end ... ... ... ... 733
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 KIG. 
 
 683. 
 684. 
 685. 
 
 686. 
 6S7. 
 688. 
 689. 
 690. 
 691. 
 692. 
 
 693- 
 694. 
 695. 
 696. 
 697. 
 698. 
 699. 
 
 703. 
 
 701. 
 
 702. 
 
 703. 
 
 704. 
 70s. 
 
 706. 
 
 707. 
 708. 
 709. 
 
 710. 
 
 711. 
 
 712. 
 
 7"3- 
 
 714. 
 
 7«5- 
 716. 
 717. 
 718. 
 719. 
 720. 
 721. 
 722. 
 
 723- 
 724. 
 725. 
 726. 
 727. 
 728. 
 729. 
 73°- 
 731- 
 732- 
 733' 
 734- 
 735- 
 736- 
 737- 
 738- 
 739- 
 740. 
 741. 
 742- 
 
 Terminal ornaments: Kilmalkedar, Teampulgeal, Tobarna-Dru .. 
 
 Dolmen of TsU ... 
 
 A dolmen with headings, ^o««a'//</« 0/ 
 
 Dolmen at Ard-el-Mahajjeh 
 
 ,, horn Schnmacher, i7iia fieiiis anii ci>veriii«; s/ai> 
 
 ,, of El Ekia'a El Mutrakibat 
 Architecture at Kherbet-H.ass, Syrie Centrale 
 Window in St. Mac Dara's Church on Cruach Mic Dara 
 Trinity Church at Glendalough 
 Menhirs in the Kora Valley, Siberia 
 Dolmen-group in the Dekkan... 
 Ground plans (three) of Indian dolmens 
 Dolmens at Kajunkolor 
 Double dolmen of Coorg... 
 
 A dolmen in the Dekkan, ground plan and section 
 Dolmen in the Province of Madras 
 Bronze placjues found in Oland 
 
 Gold figures of pigs and a bead, from a Scythian tomb 
 Objects from cavern at Ballynamintra ... 
 Skull said to be that of St. Mansuy, hvo vieivs 
 The Neanderteal skull 
 Skull from the dolmen of Bougon ... 
 
 ,, ,, another view ... 
 
 Skull from Minsk, Crw otWot 
 " Old Pomeranian " skull, from Krissau, near Dantzig 
 
 , , , , , , another vieio 
 
 Skull from cist at Muckle-Heog, Shetland, two views 
 HkiM o[ Batavus ^eiiiiiniis 
 Frisian skull 
 
 ,, another vie7u 
 
 Skull from Louth, yft'i? zijra'j 
 The Borris skull, /zcw ziiViOT ... 
 The Sennen skull 
 
 Skull from Nether-Urquhart, /it'O t'iVji'f 
 "Old Swedish" .skull 
 Ancient Scandinavian skull, //i;vi; mVxm 
 Swedish skull 
 
 Skull from the Lame grave, /ti«r zwOTJ 
 The Engis skull 
 
 Skull from Weaverthorpe, rtc'tf Z'/tTcj- ... 
 ,, Langton Wold, too otVtot 
 
 Examples of crania from the Caverne de THomme Mort, two views 
 
 Chamber in cairn of Tyddyn Bleiddyn, Ce^n, ground flan 
 Skull from caveat Perthi-Chvvaren, //(?-« otVjot 
 
 the Long-Barrow at Rudstone, ftiw OTfTCi 
 
 , . ,, ,, ,, ... ■ ■ ■ ■ - ■ • - ■ 
 
 ,, Long-Lowe Barrow, Staffordshire, TiwrOTVri'j 
 
 ,, West Kennet, Wiltshire 
 
 ,. Littleton Drew 
 
 ,, Rodmarton 
 
 ,, Uley-Barrow, Gloucestershire ... 
 Plan of structure at Minning Lowe 
 "Ancient Hibernian " skull 
 Skull from Knockmaraidhe, Phffinix Park [the same skull as Fig. T^o], four virws 
 
 ,, the Black water, /t(w z'/Vrcj 
 
 733 
 
 734 
 734 
 735 
 736 
 736 
 737 
 738 
 739 
 747 
 750 
 
 751 
 752 
 753 
 754 
 755 
 856 
 872 
 919 
 922 
 
 924 
 926 
 927 
 929 
 930 
 93" 
 933 
 933 
 934 
 934 
 935 
 940 
 
 943 
 944 
 945 
 945 
 946 
 946 
 949 
 951 
 952 
 
 953 
 954 
 957 
 957 
 958 
 968 
 969 
 970 
 971 
 971 
 972 
 972 
 973 
 973 
 974 
 974 
 976 
 976 
 979
 
 XXXvi 1 1 MSTKATIONS. 
 
 FIG- l-AGK 
 
 743. Skull from cairn at Trillick Barr ... ... ... ... ... ... 982 
 
 744- •• ••• •■• ■•• ■•• .. 982 
 
 745- ■■ ■• 983 
 
 746. .. 'lily Ilule ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 983 
 
 747- \iMyn3.\\a\.\.y^ ground plan of I imilai I /iiiiiibfr (1/ ... ... ... ... 984 
 
 748. .Skulls (two) from ihe chamber at IJallynahalty, /(i«r r/t'-.'j ... ... ... 985 
 
 749. Skull from -Mount Wilson, ///((V r/Ww ... ... ... ..; ... 990 
 
 750. C\onci Kound Tower, Station and gioiiiid plan ... ... ... ... 992 
 
 75I' Skull from Clones Kouml Tower, //;nv rvVwj ... ... ... ... ... 992 
 
 752. „ Armoy ... ... ... ... ... 993 
 
 753. The Disentis skull ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 995 
 
 754. „ ,, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 996 
 
 755. .Skull from Altensteig, Schwarzwakl, //;/v,' r'/iT.'j- ... ... ... ... 997 
 
 756. ,, Stonehenge, Iwovie'i's ... ... ... ... ... 999 
 
 757. ,, Borreby, Denmark ... ... ... ... ... ... looi 
 
 758. ,. Plau, Mecklenburg ... ... ... ... ... ... 1002 
 
 759. .. Boireby, aiioliervieji' ... ... ... ... ... ... 1003 
 
 760. .. ,, .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 1004 
 
 761. .. Ilderton ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1005 
 
 762. ,, cist at Dunamase ... ... ... ... ... ... 1006 
 
 763. Skull of " .\ncient Hibernian" from cist in Plucnix Park, l/i>r( viezvs ... ... 1007 
 
 764- „ ■• ,. .- ... 1007 
 
 765. Skull from Lesmurdie cist, BanflTshire, /<)7/r rvV-r.-j- ... ... ... ... lOIO 
 
 766. ,, ,, ., .. ... ... ... ... lOIO 
 
 767. Cist at Lesmurdie, />/fl// <r«</j<v//o;/ ... ... ... ... ... ... ion 
 
 768. Skull of Donatus ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1015 
 
 769. Skull from Drumbo, ///^i'e- wtTi'f ... ... ... ... ... ... 1016 
 
 770. Portrait of John Philpot Curran, by Sir Thos. Lawrence ... ... ... 1025 
 
 771. Portrait of a Tavastland Finn ... ... ... ... ... ... 1035 
 
 772. Irish, armed with skeans .. . ... ... ... ... IO43 
 
 773. Portrait of Owen Roe O'Xeil ... ... ... . ... ... 1045 
 
 774. Urn from Knocknacoura, Co. Callow ... ... ... ... ... 1124 
 
 775. Urns from Hungarian cemeteries, /riw t'.rrtw//i-.( ... ... ... ... 1124 
 
 776. Dundermot Fort, Co. Carlow, ground flan ... ... ... ... 1125 
 
 777. The Schlossberg, near lienau-Friedersdorf ... ... ... ... ... 1126 
 
 77S. Vitrified fort in the Oberlausit? ... .. ... ... ... ... 1126 
 
 779. The Radelstein, near Bilin ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1126 
 
 780. The Hausberg of Stonegg, jfri!«;/a'//a« ... ... ... ... ... H27 
 
 781. ,, ., ?>i.\i\\x\z\\, groKitil plan ... ... ... ... ... 1127 
 
 782. ,, ,, Geiselberg ... ... ... ... ... ... 1128 
 
 783. Bronze mace in the Museum of the R.I. A. ... ... ... ... ... 1128 
 
 784- >. „ ,. 1128 
 
 785. St. Leonard's, llung&iy, gronnd /Ian ... ... ... ... ... 1130 
 
 786. Inishmurray, H\igo, ground plan ... ... ... ... ... ... 1130 
 
 787. The Baiierberge on the Island of Mohne, .vroK«(/ ;>/(;« ... ... ... ... 1130 
 
 78S. "Burgwalls " on the Silinsce, and the Geserichsee in West Fzussia, plans and sfilt\ins o/" 1131 
 
 789. The Hune-Schans on the Udeler-Meer,i'/-K««i///,7« ... ... ... ... 1132 
 
 790. "Ringmur," Sodermanland, ^TOT/W/Zaw . ... ... ... ... '133 
 
 791. Ismanstorpsborgen, in Oland ... ... ... ... ... ... 1133 
 
 792. Lazius's notion of an " Irish Herulian ' ... ... ... ... ... I138 
 
 793. Bronze dagger in the Museum of tlic R.I. .\. ... ... ... ... ... 117S
 
 k 
 
 Gmrgt FhiUp A S<m Loiuhm & Liytrpuo 
 
 CHAPMAN & HALL Ltd.
 
 THE DOLMENS OF IRELAND. 
 
 PART I. 
 LOCALITIES, DESCRIPTIVE DETAILS AND AUTHORITIES. 
 
 1. PROVIxNCE OF MUNSTER. 
 
 COUNTY OF KERRY. 
 
 In the Baroxy of Iraghticonnor. 
 
 *i. In the Townland and Parish of Kilconly South : the site is 
 marked, in Ord. Surv. Map No. i, Derinot and Grania s Bed, but 
 it is indicated bj' the mark for a lis or a tumulus. f 
 
 2. In the Townland of Ballyline West, and the Parish of 
 Aghavallen, on or near lands called Graffa, is a dolmen : it is 
 marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 6. 
 
 In the Baronv of Corkaguiney. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Caherard, and Parish of Ventry, is a 
 dolmen called " Leabba an Irweenig " by Windele, and marked 
 Labbanirivccny in Ord. Surv. Map No. 42. It is on the top of a 
 mountain three-quarters of a mile N.E. of the village of Cantra, 
 near Ventry. J 
 
 Windele, who visited this dolmen in 1862, describes it as consisting of three 
 incumbent stones resting on uprights. In the O.S.L. measurements are given as 
 follows : Length, 15 feet from E. to \V. ; width, 3 feet 9 ins. ; ten stones standing 
 on N. side ; twelve on S. side ; one at E. end ; none at W. end. Of the three 
 covering-stones, that on the W. measures 8 feet 2 ins. long, 4 feet 6 ins. broad, 
 
 t The * prefixed to the numeral indicates that there is some uncertainty as to the precise 
 nature of the object indicated, the author having been unable to visit it personally or to obtain any 
 description of it, or the monument itself having been removed. He ventures to hope that in such 
 cases the publication of the localities may stimulate local enquiry. 
 
 X Leabba an Irwunig is properly Leaba an fhir Mhuimhuig, " the Munsterman's Bed," says 
 Windele. 
 
 VOL. I. B
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 and lo inches thick ; the middle one is 7 feet 6 ins. long, 5 feet broad, and 
 4 inches thick ; that on the E. is 6 feet 9 ins. long, 5 feet 5 ins. broad, and 
 1 1 inches thick. 
 
 The monument is only 2 feet in height above the level of the ground. 
 
 MSS., J. Windele(in Lib. R.LA.), "Jar Muraan," p. 444 ; O.S.L., Co. Kerry, Ji_, p. 81. 
 
 N.B.— The letters O.S.L. stand for the Ordnance Survey Letters in the Lib. of the Roy. Irish 
 Academy, Dublin. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Vicarstown, or Ballinvicar, and Parish 
 of Dunquin. It is about 60 paces W. of the celebrated cabin 
 called Tigh Mhoirej (Tivoria). It is marked Grave in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 52. 
 
 This dolmen measures 10 feet from E. to W., and 8 feet from N. to S. It 
 has a stone standing at each end. That at the E. end measures 4 feet 5 ins. high, 
 I foot broad, and 6 ins. thick ; that at the W. end, i foot 6 ins. high, 1 foot wide, 
 and 9 inches thick. The E. one has a cross rudely cut on it near the top, which 
 the writer of the O.S.L. does not consider to be ancient. This monument is 
 covered with flags placed across it in an horizontal position, and was, at the time 
 of the Survey, only 2 feet over the level of the ground. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Kerry, ^ '*^^, p. 79. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Ballyquin, close to Caher Point, in the 
 Parish of Cloghane, near the outfall of the Owennafeana river, 
 which rises in a lake N. of Brandon Hill. It is marked Dermot 
 and Crania! s Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 26. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Smerwick, and Parish of Dunurlin. 
 The extreme point of land is called Been Dermot, and upon it is 
 marked Dermot and Granids Bedm Ord. Surv. Map No. 'i>c>- 
 
 5. In the Townland of Kilballylahiff, and Parish of Killiney, 
 is a Dermot and Granids Bed on the \V. shore of Lough 
 Acummeen, — so marked in Ord. Surv. iNIap No. 36. 
 
 6. 7. In the Townland of Dromavally, and Parish of Ballin- 
 voher, three cairns in line are marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44. 
 and on either side of the central one a long grave is indicated — 
 that to the W. marked Cjichullins Bed, and that to the E. 
 Ciichilliiis Grave. The group lies N. of Loughnascaul. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Maumnahaltora, which Windele calls 
 Maulnaholtora, and Parish of Kilgobban, near the spot w-here the 
 Emlagh river rises, S. of the road from Dingle to Tralee ; about 
 two-and-a-half miles S.W. of Camp. It has been called the 
 
 t In all cases, except where there is evidently mis-spelling, the author has followed his authorities 
 m the forms of the Irish names they assign to monuments.
 
 County of Kerry. 
 
 Castle Gregory Cromlech, S.S.W. of which place it lies. It is 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 45. 
 
 This monument consists of four uprights, two at either side, one of them fallen, 
 together with the covering-stone. The latter measures 5 feet by 5 feet. Mr. 
 Windele's ground-plan shows a terminal stone at each end.f 
 
 Suppl. NfSS., J. Windele (in Lib. R.I..^.), p. 42, wiih sketch .iiid plan. This must, I think, 
 be the real Lcaha DiarmaJa agiis Grainin', 2J miles \V. of Camp, near Caher Conree, and near also 
 the cascade of Glounteen Assig, mentioned by Windele, MSS ''Jar Muman," p. 106. 
 
 
 
 Flo. I. — Maulnaholtora. fmnt a roti^h sketch and plan by J. Windele. 
 
 9. In the Townland of Ballyferriter, and Parish of Dunurlin 
 not indicated in Ord. Sur\'. Map No. 42. It is on Ballyferriter 
 Hill. 
 
 Mr. Windele calls this monimient a cromlech. There is a stone-circle in the 
 Townland, and close to it a well. 
 
 J. Windele, >rSS., "Jar Muman,' p. 177, with sketch. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Ballymacadoyle, and Parish of Dingle, 
 a Giant's Grave is marked within the rampart of the extensive 
 cliff fortress of Doon, in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 53. 
 
 11. In the Townland of Camp, and Parish of Kilgobban, 
 Professor Rhys mentions an inscribed Cromlech on Caherconree, 
 a mountain at the W. end of the Slieve-Mish range. Caher- 
 conree itself is in the Townland of Derrymore-West, and Parish 
 of Annagh, near the junction of the latter with the Parishes 
 of Kilgobban and Killgarrylander. Brash (" Ogam Monuments," 
 
 t There are some curious superstitions connected with this dolmen which will be mentioned in 
 their proper place in the sequel.
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 p. 174), mentions the stone with the inscription as lying in a 
 field in the Townland of Camp, and Parish of Annagh, Ord. 
 I\Iap No. 37, " to the left as you walk up the glen, less than a 
 quarter of a mile from Camp Post-office." The glen he calls 
 Glenfais. 
 
 Brash's sketch of the stone, upon which is the ogam inscription, is so wrong that 
 he cannot have drawn it on the spot, in spite of the fact that he visited it. 
 Professor Rhys writes me that on the lower side the stone had supports, so that 
 it struck him as a " low cromlech, with one side level with the ground of the tilled 
 field, which slopes considerably there." This feature Brash missed. Archdeacon 
 Rowan considered the stone a fallen menhir. 
 
 Brash, " Ogam Monuments," p. 174, and pi. xvi. For menhir and stone graves near, see " Paper 
 by Archdeacon Rowan, Proc. R.LA.," vol. viii. p. 102. For Caherconice, see Windele, MSS., 
 "Jar Munian," p. 107. For the ogam, see Prof. Rhys's article in the " Scottish Review," 1890, 
 vol. xvi. p. 39, and the "Journ. Roy. Soc. of Antiquaries of Ireland," 5th scr. vol. i. 1891, 
 p. 642, scqq. 
 
 Somewhere in the Barony of Corkaguiney is a dolmen called 
 
 Fig. 2.—" The Boardeen," Coontatloukane. From a roiig/i sketch by J. Windele. 
 
 " Leacht an Scail." It is probably one of the above, but which 
 I know not. 
 
 Windele, MSS., "Jar Muman," ]). 502, quoting O'Donovan. 
 
 Lady Chatterton speaks of a "pagan altar" on Brandon Hill, 
 but it may not have been a dolmen, and no monument of the 
 latter class is placed there by the Surveyors. 
 
 " Chatterton's Rambles," p. 168.
 
 County of Kerry. 
 
 In the Barony of Dunkerron South. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Coomatloukane, and Parish of Kil- 
 crohane, near Darrynane, nearly at the point where the old road 
 from Cahersiveen to Darrynane attains its greatest elevation, and 
 stretches across towards its downward course into Coomachesta, 
 is a dolmen called " Boardeen," and marked Cromlech in the Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. io6. It is wrongly placed by Mr. Alfred Graves 
 in the Townland of Loher. 
 
 This monument, says Windele, is not in its pristine condition. Each side was 
 originally formed of two (rows of?) stones, set in parallel lines, about 4 feet 
 in height. Over them was an incumbent flag, measuring 8 feet 9 ins. long, by 
 5 feet 9 ins. broad. Mr. Alfred Graves mentions that the covering-stone of this 
 dolmen exhibits what he considers to be cup-markings. " The dots," he says, 
 "are designedly arranged in alignments." The huge block which serves as the 
 covering-stone spans a chamber excavated in the earth, to which subterraneous 
 vault a narrow covered gallery, measuring 24 feet long, leads. In the chamber 
 charcoal and charred bone were found. 
 
 Windele, MSS., "JarMuman," p- 538, with sketcVi ; Paper by Mr. Alfred Graves, Proc. 
 R.I. A., vol. ix. (1S64-6), p. 180, scqq. 
 
 2. Near Sneem, in the Parish of Kilcrohane ; not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 100, which contains Sneem. 
 
 Described by Mr. Alfred Graves as "a large cromlech," on the covering-stone 
 of which were cup-shaped hollows. 
 
 Proc. R.I. A., vol. ix. (1S64-66), p. 180, scqq. 
 
 In the Barony of Trughanacmy, 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Annagh, and Parish of Annagh, 
 " about a furlong W. of the old church," a monument not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. i"]. 
 
 At the S.E. side of the remains of a caher, or stone-fort, are eight stones, six of 
 which are laid prostrate, and two are standing upright, and placed as if forming the 
 head and foot of a grave, at a distance of 10 feet asunder. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Kerry, ^^'' ^-, p. 69. 
 
 In the Barony of Magunihy. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Gortnagane, and Parish of Kilcummin, 
 marked Cromlech on the Ord. Surv. Map No. 68, near Caher- 
 crovdarrig, N. of the Paps Mountain. 
 
 The circular fort of Caher Crovdearg and a famous Holy Well are near this 
 dolmen. For an account of these, see — 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Kerry, ~^^, p. 193.
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 *i. In the Ord. Surv. Map No. 75, the name Labbyowen 
 occurs in the Townland of Foiladuaneinch, and Parish of 
 Killaha. It is represented as a natural hollow. 
 
 Ix THE B.\R0\V OF IVERAGH. 
 
 1. In the Island and Parish of Valencia : Not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Maps 78, 79, 87, 88, which contain the island. 
 
 Mentioned by Mr. Alfred Gra\es as a large cromlech, on the covering-stone 
 of which are cup-shaped hollows. 
 
 Proc. R.I. A., vol. ix. (1864-66), p. iSo, seqq. 
 
 2. At Waterville : in the Townland of Ballybrack and Parish 
 of Dromod : not marked in Ord. Sur. Map No. 98. 
 
 Mentioned by Mr. Alfred Graves, in common with those of Loher (i.e. 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 3. — Parknagullane. J^rom a sketch by J. Windde. 
 
 Coomatloukane), Sneem, Valencia, and Cahersiveen, as a large cromlech, on the 
 covering-stone of which are cup-shaped hollows. 
 
 Proc. R.I.A., vol. ix. (1864-66), iSo, seqq. 
 
 3. At Cahersiveen : in the Parish of Caher : not marked in 
 Ord. Sur. Map No. 79. 
 
 [Windele mentions the existence of several dolmens between 
 Cahersiveen and Derrynane. Those of Waterville and Coomat- 
 loukane may be two of those to which he refers, and this one 
 at Cahersiveen a third.] 
 
 Mentioned by Mr. Alfred Graves as possessing the characteristics common to 
 the above-mentioned monuments at Valencia, etc. 
 
 Proc, R.I. A., vol. ix. (1S64-66), p. iSo, seqq. 
 
 *i. It is said that there is or was a dolmen on the Great 
 Skellig on one of the upper plateau.x; of that island, remote from
 
 County of Kerry. 
 
 the Christian remains. On the Ord. Surv. Map No. 104, the 
 word Grave occurs in such a position. 
 
 In the Barony of Glenarougiit. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Reenagoppul, and Parish of Kenmare, 
 a third of a mile from Kenmare, is a dohiien encircled, not 
 marked in Ord. Surv, Map No. 93. It is in a field called 
 Parknagullane. 
 
 There is a surrounding circle consisting of fourteen stones, and having a 
 diameter of 48 feet 8 inches. Each pillar is equidistant from the dolmen or cist in 
 the centre, at a radius of 21 feet from it. This cist is composed of three low 
 stones, upon which rests a covering-stone measuring 6 feet 8 ins. by 6 feet 3 ins. The 
 little dolmen is rudely formed, and there were no signs of a cairn when Mr. Windele 
 saw it. 
 
 A little stream called Finiha runs at the bottom of the field to the W. of the 
 circle. To the E. of the circle is a curious but purely natural arrangement of rock, 
 a mass of red sandstone (erratic) resting in a sloping position on a point or boss 
 of limestone. 
 
 J. Windele, MSS., "Jar. Muman," p. 313, with sketch. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Lohart, or Lohert, and Parish of 
 Tuosist, near the coast, W. of the Owenagurteen river ; not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. loi. 
 
 This monument is described as a circle of standing stones with a small 
 cromlech in the centre. The circle measures 35 feet 6 ins. in diameter, and is 
 composed of twelve standing stones, each stone measuring from 4 feet to 5 feet 
 10 ins. high, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet thick. The cromlech in the centre of this 
 circle extends E. and W., and inclines considerably to the E. The top flag is 
 supported by three small stones, not more than 3 feet in height. It measures 6 feet 
 from E. to W., 5 feet from N. to S., and i foot 3 ins. thick. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Kerry, —-2- , p. 176. 
 D. II
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF CORK. 
 
 In the Barony of Clondons and Clangibbon. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Labbamologa (Middle), S. of Labba- 
 mologa church and graveyard, in the Parish of Templemologa, a 
 double row of Standing Stones is marked on Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 ID. It has all the appearance of a Giant's Grave. 
 
 From Windele's account it appears that the name " Leabba Molaga " was 
 applied indiscriminately to these stones and to a little building, a plan of which 
 will be given subsequently, within the enclosure of a cemetery near by, and inside 
 which is a flagstone said to cover the " Bed of the Saint." Of the upright stones 
 
 ^^ ZZT'^"---^""' 
 
 Fig. 4. — "Leaba Calliglie." From a drawing by G. Wilkinson. 
 
 
 
 which are in a field called Park-a-liagawn, under the Galtee Mountains, VVindele 
 remembered to have seen five standing, although only four were left in 1852. The 
 peasantry said there were eight. The " grave " was oblong, measuring 24 feet by 
 7 feet. 
 
 MS. J. Windele, "Cork \V. and N.E.," p. 79. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Labbacallee, and Parish of Litter, a 
 mile and a half S.E. of Glanworth, on the old road to Fermoy : 
 called Leaba Caillighe : marked Labbcuallcc in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 27.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 This is, without exception, the most noted dolmen of extended form in Ireland. 
 It has been frequently noticed, described, and figured. It is now so overgrown that 
 the drawings made of it, when it was uncovered by vegetation, are valuable, and, 
 indeed, the only representations obtainable. I myself found it difficult to measure, 
 and impossible to sketch. 
 
 According to the description given in his MSS. by Mr. John Windele, of Cork, 
 it is formed of limestones, and "stands within a small circle, distant about i6 feet 
 from the sides." It possesses an external as well as an internal range of stones on 
 edge, the internal range forming the supporters of the covering-stones of the 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 *. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^--- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 ,__^^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 j|^ 
 
 i»^ 
 
 
 
 ^^~^v, 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 ~-_____^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^^W 
 
 
 ^^1 
 
 ^»^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 T&A^ 
 
 ^^^9taP 
 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 D 
 
 f 
 
 E 
 
 
 f 
 
 \ 
 
 "^ \ 
 
 =z=J^ 
 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 Figs. 5, 6, 7.— Section of the N. side of, and two 
 ground-plans of the Leaba Callighe, the smaller plan 
 showing what remains of the outer enclosure. By the 
 Author. 
 
 Structure. " The external pillar-stones at the S. side are seven in number. They 
 average about 4 feet high and 4 feet broad. The stones forming the internal range 
 are about the same height, but less broad and fewer in number. At the N. side the 
 external pillars are also seven in number. They vary in size from a height of 7 feet, 
 and a breadth of 5 feet, to a height of i foot 6 ins., and a breadth of 2 feet. The 
 supporters inside this range are fewer than those in the outer one, and average 
 4 feet in height. The incumbent stones are of unequal size, the largest measuring 
 16 feet long by 8 feet 6 ins. broad. This stone inclines slightly to the E., and is 
 supported at its W. end by two stones, one resting on the other at a height of 6 feet 
 from the ground. In thickness it varies, but averages 3 feet. At its E. end is a
 
 lO 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 second incumbent stone, measuring 6 feet long by 1 1 feet broad. The united 
 length of the two incumbents is 22 feet." 
 
 " A little distance from the \V. end of the chamber is a large flag partly buried 
 in the ground, and which inclines from W. to E. It is 3 feet high, 8 feet broad, 
 and 2 feet thick. A little to the W. of this, adjoining the road, and forming a 
 continuation of the seven pillar-stones, is another large upright with a deep natural 
 incision in its side." Such is Windele's account. 
 
 Mr. Brash describes the monument as " an elongated cromlech." In Cough's 
 " Camden," the length is given as 40 feet, and the breadth as 14 feet. The large 
 roofing-stone measures, it is stated, 1 7 feet long, 9 feet broad, and 3 feet thick ; 
 the next in size is 1 1 feet long by 7 feet broad. Besides these, a third and a fourth 
 roofing-stone are mentioned, the one measuring 7 feet by 7 feet ; the other lying at 
 the W. end. The supporting-stones are stated to be 6 feet high, the whole being 
 enclosed in a circle of erect flag-stones 1 4 feet from the centre. 
 
 I have given these previous measurements on account of the difficulty I 
 experienced in taking my own, which, however, as far as they go, I can answer for 
 as correct. They were taken on August 2nd, 1895. 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Thick 
 
 ness. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 It. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A . 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 B ., 
 
 ,. 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 C . 
 
 .. 2 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 D .. 
 
 • 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 E .. 
 
 .. 2 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 F ., 
 
 .. I 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 G .. 
 
 ,. I 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 II ., 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 J •• 
 
 •• 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 K. . 
 
 •• 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 L ., 
 
 .. 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 M .. 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 N . 
 
 .. I 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 P ., 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 Supporting 1/, on which rests the rootiiig-stone. 
 
 Remark the curious gap in this stone about I foot 
 wide. 
 
 This thin stone forms at present the back of a little 
 recess opposite that between B and D. 
 
 The length and breadth of this stone are uncertain, 
 as it is buried in the ground, but I think it has 
 fallen from the tops of H and J, where it had been 
 inserted between the upper edges of the walling- 
 stones and the cap-stone, like R and y. 
 
 
 Length. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 
 rUpper 
 
 ■ face 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 '5 
 
 1 Under 
 I .8 
 
 6 
 
 face ■ 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 K 
 
 .'.'.' 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 -S 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 T 
 
 ... 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 I 6 
 
 U 
 
 ... I 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 ... 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 b 
 
 ... 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 c 
 
 ... 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 ... 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 e 
 
 ... 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 f 
 
 ... 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 g 
 
 ... 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 h 
 
 — 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Diminishing in thickness towards E. end. 
 
 Length unobtain.ibIe, buried in bank. 
 
 This stone is probably much higher, as it is built 
 into the hedge. It has a cleft in it.
 
 County of Cork. i i 
 
 / •• 
 
 Height, 
 ft. ins. 
 
 Breadth, 
 ft. ins. 
 6 o 
 
 Thickness, 
 ft. ins. 
 
 /■ .. 
 / ., 
 
 m . 
 n . 
 
 
 
 4 o 
 
 4 o 
 
 5 o 
 
 6 o 
 
 
 P : 
 
 
 
 4 o 
 
 
 I So imbedded are/ to/ in a bank that it is impossible 
 (■ to measure their height or thickness. 
 
 I should judge tliat the entiie length of the monument from out to out was not 
 less than 42 feet. It lies nearly due E. and \V. It terminates in a point exactly 
 in the form of the bow of a boat overturned. On the side remote from the road 
 the stones of the outer ring form the fence of a grass field. How the monument 
 terminated at the other end is not quite clear, as it is embedded in a bank enclosed 
 in a modern field stone-hedge. This portion, as well as the whole of the side next 
 the road, probably underwent alteration when the hedge was built, which adjoins 
 the road, and in which the tall stone (T) stands. The stone marked V is the first 
 of a line of three thin slabs on edge, running to a point at which they are met by 
 another and curved line of twenty-one stones, and which, although now it terminates 
 in the hedge adjoining the road, probably formed part of the outer circle noticed 
 by Mr. Windele. The entire area in which the structure now stands appears to 
 have been banked up since the drawings given by Charles Smith, in his " History 
 of Cork," and by Wilkinson, in his " Practical Geology," were made, and has been 
 planted with trees. 
 
 The width of the interior of the chamber is about 6 feet in the centre. Its 
 height at present at the broader end is about 5 feet, but, were the loose stones, 
 with which the floor is covered, removed, it might be a foot higher. It rapidly 
 diminishes in height towards the lower end, and, I suspect, in width also. The 
 third cap-stone, mentioned in Cough's " Camden," may lie under the debris at the 
 lower end. The other great stone, mentioned by Windele, is buried in the bank 
 at the S.W. corner of the present enclosed area, as shown in my smaller plan. I 
 feel much curiosity to know whether the boat-shape termination at the lower end 
 was the really ancient form of the structure. The ground plan of the lines of stones 
 approaching that end from the S.E. may, if really ancient, be compared with those 
 forming the entrance to the chamber in the Long Barrow at Plas Newydd in 
 .Anglesey. 
 
 MS. "Topography of Desmond," by J. Windele, in Lib. R.I. A., p. 17; " History of Cork," 
 by Charles Smith, p. 416, and plate ; " Practical Geology and Ancient Architecture of Ireland," 
 by G. Wilkinson, p. 50, and plate v. ; " The Ogam Monuments," by R. Brash, p. 92 ; " Camden's 
 Britannia," edit. Gough, vol. iii., p. 506. There are also drawings of the monument in the 
 " Petrie Collection," Lib. R.I.A. 
 
 In the Barony of Fermoy. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Moneen, and Parish of Glanworth, 
 about a mile and a half W. of the Labbacallee : marked Druid's 
 Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 27 (6-inch scale), and Cromlech in 
 No. 27 (i-inch scale). 
 
 In the Barony of Orrery and Kilmore. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Kilmaclenine, and Parish of Kilmacle- 
 nine, 5 miles N.E. of Mallow, marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 24 
 AcutJioge. The mound is called the Ctithoge by Mr. Olden. 
 
 This is a fine example of a dolmen of the large cist type, enclosed in a mound.
 
 12 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 It is stated that when opened it was found to contain a skeleton, a sword, and 
 some beads. 
 
 Rev. Thos. Olden, Proc. R.I. A., and series, vol. ii. (1879-1888), p. 119. 
 
 Fig. 8. — Kilmaclenine. From a photo^aph. 
 
 In the Barony of Barrymore. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Knockanna Corrin, and Parish of Rath- 
 cormack, at the E. end of the Nagles mountains in Ord. Surv. 
 
 Fig. 9. — Urn from Carn-Thierna. From a drawing on stone by J. Windclc. 
 
 Map No. 44, although not marked by name in the map, is
 
 County of Cork 
 
 the dolmen-cairn called Cam Thierna. In Lewis's " Top. Diet." 
 {s.v. Castlelyons) it is stated to be on the borders of the Parishes 
 of Castlelyons, Fermoy, and Rathcormack, the point of junction 
 of which is in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35, N. of Knockann Corran. 
 The same authority (s.v. Rathcormack) indicates the exact site as 
 follows: "The eastern extremity of Nagle's mountains, about 
 three miles north of Rathcormack, is very lofty, and appears as 
 if it had been cut down vertically from the summit to the base ; 
 on its highest point is a large conical pile of stone called Carn 
 Thierna, T/ie Lord's Cairn." "It was used," adds Smith, "for 
 the purpose of elections and assemblies." Windele mentions 
 " four tumuli all seated on the highest points " of this rano-e 
 of hills. Carn {i.e. Corran) Thierna is, he says, on the E. 
 extremity. The first and westernmost cairn of the series is 
 on Maolan mountain, " the Mole of Spencer who resided at 
 Renny, just at the foot of it." The second is at Carn (.-* Corran 
 in the Parish of Monanimy in Ord. Surv. Map No. 34). To 
 the N.E. of this, which, counting Carn Thierna as the third, 
 is the centre one of the three, in the Townland of Ballydague, 
 Parish of Kilcummer, and Barony of Fermoy, is the fourth and 
 last cairn called, like the others, a leacht by Windele, and named 
 Sighean-na-mna-finne. It is marked Sedkaunamnajinna in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 34. The cist found in Carn Thierna seems to 
 have been of such dimensions as to justify its classification as a 
 dolmen in a cairn. 
 
 The editor of Lewis's " Topographical Dictionary " {s.v. Castle-I>yons), says : — 
 " On the summit of the mountain Corran Thierna, or Carn-hill, were discovered, 
 after removing an immense heap of stones and a large flag-stone, two antique 
 urns, containing ashes. One was broken by the workmen, to ascertain whether it 
 contained money ; the other is in the possession of the Rev. J. B. Ryder, and is 
 nearly globular, neatly marked, and has apparently been baked." 
 
 Windele, in his MSS., says ; — "In 1832, after the removal of several hundred 
 tons of stone, constituting one of the cairns on the summit of this mountain, a 
 chamber was discovered, formed of rude flags. In this was found the fragment 
 of an urn. In an adjoining chamber another urn was found containing a small 
 quantity of ashes, on April 6th, 1837. Abraham Abell showed me this urn, of 
 which I (J. Windele) took a drawing. The following was the measurement : — 
 Height i\ inches; diameter at top 5 J inches; breadth at base 3 inches ; thickness 
 i^^ths of an inch. It was of a pale reddish colour, of unbaked [?] clay, and rudely 
 carved with lozenges, &c. It had a conical sort of cap." Mr. Windele sub- 
 sequently made an engraving of this on stone, a copy of which is amongst his MSS. 
 
 Chas. Smith, "Hist, of Cork," vol. i. p. l66 ; MS. "Topography of Desmond," by John 
 Windele, in Lib. R.I. A., p. go ; MS. " Windele's Miscellany," in Lib. R.LA., p. 224; Lewis's. 
 " Topog. Diet. Ireland," s.v. Rathcormack and Castle-Lyons.
 
 14 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Ballybortagh, and Parish of Dun- 
 bulloge, in the locality named Bealamhim : marked Cromlech in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 52. 
 
 Brash states that at Knockboy, which is an adjacent Townland, a monument 
 had been destroyed called by the tenant " The Druid's Altar." I doubt if this was 
 a dolmen. 
 
 See Brash, "Ogam Monuments," p. 136. 
 
 3. In a Townland called Riefield (Ryefield) Windele places 
 a dolmen. There is a Townland of this name in this Barony 
 in the Parish of Whitechurch. A place called Clochfadda [Lo7ig- 
 stonc) is marked there in Ord. Surv. Map No. 52 ; but no dolmen. 
 There is another Ryefield in the Parish of Moviddy, in the Barony 
 of Muskerry East, in Map No. 84, but no dolmen marked there. 
 
 Windele gives a sketch of this dolmen, which shows that it had fallen. 
 MS. "Cork, West and North-East," J. Windele, in Lib. R.LA., p. 43^. 
 
 In THE B.ARONY OF ImOKILLY. 
 
 ■'"'I. In the Townland of Kilamucky (Killamucky) and Parish 
 of Mogeely, a mile or so N. of Castlemartyr, there was, until the 
 year 1844, the year before the Ord. Surv. Map (No. 7.7) was 
 made, a megalithic monument, supposed to have been a dolmen.f 
 
 ".\ large megalithic monument, destroyed in 1844," says Col. Wood-Martin, 
 quoting Mr. W. Hackett. 
 
 " Rude Stone Monuments of Ireland," by Col. Wood-Marlin, pp. 231-2. 
 
 2, 3. In the Townland of Ballymurisheen East [a name which 
 
 1 do not find in the Ord. Surv. 
 Maps in this locality], about 
 
 2 miles from Castlemartyr, Win- 
 dele mentions a dolmen, and 
 three fields W. of it another " in 
 
 I g the centre of a field next the 
 
 ~ road on the N. side," and " in 
 
 view of it." 
 
 Fit;. 10. — Ballymurisheen. From a rough „, . _ , ^ , . , ,,,. , , 
 
 sketch and flan by J. IVindelc. The first of these, of which Umdele 
 
 gives a sketch, was "a large cist in the 
 centre of a ruined tumulus, which latter measured 100 paces in circumference at 
 its base. It (the tumulus) was composed of small limestones, 9 or 10 inches in 
 size, making a cairn about and upon the cist, the whole being covered with 
 earth. The cist itself was only partially uncovered on the S.W. side. In shape it 
 was oblong, and was formed of five stones, of which the covering-stone measured 
 10 feet long, by 8 feet broad." 
 
 t See the portion of this work devoted lo legends about megalithic remains, injra.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 15 
 
 The second dolmen, three fields to the W. of it, was likewise once covered with 
 an earthen mound, though when Windele wrote, it was " a fine denuded sepulchre 
 of the cromleac class." It consisted of four upright stones which formed the cist, 
 and a covering-stone measuring 7 feet 10 ins., by 5 feet 9 ins., by i foot thick. 
 
 From information kindly obtained for me by Mr. Franklin of Cork, Hon. Sec. 
 of the Cork Archaeological Society, I learn that there were four tumuli in all. Two 
 had been levelled and the ground ploughed over forty years ago. They appear to 
 have been cairns, but contained no large stone erections. Cardoads of bones were. 
 
 Fk;. II. — Castle-Mary. Front a drawing by Croften Croker. 
 
 however, dug out of the others, and subsequently examined by Mr. Garde of 
 Youghal. One of them was called the Druid's Altar by some persons, and said to 
 be the tomb of a chief by others. 
 
 .MS.S., "Cork Topography," by J. Windele (in Lib. R.I..-\.), p. 147. 
 
 4. In the Tovvnland of Castlemarj', and Parish of Inch, 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 88. It is called " Carrig-a- 
 cotta," t and various other names. 
 
 This monument consists of a block of limestone 16 feet long by 12 feet broad, 
 and 2 to 3 feet thick. One end rests on a pile of small stones, while the other is 
 supported by two stones, the one upright, the other horizontal. 
 
 Judging from drawings made early in this century, it seems that this monument 
 has been reduced to its present condition within recent years. Upon the 
 horizontal stone it was said that there were incised markings of this shape "V- 
 This is a recognized form of markings upon megalithic structures in Brittany. I 
 examined the stone carefully ; but, while detecting the indentations which doubtless 
 gave rise to the observation, and which were probably plainer than they are now, 
 I cannot say that I saw any which I could with certainty pronounce to be artificial 
 
 t See the portion of this work devoted to etymology, infra.
 
 i6 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Close to the dolmen were two stones, the one resting on the other. 
 
 The dolmen itself consists at present of three uprights, which partially support 
 a roofing-stone 13 feet long, and 8 feet broad, almost oval in form, raised by the 
 pillars to a height of 9 feet from the ground. 
 
 T. Croften Croker, "Researches in the South of Ireland," p. 254, and plate; MS._ 
 " Miscellany," J. Windele (in Lib. R.LA.), p. 358, and two drawings ; MS. "Notes on Dolmens, 
 in the collection of Miss M. Stokes; "History of Ireland," by Thomas Moore, vol. 1., p. 37 ; 
 \V. C. B. note-book. 
 
 5. In the Demesne of Rostellan, Parish of Rostellan ; in the 
 grounds between Castle-Mary and Cork Harbour ; on the strand, 
 
 Fig. 12. — Rostellan. From a sketch by J. Windele. 
 
 at a spot " washed by every tide : " not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 88. 
 
 This monument having fallen naturally, or having been wilfully thrown down, 
 was set up again by Dr. Wise. Whatever its original appearance may have 
 been, the drawing of it by Windele reminds us of Kits Coity House in Kent, 
 and many similar structures. The covering-stone rests on two side stones, while 
 a fourth and last stone, not reaching the roof, is placed at one end of the 
 chamber, the other end being open. The covering-stone measures 5 feet 6 ins., by 
 5 feet 7 ins., by i foot 6 ins. thick. The heights of the three upright stones were 
 respectively 5 feet 8 ins. ; 5 feet 4 ins. ; and 4 feet 6 ins. 
 
 MSS., "Supplementary," J. Windele (in Lib. R.LA.), vol. ii. p. 667, and sketch. 
 
 In the Barony of Duhallow. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Beenalaght, and Parish of Kil- 
 shannig, is a monument marked in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 50, 
 Thesure.
 
 County of Cork. 17 
 
 Locally this Townland is known as Bweeng-na-Leacht, and on it, says Brash, is 
 one of those " stone erections " called " Leaba Diarmuid agus Grainfe." 
 
 On this same Townland is an interesting alignment of menhirs. Probably they 
 are those which Brash places at Bweeng, and Miss Stokes at Kilshannig. 
 
 They are six in number, and are ranged in a straight line from E. to W. Their 
 height, breadth, and thickness are, respectively, as follows : — 
 
 A = 9 feet X S feet X 2 feet. 
 
 B = 9 feet X 3 feet 6 ins. X I foot 6 ins. 
 
 C = 6 feet X I foot 9 ins. X I foot. 
 
 D = 5 feet 6 ins. X 3 feet X I foot 6 ins. 
 
 E = 7 feet X 3 feet x i foot 6 ins. 
 
 F = 8 feet 6 ins. X 4 feet 6 ins. X 2 feet. 
 
 Brash, "Ogam Monuments," p. 145 ; J. Windele, MS. "Cork Topography," in Lib. R.I. A., 
 p. 46, and drawing, p. 47. 
 
 In the Barony of Mu.skerry West. 
 
 *I. In the Townland of Ballydaly, and Parish of Drishane, is 
 a monument marked on the Ord. Surv. Map No. 47, Laclit- 
 namna. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Tooreenbane, and Parish of Drishane, 
 is an object marked in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 48, Kerrymaii s 
 Table. Windele mentions a "Giant's Grave" on the N. side of 
 Mushery Mountain, on the left of the old road to Millstreet. 
 Musheramore is due S. of the Kerryman's Table. It is one of 
 the W. peaks of the Boogeragh mountains. 
 
 Windele speaks of the dolmen on the N. side of Mushery Mountain as "a 
 Giant's Grave of the oblong form," and of such dimensions as induced him to 
 call it a " Druidical Court." It measured 30 feet long, and 14 broad, " with 
 the opening to the S." It consisted of ten stones, nine of which were erect. Their 
 average height was 5 feet. It did not appear to him that the S. end was at any 
 time closed, as there was a natural inclination in that direction. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. "Cork Topography," p. gj, where he quotes the Rev. Matthew Horgan 
 (1821), as his authority. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Labbadermody, and Parish of Clon- 
 drohid, is a Dermot and Grauias Bed, so marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 58. It is near Cappagh, and N.E. of " Gobnat's Well." 
 
 Windele says that a dolmen stood on an elevation of the mountain called 
 Kippoch to the N.W. of Gobnat's Well. It consisted of six stones standing in 
 three distinct lines. Two of the central stones were about 4 feet in height, and 
 3 feet in breadth. The others were deeply sunk in the ground, and showed only 
 about 18 inches above it. The sites of three other stones were visible on the S. side. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. "Cork West and North-East," p. 306, with plan. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Coolea, and Parish of Bally vourney, 
 on the Sullane River, and on the road from Ballyvourney to 
 
 VOL. I. c
 
 i8 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Kilgarvan, about 2i miles S.W. of Bally vourncy, is a dolmen 
 marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 58. 
 
 5. At a place not indicated in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 58, 
 but described as at a distance of 4 or 5 miles from Ballyvourney, 
 near the coach-road from that place to Killarney, and therefore 
 in the Parish of Ballyvourney, and close to the boundary of 
 Kerry, Windele mentions an "altar," by which he means a 
 dolmen. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. " Cork Topography," p. 107. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Caherbirrane, and Parish of Clon- 
 
 
 Fig. 13. — Caherbirrane. Rough sketch by I lie Author. 
 
 drohid, on the right of the road from Macroom to Carriganimmy. 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 59. 
 Windele says it was called " Boardeen." 
 
 u 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 Fig. 14. — Caherbirrane. Plan by the Author. Scale \ of an inch = i foot.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 '9 
 
 This dolmen lies in marshy ground at the foot of the rising ground on which 
 are the dolmens of Scrahanard, Lackaduv, and Knockraheen. 
 
 The chamber lies E. and W., and broadens from 2 feet 6 ins., the width internally 
 at the E. end, to 4 feet at the W. end. Three large stones lie outside the 
 monument at the W. end, and there is a rough line of six stones at the E. end 
 which perhaps represent what remains of an outer environment, as in the case 
 of other dolmens in the neighbourhood. The roofing-stone measures 1 1 feet 
 long by 7 feet 10 ins. broad, and is 10 ins. thick. The dimensions of the other 
 stones are as follows : — 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Thickness 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A = 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 to 
 
 B = 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 C = i 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 D = i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 E = 2 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 F = 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 G = I 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 H = I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 J = i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 K= I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 L = 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ID (sloping) 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 M = 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 N = 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 J. Windele, MS. "Cork Topography" (who calls the Toivnlantl Cahirbrane), p. 106, with 
 sketch; W.C.B. Note-book, 1S95. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Scrahanard (E. of Cahirbirrane), and 
 Parish of Clondrohid is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 
 ■^^-^^tfC^ini'.l-'^'' 
 
 Fig. 15. — Scrahanard. Sketch by the Author. 
 
 No. 59 
 terminal stone. 
 
 It bears incised markings on the inner face of the 
 
 This dolmen is on the side of tlie hill in a field in the lower part of which 
 is a soutcrrain and a cairn, and below which, again, is a fine circular fort or liis, 
 the inner face of the rampart of which is lined with stone. The chamber has the 
 remains of a tumulus around it, especially evident at the E. end. It lies E. and W., 
 and broadens from 2 feet 6 ins. wide internally at the E. end to 3 feet 8 ins. at
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the W. end. There is at present only one capstone, measuring 8 feet 6 ins. 
 from N. to S., and 7 feet from E. to W. The dimensions of the other stones are as 
 follows : — 
 
 Length, 
 
 Height. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A = 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 B = 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 C = 3 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 D = 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 E = 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 F = 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 From the position of F I think it may have belonged to an outer line of stones 
 running parallel with the N. side of the chamber. 
 
 Upon the inner face of E, I was surprised on looking into the chamber to 
 discover deeply incised scorings, some idea of which (although I had unfortunately 
 no materials with me for taking a rubbing) may be gained from the accompanying 
 sketch. They closely resemble those on one of the stones of a circle at Currabeha 
 
 A 
 t 
 
 ..r\ 
 
 \J l 
 
 Fig. 16. — Scralianard. P/an by the Author. 
 Scale Jth inch = I foot. 
 
 Fig. 17. — Scorings on terminal stone, 
 Scrahanard. 
 
 in the same county, which have been drawn by Mr. Du Noyer. They may be 
 compared also with the markings on the covering-stone of the dolmen at Rath- 
 kenny, in the county of Meath, and with those on a rock at Ballyderragh in the 
 county of Cavan. These at Scrahanard have been previously noticed and figured 
 in the Journal R.H. A.A.I, for 1865. There are, however, many more scorings 
 than those indicated in the illustration there given. 
 
 As if indicative of the fact that this dolmen has still some traditionary sacredness 
 attached to it, such as may have caused the scorings to have been made in times 
 past, there are, I noticed, on the outer or eastern face of this same terminal stone, 
 little scorings in the shape of crosses which had, in 1895, been quite recently made, 
 just such as pilgrims still scratch on pieces of slate or on venerated rocks when 
 visiting holy places at the times appointed for " Patterns " and " Rounds." 
 
 W.C.B. Note-book, 1895. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Lackaduv (E. of Scralianard), and 
 Parish of Clondrohid, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No, 59. 
 
 This dolmen lies E. and W., and, though in a somewhat ruined condition, 
 presents a good example of the wedge-shaped cell, cist, or chamber, surrounded
 
 County of Cork. 21 
 
 by its second and outer lines of stones. From the number of loose stones, in 
 which it is to some extent imbedded, I think that a cairn had been thrown up 
 around it. 
 
 At present two stones in a curved line cross the \V. end of the chamber, which 
 originally measured 5 feet in width, nar- 
 rowing at the E. end to 2 feet 5 ins. .'~ f~f~<^ , 
 The capstone measures 10 feet long by ' ^ '''"'"^'^nzr--, 
 7 feet wide, and is i foot 2 ins. thick. To ' ■ f^ '^^fSi^:^^^^^— ^5'D(2^ 
 the S. of the structure lies a large natural ■'" s- \ r^ ^"^-^ v^ji^ r| 
 rock/;z«V«. ^ ^^ ^_ ^ fl yi| 
 
 The following are the lengths of the '• _. ' ' fN. ; ^ 
 
 other stones : (Their height it was impos- ^ ^,; ' ^ — e-^ C^ r-en C^'^ ^yj 
 sible to take accurately, on account of \- ' ? ^Jt^ C33 
 
 the stones piled in and around the f , ,.,< 
 
 chamber.) A = 4 feet ; B = 3 feet ; C = 3 '"" 
 
 feet ; D = 2 feet 3 ins. ; E = 2 feet ; 
 F = 2 feet 3 ins. ; G = i foot ; H = 3 
 feet; J = 2 feet, and i foot 6 ins. high ; ^^^ iS.-Lackaduv. P/an by the Author. 
 K = 3 feet 6 ins., and 2 feet 4 ins. high ; Scale Jth of an inch = i foot . 
 
 L = 2 feet ; M = I foot 8 ins. ; N = i foot ; 
 
 P = I foot ; Q = 3 feet ; R = 3 feet, and i foot 8 ins. high ; S = 2 feet ; 
 T = 2 feet. In thickness they vary from i foot to 6 inches. 
 
 W.C.B. Note-Book, 1895. 
 
 9. In the Townland of Knockraheen (N. of Lackaduv), and 
 Parish of Clondrohid, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 59. This, together with the three previous ones, 
 may be regarded as forming a group. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Lissacresig, on Lissacresig Hill, in 
 the Parish of Clondrohid, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 70. 
 
 In Smith's "History of Cork" reference is made to this dolmen, which is 
 described as overturned. Three supporting-stones were left, and one roofing-stone 
 lay near. There was a "large circular intrenchment of stone" near it. 
 
 Charles Smith, " Hist, of Cork," vol. i. p. 191 ; MS. "Notes," Miss Stokes ; also that lady's 
 " Carte des Dolmens d'Irlande," in " Revue Archeol.," July, 18S2. 
 
 11. In the Townland of Carrigaphooca, and Parish of Clon- 
 drohid, on the Sullane River, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 70 : " It lay to the E. of the high castle of Carick- 
 afouky, in a wild and romantic situation, overhanging the Sullane." 
 
 " The remains of a Druid altar, encompassed with a circle of stones, pitched 
 endways," near to which is a " large stone placed upon a high rock, secured by 
 wedges of other stones." This menhir was the Carickafouky,t and not the dolmen. 
 Chas. Smith, " Hist, of Cork," vol. i. p. 190. 
 
 t See etymologies, infra.
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 12. In the Townland of Bealick, and Parish of Macroom, 
 there is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. INIap No. 71. 
 It is about a mile X.E. of a monument near Newbridge marked 
 
 mm 
 
 ^xs^ 
 
 
 Fig. 19. — The "Bealick," Macroom. From a rough sketch by J. Windele. 
 
 Leacht Mahon. It lies W. of the river Laney, on the further 
 side of which is a menhir. The dolmen is called " The Bealick." 
 I was informed in IMacroom that there was a cave in this 
 
 
 Fic. 20. — The " Bealick," Macroom. From a rough sketch by Windele. 
 
 Townland in which the Danes had been, and in which there 
 was said to be writing. Windele visited the dolmen, and made 
 two rough sketches, which are here reproduced.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 23 
 
 Windele's drawings show an incumbent stone in place, with several supporters, 
 and a heap or bank abutting on the monument at one end. 
 
 Brash gives the following account of it : " The Bealick : The supporting-stones 
 are five, enclosing a rectangular chamber. Two are at either side, and one at one 
 end. The table-stone measures 8 feet by 7 feet, and from 6 to 18 inches thick. 
 It slopes at an angle of 30 degrees." There are markings or scorings on this 
 dolmen. 
 
 Smith mentions a monument, about 300 yards W. of Newbridge, in a meadow 
 near the bank of the river, consisting of three large stones set on end edgeways to 
 each other, the middle one being 5 feet broad, 7 feet high, and 2 feet thick, 
 the others much smaller. About 60 yards S.E. from these was another stone 
 set up, less than the middle one, but larger than the side ones. Tradition said 
 that they had been set up to commemorate a battle between Brian Boruma and the 
 O'Mahonies of Carbery, assisted by the Danes. This is the " Leacht Mahon." 
 
 Wintlele, J., MS. "Cork Topography," pp. 3SS and 494, and " Cork West and North-East," 
 p. 396 ; Br.-ish, Journ. R.H.A.A.I. (1S74-5), P- 1°' > ^''^^ Stokes, " Carte des Dohnens," " Revue 
 Archeol," July, 1SS2 ; " History of Cork," by Charles Smith, vol. i. p. 186. 
 
 13. In the Townland of Keamcorravooly, and Parish of 
 
 Fig. 21. — Keamcorravooly. From a roii;h sketch by the Author. 
 
 Inchieeelaeh, is a dolmen called Gianfs Grave in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. So. I think this must be the " Gotigaun Barra" dolmen 
 
 
 
 Fig. 22. — Keamcorravooly. From a rott^h sketch by Windele. 
 
 of Windele. The name is also written " Caom Curra Voulla " 
 (Bhulla).
 
 24 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 The dolmen which Windele describes lay, as this one does, E. and W., or more 
 truly W.N.W. and E.S.E., and had two incumbent stones. He speaks, however, of 
 three instead of four lines of pillar-stones ; but his " three pillars " at one end, 
 which probably, he thinks, supported a third incumbent stone, are present in this 
 one. The stone, which he regarded as the third roofing-stone, lay in the ground in 
 advance of them. The dimensions he gives of the W. cap-stone, viz. 6 feet 4 
 ins. X 5 feet 9 ins. X i foot, are somewhat less than they should be, the two 
 cap-stones, the eastern one of which overlaps the other, measuring respectively 
 —that on the E., 9 feet 4 ins. long, by 6 feet broad (on an average), and that 
 on the W., 8 feet long by 8 feet broad. 
 
 I 
 
 Fig. 23. — Keamcoiravooly. P/ait by the Autlioy. Scale Jth of an inch = I foot. 
 
 This dolmen is an excellent example of structures of the wedge-shaped type, 
 environed by an outer row of stones parallel to the sides. The chamber, as judged by 
 the length of the N. side, measures 17 feet long, and, when the S.W. side was 
 in place, must have been 5 feet broad at the W. end, narrowing to i foot 6 ins. at 
 the E. end. The dimensions of the stones are as follows : — 
 
 Length. 
 
 He 
 
 gilt- 
 
 Thick 
 
 ness. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A = 3 10 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 B = 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 C = 3 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 D = 3 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 E = 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 F = 2 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 ■iJ 
 
 G = 3 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 II = 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 .1 = 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 K = 2 lo 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 L = 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 M = I 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 N = 2 10 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 PP 
 
 
 
 
 Two small stones 
 
 Q = 2 8 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 R = 3 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 S = 3 10 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 T= I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 U = 3 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 V = i 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 W = 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 5
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 On the upper surface of the longer cap-stone are six little depressions, several of 
 which appear to me to have been scooped out artificially. One of them is 
 2^ inches wide and i inch deep. Two are larger than this, and might be natural. 
 The other three are smaller. On the other cap-stone are five more. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork Topography," p. 40+ ; W.C.B., Note-book, 1S95. 
 
 >^(/C- 
 
 
 Fic. 24. — Gorlatloodisj. From a sketch by Windele. 
 
 15. In the Townland of Gortanoodig, and Parish of Inchi- 
 geelagh, about a mile and a half E. of Gougaun Barra Lake is a 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 80. Windele calls 
 it " Thuoma-an-Vinistre." 
 
 This monument Windele describes as very similar to the Gougaun Barra one, 
 by which I think he meant that at Keamcorravoulla. It had two covering- 
 stones. I did not visit it, being assured that it was like that at Keamcorravoulla, 
 only smaller and in ruins. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. " Cork Topography," p. 423, and two sketches. 
 
 16. In the Townland of Derryvacorneen, and Parish of Inchi- 
 
 3©^ ■^''- •^-'- 
 
 Fkj. 25. — Derryvacorneen. Sketch by the Author. 
 
 geelagh, a mile and a half S. of Bealanageary, " near the river 
 towards Corran-a-muck," is a dolmen which Windele calls 
 " Bordaree." It is not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 80. 
 
 Windele describes this monument as "like those at Carrigdangan, Gortafloodig,
 
 26 
 
 The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 and Gougaun Barra." " The supporters," he says, " are six in number, and measure 
 3 feet high. Two are at the S. side ; three at the N. side ; and there is a single 
 stone at the E. end. The monument lies E. and W., and the incumbent stone 
 measures 7 feet 6 ins. by 4 feet, and is thin." 
 
 \ 
 
 Fic. 26. — L'erryvacoincen. /"/«« fy the Author. 
 
 According to my measurement, the cap-stone measured 7 feet 8 ins. long by 6 feet 
 wide, and was 7 inches thick. It was broken at the S.E. corner. Upon its surface 
 
 
 
 -V'^'lTi 
 
 Flo. 27. — Ucrryvacorneen. Rou^h sketch by Wiiidele. 
 
 were three small hollows, one of ihem 2 inches in diameter and li inch deep; the 
 others were each i inch in diameter and not so deep. The chamber lay E.S.E. 
 and W.N.W., as at Keamcorravoulla. The internal width at the W. end was 3 feet 
 S ins., and at the E. end 3 feet. The length was 8 feet 6 ins. 
 The dimensions of the stones are as follows : —
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Thickness 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 It. ins. 
 
 A = 3 
 
 O 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 O S 
 
 B = 3 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 O II 
 
 C = 2 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 D = o 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 O lO 
 
 E = 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 o 5 
 
 F = 3 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 o 7 
 
 G = I 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 H = 3 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 O 10 
 
 J = 2 
 
 7 
 
 (I 
 
 6 broad) 
 
 o 7 
 
 K = 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 o S 
 
 *iy. In the Townland of Gortnalour, and Parish of Inchi- 
 g-eelao-h, Windele heard of the existence of a monument which 
 he seemed to think was a dolmen. In the Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 Si no dolmen is marked in this Townland, which is about a 
 mile and a quarter S.E. of Inchigeelagh, and four or five miles 
 W. of the Knockane group. The Townland is immediately 
 N. of the hamlet of " Bealock," and of the " Bealick" at Carrig- 
 dangan. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. "Cork Topography," p. 3S8. 
 
 18. In the Townland of Coolaclevane, and Parish of Kil- 
 michael, at Carrignagaffrin, near Knockadoon, is a dolmen called 
 "Leaba-na-Muicce," or " Carrig-na-Gat." Windele places it in 
 
 
 Fig. 28. — Coolaclevane. Sie/c/i and plan by Windd:. 
 
 his notes on Kerry by mistake. It is not marked in the Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 82. 
 
 " This monument has a double range of stones surrounding it The outer range 
 measures 30 feet from out to out; the chamber itself 17 feet by 5 feet 6 ins.
 
 28 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 There are four covering-stones measuring respectively 7 feet by 5 feet ; 8 feet by 
 3 feet 6 ins. ; 5 feet by 4 feet ; and the fourth, 4 feet 6 ins. in length. There is a 
 square filled cist or septum between the terminal stone at one end and the stone 
 of the environment. It measures 4 feet by 3 feet 6 ins. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. "Topography of Kerry," p. 523, with plan and elevation. 
 
 ig, 20, 2 1. In the Townland of Knockane, and Parish of Kil- 
 
 - !^^^^a^J^i:C3i|-;^5^*^s^ ■ 
 
 essm^St 
 
 KiG. 29. — Knockane (first dolmen). SJcitc/i and flan by Windele. 
 
 michael, "nearly a mile S.E. of Deshure Hill, in a narrow glen or 
 
 . - ^<i>-[^p^iiJ('i^ 
 
 ■r^^tii^ 'i^' "^* *\, '-A^. 
 
 
 V^-i 
 
 ^^•»^^:,r. 
 
 
 mmmMmmM 
 
 Fig. 30. — Knockane (second dolmen). Sketch and plan by Windele. 
 
 hollow between two ridges of rock, the space between the sides
 
 County ok Cork. 
 
 being about 40 feet, are three dolmens." They are not marked in 
 the Ord. Surv. Map No. 82. 
 
 This is " an ancient sepulchral site," says Windele. There are three monuments 
 in all. Two are in the centre of the hollow, entirely uncovered and denuded of 
 their mounds, lying parallel to each other at a distance of 14 feet 6 ins. apart. A 
 third lies to the N. of them at a distance of 8 paces, partly covered by a portion 
 of the tumulus which once enclosed it. 
 
 From the plan which is subjoined it is plain that one of the two in the centre of 
 the hollow had stones set on edge against, and at right angles to the side stones of 
 the chamber. The single incumbent stone which was in place measured 1 1 feet 
 6 ins. long by 7 feet broad. 
 
 The ground plan of the second monument shows that that structure probably 
 represented the remains, that is to say one end, of what was once a long monument 
 like the first 
 
 J. Windele, MS. " Cork Topography," pp. 351 and 359, witli two elevations and ground plans. 
 
 22. In the Townland of Laghtneill, and Parish of Kilmurrey, 
 on Mossgrove Mountain, S. of Crookstown, is a dolmen marked 
 Niall's Grave on Ord. Surv. Map No. S3. It is on the extreme 
 E. edge of the Barony. 
 
 ,fflE:^^«2^K& ^s^sm ^s 
 
 Fig. 31. — Lachtneill. Sketch and plan by Windele. 
 
 This structure consists of double ranges of stones at the sides and ends. Two 
 large incumbent stones cover about two-thirds of its entire length. All the stones 
 are so deeply sunk in the ground that little more than a foot appears above the 
 surface. The monument is about 12 feet long and 5 feet broad, the width of the
 
 .o 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 grave internally being about 3 feet. A large stone, 9 or 10 feet high, set on edge, 
 stands within a few feet of it on the S. side. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork Topography," pp. 519-523, vvitli ground pbn and elevation; 
 " History of Cork," by Charles Smith, vol. i. p. 200. 
 
 ^vV 
 
 ^ -u^ •- '.^'t <X//ii. 
 
 Fig. 32. — Carrigdangan. T-tao rough sketches by Windele. 
 
 23. In the Townland of Carrigdangan, and Parish of Kil- 
 michael, is a dolmen marked Bcalick in Ord. Surv. Map No. 93. 
 
 Fig. 33. — Carrigdangan. Another sketch by VVinJele. 
 
 It is also called " Tuoma-na-\'ranna," " Lackacruacha," and 
 " Bordree." It lies over Lough Keel-Hanna, or Johnstown 
 Lake. 
 
 This consists of "several upright stones which support two incumbent ones, 
 the larger of which measures 8 feet 7 ins. by 6 feet 10 ins. ; the smaller net half 
 that size." It lies E. and W. The internal length is 13 feet 3 ins., and the breadth 
 3 feet. There are three supporters on the N. side, and two on the S. There is
 
 County of Cork. 31 
 
 a single one at the E. end, and "in front outside are two stones in advance." 
 The smaller of the two roofing-stones is that which is over the E. end. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. "Cork Topography," p. 494, with two drawings representing the N. and W. 
 sides respectively ; also MS. " Cork West and North-East," p. 511. 
 
 *24. In the Townland of Cornery, and Parish of Inchigeelagh, 
 is a monument marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 93 Laghtargid. 
 With this name compare that of Moyarghed in Antrim. 
 
 25. In the Townland of Clochboola, and Parish of Inchi- 
 geelagh, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 93. 
 
 26, 27. In the Townland of Carrignamuck, close to Lough 
 Carrignamuck, in the Parish of Inchigeelagh, are two dolmens, 
 each marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 93. 
 
 28. In the Townland of Slieve Owen, " on the N. side of the 
 heathy summit not far from the highest point of the hill," in the 
 
 Fig. 34. — Slieve Owen. Plan by IViiidelc-. 
 
 Parish of Kilmichael, is a dolmen called " Liabeg (Labby, Leaba) 
 Owen." It is not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 94. 
 
 This consists of two lines of standing stones, four on either side, with one at 
 the W. end. The length of the enclosed area is about 20 feet, and the breadth 
 of the W. end about 3 feet, narrowing to 12 inches at the opposite extremity. The 
 stones are about 3 feet high, with the exception of one which is a foot higher. It 
 would appear that the ranges of stones on either side had once been double, 
 but the ones composing the second or outer row are reduced to three or four on 
 each side. 
 
 J. Windele, MS. " Cork West and North-East," p. 522, with plan.
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 29. In the Tovvnland of Derryriordane South, and Parish of 
 Inchigeelagh, about half a mile E. of the summit of Douce 
 Mountain, is a dolmen marked Boardarce in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 92. This must be the one which Windele mentions as "on 
 the S. shoulder of Doush." 
 
 Windele, J., MS. " Cork West and North-East," p. 509. 
 
 30. In the Townland of Killachlug, and Parish of Clondrohid, 
 not marked in Ord, Surv. Map No. 7o.f 
 
 The monument at Killachlug consists of an oval space, surrounded by low stones 
 not exceeding 3 feet in height above ground. The 
 length is 20 feet. Windele caused it to be explored, 
 and thus describes the result : " The men employed 
 first dug a trench between the dotted lines at b, 6 feet 
 deep and 3 feet wide, but found nothing. Some iron 
 matter was occasionally dug up, and black burnt 
 earth mixed with charcoal, but nothing more. They 
 then dug, at a, the whole of the enclosed space, 
 taking up a stone c, which was about 4 feet long. 
 After digging to a considerable depth, they came to a 
 bed of black burnt mould mixed with charcoal at d, 
 Pl„„ beneath which was a large stone of which we had much 
 hope, but after turning that up, and going still deeper. 
 All that was proved was that it had been a place of burning. 
 
 Fig. 35.— Killachlug, 
 by Windele . 
 
 nothing was found." 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork Topography," p. 388, and plan. 
 
 Fig. 36. — CarrigaguUa. From a sketch hy Windele. 
 
 ,1. In the Townland of Carrioraorulla, and Parish of INIacroom, 
 
 t The GimCs Table, so marked in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 70, I found to be a natural rock.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 33 
 
 near Glennaloche, 14 miles from Cork, near the top of the 
 mountain called Carrigully, not marked in Ord. Surv-. Map 
 No. 49 ; called " Lackathuoma." 
 
 When Windele described and sketched this monument, some of the supports 
 had given way ; but it consisted of two large covering-stones resting on a number 
 of other stones, about 3 feet high, standing in oblong form. A portion of a 
 mound abutted on the structure on one side. A plan of it by the Rev. Matthew 
 Horgan shows a very perfect oval composed of twelve stones not placed con- 
 tiguously, surrounding a dolmen with three covering-stones, and a closing stone at 
 one end. Windele considered this plan, however, as incorrect, although Mr. 
 Horgan lived close to the spot. Sixty perches distant from this dolmen was a 
 stone circle at Browra. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork Topc^raphy," p. 66, with drawing by Windele, and plan by 
 Horgan. 
 
 In the Barony of East Muskerry. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Kilberrihert, and Parish of A^rha- 
 
 
 -yvA/lyj*^- 
 
 
 '^<^'^\r 
 
 Fig. 37. — Kilberrihert. From a sketch by IVifide/e. 
 
 bulloge, is a dolmen at Lackparknalicka, marked Cromlech in the 
 Ord. Surv. INIap No. 60. This is the one which Windele states 
 to be a quarter of a mile S. of Cahirbarool, and near Byrring 
 Mountain. 
 
 This consists of three incumbent stones of unequal sizes lying in a direction 
 E. and W., with an inclination to the W., the largest stone being at the W. end, 
 and the smallest at the E. end. The western stone measures 9 feet 6 ins. from 
 N. to S., by 7 feet from E. to W. It is i foot thick, and is supported on the S. 
 by two uprights, each 2 feet high by i foot 6 ins. broad, which have yielded to 
 its weight. Two other stones within these support it in the middle. At the N. side 
 its support is one large stone 2 feet high and 6 feet long. The middle incumbent, 
 as well as the eastern one, rests on low uprights, one of which measures 7 feet 
 across. The external height of the monument is from 4 to 5 feet. The form of the 
 VOL. I. D
 
 34 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 structure is oblong, the space between the uprights and the incumbent stones forming 
 a low cave. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork Topography," p. Sg, with sketch. 
 
 This district contains a group of interesting and curious monuments, some of 
 
 which appear to be transitional between the pagan 
 dolmen and the Christian sepulchral monument. 
 At Cahirbarool, a quarter of a mile N. of this 
 dolmen, is a pillar-stone w'ith an encircled cross 
 of most primitive form. At its base is a stone 
 with two bullans {i.e. artificial hollows or basins), 
 evidently to hold the knees of worshippers. Near 
 it is a grave of dolmen-like construction. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. " Cork Topography," p. 89. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Kilberrihert, 
 on the hill of that name, and in the Parish 
 of Ao-habulloije, is a dolmen called Uaio[ 
 an Sidura, z'.e. the Soldiers' Grave, not 
 marked on the Ord. Surv. Map No. 60. 
 
 ■':~-^ 
 
 
 This consists of an external range of stones 
 
 forming a rounded oblong. Only a few of the 
 
 uprights remained, however, when Windele made 
 
 „ ,..„ ., his plan of it. At one end is a structure consist- 
 
 FlG. 38.— Kilberrihert. From a sketch ■ ^ . . , , . ^. r 
 
 and flan by Windele. '"S O' ^"^ mcumbent stone resting on four sup- 
 
 porters, which seem to have given way. This 
 covering-stone measures 7 feet 6 ins. long by 5 feet broad. The uprights are 
 about 5 feet high, so that, when perfect, it was a small dolmen, the longer a.\is 
 
 "^^ /' 
 
 .- ^t> ^ 
 
 /> 
 
 Fig. 39. — Uaig an Sidura, Kilberrihert. Plan by IVindile. 
 
 of the chamber of which lay E. and W. Some stones at the W. end of the 
 enclosure formed a smaller enclosure or septum, which Windele terms "a sort 
 of sacellum or small court." The terminal stone of this measures 3 feet 7 ins. 
 broad, and is 4 inches thick. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork Topography," p. 88, and plan. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Knockglass, and Parish of Aghabulloge, 
 is a monument marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 60. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Rylane, and Parish of Aghabulloge,
 
 County of Cork. 35 
 
 about a mile and a half N. of Olan's Well, is a monument marked 
 Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 61. 
 
 5, 6. In the Townland of Knockavullig, and Parish of Canna- 
 way, are two monuments, each marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 71. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Bawnatemple, and Parish of Cannaway, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 71. It 
 lies N.E. of that at Knockavullig. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Shandangan, and Parish of Cannaway, 
 is a monument marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 71. 
 It lies S. of that at Bawnatemple. 
 
 9. In the Townland of Rosnascalp, and Parish of Aghinagh, 
 is a dolmen marked Cronilech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 71. 
 
 *io. In the Townland of Bellmount Upper, and Parish of 
 
 Moviddy, N.E., of the Laghtneill, is a monument marked 
 
 CromlccJi in the Ord. Surv. Map No. S3. This appears on the 
 map to be encircled. 
 
 In the Barony of Barretts. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Pluckanes, and Parish of Donaghmore, 
 is a monument marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 51. 
 
 *2. In the Townland of Garraun North, and Parish of Donagfh- 
 more, is a monument marked Cromlech on Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 51. It lies S. of that at Pluckanes. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Lyradane, and Parish of Grenagh, is a 
 monument marked Cromlech on Ord. Surv. Map No. 51. It lies 
 N.N.E. of that at Pluckanes, and S.W. of a stone-circle. 
 
 In the Townland of Grenagh is a circle marked Cromlech in 
 this same map. 
 
 In the Barony of Carberry East. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Clogher, and Parish of Inchigeelagh, 
 is a dolmen marked Labbadertnot in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 93. 
 It lies W.S.W. of the Bealick at Carrisfdansfan. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Lackabaun, and Parish of Inchi- 
 geelagh, is a monument of some sort, marked Mearogafin on the 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 93. It lies to the W. of that at Clogher.
 
 36 
 
 Thk Dolmens of Irelano. 
 
 I think this must be the dohnen Windele mentions as being on 
 Leacabawn, in Ireleary, " on the mountain ridge which divides 
 Glenachreen from Ireleary. " 
 
 From the two sketches which Windele gives of this monument, it appears to 
 
 Fig. 40. — Lackabaun. Ti.i'0 rou^h sketches by ]Vindele. 
 
 consist of two or three stones on either side supporting two covering-stones, the 
 one at a lower level than the other, the lower measuring 6 feet long. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork West and North-East," pp. S33, S34, with two drawings. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Gortaleen, and Parish of Kinneigh, is 
 a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 94. 
 
 *4, *5. In the Townland of Cappeen East, and Parish of 
 Kinneigh, are two monuments, marked respectively in the 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 94, 0'Bo7ighallas Bed and O'Boiighalla's 
 Grave. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Letter, and Parish of Kilmeen, is a 
 monument marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 122. 
 
 7. In the Townland of INIaulatanvally, and Parish of Ross, was 
 a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps No. 121, 134, but a 
 stone-circle is given in Carrigagrenane, the next Townland. 
 
 Windele speaks of a " cromleac " here. 
 Windele, J., MS. " Cork West and North-East," p. 855. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Ahaglaslin, and Parish of Castleventry, 
 is a dolmen marked Callahecncladdig in the Ord. Surv. Map
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 37 
 
 No. 143. It is near the highroad, between Ross and Clonakelty, 
 on the S. side of the stream, descending from the hill base of 
 Templeen. The stream, which runs below it, is called Awna 
 
 Fig. 41. — Aliaglashlin. Sketch by Ike Author. 
 
 Hinch, or properly the Ahaglasnin (so spelt by Windele). It 
 stands halfway up the steep and rugged hillside, at the foot of a 
 
 Fig. 42. — Ahaglashlin. From a sketch by ll^indele. 
 
 wall of rock on the S. It is a mile S. of Lochaun-a-Muckadee. 
 It is S.W. of TeampuU Faughtna, or Fochin ; and Lisfaughtna 
 and a holy well ; and N.E. of Cloghna Point and Rock 
 
 Windele describes this fine dolmen as follows; "The incumbent slab rests on
 
 38 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 four great stones, two at the N. side, and two at the S., the latter having yielded 
 inwards. The N.E. supporter is 6 feet high and 4 feel 6 ins. broad. The N.W. 
 one is 4 feet high and 5 feet broad. The incumbent slab measures 12 feet 6 
 ins. long by 6 feet broad, and i foot 6 ins. thick, the latter measurement taken at 
 its thickest part. The stones are hiown ^auwacit:." 
 
 My own measurements of this dolmen accord fairly with those just given, only 
 
 
 ' Fig. 43. — Ahaglashlin. Another vieii; from a sketch by HiiideU. 
 
 that I make the cap-stone somewhat larger and 6 ins. thicker, viz. greatest length, 
 13 feet 6 ins.; greatest breadth, 8 feet 6 ins. ; and greatest thickness, 2 feet. The 
 chamber lies E. and W., and from the end of the outermost eastern side stone, 
 
 r 
 
 Fig. 44. — Ahaglashlin. /'/an l>y the Author. 
 
 measures 16 feet. Its internal breadth at the W. end is 4 feet, and it narrows as it 
 runs eastward. Between the under face of the cap-stone anil the tops of the stone 
 at the W. end, and the two contiguous supporters, two small thinnish stones have 
 been inserted, reminding us of the construction of the Labba na Callighe, near 
 Fermoy. That at the N.^V. corner measures 4 feet across, and that at the S.W.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 39 
 
 3 feet 6 ins. The stones forming the sides of the chamber are from i foot to 
 9 inches thick, and stone B, as Windele states, is 6 feet high. The following are 
 their breadth measurements : — 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A = 5 
 
 6 
 
 B = s 
 
 3 
 
 C=4 
 
 9 
 
 D = I 
 
 6 
 
 E = 2 
 
 o 
 
 F= I 
 
 S 
 
 G = 6 
 
 2 
 
 H = S 
 
 4 
 
 J=4 
 
 6 
 
 K = 3 
 
 o 
 
 L = .? 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 In the positions of the stones U, E, F, K, and L may be recognized the 
 existence of an outer range on either side. At the \V. end of the monument, 
 e.\tending for six or seven yards beyond it, is a rugged pile of stones in disorder, 
 which has the appearance of being the debris of a passage which, perhaps, formed 
 an elongation, the structure stretching originally in that direction. 
 
 The stones of which the dolmen is formed were almost certainly detached from 
 the cliff under which it stands, where some serviceable ones for the purpose are still 
 to be seen protruding from their bed. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork West and North-East," p. 7O8 ; and two sketches; W.C.B. Note- 
 book, 1S95. 
 
 In the Barony Ibane and Barryroe. 
 
 *In the Tovvnland of Bohonagh, and Parish of Castleventry, 
 one-third of a mile due N. of the " Callaheencladdig," a 
 Cromlech and stone-circle are marked in the Ord. Surv. iVIap 
 No. 143. 
 
 From inquiries made on the spot, I think that, unless a dolmen has been 
 removed, this monument is a pillar-stone. 
 
 In the Barony of Kinalmeaky, 
 
 1. In the Townland of Killaneer, and Parish of Murragh, 
 is a monument marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 95. 
 
 2. In the Tovvnland of Bengour, and Parish of Murragh, 
 is a monument marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 95. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Derrycool and Parish of Kilbrogan, 
 is a monument marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 109. 
 
 In the Barony of Kinsale. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Mitchelstown, in Palacetown Demesne, 
 and Parish of Clontead, is a dolmen marked Druids Altar in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 1 12. 
 
 In the Barony of Bear. 
 
 I. At Gortagullane, in the Townland of Cappaleigh, and 
 Parish of Kilcaskan, near Adrigole Imade and Hungry Hill, was 
 a dolmen, not marked in either of the Townlands of Cappaleigh
 
 40 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 North and South, in Ord. Surv. Maps 103. 116. The dolmen 
 was called Carrig-a-gullane. 
 
 I was unable to discover this dolmen in 1895. The incumbent stone was a 
 large thick mass of rock, 6 feet 4 ins. long and 6 feet broad. At the E. side, 
 
 
 -,?!#/- ~Tr^ 
 
 ■U.' 
 
 
 ^-'^^m-dz-^^w^\,fim:^f- ~ 
 
 Fig. 45. — Gorlagullane. J'rom a sketch by II inatic. 
 
 a few feet from it, stands a single " dallan," or pillar-stone, 3 feet 9 ins. high and 
 2 feet 2 ins. broad. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. "Cork West and Nonh-East," p. 906. 
 
 2. In the Tovvnland of Canrooska and Parish of Kilcaskan, 
 above Glengariff Harbour, near the waterfalls, is a monument 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 90. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Ardaragh, at the E. end of Bear 
 
 Fig. 46. — Ardaragh. Irom a sketch by the Author, 
 
 Island on the S. side, in the Parish of Killaconenagh, is a dolmen 
 not marked in the Ord. Surv. Maps 12S and 129 which contain 
 this Townland. It is on Neil's Farm, by the side of the road, on 
 the .slope of a slight elevation, near the sea.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 41 
 
 A plan and elevation of this dolmen were taken by Mr. Denis Murphy of 
 Bantry, and may be found among the AMndele MSS. They are, however, useless 
 for determining what the monument was like. 
 
 I therefore made a point of visiting it in the summer of 1895, and found it to be 
 a remarkably fine and typical specimen. 
 
 The monument lies due E. and W. At the W. end is an antechamber, portico, 
 or cell — call it as we like — in front of which stand two lofty pillar-stones, 4 feet 
 
 ^ 
 
 -£_:^ 
 
 Fig. 47. — Ardaragh. Plan by the Author. Scale \ of an inch = i foot. 
 
 3 ins. apart, where their lower portions rise from a bank of grass-grown earth and 
 debris, with which the lower part of the cell is filled, but leaning together until they 
 meet at a height of some six feet above their bases, thus forming a triangular-shaped 
 aperture or entrance into the cell. Whether, in the first instance, this was intended, 
 
 
 
 Fig. 48. — Ardaragh, the west end. Sketch by the Author. 
 
 or whether they stood upright, it is difficult to say. That on the N. (.A) is the 
 longer of the two, and leans to the S., at an angle of nearly 45 degrees. It 
 measures 1 1 feet 5 ins. long, 3 feet broad, and 8 inches thick. That on the S. (B) 
 measures 8 feet 6 ins. long, i.e. high, 3 feet 4 ins. broad, and 9 inches thick.
 
 4- The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 The cell measures 8 feet from N. to S., and 4 feet from E. to W. The S. side 
 is at present open, but it is clear that a stone has been removed from the vacant 
 space. The N. side is formed by a slab 3 feet 6 ins. long, 6 feet high, and 10 
 inches thick (C). The E. side consists of a single slab of large proportions, 
 measuring 9 feet long, 4 feet 9 ins. high, and 7 inches thick (D). A roofing-stone 
 (E), which may have suffered some displacement, since, although long enough to 
 cover the entire cell, it scarcely covers two-thirds of it, rests slantingly on the upper 
 edges of the stones forming the N. and W. sides, and projects beyond them, as if 
 tilted out of position. I scarcely think that its size warrants the supposition that it 
 ever rested on the tops of the two pillars, even if they were upright, as, had it 
 done so, it would not have covered the cell The dimensions of this roofing-stone 
 are 8 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 6 inches thick. At the S. end of the slab which 
 forms the E. side of the cell is a stone (F) standing at right angles to it, measuring 
 3 feet broad, 5 feet 4 ins. high, and 10 inches thick. This may have formed the S. 
 end of the cell, and have been shifted from its place. There is another upright 
 stone (G) i foot 6 ins. wide, 3 feet 6 ins. high, and i foot 2 ins. thick, at the N. end 
 of the slab. 
 
 The slab D forms the partition between the cell and the main chamber of the 
 dolmen which is in a ruinous condition. When perfect, this chamber must have 
 measured about 13 feet long, and it terminated in a stone at the E end (H), 2 feet 
 7 ins. wide, 2 feet high, and 6 inches thick, narrowing to this v.-idth from a width of 
 7 feet at the W. end. Its N. side was formed by two stones, the W. one (K) 
 measuring 2 feet 6 ins. long, 4 feet 6 ins. high, and 5 inches thick ; the E. one (L) 
 II feet long, from 2 to 3 feet wide (which would have represented its height, had it 
 not collapsed inwards), and i foot thick. The S. side was formed by three stones, 
 that to the W. (M) measuring 2 feet 6 ins. long, 4 feet 6 ins. high, and 5 inches 
 thick, e.xactly corresponding to the opposite one ; that in the centre displaced (N), 
 and now lying outside to the S.E., measuring 6 feet long, 2 feet 6 ins. wide (i.e. 
 high), and 7 inches thick ; that to the E. (P) 7 feet long, i foot 7 ins. wide, and 
 5 inches thick — this latter thrown out of its line, probably when the chamber 
 collapsed. With the fall of the N. side of the chamber, the roofing-stone of this 
 end of the monument (Q) has fallen also, and now rests horizontally on the side 
 slab. It is a fine slab, measuring 14 feet 7 ins. long, 5 feet 3 ins. wide, and 7 inches 
 thick. The two side slabs of this chamber protrude some 8 to 12 inches beyond 
 the terminal stone. 
 
 I know of no dolmen in Ireland which is so capable of perfect restoration 
 in the mind's eye of one who has been accustomed to study the construction of 
 these monuments as this one. I think it possible that there may have been a 
 third roofing-stone at the W. end ; the W. side of which may have been sup- 
 ported by the two remarkable pillars which now lean together at that end. The E. 
 end of it would have rested on the second cap-stone which now partially covers 
 the cell, and which, in turn, overlapped the third and E. one. Thus the whole 
 monument would have had the appearance of a flight of three steps, e.xtending 
 for about 22 feet from E. to W., and rising from a height of about 3 feet at the 
 E. end to a height of some 12 feet at least at the W. end. I suspect, also, judging 
 from analogy, that, if the little mound which fills the W. cell were cleared away to 
 the base of the slab D, which forms its E. side, some hole, creep, or aperture, 
 similar to that beneath a slab which occupies a like position in the great dolmen 
 in the Townland of Burren, near Blacklion in Cavan, would be found to exist. 
 
 The structure bears a strong resemblance to one of the si.x at MacKee's Farm,
 
 County of Cork. 43 
 
 Glenmalin, Co. Donegal {infra), and also to the Portuguese example at Paredes, 
 near Evora in Portugal, which forms the frontispiece to M. Cartailhac's "Ages 
 Prehistoriques de I'Espagne." 
 
 Windele, J., MS. " Cork West and North-East," p. SG4 ; W.C.B. Note-book, 1895. 
 
 In the Barony of Bantry. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Cappanaboul, near the lake of that 
 name, in the Parish of Kilmocomoge, Windele mentions a cromlech 
 surrounded by a circle. In the Ord. Surv. Map No. 105 a circle 
 is marked, but no cromlech. 
 
 Windele speaks of " a cromlech " here " surrounded by a circle consisting 
 of ten pillar-stones " ; also " a collection of Druidical stones." 
 
 Windele, J., " Historical Notes of the City of Cork, and its Vicinity," p. 270. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Coomleagh, and Parish of Kilmo- 
 comoge, near the Mealagh river there is a dolmen called Dermot 
 and Granids Bed. In Coomleagh East "gallauns" (i.e. pillar- 
 stones) are marked near the river in Ord. Surv. Map No. io6, 
 but no cromlech. 
 
 This monument is mentioned in Miss Stokes's MS. Notes ; also in her " Carte 
 des Dolmens." There is an ogam stone a mile and a half \V. of it. See Brash, 
 " Ogam monuments," p. 159. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Cullenagh and Parish of Kilmocomoge, 
 there is a dolmen called Dcruiot and Granids Bed, marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 107. 
 
 In the Barony of Carberv West. 
 
 1. At Castlehaven, "halfway between Mr. Somerville's house 
 and Castlehaven," Windele notices a dolmen, " in a field over- 
 looking the sea." It was in the Parish of Castlehaven, but is 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 151. It was called Peakeen 
 Cnoc Dromin. 
 
 Windele's sketch of this shows that it had two covering-stones, one of which 
 measured 9 feet long by 5 feet 6 ins. broad. It had been dismantled. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. " Cork Topography," p. S57, with sketch. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Corran, on the hill of that name just 
 over Corran Lake to the N., and in the Parish of Kilmackabea, 
 N. of Leap, a dolmen was discovered in a cairn, which was 
 removed. It is not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 133. 
 
 The cairn measured 31 yards in diameter, and was 20 feet high. It was 
 destroyed about the year 1838; and the dolmen it contained, which Windele 
 speaks of as a leacht, was demolished at the same time. The chamber was
 
 44 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 "composed of end, foot, and side stones," and within it was found an urn 
 " covered all over with writing " (that is to say, no doubt, decorated in the 
 usual manner with chevrons and other patterns arranged in bands). In the urn 
 were a quantity of ashes, and fragments of bone, and outside and around the 
 chamber were " small bones, seemingly those of dogs." 
 
 Winilele, J., MS. " Cork West and North-East," p. 626 : See also /,/. pp. 666, 667. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Altar, and Parish of Kilmoe, close to 
 
 
 
 
 '^^•.y;,'^ 
 
 ,,J1-/W- 
 
 t 
 
 P'IG. 49. — Altar. From a s/cclch by the Author. 
 
 the edge of the cliff on the E. side of Toormore Bay, is a dolmen 
 marked Cromlech on Ord. Surv. Map No. 148. 
 
 There are several drawings of this monument extant, both among the Windele 
 MSS., and in the collection of Miss Stokes, one of the latter being a copy of one 
 stated to be " in the possession of Mrs. O'Grady, of Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin." 
 The chamber lies E. and W., and must, when perfect, have been over 12 feet in 
 
 length by 6 feet 6 ins. broad inter- 
 nally at the W. end, narrowing to 
 (probably) 3 feet at the E. end. 
 Three stones compose the N. 
 side, and a similar number the 
 S. side, but probably in both 
 cases there were others now re- 
 moved. The structure possesses 
 two cap-stones, that at the W. 
 end (A) measuring 8 feet 6 ins. 
 broad from N. to S., by 8 feet 
 2 ins. (on the slope) from E. to 
 W., and that at the E. end (B) 
 10 feet from S.W. to N.E., and 
 7 feet 3 ins. from N.W. to S.E. 
 The former of these roofing-stones 
 rests slantways against the edges 
 of the side stones at the W. end, having probably fallen into that position owing 
 to the removal of other side and end stones. A piece has been broken out of its 
 N.E. corner, which gives it somewhat the appearance of a painter's pallet. In the 
 centre of the E. roofing-stone is a small hollow or cavity, possibly natural, but 
 which would have served as a cup. 
 
 Fig. 50. — Altar. Plan by the Author. 
 .Scale \ o[ an inch = i foot.
 
 County of Cork. 
 
 45 
 
 The dimensions of the side stones are as follows ; 
 
 Height, 
 ft. jns. 
 
 4 6 
 3 6 
 I 6 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 Length. 
 It. ins. 
 
 C=4 6 
 
 D = 2 o 
 
 K = 2 4 
 
 F = 4 o 
 
 G = 2 9 23 
 
 11=40 I 10 
 
 All the stones average from i foot 3 to 9 inches thick. It is stated that the 
 
 stones of this monument have sunk. 
 
 Windele, J., MS. " Cork Topography," p. 1037 ; Collection of drawings of dolmens in the 
 possession of Miss .M. Stokes ; W.C.B. Note-book, 1895. 
 
 
 Fig. 51. — Altar, the Mizzen Head in the distance. From a dra-Ming in the collection of 
 Miss M. S/okcs, kitidly lent by her to the Author. 
 
 4, 5. In the Townland of Arduslough, and Parish of Kilmoe, 
 are two dolmens, each marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 147. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Tooreen, adjoining that of Arduslough. 
 and close to the sea opposite Crookhaven, in the Parish of Kilmoe, 
 is a dolmen marked in the Cromlech Ord. Surv. Map No. 147.
 
 46 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF LIMERICK. 
 
 In the Barony of Owneybeg. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Cappanahannagh, and Parish of 
 Abineton ; " near Lissojuaire," and on the N.W. of the Slieve 
 Felim Mountains, is a dolmen marked Tuamanirvore in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 6. 
 
 " This dolmen stands on a small eminence in a field. It measures 21 feet long, 
 4 feet broad, and 3 feet high. Its sides are described as each defended by large 
 stones, from 3 to 4 feet high, set upright in a row, and deeply sunk in the ground. 
 Two stones of the same size as those of the sides, and set in the ground in the same 
 way, defend the ends. The grave was uncovered above. It appeared, however, 
 that there had been stones placed over it which rested on and were supported by 
 the end [? side] ones. These stones lay confusedly on each side. There was also a 
 heap of smaller stones overgrown with grass." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Limerick, — — , p. 444. 
 
 In the Barony of Siianid. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Tinnakilla, and Parish of Kilmoylan, 
 marked Crotn Lcac in Ord. Surv. Map No. i8. 
 
 This monument is thus described. " The northern end of the covering flagstone 
 nearly touches the ground. It is supported on ten brown field-stones which could 
 not be measured, as they are almost entirely covered with small stones, grass, etc. 
 A clear view of the interior can be obtained from the W. end, where the space 
 between the supporting-stones is 4 feet 4, and the end of the flag is raised i foot 4 ins. 
 from the ground. This flag measures 9 feet 4 ins. from N. to S., and 7 feet 6 from 
 E. to W. At the S. end and at the N. end the measurement is 5 feet. It is 
 2 feet thick at the S. end, and i foot 6 at the N. end, and it inclines slightly down- 
 wards towards the N. The flag is green mountain stone. The monument is 
 situated in a cornfield on a hill. About half a furlong S. of it is a standing stone, 
 almost in the form of an isosceles triangle. It is 7 feet high, 5 feet 9 ins. wide, and 
 I foot 2 ins. thick, but seemingly once 2 feet thick, as pieces have been broken 
 from it." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Limerick, vA' P- 34! \Vindele, MSS. vol. viii.,and "Miscellany," p. 205, with 
 
 E. b 
 
 sketch made by J. Costelloe in 1S45. 
 
 In the Barony of Smallcounty. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Friarstown North, and Parish of 
 Fedamore, about a mile N.W. of the dolmen at Kilpeacon, was
 
 County of Limerick. 
 
 47 
 
 a dolmen, not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 13 and 22, which 
 contain the Townland. 
 
 The description of this monument is as follows : " A large stone, 7 feet high 
 [? long], 5 feet broad, and i foot thick, supported by small stones set on the edges, 
 which being removed, human bones of an extraordinary size were found underneath 
 the monument." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Limerick, , p. 380. 
 
 E. S 
 
 2. In the Townland of Kilpeacon, and Parish of Kilpeacon, 
 about six miles and a half N.W. of Lough Gur, was a dolmen 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 22. 
 
 3, 4. In the Townland of Ballynagallach, and Parish of 
 Knockainy. Two Giant's Graves are marked in this Town- 
 
 '^■■"'■i^,~~,- —- '- 
 
 
 ElG. 52. — Ballynagallach. From a drawing in tke possession of Miss M. Stakes. 
 
 land in Ord. Surv. Map No. 32. The one is on the N. side 
 of the Townland close to the S. margin of Lough Gur. The 
 other lies about three-quarters of a mile to the S. of it. The 
 Townland to the \Y. of that of Ballynagallach is named Ardan- 
 reagh. The Townland and church of Knockainy lie two miles 
 and a half to the S.E. The indication of the position of the S. 
 Giant's Grave is in the plural, — " Giant's Graves," — and another 
 is shown in close proximity to the one in Ballynagallach, but on 
 the farther side of the boundary of the Townland, Parish, and 
 Barony, which passes between the monuments. See below 
 Townland of Grilla. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Lough Gur, and Parish of Knockainy, 
 a Giant's Grave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 32 close to 
 the lake, at a distance of about half a mile N.E. of the northern- 
 most Giant's Grave in the Townland of Ballynagallach. It lies
 
 48 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 N. of a /is marked Carricrealla Fort. This dolmen and the 
 northern Ballynagallach one are indicated in the map by a large 
 stone surrounded by an enclosure or circle of smaller ones in the 
 manner of the Carrowmore dolmen-circles in Sligo. 
 
 These three last-mentioned dolmens, together with No. 7 (infra), and No. i in 
 the Barony of Coshma {infra), numbering five in all, we may consider as con- 
 stituting the Lough Gur group. 
 
 Of the first of these (No. 3, su/ra) the following descriptive details are given in 
 the O.S. Letters : " Near the side of Lough Gur, and not far from Blackcastle, is a 
 Giant's Grave of great size, and divided into two parts, of which the first measures 
 14 feet in length, and 5 feet in breadth. This division was originally covered over- 
 head with three massive flagstones, of which two are now displaced. The largest 
 of these, which is in the middle, measures 7 feet in length, 4 feet in breadth, and 
 I foot 6 ins. in thickness. The other division of this grave is on a line with the former, 
 and extends westwards. It is 7 feet in lengtli and 4 feet in breadth." 
 
 Owing to the kindness of Miss ALirgaret Stokes, I am enabled to present a 
 sketch of this monument made on the spot between the date of the Sur\-ey and its 
 destruction. 
 
 The second (No. 5, sitpra) is described thus : " The old church of Baile-na- 
 gcailleach, or Nuns' Town, stood on the eastern slope of the hill of the same name 
 {i.e. Ballynagallagh). About half a furlong to the N. of this old graveyard, and on 
 the northern summit of the same hill, there is a Giant's Grave or cromlech which has 
 often attracted the attention of the curious. It is now thrown down, but the stones 
 are on the ground, and one may easily perceive how they were originally fixed. The 
 flag, supported by the gallans, or uprights, is nearly of the shape of an equilateral 
 triangle measuring 7 feet in height, 6 feet 6 ins. at the base, and 1 foot 6 ins. in thick- 
 ness. The upright stones measure, one 4 feet in length, 2\ feet in height, and 10 inches 
 in thickness; the other 6 feet in length, 3 feet in height, and i foot in thickness." 
 Of the third and fourth (No. 4, supra, and No. i in the Barony of Coshma, infra), I 
 find no special description, but think that they must be those mentioned by Fitz- 
 gerald as " two other monuments of the same kind " as that just described situated 
 " less than half a mile south of it," one of which had, at the time he wrote, been 
 lately broken down by a farmer, who had two of the stones taken away to make 
 pillars for his gateway. 
 
 The fifth and last dolmen of the group (No. 7, supra) was associated with the 
 circles on the W. side of Lough Gur. It is perhaps the one of which mention is 
 made in Gough's edition of " Camden's Britannia," as a small cromlech on a hill 
 near three circles of stones which the writer says that he regarded as " the remains 
 of a Druidical temple." Fitzgerald, in his " History of Limerick," mentions a 
 cromleac as being "close to" one of the three circles which measured 17 yards in 
 diameter, and was composed of fifteen large rocks standing erect. Mr. Lynch, in 
 a paper in the "Cork Hist, and Archaeol. Society" for July, 1895, places the site of 
 the cromlech a hundred feet due south of the mound or rath, as he calls it, which 
 surrounds the large circle. " It would be impossible," he says, " to discover by any 
 means now whether this cromlech was surrounded by a circle. The cromlech was 
 destroyed many years ago, and not a stone is left." He was informed, however, 
 that " the tops of the supporting-stones approached each other closely from the two 
 sides, and that a series of flags, like stepping-stones across a stream, led from it due 
 north to the circle." This cromlech is also mentioned in the O.S. Letters. It had
 
 County of Limerick. 49 
 
 been destroyed some years previous to the date of the Survey, but people could 
 still point out the spot wliere it stood. 
 
 Camden's " Brilannia," edit. Gougli, vol. iii. p. 51S ; " Hist, of Limerick," by P'itzgeiald, vol. i. 
 p. 29S ; Taper l.)y Mr. Beaufort, Trans. R.I. A., vol. xv. p. 13S (circles described, but not dolmen) ; 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Limerick, — — , pp. 2S'i, 373, and 402; Paper by Mr. Lynch, "Journ. Cork Hist. 
 
 E. 9 
 and Archxol. .Soc," vol. i., No. 7, pp. 296-7 ; MS. " Notes and Sketches," Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 6. In tlie Townland of Cromwell, and Parish of Ballinlough, 
 there is a dolmen marked Dertnot and Grama's Bed in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 2)i- It is indicated by two parallel lines of four 
 stones each. 
 
 This dolmen is described as follows : — " Near the western extremity of a lofty 
 hill in this Townland there is a Giant's Grave. The monument lies N.E. and S.W. 
 It is 20 feet long, and 5 feet broad. On the S. side there are five stones standing 
 on edge, and the same number on the N. side. The height of these standing 
 stones is, at an average, 4 feet, but they differ in shape and size. They were 
 originally covered by several large flags, placed nearly in an horizontal position, but 
 of these only one remains firm in its original position. It is a remarkably massive 
 limestone flag nearly of the form of a diamond, and measuring 9 feet 5 ins. long 
 by 7 feet broad, by i foot 2i ins. thick." 
 
 " The stone which formed the W. end of the chamber has fallen, but its exact 
 original position can be determined. It is 7 feet long, and i foot 2 ins. thick. 
 Between this and the large horizontal flag there is a smaller flag which was 
 originally placed in an horizontal position, and covered the W. end of the 
 chamber. It has, however, slipped off its S. supporter, and its S. end has fallen 
 in, its N. extremity still resting on its original supporter. It measures 5 feet 
 3 ins. long ; 3 feet 2 ins. broad, and i foot thick." 
 
 " Near the N.W. extremity of this monument there is a large rude stone laid 
 prostrate, measuring S feet 4 ins. long, and 4 feet broad. This probably stood 
 erect in its present position." 
 
 "At the S.E. corner of the monument there are three stones of rude shape 
 standing erect. The flagstone which formed the N.E. end is still in its original 
 position. It measures 5 feet broad, but, owing to the earth being raised about it, 
 its height could not be determined." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Limerick, -f/^. P- A°9- 
 
 L. 9 
 
 7. In the Townland of Grange, and Parish of Monastera- 
 nenagh, on the W. side of Lough Gur, a hundred feet due S. 
 of the principal circle of the western or Ardaghlougher group of 
 circles, Mr. Lynch places the site of a destroyed dolmen, not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 32. 
 
 In the Baronv of Coshlea. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Deerpark, E. of that of Duntryleague. 
 on the hill lying to the E. of the Church of Duntryleague, in 
 the Parish of Galbally, is a dolmen marked Dcrmot and Granids 
 vol. I. !■:
 
 50 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 49. This must be the same dolmen 
 which Miss Stokes speaks of as Duntryleague, and which has been 
 
 Fig. 53. — Deerpark (Duntryleague). From a sketch in the possession of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 also called Ballyscaddan, S.E. of which latter place it is situated. 
 
 This dolmen is described as follows : — " On the hill lying to the E. of the church 
 of Duntr>'league there is, in the middle of the heath, a very remarkable sepulchral 
 monument, universally called Leaba Diannada agiis Grainne. It consists of a 
 cromlech formed of three flagstones standing on edge on the N. side, two on the 
 E. side, and three on the S. side, covered overhead with two massive flagstones, 
 one towards the N.W., the other on the S.E., the S.E. end of the former support- 
 ing the latter. The former measures 6 feet 8 ins. by 5 feet 10 ins. ; the latter 
 6 feet 10 ins. by 4 feet 5 ins. The greatest height of the first flag from the present 
 level of the ground is 5 feet 10 ins. 
 
 From this monument standing stones extend in a N. and N.W. direction, and 
 there are two large flagstones displaced, which they evidently supported. The 
 hill on which it stands commands a wide panoramic view of the country in every 
 direction. 
 
 Among the sketches in the collection of Miss Margaret Stokes is a good 
 illustration of this dolmen. It is stated to consist o^ fourteen stones on edge, in 
 addition to three roofing-stones. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Limerick, 
 
 14 
 E.9 
 
 p. 222. Original sketches in the possession of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Ballyfroota, and Parish of Ballingarry, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. l\Iap No. 49. It is 
 S.E. of the one in the Townland of Deerpark, and it is close to a 
 Tobereendoney (Tober Righ an Domhnaigh), or " Sunday Well."
 
 County of Limerick. 51 
 
 3. In the Townland of Barna, and Parish of Galbally, a Crom- 
 lech is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 50. 
 
 In the Baronv of Cosiima. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Grilla, and Parish of Tullabracky, is 
 one of the two Giant's Graves named together in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 32, on the edge of the Townland of Ballygallach (which 
 see). The two monuments were close together, a.nd formed part 
 of the Lough Gar group, but the boundary of the Barony passes 
 between them. 
 
 See above under Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 7, in the Barony of Smallcounty. 
 
 Note. — Windele mentions that in the Ord. Surv. Map a circle 
 S. of Ardaclugg, or Belmornt, in the County of Cork, is marked 
 Cromlech in error. A similar mistake occurs near Bandon.
 
 5- The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF TIPPERARY. 
 
 In the Barony of Owney and Arra. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Knockanroe, and Parish of Killoscully, 
 a Cromlech is marked on Ord. Surv. ]\Iap No. 32. It is on the 
 N. side of, and very near the Mulkea river, running through Glen 
 CoIIoo. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Bauraglanna, and Parish of Killoscully, 
 is a dolmen on Slieve Kimalta or Keeper Hill, N.E. of the 
 summit, and S. of the Mulkea river and Glen Colloo, marked 
 Dermot and Granids Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 32. An oval 
 stone-setting is marked on the same map to the N. of the dolmen, 
 and named Firbrcga. It is possibly another dolmen-circuit. 
 
 Described as "a broken cromlech." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Tipperary, — — , p. 17. 
 F. 19 
 
 3. 4. In the Townland of Baurnadomeeny, and Parish of 
 Abington, are two dolmens, each marked Dermot and Crania's 
 Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 38. 
 
 In the Barony of Ormond Upper. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Lisgarriff West, and Parish of Dolla, is 
 a dolmen marked Dermot and Granids Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 33. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Foilnamuck, and Parish of Dolla, is a 
 dolmen marked Dermot aiid Crania's Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 33. It lies about a quarter of a mile S.W. of that in the 
 Townland of Lisgariff West. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Curreeny Commons, and Parish of 
 
 Dolla, is a dolmen marked Dermot and Crania's Bed in Ord. Surv. 
 
 Map No. 2,2,' 
 
 These are mentioned as " broken cromlechs in the Parish of Dolla, dismantled 
 monuments of the same kind as that on Sliabh Comhailt, i.e. Slieve Kimalta." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Tipperary, - - > p. 40. 
 
 >•'■ y
 
 County ok Tipperary. 53 
 
 In THE Barony of Kilnamanagh Upper. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Loughbrack, and Parish of Templebeg, 
 is a dolmen marked Dermot and Granid s Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 39. This must be the same as that named Clochbrack in 
 Miss Stokes's Hst, since it is a mile and a half from that at Foil- 
 mahonmore, and it must be the same also as the Lagbreac stated 
 in the Ord. Surv. Letters to be in Templebeg parish. 
 
 The writer of the O.S.L. who mentions Lagbreac, says that from the presence 
 of this name, he is of opinion that a monument is indicated which existed on the 
 mountain-side, half a century before he visited the spot. It was a remarkable 
 cromlech, and its site was still pointed out. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Tipperary,——, p. 511. 
 F. iS 
 
 2, 3. In the Townland of Knocknabansha, and Parish of 
 Upperchurch, are two Cromlechs, so marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 39. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Knockduff, and Parish of Toem, is 
 a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 39. This 
 Townland joins Knockcurraghbola Commons. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Graniera, and Parish of Upperchurch, 
 a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 39. It is 
 the same as that described as on the Commons of Cnoc Corra- 
 bhuaile (Knockcorraboy). 
 
 This dolmen is described as follows : "On a low green hill is a Giant's Grave 
 in tolerable preservation. It lies E. and W., and measures 17 feet 9 ins. long by 
 3 feet wide. There are five supporters on the N. side, which extend the entire 
 length ; but there are only three on the S. side, which do not do so. The W. end 
 is closed by one standing stone 7 feet long, 2 feet 9 ins. high, and i foot 6 ins. thick; 
 but the one which closed the E. end is absent. There is a circle composed of 
 eight stones standing outside the monument, four on either side. The western end 
 of the chamber is covered over by two large flags laid nearly horizontally. Of 
 these the more western one is 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and i foot 7 ins. thick. 
 The more eastern is 7 feet 6 ins. long, 5 feet wide, and i foot 6 ins. thick. They 
 are all mountain grit." 
 
 O.S.L., -^, p. 514. 
 F. iS^ ^ 
 
 6. 7, 8. In the Townland of Knockshanbrittas, and Parish of 
 Doon, are three dolmens, two of which are marked Cromlech and 
 the third Giant's Grave on Ord. Surv. Map No. 39. One is near 
 the W. boundary of the Townland ; a second is higher up the 
 slope of the hill, a hundred and twenty yards E. of the former,
 
 54 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 and the third is E. of the second, "a little further on, on the top 
 of the hill." In Miss Stokes's "Carte des Dolmens" the two 
 first are named Knockbrittas, and the third Doon. 
 
 The first of these dolmens is described thus : " This monument extends E. and 
 \V., and measures 9 feet 9 ins. long by 3 feet 6 ins. broad at the W. end, and 3 feet 
 at the E. end, with a height of only 3 feet. There are three supporters at the 
 S. side, two at the W. end, and four at the N. side. The one which closed the 
 E. end is broken. These support two flags, the more western of which measures 
 5 feet 10 ins. from N. to S., and 4 feet 8 ins. from E. to W. It is 7 ins. thick. 
 The more eastern one measures 6 feet 10 ins. from N. to S., and 4 feet from 
 E. to W." 
 
 " The second measures 9 feet long by 4 feet wide. It lies E. and W., and is 
 covered overhead with two flags, the more eastern of which measures 5 feet 6 ins. 
 from N. to S., and 4 feet 2 ins. from E. to W. It is i foot 4 ins. thick. The other 
 measures 5 feet 8 ins. from N. to S., by 2 feet 10 ins. from E. to \V., and is i foot 
 thick. The number of supporters is uncertain, as the earth is raised almost to the 
 height of the flags which rest on them." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Tipperary, - , p. 273, e/ siu/q. 
 F. 18 
 
 9. In the Townland of foilmahonmore, and Parish of Doon, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. -Siirv. Map No. 39. It is 
 " on the top of a small hillock in a deep valley." 
 
 "This dolmen lies E. and \V., and it slopes or inclines to the \V. The top flag 
 measures 7 feet from E. to W., and 4 feet 8 ins. from N. to S. The stones on 
 which this flag rests are buried deep in the earth, and their measurements could not 
 be obtained." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Tipperary, * , p. 273, et s^ij,;. 
 r . IS 
 
 10. In the Townland of Foilycleary, and Parish of Doon, is a 
 dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44. It is a 
 hundred paces E. of the stream which divides the Counties of 
 Limerick and Tipperary, S. of the one at Foilmahonmore, which 
 is, again, S. of the Knockshanbrittas group. 
 
 " This dolmen lies E. and W. It measures 10 feet long, and 3 feet 8 ins. broad. 
 Four stones only remain standing. One on the S. side is 6 feet long, 4 feet high 
 at the W. end, and 2 feet at the E. end. It is i foot 6 ins. thick. The stone at 
 the W. end is 6 feet long, 5 feet 3 ins. high, and i foot thick. The one at the N. 
 is 3 feet long, i foot 6 ins. high, and i foot thick. The covering-stone supported 
 by these inclines to the E., and measures 5 feet 2 ins. from N. to S., 4 feet 6 ins. 
 from E. to \V., and 8 inches in thickness. The stones are green mountain flags." 
 
 O.S.L..^^^.p.2;3. 
 
 *ii. In the Townland of Curraheen, and Parish of Toem, is 
 a monument of some sort marked Emonaknock's Grave in Ord.
 
 County of Tipperarv. 55 
 
 Surv. Map No. 45. It lies a mile and a quarter W.S.W. of 
 Lachtseefin, a cairn on Knockbane, in the Parish of Clonoulty 
 and Barony of Kilnamanagh Lower. 
 
 For Eamonn-a-cnuicc, a celebrated traditionary character of the mountains of 
 Tipperary, see O'Donovan's addenda to O'Reilly's Diet., in voc. 
 
 In the Barony of Kilxamanagh Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Clogher, and Parish of Clogher, is a 
 dolmen marked Druid's Altar in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 46. 
 
 In the Barony of Slievard.\gh. 
 
 *i. At Derrynaflan, in the Townland of Lurgoe, and Parish 
 of Graystown, is a monument marked Cobban Saer's Grave in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 54. 
 
 In the Barony of Ormond Lower. 
 
 *i. In the Parish of Terryglass (I am uncertain in what Town- 
 land) I was informed there was a monument called Tlie Coblcr s Box. 
 
 W.C.B. Note-book, 1S95. 
 
 In the Barony of Iffa and Offa East. 
 
 I. At the boundary of the Townlands of Tober, Shanbally, 
 
 and Ballyknockane ; of the Parishes of Clooneen and Templeetney, 
 
 and of the Baronies of Iffa and Offa East and Middlethird, to the 
 
 S. of a natural pile of rocks called Fin Mac Cumhail's Table, which, 
 
 again, is six paces S.E. of the immense cairn which crowns Slieve- 
 
 naman (Sliabh-na-mban-fionn), is said in the Ord. Surv. Letters 
 
 to be a dolmen. Its site is not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 78. 
 
 The following is the description of this place : " On the summit of the mountain 
 there is a large cairn, 86 paces in circumference at the base, and about 9 feet in 
 perpendicular height. In the eastern side of this cairn there are very large rocks 
 mixed with the smaller stones. At the distance of si.x paces from the cairn, to the 
 S.E., are other large rocks, evidently natural. Some of them are not less than 
 a hundred tons in weight, and on the top of the longest of them is a second rock, 
 which is very flat, and called Fin Mac Cumhail's Table. It is 5 feet 4 ins. long by 
 4 feet 6 ins. broad, 3 feet thick, and smooth on the top. These rocks are certainly 
 natural ; but immediately to the S. of them there is what appears to be a dolmen. 
 It is, at all events, a rock resting on four pillar-stones, and slanting a little towards 
 the N., but not more than 6 or 7 inches out of the horizontal. It measures 7 feet 
 from N. to S., 4 feet from E. to W. at the S. end, and 5 feet 5 ins. in the middle. 
 It varies in thickness, being 4 feet 3 ins. thick on the E. side, 3 feet on the W. side, 
 3 feet 10 ins. on the S. side, and 4 feet at the N. end. The stone supporting this 
 rock at the S.E. corner is 2 feet high, and the same broad. The one on the other 
 side is laid flat, and the other two supporters so surrounded by loose stones that they 
 could not be measured." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Tipperary, — - , p. 154. 
 F. lo
 
 56 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF WATERFORD. 
 
 In the Barony oi- Upperthird. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Gurteen- Lower, and Parish of Kil- 
 sheelan, marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 2 ; in low-lying 
 around iust S. of the river Suir, near a stream which falls into it. 
 
 "This monument consists of five standing stones, irregularly placed, supporting 
 a large flag in an inclined position. All the stones composing it are sandstone. 
 The flag lies E. and W., and measures 9 feet 8 ins. from E. to ^^^, and 8 feet 7 ins. 
 from N. to S. It is 3 feet thick at the E. end, 2 feet at the S. end, and i foot 6 ins. 
 at the W. end. The upright pillar supporting it at the E. end is 6 feet high, 2 feet 
 8 ins. wide, and 9 inches thick. The supporter next to it, on the S. side, is 
 6 feet 4 ins. high, 4 feet 6 ins. wide, and 3 feet thick. The next, on the S. side, 
 is 6 feet high, 6 feet 10 ins. wide, and 2 feet thick. The next is 5 feet 8 ins. high, 
 4 feet 6 ins. wide, and i foot i in. thick. The next and last is 6 feet 9 ins. high, 
 4 feet wide, and 2 feet 6 ins, thick. The large flag rests only on three supporters, 
 having slipped off the N.E. one. The area enclosed is 7 feet long by 4 feet broad." 
 Ryland says of the roofing-stone that it wants the flatness and peculiar position 
 of the more perfect of these works, 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Waterford, -^^, p. 115 ; Ryland, "Hist. Waterford," p. 294; "Carte das 
 Dolmens," .t.J'. "Buolick." ^-7 
 
 2, 3. In the Townland of Ballyquin, and Parish of Fenoagh, 
 are two dolmens marked Crovilcchs in Ord. Surv. Map No. 3. 
 They are near Kilquan and Toberquan. 
 
 These are described as similar to the dolmen in the Townland of Rath, als. 
 Rah (No. 4, infra), but they are much injured. In the N. part of the same Town- 
 land is a pillar-stone, 12 feet high, called the Ballyquin high stone. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Waterford, -^'"* , p. 66. 
 G. 7 
 
 4. In the Townland of Rath, adjoining that of Ballyquin on 
 
 the N., in the Parish of Fenoagh, is a dolmen marked Cro7)ilcck 
 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 3. It is indicated by a dot encircled by 
 
 a ring. 
 
 This is described as a large cromlech, consisting of a large flat stone supported 
 by three uprights. There was a fourth supporter, but it was broken when the note 
 was made of it by O'Curry. 
 
 O..S.L., Co. Waterford, — , p. 66; "Carte dcs Dolmens," s.v. " Clonegam." 
 G. 7
 
 County of Waterford. 
 
 57 
 
 In the Barony of Glenahiry. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Tooreen West, and Parish of Seskinan, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. 
 
 Of this O'Curry remarks : " In the S.E. extremity of the Townland of Tooreen 
 West there is a cromlech, but not so remarkable as to merit minute description, 
 like those already described." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. W.iterfoid, -'--, p. :oo. 
 G. 7 
 
 In the Barony of Coshmore and Coshbride. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Labbacallee, and Parish of Lismore 
 and Mocollop, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 19. 
 It is near Knockalough in the Knockmealdown Mountains at the 
 W. end of the range. The adjoining Townland is Knockalassa. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Waterford, -^ , p. 147. 
 G. 7 
 
 2. In the Townland of Ballyphilip West, and Parish of Kil- 
 
 Fig. 54. — Ballyphilip. From a sketch [unpublished) by G. Du Noyer. 
 
 cockan, near Ballyphilip Bridge, on the W. side of the Black- 
 water, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 34. 
 
 This "singular structure consists," says Mr. Du Noyer, " of an enormous block 
 of grit, one end of which rests on two low supporting-stones, while the other end is 
 propped up by a wall of dry masonry, 3 feet high." This writer regarded this as 
 an example of an unfinished and abandoned dolmen. 
 
 "Antiquarian Sketches," by G. Du Noyer, in Lib. R.I. A., vol. vii., p. 2; Kilk. Archceol. 
 Journ., vol. for :864-66, — Paper by G. Du Noyer.
 
 58 
 
 The Dolmens of Irei.anp. 
 
 In the Barony ov Middlethiru. 
 
 I, 2. In the Townland of Gaulstown, and Parish of Lisnakill, 
 are two dolmens 31 feet apart — neither marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 
 Fig. 55. — Gaul.-,to\vn. From a drawi/ig fif G. Dit N^oycr. 
 
 No. 17. The hill called Carrickaroirk is in an adjoining Town- 
 land called Clonfadda, to the S.W. of which, again, is a site marked 
 Cai-rickabansha, in the Townland of Ballymoat. The rocky hill, 
 
 on the W. side of which the 
 dolmens actually stand, is called 
 Knockaghallaigh, by which 
 
 O'Curry understands 
 hill." 
 
 Gauls- 
 
 The first of these monuments is 
 described as consisting of six pillar- 
 stones, supporting a large incumbent 
 llagstone (weighing six tons), placed 
 S.E, and N.W. The incumbent stone 
 measures 14 feet long, and 9 feet broad 
 at the E. end, narrowing to 2 feet 6 ins. 
 at the W. end. Its thickness is 2 feet 
 at the K. end ; i foot 3 ins. at the 
 W. end ; 3 feet in the middle on the N. side, and only 4 inches on the S. side. 
 The upright stone which supports it on the E. side is 4 feet S ins. high, 3 feet 
 wide, and 8 ins. thick. The one at the W. end is 6 feet 8 ins. high, 4 feet 
 6 ins. wide, and i foot 3 ins. thick. The next on the N. is 6 feet 8 ins. high. 
 
 Fig. 56. — Gaulstown. Plan by C. Ihi Noycr.
 
 County of Waterford. 59 
 
 5 feet 3 ins. wide, and 10 inches thick. The length of the chamber on the inside 
 IS 6 feet 4 ins. ; the breadth 5 feet ; the height at the W. end 6 feet 4 ins. ; and at 
 the S.E. end 8 feet 4 ins. The measurements of the sides externally are 10 feet 
 4 ins. in length respectively. The covering-flag rests only on two side stones, 
 namely, those at the E. and W. ends, and does not touch the rest. The E. end of 
 the roofing-stone is higher than the W. end of it— a feature which O'Curry, who 
 gives these careful measurements, says is rarely the case. It will be noticed from 
 the ground plan that there is a kind of porch or antechamber formed by the pro- 
 jection of two side stones at the E. end of the monument. The stone which 
 divides the chamber from the antechamber measures 3 feet 3 ins. wide. 
 
 The second of these monuments is described by Mr. Du Noyer as a "Giant's 
 Grave" formed of several large slabs set on edge. It measures 16 or 17 feet long 
 by about 4 feet 6 ins. or 5 feet wide, and was originally covered by three flags, one 
 of which yet remains, measuring S feet long by 5 feet 6 ins. wide. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Waterford, -i^, p. 41 ; Kilk. .\rch.x-ol. Jourii., vol. for 1864-66,— Paper by G. Du 
 
 ^•7 .... 
 
 Noyer, and plate facing p. 479 ; Ryland's " Hist, of Waterford," p. 267, where it is mentioned as 
 
 "near Pembrokestown." For estimated weight of the cap-slone, see below. Part II. chap. I. 
 
 3. In the Tovvnland of Ballynageeragh, and Parish of Dunhill, 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. Between 
 
 Flc. 57. — Ballynageeragh. Jrm/i n drawing Oy G. Du Xoycr. 
 
 this Townland and that of INIatthewstown, where there is also 
 a dolmen, is a Townland bearing the name Ballydermody. The 
 dolmen lies two miles \V..S.\V. of those at Gaulstown. 
 
 Of this dolmen Mr. Du Noyer has given two elevations and a ground plan. It 
 possesses two covering-stones. The larger of the two is extended over the smaller, 
 and upon this latter it rests. This smaller horizontal stone is laid on the heads of 
 the uprights which form the end of the chamber, in such manner as that it 
 protrudes beyond them externally, and forms a covering for a portico or ante- 
 chamber.
 
 6o 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 The sides of the chamber itself consist of four upright stones, but the larger 
 covering-stone rests only upon two supports, namely, on the upright slab at 
 
 Fig. 5S. — Ballynageeiagh. J-ront a drawing by G. Du i\oycr. 
 
 the N.W. end, and on the smaller and somewhat circular horizontal covering- 
 
 stone, laid, as above said, on the terminal 
 
 stones of the chamber. The large in- 
 cumbent stone measures 12 feet long by 
 8 feet broad, with an average thickness 
 of I foot. At its more elevated end, 
 which is towards the N.W., it is 6 feet 
 above the level of the ground. 
 
 Fig. 59. — Plan of Ballynageeragh. 
 By G. Du Noyer. 
 
 Paper by Mr. Du Noyer in Kilk. Archreol. 
 Tourn., vol. for 1S64-66, plates facing p. 480; 
 ""Antiquarian Sketches," by G. Du Noyer, in 
 Lib. K.LA., vol. vii., p. I; "Carte des Dol- 
 mens," s.f. "Gaultiere, No. 2." 
 
 4. In the Townland of Matthewstown, and Parish of Reisk, 
 is a dolmen marked on Ord. Surv. INIap No. 26 Giant's Grave, 
 Lcaba TJiomais MacCaba. It is situated W. of Ballyscanlan 
 Lake. 
 
 This dolmen lies E. and W., and is formed of ten standing-stones, supporting 
 three flagstones placed in a horizontal position. The eastern of these horizontal flags 
 is 4 feet 7 ins. wide, 6 feet long, and i foot 6 ins. thick. The middle one is 9 feet long, 
 4 feet 6 ins. wide, and i foot thick. The western one is S feet long, 3 feet 6 ins. 
 wide, and 2 feet thick. The structure is only 2 feet 6 ins. in height, differing 
 therefore greatly in this respect from the tall dolmens of this district. 
 
 It is said that a row of standing stones originally surrounded this monument. 
 When O'Curry visited it, however, all of these had been removed except nine, 
 which stood in a group at the W. end. 
 
 14 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Waterford, --^, p. 40, 
 G. 7 '^
 
 County of Waterford. 
 
 6i 
 
 5. In the Townland of Knockeen, and Parish of Kilburne, 
 is a dohnen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17, near 
 Sporthouse, in the S.E, corner of the graveyard, enclosed by the 
 termon wall of the old church of Kilburrin, and about twenty-five 
 
 paces from the church. 
 It is five miles N. of 
 Tramore, on the side 
 of a small hill, which 
 Ryland speaks of as at 
 Sugarloaf Hill, to the 
 S.E. of a range of hills, 
 which through its en- 
 tire course is covered 
 
 Fig. 60. — Plan of Knockeen. By G. Dti Noyer. • , r r i 
 
 With fragments 01 rock 
 varying in size from field stones to immense mountain masses. 
 
 Ryland calls this monument truly " a very noble cromlech." "Four oblong 
 masses of rock," he says, " elevated on their extremities, supjiort a table-stone of con- 
 siderable magnitude, the height of which he overestimates as 20 feet." " Within the 
 space enclosed by the uprights or pillars," he adds, " a single stone stands entirely 
 
 Fig. 6:. — Knockeen. From a sketch by C. Du Noyer. 
 
 detached from the sides and covering of the altar. The covering-stone is chlorite 
 slate, and its direction E. and W." 
 
 A writer in the Dublin Penny Journal describes it as " constructed of eight 
 huge rocks, six of which stand upright, while the remaining two are laid flat upon 
 some of the erect ones. One of the latter stones, which 'he judges to be' about
 
 62 Tjie Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 1 6 feet in length, and of proportionate breadth and thickness, weighing five or six 
 tons, appears to have been balanced on the top of one of the upright rocks as a 
 pivot" 
 
 O'Curr)', who describes this dolmen as being "in perfect preservation," gives the 
 following carefid description : "A huge flagstone, extending E. and W., is supported 
 by six standing stones, which do not appear to have been ever disturbed from their 
 original position. The three uprights at the E. end support a smaller flag, and all 
 support the large one, which measures 12 feet 6 ins. from E. to W., and 7 feet 
 S ins. from N. to S. At the middle of the S. side this large flag measures 3 feet 
 thick ; on the N. side 2 feet ; at the E. end 2 feet 3 ins. ; at the W. end i foot 
 10 ins. ; and from each side its thickness increases towards the centre. Two of the 
 six supporters are placed at the S. side ; two at the N. ; one at the E. ; and one at 
 the W. Over the eastern supporter and the two side ones joining it, is placed a flag 
 to make a level with the two side ones at the W. end, so that the horizontal flag or 
 table is nearly as level as a sun-dial. The supporter at the E. end is 5 feet 4 ins. 
 high, 6 feet wide, and 2 feet thick. The next to it, on the S. side, is 6 feet high, 
 5 feet wide, and i foot 6 ins. thick. The next, on the same side, is 9 feet 6 ins. 
 high, 5 feet wide, and 2 feet thick. The upright at the W. end is 6 feet 4 ins. high, 
 2 feet 10 ins. wide, and i foot 9 ins. thick. The head of this latter does not reach 
 the horizontal flag, so that it does not, at present, support it. The next upright on 
 the N. side is 9 feet high, 7 feet 2 ins. wide, and i foot 9 ins. thick. The smaller 
 of the horizontal flags before referred to measures 6 feet 9 ins. from N. to S., 5 feet 
 5 ins. in other directions, and i foot 9 ins. in thickness. The length of the 
 chamber on the outside is 13 feet, and on the inside 6 feet 6 ins. by 4 feet 3 ins. 
 The height of this enclosed area, from the level of the floor to its roof, on the 
 inside, is exactly 9 feet." The entire height of the structure from the floor level to 
 the centre of the large roofing-stone must be 13 or 14 feet, and not 20, as Ryland 
 surmised. The stones also of which the monument is composed should be 
 correctly described as felspathic dark-grey trap, rudely cleaved — the stone of the 
 district. This dolmen has been rightly described as the finest in the county of 
 Waterford, and one of the most perfect and remarkable in Ireland. 
 
 Ryland's " Hist, of Waterford," p. 263 ; Dublin Pmiiy Journal for Jan. 26th, 1S33 (vol. i. p. 
 
 245), with illustration ; O.S.L., Co. Waterford, pr^ . P- 33 ; Paper by G. Du Noyer, Kilk. Archseol. 
 
 Joum., 1864-66, plate facing p. 479 ; " Carte des Dolmens," s.v. Traraore. For estimated weight 
 of the cap-stone, see below, Part II. chap. I. 
 
 In the Barony of Gaultiere. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballindud, and Parish of Kilbarry, is 
 a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17, on level 
 ground, about two miles from Waterford, and half a mile E. of the 
 xoad from that place to Tramore. It stood in the angle of a field 
 •within one or two hundred yards, says Ryland, of Couse-na-Keal. 
 
 This is described as a fine example of a dolmen. The incumbent flagstone lies 
 E. and W., its eastern end having slipped off its supporters. .\t its eastern end, 
 which was touching the ground when O'Curry saw it, its measurement from N. to 
 •3. was 14 feet ; at its S. side from E. to W. 11 feet ; at its W. side 12 feet ; and at 
 its N. side 8 feet 6 ins. In the middle it measured 13 feet from N. to S., and 
 11 feet 6 ins. from E. to W. In thickness it is described as varying, being 3 feet
 
 CouxTV OF Waterford. 63 
 
 thick in the middle of the E. side ; 4 feet in the middle of the S. side ; 2 feet in 
 the middle of the W. side; and i foot 6 ins. in the middle of the N. side. The 
 supporters on the W. side, on which one end of the flag rested, were two in number ; 
 the one at the S.W. corner 6 feet high, 3 feet 6 ins. wide, and 2 feet thick ; the 
 other, which was close to it on the N., 5 feet high, 7 feet 4 ins. wide, and 2 feet 
 thick. Over this latter tiie large flag projected 2 feet 6 ins., and its extreme edge 
 rested on the former. The upright stone, off which the E. end of the large flag had 
 slipped, stood perpendicularly, measuring 5 feet 4 ins. high, 2 feet 8 ins. wide, and 
 2 feet 6 ins. thick at its base. The second supporter was broken by a farmer, who 
 attempted to destroy the monument. O'Curry, who gives the copious measure- 
 ments just quoted, observes that those given by Ryland, who speaks of the dolmen 
 as " near Kilbarry," are " very incorrect." Ryland accompanies his account by a 
 drawing which shows that the covering-stone, which the farmer precipitated from its 
 original position a short time before 1824, rested in his time, as when O'Curry 
 described it, upon two supporters at one end, while the other end rested on the 
 ground by the side of the third supporter. 
 
 Ryland, " Hist, of Waterford," p. 229, with illustr.ilion; O..S.L., Co. Wat., ,.^, p. 2 ; " Carte 
 
 des Dolmens," s.v. " Gaultiere, No i." For estimated weight of cap-stone, see below, Part II. 
 chap. I. 
 
 •'^^"'^'^ 
 
 
 Fig. 62.— Ballindud. y<'rom Kyland's " Waterford." 
 
 2. In the Townland of Ballygunner Temple, and Parish of 
 Ballygunner — at Mount Druid — is a dolmen marked Druid's 
 Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 18. 
 
 Ryland speaks of this as " a stone pointed out as a cromlech or ' Druid"s Altar.' " 
 In his opinion it was " altogether too minute to deserve the appellation with which 
 it had been dignified." 
 
 Ryland, " Hist, of Waterford," p. 243. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Harristown, and Parish of Kilmacomb, 
 a Cromlech is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 27. This must be 
 the Kilmacombe dolmen of Ryland, and the Dunmore East one 
 " near Creadan Head," described by Mr. Reade, and called
 
 64 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Carrick-a-Dhirra. It lies about two miles from Dunmore, and 
 about the same from the point of Creadon Head. 
 
 This monument was originally surrounded by a perfect circle of stones, of 
 
 Fig. 63. — Carrick-a-Dhiira. From a sketch accompanying Mr, Readers description. 
 
 which eleven out of the twenty-six which probably once formed the circle, according 
 to the plan, were still in place in 1868. The largest of them stood 3 feet 6 ins. above 
 
 
 Fig. 64. — Cartick-a-Dhirra. — Ground-plan. 
 
 ground. The direction of the chamber which the circle surrounded was E. and W., 
 and it measured 19 feet 2 ins. long by 7 feet 6 ins. broad. There were seven stones 
 on either side, and each end was closed by a single block. The roof consisted of 
 five covering-slabs. The chamber was rifled by treasure-seekers. 
 
 Paper by Rev. George Rcade, with elevation and plan, in Trans. Kilk. .'Vrchxol. Soc., 
 3rd ser. vol. i. (186S), p. 160 ; Compare Ryland, "Hist, of Waterford," p. 243.
 
 ( 65 ) 
 
 COUNTY OF CLARE. 
 
 In the Barony of Burren, 
 
 1. In the Townland of Craggagh, and Parish of Killonaghan, 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. The site, which locally 
 bears the name Leaba Dkiarmada agjis Ghrainnd, is that of a 
 massive rock in situ under which some side-stones have been 
 seemingly inserted. 
 
 It is a partly artificial cave rather than a dolmen (Note-book, W. C. B.). 
 
 2. In the Townland of Faunarooska and Parish of Rathborney, 
 near St. John's Well, is a dolmen marked Dennot and Granicis 
 Bed In Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. It is E.N.E. of Slieve Elva. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Cooleamore, and Parish of Killeany, is 
 a dolmen marked Dermot and Granids Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 5. It is E.S.E. of the summit of Slieve Elva. It is 
 mentioned by O' Donovan. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Ballycahill, and Parish of Drum- 
 creehy, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Ballymihil, and Parish of Kilcorney, 
 is a dolmen marked Crojjtlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. 
 
 6. 7. In the Townland of Cragballyconoal, and Parish of 
 Oughtmama, are two dolmens, each marked Cromlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 5. The southern one is close to a fort with cave. 
 
 Mr. VVestropp in his list gives three, but I only find two in the map. A dolmen 
 at this place is mentioned by O'Donovan. 
 
 Troc. Roy. Soc. of Ant. of Ireland, 1S94, p. 2SS ; O.S.L., -^^, p. 92. 
 
 IS. 23 
 
 8. In the Townland of Berneens, and Parish of Rathborney, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. It is 
 close to the road on the left-hand side going from Ballyvaghan 
 towards Corrofin, on the summit of the crag above Ballyallaban. 
 
 VOL. I. F
 
 66 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 This dolmen lies E.N.E. and W.S.W. The roofing-stone measures lo 
 feet II ins. long, and 7 feet 6 ins. broad. The sides are respectively 11 feet 5 ins. 
 
 sifC^U.-- 
 
 — Bemeens. Plan by the Author. 
 Scale s inch = I foot. 
 
 Fig. 65. — Bemeens. From a sketch by the Author. 
 
 and II feet long, and 4 feet 6 ins. high. The W.S.W. end of the vault 
 
 measures on the inside 4 feet 5 ins. 
 broad. The terminal stone measures 
 3 feet long and 4 feet 3 ins. high, an 
 aperture being left i foot 5 ins. broad. 
 At this end the roofing-stone overlaps 
 I foot, so as, with the side-stones, to 
 form a small porch. The opposite 
 end of the vault measures 3 feet 2 ins. 
 wide. The roofing-stone is 8^ inches 
 thick. The remains of a cairn sur- 
 round the monument. I measured 
 and sketched this structure in 1895. 
 It is the "Bemeens" monument in 
 
 Mr. Westropp's list, " Proc. Roy. Soc Ant. Ireland," 1S94, p. 2S8 ; Notebook, 
 
 ^V. C. B. 
 
 9. In the Townland of Ballyvaghan, and Parish of Drum- 
 creehy, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord, Surv. Map No. 2. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Poulaphuca, and Parish of Ought- 
 mama, is a dolmen marked Driiid's Altar in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 6. It lies a short distance E. of the southern of the two at 
 Cragballyconoal. 
 
 11. In the Townland of Rannagh East, and Parish of Carran, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 6. 
 
 12. 13. In the Townland of Ballyganner South, and Parish of 
 Nouehaval, are two dolmens, each marked Croinlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 9. The southern of the two is the large one 
 seen from the road from Kilfenora to Corrofm on the summit 
 of the hill near Ballyganner Castle. In the Ord. Surv. Letters
 
 COUNTV OF Cl.ARE. 
 
 67 
 
 it is called Lcaba Dhiarmada agus GhrainL The second and 
 northern one lies to the N.E. on the further side of a craggy 
 valley. This latter lies E. of that in Ballyganner North. 
 
 f^. '''^''im^^^t 
 
 Fig. 67. — Ballyganner South. From a sketch by the Author. 
 The southernmost of these Dolmens is the finest and most typical of the 
 dolmens of the Burren, and, as seen from the road below, has all the appearance 
 of a house, of far better proportions, indeed, than the large majority of shanties 
 in the vicinity. It is constructed of magnificent slabs of limestone, and bears a 
 remarkable likeness to examples in the Caucasus and the Dekhan. 
 
 Fig. 6S. — Plan of Ballyganner South. By the Author. Scale i inch = I foot. 
 
 The centre line of its longer axis is, as is almost universally the case with the 
 dolmens in this vicinity, E. and W. The measurements of the slabs which 
 compose it are as follows :— 
 
 Length, 
 ft. ins. 
 
 A = iS o 
 
 B = 19 o 
 
 C = 8 o 
 
 D = 6 4 
 
 There were two cap-stones, that which covered and overlapped the W. end 
 
 bemg the larger, and raised to a higher level than the other. This larger one 
 
 (E.E.E.) had been split in two in the centre from W. to E., and a piece broken out 
 
 of it on the E. side lay in the vault below. When perfect, this cap-stone measured 
 
 14 feet along its W. edge, 8 feet along its S. edge, 10 feet along its N. edge, and 
 
 Height, 
 ft. ins. 
 4 6 
 6 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 3 8 
 
 9 
 
 8
 
 68 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 about 1 2 feet along its E. edge. It was about i foot to i foot 6 ins. thick. At 
 its N.NV. corner it overlapjjed not only the terminal stone of the vault, but the 
 end of the N. side-stone, which latter extended 2 feet beyond the \V. side of the 
 terminal stone. Between the N. edge of the latter and the face of the side-stone a 
 narrow space or entrance 2 feet wide had been left. The S.W. corner of the cap- 
 stone also overlapped the terminal stone, but not so far as to cover the end of the 
 S. side-stone, wliich latter extended 3 feet 6 ins. beyond the face of the terminal 
 stone. The result of these details of construction was that a portico with protruding 
 roof was formed at the W. end of the monument. 
 
 The second cap-stone, which, singularly enough, lay with its longer axis 
 extended along the floor of the vault, measured n feet long from E. to W., 6 feet 
 2 ins. broad at the W. end, and about 6 feet 6 ins. at the E. end. -A. stone (H) 
 5 feet 6 ins. high, and the same in length, rested against the inner face of B. The 
 dimensions of the vault were 6 feet 10 ins. broad at the E. end, 10 feet broad at 
 the W. end, and 14 feet long. 
 
 A flat slab (G) which possibly, together with H, had formed portions of the E. 
 cap-stone, lay at the S.E. comer of the structure. It measured 6 feet 6 ins. long. 
 5 feet 6 ins. broad, and 10 inches thick. 
 
 At the E. end the two side-slabs A and B protruded 6 and 7 inches respectively 
 beyond the outer face of the terminal slab. There was no sign of an entrance to 
 the vault at this end, but in the side-stone A, at a distance of 5 feet from the E. 
 end, there was a diagonal hole right through the stone, as shown in the plan, which 
 m.iy well have been natural, although on the inner side I fancy it presents the 
 appearance of having been artificially enlarged. In the surface of both cap-stones 
 were curious ducts, and near the N.E. corner of F were six cup-hollows, forming a 
 semicircle from N.E. to S.W., with three others in line, and various others worked 
 into the surface. Considering the extraordinary manner in which the limestone of 
 the Burren has been scooped out and fissured by natural causes, I cannot pronounce 
 these artificial, but when it is remembered how often artificial cups and basins have 
 been found on the covering-stones of dolmens, and how frequently rocks have been 
 selected which bear on their surface natural hollows and other peculiarities, I am 
 inclined to think that in the selection of this stone, the constructors had regard 
 to the presence of such formations, even supposing them to be all purely natural, 
 of which I am by no means certain. Whether natural or artificial, we may certainly 
 compare these cups with those on the Anta de Paredes, near Evora in Portugal.f 
 
 The wonderful symmetry of this dolmen is due, as in the case of others which 
 occur in districts where (as in the Dekhan) limestone lies on the surface in lamina, 
 to the natural dressing of the material. The plan, as will be seen at a glance, is 
 identical with that aimed at by the builders of these structures in districts where 
 more rugged material such as granite, occurring not in slabs, but blocks, had to 
 be employed. It would have taken, for example, three or four blocks of granite, 
 such as those obtainable in most granite districts, to have formed the side of a 
 dolmen such as this, where a single slab of limestone is sufticient. The idea, 
 however, which had to be carried out was the same. The vault must expand from 
 E. to W. ; it must be higher at the latter than the former end, and at the W. end 
 there must be a porch or antechamber, with means of access to the chamber within. 
 There must, in short, be the aiitm and the cclla as distinctly marked, and as 
 essential to the whole structure as were the parts of the Roman temple which 
 respectively bore these names. 
 
 t " Ages Pr^historiques I'Espagne," by M. E. Cartailliac, fig. 255.
 
 CouNTV OF Clare. 
 
 69 
 
 With regard to the slabs, I was repeatedly informed by intelligent formers in the 
 Burren that it is a matter of astonishment to them how they could have been 
 detached from their limestone beds in such size and perfection. Nature, it is true, 
 has detached flags from the superficial strata in tens of thousands, and one cannot 
 walk ten yards over some portions of the crag without disturbing their equilibrium, 
 but blocks of the size and syinmetry of those used by the dolmen builders would 
 nowadays be far to seek. On the N. side of the monument are some stones 
 which may have formed part of a peristyle close to the side-stones, as in the 
 case of so many dolmens in Cork and elsewhere. This dolrnen has been described 
 
 in the Ord. Surv. Letters for the Co. of Clare, 
 
 14 
 B. 23 
 
 , p. 201 ; Note-book, W. C. B. 
 
 14. In the Townland of Ballyganner North, and Parish of 
 
 Noughaval, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 This is mentioned in the Ord. Surv. Letters, Co. Clare, as " equally perfect and 
 remarkable " with those at Ballyganner South, and the Deerpark. 
 
 0-S.L., j^-i,, p. 201. 
 
 15. In the Townland of (?) Kiltennan, and Parish of Nou- 
 
 Fig. 69.— liallykinvai-ga. J-rom a sketch by Mr. T.J. Walropf. 
 
 ghaval, " behind Ballyshanny House, by the road from Kilfenora 
 
 to Noughaval," is a dolmen not 
 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 
 9, but observed by Mr. Westropp. 
 
 It is at Ballykinvarga, N. of the 
 
 cahcr or stone fort of that name. 
 
 Fig. 70. — Ballykinvarga. Plan by Mr. T.J. 
 IVcstropp. .Scale \ inch = I foot. 
 
 For the drawing and plan of this dol- 
 men I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. 
 T. J. Westropp. The interior is filled 
 with rubbish. It lies E. and W., the terminal stone at the E. end having fallen. 
 The dimensions of the stones are as follows : —
 
 70 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Length. 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 
 ins. 
 
 A= 12 8 
 
 
 4 4 to 2 
 
 9 
 
 10 to 13 
 
 B= 5 8 
 
 
 3 6 
 
 
 S 
 
 C = 12 6 to 13 
 
 3 
 
 4 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 D = 4 7 (remaining dimensions uncertain, as it is nearly covered). 
 
 In the sketch one of the cahcrs or stone forts common in this vicinity is shown in 
 the distance. 
 
 16. In the Townland of Ueerpark (Lemeneagh), and Pari.sh 
 
 \S 
 
 Fig. 71.— Deerpark. From a sketch by Mr. T.J. Watropp. 
 
 of Xoughaval, S. of Lake Aleenaun, is a dolmen marked Cromlech 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. 
 
 For the following notes on this monument, which I .saw, but was prevented by 
 darkness from planning, I am indebted to Mr. Westropp. It presents many points 
 
 in common with those at Bally- 
 ganner South and Cloneen 
 {vide infra). 
 
 With regard to the points 
 of the compass, the long side- 
 stone C points E.S.E. and 
 W.N.W. Mr. Westropp adds 
 that, "on October i6th, 1895, 
 at 5.15 p.m., the sun illumi- 
 nated all the interior, even 
 the roof, as it was half visible, 
 setting over the hill." 
 
 In this instance there is no 
 slab close by the broader and western end, but there is a distinctly porch-like 
 
 arrangement at the narrower and 
 eastern end, the side-stones extend- 
 ing beyond the face of the terminal 
 stone I foot 4 ins., and 2 feet 9 ins. 
 respectively, and the cap-stone no 
 less than 3 feet 7 ins. The terminal 
 stone (D) itself, which Mr. Wes- 
 tropp, perhaps rightly, terms the 
 "partition stone," that is, if we may 
 regard the slab F as the end of the 
 monument, exhibits two openings, 
 one "8 inches clear scooped out at the N. edge, and one at the top corner of 
 
 Fig. 72. — Deerpark. Plan by Mr. T.J. Westropp. 
 Scale J inch = i foot. 
 
 ^^^^^'^^A>V^//////fi'/^''M^^///'!^''//'''' 
 
 Fig. 73. — East end of the Deerpark dolmen. 
 Elevation by Mr. T.J. IVestropp.
 
 County of Clare. 71 
 
 the S. edge 16 inches each way." In respect of these apertures, the stone may be 
 compared to the terminal stone of a dolmen in the Hautes Pyrenees.! 
 
 The vault or cell of the Deerpark dolmen measures 4 feet 10 ins. wide at the E. 
 end, and 6 feet 10 ins. at the W. end. The smaller covering-slab (A) measures 
 8 feet 2 ins. long, 5 feet 3 ins. broad, and 6 inches thick, but has fallen. The 
 larger one (E) measures 13 feet in greatest length, 10 feet 3 ins. along the W. edge, 
 and 9 feet across the middle. It is 9 inches thick, and is in place. The slab (B) 
 on the N. side is 12 feet long, 4 feet 6 ins. high at the W. end, and 3 feet 3 ins. 
 at the E. end, with a thickness of i foot. The slab (C) at the S. side is 13 feet 
 8 ins. long, 3 feet 7 ins. high at the W. end, and 4 feet 3 ins. at the E. end. It is 
 13 inches thick. The stone D, in which are the openings, is 4 feet 10 ins. long, 
 and 3 feet 6 ins. high. 
 
 On the E. side of the structure are traces of a slight mound, and at the W. 
 corner are loose blocks and a wall. Outside the side-stone C are three stones, two 
 upright and one fallen, which probably formed part of a peristyle about i foot 
 from the side of the dolmen. 
 
 This monument has been previously described in the Ord. Surv. Letters for 
 the County of Clare. 
 
 Of the limestone portions of the Burren which O'Donovan described as 
 " a formidable territory," it is usual to say that " there is not clay enough to 
 bury a man," and the notion obtains, as was mentioned to me by Mr. Frost, a 
 gentleman thoroughly acquainted with the antiquities of the County of Clare 
 upon the history of which he has written, that it is upon this account that stone 
 tombs, that is to say, these dolmens were erected on the surface, the bodies of the 
 dead being placed in them, and covered over with the stones with which their 
 interiors are found to be filled. Skeletons have been found in them — a fact which 
 is held to justify the view that the structures were raised in lieu of subterranean 
 vaults or graves, the surface of the rock being found too hard for excavation. The 
 bodies found in them are unburnt, and lie on the floor of the vault. With the 
 great size of the side-stones we may compare that of those of a dolmen exhumed 
 from its tumulus by Mr. R. C. Walker, in the County of Sligo, where a side-stone 
 measured 16 feet long. J 
 
 Button's statement, in his "Survey of the County of Clare," § that a "cromlech 
 at Ballyganner measured about 40 feet long and 10 feet broad, of one stone," is an 
 exaggeration. 
 
 MS. Letter from Mr. Weslropp ; O.S.L., Co. Clare, tt^i P- 201. 
 
 17, 18, 19. In the Townland of Fanygalvan, and Parish of 
 Carran, N. of Lake Aleenaun, are three Cromlechs in line, so 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. S. of them are rocks called 
 Farbrcga, and near them a dalldn, or pillar-stone. 
 
 20. In the Townland of IMoheramoylan, and Parish of Carran, 
 N. of Fanygalvan, is a dolmen marked Croiiilcck in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 9. 
 
 t "Mat. pour I'Hist. de rHomme," 1881, pi. xviii. 
 
 I See Sir W. Wilde, "The Boyne and the Blackwater," p. 234.
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 21, 22. In the Townland of Poulnabrone, and Parish of 
 Kilcorney, N. of IMoheramoylan, and S.W. of Cragballyconoal, 
 is a dolmen marked Crovilccli in Ord. Siirv. INIap No. 9. 
 
 Mr. Westropp has gi\-en me a sketch of a dolmen in this Townland, in which, 
 as I learn from him, there are two. The drawing shows a structure upon a mound. 
 One large roofing-flag is in place, supported on one side by one, on the other by- 
 two flags on edge in the manner of that at Cloneen. 
 
 23. In the Townland of Cappaghkennedy, and Parish of 
 Carran, on the top of a hill one mile E. of Castletown, and three 
 
 Fig. 74.— Cappaghkennedy. J-rom a sketch by tlic Author. 
 
 quarters of a mile N.E. of the Slievenaglasha one {infra), is a 
 
 dolmen marked Crotnlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 10. 
 
 The name given locally to this dolmen is " Labba-na-leagh." A neighbouring 
 Townland is called Lackaleagh by the natives, but is properly spelt Lackareagh. 
 
 Fig. 75. — Cappaghkennedy. Plan by the Author. Scale J iucli = i foot. 
 
 This is one of the most interesting dolmens of the Clare series, and belongs to 
 the Glasgeivneagh or Slievenaglasha group in the Barony Inchiquin. It is
 
 County of Clare. 73 
 
 apparently little known. 'I'he greater axis is approximately E. and W. It was 
 covered by two roofing-stones of which the E. one has fallen from its horizontal 
 position. The latter measures 10 feet long (from E. to W.) by 9 feet broad j the 
 other 10 feet 8 ins. broad (from N. to S.) by 7 feet from E. to W. The side flag 
 on the S. measures 10 feet 6 ins. long, that on the N. 12 feet. The W. end of this 
 dolmen is, in point of construction, different to any other in the district, since the 
 terminal stone does not lie between the side-stones, but crosses the extremity of the 
 N. one.f On the S. side, however, the side-stone extends i foot 10 ins. beyond 
 the front line of the terminal ; and opposite to this, so as to form the N. side of the 
 porch, a supplementary flag has been projected in line with the N. side-stone, and 
 at right angles to the terminal stone, to a distance of 5 feet. There is an entrance 
 2 feet wide into the interior of the dolmen between the S. side-stone and the edge 
 of the terminal. 
 
 The vault or cell measures 7 feet broad at its W. end, and 5 feet 6 ins. at the 
 E. end of the S. side-stone. Just outside the entrance lay a stone about 18 inches 
 long, into the smooth surface of which five artificial cups had been sunk, varying 
 from I to 2 inches in diameter, and shallow. Both on the N. and S. sides of the 
 structure there were traces of a peristyle at a distance of about i foot 8 ins. from the 
 side-stones. An egg-shaped range of smaller stones appeared also to have formed 
 an outer enceinte. Of this about seventeen stones could be counted, and others were 
 buried in the ground, which was slightly raised. The pointed end of the ovate 
 enclosure is to the E. The roofing-stone is thin, and upon it lay some stones and 
 earth, the debris probably of a shallow cairn which may have covered it. 
 
 Note-book, W. C. B. 
 
 In the Barony of Inchiquin. 
 
 I, 2, 3. In the Townland of Tullycommon, and Parish of 
 KilHnaboy, are three dolmens. That to v 
 
 the S.W. is marked Giant's Grave in Ord. 
 
 Surv. Map No. :o; that to the N.E. is /--^^f^^^— ^^J-^bllD'^ ^ 
 marked Dcnnot and Grania's Bed in the ) / ; L_lO 
 
 same map, and is near Knockaun Fort ; ^ l^— — — _ 
 
 the third, not marked on the map, Hes '■■.^A\ J ^^v ' 
 
 between the latter and the one at Slieve- fig. 76.— Tuiiycommon. PUn by 
 naglasha to the S.E. ; it is almost de- 
 molished, and was a small one. I was informed that the one 
 near Knockaun Fort was called CarrickaHasha. 
 
 o 
 
 The one of which I took a plan is the second of these. It is somewhat smaller 
 than those just described. The main axis is W.N.W. by E.S.E. The longer side- 
 stone measures from 9 to 10 feet long, and the shorter one 8 feet 8 ins. The 
 terminal stone at the E. end measures 4 feet 8 ins. long. The W. end is open, and 
 measures internally 4 feet wide, the E. end narrowing to 2 feet 6 ins. The two 
 cap-stones are not remarkable for size. 
 
 Note-book, W. C. B. 
 
 t This is noticeable in a dolmen in the Haiites Pyrenees referred to above, see p. 71.
 
 74 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Fig. 77. — Slievenaglasha. Plan by the 
 Author. Scale J inch = I foot. 
 
 4. In the Towiiland of Slievenaglasha, and Parish of Killina- 
 boy, N. of Glasgeivnagh Hill— one mile S.E. of Castletown — is 
 a dolmen marked Dcrmot and Crania's Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 
 No. 10. In walking from this to 
 the Cappaghkennedy dolmen [see 
 Bar. Burren No. 22], I crossed a 
 very fine circular stone fort called 
 " Knockaun Fort," containing one 
 or more sotitcrrams. The three 
 dolmens in Tullycommon, to- 
 gether with those of Slievena- 
 glasha and Cappaghkennedy, form 
 
 what may be termed the Castletown group. They lie about 
 
 two miles N.E. of the Leana group. 
 
 This is probably the " Darby and Grant's Bed," which Button f says is at 
 Tullyglashin. I was informed by several of the inhabitants of Castletown that this 
 had been the largest and most perfect of all the dolmens on this range of hills, until 
 an idiot set fire to a large quantity of peat which had been stored in it, and the heat 
 being intense, and the slabs limestone, the two covering-stones were split into 
 fragments, which now fill up the interior, and the northern side-stone was cracked 
 in two. 
 
 I do not think it improbable that most of those limestone dolmens which we 
 find in this county with their roof- and side-stones cracked or broken up owe their 
 destruction to the medium of heat, whether accidentally or purposely applied. 
 Instances may be quoted, both in Ireland and elsewhere in Western Europe, 
 where the spring or midsummer fires were lighted at or on a dolmen. 
 
 For example, at Tawnatruffan in Sligo, the young lads of the neighbourhood 
 were in the habit of lighting fires upon one of the dolmens, there called locally 
 '• Griddles," on the 23rd of June, St. John's Eve, and to this practice the fractured 
 state of the covering-stone was attributed. (See Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 220.) 
 Again, traces of fire about the dolmen of Eguilaz, in Alava, are attributed by Don 
 Pedro Andre's Zabala (in the Trans.actions of the Acad, de San Fernando, 1S33), 
 " to the bonfires which the Celts used to light on the last day of April on the tombs 
 in honour of the dead." (See " Espana sus monumentos y artes," Barcelona, Prov. 
 Vase. 1885, p. 51.) 
 
 The N. side-stone of this monument measures 15 feet long, i foot thick, and 
 4 feet 10 ins. high ; the S. one 11 feet long, 9 inches thick, and the same height 
 as the other. The interior, at the W. end, is 5 feet 6 ins., and the E. end 4 feet 
 6 ins. wide. .\ wall and cow-house have been built against it at the narrower 
 extremity. The whole structure appears to have been built on a cairn, the slope 
 of which is still steep at the W. end. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. of Clare, - '4,. PP- 68, et se^jq. ; Nole-book, W. C. B. 
 
 5, 6, 7, 8. In the Townland of Leana, or Leanna, and Parish of 
 
 t " Survey of the Co. of Clare," p. 317.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 /o 
 
 Killinaboy, are, or were (according to Ord. Surv. Maps loand 17), 
 four dolmens, i.e. three (each of which is marked Cromlech in 
 Map No. 17), and one marked Deinnot and Granids Bed, N. of 
 the rest, in Map No. 10. Besides these, on the top of the hill, 
 is a perfect cairn, marked also in INIap 17. All the above are 
 
 >x 
 
 Fig. 7S. — Leaniia((7). Plan by the Author. 
 Scale ! inch = I foot. 
 
 Fig. 79. — Leanna (i^). Plan by the 
 Author. Showing position of hole in 
 side-stone. Scale \ inch = i foot. 
 
 right 
 
 of the road 
 
 leading 
 
 N. towards 
 
 Castletown. I 
 one (a 
 
 on the 
 
 found traces of two of those marked " Cromlechs " : 
 
 small one) in ruins in a cairn, and the other also ruined. Of the 
 
 Dermot and Crania's Bed only two stones remain — apparently 
 
 the side stones — the one upright, and having a hole in it, as is the 
 
 case at the dolmen at Ballyganner South ; the other prostrate. 
 
 Of the ones marked Cromlech in the map, I planned a small but very typical 
 example (A), still three parts in a cairn. The long axis of the vault is N.E. and 
 S.W. It is wedge-shaped, as usual, and the side-stones are respectively 8 feet and 5 
 feet long. The broad end is 4 feet 6 ins., and the narrow end 2 feet 8 ins. wide. 
 The terminal flag at the broad end is 5 feet long, and that at the narrow end 4 feet 
 8 inches. The roof-slab has fallen in. It measures S feet long by 5 feet broad. 
 
 Of the dolmen marked Dermot and Crania's Bed (B) only two stones remain at 
 a distance of about 6 feet apart. One, which was probably a side-stone, is prostrate, 
 and measures 8 feet long by 5 feet 6 ins. broad. The other is upright on edge, 
 pointing S.W. and N.E. It is 10 feet long, 3 feet 6 ins. high, and from 6 to S 
 inches thick. Near the N.E. end, 9 inches from the top, is a round hole, 3 inches 
 in diameter at widest, which, although it may be natural, appeared, on careful 
 examination, to have been made more symmetrical by the hand of man. This 
 characteristic finds its counterpart at Ballyganner South, and may be compared 
 with a Syrian example of a hole in the «^f-stone of a dolmen given by M. Chantre, 
 an illustration of which will be given. 
 
 There seemed to have been a winding stone causeway leading across the moor 
 to this structure. 
 
 This group of dolmens at Leanna is that which O'Curry, in the Ord. Survey 
 Letters, places in a Townland which he calls Reabhachan, which I cannot find 
 in the map, although it is in the Parish of Killinaboy. He speaks of four dolmens.
 
 76 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 one of which is covered by a cairn : " Three of these are in the same field. 
 One of them is prostrate. Of the other two, that on the N. is composed of 
 four flagstones— two at the sides, one at the E. end, and one as the cover. The 
 W. end is open, a circumstance which, it may be noted, is often the case. Of 
 the side-stones, that on the S. is 7 feet 6 ins. long, 3 feet 6 ins. high, and 6 
 inches thick; that on the N. is 10 feet 6 ins. long, 4 feet 6 ins. high, and 
 6 inches thick ; that at the E. end is 4 feet long, 4 feet 6 inches high, 
 and 7 inches thick. The covering-stone is broken, and in part fallen in — 
 the portion remaining measuring 8 feet 6 ins. long, 5 feet 6 ins. broad, and 
 n inches thick. A little to the S. of this monument is the third— a perfect 
 one, composed of five flags. That on the S. is 14 feet long, 3 feet 9 ins. high, and 
 8 inches thick ; that on the N. is 15 feet long, and of the same height and thickness 
 as the other. The end one is 4 feet long, 3 feet 9 ins. high, and 9 inches thick. 
 The fourth dolmen, which is in the centre of a cairn, and which has been opened, 
 consists, like the last, of top, sides, and E. end flag. The cairn in which it is is on 
 the same townland, on the road to Newquay, and measures 44 paces in circum- 
 ference, and about 8 feet in height." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Clare :-^ , p. 66 ; Note-book, W. C. B. 
 B. 23 '^ 
 
 9. In the Townland of Commons North, and Parish of Kil- 
 j linaboy, is a dolmen marked Croiii- 
 
 /C^ — ~— l---^^— -:v-__ ^''^^^ '" ^''^* Surv. ]\Iap No. 17, now 
 
 \ J j^ J used as a cow-house. It is on the left 
 
 / j of the road leading N. to Castletown. 
 
 ') / (J ,..-' In the Ord. Surv. Letters, Co. Clare, O'Curry 
 
 / I \ ~ .■ J speaks of this as " a fine megalithic chamber, 
 
 "•-• 1. ■■' of the same kind as those at Reabhachan " (just 
 
 ^^ — - __^> noticed). He calls the place Cotee/i. "It is," 
 
 *"-— ^ he says, " composed of four flags, and measures 
 
 Fig. 80.— Commons North. Plan by the r , r o j^^ .^.Ag. ..^a f. fegf 
 
 AiMor. Srale ^ inch = I foot. ^ ^ ^^^^ '°"S' 5 leet s ms. wioe, ana o leet 
 
 high. . . ." " When the Ordnance Survey was 
 in progress, it was being used as a bed-chamber to a hut attached, inhabited by a 
 poor man of the name of Michael Coneen. Button also mentions a dolmen on 
 the " commons " of Killinaboy, which is probably the same. 
 
 My own measurements diftered but little from O'Curry's. The vault lies 
 N.E. and S.W. The longer side-stone measured 13 feet long and i foot thick. 
 It projected 2 feet 6 ins. beyond the terminal stone at the N.E. end. The shorter 
 side-stone measured 10 feet long, and projected i foot i in. beyond the terminal- 
 stone. The latter was 4 feet long. The width of the vault was 4 feet 6 ins. at the 
 N.E. end, and 5 feet 6 ins. at the S.W. end, where it was open. The height in the 
 interior was 5 feet 6 ins. The covering-stone was cracked across. It measured 
 12 feet 8 ins. long, and 8 feet 6 ins. broad, and there were deep channels in 
 its upper surface. Two long stones, placed in line, at a distance of from 2 feet 
 to 2 feet 4 ins. from tlie S.E. side-stone, were all that remained of a peristyle. 
 They were respectively 4 feet 10 ins. and 4 feet 6 ins. in length. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Clare, '•*-, p. 67. 
 IS. 23
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 11 
 
 ro, II. In the Townland of Parknabinnia, and Parish of Kil- 
 linaboy, are two dolmens : the one marked Cairn in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 17, but now uncovered, close to the road, on the left, 
 
 
 Fig. 81.— Parknabinnia. Sketch hy the Author. 
 
 
 
 'J 
 
 leading north to Castletown ; the other marked Giant's Grave 
 to the S.W. of it, and near a Cave (so marked in Map 17). 
 
 The above seven dolmens (5-11) may be called the Leana 
 group. 
 
 The first of these is a very perfect and interesting example, having only recently 
 been denuded of its cairn, a large portion of which still remains on its northern side, 
 and some of which still surmounts the roofing-stone. It lies E.N.E. and W.S.W. 
 The longer of the two side-slabs 
 measures 15 feet in length, and 
 about 9 inches in thickness. The 
 opposite one is 12 feet i in. long, 
 and the same thickness. At the 
 E.N.E. end they project slightly 
 beyond the terminal-stone, which 
 latter is 4 feet long and 3 feet 
 10 ins. high. The vault at this 
 end is 4 feet 5 ins. wide, and at 
 the other end 5 feet 6 ins. wide, 
 having a length of 9 feet 9 ins. 
 The arrangement at the W.S.W. 
 end is peculiar. The side-flag to 
 the N. projects 2 feet 6 ins. beyond the line of the outer face of the terminal-stone, 
 as also does the opposite one. The terminal-stone is 3 feet 9 ins. long, leaving an 
 entrance gap between its edge and the S. side-stone iS inches broad. Another slab, 
 however, 3 feet broad, is set up outside this entrance, with its edge against the 
 S. side-flag, in such a manner as that, in order to enter the vault, one has to 
 go round it. The greatest width beneath the ends of the side-flags is 5 feet 9 ins. 
 The covering-stone does not considerably overlap the porch thus formed, but it has 
 the appearance of having been broken off at the edge. It overlaps, however, 
 the N. side-flag as much as 2 feet 6 ins., and in the centre of the side-flag, at 
 
 Fig. 82.- 
 
 -Parknabinnia. Plan by the Author. 
 Scale I inch = I foot.
 
 ^s 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the top, is a sort of gully, large enough to admit the hand, and which may have 
 served the same purpose as the hole in other structures, perhaps for the intro- 
 duction of offerings. The cap-stone, which I think was once larger, measures 
 13 feet in greatest length, by 10 feet in greatest breadth. The cairn surrounding 
 the dolmen must have been about 50 feet in diameter. 
 Note book, \V. C. B. 
 
 12. In the Townland of Ballycasheen, and Parish of Killlna- 
 boy, is a dismantled dohnen, marked Dermot and Gj-ania's Bed 
 in Ord. Surv. INIap No. 16. 
 
 This must be the monument spoken of by Button as at Eallykisshen. He 
 says it was "a very remarkable cromlech, and very capacious, covered formerly 
 
 with two large flags, 12 or 14 
 feet long each. They were nearly 
 shaped like the lid of a coffin, 
 and were placed head to head. 
 One of them remained, but the 
 other had been thrown down." 
 
 I found that it lay in a valley 
 not far from Lemeneagh Castle, 
 and near Ballycasheen House. 
 It has been more completely 
 ruined since Button heard of it. 
 It lies E. and W. One cap-stone 
 broken in two, measuring 8 feet 
 by 8 feet 4 ins., lies tilted up 
 against the W. terminal stone, 
 while a portion of another occu- 
 pies the greater part of the in- 
 terior of the vault. Two other 
 large flat stones lie outside the structure on the S. In this instance it appears 
 that the usual arrangement is reversed, the E. end, where the porch seems to have 
 been, being broader (6 feet 8 ins.) than the W. end (5 feet). The vault is about 
 8 feet long. Two thin side-slabs are in place on the S. side, and four on the N. 
 There seemed to have been a mound about it, but I am not satisfied that the 
 whole structure has not been so overhauled as to render a ground-plan valueless. 
 
 Dutton, "Survey of Clave," p. 317 ; Note-book, W. C. 1!. 
 
 13, 14. In the Townland of Gortlecka, and Parish of Killina- 
 boy — close to Ashfield — were two dolmens each marked Cromlech 
 in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 10 and 17. 
 
 15. In the Townland of Dromore, and Parish of Ruan, a 
 dolmen was observed by Mr. Westropp, not marked in the Ord. 
 .Surv. Maps Nos. 17, 18, 25, 26, which contain this Townland. 
 
 16. In the Townland of Ballyogan, and Parish of Ruan, is 
 a dolmen marked Giant' s Grave in Ord. Surv, Map No. 26. 
 
 Fig. 83. — Ballycasheen. Plati by the Atilhor. 
 Scale J inch = I foot.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 79 
 
 17. In the Townland of Knockalassa, and Parish of Inagh, 
 on the left-hand side of the road, at the top of the divide on 
 Slieve Callan, as you pass from Milltown Malbay to Ennis, is 
 a dolmen marked Derinot and Granias Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 31. 
 
 The name of this Townland is repeated in the Counties of Waterford, Sligo, and 
 Mayo. The latter portion seems identical with Glasha, or Glaise, pointing to the 
 presence of the story of the famous cow, for which see the part of this work devoted 
 to legends and folk-lore. 
 
 This dolmen is mentioned in a paper by Theophilus O'Flanagan in the Trans. 
 R.I.A. (1786), in which he calls it a " Druid Altar." He refers to an unpublished 
 romance containing an account of the antiquities of the western part of the County 
 of Clare, by Mr. Comyn, who lived near Mount Callan, and had stated that 
 this monument was dedicated to the Sun, and that the natives in heathen times 
 
 
 .,1^ 
 
 
 Fu;. 84. — Knockalassa (Slieve Callan). From a sketch by the Author. 
 
 assembled there on the ist of May in every year, when they held an annual festival 
 to offer sacrifice to that deity. Button calls this dolmen Altoir-na-Grdnc. A native 
 of Miltown Milbay informed me, in 1895, that young people still resort to the 
 summit of Slieve Callan to dance on (so I understood him) Midsummer Eve,, 
 although the custom is going out, owing to the priests setting their face against it. 
 
 Sir Samuel Ferguson speaks of it as a "remarkable trilithon cromleagh 
 known by the name of Leaba Dhiarmada as Grainne." The R.I.A. possesses 
 a drawing of it. 
 
 It is the most symmetrical dolmen I have ever seen, and the slabs of which 
 it is composed, bearing in their surfaces natural 
 grooves incident to the limestone formation, and being 
 remarkably well squared, also by nature, present at 
 first sight the appearance of having been both dressed 
 and sculptured by the hand of man. Its central long 
 axis points W.N.W. and E.S.E. The two side- 
 slabs are neither parallel nor of equal length. The 
 W.N.W. end is the broadest, measuring 5 feet 9 ins., 
 while the other end measures 5 feet. The shorter 
 side-stone, on the S., is 7 feet long, and i foot thick ; 
 the longer one, on the N., 10 feet 6 ins. long, and 
 the same in thickness as the other. The roofing-stone measures 10 feet in greatest 
 length, and 7 feet 6 ins. broad. It would be an almost perfect oblong were it 
 
 Fig. 85. — Knockalassa. I^/aip 
 by the Author, Scale \ inch 
 = I foot.
 
 8o The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 not that there is a gap in the S.W. corner. At the E. end it does not reach the 
 end of the side-slab by i8 inches, but at the W. end it overlaps it about a foot. 
 This roofing-slab is lo inches thick. The height of the side-stones is 3 feet 
 4 ins., but it may be a very little more, as the interior was full of water when 
 I planned and drew it. 
 
 Trans. R.LA., 17S6, "Antiquities," p. 7 : Proc. K.I..\., 2nfl Ser., vol. i. pp. 166 .ind 315 : 
 Note-book, W. C. B. 
 
 In the Barony of Corcomroe. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Cahermacrusheen, and Parish of Kil- 
 lilagh, is a dolmen, now fallen, marked Dennoi and Granids Bed 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 8. It is near Glashamore, inland from 
 the point Lackglass, and in pro.ximity to three forts named 
 Cahermaclanchy, Glasha Fort, and Caherglasha. 
 
 This is a dolmen which has suffered complete collapse only witliin the last few 
 years. It seems to have lain E. and W., and to have been partly enveloped in a 
 cairn. Two slabs, each 10 feet long, and each broken in the centre, lie side by side. 
 They probably formed the sides of a vault about 4 feet high. A third slab, 10 
 feet long, by from 8 feet 2 ins. to 6 feet broad, and 7 inches thick resting on 
 the N. one, was the roofing-stone, while two stones 4 or 5 feet wide lying at 
 each end under the others may have been the terminal stones. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Cloneen, and Parish of Kilfenora, due 
 E. of the dolmen at Ballyganner South, on the crag, is a 
 
 ^-'^^^^'^^^^^^g^^lsT^ 
 
 Fig. 86.— Cloneen. Sketch by the Author. 
 
 dolmen marked Dennot and Granids Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 9. It may be considered as one of the Ballyganner group. 
 £See Bar. of Burren, Nos 12, 13, 14.] 
 
 This is a monument very similar to that at Ballyganner South. As seen from a ' 
 distance, it has exactly the appearance of a wooden shed, with the jambs of the door 
 leaning inwards as they rise, and the flat roof-slab projecting (like the seat of a 
 milking-stool) beyond their upper edges on either side — a feature in which these 
 Clare dolmens resemble those of Portugal. 
 
 The roof, which is in two portions, measures 15 feet 2 ins. long, 8 feet 3 ins. 
 •broad, and 9 inches thick. The N. side of the structure is much broken. It
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 8i 
 
 Fig. 87.- 
 
 -Cloneen. Plan by the Author. 
 Scale J inch = I foot. 
 
 consists at present of three stones, and other broken ones lie within the area of the 
 
 vault. There are traces on this side of a peristyle at a distance of 3 feet 3 ins. 
 
 from the W. end, and 2 feet 3 ins. from the E. end of the dolmen. The vault 
 
 measures internally 5 feet 6 ins. 
 
 broad at the W. end, narrowing to 
 
 3 feet 3 ins. or less at the E. end. 
 
 It is about 14 feet long. The 
 
 single stone which forms the S. 
 
 side is IS feet 2 ins. long, 4 feet 
 
 7 ins. high, and from i foot to 
 
 9 ins. thick. The covering-stone 
 
 overlaps the W. end, but there is 
 
 no terminal stone now in place. 
 
 Of the three stones which form the 
 
 outer line or peristyle on the N. 
 
 side, the W. one is 4 feet 6 ins, 
 
 long, and about the same height, 
 
 while the two at the E. end diminish to i foot 6 ins. high. In a stone at the N.E. 
 
 corner of the vault a hole the size of a finger, and measuring i^- inches deep, has 
 
 been bored as if to receive a bolt, a circumstance which induces me to think that 
 
 this dolmen has at some time been overhauled to form a calves' house, or possibly 
 
 a human habitation. It stands on, or rather in, a low mound of stones. 
 
 In the Townland of Shallee, and Parish of Kilnamona, is 
 a place called Lcab.x-na-glaise. Here may have been a dolmen. 
 In some MS. "Notes," lent to me by Miss M. Stokes, reference 
 is made to " human remains, a skull much shattered, and leg bones 
 having been found here." 
 
 Dutton, speaking of the dolmens in Clare generally, says : — 
 " Certainly many of these cromlechs were used as places of 
 sepulture, because bones have been frequently dug up under 
 them." 
 
 In the Barony of Bunratty Upper. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Kilvoydan South, and Parish of Inchi- 
 cronan, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 26. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Caheraphuca, and Parish of Inchicronan, 
 by the side of the road from Ennis to Crusheen, and very near 
 the latter, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 26. I am enabled, owing to his kindness, to append a sketch of 
 this dolmen from the pencil of Mr. T. J. Westropp (see next page). 
 
 3. In the Townland of Ballymaconna, in the Parish of Kil- 
 raghtis, is a dolmen marked Dcrmot and Granids Bed in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 26. 
 
 VOL. I. G
 
 82 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 4, 5. In the Townland of Clooney, and Parish of Clooney, are 
 two dolmens, each marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 34. 
 
 Of these Mr. Westropp has kindly sent me plans and a sketch. The eastern one 
 is much more imperfect than the other. Eight stones form a rude circle with a 
 fallen one, 5 feet 6 ins. long within the area. Two fallen stones of the circle 
 measure respectively 1 2 feet 6 ins. by 8 feet by 2 feet to 8 ins. thick ; and 9 feet 
 3 ins. by 6 feet 6 ins. by 2 feet 6 ins. to 11 ins. thick. Five other upright stones 
 are about 3 feet 6 ins. to 3 feet high. On the whole, I think this monument was 
 perhaps a circle and not a dolmen. 
 
 The western "Grave" is certainly a dolmen, and seems to have been of boat-shape. 
 Its greater length is about N.N.E. and S.S.W. The western side and southern end 
 are tolerably perfect, and show distinctly the stones of a peristyle. Three slabs in 
 line form the S. end, measuring together about 10 feet. From either extremity of 
 this line a slab branches off at an obtuse angle so that the corners of the vault are 
 not right angles, but rather curves in the manner of the stern of a boat. From the 
 extremity of the one on the W. side a curving line of seven slabs run in the N.N.E. 
 direction, so that, had the E. side, which is in ruins, been similarly completed, they 
 would have met in a point. The interior measures 26 feet 6 ins. long, and 14 feet 
 broad at broadest. It stands on a natural hillock. 
 
 6, 7. In the Townland of Rylane, and Parish of Clooney, 
 
 are two dolmens — observed by Mr. Westropp — not marked on 
 
 Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 26 and 34, which contain this Townland. 
 
 They are approximate to each other, as seen in Mr. Westropp's sketch, and 
 in a direction N.E. and S.W. In the first the stones are larger than in the 
 second, but it is completely overturned and defaced. The other, called the West 
 Labba, lies E. and W., and is partially covered in an oblong mound.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 The following are the measurements of the stones in the plan : 
 
 A = 2 feet 9 ins. long, the rest buried. 
 
 B = 4 
 
 C =4 
 
 U = 5 
 
 E = 3 
 
 F = 4 
 
 G = 6 
 
 H = 6 
 
 I = 2 
 
 K = 3 
 
 6 
 o 
 
 4 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 ^^- 
 
 by 4 feet broad. 
 
 buried. 
 
 to 6 feet. 
 
 covered. 
 
 by 4 feet broad by 10^ inches thick. 
 
 by 4 feet 4 ins. broad. 
 
 and 9 inches thick, nearly covered. 
 
 nearly covered. 
 
 and 9 inches thick — the rest covered. 
 
 
 9> )s, ;^' 
 
 Fig. 89.— Rylane. 5/C'rff/; /y Ii!r. T.J. IVestropp. 
 
 
 
 IT.'V'- "'"''"»'"'^'"^" '^■^''' 
 
 "-•.v*, 
 
 i-0<.,.^v.>S--" 
 
 Fig. 90.— Rylane. F/a/i of Wistcrn Dolmen hy Mr. T.J. Wesiropp. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Caherlogan, and Parish of Clooney, 
 is a dolmen — observed by Mr. Westropp — not marked on Ord. 
 Surv. Maps Nos. 34 and 35, which contain this Townland. Caher- 
 logan joins the Townland of Moymore in which are dolmens, 
 and which connects this district with that of Tulla.
 
 84 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 This dolmen was overturned by a farmer, who removed the side-slabs, but 
 found it easier to set the top-stone on its edge, and leave it in the field. In the 
 condition to which by this process it was reduced, Mr. Westropp has kindly given 
 me two sketches of it 
 
 
 
 Fig. 91.— Rylane. Sketch of the Weitern Dolmen by Mr . T.J. Westropp. 
 
 9. In the Townland of Ballyhickey, and Parish of Clooney, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 34, near 
 Hazelwood House. 
 
 ,,-<"-w.h 
 
 \ 
 
 '-<k 
 
 In the Townland of Monanoe, and Parish of Doora, is a dolmen 
 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 34. 
 
 , 10. In the Townland of Bally- 
 
 \ macloon East, and Parish of Quin, 
 
 5 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in 
 
 f Surv. Map No. 42. 
 
 " 1 1. In the Townland of Knopoge, 
 
 and Parish of Quin, is a dolmen 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surw Map 
 No. 42. 
 
 \o oOo^, 
 
 Fig. 92. — Knopoge. 
 Plan by Mr. T. J. Westropp. 
 
 Of this dolmen of Knopoge or Knappoque, 
 Mr. Westropp has kindly sent me a rough 
 sketch-plan. It has been much mutilated in recent years, "the outer ring of 
 stones being tossed out, and part of the top-slab, which was once nearly square,
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 broken away." It seems to me to be clear that the part of the monument which is 
 left, namely the W. end, presents the usual feature of a narrow entrance space 
 between the S. end of B. and the N. side of C. The dimensions of the covering- 
 stone are 8 feet (N. to S.) by 4 feet 7 ins. (E. to W.) by 10 inches thick. 
 
 Fig. 93. — Ivnopoge. Sketch by Mr. T.J. WeilroJ'Ji. 
 
 12. In the Townland of Dooneen, and Parish of Doora, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 32. 
 
 13. In the Townland of Ballyogan, and Parish of Kil- 
 raghtis, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 26. 
 
 In the Barony of Bunratty Lower. 
 
 1,2. In the Townland of Drumullan, and Parish of Kilmurry, 
 are two dolmens each marked Deruiot and Granids Bed in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 43. They are E. of that at Knopoge. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Kilcornan, and Parish of Kilmurry, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 43. It 
 is N.E. of the Drumullan ones. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Knocknalappa, and Parish of Kilmurry, 
 is a dolmen marked Dcrmot and Crania's Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 43. The name of this Townland is clearly derived from the 
 lappa = labba or leaba. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Ballysheenbeg, and Parish of 
 Kilfinaghta, is a dolmen marked Dcrmot and Crania's Bed
 
 86 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 52. It is S.E. of that at Knock- 
 nalappa. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Ballyphunta or Ballinphunta, and 
 
 F#^::'^^ 
 
 
 
 ^^v^^-^-... 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 94.— Ballyphunta. 5,fir/i-/i *;' ^1//-. /. T. Weslropp. 
 CD 
 
 C 
 
 1} 
 
 Fig. 95.— Ballyphunta. Plan by Mr. T. J. 
 IVestropp. Scale 5 inch = i foot. 
 
 •iCnzc:^- 
 
 Fig. 96. — Ballyphunta. W. elevation. 
 By Mr. T.J. U'tstropp. 
 
 
 IDK 
 
 Fig. 97. — Ballyphunta. N. elevation. 
 By Mr. T.J. Westropp. 
 
 Fig. 98. — Ballyphunta. S. elevation. 
 By Mr. T. /. Westropp. 
 
 Parish of Kilfintinan, close to Crughan or Croaghane Church, a 
 dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 62. 
 
 Of this dolmen Mr. Westropp has been so kind as to send me a careful 
 plan and three elevations. The structure lies E. and W., and was covered by 
 two roofing-slabs of which the W. one overlaps the other, which seems to have 
 succumbed. A flag 4 feet 10 ins. long and 10 inches thick crosses and completely 
 closes the W. end. The vault is small and is higher at the W. than at the E. end, 
 the cap-stone slanting in the latter direction. Two side-stones remain in place on 
 either side, measuring 3 feet and 2 feet 6 ins. high. Three stones outside the
 
 County of Clake. 
 
 87 
 
 dolmen at the W. end show that there was a peristyle. The E. cap-stone measures 
 4 feet 8 ins. by 4 feet 2 ins.; the W. one 6 feet 7 ins. by 5 feet 6 ins., by 10 
 inches thick. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Brickhill, and Parish of Kilfmtinan, 
 very near that in Ballinphunta, to the S.W. of it, and N. of a site 
 marked Laght, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 62. 
 
 In the Barony of Tulla Upper. 
 
 I, 2. In the Townlands of Tyredagh Lower and Tyredagh 
 
 99. — Tyredagh Lower. Skclcii by Mr. T.J. Wcstropp. 
 
 Upper, and Parish of Tulla, close to 
 Tyredagh Castle, are two dolmens, one 
 only of which, marked Cromlech, appears 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 27. The other 
 has been observed by Mr. Westropp. 
 
 The first of these, for a plan and drawing of 
 which I am indebted to Mr. Westropp, lies E. and W. 
 The vault is in a ruinous condition, but was about 
 13 feet long. One of the roofing-stones, 8 feet long 
 by 6 feet 3 broad, by 10 inches thick, was in place, 
 but apparently broken. A tree was growing within 
 the area of the vault. 
 
 The second dolmen, which Mr. Westropp places 
 in the Townland of Tyredagh Upper, is a remarkable 
 specimen, as will be seen by the plan he has so care- 
 fully prepared. The direction of the longer axis is 
 
 Fig. 100. — Tyredagh Lower. 
 Plan by Mr. T. J. Westropp. 
 Scale 1 inch = i foot.
 
 88 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 ^iirmmy'^il 
 
 Sriij 
 
 
 
 •'^ f# ,':, ^^-^i^''^'^ 
 
 Fig. ioi. — Tyredagh Upper. From a skdcli by I\tr. T.J. IVcstropp. 
 
 I, 
 
 C 
 
 
 /nho a 
 
 no 
 
 Fig. 102.— Tyredagh Ujiptr. Plan by Mr. T. J. Westropp. Scale \ inch = i foot.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 89 
 
 N.N.E. and S.S.W., and at the end which appears to be the broader the monu- 
 ment faces a stream, into which some of the terminal stones have fallen. How 
 far the opposite end extended seems uncertain. The large stone, G, may pos- 
 sibly have been a roofing-stone. The width of the vault at that end is 6 feet 
 6 ins., and between the two stones which terminate it there is an opening 
 4 inches wide. Within this is a compartment exactly square, measuring 6 feet 
 6 ins. each way. Two transverse stones, each about 2 feet 6 ins. wide, form, as it 
 were, the jambs of an entrance into a further compartment, or perhaps compart- 
 ments, so that the structure may be said to resemble closely that at Annaclochmullen, 
 in Armagh (which see). The entire length from the stream to the end of the 
 stone G is 33 feet. The following are the dimensions of the stones : — 
 
 Ler 
 
 gth. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Tiiickness 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft, ins. 
 
 A = 7 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 I 7 
 
 B = 7 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 I 7 
 
 C = s 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 D 
 
 
 (covered by other stones) 
 
 
 E = 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 F = 3 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 G = 9 
 
 
 
 (nearly covered) 
 
 
 H = 7 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 KK = 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 L = 3 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 M =4 
 
 6 
 
 ^> 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 N = 9 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 (broad) 
 
 I 4 
 
 3. In the Townland of Newgrove, als. Ballyslattery, and 
 
 ,iA,~^^5>>^;^ 
 
 ■ i&M^^ 
 
 
 Fig. 103. — Newgrove, Tulla. From a sketch by the Author. 
 
 Parish of Tulla, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 35. 
 
 This is a good e.xample of the wedge-shaped form of structure surrounded by its 
 peristyle, of which latter five stones remain, three on the N. side and two on
 
 90 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the S. The longer axis of the vault is E.N.E., and W.S.W. It measures about 
 9 feet long, by 5 feet 3 ins. broad at the inner or W. end, and 4 feet 2 ins. at the 
 unclosed and E. end. The roofing- slab measures 9 feet by 9 feet 6 ins., and 
 I foot 5 ins. thick. 
 
 The dimensions of other stones are as follows : — 
 
 
 LenKth. 
 
 Jlcighl. 
 
 Thickness, 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 A = 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 15 = 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 C = 
 
 10 
 
 • 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 * 3 
 
 D = 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 E = 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 (ov 
 
 ergrowii 
 
 with brambles) 
 
 F = 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 G = 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 H = 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 (noi 
 
 taken) 
 
 (not taken) 
 
 K = 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Fig. 104. — Newgrove. P/an by the Author. 
 
 In the face of this last stone, which stands at the entrance of the vault, is 
 an artificial circular cavity, known to the Irish as a bullan, and the stones so 
 excavated as (5«//i«-stones. The mouth of the basin measures 11 inches in 
 diameter, and the cavity is 6 inches deep on the slant. Its presence at the 
 entrance of this dolmen-vault, in the position of a holy-water stoup at the entrance 
 of a church, is interesting. With it may be compared the basin cut in a natural 
 rock at the dolmen called the Three Brothers of Grugith in Cornwall ; that cut 
 in one of the stones of the dolmen of Mont d'Alge'da, in Portugal ; that cut in 
 the upper face of a stone in the circle in the Deer Park at Castle Archdall 
 in Fermanagh, and every bulldn-sXonQ in Ireland to which veneration is attached, 
 or which stands by the entrance of some early Christian cell. For the Cornish and 
 Portuguese examples see the Comparative portion of this work. 
 
 Kote-book, W. C. B. 
 
 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. In the Townland of Milltown, and Parish 
 of TuUa ; the sites of seven dohiiens are marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 35 respectively, as Dermot a7id Granias Bed (six) ; 
 Cromlech (one) ; Giant's Grave (one). Si.x of tliem lay on the 
 left-hand side of the road leading from Newgrove to Tulla. Of
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 91 
 
 these, two were in the portion of the Townland W. of the road 
 branching off at right angles to Gort, and four were on the right 
 of it. One, which is still perfect, lies immediately inside the field- 
 wall to the right of the road from Newgrove to Tulla, a little 
 
 Fig. 105. — Milltown. from a sketch by the Author. 
 
 y 
 
 \C:r. 
 
 beyond Milltown on the Tulla side. Of the others, one is said to 
 have been blown up in 1S92, another is defaced, and of the 
 remainder the site only of one seems to 
 be remembered. 
 
 Mr. Westropp has mentioned to me 
 still one more, which, with the above 
 seven, would make eight formerly exist- 
 ing on the Townland. This latter, which 
 was not marked on the map, lay among 
 the hazels, near some natural caves, called 
 locally "the Toomeens " (.•' tuaimin = 
 little tomb), on the N. side of the Town- 
 land. 
 
 Bi 
 
 ^"^:i~^~^- 
 
 Fig. 106. — Milltown. Plan by the 
 Author. Scale \ inch = : foot. 
 
 After mentioning several "holy wells" in the Parish of Tulla, O'Curry 
 (Ord. Surv. Letters, co. Clare) says that on Milltown Townland there are 
 seven "Giants' Graves." One of them is said to have been in perfect pre- 
 servation, " of irregular square form, serving as a pig-sty, with a nek of turf 
 built over it. Another, a little to the N.E., in a field a little N. of the road from 
 Tulla to Ballyslattery, had the form of a grave or coffin, measuring 19 feet 6 ins.
 
 92 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 long, 4 feet 5 ins. broad at the foot, and 6 feet 4 ins. at the head from out to 
 out. This monument was enclosed by a number of large stones placed at a few 
 feet distant, and following the form of tlie grave. The dolmen, wliich is still 
 perfect, I planned in 1S95. It consists simply of five stones, and its condition 
 proves it to have been untouched, although, as in the case of that at Parknabinnia, 
 which it resembles, a mound probably once covered it, the remains of which 
 may never have been removed from its top, which is covered with earth and 
 stones, coated with moss and shamrock. 
 
 Its longer axis is E.S.E. and W.N.W. The roofing-stone measures 10 feet 
 long by 9 feet broad. The vault measures 4 feet 8 ins. at the E. end, and 5 feet 
 at the W., and 8 feet 6 ins. long. The dimensions of the four side and end 
 stones are as follows : — 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Thickness 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 ft. ins 
 
 A = 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 I 6 
 
 K=7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 6 
 
 C = 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 9 
 
 I 9 
 
 D = 5 
 
 
 
 I 3 
 
 I 6 
 
 O.S.L.,Co. Clare, -^ , p. 255 ; Note-book, \V. C. B. 
 B. 24 
 
 %(j&^^^ 
 
 II, 12, 13. In the Townland of Moymore, and Parish of Tulla, 
 
 two Dcrmot mid Granias 
 ''""", Beds are marked in Ord. 
 
 Map No. 30. Mr. Westropp 
 notes four dohnens on this 
 Townland in his Hst, but I 
 think he includes one of the 
 Milltown ones. In a sketch 
 he kindly sent me, and which 
 I reproduce, he gives three. 
 
 Besides the three dolmens, there 
 are in proximity to them other re- 
 mains, such as pillars on a ruined 
 cairn, two upright stones close to- 
 gether, and also a single block. 
 The dolmens are all three much 
 buried, which probably indicates 
 that they were covered by tumuli. 
 In each case they appear, says Mr. 
 Westropp, to consist of a large block 
 resting on the ground at the VV. 
 end, and supported at the E. end 
 by one or two blocks. 
 
 The covering-stone of the upper 
 one in his sketch measures 6 feet (E. and W.), by 6 feet 8 ins. (N. and S.), and 
 rests on one (visible) block 3 feet 3 ins. high, by 14 inches thick. 
 
 The covering-stone of the lower one measures from 4 feet 4 ins. to 7 feet 
 
 Fig. 10;. — Moymore (Milhown Cistle in the back 
 ground). From a skelch by Mr. 7\J. U'cslropf.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 93 
 
 3 ins. (E. and W.), by 4 feet 2 ins. (N. and S.), and is 16 inches thick. That of 
 the third measures 3 feet by 3 feet, by 11 inches thick. 
 
 14. In the Townland of Rosslara, and Parish of TuUa, is 
 a dolmen, marked Cro7nlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 27. 
 
 This dolmen consists of a single flat cap-stone resting on four side-stones, two 
 on either side of the vault. Its longer axis is approximately N.W. and S.E. 
 
 
 
 Fig. ioS.— Rosslara. N.E. face. From a sketch by Mr. T.J. Wesiropp. 
 
 
 Fig. 109.— Rosslara. N.W. face. From a sketch by Rlr. T. J. Westropp. 
 
 CZD 
 
 j:2\ 
 
 \c 
 
 L 
 
 ^^0 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Fig. 1 10. — Rosslara. Plan and elevation by Mr. T. J. Westropp. Scale \ inch = i foot. 
 
 The cap-stone measures 7 feet 6 ins. long, by about 5 feet wide, and is 6 inches 
 thick. The larger side-stone on the N.E. side is 5 feet 4 ins. long; from 3 feet 
 3 ins. to 2 feet 5 ins. high, and 16 inches thick; the smaller on the same side
 
 94 
 
 Till; Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 is 3 feet long, 3 feet high, and 10 inches thick. I insert two sketches etched from 
 Mr. Westropp's pencil drawings. 
 
 15. In the Townland of Maryfort, als. Lismeehan, and Parish 
 
 
 of Tulla, is a dolmen observed by Mr. Westropp, not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 27 and 35, which contain this Townland, 
 which lies just S. of that of Rosslara. 
 
 Mr. Westropp has kindly furnished me with a sketch and notes of this dolmen. 
 It consists simply of a roofing-stone resting in a slanting position on one supporter, 
 which also leans, and is partially covered by a cairn. The single side-stone, which is 
 on the N.VV., measures 4 feet 8 ins. by 3 feet 6 ins. by 12 inches thick. The roofing- 
 stone measures 5 feet 6 ins. from N.W. to S.E., but is too much covered for the 
 length along the slope to be taken. 
 
 16. In the Townland of Corracloon Beg, and Parish of Feakle, 
 is a dolmen marked CrGmlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 20. It lies 
 a mile and a half S. of Lake Graney, W. of the Graney river, and 
 E. of Knockaunboy Holy Well. 
 
 17. In the Townland of Cappaghbaun-Mountain, and Parish 
 of Moynoe, is a dolmen (of which a little sketch in profile is given 
 in the map) marked Derinot ajid Granicis Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 21. 
 
 O'Curry notes the existence of this dolmen. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Clare, -^, p. 251. 
 li. 24
 
 County of Clare, 95 
 
 18, 19. In the Townland of Ballycroum,and Parish of Feakle, 
 is a monument named in Ord. Surv. Map No. 19 " Altoir 
 Ultach." It lies about a mile and three-quarters W. of the 
 dolmen at Corracloon Beg. 
 
 It is, according to the description and measurements given in 
 Ord. Surv. Letters for the County of Clare, a dolmen of the 
 elongated type, narrowing at one end, as in the typical instances 
 of Keamcarravooly and Slieve Owen, in Cork, of Formoylemore, 
 in Clare, and indeed, in the case of Ireland, of monuments of this 
 class in general. 
 
 Two hundred yards E. of this dolmen (for I certainly regard it 
 as one) is the holy well called Tobcrgrania, in the same Ord. Surv. 
 Map. The structure over the well, as described by O'Donovan, 
 is similar in every respect to dolmens of the square cist form, such 
 as that at Berneens (Co. Clare), for example. It is noticeable 
 that O'Donovan compares this very structure to that at Findmag, 
 supposed to be near Lough Ree, in Roscommon, under which a 
 magtis -was buried in water, and offerings made to him through 
 a hole in the top, described in the " Life of Patrick." 
 
 The " Altoir-Olltach," says O'Donovan, is a "grave lying E. and AV. It 
 measures 14 feet 6 ins. long, 3 feet 4 ins. wide at the E. end, and about 
 6 feet 6 ins. at the W. end. The covering flag or flags have disappeared, 
 but seven of the perpendicular side and end stones remain. The first stone 
 at the N. is four feet 6 ins. long, 3 feet wide, and i foot 6 inches thick. 
 The next to it is 3 feet 8 ins. high, 4 feet wide, and 8 inches thick. The next 
 is I foot 9 ins. high, i foot 5^ ins. wide, and i foot 6 ins. thick. The next is 
 2 feet 2 ins. high, 4 feet 3 ins. wide, and i foot 4 ins. thick. The first stone on 
 the S. side is i foot 6 ins. high ; the same in width, and 6 inches thick. The next 
 is 2 feet high, 4 feet wide, and 10 inches thick. The next, thrown out of its 
 position, measures 6 feet long, 4 feet wide, and i foot 6 inches thick. The stone 
 (if there was one) at the E. end is not to be found." 
 
 " The ' Tober Ghraine' ' is a well over which a structure has been erected, which 
 is exactly like the cist, cell, or vault of a dolmen. It measures 5 feet square. The 
 sides and ends consist of four flag-stones placed on their edges. The covering- 
 stone is a single large flag laid horizontally, and measuring 8 feet from N. to S., 
 7 feet 6 ins. from E. to W., and i foot 6 ins. in thickness. It is of grit, and covers 
 the whole well except for a small hole or aperture at the W. end." In this latter 
 particular it is that O'Donovan notices a special point of correspondence between 
 this monument and the structure over the well in which the magus had been 
 buried. 
 
 O.S.L.,-i^,p. 156. 
 B. 24 
 
 20, 21. In the Townland of Dromandora, and Parish of 
 Feakle, there are two dolmens, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map
 
 96 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 No. 12. These are probably the ones noticed by Mr. Brogan, as 
 between Gort and Feakle, and which he thought were in Gal way. 
 
 Mr. Brogan describes and figures a " Giant's Grave " between Gort and Feakle, 
 which, he says, " from the neatness and regularity of its construction bears witness 
 
 r/f,/M.; :r//.7r''-\ 
 
 mw^f »^ 
 
 W^'^tPMF'^^a 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 112. — Dromandora (the Leaba Diarmuid). From a sketch and plan by Mr. Brogan. 
 
 to the ready adaptability of the material used by those who built it to the purpose 
 they had in view, if not also to an advance in culture beyond that of the 
 ruder monument of this class. The monument called LeabaJh Diarmuid measures 
 7 feet long by from 5 feet to 3 feet 6 ins. broad. In the vicinity there is another of 
 less dimensions called the Leabadh Grami." This, he adds, is " the only instance 
 he had met with of the hero and heroine of the romance being provided with 
 separate beds." 
 
 Proc. R.LA., vol. x. (1866-68), p. 441, and pi. xxiv. 
 
 In the Barony of Tulla Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Elmhill, and Parish of Killuran, 
 between Broadford and Tulla, is a dolmen not marked in the Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 36, which contains this Townland, but observed 
 by Mr. VVestropp. It is on high ground. 
 
 Of this dolmen Mr. Westropp, who discovered it, is so good as to send me a 
 sketch and plan. It has fallen, but a side-stone, measuring 7 feet long, 3 feet high, 
 and I foot 4 ins. thick, remains in place and shows that the direction of the vault 
 was E.S.E. and W.N.W. The covering-slab measures 5 feet 3 ins. by 4 feet 3 ins. 
 by I foot thick. There is also a terminal stone, and the interior of the vault is 
 filled up by a grassy mound.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 97 
 
 2. In the Townland of Ardskeagh, and Parish of Kilseily, 
 three quarters of a mile E. of Broadford, is a dohnen. It stands 
 on high ground. Near it are the names Pozdnainucka and 
 Knockannnafinnogc . It is marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 44. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Drummin, and Parish of Kilseily, is 
 a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44. 
 It is mentioned in the Ord. Surv. Letters, Co. Clare. It is on 
 high ground. Near it is a hilltop called LagJitnagat . 
 
 "A broken Giant's Grave," O.S.L., Co. Clare, — —, p. 307. 
 
 B. 24 
 
 4. In the Townland of Ballykelly, and Parish of Kilseily, are 
 
 Fig. 113.— Ballykelly. Sketch by the Author. 
 
 the remains of a dolmen marked Cromlech in the Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 44. It is on high ground. A country-woman called it 
 
 ^~^C^eE^GD^£S5Krz 
 
 Fig. 114. — Ballykelly. Plan by tlu Author. Scale \ inch = I foot. 
 
 " Onld Grania." In the Ord. Surv. Letters it is described as "a 
 broken Giant's Grave," like that at Drummin. 
 
 I had some difficulty in discovering the whereabouts of this monument, and 
 when at last I found it — in a beautiful situation overlooking the richly wooded 
 Lough Doon — it was a mere ruin, almost every stone on the S. side having been 
 removed. It lies E.N.E. and W.S.W. The whole of the seven stones which formed 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 H
 
 98 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the N. side are in place, and are graduated in height from i8 inches at the E. end 
 to 5 feet 5 ins. at the W. end. 
 
 Three roofing-stones rest on them, their other ends being on the natural soil, 
 or on a fallen supporter. These cap-stones measure respectively (A) 6 feet 6 ins. 
 long, 5 feet i in. broad, and i foot 3 ins. thick, resting at the S. end on two fallen 
 supporters (B C), the first 18 inches, the second 4 feet long ; (D) 5 feet 9 ins. long, 
 2 feet 2 ins. broad, and 7 inches thick ; (K) 3 feet 7 ins. long, by 4 feet 6 ins. broad, 
 and 9 inches thick. The other stones measure : — 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 Thic 
 
 cness. 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 F = 6 
 
 I 6 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 G = 2 4 
 
 » 9 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 H = 2 8 
 
 ~ 3 
 
 
 
 
 <» 
 
 1 = 2 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 K = 3 4 
 
 3 4 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 L = 2 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 M = 3 4 
 
 .S 6 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 N =3 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 = 3 9 
 
 I 6 (broad) 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 The stones are granite. It is a good example of a dolmen increasing in height 
 towards the W. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Clare, 
 
 14 
 B. 24 
 
 , p. 307 ; Note-book, W. C. B. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Knockshanvo, and Parish of Kilseily, 
 E. of Knockaphunta hill, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 44. \V. of it are rocks marked Farbrega. The 
 natives regard this as an altar used by Catholics in the days 
 of Protestant persecution. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Formoylemore, and Parish of Killo- 
 kennedy, near the ruins of the old village, on the right of the road 
 
 
 Fio. 115. — Formoylemore. Plan by the Author. Scale g inch = i fool. 
 
 from Broadford, leading down into Formoylebeg, is a dolmen. It 
 is marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44, and is on high 
 ground.
 
 County of Clare. 
 
 99 
 
 This dolmen is tolerably perfect, and affords an example of a wedge-shaped 
 structure with a peristyle, the sides formed of many stones instead of each side by 
 a single one as in the Burren. The material here is granite. The long axis is 
 E.S.E. and W.N.W. Two roofing-stones are in place, measuring respectively 
 (A) 6 feet 6 ins. by 4 feet 6 ins. by i foot thick, and (B) 5 feet 6 ins. by 4 feet 
 9 ins. by 9 inches thick. Three others lie outside, namely, C at the W. end, 
 5 feet 6 ins. by 4 feet 6 ins. by 10 inches thick, and D and E each 5 feet long 
 and 1 foot thick. The other stones measure : — 
 
 Length. Breadth, 
 ft. ins. ft. ins. 
 F = 2 2 2 2 
 
 G = 2 4 13 
 
 I Z ^ ° (the wall of ruined house abuts 
 
 Height, 
 ft. ins. 
 4 6 
 4 S 
 on the structure) 
 
 K = 2 
 L = 3 
 
 M = 3 
 
 N = 3 
 
 8 2 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 to I 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 ft. 
 
 (fallen) 
 4 6 
 4 
 4 
 
 = 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 K = 4 
 
 Q = 4 
 R = 2 
 
 S = 2 
 
 "^i- 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 6 
 8 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 7 
 9 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 (but prostrate) 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 V = 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 W = 3 
 X = I 
 
 
 6 I 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 The entire length of the vault is about 17 feet, rising in height from i foot 7 ins. 
 at the E. end to 4 feet 6 ins. at the W. end, and expanding from about 2 feet 
 to 3 feet 6 ins. in width in the same direction, 
 
 7, 8. In the Townland of Cloonyconrymore, and Parish of 
 
 Fig. 116. — Cloonyconrymore. From a sketch by the Author. 
 
 Killokennedy, were two dolmens, each marked Cromlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 44. 
 
 I could only hear of one of these, and this occupied the summit of an elevation 
 overlooking the valley between Broadford and Kilbane. It is formed of rougher 
 blocks (greenstone and granite) than any other in this vicinity, and is in a ruinous 
 condition, although the intention to construct a wedge-shaped vault is evident. It 
 lies W.N.W. and E.S.E. Outside the W. end there is an arrangement of three 
 stones which probably formed an antechamber or porch in that direction. These 
 measure respectively : (A) 3 feet 6 ins. long, 2 feet 5 ins. broad, i foot thick ; 
 (B) 2 feet each way ; (C) 2 feet 9 ins. each way. To the S. of C lies D, a block 
 in the ground, possibly in situ, 6 feet 6 ins. long, 2 feet 6 ins. wide, and i foot 6 ins.
 
 lOO 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 thick. To the N. of A lies E, which may have been a cap-stone, 7 feet 6 ins. long 
 and 2 feet 10 ins. broad, flat on the top, evidently displaced and having a hollow 
 under it. This stone a very old farmer, who acted as my guide to the spot, was 
 ver)- particular that I should insert in my plan, since it was, he said, the " desk " 
 at which they used to write ; but who tluy were, or 7vhy they wrote, he had 
 forgotten. 
 
 Fig. 117.— Cloonyconrymore. Plan by the Author. Scale J inch = i foot. 
 
 The one roofing-stone which was in place measured 1 1 feet in greatest length, 
 and 7 feet 6 ins. in greatest breadth at the W. end, narrowing to 4 feet 3 ins. at the 
 E. end. It is a roughish block varying in thickness from about i foot to i foot 
 6 ins. It is placed in position in an unusual manner, resting on tlie point of the 
 side-stone H, but otherwise supported by two small stones set on the top of I and 
 K respectively. The vault, which it does not fully cover at the W. end, measures 
 4 feet 6 ins. broad at that end, narrowing towards the E., but to what extent cannot 
 be said, as the whole of that portion is disarranged. It was probably about 15 feet 
 long, although now only 9 feet. The dimensions of the other stones are : — 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 
 G = 6 
 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 H = S 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 = 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 6 1(1 
 
 1 A. II ins 
 
 K = 5 
 
 6 
 
 I 2 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 L = 3 
 
 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 M = s 
 
 
 
 3 2 (broad) 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 N = 4 
 
 
 
 I 6 „ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 = 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 8 „ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 P = 3 
 
 
 
 20 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 Q=i 
 
 6 square. 
 
 
 
 
 
 9. In the i ownland of Killokennedy, and Parish of Killo- 
 kennedy, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44.
 
 County of Clare. ioi 
 
 It lies on a mountain, a mile and a quarter W. by N. of Kilbane. 
 A native of Kilbane, pointing towards its site, called the mountain 
 " Labba Dhiarmada Mountain." S.S.W. of the dolmen are rocks 
 marked Farbrem. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Lackareaghmore, and Parish of 
 O'Brien's Bridge, on the summit of the hill, there is a site marked 
 Derniot and Granids Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44. I went up 
 to it, but found only a cairn, although there may have been a 
 dolmen removed since the survey. Between this mountain and 
 that on which the Killokennedy dolmen stands is the mountain 
 called Glennagalliagh, above the valley of that name. 
 
 11. In the Townland of Cloghoolia, and Parish of Clonlea, is 
 a dolmen marked Dermot and Granids Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 52. 
 
 12. In the Townland at Ardataggle, and Parish of O'Brien's 
 Bridge, is a dolmen marked Dermot and Granids Bed in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 53. 
 
 Of this dolmen Mr. Westropp has kindly sent me two sketches and a ground- 
 plan, from which it appears that the monument is very similar to those at Formoyle- 
 more and Cloonyconryniore. One roofing-stone, that at the broader (W.S.W.) end, 
 is in place, and a second has been tilted on its side. The one in place measures 
 7 feet 8 ins. long by 5 feet 6 ins. to 4 feet 3 ins. wide, and from 6 to 1 1 ins. thick. 
 The other is of nearly similar dimensions. A prostrate slab at the W.S.W. end 
 measures 6 feet 6 ins. long. The terminal stone at that end is 7 feet long. The 
 vault measures about 12 feet long. It lies E.N.E. and W.S.W. At the latter end 
 it is 3 feet 6 ins. broad, and narrows at the further extremity to i foot 6 ins. There 
 are evidences that it was surrounded by a peristyle. 
 
 In the Barony of Clonderalaw. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Kiltumper, and Parish of Kilmihil, is 
 a site marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 48, Tumpers Grave, 
 and indicated by six dots, arranged in parallel lines of three. 
 In the same Townland is Knockbrack, and a Tobereendoney, 
 Tobar Rigli an Dotnnaigh, popularly explained to mean " Sunday's 
 Well." The name Tumper is Tuaim-an-fhir. With this 
 we may compare the name " Tuamanirvore," which is that of a 
 dolmen at Cappanahannagh in Limerick. If, as seems allowable 
 by analogy, we add to Tuaiman-fhir the adjective " nior" 
 (vore), we have an identical name, meaning " The Great Man's 
 {i.e. the Giant's) Grave," and the presumption that Tumper s 
 Grave was a dolmen. I find it called " Thoomper's Cill," or,
 
 I02 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 by the natives, " the Giant's Grave," and there is an oral traditiou 
 about it, which will be given in the sequel. 
 
 O.S.L., ^, pp. 4S. 46. 
 
 In the Barony of Moyakta. 
 
 Note — An instance of the occurrence of the names of Dermot and Grania 
 in connection with natural rocks in situ, is afforded at Loop Head, where a 
 long rock off the point is named Uermot and Crania's Rock. On the shore 
 opposite it is a spot named Cuchullin's Leap ; and on the other side of Loop Head 
 is Poulnapeasta, each of these names indicating the localization here of legends 
 common to the western coast of Ireland. (See Ord. Surv. Map No. 71.)
 
 Gtorqe PfuUp I San . Loiulnrv i Liverpool.
 
 ^ 
 
 CONNAUGHT 
 
 StaluU Mdea 
 
 • Silrt of •, 
 
 MAYO CounlioB 
 
 Gallfn- Qiromsi 
 
 CHAPMAN & HALL 
 
 Gtotqe Huhp J San.LinuLui- I linr^txiU 
 
 r
 
 ( I03 ) 
 
 II. PROVINCE OF CONNAUGHT. 
 
 COUNTY OF GALWAY. 
 
 In the Barony of Dunmore. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Cappagh, and Parish of Dunmore, is a 
 monument marked Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. It is close 
 to the well Tobernacrobyneeve, and a little over a mile W. of 
 Patrick's Stone. 
 
 In the Barony of Ballynahinch. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Cashleen, and Parish of Ballynakill, a 
 
 Fig. iiS. — Rynvyle. Gateway into latli. From a drawing by Mr, Kinahan. 
 
 Giant's Grave is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. It lies to 
 the E. of a fort called Caherdoona, and 
 S.E. of the Well and Church of the Seven 
 Daughters. 
 
 Rynvyle, where there was a megalithic 
 and dolmen-like gateway into a rath, figured 
 by Mr. Kinahan, lies to the N.E. 
 
 It is an important monument showing that the rath- 
 builders were practised in megalithic construction. 
 
 Kilk. Archoeol. Journ., iS68-g, pi. opp. p. 282. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Knockbrack, 
 which includes the point of land between Fig. 119.— Rynvyie. Gateway 
 
 1 T-i r /^i 1 o 11 • ^1 into rath. Flan by Mr. Kiria- 
 
 the Bays 01 Cleggan and bellerna, in the i,an.
 
 I04 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Parish of Omey, is a dolmen marked Labbadertnot in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 2 2. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan calls this dolmen, " Leal)a Diarmuid." He describes it as consisting 
 of two flattish slabs placed sloping on pillars, the N. side of the larger one, which 
 measures lo feet by 5, overlapping the N. pillars, thereby causing the N.E. part to 
 rest on the ground. The uprights were five in number; two at the S., and three 
 towards the N. The latter were placed on edge and were low, while the southern 
 
 
 CT& 
 
 Fig. 120. — Knockbrack. Elevation aud plan from Mr. Kinalmit\ drawings. 
 
 were on end and much higher, giving thereby a slope to the flag. There were no 
 stones near it which could have been the remnant of a cairn. There were other 
 structures in the same neighbourhood formed of large flags. One of them had two 
 chambers. From another the roof was absent. 
 Jour. H.A.A.I., 3rd Ser., vol. i. ]i 444. 
 
 3, 4. In tlie Tovvnland of Cleggan, and Parish of Ballynakill, 
 close to the sea on the E. shore of Cleggan Bay, is a dolmen 
 marked Druid's Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 22. Another is 
 on the cliff on the N. shore, not marked. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan gives a plan of a dolmen on tlie E. of Cleggan, and W. of Bally- 
 nakill Lough. It was dismantled. The prostrate roofing-slab measured 8 feet 
 8 ins., by 6 feet i in., by i foot 9 ins. He also gives a plan and sketch of a dolmen 
 on the N. shore of the bay. 
 
 Jour. R.H. A.A.I. , 3rd .Ser., vol. i. pp. 442, 443.
 
 County of Galway, 105 
 
 5. In the Tovvnland of Ardbear, and Parish of Moyrus, is "a 
 cromlech on the shore near Clifden at Ballyconry." In Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 35 I find neither the monument nor the name 
 Ballyconry in the situation here indicated by Petrie. 
 
 In the midst of a group of circles of various sizes, which Petrie calls the ruins of 
 a town of cahers, there was, he says, a cromlech. 
 
 MS. Essay on "Military .Architecture in Ireland," by G. Petrie, in Lib. R.I.A., p. l6i. 
 
 *6. In the Townland of Kylemore, and Parish of Ballynakill, 
 at a place called Moveelan, one mile E.S.E. of Kylemore Castle, 
 is a dolmen. Neither Moveelan nor the monument are shown in 
 Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 23 or 24. In the latter map, however, 
 a cairn is marked in the Townland of Kylemore. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan mentions the existence here of a flag structure, such as that 
 which he describes at Drumgaroe, near Strearastown. (See Bar. Leitrim, No. 11, 
 infra.) Others, he says, exist in various parts of the country. These flag structures 
 appear to be genuine dolmens constructed with the materials ready to hand, which 
 were not so ponderous as in other districts. 
 Jour. R.H.A A.I., 4th .Ser., vol. ii. p. 12. 
 
 In the Barony of Clare. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballybrone, and Parish of Athenry, 
 is a dolmen marked Giants Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 57. 
 There is a Tober Patrick half a mile to the N. of it. 
 
 In the Barony of Moycullen. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Tully, and Parish of Killannin, to the 
 S.W. of Clochree Hill, and close to Lough Ardanmore, a Druid's 
 Altar is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 91. 
 
 In the Barony of Longford. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballyhoose, and Parish of Clonfert, a 
 Derniot and Crania's Bed is marked on Ord. Surv. Map No. 100. 
 It is indicated by the marks usual for tumuli, two of which are 
 shown, one of them having a smaller one protruding from its side. 
 
 In the Barony of Dunkellin, 
 
 1. In the Townland of Toorclogher, and Parish of Killogilleen, 
 is a Dermot and Granids Bed, so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 104. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Seefin, adjoining that of Toorclogher, 
 on the S.E., is 2. Druid" s Altar, so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 104. It lies half a mile S. of the Derinoi and Granids Bed in 
 Toorclogher, and is also in the Parish of Killogilleen.
 
 io6 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Lavally, and Parish of Killeely, is a 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. IMap No. 95, but near it is a 
 
 Fig. 121. — Lavally. From a drawing by Mr. M'. F. ]Vakeman. 
 
 place called Laghtgall, which may have been the name of the 
 
 monument. 
 
 I annex an unpublished sketch by Mr. Wakeman. The cap-stone measures 
 8 feet long. 
 
 In the Barony of Loughrea. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Grannagh, and Parish of Ardrahan, an 
 elevated site is represented in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 114, 
 marked Giant's Hill, in the centre of which a Giant's Grave is 
 marked. 
 
 In the Barony of Kiltartan. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Crannagh, and Parish of Ardrahan, a 
 Dermot and Granids Bed is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 122. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Derrycallan North, and Parish of 
 Beagh, a Dermot and Granids Bed is marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 129. It lies S. of Ballynakill Lake. 
 
 In the Barony of Leitrim. 
 
 I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the Townland of Marble Hill, and 
 Parish of Ballynakill, eight Cromlechs are thus marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 125. They all lie within half a mile of Marble 
 Hill House, to the N.E., E., and S.E. of it. 
 
 There is a Tobermacduagh, and a lis with cave, in the midst
 
 County of Galwav. 107 
 
 of the group of these dolmens which lies to the S.E. of the house. 
 Still further to the S., in the Townlancl of Moyglass, is Knockaiin- 
 nagall, a children's burying-ground. One mile to the N.E. of this 
 group of dolmens is that called Labbadermot, in the Townland of 
 Knockroe, which may be considered perhaps as an outlyer of this 
 group. (See next.) 
 
 9. In the Townland of Knockroe, and Parish of Ballynakill, 
 
 one mile N.E. of the Marble Hill group of dolmens, is one marked 
 
 Labbadcr7not in Ord. Surv. Map No. 125. W. of it is a rock 
 
 marked Carrickbrcam. 
 
 In the Ord. Surv. Letters this group of monuments is described as " Giants' 
 Graves, eight in number, and Labadiarinad, which is described in the Name-Book 
 as a 'cave with a stone over it.' " Button, who is, however, very inaccurate, speaks 
 of a " fine Druid's Altar in the demesne of Marble Hill." " One stone," he says, 
 "was 30 feet long by 8 feet broad; it had been much injured by the hands of 
 ignorance before Sir Thomas Burke became possessor of the estate, as many of the 
 stones were taken for the purpose of building a common wall." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Galuay, -^, p. 522 ; Diitton, "Surv. of the County of Gahvay," p. 470. 
 
 ID. In the Townland of Moanmore East, and Parish of 
 Tynagh, 300 yards S.W. of the site marked Seven Monuments in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 105, is a dolmen, not marked in the map. 
 
 1 1. In the Townland of Streamstown " N.N.E. of Streams- 
 
 CD 
 
 V ^ 
 
 
 
 <^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 122. — Drumgaroe. Plan by Mr. Kinahait. 
 
 town House," in the Parish of Tynagh, at a place called Drumgaroe 
 
 (not in map), is a dolmen, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 106. 
 
 This is an example of the class of structure to which Mr. Kinahan applies the 
 term foskac, and which he regards as " flag-dwellings." To me it appears more 
 probable that they were sepulchral chambers. If so, the roofs were possibly con- 
 structed of overlapping stones. This structure measured 23 feet long and 6 feet 
 wide, and comprised two chambers, the one about 12 feet, the other about 10 feet
 
 io8 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 long. The doorway between the chambers was very narrow, being only i foot wide, 
 and in the N. wall of tlie W. chamber was an opening i foot 3 inches wide. A 
 portion of the upright flags forming the wall of the E. chamber, as also the covering 
 flags of both chambers, had been removed. To the E., however, were detached 
 standing flags, and a portion of some sort of structure. 
 
 Jour. R.H.A.A.I., 4th Ser., vol. ii. p. 13. 
 
 In the Barony of Aran. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Killeany, and Parish of Inishmore (in 
 Aranmore), just S. of Cowrugh, on the N. side of the island, a 
 Dcrmot and Granicis Bed is marked in the Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. no. A little N. of it is a stone called Clochaiiaphuca. 
 
 There were three cromlechs, says O'Donovan, on Aranmore. One stood at 
 Conroogh (Cowrugh) on the N. side of the island not far from the smith's forge ; 
 another not far distant in a subdivision of Kilmurvy, called Fearann-a-choircfe (see 
 No. 2) ; and a third (which is the one still in existence) about a mile from the 
 forge (see No. 3). 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Gahvay, ^^^t P- 26S. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Kilmurvy, and Parish of Inishmore (in 
 Aranmore), in a division of the Townland called Farrnacurka 
 (Fearann a choirce), was a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. no. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Gahvay, ^^, p. 26S. 
 I^- 3 
 
 3. In the Townland of Killeany (or Kilmurvy .''), "one mile 
 S. of the forge," — " near Michael O'Brien's house," in the Parish 
 of Inishmore (in Aranmore), was a dolmen not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Maps no, in, or ng. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Galway, — —, p. 268. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Carrownlisheen, and Parish of Inish- 
 maan (in the Middle Island), to the N.E. of, and close to the 
 hamlet of Moher, a Dermot and Granids Bed is marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 1 19. 
 
 O'Donovan remarks that this is the most remarkable of the dolmens in Aran. 
 It was traditionally called Leaba Dhianiiada a's Ghrainc. " It consists," he 
 adds, " of two upright stones running parallel with each other, about 10 feet 
 8 ins. in length, and about 4 feet high, and of a covering-stone at the top, laid 
 perfectly horizontal. It appears to have been enclosed at the ends by two other 
 stones, of which the one on the N. side is removed, but that on the S. side still 
 remains, though a little displaced. There appears to have been some clay carried 
 hither to form a small mound under this cromlech. If one took the trouble to
 
 County of Galwav. 109 
 
 remove this clay off the surface of the solid rock, he would no doubt find an urn 
 or some pagan antiquities under it." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Galway, J*-, p. 268. 
 ^- 3 
 
 5, 6. In Aranmore Mr. Kinahan met with " cells built with 
 
 § I a 
 
 Fig. 123. — Aranmore. P/a>is ly lilr. Kinahan. 
 
 flags," to which he applies the wzva^fosleac, and of which he gives 
 two examples. 
 
 Proc. R.I.A., vol. X. pi. iii.
 
 I lO 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF MAYO. 
 
 In the Barony of Erris. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Glengad, als. Dooncarton, and Parish 
 of Kilcommon, on land called Lugnafulla, close to the sea-shore, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 " A Giant's Grave," says Casar Otway, " that is, an oblong trough or cist, 
 composed of large stones set on their ends, about 18 feet long and 4 feet wide. 
 Any covering-stones, if they ever existed, had been removed, but there were some 
 stones lying near by, which might have served this purpose. Not far E. of this 
 was a ' Druidical Circle,' of small dimensions, consisting of upright stones, neither 
 large nor lofty." It was on the side of the mountain. 
 
 " Sketches in Erris and Tirawly," by Civsar Otway, p. 336. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Gortbrack North, and Parish of 
 Kilcommon, was a dolmen marked Crotnlech in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 1 1 . 
 
 Fig. 124. — Gortbrack. From a drawing ly Casar Olway. 
 
 I think this must be the monument referred to by Cxsar Otway as " in the wild 
 upland vale of Glengad." He says of it: "This cromlech, though not of the 
 largest, is a fine one. It is enclosed in a small potato garden." The stones of 
 which it was formed were quartz. " The chamber," he adds, " is an incomplete 
 quadrangle, formed by one stone on the S. side, three on the E. side, and two on 
 the N. side." The measurements are as follows : the extreme length of the 
 covering-stone from E. to W., 9 feet 8 ins. ; the extreine breadth from N. to S., 
 8 feet 2 ins. ; and the thickness from i foot 4 ins. to 6 inches. The height from 
 the ground on the N. side is 2 feet 6 ins., and on the S. 4 feet 4 ins. 
 
 Two noticeable points about it are (i) that there are four circular depressions, 
 apparently artificial cups, on the surface of the W. end of the covering-stone ; 
 (2) that "the covering-stone forms a perfect rocking-stone, which a child with one
 
 County of Mayo. i i i 
 
 hand could move up and down, but which would require the strength of many men, 
 and all the appliances of machinery, to put out of place." 
 
 " Sketches in Eriis and Tirawly," by Cxsar Otway, p. 324, with sketch, p. 326. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Carn, about half a mile N.W. of Lacht- 
 an-Iorrais, and in the Parish of Kilmore, is a dolmen marked 
 Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9, called " Trunk-na-Caillighe" by 
 the natives. 
 
 " A large grave, nearly square, formed by very large stones standing upright." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ^j-^, p. 214. 
 r.. lo 
 
 4. In the Townland of Emlybeg Nash, and Parish of Kilmore, 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. 
 
 "A cairn or Leacht not so large as the Leacht-an-Iorrais." It lies between 
 the latter and the Trunk-na-Caillighe. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ~^^, p. 214. 
 
 5. 6. In the Townland of Binghamstown, and Parish of 
 Kilmore, at the Lacht-an-Ioj'vais itself, and at 200 yards N. of it, 
 are two monuments not marked in Ord. Sur\\ Map No. 9. This 
 Townland is called Knockanbaun in the Ord. Surv. Letters. The 
 Lacht, ox Leacht, is three quarters of a mile N.W. of Binghamstown. 
 
 The Leacht-an-Iorrais forms "a very conspicuous object in the middle of a 
 wilderness of sands." Of the place on which the cairn stands, O'Donovan says : 
 " It is altogether a wild and poetical spot, but there is no local Homer to celebrate 
 it." The description of it in the Ord. Surv. Letters is accompanied by a plan, 
 too rough to be inserted, which shows the position of the /t-iTir/;/ (which may possibly 
 itself contain a dolmen), and of some adjacent remains. 
 
 North of the cairn is sho\vn a stone enclosure, or rather one side of it, which 
 may be classed as a dolmen, 14 feet in length, but the breadth of which cannot be 
 ascertained, as the W. side is destroyed. 
 
 An irregular circle of stones, much displaced, measuring 36 yards in circum- 
 ference, stretches from the northern round to the southern extremity of the " grave " 
 or stone enclosure just mentioned, to which it is attached. 
 
 The cairn itself is formed of large and small stones piled over each other without 
 any apparent attention to architectural order. It measures 35 yards in circumference 
 at the base, and about 15 feet in height, and was originally conical in shape. Its 
 form, however, was, at the time of the Survey, very irregular, in consequence of 
 many of the stones having been removed from its sides, either by the storms which 
 are almost eternal on the coast, or by antiquarian investigators, none of whom, 
 however, have explored the centre. 
 
 Two concentric semicircular mounds formed of gravel and stones seem originally 
 to have formed portions of circles embracing the cairn, which latter, however, would 
 not have been near the centre, but close to the E. side of the inner circle. The 
 distance between the circles appears to have been about 6 yards, and the diameter 
 of the inner circle about 55 yards.
 
 112 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Human bones lay scattered in all directions round the Leachtan-Iorrais. The 
 following is Knight's account of the discovery, or, rather, the uncovering of this 
 cairn : " Lachta Ard," he says, " had been, in the memory of many now living, 
 entirely buried in the sands for ages, but it still bore the name. One exceedingly 
 stormy night unfolded the tradition of the name to be true, for the whole sand-soil, 
 to the depth of many feet — at least 20 — (for I was often since on the Lachta), was 
 swept away by the storm, and a rough, rude, but very large lachta or cairn stood 
 revealed, resting on the primitive rock or firm ground, on which the storm prevailed 
 not, and the adjacent plains showed the exposed bones of thousands, scattered 
 promiscuously through the sands on a firm earth, having in many places the marks 
 of ridges." 
 
 About 200 yards N, of the cairn there is a monument described as " a large 
 grave," which I reckon as the second dolmen on my list in this Townland. 
 
 To the same group, which may be termed the Knockanbaun group, belongs an 
 earthen tumulus partly covered with stones, at Beal Dorcha, half a mile W.S.W. of 
 the Leacht-an-Iorrais. 
 
 It was in this tumulus that Dr. Lyons, on whose farm, called Cross, it was, made 
 a most singular discovery. On opening it, a skeleton was discovered in a sitting 
 posture, "a kind of chair having been formed of stones in the interior of the 
 mound. The face was turned towards the great monument of Leacht-an-Iorrais, and 
 the top of the head came very near to the apex of the tumulus." Knight states, 
 however, that the skeleton was placed erect. 
 
 " The tumulus was of the shape of an irregular triangle, and consisted of three 
 kinds of soil in different strata — sandy, moory, and clayey." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, p^^gi PP- 209, et stqq. ; Knight's "Account of Erris," p. 109. 
 
 */. In the Townland of Glencastle, and Parish of Kilcommon, 
 
 close to Dun Domhnaill to the .S.W., a monument is marked 
 
 Domhnairs Grave, in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17. It is about four 
 
 and a half miles S.E. of Bellmullet, and may have been a dolmen. 
 
 Only a stone at the base of the conical fortified hill is recorded as being left 
 at the time of the Ord. Survey to mark this grave. " The headstone " of the Giant 
 Dombnall Dual-Buidhe {i.e. Donnell of the Yellow Hair) had been removed. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ~„, p. 158. 
 
 lit. lo 
 
 8. In the Townland of Drumgollagh, and Parish of Kil- 
 common, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 56, half a mile N. of " Tober Fintany " and " Fintany's House." 
 
 In the Barony of Tirawlev. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballyglass, and Parish of Doonfeeny, 
 half a mile from Ballycastle, on the road from that place to 
 Doonfeeny, near the coast, is a monument not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 7. It is called the "Giant's Grave." f 
 
 t Just N. of its site in Bunalrahir Bay, a shelf of rock on the coast is marked Cromlack, a name 
 not infrequently applied in Ireland to perfectly natural slanting rocks, but never by the natives to 
 dolmens.
 
 County of Mayo. i i 3 
 
 The position which O'Conor, in the Ord. Surv. Letters, assigns to a "large 
 monument of the Giant's Grave class composed of large stones placed standing in 
 the ground," proves that it is the same of which Caesar Otway gives a description 
 in his " Erris and Tirawley." 
 
 The monument consists of an oval enclosure, formed, as represented in the 
 plan, by twenty-six stones. Two of these stones, placed respectively near either 
 end, on the N.E. and N.W. sides of the oval, are (judging by the plan) at least six 
 times as large, in superficial measure- 
 ment, as any one single one of the ^ •»=> ^ aj, 
 others. They are, perhaps, the cover- ^ ^ ^<^ 
 ing-stones mentioned in the following ^fK.^ ^iBtonB 
 
 of the oval," he says, " are two square ^®IL 
 
 enclosures or chambers, one connected ^^ """iinaiB g'o^' 
 
 by a narrow passage with the other. g^| 
 
 They had originally been covered like Y^^^_ 125.— Ballyglass. P/ait by Casar Oiiuay. 
 
 cromleacs, or rather like what the Irish 
 
 call Barby and Granas Beds. The covering-stones were thrown off, and were 
 
 lying, either broken or entire, on either side." 
 
 " The entrance was on the S. side of the oval, and opposite to it was another 
 enclosure or chamber that had been also covered, but was single." 
 
 The plan shows that this latter enclosure had three stones forming its W. side, 
 two its E. side, and one its N. end. The double enclosure at the E. end of the 
 oval tapered to a narrow opening into the oval area at the W. end. It was 
 composed of four stones on the S. side, three on the N. side, and one at the inner 
 or E. end. The partition across the middle was formed by two stones, with 
 a narrow passage-way between. The double enclosure at the W. end of the oval 
 was formed by three stones on either side. A transverse stone, placed across the 
 centre, divided it into two compartments, so as to leave a narrow opening between 
 its N. end and the wall. There was no stone at the W. end of this structure. 
 The entrance on the S. was formed by two stones on either side of a passage. 
 Mr. Otway observes that there was nothing worthy of remark in the size of the 
 stones forming this monument, nor the extent of the ground it covered. Unfor- 
 tunately there are no dimensions given, nor is any scale appended to his plan. 
 He observes : " It is unlike any Cromleac, Uruidical Circle, or Giant's Grave I 
 have ever seen." It may be compared, however, with almost an exactness of detail, 
 as far as the ground-plan goes, with the monument at Magheraghanrush in Sligo, 
 and it also resembles, in the arrangements of its dolmens, the Clogkan in Glen- 
 malin in Donegal. 
 
 About 300 yards S. of it was a small circle of stones which Mr. Otway describes 
 as not unlike those at Carrowmore. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, , p. 230; " Sketches in Erris and Tirawley," by Caesar Olway, with 
 
 plan, p. 269. ■ " 
 
 2, 3. In the Townland of Rathfran, and Parish of Temple- 
 murry, on the Palmerstown river, where it runs into Rathfran Bay, 
 and close to Summerhill House, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. It is indicated by the figure of a rock, 
 
 VOL. I. I
 
 114 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 and not far off is a second, apparently meant to represent a similar 
 monument. 
 
 See below, Nos. S-ii. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Breastagh, adjoining that of Rathfran 
 on the N.E., and in the Parish of Tcmplemurry, is a dolmen 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. 
 
 See below, Nos. S-ii. 
 
 5, 6. In the Townland of Rathfranpark, and Parish of Temple- 
 murry, S.W. of the Townland of Rathfran, two dolmens are 
 marked Cro7nlcchs in Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. 
 
 See below, Nos. 8-1 1. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Carbad, and Parish of Templemurry, W. 
 of the Townland of Rathfranpark, is a dolmen marked Cromlech 
 on Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. 
 
 See below, Nos. 8-1 1. 
 
 8, 9, 10, II. There were at least four other monuments in this 
 latter Townland, and it is probable that the group (Nos. 2-7), 
 which may be termed the Rathfran group, comprised a dozen 
 dolmens or dolmen-circles, if not more. 
 
 " No attempt at description," says O'Conor, " can convey an exact idea of the 
 form and extent of any of these monuments." They may be taken together as the 
 Mullacross (Mullaghnacroise) group. 
 
 Cajsar Otway thus describes them: "In approaching the house of ]\Ir. Palmer 
 of Summerhill, and going over the hill of Mullacross, I was surprised to see on 
 every side of me a number of Druidical monuments of different sizes and forms. 
 I have never seen so many clustered, as I may say, within a circuit of half a mile 
 as here, except at Carrowmore. At the four cross-roads of Mullacross there is 
 what is called a Giant's Grave. In the five fertile pasture-fields to the left of the 
 road as you descend the hill towards Killala there are two or three circles. 
 On the right-hand side of the road there are still more. On the hill beyond 
 Mr, Palmer's house there are two — one large and the other small; altogether 
 I reckoned ten on an area of ground of not more than one hundred acres. 
 
 " One of them, as you proceed southwards from the cross-road, and to the left 
 of the road, is remarkable not only for the great size of the stones, but for its oval 
 form and the interior cromlech, the upper stone of which has been cast down, and 
 is lying in the area of the circle, or rather oval. There is another circumstance 
 remarkable in this monument, that the stones comprising it are larger in the 
 western end of the oval nearest the cromlech, and generally diminish in size, until, 
 at the eastern end, they are so small as to be almost buried in the soil. 
 
 "To the S.W. there are two circles adjoining each other, anil connected by a 
 straight avenue of stones. Altogether this is a very interesting vicinity, and worthy 
 of the more accurate examination of the antiquarian, as, indeed, is the whole north- 
 western district from Sligo to the point of Krris."
 
 County of Mayo. 115 
 
 After mentioning that there are two raths at Rafran, O'Conor, in the Ord. Surv. 
 Letters, says : " In the same field as one of them there is a monument of huge stones. 
 There are four on either side, forming, as it were, two walls, without the space 
 enclosed by which there is a rectangular hole sunk in the ground, with large stones 
 fixed inside, enclosing it, some of whicli rise only a little higher than the surface of 
 the ground. Between these two walls, on the S.W. side, an opening is left, as if 
 for an entrance. As a continuation of these walls towards the N.E. side, there 
 are isolated stones placed in a circuit which enclose a wide space not separated 
 from that enclosed by the two walls just mentioned." 
 
 "There is beside it," adds O'Conor, "another monument which does not 
 appear to preserve its original form. The stones in it are not so large as those in 
 the one just mentioned." A comparison of O'Conor's indication of the site with 
 the Ord. Map makes it plain that these two monuments are in the Townland of 
 Rathfranpark. 
 
 In Carbad Townland are " a great number of large stones, like those which form 
 the monuments at Rafran, and some of which, it appears, form a group of structures," 
 says O'Conor, "not of the 'cromlech,' but of the 'grave' appearance. Besides 
 these, there yet remains here a circular monument composed of large round stones, 
 with an open space, apparently for an entrance on the N.E. side of it." 
 
 "Another monument of large stones, which seems to have been a sepulchre,' 
 is placed by O'Conor between Killcumin and Mullaghnacroise. It is that in the 
 Townland of Breastagh. Lastly, there are " a few more monuments " on Summerhill, 
 that is to say, those in the Townland of Rafran, or Rathfran itself, called by the 
 Irish Rath-frannaigh, and, more anciently by MacFirbis, in 141 7, Rath- 
 Bhrannuib. 
 
 O.S.L. Co. Mayo, , p. 183, ct seqq. " Sketches in Erris and Tirawley," by Cnesar Otway, 
 
 p. 204. E. 18 
 
 12. "In the Townland of Lacken " were two cairns, one 
 containing a chamber. There is no Townland bearing this name 
 in the Ord. Surv. Maps of this vicinity. Possibly the Parish of 
 Lackan is intended, and, if so, the cairn may be the cairn marked 
 Cam in the Townland of Carrowcuilleen in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 14. There is a Townland called Lackanhill in the same Parish. 
 
 O'Conor's description shows that one at least of the two cairns he mentions at 
 this place had a chamber in it. It measures 37 paces in length from N.E. to S.W., 
 and 29 paces in breadth from N.W. to S.E. There was a round pile of small stones, 
 more than 5 feet high, upon it, which was surmounted by a stone cross. 
 
 Like the Long Barrows of England, and the cairns of Caithness, this cairn 
 was broader at one end (the N.E.) than at the other. In it there was "a cave," 
 that is to say, a passage-chamber. There was an opening into it at the N.E. 
 or broader end, where the passage was 2 feet high and 2 feet broad. This passage 
 led to the centre of the cairn, where a man could stand upright with ease. A 
 person who entered it about ten or twelve years before O'Conor wrote his 
 description of it, told him that there was a bone found at the very extremity of 
 it, but whether it was a human bone he could not tell.f 
 
 t This should be classed among the chambered cairns.
 
 ii6 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 To the E. of this cairn was a second one, of the same description, measuring 
 23 paces long by 16 paces broad. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, - ^ , p 265. 
 £. iS 
 
 13. In the Townland of Annagh, and Parisli of Kilfian, 
 was a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 ♦14. In the Townland of Keerglen, at Doondragon on the 
 Keero-len river, in the Parish of Kilfian, and due \V. of the dol- 
 men at Annagh, is a site marked Dragons Grave in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 14. 
 
 15. "In the Townland of Creeves." There is no Townland 
 bearing this name in this vicinity in the Ord. Surv. Maps. The 
 monument, however, bears the name Clocha-breaca, and the field 
 in which it stands is called Fal na g-clocha-breaca. Close to the 
 hamlet of Ballyglass (not to be confused with the place of the same 
 name in the Parish of Doonfeeny, No. i supra), in the Townland 
 of Ballybeg, and Parish of Rathreagh, a site is indicated in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 14, by a circular enclosure with rocks, and 
 named ClocJia-bracka. The Townland next to that of Ballybeg 
 on the W. being called Creevagh, I think this must be the monu- 
 ment indicated in the Ord. Surv. Letters under the name Creeves. 
 
 The monument here is described as a " so-called rath." " The circle is composed 
 of earth and stones, the latter of such size as are usual in the megalithic series. 
 The diameter inside the circle was ten yards. There were one or two sepulchral 
 monuments attached to the W. side." By these it seems O'Conor means dolmens. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, — ^, p. 276. 
 E. iS 
 
 16, 17, 18, 19. In the Townland of Belladooan, and Parish of 
 Kilfian, the name Cromlechs is twice repeated in the Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 21, showing that at the time of the Survey there were 
 four dolmens here at least, and perhaps more. They are situ- 
 ated on the Belladooan, or Breaghwy river, half a mile S. of 
 Brideswell, and N. of the Townland of Garranard. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, -^-, p. 276. 
 £. lo 
 
 20. In the Townland of Cloyrawer, adjoining that of Bella- 
 dooan on the S., and in the Parish of Kilfian, is a dolmen marked 
 Cromlech in Ord. Surv, Map No. 21. 
 
 21, 22. In the Townland of Doonanaroo Upper, adjoining
 
 County of Mayo. i i 7 
 
 that of Cloyrawer on the S.W. and in the Parish of Kilfian, 
 Cromlechs are marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 21, showing that 
 there were two at least at the time of the Survey. 
 
 The above seven monuments may be called the Breaghwy 
 River Group. 
 
 These must be, I think, the " remains of monuments, some circular, others of 
 sepulchral form," mentioned by O'Conor as " between Garranard and Brideswell, 
 close to the Killeen river." 
 
 23. In the Townland of Belleek, and Parish of Kilmore- 
 moy, half a mile S. of Belleek Abbey, close to the river Moy, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 30. The 
 old name of the Moy was Sal Srotha Derg. 
 
 O'Donovan says that " on Col. Gore's demesne, on the summit of a hill rising 
 over the river Moy, there were three upright stones which evidently once supported 
 a covering-stone." He adds that at the base of the hill was a circle " Druidical 
 or sepulchral," and makes the curious observation that the "base of the hill 
 was the usual position for the circle." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, -^, p. 73- 
 
 24. In the Townland of Ballina, and Parish of Kilmoremoy, 
 about half a mile N.N.W. of the town of Ballina, on the right of 
 the road from that place to Kilmore, is a dolmen marked Fert 
 Echtra, in Ord. Surv. Map No. 30, called traditionally " Leaba 
 Liabadoir." 
 
 " A grave," says O'Conor, " now much destroyed, but of which as much 
 remains as will satisfy the antiquarian that it is of that class of sepulchres which 
 were used in Ireland in pagan times, such as the Bed of Callan Mor, near Slieve 
 Callan in Derry." Only the E. side of it remains. It is formed of large stones 
 laid perpendicularly. The W. side, and the flags which were laid horizontally 
 from side to side, have been removed, and the interior is filled up with stones and 
 rubbish. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, , p. 70, et seqq.; "Carte des Jolmens d'Irlande," Miss M. Stokes 
 
 £. iS 
 " Revue Archeol." for July, 1SS2. 
 
 25. In the Townland of Ballina, and Parish of Kilmoremoy, 
 about half a mile S.W. of the town of Ballina, at Pipers' Hill, is a 
 dolmen marked Cromlech [Clochoglc) on Ord. Surv. Map No. 30. 
 
 This dolmen has been frequently mentioned by different writers. The roofing- 
 stone is nearly hexagonal in form, and is supported by three stones. One of the 
 supports having slightly given way, it is nearly horizontal in position. It measures 
 9 feet long by 7 feet broad. Close to the monument is a fragment of rock, which has
 
 ii8 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 been blasted by gunpowder, but which, in Col. Wood-Martin's opinion, never had 
 any connection with the dolmen. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, -~, pp. 73, 78 ; " Stat. Account of Mayo," by McParlan, p. 153 ; Wood- 
 L. lo 
 Martin, R.S.M., p. 235, with illustration ; Fergusson, " R.S.M.," p. 233, with plan. 
 
 Fig. 126. — Ballina (the Clochogle). From a photograph. 
 
 26. In the Townland of Knockfarnaght, and Parish of Adder- 
 goole, at the N. end of Glen Nephin, between Nephin Mountain 
 and the W. shore of Lough Conn, a curious double enclosure 
 with two circles is indicated in Ord. Surv. Map No. 47, and 
 marked Knockfarnaght Stone Circles a7id Cronilec/i. It lies E. of 
 the road from Castlebar to Crossmolina. 
 
 O'Conor mentions " stone circles and soma monuments on Knockfarnaght 
 Hill." 
 
 O.S-L., Co. Mayo, 
 
 14 
 E. 19 
 
 , p. 1S4. 
 
 27. In the Townland of Croghan, and Parish of Killala, half a 
 mile N.N.W. of Killala; near or in connection with Mullach 
 Chairn, there were dolmens, Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. See 
 Mullaghorn Fort in the map near an inlet from Killala Bay, S.W. 
 of Rathfranpark on the further .side of the Palmerstown river. 
 
 O'Donovan, who interprets this name " Height of the Cairn," speaks of " a 
 very curious monument here." "It is built like an earthen fort (lies), and has 
 round stones of very great size placed circularly on its border, where the parapet of 
 the fort would be. The diameter, within this circle of large stones, which are 
 placed very — not closely — contiguous to one another, is 78 feet, while the circum- 
 ference of the circle immediately outside measures 240 feet. Between this and 
 the old road are the remains of a fort, and of some — perhaps sepulchral — 
 monuments."
 
 County of Mayo. 119 
 
 " There are more large stones to be seen in the second or third field to the S., 
 which belonged to some of those ancient monuments so numerous in the country in 
 general." By these O'Donovan clearly means there were ruined dolmens here. 
 
 O.S.L.,Co. Mayo, -'^-, p. 262. 
 £. iS 
 
 In the Barony of Burrishoole. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Rosbeg, and Parish of Kilmeena, on 
 a spit of land S. of Newport Bay, is a monument marked Dermot 
 and Granias Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 76. 
 
 " Two huge standing stones inclining towards each other, which seem," says 
 O'Conor, " to be the remains of a Giant's Grave." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ^tTS". P- 23°- 
 
 2, 3, 4. In the Townland of Keeleast, in the Parish and 
 Island of Achill, N. of Keel Lough, and E. of Slievemore, 
 one Giant's Grave and two Cromlechs are thus marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 42. Near them a Tumulus is marked, and the 
 Danish Ditch. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Doogort West, in a narrow portion of 
 it which extends southward to the northern end of Keel Lough, 
 and which adjoins the Townland of Keeleast on the W., and 
 that of Bal of Dookinelly on the E., in the Parish and Island of 
 Achill, a Gia7ifs Grave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 42, to 
 the E. of the monuments in the Townland of Keeleast. 
 
 In the adjoining Townland of Bal of Dookinelly, the cashel 
 called Slievemore Cahcr is marked, and also a Pagan Cemetery, 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 42. 
 
 The group of monuments, of which the above four dolmens 
 (Nos. 2-5) form part, extends for three-quarters of a mile from 
 N.W. to S.E., N. of Keel Lough, through the three Townlands 
 of Keeleast, Doogort West, and Dookinelly. 
 
 From the infonnation contained firstly in ©'Conor's letters to the Ordnance 
 Survey Department, and secondly in Col. Wood-Martin's " Rude Stone Monuments 
 of Ireland," it is clear that there were, and still are, many more monuments of the 
 dolmen and chambered-cairn class in these Townlands and on the slope of Slieve- 
 more than are indicated in the Ord. Surv. Map. 
 
 After mentioning the Cathair of Slievemore, O'Conor says, " A short distance 
 to the S. lies a regular pagan cemetery, but unfortunately, like the Cathair, it is 
 much destroyed. It was originally a group of square graves formed of large stand- 
 ing stones, and surrounded with a circle of similar stones. One of these graves 
 remains in tolerable preservation, but wants the flags by which it was originallv 
 covered overhead. It is 9 feet long by 5 feet 6 ins. broad. Nine stones of
 
 120 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 unequal breadth and height form it, the largest of which is 5 feet in height over 
 ground. North and south of this are two groups of graves, but so broken that no 
 dimensions of them could be given. 
 
 "... Northwards of this cemeter)-, about one-eighth of a mile, on the lands of 
 Doogort, and about 9 perches from the mearing between Doogort and Dookinallia 
 Calry is a most remarkable large grave formed of high thin stones. This has been 
 also injured, both by the fury of the Atlantic stonns and the impiety of man. It 
 originally consisted of six large flags, of which one called the Liagaun is 8 feet 
 high, and 4 feet 6 ins. broad, and another 4 feet 6 ins. high, and 9 feet broad (or 
 long). Another large flag, which was probably the covering, measures 10 feet 
 6 ins. long and 9 feet broad. 
 
 " . . North- West of this Giant's Grave, which is usually called the Liagaun, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^Q5^< 
 
 
 
 Q> 
 
 Cr^o 
 
 O CP 
 
 ssl^ 
 
 Fig. 127. — Slievemore (monument C). fhn and elevation after Col. I Too J- Afar/in. 
 
 about one-eighth of a mile, and on the lands of Keel, is the track of a cloidJie, or 
 stone wall, called Ari Cloidhe Lochlannach* or the Danish Ditch, from an idea that it 
 was built by the Danes. This cloidhe leads to a very curious cromlech lying about 
 1 1 yards W. of the mearing between Keel and Doogort. It consists of a small 
 irregular circle formed by sixteen standing-stones. It is 12 feet in diameter. 
 Immediately S. of this is a large flag covering a square grave, and placed nearly 
 in a horizontal position. Around this flag are some small pillar-stones. 
 
 " Westwards from this cromlech the Danish Ditch becomes again traceable for 
 
 • Whatever may be the true ethnological meaning of this name, the popular translation which 
 tradition has handed down is " Danish."
 
 County of Mayo. 
 
 121 
 
 about 20 perches, when it terminates in another cemetery of a similar character, but 
 much disfigured by the natives, who have converted the square graves mto Jialfauns, 
 or lamb-houses. At the W. side of this group of graves is a small tumulus, hollowed 
 at top, and containing a few small loose stones in the hollow. This is said to 
 have been a kiln in ancient times, but I think it a sepulchral tumulus." 
 
 The monuments described by Col. Wood-Martin, between forty and fifty years 
 after this account was written, are the following : — 
 
 (A) The Giant's Grave, about one-third of a mile N.E. of Slievemore Cathair. 
 Only six stones are in situ. The cist points N. and S. One of the side stones in 
 a line of three — the end one to the N. — measures 8 feet high, 4 feet 4 ins. long, 
 and 8 inches thick ; the next is 9 feet 9 ins. long, and 6| inches thick ; the third is 
 3 feet 3 ins. long, and (>\ inches thick. Close to these, on the E. are three other 
 
 h 
 
 Fig. 12S. — Slievemore (monument J.). Plan ajtcr Col. U'ood-H/ar/i/i. 
 
 Stones. The first on the S., which was probably a covering-stone, is 10 feet 5 ins. 
 long, and 9 feet 3 ins. wide ; the second is 5 feet i^ in. long, and 3 feet 9 ins. 
 thick ; the third is 4 feet 5^ ins. long {i.e. high) by 3 feet 9^ ins. broad. 
 
 (B) At a distance of 20 perches S.W. of Slievemore Cathair is the group referred 
 to by O'Conor as " a regular pagan cemetery." One of the monuments in this is 
 called Clochan-na-siocca — the clochan, " stone-house of the pointed stones." It has 
 a total length of 200 feet, and terminates at its N. extremity in a circle 8 feet in 
 diameter, surrounding a stone which was seemingly the covering-stone of a dolmen. 
 From this two parallel lines of stones, about 10 feet apart, run for 52 feet in a 
 southerly direction, terminating in an oblong enclosure, adjoining which on the S. 
 is another quadrangular enclosure (? if not modem), measuring 26 feet 6 ins. by 25 
 feet 6 ins., and open on the W. side. From the S.W. corner of this square a double 
 line of stones (only one line remains), curving to the S.W., terminated in another 
 circle, now destroyed, but extant within the memory of man. 
 
 (C) Further to the S.W., within a few minutes' walk, is a very remarkable 
 monument, a drawing and plan of which, taken from Col- Wood-Martin's work, I 
 subjoin. Its longer axis is nearly N. and S. It consists of two circles, each about 
 21 feet in external diameter, the N. one having a central pillar (fallen) 9 or 10 feet 
 long. These circles are at either end of a dolmen about 17 feet long, covered, 
 probably, originally by three stones, two of which are still remaining, though
 
 122 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 somewhat displaced. The entire monument measures 5 2 feet 6 ins. long, and is 
 very similar to one near Lough Arrow, in Sligo, which measures 66 feet long, but 
 the terminal circles of which are not so large. 
 
 (D) Near the last is another monument t in the form of a T, measuring 53 feet 
 in its longer axis, apparently divided into septa or cists, and possibly throwing out 
 other arms or branches. An oval or circular environment of stones seems to have 
 once surrounded it, and it was probably buried in a cairn. This, too, like the 
 last, has its counterpart in one of the Lough Arrow monuments. 
 
 (E) A short distance from the last are the remains of a circle and alignment ot 
 stones placed contiguously. The whole monument, which is called locally 
 Tonalorcha, measures 170 feet in length, and points N. and S. The circle, thirty- 
 two stones of which remain, measures 80 feet in diameter. The alignment, forty 
 three stones of which remain, measures 90 feet long, and probably (CoL Wood- 
 Martin thinks) terminated at the S. end in a second circle. 
 
 (F) A quarter of a mile from the last, on the slope of SHevemore, are the 
 remains of a cist. 
 
 (G) The next monument is the dolmen (marked Cromleac in the Ord. Surv. 
 Map), near a " tumulus,'' and the " Danish Ditch." Four blocks of stone remain, 
 one of which stands upright, and bears on its outer face four " cup-markings " in 
 line, decreasing in size from left to right. These blocks form a rude cist, running 
 S.W. and N.E., and doubtless once covered in by a roofing-stone. 
 
 (H) Immediately adjoining this is the dolmen called the Labby. The cist 
 runs N. and S., and measures 8 feet long internally. Two covering-stones are in 
 place, one measuring about 5 feet, the other about 4 feet wide, and thicker than 
 is usually the case. Near this is a small stone circle, enclosing another. 
 
 (I) Close to the circle just mentioned is a cairn which once contained a cist or 
 dolmen. 
 
 (J) The ninth and list monument in this Slievemore, or Keel — Doogort — and — 
 Dookinelly group, is properly speaking, a chambered-cairn. It lies about " a quarter 
 of a mile from Slievemore graveyard, close to the road." " The interior arrange- 
 ment is cruciform, the arms being divided into compartments," in some of which 
 bones have been found by persons searching for treasure. " These chambers," says 
 Col. Wood-Martin, " each side formed by a single flagstone, are nearly square in 
 shape, being 4 feet 6 ins. by 5 feet in length, and they would seem originally to 
 have been 5 feet deep. At its S. extremity the figure is terminated by two circles, 
 the interior one being 10 feet, and the exterior one 21 feet in diameter." From 
 the plan, this cairn appears to be a circle 100 feet in diameter. 
 
 Compartments, such as these in chambered cairns, are frequently found to be 
 filled with flattish stones, which represent the debris of the fallen roof which was 
 constructed, not of single flags like the dolmens, but of layers of overlapping stones 
 approaching each other from the sides until one single slab closed in the top. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, „ pp. 340, 342, et seqq. ; Ccesar Otway, " Tour in Connaught," 1S39, 
 
 PP- 370-372; Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 239-249. 
 
 Ix THE Barony of Gallen. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Mullaghawny, and Parish of Attymas, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 40. 
 
 t This is an example of a chamber-cairn.
 
 County of Mayo. 123 
 
 This is the monument described in the Ord. Surv. Letters as on the borders 
 of the parishes of Attymas and Kihnoremoy, to the S. of the road from Attymas 
 to Ballina. The name of the monument was Carnan. " The stones are set in the 
 ground on each side and at the ends. On the part to the W. there lies a great 
 stone horizontally supported by others set under it." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ;, -, p. 129. 
 
 In the Barony of Murrisk. 
 
 I. In the Demesne of Westport, and Parish of Oughaval, 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 88. 
 
 Among some drawings of Gabriel Beranger, kindly lent me, with others, by Miss 
 M. Stokes, there is the ground-plan of a monument described as situated near 
 Westport. It is evidently a dolmen-circle. 
 
 The plan shows that ten stones of the circle were in place when it was made. 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 Fig. 129. —Westport. J'rom apian by Gabriel Beranger. 
 
 and there are spaces for at least eight or nine more. They measured from 3 to 
 6 feet high, and 10 to 12 feet in girth. The covering-stone of the central chamber 
 was somewhat in the shape of a coffin-lid. It measured 7 feet long, 3 feet 6 ins. 
 broad, and i foot 9 ins. thick. The supporters, the positions of three of which are 
 shown in the plan, could scarcely be seen, being choked up with earth and sand. 
 The space under the covering-stone was opened by the Earl of Altamount (Marquis 
 of Sligo) in the presence of Mr. Beranger. In it " were found the bones of a human 
 body burnt, the jaw of an animal supposed to be a dog, and, with the bones of the 
 skull, a white marble ball, very round (ij- inch in diameter), which those who found 
 it thought was the sling-stone by which the dead man had been killed. Loose 
 stones or pebbles, like those used for paving, were laid around in a confused 
 manner." 
 
 Original dr.a\vings in a portfolio in the possession of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 *2. In the Tovvniand of Knockfin, and Parish of Oughaval,
 
 124 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 a site is indicated as Fin MacCool's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 88. It lies about four miles and a half E.N.E. of the summit 
 of Croagh-Patrick, and about two miles S.W. of Westport, S. of 
 the road from that place to Louisburgh. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Aillemore, and Parish of Kileeever, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech on Ord. Surv. Map No. 95. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan mentions a dolmen as S. of Louisburgh. Of this very peculiar 
 
 -■'•H'' 
 
 Fio. 130. — South of Louisburgh. Elevation and plan after Mr. Kinahan. 
 
 structure I subjoin copies of his plan and elevation. It measures 13 feet long by 
 4 or s feet wide. Three or four layers of flagstones, resting diagonally upon the
 
 County of Mayo. 12 = 
 
 side-stones of the chamber, approach each other from either side as they near 
 the top which has been removed. I find no dolmen directly S. of Louisburgh, 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 96, which includes that part of the country. Four 
 miles S. of Louisburgh there is a Tobernahaltora, and a Loughnahallora. This name 
 implies the presence of an altar, so called, of some sort, but whether a dolmen, as at 
 Maulnahaltora in Kerrj', or a Christian monument, I cannot say. The " Lake and 
 Well of the Altar" are in the Townland of Srahwee, and Parish of Kilgeever. 
 The dolmen of Aillemore, in Ord. Surv. Map No. 95, might be vaguely described 
 as S. of Louisburgh, but perhaps Mr. Kinahan's monument is neither of the above. 
 The likeness which, in point of construction, this monument bears to one at Monte 
 Abrahao in Portugal, to be noticed below, is striking. 
 
 In the Barony of Carra. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Cogaula, and Parish of Ballintober, in 
 a piece of rough ground called Lurgaw, is a dolmen marked 
 Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 89. 
 
 This monument is described as a cromlech in the O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ^ , p. 57. 
 
 In THE Barony of Kilmaine. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Carn, and Parish of Ballinrobe, a mile 
 and a half S.W. of Ballinrobe, and to the E. of Lough Mask, a 
 cairn is indicated in the Ord. Map, having apparently a stone 
 structure in it. Perhaps this is a dolmen mentioned by McParlan 
 in his " Survey." The latter, however, which is called by him a 
 " Druid's Altar," is stated to be within a mile S.W. of Ballinrobe. 
 If this is correct, it is not marked in Ord. .Surv. Map No. ii8, 
 where it should have been, if it was still in existence at the date 
 of the Ordnance Survey. 
 
 McParlan, " Stat. Survey of the County of Mayo," p. 153. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Lackafinna, and Parish of Cong, a cairn 
 with cave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 120. 
 
 O'Donovan mentions that at Leckafinna, i.e. "White Flagstones," there was a 
 " curious cave in a tumulus," which may certainly be identified with this. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Mayo, ~-, p. 167. 
 r.. 19
 
 126 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF SLIGO. 
 
 In the Barony of Carbury. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Mullaghmore, and Parish of Ahamlish, 
 are the remains of a dolmen, not marked in Ord, Surv. Map No. 2. 
 It is near the coast in the sand dunes. 
 
 Two slabs on edge, with a space between, represent one side of it, measuring 
 10 feet 5 ins. long; while on the opposite, i.e. S. side, a single stone, at a distance 
 of 4 feet 6 ins., represents the position once occupied by the other side. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 154, 155. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Creevykeel, and Parish of Ahamlish, 
 two miles S.W. of Mullaghmore, is a Giant's Grave, not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 3. 
 
 The cist of this dolmen has its longer axis N.W. and S.E. It is broader at the 
 N.W. than at the S.E. end. At the S.E. end an antechamber has been formed, 
 
 the entire plan exactly corresponding to that 
 of the Brenanstown dolmen in the County 
 ^ Dublin. The cell or chamber measures 5 feet 
 ' broad at the N.W. end, and 4 feet 6 ins. at 
 the S.E. end ; the length is 6 feet 9 ins. Three 
 sides of it are formed each of a single flag. 
 The fourth (S.E.) side consists of the partition 
 stone between it and the antechamber or 
 portico, together with the end of one of the 
 slabs forming the S.W. side of the latter. 
 
 The breadth of the opening into the ante- 
 I'lG. 131.— Creevykeel. Plan from , , , , j a °^ i • , 
 
 Col. iVood-Martiii. chamber was 3 feet, and a flat stone lymg be- 
 
 side it had probably been a roofing-stone. The 
 floor of the chamber itself was flagged, and " upon it rested a thick layer of 
 charcoal, but nothing else." One of these flagstones hail cup-markings on its 
 surface. The stone was 20 ins. long, 14 ins. broad, and 2^ ins. thick. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 152-154. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Bunduff, near the sea-shore, and the 
 boundary of the county, that is, the Duff river, is a Giant's Grave, 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 3. It is about a mile N. of 
 Creevykeel. 
 
 This monument lies E. and W. It measures externally 19 feet long, and 
 internally 14 feet 6 ins. The breadth externally is 12 feet, and internally 8 feet
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 127 
 
 at the E. end, and 9 feet at the W. end. The sides are formed of three stones 
 each, and a single slab having a small stone on either side forms the W. end. At 
 the E. end is a little gap or entrance between two stones, measuring 3 feet and 
 2 feet 6 ins. broad respectively. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 155, 156. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Cartronplank, and Parish of Ahamlish, 
 
 "^--QQ(2j=Ja 
 
 f] 
 
 u 
 
 Fig. 132.— Cartronplank. Plan aflcr Ccl. W'ood-Marl'ui. 
 
 is a Giant' s Grave, called Tombannavor, about a mile S. of Creevy- 
 keel, not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps 2 and 3. 
 
 This monument measures externally 28 feet long, and internally 24 feet long. 
 
 Fig. 133. — Cartronplank, showing the end of the chamber. Afttr a drawing by 
 Mr. Wakeman, in Col. IVood-Martitis K.S.M. 
 
 Its external breadth is 14 or 15 feet at the N,W. end, and 12 feet at the S.E. end, 
 and its internal breadth 8 feet at the N.W. end, and 7 feet at the S.E. end. The 
 side stones diminish in bulk towards the S.E. end. 
 
 There is a partition crossing the chamber, and forming a cell about 8 feet 
 square at the N.W. end. The two side-stones on either side, which together with
 
 12S 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the partition and the terminal slab form this cell, are of larger size than the stones 
 <:omposing the rest of the structure. 
 
 The terminal stone at the N.W. end is a thin slab about 9 feet long, and is 
 raised from the ground at either end by a single low stone or foot, so that an 
 aperture is formed between the lower edge of the stone and the ground, a feature 
 noticeable also in the case of a great flat slab which forms the partitional wall in 
 the long dolmen at Burren near Blacklion, in Cavan. Judging from Mr. Wakeman's 
 drawing, I think that the side-stones of an antechamber, of which this raised stone 
 would form the inner side, extended from the sides of the monument still further N.W. 
 
 At the S.E. end there is an aperture about 2 feet wide between two blocks of 
 stone, and from the E. corner of the monument a line of five stones extend in that 
 direction. 
 
 We may compare the name of this monument with those of Thoomper s Cill or 
 the "Giant's Grave" at Killathoomper in Clare, and of Tuaim-an-fhir-mhoire at 
 ■Cappanahannagh in Limerick. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 150, 151. 
 
 5, 6. In the Townland of Streedagh, and Parish of Ahamlish, 
 are two dolmens, {a) called the Clocha-Brcaca ; {/>) in the sands 
 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Q 
 a 
 
 ■iK^o 
 
 Q) 
 
 <^ 
 
 a. 
 
 Go 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^. 
 
 <^. 
 
 o. 
 
 ^^<P 
 
 ^ 
 
 "^r 
 
 C3C5C^^ 
 
 Fig. 134. — Streedagh (1^). Plan after Col. Wood-Martin. 
 
 close to the sea, called the Giaiifs Grave ; neither of them marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. 
 
 O'Conor, in the Ord. Surv. Letters, says, " In Stridagh Townland there is a 
 caiseal built partly of stones and partly of earth, within which lies a large stone 
 which was heretofore supported on three stone pillars, as yet standing. It was a 
 .cromleac."
 
 County of Sligo. 129 
 
 Whether this was a rough description of either of the following monuments 
 described by Col. Wood-Martin, or a distinct one, I do not know. 
 
 (a) "A very curious monument, the boulders forming which are on a mound 
 of oblong form, about no paces in outside measurement." It appears to be the 
 ruin of a long dolmen, the long axis of which is E. and W., approached at its W. 
 end by a double row of stones, the ruins of a passage or avenue running in a 
 direction N.E. and S.W. The whole was " surrounded by a circle faced with 
 stones, and measuring 33 paces in diameter." This may have been the caiseal of 
 O'Conor. 
 
 (b) This monument is a most interesting one, and the plan of it given in Col. 
 Wood- Martin's work most typical, since it combines the characteristics of the con- 
 centric dolmen-circle with those of the long, wedge-shaped megalithic cist with its 
 antechamber, and its outer range or ranges of stones parallel with its sides 
 and ends. 
 
 A circle of tliirty-one stones (there must have been about forty-four when it 
 was perfect) with remains of a second circle drawn concentrically within it, surrounds 
 a dolmen 9 feet long internally ; 2 feet broad at the E. end, but widening to 2 feet 
 6 ins. as it runs W. The longer axis of this chamber is nearly E. and W., perhaps 
 a trifle N. of W., and S. of E. At the E. end there is a second slab outside the 
 terminal stone. At the W. end beyond a partition stone are the ruins of the ante- 
 chamber, while on the N. and S. sides the remains of an outer alignment of stones 
 are distinctly visible. 
 
 The external diameter of the outer circle is 36 feet. The monument, Col. 
 Wood-Martin tells us, had been buried in the sand-hills, but, previous to that, it 
 had been disturbed and rifled. The bottom of the central cist had been "regularly 
 flagged with immense limestone slabs; there was earth to the depth of 13 ins. in 
 the interior." On examination, human bones, both calcined and uncalcined, were 
 found — the fragments of them being mi.xed together — an indication, so the explorers 
 thought, that the place had been previously disturbed. " The uncalcined human 
 bones could all be referred to one person, an adult, well developed, with marked 
 platycnemic tibias, and projecting interfemoral ridges. . . . All the bones appeared 
 to have been broken when in a brittle state, and long after interment. They bore 
 no appearance of having been gnawed by animals." 
 
 " There were two lower jaws of a large dog or wolf; also portions of three 
 lower jaws, being left sides of jaws, of young dogs or wolves ; the remains of cubs 
 from one-third to one-half grown, and traces of one of much smaller size ; also a 
 fragment of the lower jaw of a small rodent and a rabbit ; also gnawed and broken 
 bones of a goat and of a cow of small size ; a bone of a hare ; several bones of a 
 fowl, probably goose or swan ; shells of limpets {patella vulgaris) ; a couple of flat- 
 fish scales, similar to the plates of sturgeon, and a fragment of a bone-pin with 
 head pierced." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Sligo, ~^ , p. 189; Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 146-150. 
 
 7, 8. In the Townland of Breaghwy, and Parish of AhamHsh, 
 are two dolmen-cairns, 300 yards apart, not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 5. 
 
 The first of these is described by Col. Wood-Martin as " a grass-covered cairn, 
 about 100 paces in circumference at base, on the S.S.E. side of which are traces 
 VOL. I. K
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 of what appears to have been the entrance to a cist, but which is partially blocked 
 up." The second cairn lies about 300 yards due S.S.E. of it. 
 Wood-Manin, R.S.M., p. 150. 
 
 9. In the Townland of Cloyragh, and Parish of Ahamlish, on 
 the side of Benbulben mountain, are the ruins of a dolmen not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. The adjoining- Townland 
 is called Ardnaglass. 
 
 "An arrangement of stones which appear like the vestiges of a rude stone 
 monument." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.>L, p. 158. 
 
 10, II. In the Townland of Clochcor (adjoining that of 
 Clochboley on the S.), in the Parish of Drumcliff, on Ardtermon 
 
 X 
 
 Fig. 135. — Clochcor. Plan after Col. Wood-Martin. 
 
 Strand on the northern shore of Drumcliff Bay, two Druids 
 Altars are thus marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 7. 
 
 One of these is mentioned by Col. Wood-Martin as a megalith which "appears 
 originally to have consisted of three lofty uprights surmounted by a covering-slab. 
 The two pillars which remain are upwards of 19 feet in height above the present 
 surface of the soil. The third has, at some remote period, succumbed either to 
 violence or atmospheric action, and lies fractured beneath the covering-slab, which 
 has fallen outwards and to the westward. The greatest length of this slab is 
 12 feet 6 ins. from E. to W., and it is upwards of 2 feet in thickness." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 142-144. 
 
 12. In the Townland of Drumcliff North, and Parish of 
 Drumcliff, 200 yards from the village, on the N. side of the
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 Cowney — now Drumcliff River — is a Giant's Grave not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 8. 
 
 This monument consists of a chamber 35 feet long, running W.N.\V. and E.S.E., 
 about 5 feet broad at the E. end, about 4 feet broad at a point further W., where a 
 roofing-stone is still in place, and apparently about 6 feet broad at the W. end, 
 where it is spanned by a second roofing-stone 8 or 9 feet long. The N. side 
 consists of thirteen stones, and a like number probably composed the S. side, most 
 of which remain. Rudely parallel with each side of the chamber is a line of stones, 
 each enclosing, at the W. end, a grass-covered mound. These lines are not, I feel 
 sure, to be regarded as additional chambers, but as the outer ranges of stones, 
 forming a peristyle around the monument such as we find so clearly indicated 
 in examples in Cork and Clare. 
 
 A curious discovery was made near this monument shortly before 1880. " In 
 consequence of the falling of the earthen bank of the river in close proximity to it, 
 
 ^^^^m^m^-^.,^^-,^'^^^ 
 
 Fig. 136.— Drumcliff. From Col. Wood-Martin. 
 
 a human skeleton was exposed." This proved to be that of an old woman, and 
 the length indicated a height of 5 feet 2 or 3 ins. " The remains were considered by 
 Mr. E. T. Hardman to be of the Prehistoric Age," but whether he based his opinion 
 on the skull form and other indications in the bones, is not stated. "When first 
 discovered, the skeleton was decorated with a bead necklace, which was removed by 
 the country people ; but as far as could be ascertained, the beads," says Col. Wood- 
 Martin, "appear to have been formed of baked clay, or perhaps steatite, being 
 described as ' marbles such as children play with.' " 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 143, 145-146. 
 
 13. In the Tovvnland of Drum East, through which the road 
 passes from Sligo to Glencar, on the W. side of the road, in the 
 Parish of DrumcHff, at the foot of Cope's Mountain, is a dolmen 
 called Giant's Grave, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. 
 
 This dolmen seems to have been completely dismantled. It probably measured 
 about 25 feet long. Only one covering-stone remains in place. The longer axis of 
 the chamber is nearly E. and W. There are seemingly traces of outer ranges 
 of stones. 
 
 An excavation made in it produced " a few calcined bones, large fragments of
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 charcoal, shells of oysters and cockle, and some uncalcined bones lying together in 
 a heap, 'for all the world,' as the labourer remarked, 'as if he (i.e. the occupant of 
 the tomb) had been buried in a sitting position.' " 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 139-141. 
 
 14. In the Townland of Drumkilsellagh, and Parish of Drum- 
 
 hr 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 137.— DrunikilselL-igli. Plan after Col. Wood-Martin. 
 
 cliff, overlooking the site of the dolmen at Drum, is a dolmen 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. 
 
 This monument measures about 30 feet long, and consists of what appeared to 
 Col. Wood-Martin to be two parallel compartments, but of what appears to me to 
 be a central chamber having on either side an outer range of stones or peristyle at a 
 distance of some 3 or 4 feet from the lines which form the sides of the chamber. 
 The monument lies N.W. and S.E., and at the N.W. end the outer ranges are 
 terminated by lines of large stones, while the entrance to the chamber is left 
 open. The breadth of the entire monument is about iS feet, and it widens towards 
 the N.W. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 141. 
 
 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. In the Townland of Kilsellagh, adjoining 
 that of Drumkilsellagh on the E., and Parish of Drumcliff, is a 
 dolmen, and near it five cists, which may be classed as small dolmens. 
 They are not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No 9. 
 
 The dolmen at this place is described as similar to that at Drumkilsellagh, and 
 about the same size. It runs N.W. and S.E. 
 
 " Higher up the mountain slope," says Col. Wood-Martin, " there is a singular 
 arrangement of cists, five in number, and but a few yards apart." They arc placed 
 in line in a direction N. and S. The longer axis of each cist is about E. and W. 
 Two of them have been explored, and all have lost their covering-stones. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 141.
 
 County of Sligo. 133 
 
 21. In the Townland of Castlegal (locally and properly 
 Cas/ic/gaf), and Parish of Drumcliff, is a dolmen not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 9. This Townland adjoins that of Drum on 
 the W., Kilsellagh on the E., and Drumkilsellagh on the S., so 
 that the dolmens in these may be regarded as forming one group. 
 
 This monument is in a very dilapidated condition. There are distinct traces, 
 however, of its having been a dohnen, the long axis of which lay nearly E. and W. 
 
 Of the cashcl which gave name to the Townland, little now remains, but it must 
 have been of considerable size, as all the houses in the vicinity are said to have 
 been built of the stones of which it was composed. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 142. 
 
 *22. In the Townland of Keelogyboy, and Parish of Calry, is a 
 monument of the dolmen class, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 15. It is near the summit of the Keelogyboy Mountain, in a 
 place called Aultnacaha. 
 
 This monument, which I merely place amongst the dolmen series because I 
 consider it transitional between dolmen-circles and " keels," as the later burial-places 
 were termed, has been fully described by Col. Wood-Martin. It consists of "two 
 impinging circles," having their longer axis N.W. and S.E. That on the N.W. is 
 the larger, and is rather ovoid than circular, the pointed end of the egg lying to the 
 N.W. The longer diameter of this is 20 feet from out to out, and the breadth at 
 broadest about 17 feet. It is composed of some 42 contiguous stones, and on 
 the S.W. side the area is traversed by a line of four contiguous slabs. 
 
 The other circle, or rather oval, which joins it on the S.E., measures 10 feet 
 from N.W. to S.E., and 8 or 9 feet across the centre from NE. to S.W. It 
 is composed of seventeen stones, with eight others on the S.E. side, which form 
 portions of a concentric ring. External to this circle, on the same side, is a line of 
 three contiguous slabs, parallel to those which traverse the larger ring. A line of 
 four blocks also crosses the area of this circle near the N.W. side. In these lines it 
 seems to me possible that we have the remains of a dolmen in much the same 
 position between the circles as a megalith in the island of Achill, which was 
 described at p. 120. 
 
 At all events, at the point of contact of the circles, traces of a rude cist were 
 apparent, and under a large slab human remains were found which Dr. Frazer, who 
 examined them, pronounced to be (with the exception of two incisors of large size and 
 three molars of an adult) all the remains of a child, a discovery which is rendered 
 singular by the fact that A'eY/-C^<f-^«/(//i<; (Keelogyboy) signifies "keel" (or burying- 
 place) " of the yellow child," or " of fair-haired children," perhaps. 
 
 The incisors not having been shed, the age of this child was probably under 
 seven, to which age also the bones appeared to point. There were in all " six molars, 
 three incisors (one canine), twelve uncut tops of teeth, fragments of child's ribs, two 
 vertebrae, parts of the skull, one portion of temporal bone, with auditory process, 
 finger and toe bones, forearm and leg, portions of pelvis — all in a fragmentary 
 condition." 
 
 With this monument I am inclined to compare that at Killachlug in Cork, p. 32. 
 
 Wood-Martin, and Dr. Frazer, R.S.M., pp. 127, 12S.
 
 134 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 23, 24. In the Townland of Magheraghanrush, als. Deerpark, 
 and Parish of Calry, are two Giants' Graves, the one (A) marked 
 DruicTs Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 15 ; the other (B) 300 yards 
 to the S.W., not named in the Map, but indicated by an oblong 
 figure. The larger of these, which has been called the Irish 
 Stonehenge, was known locally as " Leacht Con Mic Ruis," and 
 both as " Giants' Graves." 
 
 A. The smaller of the two monuments in this Townland may be compared 
 with those of Drumcliff and Drumkilsellagh. " It originally consisted," so Col. 
 
 Fig. 138. — "Leacht Con Mic Ruis." Etched from a photograph. 
 
 Wood-Martin thinks, " of an arrangement of four almost parallel rows of slabs. 
 The central space alone now shows traces of having been covered over, and a 
 displaced covering- flag still remains at either extremity." The longer axis is N.W. 
 and S.E. 
 
 An excavation was made in this monument, and remains of human bones were 
 found which Dr. A. W. Foot pronounced to be "a portion of an adult (male) 
 sacrum, some bones of a child, evidences of two individuals besides the child, and 
 probably of different sexes, a fragment of a platycnemic tibia, and of a pilasteric 
 femur ; in other words, pieces of very strong bones of an ancient race." " There 
 occurred also remains of deer and shells from the sea-shore." 
 Wood-Martin, and Dr. Foot, R.S.M., pp. 13S, 139. 
 
 B. In ground-plan this monument is a counterpart of that at Ballyglass in the 
 county of Mayo, and it bears in essential points a resemblance also to the Ctog/ian 
 in Glen-Malin in Donegal. It is placed on the summit of a rocky eminence rising from 
 a tract of rough hilly ground enclosed by a wall, and called "The Deer Park." The 
 ground immediately around it is traversed by lines and dotted with groups of stones 
 artificially set on end. On the S. side of the hill, at a distance of a few hundred 
 yards, is a very perfect cashel, or stone enclosure, formed by several concentric 
 circles of banks and walls, in the very centre of which is a small artificial cave. 
 The view from the spot where the monument stands is full of interest and beauty.
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 ' JD 
 
 Close beneath lies little Lough Corrigan, and beyond it Lough Gill, with its exquisite 
 islands. Beyond these to the S.W. stretches out the peninsula between Sligo and 
 Ballysadare, the central portion of which is occupied by the vast necropolis of 
 Carrowmore, with its endless variety of sepulchral monument, — cairn, dolmen, circle, 
 cist, and " fert," f the occupants of which were either, as some suppose, the 
 warriors slain in some stupendous conflict, or, which is perhaps more probable, the 
 inhabitants of the surrounding districts, whose bodies were brought hither, in order 
 that they might lie, according to custom, as near as might be to the Western Ocean. 
 
 Upon these sepulchres falls, as the sun declines, the shadow of the steep and 
 conspicuous hill called Knocknareagh or Knocknarea, the summit of which is 
 crowned by the enormous cairn which popular local tradition connects with Medb, 
 the wife of Ailill, and Queen of Connaught, in the name Misgawn Meave, or 
 " Medb's butter-pan." Beyond this height, sacred to a goddess of the gloom,:[: 
 lies spread the broad Atlantic. 
 
 In 1888 I made a plan of this monument, which gives a total length internally 
 of about 94 feet, with a greatest breadth of 28 feet. Since, however, the measure- 
 ments were somewhat roughly taken, owing to inclement weather, I prefer to 
 give those which I derive from an accurate survey of the monument made by 
 Mr. C. B. Jones, M.LC.E., the county surveyor of Sligo, for Col. Wood-Martin's 
 work, " Pagan Ireland," and which the latter gentleman has kindly placed in my hands. 
 
 My acknowledgments are due also to the late Mr. E. T. Hardman's excellently 
 illustrated paper on the same subject in the Proceedings of the Hist, and Archaeol. 
 Association of Ireland for the year 1879. 
 
 The long axis of the monument is nearly due E. and W., with a slight inclination 
 to bear to the N. of W. and to tlie S. of E. It consists of a great central area and 
 three iepta, opening into it by as many stone gateways which are trilitha. Each 
 septum may be regarded as a dolmen bereft of its covering-stones, and each has 
 its outer and its inner chamber — its aiitce and its cella, — to use the terms which 
 comparison suggests with the classic shrines of Southern Europe. 
 
 In the middle of the S. side of the central area appears to have been the original 
 entrance, several stones of which, as in the similar monument at Ballyglass in 
 Mayo, still remain. The central area is broader and squarer at the E. end than at 
 the W., where it takes rather the form of the prow of a ship, narrowing curvilinearly 
 until it ends in the trilithoii which forms the entrance to the single septum. Were 
 we to compare, as Mr. Hardman does, the whole monument to a cathedral, the 
 central area would be the nave, the W. septum the chancel, and the W. trilithon the 
 chancel arch. The two eastern septa would be transepts or mortuary chapels. 
 
 The central area is exactly 50 feet long from the face of the W. trilithon to a 
 stone which occupies a central space between the two trilitha at the E. end. The 
 width of this area is 25 feet at a distance of 5 feet from the E. end; 24 feet across 
 the centre, opposite to the entrance ; and 12 ft. 6 ins. where the curving sides meet 
 the W. trilithon. The entrance passage from the S. appears to have been 3 ft. 6 ins. 
 or 4 feet wide. 
 
 The ope of each of the trilitha is 3 feet wide and 3 feet high. The height of 
 the W. trilithon is 5 ft. 6 ins. to the top of the cap-stone, which latter measures 
 8 feet long. The E. irilitlia measure 5 feet high to the tops of their cap-stones, 
 
 t A "fert" is properly an enclosed or hedged grave. It is the name (pronounced "fort") 
 given to numerous little enclosures in Sligo and Mayo especially, but indeed in all parts of Ireland 
 as well. (See Cormac's " Glossary trans. O'Donovan," edit. Whitley Stokes, p. 33.) It is often 
 used in mistake for the English "fort," a name applied in the northern and eastern parts of Ireland 
 especially to moats, mounds, and raths. 
 
 X See "Rhys, Hibbert Lectures," p. 13S.
 
 136 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Q. 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 'y 
 
 G 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 r-
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 ^Z7 
 
 Fig. 140. — Magheraghanrush ; West Trili- 
 thon looking east. Elevation by Mr. C. 
 B. Joins, M.l.C.E. 
 
 Fig. 141. — Magheraghanrush; East Trilithon looking 
 east. Elrjation ly Mr. C. B. Jones, M.l.C.E. 
 
 which are each about 5 feet long. The W. septum has a total interior length of 
 22 feet, and a breadth of from 7 to 9 feet. Of the two compartments which 
 compose it, the E. one measures 8 feet long, the W. one 1 1 feet long. The gap 
 between the stones which form the partition is 2 ft. 9 ins. wide. 
 
 Of the two E. sct-ta, the southern measures in the interior 20 feet long by 
 7 ft. 6 ins. wide. Its W. compartment is 6 feet long, and its E. one 12 ft. 6 ins. 
 long. The gap between the partition-stones 
 is 2 feet wide. The northern septum is 
 imperfect at the E. end, but it seems to 
 liave measured about 25 feet long by 7 ft. 
 6 ins. broad. The length of the compart- 
 ments is uncertain, but I think that of the 
 W. one, or ante-chamber, was, like the one 
 beside it, 6 feet. 
 
 The entire monument, from out to out, as far as the structural part is concerned, 
 is as nearly as possible 100 feet long. Added to this, there was a cairn at either 
 end. A large slab rests against 
 the outer face of the stone which 
 forms the end of the W. septum. 
 Heaps of small stones have been 
 accumulated against the outer 
 sides of the stones which form 
 the central area, and there are 
 traces of an oblong or rudely oval bank on which, or rather in which, the whole 
 monument stood. This measures 144 feet long from E. to W., and 59 feet wide 
 in the centre. 
 
 The relative sizes of the stones forming the monuments may be judged by 
 the plan, and their heights from the etching from a photograph, which is subjoined. 
 
 The plan of the septa at the E. end is as nearly identical as possible with that 
 of the Cloghan in Glenmalin, in Donegal, where, however, the entire structure 
 appears to have been buried in a huge cairn of ovate form. All the stones, 
 according to Mr. Hardman, at Magheraghanrush are limestone. 
 
 The resemblance of the ground-plan to that of a ship, the single long chamber 
 at one end representing the prow, and the double ones at the other end the poop, 
 with its divided cabin, is a feature which has often occurred to me as worthy of 
 attention. The prow would in this sense be pointing towards the ocean beyond 
 which lay, according to the pagan mythology, the abodes of the dead. I have also 
 been inclined to compare its form with that of the great megalithic monument at 
 Antiquera in S.E. Spain. The name, too, " Leacht Con Mic Ruis " {Monument of 
 Con son of Rus, or Ruth, or Rud), seemed to connect it possibly with the worship 
 of the sea-deity of that name, the account of whose ship points to the world-wide 
 myth of the "Vessel of the Dead." However true the ship theory may be, 
 strengthened as it is by the ship graves of Scandinavia, this latter view rests rather 
 on fancy than reason, for no tradition carrying with it a Goidelic proper name, 
 could have reached us from the days when this monument was set up. 
 
 Treating the structure comparatively, the septa are simply dolmens a/longees, or 
 "Giants' Graves." That at the W. end, composed of six slabs on either side, with 
 a partition, open in the centre in the middle, and an entrance portal at the E. end, 
 is merely a repetition of such a structure as that at Annacloghmullin in the county 
 of Armagh (to take an example covered in a tumulus), or of any of the partitioned 
 dolmens (uncovered) such as that at Carrownagh in the county of Sligo itself
 
 138 The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 The oval central area remains to be accounted for. \\ith this we may compare the 
 circles which in the case of some Scottish monuments, the jilans of which are given 
 by Prof. Anderson, occupy the space between two cairns, the entrances to the 
 chambers in which open into them from opposite sides. Cut this " Deer Park " 
 monument in two, by a line drawn from N. to S. across the centre of the oval space, 
 and we form two monuments exactly similar in plan to those at Annacloghmullin 
 in Armagh, t at Rhinavie, near Strathnaver, in Argyllshire,! and to the "tombeaux 
 des geants " in Sardinia ; § that is to say, we should have in each case a semicircular 
 arrangement of stones forming a sort of court, in the centre of the arc of which 
 would be the mouth of the tomb. That this semicircle formed the space where 
 some ceremony connected with the dead was performed I feel little doubt. Such 
 an arrangement is perfectly analogous to that of the semicircular platform in front 
 of the tablet inscribed with the name of the deceased, and which closes the mouth of 
 the cave in the hillside in which he is buried, which characterizes the tomb of 
 the Mongal throughout Central and Eastern Asia. Devotions, invocations, burnt 
 sacrifices of things acceptable, may all have been here performed, and offered, 
 and contact sought with the remains of the dead for purposes of divination and 
 augury. Viewed in this light, the large open central space was, as it were, the 
 temple of the dead, at either end of which the pagan devotees sought, as do 
 Christians to-day, in many a cathedral or church, answers to their prayers for aid 
 and instruction at the shrine of the particular saint whom the nature of their 
 necessities requires that they should approach. The trilithons were the gates of 
 these shrines. And if the opinion which I have here expressed, that these places 
 were connected with the cultus of the dead, be true, the outer compartment was 
 the place, crawling into which on his hands and knees, just as Christian pilgrims 
 were wont to do at the cave at Lough Derg, the pagan devotee lying prostrate 
 in the leaba or bed of some venerated man of old, sought remedies for his malady, 
 or oracles for his guidance. 
 
 This monument has been frequently explored. Col. Wood-Martin states that 
 "excavations made by him in the four smaller divisions at the E. and W. 
 extremities clearly demonstrated the fact that they had been formerly covered like 
 ordinary kistvaens with roofing-slabs, as these were found lying in the ground in a 
 fragmentary state, when the sod was turned up," a fact which seems rather to 
 indicate that the roof was that of a chamber, i.e. built of overlapping slabs, as in 
 the Scottish chambered cairns, at Newgrange, etc., and not formed of flat 
 single slabs as in the dolmens proper. "In these four excavations," he adds, 
 " human and animal bones were discovered, all uncalcined, and with them a flint 
 flake." " Explorations in the central enclosure were not attended with equally 
 decisive results ; for although in two instances some traces of osseous remains were 
 found, yet in other spots the soil seemed undisturbed." 
 
 "In 1884 the Rev. James Graves made a slight excavation," when osseous 
 remains were found both of animals and human beings. 
 
 Mr. Millingan also made excavations in the interior of the structure at three 
 different places, and " in every instance found a quantity of human bones 
 together with those of animals." 
 
 With regard to the bones found in the \\ . septa by Col. Wood-Martin, it is 
 stated, on the authority of Dr. Foot, that "they proved to be mostly human and 
 uncalcined, some being bones of a young child, and others those of an old man. 
 There were also a great many bones of deer, all uncalcined. There was no sign of 
 
 t Vide infra ; in voc. X Vol. on the Stone and Bronze Age, p. 261. 
 
 § Vide infra, where plans are given.
 
 COUNTV OF SlIGO. 1 39 
 
 lire on any. Among them were bones of birds, the tooth of a horse (?) shells of the 
 
 Helix, and a flake formed of dark-grey flint. From the labourers engaged on the work 
 
 the information was gathered that two small heaps of stones lying close to the central 
 
 (portion of the) monument had originally formed a part of it, but, being scattered in 
 
 confusion, were carted away by the owner of the land." 
 
 Journ. H.A.A.I. (1879), vol. i. p. 57 ; Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pi\ 130, 13S. See also " Pagan 
 Ireland," by the same author. 
 
 25. In the Townland of Abbeyquarter, and Parish of Saint 
 John's, is a dolmen circle. It is within the limits of the Borough 
 of Sligo, close to the river on the S., and is indicated by a circle 
 of dots, but not named in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 " This circle of boulders is nearly perfect, forming a ring on a raised mound 65 
 feet in diameter. The inside surface is perfectly level. On the N. there are two 
 stones, seemingly the remains of an inner circle." There are several gaps in the 
 ring, one of which is on the N. side, immediately opposite the two stones. Three 
 large boulders, which Col. Wood-Martin thinks may have been rolled out of their 
 place in the circle, have somewhat the appearance of the commencement of an 
 avenue leading up to it. A little N. of the centre, two stones are to be seen which 
 seem to have formed a portion of a dolmen or cist. One of them is a flat slab ; the 
 other, seemingly, a supporting stone. An excavation at the foot of the latter 
 disclosed "traces of the flooring of the cist, upon which were some bones, the 
 greater portion of which were calcined." This cist was. Col. Wood-Martin thinks, 
 only " a division, or septum," of the original structure. 
 
 Dr. Frazer states that the discoveries consisted of " ij lb. of calcined bones, 
 seemingly all human, but in a very fragmentary state ; 2h ozs. of uncalcined human 
 bones ; three molars, and one incisor tooth of a young person ; the tooth of a goat, 
 and another, probably of a dog ; also bones of goat or sheep." 
 
 This circle, in point of its standing on a bank, of the contiguity of the stones, 
 and their number, and of its diameter, may be compared with one on the island of 
 Inishowen, or Ennishowen, in Lough Mask. 
 
 Wood-Martin and Dr. Frazer, R..S.M., pp. 124, 125. 
 
 *26. In Cottage Island, Lough Gill, in the Parish of Saint 
 John's, are the remains of a dolmen {?), not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 15. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin speaks of this as " a curious arrangement of stones," possibly 
 the debris of a dolmen. 
 R.S.M., pp. 125-127. 
 
 27. In the Townland of Drumnaskibbole, and Parish of Saint 
 John's, is a dolmen called Giant's Grave and Twnban, on the road 
 from Ballysadare to Sligo, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 14. 
 
 This dolmen had been once a " fine specimen of an elongated cist, apparently 
 divided into four septa or compartments. Its longer axis, measuring about 25 feet, 
 is approximately E. and W., its average width being 15 feet." Calcined and 
 uncalcined bones, and a piece of quartz, had been found among the debris thrown 
 out of it. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.SM., p. 19S.
 
 I40 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 *28. In the Townland of Breeoge, and Parish of Kilmacowen, 
 on the island, or, rather, peninsula of Inishhullion, ais. Inishmore, 
 on the northern shore of Ballysadare Bay, is a dolmen-circle not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 20. 
 
 " A small circle, composed of earth and stones, 2 1 feet in diameter, a few paces 
 distant from which is an erratic boulder, which, to judge from present appearances, 
 may perhaps have formed the covering-stone of a cromleac." 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 193, 196. 
 
 29. In the Townland of Primrose Grange, and Parish of 
 Killaspugbrone — at the foot of Knocknarea — is a dolmen-circle, 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 " On a spur of the hill is a rude circle, with a central cist." 
 
 Wood-Mnrlin, R.S.M., p. 197. 
 
 30, 31. In the Townland of Knocknarea, and Parish of Killas- 
 pugbrone, on the summit of the mountain, are the remains of at 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 142. — Killaspugbrone. Plan after Col. U'ooa-J\/ayliii. 
 
 least two dolmen-cairns, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 They lie to the S. of the great cairn of Misgawn Meave. 
 
 These are among the smaller remains, which lie about the base of the great 
 cairn. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 10S-113. 
 
 32. In the Townland of Killaspugbrone, near Strandhill House, 
 and the old church of Killaspugbrone, is a Giattt's Grave called 
 Labbynawark, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 This monument measures 21 feet long by 6 feet broad. " It appears to have 
 been originally divided into two compartments of equal size, but the W. one is 
 formed of the largest stones, and is in the best state of preservation. The head- 
 stone of this cist is 4 feet 2 ins. high on the inside; that on the N. 4 feet ; that on 
 the S. 3 feet 9 ins. ; the remainder of the stones scarcely average 2 feet in height. 
 The slabs appear as if either quarried, or, at all events, selected with great care." 
 The longest axis is N.W. and S.E. The S.W. slab of the larger chamber rneasures 
 9 feet 5 ins. long. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R-S.M., p. 197.
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 141 
 
 OJ 
 
 3. In the Townland of Cloverhill, also Knocknashammer, 
 
 Fic. 143.— Cloverhill. 
 R.S.M. 
 
 Plan in Col. Wood-Martin' s 
 
 Fig. 144. — Sculptured stone from Clover- 
 hill. /"'roin a drawing by Mr. IVakeman, 
 in Col. ITood-Marlin's Ji.S.M. 
 
 and Parish of Kilmacowen — adjoining Carrowmore on the S.E., 
 
 and at a distance of 200 yards 
 from Laghtareal Hill (see be- 
 low) — not marked on Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 This must be classed as transitional 
 between a dolmen and a chambered 
 tumulus. From information he re- 
 ceived on the spot, Col. Wood-Martin 
 does not think that there is any proof 
 that the monument was surrounded by 
 a stone-circle, as supposed by others 
 who described it. "The first intima- 
 tion of the existence of the chamber 
 was in about the year 1830, when the 
 plough came in contact with the ' im- 
 mense flag ' which originally covered it, 
 and which was itself covered with a 
 Fig. 145.— Sculptured stone in chamber. Clover- mound of earth." The ground-plan of 
 
 hill. Fromadra7oin<rl>y Mr. VVakemanittR.S.M. .v ■ ^ u ~u , „!,„„.,. ti,,* ;t „ 
 
 •= ■' the Cist, or chamber, shows that it was 
 
 of somewhat oval, or rather horseshoe form, since tlie stone which may be supposed to
 
 142 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 have closed one end is absent. The stones are conti 
 high. There are four on either side, which curve 
 single flat-fronted slab closing the inner end. This 
 the bottom, and it is upon the inner faces of five o 
 that the carvings are found. Another and smaller 
 floor of which was merely an earthen surface. The 
 9 ins. long by 3 feet 6 ins. broad, and consists, as 
 *' for it is not thought that one situated to the S. of 
 part of the structure." The longer axis of the cist 
 
 guous, and average about 4 feet 
 round so as to form an oval, a 
 
 chamber was entirely flagged at 
 
 f the stones which surround it 
 cist immediately adjoins it, the 
 
 larger chamber measures 5 feet 
 we have seen, of nine stones, 
 the entrance originally formed 
 
 is E.N.E. and W.S.W. In the 
 
 Fig. 146. — Sculpturings two of on the stones at Clover-hill. 
 From drawings by Air. Wakanan in R.SM. 
 
 chamber were calcined bones and a cinerary urn. It is not known what became of 
 the latter. A bronze implement was discovered in the bog in the immediate vicinity 
 of the grave. The cist has its exact counterpart in form in one at Eguilaz in the 
 Basque Provinces. ( Vide infra.) 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin thinks it possible that a bronze brooch-pin which was in 
 the possession of Petrie, and said to have been found in a cinerary urn at Carrowmore, 
 was found here. 
 R.S.M., pp. 92, 98. 
 34-99. In the Townland of Carrowmore, and Parish of Kil- 
 macowen, are, or were, at least 65 dolmen-circles here indicated in 
 Roman numerals (I — LXV) — to distinguish them from other monu- 
 ments included by Petrie — 44 of which latter are indicated in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 14, in a site marked Sepulcliral Stone 
 Circles, including one (No. 13 in list) marked Di'uid's Altar, and 
 the cairns of Listoghil, and Laghtareal. There were originally 
 many more. In the same Townland is an extensive " Caltragh." 
 
 The peninsula in which the series of monuments now to be described lies was 
 anciently called Cuil-irra. Under this latter name were included the parishes of 
 Saint John's, Kilaspugbrone, and Kilmacowen. Carrowmore is traversed by the
 
 County of Sugg. 143 
 
 road from Seafield to Sligo. To the nortli, and adjacent to Carrowmore, lies the 
 Townland of Tobernaveen, and beyond it to the N.W., on the other side of the 
 road from Rathcarrick to Sligo, that of Barnasrahy. To the S. of Carrowmore are 
 the Townlands of Graigue on the W., and Cloverhill on the E. In each of these 
 neighbouring lands some examples of the series called the " Carrowmore group " 
 occur. 
 
 " There can be little doubt," says Col. Wood-Martin, " that the following account 
 of the excavation of a 'tomb' by Mr. R. C. Walker, given by Sir William Wilde, 
 relates to one of the Carrowmore series." 
 
 " The centre of a large cairn was occupied by a cist or tomb, which contained 
 the remains of a great number of skeletons, some evidently burned, and others 
 exhibiting no traces of fire. One of the stones which formed the side of this cist was 
 16 feet in length, and about 6 feet in breadth. In it were found six different human 
 interments, which occupied the E. and W. ends, the centre part being unoccupied. 
 The bones were not contained in urns, but were collected together in small heaps 
 that rested upon the freestone-flag, which invariably formed the bottom or floor of 
 the inner tomb. Large bones, those of arms, legs, and thighs, covered the half- 
 calcined remains of smaller bones, and the skull surmounted the little pyramids 
 thus formed. Round the margin of each heap was collected a quantity of bones of 
 birds, and of some of the lower mammalia, together with a number of small shells, 
 principally of the land Helix. Each of these six interments was kept distinct, 
 and surrounded by small freestone flags. No weapon or ornament of any kind was 
 discovered in the tomb." 
 
 " Beauties of the Boyne and Blackwater," by Sir W. Wilde, p. 234; R.S.M., pp. 17, iS. 
 
 N.B. — The ordinary numerals in the following list are those in Petrie's descriptive 
 list supplied to the Ordnance Survey in a letter to Capt. (afterwards Sir Thomas) 
 Larcora, dated August 12th, 1837. Where a letter is added to the number, as iia, 
 the monument is not in Petrie's list. The additional information has in each been 
 supplied by Col. Wood-Martin, in his "Rude Stone Monuments of Ireland." 
 P. stands for Petrie; W.M. for Wood-Martin. The Roman numerals are mine, 
 and represent the sum total of all the monuments of the dolmen class in the group. 
 
 MS. "Letters," Ord. Surv. Co. Sligo, -4_^ p. 433^ ^ seqq. ; R.S.M., p. 13, et seqq., and 
 map, p. 15. F. 14 
 
 I. No. 1 (dolmen-circle), " the most western of the chain of circles N. of the road 
 leading from Seafield to Sligo." 
 
 "This forms an elevated platform, and has an inner circle of smaller stones with 
 a broken cromleac in the centre. The stones of the outer circle, which is 40 feet 
 in diameter, are of very large size, and 35 in number ; but two of them have fallen 
 from their places. Bones were found beneath the cromleac." — P. 
 
 " The elevated platform is several feet above the surface of the surrounding soil, 
 rising as much as 6 feet to the W. The outer circle is 43 feet in diameter, and is 
 formed of 36 stones. There were 25 of the stones of the inner circle. One support 
 of the cromleac was in situ. An excavation was made to the W. of this, and a few 
 inches beneath the surface some greyish-white, and seemingly highly calcined 
 fragments of bone, were dug up. Dr. Frazer pronounced them to be all human, 
 and identified parts of a skull, and thigh and leg bones. With the calcined remains 
 was discovered the upper portion of a rude pin seemingly made of horn, in several 
 fragments. A larger fragment may have formed part of a larger pin or small
 
 ■ 44 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 dagger. There was a semicircular piece of a bone object, and two small portions 
 of an urn. "—W. M. 
 
 MS. " Lellers," /ae. ci/. ; R.S.M., pp. 19-21. 
 
 II. No. 2 (i) dolmen-circle, 6 paces to the E. of the last. 
 
 " It is 52 feet in diameter. The stones are of great size, but the greater number 
 of them have been removed to an adjoining wall. Human bones have also been 
 discovered within this circle." — P. "Traces of this monument have almost 
 entirely disappeared." 
 
 MS. " Letters," /oc. a/.; R.S.M., p. 21. 
 
 III. No. 2 (2) dolmen-circle. 
 
 "The owner of the field in which the two last circles are situated recollects 
 to have seen 5 large upright stones in a group at a distance of about 40 feet to 
 the S.E. of the second circle, and which were removed to form the wall along the 
 roadside, which is chiefly composed of such large stones. These were unquestion- 
 ably the upright supporters of the cromleac of another circle." — P. 
 
 MS. "Letters," /oc. cit. 
 
 IV. No. 3 (i) (dolmen-circle, a few paces E. of II.). "This circle is 40 feet in 
 diameter, and consists of 34 stones, of which 4 have been displaced. The cromleac 
 remains, but the upper stone has been thrown off its supporters. It is only 4 feet 
 long, li foot thick, and 12 feet in circumference. Mr. Walker had the chamber 
 of this cromleac searched, and found an interment within it. This circle appears 
 to have had an outer one of very large stones, 12 in number, but only 6 of them 
 now remain." — P. 
 
 " The cist in this circle is of the figure-of-eight pattern " [that is to say, it is a 
 double one], having a longer axis S.S.E. and N.N.W. The circle round it 
 measures 42 feet in diameter. "One flag, evidently a covering-stone, remains; 
 but it is partially sunk into the chamber, the side-stones of which average about 
 3 feet 6 ins. in depth." An excavation was made, and was " carried down to the 
 flagged floor of the cist, traces of which were apparent." " Abundant calcined 
 and uncalcined remains were brought to light, as well as three stone-beads, and 
 a pendant formed of a natural (juartz prism, clear as glass, through the amorphous 
 end of which a hole had been pierced for suspension. This hole was, on both 
 sides, considerably wider externally than in the centre, showing that it had been 
 bored with rude appliances. ... It appeared to have been submitted to intense 
 heat, for, on lifting it, part of the extremity of the prism flaked olT when 
 touched."— W. M. 
 
 Besides this amulet of quartz, there was found in this cist "a stone bead 
 formed of steatite, somewhat round in form, of a whitish colour, and highly 
 calcined, and a second bead, also formed of steatite, and highly calcined, but smaller 
 and more elongated in shape, having the diameter of the perforation equal 
 throughout, which is not the case in the rounder beads, where the orifices are 
 larger than the central portion of the hole. Bluish stains in these beads result 
 from the presence of phosphate of iron from the calcined bones. A third bead 
 resembling the first is formed of a stone of a yellowish-brown colour. It is 
 pierced with a hole, in which the marks left by the rotatory motion of the imple- 
 ment, with which it was pierced, are distinctly visible. It did not seem to have 
 been affected by intense heat, as the others had. The material was steatite." — \V. M.
 
 County of Sligo. 145 
 
 In shape this bead resembles precisely one found by me in a tumulus at 
 Ballowal in West Cornwall. The form, too, of the quartz pendant is similar 
 to that of a stone pendant, found also by me, together with blue barrel-shaped 
 vitreous beads, in a cairn at Boscregan in the same district. In the latter cairn, 
 together with the beads and pendant, was a little button with two perforations 
 joining in the centre, formed of steatite (see " Archaologia," vol. xlix. p. 189). 
 
 "Steatite is found at Crohey Head in Donegal, and also in Antrim. In addition 
 to the beads, several fragments of bone pins were found in this cist. One of them 
 — the upper portion, which exhibits a head carved into a mushroom shape — is in 
 a petrified state. Another fragment is perhaps the curved point of the same pin. 
 Another piece is curved and polished, and a fourth is the tapering portion of 
 a straight implement. There was also a completely petrified portion of bone 
 like a spear-head, artificially dressed at the point, possibly used as a whet- 
 stone."— VV. M. 
 
 "This tomb was the richest in relics of the entire series. The uncalcined 
 remains, considered to be human, included a metatarsal bone of the left foot, 
 a portion of a cervical vertebra, a piece of a radius (fore-arm bone), a piece of a 
 dorsal vertebra. There were also uncalcined bones of animals, birds, and fish 
 (gurnard). The calcined remains consisted of about 28 lbs. of small fragments 
 of bones, so saturated with lime salts that many were completely petrified. 
 Numerous pieces were charred, and coloured bluish grey or black from the action 
 of fire. There were many fragments presenting crack-like marks, but none 
 distinctly human. There were also (a) fragments of bones not human, mostly 
 small portions of the skulls of pigs ; (l>) nine pieces of petrified bone, and one 
 charred lump ; (c) a smooth, flattish, circular stone, very dark in colour, similar 
 to, but smaller than one found in No. 4 monument (see infra). This stone 
 weighed i oz. 3 drms. 50 grs. It was if of an inch long, i^ of an inch broad, 
 and \ inch thick." A similar disc was found with an urn at Rathbarran. 
 
 With the form of the double cist in this monument we may compare such 
 structures as those of Arnasbrack, Carrownagh, etc. It appears to me not im- 
 probable that a line of cists, of which these two are the inner ones, terminated at 
 the S.S.E., in the ring surrounding this cairn. 
 
 MS. "Letters," he. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 21-23, ^^d 2S-30. 
 
 V. No. 3 (2) (dolmen-circle, between Nos. IV and VI). " Between the 
 circles Nos. 3 and 4 there are several upright stones, forming a curved line, and 
 apparently, or, as I might say certainly, the remains of another circle." — P. No 
 remains of this exist. 
 
 MS. "Letters," he. cit. ; W.C.B. Note-book, iSSS. 
 
 VI. No. 4 (dolmen-circle, a short distance to the N.E. of the last). "This 
 circle is in part destroyed, but the cromleac is untouched. The diameter 
 of the circle is 40 feet, and the number of stones appears to have been forty, 
 but twenty-one only remain. The cromleac of this circle is a good example 
 of the size most common to such monuments in Carrowmore. It is formed 
 of five supporting-stones, and one table-stone. It measures altogether not more 
 than 5 feet in height, and the table-stone is 14 feet in circumference." — P. 
 
 The circle had, when Col. Wood-Martin visited it, been buried by the tenant, 
 except one boulder. On excavation, " near the surface were the unburnt remains 
 of a wolf or dog, and of a large rodent. When the flagged floor was 
 reached . . . there were abundant traces of calcined remains, some imperfect 
 
 VOL. L L
 
 146 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 bone pins and piercers ; also a worked bone, seemingly tiie handle of some 
 implement. The animal bones, of dog or wolf, and rodent, were unburnt and 
 unpetrified, and, from their colour, had evidently lain in clay, the humus still 
 
 
 
 
 ■/I 
 
 Fig. 147. — Carrowmore (\ I). From an origiual sketch by Petrii. 
 
 adhering to them. There was about 14 lbs. weight of small fragments of bone, 
 
 lime-soaked, and therefore much increased in weight and density. Many of them 
 
 were charred and blackened by fire." — \V. M. 
 
 AVith these remains was found a " large, roundish stone of white quartz, smooth, 
 and weighing 14! ozs. It is 3 inches long, the same 
 broad, and if inch thick ; also a smooth, black, 
 cuneiform stone, with a thin coating of carbon, weigh- 
 ing 13^ ozs., and measuring 2^ inches long, i-}^ inch 
 broad, and % of an inch thick ; also a piece of 
 rough white quartz of rudely triangular form, with 
 some of its edges sharp ; also some pieces of red 
 sandstone in process of disintegration. There were 
 also, in the general mass of small fragments, a few 
 teeth of a young pig, bird bones, part of the valve 
 of a shell, and half of the lower jaw of a rabbit." — 
 \V. M. 
 
 VII. No. 5 (dolmen-circle, N.E. of VI, at a 
 distance of 14 paces). " Of this circle only eight 
 
 stones remain in their original positions, and the cromleac is entirely destroyed. 
 
 The diameter was about the same as that of No. 4." — ^P. 
 
 No traces of it now exist, unless in the boundary fence. — W. M. 
 MS. "Letters," Aif.f(V. 
 
 VIII. No. 5 (i) (dolmen-circle). The situation of tliis is marked by a gravel-pit 
 N.E. of VII. "This circle and cromleac were destroyed about the year 1815, 
 in raising gravel." — P. 
 
 MS. "Letters," he. n't. 
 
 IX. No. 6 (2) (dolmen-circle, between the gravel-pit and X). " Several very 
 large stones, which there can be but little doubt belonged to another circle." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 Fig. 148. — Ground-plan of VI. 
 A/lcr Col. Wood-Marl ill.
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 147 
 
 X. No. 7 (i) (dolmen-circle): to the N.E. of 6. This was called Leaba-na-bh- 
 Fian (Bed of the Fian, or Warriors) ; now called the Kissing Stone. " This circle 
 and its cromleac are perfect. Its diameter is 37 feet, and the number of stones 32. 
 The cromleac is about 8 feet high, the table-stone resting on six stones. It is 
 
 Fig. 149. — Carrowmore (X). From an original sketch by Pctrie. 
 
 9 feet long, and 23 feet in circumference. The situation of this circle being 
 on the ridge of a hill, gives it a very striking and picturesque effect." — P. 
 
 " Of the entire series, this is undubitably the finest and best-preserved cromleac 
 and circle . . . The porch like entrance is very remarkable." — W. M. 
 
 It was possibly a similarly porch-like appearance which caused the Portuguese 
 
 ,0 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Ors< 
 
 \/ 
 
 Dc^Oc^^ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 150. — Carrowmore (X). From a f>lan in Col. Wood-AIartin^s R.S.M. 
 
 to call a dolmen an Anta, anice being the name of the porch of the Roman 
 temples, adiaili, and cellic memoricB, or shrines of the dead. Such structures were, 
 according to Vitruvius, divided into the cella, which was the inner, and the antce, 
 which was the outer portion.! In regard to the size of this dolmen. Col. Wood- 
 Martin remarks that it is the only one which can be " entered in a semi-upright 
 t See this question discussed below, under tlie dolmens of Portugal.
 
 148 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 position." The same writer appends the results of excavations conducted by him 
 in the dolmen itself. 
 
 " It had evidently undergone a thorough clearing out before. The soil, 
 however, was well resifted, and the corners and crevices carefully examined. 
 A couple of stones of the flagging still remained in position at the angles. Here 
 were found So small fragments of bone, greyish-white in colour, possibly calcined. 
 
 Fig. 151. — Canowmore (X), the dolmen. J'roin an original skekh by Pelrie. 
 
 Amongst these was the tooth of a young pig, one valve of a mussel shell, one valve 
 of a cockle shell, two small shells of the genus Helix, several portions of other 
 shells, and a remarkably fine specimen of a ' thumb-flint,' " by which Col. Wood- 
 Martin means a flint flake such as would have done for a " strike-a-light." It is very 
 
 similar, indeed, to one found by 
 me under a small dolmen among 
 an immense quantity of burnt 
 A y^^\' '1^. ^ human bones, in a tumulus, once 
 
 4- /^ ,.' \. I '"-.^ / probably encircled, near the 
 
 Rosemoddress circle and Boleit 
 menhirs in West Cornwall. (See 
 my "Noenia Cornubise," p. 109.) 
 Flint is foreign to the district of 
 Cuilirra, but is found in Antrim, 
 Down, and Londonderry. 
 
 On looking at the ground- 
 ; plan of this dolmen-circle, it may 
 occur to others, as it occurs to 
 me, that there are indications 
 that a passage may, and pro- 
 bably did once lead into the 
 dolmen from the S.E. side of the 
 outer ring, a proof that it was 
 not intended that the dolmen 
 should be wholly closed up in its 
 cairn. 
 MS. " Letters," /oc. cit. ; drawings of it at pp. 437 and 43S ; R.S.M., pp. 35-36. 
 
 XI. No. 7 (2) (dolmen-circle between X and No. 8). " Several large stones 
 which appear to be the remains of another circle." 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 Fig. 152. — C.iriowmore (X), the dolmen. 
 Plan afttr Col. Wood-Martin.
 
 County of Sligo. 149 
 
 No. 8 (Caltragh or sepulchral rath), further to the N.E., and W. of the road. 
 " This circle is 90 feet in diameter, and is most probably sepulchral, though it 
 has somewhat the appearance of a fort, or raheen, the surrounding stones being 
 nearly buried in a clay bank. There are no remains of a cromleac in it" — P. 
 
 " One side has been nearly all removed." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; with a sketch, p. 436 ; R.S.M., pp. 31-34. 
 
 Petrie calls this a " Fort, or Raheen." It is a monument of the same kind as the 
 so-called Cealluras, Keels, and Killeens of other parts, but the fact that it is surrounded 
 by stones nearly buried in the bank seems to mark it as transitional between the 
 stone-circle and the earthen enclosure. " A peasant in the neighbourhood stated 
 that in his youth old people used to recount how, on certain nights in the year, 
 lights were to be seen in this ' ould fort,' and noises heard as if contending armies 
 were engaged in fray. This legend is by no means peculiar to Carrowmore, but is 
 to be met with in nearly every district in Ireland." I discovered a very remarkable 
 instance of its existence in Cornwall. Lights were said to come out of a great pile 
 of stones on the summit of the cliff at Ballowal, over Cape Cornwall, and to dance 
 around it. This pile was apparently composed merely of mine refuse ; but, on 
 excavating it (being led to make trial of it by the legend), I found this only to be a 
 surface-coating, and the whole of the interior to be occupied by a vast sepulchral 
 cairn, containing a dolmen, stone cists, and a double-walled dome. So constant 
 had been the tradition of fairy-lights coming out of it that people of the elder 
 generation were afraid to pass it at night. 
 
 In Ireland the " little people " of two neighbouring forts or Uses were said 
 to quarrel. Their battles took place by night, and the name Lisnascragh, or 
 Fort of Screeching — given to several forts (according to Dr. Joyce), in the N. of 
 Ireland, was said to be derived from the noises they made. From the candles 
 shining in them the names of some of these places, namely, Lisnagannell and 
 Lisnagunnell, were popularly, but erroneously, derived. 
 
 In Japan, the battles of the Kami,t or ancestral spirits, otherwise called 
 Shinto, the exact parallels of the Lappish Sitte, the Irish Sidhe, and the Norse 
 Elves, are said to take place with great noise in the air, and the stone arrow-heads 
 found on the sea-shore after a storm are said to be those discharged in the conflict. 
 
 CoL Wood-Martin is inclined to regard monuments of the class of No. 8 as the 
 ferta of the medieval books, and a passage in the Book Armagh speaks of " the 
 circular ditch, like to a fcrt, in which the Scotic people and Gentiles used to 
 bury their dead," as equivalent to what the Christian Irish called a " Releg " 
 (Lat. reliquice), which was certainly, in some cases, an enclosure round a 
 
 t This word Kami is, I think, connected with the Bear and the worship of that animal among 
 almost all the peoples bordering on the Arctic Ocean. It would have reached Japan through the 
 Ainos of Yesso from the Kamscadal promontory, where the word actually means " bear " (see my 
 "Niphon and its .\ntiquities," 1876, pp. 21, ct seqq.). 
 
 There is evidence of the worship of the Bear among the Lapps and Finns of Northern 
 Scandinavia and Finland. Both these people called themselves Samelat, or, more correctly, 
 Suomalaiset, i.e. Suoma-nien. Now, among the Samoyedes, whose language is regarded as a 
 classic type of Finno-Ugric speech, Suom, or som, is a " bear," so that Suoma-men would be 
 " Bearmen," and Othere was probably only translating for .■\lfred the name of the natives for them- 
 selves when he spoke of the Biornias, or " Bear-men," who dwelt on the White Sea. A great festival 
 to the Bear-god was held annually by nearly every nation of the North, accompanied by rites 
 connected with the worship of ancestral spirits. In Ireland the festival Samhain was the counter- 
 part of this, as far as the worship of the Sidhe or ancestral spirits went, and, considering the many 
 points of similarity between Finnic and Irish folk-lore, and the brachycephic skulls found in Irish 
 tumuli, I am inclined to think that a Finnic element once existed in Ireland, and that in the 
 name Samhain we have no mere " end of summer," as the word has been explained, but a survival 
 of the Same cultus of the Finno-Ugric peoples.
 
 150 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 cemetery, as at Glendalough, in Wicklow. I should be more inclined, however, 
 to regard a "fert" as one of those smaller earthen rings, some 10 feet in internal 
 diameter, which are to be found plentifully in many ])arts of Ireland, and examples 
 of which occur between Carrowmore and Knocknarea. They are held in great 
 reverence by the peasantry, supposed to be sepulchral, and are never disturbed. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 37. 
 
 XII. No. 9. " Still further to the N.E." (dolmen-circle ?). " This circle consists 
 of ten remarkably large stones, and it may be doubted if there were ever more than 
 twelve originally. The diameter is 42 feet." — P. 
 
 " There are no traces of a cromleac," but in the plan given by Col. Wood- 
 Martin, two stones, a large and a small one, are shown about 20 feet N. of the 
 circle. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cil. ; R.S.M., p. 38. 
 
 XIII. No. 9A. N.W. of XII (dolmen-circle?). This is not mentioned byPetrie. 
 "It is now represented by five stones; but, to judge by these, it must have been 
 one of the largest of the series." — W. M. 
 
 There seems no trace of a dohnen left. The diameter was about 75 feet (out 
 to out). 
 
 R.S.M., p. 38. 
 
 XIV. No. 10. Situated N.E. of XII (dolmen-circle). "This circle is in part 
 destroyed, but from the portion which remains it appears to have been one of the 
 grandest of the whole series. As in the case of XII, it seems to have consisted of 
 only twelve stones, of which eight remain, and are of unusually great size. The 
 diameter of the circle was 75 feet. The cromleac, now quite ruined, was of 
 corresponding magnitude, and an interment was found beneath it."— P. and W. M. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin's plan shows only seven stones of the ring remaining, and one 
 small one lying S.E. of the centre. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 38, 39. 
 
 XV. No. II (i). Situated S.W. of XIV (dolmen-circle). "Of this circle, four 
 stones only now remain in their original position. The remainder, with the 
 cromleac, were destroyed or removed by the peasant who holds the ground, about 
 five years ago " — i.e. five years before 1837. — P. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 XVI. No. 1 1 (2). " Between XV and the road " (dolmen-circle). " There are 
 several very large stones here, which, with others that were blasted, formed, 
 according to the peasantry, another circle." — P. 
 
 N.B. — " Here the chain of circles towards the N. appears to have ended, 
 and the next examined were those situated to the E. of the road from Sligo 
 towards the S." — P. (See, however, below under XVII.) 
 
 MS. " Letters," /or. cit. 
 
 XVII. No. iiA. About 100 yards to the N.E. of XIV (dolmen-circle and 
 cairn?) "Unnoticed by Petrie. It is about 55 feet in diameter, and appears 
 to have consisted of two concentric circles. Only two of the stones remain ;'// 
 situ. The diameter of the inner circle is 23 feet. The space between the 
 circles is hollowed. Near these remains, towards the centre of the field, is a small 
 cairn, possibly formed in clearing the field." — W. M.
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 151 
 
 Here rather than at XVI the N. chain of circles ended. In Col. Wood- 
 Martin's plan it should be 11 a, not ioa. 
 
 R.S.M., p. 39. 
 
 XV^III. No. 12. Situated near the road, and E.N.E. of XIII (circle with cist 
 or small dolmen). " This circle is composed of small stones mixed with earth, 
 and is 40 feet in diameter. There is a stone sepulchre in the centre, but no 
 cromleac." — P. This implies that Petrie considered this as a transitional monument, 
 neither a dolmen-cairn nor a cairn with cists. 
 
 "The whole is now so covered with sod tliat it might pass unnoticed but for 
 Petrie's description of it." — W. M. The plan of this monument shows three 
 concentric circles of small contiguous stones, built with the regularity of a well- 
 built stone fence, the outermost ring facing outwards, the two inner ones inwards. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. : R.S.M., p. 40. 
 
 XIX. No. I2A. "Not far off No. 12, and lying between it and the Callmgh " 
 (No. 60) (dolmen-circle). " Seemingly the traces of another circle." — W. M. 
 
 K.S.M., p. 40. 
 
 XX. No. 13. Situated to the S.E. of XI but "on the opposite side of the 
 road" (dolmen-circle). It is the first dolmen seen by the traveller on the road 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. 153. — Carrowmore (No. 13). From an ori^nal sketch by Fclrie. 
 
 from Sligo to Carrowmore. " This circle has been destroyed by the road passing 
 through it, but the cromleac remains, and is a fine monument of its kind. The 
 table-stone is 20 feet in circumference, and is supported by six stones ; but on the 
 W. side, or head, there are four more stones, lengthening the grave, as frequently 
 occurs in such monuments." — P. 
 
 "On the N. side" (Petrie's W. side), "it has the peculiar porch-like entrance 
 of X, but it is difficult to decide whether it was a purposed lengthening of the 
 grave ... or whether the monument had been originally a double cromleac. The 
 cap-stone resembles in shape the head of a mushroom." The results of a 
 search among the contents of the area under the covering-stone which had been 
 thrown out and replaced perhaps, or overlooked during a previous search, 
 "consisted of four hundred and twenty-eight small fragments of clay-coloured
 
 15: 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 4 
 
 bones, and twenty pieces of charcoal. There was no appearance of the action of 
 fire, and yet the bones must have been burned, though imperfectly, as some few 
 
 fragments show the crack-like marks pro- 
 duced by fire, and noticed in other sepul- 
 chres. There were also fragments of shells, 
 small pebbles, and much fine brown humus 
 and sand. Of the uncovered portion of the 
 monument two stones remain. Close to 
 and under one of these was found, in situ, 
 a ' pocket ' of calcined bones and an amor- 
 phous fragment of greenish glass, coated 
 with a thick, whitish crust." Petrie is said 
 to have found " opaque blue-glass ornaments 
 in cairns in the N. of Ireland." — \\. M. 
 
 I found, together with urns, calcined 
 remains, vitreous, barrel-like beds, etc., in 
 an encircled cairn raised around a natural 
 rock on the cliff at Boscregan in AVest 
 Cornwall, a thick piece of dark-blue glass 
 which had become iridescent, seemingly a 
 portion of a globular bottle of no great size. 
 The thickness of the glass in comparison 
 with that of Roman glass of the ordinary 
 
 Fig. 154 (No. 13). Plan in Col. Wood- 
 Martin's R.S.M. 
 
 lachrymatory type was remarkable. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. a'l., and drawing, p. 441 
 
 R.S.M., pp. 40-42. 
 
 XXI. No. 14. Situated to the S. of XX, at the corner of the road (dolmen- 
 circle). "A few stones only remain. The rest, including the cromleac, have been 
 displaced or removed by raising gravel." — P. " Only two stones half buried in a 
 pit are now visible." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 42, 43. 
 
 XXII. No. 15. Situated still more to the S., and on the E. side of the road 
 (dolmen-circle). " This was a double circle, about 40 feet in diameter, but a 
 portion of the outer one has been destroyed to raise gravel — 17 stones only 
 remaining. The cromleac is ruined. Human bones were found within it by 
 Mr. Walker." — P. On excavation, the interment was found to be greatly disturbed. 
 No vestige, save one stone, of the cist or its flooring remained. 
 
 One of the first objects turned up was the bulbous portion of an instrument, 
 almost the whole of which was afterwards discovered, formed of cetaceous bone, 
 and nearly two feet long, which Col. Wood-Martin regards as a sword or stabbing 
 rapier. A fragment of a second, but much smaller, dagger-like instrument was also 
 found, and three blackened portions of a third. It is to be compared with a shuttle 
 of whalebone figured in Boyesen's " Hist, of Norway," and Col. Wood-Martin thought 
 that it might have been formed from a bone of a dead Greenland whale, drifted 
 ashore at Cuilirra. The head of the larger instrument is like that of the fossilized 
 bone one found in IV. " There were also found,'' during this excavation by 
 Col. Wood-Martin, "a small fragment of Hint, a diminutive white stone, a flake of 
 fractured white quartz, a whitish-coloured egg-shaped stone, weighing \ lb., fragments 
 of shells of cockle, mussel, and of the genus Ilciix, 2 lbs. of calcined bones, two 
 human incisors, one of which was still attached to the jaw, 3 ozs. of bones in an
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 153 
 
 uncalcined state, which might be masses of the cancellous tissue of the head of the 
 femur, or of the os innominatum, as also two (other) human incisors, one of them 
 greatly worn at one side." — VV. M. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. (it. ; R.S.M., pp. 43, 45. 
 
 XXIII. No. 16. Situated immediately to the S. of XXII, and adjoining the road 
 (dolmen-circle). "This is also a double circle, and about the same diameter 
 (40 feet) as XXII ; but the outer circle is nearly destroyed, and the covering 
 of the cromleac is displaced. It (the table-stone) measures 13 feet in circumference, 
 4 feet 4 ins. long, and i foot 6 ins. thick. — P. " Three small fragments of 
 uncalcined bones, pieces of oyster-shell, and a flint flake, represented all that was 
 discovered here." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," he. at. ; R.S.M., p. 46. 
 
 XXIV. No. 17. Situated on the other (or W.) side of the road, S. of XXIII 
 (dolmen-circle, and urn). " This circle is in part destroyed by the road. It appears 
 to have been a double circle, with an external diameter of 40 feet. The covering- 
 stone of the cromleac has been displaced. Within its enclosure Mr. Walker found 
 human bones and fragments of an urn. The grave, as usual, had been opened 
 previously. The covering-stone is 1 2 feet in circumference." — P. 
 
 The fragments of the urn found here, which constituted the upper portion of it, 
 were presented by Mr. Walker 
 to Petrie, and are now in the 
 Museum of the R. I. Academy. 
 Col. Wood-Martin thus describes 
 the vessel, of which he succeeded 
 in finding three other small por- 
 tions : " The diameter of the 
 vessel at its mouth is 14 inches. 
 Its height originally must be a 
 matter of conjecture, a part of 
 the lower extremity being modern, 
 and having been attached to it 
 merely as a stand. The neck 
 and upper portions have been 
 divided by a narrow, raised band 
 into two members, each of which 
 is decorated with a chevron or 
 wavy pattern, and a number of 
 raised, circular bosses." The fol- 
 lowing remarks upon its con- 
 struction are curious : " There 
 would seem to have been at least 
 three stages in the manufacture 
 of this remarkable urn. First, a 
 
 Fig. 155. — Urn (restored) from Carrowmore. From 
 drawim; by Mr. IVahcman in Col, Wood- Martin's 
 
 R.s..ir. 
 
 vessel of coarse, gritty matter was fashioned. 
 This was baked in a strong fire, and burnt almost to blackness. It seems then to 
 have been overlaid with finer material, of a bufif or brick-dust colour, upon which 
 were laid strips of the same composition, just as a modern cook would embellish 
 a pie-crust. There can be no question but that it was in this manner that the 
 raised ornamentation was formed. Some portion of the wavy pattern, and many of 
 the little bosses, have fallen off. The interior of the vessel would seem to have been
 
 154 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 coated or veneered with matter less fine than that which appears on the outside. 
 These coatings, and the attached raised patterns, were probably sun-dried, or 
 presented to the influence of a moderate degree of heat from a fire of wood or 
 peat" The writer compares the manner in which he thinks this urn was formed 
 with what he considers also to have been the mode employed in making urns 
 found respectively at Toom in the Co. Cavan, and at Drumnakilly in the Co. Tyrone. 
 In the case of an elaborately decorated urn found by me in a cairn on Morvah Hill, 
 in West Cornwall, in a cist, with a coin of Constantius II., I observed that the raised 
 pattern was liable to fall off, and that it was of a fine yellow paste, which left 
 exposed underneath the coarse black pottery of which the interior of the vessel had 
 been formed. The view I formed of its construction was precisely that of Col. 
 Wood-Martin in regard to the Carrowmore vessel. (See Ncenia Cornubiaj, p. 251.) 
 
 During his further exploration on the site of the dolmen in this circle. Col. 
 Wood-Martin also found portions of a dagger-like implement of cetaceous bone, 
 similar to those found in IV and XXII, and which must have measured about 
 14 inches long; also a fossil of the limestone formation, three small fragments of 
 white quartz, eight pieces of oyster and cockle-shells, and human and animal remains 
 consisting of i lb. 2 oz. of fragmentary and calcined bones, amongst which were 
 three human incisors, and two pieces of temporal bone (petrous portion) of 
 skull. 
 
 From the plan of this circle and its area, it will be evident at once that the 
 dolmen, and its passage, extended across it from the S.^^'. towards the N.E. 
 opening in the ring, and expanding as it reached the centre. I believe this to have 
 been a common, if not an almost universal feature, in the Carrowmore series, and it 
 is one which, as I have observed, connects these monuments rather with the 
 dolmens proper than with the passageless cairns covering cists, wholly enclosed. 
 
 It was in this cromlech, if in any cromlech in Carrowmore, that the bronze-pin, 
 or fibula, must have been found, which is stated, in the " Life of Petrie," to have 
 been found in a cromlech at Carrowmore and in an urn. Discredit has been 
 thrown, however, on the assertion attributed to the great Irish antiquary, and that 
 there has been some mistake seems certain. (See Clover-Hill, infra.) 
 
 MS. " Letteis," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 46-4S ; and pp. 23-25. 
 
 XXV. No. 18 (:). Situated 20 paces to the S. of XXIV (dolmen-circle (? two dol- 
 mens)). " This circle resembles XXIV in every respect. It is 40 feet in diameter, 
 has an inner circle, as usual, of smaller stones, and a cromleac, now ruined, in 
 the centre. It appears to have had a second cromleac, or kistvaen, within the 
 circle. Of the external circle twenty-nine stones remain, and the original number 
 appears to have been 35." — P. "The cromleac has totally disappeared since 1837. 
 Of the outer circle, twenty-four stones are in silti. Several excavations in various 
 parts of the area were attempted, and at length a small cist (which, from the 
 ground-plan, appears to be a double one, viz. a narrow chamber on the W. side, 
 opening into a larger one on the E. side) was laid bare." lioth portions of it, 
 according to the plan, are not more than 10 feet long taken together. "In it were 
 found Seven small fragments of calcined bones, a fossil of the Sligo limestone 
 formation, and a small flint arrow-head." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /o<r. cit.; K.S.M., pp. 4S-49. 
 
 XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII. No. iS (2) (3) (4). Between XXV and XXIX, 
 "there is every reason to believe that three or more circles have been removed, as 
 the peasantry allege." — P. " The wall for some distance on the S. side of the road
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 '55 
 
 is formed partly of boulders, such as generally go to the formation of these 
 structures. In close proximity there is an appearance of a ruined cist." — W. M. 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 49. 
 
 XXIX. No. 19. Situated S. of XXV (dolmen-circle (several dolmens or cists)). 
 "This circle is the grandest of the whole series now remaining. It is 72 feet in 
 diameter, and consists of forty-nine stones, the original number being apparently fifty- 
 two. These stones are all of great magnitude, and many of them are 7 feet above 
 ground. It had evidently several kistvaens, or cromleacs, within it, of which the 
 
 Fig. 156. — Carrowmore (No. 19). From an original sketch by Petric. 
 
 remains are visible, as well as one outside the circle, on the W., the stones of which 
 remain." — P. 
 
 "Being placed on an artificially-raised mound, an imposing appearance is 
 produced. . . . The mound, however, has been undermined by people seeking for 
 gravel, and some of the boulders on the N.W. have rolled to the bottom of the 
 slope. . . . An excavation into what was apparently the site of the central 
 chamber showed that the interment had been greatly disturbed. One flag only 
 of the original flooring was left in situ, but the largest collection of uncalcined bones 
 discovered in Carrowmore was here exhumed." A long line of contiguous stones, 
 terminating in a large one on the N.W. side of the area, looks like one side of the 
 passage into a dolmen from the edge of the circle. Among the bones discovered 
 " there were portions of jaw-bones, with the teeth still adhering ; in short, the 
 human remains were in a less fragmentary state than in any of the other circles 
 examined. On the clay being carefully sifted, three or four pieces of bone among 
 all the uncalcined pieces proved to be calcined." — ^W. M. 
 
 These remains were submitted to Drs. MacDowel of Sligo, and Frazer of 
 Dublia The former stated that, " beyond doubt, they represent human remains. 
 Some of the bones are those of a child, others those of an adult, and some those of 
 an individual of advanced years. The bones belong to an undersized race. 
 Amongst them there is also the femur and incised tooth of an ox." Dr. Frazer 
 reports as follows : " I find four heel bones ; three of them belong to the right 
 feet, and one to the left foot. There must, therefore, have been three different 
 interments of separate bodies ; but I cannot refer the other bones found with them 
 to the individuals. I find fraginents all belonging to a large and well-developed 
 male, such as upper end of humerus, femur, tibia, and ulna ; also portions of small- 
 sized individual, possibly a female — I should say not young — namely femur, top of 
 radius, and part of platycnemic tibii. Teeth and portions of jaws of adults of
 
 156 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 advanced life — at least in lull maturity; also part of skull of small cow, and 
 leg-bone and vertebra, possibly of a small horse, about which, being broken, and 
 having no bones for comparison, I cannot, however, speak positively. There were 
 some teeth of calf or small cow, and two teeth of a small dog or cat. The rest 
 consist of numerous fragments, which would require hours to examine. . . . They 
 all appear to belong to an early race." 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit., and drawing at p. 443 ; R.S.M., pp. 49-50. 
 
 XXX. No. 20. Situated about 20 paces S. of XXIX (dolmen-circle). " This 
 circle was of small diameter, and consisted of twelve stones, five of which had been 
 recently removed." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /<;<:. «•/. ; R.S.M., p. 51. 
 
 XXXI. Xo. 21. " Still further S. " (dolmen-circle). " A few stones of this circle, 
 with the table-stone of the cromleac, still remain." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 51-52. 
 
 XXXII. No. 22. Situated S. (orS.E.) of XXXI; "6 paces from it;" "close 
 to the road" (dolmen-circle). " This is a fine double circle, with a cromleac, partly 
 ruined, in the interior. The diameter of the outer circle is 53 feet, and of the 
 inner one 32 feet. The stones in both are, as is most usual, placed quite close 
 to each other. The number of stones in the outer circle is forty-five, but they appear 
 to have been originally fifty-two (the same number as in XXIX), as places for 
 seven are empt}-. Within the cromleac an interment was found by Mr. Walker." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," Ice. cil. ; p. 52. 
 
 XXXIII. No. 23. Situated about fifteen paces to the S. of XXXI I 
 (dolmen-circle). " This circle is considerably injured, seventeen stones only remain- 
 ing of it, although it originally consisted of thirty or thirty-two. The diameter 
 is 36 feet. The stones of the cromleac remain, but are displaced, and human 
 bones have been found within it." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 53. 
 
 XXXIV. No. 24. \V. of XXXIII (dolmen-circle). "There are 23 large stones, 
 which evidently belonged to another circle now destroyed." — P. " They have been 
 rolled to the bottom of the hill in clearing the land, and placed in a row." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 53. 
 
 XXXV. No. 25. Situated 6 paces W. of XXXIII (dolmen-circle). "Of this 
 circle only 9 stones remain, and no cromleac. The diameter was 45 feet" — P. 
 " The site is now entirely cleared." — \V. M. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 53. 
 
 XXXVI. No. 26. Situated to the S. of XXXV, and near the road, dolmen- 
 circle). " This circle is nearly perfect, but wants the cromleac or kistvaen. The 
 stones are large, and, as usual, placed quite close to each other. They are thirty- 
 eight in number, and the diameter of the circle is 50 feet" — P. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 53. 
 
 XXXVII. No. 27. Situated to the S.W. of XXXVI (dolmen-circle, or chambered 
 cairn). "This is a double circle, and one of the finest of the series. The stones
 
 County of Sligo. 157 
 
 of the inner circle are small, and nearly covered by the clay. Those of the outer 
 one are of large size, averaging 6 feet in height, and 20 feet in circumference. The 
 diameter of the circle is 60 feet. The number of stones in the circle is thirty-seven. 
 The pillar-stones of the cromleac, sixteen in number, remain ; but the covering-stone 
 or stones — for it is probable there were more than one — have been destroyed." — P. 
 There is a plan of this circle in Fergusson's " Rude Stone Monuments," but it is 
 inaccurate. The "cromleac " of which Petrie speaks, turned out, on examination by 
 Col. Wood-Martin, to be a cruciform arrangement of cists, or chambers, similar 
 in ground-plan to — though ruder, apparently, in structure than — that found in 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 157. — Carrovvmore (No. 27). r/aii in Col. U'ood-Afarlin's A'.S.M. Scale I inch = 20 feet. 
 
 several cairns. This design which is found in the cairns at Loughcrew in Meath, and 
 at Achill in Mayo, and Moytirra in Sligo, reached its consummation in New Grange. 
 It is found also at Dowth, and at Maes Howe in Orkney, and, with modifications, 
 in other cairns in Orkney, as well as in those of Caithness and Argyllshire. The 
 monument, however, which resembled most closely the Carrowmore example now 
 under consideration, was, in its pristine condition, " Wayland Smith's Cave," in 
 the County of Berkshire, a plan of the chambers of which will be found in the 
 Norwich volume of the " Congress of Anthropology and Prehistorical Archeology," 
 1 868, p. 46. The idea present to the mind of the builder of that monument must 
 have been identical with that which dictated the design of the Carrowmore one. 
 The custom, and presumably the people who erected them both, was clearly one 
 and the same, and the presence of the form in the apparently more ancient 
 Carrowmore group, forms a link between them in the chain of the megalithic series 
 which it is important to note. Cruciform chambers, as we shall see, are not 
 unknown to German Archaeologists.
 
 158 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Colonel Wood-Martin gives (from the pencil of Mr. James Graves) a sketch and 
 ground plan of the cist which formed the W. arm of the cruciform arrangement. 
 " It was lined around — nearly to the surface of the ground — with narrow limestone 
 slabs, and was flagged with a piece of calpy limestone, underneath which lay the 
 undisturbed till. It may be considered a typical chamber." The covering-stone is 
 wantinc in this and all the other cists, and 1 do not feel sure that the roof was not 
 completed in each case by overlapping thin flat stones. Had this been the case, 
 however, one would have thought ihey would have been found in the chamber, 
 but such a circumstance is not recorded. 
 
 In the W. cist were found — 
 
 (a) I lb. li oz. weight of calcined human bones and fragments of crania. 
 
 (l>) I lb. weight of uncalcined bones of animals and birds. 
 
 (c) Four fragments of uncalcined animal bones, probably those of a small cow. 
 
 (d) Seven back teeth (molars) and three front teeth (incisors) of an aged 
 person. 
 
 (c') Seven back teeth and ten front teeth of an adult or adults. 
 
 (/) About forty fragments of cockle shells. 
 
 (5-) A fossil cast of a shell from the limestone. 
 
 In the N. cist (which would represent the shaft of the cross, and the axis of which 
 lay rather N.W. and S.E. than N. and S.) were found — 
 
 (a) A few fragments of calcined human bones. 
 
 (d) Animal bones-and a tooth of an animal, uncalcined. 
 
 In the E. cist were found — 
 
 (a) A few fragments of calcined human bones. 
 
 (6) Fragments of uncalcined human bones ; part of a jaw, with mnlar ; frag- 
 ments of crania. 
 
 ((t) Animal bones, molar tooth of ruminant, uncalcined. 
 
 (d) A few cockle and oyster shells. 
 
 (<?) A hammer-stone (sandstone, weight i lb.), one of the ends showing traces 
 of abrasion ; another of the same material ; three fragments of quartz, 
 averaging about ^ lb. each ; a very small piece of the same ; and a quartz- 
 spar, clear as crystal — a very fine specimen — weight 2 oz. 
 
 In the central cist were founds 
 
 (a) Calcined bones not exclusively human, fragments of crania, and two human 
 molars. 
 
 (li) I lb. uncalcined human bones, and nine incisors, and seven human molars of 
 diflerent individuals ; also animal bones and the tooth of a ruminant. 
 
 (c) Numerous fragments of cockle and oyster shells, and a periwinkle shell 
 
 (d) A small piece of white quartz and a rose-coloured pebble. 
 
 (e) Two small fragments of a cinerary urn, one of them showing traces of a pattern. ' 
 (/) Two pieces of worked bone, and part of the acus of a bone pin. 
 
 In the S. (or S.E.) cist were found — 
 
 (a) I lb. 2 oz. weight of calcined bones, and two human incisors. 
 
 (d) Numerous uncalcined bones ; eight human molars ; six incisors ; eight teeth 
 of animals, five of them belonging to a dog ; three fragments of an animal's 
 jaw, with molar ; and a few other fragments of animal bones. 
 
 (c) Twelve fragments of cockle shells and a fossil. 
 
 (d) A fractured hammer-stone, apparently split by intense heat ; and two small 
 
 pieces of white quartz. 
 
 (e) Small fragments of a cinerary urn, red in colour, thin, hard, well-baked, and
 
 County of Sligo. 159 
 
 highly ornamented. It seemed to have been subjected to great heat on 
 its interior surface. 
 
 (/) Three fragments of a ring, presenting much the appearance of ivory, 
 being hard and white, stated by Dr. Frazer to have been " cut with vast 
 labour from a nodule, or portion of white flint, and as it was hydro- 
 metric, it consisted originally of a form of hydrated quartz, or opal, which 
 is found in the trap districts of the north of Ireland." It is further 
 remarked that, " very often chalk flints are found around a fossil such as a 
 Bekmnite, as a nucleus. If the fossil had either fallen out through natural 
 agency, or had been extracted by these primitive ornament-makers, the 
 formation of a ring, such as this, would have been greatly facilitated." A 
 ring of lignite and another of glass are stated to have been found with a 
 skeleton at Dunadry, Co. Antrim, and a ring of shale in a cinerary urn at 
 Dundrum, Co. Down. 
 
 (g) A piece of carved bone with pattern decidedly archaic. It is either walrus- 
 or whale-bone. 
 
 {h) Fragments of the acus of a pin, and three pieces of a dagger-like implement 
 made of horn, or cetaceous bone, greatly calcined. 
 
 (/) An arrow-head formed of the split bone of a large mammal : the convex 
 and concave sides of the medial canal are still very observable. 
 
 MS. "Letters," hv. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 53-60; Fergusson, R.S.M., p. 1S2. 
 
 XXXVIII. No. 28. Situated twenty paces to the S.E. of XXXVII (dolmen- 
 circle). " Of this circle there is only a vestige consisting of 3 stones with the 
 supporting stones of the cromleac. The destruction of this circle has been recent " 
 (i.e. in 1837). — P. " All traces of it are now gone." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /o^. at. ; R.S.M., p. 60. 
 
 XXXIX. No. 29. Situated still more to the S., and E. of the road (dolmen-circle). 
 " Of this circle, also, there is only a vestige, six large stones of it and of the cromleac 
 only remaining, the rest having been recently blasted and removed. As usual, 
 human bones were found within the tomb." — P. " Nothing now remains." — W. M. 
 
 MS. "Letters," /of. at. ; R.S.M., p. 60. 
 
 XL. No. 30. Situated to the E. of XXXIX, and on K. side of the road 
 (dolmen-circle). " This circle, with its fine cromleac, was destroyed within the last 
 week {i.e. August, 1837) by Mr. Chambers of Cloon Hill." — P. "One large stone, 
 standing solitary, like a sentinel, marks the site of this monument." — VV. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 60, 61. 
 
 XLI. No. 31. Situated on Leachtareal-Hill, to the W. of the road, and S. of 
 XL (dolmen-circle). " Of this circle and cromleac only a few stones remain. They 
 were destroyed a few years ago by one of Mr. Walshe's tenants, who occupies the farm. 
 It was of small diameter, but the stones were of great size. Human bones were 
 found within the cromleac." — P. " Some of the boulders which composed this 
 monument may be seen at a considerable height in the ditch of a garden-plot on the 
 W. side of Leachtareal hill."— W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," ioc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 61. 
 XLII. No. 32 (t). Situated a few paces to the S. of XLI. (dolmen-circle). "This
 
 i6o The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 circle is nearly perfect, but the cromleac is broken. The stones are of small size, 
 and the diam. of the circle 42 feet." — P. 
 MS. " letters," he. cil. ; R.S.M., p. 61. 
 
 No. 32 (2). Adjacent to the two last (cairn). "Within the memory of the 
 old people (living in 1837), there was a remarkable cairn adjacent to these (last 
 two) circles, which gave name to the hill LeachtareeL It was destroyed many years 
 since to build walls, and not a trace of it remains." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /oe. cit. ; K.S.M., pp. 61, 62. 
 
 XLIII, XLIV. Nos. ;i5 and 34. Situated to the S. of XLII (two dolmen-circles). 
 " Of these circles but slight vestiges remain. They were destroyed about fifteen 
 years before 1837 by Mr. Walshe's tenants." — P. 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 XLV. No. 35. " Situated still further to the S " (dolmen-circle (several others) ). 
 "This circle has been destroyed, but the cromleac remains, with the table-stone 
 displaced. There were other circles in the vicinity which were also destroyed." — P. 
 " A few stones are still scattered about here and there." — W. M. 
 MS. "Letters," Uc. cit.; R.S.M., p. 63. 
 
 XLVI. No. 36. Situated in the field lying W. of XLV (dolmen-circle). " This 
 circle is nearly perfect. It now (1S37) consists of forty-nine stones, some of which 
 are thrown down and displaced. The upper stone of the cromleac has also been 
 displaced, but not carried away. The diameter of the circle is 60 feet" — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /oc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 63. 
 
 XLVII. No. 36 (a). A few paces to the N.E. of XLVI (dolmen-cairn (?) 
 encircled). " Traces of a large cairn, unnoticed by Petrie. The tenant of the 
 land states that when he was quarr}'ing in it for stones he turned up a quantity of 
 bones and charcoal. The central cist is probably yet perfect ; if so, this monument 
 might well repay exploration. Traces of a surrounding circle of stones can still be 
 observed." — W. M. 
 
 R.S.M., pp. 63, 64. 
 
 XLVIII. No. 37. Situated to the S. of XLVI f (dolmen-circle). " This is a 
 triple circle with a perfect cromleac in its centre. The inner circle is composed 
 of small stones placed quite close to each other, and not more than a foot or so 
 above the soil. This circle is about 40 feet in diameter. The second circle is 
 composed of verj' large stones, twelve in number, and consequently greatly apart 
 from each other, the interval being about six paces. This circle is about 
 80 feet in diameter. The third circle is composed of stones of still greater 
 magnitude, but as several of them have been removed or destroyed, it can only be 
 assumed that they were also twelve. The diameter of this circle is 120 feet. 
 The cromleac is of the smallest size, and is not more than 4 feet in height. The 
 circumference of the table-stone is 16 feet, and it rests on five supporters." — P. 
 Col. Wood-Martin thinks this may even have been a quadruple circle. His 
 plan of the little dolmen shows that at the N. or N.W. end there was a narrow 
 entrance, and evidence of the existence of the usual porch-like extension in that 
 direction. It is between the inner and the second circle of Petrie that a fourth 
 
 t From XLVIII to LIX inclusive, the monuments are in the lands of Graigue, adjoining 
 Carrowmore on the S. W.
 
 County of Sligo. i6i 
 
 circle may have existed. "Traces of flagging were observable at the bottom of the 
 chamber," but it seemed to have been " completely cleared out," as " only 4 small 
 fragments of calcined bones were discovered." — W. M. 
 
 MS. "Letters," he. cil., and drawing at p. 449 ; R.S.M., pp. 64-66. 
 
 XLIX. No. 38. Situated to the W. of XLVIII ; only a few feet distant (dolmen- 
 circle). " Not more than [number omitted in the MS.] stones remain, and the 
 cromleac is wholly destroyed. The diameter is 60 feet." — P. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc.cil. 
 
 L. No. 39. Situated but a few feet W. of XLIX (dolmen-circle). " This circle 
 
 Fig. 15S. — Carrowmore (No. 37). from an on'^iiin/ sh-U/i by Pdric. 
 
 is still more injured than XLIX ; only ten stones remain. They are of large size, 
 and the diameter of the circle is 70 feet." — P. 
 MS. " Letters," /or. cit. 
 
 LI, LII. Nos. 40 and 41. Situated in the small field to the E. of that in which 
 XLVIII is placed (two dolmen-circles). "Of these two circles only a few stones 
 remain. They were destroyed by Mr. Walshe's tenants about twenty years before 
 1837. As usual, human bones were found in the tombs." — P. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 LI II. No. 42. Situated in the same field with Nos. XLIX and L (dolmen- 
 circle). "The remains of this circle consist of seven or eight stones. It was 
 destroyed by Mr. Walshe." — P. 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 LIV. No. 43 (i). Situated in the field to the S. of that in which LIII lies, and 
 immediately adjacent (dolmen-circle). " The diameter of this circle is 45 feet, 
 but the number of the stones cannot be ascertained, as many of them are covered 
 over by the soil. There are no remains of the cromleac." — P. 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 LV. No. 43 (2). Immediately adjacent to LIV towards the N. (dolmen- 
 circle ?). " There are seven or eight large stones which appear to be the remains 
 of another circle." — P. 
 
 MS. „ Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 VOL. L M
 
 1 62 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 LVI. No. 44. Situated in the same field as LIV to the W. of it (dolmen- 
 circle). " Of this circle only eleven stones remain, the others have been removed 
 to form a wall adjacent. The diameter is 7 2 feet." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," he. cit. 
 
 LVII. No. 45, Situated in the same field with XLIX, L and LI 1 1 (dolmen- 
 circle). " The remains of this circle consist of only a few stones. It was destroyed 
 by Mr. Walshe."— P. 
 MS. " Letters," /<7ir. cit. 
 
 No. 46. Situated in the next field to LVII, to the W., and "close to the ditch 
 which cuts off a portion of it" — P. It is a few paces to the N.W. of LVII 
 
 (caltragh ?). " This circle appears rather 
 ^sj^uW*-" "•*>,,„ to have been a cashd or fort than a place of 
 
 .>„ ^'■'' \f^^ (?-->'*■ \^i>, interment. The diameter is about 120 feet, 
 
 yV^"^-^ '^-'T^''^Sf.\ and the wall 10 feet in thickness. It is 
 
 j^ /i'_ -^"i P i'^i^Li. '¥- composed of enormous-sized stones mixed 
 
 f Cj' / * r" 'ii '. %% ^ ^^''''^ earth, and has a ditch and bank sur 
 
 j t'l T if j'j 4^?| rounding it. It has also two smaller walls 
 
 f I t ? ': i. :■> *??% rounumg 11. ii iias aisu iwu biiiaiici wiuis 
 
 |\\f If J\ ■ 1} § within it, and extending across it in parallel 
 
 h\\\ i% III ft/i right lines, as see the plan."— P. "This 
 
 \ t^^^^v ^ ii^''/*/.^ curious monument appears to have been 
 
 ^. ^'z/"*?^^,^ ,?" V «■* originally rudely circular. . . . The circum- 
 
 "■^^'''•^^isi^.^^' --'■ ..'"^^ vallation consists of an earthen rampart mixed 
 
 '■*''*>t. .."?.3r,;.:;Vm''"'* with stones, and about 10 feet in thickness. 
 
 „ ... ,, In the interior are two smaller banks extend- 
 
 FiG. 1 59.— Carrowmore (No 46). . . . ,, , ■• xr <• i_ 
 
 Plan by Pctrii. mg across It in parallel lines. None ot the 
 
 ' enormous-sized stones ' which formerly com- 
 posed the rampart now remain ; but two boulders on either side of the gap in the 
 S. arc of the circle may perhaps mark the jambs of a rude entrance." — W. M. 
 Circular earthworks divided by a bank traversing their interior area are known to 
 German archaeologists. See drawing of the " schlossberg " near Witzen in the 
 Neues Lausitzishes Mag., vol. Ivii., pi. facing p. 466. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit., and plan, p. 452 ; R.S.M., p. 66. 
 
 LVIII. No. 46 {a). Near No. 46 (dolmen-circle). This is not noticed by Petrie. 
 '•It is a very diminutive circle, 10 feet in diameter, hollow in the centre, and 
 surrounded by thin flags, ten in number. ... An excavation was made, but without 
 result." — W. M. Col. Wood-Martin comjiares it to a circle in Achill (co. Mayo). 
 
 R.S.M., p. 66. 
 
 No. 46 (/^). About 150 paces to the S. of No. 46 (caltragh?). "A very 
 similar structure to No. 46, not hitherto noticed " (and therefore not in Petrie's 
 list). In common with No. 46, Col. Wood-Martin regards this as a sepulchral 
 monument It is not within the range of his map, but it makes the sixth monument 
 of the class included in the Carrowmore group. 
 
 R.S.M., p. 66. 
 
 LIX. No. 47. Situated immediately to the W. of No. 46 (dolmen-circle, and at 
 least 6 others). " This circle is in part destroyed. About twenty stones remain. In 
 the same field to the W. there are a vast number of large stones (the boundary wall 
 is in great part composed of similar stones) ; but it is impossible to trace, with any 
 certainty, a circular arrangement among them. It is certain, however, that within 
 the memory of the present inhabitants of the townland, the chain of circles was
 
 County of Sligo. 163 
 
 carried on without interruption through the great field immediately to the N. They 
 were destroyed by Mr. Walshe, who got a lease of the land from Lord Erne, in 1793, 
 to clear the ground. The peasants who were employed in their destruction 
 remember six or more of them distinctly, and the stones of which they were 
 composed still remain partly in pits within the field, and partly in the surrounding 
 walls. In all these circles bones were found beneath the cromleacs. Towards the 
 N. of the field the series is again resumed." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. 
 
 LX. No. 48. Situated in the N.E. angle of the great field mentioned above 
 (dolmen-circle). [This and the ones which follow up to No. 59 inclusive are in the 
 lands of Carrowmore.] " Of this circle, which appears to have been of great size, 
 only one stone remains, but its cromleac is still perfect. It consists of supporting- 
 stones and one covering-stone, which is 6 feet in length and breadth. The remaining 
 stone of the circle is about 5 feet in height, and is 38 feet from the cromleac, which 
 would give a diameter of at least 76 feet to the circle in its perfect state." — P. 
 
 " The covering-stone is slightly displaced. The chamber is beneath the surface 
 level, and, without removing the table-stone, could be but partially excavated. The 
 interment was (found to be) greatly disturbed. The contents were twenty-seven 
 fragments of bone, and two pieces of charcoal. Some of the bones were certainly 
 animal (as a vertebra, piece of the frontal bone, and two teeth) ; others were 
 doubtful."— W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. at. ; R.S.M., pp. 67, 68. 
 
 LXI. No. 49. Situated in the same field, about 80 paces to the W. of LX 
 (dolmen-circle). " This is a double circle with a ruined cromleac in the centre. 
 The stones in the outer circle are considerably larger than those in the inner, and 
 appear to have consisted of thirty-two, but some of them have been removed. The 
 diameter of the circle is 38 feet. The stones of the inner circle are nearly covered 
 with earth, as are also those of the tomb, which wants the covering-stone." — P. 
 
 " This is a small, double circle, situated on ground that was slightly raised above 
 the surrounding level, and of which the stones of the outer are considerably larger 
 than those of the inner circle. . . . Only one stone of the central chamber remains ; 
 it appears to have been a cromleac. Part of the interment had been disturbed, as 
 the remains were almost on the surface of the soil, but after excavating down to the 
 floor of the cist, some of the flags near the headstone were raised, and wider these 
 an interment was discovered." — W. M. 
 
 In this tomb were three interments — one uncalcined, one calcined, and one 
 underneath the pavement of the cist. This latter mode of disposition recalls to 
 me a discovery of my own under a great tumulus upon the edge of the cliff at 
 Trevelgue on the N. coast of Cornwall. The dolmen in that case was flagged, as 
 is usual in the Carrowmore examples, and underneath one of the paving-stones 
 occupying an angle of the chamber I discovered a deposit of bones, principally 
 those of a skull. As they lay in a little depression which seemed to have been 
 scratched out of the hard ground, the horrible thought occurred to me that a body 
 had been buried alive together with the corpse of the person for whom the dolmen 
 and cairn was erected. In this Cornish dolmen I found a beautifully polished and 
 perforated stone hammer. (See " Ntenia Cornub.," p. 87.) 
 
 The report on the discoveries in the cist of LXI is as follows : Firstly, those 
 above the flagging : — 
 
 " Eighty-six fragments of human bones, without any appearance of the action
 
 164 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 of fire, all stained yellowish-brown by humus. This lot aflfords evidence of at least 
 
 two individuals having been buried here, by the presence of two astragali (ankle bones) 
 
 of the left foot. These bones, being of different sizes, may be those of a male 
 
 and female. There was also evidence that one of the persons buried here was of 
 
 great size and strength, from the massive and strongly developed portions of 
 
 femur (thigh bone) which were amongst the fragments. From the size of one of the 
 
 bones of the hand (unciform right), it may be inferred that his hands and feet were 
 
 in proportion — perhaps a chieftain and his wife. These bones must have been 
 
 interred under a vast weight, as the clay was tightly jammed into the canal of the 
 
 long bones. . . . There was a small bit of oyster shell ; also fifteen hundred and 
 
 fifty-five small fragments of greyish-white or ashen-coloured bones imperfectly 
 
 calcined and impregnated almost to petrifaction with carbonate of lime, which 
 
 rendered them unusually heavy." At least 30 of these 
 
 fragments show distinctly crack-like marks, transverse to 
 
 the long axis of the bone, or arranged in a series of plane 
 
 curves similar to those found on bones in another dolmen 
 
 to be presently noticed. 
 
 Not far from the surface a button was found, which 
 
 is figured by Col. Wood-Martin, and which, on account of 
 
 its peculiar form, calls for special attention. The material 
 
 is said to be steatite, and the measurement close upon an 
 
 inch in diameter. On one side it is convex, and has been 
 
 Fig. 160. — Button, from shaped into a bulbous form. On the other it is flat, and 
 
 Carrowmore. From Col. jnto the surface two holes have been drilled which, meet- 
 
 Wood-Marliti's R.SM. ..,,.^, ,. , ,, ', 
 
 mg m the body of the object, form an excellent mode of 
 
 attachment to a dress. A precisely similar little object \\<as discovered in the anta, 
 
 or dolmen of Monte Abrahao in Portugal, a fine allec convcrte in which no less 
 
 than eighty interments had been placed, each interment, to judge by a plan of 
 
 the monument in "Mat. pour I'Histoire de I'Homme," 
 
 18S1, p. 462, formed into a little heap surmounted by the 
 
 skull, as described by Mr. Walker in the account given 
 
 above of a tomb opened by him in Shgo. The little 
 
 button from the Portuguese tomb is said to be of bone, but 
 
 I strongly suspect it to be of the same material as the Irish 
 
 example, since steatite, long exposed to the chemical 
 
 action of the earth, would assume a porous and cellular 
 
 appearance not unlike bone. With the button at Monte 
 
 Abrahao were found stone axes and other implements, 
 
 lance and arrow-heads of flint, rouleaux of chalk, //a<7?/« 
 
 of slate, turquoise beads, and various other pendants, some 
 
 perfect vessels in the shape of skull-caps,t and a quantity of fragments of pottery. 
 
 A third instance of the discovery of a button of this sort occurred to me during the 
 
 excavation of a cairn encircled and raised round a natural rock at Boscregan, in 
 
 West Cornwall. In this instance, a little depression, or duct, had been cut across the 
 
 flat side of the button, and between the two holes, as if to hold a pin. The convex side 
 
 was not so bulbous, but otherwise the object was identical with those just described. 
 
 t This form is found in Denmark, North Brabant, Orkney, and Portugal ; see Sophus Miiller, 
 "Ord. Dan. Oldsager," tig. 41; Prwipcr Cuypers, "Nijhoff liydragrn," vol. iv. p. 194, pi. ii. ; 
 Anderson, " Scotland in Pagan Times," " Bronze and .Stone," pp. 294, 296 ; Cartailhac, " -Ages 
 Prehist. de I'Espagne," fig. 160, who compares the potter)- of Ireland and the Morbihan with that 
 of Portugal. 
 
 Fig. 161.— Button, from 
 Monte Abrahao, Por- 
 tugal. Cartailhac.
 
 County of Sltgo. 16= 
 
 With it were found cinerary urns, a piece of thick, iridescent glass noticed above, 
 some bluish, barrel-shaped beads of vitreous material, a perforated stone pendant, 
 etc. The material of this button puzzled those to whom I showed it — some 
 pronouncing it to be bone. I found it, however, to be steatite, so that it is identical 
 in substance as well as in design with that from Carrowmore.f A cruciform bead 
 or button of stone, perforated in the same manner, was found in the tumulus at 
 Dowth in the Co. of Meath (see Wilde, Cat. Mus. R.I.A., p. 122, fig. 22). Some 
 beads or buttons of stone found on Ballyboley Mountain, Co. Antrim, were (see 
 " Ulster Journ. of Archaeology," vol. iv. p. 271) similarly perforated. 
 
 Buttons are, to be sure, insignificant trifles, but when they exhibit in material 
 and peculiarity of design characteristics which are identical, although found in 
 different and not too widely remote localities, they afford evidence not to be 
 hastily thrown aside, that, in the days when they were made, either the same people 
 were dwelling in those respective localities, or that intercourse was taking place 
 between their inhabitants. These peculiar buttons, found on the western coast of 
 the Iberian Peninsula, in West Cornwall and in Ireland, occur under conditions 
 which lead us to believe that they belong to the close of the Neolithic and the begin- 
 ning of the Copper or Bronze Age, that is to say, according to the computation 
 of Montelius, Lissauer, and others, to the fifteenth century B.C. A certain type of 
 flint arrow-head, found in the same localities, points to a like conclusion, while a 
 peculiar form of lamp perforated for suspension, found in Ireland and Portugal, 
 and a rare type of the paalstab, or bronze celt, provided with perforated ears for 
 attachment, found only in Portugal, South-West Britain, and Ireland, indicate the 
 continuance of the intercourse between the peoples of those countries far into the 
 Bronze Age itself. To this subject we shall recur later on. 
 
 In the tomb (LXI), above the flagging, were also a flat white quartz 
 stone, nearly circular, weighing 2f oz. ; at centre \ inch thick; in one axis, i|; 
 in the other i|- inches; eight cylindrical crystalline bodies from -j-'^ to \^ in. in 
 length, rough externally ; the central axis crystalline (carbonate of lime). These 
 appear to be stalactitic formations ; and, finally, nine fragments of bone, some 
 completely petrified, which cannot be identified as human. 
 
 Secondly, below the flagging :— 
 
 {a) " Forty pieces of a conglomerate of bones, stained with oxide of iron, humus, 
 and carbon; the mass impregnated throughout, and cemented with calcareous 
 infiltration. In some of the pieces may be seen the cylindrical stalactites, like fossil 
 worms. This 'clinker' formation is probably a coarse glass, or fusible silicate, the 
 result of a combination of sand and alkali (derived from the destruction of organic 
 matter) under the influence of heat." 
 
 (/') "Three thin, flattened, dull, reddish-brown bits of 'clinker,' tinged with 
 oxide of iron, and not unlike fragments of a thin cinerary urn." 
 
 Each of the above interments was kept separate. The examination of the 
 remains above recorded was the work of Dr. A. W. Foot, M.D. 
 
 It seems to me possible that both in this case and in that of Trevelgue, above 
 mentioned, the action of water in the cist may account for the bones being under the 
 flagstones. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 68-70. 
 
 t For the Portuguese button, see Cartailhac, "Ages Prehist. de I'Espagne," figs. 257, 25S ; for 
 the Cornish button, see " Archasologia," vol. xlix., p. 1S9, and for the Carrowmore one, see Wood- 
 Martin, R.S.M., p. 69, figs. 57 and 58. A jet button of like shape was found at Hunmanby, 
 Yorkshire.
 
 1 66 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 LXII. No. so. Situated in the field to the N. of LXI, W. of the great caini 
 LXIII (dolmen-circle). "The remains of this circle, which was destroyed with 
 its cromlcac about three years previous to 1837, consist of twenty-four large 
 stones." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /«!-. at. 
 
 LXIII. No. 51. Situated E. of LXII, and out in the N.E. portion of the oval area 
 surrounded by the chain of circles (cairn, with covered dohnen), called Listo^hil. 
 
 Fig. 162. — Listoghil. From a sketch in Col. Wood-Martin's R.S..M. 
 
 " This is the most important monument of the entire series, and evidently, both from 
 its magnitude and central situation, marks the sepulchre of the most distinguished 
 person entombed in this great cemetery. In its present state of dilapidation it is 
 impossible to describe its original proportions with certainty, but enough remains 
 
 to enable us to approximate to the truth. In some 
 respects, indeed, its partial destruction, by exposing 
 its interior, has furnished facts which could not other- 
 wise have been acquired. The situation is more 
 elevated than that of any of the monuments by 
 which it is surrounded, and its circumference is con- 
 siderably greater, the diameter being about 150 feet. 
 Like many of the other monuments, it consisted 
 originally of two concentric circles with a cromleac, 
 or kist-vaen in the centre, but the space enclosed by 
 the outer circle was covered by a cairn, or heap of 
 stones, originally, it is probable, not less than 40 or 50 
 feet in height. The cairn having been used as a quarry for many years past by 
 the neighbouring inhabitants has diminished its altitude so much as to expose 
 the tomb within it. It (the tomb) is composed of stones of great m.agnitude, 
 and built with an unusual degree of regularity of form. The covering-stone 
 is 10 feet square, and 2 feet thick, and, unlike those in a// the other tombs, is 
 not of granite but of limestone, and so also are some of its supporters. The 
 persons who first opened it assert that they found nothing within it but burnt wood 
 and human bones. The half-calcined bones of horses and other animals were, 
 and still are, found in the cairn in great (juantity. The stones which formed the 
 outer circle were of large size, but most of them have been carried away, and we 
 can only form now a conjecture as to their number, which, allowing a breadth of 
 3 feet to each, would be one hundred and fifty." — P. 
 
 " This cairn is in view both of the cairn on the summit of Knocknarea, and of 
 
 Fig. 163. — Listoghil. Fian it 
 Col. Wood-Martin's R.S.M.
 
 County of Sligo. 167 
 
 the two situated on Cams Hill, overlooking Lough Gill. . . . Eighteen stones remain 
 of the inner circle, and only four of the outer circle. Appearances point to the 
 probability of the cairn not having covered more than the space marked out by 
 the inner circle. The stones in the chamber are set in position with an unusual 
 degree of regularity, the crevices being carefully ' spalled,' or filled in. The clay 
 in the interior was carefully turned out and sifted. The bones, few in number, 
 were found principally in crevices and pockets. ' It was a very miscellaneous assort- 
 ment, consisting of numerous small bones of the hand and foot, portions of ribs, 
 vertebrce, fragments of the long bones, also of the skull, pelvis, jaw, etc. There 
 were undoubtedly several interments, judging from the variety of the bones, none 
 of which, hovv'ever, present any very special characteristic' " This report of them 
 was given by Dr. E. MacDowel, M.D. Petrie was informed that "a large spear- 
 head formed of stone " had been found here by Mr. Walker (" Life of Petrie," p. 250). 
 This is, I suppose, the "javelin, or lance-head, formed of flint" (No. 103, in 
 Wilde's Catalogue of the Museum of the R.LA.), which Col. Wood-Martin says 
 (R.S.M., p 17) "can be conclusively proved to have been found in the cairn of 
 Listoghil."— W. M. 
 
 A flint, which Col. Wood-Martin calls " a beautifully formed flint knife," rewarded 
 his exploration of this chamber. I doubt not that it was artificially formed, nor 
 that, as Mr. J. W. Knowles stated, it bears evidence of secondary dressing. I 
 would, however, prefer to regard it as a " strike-a-light," such as was found in X. 
 and others found by myself with calcined bones, and sometimes in cinerary urns in 
 Cornwall. 
 
 "This cairn," says Petrie, "is called Listoghil, or Rye-fort, but this name is 
 obviously not its original one, being founded on the erroneous supposition that the 
 monument was a ' Lis,' or ' Fort.' " t 
 
 The dolmen in this cairn consists of six side-stones and one roofing-stone. It 
 measures internally 8 feet long by 5 feet broad, contracting at one end, however, 
 to 3 feet 6 ins. The three stones which compose this narrower end average from 
 2 feet 6 ins. to 3 feet long, and 2 feet to i foot 6 ins. broad. The large slab which 
 composes the further end measures 8 feet long by i foot broad. One of the side- 
 stones adjoining it at right angles is 6 feet 6 ins. long by i foot 6 ins. broad, the 
 one opposite it is 5 feet 9 ins. long, by i foot 6 ins. broad. I have not the direction 
 
 t In this opinion I know not whether to agree, since in the Romances the sidhe, or central 
 caves in the tumuli, were fabled to be palaces, that is to say, lissts in that sense, where dwelt 
 the spirits of the dead, and in which reigned the mythical kings of the race. In this sense a tomb 
 might be called a ' lis. ' If Dr. Joyce's opinion be correct, that in logJiil we have the surname Tuathail 
 (gen. of Tuallial), as in Listowel in Kerry, which in the h. 4, M. is called " Lios Tuathail," we 
 may have in this name an evidence of the existence of a tradition that this tumulus contained the 
 faiiy-palace, i.€. siJh, or tomb, of a king called Tuathal, an idea which the other name, Rye Fort, 
 il we might regard it as a corruption of righ, "a king," and/tW, "a grave," might help to justify. 
 Tuathal, as the name not only of historic personages who occupied the position of chieftains or 
 petty-kings, but of one of the half-mythical monarchs who, throughout the Middle Ages, occupied 
 the border-land between tradition and myth, meets us continually in Irish history and roniarice. 
 Tu.athal Techtmar (Tectumaros) was the conqueror of the Aitheach-Tuatha— the villain tribes 
 who had risen in rebellion and killed their king — the man of Germanic name who put to route the 
 allophylian barbarians, just as Lug conquered the Fomorian Balor at the battle of Moytirra. He is 
 represented as a great conqueror defeating in turn the men of all the four provinces of Ireland, as 
 an equally great administrator establishing the Convention of Tara, and as a tyrant in imposing on 
 Leinster the tribute called Boromean. A fitting name his for legend or tradition to associate with 
 the principal sepulchre in all this constellation of tombs, although it would be folly to suppose 
 that any tradition of the re.il name of an occupant of any of them could have reached our day. 
 
 Failing such an explanation, which is based rather on fancy than fact, we may have in Listoghil 
 merely the name "elevated lis, or fort," .alluding to its high position, or to the materials of the 
 cairn thrown up to such a height, just as in Clochtogal, the name of a dolmen in Fermanagh, we 
 have simply " the raised, or elevated, stone," alluding to the position of the cap-stone, from 
 tiigl/Aaiin, "I raise."
 
 1 68 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 of the longer axis of this chamber. If denuded of its cairn it would resemble the 
 flag-dolmens of Clare. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cil. ; R.S.M., pp. 71-74, and p. 17. 
 
 LXIV. No. 52. Situated about 70 paces to the N.W. of the cairn called Listoghil 
 (dolmen-circle). "This, which was a large circle, has been recently (in 1837) 
 destroyed for the materials which it afforded to build the wall connecting the field 
 boundary in that direction with the road. The cromleac, however, which is a very 
 large and apparently double one, still remains, but is in great part buried in stones 
 collected to clear the adjacent fields." — P. 
 
 " The cromleac, which is a fine specimen, remains. Its porch-like entrance is 
 very remarkable. Possibly it may have been a double or figure-of-8 dolmen." 
 — W. M. 
 
 The dolmen measures 4 feet 6 ins. in height. Its long axis is N.W. and 
 S.E. The roofing-stone, which measures 5 feet 8 ins. by 5 feet, and is in the centre 
 about 2 feet 6 ins. thick, rests on 4 stones, 2 on either side. The stone at the N.W. 
 end is missing, and the antechamber, porch, or continuation at the S.E. end is 
 formed by 2 uncovered stones. The gap or slit connecting this with the interior 
 of the dolmen is only 6 inches wide. 
 
 " In this cist there were six hundred and fifteen fragments of bones, all small, 
 greyish-white, ashen-coloured, and calcined. With them were two teeth (of a 
 ruminant), part of the tibia of a bird (curlew or plover), and a piece of shell {Helix). 
 Twenty of the bone fragments exhibited the peculiar transverse crack-like marks 
 alluded to in preceding interments." — W. M. 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 74. 
 
 LXV. No. 53. Situated on the same field-boundary as LXIV, within about 
 100 feet of the road (dolmen-circle). " A few stones of this circle only remain. It 
 was destroyed a few years ago by Mr. Walshe's herd, by that gentleman's order. 
 As usual, it had a cromleac within." — P. 
 
 "The few stones" have been removed, but its diminutive cromleac is still 
 intact. An excavation was made with the following results : — 
 
 (a) Bones, which, according to Dr. Frazer, are all human, and had been imperfectly 
 burned. They belonged to an adult, advanced in years, judging from the teeth and 
 a fragment of the jaw with two molars and three incisors much worn down. There 
 were also portions of crania, thigh bones, etc. 
 
 (1^) A fragment of rude potter)', yellowish drab in colour, and i inch in 
 thickness, being evidently part of a large vessel imperfectly burned. For the 
 purpose of giving consistency to the material, small pieces of shells and pebbles 
 had been mixed with the clay of which it was composed. The fragments of shells 
 and stones are not apparent on the surface of the vessel, but become visible only 
 where it has disintegrated, or has been chipped or fractured. This specimen 
 of pottery exhibits six rows of rudely punched depressions made at an angle 
 downwards from the rim or lip of the vessel. The two lower lines had evidently 
 been punched with an implement of larger size than that which produced the 
 upper marks. The rudeness of this fragment contrasts greatly with the finer 
 specimen of pottery found in the S. cist of XXXVII, "to which a mixture of 
 micaceous clay appeared to have given great consistency." 
 
 {() Fragment of a flint-flake. 
 
 (d) Shells oi Mytilus f<////w (mussel), Litorina litorca (periwinkle), Litorina rudis 
 (one specimen), Cardium edule (cockle).
 
 County of Sligo. 169 
 
 (e) An irregular mass of yellowish quartz, weighing i lb. 2 oz. — W. M, 
 
 MS. "Letters," /oc. cit.; R.S.M., pp. 75-77- 
 
 LXVI. No. 54. Situated at the angle of the field, N.E. of the cairn called 
 Listoghil, and to the E. of LX V (dolmen-circle). " Of this circle, also, only a few 
 stones are left, the rest having been carried away to clear the ground ; but the 
 cromleac is untouched, though covered with stones collected off the land."- — P. 
 " The few stones yet remaining of those which formed this monument may now 
 be seen in the fences around a neighbouring cottage." — W. M. 
 MS. "Letters," he. cit. ; R.S.M., p. 77. 
 
 LXVII. No. 55. Situated to the N. of the preceding (No. 54), and close to 
 the road. "It is the last link of the external chain of circles which commenced 
 with No. I." From Col. Wood-Martin's plan it would appear that this circle 
 is S.W. of LXVI (dolmen-circle). " This circle is more perfect, but some of 
 the stones have been removed to form a garden wall. The cromleac is perfect, 
 but covered with stones. The places of any intermediate circles which may 
 have existed (between this and No. i, so as to make the chain perfect) have 
 been occupied by the road and houses on either side." — P. 
 
 MS. " Letters," /<;<-. cit. 
 
 LXVIII. No. 56. Situated immediately to the N. of the cairn called Listoghil, 
 and about 70 paces from it (dolmen-circle). "The diameter of this circle is about 
 36 feet, and it is nearly perfect. The cromleac is quite so." — P. 
 
 " The cap-stones of the original kistvaen are gone. The general form of the 
 tomb is that of the figure of 8, with a narrow opening between the compartments. 
 The longer axis is N.N.E. and S.S.W. The interment had been greatly disturbed." 
 There was evidence of uncalcined as well as calcined human interment. At the 
 N.N.E. end of the cist there was a calcined interment, and above it an unburnt 
 interment. Of this the atlas and lower jaw of an adult were nearly perfect, with 
 four back teeth and three incisors. There were also portions of a cranium. Besides 
 these there were six bones of a young child, and a few bones of a small rodent. 
 
 As the excavation proceeded, that is, went deeper, fragments of calcined human 
 remains were turned up. They consisted of eight hundred and seventy-three small 
 fragments of bones, one sound lower molar tooth, and two pieces of a skull. The 
 bones had been imperfectly burned. Several fire-marked and partially carbonized 
 bones were observable (as well as others in a fragmentary condition), such as the 
 anterior half of the axis (second cervical vertebra). Pieces of the right and left 
 halves of the body of the lower jaw, the right half containing a sound, firmly im- 
 planted first molar tooth, the left half containing the roots (all sound) of the 
 first molar, two bicuspids (premolars), and the canine teeth ; four pieces of the flat 
 bones of the skull (parietal or frontal) ; human teeth, i.e. four fragments of, and 
 four complete incisors, two bicuspids, and four lower molars, the crowns of each 
 molar sound. Amongst the fragments which formed the bulk of this collection 
 there were many which showed the crack-like marks noticed in the contents of 
 other graves. In fact, some of the bones appear as if they had been subjected to 
 greater heat than others. 
 
 " At the lowest level of the side-stones of the cist — which were of the average 
 height of 4 feet — a floor, or flagging, of calpy limestone flags was found. On this the 
 bodies seemed to have been originally cremated, portions of the floor showing marks 
 of fire. Semi-burnt wood was also found intact in places, with a layer of calcined
 
 I/O The Dolmens of Ireland 
 
 bones above." It was also plainly evident, according to Mr, James Graves, from 
 the fact that the flooring and the burnt bones extended under the side-stones of 
 the cist, that these side-stones and their cover, which formed the dolmen, had 
 been set up ovt-r the funeral pyre, that the calcined remains formed the primary 
 interment, and that they had not been placed within an already completed 
 chamber, but that that cliamber had been built on and around them, the flagging 
 which formed its flooring having served as the original hearth. " No implements, 
 ornaments, or traces of fictilia were discovered." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. at. ; K.S.M., pp. 77-79. 
 
 LXIX. No. 57. Situated about 8 paces to the E. of LXVIII (dolmen-circle). 
 '• This circle is perfect, and consists of thirty-two (thirty-three according to W. M.) 
 stones of large size. The diameter is 47 feet. The cromleac is destroyed." — P. 
 " The result of searches in various spots within the circle was but a few 
 uncalcined bones, also a small fragment of worked flint, and a flint flake, or spear- 
 head."— W. M. 
 
 The circle is slightly oval, measuring 60 feet from E. to W., and 52 from 
 N. to S. (out to out). 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. at. ; R.S.M., 79, So. 
 
 LXX. No. 58. Situated 30 paces to the N.E. LXIX (dolmen-circle). "This 
 circle is entirely destroyed, but the supporting-stones of the cromleac, seven in 
 number, remain." — P. This monument " consists of an oblong cist, or enclosure, 
 which was probably at one time covered. If it were ever surrounded by a circle, it 
 has been long since destroyed. This site w-as most carefully searched, yet no 
 fragments of bone could be discovered, neither were there any signs of charcoal. 
 A flint flake, or knife, was here unearthed, but its point was missing." — W. M. 
 
 From the plan, the monument seems to be 20 feet long, from out to out, and the 
 longer axis of the chamber N.W. and S.E. Four or five stones at the S.E. end 
 look as if they had formed portion of such an oval enclosure as surrounds 
 monuments such as the Leaba-na-Callighe in Cork, to which class, rather than to 
 that of the dolmen-circle, this structure possibly belongs. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. at. ; R.S.M., p. 80. 
 
 LXXI. No. 59. Situated a few paces to the E. of the preceding (dolmen-circle). 
 " In this instance the circle is also absent. The supporting-stones of the cromleac 
 remain. They consist of nine stones, and are arranged in a circle [a feature which, 
 however, does not appear in Col. Wood-Martin's plan]. This is the last of the series 
 of these monuments of which I could find any distinct traces." — P. 
 
 " This monument seems to have been originally a rectangular cist, of which four 
 side stones alone remain in situ. Its longer a.xis is about N.N.E. and S.S.W. 
 Remains of human bones were found only under and about one of the fallen side- 
 slabs (second from bottom of plan, E. side of cist). The position of these was 
 enough to show that the usual plan of cremation or torrefaction of the dead (that, at 
 least, which was practised in the case of LXVIII) had also obtained here." 
 
 Two small fragments of worked bone were discovered, which had been evidently 
 the head or termination of some object or objects. One of them resembled the 
 semicircular piece of bone found in No. i. There was also a fragment of a very 
 white and highly calcined object with a sharply incised hole, not, however, penetrating 
 quite through. It might be semi-opal, or hydratcd silica.
 
 County of Sligo. 171 
 
 The other remains found in this cist consisted of — 
 
 ((?) 2^ lbs. weight of greyish-white bones, seemingly calcined : amongst them 
 
 were fragments of those of birds and animals, some showing a dark-blue 
 
 colour [vivianiii) on the inside. 
 {b) Small finger-tops, probably those of a young person or child, a tooth of a 
 
 child, and also one of an adult. 
 (c) Fragment of calcined cranium. 
 {d) Some bones of a dog, a fragment of a lower jaw, and other animal remains 
 
 of a peculiar white colour. 
 (e) A few uncalcined bones. 
 (/) Four pieces of fractured white quartz, the two largest weighing 2 oz. and 
 
 It oz. respectively. 
 (g) Two specimens of Cyathophyllum, a fossil coral from the Sligo limestone. — 
 VV. M. 
 
 According to the plan, this monument probably measured about 20 feet 
 in length. 
 
 MS. "Letters," he. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 80-S2. 
 
 No. 60. To the S. of one of the roads leading from Sligo to Cloverhill, and E. 
 of that from Sligo to Seafield, N.E. of the oval chain of circles. " Known in the 
 district by the name of Caltragh." Petrie here explains this term, as it was locally 
 explained, no doubt, " the church or graveyard, from the fact that the whole of it is 
 filled with human bones. No interment has ever been made in it in the memory 
 of man, nor is there any tradition of a church ever having been there." 
 
 It is evidently a work of pagan times, and the conclusion may, perhaps, be drawn 
 with safety, says Petrie, that, " while the other monuments were the tombs of chiefs 
 or princes, this was the general cemetery of the soldiers or common people." 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin, in like manner, regards it as the general burying-ground 
 for the ordinary population of the district, "as distinguished from the sepulchres 
 within the circles, which would appear to be those of a family or of a chief." 
 
 " It is a great, circular enclosure (92 paces in diameter from N. to S., and about 
 the same from E. to W.), originally surrounded, as in all the preceding examples, by 
 a circle of large stones. Most of these stones have been removed to clear the 
 land, and those which remain are nearly covered with earth." — P. 
 
 "The interior forms a gently rising hillock . . . Owing to the quantity of 
 human remains turned up when the grassy surface was broken for tillage, it is stated 
 to have been soon again laid down by the tenant, who imagined the crop of 
 potatoes would be too oily in taste ! ... It is an enlarged and developed 
 reproduction of No. 8. . . . Some years ago part of the field outside the periphery 
 of the caltragh was tilled, and is said to have been full of human remains. In 
 one small spot in the slope of the hill, from which the sod had been stripped by 
 cattie, fragments of calcined and uncalcined bones, periwinkle shells, a fragment of 
 fractured white quartz, and animal teeth, both calcined and uncalcined, were 
 picked up."— \V. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," !oc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 82, 83. 
 
 LXXII. No. 6i. Situated three fields N. of the road leading from Rath-Carrick 
 to Sligo, in the Townland of Barnasrahy (dolmen-circle). "I have (now) to notice," 
 says Petrie, "some other monuments which, though not immediately connected 
 with the series already noticed, are still so contiguous as to make it probable 
 that they belonged to it. After finishing my descriptive remarks on the series
 
 172 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 of monuments grouped together in the Townland of Carrowmore, it occurred to 
 me as probable that a careful examination of the Townlands lying N. and S. might 
 furnish evidences that the series had been carried on originally from one extremity 
 of the peninsula of Cuilirra to the other. I accordingly traversed the ground on 
 both these sides with great attention, and, though my anticipations were not realized 
 towards the S., the investigation was rewarded by the discovery of several monuments 
 to the X., of the existence of which I should have remained ignorant but for this 
 search." 
 
 " Of the first of the circles thus discovered there are but five stones remaining 
 in the original position. They are above 6 feet in height, and from the portion of 
 the circle which they form it may be concluded with certainty tliat this monument 
 was of unusual extent and grandeur." — P. 
 
 " Taking one arc, the diameter of this circle would have been 75 feet, and by 
 the other it would have been no feet." — W. M. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., p. S3. 
 
 LXXIII, LXXIV. No. 61 (a) and No. 6[ {b). Situated intermediately between 
 LXXII and the tumulus and cairn which follow; in Townland of Barnasrahy (two 
 dolmen-circles). " Unnoticed by Tetrie." " They have almost totally disappeared." 
 — W. M. 
 
 R.S.>L, p. S3. 
 
 No. 62. Situated immediately adjacent to the circle LXXII in Townland of 
 Barnasrahy (tumulus). Known popularly by the name Cnukana-Curragh, i.e. 
 " the Little Hill on the Marsh." " A tumulus composed of stones and clay. It is 
 about iSo feet in circumference, and 15 feet in height, the top flat, as usual in 
 sepulchral cairns, or rather hollowed." — P. 
 
 "Circumference at base, 135 feet [the result of measurement, which Petrie's 
 probably was not] ; length of slope 19 feet ; diameter at top 1 1 feet. The depression 
 in the centre of the summit is i foot 6 ins., and the saucer-shaped hollow is well 
 defined by a circle of carefully arranged stones. This tumulus, to all appearance, 
 has never been opened." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. S3, S4. 
 
 LXXV. No. 63. Situated a few yards to the S.K of the tumulus No. 62, in the 
 Townland of Barnasrahy (chambered-cairn). "A circle quite perfect, but the 
 stones in some places are nearly covered with earth. It is 70 feet in diameter. The 
 interior of this circle is remarkable for a peculiar arrangement of stones. Human 
 bones have been found within the central enclosure, and, as stated by the people 
 in the neighbourhood, a bronze sword was found about forty years ago " {i.e. forty 
 years before 1S37). — P. 
 
 This plan of Petrie's seemed so very peculiar to Col. Wood-Martin that he 
 obtained, with the aid of Mr. C. B. Jones, M.I.C.E., a detailed plan, made after the 
 monument had been cleared of earth and stones, and the cists it was found to con- 
 tain, excavated. "As the stones forming the central monument became apparent, 
 one of the workmen was the first to perceive its meaning. He exclaimed, ' It is 
 aissy cross ; I saw one like it in Ulster.' There can be no doubt that this grave 
 represents a peculiarly formed cross, the only one so shaped which Col. Wood- 
 Martin had met with. Although the site of the central interment was most care- 
 fully gone over, no trace of the interment itself was discovered, save one uncalcined 
 bone, pronounced not to be human. A few small fragments of calcined bones were
 
 County of Sugg. 173 
 
 found on the floor of the eastern cist, which was formed by a single slab. The 
 site of a western cist, which had been destroyed by the tenant, was pointed out. 
 Several stones in the circle had been removed by him into adjoining fences, and 
 at three places in the ring he had exhumed bones and charcoal." — W. M. 
 
 In their cruciform arrangement the chambers of this cairn-circle, or chambered- 
 cairn, are to be compared with those in the monument XXXVII of this group, with 
 some of the Achill cairns, with New Grange, etc. There seems, however, in this 
 example to have been a central and probably original dolmen, having its longer 
 axis N.E. and S.W. It had five (originally six) stones on its N.W. side, and two at 
 either end, and measured about 20 feet long (from out to out) by some 8 feet broad. 
 Into this, at the S.E. corner, opened a narrow passage, about 25 feet long and 2 
 or 3 feet wide (internally), connecting the central structure with the stones of the 
 ring, one of which probably closed its mouth. To the E. and \V., just where this 
 passage entered the large chamber, two arms branched off, each measuring 10 or 12 
 feet long, and seemingly expanding at their interior ends. In the case of one of the 
 cairns at Slievemore in Achill I have noticed the probable existence of a large oblong 
 chamber as the central feature of a cruciform arrangement of cists and circles. In 
 this case, if I mistake not, such a structure formed not the centre of the cross, 
 as in that case, but its upper limb or head. 
 
 In the Townland of Karnasrahy (urn). Col. Wood-Martin is of opinion that it was 
 from this cairn (LXXV) that an urn was taken which is now in the museum of the 
 Duke of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle. " This urn is perhaps the most highly 
 finished of all the sepulchral fictilia as 
 yet known to have been found in the 
 CO. Sligo. ... It is rough, hard-burned, 
 and light-red in colour. It measures 
 4 inches in height, and 5 inches across 
 the mouth. The colour is uniform 
 throughout, internally and externally, 
 showing no traces of fire inside." 
 The decoration which, arranged in 
 fourteen horizontal bands, runs around 
 the exterior of the vessel, is mostly in 
 relief, and may be divided into four 
 sections. The upper portion consists 
 
 ^^,j..i. , ..ji. Fig. i6j.. — Urn fiuin Larnasrahv. From Col. 
 
 of five bands, the top one decorated by •* n'ood-Martuis R.S.M. 
 
 vertical mouldings, as is also the third, 
 
 the second and fourth being plain, and the fifth moulded diagonally, giving it the 
 appearance of a twisted rope. The next section below this is represented by a 
 bulge in the vessel around which three bands are carried, the upper one plain, 
 the second traversed by an obtuse-angled chevron, or rather, by a wavy pattern 
 in high relief, and the third moulded horizontally, as in the upper and third band 
 in the first section. Below the bulge comes a single band, forming the third section, 
 moulded diagonally in repetition of the fifth band in the first section. Below this 
 is a second bulge, from which the vessel tapers away to its base, forming the 
 fourth section. This is divided into five bands. The upper one is plain ; the 
 second is a repetition of the wavy pattern in relief on the upper bulge ; the third 
 is a fourth example of the vertical moulding ; the fourth (a very narrow band) 
 is plain ; and the fifth and lowest is traversed by arrangements of four lines, 
 alternately horizontal and vertical This latter pattern, it maybe remarked, brings
 
 174 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 this vessel into touch with several cinerary urns found on the one hand in the N. 
 of England (Cumberland), and on the other, in Cornwall. 
 
 R.S.M., p S5 ; see also " Descriptive Catalogue of Antiquities at Alnwick Castle," pi. xv. 
 
 The Other portions of the decoration are repeated on many other examples of 
 similarly sized vessels found in connection with sepulture in other parts of Ireland. 
 The double bulge is not an uncommon feature. 
 
 No. 64. " On the mearing (or boundaries) of three Townlands (Barnasrahy, 
 Tobernaveen, and Woodville Demesne"), where three parishes meet (holed stone). 
 This stone is popularly called Cloch Breac, " or the speckled stone," adds Pctrie, 
 " from its mottled appearance." 
 
 " ' Cloch-bhreac,' also ' Clochlia,' or the 'Gray Stone.'"— \V. M. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of the Barnasrahy cairns and circles Petrie discovered " a 
 remarkable stone, which may," he says, " be of coeval antiquity. It is a thin flag of 
 limestone set on edge, and about nine feet in height and breadth. It has a square 
 hole, artificially formed towards one side, which measures about a foot." — P. 
 
 " The stone is . . . 10 feet in breadth above ground. Towards its E. side this 
 flagstone is pierced by a squarish, or rather oblong, jjcrforation 3 feet in length 
 by 2 feet in breadth. The little stream which issues from Tol>ar-an-bh-Fian, laves 
 its base, which must be buried deeply in the earth." — W. M. 
 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cit. ; R.S.M., pp. 98, 99. 
 
 In the vicinity of the group in the Townland of Barnasrahy are two tumuli 
 described as " two fort-like mounds which, from their small size, are probably of 
 a mortuary character." 
 
 R.S.M., p. 94. 
 
 No. 65. In the Townland of Tobernaveen, " a little to the S. of the Cloch 
 Breac:" (well). Tober-na-bh-Fian, i.e. " The Well of the Warriors," says Petrie. 
 He seems inclined to connect this well with the Carrowmore series to the S. of it ; 
 for, speaking of such monuments in general, he says that they are known by the 
 names of Leaba-na-Fian, " The Beds or Graves of the Warriors," or " Leaba-na-Fear- 
 -More, The Beds of the Bi? Men, or Giants." 
 "A remarkable well, or spring." — P. 
 MS. " Letters," loc. cil. 
 
 No. 65a. In the Townland of Tobernaveen, E. of the Well, and W. of the 
 road from Sligo to Seafield (caltragh, or rath). This is marked No d^a in Col. 
 Wood-Martin's map, but I do not find a reference to it in the text. 
 
 MS. "Letters," loc. cit., and plan, p. 462 ; R.S.M., pp. 84, 85 ; R.S.M. , map, p. 15. 
 
 100. In the Townland of Tobernavean, and Parish of Kil- 
 macowen, is a dolmen-circle indicated in the Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 14, and marked loa in Col. Wood-Martin's copy of it. In 
 the same Townland is the well called " Tobernavean," and the 
 " Clochabreacha " holed stone above mentioned, as well as two 
 " Caltraghs." Three other Townlands, in Mayo, Gahvay, and 
 Antrim respectively, bear the name Tobernavean, or -veen. This 
 Townland adjoins that of Carrowmore on the N.
 
 County of Sligo. 175 
 
 101-113. In the Townland of Graigue, and Parish of Kil- 
 macovven, adjoining Carrowmore on the S.W., were thirteen 
 dolmen-circles, eight of which are marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 14. There is also a "caltragh" in this Townland. 
 
 114-118. In the Townland of Barnasrahy, adjoining that of 
 Tobernavean on the N.W., were five dolmen-circles, the positions 
 of which are indicated in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 N.B. — The entire group in the four Townlands of Carrow- 
 more, Graigue, Barnasrahy, and Tobernavean, thus comprises 
 some 85 dolmen-circles within an oval space of less than a mile 
 and three quarters from N. to S„ by less than half a mile from 
 E. to W., and within the memory of man there were many more. 
 
 In the Barony of Tireragh. 
 
 I, 2. In the Townland of Portland, and Parish of Easky, one 
 mile S. of Easky, and on the river of that name, are two 
 dolmens, one only of which, marked Cromlech, is shown in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No, 1 1. 
 
 The dolmen in this Townland is a small one, but in excellent preservation. 
 Col. Wood-Martin describes the other monument as a " Giant's Grave, 13 feet long 
 by 5 feet broad, and surrounded by boulders set on edge." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 219. 
 
 3, In the Townland of Cloneen, and Parish of Kilmacshalgan, 
 S. of the Townland of Portland, was a dolmen, not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 11. 
 
 Mr. J. Carnegy stated that in this Townland there had been the remains of a 
 " Griddle " (the local name for a dolmen) in a dilapidated state, and not of any great 
 size ; it consisted of six supports and covering-slab. It has been destroyed. 
 Quoted by Col. Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 219. 
 
 In the Townland of Scurmore, and Parish of Castleconnor, is 
 a megalithic monument, close to the sea, marked, in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 16, Standing Stones called Children of the Mermaid. 
 It is on the N.E. side of a tumulus called Cruchancornia, but it 
 is not a dolmen. 
 
 Wood-Maitin, R.S.M., p. 227. 
 
 4, 5, 6. In the Townland of Tawnatruffaun, and Parish of 
 Kilmacshalgan, a Giant's Griddle is marked in the old 6-inch 
 scale Ord. Surv. Map (1837) No. 17. It is placed on the Fiddan- 
 garrode River, near its confluence with the Easky. To the N.E. 
 is Clocha-brack Hill, and near the monument to the E., a Grave
 
 176 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 is marked. Thirty-five paces N. of this Giant's Grave, which 
 was locally called The Griddle, was a second, and the farmer 
 informed Col. Wood-Martin that there had been a third. 
 
 The Giant's Griddle, says Col. Wood-Martin, is " a fine example of a cromleac, 
 but, unfortunately, the support at its N.W. termination has fallen inwards, thus 
 diminishing the average height above ground of the level of the under surface of 
 the covering-slab, which had been originally, in all probability, 6 feet." 
 
 The covering-stone measures 1 1 feet 6 ins. long by about 9 feet broad, and is 
 from I foot 9 ins. to 2 feet 9 ins. thick. 
 
 Upon a stone built into a fence which touches the dolmen are sculptured a cup 
 
 Fig. 165. — Tawnatruffaun, After a sketch ly Mr. Wakeman in Col. Wood-MartMs R.S.M. 
 
 and circle deeply incised, and upon another is a somewhat similar device. The 
 carvings measure about 4 inches in diameter. 
 
 The second dolmen Col. Wood-Martin terms a "cist." It measures 14 feet 
 long, and possesses a covering-stone. It lies only 35 paces from the "Griddle." 
 The longer axis lies E. and W., but the monument is in a ruinous condition. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 220. 
 
 7, 8. In the Townland of Caltragh, W. of that of Tawna 
 truffaun, two dolmens are marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17. 
 The names given there are Griddlc-inore-na-vc.aii, and Griddle- 
 bcg-na-vcan. They are in the Parish of Kilmacshalgan, and close 
 to the Owenykeevan River. 
 
 The first of these two dolmens was described by Gabriel Beranger. " It is 
 fixed," he says, " on a small hill ... in a bog ten miles long and about three 
 broad. It is a famous cromlech." According to Col. Wood-Martin the height 
 of the cap-stone from the ground is about 5 feet 6 ins. It is supported by five 
 pillar-stones, and is at the higher end of the monument, the total length of which 
 is 30 feet. 
 
 G. Beranger, "Diary," circa 1760; Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 226.
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 177 
 
 9. In the Townland of Belville, and Parish of Kilmacshalgan, 
 is a dolmen named Cloghabracka in Ord. Surv. Map No. 18. In 
 
 Fig. 166. — Caltragh : the "Giiddle-more-na-Vean." From a sketch by Air. Wakeman in 
 Col. Wood-Martin's R.S.M. 
 
 English it is called the " Bracked Stones," and lies near the W. 
 bank of the Dunneill River. 
 
 From the views of this given by Col. Wood-Martin, it is clear that it is a dolmen 
 in its elongated form. It appeared to him to consist of " two cromleacs connected 
 by intermediate compartments, the two terminal septa being the largest." The 
 covering-stones of these are both displaced; the one was 5 feet 2 ins., the other 
 4 feet above ground. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M. , pp. 216, 217. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Grangebeg, and Parish of Templeboy, 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. i8. 
 
 This is an oblong structure, measuring about 30 feet long from out to out, and 
 having its long axis nearly E. and W. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 216, 217. 
 
 11, 12, 13. In the Townland of Tanrego West, and Parish of 
 Dromard, on the W. shore of Ballysadare Bay, a Cromleac {sic) 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. ig, and also Graves. Col. 
 Wood-Martin describes two " Giants' Graves " to the left of the 
 lane leading from the Ballina road to the sea. As they are only 
 200 yards apart, whereas the Graves in the Ord. Surv. Map are 
 full a quarter of a mile from the Cromleac, he probably refers to 
 the former, and does not mention the latter, 
 
 Of one of these Col. Wood-Martin says : " Two of the uprights still remaining 
 are each about 6 feet in height ; the very large covering-slab has been thrown off." 
 VOL. I. N
 
 178 
 
 The Dolmens oi' Ireland. 
 
 From the sketch given by him it would appear to be the ruin of a very large 
 elongated structure, consisting of a lofty chamber from which ran a covered passage. 
 At the E. end, however, there seem to be the remains of some rudely circular 
 structures, formed possibly, subsequent to its ruin, out of the stones of the monu- 
 
 ,->^-. 
 
 iimo i-7 
 
 r"^^^ 
 
 /fp^^i^-"^^^' 
 
 J 
 
 Fig. 167. — Tanrego East (dohnen-circlc). /><)/// an ori^nal sketch and plan by Gabriel Beranger. 
 
 ment. The stones, some fifty in number, extend over a space some So feet in 
 length, the longer axis of the ruin lying E. and W. 
 
 The second monument, equally dilapidated and puzzling, is situated at a distance 
 of 200 yards from the other. The ruins of it cover an area, from E. to W., of about 
 65 feet, and comprise fifty-two stones. 
 
 Wood-Martin, K.S.M., pp. 194, 105. 
 
 14, 15. In the Townland of Tanrego East (als. Carrowmore), 
 adjoining that of Tanrego West, a Crotnlcac is marked in Ord.
 
 County of Sligo. 179 
 
 Surv. Map No. 19. In the same Townland and Parish (Dromard) 
 at Beltraw Strand, or Traigh Eotlmile, was a dolmen-circle, which 
 Beranger calls CuchiUlin s Tomb. 
 
 I do not find that Col. Wood-Martin mentions the first of these monuments. 
 Of the second I am able to give the plan and elevation made by Gabriel Beranger. 
 His statement in his " Diary " is that he " stopped to draw a plan and view of 
 Cuchullin's tomb — a circle of stones 27 feet in diameter, but much covered by the 
 sand which the waves carry on it" It is evidently a dolmen-circle such as those 
 at Carrowmore on the opposite side of the bay. 
 
 G. Beranger's "Diary;" Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 192; O.S.L., Co. Sligo, -'*-, p. 322, 
 tt seqq. '^^ '4 
 
 16. In the Townland of Mullaghroe, and Parish of Skreen, 
 about half a mile S.E. of the Church, was a dolmen-cairn not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 19. It is not on the summit of 
 the hill, further up which, to the W., is a large stone fort, 
 marked Red Hill. 
 
 " Lower down the hill " (than the Red Hill Fort), writes Mr. Robert Jones to 
 Mr. R. C. Walker, in 1S43, " I discovered the cam,"' i.e. Mullach Ruadha, "which 
 had been opened, and contained several small chambers. The principal one has 
 still the covering-stone on it, but it is filled with smaller stones underneath. The 
 earn is of an oval form, 96 paces round. It is formed of limestones. The first 
 chamber has a double covering of large limestone flags, the sides being formed of 
 upright flags of the small material, like a small cromleac, and is about 6 feet square. 
 There appear to be several other smaller ones, which have been opened, and the 
 rubbish thrown back." 
 
 See O'Donovan's " Tribes and Customs of the Hy.-Fiachrach," pp. 97, 416, 417. 
 
 17, In the Townland of Knockanbaun, and Parish of Kilmac- 
 shalgan, about two miles S. of the Workhouse at Dromore 
 West, and "about 400 yards from a buried circle, is a Cromleac, 
 or Griddle, as these monuments are called in this district," not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17. 
 
 Mr. J. Carnegy states there was a cromleac here, " the top-stone of which was 
 of great size." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 219. 
 
 In the Barony of Leyny. 
 
 1,2. In the Townland of Gortakeeran, and Parish of Killoran, 
 a Gland's Grave is thus marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. It 
 is S. of Mullacrh Loucfh. Col. Wood- Martin notices a second in 
 this Townland. They are situated about two miles from Coolaney, 
 on the slope of the Ox Mountains. 
 
 Of these two monuments, one was greatly dilapidated ; it appeared to have
 
 i8o 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 been "a simple oblong enclosure about i8 feet long, the longer axis of which was 
 S.E. and N.W. 
 
 The second — higher up the mountain — measures about 36 feet in length, and 
 lies nearly E. and W. It broadens considerably from the E. end, where it is about 
 2 feet 6 ins. wide, to the W. end, where it is 5 feet wide. A flagstone on edge, 
 about 7 feet long, divides the long and narrowing E. portion of the monument from 
 the portico, or antechamber, which forms the W. extremity. Several roofing-stones 
 are in place, and there are stones on either side which indicate the presence of an 
 
 Fig. 16S. — Gortakeeran. Enlarged from a plan in Col. JVood-Marlin's R.S.M. 
 
 outer range. CoL Wood-Martin looked on those towards the W. end as having 
 formed cists, giving to the monument a cruciform shape, and he also thought that 
 the main chamber consisted of a series of cists. Both these views, judging from 
 the analogy of other monuments of like type in Cavan and elsewhere, I consider 
 doubtful, since I think the outer range is a peristyle, and the transverse stones 
 buttresses to the main structure. It would be hard to find a monument the ground- 
 plan of which more exactly reproduces that of the great dolmen at Burren, near 
 Blacklion, in Cavan. ( Vide infra.) 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M. , p. 211. 
 
 3, 4. In the Townland of Cabragh, adjoining that of Gorta- 
 keeran on the W., and in the Parish of Killoran, a Giant's Grave 
 is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. Col. Wood-Martin 
 gives a second in the same Townland. 
 
 " The first of these, situated below the road, consists," says Col. Wood-Martin, 
 " of a circle, about 33 paces in diameter. The central cist occupies most of the 
 enclosure, its longer axis bearing E. and W." 
 
 The second is on higher ground, and resembles that at Gortakeeran. There is, 
 however, no transverse flag forming a compartment. It measures 27 feet long, its 
 longer axis lying E. 35° S. It is environed by a heart-shaped arrangement of
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 i8i 
 
 flagstones — not boulders — set on edge, the longest diameter of which is 40 
 feet. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 212. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Knockatotaun, and Parish of Killoran, 
 
 Fig. 169. — Knockatotaun. From a sketch by Mr. Wahcmaii in Col. U'ood-jlfarliii's Ii.S.^^. 
 
 a Druid's Altar is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. It is 
 sometimes called simply Leac, i.e. Flagstone. 
 
 " A fine specimen of a Giant's Grave," the covering-slab of which, nearly 
 horizontal, rests now only on four supports, and measures 1 1 feet from N. to S. by 
 a little more than 9 feet from E. to W. It has an average thickness of 9 inches, 
 and the height from the ground to its upper surface is 4 feet 3 ins." 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 213. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Castlerock, als. Castlecarragh, a Der- 
 mot and Granids Bed is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 31. 
 
 The ruins of this monument show that it measured about 30 feet long, and had 
 a longer axis pointing nearly E. and W. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 214. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Rathscanlan, and Parish of Achonry, 
 
 (QCD 
 
 
 Q J^'^ 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Fig. 170.— Rathscanlan. Plan in Col. Wood-MarMs R.S.M. 
 
 a Giant's Gi-avc is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 38. It is 
 close to the village of Tubbercurry.
 
 i82 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 This monument is, to judge by tlie ground plan of its ruins, an example of two 
 chambers placed about 12 feet apart, but in line, the longer axis of each being 
 nearly E. and W. They stand on an oblong mound. The ^\'. one measures about 
 22 feet long, and the E. one about 6 feet longer. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 214. 
 
 8. In the Tovvnland of Wellmount, and Parish of Achonry, is 
 a dolmen-circle. 
 
 A sepulchral circle, showing traces of a central monument. Close to it is a 
 burying-ground called the Caltra^h. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 213. 
 
 *9, *io. In the Townland of Chaffpool, and Parish of Achonry, 
 are " two megaliths," not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 38. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 207. 
 
 In the Barony of Tirerrill. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Castleore (properly Cashelore), and 
 Parish of Killerry, at a distance of 400 yards E. of Cashcl Oir, 
 als. Baivjiboy, is a monument of the dolmen class, not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 21. 
 
 This monument consists of an elongated cist, having for its E. end a portion of 
 the stones forming the periphery of a circle. The cist measures about 14 feet long 
 internally, and lies approximately E. and W, Col. Wood-Martin suggests, with 
 great probability, that the W. end of the cist was also at one time terminated by a 
 circle, as in the case of a monument at Highwood in this same Barony, and also in 
 that of another in the Island of Achill. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 203, 204. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Carrownagh, and Parish of Killerry, a 
 Druid's Altar is so named in Ord. Surv. Map No. 21. It is 
 called locally Lcaba Dhiarmada agns Grainnc. 
 
 The longest axis is about E. and \V., and the length 27 feet. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 202. 
 
 3. In the Townland Arnasbrack, adjoining that of Carrow- 
 nagh on the W., and between Lough Dargen and the Carrownagh 
 dolmen, is another marked Gianfs Grave, Cloghcr jMore (properly 
 Cloch-Mor) in Ord. Surv. Map No. 21. It is 300 yards W. of 
 that at Carrownagh. 
 
 This was originally an oblong enclosure erected on a mound, and lying nearly 
 due E. and W. The ruins extend over a length of 55 feet. It is hard to say 
 exactly what the original plan was. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 201.
 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 i8- 
 
 4. In the Townland of Ballysadare, and Parish of Ballysadare, 
 just N. of the town, a Giant's Grave, indicated by an oval heap of 
 stones, is shown in the first edition of the 6-inch Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 20. A Townland called Kilboglashy lies on the opposite 
 side of the river. 
 
 May not this be the " Giant's Grave " for which Col. Wood-Martin tells us he 
 made fruitless search in the adjoining Townland of Knockmuldoney ? He was 
 led to do so by "a statement that, 
 many years ago, an urn had been found 
 in a stone chamber in the vicinity of 
 Ballysadare, and that the ' Giant's 
 Grave,' in which it had been found, 
 was situated formerly in the Townland 
 of Knockmuldoney, but had been swept 
 away. The urn, it was alleged, had 
 been deposited in the museum of the 
 R.I. Academy." 
 
 Now, in that museum there is an 
 urn labelled, " found in a stone chamber 
 at Ballagradone, in the Co. of Sligo." 
 But, as no such place as this exists. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin thinks it maybe a I'JG- 171-— Urn from Ballysadare (l). From a 
 . ^, r T1 11 J / dra-i'in<: by Mr. IVakemamnCol.n ood-Marim's 
 
 copyist s error for Ballysadare (agr = ys, ^ ^ jf£ ^ 
 and one = are). Putting together the 
 
 current local statement and the words on the label, he justly, I think, comes 
 to the conclusion that both refer to the same monument and the same discovery. 
 No trace, however, could he find in Knockmuldoney of such a monument, and 
 no wonder, since it had been swept away ; but such a monument, according to 
 the earlier edition of the Ord. Survey Map, did exist in Ballysadare when the 
 first survey was taken, and it was called the Giant's Grave. We may presume, 
 however, that it was " swept away," for no such name occurs in the more recent 
 Survey, while the proximity of the railway to the spot where it was, leads to the 
 supposition that it was demolished when the line was made. The urn in the j\[us. 
 R.I. A., which has been encrusted with carbonate of lime, " presents a great 
 variety of designs, decorated bands, chevrons, dots, and lines. It measures about 
 4 inches high, 5! inches wide, and 4J inches across the mouth. The remarks I 
 have made with regard to the ornamentation on the Barnasrahy urn apply equally 
 to this one (see p. 173). 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 199, 200. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Springfield, and Parish of Tawnagh, 
 on the line railroad from Longford to Sligo, was a row of dolmens, 
 i.e. large cists called Giants Graves, not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 34. 
 
 " A row of cists, described as stone coffins, from 4 to 5 feet high. They would 
 appear to have been in line and close together. Nothing but dark-coloured greasy 
 earth was found in them." 
 Wood-Martin, R.S..M., p. 199.
 
 1 84 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Carrickglass, and Parish of Killadoon, 
 three-quarters of a mile N.W. of Lough Arrow, a Druid's Altar 
 
 
 Fig. 172. — Carrickglass. From an original draiuing by Pctric. 
 
 is SO marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 34. It is locally called 
 " The Labby." 
 
 This dolmen is one of the most remarkable in Ireland, as well as one of the 
 
 largest, and, as regards the in- 
 cumbent block, one of the most 
 rugged in appearance. This 
 block is a grey magnesian lime- 
 stone, showing cracks or cre- 
 vices, both horizontal and per- 
 pendicular, and is overgrown 
 with moss and lichen. It is 
 oblong in shape, measuring 15 
 feet 4 ins. long on either side, 
 by over 8 feet broad at one end, 
 and 10 feet at the other. It is 
 
 Fig. 173 -Carrickglass-anotber view. After adrmui„s by g feet thick, SO that tlie weight 
 Mr. Makeman m Col. Hooil-Mar/m's A'S.Af. ' " 
 
 cannot fall far short of 70 tons. 
 Beneath this ponderous mass an oblong chamber has been formed, and upon 
 
 four of the side stones of which it has 
 
 _,_--■''' \ been constructed, the superincumbent rock 
 
 reposes. One end of the chamber is formed 
 by two slabs, one placed behind the other, 
 as if the more effectually to close it, ar> 
 arrangement I have observed in several other 
 monuments. The outer slab measures 6 feet 
 long by 2 feet broad ; the inner slab 4 feet 
 long by I foot to i foot 6 ins. broad. Tlie 
 chamber itself measures 6 to 7 feet long by 
 3 feet wide. I'-ach side is formed by a single 
 
 Fig. 174.— Carrickglass. Ground-plan 
 after Wood-Martin. 
 
 slab, the one, 8 feet long, extending beyond the chamber so as to touch the outer
 
 County of Sligo. 185 
 
 of the two end stones, the other, only 4 feet 6 ins. long, falling short of the length 
 of the chamber. Each of these stones is about i foot 6 ins. in thickness. The 
 further, or outer end of the chamber, is formed by a thin slab, 4 feet long, and 
 scarcely r foot thick, one end of which rests against the end of a stone, 4 feet 
 long, and 2 feet thick, which forms one side of a portico, or antechamber, the 
 opposite side of which consists of a single stone, 2 feet 6 ins. long, and r foot 6 ins. 
 thick. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin mentions that an interment was found underneath the 
 covering-stone of this dolmen. 
 
 Drawings by George Petrie, in Lib. R.I.A. ; Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. iSS, 1S9. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Ballindoon, and Parish of Killadoon, 
 is a dolmen, not marked on Ord. Surv. Map No. 34. It is about 
 half a mile S.W. of Carrickglass, on the N.E. shore of Lough 
 Arrow. 
 
 " A ruined grave," which appeared to have been oblong. It had been over- 
 hauled. Only four of the supports were in their original position, and the covering- 
 flag was placed edgeways at the head. 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. iS6. 
 
 8, 9, 10, II. In the Townland of Coolmurly, and Parish of 
 Kilmactranny, three Giants Graves are so marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 25. To these Col. 
 Wood-Martin adds a fourth. 
 There is a Toberglasny in this 
 Townland. 
 
 {a) The stones which formed this 
 monument are almost all absent, ex- 
 cept at the W. end and S.W. angle. 
 It would appear that the area nar- 
 rowed as it approached the E. end. , „, ,„, ., , , , . 
 
 The W. end measures 21 feet broad, m^mmw<mm\\mmmm\m Q 
 and is composed of five stones. Two '/(/("(l//''|((' "fl I ;/|(/'l/'l;i///|(/li|//(|/l( |//i' 
 
 covering-slabs, with their supports, Fic. i7S.-Coolmurly. Planin Col. Wood. Martin', 
 
 were still in their places in 1888. R.S.M. 
 
 It is said that human remains were found underneath the covering-slabs by 
 Lady L. Tennison. 
 
 {b) This structure is oblong in plan, and is divided into four compartments. It 
 lies about N. and S. The compartment at either extremity is smaller than either of 
 the two central ones. The width of the structure is 7 feet 6 ins. at one end, and 
 6 feet at the other, internally. The sizes of the cists respectively are 7 feet 6 ins. by 
 3 feet ; 7 feet 6 ins. by S feet 6 ins. ; 7 feet 6 ins. to 6 feet 6 ins. by 7 feet 6 ins. ; 
 and 6 feet by 5 feet. The smallest is that at the S. extremity, which is, however, 
 the broader. Col. Wood-Martin thinks that the ends may have terminated in circles, 
 as in several other examples of this class of structure, which is that, not of the 
 dolmens proper, but of the chambered cairns, which were roofed in, not by single 
 flags, but by layers of smaller stones. To the W. are faint traces of an earthen 
 mound or enclosure.
 
 1 86 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 (<•) The vestiges of a monument in a state of dilapidation. 
 
 {if} A monument of ovoid form, tapering almost to a i)oint at one end, where 
 the stones composing the sides are smaller than at the further end, which is formed 
 of large slabs. The length internally is 24 feet, and the greatest breadth 9 feet. 
 Col. Wood-Martin thinks it terminated in two circles, no indications of which are, 
 however, shown in his ground-plan. 
 Wood Martin, R.S.M., pp. 172-175. 
 
 12, 13, 14. In the Townland of IMoytirra West (or rather 
 " North," it should be), called also Moytirra Mac Donagh, was 
 
 
 f/< by Pelrii 
 
 {a) a Druids Altar, so marked in Ord. Surv. Map Xo. 35. It 
 
 Fig. 176. — Cloch-na-tii-posta, Moytirra. From an original sketch by Peine. 
 
 was called Cloch-na-tri-posta. Col. Wood-Martin mentions a
 
 County of Sligo. 187 
 
 demolished dolmen in this Townland, and Parish of Kilmac- 
 tranny, which is probably the same. Mr. O'Keefe speaks of a dol- 
 men in this Townland called " Leaba Diarmada agus Grainne " (i^). 
 A third monument is a tumulus with megalithic cists (c). 
 
 (a) This dolmen, which Col. Wood-Martin places among the Highwood group, is 
 represented above (p. 186) in two hitherto unpublished drawings by Petrie. It appears 
 from these that it consisted of a covering-slab supported by two tall pillar-stones at 
 one end, and by a lower slab at the other, giving to the incumbent stone a slanting 
 position. It was called C/oc/i na tri posta. As I find no notice of it by the name it 
 bore, in CoL Wood-Martin's work, I conclude it to be the same monument which 
 he numbers 21, and of which he writes : " In the Townland of Moytirra West there 
 stood formerly a very fine cromleac. It was perfect at the time of the Ordnance 
 Survey. Its end was peculiar. An old man told us that he was, one morning, 
 passing not far from it, when he heard a great crash, and a cloud of dust rose like a 
 column of smoke. The support had, after the lapse of centuries, given way. We 
 could not learn whether it had been explored; and it was now (1888) in too ruined 
 a condition for a sketch to be of the slightest interest." 
 
 {h) O'Conor, in the Ord. Surv. Letters, speaks of a grave 14 yards long in this 
 Townland. It consisted of a headstone and footstone " across the giant's knees." 
 
 (c) " A half-demolished tumulus with two central cists." The roofing-stone of 
 one of these, as shown in Col. Wood-Martin's plan, adjoins that of the other ; the one 
 measuring 6 feet long by 3 feet 6 ins. broad ; the other 5 feet 4 ins. long by 3 feet broad. 
 The entire tumulus measures " about 60 paces in circumference, and there are traces 
 of an (outer) enclosure." In Col. Wood-Martin's account the cists are described as 
 the " upper cist " and the " lower cist." Both have been explored. The upper 
 cist contained a skeleton, from the position of which it was supposed that the body 
 had been buried in " a crouching posture, the back against one of the sides of the 
 chamber, and the skull and bones in a heap. Near these remains lay a thin piece 
 of bronze " — " perhaps," says Col. Wood-Martin, " the w-arrior's sword." Such was 
 the report of the explorer. " There must, however, have been more than one inter- 
 ment" Dr. E. MacDowel, to whom the basket-full of human bones taken up was 
 submitted, states that there were distinctly two burials, if not three, in this cist, 
 namely, those of two adults and a child. The following is the list contained in the 
 report he drew up ; and upon which he justly formed his conclusions : — 
 
 " The posterior portion of the vertical part of the frontal bone, with a portion of 
 the parietal bone : intervening is a portion of the coronal suture very strongly 
 marked and deeply indented. 
 
 A lumbar and cervical vertebra. 
 
 Part of shafts of humerus and ulna. 
 
 Portions of four ribs. 
 
 A portion of pelvic bone. 
 
 A portion of ischium with acetabulum. 
 
 A portion of pubic bone. 
 
 A portion of the shaft of the femur. 
 
 Two very complete patellae, both right ; one is distinctly smaller than the 
 other. 
 
 (a) The upper extremity (head) of a large right tibia. 
 
 {b) Head of a large left tibia, incomplete, with facet for articulation ; corresponds 
 to preceding.
 
 1 88 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 (c) Head of right tibia (smaller size) ; probably corresponds to 
 
 (,/) Head of left tiba. 
 
 (f) Head of tibia (left), smaller than any of the preceding; probably that of 
 a child. 
 
 Various fragmentary portions of the shafts of the long bones." 
 
 In the same cist with these were discovered " fragments of pottery, evidently 
 representing portions of, at least, three several and distinct vessels. One is the 
 portion of a base," belonging, in all probabiUty, to the same vessel to which 
 appertained a fragment of the upper part, ornamented with bands of dotted lines, 
 alternating with a diamond-shaped pattern. The pottery in this cist was of a light 
 drab colour on the outside, and red witliin. Two other decorated fragments are 
 figured. 
 
 The lower cist, which was more recently explored, disclosed, at the depth of 5 or 
 6 feet, under earth and stones, " two interments, one at the upper corner; the other 
 at the lower corner to the left." f The bones of these were also submitted to Dr. 
 MacDowel, who reported as follows — 
 
 " In this interment it is also evident, from an examination of the different os 
 calci and ulns, that there are at least two burials. The interment contains — 
 
 A portion of pubic bone, with acetabulum. 
 
 A portion of os innomenatum. 
 
 Three vertebra. 
 
 Various fragmentary portions of ribs. 
 
 Clavicle complete, but broken in equal halves. 
 
 Head of tibia, probably left auricular ; surface smooth and destroyed. 
 
 Lower end of right tibia. 
 
 Portion of shaft of tibia. 
 
 Oscalcis (right) complete. 
 
 Oscalcis (left), part of. 
 
 Oscalcis, much smaller than either of preceding. 
 
 External cuneiform bone ; scaphoid bone. 
 
 A metatarsal bone. 
 
 Head of humerus, left. 
 
 Humerus, low end, right ; articulates with 
 
 Ulna, upper end, right; olecranon and coronoid process complete; also radius, 
 upper end, right ; articulates with ulna. 
 
 Ulna, upper end, left, large size ; corresponds to right ulna (preceding). 
 
 Ulna, upper extremity, left, smaller size ; also various fragmentary portions of 
 the different long bones." 
 
 Several undecorated fragments of coarse red ware were found in this cist, with 
 regard to which Col. Wood-Martin states " that the fragments of coloured clay 
 dissolved, and came off freely when plunged in water." This pottery (unlike that 
 in the other cist) was red outside, and yellowish inside. 
 
 From the fragmentary state of botli the fictilia and the skeletons, it was the 
 opinion of the explorers that the tomb had been previously opened and overhauled ; 
 a conclusion, however, to which, in face of the possibility that the bones may have 
 been broken before being placed in the cist, and that the pottery may have been 
 thrown in in shards, it is not necessary to assent. In the dolmens and chambers 
 in Cornish tumuli I have on several occasions met with a like condition of things, 
 
 t By "upper" and "lower" cist, and corner of cist. Col. Wood-Martin signifies the positions 
 of these on tlie plan he appends.
 
 County of Sligo. 189 
 
 where there was no appearance of the tomb having been previously opened or 
 rifled. 
 
 The following observations of Dr. MacDowel upon the human remains as a 
 whole are of value ethnologically : " From the extreme lightness and appearance 
 of the bones, I would say they are of great age. The frontal bone in the interment 
 in the cist first noticed is abnormally thick, belongs to an adult, and would point 
 to a skull of medium size. From an examination of the other bones, I would say 
 their original owners were also of medium size, and, if anything, under that 
 standard." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 1S2-185, and figs. 145-14S. 
 
 15, 16. In the Townland of Moytirra East (or rather " South," 
 it should be), called also Moytirra Conlainn, two Giants Graves 
 are so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35. One of these was 
 called Lcacht-an-/hir-niore. The Townland is in the Parish of 
 Kilmactrannv. 
 
 {a) Of these two monuments the Leacht-an-fhir-more is described in the Ord. 
 Survey Letters as measuring 10 yards in length, and 2 yards in breadth inside the 
 flags standing round it. I am unable to identify it with certainty with any of those 
 on Col. Wood-Martin's list. It is clearly not the same as the one (b) next described. 
 So many of the monuments of this series have been destroyed, however, between 
 the year 1S37, when the Ordnance Surveyors made their memoranda, and 1888, 
 when Col. Wood-Martin published his work, that this may well have been among 
 the number of those swept away. 
 
 {b) This monument measured iS or 20 feet long and about 5 feet broad, and 
 had flags fixed around it. " It was opened," says O'Conor, " some years ago," i.e. 
 before 1837. " Human bones, of considerably large size, are stated to have been 
 found in it, and either in it, or near it, was also found what was described as a 
 golden breast-plate, formed so as to cover a man's breast, and be clasped behind his 
 neck." Doubtless, it was one of the broad hinulcE, or minds. " Francis Byrne, of 
 Moytirra, who found it, sold it in Dublin to a jeweller for £,i,o, as he said himsell, 
 yet it has been ascertained he got only jQi\ for it." According to traditions 
 current when Col. Wood-Martin visited the place, this monument, in its original 
 state, must have been a facsimile of the long one, with four compartments and a 
 circle at either end, near the village of Highwood. It had been, however, entirely 
 demolished. An old native on the spot described the gold ornament " as having 
 been about the breadth of his two hands, semicircular in form, quite thin, and, no 
 matter how much it was bent, yet when the pressure was removed, it regained 
 its shape." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. of Sligo, — ^ , p. 171, etscqq.; Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. iSl, 1S2. 
 F. 14 
 
 17. In the Townland of Treanmore, and Parish of Kilmac- 
 tranny, about a mile E.S.E. of the Moytirra-East monuments, 
 a Giant's Grave is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35. It was 
 locally called Lomtiiitieach. 
 No dimensions are given. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. of Sligo, — —, p. 171, clseqq. 
 F. 14
 
 I90 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 1 8. In the Townland of Carricknagrip, and Parish of Kil- 
 mactranny, there is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35 a Giant's 
 Grave, and immediately above it (.^ in apposition) the Carrick- 
 nagrip Sionc. It bore the name Cliopach Mor. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin regards this as "a buried cromleac, for although its supports 
 are now covered by earth and the clearings of the field, there still remains a space 
 between the stone and the soil." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. of Sligo, -- -,p. \^\,et seqq. ; R.S.M., p. 172- 
 F. 14 
 
 19. In the Townland of Cloghmine, and Parish of Kilmac- 
 
 tranny, a Giant's Grave is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 41. 
 
 " This structure lies E. and W. Seven stones remain erect ; the slab at the K 
 end is thrown down ; the one at the W. still erect. The slabs average 4 feet 6 ins. 
 in length, and about 3 feet 6 ins. in height over the soil. The monument is oblong 
 in form; about 16 feet long, and 7 feet broad." 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 169, 170. 
 
 20. 2 1. In the Townland of Carrickard, and Parish of Kil- 
 mactranny, are two Giants' Graves, not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 lilU\\\\^^~''''^ 
 
 Fig. 178.— Cairickard. Plan in Col. Wood-. Martin's A.S.M. 
 
 Map 41. One of these is described as having been in the middle 
 of the site now occupied by the road which crosses the valley 
 marked Moy Tiiirc in the map. 
 
 (a) Col. Wood-Martin describes a " cyclopean grave of peculiar form, resembling 
 the letter T in this Townland. The extreme length is 32 feet, and the transverse 
 portion is 25 feet. It seems," he adds, " to have been enclosed by an irregularly 
 shaped oval, but whether wholly of earth or only partly so we could not determine." 
 
 (fi) A monument, which appears to have been oblong in form, but the slabs of 
 which are now in the fences on either side the road, was destroyed about the year 
 1817. 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 172.
 
 County of Sugg. 
 
 191 
 
 22, 23. In the Townland of Highwood, and Parish of Kil- 
 mactranny, are two Giants Graves (one of triangular form), 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35. 
 
 .\\N||/// 
 
 ic:?te% 
 
 d"'5i/v.. 
 
 
 iw*' 
 
 0^ 
 
 {a) The shape of this monument Col. Wood- 
 JVIartin describes as "a truncated triangle, the 
 base measuring 34 feet, the perpendicular 37 feet, 
 the apex pointing nearly due W. Although only 
 four of the stones remain, the shape could be 
 distinctly traced. 
 
 (p) Of this monument Col. Wood-Martin 
 speaks as follows : " The main tomb is 44 feet in 
 length, by 6 feet in breadth. The flags composing 
 it are of the usual character employed in the 
 district. The end slab is 5 feet 6 ins. long, 2 feet 9 ins. high, and i foot thick. 
 
 Fig. 179. — Highwood. Plan in 
 Col. Wood-Martin's R.S.M. 
 
 This shaft, as it may be termed, is now divided into two un- 
 equal spaces by a slab, which runs across at 9 feet from its 
 S. extremity." It shows traces, however, of having originally 
 been divided into four separate chambers, and in this state it 
 was found at the time of the Ordnance Survey. Each extremity 
 is terminated by a circle clearly traceable. After mapping 
 it. Col. Wood-Martin was "informed by an old man, over 
 eighty years of age, that he had seen these circles perfect 
 about fifty years before, and that a skull and some bones had 
 been dug out of the grave." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., pp. 176 and iSo. 
 
 24. In the Townland of Carricknahorna, and 
 Parish of Aghanagh, there was a dolmen near a 
 " Rocking Stone," in a valley called Carrickna- 
 horna, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 40. 
 It is described as " in the District of Doona- 
 veeracrh," which latter is the name of the Town- 
 land adjoining Carricknahorna on the N.E. In 
 the Townland of Carrowkeel, N. of Carrickna- 
 horna, three Cams are marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 40. 
 
 " In one of the valleys {i.e. the Valley of Carricknahorna) 
 in the district of Doonaveeragh," says the Rev. Constantine 
 Cosgrave, P.P., "stand a number of huge primeval monu- 
 ments. . . . The most prominent of these is one known as ' the 
 Rocking Stone,' which is massive beyond the generality of its 
 kind. 
 
 At a distance from it of about 9 feet is a cromleac of corre- 
 sponding proportions. The superincumbent slab is in the 
 usual sloping position, and possesses all the characteristics 
 
 O 
 
 C3to 
 
 
 
 (7 
 
 
 
 C3 
 
 CD 
 
 V^-. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 180. — Highwood. 
 Plan in Col. IVood- 
 A/arlin's R.S.M.
 
 192 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 of the class of antiquities to which it belongs. There is an ancient circular fort 
 or cashel in the Townland called Caisiol Aluin. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. of Sligo, -^ , p. 407 ; Proc. Kilk. Archa;ol. Soc, vol. iii. (1854), p. 58 ; Wood- 
 F. 14 
 Martin, R.S.M., p. 207, note. 
 
 25. In the Townland of Whitehill, and Parish of Aghanagh, 
 is a Grave of the dolmen class, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 40. This Townland adjoins that of Doonaveeragh, to the 
 N.E. of the latter, and nearly reaches the W. margin of Lough 
 Arrow. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin mentions that " only one of the monuments " in the district 
 of Doonaveeragh " came under his notice, and that was an unimportant grave in 
 this TottTiland." 
 
 Wood-Martin, R.S.M., p. 207, note. 
 
 In the Barony of Coolavin. 
 
 *i, *2. In the Townland of Doon, and Parish of Kilfree, two 
 megalithic monuments are each marked Clochmore in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 44. 
 
 *3. In the Townland of Kilfree, and Parish of Kilfree, ad- 
 joining that of Doon on the N.E., an Altar is so marked on 
 Ord. Surv. I\Iap No. 44. Close to it is Tobcniancagh, and W. of 
 it, ig the same Townland, is Clochnakilcoillagh, which latter name 
 is worth investisrating.
 
 ( 193 ) 
 
 COUNTY OF LEITRIM. 
 
 In the Barony of Leitrim. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Greagh, and Parish of Fenagh, not a 
 quarter of a mile N. of Fenagh Lough (als. Lough Saloch), a 
 Giaids Grave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No 29 on the left- 
 hand side of the road from Mohill to Fenagh, opposite the 
 enclosure marked Ancient Town, with Clmrch, Cashcl, and Grave 
 Yard. It is between a quarter and half a mile S.W. of Fenagh, 
 and is called locally " Leaba Diarmuid is Graine." 
 
 This is described by McParlan as " a very large Druidical altar." I take it to 
 be the dolmen of which a drawing is given in Hennessey's "Book of Fenagh." This 
 shows that it consisted of a rough roofing-stone supported at one end by a high 
 pillar, and at the other end by a flag which had probably given way, and become 
 displaced from its original position. The sides of the chamber were formed by 
 slabs which did not reach the roof. Other large stones abutted on the structure. 
 
 " Stat. Survey of the County of Leitrim," by James McParlan, p. 93 ; " Book of Fenagh," edit. 
 Hennessey, Jrontispiece. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Fenagh- Beg, and Parish of Fenagh, 
 
 Fig. 181. — Fenagh. Etched from a plate in Hennessey's " Book of Fenagh." 
 
 on the left-hand side of the road from Fenagh to Ballinamore, 
 
 VOL. L 
 
 o
 
 194 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 a little more than a quarter of a mile from Fenagh, a Derniot and 
 Grama's Bed is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. In the same 
 Townland, a little to the S.W., a Monjuncnt is marked, and E. of 
 it two Cams and a Standing Stone. On the opposite, i.e. E. side 
 of the road, in the Townland of Knockmullin, are three Standing 
 Stones. In the Townland of Mullaghnameely, N. of these two 
 Townlands, is Sai)it Evc7-ans Well ; and to the N.E., on the E. 
 of the road to Ballinamore, in the Townland of Longstones, are at 
 least three Standing Stones. This entire group of monuments, 
 including that at Greagh, lie within a mile and a half N. of Lough 
 Saloch. 
 
 There must have been several dolmens among this group of monuments, which 
 collectively were termed The Graves of the Giants. On one occasion the Rev. Mr. 
 Beresford opened these " graves," and stated to O'Donovan that he found nothing 
 but the bones of brute animals. This fact the latter regarded as very surprising, 
 as he thought he had discovered in them the graves of certain Fomorian kings who 
 had fled from the battle of INIoytirra. " The question is," he writes, " could Mr. 
 Beresford have been mistaken? Did men ever erect graves over cows and horses?" 
 
 In the Ord. Survey Letters an extract is inserted, signed T. O'Reilly, to the 
 following effect: "In the year 1829, whilst I was passing some time at Fenagh, I 
 carefully opened one of these reputed ' graves.' They are oblong, irregular, square 
 spaces marked out by rough, flat, or flag stones on edge, and which only go down 
 into the earth a space of perhaps iS to 20 inches. I found within that depth only 
 clay, and some (not many) bones. None that I found appeared to be human 
 bones. They were chiefly small bones, some certainly of sheep, and a few, perhaps, 
 those of cows and horses. I found no skull of any animal." 
 
 Speaking of these "graves," O'Donovan says that they bore a striking 
 resemblance to the grave of Caltdn-!Mor on Slieve Gull ion. They do not appear to 
 have had any covering-stones, none, at all events, in place when the above notes 
 were written. 
 
 O.S.L., Counties of Cavan and Leitrim, =r— ^, p. 197 : for a supposed early legend about these 
 
 B. 16 
 monuments, see Book of Fenagli, edit. W. M. Hennessey (1875), pp. 252, 259, and 263. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Loughscur, adjoining on the N. that of 
 Letterfine, als. Letterfyan, and Parish of Kiltubbrid, just S. of 
 the lake, a Der?not and Crania's Bed is marked in the Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 25, about four miles and a half W. of Fenagh. Half 
 a mile S.W. of this, in the Townland of Sheebeg, adjoining that 
 of Letterfyan on the E., is an object marked Fin McCoots 
 Monument. 
 
 This Leaba Diarmuid is Graine is mentioned by McParlan. It is called " a 
 cromlech by the lake" in the Ord. Surv. Letters. The name Oscar's Grave is a 
 modern and incorrect designation of it, arising from a false etymology. 
 
 "Stat. Surveyor the County of Leitrim," by James McParlan, p. 93 ; Ord. Surv. Letters, Cavan 
 
 B. i6'
 
 County of Leitrim. 195 
 
 In the Barony of Carrigallen. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Clooncorick, and Parish of Carrigallen, 
 a quarter of a mile N.W. of Clooncorick Castle, is a monument 
 marked Kings Grave in Orel. Surv. Map No. 30, and near it is 
 Kings Wed. 
 
 This is described simply as "a grave." 
 
 O.S.L., Counties of Cavan and Leitrim, -- , p. 207, where a legend is told about it. 
 
 In the Barony of Mohill. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Cloonfinnan, and Parish of Mohill, 
 near the N.W. margin of Cloonfinnan Lough, and between it and 
 the Eskin River, a Dermot and Granias Bed, so marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 32. To the S. of this, in the Townland of 
 Aghintass, a Monument is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35 
 (ist edition). 
 
 N.B. — It is to be remarked that three out of the five monuments above 
 mentioned in the County of Leitrim are close to lakes.
 
 196 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF ROSCOMMON. 
 
 In the Barony of Boyle. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Greaghnaglogh, and Parish of Kilro- 
 nan, 3 miles W. of Lough Allen, was a dolmen marked Druid's 
 Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 2. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Churchacres, and Parish of Kilronan, 
 near the Church, an Altar is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 Fig. 182. — Churchacres. I'rom a drawing sigjied '■'■ K. Armstrong" 
 
 It is close to the N.E. marijin of Loueh Meela^h, but it is N.W. 
 of the Church, and not E. of it, as described on the drawing. 
 Near it, also, is Tober Lasaix. 
 
 From a drawing of this monument by R. Armstrong amongst a collection of 
 sketches of dolmens kindly lent me by Miss Margaret Stokes, it appears to be a 
 square cist, having a flag on edge on either side, and a third at the end, forming 
 three sides of a chamber roofed with an horizontal flag of no great thickness. 
 
 Some boulders have been placed upon the top of the covering-stone probably 
 for the same superstitious purpose of which we have evidence in the case of the 
 Cloch Breac at Inishmurray, and other venerated altars as well as natural rocks. 
 Collection of sketches in the possession of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Drumanone, and Parish of Boyle, about 
 2 miles W. of Boyle, to the N. of the spot where the Boyle River
 
 County of Roscommon. 
 
 197 
 
 broadens in its westward course towards Lough Gara, a DriiicCs 
 Altar is thus marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. It is about half- 
 way between Boyle and 
 Lough Gara. 
 
 This monument is " composed 
 of three uprights supporting a table- 
 stone in such an inclined position 
 that even a short man," says Grose, 
 "must stoop or bow, and involun- 
 tarily perform that act of adoration 
 before he can pass beneath it.'' 
 This position of the cap-stone is 
 simply due to the circumstance that 
 one of the supporters has partially succumbed inwards. 
 
 "Anc. Architecture of Ireland," by G. Wilkinson, p. 49 ; Grose, in Irish Pcttny Magazine, 
 September 7th, 1S33. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Tumna, and Parish of Tumna, close 
 
 Fig. 1S3. — Urumanone. From a sketch by 
 G. Wilkinson. 
 
 Fig. 1S4. — Tumna. From a drawing by Mr. II'. F. Wakeman. 
 
 to the Church, which lies on a point of land projecting north- 
 wards into the western reach of 
 water, where the Shannon receives 
 the Boyle River, is Saint Eidins 
 Grave, so marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 7, a monument transitional be- 
 tween the dolmen and the later altar- 
 tomb. 
 
 This structure, which may be regarded as 
 of transitional type, is of oblong form, and like a grave in shape and size. The 
 
 Fig. 185.— Tumna. Plan by Mr. 
 Wakeman,
 
 iqS 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 sides and ends are formed by seven stones, the two side stones being long flags on 
 edge. The whole is roofed in by a flattish flag, upon which, as at Churchacres, 
 boulders are deposited. 
 
 In the Barony of Frenchpark. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Runnaboll (Roinn-na-bpoll), and 
 Parish of Kilcolagh, is a monument called " Saint Patrick's Bed," 
 not marked on Ord. Surv. Maps lo or i6, which contain this 
 Townland, which lies on the road from Boyle to Roscommon. 
 Penitential " stations " were performed here on Garland Sunday. 
 Near the " Bed " was a lake called Lough Patrick, now dried up, 
 says O'Donovan. 
 
 It is uncertain whether this was a dolmen or not. 
 
 O.S.L., Roscommon, ,,-.,, p. l88. 
 
 r. o . 
 
 In the Barony of Athlone. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Fuerty, and Parish of Fuerty, not half 
 a mile N.E. of the Church, on the E. side of the road to Ballymoe, 
 a Dcrmot and Grmiia's Bed is so marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 39. It is indicated by an oblong arrangement of stones, with 
 a large one within the enclosure near the S.W. end. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Scregg, and Parish of Killinvoj'', about 
 
 Fig. 186. — Scregg. Etched jrom a fhotosrafli. 
 
 a mile and a half N. of Lough Funshinnagh, is a monument 
 marked Clochogle Stone, in Ord. Survey Map No. 42. It is 
 indicated by an oval stone enclosure in a rocky piece of ground 
 close to the E. side of a road. The adjoining Townland to the 
 W. is called Ballyglass, partly in which and partly in that of
 
 County of Roscommon. 
 
 199 
 
 Scregg is the little lake Lough Collog. 
 N. W. of Athlone. 
 
 It is three or four miles 
 
 This is a rough dolmen composed of three stones forming a square cist, open 
 on one side, supporting a rugged roofing-stone, flattish on the under face. 
 
 It has been described, with photographic illustrations, by the Hon. L. G. Dillon. 
 
 
 Fig. 1S7. — Scregg. Etched from a photograph. 
 
 The monument, which is on the top of a hill, is surrounded by an enclosure of 
 large stones, placed in straight lines, or nearly straight lines, on three sides, and a 
 slightly curved line of rather small and irregular stones on the S. W. side. This side 
 measures 43 yards long, and is represented in Mr. Dillon's photograph (Fig. 188), 
 
 Fig. 188. — Scregg. Another view, etched from a photograph. 
 
 which reminds us unmistakably of the rectangular enclosures around dolmens not 
 unusual in Scandinavia, Denmark, and Germany. 
 
 The N.W. boundary line measures 33 yards in length. It is composed of large 
 stones, and is represented in Mr. Dillon's second photograph (Fig. 187). 
 
 The S.S.W. side of the enclosure measures 24 yards long. A wall has been 
 built in modem times on the line of the large stones which composed it. 
 
 The S.E. side measures 35 j-ards, and shows the remains of a line of stones 
 surmounted at the S. end by a wall for about 10 yards of its length. 
 
 The angles formed by these lines of stones are all different, that facing S. being 
 nearly a right angle. The top of the hill, which rises within these enclosing lines, 
 has the appearance of being in part a cairn, or artificially formed tumulus. The 
 district around is, however, very stony, so that Mr. Dillon found it difficult to 
 separate what appeared to be artificial from what might have been natural to the 
 spot. On the highest part of the elevation, but by no means in the centre of the 
 enclosure, its position being only about 10 yards from the S.W. angle, stands the 
 fine and perfect dolmen. The upper stone rests horizontally on three others on
 
 2CX) The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the N., K, and W. sides. On the S. side is a small stone which does not occupy 
 the entire width, and does not reach to the covering-stone, thus leaving a passage 
 into the chamber. 
 
 The extreme length of the covering-stone is 9 feet, its extreme width 6 feet 
 10 ins., and its extreme thickness 2 feet 10 ins. The under surface is flat. The 
 height inside the chamber is about 5 feet, and the length 4 feet. 
 
 About 9 yards S. of this dolmen are remains which appear to be the ruins of 
 another. The largest flat stone measures 6 feet 9 ins. broad, by 7 feet 2 ins. long. 
 It is lying as if fallen from its supports. 
 
 Joum. R.H.A.A. of Ireland (1883-84), 4th Ser., vol. vi., p. 19, with plates.
 
 CHAPMAN li HAI.r. Ltd. 
 
 mryr thilif i Vn . Lvn/liBi i Lirrrpool 
 
 m
 
 ( 20I ) 
 
 III. PROVINCE OF ULSTER. 
 
 COUNTY OF CAVAN. 
 
 In the Barony of Tullyhaw. 
 
 I, 2, 3. In the Townland of Burren, and Parish of KilHnagh, 
 are three dolmens, two marked Giants Graves, and one marked 
 Druidical Altar, in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. Close to the eastern 
 of the two Giants' Graves, the Giant's Leap is marked. 
 
 My attention was called to these dolmens by Mr. Wakeman's excellent little 
 work, a "Guide to Lough Erne." The first one I visited, which I will call No. i, 
 
 \ 
 
 o 
 
 j ' 
 
 f D :) 
 
 azDCDBa 
 
 Fig. 189. — Burren (No. I). — Plan ly the Author. Scale • inch = I foot. 
 
 is the westernmost of the three, and is placed on the brow of the hill looking down 
 on the little farm-place of Burren, in the garden of which is No. 2, and across to 
 the opposite rocky hilltop upon which is the magnificent example which I designate 
 No. 3. 
 
 Twenty-four paces W.S.W. of No. i is a ruined cairn about 24 feet in diameter, 
 and circular, the ring being surrounded by stones on edge, one of them 4 feet 6 ins. 
 high, inclining towards the centre, which is filled with small stones. 
 
 The dolmen itself lies due E. and W., but is in a very ruinous condition. A
 
 202 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 sort of low oval platform surrounds it, and several stones upright or fallen which 
 appear on the edge of this may represent the position of an outer ring. Three 
 roofing-stones, one of them broken in two, lie approximately in their original 
 positions. Of these the westernmost (A) measures 7 feet by 4 feet 9 ins., and 
 14 ins. thick; its N. end rests on and overlaps two of the side-stones, while its S. 
 end has fallen, together with two side-stones, which now lie partially beneath it ; the 
 middle and broken one (B) measured 9 feet by 5 feet 9 ins. at broadest, but the 
 fragments have fallen into the vault, their ends still resting against the side-stones ; 
 the third and eastern one (C) measures 9 feet 6 ins. long by 5 feet 3 ins. broad, and 
 rests on two side-stones 8 feet 9 ins. apart. I doubt, however, whether it is in its 
 original position. The three slabs are respectively 14, 14, and 18 inches thick. 
 
 The entire length of the vault is 29 feet, the W. end 5 feet wide, and it narrows 
 to 4 feet 3 ins. towards the E. end, where, however, it widens again, owing, I think, 
 to the displacement of a stone on the S. The line forming the N. side consists of 
 eight stones, to which should be added three others lying outside them, one of 
 which has clearly belonged to the line. The S. side also consists of nine stones, one 
 of which, at the E. end, has been thrown back out of place. A long flag terminates 
 the E. end, and another lies against the S. wall of the W, end, which is open. The 
 blocks which are granite, measure — 
 
 Height, 
 ft. ins. 
 
 3 o 
 
 3 o 
 
 I 6 
 
 1 6 
 
 2 4 
 
 o (broad) 
 
 5 
 S 
 o 
 
 Leu 
 
 igth. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ms. 
 
 D = 5 
 
 5 
 
 K = 3 
 
 
 
 F = 4 
 
 
 
 G = 3 
 
 5 
 
 H = I 
 
 9 
 
 i}-> 
 
 
 
 L = 2 
 
 
 
 M = 3 
 
 
 
 N = 5 
 
 9 
 
 = 2 
 
 
 
 P = 2 
 
 9 
 
 Q = 7 
 
 
 
 R = 2 
 
 7 
 
 S = 3 
 
 4 
 
 T = 2 
 
 2 
 
 U = 2 
 
 2 
 
 V = 2 
 
 2 
 
 W = 2 
 
 10 
 
 X = 3 
 
 
 
 V = 5 
 
 
 
 Z = 7 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 Thickness, 
 ft. ins. 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 6 to 8 ins. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 5 
 I 
 6 to 2 ft. 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ID 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 o 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 o 
 
 3 o (broad) 
 
 3 10 (broad) 
 
 2 o 
 
 2 o 
 
 I 6 
 
 (buried in the ground) 
 
 No. 2, the one marked Drmdkal Allar in the Ord. Surv. Map, lies in the 
 garden of the cottage at Burren, at a distance of about 600 yards due S. of No. 1, 
 and in the valley, which is filled with natural rocks in most fantastic forms. 
 
 This dolmen, if the cap-stone was ever raised, as I suppose it was, upon the 
 summits of its supporters, must have been an unusually fine one. As it is, only 
 four stones remain, three uprights and the covering-slab, the latter in a sloping 
 position, having its S. edge fixed in the soil, and its N. edge resting partly upon the 
 upright A, and partly upon a wall built up upon the top of the stone B, which 
 perhaps was originally a supporter, or part of one, placed on its edge to serve the 
 purpose of the basement of the side of a calves' house, of which the slanting cap- 
 stone forms the roof. 
 
 This cap-stone (D) measures 16 feet on the slant from N. to S., by 13 feet 6 ins. 
 in greatest width. The pillar-stone A is 7 feet high, 7 feet 6 ins. long, and i foot 
 3 ins. thick. It extends 3 feet 3 ins. beyond the N. face of B, which has been set
 
 County of Cavan. 
 
 r~\ 
 
 / 
 
 XJ 
 
 _a_ 
 
 Z^: 
 
 against it at right angles. B measures 8 feet 6 ins. long, 3 feet wide (that is, " high," 
 
 for it is on edge), and 7 inches thick. At a distance of 2 feet 5 ins. from the S.W. 
 
 comer of A stands another pillar-stone, C, 
 
 6 feet 10 ins. high, 5 feet 9 ins. long, and 
 
 I foot 5 ins. thick. What the original plan 
 
 of the monument was it is difficult to say. 
 
 If B at one time was an upright supporter, 
 
 and if D rested on the three, the structure 
 
 would not have been dissimilar to that at 
 
 Ballymascanlan, in Louth. As it is, it 
 
 stands in a stone fence, and other stones 
 
 now built into the division walls of little 
 
 fields surrounding were probably once a 
 
 portion of the structure. This appears to 
 
 be the dolmen of which Mr. Wakeman 
 
 speaks as having its table-stone, one "end 
 
 of which rests on the ground, supported 
 
 by four pillars about 7 feet high." If so, 
 
 it has undergone great alterations since he saw it. 
 
 About half a mile to the E.S.E. of No. i is the dolmen No. 3, of which Mr. 
 Wakeman has correctly stated that it covers the largest area, and is the most perfect 
 in Ireland. 
 
 The monument, from out to out, measures about 47 feet long by 18 to 12 feet 
 
 Fig. 190.— Burren {No. 2). P/an by the 
 Author. Scale \ inch = I foot. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 191. — Burren (No. 2). Sh-tc/i by the Author. 
 
 wide. It consists (i) of a wedge-shaped vault or cell, diminishing in breadth 
 towards the E., and covered by three roofing-stones; (2) of a porch or ante- 
 chamber at the W. end, covered by two roofing-stones; (3) of a peristyle narrow- 
 ing and nearing the enclosed structure towards the E. end, but broadening out 
 towards the W. end, which it probably surrounded. 
 
 The dolmen occupies the summit of a rocky elevation opposite that on which 
 No. I is placed, and within sight of that monument as well as of No. 2 in the valley 
 below, and also of a dolmen cairn in the Townland of Legalough.
 
 204 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Upon the roofing-stone at the W. end are fully thirty cup-hollows, some of 
 them with concentric ridge-rings surrounding a hollow centre, like miniature forts 
 in stone. One of them measures 6 inches in extreme outer diameter, with a central 
 circular ridge much raised above the surface of the slab, measuring 3 inches in 
 diameter, the central cup being i* inch deep. In spite of the temptation to regard 
 
 Fig. 192. — liurren (No. 3). Plan by the Author. Scale J inch = i foot. 
 
 these from their position as artificial, I am convinced they are natural, for I found 
 similar ones in the hmestone rocks of the valley below in situ. I believe, however, 
 that the stone was specially selected because it possessed them, and that they may 
 have served as receptacles for small offerings. 
 
 The details and measurements are as follows : — 
 
 L Roofing-Stones. 
 
 Length. 
 
 
 
 
 Breadth. 
 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 
 
 
 ft. in.s. 
 
 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 A = 6 
 
 6(E. 
 
 toW.) 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 « 3 
 
 B=6 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 C = s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 D = 5 
 
 [O 
 
 J, 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 2 
 
 E = 3 
 
 6 
 
 )* 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I to I ft. 9 ins 
 
 
 n. s 
 
 IDE AND 
 
 Transverse Ston 
 
 ES 
 
 OF Structure. 
 
 Length. 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 F = 4 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 G = 4 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 wide) 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 H = 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 10 
 
 1 = 3 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 4 
 
 K = 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 L = 4 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 M = 3 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 6 
 
 N = 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 = 7 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 
 P = 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Q = i 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 R = 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 S = 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 [wide) 
 
 
 (fl 
 
 at 
 
 the end of R rests on
 
 County of Cavan. 
 
 20: 
 
 Length. 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 
 T = 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 U = 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 V=5 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 W = 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 X = 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Y = 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Z = 4 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 . Stones of Peristy 
 
 
 I.e: 
 
 ngth. 
 
 
 
 Height. 
 
 
 It. 
 
 ins. 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 
 rt = 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i = 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c = 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d=Z 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 ^ = 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 /=2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S = A 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 
 h = z 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 (wide) 
 
 
 i-S 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 (wide) 
 
 
 ^• = 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (wide) 
 
 
 ^=3 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 (wide) 
 
 
 m = I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (wide) 
 
 
 H = 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 " = 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 P = 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (wide) 
 
 
 '7 = 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 r = 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 (wide) 
 
 
 s= 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (wide) 
 
 Thickness. 
 It. in. 
 I 2 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 II 
 
 o 
 
 Thickness, 
 ins. 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 10 
 (fallen) 
 
 5 
 It 
 
 8 
 
 The length of the main wedge-shaped vault from R to F is 17 feet 6 ins. Its 
 breadth at the W. end 4 feet 9 ins., and at the E. end 3 feet 2 ins. Its height may 
 
 
 Fig. 193. — Bunen (Dolmen No. 3). Sketch by the Author, the north side. 
 
 be judged from those of the side-stones, ranging from 2 feet 6 ins. at the E. end to 
 3 feet 7 ins. at the W. As the floor was full of loose debris, it may be in reality 
 somewhat higher. The antechamber measured 4 feet 2 ins. broad at the E. end, 
 and 7 feet 6 ins. in greatest length. Its plan seemed to have been disarranged by 
 the stone X, which crosses it diagonally. 
 
 The stone R, which is a sandstone slab, extremely smooth and well chosen, and 
 differing from all the others in the structure, presents a remarkable peculiarity. It 
 is not fixed in the ground like the rest, but rests, at tire S. end on the flat stone S, 
 and at its N. end on other stones. Observing this, I pulled away the loose rubbish 
 at its base, and found in the centre a cavity or hollow in the form of a rude arch 
 scooped out either naturally or artificially in the edge of the stone. This affords 
 an aperture 2 feet wide, through which a slight body might crawl into the vault 
 beyond. A stone somewhat similarly placed on two others, occurs, as we have 
 seen, in the dolmen of Cartronplank, in the county of Sligo. At Gortakeeran in
 
 2o6 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the same county is a dolmen which resembles this Cavan example more closely 
 than any other. Mr. Wakeman very appositely compares the slab of sandstone 
 which divides the antechamber from the long vault to a bulkhead in a vessel. 
 
 The peristyle is very similar to that around the Labbacallee near Fermoy, in 
 Cork, and the ship form was probably repeated here.f 
 
 Mr. Wakeman mentions a "chambered cairn" in this group, the vault of which 
 he describes as a " large oblong cist," and the whole as " a perfect New Grange in 
 
 
 Fig. 194. — Burren (Dolmen No. 3). Jrom a sketch by Mr. li'akeman, the south side. 
 
 miniature." Some boys had found in the chamber a vessel made of clay of the size 
 of a hand-basin, but much broken. He also alludes to a rocking-stone, to a 
 "curious rock poised on another, \vith a small hand-stone between," to a number 
 of galldns, or pillar-stones, and half a mile distant to the N.K to a stone-ca^/zif/ or 
 cathair, 102 feet in diameter, surrounded by a wall 9 feet thick, and having in the 
 centre a well-formed excavation in the rock, of an oblong form, 3 feet long, 2 feet 
 9 ins. broad, and 3 feet deep. The time I devoted to planning and sketching the 
 three dolmens prevented my visiting these. 
 
 Wakeman, "Guide to Lough Erne," p. 136 ; W.C.B. Note-book, 1S95. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Legalough, which adjoins that of Burren 
 on the S.E., near the Httle lake of Legalough, and in the Parish 
 of Killinagh, a Druidical Altar and Fort are marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 4. The " Fort " is represented by two contiguous circles, 
 or cairns. 
 
 The three dolmens in the Townland of Burren, and this one 
 in Legalough, constitute the Black-Lion group, and are distant two 
 miles due S. of the bridge and hamlet of Black- Lion. 
 
 In the Barony of Tullyc-vrvey. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Aghaway, and Parish of Larah, was a 
 dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 21. 
 
 t This great dolmen resembles the Lubbenstein at Helmstadt in Eastphalia, figured by Conringh 
 (Conringias, "De Anliquissimo Ilelmstadii Statu," p. 25), and in which J. A. Schmid found ashes 
 and horse's bones. Another very similar monument is figured by Nunningh, and was situated in a 
 plain'fuU of tumuli containing urns in Westphalia (Nunningh, "Sepulchrale Westphalico-Mimigar- 
 dicoGentile," plate vii.). The Hiinebeddcn of MccklenlJurgh, Brandenburgh, and Drenthe are 
 all of the same class, but of these we shall treat at length in the comparative portion of this work.
 
 County of Cavan. 207 
 
 2. In the Townland of Knockatudor, adjoining that of Aghavvay 
 on the S.W., and in the Parish of Larah, was a dolmen marked 
 Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 21. 
 
 3, 4. In the Townland of Aghadrumgowna, als. Calf-Field, 
 and Parish of Larah, were two Giants Graves, thus marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 21. They were a quarter of a mile apart, 
 and lay S.E. of that at Knocatudor. 
 
 About 4 miles to the West of these dolmens, in the Townland 
 of Shanternon, a line of five stones marked Fin McCool's Fino-ers, 
 are shown in Ord. Surv. Map No. 21, and near this monument 
 a Vitrified Fort. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Drumerkiller, and Parish of Kildrum- 
 sherdan, a Giant's Grave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 22. 
 
 In the Barony of Clankee. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Drumsallagh, and Parish of Enniskeen, 
 is a monument marked Giatit's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35, 
 and indicated by a small sketch of a dolmen. The adjoining 
 Townland on the W. is named Corglass, and in it is a rath of 
 the same name. 
 
 In the Barony of Clanmahon. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Middletown, and Parish of Drum- 
 lumman, E. of White Lough, is a dolmen marked Druid's Altar 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 30. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Drumhawnagh, E. of that of Middle- 
 town, and Parish of Drumlumman, is a dolmen marked Druid's 
 Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 31.
 
 2o8 Thk Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF TYRONE. 
 
 In the Barony of Strabane Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Evish, two miles and a half E. of 
 Strabane, and just N.W. of Evish Hill, in the Parish of Camus, 
 is a dolmen marked Crania's Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5. 
 
 *2. In the Townland of Meaghy, and Parish of Ardstraw, 
 is a site marked Giant's Den, and situated beween two forts. 
 It is indicated by a long area, terminated by a stone at the S.E. 
 end, in Ord. Surv*. Map No. 16. 
 
 *3. In the Townland of Glenknock, als. Clochogle, and Parish 
 of Ardstraw, a mile and a half N.E. of Newtown Stewart, is an 
 object marked Clochogle in Ord. Surv. Map No. 11. 
 
 *4. In the Townland of Cashty, and Parish of Ardstraw, two 
 miles and a half S.S.W. of Newton Stewart, is an object marked 
 Clochogle in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. 
 
 In the Barony of Strabane Upper. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Beltany,y and Parish of Cappagh, two 
 and a half miles S.E. of Newtown Stewart, is an object near the 
 River Strule, marked Clochogle in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35. 
 
 In the Barony of Omagh West. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Churchtown, half a mile N. of 
 Castlederg, and in the Parish of Urney, is a dolmen marked 
 DruicCs Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 16. It is situated "140 
 yards E. of the old Strabane road leading through Churchtown." 
 
 "The principal cap-stone of this dolmen had been dislodged" prior to 1872, 
 " and one of the supporting-stones carried away for building." A special interest 
 attaches to the monument from the fact that one of the supporting-stones bears 
 " on its upper edge a number of dots and scorings, having the appearance of an 
 inscription." Sir Samuel Ferguson, in whose paper on " Inscribed Dolmens in 
 
 t There is another Townland of the name of lieltany in Tyrone, and two of that name in 
 Donegal, including a Beltany mountain.
 
 County of Tyrone. 
 
 209 
 
 Ireland" there is a drawing of the structure, was of opinion that this "legend (if 
 such it be) must have occupied its present position on the upper surface of the 
 
 Fig. 195. — Churclitown (Castlederg). After a sketch by Sir Samuel Ferguson. 
 
 supporter before the cap-stone was placed upon it." He notices also a resemblance 
 between these markings and those on the dolmen at Lennan in the Co. of 
 Monaghan. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.I., 4th Ser., vol. ii. (1872-73), p. 526. 
 
 
 {X^-^MX 
 
 Fig. ig6. — Churchtown (Castlederg). Etched from a drawing in Sir Samuel Ferguson's f'aper. 
 
 In the Barony of Omagh East. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Aghnagar, and Parish of Clogherny, 
 a mile and a half S. of Six-Mile-Cross, and the Cloghfin River, 
 is an object marked Clochogle in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Doocrock, and Parish of Dromore, 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 49. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Glengeen, and Parish of Dromore, 
 about a mile N.W. of Carryglass, between which and it, to the 
 N., lies Crocknafarbrague, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 57. 
 
 In the Barony of Dungannon Middle. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Gortagammon, and Parish of Dona- 
 ghenry, two miles W.N.W. of Stewartstown, and about three 
 miles S.E. of Loughry, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Maps Nos. 38 or 39. It is near Tullyhog. This monument is 
 described as being much dilapidated. The covering-stones had 
 
 VOL. L P
 
 2IO 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 been tilted off the upright ones, which were displaced. The 
 longer axis lay nearly E. and W. The stones composing the 
 monument were schist and whinstone. 
 
 See Joum. R.H.A.A.I. (1S72-73) p. 202, et seqg 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 197. — Loughi')'. From a sketch by Mr. Kiitahan. 
 
 Scale of feet. 
 
 Fig. 198. — Loughiy. Ground-plan from Ord. Survey Sketches in the Lib. R.I.A. 
 
 In the Barony of Dungannon Upper. 
 
 I. In Loughry Demesne, " at Desert Great," and in the Parish
 
 County of Tyrone, 
 
 211 
 
 of Derryloran, a mile and a half S. of Cookstown, is a dolmen 
 marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 38. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan describes the first of these two dolmens as " a rectangular 
 structure lying nearly E. and W., the W. end spanned by two covering-stones. The 
 enclosed portion is 25 feet in 
 length by about 7 feet in 
 width, and consists of thirteen 
 stones, eleven of which are 
 placed on edge, forming the 
 sides and one end, the two 
 others being placed horizon- 
 tally across them. The portion 
 covered by these two slabs is 
 more or less regular, and the 
 four supporting-stones which 
 form the W. end of the 
 chamber are of large dimen- 
 sions, while the E. end is more 
 irregularly built, and the stones 
 composing it smaller." 
 
 " An excavation was made 
 in the interior of this structure, 
 and two urns were discovered 
 
 Fig. 199. — Urn found in Loughry dolmen. From a 
 drawiHg by Mr. Hardman. 
 
 in it. One of these is unusually symmetrical, and decorated with a neat and 
 uncommon pattern. It measures 4I inches high, and 5J inches in diameter 
 at the mouth. The other, which was not preserved, is said to have been half 
 the size. In the vicinity of this monument other sepulchral sites have been 
 discovered." A little to the W. of it, and on the same ridge on which it stands, 
 was a structure described by Mr. Kinahan as a kist-Tacn, which, on exploration, 
 was found to contain " a thick layer of bone," upon which stood " an urn, 4 inches 
 in diameter, with a rib round its centre, below and above which was cross- 
 work." 
 
 Another urn was found N.E. of the monument, and two flint arrow-heads near 
 the spot. 
 
 " From these facts," concludes Mr. Kinahan, " it would appear that the Loughry 
 ' Giant's Grave ' was a centre for sepulchral rites during a period when incineration 
 was practised." 
 
 See Journ. of the R.II..A.A.I. (1872-73), pp. 202, 203 ; also a plan of the dolmen in " Ord. 
 Surv. Sketches," in Lib. R.I. A. : a drawing of the urn by Mr. Hardman accompanies Mr, 
 Kinahan's paper. 
 
 -' J- 
 
 In the Townland of BroughderfT, and Parish of Lissan, 
 N. of the Owenkille River, are two dolmens not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 20. 
 
 There are two dolmens close together at this place. One is called " Granna's 
 Bed," which has suggested the idea that the other may have been called "Dermot's 
 Bed." 
 
 The roofing-stone of " Granna's Bed " measures 8 feet long, 4 feet 6 ins. broad, 
 and I foot thick. It is supported on five others, two on either side and one at
 
 212 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the end. One extremity was open, and the interior, as I have several times found 
 to be the case elsewhere, was filled with water. 
 
 Further down the hill was a rude cairn surrounded by a circle of stones. 
 
 Fit 
 
 200. — Broughderg. From a sketch by Mr. H'aieman. 
 
 Fig. 201. — Broughdeig. tlait l>y Mr. Il'aieman. 
 
 This is, I think, the one mentioned by Mr. Wakeman, as being situated 50 
 paces from " Granna's Bed," in which a large sepulchral urn containing a smaller 
 
 one was found. The smaller 
 vessel also contained bones much 
 decayed. They were enclosed 
 in a " kind of stone chamber, 
 consisting of a broad, fiat stone 
 on the top, and a smaller flat 
 stone on the bottom, with a stone 
 standing at the side, about 6 feet 
 high, and 2 feet wide. About 
 3 feet of this latter stone was 
 above the surface, and 3 feet of 
 it below. . . . The material of 
 the little vessel is very fine clay, 
 of a deep yellow-ochreish, or reddish shade, resembling," adds Mr. Wakeman, 
 "the finest terra-cotta ware." The large urn was rudely ornamented, and probably 
 measured about 10 inches in greatest diameter. A perfect cube of iron-pyrites was 
 also found in the cistf A fragment of a small perforated vessel was found in 
 ballast drawn from the same place. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.I., 4th Ser., vol. v. p. 740. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Slaghtfreeden, and Parish of Lissan, 
 was a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 20 and 21. 
 In Map 21 Eagle Rock is given. This Townland of Slaghtfreeden 
 is bounded on the E. by Lough Fea, and the Blackwater River. 
 It lies about five miles N. of Cookstown, on the main road to the 
 North, so that I think this dolmen is one which has been noticed 
 as situated five miles from Cookstown on the road to Londonderry. 
 
 t Compare my " Noenia Cornub.," pp. 236, 237.
 
 County of Tyrone. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Dunnamore, and Parish of Kildress, 
 near a valley called Esker, on the S. side of the high-road, is a 
 dolmen called " Leaba Dhiarmada agus Grainne," not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 28. 
 
 I have not been able to see this monument, and the description of it by the 
 Rev. Dr. Carter, in the Joum. of the Roy. Soc. of Antiquaries of Ireland, is 
 puzzling. I venture to insert his account as it stands. " The present measure- 
 ments, externally, are 36 feet from N. to S., and 18 feet from E. to W. The 
 internal measurements are 34 feet from N. to S., 7 feet from side to side ; the 
 stones of which the sides of the cavern are composed rise in one place about 
 5 feet from the floor, and are great single blocks of whinstone apparently collected 
 from the mountain sides, or the river, which is adjacent. The roof is composed of 
 large flat stones, the weightiest about 2 tons ; others averaging i ton each. These 
 have been obtained from various quarters ; the heaviest is of hard slate rock ; 
 another is of limestone ; and above the whole is a slight covering of earth and sod. 
 It is probable, as a tradition of the locality reports, that the cavern was originally 
 of great dimensions, as several blocks of stone, upright and horizontal, lie adjacent, 
 and plainly correspond with the existing remains, and the neighbouring fences are 
 composed of rocks evidently abstracted from the original work. 
 
 On the western side appear foundations of a smaller chamber at right angles 
 to the main cavern, leading in the direction of an immense monolith, about 20 or 
 30 tons weight, which seems either volcanic or fused by some action of fire. It 
 may be an aerolite, and is wholly different from any rock strata in the vicinity. 
 The site of the cavern was raised artificially, and slopes toward the S. and 
 the river, which is distant about 500 yards. There are no inscriptions on the 
 stones. 
 
 It is open to conjecture whether in pagan times the monolith may not have 
 been a sacred object, and supposed to possess oracular powers, towards which use 
 the main cavern and its smaller chamber might contribute ; instances of such use 
 are not uncommon. The cavern does not appear to have been the cist of a 
 superincumbent cairn ; several such cists are preserved in this district, although 
 the stones formerly piled above them have been wholly, or partially, removed. 
 At Belleninagh, Broughderg, Ballybreest, and Ballnagelly, are instances of the 
 preser\^ation of the (supposed) actual graves, while the cairns of great height and 
 diameter have disappeared." 
 
 Joum. R.S..\.I., vol. iv. pp. 286, 2S7. 
 
 In the Barony of Clogher. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Carryglass, and Parish of Donacavey, 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 57. This is the 
 one which Mr. Wakeman describes as on the Bar of Fintona. 
 The Townland of Crocknafarbrague adjoins this on the N. 
 
 Since Mr. Wakeman wrote an account of this monument it has evidently 
 suffered considerably. " It measured," he says, " 33 feet long, by 3 feet 3 ins. 
 wide ; . . . a portion of the E. end seemed to have been partitioned off." It was 
 "evidently enclosed by a set of flagstones set on end, and forming an irregular 
 oval. One of the stones had its face tooled all over, and a groove cut in it.
 
 214 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 The chamber was floored, and contained nothing. Close to it were two cairns 
 perfectly preserved, one of which contained a large central chamber." 
 
 Of these cairns I saw no trace, but i : feet to the S. lay seven large stones, 
 
 r<^CDCD[D0(Xi(53'^:^ 
 
 I"'u;. 202.— Carryglass. Gronnd-plait by llic Aullwr. .Scale J inch = I foot. 
 
 tliree of which might have served 
 structure, or to the vault in a cairn 
 
 as covering-stones either to the existing 
 removed. From E. to W., which is the 
 longer axis, the ruins of the dolmen 
 cover a distance of 40 feet. From N. 
 to S. the greatest breadth is 14 feet 6 ins. 
 What Mr. Wakeman regarded as a par- 
 tition near the E. end appears to me the 
 termination of one monument and the 
 commencement of another. Of the grooved 
 stone which is now in the vaults of the 
 Royal Irish Academy's Museum, I am 
 enabled to give a sketch with which Mr. 
 Wakeman has kindly furnished me, and 
 which has not been previously published. 
 It m.iy be compared to a stone near the 
 entrance of the vault in the tumulus at 
 Killcen Cormaic, in the Co. of Kildare. 
 
 This dolmen was evidently of the usu.al 
 wedge shape, increasing in width towards 
 the W., where it was probably 4 feet 
 6 ins. wide, from the narrow E. end, 
 which measured about 2 feet 3 ins., and 
 was closed by a terminal stone. No cap- 
 stone remained in place, but five stones 
 (A, B, C, D, E), from their size and 
 position, may have served that purpose. 
 The peristyle, some eight or nine stones 
 of which remained, seemed to have fol- 
 lowed, as usual, the parallels of the sides of the structure, and to have been 
 extended at the E. end, so as to enclose a supplementary monument. The 
 following are the dimensions of the stones : — 
 
 Fig. 203. — Grooved stone. From Carryglass 
 dolmen.
 
 County of Tyrone. 
 
 215 
 
 Length, 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A = 6 
 
 
 
 B = 4 
 
 S 
 
 C = 5 
 
 
 
 D = 4 
 
 10 
 
 E = 4 
 
 4 
 
 F = 4 
 
 
 
 G = 2 
 
 4 
 
 H = 2 
 
 8 
 
 I = I 
 
 2 
 
 K = I 
 
 2 
 
 L= I 
 
 10 
 
 M= I 
 
 4 
 
 N = 2 
 
 2 
 
 = 2 
 
 10 
 
 P = 2 
 
 3 
 
 Q = 3 
 
 
 
 R = 3 
 
 5 
 
 S = 2 
 
 6 
 
 T = 2 
 
 2 
 
 U = I 
 
 4 
 
 V = 2 
 
 9 
 
 \V = 2 
 
 6 
 
 X = 2 
 
 3 
 
 Y= I 
 
 3 
 
 Z = 2 
 
 9 
 
 " = 3 
 
 6 
 
 b= I 
 
 
 
 '■ = 3 
 
 
 
 '^ = 3 
 
 5 
 
 e= I 
 
 
 
 /= I 
 
 8 
 
 -f =3 
 
 
 
 -4 = 2 
 
 
 
 «'=3 
 
 4 
 
 /J = 2 
 
 
 
 /= I 
 
 2 
 
 VI = I 
 
 6 
 
 H = 2 
 
 9 
 
 " = 3 
 
 2 
 
 /= 2 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 5 
 
 6 wide 
 
 3 
 
 s ,, 
 
 3 
 
 3 .. 
 
 3 
 
 3 ,. 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 high 
 
 I 
 
 7 ,. 
 
 I 
 
 2 „ 
 
 I 
 
 6 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 4 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 9 .. 
 
 3 
 
 ,. 
 
 2 
 
 8 „ 
 
 I 
 
 3 wide 
 
 2 
 
 4 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 9 high 
 
 2 
 
 6 wide 
 
 I 
 
 2 high 
 
 I 
 
 10 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 wide 
 
 I 
 
 10 high 
 
 I 
 
 2 ,. 
 
 I 
 
 3 ., 
 
 3 
 
 6 „ 
 
 2 
 
 „ 
 
 I 
 
 wide 
 
 2 
 
 2 high 
 
 2 
 
 2 „ 
 
 I 
 
 wide 
 
 2 
 
 high 
 
 2 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 8 ., 
 
 2 
 
 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 8 „ 
 
 I 
 
 9 .. 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 2 ,, 
 
 I 
 
 ,, 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ms. 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 (fallen) 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 8J 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 I 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 2. In the Townland of Knockmany, and Parish of Clogher, 
 
 o^. 
 
 •,^v-,.^rr-r 
 
 Fig. 204— Knockmany. J^roi/t a skttch by Mr. Wakeman. 
 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 59. It is called 
 Aynicis Cove. 
 
 The Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy contain a paper by the Rev. 
 G, Sidney Smith on some characters on stones on the top of Knockmany Hill. 
 He thus describes the place : — 
 
 " Besides two moats, one internal to the other, there is an ancient chamber
 
 2l6 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 consisting of upright flagstones about 6 feet high. It includes a space 14 feet long, 
 by 7 feet wide." Its position, with respect to the moats, is represented in a plan 
 
 >.v>'>" 
 
 ^,,„lll""l"»'«////^^, 
 
 '"'///. 
 
 ^-# "'-^ .••"""«""""(, 
 
 
 '*"% 
 
 * I 
 
 I i 
 
 
 # 
 
 BCJE3 
 
 e 
 
 ^ O^ 
 
 Fig. 205. — Knockmany, mounds and dolmen. 
 Plan by the Rev. Sydney Smith. 
 
 ^l^(h^>jH^ 
 
 Fig. 207.— Sculptured stone in dolmen 
 at Knockmany. From a t/ra-.vhi^' by Mr. 
 Wakeman. 
 
 Fig. 206. — Sculptured stone in 
 dolmen at Knockmany. Frotn a 
 draiuingby Mr. IVakeman. 
 
 which accompanies this paper. The stones 
 marked in a darker shade were in his time 
 standing, while those in dotted lines had 
 been thrown down. " On five of the stones," 
 he adds, " characters are found." 
 
 An account of this same monument is 
 given by Mr. Wakeman in the Journal of the 
 Roy. Hist, and Arch^ol. Assoc, of Ireland. 
 He terms it a monument of the " Giant's 
 Grave class." " A mound, or mur of earth," 
 he says, " 63 p.ices in circumference, crowns 
 the summit of the hill, and, surrounding the 
 chamber, gives the latter the appearance of 
 being sunk in a hollow. This," he thinks, 
 " represents the remains of the tumulus 
 which once, it may be concluded, covered 
 the entire structure. The chamber, which
 
 County of Tyrone. 217 
 
 is in a dismantled condition, is oblong in shape, measuring 10 feet 3 ins. by 6 feet 
 6 ins., and having its greatest length from N.E. to S.W." As seen by him, it 
 consisted of thirteen "huge blocks of old red sandstone, the rock of the district," 
 and apparently the favourite material, where it could be obtained, for megalithic 
 monuments of all classes, those on which sculpturings were to be traced especially. 
 The stones have the appearance of boulders. Three of them lay outside the area 
 of the chamber, and had seemingly formed the roof, no traces of which were 
 visible in place. Two of the side-stones present carvings of very peculiar kind. 
 " Another large stone," adds Mr. Wakeman, " was also carved, but time and 
 vandalism have almost defaced the scorings." In addition to these three, he adds 
 that " two other stones, fallen inwards, may also contain markings." These would 
 complete the five observed by Mr. Sidney Smith. 
 
 Proc. R.I. A., vol. ii. p. iSo ; Journ. R.H.A.A.I., 4tli Ser., vol. iv. (1876-78), p. 95.
 
 2l8 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF FERMANAGH. 
 
 In the Baron V of Lurg. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Tawnydarragh, and Parish of Drum- 
 keeran, is a dolmen marked Gianfs Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 
 :.?i%,^:C^&^»;f! 
 
 ^v*r»»y//^ ^ 
 
 Fig. 2oS. — Tawnydarragh. From an original sketch in the collection of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 No. I. It is close to the boundary of the County of Donegal. 
 
 " There stands," on this Townland, says Mr. AV'akeman, " a huge dolmen, sur- 
 rounded by a fosse, and a stone circle close at hand." This must be the one in 
 Miss Stokes's collection of Drawings, the sketch of which I annex. 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.L, vol. for 1879-82, p. 544. 
 
 2. At Castle Archdall ; in the Townland of Rossmore (or in 
 
 
 
 Fig. 209. — Tumulus encircled by liillocks in ilic Deer I'arls, Castle Archdall. 
 /•'rom a sketch liy Mr, Wakeman. 
 
 that of Ballymactaggart), and Parish of Derryvullen, is a 
 chambered-tumulus, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. lo. The 
 tumulus is in the Deerpark.
 
 County of Fermanagh, 
 
 219 
 
 In several communications to antiquarian journals Mr. Wakeman has noticed 
 the group of prehistoric remains at this place, which lies on the eastern shore at the 
 entrance of the Upper Lough Erne. He considers that in " time-forgotten ages it 
 was the site of a great cemeter)'. We have here," he says, " nine mounds of 
 
 Fig. 210. — Sculpturings in the chamber at Castle Archdall. 
 
 important dimensions, besides a considerable number of lesser tumuli, and at least 
 one stone circle. The face of the country adjoining on every side exhibits 
 many of the old haunts of primitive people ; remains of their forts, dwellings, 
 sepulchral enclosures, and even their minor tombs. 
 
 / f§lS/' 
 
 V 
 
 2— ^^»^^/^ 
 
 Fig. 211. — Sculpturings in the chamber at Castle Archdall. 
 
 " The chief mound in the Deerpark ... is composed of earth and stones, and 
 measures 11 8 paces in circumference. Its height is 8 or 10 feet, but it must 
 
 
 Fig. 212.— Sculpturings in the chamber at Castle Archdall. 
 originally have been considerably higher. Within the centre are the much dis- 
 turbed remains of a megalithic chamber. . . . The base of the tumulus is 
 surrounded by a set of miniature mounds, nineteen in number, set at regular
 
 220 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Fig. 213. — Sculpturinqs on side edge of a stone at 
 Castle Archdall. 
 
 intervals, and seeming to constitute a portion of the original plan. ... In these 
 little mounds, portions of human bones, and of others apparently belonging to cattle, 
 together with flint flakes, and quantities of wood charcoal occurred." 
 
 Two of the blocks which formed the central chamber in this large mound 
 presented car%'ings on their faces or edges. Of these Mr. Wakeman gives illus- 
 trations. The first shows the work carved upon the internal face of the larger 
 stone. It appears to be intended to be a pictorial representation of some scene in 
 
 which a horse is the central figure, 
 -s^ with some queer creature in 
 
 front, and probably what was 
 meant for a chariot behind. The 
 figures are not unlike those at- 
 tempted to be portrayed on the 
 coinage of Britain. (Fig. 211.) 
 
 The second illustration is of 
 an isolated device on the same 
 stone, widely separated from the 
 m mw ^ ^JS^ A ^M O'^''^'' carvings. 
 V •^B%^^^ ..^y^^^^^ ^^^r "^'^^ ihnd, which is upon the 
 
 ^'^"^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^S^^ ^"^o^ °^ *'^^ stone, consists of two 
 
 lozenge-shaped figures joined to- 
 gether like spectacles, and in the 
 centre of each a cup. They are 
 probably intended for human eyes. (Fig. 213.) "Upon the same edge of the 
 stone, towards the base, are some traces of concentric lines, which appear to have 
 enclosed a cup." 
 
 It is remarked that "when the monument was perfect, the carvings on the edges 
 of the stones must have been concealed from view by the stone or stones 
 immediately adjoining." 
 
 The first illustration of the carvings on the second block consists of two spirals, 
 two cups, a double chevron, or lozenge-pattern, resembling a lazy-tongs when 
 extended, and a few anomalous strokes. (Fig. 212.) 
 
 The second " represents markings on the lower part of the stone. They consist 
 of the segment of a concentric circle, consisting of three lines enclosing a cup, 
 together with two other curved strokes." (Fig. 212.) 
 
 The third, an isolated carving on the shoulder of the stone, consists of eight 
 long strokes, some curved and one terminating in a cup. They resemble some 
 scorings on the dolmen of Lough Derg in Tyrone. (Fig. 210.) 
 
 The fourth is a very peculiar figure, described by Mr. Wakeman as " a rude 
 double spiral, the right hand member of which embraces an oval, within which is 
 a small cup," while "the enclosure to the left is plain, excepting that it also 
 contains a cup." (Fig. 210.) 
 
 It is a somewhat singular circumstance that this figure bears an almost exact 
 resemblance to the ground-plan of one of the mounds at Tara (Temair) ; namely, 
 the conjoined earthwork within the great enclosure supposed to have been called 
 the Rath Riogh, or Cathair Crofinn. 
 
 The fifth illustration exhibits a combination of cups, six in number, five of 
 which are roughly arranged around a central one. (Fig. 210.) 
 
 Mr. Wakeman very naturally compares these sculptures to those found in the 
 chambers of Clover-Hill in Sligo, of Knockmany in Tyrone, of Dowth, Newgrange,
 
 County of Fermanagh. 221 
 
 and Loughcrew in Meath, and on the side-stones of the entrance to the Cloghdn in 
 Glen Malin in Donegal. Perhaps some of the sculpturings in natural caves, such 
 as those at Nacloyduff in Sligo, may also be properly compared to these.f 
 
 Turning to other countries, we may certainly compare them to the sculpturings 
 on the cover of a stone cist at Carnwath J (Scotland) ; to those on the cover of 
 another cist at Eston Nab in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire ; § and to those on 
 the cover of a third at Aspatria in Cumberland, in which iron objects occurred. || 
 
 Scandinavian examples of very similar work have been recorded in plenty, and, 
 prominent among them, those on the dolmen of Herrestup in Zeeland,1[ and at 
 Krapperup in Scania. ft For examples from Brittany we have only to turn to the 
 stones in the Gavr Innis chamber, and those at Manfe Lud,I:f or on the dolmens of 
 Finisterre, instanced in the "Materiaux pourl'Histoirede rHomme."§§ Some sculp- 
 turings on one of the stones in a wedge-shaped vault at Hall^ will be noticed 
 further on. With certain scorings found on dolmens of ruder type, as well as on 
 natural rocks in situ, I am not prepared to class those we are considering. The 
 forms and treatment recall more directly the works of the potters and bronze-casters 
 of the Hallstadt period, as evidenced in urns and weapons found throughout the 
 North of Europe. I refer especially to the face and scene urns of Germany, 
 which we can trace southward in Bohemia, Italy, the eastern Mediterranean and its 
 islands, and I see not why we should stop short of Assyria itself, whence the 
 influence of art in textile fabrics and metal work was transmitted to the ^gean, 
 where it was reproduced in the ornamentation observable on the fictilia.||i| 
 
 The circle at Castle Archdall consists of eight large flags. One of these, 
 measuring 5 feet high by 3 feet 6 ins. by 2 feet, has a basin or bullan in it, which has 
 been artificially scooped out at the bottom of a natural hollow in the stone. The 
 marks of the pick which formed it are distinctly visible in the red sandstone, which 
 is the natural material of the rock. Other instances of the connection of such 
 basins or bidliins with megalithic remains, especially dolmens and circles, have been 
 previously referred to, and will be noticed in the sequel. Near this circle is another 
 stone, also figured by Mr. Wakeman, having four circular excavations, each 8 or 9 
 inches in diameter, sunk in its surface. These differ from the ordinary bowl- 
 shaped cavities in their shallowness and flatness at the bottom. 
 
 See Journ. R.H. A.A.I., vol. iii. (1S74-75), p. 467 : also id. (1879-S2), p. 541, tt seqq. 
 
 In the Barony of Magheraboy. 
 
 I — 4. In the Townland of Killy-Beg, and Parish of Inishmac- 
 saint, are " four or five dolmens," not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps 
 Nos. 8 and 13. This group is three miles N.E. of Garrison. 
 
 Mr. Wakeman notices " four or five ' Giants' Graves,' all denuded of their 
 covering-stones, and a number of uninscribed ' dallans ' near a pagan cemetery 
 \\\ this Townland." 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.I. (1874-75), P- 44Si ^' "JJ- 
 
 t Proc. R.I.A., vol. X., 1866, p. 329, pi. xxvii. 
 
 i Anderson, " Scotland in Pagan Times, Bronze Period," p. 88. 
 
 § Ord's "History of Cleveland," p. no. 
 
 II " Archseologia," vol. x. pi. iv. p. 112. 
 
 H " Ann. Nord. Aldk.," vol. vi. pi. x. 
 
 tt " Congres internal, d' Anth. et d'Arch.," Stockholm, vol. i. p. 470. 
 
 XX See Bertrand, Diet. Archaeol. in voce. 
 
 §§ 1881, p. 265. 
 
 III! See paper by Mr. H. B. Walters, F.S..\., on " Greek Vases," in Knoidcdgt, April i, 1896.
 
 Tiii: Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 5 — 9. In the Townland of Knockmore, and Parish of Devenish, 
 are five dolmens, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 14. 
 
 All these five dolmens were without roofs, which led Mr. Wakeman to form 
 the opinion that they never had any. 
 
 Joum. R.n.A..\.L (1S74-75), p. 445, et seqq. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Old Barr, and Parish of Devenish, 
 is a dolmen near Noon's Cave, als. Nim's Hole. The cave is 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 20, but not the dolmen. 
 
 This dolmen is described as unroofed, but with the sides perfect. 
 
 Joum. R.H.A.A.L (1S74-75), p. 445, et seqq. 
 
 11. In the Townland of Garrison, and Parish of Devenish, 
 on the E. shore of Lough Melvin, is a dolmen not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 13, but mentioned to me by Mr. Wakeman. 
 
 12. "At Boho, adjoining Mr. Trimble's farm," was a dolmen 
 which Mr. Wakeman mentions as a "magnificent" one, "denuded 
 of its covering-flags about the year 1856." 
 
 Joum. R.H.A.A.I. (1S74-75), p. 445, et seqq. 
 
 Note. — Somewhere in this Barony (Magheraboy) must be (if it be not removed) 
 a large dolmen mentioned in the Dublin Penny Journal, 1834-35, p. 237, as situated 
 on the road leading from Enniskillen to Ballyshannon. The engraving of it is not 
 worth reproducing. In the description there is said to be " a low entrance at the 
 southern end, formed by an enormous block of stone supported by two others. 
 The roof seemed to have fallen in, as the inside was filled up with large stones 
 overgrown with brambles and underwood. The sides were composed of immense 
 limestone flags, each side having been originally formed of one stone of such size 
 that it was used for a ball-court before reduced to its present dimensions " («>. in 
 1834). "It is remarkable," adds the writer, "that there is no limestone in the 
 immediate neighbourhood. . . . The owner of the farm filled a lime-kiln with 
 stones broken from this flag. 
 
 The monument was called the "Giant's Grave," and a tumulus not far distant 
 was pointed out as the tomb of the " Armour-Bearer." This was opened, and an 
 earthen urn containing some ashes and bones " of enormous size " was found in it 
 " The lower jaw was quite perfect, and so large that it went with ease over the jaws 
 of the biggest-headed labourer present." [!] 
 
 In the Barony of Tirkennedy. 
 
 I, 2. In the Townland of Ballyreagh (S.W. of Lough Mul- 
 shane), and Parish of Derrybrusk,werc two dolmens marked Giants 
 Graves (two placed near each other) in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17. 
 
 These must be the two dolmens mentioned by Mr. Wakeman as "at Lough 
 Mulshanc." They are called Gianls' Graves and are " two fine specimens," 
 unroofed about the year 1834. 
 
 Jouin. R.n.A.,\.I. (1874-75), p.445i el seqq.
 
 County of Fermanagh. 
 
 22 ' 
 
 3. In the Townland of Ballydoolagh (VV. of Ballydoolagh 
 Lake), and Parish of Magheracross, is a Giant's Graves, so marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 22. Three quarters of a mile S. of it are 
 marked Foran Fin, and a Dniid's Circle, both in the adjoining 
 Townland of Lissan. 
 
 4, 5, 6. In the Townland of Coolbuck, adjoining Lough Scale 
 to the S.E., and in the Parish of Cleenish, Giants' Graves 
 
 
 Fig. 214.— Elevation of "Giant's Grave" at Coolbuck. Original sketch by Mr. IVakeman. 
 
 (apparently two) are marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 23, in the S. 
 portion of the Townland ; and, nearer Lough Scale, Druids' Altar 
 and Giant's Grave, by which latter I think a single monument is 
 
 Fig. 215.— Coolbuck, another view. From a sketch by the Author. 
 
 intended, which I planned and drew. Near it a Standing Stone 
 is also marked. The monuments are situated about a mile and 
 a quarter S. of Topped Mountain.
 
 The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 Mr. Wakeman speaks of the dolmen which I planned as " a splendid Giant's 
 Grave, which, in 1874, was still partially closed in with great flags." It lies E. and 
 W., at a distance from Lough Scale, or Loughascaul, of about 300 yards to the 
 S. It is surrounded by, or, rather, it lies partly embedded in, a low but distinctly 
 defined oval bank of stones and earth about 40 feet long by 22 feet broad. The 
 vault measured internally 33 feet long, by 4 feet broad at the W. end, narrowing 
 to about 3 feet at the E. end. One roofing-stone alone was in place, measuring 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 CHZ3 % 
 
 ,,,„,,„„lll,|lll|lll«'W^l'""'^ 
 
 */«///«/„,,^^,^,,„,„„,,,,,„,,,„„,,,,„,,^ 
 
 Fig. 216. — Coolbuck. Growui-^lan by the Author. Scale \ inch = I foot. 
 
 6 feet broad, about 4 feet long, and some 18 inches to 2 feet thick. Another stone, 
 of diamond shape, measuring 7 feet by 6 feet, and 2 feet thick, lay beyond the W. 
 end, and was, perhaps, the covering-stone in that direction. The dimensions of the 
 other stones are as follows : — 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 A = 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B = 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 C = 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 D = 3 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 f}=' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G = 3 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 H = I 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 I = 2 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 6 (wide) 
 
 
 
 K = 3 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 L = 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M = I 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 N = 3 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 = 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 P = 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Mr. Wakeman speaks of a little cairn nearly adjoining it, in which urns were 
 found. They were described as beautiful specimens, the only one remaining being 
 in the possession of Mr. J. G. V. Porter of Belleisle. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.L, 4th Ser., vol. iii. p. 529, ei seqq.
 
 County of Fermanagh. 
 
 22 = 
 
 7, 8. In the Townland of Cloghtogle, and Parish of Cleenish 
 (the Townland adjoining that of Coolbuck on the N.). At the \V. 
 
 Fk;. 217. — Clochtogle, showing cups now obliterated. From a sketch hy Mr. ll-^akciinrn. 
 
 end of it a Dniid's Altar is marlced in Ord. Surv. Map No. 23, 
 and also a Giant's Grave, which I take to be that called the 
 Clochtogle. 
 
 Of this dolmen Mr. Wakeman says : " It consists of a square cist, the side- 
 stones of which, three in number, support a covering-stone measuring 7 feet 
 4 ins. long, by 5 feet 5 ins. wide, and about 2 feet thick. 
 On the portion of this stone which forms the face, or lintel- 
 front, are four cup-markings arranged in line." The 
 structure has, I feel sure, suffered considerable damage 
 since Mr. Wakeman saw it, and wrote the above. It lies in 
 a low place near a farmhouse, and has been half filled up 
 and used as a pig-sty. The vault is now only 3 feet high 
 internally, but the farmer told me it was 3 feet deeper. 
 The roofing-stone measures 7 feet 6 ins. long, 6 feet 
 broad, and i foot 6 ins. thick, but the front of the lintel, 
 where the cup-marks were, has been chipped off. The Fig. 218. — Clochtogle. 
 longer a.xis of the vault is S.S.W. and N.N.E. Two stones '^^ut'hfr' ^'''" ''^ "" 
 form the N.W. side, and one the S.W., and there is a 
 
 terminal slab at the N.N.E. end, where the vault measures 4 feet 6 ins. broad. 
 The two side-stones to the N.W. are each 3 feet long, and the opposite one 4 feet, 
 the end stone measuring about 6 feet long. My impression with respect to this 
 monument is that it is the inner and more megalithic remnant of a long structure 
 which has been destroyed since the date of the Ordnance Survey. On the surface 
 of the roofing-stone are three doubtfully artificial cups. 
 
 VOL. I. Q
 
 226 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 In tiik Barony of Clanawlev. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Moylehid, W. of Lough Nagor, and 
 Parish of Cleenish, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 26. This is the dolmen Mr. Wakeman calls the 
 Belmore one. It was unroofed, but the sides are still perfect. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.L (1S74-75), p. 445, ct scqq. 
 
 2, 3. 4. At Bennaglin, near Florence-court, were three dolmens 
 " much mixed." I find no such Townland, but N. of Florence- 
 court is a Townland bearing the significant name Cloonattcmphcr. 
 (Compare Kiltiunper in Clare, and Tuamanirvore in Limerick.) 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.L (1874-75), P- 445' 'I scqq. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Doohat, and Parish of Killesher, three 
 miles and a half S. of Florence-Court, is a horned cairn, with 
 megalithic chamber, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 2,7- 
 
 " The ground-plan of this cairn resembles a star-fish, with five rays projecting 
 
 from a centre in which is a 
 chamber. To the S. of this 
 chamber there is a semicircular 
 ridge of stones, constructed in 
 the same manner as the rays. 
 ( The latter are well-defined stony 
 
 '^— ' ,<.y ridges, averaging i6 or 17 feet in 
 
 ■;/f^^' breadth at their junction with 
 
 '^^^^ ^'^^ cairn, from which they taper 
 
 '"-'ym' o'f 'o distances of 60, 46, 42, 
 
 ■y and 40 feet respectively. They 
 
 ^l^^' terminate very sharply, with one, 
 
 "^2!" '':>":Vi- or two, or three stones. The 
 
 largest terminal stone — that which 
 .^v .)'; ,vV> finishes the north-western ray — 
 
 #.&y,- , ■?.)rT***";fl',fer. measures •? feet 6 ins. by 2 feet 
 
 ■'^W-^''-"" .M't->^^l7ty^'-''^'-i^ The main central chamber is 
 
 ■' i^^^v-3 1 "■''^^AHSs'^i*--. divided by stone partitions into 
 
 •»r r-^t-j-*-^* '* *=»n".>* three compartments, which e.\- 
 
 Ta i^f tend north and south. From the 
 
 ,,^ '■■ y^ central division, which measures 
 
 5§; ^J^A 8 feet by 4 feet (the northern 
 
 "^^s «_ '\rjfi^''' and southern compartments being 
 
 '^^'^^^^^^^^^'^''^ slightly smaller), a quadrangular 
 
 Fig. 2i9.-Doohat cairn, ground-plan ; also two of the O^^et, about 3 feet square, and 
 small cists enlarsjed. From plans by Mr. Wakeman. formed of four Stones, extends 
 
 in a westerly direction." There 
 was no trace of covering-stones, an 1 it seems to me most probable that, as 
 in the case of the chambers in the Caithness, Argyllshire, and Western (Scottish) 
 Islands tumuli, as well as in that of the Newbliss (Monaghan) and Newry 
 examples in Ireland, the roof must have been formed by comparatively small
 
 County of Fermanagh. 227 
 
 stones in the manner of a beehive. The semicircular and ray-shaped features 
 in the structure of the cairn also recall the sime peculiarities in the class of 
 chambered cairns just noticed. P2xcavations in the chamber itself produced 
 pieces of wood charcoal, burnt stones, very black unctuous clay, and here and 
 there some greyish matter, which may have been bone in the last stage of 
 decomposition. In various parts of the rays little cists are situated, some fifteen 
 in all. In four of these were found burnt earth and stones, unctuous clay, 
 charcoal, and small pieces of bone, some pretty hard, others in the last stages 
 of decay. All these little cists had probably been covered in by either a flat 
 stone, or a bee-hive roof. Plans of two of them are given. They are rudely 
 circular, composed of five or more stones of small size, which lined, as it were, the 
 mouth of the little pit, sunk about a foot or so into the natural surface. Not a 
 fragment of pottery was found. One cist, which is perfect, measures 2 feet 2 ins. 
 by 2 feet 3 ins., with a depth of about 2 feet. The covering-stone, which in this 
 case was in place, measures 3 feet 6 ins. long, by 2 feet 5 ins. wide, and 10 inches 
 thick. This cist is close to the central chamber on the eastern side. Although 
 limestone abounds in the district, the mass of the cairn is composed of sandstone of 
 a particuLirly hard and enduring description. 
 
 See Journ. R. 11. A. A. I., 4lh Ser., vol. v. p. 162. T.iper by Mr. W.ikem.in. 
 
 In the Baronv of Kxockninnv. 
 
 1,2. In the Townland of Knockninny, and Parish of Kinawley, 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 23. There should be two 
 dolmens in this Townland. A neighbouring Townland is called 
 .Sheehinny. 
 
 Mr. Wakeman notices two "Giants' Graves" at the place, the one "much 
 ruined," he says, " the other measuring 49 feet 6 ins. long, and 6 feet broad," 
 which, in his opinion, had never been covered. He again adverts to these monu- 
 ments in his notes on a paper by Mr. Plunkett on Knockninny Cave, a natural 
 •cavern in which flint implements and urns were found. He there compares them 
 with those at Blacklion (i.e. Burren) in Cavan. "The principal Knockninny 
 ' Giant's Grave,' " he says, " extends, as nearly as possible, N.W. and S.E., and is 
 composed of about twenty-five sandstone slabs. There is no trace of any covering. 
 The interior is divided by stone partitions into three chambers, all of which were 
 found to contain portions of human skeletons largely mixed with bones of oxen, 
 sheep, and other mammals. The bones do not appear to have been subjected to the 
 action of fire, although some small pieces of charcoal were found with them. They 
 lay in utter disorder, and at various depths." " A second ' Giant's Grave,' " he 
 continues, "is situated at a considerable distance from this on the same mountain, 
 and has been greatly ruined." 
 
 See Jouni. R.H..\.A.I. (1874-75), p. 445, tV Sc;ji/. ; also Proc. R.I. A., 2nd Ser., " Pol. Lit. 
 and Anliqcj.," vol. ii. p. 338 ; also iil. vol. ii. p. 446. 
 
 In the Barony of Coole. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Annaghmore Glebe, and Parish of 
 Drummully, on the E. of the road, .S. of Wattle Bridge, is a 
 monument marked Druid's Teniple in Ord. Surv. Map No. 43. 
 This seems to indicate the Stone Circle at this place, but there is
 
 228 Tin: Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 also a Giant's Grave of unusual dimensions, to judge by the 
 Fermanagh Times, quoted below. It is on the Woodford River. 
 
 " In the county of Fermanagh, on a hill over Wattle Bridge, there has been a 
 mighty heap of stones, the bases encircled with very large stones standing on end. 
 The heap has been removed to pave our ways and build that bridge. Under the 
 cairn there were some urns found in stone coffins, and I [Mr. Nevil] believe there 
 are some remaining. . . . The heap was so big, and the stones about it so large 
 and so many, that it cost great pains to bring it there." This was written in 17 12. 
 
 A writer in the Fermanagh Times (May 14, 1891) reports that the circle is still 
 there, although the cairn has been removed. He adds that the stones are of diorite 
 and unhewn, and that there is a standing-stone much larger than any of them on a 
 hill beyond Redhilis in the County Cavan, composed of the same material, and 
 visible on a clear day from the hill at Wattle Bridge. Mr. Wakeman states that 
 this circle is the "very finest in Ireland, some of its stones being over 16 feet in 
 length." 
 
 The same writer in the Fcrmanas,h Times, who records the existence of the 
 circle mentioned by Mr. Nevil on the hill beyond Wattle Bridge, speaks of an 
 enormous Giant's Grave in the valley adjoining that place. He says it is formed 
 of similar stones to those in the circle, and that it measures 1 10 feet in length. 
 
 Letter from FrancisNevil to the Bishop of Clogher, dated from BelUirbet 1712, .md copied from 
 the Ireland Gazelle into the Fermanagh Times for May 14, 1S91, in which also is a notice of tlie 
 " Giant's Grave." See also Mr. Wakeman's paper on "Kuck .Markings, etc.," Journ. R.H.A..\.L, 
 (1879-82), p. 53S.
 
 ( 229 ) 
 
 COUNTY OF DONEGAL. 
 
 In the Baronv of Inishowen East. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Magheranaul, and Parish of Clon- 
 many, is an object marked ClocJitoglc in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 *2. In the Townland of Carrowreagh, als. Craignacally, and 
 Parish of Clonmany, another Clochtogle is marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 4. This Townland adjoins that of Magheranaul. Both 
 are on Doagh Isle in Trawbreaga Bay. 
 
 *3. In the Townland of Balleelaghan, and Parish of Cloncha, 
 is an object called Friar s Cell in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Carrowmore, and Parish of Culdaff, 
 half a mile N.E. of the church at Malin, on Trawbreaga Bay, 
 is a dolmen marked Druid's Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 5, 6, 7. In the Townland of Tullynabratilly, and Parish of 
 Clonmany, is a dolmen marked Granids Bed, and on the boundary 
 line between that Townland and that of Rashenny, between a 
 quarter and half a mile to the N.E., are two others, marked 
 respectively McCoors Bed and Darby s Bed in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 10. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Carrowkeel, and Parish of Moville 
 Upper, is a dolmen marked Ci'onilcch in Ord. Surv. Map No. 30. 
 It is on the W. shore of Lough Foyle, two miles and a half E. 
 of the elevations marked Cloghcrlass and Crocko-lass. 
 
 This is perhaps the CromUach in Moville Upper, mentioned by Mr. W. J. 
 Doherty, who notices the existence of the remains of a Druidical Altar at Condum 
 Beg in this Parish, on the slope of the hill, so called, at an elevation of 3S0 feet, 
 and 1000 yards W. of Dun-Druing. 
 
 " Innis-Onen and Tirconnell," p. 26. 
 
 *9. In the Townland of Laraghirril, and Parish of Clonca, a 
 Druid's Altar is marked in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 12. At this 
 place, S. of the Catholic Church of Bocan, on an eminence known
 
 230 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 as Mass Hill, there is a circle which is perhaps indicated by 
 Druid's Altar, although a dolmen may also have been there. 
 
 10. In the Parish of Culdaff. "near the coast, on slightly 
 raised ground, like a low mound," there w-as a dolmen, the 
 precise site of which I am unable to indicate. 
 
 I find a notice of this in Miss Stokes's MS. " Notes on Dolmens." The monu- 
 ment is described as " a Cromlech with avenue to the North " ; the " avenue " 
 consisted of "five stones on the one side, and four on the other," " some of which 
 were huge blocks, 10 to 12 feet thick." It is stated that it was described by Mr. 
 R. Moore in 1S73. 
 
 In the Baro-w ok Inishowen West. 
 
 *i. In the Townlandof Ballyannan, and Parish of Desertegny, 
 an object called Cloclitogle is marked in Ord. Surv. INIap No. ig. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Kinnagoe, and Parish of Fahan Lower, 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 29. 
 To the N.E. of it is a site marked Split Rock, and a Carii. It 
 is about four miles X.E. of Buncrana. 
 
 This is, I think, the " Cromleach near Buncrana," mentioned by Mr. W. J. 
 Doherty. 
 
 " Innis-Oweii and Tirconnell," p. 65. 
 
 *3. In the Townland of Gransha, and Parish of Fahan Lower, 
 is an object marked Giant's Den in Ord. Surv. Map No. 29. It 
 lies about a mile inland from the E. shore of Buncrana Bay in 
 Lough Swilly. 
 
 *4. In the Townland of Lisfannon, and Parish of Fahan 
 Upper, is an object marked Friars Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 38. It is close to a Fort, or Lis, and is near the shore of 
 Lough Swilly, half a mile S.W. of the Giant's Den in the Town- 
 land of Gransha. 
 
 In the Barony of Kii.macrenan. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballyboe, and Parish of Raymunter- 
 doney, is a dolmen marked Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. 
 
 *2. In the Parish of Raymunterdoney, near Dunfanaghy, was, 
 I was informed, Raynwnavioney s (pron. thus) Grave. From a 
 description given me of it, I think it may be of the dolmen 
 class, but I am unable to indicate its exact position. I do not 
 find it marked in the Ord. .Surv. Maps.
 
 County of Donegal. 
 
 I was informed by Mr. W. Doherty of Londonderry, author of " Innis-Owen and 
 Tirconnell," that numerous "Giants' Graves" existed S. of Uunfanaghy. Some of 
 them are included in the following list of dolmens in this Barony. The Ord. 
 Surveyors sometimes designated these pagan remains Altars, although the tradition 
 whicli gave them that name is not, perhaps, older than that derived from the days of 
 the Mountain Masses. A pagan dolmen may, indeed, have served the purposes of 
 the Christian priest. I was informed that Raymunterdoney's Grave belonged to the 
 class of pagan monuments, but I was unable to visit it. 
 
 
 4. In the Townland of Kill, and Parish of Clondahorky, 
 a short distance S. of Dunfanaghy, is a monument marked Altar 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. To the W. of this, in a neighbouring- 
 Townland, a site is marked Labba in small print, and indicated 
 by a peculiar figure resembling a circle with stones protruding 
 obliquely from the circumference. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Cranford, and Parish of Kilmacrenan, 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 27, 
 near the W. coast of Mulroy Bay. About a mile to the S. is a 
 site marked Clochglass. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Gortnavern, and Parish of Tullyfern, 
 is a dolmen marked Grania's Bed m Ord. Surv. Map No. 27. 
 
 This monument, called " Dermot and Grania's Bed," measures 12 feet long by 
 5 feet broad. The two covering-flags measure in total length conjointly 12 feet, 
 and are 7 feet broad. They slope northwards. The front pillars are 7 feet high. 
 
 Kinahaii, Journ. R.H..\.A.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Carrowreagh, and Parish of Clon- 
 davaddog, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 28. 
 
 "The luins of a structure called Dermot and Granids Bed." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Creeveoughter (the Townland adjoin- 
 ing that of Carrowreagh on the S.), and Parish of Killygarvan, 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Bed in Ord. Surv. Map No. 28. 
 About a mile to the N.N.W. of it is a Tober Patrick. 
 
 This structure is " double-chambered." The covering-stones have been removed 
 to build cabins. 
 
 Kinalian, Journ. R.H.A.A.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 27S 
 
 9. In the Townland of Drumhallagh Upper, and Parish of 
 Killygarvan, is a dolmen marked Giant's Bed, or Cromlech, in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 28. It lies about a mile S. of that at 
 Creeveoughter.
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 This monument is constructed of very large, well-shaped, massive quartzite flags. 
 Some of the surrounding upright flags still remain. 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.L, vol. ix., 4th .Ser., p. 278. 
 
 10. In the Townland of Oughterlin, and Parish of Killygarvan, 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 28, a little E. 
 of Garnaholowey Lough. 
 
 This is locally called " the Druid's Altar." It consists of a large rough flag, 
 measuring 11 feet by 8 feet. It is supported by four uprights about 3 feet high. 
 
 Kinalian, Journ. R.11.A..\.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 11, 12, 13. In the Townland of Barnes Lower, and Parish of 
 Kilmacrenan, there are "several" dolmens, and to the S. of them 
 is a holy well, an altar, and other remains, not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 35. They bear the naine Carhys Graves. 
 
 These structures are " built with massive, squarish blocks." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.II..\.A.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 14. In the Townland of Goldrum, and Parish of Kilmacrenan, 
 adjoining the Townland of Barnes Lower to the S., is a dolmen 
 not marked in the Ord. Surv. Maps 35, 36, 44, 45, which 
 contain the Townland. 
 
 This structure lies S. of the ruins of a cashcl ; on the covering-stone of it, 
 according to Mr. Kinahan, are a number of cups. 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.L, vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 278. 
 
 15, 16. In the Townland of Cratlagh, and Parish of Tullyfern, 
 two dolmens, Granias Bed and Altar, are marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 36. The Granias Bed is situated to the E. of Lough 
 Nacreacjht. The Altar is N. of Bunlin Bridge, a mile and a 
 quarter N.W. of Millford, on a reach of Mulroy Bay. 
 
 17. In the Townland of Claggan, and Parish of Tullyfern on 
 the N.E. shore of Columbkille Lough, a mile and a half E. of 
 Millford, a Giant's Grave is marked in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 36. 
 Mr. Kinahan speaks of a Gia)it's Grave thus indicated, he says, 
 in the map, in the adjoining Townland of Kilwarry, in which, on 
 the N. shore of Columbkille Lough is ColiwibJcille s Chair, a 
 natural rock so called. I think he means the Giant's Grave in 
 Claggan, as there is not one marked in Kilwarry. 
 
 " This has been destroyed.' 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.II..'\.A.I., vol. is., 4th Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 18, 19. In the Townland of Garrygort, and Parish of Tullyfern,
 
 County of Donegal. 233 
 
 on the S.E. slope of Crochmore are two structures of the dolmen 
 class, called locally Danes' Houses, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 
 No. 36. 
 
 '■ The remains of two structures made of squarish slabs set on edge. ... By 
 the side of the doorway, on one of the stones, there is sculpturing of very rude 
 character." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ., R.H.A.A.I., vol. ix., 4lh Sor., p. 278. 
 
 20. In the Tovvnland of Loughnakey, and Parish of Tullyfern, 
 "alongside the lane S. of the village," is a dolmen not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 36. 
 
 " A rather perfect large structure, like a Giant's Grave, built of rude, squarish 
 blocks of stone on edge." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.II.A.A.I., vol. is., 4lh .Ser., p. 278. 
 
 *2i. In the Townland of Glenalla, and Parish of Auirhnish, 
 is a dolmen marked The Altai'- in Ord. Surv. Map No. 2,7- 
 
 22. In the Townland of Crevary Upper, and Parish of Killy- 
 garvan, marked Standing-Stones, or Giant's Bed (in small type) in 
 Ord. Surv. No. 2,1- It lies E. of Rathmullan, and is called locally 
 " Dermot and Crania's Bed." 
 
 " A structure of standing stones." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.I., vol. ix., 4lh Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 23. In the Tovvnland of Ballybuninabber, and Parish of Kilma- 
 crenan, is a dolmen marked Druid's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No 44. It lies two miles and a half N.W. of Labra Lork's Castle, 
 and about the same distance W.N.W. of Doou Rock and Doon 
 Well, near Kilmacrenan. 
 
 24. In the Townland of Gortnalaragh, and Parish of Kil- 
 macrenan, is a dolmen and a pillar-stone near it, not marked in 
 Ord. Surv, Map No. 44. 
 
 " The remains of a one-chambered dolmen, or Giant's Grave, with a dalldn 
 near it." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A..\.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 278. 
 
 25. In the Townland of Drumbrick, and Parish of Kilmacrenan, 
 is a dolmen called Dcrniot and Gramas Bed, not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 44. 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H..\..\.I., vol. ix., 4th Ser., p. 27S. 
 
 *26. In the Townland of Kilmacrenan, and Parish of Kil- 
 macrenan, is a monument marked Altar in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 45.
 
 234 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 27. In the Townland of Letter, and Parish of Kihnacrenan, 
 is a dolmen marked Labba Rocks in Ord. Surv. Map No. 45. It 
 is called also Cloch-na-tara. 
 
 Of the megalithic structure at this place Mr. Kinahan says : " An old tenant 
 stated that he remembered it when there were four cells roofed with flags, and when 
 the enclosing wall was nearly perfect. One of the displaced covering-stones has on 
 it cup-markings. Only some of the standing-stones are still in situ. From the 
 remains of the S. wall of the enclosure which surrounded the structure, it would 
 appear that it consisted of ujjriglit stones, with intervening spaces filled in with 
 smaller ones. The N. wall is much effaced. It is possible that the W. portion was 
 parallel to the S. wall ; but the whole structure," Mr. Kinahan adds, " was too 
 much dismantled to be spoken of with certainty." 
 
 To the S. of this monument there was a standing stone. 
 Kinahan, Jouin. R.H.A.A.L, vol. v., 4lh Ser., \i. 434. 
 
 28. In the Townland of Templedouglas, and Parish of Conwal, 
 an Altar is marked and indicated by a small sketch of a dolmen. 
 Close to it are marked a Well, Abbey, and Graveyard, in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 52. It lies about two miles and a half 
 W. N.W. of Letterkenny, and to the S.E. of a Townland called 
 Carrickyscanlan. 
 
 29. In the Townland of Glencar Scotch, and Parish of Con- 
 _ wal, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. 
 
 Surv. Map No. 53. N. of this Town- 
 land is that of Killyclug, or Killachlug, 
 and next to that the Townland of Eden- 
 ■\ carna, in which are the ancient sites 
 marked Marcagh's Knowc, and Mar- 
 casilis Stable. 
 
 Fig. 220. — Glencar Scotch. l-'roDi 
 a plan by Mr. Kmaltan. 
 
 This Structure is "built with flags; the entire length was 17 feet, the breadth 
 3 feet, and the height 4 feet 6 ins. At the end was a standing stone 4 feet high. 
 The side flags were 3 feet from the bottom of the chamber, the floor of which is 
 I foot below the level of the surface." This is one of those structures to which 
 Mr. Kinahan gives the nzme /osttac. 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.L, vol. vii., 4lh Scr., p. 426. 
 
 30. In the Townland of Lisnanees Upper, and Parish of 
 Aghanunshin, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 53. 
 
 " A structure similar to those called civmleacs. It is to the N.E. of two luscas, 
 or artificial caves." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H..\.A.L, vol. vii., 4th Scr., p. 42O. 
 
 In the Barony of Raphoe North. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Trimrath, and Parish of Leek, is a
 
 County of Donegal. 
 
 dolmen and a venerated rock, marked Giant's Rock in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 53. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan calls these the Giant's Rock and Grave. 
 
 Kinahan, Joiirn. R.H.A.A.I., vol. vii., 4th Ser., p. 425. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Errity, and Parish of Raymoghy, is a 
 dohnen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 54. It is called 
 Giant's Grave. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan states that this is marked in the Ord. Sarv. Map. It li;id, how- 
 ever, been " long since broken up and removed." 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.I., vol. vii., 4tli .Ser., p. 426. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Mondooey Upper, and Parish of 
 Raymoghy, is a dolmen, called Giant's 
 
 Grave, not marked in Ord. Surw Map 
 
 No. 62. (v 
 
 " The entire length of this monument is 17 feet, 
 and the breadth 8 feet. It is composed of eight 
 
 stones, the respective dimensions of which are (see ^^l T^^;;^^;^ ^y;^, 
 plan) as follows : — 
 
 From a plan Oy Mr. Kinahan. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Width. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 It. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. ins. 
 
 A = 7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 B = 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 C = 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 D = 8 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 E = 2 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 F = 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 H = 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.H.A.A.I., vol. vii., 4lh Ser., p. 426. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Portlough, and Parish of All Saints, 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 47. 
 It is two miles S.W. of the " Grianan of Aileach." and four or 
 five W. of Londonderry. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Roosky, and Parish of Raphoe, about 
 five miles S.W. of Raphoe, is a dolmen marked Dniid's Altar in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 6y. It is indicated by a plan of a long, 
 stony area, with a circular stone erection towards one extremity. 
 
 *6. In the Townland of Gortnagole (Mr. Kinahan's Gortna- 
 aill), and Parish of Clonleigh, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave 
 in rock in Ord. Surv. Map No. 70. 
 
 "A very perfect, but i.xwiW, fosUac." 
 Kinahan, Journ. R.II.A..\.I., vol. vii., 4th Ser., p. 278.
 
 236 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 In the Barony of Raphoe South. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Brockagh, and Parish of Kilteevogue, 
 K. of the Finn River, and near it is, a dohnen marked Altar in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 68. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Cloghanmore, and Parish of Kiltee- 
 vogue, is a dolmen marked Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 68, 
 about one mile further up the Finn River from the Brockagh 
 one, and on the same side of it. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Kiltyfergal, and Parish of Kilteevoge, 
 is a dolmen marked Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 68, about a 
 mile and a half further up the Finn River from the Cloghanmore 
 one, and close to a stream on the same side as the other two. 
 
 In the Baronv of Tirhugh. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Golard, and Parish of Drumhome, on 
 the boundary between that Townland and that of Moyne, is a 
 Giant's Grave, so marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. lOO. It is close 
 to a Fort. 
 
 *2. In the Townland of Meenacarragh, als. Raneany Barr, 
 just N. of Lough Boyle, and in the Parish of Drumhome, is a site 
 marked Mn McCool's Pan in Ord. Surv. Map No. 100, and 
 indicated by a wedge-shaped figure narrowing towards the S.E. 
 It is three miles E. of the Golard Giant's Grave, and is halfway 
 in a straight line between Loug^h Dersr and Doneral. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Cool More, and Parish of Kilbarron, 
 on the coast of the Bay of Donegal, N.W. of Kildoney Point, is a 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 103. 
 
 Mr. Wakeman mentions the existence of "a grand perfect example of a Giant's 
 Grave here, retaining its roof." 
 
 WaUeman, Jnurn. R.H.A.A.I., vol. iii., 4tli Ser., p. 529. 
 
 4, 5, 6. In the Townland of Magheracar, and Parish of Inish- 
 macsaint, one mile from Bundoran, on the sea-coast, close to the 
 boundary of Leitrim, which is here the Drowes River, is a dolmen, 
 and due E. of it two others, neither of them marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 106. 
 
 Col. Wood-Martin remarks that in the immediate vicinity of Bundoran are a few 
 megalithic remains, in which he notices a striking resemblance to those in the 
 County of Sligo. 
 
 The first he describes is a dolmen-circle on the very edge of tlie cliff. Tlie
 
 County of Donegal. 
 
 = 0/ 
 
 circle " would seem to have measured originally 70 feet in diameter, but, as shown 
 in the plan, nearly half of it has disappeared over cliff. Twenty-two stones still 
 remain. They are boulders, and only just show above the surface of the soil. 
 The dolmen, or cist, is an elongated one, which probably once extended to the edge 
 of the circle, but on the E. side. The longer axis is N.N.VV. and S.S.E. It had 
 been divided into sepia, two stones forming the barriers between them being visible 
 above ground. The inner or N.N.W. end of the structure is wedge-shaped, 
 terminating in an acute angle. Eight stones remain on the N.E. side, and four 
 on the opposite side. Bones, ashes, and a cinerary urn were found in this tomb." 
 
 Due E. of the last were the " vestiges of another megalith." Not enough 
 remained to enable a correct idea to be formed as to the original ground-plan. 
 The monament, it appeared, occupied a somewhat rectangular area — about 21 feet 
 long by 9 feet broad. Ten stones were in position, five on one side, two on the 
 other, and three at one end. 
 
 There must have been a second monument near this, for Mr. Wakeman notices 
 three Gianls' Graves on the coast at Bundoran "much ruined." 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 Fig. 222. — Cairn at Finner. Oiipnal sketch by Mr. Wakemati. 
 
 Fig. 223. — Finner (No. T.). Original sicclc/i by Mr. Jl'a/.\»ia>i.
 
 38 
 
 Tin-: Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Col. Vigors kindly showed me a sketch of one of the above monuments, an 
 uncovered, lengthy structure, probably the second mentioned by Col. Wood-Martin. 
 
 Wood-Martin, " Riule Stone Monuments of Irelanci," pp. 15S, 160 ; Wakeman, Jomn. 
 R.U.A.A.L, vol. iii., 4lh Ser., p. 529, ct seqq. 
 
 7 — II. In tile Townland of Finner, and Parish of Inish- 
 macsaint, are five dolmens, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 107. 
 
 Mr. Wakeman has kindly sent me three sketches, which are 
 here annexed, two representing dolmens, and the third a cairn 
 containing a dolmen-chamber. 
 
 The circumference of the cairn is 113 paces, and the chamber 9 feet long by 
 6 feet 5 ins. broad. The dolmen marked No. I. is in the form of an irregular 
 triangle internally, measuring about 8 feet by 5, the tallest stone being 5 feet 7 ins. 
 high. The dolmen marked No. II. is near the cairn. It measures 16 feet long by 
 
 Fig. 224. — Finner (Xo. IL). near tlie great cairn. Original skelcli by Mr. Wakeman. 
 
 7 feet broad. Eleven stones are still standing ; two on the N. side seemed to have 
 formed part of an enclosing circle. The chamber lies E. and W. 
 
 On this Townland the remains of a dolmen-cairn, with exposed cist and circle 
 of ujiright stones, are noticed by Col. Wood-Martin. The cairn was overhauled, 
 and the covering-stone of the cist destroyed. The cist was found " to contain a 
 large quantity of human bones, amongst which were several skulls in fine preserva- 
 tion." They were broken to pieces. Many of the bones were scorched by fire, 
 and pieces of charcoal were found among the stones and in the soil. 
 
 At a short distance from this cairn, the workmen had broken into a "grave," 
 which was found to contain human ashes, calcined bones, charcoal, and a fine 
 cinerary urn, some fragments of which were preserved. Near this there are traces 
 of two circles of stones, and about fifty paces distant there was a dolmen described 
 as a " rude cist," 14 feet 6 ins. long by 6 feet broad. 
 
 Wood-Martin, " Rude Stone Monuments of Ireland," p. i6o. 
 
 In the Barony of Boylagh. 
 
 I. In the Island of Owey, and Parish of Templecrone, was 
 a dolmen, now destroyed, and not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 40. It was called locally "Giant's Grave," and " Dermot 
 and Grany's Bed."
 
 County of Donegal. 
 
 ^39 
 
 On this island a long area of sloping turf under the peak of the rocky eminence 
 which forms its seaward extremity, was pointed out to me as having been, within 
 the memory of man, the site of a " Giant's Grave." Two stones sunk in the ground 
 are said to mark its extremities. They are about thirty feet apart. 
 
 On the summit of a rocky natural earn above this spot is a small cavity or cist, 
 called " Dermot and Grany's Bed." I have doubts, however, whether it is not 
 naturally formed. — \V. C. B., Note-book, 1892. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Crocam, and Parish of Inishkeel, is a 
 dolmen marlced Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 66. It lies 
 between Lough Finn and Lough Muck, three miles and a half 
 N.E. of Glenties. 
 
 3, 4. In the Townland of Kilcloony More, and Parish of 
 Inishkeel, is a dolmen marked Dermot and Granids Bed in 
 
 Fig. 225. — Kilcloony. Etched from a photop-aph by Mr. Spence. 
 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 73. There is a second and smaller dolmen 
 near it, which is not marked in the map. 
 
 The larger of the two dolmens at this place is a fine example. The covering- 
 stone measures 20 feet long by 13 feet broad, and in places is over 3 feet thick. 
 It slopes towards the W., resting at that end on the slab which forms the terminal 
 stone of the chamber beneath it. This terminal stone is a red-coloured granite 
 slab. At the E. end the covering-stone is supported by two pillar-stones, each 
 6 feet high, forming the jambs of the entrance into the chamber. They are set 
 2 feet apart, and a low stone crossing the threshold forms a line of demarcation 
 between the portico and the chamber itself. 
 
 I think it beyond doubt that a covered passage led to the structure from the E. 
 side. Looked at from the E., the dolmen resembles a great narrow gateway with 
 a huge mushroom-like top. I noticed two indentations, possibly cups, on the 
 ■upper surface of the covering-stone near its E. end.
 
 ?40 
 
 TiiF, Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Partially covered by a flat stone in the circle of stones which surrounds this 
 monument was a spring of clear water at a distance of a few yards E. of the two 
 pillar-stones. The chamber under the roofing-stone measures 6 feet long by 4 feet 
 6 ins. wide. Each side is formed by a single flag which extends the entire length 
 of the enclosed space. At the W. end, in addition to the red terminal pillar-stone, 
 there is a second and supplementary one. The covering-stone, however, rests only 
 on the three stones above mentioned. 
 
 The area within the circle surrounding this dolmen contains numerous small 
 
 
 
 Fig. 226. — Kilcloony (another view). Etched from a photo^aph by Mr. Spencc. 
 
 stones, the remains, possibly, of a cairn of stones thrown together around the 
 structure, and bounded by the enclosing circle. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. C. F. Spence, of North Shields, for the photographs from 
 which the etchings of this dolmen are made. 
 
 A second but much smaller dolmen lies at a distance of a few yards from the 
 larger one, on the W. side. In point of construction it is a model of the other on 
 a small scale. A single slab forms either side of the cist ; two pillar-stones stand as 
 jambs to the entrance at the E. end, and a low stone is placed transversely across 
 the passage to the interior. — W, C. B., Note-book, 1892. 
 
 In the Barony of Banagh. 
 
 1,2. In the Townland of Cashel, and Parish of Glencolumb- 
 kille, in Glenmalin, on the left-hand side of the road from Carrick 
 to Mahn More, and on the S.W. side of a stream, is the monument 
 called the Clochmore, or Cloghan, or Cloghanmore, a collection 
 of megalithic structures of the dolmen class surrounded by a mass 
 of stones. It is marked Cashel in Ord. Surv. Map No. 90, and 
 gives its name to the Townland. It lies between the Loughs 
 Unna and Unshagh. 
 
 In the same Townland, on the opposite side of the road, are 
 the remains of a dolmen, and near it a menhir.
 
 County of Donegal. 
 
 241 
 
 This is a very remarkable structure, which may be classified with two others, 
 namely, those at Magheraghanrush in the county of Sligo, and Ballyglass in the 
 county of Mayo, from both of which, however, it differs in respect of having been 
 apparently entombed in a vast pile of stones. In its present condition of restora- 
 tion (!) by the Board of Works, it is hard to say exactly what its previous appearance 
 
 ■'''■'■ ->*^,„ 
 
 ■ -v>"ii. 
 
 Aw •.'!• 
 
 ^"''■^"'-'^'J-7:,K„u^^.^$":X'^. . 
 
 • 4^/.,, 
 
 Fig. 227. — Cashel : " The Cloglian." Etched Jrom a drawing in the possession of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 was. In a large drawing of it made before it was overhauled, contained in Miss 
 Margaret Stokes's collection, and which shows two large flagstone structures with 
 a third some yards away protruding from a bank of stones, one would fail to 
 recognize the trim enclosure set up by the employees of Mr. (now Sir Thomas) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , ■" O 
 
 Fig. 22S. — Cashel : " The Cloghan." P/nn by Sir Samuel Ferguson. 
 
 Deane. The trench, however, which was then sunk all round the exterior of the 
 base shows what the form of the monument was, and has exposed the neat course 
 of stones which served as the edging and support of the cairn or bank within. The 
 ground plan thus obtained shows it to have been pear-shaped, with an extreme length 
 of 95 feet, and a breadth of 65 feet at the widest part, the narrower extremity 
 pointing down the valley in the direction of the sea, and the longer axis being 
 parallel to the course of the stream which runs at the bottom of the valley a few 
 yards distant. The drawing in Miss Stokes's collection does not show very 
 distinctly whether there was any interior court as at Magheraghanrush and 
 Ballyglass, but a ground-plan made by Sir Samuel Ferguson in, or previous to, the 
 year 1879, seems to indicate that such was the case, as it shows a considerable 
 space not covered by stones. We may trust, therefore, that in this particular, the 
 
 VOL. L R
 
 242 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 central court formed in the broad end of the pear-shaped area by the overseer of 
 the Board of Works was constructed in accordance with indications presented to 
 him during the course of his work. The following is the impression which was 
 conveyed to Sir Samuel Ferguson when he visited the spot. " All that now 
 remains is the ground-plan and underworks of what appears to have been originally 
 a tumulus, or ' long barrow : '" " the ground-plan was two large circles placed side 
 by side, and together forming a long oval, with one smaller circle annexed at the 
 southern end." The ground-plan he appends accords, however, much more 
 closely with what the excavations of the Board of Works have revealed than with 
 
 Fig. 229.— Cashel : " The Clog- 
 han " in Glenmalin. Plan 
 published by the Board of 
 Works, Ireland. 
 
 Fig. 230. — Cashel : Sculptured stones at " The 
 Cloghan," Glenmalin. 
 
 any arrangement of circles as he describes. At the southern end he shows two 
 large cists side by side with apparently the remains of a third more to the 
 westward. These open into a court now surrounded by a thick wall roughly piled 
 up by the Board of Works, but in Sir Samuel Ferguson's time filled apparently with 
 piles of stones. .\t the northern side he shows two chambers also opening into 
 the court, and running parallel with each other. That on the E. seems to have 
 contained three partitions, and that on the W. to have had several roofing-slabs in 
 place. Beyond these a rugged bank of stones is shown, tapering away towards the 
 northern extremity. By referring to the monument at Magheraghanrush, it will 
 be seen how very similar is the plan of that structure to this one. 
 
 As seen at present, the following descri|)lion was written by me after visiting the 
 spot in 1888. An entrance about 6 feet wide, and 9 or 10 feet in depth, through
 
 County of Donegal. 243 
 
 an enclosing wall opens into a courtyard about 50 feet long by 33 feet broad. On 
 one side the passage is flanked by a massive block set on edge, supporting the wall, 
 or bank, of smaller stones above. At this entrance, also, which is at the S. end, is a 
 stone upon which are certain sculpturings not dissimilar to those in the cist at 
 Clover Hill in Sligo. A stone — apparently a roofing-stone — lies in the passage-way, 
 and I feel sure that originally, instead of being an entrance passage, as is now the 
 case, this was a large dolmen or cist, roofed over and opening possibly into the 
 central court. The fact that the interior had been used as a quarry, when the road 
 down Glenmalin was made, would account for a cart-way having been opened into 
 it. Turning to the left after entering by this passage, I observed a large dolmen 
 standing in the thickness of the enclosing wall. It is composed of immense flag- 
 stones, one on either side, one at the inner end, and one at the bottom, forming a 
 pavement. A fifth large stone which lies outside might have been the covering- 
 stone. The wall surrounding the court measures about 10 or 12 feet broad, and 
 has been raised to a height of 5 feet by stones thrown out of the interior. In the 
 thickness of the wall on the E. side a large flat stone indicates, probably, the site of 
 another dolmen, or chamber, similar to that on the S.W. already described. In the 
 centre of the enclosure is a large rough rock, which has the appearance of having 
 been placed there purposely. At the N. end of the court, opposite the entrance, I 
 observed two elongated dolmens, placed parallel to each other, with a divisional 
 space between, just as is the case in the monument at Magheraghanrush. Each of 
 these structures seemed to have possessed two (and that on the E. perhaps tliree) 
 compartments, each divided from the other by a stone partition. In the western 
 dolmen two roofing-stones are still in place, and in the inner compartment of the 
 eastern one is a flat stone set against the eastern wall like a seat. The ground- 
 plan of these two structures resembles closely that of those in the great Sligo 
 monument. A rough cairn extends to the northward of the inner ends of these 
 structures, and tapers down until it terminates in the narrow end of the pear-shaped 
 ground-plan. I was informed that, during the course of their operations here, the 
 Government employees found some few objects, such as pottery, etc., but nothing 
 which in their opinion was of value. 
 
 This monument, at first sight, puzzled me much, and I scarcely knew whether 
 to assign it to a sepulchral or domestic origin. On the one hand, the name it bears 
 (Ciogkan) is that applied to the stone enclosures in Kerry and elsewhere, in which 
 beehive-huts are surrounded by walls of thick dry masonry. The term is also 
 applied to the stone huts themselves. Again, in point of ground-plan and con- 
 struction, this place bears a remarkable likeness to certain structures explored by 
 me in West Cornwall,! each consisting of a thick bank of stone and earth of oval 
 form, resting on a basement of containing-stones on edge, which served to support 
 the bank, in the thickness of which a series of huts had been constructed, all 
 opening into a central court. The date of the occupation of these " hut clusters " 
 was that of Roman Provincial Britain, as proved by the contained remains ; and 
 I mention this fact because I believe that, although the purposes for which these 
 huts and the " Cloghan " were constructed may have been different, the general 
 design is so similar as to mark them as in each case the work of one and the same 
 people, at periods presumably perhaps far removed from each other. On the other 
 hand, a glance at the structures, in the wall surrounding tlie court at Glen Malln, 
 ^vill suffice to prove that they are not of that class erected for the habitations of the 
 living, that is to say, they belong to the megalithic series, and are dolmens pure 
 
 t Arckcol. Journ., vol. xxx. p. 336.
 
 244 i "I' Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 and simple, and with such they must be classified. The " Cloghan " is a House 
 of Do/mens, built after the foshion of the Hut-Clusters of the living, only that the 
 chambers in the latter are in this case megalithic tombs. Looked at by the light 
 thrown on the Magheraghanrush monument by the excavations there made, it can 
 scarcely be doubted that, had the floors of these great cists been carefully explored, 
 human remains incinerated anil otherwise would have been discovered. It is very 
 unfortunate that no antiquary of experience was called in to assist at and report 
 upon the "restoration" of this structure, and also, I may add, that the plan of it 
 furnished by Sir Thomas Deane was taken subsequently to the operations. 
 
 It must be to this monument that Mr. Moore refers in the communication 
 which forms .Appendix A to Fergusson's " Rude Stone Monuments." He places it 
 further up the glen than a group of six dolmens at MacKee's Farm, Malinmore, 
 and on the same side of the stream, but out of sight of them. Mr. Moore's 
 description of the place is not very clear. It is as follows : " The large stones of 
 this group are surrounded by numbers of rough, weather-worn stone blocks, 
 averaging 2 feet in length. The monuments seem to be all cromlechs and 
 chambers, and, as far as I could tell, are about a dozen in number. One cromlech 
 stands a good deal higher than the rest. West of it are two stony mounds. These 
 seem to have been chambers. They are built of long flat slabs, with similar slabs 
 at tlie ends and top." 
 
 " The ground beyond the cromlechs is moorland, and without loose stones. 
 The stony area is oval, and measures (E. to W.) 130 feet ; and (N. to S.) 50 to 60 
 feet. All the cromlechs are about the same size. In the construction of all, the 
 aim seems to have been a well-shut-in chamber. The easternmost one is a 
 chamber 9 feet 10 ins. long. At each end it has a flat stone 3 feet high. The 
 side-stones are 7 feet 6 ins. long, and 3 feet high. The width of the chamber is 
 4 feet 6 ins. At each side and at each end are heaps of loose, small stones." The 
 ])lan which Mr. Moore appends shows two parallel lines of monuments, six in tlie 
 lower or S. row, and four in the upper, the latter being each of them opposite to 
 the four at the E. end of the lower row respectively. Under this plan he writes, 
 "Arrangement of Cromlechs." The two western ones in the S. row are, however, 
 marked " Mounds." Next to them on the E. is the monument which he speaks of 
 as the highest of the group. 
 
 Proc. R.L Acad. "Polite Liter.iture and Antiquities," and .Ser. (1879), vol. i. p. 121; 
 Collection of original drawings of dolmens in the possession of Miss M. Stokes; Report (55th) of 
 the Commissioners of Pulilic Works (Ireland), 1S87, p. 6; Fergusson's "Rude Stone Monuments," 
 .\pp. A, p. 520 ; \V. C. B., Note-book, 18S8. 
 
 A monument was pointed out to me on the opposite side of the stream to that 
 on which the " Cloghdn " is. It is locally known as the Giant's Grave, and consists 
 of two pillar-stones, the one about 6 feet, the other about 5 feet high, at a distance 
 of 70 feet apart. Near the shorter of these are the ruins of a dolmen of which this 
 pillar had been one of the supports. The roofing-stone, measuring 9 feet square, 
 lies on the ground near it. — W. C. H., Note-book, 1S88. 
 
 3 — 8. In the Townland of Malinmore, and Parish of Glen- 
 coliimbkille, at MacKee's Farm, close to the road, and by the 
 side of a stream, are si.x dolmens in line, not marked in Ord. 
 •Surv. Map No. 89. 
 
 Of the five distinct groups of monuments of the dolmen class, which Mr. Moore 
 (see Ferguson's R.S.M., loc. dl.) mentions as existing in Glen Malin, this one is
 
 CouNTv OF Donegal. 245 
 
 the nearest to the sea. Here at the bottom of the valley, on the S. side of the 
 stream, and running parallel with it, is a group of six dolmens, arranged in an 
 irregular line. In the field immediately to the W. of the westernmost of them "are 
 several mounds of stones, with some large blocks amongst them," none of the latter, 
 however, " more than 4 feet long. These extend for some 50 yards in line from 
 W. to E. A few yards above them is a large pile of stones, in the midst of which 
 is a stone 6 feet high and 3 feet wide. These heaps have been augmented by 
 stone from the fields," but Mr. Moore would refer them to the same people who built 
 the dolmens originally. I noticed in this field two cairns, or heaps of stones, one 
 of them oblong in form, each having an upright stone in its centre, around which 
 the other stones had been piled, and resembling, therefore, in this respect, those 
 monuments, often of Christian date, around which stones have been thrown in 
 accordance with custom by pilgrims and passers-by. 
 
 The line in which the six dolmens are arranged is not quite straight, the VV. one 
 standing some yards to the S. of a line drawn through the others from W. to E. 
 
 Beginning from the W., the first is close to MacKee's cottage. Both in size 
 and in plan this dolmen resembles the one at the other extremity of the line. The 
 E. end of this monument consists of three tall rugged stones still standing erect ; a 
 fourth lies prostrate to the S.W. of them, and Mr. Moore mentions a fifth, which, 
 since the Board of Works have been engaged on the structure, I fail to identify. 
 Besides these, which Mr. Moore took to be the supporters, there was the " top-stone, 
 which had fallen westward of them, and which, from its size and appearance, I have 
 no difficulty in identifying with that which the persons employed by Sir Thomas 
 Deane have set up on the top of a cist which they have constructed at the W. end of 
 the monument. Of the three upright ones, between the two tallest of which there is 
 a space 2 feet 6 ins. wide, one measures a little over 10 feet from the top to the 
 ground. Its proper height, however, would be 12 feet 9 ins., were it not that it 
 stands in a slanting position. According to my measurement it was 11 feet broad 
 and 4 feet thick, with a greatest girth of 23 feet. The second measures 7 feet high 
 by 5 feet broad and 2 feet thick ; but from the top to the ground, as it slants, it is 
 only 6 feet 6 ins. high. The third, a slim pillar, measures 7 feet high, 2 feet 10 ins. 
 broad, and i foot thick. The prostrate stone to the S.W. measures 10 feet long, 
 5 feet broad, and 2 feet thick. Mr. Moore's second prostrate one, which lay to the 
 west, measured 7 feet long. He describes " the top-slab " as having fallen over this 
 latter. In his opinion, therefore, the cromlech, which must have been a very tall 
 and fine one, was composed of " five huge stones and a top." All these five stones 
 are " of a gritty composition, veined with ([uartz, a rock common in Slieve Liag, 
 Slieve Leathan, and the cliffs of the coast. Their shape is rugged." The "top- 
 slab," however, was as unlike them as well could be, although it comes of a kind 
 found in juxtaposition, geologically, with them. "It is of pure quartz, about i foot 
 in thickness, and as smooth almost as a table on each side — quite naturally so, 
 however, since this sort of stone splits with a smooth surface." It is a " tolerably 
 regular oblong, measuring g feet 8 ins. by 6 feet 6 ins." As it rests now upon the 
 side-stones of a cist, which forms the west end of the monument, it presents the 
 appearance of an alabaster altar-slab, shaped by artificial means. Mr. Moore mentions 
 that at the end of this monument, where the upright pillars stand, were "some 
 smaller blocks and another slab," which in his time were " almost hidden by small 
 stones and earth. There were two supporting-stones and a slab," the latter measuring 
 superficially 6 feet by 3 feet. At present, since the " restoration " by the Board of 
 Works, there is a large low cist in this place, measuring about 9 feet long and 6 feet 
 wide. The E. end is open, but a slab closes the western end. One long slab
 
 246 
 
 The Dolmens of Ikelaxd 
 
 forms the S. side, and two slabs the N. side, the roof being formed of tlie beautiful 
 quartz slab before mentioned. To the W. of tliis cist, again, there was, in 188S, 
 a pile of stone which had not been long placed there. It is clear that the whole 
 structure was overhauled, and renovated as the foreman of the Board of Works 
 thought right. 
 
 It is satisfactory to find on referring to my notes that Mr. Moore and I are 
 perfectly in accord as to what the monument was originally like. "It appears 
 to me," I find myself writing, " that this was a double dolmen." " After e.xamining 
 all the monuments of the two glens (Columbkille and Glon-Malin)," writes Mr. 
 Moore, " I came to the conclusion that this was a cromlech with a stone chamber 
 beside it" If for " double dolmen," and " cromlech with chamber beside it," we 
 agree to call it a " dolmen-allongde, with the inner end unusually elevated," we shall 
 see our way clear to adding it to a series of monuments well known in Ireland and 
 in Western Europe generally. Whether the prostrate stone (10 feet by 5 feet) was 
 
 Fig. 231. — Malinmoie, the WL-slern ilnlaun. Kicked Ji out a siuicli in the Boar J of Works Rcpoi-t. 
 
 once on the top of the three pillars, or whether the white quartz altar-stone occupied 
 that position, or was really the covering of the ante-chamber, or passage-way, leading 
 to the loftier structure, is uncertain. Mr. Moore's opinion on this point, added to 
 the fact that there was another smaller covering-stone at the western end, leads me to 
 think that the former view is the correct one. In any case, this monument is one 
 of the most interesting and typical in Ireland, and it is to be regretted that it has 
 been tampered with. It evidently bore a close resemblance to the dolmen at 
 Ardaragh in Bear Island, in Cork, and also to that at Faredes near Evora in 
 Portugal, a photograph of which is in Cartailhac's "Ages Prehistoriques de 
 I'Espagne." 
 
 The second dolmen stands out of line to the northward. It is 30 feet distant 
 from the first. The stones are of much smaller size than those in the latter. " The 
 highest standing-stone," says Mr. Moore, "is 4 feet, and it seems that there were 
 five uprights. The top-slab has fallen to the W. side. It measures 6 feet 3 ins. by 
 5 feet." Mr. Moore states that tliere was no trace of a chamber, but at present the 
 cist is so perfect that it is used as a goose's pen. The two sides and the end, each 
 composed of a single slab, are perfect. To the right of the entrance, or open side, 
 are two pillar-stones on the S. side, one of them 5 feet in height. 
 
 The third dolmen is 44 feet distant from the second, to the E. It consists ot
 
 County of Donegal. 247 
 
 five uprights and a covering flag. Only one upright was erect when Mr. Moore saw 
 it, the height of which was 5 feet and the breadth 3 feet. From the small ground- 
 plan he subjoins, it appears that the sides of the cist were each formed by two 
 slabs, and that there was one at the inner end. The shape was that of a wedge, 
 expanding towards the inner end. The covering-slab measured 8 feet by 7 feet, 
 and was 2 feet thick. It appeared to me that there might have been a second 
 covering-stone to this cist, as the one still in situ had slipped off the outer end of 
 the cist, and there was no covering to the inner portion. 
 
 The fourth is a small fallen dolmen, 30 feet E. of the third. The covering-slab 
 measures 6 feet 8 ins. by 6 feet. It is composed of four stones, one on either side, 
 one at the end, and one on the top. At the open end there is now a bank of stones. 
 Mr. Moore remarks that " a series of low mounds, with large stones sticking out 
 here and there, forms a sort of connection with the next monument to the E." 
 
 The fifth stands at a distance of 48 feet (42 feet in my measurement) E. of the 
 fourth, a bank of large rough stones, as noticed by Mr. Moore, lying between this 
 and the last dolmen. As described by Mr. Moore, "the slab had fallen to the 
 eastward, and the uprights in several directions. The tallest upright was 6 feet 
 high," and upon this, when I saw it, the covering-slab rested diagonally. It 
 measured 10 feet by 9 feet, and was about 13 inches thick. " Around this dolmen 
 lay a number of loose stones. They were from i foot to 2 feet long, and were 
 mica schist and quartz." Mr. Moore observed that they were not such as would 
 be picked off the meadow, and that they seemed in some way connected with the 
 monument. 
 
 The sixth and last of this series lies at a distance of 96 feet, says Mr. ISIoore, 
 E. of the last (I made the distance between them only So feet, and can only 
 account for the difference by supposing that Mr. Moore extended his measure- 
 ment to the end of the line, that is, to the eastern end of the sixth and last 
 monument). This is a very large dolmen, and both in its proportions and 
 construction bears a remarkable likeness to the first at the further end of the line. 
 I find it no easy matter to reconcile the little plan annexed to Mr. Moore's 
 description with the one I made on the spot. The process of overhauling and 
 renovating has been carried on here almost as vigorously as in the case of the 
 first. It was used, when Mr. Moore saw it, as " one side of a respectable byre. 
 All the stones of which it was built," he adds, " have more or less the character 
 of slabs," a point in which I cannot agree, since the largest of them is the most 
 rough and rugged mass I have ever seen in connection with dolmen-builders' 
 work. " One great, smooth piece of quartz seems to have been the roof. It 
 measures i8 feet 7 ins. by 11 feet." This I am quite unable to identify, the flat 
 marble slab now visible on the N. side measuring only 10 feet by 6 feet or 7 feet, 
 according to my measurement. I am in agreement with Mr. Moore, however, that 
 the biggest of the stones lies to the E. of the chamber, and that its dimensions are 
 12 feet by 14 feet, by 6 feet thick. My impression of the whole congeries of stones 
 was as follows : They were in all eight in number. In the centre stood two slabs, 
 clearly the remains of a large covered portion of the structure. They were neatly 
 and squarely placed at right angles to each other at the S.W. corner. That which 
 formed the W. end was 6 feet high and 6 feet long, and of inconsiderable thickness. 
 That which formed the S. side was 8 feet long and 6 feet high, and of the same 
 width. At the S. E. angle of the vault which was thus formed was a small stone at 
 right angles to the one at the S. side, and which probably marked the end of the 
 cist, which would have been 6 or 7 feet long by about 5 feet 6 ins. broad. It
 
 24S The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 appeared to me that the northern side-stone had been removed, causing the flill of 
 the flat marble capstone, much resembling the covering-stone in the first dolmen, 
 before described. It measured 10 feet by 6 feet superficially, and lay on its side, 
 sloping down towards a lane below, the existence of which latter would have 
 afforded an easy means of removing any stones of this monument which might have 
 been found convenient for building. Against the W. end of the cist lay a huge, 
 flattish block, measuring 1 1 feet by 8 feet, in a slanting position. At its opposite 
 and eastern end stood, also in a slanting position, another block measuring 9 feet 
 by 9 feet. Outside the cist, at the S.W. end, lying parallel with the S. side of the 
 cist, lay a prostrate pillar-stone, 10 feet long by 3 feet broad. Lastly, the most 
 rugged block of all, 12 feet by 14 feet by 6 feet thick, lay in a sloping position, 
 having seemingly partly slipped down towards the lane, at the N.E. corner of tlie 
 monument. 
 
 The similarity between the arrangement here and that in the dolmen at the W. 
 end is apparent. In each case at the E. end stood several rugged pillars of con- 
 siderable height. Below them to the W. was a neatly formed cist or chamber, 
 closed at the W. end, but seemingly open at the E. end. \Vhether the pillars at 
 the E. end supported a roofing-stone is uncertain, but I think it probable that they 
 did. In both monuments alike there is a fine flat marble slab, as well as another 
 stone at the W. end, either or both of which would serve the purpose of covering- 
 stones. The marble (quartz) slabs would certainly have looked more in place 
 upon the neat square cists, not unlike card-boxes, at the W. end of each monument, 
 as the overseer of the Board of Works evidently thought when he placed that in 
 the first dolmen in that position. Had the prostrate pillar at the S.W. side of the 
 E. dolmen, and the flattish stone (11 feet by 8 feet) at the A\'. end of the cist, been 
 at the E. end, I should have concluded that the former was the third support of a 
 dolmen, and that the latter was its covering-stone, the other two supports being 
 the rock (9 feet by 9 feet) at the E. end of the cist, and the rugged block (12 feet 
 by 14 feet) at the N.E. corner. Possibly this was the intention, never carried out. 
 Similarly, in the case of the W. dolmen, the prostrate, flattish block (10 feet by 
 5 feet by 2 feet thick) to the S. of the three upright pillars might once have been 
 placed upon them, or been brought there for that purpose, in which case each of 
 these monuments (the first and sixth), would have been precisely uniform in plan 
 and construction, and this, I think, was the intention. That such rude and lofty 
 structures as these would have been, were sometimes erected in Ireland, we have 
 proof in such an example as that called the "Giant's Load" at Ballymascanlan in 
 Down. 
 
 Near the sixth and last is a low, stony mound, says Mr. Moore, and "from a 
 
 few yards to the E. of it a ridge runs slantwise up the side of (Slieve) Leathan." 
 
 It extends for a quarter of a mile, but does not terminate in any other monument, 
 
 but loses itself in the hillside. Many stones stick out of it, and at a distance 
 
 of some hundred and fifty yards up the ridge a slab was noticed projecting from 
 
 the heather, and possibly, so Mr. Moore thought, the top of a dolmen. From 
 
 certain geological indications he further surmises that a spot where the bed-rock of 
 
 the mountain was uncovered was the site of the quarry, whence the stones for this 
 
 group had been conveyed, and " in this case the ridge may have been the road " 
 
 down which they were brought. From the opposite side of the valley this series of 
 
 megaliths presents a curious straggling appearance. They are all included in a 
 
 line of about a hundred yards in length. 
 
 Fcrqusson's "Rude Stone Monuments," App. A.,]). 520; Report of the Commissioners of 
 Public Works, Ireland (1SS7) ; W. C. ]!., Nolc-booU, l8SS.
 
 County of Donegal. 249 
 
 9 — 20. In the Townlands on the northern side of the Valley 
 of Glenmalin, opposite to that on which are those at MacKee's 
 Farm and in Cashel — in those, seemingly, of Brade, Straleel, 
 and Gannew-and-Curreen — in the Parish of Glencolumbkille, 
 Mr. Moore places twelve dolmens, not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 89. 
 
 These dolmens occur in groups. The first which Mr. Moore notices, and which 
 is the furthest from the sea, consists, he says, of five or six cromlechs, only one of 
 which is, however, in good preservation. It consisted of a slab resting on four flat 
 blocks, enclosing a chamber. The side-stones were each 5 feet 8 ins. long. This 
 group stands on a small flat piece of ground below a crag, and above a stream. 
 Leading from the chamber, there seemed to have been a passage, the sides of which 
 were formed of slabs of stone, only a few of which remained. 
 
 At a spot lower down the glen than this group stood " a solitary, pointed stone, 
 measuring 6 feet i in. high, and 5 feet 5 ins. in girth. 
 
 At a distance of 1 10 feet liigher up the slope than this menhir, and 18 feet further 
 \V., a group of " four or five " dolmens, together with cairns, commenced — these, in 
 common with the former, being on the N. side of the valley. 
 
 " The first of this group is a chamber cromlech. It is much buried in the 
 heather. Some loose stones lie around the cromlech. What seems to have been 
 the top-slab is 10 feet across, and nearly square, and 2 feet thick. One of the side 
 slabs of the chamber is 10 feet 8 ins. by 4 feet. The tallest stone is at the E. end, 
 and is in height 6 feet 8 ins. Lower down the slope, below this cromlech, are 
 several low mounds, from which there are no projecting stones. Two hundred 
 yards W., in a straight line, is a huge cromlech. It seems to have consisted of a 
 gigantic slab, supported on three upright stones, not forming a closed chamber. 
 The tof>-slab is still on its supports. It is 3 feet thick, and measures 13 feet by 
 10 feet 9 ins. The tallest of the uprights is 9 feet high, and is rather pointed at 
 the top. The third upright seems to have been broken into several pieces. Some 
 
 10 yards from this is another cromlech, of equal dimensions, and, a little S. of these, 
 several large loose stones are lying on the ground. Forty yards W. is a chamber 
 cromlech, of small dimensions, and near it are many mounds, with stones projecting, 
 possibly artificial." 
 
 At some little distance further down the glen, and on the N. side, were two 
 cromlechs, separated (united ?) by a short ridge, so that Mr. Moore considered 
 them " parts of one structure." " The eastern part is fallen. It consists of three 
 uprights and a top-slab. The western part consists of two stones, leaning gable- 
 wise against one another. Between the two there is a short ridge, from which 
 several stones stick out. Each of the western pair of stones is about 7 feet high, by 
 6 feet broad. The dimensions of the eastern part of the monument are : Top-slab, 
 
 11 feet by 7 feet; thickness, i foot 6 ins. Uprights (i) 8 feet (and ? 2 feet below 
 ground) by 7 feet 7 ins. broad, and 2 feet 3 ins. thick ; (2) 9 feet 6 ins. by 2 feet 8 
 ins. ; thickness, 2 feet 5 ins. ; (3) 9 feet 6 ins. by 3 feet 5 ins. 
 
 Fergusson's " Rude Sloiie Momimeius," App. A., ji. 520. 
 
 2 1. In the Townland of Roshin, and Parish of Killybegs 
 Upper— on the Promontory between Fintragh Bay and Mac- 
 Swyne's Bay — and on the right-hand side of the road going
 
 250 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 S. towards Druinanoo, is a dolmen, not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 97. To tlie W. is an elevated site marked Farbreaga. 
 
 It is situated on the summit of rising ground. The length internally is 12 feet. 
 It lies E. and W., and is broader in the centre than at either end. Across the centre 
 it measures 5 feet. The N. side is composed of two stones set on edge, the one 
 lying low, and measuring 10 feet long; the other 3 feet high, and 5 feet long. The 
 stone at the W. end is 4 feet long and 4 feet high. The S. side is also composed 
 of two stones, the one 7 feet, the other 6 feet long, and both 4 feet high. At the 
 E. end there would seem to have been an entrance between two smaller stones ; 
 the one 2 feet 6 ins. long and 4 feet high ; the other i foot 6 ins. long, and not so 
 high. A few feet from the monument, on the N.W., lies a stone 7 feet long, and, 
 to the S.E., another 4 feet long. These, possibly, formed portions of an outer circle, 
 and large stones in the hedges adjoining may also have belonged to it. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile from this, on the side remote from Killibegs, is a little 
 stone-built fort, crowning the summit of a rocky eminence. It measures only 40 
 feet in internal diameter. 
 
 \V. C. B., Note-hook, 18S8. 
 
 22. In the Townland of Drumbarity, and Parish of Killy- 
 begs Upper, about a mile and a half N.W. of Killybegs, is a 
 dolmen, not marked in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 97. It is near a 
 small fort, and the name Altar Hill appears in the Map. An 
 adjoining Townland is called Largynagreana. The dolmen is 
 locally called "The Giant's Grave," and the fort "Castle 
 Carragh." 
 
 This monument consists of two compartments, separated by a partition stone. 
 One of the compartments is covered with a flagstone measuring 9 feet by 7 feet. 
 
 23 — 28. In the Townland of Farranmacbride, and Parish of 
 Glencolumbkille, on the N. side of the Sflen, and at the foot of 
 the mountain called Ballard, a group of si.x dolmens, not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. So. 
 
 This, says Mr. Moore, is the only group of dolmens in Glen-Columbkille — the 
 valley adjoining that of Glen-Malin. The monuments are all of the chamber kind, 
 according to Mr. Moore's definition, who divides these antiquities in this district 
 into " (i) cromlechs, by which he understands those more rugged dolmens which do 
 not form a closed chamber, and which are higher than the others ; (2) stone chambers, 
 by which he means the more regularly formed square or oblong cist dolmens ; 
 (3) solitary stones, i.e. menhirs. The chambers are made of huge slabs, one at each 
 side, one atop, one at each end." He measured one, and found it to be 12 feet 
 long, and 4 feet broad. " Most of the monuments project a little above the ground. 
 One is used to keep calves in, one for pigs, and one for lambs. A native of the 
 townland stated that his brother had dug up a skull and a piece of earthenware 
 near one of the cromlechs. The skull was buried in the churchyard, and its grave 
 is forgotten. The same man said that, digging to clear a cromlech for a malt-store, 
 they found that the side-slaljs rested on a basement slab. The ground is very 
 rugged about these monuments, and some are quite beneath ground." Mr. Moore 
 thought there were si.K in all.
 
 COUNTY OF LONDONDERRY. 
 
 In the Barony of Coleraine. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballywoolen, at West Bannmouth, in 
 the Parish of Dunboe, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Maps Nos. 2 or 3. It was called locally the "Giant's Grave." 
 
 Fig. 232. — Ballywoolen (Wtst UaunmouUi). from a sketch in the I'roc. R.H.A.A.l. 
 
 This may be taken as a fair illustration of a dolmen in its uncovered state. The 
 area enclosed by the end- and side-stones is somewhat circular. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A I. (1S79), p. 135, and sketch. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Balteagh, and Parish of Macosquin, not 
 marked in Ord. .Surv. Maps Nos. 6, 7, 10, or ri. 
 
 Sampson mentions the existence of a Cromlech here. 
 
 " Survey of the County of Londonderry," p. 406. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Cashel, and Parish of Macosquin, two 
 miles and a half S E. of Balteagh, is a dolmen marked Ancient 
 Cromlac in Ord. Surv. Map No. ii. A mile S.E. of it is The 
 Priest's Chair ; and between the two, Rorys Cam. 
 
 I think this must be the dolmen of which Mr. George Du Noyer gives two 
 sketches in his series of drawings in the Lib. R.I.A., under the name of Macosquin, 
 in which parish both this dolmen and that of Balteagh are. For sketch, see next page. 
 
 Ord. Surv. Ser., vol. iv. (Londonderry vol. ii.), p. lOO. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Tamnymore, and Parish of Errigal, 
 is a dolmen marked Druid's Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 18.
 
 2=; 2 
 
 TiiK Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Slaghtaverty, and Parish of Errigal, 
 is a dolmen called Slaghtavcrty, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 26. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Londonderry, ■ — , p. 183, el seqq. 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 233. — Cashel (Macosquin). From an origiiial dra-viitg by G. Du Noycr. 
 
 6, 7. In the Townland of Carranroe, and Parish of Aghadowey, 
 on the W. bank of the River Bann, is a dolmen marked Giant's 
 Bed m Ord. Surv. Map No. 19. 
 
 This is probably the " Cromlech in the Parish of Aghadowey " mentioned in the 
 Ord. Surv. MSS. (arranged in cases) in the Lib. R.LA., Box 29, i. 4. 
 
 In the same communication a " Giant's Grave" is described and planned. 
 
 In the North-East Liberties of Coleraine. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Crossreagh West, and Parish of Bally- 
 aghran, N.E. of Craig-an-ariff Fort, in Cannance, on the E. bank 
 of the River Bann, at its mouth, opposite Ballywoolen, is a dolmen 
 not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 3. 
 
 The existence of a cromlech here is mentioned in Ord. Surv. MSS. (in cases), 
 Box 30. 
 
 In the North-West Liberties of Londonderry. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballymagrorty, and Parish of Temple- 
 more, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 1 3 or 20. 
 The next Townland, between it and the shore of Rosses Bay, 
 in Lough Foyle, is called Cloughglass. 
 
 This is described as "a small cromleac, the table-stone of which is about 4 feet
 
 County of Londonderry. 
 
 253 
 
 by 3 feet" When seen in the year 1837, it was nearly concealed by earth thrown 
 
 over it. 
 
 "Ord. Siirv. of the County of Londonderry (Parish of Templemore)," edited by Col. Colby, 
 Dublin, 1837, p. 217. 
 
 In the Barony of Tirkeeran. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Edenreagh Beg, and Parish of Clonder- 
 mot, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 14. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Lettershendoney, and Parish of Cumber 
 Lower, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 14 or 22. 
 It lies about a mile and a quarter S.W. of Edenreagh Beg. 
 
 Sampson mentions a cromlech at this place. 
 
 " Survey of the County of Londonderry," p. 496. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Glasakeeran, or Glasacaoran, and Parish 
 
 ',/.'///. 
 
 
 FlG. 234. — Glasakeeran. /-'rom a sketch in the possession of Miss M. Stokes, 
 
 of Faughanvale, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 15. This name is also written Glas-a-Cooran and 
 Glaskernan. 
 
 I find a brief description of this curious monument in Miss Stokes's collection of 
 notes on, and sketches of mega- ^ 
 
 jJr ° " 
 
 of' 
 
 lithic remains. A plan and 
 sketch accompany the descrip- 
 tion. The monument, it is 
 stated, measured 24 feet in 
 length, and was divided into 
 three avenues, or aisles, which 
 really represent the central 
 structure, and the peristyle 
 environing it. There is a " dol- 
 men-like " structure at either 
 end, as well as a group of four upright stones. The plan shows a concentric circle 
 close to the monument. 
 
 Loc. cil. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Slaghtmanus, and Parish of Cumber 
 
 Fig. 235. — Glasakeeran. From n rough plan in the 
 possession of Miss M. Stokes.
 
 ^54 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Lower, is a dolmen called Slagh/niatms, is not marked in Ord. 
 
 Surv. Map No. 23. 
 
 Sampson gives an illustration of this dolmtin. The cap-stone rests on four 
 pillars, two at either end. 
 
 " Survey of the Counly of Londonderry," p. 496. 
 
 Fig. 236. — Slaghtmanus. Etched from a drawing in Sampson's Siin'ey. 
 
 In the Barony of Keenaght. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Carrick East, and Parish of Carrick, 
 
 
 
 "WjSi: '* 
 
 Fig. 237. — Carrick East, "The Cloehoyle," or "Cove Stones." Etched from an original sketch 
 
 in the possession of Afiss M. Stokes. 
 
 is a dolmen marked Cove Stones in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17. It 
 is called also the " Cloehoyle Stones." 
 
 A drawing of this monument, which clearly proves it to be an example of a 
 
 dolmen in its elongated form, dated April 1850, is in the collection formed by Miss 
 
 Stokes. It retained, at that time, two of its covering-stones, one at either end. 
 
 Loc.cit. ; Ord. Surv. MSS. (in cases), Lib. K.LA., liox 31 ; Ord. Surv. Sketches, vol. ix. (Co. 
 Londonderry, vol. ii.), p. 104.
 
 County of Londonderry. 255 
 
 2. In the Townland of Drumsurn Upper, and Parish of 
 Balteagh, at Donald's Hill, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 17. It is locally called the "Giant's Grave." 
 
 Ord. .Surv. M.SS. (in cases), Lib. R.I.A., Box 31. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Kilhoyle, and Parish of Balteagh, near 
 King's Fort, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 17. 
 It is locally called the " Giant's Grave. " 
 
 Ord. Surv. MSS. (in cases), Lib. R.LA., Ho\ 31. 
 
 In the Barony of Loughlinsholin. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Slaghtneill, and Parish of Killelagh, a 
 Stone is marked and figured in a leaning position in Ord. -Surv. 
 Map No. 32. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Cloone, and Parish of Ballynascreen, 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 35. It is locally 
 called the " Giant's Grave." 
 
 Ord. Surv. MSS. (in cases). Lib. R.L.V., Box 30. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Drumderg, and Parish of Ballynascreen. 
 The dolmen is not marked as such ; but at the .S. point of this 
 Townland, not far from the summit of Slieve Doan, a site is named 
 Crockino7'e. 
 
 Sampson says that at Ballynasreen, by which he means " near," or " in the 
 parish of," are to be found some cromlechs. The Townlands of Cloone, Drum- 
 derg, and Tullybrick, in each of which is a dolmen, are in this Parish. At 
 Drumderg, or Druimaderg, "is shown a Giant's Grave, which gives the Townland 
 its name." 
 
 "Survey of the County of Londonderry," by Sampson, p. 496; O..S.L., Co. Londonderry, 
 
 Er.2' p- '^- 
 
 4. In the Townland of Tullybrick, and Parish of Ballynascreen, 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 25. 
 
 A " Grave " at this place is mentioned in Ord. Surv. MSS. (in cases), Lib. R.I. A., 
 Box 30. 
 
 5. 6. In the Townland of Mobuy, and Parish of Lissan, is a 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 45 or 46. This 
 Townland lies midway between the mountain-peak of Slieve 
 Gallion (in the Townland of Letteran : .see Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 46) and Lough Fea, anciently called Lough-na-Gun. This 
 lake is two miles and a half W. of the peak of Slieve Gallion 
 (1730 feet), and is partly in Tyrone. On the side of the hill,
 
 256 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 between the lake and the mountain-top, a large stone is marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 45, and indicated by a sketch which might 
 be a dolmen. 
 
 Mr. Bell terms such cairns as contain dolmens, or chambers, or cists, leachts. 
 " I inspected," he says, " two of these leachts at Mobuy, one of a small size, which 
 is conical, the other elliptical and convex, and which measures nearly 100 yards in 
 circumference. 
 
 " Part of the larger we uncovered, and found in it a cromlech composed of seven 
 columns about 6 feet in height, supporting two ponderous blocks of granite, the 
 larger measuring 10 feet in length, 5 feet 3 ins. in breadth, and about 4 feet thick. 
 Some broken pieces of urn were found. The vessel had been well burnt, but 
 coarsely figured and ornamented. Charred wood was also found." In this Town- 
 land was a " beautiful round hill, called Knock-.\ine." 
 
 14 
 
 Neivry Magazine for the year 1S15, paper by Mr. Bell ; O.S.L., Co. Londonderry, , p. 227. 
 
 E. 12 
 
 7. On the N. side of the summit of Slieve Gallion, in the 
 Townland of Boveagh, is a cairn marked Slieve Gallion Cairn. 
 It is not marked " Carnonbane," nor is any site so marked on the 
 map, although that is the name of the place assigned to Callan's 
 Grave, which should be looked for between the mountain and the 
 lake. The cairn is almost on the boundary of the Townland of 
 Cullion, which adjoins that of Boveagh to the N. Boveagh is in 
 the Parish of Desartmartin. 
 
 This " Giant's Grave " on Carnonbane, that is, it would seem, on the northern 
 shoulder or side of Slieve Gallion, between the summit and the lake, is more than 
 once spoken of by O'Donovan, and the writers of the Ord. Surv. Letters, as a 
 peculiarly large one, and typical of its class. 
 
 Kvi old quatrain states that Callan, the son of the King of Tir-Suthain, was 
 buried on the N. side of the mountain, his head (pointing) down to Lougli-na-gun, 
 and his feet up towards the mountain. " This," says O'Donovan, " is the situation 
 of the Giant's Grave on Carnonbane, which is said to be where Callan Mor is 
 interred." 
 
 O.S.L., Co. Londonderry, —5 — , pp. 186, 225, 227. 
 
 Note. — Sampson mentions a cromlech " not far from Salter's Town " (" Surv. of 
 the County of Londonderry," p. 496). I am unable to identify the site. 
 
 8. On the glebe in the Parish of Tamlaght is a dolmen, of 
 which the editor of Lewis says that it was called " Cloughtogel," 
 and was composed of a stupendous table-stone of granite, weighing 
 twenty-two tons, raised 13 feet above the ground on si.x uprights. 
 That the height of the uprights is e.xaggerated may be judged 
 from the annexed sketcli taken at the time of the Ord. Survey. 
 It is added in Lewis that there were formerly "several other
 
 County of Londonderry. 
 
 257 
 
 cromlechs connected with this, extending in a line due E. and W., 
 the whole surrounded by a circle of upright stones." 
 
 Lewis, " Topog. Diet. Ireland, Par. of Tainlaght." 
 
 Fig. 238. — Glebe, Parish of Tamlaght, "The Cloghoyle." From the Ord. Siiri'ty Sketches. 
 
 Note. — Besides the names Slaghtneill, .Slaghtmanus, Slaghtaverty, and Slaght- 
 freeden (in Tyrone), at each of which places there is a monument of the dolmen 
 kind, there is in this Barony of Loughlinsholin, and in the Parish of Maghera, a 
 Townland called Slaghtbogy, in which a dolmen probably existed. 
 
 VOL I.
 
 258 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF ANTRIM. 
 
 I.\ THE BaKONV of CaRV. 
 
 I. In the Townlancl of Lemnaghbeg, and Parish of Ballintoy, 
 is a dohnen marked Druid's Stone in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 4. 
 It lies Haifa mile W. of the Clegnagh dolmen. 
 
 Mr. William Gray states that the local name of this dolmen is Clo^hitaboghil, 
 
 
 
 Fig. 239. — Lemnaghbeg. Etched from sketch by Mr. Cray. 
 
 which he translates " Stone of the bog." He considers it " the smallest cromlech 
 
 in the north-east of Ireland." It consists of a rough covering-stone supported b) 
 
 three others. Its position commands a very extended view seaward, including a 
 
 considerable portion of the west coast and islands of Scotland. 
 
 Gray, " Belfast Naturalists' Field-Club's Guide to Belfast," p. 200 ; Jouru. R.I I..\..-\.L, 4th Ser., 
 vol. vi. (1883-84), p. 360, and pi. ii. tig. 6. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Clegnagh, and Parish of Ballintoy, 
 
 
 Fig. 240.— Clegnagh. Etched from sketch by Mr. Gray.
 
 County of Antrim. 
 
 259 
 
 between Magheraboy and Lemnaghbeg, is a dolmen not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. It is near a quarry on the hillside, 
 S. of the road from Ballintoy to the Causeway. 
 
 "A small but very perfect cromlech." The covering-stone is a rugged block 
 resting on equally rough supports. Mr. Gray found worked flints, flint flakes, and 
 numerous chips of flint very near this monument. "Stone celts have also been 
 found in the immediate neighbourhood." 
 
 Gray, "Guide to Belfast," p. 200 ; Journ. R.II.A.A.I., 4th Ser., vol. vi. (1883-84), p. 360, and 
 pi. ii. fig. 5. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Magheraboy, and Parish of Ballintoy, 
 is a dolmen marked "Druid's Stone" in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 
 
 vt 
 
 Fig. 241. — Magheraboy (Ballintoy). Etched from sketch by JMr. Gray. 
 
 It occupies a commanding site behind the rectory, and is locally 
 known as the " Druid's Altar." 
 
 This dolmen consists of an incumbent stone measuring 6 feet 6 ins. long by 
 5 feet 6 ins. broad, and in some places 3 feet thick, covering a very perfect cist 
 formed by five stones, no one of which is over 3 feet above ground. 
 
 It was surrounded by two circles of stones, one inside the other, the diameter 
 of the outer circle being about 35 feet, the stones composing it being about 2 feet 
 high. When I visited this dolmen in 1888, nineteen of the stones of the ring were 
 still in place, but the smaller ones, and those of the cairn which they had enclosed, 
 and which, doubtless, had covered the dolmen, had been employed to build an 
 adjacent wall. 
 
 When Dubourdieu compiled his "Survey," in iSii, many of the stones had 
 already been taken away, but in 1837, according to a writer in the Dublin Penny 
 Journal, as many as thirty-three remained. They were from i to 2 feet thick. 
 
 This dolmen resembles closely those at Lemnaghbeg and Clegnagh. They 
 belong to the same class as the encircled dolmens at Carrowmore in Sligo, and all 
 three occupy positions commanding a wide prospect to seaward, placed as they are 
 in elevated positions upon the hilltops which skirt the shores of Whitepark Bay. 
 
 Dubourdieu mentions that stone hatchets and flint arrow-heads are found in 
 great numbers near Ballintoy, " some very rude, others as skilfully cut and neatly 
 shaped as metal. In a lime-quarry in the same parish, six graves," he states.
 
 26o The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 " were found. They were composed of stones rudely set Two urns were dis- 
 covered in ihem, 2 feet underground. One of them was 12 inches high, and 
 115 inches in diameter. The other was 3 inches high, and 4 inches in diameter. 
 They were of rude workmanship, seemingly of dried clay not baked. Four other 
 urns were found near, all mouth downwards and covering burnt bones." 
 
 Dubourdieu, "Survey of the County of Antrim" (181 1), with engra\'ing ; Dublin Penny 
 Journal (1837), vol. ii. p. 381 ; "Guide to Belfast," p. 200; Journ. R.H.A.A.L (1S83-84), 4lh 
 Set. vol. vi. pp. 359, 360, and pi. ii., (15.4; MS. "Ifotes on Dolmens," by Miss .\1. Stokes; 
 W. C. B. Note-book, iSSS. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Cross, and Parish of Culfeightrin, at 
 Benmore, als. Fair Head, N.E. of Ballycastle, is a dolmen not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. 
 
 The remains of this small dolmen occur on the rocky plateau of the headland. 
 Until recent years the chamber was the favourite retreat of badgers, and the 
 monument was complete until overturned by sportsmen in search of those animals. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A..\.L (1SS3-84), 4th Ser., vol. vi., pp. 359, 360. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Moyarget, and Parish of Ramoan, is 
 a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 8, locally known 
 as " The Grey Stone." 
 
 " This monument stood near the southern, or rather eastern, bank of the Inver, 
 or Inver Water, now a small stream separating the parish of Ramoan from that of 
 Ballintoy. There were originally six supporting-stones, about 5 feet long, and the 
 length of the cap-stone was about i S feet." 
 
 In 1840 the Rev. George Hill explored this dolmen. He states that "a large 
 urn of burnt clay was found about 2 feet below the surface, placed moutii downwards 
 on a rude pavement, and containing a dark paste, evidently ashes made damp." 
 
 The name Moyarget = Magh Arghaid, i.e. Plain of .\rget, which in old Gaulish 
 would read A7gentomagos : Comp. Aigentorattim. 
 
 Gray, Journ. R.H.A.A.T. (1SS3-S4). 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 363. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 242. — B.illyvenn.i;;ht, " Tlie Clochanunker." Etched from sketch by Mr. Gray. 
 
 6, 7. In the Townland of Ballyvennaght, and Parish of
 
 County of Antrim. 
 
 261 
 
 Culfeightrin, on the N. side of the road from Cushendall to 
 Ballycastle, about a quarter of a mile from the central of the three 
 County bridges, in the direction of East Torr, are two dolmens 
 lying 80 yards apart in a direction N. and S., not marked in 
 Ord. Surv. Map No. 10. One of them is called Cloghanunker. 
 The other is at the head of the valley of the Cary River. 
 
 The chamber of the southernmost of these two dolmens measures 5 feet long by 
 3 feet 6 ins. wide. It is formed of four upright stones. The stone which covers it 
 measures 9 feet long, and 7 feet 6 ins. wide. All the stones composing it are of 
 the Cambrian rock of the district. Near the dolmen is a menhir standing on a 
 iiillock. 
 
 The covering-stone of the northernmost dolmen measures 13 feet 4 ins. long by 
 II feet 6 ins. broad, and is about 3 feet thick. The supporting-stones have given 
 way under it. It stands in swampy moorland. 
 
 " Guide to Belf.ist," p. 200 ; Jonrn. R.H. A.A.I. (18S3-S4), 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 360. 
 
 Fig. 243.— Ballyvennaght. Etched from skcUh by Mr. Gray. 
 
 8. In the Townland of East Torr. and Parish of Culfeightrin, 
 
 
 Fk;. 244.— East Torr. Etched from sketch by Mr. Gray. 
 
 crowning the hill of Carnanmore, is a monument marked Canilea 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. lo.
 
 262 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 This is a chambered cairn, the chamber being roofed in with large flags, and 
 covered over with a heap of small stones. 
 
 Joiirn. R.II.A.A.T. (1SS3-S4), 4lh Ser., vol. vi. p. 35S, and pi. i., No. I. 
 
 In the Barony of Glexarm Lower. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Layd, and Parish of Layd, not marked 
 
 in Ord. .Surv. Map Xo. 15. 
 
 A dolmen at this place is mentioned in MS. "Notes on Dolmens," in the 
 possession of Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 2, 3. In the Townland of Cloghs, and Parish of Layd, was a 
 dolmen marked Cromlcack in Ord. Surv. Map No. 19. 
 
 "There was once," says Mr. Gray, '-a very large cromlech at this place. Many 
 of the stones that composed the chamber may still be traced in the fences near the 
 site ; but the great caivstonc and others were removed some years ago by an 
 enterprising workman, who had them blown up by gunpowder to supply material 
 for building the adjoining house, 'An' by the same token,' said our inlorraant, 'no 
 good iver come iv him.'" Within about a quarter of a mile from this, and further 
 up the slope of the hill, is a second monument of the same class. The chamber of 
 this dolmen measured 4 feet long and 3 feet 4 ins. wide. It was formed of six 
 blocks of stone. When Mr. Gray saw it the cap-stone had been overturned, but it 
 was otherwise in fair preservation. 
 
 Gray, Journ. R.H..\..\.r. (1SS3-S4), vol. vi. ,4th Ser., pp. 362, 363, and 360 ; "Guide to Belfast," 
 p. 201. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Liibitavish. and Parish of Layd, is 
 
 %; 
 
 Fig. 245.— Lubilavish. Elclud/rom sketch by Mr. Gray. 
 
 a dolmen cairn to the N.E. of the site of the Cloghs dolmens, 
 which lay between it and Trostan. An adjoining Townland is 
 called Clochglass. It is a mile W. of Cushendall, and is locally 
 called " Ossian's Grave." 
 
 Mr. Gray says, " A rude stone circle and avenue occurs on the mountain slope. 
 The site commands an extensive prospect." The stones composing this monument 
 were about thirty-four in number. They formed two chambers about 5 feet long 
 each, and a well-defined semicircle iS feet in diameter.
 
 County of Antrim. 
 
 263 
 
 All that is now to be seen of this monument is a portion of the semicircle 
 here alluded to, and a few stones of the dismantled chamber. The structure, 
 when perfect, was doubtless a dolmen cairn. Under one of the stones, when it 
 was raised, there was found, so the farmer informed me, " a piece of yellow metal 
 in the shape of an axe." 
 
 On the brow of the same hill, about half a mile to the W., are the remams of 
 another dolmen cairn. 
 
 Between this so-called " Ossian's Grave," and MacCloy's Farm, on the slope 
 of the hill, is a huge rock naturally embedded in the soil. Arrow-heads of flint, 
 beautifully chipped, and of various forms, are frequently found in ploughing this 
 liill. These are sold to bagmen whose price for one in 18S8 was twopence, although 
 some now fetch as much as five shillings. The tenant told me that he had himself 
 found a black smooth stone like a hatchet — doubtless a polished celt of the type 
 common in these parts. 
 
 Gray, Joiirn. R. II. A. A. I. (1SS3-S4), vol. vi., 4tli Ser., j). 360 ; "Guide to Belfast," p. 20S ; 
 W. C. 13., Note-book, 188S. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Doonan, and Parish of Tickmacrevan, 
 is a dohnen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 29. 
 
 B!!a!iemMm!:s!mm!mmmiUi^- 
 
 Fu;. 246. — Doonan, showing Jolmen and Doonan Fort. Etclicd from sketch by Mr. Gray, 
 
 This monument is without covering-stones. It consists of slabs lining the 
 sides of a trench sunk in the ground. It measures 24 feet long by 7 feet broad in 
 the centre, but narrows to a breadth of 3 feet at one end, where there would 
 seem to have been a narrow passage forming the entrance. 
 
 About 60 paces from it, and occupying a commanding situation in the valley 
 just over a waterfall, is a steep mound of earth and stone, seemingly in part 
 natural, and from which the place derived the name of Doonan Fort, the latter 
 word, " Fort," having reference perhaps to the Fcarl, or Grave, near it. Near the 
 dolmen was a series of rudely circular chambers. 
 
 "Guide to Belfast," p. 20S ; W. C. B., Note-book, iSSS. 
 
 6. In the Parish of Tickmacrevan, on the E. slope of Bally- 
 "ilbert Hill, above the old road from Larne to Glenarm, 8 miles 
 N. of Larne, and 3I miles S. of Glenarm, is a dolmen not marked 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 29. This dolmen is called Cloiighogan. 
 
 This dolmen forms part of a boundary hedge near a farm cottage, and did
 
 264 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 service for years as a pig-sty and poultry-house. The interstices between the 
 uprights have been carefully filled in with small stones. I am uncertain as to 
 name of the Townland on which it stands. 
 
 Gray, Journ. R.II.A.A.L (1883-84), vol. vi., 4th Ser., p. 362. 
 
 c^W 
 
 Fig. 247. — '• The Cloughogan," Ballygilbert Hill. Etched from sketch by Mr. Gray. 
 
 In the Baronv of Kilconway. 
 
 I, 2. In the Townland of Craigs, and Parish of Finvoy, is a 
 dolmen called " The Broadstone," and marked Crovdeac in Ord. 
 
 .i.**- 
 
 
 -.3;^ 
 
 •.•<r^ 
 
 Fig. 248. — Craigs (1) " The Broadstone." Etched from a drawing by Mr. Gray. 
 
 Surv. Map No. 22, about 3 miles W. of the River Bann. The 
 second dolmen is half a mile W. of this one, in a cultivated field 
 close to the public road, and one mile E. of the Presbyterian 
 church of P'invoy. 
 
 (i) This dolmen is one of those in which the roofing-stone has been poised on 
 comparatively slim supports. In its present state, however, it is a restoration. The 
 covering-stone measures 10 feet long by 8 feet 6 ins. wide, and i foot 6 ins. thick. 
 In Miss Stokes's MS. " Notes," mention is made of five pillar-stones, each 5 feet
 
 County of Antrim. 
 
 265 
 
 high, with three other pillar-stones to the N., and the remains of a stone circle to 
 the \V. and S.E., measuring 43 feet in diameter. In Lewis's "Topog. Dictionary," 
 the monument is described as composed of hard black stone. It is added that 
 between the upright stones was an entrance to a chamber underneath, which 
 communicated with two other chambers, the whole being within a circle, 45 feet 
 in diameter. 
 
 After this dolmen had been thrown down, during the cclebratiori of games 
 there, it was re-erected on its present three supporters. " .Adjoining the cromlech 
 proper," says Mr. Gray, " there are the remains of three or four circular chambers, 
 and the group of stones composing the cromlech and chambers is again surrounded 
 by two concentric stone circles, the outer circle being about 100 feet in diameter, 
 
 ~--^^r^ 
 
 
 Fig. 249. — Craigs (2). Elclicd from a dratuiiig hy Mr. Gray. 
 
 and the inner 50 feet. Very little," he adds, " now remains to mark the outline 
 of the circle." He thinks that "the sepulchral character of the monument is 
 proved by the finding of cinerary urns in the round chambers." 
 
 (2) The second Craigs, or Finvoy dolmen, is in a good state of preservation. 
 Eight long upright stones standing close together form the chamber. The 
 covering-stone rests on seven of these uprights. It measures 8 feet by 5 feet 
 6 ins. Two other stones lie prostrate. The form of the chamber is a well-marked 
 oval, the major axis of which runs E.N.E., and W.S.W. This dolmen was 
 " formerly almost covered with earth, the cap-stone alone being exposed." During 
 the removal of the earth from around it, the chamber was explored, and a cinerary 
 urn discovered within. 
 
 Dublin Penny Journal, vol. ii. p. 301; "Guitle to Belfast," p. loi ; MS. "Notes "in the 
 possession of Miss M. .Stokes; Lewis's "Topog. Diet, of Ireland," Par. Finvoy; Journ. 
 K.H.A.A.I. (1883-84), vol. vi., 4th Ser., pp. 361-362. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Dunloy, and Parish of Finvoy, near 
 a Fort, is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 22. It lies about 2 miles N.E. of that at Craigs. 
 
 In the Barony of Antrim Lower. 
 
 I. 2, 3. In the Townland of Ticloy, and Parish of Skerry, 
 are two dolmens not marked in the Ord. Surv. Map No. 29.
 
 266 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 The following account of these two dolmens is taken from the " Ord. Surv. 
 Memoirs," in the Royal Irish Academy. It is under the head of the " Parish of 
 Skerry," and is by F. Stokes : " In the Townland of Ticloy, and near the foot of 
 a range of hills, there is a remarkable monument called tlie Stone House {i.e. Ticloy 
 
 Fig. 250. — Ticloy. Etched Jrom a photograph. 
 
 Englished). It is formed of great blocks of the rock common in that part of the 
 country, so arranged as to form a cell, the whole being covered with canopy stones 
 as a roof. It stands at the eastern end of a long, rectangular platform, which is 
 raised about 2 feet above the level of the surrounding field. There is throughout 
 a bed of stones varying in size from a common paving-stone to blocks as large as 
 those with which the monument is built. 
 
 " On the western side there is a second Stone House. It is lower than the first, 
 the stones being at an average but 2 feet above the ground, and it also wants a 
 roof. Attached to it there is another platform of stones, having the same average 
 altitude above the level of the field. 
 
 '• In one of the stone dykes of the same field there is a large block of stone, 
 originally found lying near the second monument. Its dimensions are: length, 
 6 feet ; breadth, 3 feet ; and thickness from i foot to i foot 6 ins. Its form is 
 regular. It evidently had been once the covering-stone for it, or a stone intended 
 to have been such. The tenant relates that before it was removed to the dyke, 
 it had stood time out of mind close to the eastern side of the " House." It 
 rested on its edge, and was propped up by small stones, so as to form an angle 
 of 45° with the horizon." 
 
 The chamber of the larger dolmen measures about 4 feet square, and 5 feet 
 high. The entrance is about 6 feet high, and from 18 to 20 inches wide. The 
 entrance presents the feature so common in these dolmens of two jambs support- 
 ing one end of the roof, and giving the structure a porch-like appearance. The 
 main covering-stone not being of sufficient dimensions to close in the cist at the 
 top, a second and sujiplementary one has been atlded. I was informed that a 
 former tenant of the farm had dug into the cist, when bones of a large size, thought 
 to be those of an animal, were found. When I visited it the roof was covered with 
 stones, thrown there, so I was informed, not by mere accident, but in accordance 
 with some dimly remembered superstition. 
 
 On the heath above these dolmens is a slone circle enclosing a chamber
 
 County of Antrim. 
 
 267 
 
 measuring 6 feet by 5 feet, and having an avenue, or passage, at one end, measuring 
 6 feet by 2 feet. 
 
 " Ord. Suiv. Memoirs," R.I.A., I'arish of Skerry ; Journ. R.H.A.A.I. (1S83-84), vol. vi., 
 4th Ser., p. 178, and photograph, and pp.361, 363; "Guide to Belfast," pp. 201, 202, 208 '; 
 W. C. B., Note-book, 1888. 
 
 4. In tliL- Parish of Connor, there is a dolmen not marked in 
 
 Fig. 251. — Connor, in the Parish of. /■rom Ord. Snrv. Sketches in K.l.A. 
 
 the Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. n, ^ 
 Parish. 
 
 S, 43, 44, which include the 
 
 There is a sketch of a dohnen stated to be in this Parish, but no Townland 
 name appended, in the "Ord. Surv. Sketches" in the Royal Irish Academy. It 
 appears from this to consist of only three stones, namely, two side flags on edge, 
 and one long incumbent block overlapping at one end. The sketch shows it to be 
 e.xceedingly like the dolmen at Loughmoney, in the Parish of Saul, and County 
 of Down. 
 
 Loc. cil. 
 
 In the Barony of Glenak.m Upper. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Headwood, and Parish of Kilwaughter, 
 at Carndoo, is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 40. 
 It is situated "on the face of Ballybooley Hill, a quarter of a 
 mile W. of the brow ;" "seven miles S.W. of Larne, near where 
 the new road from Larne to Ballymena passes over Shane's Hill ;" 
 " in a small glen near the E. boundary of the Townland of Bally- 
 booley; " " a mile N.E. of the site of the ' Hunting Carn.' " The 
 fertile valley of Six Mile Water, or River of Rushes, lies below 
 the hill on which this monument is. 
 
 This monument is described as " an irregular circle of high stones inclosing a 
 space occupied by six large upright stones disposed in pairs, and supporting two 
 blocks above 5 feet long, and from 2 to 3 feet square, laid horizontally upon them."
 
 »68 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Mr. Kinahan gives a plan of the dolmen, not including any remains there might 
 have been of the surrounding circle. He states that in 1874 there only remained 
 the kish'aen and a few large stones, some lying, others standing. " The kistvaen," he 
 adds, " was rudely built, and seemed to consist of eight stones, six standing, with 
 two horizontal ones that rested on four of the others, the two standing-stones at the 
 S. end forming a sort of doorway, but the N. end of the kistvaen was also open. A 
 little to the N.E. of the kistraen was a square standing-stone, while to the E. of it 
 was a large horizontal stone, said to cover bones." In a field immediately W. of the 
 cam, a stone was dug up, having markings on it, described as a network of irregular 
 rectilinear scorings. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of this cam, with its circle and dolmen, are other earns, 
 e.g. Carnha, i.e. the Grey Cam ; Cam Afaccail, or the U7iile Cam, in which a 
 closed cist and urn were found ; the JIuntiiig Cam, and Caminard. 
 
 M.S. " Notes on Dolmens," by Miss M. Slokes ; "Guide to Belfast," p. 206 ; Journ. R.H..\.A. L 
 (1S74), 4lh Ser., vol. iii. p. 377. 
 
 In the Barony of Belfast Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Ballygowan (?), and Parish of Raloo, 
 
 ■'■"^. ->fK,'"---^ '^^^■-'^ -.^•'^'■-^ 7:<iihf^^-'^'- 
 
 FiG. 252. — Ballygowan, "Ceannorth's Wa's." From an original sketch in the collection oj 
 
 Miss .1/. Stokes. 
 
 is a dolmen called Cemiortli s Was, not marked in Ord. Stirv. 
 Maps Nos. 40 or 46. 
 
 A rough drawing of this monument is contained in the Dublin Penny Journal. 
 In the description which accompanies it, sixteen pillar-stones are mentioned as 
 standing, and it is added that there were probably thirty. Those that were 
 standing measured 4 feet 6 ins. above ground. A roofing-stone is also noticed, 
 measuring 6 feet long, and 4 feet 6 ins. wide. To the N. were two rows of stones, 
 16 inches asunder. 
 
 In 1S29 some stones on the E. side were removed, when "white ashes were 
 found, and decayed bone, which fell into dust when exposed to the air." When, 
 also, a trench in the neighbourhood was opened, " stone hatchets and flint arrow- 
 heads were found." 
 
 Dublin Penny 'Journal, vol. ii. p. loi. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Craigarogan, and Parish of Temple- 
 patrick, is a dolmen marked Granny s Grave in Ord. Surv. Map
 
 County of Antrim. 269 
 
 No. 51. This Parish includes the ancient Parish of Carn- 
 Graney, and the land on which the dolmen stands is sometimes 
 called Ballycarngrainey. 
 
 Dabourdieu speaks of this "cromlech" as most remarkable, having twelve 
 stones ranged from S.E. to N.W., tlie western one nearly 7 feet high. That to 
 the E. was nearly level with the ground. "It is further to be observed," he says, 
 
 
 Fig. 25J. — Craigarogan (Ballycairngiainey). Fiom an original drawing in titc possession of 
 
 Miss M. Slokes. 
 
 " that the upper, or flat, stones composing this Cairn, or Heap of the Sun, are 
 each supported by three upright stones in the same manner that the single 
 cromlechs are." 
 
 In the " Guide to Belfast " it is thus described, under the name of Roughfort, a 
 j-ath, or tumulus, giving name to a hamlet in the Townland, to the \V. of which is 
 the old churchyard and ruined church of Carngraney : " It was formed of thirty- 
 seven stones, forming a chamber about 40 feet long, covered by nine of the largest 
 blocks. One block at the end of the chamber is perched on the chamber-stones 
 beneath it ; and being very large (6 feet long, 5 feet 6 ins. broad, and 3 feet 6 ins. 
 thick), it would be considered a very good cromlech if the other portion of the 
 monument was removed." 
 
 The covering-stone weighs about eight tons. 
 
 Dr. Reeves speaks thus of it : " It consists of ten large slabs raised on side 
 supporters, like a series of cromlechs, forming steps, commencing with the lowest at 
 the N.E., and ascending gradually for the length of 40 feet towards the S.W. The 
 largest stone is raised about 7 or 8 feet. It measures 6 feet 9 ins. long, 5 feet 
 broad, and 2 feet thick. The smallest, which is on the ground, measures 5 feet 
 long, and 3 feet 3 ins. broad. The proprietor stated that formerly it was 
 encompassed by a circle of upright stones." Its similarity to such monuments as 
 that at Blacklion in Cavan is unmistakable. 
 
 Miss Stokes's collection of drawings of dolmens includes a pencil sketch of this 
 monument, and there is also an illustration of it in Mr. Gray's Paper on the 
 Dolmens of Down and Antrim. 
 
 "Stat. Survey of the County of Antrim," by the Rev. J. Dubourdieu, p. 581 ; " Eccles. 
 Antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore," by the Rev. \V. Reeves, p. 66 n. ; " Guide to 
 Belfast," p. 206; Journ. R.H.A..\.I. (1S83-S4), 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 359, and pi. i., No. 3; 
 Collection of drawings in the possession of Miss Stokes. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Ballylumford, als. Ballyumpage, in the 
 Island and Parish of Island Ma^ee, is a dolmen marked Druid's 
 
 Altar \n Ord. Surv. Map No. 41.
 
 270 
 
 The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 The cap-stone, which is about 6 feet lon^', covers a chamber formed of three 
 blocks of stone, standing on end, on which it rests. 
 
 In 1832 this monument was described as surrounded by six stones. Three 
 supporting-slabs remain, bearing up the covering-stone, which measures 6 feet 
 long and 6 feet broad at one end. There is a flat stone on the floor of the 
 cist, and formerly there were six upright stones outside the monument to the N., 
 and two to the S., measuring 3 feet in height. This dolmen is one of those which, 
 
 I'lG. 234. — Uallylimirunl, Island ilaycc. 
 
 viewed from the open side, present the appearance of gateways or porticos. It was 
 clearly in early times a monument of more imposing appearance than it is now, 
 being surrounded by other stones, possibly a complete circle. " Early in the 
 present century a number of gold ornaments were found in the immediate vicinity 
 of the cromlech, and worked flints may still be found," adds Mr. Gray, "on the 
 surface of the sloping ground towards the lough." The gold ornaments, found in 
 1824, included a gold spiral ornament, portions of a gold torque, and golden 
 " baughs." They were found in a field near the dolmen. 
 
 "Guide to Belfast," p. 202 ; Juirn. K. II. A. A. I. (1S83-S4), 4lh Ser., vol. vi. p. 362 ; Dublin 
 Penny Journal, vol. i. (1S32), p. 209; W. C. 1!., Note-book, 1S92. 
 
 In the Barony of Antrim Ui'I'er. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Drumag:or2[aii, and Parish of Done- 
 gore, within about three miles of Antrim, to the N.E. of that 
 town, and one mile N.W. of Donegore Church, is a dolmen 
 called " The Giant's Grave," not marked in Ord. Sur\^ Map 
 No. 50. 
 
 This monument consisted, until its ovcrtluow, of a covering-stone about 6 feet 
 square, resting on some smaller stones sunk in the ground. Its fall was brought 
 about early in this century by an antiquarian who, wishing to test the truth of a
 
 County of Antrim. 271 
 
 tradition that a chieftain had been buried there, dug below it, and discovered 
 remains which convinced him that a burial had taken place. 
 
 "Guide to Belfast," p. 202 ; Journ. R.II.A.A.I. (1SS3-S4), 4th Sen, vol. vi. p. 363. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Moyadam, and Parish of Grange-of- 
 Nilteen, is a dolmen marked 
 Druid's Altar in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 51. 
 
 In the " Ord. Surv. Sketches," 
 in the R.I. A., is the plan of a 
 dolmen-circle at this place. The 
 dolmen itself, in the centre, is 5 feet 
 high. The encircling stones, num- 
 bering twenty, range from i foot to 
 6 feet 4 ins. in height. 
 Loc. ii/., p. 15. 
 
 In the Barony of Mas- 
 
 SAREENE UpPKR. „ ^, , „ ,, ^ / c c , / 
 
 Fig. 255. — Moyauani. From the Ord. Surv. iiice/ciies 
 
 I. In the Xovvnland of in K.I.A. (The figures on the stones indicate their 
 
 „ , , . J r) • I f respective heights.) 
 
 Carnlougnerin, and rarisn oi 
 
 Magheramesk, to the N. of the River Lagan, about 6 miles E. 
 of the S. extremity of Lough Neagh, not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 67. 
 
 A notice of this dolmen, destroyed before the year 1835, will be found in the 
 Dublin Fenny Journal of that date. It is described as " one of those stones 
 supi)osed to be a Druid's Altar, which had fallen from its supporters. The 
 proprietor of the field in which it lay, considering it an incumbrance, resolved 
 to remove it. . . . When undermining, close to the side of the stone, for the 
 purjjose of burying it — the usual mode of clearing land of these unwieldy 
 impediments to the plough — at the depth of nearly 5 feet, the two workmen 
 engaged on the job turned up three beautiful crescents of fine gold. They were 
 rolled together like so many pieces of paper; yet such was their flexibility that 
 the unrolling did not in any way injure them." They are described as " finely 
 curved, and of great breadth in the centre, diminishing gradually towards the 
 extremities, near which they suddenly turned off, terminating with a circular 
 piece, the size of a shilling. On one side only the edges [? flat surface] were 
 ornamented with a border of rather incorrect zigzag lines. One of them weighed 
 4A ounces." 
 
 The names of the parties who found these are given, and the communication 
 is signed : " John Royan, junior," and dated from the " Constabulary, Hilltown, 
 Nov. 1 2th, 1835." 
 
 Dublin Penny Journal, 1835-36, p. 295. 
 
 In the Barony of Dunluce Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Revallagh, and Parish of Ballyrashane, 
 is a dolmen marked Druid's Altar in Ord. Surv. Map No. 6.
 
 - 1 - 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 This must be the one noticed In the " Guide to Belfast," as lying 
 between Ballyhome, which is the adjoining Townland to the 
 N.W., and Beardiville, the adjoining Townland to the S.W. It 
 is locally called " Gig-ma-Gog's Grave." 
 
 One of the covering-stones is 8 feet long, 3 feet 6 ins. wide, and 2 feet 6 ins. 
 thick ; another 5 feet 6 ins. long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet thick. 
 "Guide 10 Belfast," pp. 205, 206.
 
 ■/6 
 
 COUNTY OF DOWN. 
 
 In the Barony of Castlereagii Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Greengraves, and Parish of New- 
 townards, a mile and a half E. of Dundonald, and S. of the road 
 from Belfast to Newtownards, is a dolmen marked Camp Stone, 
 
 Fig. 256. — GrcL-ngraves, "The Kempe Stone." Elched from a photograph . 
 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 5, but called locally " Kempe Stone." It 
 is in a locality formerly called Ballyclochtogall. 
 
 In point of construction this dolmen is somewhat similar to that at Bally- 
 nageeragh and others in the County of Waterford. The roofing-stone slopes 
 downward from the summits of two pillars until it rests, not on an upright, but 
 on a flat stone, which, protruding from beneath it e.xternally, forms a sort of 
 step, by standing upon which, a person can readily ascend the sloping upper surface 
 of the covering-stone. 
 
 The pillar-stones upon which it rests at the higher end measure 5 feet high. 
 The vault beneath, each of the sides of which consists of a single flagstone on edge, 
 lies E. and W. The porch-like appearance which the jamb-like pillars supporting 
 the roof produce, is very marked in the case of this monument. 
 
 "The group of stones composing the monument," writes Mr. Gray, "occupy a 
 
 VOL, I. T
 
 2 74 T"'^ Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 space of 12 feet by 8 feet, and stand lo feet high to the E., and 6 feet to the W. 
 The chamber measures 5 feet long, 5 feet wide at the E. end, and 3 feet wide at the 
 W. This chamber is formed of six blocks of stone. The eastern blocks are 
 upright, and the side blocks are on edge, 8 and 7 feet long respectively, the ca]> 
 stone measuring 8 feet 6 ins. long, 7 feet wide, and, on an average, 3 feet 6 ins. 
 thick. The block must weigh about 17 tons. It is thinnest at the W. end." 
 
 "Apart from the monument itself there are scattered all round the vicinity 
 large blocks of stone. Many of them have been built into, and now form part 
 of the boundary hedge. Their distribution and character indicate that they are 
 the remains of some dismantled megalithic monument of very considerable 
 importance." 
 
 The interior of the cist was excavated and explored about the year 1830, by 
 men employed by Mr. Cleland, agent of the Marquis of Londonderry, when 
 human bones were found. 
 
 Dublin Pinny Journal, vol. ii. p. 293; "Guide to Belfast," p. 202; Journ. R.H.A.A.I. 
 (1883-84), vol. vi. p. 364; W. C. B., Note-book, 1892. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Scrabo, on the mountain of the same 
 name, in the Parish of Newtownards, on the N.E. shore of the 
 northern reach of .Strangford Lough, is a dolmen in a cairn, not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map Xo. 5. The cairn has been known 
 from time immemorial as the " Giant's Grave." 
 
 This monument is a cairn enclosing an incomplete or dismantled dolmen. Mr. 
 Robert MacAdam has given the following account of its exploration : " The base 
 of the mountain was probably once washed by the sea, though now it is nearly half 
 a mile distant from high-water mark. The outer face of the mountain presents a 
 nearly perpendicular precipice towards the top, while the lower part slopes rapidly 
 to the base. On the upper part of this slope, the cairn, which is described as 
 having been ' of vast size,' was placed. It was formed chiefly of small stones, 
 and occupied nearly a rood of ground, measuring each way about thirty yards "... 
 On the farmer's commencing to remove it, after he had carried away immense 
 quantities of small stones collected originally from the lower ground, he " came 
 upon a number of great blocks of stone placed so as to enclose a space of regular 
 form — namely, an elongated square, 5 feet long and about 3 feet wide. Four of 
 the blocks were of especially large size, being sunk 3 feet in the ground, and 
 projecting upwards of 5 feet above it. Three of these formed the one end of the 
 parallelogram at the more elevated side of the cairn, while the fourth was placed at 
 the other extremity, the remaining portions of the enclosure being comi)leted by a 
 number of stones of less dimensions, but still of considerable size. The roof of 
 the enclosed space consisted merely of large stones, thrown on without any 
 apparent regularity. 
 
 " In the centre of this area was a quantity of charred bones, collected in a pile, 
 among which the farmer detected a thigh-bone and a collar-bone. A pelvis was 
 also recognized, and it was thought that the bones were of unusually large size. 
 Surrounding the bones, but not mixed with them, was a quantity of wood charcoal 
 mixed with earth. In the midst of this was found the lower portion of an earthen 
 vessel, of reddish burnt clay, about the size and shape of a large saucer, with 
 rounded bottom. The upper edges being broken showed that it had been deeper 
 when whole. Its exterior was ornamented with something like flowers," says Mr.
 
 County of Down. 
 
 275 
 
 MacAdam, " in relief. The floor beneath was rudely paved. Immediately outside 
 the enclosure was found a small clay smoking-pipe ! The stones which covered the 
 space enclosed were not so large but that they could be lifted by a number of 
 men, without mechanical appliances ; but lying on the ground immediately below 
 the lower end of the area was an enormous slab of from 20 to 30 tons weight. 
 
 " In superficial size, it was amply sufficient to cover in the enclosure, and 
 possibly it was intended for this purpose. Whether it was beyond the power of 
 the constructors to place it in its proper position, or whether it had once formed 
 the covering, and been afterwards removed, and had slid downwards when some 
 sacrilegious hands ransacked the ancient grave, must be a matter of conjecture. 
 
 " At the lower end of this great slab furthest from the enclosure, and lying level 
 with its under edge, was discovered a quantity of thin silver coins, all lying together 
 on the ground, and carefully covered up witli a number of stones. 
 
 " All these objects, the sepulchral chamber and its contents, the large slab, the 
 silver coins, and the pipe, were completely enclosed within the body of the cairn 
 which extended considerably beyond and above them." 
 
 The coins, of which Mr. Macadam gives illustrations of nine examples, were 
 submitted to ^Ix. Carruthers, who pronounced them to be Danish, or Hiberno- 
 Danish ; and, with two doubtful exceptions, they belonged to the ninth century. 
 From their position in the tumulus, it is clear that they were hidden there at a 
 date long subsequent to the erection of the chamber. The pipe is one of that class 
 belonging to the close of the sixteenth and to the seventeenth century, specimens of 
 which have so frequently puzzled antiquarians. 
 
 " Ulster Joum. of .\rcha;ology," vol. iii. p. 15. 
 
 In the Baronv of Castlereagh Utper. 
 
 1,2. In the Townland of Ballynahatty, and Parish of Drumbo, is 
 a dolmen marked Giant's Ring, Cromlcc//, in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 9. 
 
 Fig •';? -Ballynahatty, " The Giant's Ring." Etched from a photograph {taken from a pieture) 
 "^' ' ' l>y Mr. A', mieh. 
 
 In the adjoining field was a chambered structure, not marked in 
 the map. The site of this Townland is on the Lagan River. 
 
 This most interesting dolmen stands within the radius, but not quite in the 
 centre, of a very fine rath, or single circular embankment of earth. A ground-plan
 
 276 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 of this earthwork and monument will be found among the Ordnance Survey Sketches 
 in the Royal Irish Academy. 
 
 Of this dolmen, Harris, in his " Ancient and Present State of the County of 
 Down," p. 200 (Dublin, 1744), says: "It differs somewhat from other monuments 
 of the same class, consisting of a huge rude upper-stone unwrought, almost circular, 
 being 7 feet 1 inch one way, and 6 feet 1 1 inches the other. It is nearly 2 feet thick 
 at a medium, but swelling both in the upper and under surface. Two ranges of 
 rude pillars support it, each consisting of seven, and round it, at about 4 feet 
 distance, are several fi.xed stones, not above 2 feet high." 
 
 Dubourdieu gives the measures of the incumbent stone as 7 feet by 6 feet 6 ins., 
 and adds that the supporters were from 2 feet to 3 feet 6 ins. high, the covering- 
 stone forming an inclined plane. 
 
 Since Harris wrote his account — whicli plainly indicates what the monument was 
 (namely, a dolmen-elongce surrounded by a circle, or oval, hke the Leaba Callighe in 
 Cork, and elsewhere) — it seems to have suffered rough handling. 
 
 Fig. 258.— Ballynahatty, in the " Giant's Ring." 
 
 A writer in the Dublin Penny Journal (1834-35), who gives a picture of the 
 structure, says : " This cromlech is either very erroneously described by Mr. Harris, 
 or its appearance has greatly altered since the year 1744. We are informed by him 
 that 'two ranges of pillars,' each consisting of seven, support this monstrous rock, 
 beside which there are several other stones fixed upright in the ground at a distance 
 of about 4 feet. Of these latter there remains but one. The upper stone at 
 present rests upon four, and not upon fourteen supporters. The entire number 
 which compose the 'altar' is only ten ; and, though it is probable that several may 
 have fallen down, or in some manner changed their position, it is inconceivable 
 how so great a disproportion as the two accounts present could ever be reconciled." 
 In this view, namely that Harris was inaccurate, I disagree, firstly, because the 
 monument he describes is so exactly what I should have expected it to have been 
 from the present ruins, and, secondly, because, in an agricultural country like this, 
 with stones required for gateposts and houses not far off, it is so easy to account for 
 the removal of the outer ring as well as some of the fabric of the vault. 
 
 A good idea of the structure in its present condition may be obtained from the 
 accompanying illustration taken from a photograph.
 
 County of Down. 277 
 
 There appear to have been two covering-stones, one of which has fallen owing 
 to the removal of side ones, while the other, 7 feet long by 6 feet 6 ins. broad, has 
 been tilted out of the horizontal. There are pit-holes in the upper surface of this 
 stone, but they are, I think, natural. 
 
 The vallum, or rampart, which has been raised around the level area in which 
 this dolmen was placed, is, as will be observed by reference to the drawing (p. 275), 
 not carried round at an equal height, but is traversed or broken through at various 
 points by depressions or entrances, five of which at least seem to have been pur- 
 posely formed at the time when the bank was raised, two others being possibly (as 
 it appeared to me, but I make no point of this) of more recent date. The ring 
 measures 5S0 feet in diameter. The base of the mound is in some places So feet 
 wide, narrowing to a platform a quarter that width at the top, and, as I think, 
 shows traces of a lower platform, or tier, having once existed on the inner side below 
 the higher and external ledge or parapet of the rampart. In this case the original 
 plan would have been that of a gigantic amphitheatre. 
 
 The position of this earthwork on an eminence above the river Lagan, and 
 commanding a fine prospect in every direction, would, doubtless, if we saw other 
 reasons for regarding it as a military work, be one of great strategical importance, 
 lying as it does between Belfast Lough on the N.E., and the old capital of Emain 
 on the S.W. 
 
 It appears to me, however, to be a question whether this can be regarded as a 
 military work at all. In the first place, it differs from the ordinary duns and raths 
 in having a single instead of a double or triple external wall, and in having, in 
 addition to that, no moat. In the second place, had it been a fortification, its wall 
 would have been carried continuously around the area enclosed, unless some 
 natural defence such as a cliff presented itself, which is not the case here. The 
 means of ingress and egress would have been restricted to a single gallery forming 
 a tunnel through the vallum ; or, if there were more than one, the passages would be 
 narrow and flanked by high banks, and outer breastwork, no trace of which is to 
 be found here. In the third place, as if in proof of the original intention of those 
 who raised it, the area within it, — the space, that is to say, around the dolmen and 
 between it and the mound, — was, within the memory of extant writers, used as a 
 racecourse, a fact which seemingly points to a survival of the fair, or celebration of 
 funeral games, in which racing bore the principal part, which once would have been 
 held periodically in the "ring." In the fourtli place, if we regard its purpose as 
 civil and not military, we furnish ourselves with an explanation of the meaning of 
 the several entrances, since we have the analogous case of Tara (Temhair), the great 
 place of assembly in IMeath, which was approached by roads converging on it from 
 various directions, and by which the chieftains, coming respectively from their 
 provinces situated at different points of the compass, gathered together at the 
 common place of rendezvous. That such assemblies were connected with religious 
 rites cannot be doubted, nor is it at all unlikely that the central space in the ring 
 was occupied by a wooden temple abutting on the tomb, which latter was perhaps 
 covered by a tumulus, in which dwelt the sidhe, or sj)irits of the dead, who were 
 certainly worshipped by the ancient Irish. That a vallum of earth or a stone wall 
 surrounded such temples, which in time of need could be used for defensive 
 purposes, is also certain, as witness the temple at Arcona in Riigen described by 
 Saxo Grammaticus. 
 
 To a like purpose, civil and not military, I should be inclined to assign the 
 somewhat similar vallum known as " Arthur's Round Table," in Cumberland, and
 
 78 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 also that which surrounds the megalithic remains at Abury in Wiltshire, which, in 
 the ground-plan of the whole, bears a great similarity to that of the Rath-na-Riogh, 
 at Temhair. As a second example of a vallum, or rath, surrounding a dolmen, the 
 Leacht-an-Scail, in the county of Kilkenny, may be quoted, although the bank or 
 ring has in that case been carried away. 
 
 It is, perhaps, not inapposite to mention certain valluras, a few of which are still 
 in existence in the county of Cornwall, the inner faces of which were levelled out 
 into tiers, or seats, where the inhabitants congregated, before tiie Reformation, to 
 witness the Miracle Plays, which the Christians provided in place of the Pagan games 
 which preceded them. The " Perran Round " is a good example of one of these. 
 It was somewhat oval in form, and provided with an entrance at either end. Plainly 
 there was nothing military about it, and as there was certainly nothing essentially 
 Christian about it, the custom which prompted its construction was probably a relic 
 of Pagan times — the barbarian reflex of the Roman amphitheatre. 
 
 I cannot pass away from noticing this earthwork without remarking upon the 
 close similarity it bears to some of the so-called " Mound-builders' " works in Ohio. 
 One at Fort Ancient, which I visited in 1874, though enclosing a larger area, is a 
 counterpart of this vallum in respect of the gaps or spaces which have been left 
 between the several portions of the circle. These American enclosures were 
 evidently formed for the performance of some ancient and obsolete rites. The race 
 who raised them has passed away, but the ramparts themselves contain the bodies 
 of their dead, inhumated beneath flat stones. Stone implements, and pipes of 
 excellent workmanship, and often curiously designed and finely polished, are found 
 in and around these areas, in which I cannot doubt that the tribes once assembled, 
 to hold, perhaps, like the Chinese and Japanese, a periodical spirit-festival, not 
 unanalogous, as I think, to that which was known as Samhain among the ancient 
 Irish. What follows will convince the reader that the Giant's Ring was the centre 
 of rites connected with sepulture. 
 
 In the Ulster Journal of Archaeology will be found the following account of a 
 very remarkable sepulchral structure found at Ballynehatty, and of its contents : — 
 
 " The chamber was subterraneous, and consisted of a circular space, 7 feet in 
 diameter, enclosed to a height of about 2 feet by a wall of large irregular blocks 
 of weather-worn stones from 2 to 3 feet long, their faces inclining considerably 
 inwards, and their interstices closely wedged up with slate-like fragments of stone. 
 Placing the east, an opening about 2 feet wide had been left for an entrance ; and 
 within, five irregularly shaped flags, from 20 to 24 inches high, and of various 
 breadth and thickness, were placed on end, their edges projecting towards the 
 centre, thereby dividing the circumference of the floor into si.x irregular com- 
 partments.! These were raised somewhat above the general level of the floor, 
 and separated from the central portion by a ledge of rough flags set edgewise 
 in the ground, above which they projected from 3 to 4 inches. The remainder 
 of the floor was somewhat concave, and the whole flagged with irregularly shaped 
 stones, adjusted to each other with considerable care. A sixth upright stone, 
 similar to those which divided the circumference into compartments, stood upon 
 the flagged floor, and may have been employed to sujiport the roof while in pro- 
 gress of construction. 
 
 " The structure was covered with large quarried flagstones, resting upon the wall, 
 the perpendicular u])rights, and each other, gradually jirojecting towards the centre, 
 
 t See ground-plan and elevation of n Hiinenscliloss similar in plan, "Neaes Lausitzisches 
 Mag.," vol. Ivii., pi. facing ji. 466.
 
 County of Down. 279 
 
 and secured, where requisite, by careful pinning up with thin stones. The height 
 of the chamber in the centre was 3 feet, and the upper surface of the covering flags 
 lay 18 inches below the level of the field. Consequently, the ground must have 
 been excavated to a depth of at least 5 feet for its construction. Although a portion 
 of the roof was the first part removed, the entrance is stated to have been closed 
 with flags in such a manner as would have permitted their removal without injury 
 to the rest of the structure, and the whole appears to have been enclosed and 
 covered with small stones, as though at one time it had formed the centre of a cairn. 
 " In the compartment A and B, as shown in the plan,t to the left of the entrance, 
 were found three urns of burnt clay (i, 2 and 3), filled with burnt bones. They 
 were embedded in loose soil, and, as seen in situ, appeared to be about 12 inches 
 high by 10 inches broad. Nothing but fragments of them could be preserved. 
 
 " The ornamentation was of three different characters, and of the rudest 
 description. There was probably a fourth urn at the spot marked 4, as a quantity 
 of dark, half-burnt earth, mixed with bones, was found there, but no fragment of 
 sufficient size to establish this beyond a doubt. The compartment C was vacant ; 
 I) contained some few burnt bones, and (resting upon them and buried in sand 
 quite dissimilar to the material in which the urns lay) two tolerably perfect skulls, 
 and sufticient fragments to prove that five skulls, or, at least, portions of five, had 
 been there deposited. In the same compartment were found three unburnt human 
 ribs and a humerus ; also part of the pelvis of a small cow, and a few fragments of 
 the bones of a sheep or goat, likewise unburnt. E and F contained large quantities 
 of burnt bones, divided into several parcels by thin stones. No implement or 
 ornament of any kind was found in or about the spot, nor was there any ornament 
 or inscription on the stones of which the place was constructed. Amongst the 
 burnt bones, contained both in the urns and in the recesses E and F, were 
 numerous fragments of skulls, clearly proving that the unburnt crania could not 
 ]50ssibly have been portions of the individuals by whose burnt remains they were 
 surrounded. From the position occupied by the three undisturbed loose jaws, the 
 heads had evidently been deposited upon their bases, with their faces to the West, 
 no portion whatever of the trunk having been deposited with them. Unfortunately, 
 but two crania at all available for the purposes of science were rescued from 
 destruction ; and in these the lower jaw of one is absent altogether, and that of the 
 other is very much broken. Both skulls are, apparently, those of females, from 
 twenty to twenty-five years of age. They are exceedingly small, long, low, and 
 narrow, their greatest circumference being only 20 inches, and their measurements 
 by the craniometer being below any that have previously come under the observation 
 of Mr. Grattan, the writer of the paper from which I quote. 
 
 " Though so exceedingly low, the coronal region is, nevertheless, pretty full and 
 rounded ; indeed, in No. 2, well and gracefully arched. In both the anterior 
 portion is proportionately short, and the posterior long, the preponderating volume 
 being posterior to the opening of the ears, in this respect exceeding in absolute 
 measurement several crania greatly their superiors in size. The nasal bones are 
 defective, but would appear to have been somewhat prominent. The cheek-bones 
 are large, prominent, projecting outwards below; the cavities for the eyes large, 
 with an outward and downward inclination. In one skull the jaws are rather 
 prominent; the under one long, very slight, and shiUow. hX. death the teeth must 
 have been complete, but many have dropped out of their sockets. Such as remain 
 are remarkably sound, somewhat worn down in the case of one, especially in the 
 
 t See the plan in Part IV. of this woik, infra.
 
 28o The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 lower jaw; but scarcely any in that of ihe other. In each the wisdom teeth have 
 not quite attained the elevation of the molars. The sutures are strongly marked ; 
 the zygomatic arches, as far as can be inferred, moderately prominent; and the 
 mastoid processes small and feebly developed. One appears to have a large frontal 
 sinus, to which is due its excess of prominence at zero over the other ; whereas 
 the latter progressively ascends from that point, ranging considerably above the 
 former throughout the whole coronal region, exhibiting in every respect a finer and 
 more elevated specimen of the same type.f 
 
 " The remaining cranial fragments are, a large, massive, powerful male jaw, the 
 teeth considerably worn down, but not more than would indicate middle age ; the 
 upper and portion of the lower jaw of a middle-aged female ; these, with the two 
 more perfect crania, making up the fall number of five, already stated to have been 
 either wholly or in part deposited in this remarkable sepulchral chamber. 
 
 " On various occasions indications of extensive interments have been discovered 
 throughout this same piece of ground, vast quantities of human bones having been 
 turned up by the plough, especially near the dwelling-house of the farmer. 
 
 " In the boundary fence of the Giant's Ring is an enormous stone. Very near 
 this spot there were taken up in the field, a little below the surface, many cartloads 
 of human bones. On the site of the dwelling-house itself, which is not many 
 perches distant, was a mound which, on being removed, disclosed several short 
 stone coffins (? cists) and burnt bones. 
 
 " In several parts of the same field similar coffins (cists) were found subsequently, 
 all formed of stone slabs, and having a slab at the bottom and one as a lid. These 
 in most cases contained urns, and all were shorter than a man. In one of the urns 
 was found a skull by Mr. Bedel (the farmer) himself; and in each of two others, 
 bones and a stone implement. One of these was described as ' a black stone, 
 6 inches long, knobbed at each end and hollowed between, with a small hole 
 passing through the centre of the immediate stem.' From the description of this 
 stone we gather that it corresponded as nearly as possible with a stone figured in 
 the Kilkenny Archaeological Journal (1870-71), which was kept in the mortice of 
 a broken cross, and called the ' Healing-stone ' of St. Conall. It measured 
 5 inches long, was knobbed at each end (like a miniature dumb-bell) and had three 
 little cavities sunk in the intermediate stem. The paper in which it is noticed 
 is by Mr. Patterson, of Belfast. 
 
 "The other stone found in the other urn was a yellow stone, tapering at each 
 end, almost resembling in shape and size a gimlet head, and pierced in like manner 
 in the centre with a small hole. In another urn, along with the usual burnt bones, 
 were two flint arrow-heads. Occasionally stone axes have been found in the field. 
 At one extremity of it, furthest from the house, there was a spot several perches in 
 extent, on which the vegetation was observed to be always bad. On digging it up 
 it was found, for several feet deep, to consist of a peculiar dark-coloured and soapy 
 mould, and intermixed with it were observed a number of red stones, presenting 
 the appearance of having been discoloured by strong heat. Near this spot was a 
 small mound, which, on being removed, was found to contain three very large stones 
 placed on end, and sloping towards each other at the top. Underneath this 
 enclosure was found an urn and a quantity of small bones." (See an enclosure 
 formed by sloping stones protecting a cist with urn in Christian Detlev Rhode's 
 " Cimbrisch Hollsteinische Remarques," p. 33.) 
 
 t Mr. Grattan's delineations of these skulls are reproduced in the ethnological portion of this 
 work. Viiic infra.
 
 County of Down. 
 
 281 
 
 " In the same part of the field were found four rings made of a black light 
 substance like jet, the largest about 4 inches in diameter, and the other three 
 smaller, in regular succession, the whole of them fitting exactly one within the 
 other, so that when thus placed they represented the appearance of a circular 
 grooved disc. 
 
 " In one part of the field there stood a pillar which was buried in clearing the 
 ground. Stone coffins (cists) and urns, like those found in this field, have been 
 found at different times in the adjoining lands held by three several farmers, and 
 there was at least one other chambered structure such as that above described." 
 
 In a book entitled, " A Tour in Ireland in 1779," pubhshed in Dublin in the 
 following year, it is stated that " contiguous to the rath (that is, the Giant's Ring) 
 there was a small mount, formerly dug through to get stones for building, in the 
 middle of which great quantities of bones were found." 
 
 This is either another example of a sepulchral mound forming one of those of 
 this famous cemetery, or one of those the tradition of the discovery of which had 
 reached Mr. Bedel (as see above). All these notices of bone-finds go to justify the 
 view that in the Giant's Ring we have a centre of sepulcliral and it may be 
 sacrificial rites, an unrecorded and prehistoric site of a great Ocnach, or Fair, the 
 place of Assembly of the tribes of the district for the celebration of the periodical 
 festivals of their cultus, which were essentially and intimately associated with the 
 Dead. 
 
 "Ancient and Present State of the County of Down," p. 200; "Stat. Survey of the County of 
 Down," by Dubourdieu, p. 273; Duhliii Penny Jonrnal (1S34-35), p. 77: "Etchings of Irish 
 Antiquities," ^«<;«., in the British Museum; "Ord. Surv. Sketches," in R.I..\. ; Gratian, Ulster 
 Journ. of Archaeology, vol. iii. 35S, it scqq. ; W. C. B., Note-book, 1S88. 
 
 In the Barony of Ards Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Mount Stewart, and Parish of Grey 
 
 
 :,\e^Ats*,. 
 
 Fic. 259. — Mount Stewart. Elchcdjroin sketch by Mr. Gray. 
 
 Abbey, on the N.E. shore of .Strangford Lough, was a dolmen- 
 cairn marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 11. 
 
 This small dolmen, or, rather, large cist, forms a connecting-link between 
 monuments of the former class and those entirely enclosed in cairns. It was, in 
 fact, the central cist in a cairn in which were sixty or seventy closed cists, in each 
 of the greater number of which was found an urn. It belongs, therefore, rather 
 to a work dealing with closed cists in tumuli, and their contents, than to this. 
 
 Grey 
 
 Journ. R.II.A.A.I. (1S83-S4), 4th Ser., vol. vi. pp. 364-365 ; " Hist. Essay on the Parish of 
 ;y Abbey," by Dr. S. M. Stephenson, Belfast, 1828; "Guide to Belfast," p. 203.
 
 282 
 
 The Dolmens oe Ireland. 
 
 In the Barony of Iveagh Ui-per. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Finnis, and Parish of Dromara, was 
 
 a dohnen not marked in Ord. Surv. Maps Nos. 28 or 35. 
 
 Mr. Dutton, author of the " .Ancient and Present Slate of the County of 
 Down" (1744), notices the existence of a "cromlech" at this place. 
 I.K. cil. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Legananny, and Parish of Drumgooland, 
 
 Fig. 260. — Leg.inanny. ElcltcJ Jroin an frigiiial drawing i}' Sir hcuiy Janus. 
 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. INIap No. 35. It is just to the E. 
 of a little lake, and N.E. of Slievenaboley. 
 
 Dubourdieu gives a drawing of this dolmen, which, he states, stands in the 
 
 
 Fig. 261. — Legananny (another view). Jrom a skctcli ly Mr. Gray. 
 
 townland of Leganeney, and parish of Drumgoolan, "in the bosom of a mountain 
 towards the south." "The covering-stone," he says, "is a granite flag, 12 feet 
 long, shaped like a coffin, and supported by three pillars of the same, two at one
 
 County of Down. 283 
 
 end; the S.E. 7 feet 6 ins. in length, 2 feet thick; a third to the N.W., 4 feet 
 
 6 ins. in height, tapering to a point, on which rests the smaller end of the covering- 
 stone." 
 
 In another work, "The Ancient and Present State of the County Down," 1744 
 (by Harris, and others), is the following notice of the same monument : " A 
 cromlech stands in the townland of Leganeny and parish of Drunigoolan on a 
 mountain called Slieve-na-boil-trough, being a part of Slieve Croob, near a small 
 lake lying in a valley underneath it. This is a huge gritty rock, in the shape of a 
 monstrous coffin, supported by three feet. It is 11 feet, wanting an inch, long ; 
 5 feet over in its broadest part, and diminishing gradually from thence to each end 
 in a point. It is from 18 inches to 2 feet thick. A man 6 feet 6 ins. high can 
 stand upright under it." 
 
 In Lewis's " Topographical Dictionary " mention is made of a dolmen which 
 must be the same as this, only that it is placetl in the parish of Kilmegan, and 
 near Castlewellan. It is stated to be on the hill called Slieve-na-boil-trough, in 
 the barony of Upper Iveagh. The table-stone is described as coffin-shaped, 10 
 feet long and 5 feet wide, and supported on three pillars, 6 feet 6 ins. from 
 the ground. 
 
 A drawing of it was made by Sir Henry James, whicli is copied in Fergusson's 
 " Rude Stone Monuments," and there is another in Mr. William Gray's paper on 
 the " Dolmens of Down and Antrim." We have here a fourth set of measure- 
 ments which differs from all the other three. " The covering-stone is said to 
 measure 11 feet 4 ins. long, by 4 feet 9 ins. wide, and to be 12 inches thick. It is 
 again described as ' coffin-shaped.' Of the three supports one is said to measure 
 
 7 feet in height ; the next 6 feet 2 ins. (these are those at the S. end), and the 
 third (that at the N. end) 4 feet 5 ins. high. This dolmen is, in its present 
 condition, of the slim-pillared, or milking-stool type. Urns have been found 
 below it." 
 
 " Stat. Survey of llie County of Down," by Dubourdieu, p. 272 ; " .\ncient and Present St.ite 
 of the County of Down," by Harris and others; Lewis, " Topog. Diet, of Ireland : Guide 
 to Belfast," p. 203; Journ. R.H.A.A.I. (1883-S4), 4lh Ser., vol. vi. p. 366; "Views of 
 Stonehengc, etc., including Irish Monuments," by Sir Henry James ; Fergusson, " Rude Stone 
 Monuments." 
 
 *3. In the Townland of Aughnavallog, and Parish of Drum- 
 ballyroney, a mile and a half N. of Rathfryland, is a dolmen marked 
 Cloclwiore in Ord. Surv. Map No. 41. 
 
 Dubourdieti mentions " remains of the cromlech class," near Rathfryland, but 
 I am not sure if this is a dolmen, although its name " Clochmorc" is in several 
 instances applied to such structures. 
 
 " Slat Survey of the County Down,'' p. 27;. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Drumgreenagh, and Parish of Drum- 
 gath, was a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 47. It is 
 on the road from Newryto Rathfryland. 
 
 Mr. Gray says that forty jears before 18S4 there was a cromlech in this 
 townland, which he calls Drumgreen. A large cap-stone stood on three supporters. 
 .Ml the stones were removed for buildings and roads. 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.I. (1883-S4), 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 367.
 
 2S4 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Goward, and Parish of Clonduff, is a 
 dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 48. It is called 
 
 Fig. 
 
 262. — Goward, "The Cloughmore." From an original drawing in the Ord. Sun: 
 Sketches, in K.I. A. 
 
 locally "Cloughmore," " Clochthogbail," and "Fin's Finger." 
 It is two miles from Hilltown, and five from Rathfryland. 
 
 This dolmen, which is on the mountain side, is described as "one of the 
 largest and best in the county." '-It consists," says Mr. Gray, "of a massive cap- 
 stone of granite, 13 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 5 feet thick, weighing probably 50 
 tons, supported by a group of nine other stones, forming several chambers, the 
 principal chamber being 9 feet long, and 3 feet 6 ins. wide. One of the front 
 uprights is very slender, and stands 7 feet high, the complete monument being 
 fully 14 feet high." 
 
 It was stated in the locality that formerly this dolmen was enclosed by a circle 
 of stone blocks, or standing stones. 
 
 " Excavations have been made below the dolmen, and cinerary urns, with other 
 evidence of sepulture, were found in the main chamber." 
 
 In construction and general appearance this dolmen is singularly like the 
 Kempe Stone. It is said that there was once an avenue of stones running 
 eastward from it. There is a good pencil sketch of it among the Ord. Survey 
 Sketches in the R.I..\., from which the above (Fig. 262) is copied. 
 
 Journ. R.n.A.A.L (1SS3-S4), 4th Ser., vol. vi. pp. 365, 366 ; " Guide to Belfast," pp. 203, 204 ; 
 MS. " Notes on Dolmens," .Miss M. Stokes. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Dromore, and Parish of Warrenpoint, 
 was a dolmen now destroyed. A JMonnd is marked in this Town- 
 land in Ord. Surv. Map No. 54, but no dolmen.
 
 CouNTv oi Down. 
 
 285 
 
 This dolmen was taken down many years before 1884, to supply stones for a 
 rockery in the garden of the Bishop's Palace. 
 
 *j. In the Townland of Rosstrevor Upper, and Parish of 
 Kilbroney, is an object marked Clochmore in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 54. I am uncertain whether this is a dolmen. The name 
 Cloc/nnore induces the idea that it may be. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Killovven Mountain, and Parish of 
 
 Kilbroney, by the roadside from Rosstrevor to Kilkeel, is a 
 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 55. This Townland 
 
 adjoins that of Rosstrevor on the E. 
 
 The author of the " Guide to Belfast " speaks of a good e.vample of a kistvaen, by 
 which he means a dolmen of the elongated type, at this place. 
 
 " Guide to Belfast," p. 206. 
 
 9, 10. In the Townland of Kilfeaghan, and Parish of Kilbroney, 
 just to the W. of the Causeway Water, on the E. shore of Carling- 
 
 
 ■^,13^1^ 
 
 -S^^~. 
 
 Fig. 263 — Kilfeaghan. J^/om a drawing by Sir Henry James 
 
 
 *■.-.'. 
 
 ford Lough, is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 55. It is on the slope of Kurckshee. 
 
 This Mr. Gray describes as " an excellent e.xaraple of a cromlech." " A block 
 of rounded granite, 10 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 5 feet thick, weighing probably 
 thirty tons, forms the cap-stone over a chamber composed of several granite blocks 
 on end." 
 
 " To the E. of the cromlech, and close to the bank of the river, there is another 
 megalithic structure, more like a kistvaen (by which Mr. Gray means a dolmcii- 
 elongee), and the site around has yielded several examples of stone implements." 
 
 "Guide to Belfast," p. 204.
 
 286 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 In the Barony of Kinelakty. 
 
 I. In the Townland nf Annadorii, and Parish of Loucjhinislanil 
 
 
 ElG. 264. — Loughinisland. Etched Jrom sketch by Mr. Gray. 
 
 close to the N. end of the lake, is a dolmen marked Cromlech 
 in Ord. Surv. Map No. 30. 
 
 This dolmen appears to liave been dug out of a cairn. Dubourdieu says : 
 "This very remarkable cairn was discovered, about the year 1772, to contain 
 within its circumference, which is about 60 yards, and towards tlie bottom, a large 
 smooth stone, of a square figure, from 7 to 8 feet over, and supported by several 
 other stones about 3 feet 6 ins. high, forming underneath a kind of chamber, in 
 which were found ashes, and a number of bones, to appearance human. Upon the 
 surface of this large stone, when the smaller stones, which were pyramidically 
 arranged, were removed, a quantity of black ashes were found. The entrance to 
 this chamber was towards the N., and under several flat stones regularly disposed in 
 front of each other, and extending to the outside of the cairn. These stones were 
 removed for building purposes." This is the " Loughanisland Cromlecli " of Mr. 
 Gray. He says it had a well-defined chamber of four large blocks of stone, with a 
 cap-stone measuring 8 feet by 7 feet. It had been turned over a little from its 
 normal position." 
 
 " Survey of tlie County of Down," liy Dubourdieu, p. 270 ; Juurn. R.H.A..'\.I. (1SSJ-S4), 4th 
 Ser., vol. vi. ]). 365. 
 
 In the Barony of Legale Lower. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Loughmoney, and Parish of Bailee, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 31. 
 
 "This dolmen was, in 1884, in a good state of preservation. It stood in a field 
 close to the public road, a few miles E. of Downpatrick. The cap-stone, measuring 
 9 feet 6 ins. by 5 feet 3 ins., was supported by only two stones on edge, each 
 measuring 7 feet by 3 feet, forming a chamber about 2 feet 10 ins. wide, and open 
 at both ends." 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.L (1883-S4), 4th Ser., vol. vi. p. 365. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Slievenagriddle, and Parish of Bailee, 
 not far S. of Loughmoney, was a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv.
 
 County of Down. 
 
 287 
 
 Map No. 38. In the Townlancl of Ballyalton, which adjoins it on 
 the S.E., a Druidical Ring is marked. Slievenagriddle is distant 
 a mile and a quarter N.E. from Struell, where Patrick's Chair, etc., 
 
 Fig. 265. — Loughmoney. 
 
 are. The dohnen is on the topmost peak of the Slievenagriddle 
 Mountain. 
 
 Mr. Gray speaks of this monument as " the prostrate remains of a once standing 
 cromlech." " The blocks which composed it were resting on the bare rock. The 
 cap-stone measured S feet by 6 feet, and below it were two slabs that formed the 
 sides of the original chamber. It is said that this cromlech was thrown down by 
 the officials of the Ordnance Survey ! " 
 
 Harris, in the " .\ncient and Present State of the County of Down," thus 
 describes it, making the cap-stone, which, possibly, was subsequently broken, much 
 larger: " It is composed of a heavy, flat, unhewn rock, of the grit kind, in shape 
 like a lozenge in heraldry," measuring "11 feet 2 ins. from point to point, 8 feet 
 6 ins. broad, and from i foot 6 ins. to r foot thick. It is raised upon two rude 
 supporters of the same kind, placed edgeways, one of which is 8 feet long, 
 3 feet broad, and i foot thick ; the other not above 3 feet long, which seems to be 
 a natural rock, standing in its original position. The cavity underneath is large 
 enough for a middle-sized man, by stooping a little, to pass through it. The 
 supporting stones stand on a stratum of solid rock." 
 
 Dubourdieu also mentions this " stone altar," or " cromlech," giving the 
 dimensions of the cap-stone as " 11 feet long, 8 feet broad, and from a foot to iS 
 ins. in depth, standing on two supporters." 
 
 In point both of construction and position on the mountain, this monument 
 must have been very similar to that on Slieve Callan in Clare. 
 
 " Anc. and Pres. State of the County of Down," by Walter Karris (1744), p. 199 ; " Stat. Surv. 
 of the County of Down," by Rev. John Dubourdieu (lSo2), p. 272 ; '• Guide to Belfast," p. 203 ; 
 Journ. R.H..\.A.I. (1SS3-S4), vol. vi., 4th Ser., p. 367. 
 
 Ix THE Barony of Legale Upper. 
 
 *i. In the Demesne of Down, and Parish of Down, to the 
 S. of Downpatrick, is a block of stone called Samsons Stone, 
 which has been noticed as a Cromlech. It is not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 38.
 
 2SS 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Mr. Gray thinks this may have been a cromlech, of the kind described by Mr. 
 
 Du Noyer as "earth-fast." It is referred to as a " ruined cromlech" by the Rev. J. 
 
 O'Laverty. 
 
 "Hist. Account of the Diocese of Down ami Connor" (Dublin, 1S7S-84), vol. i. p. 252; 
 Joum. K.H.A.A.L (1SS3-S4), 4th Scr., vol. vi. p. 367. 
 
 Note. — In the Townland of Dundrum, and Parish of Kilmegan, 
 is stated to be a dolmen, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 44. 
 
 Miss M. Stokes, in her MS. " Notes on Dolmens," mentions a dolmen at 
 Dundrum. Mr. Gray does not refer to it, and I think it probable that the one at 
 Wateresk must be intended. 
 
 Loc. cit. (See next.) 
 
 2. In the Townland of Wateresk, and Parish of Kilmegan 
 
 F"IG. 266. — Wateresk, or Slidderyford. Elclied from a photograph. 
 
 
 I-'IG. 267.— Wateresk, or Slidderyford (another view). From a sketch by Sir Henry James. 
 
 (close to Slidderyford), is a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 43. It is about two miles and a half E.S.E. of
 
 County of Down. 
 
 289 
 
 Castlewellan, and near the shore of Dundrum Bay, on the New- 
 castle road. 
 
 " A very perfect cromlech," says Mr. Gray. " The cap-stone, a granite block, 
 measures 7 feet 6 ins. by 7 feet 5 ins., and is 19 feet 6 ins. in girth. It covers a 
 chamber formed of three blocks of stone, one of which is 6 feet higli." 
 
 Walter Harris says : " It stands upon three large supporters, each 4 feet above 
 the surface. The incumbent stone is flat at the top, but, bellying underneath, fills 
 part of the empty space between the tripod. The upper stone is 10 yards in cir- 
 cumference, 3 yards broad on the flat surface, and between 4 and 5 feet thick in 
 the centre." It " has not above an inch dependance on two of the stones, but the 
 third, which stands north, has a slope in it to receive the great stone." 
 
 Dubourdieu describes the "altar-stone" of this dolmen as "nearly circular, 
 with a diameter of from 7 to 9 feet, the face 7 feet in length, and 3 feet in thickness, 
 but the stone, bellying underneath, is much deeper. It is supported by three 
 stones, one of which has a cavity that just receives the protuberance of the 
 incumbent stone. . . . The stone is granite, and water-worn. The great supporter 
 is the same. The smaller supporters are schist. The supporters in the rear are 3 
 feet high. The front supporter is 3 feet 6 ins. in the lowest, and 6 feet in the 
 highest part." Dubourdieu describes a circle of twelve standing stones near this 
 dolmen. Two only remain, one of them 11 feet high. In the same field as the 
 dolmen is a souterrain. In the sand-dunes of Dundrum, which the dolmen over- 
 looks, worked flints, stone implements, pottery, etc., have been found. 
 
 "Anc. and Pres. State of the County of Down," p. 199; "Stat. Survey of the County of 
 Down," by Dubourdieu, p. 272; "Guide to Belfast," p. 203 ; Journ. H. A.A.I. (1S83-84), vol. vi., 
 4lh ber., p. 365. 
 
 I\ THE Barony of Mourne. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Dunnaman, and Parish of Kilkeel, 
 
 Fig. 26S. — Kilkeel. Etched from an engraving on slonc. 
 
 close to the R. C. Church on the road from Kilkeel to Rosstrevor, 
 is a dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 55. 
 
 VOL. I. u
 
 >90 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 " One of the longest and best /;islv<u>is " (i.e. dolmens-elongies) " that we " (the 
 editors of the " Guide to IJelfast ") " know of." 
 
 I.OC. <it., p. 206. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Kilkeel, and Parish of Kilkeel, is a 
 dohnen called the Crawtrcc Stone, and marked Cromlech in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 56. It is W. of the Kilkeel River, on the road 
 to Newcastle. 
 
 Mr. Gray thinks the name " Crawtee " is derived from emit = a hump, " which 
 expresses very clearly the shape of the cap-stone of granite, 9 feet long, and 8 feet 
 6 ins. wide, that covers the chamber beneath, measuring about 5 feet 6 ins. square, 
 and formed of four waterworn boulders of granite." 
 
 Journ. R.H.A.A.T. (1SS3-S4), vol. vi., 4th Ser., p. 366 ; "Guide to Belfast," p. 204. 
 
 In the Barony of Iveagh Lower. 
 
 In the Townland of Waringstown (.■*), and Parish of Donagh- 
 cloney, " not far from Waringstown," is a chambered tumulus, not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 20. 
 
 In Molyneux's edition of Boate's Natural History there is a notice of "a mount 
 not far from Waringstown," which "was broken open about the year 1684." As 
 the people were carrying it away, they met, " in the body of it, with a large, flat 
 quarry-stone, placed upright in manner of a door or shutter, which, when they had 
 removed, let them into a narrow, low passage of about 10 foot long, thro' which a 
 man could only creep on his hands and knees, that led into a small round vault 
 about 6 foot high, and 8 foot wide, placed in the centre of the mount. In the 
 middle of the vault were fixt into the ground four small, long stones, each about 
 2 foot and a half high, standing upright as so many legs to support a flat quarry 
 stone, 2 foot and a half long, and 20 inches broad, placed upon them in manner 
 of a table. . . . Under the table, on the ground, was placed a handsome earthern 
 urn of dark brownish colour, as if not thoroughly bak'd, the thickness of its sides 
 not more than a quarter of an inch. It contained broken pieces of burnt bones 
 mixt with the ashes and fragments of burnt wood." 
 
 "Natur.nl History of Ireland," by Gerard Boate, edit. Thomas MoIyneuN (Dublin, 1755), p. 199.
 
 ( 291 ) 
 
 COUNTY OF MONAGHAN. 
 
 In the Barony (jf Dartree. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Calliagh, at Calliagh, in the Parish 
 of Aghabog, to the S.W. of a small lake, is a dolmen marked 
 Giant's Grave in Ord Surv. Map No. 13. It is five miles S.W. 
 of Monaghan, and the same distance N.E. of Newbliss. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Carn, at Carn, in the Parish of 
 Aghabog, three miles and a half E.N.E. of Newbliss, and a 
 mile and a half \Y. S.W. of the Calliagh monument, is a dolmen 
 marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 13. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Latnamard (Latnambard), and Parish 
 of Aghabog, the next Townland on the E. to that of Carn, is a 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 13. 
 
 |]ePi^2='^^^3^5f^ 
 
 O'Donovan speaks of "a cromlech 
 and standing-stones — the latter called Fir 
 Bhrcige" in this Townland. 
 
 O.S.L., County of Monaglian, - , p. 132. 
 
 4 — 7. In the Townland of 
 Garran, and Parish of Clones, 
 three miles N.E. of Newbliss, 
 three Giants Graves are so 
 marked in Ord. .Surv. Map No. 
 1 2. One of these, marked Giant's 
 Grave, is W. of the road which 
 traverses the Townland ; the 
 others, marked Giants Graves, 
 and apparently two, lie to the 
 S.E. of the former, and E. of the 
 road, at a distance of about a 
 quarter of a mile from it, and 
 about half a mile W.S.W. of the one at Carn. 
 
 QC^xCDg 
 
 Fig. 269. — Near Newbliis (plan of chambered 
 cairn), l-'roni Iht MSS. of Mr. W'tiidcle in 
 Lili. /i.l.A.
 
 292 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 In this Townland, also, or in one of those adjoining it, was 
 the very important chambered cairn described as having been 
 " near the old road from Newbliss to Monaghan, about three 
 miles from the latter place." Its site is not shown in the map, and 
 probably it has been entirely removed. 
 
 The Rev. T. Stopford communicated an account of the discovery of this 
 chambered cairn to the Ezenhig Mail (Dubhn) in 1841. 
 
 A plan of it, until now unpublished, was sent by Mr. Stopford, about the same 
 time, to the Rev. Matthew Horgan, and was copied by Mr. Windele, amongst 
 whose MSS. in the R.I. A. I found it. 
 
 The account is as follows : ".\n underground house was discovered last week" 
 (letter dated August 9th, 1S41). " From its perfect state of preser\'ation, it formed a 
 most curious relic of antiquity. A man, who lately got possession of the farm upon 
 which it is situated, went to remove an unsightly hillock in a small meadow close 
 to his house. This little field had been reclaimed a few years ago after the turf had 
 been cut off it, and from it to the small lake of Keshlin (about 300 yards below it) 
 was, in the memory of an old man living near it, one continued heath-moor, with 
 several spades deep of turf under it ; and he had seen seven spits of turf cut off 
 the hillock which formed the roof of the house. 
 
 " The outer wall is 46 feet (long), by about 16 feet (wide). Outside the entrance 
 is a semicircular courtyard. The base of the wall surrounding it, as well as that 
 of all the other walls, is composed of large rough stones, some of them several 
 tons weight, standing on the ends, something like those of Stonehenge. 
 
 "The entrance divided the semicircular wall into two equal segments, and was 
 formed with two larger stones than the others, sufficiently apart to admit a man 
 with ease. Inside the entrance was an oval apartment about 12 feet by 8, which 
 was arched over from within about 4 feet of the base. The arch was composed 
 of flat stones of different sizes, so carefully selected and fitted (although there was 
 not a cut stone in the whole building) that the point of a penknife could scarcely 
 be inserted between them. Each stone projected about \ of an inch from the 
 underneath one, until they met at the top of the roof, which was about 6 feet from 
 the ground. 
 
 " Opposite the entrance, at the other end of this room, was a similar entrance 
 into a lobby, which led straight to the other extremity of the building, and off which 
 were si.v other apartments, all square, and built and roofed in the same manner as 
 the first oval one. Two standing-stones, forming the entrance from this latter room 
 into the corridor, stood somewhat narrower than those of the principal entrance, 
 and were rubbed and worn on one particular part, as it were from the weapons 
 of the inhabitants, returning from their hunting or plundering excursions. 
 
 " The whole of the floor inside was flagged with slabs of the same stone, and the 
 outside of the roof covered with the same material, which is the most remarkable 
 circumstance connected with it, as (it is freestone and) the nearest freestone quarry 
 is on Carrowniore Mountain, in the County of Fermanagh, about twenty miles from 
 this place, and the stone there does not cleave into slabs, and is of quite a difterent 
 grain, the former {i.e. the stone of which the floor and roof of the chamber is built) 
 exactly resembling the Scotch sandstone found along the Clyde. . . . 
 
 "The interior was found to be perfectly clean, except that the juice of the bog- 
 stuff covered it, having trickled down the walls. This appearance, however, may
 
 County of Monagiian. 293 
 
 have been caused by the effect of smoke, though there was no indication of fire 
 having been used inside. . . . 
 
 " In order to build the structure, it may be concluded that the turf mould was 
 first excavated, and then laid back again. . . . 
 
 "Many of his neighbours say that the owner of the ground, who first dug up 
 part of the house, found some great curiosities in it ; but he denies it, with the 
 exception of a round slab of sandstone, with some characters scratched upon it. 
 One of his children let it fall and broke it." 
 
 Mr. Stopford, the writer of this account, in a letter to Mr. Horgan, refers again 
 to "the carved stone," as he calls this slab, which he states was then in his 
 possession. " It was broken," he says, " into several pieces. The workmanship is 
 really the most elaborate thing possible, and, as there was no other appearance of 
 the chisel, or even hammer having been used in any other manner whatsoever in 
 the whole building, I must conclude that it was an importation, as well as the 
 sandstone flags covering over the arched roof outside, and the floor within." He 
 adds his opinion that " this flat carved stone was the god brought by the builders 
 on their first arrival in the country." 
 
 " In his anxiety to discover hidden treasure," a man " completely gutted the 
 whole building, except the large standing-stones, and part of the floor." 
 
 A comparison of the plan of this monument with those of chambered cairns in 
 Caithness and Argyleshire will establish the identity of type. See also the Tombcs 
 des Geants of Sardinia, infra. 
 
 Evening' Mai! (Dublin), .\ugust 9, 1S41 ; MSS. of J. Windele, Lib. K.I.A., vol. maiUed "S, 
 Windcle's Miscellany," p. 121. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Eder<yole, and Parish of Ematris, 
 
 Fig. 270. — Edergole. Etched from a photograph. 
 
 is a dolmen marked Giant's Grave in Ord. Surv. ]\Iap No. 18. 
 It is half a mile N.W. of Coolkill Lake, and five miles S.E. of 
 Newbliss. 
 
 I am able to give an illustration of this monument from a photograph kindly 
 lent me by Lieut.-Col. Vigors, M.R.I.A.
 
 294 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 In the Barony ok Monaghan. 
 
 I . In the Townland of Lennan, and Parish of Tullycorbet, is a 
 
 Fig. 271. — Lennan (sculpturing upon the dolmen at 
 
 Fergiisson , from a cast. 
 
 From a sketch I'V Sir Saiiitiel 
 
 dolmen not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 19. East of it is a 
 lake now called Ghost Lo2tgh.\ 
 
 An interest attaches to this dolmen, which is a fine one, from the fact that it 
 bears on one of its stones some scribings which some have thought to be the 
 characters of some rude inscription. " The lines," wliich are upon one of the 
 
 Fig. 272. — Lennan. From a skitch by Sir Samml Fcr^iissoii . 
 
 supporters of the large flag which forms the roof, "are," says O'Donovan, "dis- 
 tinctly cut in a part of the pillar-stone on which the weather could never have 
 any efiect." 
 
 A rough sketch of the markings is given by O'Donovan ; Dr. Graves made a 
 rubbing of them in 1849, and Sir Samuel Fergusson has given a drawing made from 
 
 t Ghost Lake is probably the faulty English rendering of Loch na Seal, " Lake of the Cham- 
 pions," as it should be, and not Loch na SctuI, " Lake uf the Shadow," or " GhosI," as it was 
 popularly rendered. Compare the lake of this name in Fermanagh, where a legend of two 
 champions is told to account for the name.
 
 County of Monaghan. 295 
 
 casts. Besides the so-called inscription, there was a figure which may have been 
 intended for a boat, such as is found in Scandinavian rock sculpturings, with a higli 
 prow curved backwards, and a few perpendicular strokes, possibly intended for men. 
 
 O.S.L., County of Monaghan, ;.-— , p- 56; "Journ. Kilk. Arch.-eol. See," vol. 11.(1872-73), 
 p. 524; Sir Samuel Ferguson on " Insciilied Cronileacs." 
 
 I.V THE BaKONV of CkEMORNE. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of TuIIynagrow, and Parish of Muckno, 
 is a monument marked Druid's Circle in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 15, but indicated by two parallel lines of stones. 
 
 Mr. Shirley mentions "some standing-stones here." 
 
 " Hist, of the County of Monaghan," by Evelyn Philip Sliirley, p. 515. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Knocknaneen, and Parish of Muckno, 
 is a dolmen-cairn not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 15. 
 
 Mr. Bell states that "in the interior structure of this cairn quantities of human 
 bones, not burnt, were found. Near the end of each of the sepulchres," he adds, 
 " stood an earthen bowl, not unlike a cocoa-nutshell goblet. They were im- 
 pressed with a pattern with considerable taste. Three cromlechs were included 
 in the mound." 
 
 Xeii'ry Magazine, vol. ii. p. 237. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Corlealackaj^h, and Parish of Clon- 
 tibret, is a dolmen marked Giajii's Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 
 19. It is S. of the road from Monaghan to Castle-Blayney, about 
 four miles N.W. of the latter place. About half a mile to the S.E., 
 in the Townland of Lislanly, is a monument marked The White 
 Stones, and indicated by a small plan of a stone circle, with two 
 pillars beside it. The Lakes of Lackagh, or Moneyvolen, and 
 Laracjh are near these monuments to the E. and N.E. 
 
 Mr. Shirley calls this "a giant's grave, or cromlech." 
 " Hist, of the County of Monaghan," p. 503. 
 
 4. In the Townland of Carrickinare, and Parish of Ballybay, 
 a Giant's Grave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 24. 
 
 "A cromlech, or giant's grave," says Mr. Shirley. 
 " Hist, of the County of Monaghan," p. 497. 
 
 5. In the Townland of Lattonfasky, and Parish of Aghana- 
 mullen, a Cromlech is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 24. It is 
 N. of Lough Eglish, and near Lagan Lake. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Lisnadarragh, and Parish of Aghana- 
 mullen, a Cromlech is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 27. It lies
 
 296 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 S. of the road leading from Cootehill to Carrickmacross, on the 
 borders of the county. In the N. part of the same Townland is 
 a portion of the lake called Lough Dcrmot, and N. of this, again, 
 is an elevated site marked Crockhnxc!;. 
 
 Mr. Shirley calls this a "cromlech." It is described as being composed of 
 " seven standing stones, the highest about 6 feet, with several smaller ones disposed 
 like a 'Giant's Grave,' about 8 yards long and 3 yards broad." 
 
 " Hist, of the County of Monaghan," p. 493. 
 
 In the B.vroxy of Farney. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Fincarn, and Parish of Donaghmoyne, 
 is a monument (? dolmen-circle), marked Fincarn in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. -'5. 
 
 Mr. Shirley speaks of this monument as " traces of a Druidical circle." 
 
 " Hist, of the County of Monaghan," p. 522. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Tiragarvan, and Parish of Magheross, 
 is a dolmen, not marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 31. 
 
 "A cromlech, or giant's grave, now destroyed," says Mr. Shirley, "in which 
 bones were found when it was dug up." 
 " Hist, of the County of Monaghan," p. 533. 
 
 *3. In the Townland of Glogh valley Lower, and Parish of 
 Magheross, to the W. of the road from Ballybay to Carrick- 
 macross, is a site marked Fin MacCoots Fable in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 31. Near it is a cave and standing stones. The next Town- 
 land to the N. is called Lisgall. It is close to Lake Aphuca, and 
 about two miles N. of Carrickmacross. At a distance of about 
 three quarters of a mile S.S.W. of Carrickmacross, in the Town- 
 land of Doohalty, is a rock marked Fin MacCool's Chair.
 
 ( 297 ) 
 
 COUNTY OF ARMAGH. 
 
 In Tiiii Barony of Fews Lower. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Carnavanaghan, and Parish of 
 Kilcloony, four miles S.E. of Armagh, is a dolmen-cairn marked 
 Vicars Cam in Ord. Surv. Map No. 16. The site of the cairn is 
 the top of an elevated ridge of country, the ground on which it 
 stands being much higher than any other part of the district 
 within many miles of it, and the spot commanding a view of seven 
 different counties. 
 
 There is an account of this cairn, accompinied by two plates, in the Trans, 
 of the R.I.A., contained in two letters ; the one written by Dr. Browne, of Trin. 
 Coll. Dublin ; the other by the Rev. John Youn?. 
 
 "Being at Armagh," says Dr. Browne, "in the year 1797, Dr. Newcombe, the 
 Lord Primate, told me it was generally said that on a high hill," about 4i miles 
 
 ^^■* 
 
 ^^S^ 
 
 Fic 
 
 273- 
 
 -Cainav.inaijlian. 
 
 from the town, " an ogham inscription was to be found." Dr. Browne accordingly 
 rode thither, and found on its summit a conical mount, or, rather, heap of small 
 stones, surrounded by a regular circle of large ones, upright and about 2i feet high. 
 The country-people immediately directed him to one of the stones on which 
 they said the inscription was, and, " after some doubts," he convinced himself that
 
 298 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the indentures on it were artificial, ''a view," he adds, "which was strongly con- 
 firmed by the tradition of the country." 
 
 On a subsequent occasion he again visited the place, and found, on going round 
 the cairn, what appeared to be the entrance to a cave. On returning to " the written 
 stone," more indented lines were observed towards the bottom of the interior face. 
 
 Mr. Young, writing in 1799, states that the cairn was once much larger, but 
 had been used for a length of time as a quarry. The area, in his time, was 
 circular, and measured 44 yards in diameter. He mentions that the stone, having 
 the supposed characters on it, was "the most perfect stone" of the ring, and that 
 it " stood at an angle of 25° from the perpendicular, this declinaiion being intended 
 the better to contain the smaller stones. 
 
 " In the year 17 85, John M 'Carrol, proprietor of the ground, having penetrated 
 the W. side further than it had been opened before, had come upon a door-case. 
 It appeared perfectly sound, but, when touched, fell into dust.f It had been 
 supported there by the stones piled up on either side." Removing more stones, 
 '• he at length came to a wail situated E. and W'., on either side of the door-case. 
 The stones were placed together without any kind of cement, and seemed to have 
 been regularly prepared for the building." After having traced this wall for 10 feet, 
 he desisted from his work. 
 
 To these notices of the cairn is added a drawing of it by Mr. Young, showing 
 eighteen stones of the surrounding circle, amongst which that bearing the supposed 
 ogham is the tallest and squarest. A second plate shows the latter stone itself, 
 and upon it perpendicular lines of various lengths, but without the central stem- 
 line of the usual ogham writing. I do not think it worth inserting here. 
 
 Mr. Bell, of Dundalk, describes this cairn as " the most perfect leachta " he 
 " had met with." " This pile of stones," he proceeds, " was of a plano-convex 
 figure. It is enclosed by a circle which is imperfect, but which consists of fifty- 
 five flat stones fi.xed in the earth, with their upper edges inclining outwards. The 
 ciicle is 380 feet in circumference. On the edge of one of these stones of the 
 circle are seven concentric circles, nicely carved in regular grooves." 
 
 Upon this latter fact, Mr. Bell remarks that " curious and rudely formed ancient 
 ornaments are very frequently met with engraven on cromlechs, but," he adds, " I 
 have never discovered any inscriptions that appear to have just claims to antiquity." 
 He instances a case in which "lines on a stone" turned out to be a tally kept by 
 a carman who hired carriers. The district over which Mr. Bell extended his 
 researches is not one in which oghams are found. Had there been any, I feel sure 
 they would not have escaped the notice of one so observant as he was, and so 
 practical in the conclusions he drew. 
 
 In a notice of this cairn, communicated to the R.H..\..\.I., which has been 
 annotated by Dr. Reeves, Dr. Leslie Riggs states that "in 18 15 Mr. Bell, a man 
 of antiquarian research and information, made an examination of the cairn, and 
 the result is given in Stuart's ' History of Armagh.' " He found only " a sewer, which 
 had been formed along the bottom of the tumulus, but no cromlech or sepulchral 
 monument." The fact, however, that the cairn had served as a quarry leads me 
 to think that this " sewer," which was seemingly the parallel walling previously un- 
 covered, had at one lime been roofed over with covering-stones so well fitted for 
 building purposes that they had been removed. That the cairn originally contained 
 a dolmen, or chamber, there can, I think, be little doubt from the above accounts. 
 
 t The ruinous condition of the interior of some cairns is attributable, I believe, to the cists and 
 passages being (ormed, or partially lormed, of wood.
 
 CouNTV OF Armagh. 299 
 
 "Mr. Bell had previously opened above sixty cams," says Dr. Riggs, "and in 
 each had discovered a cromlech." In many of them he had found urns of baked 
 clay containing burnt bones, and charred and adipose matter. 
 
 How greatly the pile had diminished between the years 1815 and 1868 may 
 be judged from Dr. Riggs' measurement of its diameter, which in the latter year 
 was only 44 yards. The circle of upright stones had been entirely removed, and 
 only one of them existed, leaning against a small unoccupied house which had 
 been erected in the neighbourhood. On this stone, which was about 5 feet high, 
 and a sandstone, were some markings, but whether the effects of water, or ogham 
 characters. Dr. Riggs could not determine. It has only to be added that Sir 
 Samuel Fergusson subsequently saw a stone which, it may be supposed, was this 
 same one, and stated his opinion that the marks were purely natural. Mr. Bell's 
 discovery, however, of the stone with seven concentric circles is a fact which 
 remains uncontested. 
 
 Trans. R.T.A., vol. viii., " Antiquities," p. 3 ; A'ewry Magazine, vol. ii. p. Z37 ; " Memoirs of 
 the City of Armagh," by Stuart, p. 609 ; Journ. R.H. A.A.I., 3ril .Scr. (1868-69), p. 157. 
 
 In the Barony of Ar.magii. 
 
 1. In the Townland of Aughnagurgan, and Parish of Keady, 
 is a dolmen-cairn not marked in Ord. Surv, Map No. 20. 
 
 "A very fine cairn," says Mr. Bell, " with a cromlech in it." The covering- 
 stone measured 11 feet 10 ins. long, and was " placed over seven pillars, but in 
 reality supported only by one." By this, I suppose, must be meant that the 
 structure had collapsed, and that one end or side rested on the ground. 
 
 Xeiory Miigaziitf, vol. ii. p. 237. 
 
 In the Baronv of Orior Upper. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Cloghinny, and Parish of Killevy, a 
 rock marked Clogliiriny is shown in Ord. Surv. Map No. 22. It 
 is to the W. of Newry Canal, and about six miles N. of Newry. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Duvernagh, and Parish of Killevy, 
 is a dolmen marked Cromlech, Grey Stones, in Ord. .Surv. Map 
 No. 22. It is a mile and a half S.W. of Cloghinny. 
 
 3. In the Townland of Carnbane, and Parish of Newry, a mile 
 and three quarters N. of Newry, at a spot between Newry Canal 
 and Newry River, near the sixth lock, a earn is marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 26, and indicated by an oval (having its greater 
 diameter E. and W.), with six black dots for stones in its 
 circumference. 
 
 In Harris's "Account of the County of Down" there is a notice of a cairn at 
 this place. It measured, in 1744, 180 yards in circumference, and 10 yards in 
 conical height. It is added that about the base of this "coped heap" were 
 "forty-two pillar-stones pitched upright, and others lying flat on the ground. 
 One of these measured 15 feet long, 2 feet broad, and i foot thick. In an 
 adjoining field southward were eleven of these stones, pitched on end in the
 
 ;oo 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 ground, irregularly placed, and bearing no form to each other. The furthest was 
 within 300 yards of the cairn." 
 
 Sir Charles Coote has also described this cairn in his "Survey of the County of 
 
 Fic;. 274. — Carnbane elevation. From skeUk in Sir C. Coolis Survey. 
 
 •(<;. 
 
 '<: 
 
 mmm 
 
 .■\rmagli," and that lie indicates the same monument as Harris is clear from the fact 
 that the dimensions they both give are identical. 
 
 Mr. Bell proposes to identify the spot on which the cairn stood with that on 
 which a " cromlech " called Clochanramcr stood in his time, and which formerly, 
 as was known in the vicinity, was enclosed in a cairn. In the account written in 
 1744, no cromlech is mentioned, but only the cairn, the structure or structures 
 within not being, presumably, so Mr. Bell thinks, at that time exposed. "The 
 cairn," he adds, " covered many other cromlechs, some of which contained human 
 bones much broken." 
 
 On looking carefully at this passage about this cairn in Sir Charles Coote's 
 
 Survey, which was written in 1804, quoted 
 above, it is clear that he was merely 
 quoting Harris. Between the date, how- 
 ever, when the latter had written his 
 account, and that at which Sir Charles 
 wrote his work, the cairn must have been 
 removed and the dolmen and surrounding 
 stones left, which led Sir Charles into 
 tlie error of supposing that near Newry 
 there must have been two places of the 
 same name, viz. Cairn, or Tlachg/ig/ia 
 Ban, at one of which was the cairn 
 mentioned by Harris, and at the other 
 what he (Sir Charles) considered to be 
 a " Pagan Temple," which, in truth, was 
 nothing more nor less than Harris's Carn- 
 bane, or Tlachghgha (rect. Tlachtga) 
 Ban, partially denuded. It will be as 
 well to quote his (Sir Charles's) words 
 about the monument : — 
 
 " This remarkable place differs from 
 
 most of those antiquities (ascribed to the 
 
 Druids) which I have seen, as having a deep, sloping bank far outside the ' mount,' 
 
 enclosed with upright stones, and which is about 200 yards in circumference. The 
 
 entire area which it covers may be about a rood of ground, and is rather on a 
 
 Fig. 275. — Carnbane ground-plan. 
 p/aii in Sir C. Code's Suri'i 
 
 J-'roin
 
 County of Armagh. -501 
 
 gentle eminence in a large plain enclosed by lofty hills at some distance, forming 
 a spacious amphitheatre. 
 
 "The stones are of a hard grit, resembling granite. 
 
 " Within this glacis, or slope, the base of the temple gradually rises towards the 
 mound, whose circumference is i6o yards, and is completely girthed and enclosed 
 with long and ponderous stones set upright and closely joined together. 
 
 "At the N.W. aspect the principal entrance is formed by a simple bank of easy 
 ascent ; and at the opposite extreme there is another opening, which appears to be 
 rather accidental than of original design. It is much narrower than the other, and 
 is contiguous to the altar, which lies in this point. 
 
 " The horizontal slab, which is very ponderous, rests on three upright stones, 
 each about 10 feet long, though they do not appear to be so much as half 
 their height above the surface, until we examine the close, hollow spot in which 
 they stand below the level of the ground. Nine smaller stones, set up in like 
 manner, form the paling of the altar, but the slab does not rest upon any of them. 
 They only serve to wedge in and support the three principal bearing-stones. 
 The slab is almost a triangular shape, whose sides measure 20 feet ; but it appears 
 to have had originally far greater dimensions, from the circumstance that the ground 
 which joins this altar is sunk in like manner for a distance of many feet, and also is 
 enclosed with upright stones set up in the same ])osition, and on a level with those 
 which support the slab. It is the more probable that this slab was of greater size, 
 as, in any of those " (other monuments of this kind) " now existing, there is no stone 
 paling but what immediately encloses the altar, and on which the horizontal flag- 
 stone rests." The " paling" was clearly a peristyle. 
 
 " This ancient relic," adds Sir Charles, " was, about five years ago " (that would 
 mean in about 1799), "in perfect preservation in every respect, excepting the slab; 
 and I am concerned to state that the present occupier of the lands, an opulent 
 brewer in Newry, has almost entirely dismantled the outer paling, and appro- 
 priated the stones to building in the town. This devastation has already reached 
 the interior works ; but it is hoped that here the sacrilege will rest, and that the 
 altar will be spared .... The annexed drawing," he concludes, " represents its 
 figure as it stood about five years ago." The destruction which he hoped might be 
 averted has, unfortunately, overtaken the dolmen. 
 
 "Ancient anil Present State of the County of Down," liy Walter Harris, pp. 203 ami 207; 
 "Slat. Survey of the County of Armagh," by Sir Charles Coote, p. 382. 
 
 4. In the Townland of AnnacloghmuUin, and Parish of Killevy. 
 two miles S. of Belleek, is a dolmen-cairn marked Cave in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 25, and indicated by a small ground-plan, showing 
 a long tumulus with a V-shaped structure within it. The adjoin- 
 ing Townland to the W. is called Carnacally. 
 
 This monument is an elliptical hill, 44 yards in length, and 24 yards in breadth. 
 
 On September the 7th, 1791, as stated by Mr. Bell, Sir Walter Synnot, the 
 owner of the land, caused this tumulus to be opened, previous to which it had 
 simply the appearance of a " stony hill." 
 
 Two stones, which, prior to the operations, were observed to be protruding 
 through the surface to the height of 8 or 10 inches, proved to be the tops of the 
 two rude pillar-stones shown in the drawing. The workmen commenced to
 
 ;o2 
 
 The Dolmens of Ikeland. 
 
 excavate by the side of these pillars, which proved to be 13 feet high.f and 
 
 Fli;. 276. — Aniiacl 
 
 iudjro'ii an iiiustration in ^^ Etruria Celtii'ay 
 
 continued their operations until "the regular designed front" of a stone structure 
 buried in the mound "was ex])osed to view." This "front," as will be seen by 
 reference to the plan which accompanies the drawing in the Newry Magazine, and 
 which I have enlarged, was semicircular in form. In the centre of the semicircle 
 was the entrance to a long chamber, or rather series of chambers, placed one beyond 
 the other, the entire "passage" being divided into four 
 [jortions, or apartments, the one leading on from the other in 
 a straight line, like a succession of lobbies, extending to a 
 total length of 37 feet. 
 
 Mr. Bell describes it as follows : " A gallery, or passage, 
 formed of two rows of large slabs, or flat stones, about 9 feet 
 long and 7 feet high, extending 19 yards into the hill, 
 support incumbent slabs of great size. This gallery is divided 
 into four apartments, about 9 feet by 8 feet, which communi- 
 cate with each other by a square aperture about 4 feet high, 
 the side of which consists of rude stone pillars resting upon 
 the sill, and covered with lintels of large stones surmounted 
 by other large stones which form the roof. From the sides and ends of these 
 apartments, springing from the upright walls, large stones project over each other 
 o^radualiy, until they nearly meet, when an immense flagstone closes all, and 
 forms the covering-roof. 
 
 "These stones appear like inverted steps, or stairs, and are su[)ported in their 
 place by the weight of the mass resting on their other extremity. The height from 
 the floor to the covering-flag of these apartments is about 7 feet 6 ins. In the second 
 ■chamber from the entrance was found a broken earthen vase." J 
 
 Fig. 277.— Urn from 
 AnnaclochmuUin. 
 From rott^h sketch in 
 " Etruria Celtica" 
 
 t With these two pilLii-slnnes we m.iy compare the so-c,illed " Custodes," which, according lo 
 lickmann, are ahnost invariably present in the " Hiinebedden " of Brandenburg. 
 
 X If the drawing can be trusted, it is of unicjue form in Ireland, but by no means so in Germany 
 .and Southern Europe.
 
 County of Armagh. 
 
 .303 
 
 Mr. Bell adds that he had no opportunity of searching for human bones. A 
 fragment of the urn is represented in the drawing of the monument, from which 
 it appears that it was ornamented with a chevron pattern beneath a line 
 of dots, which do not appear in the drawing. 
 
 Letter from Mr. John Bell to the Xcwry Ma^azim, .\ugust II, 1815; " Elruria Ccllica," hy 
 Sir William Betham, vol. ii. p. 173. 
 
 Fig. 278. — .\nnaclochmulIin. Plan enlarged from " Etruria Cdtica." 
 
 5. In the Townlancl of Ballymacdermot (or ? in that of 
 Ballinliss adjoining), and Parish of Killevy, was a chambered 
 cairn. No cairn is marked in Ballymacdermot in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 26, but there is one marked Cani in Ballinliss. 
 
 Mr. Bell speaks of this cairn as similar to that at Cairnbane, in the County of 
 Londonderry, and to that of Killeavy (/.(•. .•\nnacloghmullin)just noticed. It was, 
 therefore, we may suppose, a chambered cairn. "No bones," he says, "were found 
 in the apartments, but an urn containing pulverized matter was found in one of 
 the chambers." 
 
 Ncwry Magazine, vol. ii, p. 237. 
 
 6. In the Townland of Latbirget, and Parish of P\irkill, about 
 two miles W. of the summit of .Slieve Gullion, and three miles 
 N.E. of a great entrenchment in the Townland of Dorsy, a 
 Giant's Grave is marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 28. 
 
 7. In the Townland of Ballykeel, and Parish of Forkill, is a 
 dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. Map No. 28. It lies 
 about a quarter of a inile S.W. of the Latbirget monument. 
 
 1 think these may be the two taiidauhta '-at the foot of Slieve Gullion," 
 mentioned by Mr. Bell. " Originally," he says, "they were conical cairns; now
 
 304 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 the cromlechs are exposed." By Uxmleacht Mr. Bell means a sepulchral monument 
 — the cairn and its enclosed dolmen in one. 
 Newry Magazine, vol. ii. p. 237. 
 
 8. In the Townland of Slieve-Gullion, and Parish of Forkill, 
 half a mile N.N.W. of the summit, and close to the N. margin of 
 a little lake, a Carn is marked in Ord. Siirv. Map No. 28. It is 
 on the boundary-line between the Townlands of Ballanard and 
 Slieve-Gullion. 
 
 9, 10. In the Townland of Clonlum, and Parish of Killevy, 
 about one mile and a quarter E. of the summit of Slieve-Gullion, 
 was a dolmen marked Cromlech in Ord. Surv. I\Iap No. 29 ; also 
 a second not marked. 
 
 Mr. Bell says that there was a large cairn en the top of this mountain, which 
 contained " a series of apartments formed of immense blocks of granite." He 
 succeeded in getting under some of the covering-stones. 
 
 He mentions also that "on Slieve-Gullion" there was a "cromlech of small size, 
 or kistvaen." 
 
 Ne-tory Magazine, vol. ii. p. 237. 
 
 II. In the Townland of Clontygora, and Parish of Killevy, 
 was a dolmen-cairn marked Cam and Crotnlccli in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 29. It is W. of the Canal and the Newry River, about 
 five miles S. of Newry.
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 GairrgaFhQMp ASon.^urutvo IkXtrarpot 
 
 CHAPMAN A HALL Ltd
 
 j^:> 
 
 IV. PROVINCE OF LEINSTER. 
 
 COUNTY OF LOUTH. 
 
 In the Barony of Dundalk Lower. 
 
 I, 2. In the Townland of Proleek, and Parish of Ballymas- 
 canlan, are two dohnens marked respectively Crovilcch and Giant's 
 Grave in Ord. Surv. Map No. 4. They are both in the same 
 field, just to the W. of the stream called the Proleek River, where 
 it falls into a northern reach of Dundalk Bay. 
 
 These two monuments stand at a distance of 85 paces apart, the long wedge- 
 shaped one (p. 307) lying S.E. of the tall one, which is appropriately called the 
 Giants Load, since, on entering the field from the river side, it presents an exact 
 picture of a man in grey walking away from you, and stooping beneath the weight 
 of a bulky sack of the same colour, which he bears on his shoulders. 
 
 It is on the difference exhibited by two such megalithic structures as these, 
 that Irish antiquaries have based the distinction they have drawn between so-called 
 
 i^^^j\^ 
 
 
 
 Fig. 279. — Proleek, " Giant's Load." Etched from a photograph. 
 
 Cromlechs, or Dolmens proper, such as those of Kernanstown, Woodtown, Howth, 
 .ind above all, this one at Proleek, and Giant's Graves including all the rest, that 
 is to say, all the long, trough-like, wedge-shaped structures, such as the Labbacallee, 
 the Burren (Cavan) example, the second one here at Proleek, and hundreds of 
 others. It is the same distinction which French antiquaries recognize in the 
 VOL. I. X
 
 ;o6 
 
 The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 respective terms, dolmens carries anci dolmens elongees. Whether such a distinction 
 exists in reality or not is a question which will be discussed at a subsequent page. 
 
 There is no sign that the " Giant's Load " was ever covered over by a tumulus or 
 cairn. 
 
 The dimensions of the stones are respectively as follows : — 
 
 f LeniTth of sides 
 
 A 
 
 .S.W. side = 5 feet. 
 
 Tol.il circumference 
 k Height 
 
 Length of sides ... 
 
 Total circumference 
 Height 
 
 Length of sides ... 
 
 Total circumference 
 Height 
 
 N.N.Iv 
 
 „ =5 feet 6 ins. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 ,, =15 inches. 
 
 N. 
 
 ,, = i8 inches. 
 
 S. 
 
 ,. =6 inches. 
 
 
 ... =13 feet 9 ins. 
 
 ... 
 
 ... = 7 feet. 
 
 w. 
 
 side = 5 feet 6 ins. 
 
 N. 
 
 ,, = 15 inches. 
 
 ,s. 
 
 ,, —2 feet 6 ins. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 ,, =3 feet 9 ins. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 „ =2 feet 4 ins. 
 
 
 ... = 1 5 feet 4 ins. 
 
 
 ... - 7 feet 6 ins. 
 
 .N'.X.W. 
 
 side = s feet 10 ins. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 ,, = I foot 10 ins 
 
 \V. 
 
 „ =7 feet. 
 
 
 ... = 14 feet 8 ins. 
 
 
 ... = 6 feet. 
 
 The two stones upon which C rests at the S. end measure (D) i foot 3 ins. 
 wide, by i foot thick ; (R) i foot long, 6 inches broad, and 7 inches thick. 
 
 
 Kit;. 2S0.— I'rolcek (No. L), "Giant's Load." Ehhcd froiii a J>hotosroph. 
 
 Several otlier loose stones lie about them, and many others around and under 
 the N.E. end of C, which has in this direction no support on the ground. The 
 displacement of D or E would upset the entire structure. 
 
 The stone F measures 2 feet broadby i foot 6 ins. high ; C is a flat stone, about 
 the same size at the top as F. 
 
 Having no ladder, I could not measure the roofing-stone H with the accuracy 
 I should have desired. It is, however, about 15 feet long from N.W. to S.E., by 
 about 13 feet 6 in.s. in greatest breadth over the tops of A and B, on which it
 
 County of Louth. 
 
 307 
 
 rests, and it gradually tapers towards the S.E., to the point where it rests on C, 
 and overlaps it. It measures from 5 to 6 feet thick. Mr. Thomas O'Conor, in 
 the " Ord. Surv. Letters," estimates its weight at 60 tons. 
 
 '^ 
 
 ©■ 
 
 / \ 
 
 
 "■— _ 
 
 \^\ 
 
 
 8 \ I 
 
 \ c 
 
 \ 
 
 j 
 
 \. 
 
 ^ T^l 
 
 •'., 
 
 / ao / 
 
 ■^■...^ 
 
 . r^i 
 
 
 H('r ^ 
 
 
 ^m- 
 
 Flc. 2S1.— Proleek (No. II.), "Giant's Loail." J'/aii l>y the Author. 
 
 jcijrr^ 
 
 Qgffljpfe 
 
 G3 ^' 
 
 Fig. 2S2.— Pioleek (No. II.). Plan by the Author. .Scale J incli = I foot. 
 
 Fig. 2S3.— Proleek {No. II.). Sketch hy the Author. 
 
 The dimensions of the second dolmen, called the " Giant's Grave," are as 
 follows: — 
 
 Cap-stones .• <r = S feet 2 ins. long ; 5 feet 6 ins. in greatest breadth ; 3 feet 
 thick ; /' = 3 feet 3 ins. long ; 2 feet 5 ins. broad ; 7 inches thick.
 
 3o8 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 Vault: Length, 21 
 
 or 
 
 22 
 
 feet 6 inches : 
 
 ; breadth (W 
 
 '. end) 6 feet ; 
 
 (E. end) 
 
 about 2 feet 6 ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Other stones :- 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. en 
 
 i?th. 
 
 
 
 Hci 
 
 ighl. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 
 (t. 
 
 ins. 
 
 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ins. 
 
 
 A = 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 B=2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 C = 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 1J = 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 E = 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 
 
 F = 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 ^ = 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 H = 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 6 to 2 ft. 6 ins. 
 
 
 1 = 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 J = 3 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 (broad) 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 (probably 
 
 pait of 
 
 a cap- stone whic 
 
 li had been split 
 
 , by a borer) 
 
 
 K = 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 L = 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 
 M = I 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 
 N = 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 = 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 I' = 2 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 
 0=1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 R = 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 S = 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 to 3 nis. 
 
 
 1=^' 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 U = 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 V = 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 \V = 2 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 X = 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 (broad) 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 
 V = 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 (broad) 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 
 Z = 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 (broad) 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 (See MS. " Letters, Orel. 
 
 Sui 
 
 rv. Co. Louth," 
 
 E. u' P' 3°^' ^^^° J^"l>lii' 
 
 Univeisity 
 
 Magazine, vol. Ixxvi. p. 144 ; also Wright's " Loiithiana," where the " Giant's Load" is figured.) 
 
 In the Baronv of Dundalk Upper. 
 
 *r. In the Townland of Ballynahattin, and Parish of Dundalk, 
 
 there was an anomalous 
 monument. It is not 
 marked in Ord. Surv. 
 INIaps Nos. 4 or 7, but the 
 adjoining Townlands on 
 the W. are called Cam 
 Jllorc and Cam Beg. 
 
 Wright gives a rough illustra- 
 tion of this monument. No scale 
 accompanies it, but it appears to 
 have been an enclosure of oval, 
 or, rather, pear-shaped forin, as 
 it seems to narrow to a point 
 at one end, which is, however, 
 imperfect. There is an external 
 ring, consisting of nine rude 
 blocks of stone, inside which is 
 a deep ditch or moat, and within 
 that again a vallum, on which some stones are depicted. Tlie trench and vallum 
 
 Fig. 284.— Ballynahattin. 
 
 " /.oiil/iiaiia.' 
 
 From Wrights
 
 County of Louth. 
 
 509 
 
 are perfect around three-fourths, or thereabouts, of the area. The space enclosed 
 contains two circles of upright stones, placed concentrically, with a few other 
 stones outside them. 
 
 The description of Mount Ash in Lewis's " Topographical Dictionary " corre- 
 sponds so closely with this account, that I am inclined to think it refers to the 
 same monument. It is described as " a curious fort, consisting of an oval mount, 
 the surface of which is depressed, and surrounded witli a vallum, there being a 
 second vallum with a ditch around two-thirds of the circumference." 
 
 Similar enclosures occur in the West of Ireland, and sometimes in connection 
 with dolmens, which is my reason for noticing it here. An enclosure very like 
 it has been observed in the Island of Jersey. The number of large rocks 
 surrounding it in that case is ten. .\ plan and description are given in S. C. 
 Wagener's " Handbuch der Alterthiimer," p. 350, and pi. 61, fig. 630. 
 
 (See Wright's " Louthiana.") 
 
 I\ THE Barony of Louth. 
 
 *i. In the Townland of Priorstate, and Parish of Louth, was 
 the reputed grave of Lug Lamfhada. It is not marked in Ord. 
 Surv. Map No. 11, but was near ancient remains called Scapoll 
 Molt and Fagh-an-aighe. 
 
 The "Grave of Lug" existed here until, a few years before the survey was 
 taken, it was destroyed. Being called a " Giant's Grave," it was perhaps a dolmen. 
 
 O.S.L., Co. of Leath, '"^ , p. 213. 
 
 2. In the Townland of Killeen, and Parish of Louth, a mile 
 
 Fic. 285. — Killeen or Killing. I-'ioin Wris'it's "Louthiana:^ 
 
 and a half .S.W. of Louth Abbey, was a dolmen with sculptured
 
 ;io 
 
 The Dolmens ok Ireland. 
 
 markings, not marked in Orel. Siirv. Map No. ii. This Town- 
 land is bordered on the S. by the Lagan River. The next 
 Townland to the \V. of it is called Fcraglis, which I conclude is 
 the Fagk-an-aighc of Wright — not to be confused with a place 
 with a similar name and legend close to Louth Abbey. He 
 describes the Fagh-an-aighe as situated " a quarter of a mile from 
 the cromlech at Killccn" or Killin Hill, but it was not itself a 
 dolmen. 
 
 In Wriglit's " Louthiana " a group of monuments is figured, one of which 
 is certainly a dolmen, on " Killing Hill." From the rough drawing it would appear 
 that it was situated on the higher of two elevations, on the first and nearest of 
 which was a circle of stones, whicli, perhaps, also surrounded a dolmen-cairn 
 removed. 
 
 The dolmen, which Wright terms " the altar," was itself surrounded by a circle 
 of pyramidal stones, on which, he adds, " are rude carvings, as at New Grange." 
 
 The author of the "Topographical Dictionary" also speaks of "circles and a 
 cromlech on Kill in Hill." 
 
 Lastly, Mr. Bell, in tiie j\'c-i^'n Magaziiie, describes a monument, which is evidently 
 the same, on " Killion Hill, near Dundalk," where, he says, " there is a very fine 
 cromlech, partially covered with a large cairn, surrounded by pillars." " In the 
 interior of this cromlech," he adds, " are sculptured ornaments, wliich give us 
 interesting specimens of the early state of the fine arts." 
 
 See Wright's " Loutliiaii.n,'' Lewis's " Topograpliical Dictionary," and the Xe'^viy Magaziiif, 
 vol. ii. p. 234. 
 
 In tiie Barony of Ferrard. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Paddock, and Parish of Monasterboice, 
 
 Fk;. 2SO. — IVldock, "Thu Hag's IScil " (Monasterboice). /■roiii a dtauin^ hy (/. Du Noyer. 
 
 three-quarters of a mile N.F. of Monasterboice old s^raveyard.
 
 COUNTV OF LOUTII. 
 
 ;ii 
 
 is a dolmen marked Calliagh Dirras House in Ord. Surv. Map 
 No. 21. 
 
 This remarkably fine and perfect dolmen has been described and figured 
 by Mr. Du Noyer. The interior measured 12 feet 8 ins. long, by 3 feet wide 
 at the \V. end, and 4 feet at the E. end, thus presenting the same wedge-shaped 
 ground-plan noticed so often that 
 it may be regarded as an almost 
 invariable and essential charac- 
 teristic. If, however, Mr. Uu 
 Noyer's compass was correct, it 
 is to be noted that the usual 
 arrangement is reversed, the 
 broader end being towards the E. 
 
 Five large flagstones set on 
 edge comi)ose the S. side, to- 
 gether with an outer, or supple- 
 mental stone. \ like number form the N. side, which is not so long, but which is 
 also provided with a supplemental stone, to afford, app.irently, greater strength 
 to the side- stones. 
 
 A large slab closed either end, and four flagstones formed the roof, .\gainst 
 the S. side, externally, five smaller stones were set on edge at right-angles, or 
 in buttress fashion, which were seemingly intended for actual buttresses, and not, 
 as Mr. Du Noyer thought, for partitions of cists. .\ similar structural detail is 
 observable in the case of one of the dolmens at Knockane, in the county of Cork. 
 It was the opinion of Mr. Du Noyer that this Monasterboice dolmen had been 
 covered with a tumulus. 
 
 The Hag's Bed" (Monasterboice).
 
 7 
 
 The Dolmens of Ireland. 
 
 COUNTY OF LONGFORD. 
 
 In the Barony of LoNcn-ORo. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Melkagh, and Parish of Killoe, was a 
 dolmen-circle marked Dcrmot and Grafiids Bed in Ord. Surv. 
 Map No. 5. It is indicated by a circle of five dots. 
 
 In the Barony of Granard. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Grassyard, and Parish of Granard, was 
 a dolmen marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. \q, Dcrmot and Granid s 
 Cave, Carricknahoo. It is about half a mile N. of the Moat of 
 Granard. 
 
 In the Barony of Moydow. 
 
 I. In the Townland of Cloonker, and Parish of Moydow, was 
 a dolmen marked in Ord. Surv. Map No. 18, Site of Kcrs Grave, 
 and indicated by two parallel rows of three stones each. 
 
 O'Donovan states that this monument measured 15 feet long. 
 
 14 
 O.S.L., Co. of Longford, -g — p,, p. 76. 
 
 END OF VOL. \. 
 
 ^0 
 
 IRINIED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDuN A.ND BECCLES.
 
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