B M 703 125 LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIORAR 1 >m>t^^w^<^ | Wi^^^^< 1 ^M 6 ^ <%>*<& ill a = eiiiri^i^ Mil a LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA rrb 0\^ ; BIBLIOGRAPHY: ITS SCOPE AND METHODS PUBLISHED By JAMES MACLEHOSE AN!) SONS, GLASGOW jjnblislure lo the Bnibttaitg MACMIt.l.AN AND CO. LTD. LONDON New York • The Maonillan Co. Toronto • ■ The Macmitlan Co. of Canada London - - ■ St'tttf&in, Hamilton and Co. Cambridge ■ ■ Bowes and Botvt-s Edinburgh ■ Douglas and Fouiis Sydney - ■ ■ Angus and Robertson BIBLIOGRAPHY ITS SCOPE AND METHODS WITH A VIEW OF THE WORK OF A LOCAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY DAVID MURRAY LL.D., F.S.A. GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY 1917 *>» NOTE This is a reprint of a Presidential Address to the Glasgow Bibliographical Society. It was reprinted at the time, but from various causes has not been issued until now. An Index and a few Illustrations have been added. D. M. 13 Fitzroy Place, Glasgow, \^th April, 1917. CONTENTS PART I. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. PAGE What Bibliography is ........ i The History of the Word -------- 3 Material Bibliography : the Description of Books - - - - 10 Literary Bibliography -------- 13 Catalogue of the British Museum Library ----- 20 A Classified Catalogue, or Catalogue Raisonne - - - - 25 Some Classified Catalogues -------- 34 Systems of Classification -------- 39 Special Bibliographies -------- 46 Bibliography of Bibliographies ------- 47 PART II. PARTICULAR BIBLIOGRAPHY. Field of Bibliographical Work for Local Societies - - - - 51 The Scot Abroad and The Bibliography of his Writings - - - 59 The Printing Press in Glasgow ------- 65 Local Bibliography --------- 78 PART III. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW. Bibliography of Glasgow -------- 81 Some Glasgow Bibliographers ------- 97 INDEX ----- ----- 106 ILLUSTRATIONS Facsimile Titlepage op E acorn ana, 1679 ------ Facsimile Titlepage of Bibliographia Paristna, 1645 .... Facsimile Titlepage of Catalogue of Books, etc., sold by J. & M. Robertson, Booksellers, Glasgow, 1798 ------- Facsimile Letter from Mr. William Euing to Mr. J. B. Greenshields of Kerse, 9TH October, 1872 ....... BIBLIOGRAPHY: ITS SCOPE AND METHODS WITH A VIEW OF THE WORK OF A LOCAL BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY PART I. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY WHAT BIBLIOGRAPHY IS Bibliography has been defined as " the history and description of books," 1 or, as expanded, " the systematic description and history of books, their author- 1 This was the current definition in the eighteenth century. See, e.g., De Bure, Bibliographic instructive. " Histoire," ii. p. 412, the first volume of which was published in 1763 ; Catalogue des Livres . . . de M[eori], p. 483, Paris 1803, 8vo ; Catalogue des Livres de la Bibliothique de la Maison professe des ci-devant soi-disans Jesuites, p. 433, Paris 1763. Jean Gamier was keeper of the library of the College of the Jesuits at Paris, which was arranged according to his system, infra, pp. 42, 43. He does not, however, use the word bibliography. The sale catalogue, it is said, was prepared by D. Clement, a Benedictine. The collection included, by bequest, the Ubrary of Menage, and that of Huet, Bishop of Avranches, or rather what remained of it, after the fire in his house in the Faubourg Saint- Jacques, in 1693. That of Menage contained not only his own collection, but that of Francois Guyet (1575-1655), the poet and critic, which he had purchased. On the dissolution of the Order the library was brought to sale, when the nephew and heir of the bishop intervened, and the sale was stopped as regards the portion which he had bequeathed. The Empress of Russia offered 50,000 crowns for it, but it was ultimately purchased by Louis XV. and incor- porated with the Royal library. The nephew of the bishop was allowed an annuity of 1750 livres as representing the interest of 35,000 livres. The second part of the catalogue, that of the library of the Jesuits of the College de Clermont, Paris 1764, 8vo, contained many books from the library of Achille de Harlay. See " Lettre de Monsieur la Croze," p. 5, prefixed to Charles Etienne Jordan, Histoire d'un Voyage litteraire, La Haye 1735, 8vo. 2 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ship, printing, publication, editions, etc." ; ' and recognises as coming within its scope almost everything in which a book-loving antiquary can be interested, such as the " history of printing, bookbinding, book-illustration, and book-collecting." * The science of bibliography, says the Abbe Cotton des Houssayes, " is nothing more than an exact and critical acquaintance with the productions of the in- tellect . . . the forerunner of all other sciences, their guide, who is to light them with his torch, as a devoted and dutiful son precedes his father, to secure and facilitate his progress by throwing light upon his path." 3 Bibliography is one of the oldest, and yet one of the most modern of the sciences. It is old, because at all times scholars had lists of the works of authors, catalogues of libraries, and other similar aids ; it is modern, because it is only within a com- paratively recent period that bibliography has been developed systematically. Its field is unlimited, its demands are most exacting. " Amongst the branches of human knowledge," says a French writer, " bibliography is, without contradiction, one of the most attractive and one of the most vast. . . . Less useful than medi- cine, it probably requires quite as much of the preliminary training that goes to form a man of science. More extended than geography, it is more varied and more satisfying in its details, and I know of no branch of knowledge to which it can be more fitly compared. Bibliography is the knowledge of the world of literature and of what composes it, as geography is that of the terrestrial world ; but the discoveries to be made in the latter must some day come to an end ; those in the world of literature have no limit, and the study of bibliography will be the more needful in proportion as the arts and sciences develop and enlarge." 4 1 N.E.D., s.v. 2 A. W. Pollard, art. " Bibliography," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, iii. p. 908, nth ed. A bibliographer, says Peignot, " is one who makes a special study of the knowledge of books, of literary history, and of all that relates to the art of printing." Dictionnaire raisonni de Bibliologie, i. p. 50, Paris 1802, 8vo. 3 The Duties and Qualifications of a Librarian, p. 37, Chicago 1906, i2mo, one of the series " Literature of libraries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries edited by John Cotton Dana and Henry W. Kent." The discourse was delivered in 1780 and printed at Paris in 1781, the issue being limited to twenty-five copies. " Bibliography in its wider extent is the codex diplomaticus of literary history, and the most certain means of ascertaining the state of literature." Ebert, Allgemeines bibliographisches Lextkon, p. ix, Leipzig 1821, 4to. ' Bibliographic instructive; Tome dixiime, p. xi, Paris 1782, 8vo, by J. F. Nee de la Rochelle. Or Certain Genuine REMAINS O F S* Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, AND Vifcount of St. Albans • In Arguments Civil and ^Moral, J^Qatural, ^Medical, Theological , and bibliographi- cal j Now the Firft time faithfully Pub- lished. An Account of thefe Remains, and of all his Lerdjhip's other PPorkfjs given by the Publifher, in a Difcourfe by way of ^n t r o duc t i o n . LONDON, Printed by J. V. for Richard Cbifwdl, at trie Rofe and Crown in St. Pda/'s Church- Yard, 167P. HISTORY OF THE WORD 3 THE HISTORY OF THE WORD The word " bibliography " found no place in Dr. Johnson's Dictionary, pub- lished at London in 1755 ; and although he himself was one, 1 as now understood, he defined " Bibliographer " as a writer of books ; a transcriber. 2 Diderot and D'Alembert, writing in 1772, 3 describe a bibliographer (biblio- graphe) as a person versed in the knowledge and the deciphering of ancient manu- scripts ; and add that Scaliger, Saumaise, Casaubon, Petau, and Mabillon were skilled in this knowledge, " to which the term Bibliography is applied." Notwithstanding the dictionary-makers, the word " bibliography," and its Latin equivalent " bibliographia," had been used in its modern sense for more than a century before Johnson wrote. Archbishop Tenison, in 1679, printed what he styled the " Bibliographical Remains " of Lord Bacon. 4 Claude Doresmieulx, 1 Johnson was employed along with William Oldys, in 1742, to catalogue the Harleian library, which had been purchased by Osborne, the bookseller. The catalogue extends to five volumes 8vo. As explained in the preface to volume iii., it was originally intended that the catalogue should be annotated throughout, but this was found to be impracticable. There are, however, a number of bibliographical and biographical notes. Those in volumes i. and ii. are understood to be by Johnson ; and those in volumes iii. and iv. by Oldys. Volume v., published in 1745, is merely the catalogue of Osborne's unsold stock. The terse and interesting account of the library prefixed to volume i. was written by Johnson. Johnson, as he himself says of Pope, " certainly was in his early life a man of great literary curiosity." He thoroughly understood the whims and foibles of the bibliophile and collector. See The Rambler, No. 177, and cf. lb. Nos. 82, 83. His letter to Dr., afterwards Sir Frederick Barnard (Life by Boswell, ed. Croker, iii. p. 60 ; cf. lb. pp. 19, 135), shows that he was an expert bibliographer. 2 This definition was continued in all the editions issued during Johnson's lifetime and later. Johnson probably copied Blount, who gives the same definition in Glossographia, s.v., London 1656, 8vo. Bi/3\io7pd0os, in ancient Greek = a writer of books; in lower Greek = a transcriber or copyist ; pip\ioypac., sold by J. and M. Robertson, Printers and Booksellers, Glasgow. Containing, I. A Miscellaneous Collection From Page 2 to Page 8 . . . V. Historical and Religious Chap Books [page] 10 . . . Printed in the year MDCCXCVIII, pp. 15, narrow 8vo. The heading on p. 10 is : Historical and Religious Chap. BOOKS. Among them are : " Academy of Compliments " ; " iEsop's Fables " ; " Bunyan's Sighs from Hell " ; and six other pieces (but neither " The Pilgrim's Progress " nor " The Holy War ") ; " Black Bird Song Book " ; " Dean Swift's Life " ; " Death of Abel " ; " Female Policy " ; " Hill's Secretary's Guide " ; " Hocus Pocus " ; " Joe Miller's Jests " ; " Prince Eugene's Life " ; " Russell on the Sacrament " ; " Seven Champions " ; " Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs " ; " Winter Evening Tales " ; " Weaving Spiritualized " ; " Youth's Divine Pastime " , " Vallen- tine and Orson." J. & M. Robertson had been printing chap-books many years prior to 1798, and, it is said, realised ^30,000 from the business. The term " chapmen's books " is found somewhat earlier. At the end of an edition of " Guy, Earl of Warwick," published by Stanley Crowder, there is " A catalogue of chapmen's books, printed for andsold by J. BewatNo. 28 Paternoster- row." (HarvardCatalogue, No. 485, infra). Crowder was in business about 1760, and was for many years a considerable wholesale bookseller in Paternoster-row. He failed, however, and then became Clerk to the Com- missioners of the Commutation and Window Tax for the city of London, and died 23rd May, 1795. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, iii. p. 720 ; viii. p. 468, and Index. Blew's name appears on chap-books in 1774 and 1789, and the presumption is that he purchased Crowder's stock when he gave up business. The date of the catalogue may perhaps therefore be about 1780. The book chapmen were known as Flying-Stationers. Thus, we have " Fun upon Fun ; or, the Comical Merry Tricks of Leper the Taylor, Glasgow, Printed for the Company of Flying Stationers, in town and country, 1786." 2 parts, i2mo. " Captain O'blunder's Obser- vations on the Bloody War with America," i2mo, was " Printed for the Company of Flying Stationers in G. Britain and Ireland 1778," most probably at Glasgow. 8 The uncommon popularity chap-books have acquired " entitles them, in many a point of view, to the regard of the moralist, and the literary historian. We meet with them on every stall and in every cottage. They are essentially the Library of Entertaining Know- ledge to our peasantry, and have maintained their ground in the affections of the people notwithstanding the attempt of religious, political or learned associations to displace them, by substituting more elegant and wholesome literature in their stead." Motherwell, in the 56 PARTICULAR BIBLIOGRAPHY Chancellor Ferguson wrote a curious account of the chap-books of Cumberland ; ' Mr. Charles A. Federer has dealt with those of Yorkshire ; 2 and Mr. W. C. Lane has issued an excellent catalogue of the large collection in the library of Harvard College." Although that collection contains about 2500 separate chap-books, only from four to five per cent, were published in Glasgow. 4 The number actually issued here was, however, very large. Mr. J. O. Halliwell described a small collec- Paisley Magazine (1826), No. xiii. p. 662^. See Harvey, Scottish Chap-Booh Literature, Paisley 1903, 4to, and works therein referred to. When I was a boy, say 1850-1855, a few chap-books were to be found on a shelf or in a boal in most cottages, and I have often listened to one being read aloud. Mr. J. O. Halliwell refers to the value of chap-books from a literary point of view and as illustrating life and manners. Catalogue of Chap-Books, p. iii, London 1849, pp. 190 (For private circulation). See also two volumes prepared by Mr. J. O. Halliwell for the Percy Society : Descriptive Notices of Popular English Histories, London 1848, 8vo ; Notices of Fugitive Tracts and Chap- boohs, lb. 1849, 8vo. The Catalogue is composed of these two books put together. The various tracts are there numbered consecutively; No. 116 of this corresponds with No. 1 of the volume of 1849, and No. 241 with No. 126 of the latter. In this volume No. 115 of that of 1848 is curtailed, and Nos. 116, 117 and 118 are omitted to save resetting. The Introduction to the Catalogue is new. Sir Walter Scott says : " I had, in my early life, a great collection of these chap-books, and had six volumes of them bought before I was ten years old, comprehending most of the more rare and curious of our popular tracts." Letter, 10th May, 1830, to John Strang, quoted Glasgow and its Clubs, p. 99, Glasgow 1856, 8vo. 1 Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian &■ Archaeological Society, xiv. (1897), pp. 1-120 ; xvi. (1900), pp. 56-79. Chancellor Ferguson has also described a small collection in the library of the Society of Antiquaries. P.S.A. 2nd S. xv. (1894) pp. 338-345. 2 Yorkshire Chap-Boohs, London 1889, 8vo. This is marked " First Series," and contains Thomas Gent's ten chap-books on legendary subjects. A second series does not seem to have appeared. 3 A Catalogue of English and A merican Chap-Books and Broadside Ballads in Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Mass., 1905, 8vo, pp. xi-f-171. Published by Harvard Univer- sity. This is Library Bulletin No. 56. As a personal link with Harvard I may mention that my wife's ancestor, Rev. Solomon Stoddard (1643-1730), was the fourth graduate and first librarian of the College. His father, Anthony Stoddard (d. 1687), was one of the earliest settlers in Boston, Mass., and the father of the latter, another Anthony Stoddard (d. 1635). was a citizen of London and freeman of the Skinner's Company (1598). Buried in the chancel of St. Michael le Querne, before the Great Fire, his remains rest under the pavement of Cheapside, near to the spot now occupied by Sir Robert Peel's statue. * There are 61 imprints bearing the names of printers, and a considerable number printed at Glasgow, but without the printer's name. There is in the British Museum a volume of chap-books collected by Joseph Ritson with a special title-page printed for him : Scotish Merrimentsin Prose and Verse, London, collected and bound in the year 1793, i2mo (12,331 b. 34 (1-27) ), in which there are some Glasgow imprints. CHAP-BOOKS 57 tion printed in Glasgow between 1695 and 1698 which he considered unique, 1 and although this may not be quite accurate, many of the earlier tracts and some of later date are very scarce. The first and second editions of Dougal Graham's Account of the Rebellion of 1745 and 1746 were thought to have disappeared altogether, 2 but the late Mr. George Gray (1835-1905). town clerk of Rutherglen, and a noted bibliophile, succeeded in obtaining copies of both, 3 and recently a still finer copy of the second edition has turned up.* Chap-books have been singularly overlooked by the dictionary makers. Most of them, no doubt, cannot add much to the vocabulary, but some of them are 1 Some Account of a Singular and Unique Collection of Early Penny Merriments and Histories printed at Glasgow 1695-8, [London] 1864, i2mo. Only twenty-five copies printed. - So said Mr. George MacGregor (d. 1900), The Collected Writings of Dougal Graham, i. p. 16, Glasgow 1883, 8vo. At that time Mr. Gray had not picked up the two earlier editions, and Mr. MacGregor printed from the third (Glasgow 1774, i2mo). It was the earliest edition which Motherwell had seen ; Duncan Macvean had seen and collated the second, but had not met with the first edition. William Motherwell says : " Of some of Graham's penny histories we had a fair assortment at one time, principally printed by J. & M. Robertson, Saltmarket, Glasgow, which we believe might well be esteemed first editions, but some unprincipled scoundrel has bereaved us of that treasure " (Paisley Magazine, p. 662). This is probably, to a certain extent, a romance. Motherwell says that he derived most of his information regarding Dougal Graham from George Caldwell, bookseller in Paisley, who knew him well and printed many of his works ; but I am inclined to think that he was much indebted for bibliographical details to Duncan Macvean. Motherwell had in his library twenty-two volumes of Penny Ballads and nine volumes of Penny Histories, described in the sale catalogue as " an unique collection of many works rarely to be met with " (Catalogue No. 79, No. 1003 [Glasgow 1836, 8vo]) ; and a bunch of unbound ones (lb. No. 1513). He had " Guy, Earl of Warwick," " Robin Hood," etc., Glasgow 1750, marked " curious." lb. 1529. 8 A Full True and Particular Account of the Rebellion in the years 1745-6. Composed by the Poet D. Graham. . . . Glasgow, Printed and sold by James Duncan in the Salt Market the second shop below Gibson's Wynd, 1746, i2mo. See Northern Notes and Queries, i. p. 46. The second edition bears the imprint : Glasgow, printed for and sold by Dougal Graham, Merchant in Glasgow, and Alexander Young, Merchant in Stirling, 1752, i2mo. Catalogue of a Selected Portion of the . . . Library of George Gray, Nos. 263, 264. London 1907, 8vo. They are fully described in Fairley, Dougal Graham, Skellat Bellman of Glasgow, and his Chap-Books , Hawick 1908, 4to. These copies, it is said, formed part of the packing of a bookseller's parcel. Cartophylax. it will be remembered, " had employed himself and his emissaries seven years at great expense to perfect his series of Gazettes, but had long wanted a single paper, which, when he despaired of obtaining it, was sent him wrapped round a parcel of tobacco." The Rambler, No. 177. They were exhibited by Mr. Gray at the Exhibition illustrative of Old Glasgow in 1894 ; and were purchased at the sale of his library by Mr. James Graham of Carfin, and presented by him to the Mitchell Library, Glasgow. * In the hands of Alexander W. Macphail, bookseller in Edinburgh. 58 PARTICULAR BIBLIOGRAPHY worth reading on the score of language. " John Thompson's Man," • for instance, has a force of expression and a wealth of vocabulary that Pantagruel and Sir Thomas Urquhart might have envied. I have referred to chap-books because, although it is a subject of general interest, it is also particularly associated with Glasgow, and most of the Glasgow printers engaged in their production to a greater or less extent. 2 It is worthy of note that the early ambition of that great bibliographer, Robert Watt, was to be a chapman ; Robert Burton, the author of the Anatomy of Melancholy, was a great collector of Penny Merriments ; 3 as were also James Boswell, the biographer of Dr. Johnson, and his son Sir Alexander Boswell. 4 The individual members of this Society have access to various collections, public and private, by means of which good bibliographical work can be done, and it is to be hoped that advantage will be taken of such opportunities. " He who passes much of his time amid such vast resources, and does not aspire to make some small addition to his library, were it only by a critical catalogue, must indeed be not more animated than a leaden Mercury. He must be as indolent as that animal called the Sloth, who perishes on the tree he climbs, after he has eaten all its leaves." 8 1 Halliwell, English Histories, No. 108, supra; Catalogue, No. 108, supra, quotes the most forcible passage. He uses, apparently, the edition included in Ritson, Scotish Merriments, (supra, p. 56, n. 4), in which it occurs at p. 14. I have not met with a Glasgow edition, but there was a Stirling one of 1829. - Sanders and all our early printers tried their hands at chap-books. Amongst the later printers and publishers who engaged in the business were Robert Foulis (1747) ; R. & A. Foulis (1748-55) ; James Bryce (1775, religious books) ; James Robertson (1770) ; J. & J. Robertson (1777) ; J. & M. Robertson (1780-1810) ; James Duncan (1783) ; James Galbraith (1798, religious books) ; Robert Chapman (1790) ; Brash & Reid (1800) ; J. & A. Duncan (1800) ; Cameron & Murdoch, Trongate (1800) ; James Dymock, High Street (1800) ; W. Lang (1806-16) ; James Lumsden (1793), J. Lumsden & Son, and Lumsden & Son (1819-50) ; A. Napier, Trongate (181 7, 1818) ; Thomas Duncan, Saltmarket, afterwards in High Street (1819-27) ; M'Kenzie & Hutchison, Robert Hutchison, and R. Hutchison & Co., Saltmarket (1821-23) I J- Nei L Bazaar (1829) ; Francis Orr (1800-25) and Francis Orr & Sons (1825-1851) ; James Carmichael (1850). 3 Dibdin, Library Companion, p. 607. 4 Catalogue of . . . Chap-Books . . . in Harvard College Library, p. vii. There are two collections in that library formed by the Boswells, the one in fifty-five, and the other in three volumes. 6 Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature, i. p. 4, London 1867, 8vo. THE SCOT ABROAD 59 THE SCOT ABROAD AND THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HIS WRITINGS Before passing to strictly local matters I may refer to one subject of general interest — the writings of the wandering Scot ; " Scotigenarum con- suetudo peregrinandi pene in naturam versa est." At one time scholars from Scotland were to be found all over Europe, and no continental university, it is said, was complete unless it had a Scots professor. 1 " Our college of Guienne," writes Elie Vinet {circa 1581), " is rarely without a Scotsman. At present we have two, one a professor of philosophy, the other of Greek and mathematics, both good men, upright and learned, and acceptable to the students." z " The Scots," says Etienne Perlin, " who apply themselves to study, usually become good philosophers and accomplished in the liberal arts (bons artiens)." 3 Dr. Johnson, who is thought to have had a prejudice against Scotsmen and their country, gave a glowing account of the Admirable Crichton. 4 1 See Sir William Hamilton, Discussions, pp. 119, 120, Edinburgh 1853, 8vo, 2nd ed. The Scots were not, however, the only vagrants. Scholars of all nationalities wandered from country to country and from university to university, teaching, lecturing and disputing. See Johann Ulrich Mayer, Discursus . . . de vagantibus scholasticis, Lipsiae 1675, 4to. This is usually catalogued under the name of Jakob Thomasius (1622-84), professor of eloquence at Leipzig, and a great educational authority in his day, who presided at the disputation, but there is no doubt that Mayer was the author, and the dissertation is not included in the bibliography of Thomasius. Calalogus scriptorum Thomasaniorum, Hal. Magd. [1732] 4to. Mayer presents a curious picture of the wandering scholars (die fahrenden Schiilern), with illustrations from the Facetiae of Henricus Bebelius and the Schimpfl und Ernst of Johannes Pauli, and facts from Gesner. See also Bayle St. John, Montaigne the Essayist, i. p. 53. 2 Buchanani Epistolae, No. xxxviii. p. 33, in Buchanani Opera, Edinb. 1715, folio. 3 Description des royauhnes d'Angleterre et d'Ecosse, cd. Gough, p. 37, London 1775, 4to. Originally published at Paris 1558, 8vo. See Michel, Les E.cossais en France, ii. p. 186. Arlien or orcein = arletiens or artista, one skilled in the liberal arts, a master of arts. Gough misreads the word, prints it " artreirs," and then corrects it " auteurs " =authors. Perlin mentions two Scots scholars with whom he was acquainted : Simon Simson, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and David Cranstoun, regent in arts in Montaign College. One of the greatest of Scottish jurists, Professor John Millar of Glasgow (1735-1801) remarks that " the people of Scotland, so far as they cultivated letters, were directed into the road of general science. Despairing of reputation, either as poets, or fine writers, they advanced by degrees in those branches of learning and philosophy which had diffused themselves over the rest of Europe." Historical View of the English Government, iii. p. 87, London 1812, 8vo ; cf. lb. p. 89. 4 The Adventurer, No. 81. 60 THE SCOT ABROAD David Irving, Francisque Michel, Burton, Fischer, and others, 1 have written pleasantly of the Scot abroad, but we have no bibliography of their writings. In every catalogue of books of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries many authors, bearing Scottish names, are to be found. Some of these are known to everyone ; others are less familiar, but can be identified ; while there are many who have not been traced. Some men went abroad and returned ; others remained and settled in the lands of their adoption ; some again were born abroad of Scots parents. Thomas Dempster of Muiresk (1579-1625), one of the most learned men whom Scotland has produced and himself the prince of wanderers, 2 has given a long list of Scots writers, principally in foreign lands, which though often inaccurate 1 " Scots in Foreign Countries " forms a title in Mr. Fortescue's Subject-Index of Modern Books in the British Museum ; and in the Index to the List of Books forming the Reference Library. See J. M. Bulloch in Scottish Notes and Queries, iv. 2nd S. (1902) 33. " The spirit of rambling and adventure," says Smollett, " has been always peculiar to the natives of Scotland. If they had not met with encouragement in England, they would have served and settled, as formerly, in other countries, such as Muscovy, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Germany, France, Piedmont, and Italy, in all which nations their descendants continue to flourish even at this day." The Expedition of Humphry Clinker, in The Works of Tobias Smollett, vii. p. 392, London 1872, 8vo. Smollett had his views on the British Museum library and on catalogues. lb. p. 40. Scots in Muscovy have recently been brought before us by Mr. A. F. Steuart in Scottish Influences in Russian History, Glasgow 1913, 8vo. - David Irving provides a catalogue of his writings : Lives of Scottish Writers, i. pp. 363-370, Edinburgh 1839, 8vo ; see also his Latin preface to Historia ecclesiastica gentis Scotorum, i. p. i sqq., Edinburgh 1829, 4to (Bannatyne Club). " It is impossible to forget the once-celebrated Dempster, the last of the formidable sect of Hoplomachists, who fought every day, at his school in Paris, either with sword or fist, in defence of his doctrines in omni scibili." Ferriar, Illustrations of Sterne, ii. p. 55, London 1812, 8vo. Graevius styles him vir Celebris. Cohors Musarum, p. 202, ed. van Beuren, Trajecti ad Rhenum 1715, 8vo. Baillet seems to have had an ill-will against him. " He would have wished that all learned men had been Scots. He forged titles of books which were never published, to raise the glory of his native country, and has been guilty of diverse other impostures which have injured him in the eyes of men of letters." Jugemens des Savans, n. i. p. 167. Baillet's unfavourable opinion is founded on the statements of English and Irish writers, particularly Bale, Ussher and Sir James Ware, who seem to have been jealous of every Scotsman who had learning. Fabricius, Bibliographia antiquaria, p. 92, speaks more favourably of Dempster, although he mentions his quarrelsome temper and want of judgment ; and refers to his prodigious memory, which was so tenacious that it was said he did not know how to forget, to his immense erudition and his industry, his reading occupying fourteen out of the twenty-four hours. Baillet should have been more sympathetic, as, like Dempster, he was a most assiduous worker : he treated his body hardly, says his biographer, regarding it as an insolent enemy to be kept in subjection. He endeavoured each day to do with less, and finally accustomed himself to only five hours' sleep, generally with his clothes on, to take but one meal a day, to drink no wine, to do without fire, to walk out but once a week. Little wonder that he had constant ill-health, and died at the age of 56, a martyr to bibliography. Amongst the BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 deserves to be investigated, and Mr. Maidment published several old catalogues of Scottish writers, containing brief notices of their works. 1 These are mere jottings, but they indicate how wide is the field to be traversed. Dr. George Mackenzie has given catalogues of the works of the most eminent writers of the Scots nation, 2 but they require careful revision and editing ; and the limits of his work necessarily excluded a large number of authors from his consideration. The works of David Irving, of Dr. Thomas M'Crie, and of M., Francisque Michel contain bibliographical notices of many works of Scotsmen published on the continent ; and Mr. J. King Hewison has prefaced his edition of the Tractates of Ninian Winzet by an excellent bibliography. 3 Professor Aeneas J. G. Mackay (1839-1911) similarly prefixed an exhaustive bibliography of John Major, that is, John Mair — for some time a professor in the University of Glasgow — to the transla- tion of the History of Greater Britain ; * and I prepared a bibliography of our great Humanist George Buchanan for the exhibition held in Glasgow in 1906, in connec- tion with his quatercentenary. 5 Dr. James Finlayson (1840-1906) gathered up in a bibliographical tract all that is known of the life and works of Sylvester Rattray, an early medical writer and a practising physician in Glasgow, 6 and wrote the life of Maister Peter Lowe, the founder of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons possessions which he left behind him, in his rooms, were two cords of wood, saved out of the allowance made to him. Jugemens des Savans, I. ii., pp. 60, 61. Supra, p. 34. Dempster's Antiuuitatum Romanorum Corpus, a valuable book, was placed on the Roman Index. Index librorum prohibitorum juxta exemplar Romanorum, p. 96, Mechlini* 1871, 8vo. 1 Catalogues of Scottish Writers, Edinburgh 1833, 8vo. Thomas Ruddiman, writing in 1744, says that Mr. Archibald Campbell of Queen Street, Westminster, had " for many years made it his business to collect all the Scots authors he could find," and was an authority upon the subject. Nichols, Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, iv. p. 235. One of his acquisitions was the MS. records of the Church of Scotland, which he presented to Sion College. 2 Lives and Characters of the most eminent Writers of the Scots Nation, with an abstract and catalogue of their works, their various editions, and the judgment of the learned concerning them, Edinburgh 1708-22, fol. 3 vols. 3 Edinburgh and London 1888-90, 8vo, 2 vols. (Scottish Text Society). 4 Edinburgh 1892, 8vo (Scottish History Society). 6 George Buchanan, Glasgow Quatercentenary Studies, 1906, pp. 393-523, Glasgow 1907, 8vo. 8 " Sylvester Rattray, author of the Treatise on Sympathy and Antipathy, Glasgow 1658," published in Janus, Amsterdam 1900, 8vo. Rattray's book is dedicated to his friend Sir John Scot of Scotstarvet ; and its dedication is dated at Glasgow, 10th February, 1658. Dr. Finlayson wrote a considerable number of papers which he styled " Bibliographical Demonstrations." These consisted of a critical account of an author with a description of his works : e.g. Hippocrates : a Bibliographical Demonstration, Glasgow 1892, 8vo ; Celsus : a Bibliographical Demonstration, lb. 1892, 8vo ; Galen : two Bibliographical Demonstrations, lb. 1895, 8vo. 62 THE SCOT ABROAD of Glasgow, with a bibliography of his writings ; * Professor Ferguson treats fully of the bibliography and life of William Davisson, " nobilis Scotus," professor of chemistry at Paris and physician to John Casimir, King of Poland. 2 The information thus scattered in many volumes requires to be brought to- gether, revised, and unified, but beyond this there is a great crowd of Scots authors — theologians, lawyers, physicians, philosophers, mathematicians, philologists, and historians s — who still await a bibliographer. In addition to the works of Scotsmen living abroad, there are the works of scholars living in Scotland which were printed in England or on the Continent. Take some of those connected with Glasgow. The Carmen Mosis of Andrew Melville, which appeared when he was principal of the University, was published at Basel. 4 The various writings of William 1 Account of the Life and Works of Maister Peter Lowe, Glasgow 1889, 4to. 2 Bibliotheca Chemica, i. p. 200. 3 Many of the writings of the Scots presbyterians, who took refuge in Holland from episco- palian persecution at home, were translated into Dutch. See Steven, History of the Scottish Church, Rotterdam, p. 72, Edinburgh 1832, 8vo. The once popular work of John Brown of Wamphray, Christ in Believers, the hope of Glory, was, as explained in the preface, the substance of certain sermons preached by him at Utrecht, translated into Dutch, after his death, and published by Mr. James Koolman. The sixth English edition appeared at Glasgow (John Robertson, Senior) in 1763, i2mo. Brown published in Holland, Libri duo contra Wolzogium et Velthusium, Amstelodami 1670, 8vo, with a dedicatory epistle addressed to his fellow-refugees, John Livingston, Robert Traill, John Nevay, Robert MacWard, and James Garner ; and De causa Dei contra Antisabbatarios, Roterodami 1674, 4to, 2 vols. There is a short bibliography — not quite complete — of Brown's works by Dr. Robert Burns of Paisley (1788-1869) in his edition of Brown, Treatise on Prayer, p. xviii, Glasgow 1822, 8vo. 4 Carmen Mosis . . . latino carmine redditum, Andrea Melvino Scoto auctore, Basilea; 1574, 8vo, pp. 16. On the other hand, A ne Answer to the Tractiue . . . be Maister Quintine Kennedy, commen- datar Abbote of Crosraguell ... be Maister John Dauidsone, Maister of the Paedagog of Glasgow, Melville's predecessor, was printed at Edinburgh by Robert Lekprewik in 1563, 41.0, 34 leaves : while the reply to the attack by Archibald Hamilton upon the religious doctrines of the Scottish reformers, written by Thomas Smeton (1536-83), Melville's successor in the principalship, was also printed at Edinburgh in 1578 by John Ross for Henry Charteris, pp. 7 not numbered-)- 124. I have two copies of the last, one of which belonged to Alexander Boswell, and subsequently to Thomas Ruddiman. Andrew Melville deplored the death of Smeton in a short poem, Viri clarissimi A. Melvini Musts, p. 6 [Edinburgh ?] 1620, 4to, pp. 67. I have also a copy of this, which is a scarce book. The Onomasticon Poeticum of Thomas Jack, Master of the Grammar School of Glasgow and afterwards minister of Eastwood, was printed at Edinburgh in 1592 by Robert Waldegraue, 4to, pp. 1 1 not numbered-)- 750. I have a copy of this. Jack was Quaestor or Treasurer of the University in 1577, and presented the works of St. Ambrose and of Gregory the Great to the University library. SOME GLASGOW AUTHORS 63 Hegate, professor at Bordeaux, a Glasgow man by birth and of a family long connected with Glasgow, were published at Paris and elsewhere in France. 1 Several of the works of Ninian Winzet, of Renfrew, above referred to, a Glasgow student and priest of the diocese of Glasgow, were published at Ingolstadt. 2 The Lectures on the Epistle to the Ephesians of Robert Boyd of Trochrig (1578-1627), principal of the University (1615-22) — whose portrait hangs in the Senate-room — were published in London. All the works of John Cameron (1579 ?-i625) — Boyd's successor — known as the " living library " (bibliotheca movens), " who spoke Greek with as great ease as ever Cicero did Latine," 3 born and educated in Glasgow* were published on the continent, but this is not remarkable as he resided a great part of his life in France, and was professor of divinity at Saumur. Ninian Campbell, a Glasgow graduate, professor of eloquence at Saumur, and afterwards minister of Kilmacolm and next of Rosneath, published his Apologia Criticae at Saumur in 1628. 6 Two works written by Cameron's successor at Glasgow, John Strang (1584-1654), appeared, respectively at Amsterdam and at Rotterdam. The Opus 1 Dempster described him (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Scotorum, p. 362) as " a man skilled in all polite literature and human sciences, whose manners were tempered with a festive gaiety." Vinet refers to him in the passage (p. 46) above quoted. Supra, p. 59. In his Gallia Victrix Hegate described himself as Scotus Glasguensis. This is a dramatic poem in four acts — dedicated to Walter Stewart, afterwards Lord Blantyre, a pupil of George Buchanan, and intimate friend of James VI. — and was published at Poitiers, where he was then professor, and published in 1598, 8vo, pp. 39+5 leaves of title-page and preliminary matter. See Irving, Scottish Writers, i. pp. 237, 246 ; Michel, Les Ecossais en France, ii. p. 194. 2 He became abbot of the Scots Benedictine Monastery of St. James at Ratisbon. In his Velitalio in Georgium Buchananum, p. 155, he says " Tu Lenoxius, ego Renfrous." This accom- panies his Flagellum Sectariorium, Ingolstadii 1582, 4to. I have a copy. 3 Sir Thomas Urquhart in " The Jewel," Works, p. 258. 4 " Born in our Salt-Mercat, a few doors from the place of my birth " (Baillie, Letters, iii. p. 402). " Iohannes Camero Scottobritannus Glascua; honestis parentibus natus " (Icon by Louis Capel, prefixed to Cameron's posthumous Myrothecium evatigelicum, Genevas 1632, 4to). Of this I have a copy ; it is not included in his Opera omnia, lb, 1658, 4 to, but is reprinted in vol. vi. of the Crilici Sacri, Londini 1660, fol. Two of his works were translated into English and published at Oxford in 1626 and 1628. s Salmvrii, Ex Typographia Ludovici Gvyoni 1628, 4to, 24 pp. Dedicated to Mark Duncan, principal of the College of Saumur. He styles himself " Scotus Cowalliensis," a Scot of Cowal. His Treatise upon Death — a sermon at the funeral of John Crawford of Kilbirny and his lady in 1630 — was printed at Edinburgh by R. Y. [Robert Young, printer of the famous Book of Common Prayer of 1637] for J. Wilson, bookseller in Glasgow, anno 1635, 8vo. A I- H 8, the pages are not numbered. I have a perfect copy. There is an imperfect one in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. There are a number of elegies at the end of the book. One of these is on the death of William Struthers (infra, p. 67), and another on the death of Archbishop Law (infra, p. 67). 64 THE SCOT ABROAD Chronologicum of Robert Baillie (1602-1662)— a marvellous linguist • — another principal, was published at Amsterdam ; * his Catechesis Elenctica Errorum, pre- pared for the use of his students at Glasgow, was printed at London, 3 as well as a large number of other works from his busy pen. Several of the works of the Rev. Robert Fleming (1630-94) minister of Cambuslang, and afterwards of the Scots church at Rotterdam, the author of the well-known Fulfilling of the Scriptures, were printed in Holland, where he had to seek refuge from persecution. 4 The Physiologia 1 Baillie understood thoroughly no fewer than thirteen languages, including Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and Ethiopic. 2 The second edition of his Ladensium kinoKaraKpiaa was printed at Amsterdam, 1640-41. The third (1641, 4 to) was " corrected in Typographicke faults, not these onely which in a huge number did escape through negligence and ignorance that Printer at Amsterdam, but these also, which in the very first edition were but too many." His Review of the seditious pamphlet . . . by Dr Bramhell . . . entitled His faire Warning against the Scots discipline was printed at Delph by Mich. Stait, dwelling at the Turf- Market, 1649, 4to, pp. 64. The author was then " one of the Commissioners from the Church of Scot- land, attending the King at the Hague." On 22nd March, 1649, they arrived at Rotterdam, next day they went to Delph, and on the 25th to the Hague. Writing on 3rd April, 1649, he mentions the printing of Dr. Bramhell's pamphlet at Delph. Letters, iii. p. 87. His Review followed. 3 Londini, Excudebat Thomas Maxey, impensis Sa. Gellibrand, bibliopolae Londinensis, 1654, i2mo. Title-page + 14 pp. not numbered -f 175. It is dedicated to David Dickson, and bears the Imprimatur of Edmund Calamy. Samuel Gellibrand, at the Brasen Serpent in Paul's Church-yard, was Baillie's favourite publisher. On 28th February, 1643, being the day of public humiliation, Baillie preached before the House of Commons at St. Margaret's, Westminster, and at their request published the sermon, Satan the leader in chief to all who resist the reparation of Sion. The copyright was reserved to him by the House, and after the License, follows this note : " 1 appoint Samuel Gellibrand to print this Sermon, Robert Baylie." He preached before the House of Peers in the Abbey Church at Westminster, 30th July, 1645, the day of the monthly fast. He was thanked and requested to publish the sermon, Errours and Induration, " which is to be printed by none but such as shall be authorized by the said Master Baylie." He again appointed Samuel Gellibrand his printer. There is a good bibliography of Baillie by David Laing in his edition of the Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, A.M., i. pp. xc-ci, Edinburgh 1841, 4to (Bannatyne Club). Several of the works of Cameron and Baillie, as well as of Gilbert Burnet, their successor (1669-74) in tne chair of divinity, appear in the Roman Index. Gilbert Burnet was a Glasgow professor, and published his Vindication of the . . . Church and State of Scotland at Glasgow in 1673, but he was not a collector of Glasgow books. The only one in his library was No. 325, Sanders, Elementa Geometriae (Sanders) 1686, 8vo, which was dedicated to Arthur Ross, Archbishop of Glasgow (1679-1684), and afterwards of St. Andrews. See Bibliotheca Burnetiana, or a Catalogue of the Library of Dr. Gilbert Burnet, Lord Bishop of Salisbury, London 17 J £, 8vo. I have a volume of tracts by the bishop from his own library and bearing his book-plate. * His son Robert Fleming (1660-1716), born at Cambuslang, who became a minister in London, presented to the library in 1699 " ane old MS. copie of Knox's History of the Reforma- tion." See Knox, Works, ed. Laing, i. p. xxxiii, Edinburgh 1846, 8vo (Bannatyne Club) ; Nicolson, Historical Library, Appendix No. VI p. 139, London 1736, fol. THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW 65 nova experimentalis of James Dalrymple (1619-1695), at one time a regent or professor of philosophy in the University (1641-47), afterwards Viscount of Stair and President of the Court of Session, was published at Leyden. 1 Most of the works of authors of this class are in Latin or in French, and are apt to be overlooked in collections of Scottish writers. A bibliography of works by Scotsmen published in England or abroad is much wanted, and it is to be hoped that some enthusiastic and competent worker will take it up. Mr. P. J. Anderson, the accomplished librarian of the University of Aberdeen, has made a good beginning with the bibliography of Duncan Liddell, M.A., M.D. (1561-1613), a native of Aberdeen, a graduate of King's College, and for many years professor in the University of Helmstadt. 2 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW The greater part of the material for local bibliography 3 is to be found in the place itself, and it lies with the local bibliographer to collect and arrange it, and by this means to furnish a picture of the history, the life, the people, and the industries of his town. Bibliography is the foundation of history and of research. It is impossible to present a trustworthy account of a county, a town, a period, or a movement without examining the documents, printed and manuscript, in which its history is embodied, and it is the province of bibliography to search these out, to inventory and classify them. Take the case of Glasgow and confine ourselves to printed materials only. We naturally turn, in the first instance, to printing itself. Printing had been 1 Lugduni-Batavorum, Apud Cornelium Boutesteyn 1686, 4to, pp. 10 not numbered+632 +4 not numbered, 4 plates. I have a copy of this scarce book. It is dedicated to the Royal Society of London. 2 Aberdeen, 1910, 4to. See N . and Q. nth S. i. 447 ; vii. 125, 196. In 191 1 Mr. Anderson gave a list of books by Andrew Aedie or Aidie, professor of philosophy in the Gymnasium of Danzig, and afterwards third principal of Marischal College and University, Aberdeen, and of theses sustained under his presidency. N. and Q. nth S. iii. 246. 3 The bibliography of local printing is a feature of French bibliography. The works upon the subject are both numerous and important. Mr. E. R. M'C. Dix has published lists of early Dublin printed books, 1601-1700, and of seventeenth and eighteenth century Cork printed books. Mr. John Anderson has given us a catalogue of early Belfast printed books, 1694-1830, and the Belfast library has published another. Mr. R. Welford writes on early Newcastle typography, 1639- 1800. In Scotland we have Mr. Edmond's Aberdeen printers, 1620-1736, and hand-list of books printed at Aberdeen. The Edinburgh Bibliographical Society have dealt with the press of Andro Hart, with the Holyrood press, and the Kirkbride press. 66 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW carried on for nearly two hundred years before Glasgow possessed a printing press, and, when she did so, it was long before any work of importance in the literary world issued from it. The greater part of the printing done in Glasgow during the first century after the establishment of a press, in 1638, was of an inferior description. The books were badly printed and on poor paper, but they are human documents, and representative of their period. There was no wealthy class to purchase sumptuous volumes. The annual revenue of Scotland at the Union did not exceed £100,000 sterling ; the rental of the whole kingdom did not exceed half a million. Scholars there were, but the whole population of the country was but a million, and they were not numerous enough to take up an edition of a learned book. " We want money to print," says Professor James Wodrow (1637- 1707) in the early part of the eighteenth century, " and the people want it to buy books, and there is no sale for them when printed." 1 Father Louis Jacob de Saint-Charles, writing in 1644, describes some fifty libraries in England, but the only one in Scotland that he mentions was that of King's College, Aberdeen. 2 There were, however, readers and students amongst the merchants of Glasgow. Many of them had been students of the University, several of them were graduates. Of John Orr of Barrowfield, honest Robert Wodrow records that " he still continued to read, and was bookish." John Graham (d. 1729), son of " the very worthy John Graham, provost of Glasgow," was a studious man, master of the Syriac, Arabic and other Eastern tongues, and spent most of his time in reading the 1 Life of Professor James Wodrow, by Robert Wodrow, p. 171, Edinburgh 1828, i2mo. Writing in 1695 the Rev. Robert Dunbar says : " My business there [in London] at this time is a design I have to offer my book to be printed since I cannot get it done here, the poverty of our nation not allowing our printers to expend money and be out of it for a considerable time, though the prospect were never so great, and that they should have it again with centuple profit." Dunbar, Social Life in former days, p. 184, Edinburgh 1865, 8vo. Until the end of the eighteenth century many of the books used in the schools and univer- sities of Scotland were imported from Holland. Memorial of the Printers and Booksellers of Glasgow . . . to . . . the House of Commons, p. 20, 1774, 4to. As showing the increase of printing in Edinburgh, William Creech remarks that in 1763 there were six printing-houses in Edinburgh and in 1793 there were sixteen. Edinburgh Fugitive Pieces, p. 82. 2 TraicU des plus belles Bibliotheques, Paris 1644, 8vo, chapter 63, pp. 242-303, treats of libraries in England ; chapter 64, pp. 303-306, deals with Scotland, and chapter 65, pp. 306, 307, with Ireland. He mentions the library of James Userrus [Ussher], Archbishop of Armagh. Adrien Baillet says that Jacob was too credulous, accepting what was told him without examination, so that many very indifferent collections are included in his lists. Jugemens des Savans, 11. i. No. 229, p. 238, Amsterdam 1725, 8vo ; and, on the other hand, his information was drfii five, so thai many existing libraries were omitted. FOREIGN PRINTED BOOKS 67 Polyglot Bible and in prayer. John Brown of Wamphray bequeathed to Robert M'Ward, who married Graham's mother, his Complutensian Polyglot, and this may have been the identical Bible which Graham so assiduously perused. 1 Nearly all the books added to the library of the University of Glasgow by purchase or donation, during the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth century, were printed abroad. 2 The course of study in every university of Europe was nearly the same, and continental printers had thus a large and steady market on which to depend. On 15th November, 1637 — tne vear before George Anderson brought his printing press to Glasgow — Mr. Zacharie Boyd, " preacher of God's word at the Barony Kirk of Glasgow," for the care he had "of the advancement of learning, and his sincere love and respect to the seminarie of good letters in the Colledge of Glasgow doted and gave to the said Colledge of Glasgow his books and volumes, as Arias Montanus Hebrew Bible ; Junius Bible ; a French Bible ; two English Bibles, one of Andro Hart's impression, the other printed at London." Robert Baillie, professor of divinity and principal (1642-61), was an enthusiastic book buyer, and large additions were made to the library during his time. Many of these were acquired in Holland through the agency of his cousin and corre- spondent William Spang, who was a minister at Campvere. Private libraries, small no doubt but substantial, were common all throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Every parish minister, every pro- fessor, many lairds and some merchants had collections of books. At Treesbank, near Auchinleck, " Dr. Johnson was pleased to find a numerous and excellent collection of books which had mostly belonged to the Reverend Mr. John Campbell, brother of our host." 3 The catalogues ot Scots private libraries of the earlier part of the eighteenth century show that the greater part of the books which they contained were printed in London or abroad : comparatively few were from the 1 See Murray, Early Burgh Organization in Scotland, i. p. 506. 2 In 1619 the library had a bequest of 120 volumes from Mr. John Hueson, minister of Cambuslang, and of 60 from Mr. Alexander Boyd. Shortly afterwards Mr. William Struthers, a graduate of Glas?ow and one of the city ministers, presented 50, and Archbishop James Law, 144 volumes. 3 Life by Boswell, ed. Croker, v. p. 119; ed. Hill, v. p. 372. The Catalogue of Books being the Library of the Reverend Mr. John Grant, late Minister of the Gospel at Auchinleck, Edinburgh 1733, 8vo, is an example of a minister's library half a century earlier. It was well supplied with good books. In addition to the books catalogued, there were a good many pamphlets, part of which were to be exposed every day before the sale. Inveraray was an out-of-the-way place in the eighteenth century. The library of Mr. Alexander Campbell, the parish minister, sold by R. & A. Foulis in 1765, was, as we learn from the catalogue, well selected and on broad lines. It is of interest that Mr. Campbell was the immediate predecessor of Rev. John Macaulay, the grandfather of Lord Macaulay. 68 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW Edinburgh press and only an occasional specimen of Glasgow printing was to be found. 1 The first Glasgow printer who produced really good work was Robert Urie (d. 1771). 2 Originally he printed for the trade, then on his own account, and latterly acted as publisher, the printing being done by others. 3 The earliest date at which his name appears on an imprint is 1740, 4 but John Gibson suggests an earlier 1 Take three Edinburgh examples : (1) " A very curious and valuable Collection of books, in most languages and sciences," consisting of 646 lots, sold by auction by Gavin Hamilton, bookseller, 8-15 March, 1738 ; (2) the library of Mr. Hugh Murray-Kynnynmound of Melgum, advocate, consisting of 1106 lots, sold by auction 17-25 February, 1743 ; and (3) the library of Sir James Mackenzie of Roystoun, Baronet, one of the senators of the College of Justice, consisting of 3257 lots of printed books and 36 of MSS, sold by auction 12 November- 12 December, 1746. In the first there were only two books (Nos. 563, 603) printed in Glasgow ; in the second only one (No. 1041) ; and in the third three (No. 134 of books in quarto, Nos. 695 and 842 of books in 8vo). There were a considerable number from the Edinburgh press in all three libraries, mostly law books, but they were a very small proportion of the whole. All three were excellent scholarly collections. The library of the Rev. Mr. George Logan, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, sold with some other collections in December 1755 was of a more popular character, and contained a large number of books printed by Urie and the Messrs. Foulis and a greater proportion of Edinburgh imprints than were in the three earlier sales. " The libraries of several gentlemen deceased," sold in November 1760, were those of Lord Monzie and his sons Charles and Patrick, and contained many beautiful and rare books in fine condition, and amongst others all the best of the Glasgow Greek and Roman classics. The catalogue of a sale of a good library at Glasgow in 1712, while proving that the greater part of the books in use in Scotland were issued in London or on the continent, shows that the owner supported Glasgow enterprise, as the collection contained thirty Glasgow printed volumes amongst 402 lots. The catalogue is reprinted. Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeo- logical Society, ii. p. 313. In Mr. Grant's library above referred to there were eight examples of the Glasgow press ; in Mr. Campbell's there were sixty-six, but many of these were printed by Urie and Foulis, who had then been carrying on business for more than twenty years. 2 Bishop Pococke gives a glimpse of his personality — 22nd October, 1747: "Mr. Urie. a learned bookseller, came and sat a while with me." Tours in Scotland, p. 4 (Scottish History Society). 9th February 1771 : "At Glasgow, of a stroke of the palsy. Mr. Robert Urie, printer in that city " (Scots Magazine, xxxiii. p. no). He was unmarried. 3 His advertisements describe his books after he ceased to print, as " all printed and sold by Robert Urie, at his Printing-Office, foot of the Saltmarket." The inventory of his estate shows, however, that he had neither type nor presses, no printing office, and no interest in any printing business. 4 In 1740 Robert Urie & Company printed The Dying Man's Testimony to the Church of Scotland, by Mr. James Durham ; and several sermons and other works by Mr. Andrew Gray. In 1 74 1 he printed the Fabulae of Phaedrus, for Robert Foulis. In 1748 Robert Urie & Com- pany disappear, and Robert Urie prints as an individual. Up to the year 1750 he printed a good deal for the trade. He then seems to have been both printer and publisher, and so con- tinued until 1759. In 1760 and later most of his publications bear to be printed for Robert Urie, and this continued until his death. It will be observed that when Urie's name does appear it is associated with partners. The partnership may have commenced before 1740, and the firm altered in that year. URIE AND FOULIS 69 year, 1 and it may be that, when working for others, he was recognised as the actual craftsman. 2 His Greek Testament — particularly on large paper 3 — is a beautiful specimen of typography. He was soon followed by Robert Foulis (1707-76), who along with his brother Andrew (1712-75), 4 in the course of a few years made Glasgow printing famous throughout Europe. 5 Their Greek and Latin classics found a place in the magnificent classical library of Count Revizsky, 8 along with those of the Elzevirs, of Baskerville, of Brindley, of Barbou and others. Their edition of Cicero (Glasgow 1749) in twenty duodecimo volumes is even yet the most convenient pocket edition. It is, says Renouard, an exceedingly pretty book, and being in a larger and clearer type than that of Elzevir is more pleasant for the eye. 7 " As the eye is the organ of fancy, I read Homer," 8 says Gibbon, 1 " There was no good printing in Glasgow until the year 1735, after which time Robert Urie printed several books in a very good taste and manner." History of Glasgow, p. 245, Glasgow 1777, Svo. 2 Cicero, De Finibus and De Officiis were published by Andrew Stalker in 1732. Both were printed at the University press, and are good specimens of typography. I have John Gibson's copy of the former, and Robert Macqueen's (Lord Braxfield's) copy of the latter. 3 Printed by R. Urie for J. Barry, Glasgow 1750. Ruddiman of Edinburgh published an editio altera in the same year. It is in double columns, and the printing is inferior to that of Urie's edition. The latter was in the type called by the French " Petit-texte." In 1759 Robert and Andrew Foulis published an edition in 4to, double columns. As a piece of printing it is not equal to Urie's book. Urie mentions that he had used new type, and had made every endeavour to produce a beautiful piece of typography, and in order to give beauty and elegance to the page he had printed it continuously and not broken up into verses, the verse numbers being noted on the margin. Ruddiman and Foulis follow the text of Wetstein ; Urie gives that of Milk. * Their original name was Faulls or Faulds. They were sons of Andrew Faults, maltman in Glasgow, and Marion Paterson his wife. Robert was apprenticed to a barber, admitted a member of the Incorporation of Barbers on 12th January, 1727, and practised the craft for several years. His younger brother John became his apprentice and was admitted freeman on 15th July, 1737. In 1 741, Robert Foulis set up as a bookseller in Glasgow in premises within the College (see advertisement in Glasgow Journal, 5th October and 2nd November, 1741 ; and imprints of his early publications) ; and also began to publish, his books being printed by Urie. In 1742 he added printing to publishing and bookselling. Andrew Foulis was assumed as a partner probably in 1747. 8 " The printers of Glasgow have not entirely confined themselves to the printing of English, some of them have printed a few books in the French and Italian languages, and more exten- sively classical books in the Greek and Roman languages, which have made their way thro' Holland, France, Germany, Italy, and more or less to places much more remote." Memorial of the Printers and Booksellers of Glasgow . . . to . . . the House of Commons, p. 31, 1774, 4to. 6 Bibliotheca Graeca et Lalina . . . quas usui meo paravi Periergus Deltophilus, " Catalogues de differentes collections," p. 18, Berolini 1784, 8vo. The library was subsequently purchased en bloc by Earl Spencer. Dibdin has an account of the catalogue. Bibliomania, p. 92. 7 Renouard, Catalogue de la Bibliothique d'un Amateur, ii. p. 75. It was issued in three forms, on fine, on medium, and on common paper, sold in quires at 40s., 25s. and 17s. respectively. 8 Glasgow 1756-58, foolscap folio, 4 vols. They were sold in quires at 34s. on common paper 70 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW " with most pleasure in the Glasgow folio. Through that fine medium the Poet's sense appears more beautiful and more transparent." x For the beauty of this book and for the general excellence of their work they were much indebted to the superiority of the type furnished to them by Alexander Wilson, the celebrated Glasgow typefounder. 2 The work so auspiciously begun by the brothers Foulis has been carried on by a succession of excellent printers, and the Glasgow press is now no inconsiderable factor in book production in the United Kingdom. The printing and distributing of books in numbers was not commenced in Scotland until about 1796, but quickly developed, especially in Glasgow, where at one time five-sixteenths of the trade was carried on. 3 1 Miscellaneous Works, v. p. 583. In this sentence, the great historian echoes the sentiment expressed by the editors in their preface to the first volume of the Iliad. "A magnificent edition and as correct as it is beautiful," says Count Revizsky (op. laud. p. 5). See also Renouard, op. laud. ii. p. 143. - The art of type-founding was set up at St. Andrews about the year 1742 by Alexander Wilson, a graduate of St. Andrews, and John Bain, both of them natives of that city. Sometime in 1744 they removed from St. Andrews and set up in the village of Camlachie, near Glasgow. In the course of a few years the partnership of Wilson and Bain was dissolved, Mr. Wilson taking over the business in Glasgow and Mr. Bain removed to Ireland. Alexander Wilson was a favourite pupil of Dr. Thomas Simson, professor of medicine in St. Andrews, brother of Dr. Robert Simson of Glasgow, and this may have had something to do with his selection of Glasgow for the new type-foundry. The first book printed with type founded by Wilson and Bain in Glasgow was probably Urie's edition of the Spectator. See advertisement in the Glasgow Journal, 30th January, 1744, 10th December, 1744. As to the removal of the foundry to London in 1834 and its collapse, see Andrew Bell in Daily Exhibitor, No. 3, p. 7, 28th December, 1846. Cleland mentions that Hutcheson and Brookman, University printers, began to make types in 1829 ; and David Prentice & Co. followed shortly afterwards. Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the City of Glasgow, p. 132, Glasgow 1832, folio, 2nd ed. This handsome volume was printed by Edward Khull. David MacBrayne, of steamboat fame, was originally a typefounder in Glasgow. He began business in 1839 under the firm of David MacBrayne Junior & Company, and was joined next year by Mr. John Stirling, when the firm became MacBrayne and Stirling, and it so continued until 1 851, when Mr. MacBrayne became a partner in David Hutcheson cS: Company, steamboat- owners. The typefounding business was carried on for a short time by Mr. Stirling and then transferred to Mr. William Begg, who continued it for many years in the old premises at No. 301 Parliamentary Road, and under the old style of the Glasgow Letter Foundry. In 1823 James Hedderwick ex Son, printers, Melville-Place, Glasgow, issued Reference Book . . . exhibiting the various Sizes of Printing Types with which their Office is furnished, Britannia Press 1823, 8vo, pp. 63, but there is no indication as to where the type was cast. 3 Cleland, Annals of Glasgow, ii. p. 446 ; Abridgment of the Annals of Glasgow, p. 335. In 1815 those engaged in the trade established " The Glasgow Periodical Publication Friendly Society " (lb.). LIST OF GLASGOW IMPRINTS 71 There are a few imperfect lists of the work of individual printers, but there is no book which records the output of the Glasgow press. 1 What is wanted are, in the first instance, accurate hand-lists of the books issued from each press with a note of the collection in which a copy of each imprint is to be found. When these lists have been provided, a general catalogue can afterwards be formed. It would be well that this catalogue should be annotated after the fashion of the Bibliotheca chemica. Each book should be described and information given regarding its author and his subject and its relation to contemporary literature ; even a hand-list, if judiciously and carefully prepared, has a story to tell. The list of books printed before 1700 drawn up by Mr. Aldis shows more clearly than any set history the literary activity of Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. If the titles were expanded, and information added regarding each book and its author, the value of the work would be much enhanced. The printing press has, from its infancy, been an enormous social force. Printing has spread light and learning throughout the world ; it has been the means by which every question has been brought before the people, by which discussion and controversy have been carried on. The books issued at any period show what was read, what questions were being agitated, what subjects occupied men's minds, what movements were going on around them. The quest of Incunabula, the care with which they are described, the large prices they fetch, might lead one to think that it was only the works of great theologians, lawyers and philosophers that were printed and circulated in the fifteenth century. But that is not so. There was also a considerable number of people's books, and a vast quantity of flying sheets, fugitive pieces, and pamphlets appealing to the people rather than to scholars. Indulgences, on large single sheets, were amongst the earliest productions of the printing press, 2 and had been issued by the earlier process of xylography or 1 See Duncan, Notices and Documents illustrative of the Literary History of Glasgow, Glasgow 1831, 4to ; Duncan Macvcan, in History of Glasgow by John McUre, p. 367 sqq. Glasgow 1830 ; Professor Ferguson, The Brothers Foulis and the Early Glasgow Press and Early Glasgow Printing, London 1889, 8vo. Mr. Aldis, List of Books printed in Scotland before 1700, (Edinburgh] 1904, 4to, gives a list of Glasgow printers (p. 106), and his chronological list of books (pp. 1-103) contains the output of the Glasgow press prior to 1700, so far as ascertained. It is the mis- fortune of bibliographical work that it is never complete, and many entries can be added to this list, and when they are added, others will be forthcoming. 2 e.g. The Indulgence of Pope Nicolas V., issued by Paulinus Chappe, Ambassador and Procurator-General of the King of Cyprus, to contributories to the war against the Turks and Saracens — a single sheet — was issued three times in 1454 and twice at least in 1455 (Catalogue of Books printed in the fifteenth century now in the British Museum, part i. pp. 15, 17, and Plate 1, 72 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW block printing. 1 The visit of Friar Tetzel, " der Ablasskramer," to Wittenberg led Luther to nail his ninety-five theses to the door of the Schloss-Kirche and precipitated the Reformation. The printing press played a prominent part in that movement. Luther popularised the use of the vernacular, he studied public convenience and issued octavos and duodecimos in place of folios and quartos. 2 His own works had an immense sale, and the sale of other works for or against his views was nearly as great. Mr. Proctor arranged his lists of early printed books chronologically in order to show the evolution of typography. This arrangement is quite as valuable for the scholar and for the student of economics. It shows what authors were sought after from time to time, how the world of thought was moving ; it shows likewise, with the clearness and accuracy of a chronicle, the questions which were being discussed year by year and which were occupying men's minds. A list of books produced yearly in each town is not merely a typographical record, but likewise a historical monument of undoubted importance. William Laycock of the Inner Temple, in or about the yeari.710, drew attention to the value of fugitive pieces, and " recommended to all such Persons, who are generously inclined to encourage Arts and Learning, and in Order thereunto for raising a Fund for buying up of a Stock of scarce stitcht Bookes and Pamphlets ; amongst which all bookish Men well know that there are to be found Abundance of excellent Tracts and Discourses, not treated of in larger Books." s Unfor- tunately this scheme, like many other good ones, came to nothing. London 1908, folio). Cf. lb. p. 35 ; Dr. Gottfried Zedler, Die Maimer Ablassbriefe der Jahre 1454 und 1455 [Mainz 1913] in V eroffenllichungen der Gutenberg Gesellschaft, xii., xiii. See also Klemm, Beschreibender Catalog des bibliographischen Museums, p. 84, Dresden 1884, 8vo. Cf. lb. p. 350. A considerable number of such Letters of Indulgence are extant. Karl W. Hiersemann of Leipzig in 1904 advertised four, ranging in price from £41 10s. to £28 in his Katalog No. 300. A facsimile of the Indulgence of Pope Innocent VIII. of 1487, along with a transcript of the Latin and a German translation is given by Professor Prutz. Staatengeschichle des Abend- landes im Mittelalter, ii. p. 546, Berlin 1887, 8vo. The Letter of Indulgence by Pope Alexander VI. to those willing to enter the fraternity of St. James in Compostella, was printed about 1504, probably by Wynkyn de Worde. There is a facsimile of that of Leo X. of 1517, London 1878, 8vo. 1 Gordon Duff, Early Printed Books, p. 17. 2 Caillot would send all folios and quartos to the sale-room to adorn the libraries of savans, and would have octavos as his biggest books. Voyage autour de ma Bibliothique , i. p. 59, Paris 1809, 8vo. 8 The Proposal . . . for raising a Fund for the buying up of a Stock of scarce stitcht Bookes and Pamphlets, n.d. folio, pp. 4. There is a copy in British Museum. PRINTING FOR THE PEOPLE 73 The output of the Glasgow press during its first century consisted of books mostly of a homely character — practical divinity, controversial tracts, schoolbooks and chap-books — but there were a few of a more learned type, a Hebrew and a French grammar, a treatise on geometry, another on the calendar, and some graduation theses. Books are, as a rule, viewed too much from their literary side. Appreciation of literary quality implies the culture of letters, and a large demand for such books implies the existence of a numerous cultured and leisured class. A knowledge of the books sought after and read informs us of the questions which were uppermost in the thoughts of men, of their outlook upon life and upon the world. The manners, customs, and thought of a people at any period are principal elements in understanding and appreciating the movements of the period, and the books the people read are an important aid in ascertaining these. The chronological order of Mr. Aldis' list is of much value in this aspect. It exhibits the increasing importance of the printing press in Scotland, its establish- ment in town after town, the character of the books issued, the subjects which were stirring amongst the people. It is as valuable from the historical and economic standpoints as the Calendars of State Papers and the Register of the Privy Council. Still, this or any like list must be far from being complete. Robert Sanders, Glasgow's third printer, issued a large number of books, but of comparatively few is even a single copy to be found. The majority were folk-books, books for the people, which perished in the using. The same applies to later printers. Many of their books have altogether disappeared. The three secular books which appealed most largely to the people during the sixteenth, seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth centuries were Blind Harry's " Wallace," Sir David Lindsay's " Works " and Barbour's " Bruce." 1 The list in question indicates when and where various editions were issued, and an examination of the books themselves shows with what care or want of care they were produced. The most repeatedly printed, and presumably the most widely circulated, religious books during the period were the Bible, the Psalms, the Catechism and the Confession of Faith. When the Rev. Gavin Struthers, D.D. (1791-1858), minister of Anderston United Presbyterian Church, took in hand the history of the Relief Church, he found that there was a dearth of official records, and had to depend to a large extent upon the pamphlet literature of the day. His interesting book is therefore 1 See [Thomas S. Hutcheson] Bibliotheca Wallasiana, Glasgow 1858, 8vo ; Note on the bibliography of Barbour's " Bruce " in Scottish Notes and Queries, ix. 34. 74 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW to a certain extent an annotated bibliography of the literature of the Secession Church, and shows what may be done by an orderly arrangement of the literature of ecclesiastical controversy in Scotland during the last two hundred years. 1 However unimportant a book may be, from a literary point of view, it may have much value as an interpreting document, and hence the importance of registering it. 2 Robert Wodrow of Eastwood mentions that the Reverend David Dickson (1583-1663), a native of Glasgow and for some time professor of divinity in our University and afterwards in Edinburgh, the most learned presbyterian of his time, published some short poems on pious and serious subjects, " which, I am told," he says, " have been very useful, when printed and spread among Country People and Servants," 3 and which being intended " to be sung with any of the common tunes of the Psalms," may be looked upon as precursors of the modern hymns. At the request of his friend William Duncan, printer in Glasgow, Wodrow contributed a life of the professor to his edition of Truth's Victory over Error, published in 1725. " whose Care and Pains to furnish common Country People with this valuable Book at a reasonable and easy Price, in my Opinion ought to be commended." 4 1 The History . . . of the Relief Church, Glasgow 1843, 8vo. There is a memoir of Dr. Struthers in the United Presbyterian Magazine, 1858, pp. 455-462. 2 " The favourite book of every age is a certain picture of the people." Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature, iii. p. 345. 3 These were, The Christian Sacrifice ; O Mother dear Jerusalem ; and True Christian Love. The latter is the first known book which bears a Glasgow imprint: " Printed by /. W. for John Wilson and are to be sould at his shop in GLASGOW 1634," 8vo ; A-B in eights, B 8 blank. I. W. is no doubt John Wreittoun, printer in Edinburgh, who printed for Zachary Boyd, and Sir William Mure of Rowallan. It was reprinted in 1649, 1655, and 1700, and later editions. See note by Alexander Gardyne, writing under the initials of J. O., in Northern Notes and Queries, ii. (1854) p. 44. 4 Truth's Victory over Error, Glasgow 1 725, 8vo. This book has a curious history. Mr. Dickson dictated in Latin, to his students in Edin- burgh, remarks upon the Confession of Faith, of which several MS. copies were in circulation. George Sinclair, professor of mathematics in the University of Glasgow, got hold of one of these, translated it into English, and published it as his own, under the above title, at Edinburgh in 1684. " If," says Wodrow, " he had the poor view of a little glory to himself, by publishing these in his own Name, it happened to him as generally it does, to self-seeking and privat- spirited Persons, even in this present State, their Naughtiness is discovered, and they miss their Mark : But we shall charitably suppose he had higher and better Aims." Truth's Victory over Error, p. iii, Glasgow 1725, 8vo. David Dickson was something of a bibliographer. Baillie writes to him regarding the purchase of books (e.g. Letters, ii. p. 158). He presented to the University library Ephemerides ab anno 1532 ad 1552 by Jolian Stoeffler of Justingen in Suabia, professor at Tubingen, Paris '533. 4 to ; an d the Ephemerides ab anno 1608 usque ad 1630 of J. A. Maginus, i.e. Giovanni Antonio Magini, of Padua, physician and astronomer, Francof. 1610, 410. When Mrs. Margaret GLASGOW PERIODICALS 75 The periodical press has been an important motive force in moulding and disseminating public opinion, and Glasgow has taken its fair share of the work. Our secretary, Mr. W. J. Couper, has given us an admirable bibliography of the Edinburgh periodical press, and we expect soon to have from his hands a corre- sponding bibliography of Glasgow periodicals. 1 A list of Glasgow printers, and of the books printed by each, is one of the most pressing needs of the bibliography of Glasgow. Mr. Couper has been engaged for some time in the preparation of a list of the productions of the Sanders press ; and it is to be hoped that some other member or members of this Society will undertake lists of other presses. Such lists are of use not only in interpreting contemporary history, but for showing the progress and development of the art of printing in Glasgow. David Laing, many years ago, published the wills of early Scottish printers. The Bibliographical Society of London, following his example, has given us abstracts of the wills of English printers, 1492-1630, and of binders, printers and stationers of Oxford, 1493-1638, and other similar lists. Henry Bradshaw was an expert in every branch of bibliography, and found as much interest in Irish typography from a typographical point of view, as he did in the work of the great printers of the fifteenth century. He welcomed the move- ment for drawing up a list of early books printed in Belfast, and gave considerable assistance in its preparation. The letters he wrote " show that typography was with him by no means confined to the study of printers' types and habits. He brought his typographical facts to bear on the history of religion and politics in Ireland, and extracted from them new information about the spread of Protestant- ism or the stirrings of the national spirit." 2 To Bradshaw " the mere dissection and description of books was a matter of interest only so far as the results threw Grayhame presented a sum of money to the College for the purchase of books, she requested that it should " be bestowed by Mr. David Dickson and John Stewart as they should think expedient," and they in turn directed that a certain proportion of the revenue " be yearlie employed in buying so many . . . of the choysest books which the Colledge had not before." 'Tom Atkinson (1801-33) made a commencement in The Ant (Original), p. 289, Glasgow 1827, 8vo ; see also The Literary Museum, i. p. 172, lb. 1832; Duncan in Notices and Documents illustrative of the Literary History of Glasgow, p. 6 sqq., abridged by Dr. Strang in The Day, p. 105, 1st February, 1832 ; Denholm, History of Glasgow, p. 417, ed. 1804 ; Mason, Public and Private Libraries of Glasgow, pp. 141, 286, 312, 327, 343, 380; British Museum, Galalogue of Printed Books, Periodical Publications, s.v. " Glasgow." There is a tentative list of Glasgow University periodicals by Mr. P. J. Anderson in N. and Q 7th S. iv. 69 ; 8th S. ix. 453. 2 Prothero, Memoir of Henry Bradshaw, pp. 316, 317. 76 THE PRINTING PRESS IN GLASGOW light on the habits of writers, printers, and publishers, and generally on the history of any particular place or time. It was not only literature but the whole life of the day, which was capable in his hands of illustration from its books. ' Books,' he wrote to the Rev. J. T. Fowler, in connection with the Coverdale Bible, which he bought for the University library in 1883 — ' books are to me living organisms, and I can only study them as such ; so every particle of light which I can obtain as to their personal history is so much positive gain.' " 1 In addition to a list of local printers, it is desirable to have lists of local book- sellers and of their sale catalogues, and also the catalogues of auction sales of books and of private collections. 2 These enable us to trace particular volumes and issues which are rarely met with, while the catalogues of private libraries are of especial value as indicating the standard of culture of the time. Booksellers' shops in the provincial towns of England were very rare, even in the first decade of the eighteenth century, so that there was not one even in Birmingham, in which town Michael Johnson used to open a shop every market day. 3 Book- sellers, however, found employment in Glasgow from an early day. Alexander Muir was engaged in the business in 1595. 4 There was always one bookseller, sometimes more during the seventeenth, and their number increased in the eighteenth century. The early printers generally bound their own publications in calf, or vellum, or boarded pigskin, but bookbinding became a separate craft, often associated with that of the bookseller and the stationer. Old book-buyers used to note on the fly- leaves of their purchases the date and place of purchase, the price, and often the name of the binder and the amount of his bill. Such particulars are of importance in giving information regarding the cost of the book, but more so as giving a clue to its history and constituting what is known as " association." 5 I have a copy of 1 Prothero, Memoir of Henry Bradshaw, p. 327. 2 There is a list of Scottish booksellers and of book auctions in Scotland in Nichol's Literary Anecdotes, iii. p. 689 sqq., but it is very imperfect. I have a fair collection of Glasgow and another of Scottish catalogues. 3 Boswell, Life of Johnson, i. p. 30, ed. Croker. 4 Miscellany of the Maitland Club, i. p. 94. He is also called Alexander Master. 5 Thus on a copy of Principal Strang's De Voluntate, Amstelodami (L. & A. Elzevir, 1657, 4to), there is the note " Edin r - 12 July 76 [i.e. 1676], pryce 2 lib - 8 sh. M. J° Orney," and the boards are stamped j M . The purchaser was Master John Orney, who graduated M.A. at St. Andrews, 25th July, 1657, and became minister of St. Madoes in 1668. In 1676, the year in which he made his purchase, he was translated to Dunbarney and in 1679 to Methven, where he died in 1693, aged about fifty-seven years. GLASGOW BOOKBINDING 77 Calvin's Institution of Christian Religion, translated into English by Thomas Norton. Imprinted at London by Anne Griffin for Ioyce Norton and A. Whitaker, 1634, fol., with this inscription on the fly-leaf : " Emptus de Mr. Wm. Calderwood 6 lb and Bound at Glasgow by Robert Sanders 1660. Caithness (?) est hujus libri legitimus possessor Marche 25, 1660." Robert Sanders was, no doubt, the well- known Glasgow printer of that name, who combined the business of bookselling with that of printing. The volume in question, I may add as of local interest, is bound in polished brown calf, with gilt lines of a geometrical pattern. The back has raised bands, with the letters G E S in the upper compartment. It was not the fashion then to letter the title of the book on the back, and it is to be borne in mind that the linings — marbled-paper or silk — covered only the boards and not the end papers as now. One accustomed to the modern style of binding, on seeing such a book, is apt to think that the fly-leaves have been cut out. This is not so. They were left white, and were not covered to correspond with the coverings on the insides of the boards. 1 A list of local bookbinders is required to complete the bibliography of Glasgow. 2 They were generally a considerable fraternity here. 3 1 I have a copy of J. Pajolas, Key of the French Tongue. Glasgow : Printed by Robert Sanders for the author, 1690, Svo. It is prettily bound in calf, with small gilt ornaments and gilt edges, presumably by the printer. The boards are lined with old Dutch marbled paper. It cost 10s. 6d. Scots in 1698, as noted by the purchaser, who, however, has effaced his name. I have several other good examples of Sanders' binding. Sanders' predecessor was James Sanders. A copy of Barker's Bible belonging to the High Church in the original binding with clasps, has the note : " This Book was Sauld be Ja. Sanderis at the hie Kirk of Glasgow, Anno 1625." Robert Baillie had no great opinion of Sanders as a binder. Writing to Spang, on 4th October, 1637, he says, " Send me no books unbound ; I wish all in leather ; bot frae it cannot be, it's better to have them in your parchement than to be fasched and extortioned with James Sanders in Glasgow." Letters, i. p. 24. 2 A Bookbinders Society was formed in Glasgow in 1 740, reorganised in 1814 as The "Com- pany of Stationers of Glasgow, embracing booksellers, stationers, printers, bookbinders, pocket- book makers, copper-plate printers, paper-makers and quill manufacturers." See Regulations for the Bookbinders Society, Glasgow 1797, 4to, 3 pp. ; Regulations for the Company of Stationers of Glasgow, lb. 181 7, 8vo, pp. 16. In June, 1771, a number of printers in Glasgow associated themselves under the title of " The Glasgow Journeymen Printers' Society," which was afterwards altered to " The Printers and Bookbinders Society." See Articles of the Printers and Bookbinders Society, Glasgow 1824, 8vo, pp. 16. In 1780 the Printers' Society (preses John Scott) and the Bookbinders Society (preses William Smith) appear in Scotland's Opposition to the Popish Bill, p. 96. 3 As to James Sanders and Robert Sanders, see supra, n. 1. John Rae is mentioned in 1685. There were many men of the craft all through the eighteenth century. LOCAL BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Turning from books printed in Glasgow, the next matter which demands the attention of the bibliographer is the books relating to Glasgow, its history, its people, its administration, and so on. Glasgow is still without a guide of this kind. 1 Mr. Erskine Beveridge has produced a full and well-arranged bibliography of Dunfermline, or rather of the West of Fife, that may well make us feel envious of that ancient burgh, and which it is to be hoped some of our members may be stirred to imitate. It contains not only books about Dunfermline and the district, but books printed there and books by persons born in or connected with the place. Thus Ged's Sallust, and other books printed from his plates, find a place because he " seems to have been born at Dunfermline." 2 This if applied to Glasgow would imply an enormous record and an army of workers, and would therefore require reasonable limitation, but it is something to be kept in view. Another notable work is Mr. A. W. Robertson's Bibliography of the Shires of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine, published by the New Spalding Club. 3 The only separate list of Glasgow books of any importance is the Glasgow section of the library of the late Mr. William Henry Hill, LL.D. (1837-1912), 4 bequeathed by him to the Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow. This volume will be of much service to the bibliographer, but it cannot in itself be regarded as a bibliography. It contains a large amount of material, some of it not be to found elsewhere, but many of the titles are merely indicated, and there is no classification according to subjects. The whole of the books would require to be examined and accurately described before they could be turned to account for bibliographical purposes. The proper plan for the arrangement of a local bibliography can hardly be reduced to rule, but must vary according to circumstances. A scheme for a 1 In the People's History of Glasgow, by John K. M'Dowall. Glasgow 1899, 8vo, 2nd ed., there is (p. 47) a short chapter entitled " Bibliography," but it is not bibliography in the ordinary sense, and is very slim. 2 An index of subjects would have added greatly to the value of the book. There are a few more local bibliographies in Scotland and several of English towns. Orkney was early in the field. Mr. James W. Cursiter, the well-known archaeologist of Kirkwall, has published List of Books and Pamphlets relating to Orkney and Shetland, Kirkwall 1891, 8vo. p. 73. It is arranged alphabetically according to authors' names. Notes are given upon works of local authors. 3 There is also a long series of notes on Local Bibliography, to a certain extent supplementary to the above, in various volumes of Scottish Notes and Queries. 4 Reference Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets and Plans, etc., relating to Glasgow in the Library at Harlanark, Glasgow 1905, .jto, pp. 267. PLAN OF A TOWN BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 bibliography of London has lately been described by Mr. Thomas W. Huck, 1 and has been adversely criticised. 2 It is, however, an intelligible and workable scheme, and the bibliography is in course of being compiled by a small group of students, formerly members of the seminar or historical courses at the London School of Economics. The scheme of arrangement for cities, in the card catalogue of the Boston Public Library — one of the largest, best-equipped and most useful libraries in the world — has two divisions and two alphabets : (i) The publications of a city, arranged alphabetically by the names of the departments ; (ii) books, etc., about a city, arranged alphabetically by subjects, such as Annexation, Antiquities, Banks, Bibliography, Census, Description, History, Parks. 3 These are con- venient headings, like those of the subject-indexes of the British Museum library, but they do not form a systematic arrangement. The printed catalogue of the reference library of Birmingham contains lists of the extensive collections in that library relating to the town, arranged under titles, such as Birmingham Maps and Views ; Birmingham Newspapers ; Birming- ham Poetry, and Poems on Birmingham ; Birmingham Hymn Books ; Birmingham Printed Books ; Birmingham Booksellers. The volume concludes with an index of authors. On the occasion of the Exhibition held by La Societe des Amis des Arts d'Orleans in May, 1868, a bibliographical exhibit was prepared, as part of the past history of the old province and town of Orleans, for which an elaborate plan was prepared by M., Henri Herluison, bookseller in Orleans (b. at Orleans 1835), as a scheme of general local bibliography. 4 This scheme is comprehensive and has many good points, but is not exhaustive, nor are the classes mutually exclusive. A much more detailed and logical scheme is that for a bibliography of Paris by M., Jules Cousin, keeper of the Library and Museum Carnavalet. It is divided into twelve main classes and 160 subdivisions. It is admirably planned, and very suggestive, and shows how the publications relating to a great city may be arranged, 1 The Library, 3rd S. iii. (1912) p. 38. 2 By Mr. W. F. Prideaux in N. and Q. nth S. v. 343, who considers the scheme of Mr. Charles Welsh (Transactions of the Bibliographical Society of London, ii. 49-80) preferable. 3 See Hand-Booh for Readers in the Boston Public Library, p. 332, Boston 1890, 8vo, 9th ed. The subject subdivisions under the names of cities, and of subject headings subdivided by place, adopted in the card catalogue of the Library of Congress, are useful as drawing attention to various phases of municipal activity, but they are not exhaustive or systematic. 4 Plan d'une Bibliothique Organise ou Essai de Bibliographic locale, Orleans (Herluison) 1868, 8vo, pp. 83. 80 PLAN OF A TOWN BIBLIOGRAPHY so as to exhibit its physical features and surroundings, its history — prehistoric and civil — its topography, monuments, manners and customs, religious, scientific and artistic life, its government and administration, in all their aspects. It is a sketch, still to be filled in ; but M., Paul Lacombe, " Parisien," honorary librarian of the Bibliotheque Nationale, an enthusiastic and competent bibliographer, has published a section, — Tableaux de Mceurs (1600-1880), 1 — which covers several of M., Cousin's divisions. Explanatory notes are appended to most of the entries, so that the reader may learn something of the nature of the volumes recorded ; but the value of these notes would have been enhanced had some particulars of the authors been given. The books in each section are arranged chronologically, and at the end there is an alphabetical list, with a reference to the numbers under which the books occur. It is difficult to divide the books of the character dealt with by M., Lacombe into groups logically distinct, but some subdivision would have been of advantage. 2 Next year (1888), the great library of the Abbe Bossuet, cure of Saint-Louis en ITsle, of books relating to the history of Paris was brought to sale. The cata- logue 3 is arranged generally in accordance with the scheme of M., Cousin and pre- sents an excellent view of the material which embodies and illustrates the history of the famous city. 1 Bibliographic Parisienne. Tableaux de Mceurs (1600-1880), Paris (Rouquette) 1887, 8vo, pp. xx + 249. There is a preface by M., Jules Cousin, in which he gives his " Bibliographie generate de Paris." - Lacombe has also published : Essai d'une Bibliographie des Oavrages relatifs a I'histoire religieuse de Paris, pendant la Revolution {1789-1802), Paris 1884, 8vo ; and recently a French translation of Sir John Dean Paul's Journal of a Party of Pleasure to Paris in August 1802, Paris 1913, 8vo. The original, which is now scarce, appeared at London 1802, 8vo, with thirteen views aquatinted by J. Hill from drawings by the author. These are reproduced with the translation. 3 Catalogue des Livres relatifs ii I'histoire de la Ville de Paris el de ses environs, composant la Bibliotheque de M. I'Abbi L. A. N. Bossuet, Paris (Morgand) 1888, 8vo. Twelve days' sale. The Abbe Valentin Dufour, under-librarian of the library of the Hotel de Ville, published Bibliographie artistique, historique et liiteraire de Paris avant 1789, Paris 1882, 8vo, arranged alphabetically according to authors' names, with an analytical index of subjects. It is defective but useful, and in the case of all rare books gives a note of a library in which a copy is to be found. At p. vii the author deals with the older writers upon the subject. PART III. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW The preparation of a local bibliography is eminently the work of a local biblio- graphical society ; and it seems to me that the Glasgow Bibliographical Society could engage in no more useful enterprise than the preparation of a scheme for a bibliography of this ancient city, and by encouraging and assisting individual members in filling up its various parts. By apportioning the subject, the fullest co-operation amongst workers is secured, and the knowledge and tastes of each individual can best be turned to account. Taking M., Cousin's scheme, for the moment, as our guide, it will indicate something of the nature of what is to be done. It opens with bibliography. I have referred to Dr. Hill's catalogue, which is the fullest and most exhaustive which we have. The article " Glasgow " in the British Museum catalogue, in the catalogue of the Glasgow University library, — which contains a large collection of Glasgow tracts in 118 volumes bequeathed by Mr. John Smith of Crutherland, bookseller in Glasgow and secretary of the Maitland Club ' — in the catalogue of the library of the Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow and in the catalogue of Stirling's library, include many books and papers, but all put together represent but a very small proportion of those in existence, and which require to be dealt with. The subject, physical and natural history, comes next, under which, according to this scheme, would be included the meteorology of Glasgow, its fauna, botany, paleontology and geology. Then follows hydrography, which would include the Clyde and its tributary streams ; floods, wells and springs ; canals ; waterworks and water-supply, ancient and modern ; baths and washhouses. The succeeding heading is population, statistics and demography. Then comes prehistoric history, and afterwards general history. 1 On the dissolution of the Maitland Club, the collections of the Club and its correspondence, bound in twenty-eight volumes, were presented to the University library. 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW On all these subjects there are, as regards Glasgow, a considerable number of books, and numerous papers in the transactions of learned societies, in periodicals and in official publications. To search out these will require a large amount of labour and could most appropriately be carried out by co-operation. In going through periodicals and the like it would be necessary to note all papers bearing upon Glasgow, and these would be ultimately arranged under their appro- priate heads. About thirty years ago there was published in the Boston Public Library Bulletin 1 an index of articles in the historical collections in that library. This is the kind of thing we require for Glasgow, but upon a more extended scale. History is a very elastic subject. In the scheme for a classified catalogue of the Bibliotheque Imperiale by M., Jules Tascherau, it occupies the first place, and includes such subjects as Topography, Genealogy and Biography. Under French History there were included all the Acts of legislature or of judicial authority to which events in the history of France have led. or by which they have been caused, as well as those pieces of poetry contemporaneous with those events, whether intended to commemorate, to satirize or to deplore them. 2 Such a recital would form a picturesque chapter in the bibliography of Glasgow. The library of the Faculty of Procurators contains a set nearly complete of the Acts of the British Parliament and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the city and undertakings connected with the city and neighbourhood. These are arranged according to subjects, and would form a useful basis for this section of the suggested bibliography. There is an excellent catalogue by M., Gaston Lavalley, keeper of the library of Caen, of the books on Normandy in that library, in which Biography takes a prominent place. Works relating to Charlotte Corday, for instance, occupy nine pages ; but besides separate books and dictionaries of biography and other bio- graphical collections, the author records the biographical notices in a considerable number of periodicals. 3 Biography might well be made a special feature of the bibliography of Glasgow. 1 v. (1883) p. 437. 2 Edwards, Memoirs of Libraries, ii. p. 872. 3 Biography occupies a principal place in Herluison's scheme (supra, p. 79) : Authors of Orleans — (1) Theologians ; (2) Lawyers ; (3) Philosophers and Moralists ; (4) Authors who cultivated Natural Science ; (5) Physicians and Surgeons ; (6) Mathematicians ; (7) In In- dustry, Craftsmen ; (8) In the Fine Arts, the Biography of Artists, their works, catalogues, exhibitions, etc. ; (9) Calligraphists and Writing-masters ; (10) In Belles Lettres, Linguists, Philologers and Translators; (11) Orators; (12) Poets; (13) Novelists and Story-Tellers ; (14) Letter-Writers, Litterateurs, Archaeologists and Numismatists; (15) Historians; (16) Appendix to include those who wrote on Cartography and Iconography. BIOGRAPHY 83 There are numerous memoirs of Glasgow people published, either separately or as part of other books. There are many in such works as the Dictionary of National Biography, and in transactions, periodicals and newspapers ; and others are to be found in very unlikely places. The late Mr. Innes Addison's (1857-1912) Roll of Graduates of the University of Glasgow, and Matriculation Albums ; Hew Scott's Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae ; the catalogues of the various exhibitions of Glasgow portraits ; and the late Mr. Alexander Wilson Gray Buchanan's (1851-1909) painstaking and minute Notes and Indexes on the Old Glasgow Exhibition of 1894, give particulars of many thousands of Glasgow men and women, but there are quite as many more of whom notices exist, but which have not been brought together. Funeral sermons are a source of biography, 1 and these in so far as concerns Glasgow people ought to be recorded. In the library of the Prince of Stolberg-Wernigerode, in the Lustgarten of Wernigerode, there are 6000 such sermons bound in separate volumes. 2 Glasgow could produce nothing like this, but there is a respectable number awaiting attention. Along with biographies there should be included information regarding por- traits, busts or other likeness of the person referred to, " nam eruditum est . . . videre oculis subjectas res multis retro sceculis peractas, defunctorumque heroum vultus adhuc in metallis & marmoribus spirantes, &c." 3 Portraits are a special feature in many French catalogues. 4 1 Supra, p. 45. 2 I paid a delightful visit to the library in August 1899, when I was shown over it by the courteous librarian, Archivist Dr. Ed. Jacobs. It then contained 110,000 printed volumes and 1000 MSS. There is a good collection of Bibles, some of them interesting from association, as, for instance, one of Luther's Bibles with an autograph letter presenting it to a friend. The collection of hymn-books is extensive, and Mr. James Mearns, who assisted Canon Julian with his Dictionary of Hymns, worked in the library for six months. The liturgical collection is also good. The books are spotlessly clean, and their white vellum bindings are as bright and fresh as the day they were finished. The books are arranged according to classes, but no spare room has been left on the shelves, so that there is a difficulty in disposing of the accessions. About 40,000 volumes had been added in the thirty years that Dr. Jacobs had been librarian. Amongst the MSS. there is an interesting book of heraldry, containing a collection of coats of arms. It contains a curious representation of the Godhead ; then follow the arms of Christ. Adam and Eve seem to have had no coat of arms; but nearly every other person had: Hector of Troy, Arthur of Britain, the three Kings of Cologne, and so on. There is an account of the library by Professor Dr. Ernst Forstemann of Dresden, Die grafiich stolbergische Bibliothek zu Wernigerode, Nordhausen 1866, 8vo. 3 Gamier, Systema bibliothecce collegii Parisiensis Societatis Jesu, p. 79, Paris, 1678, 4to. Women, he says (p. 82), are not to be omitted. He includes (p. 5) a lady as a munificent donor to the library of the College of Jesuits over which he presided. 4 See, for example, Catalogue de la bibliothlque de la ville de Troves, by Emile Socard, the Keeper, under " Histoire," torn. v. pp. 244-457, Troyes 1879, 8vo. 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW Social conditions, the housing problem, employment and unemployment, health , the smoke nuisance, disease, nursing, the treatment of the feeble-minded and so on, occupy at present a prominent place in public attention in Glasgow, and a copious stream of reports, statistics, books and pamphlets on such subjects is constantly flowing around us ; but they deal very shortly and often incorrectly with the past, even so recent as that of last century. 1 There is, however, a great deal of informa- tion from the past upon all these subjects, if it was collected and classified, and so made available for inquirers and students. District visitors' reports are generally committed to the waste-paper basket, and notwithstanding the large numbers which are put in circulation, may be classed as " rare " books. The extracts from Visitors' journals given in such reports of eighty or a hundred years ago, when Glasgow was becoming a great industrial centre, and a large Irish population was pressing in and occupying houses provided for a different class and different numbers, are often startling and explain some of the evils which still exist. 8 The industries of Glasgow are now enormous, and have been pleasantly dis- coursed of by Mr. J. O. Mitchell, Mr. A. M. Scott, Mr. Andrew Scott and other good citizens, but the material on which a trustworthy account of almost any one industry can be based has still to be collected and classified. 3 Take up any 1 Of the value of flying-sheets, fugitive pieces and pamphlets, see preface to vol. iii. of the Catalogus Bibliothecae Harleianae, London 1744, 8vo ; and the preface to vol i. of David Clement's Bibliotheque citrieuse, Gottingen 1754, 4to. They must of course be used with discretion. One of Macaulay's faults was that with an unrivalled knowledge of this kind of literature he accepted a statement in a broadsheet or pamphlet as evidence without duly considering its authority. ! Of the extraordinary overcrowding and insanitary condition of the houses of the poorer classes instances are given by Dr. Robert Graham (Observations on Continued Fever, pp. 57, 58, Glasgow 1818, 8vo) ; and five and twenty years later by Dr. Robert Perry (Facts and Observa- tions on the Sanitary State of Glasgow, lb. 1844, 8vo). The old houses in the Drygait, the Havannah and elsewhere were overcrowded to an incredible extent. No. 64 Havannah Street contained fifty-nine houses, several of which did not exceed five feet square, but each contained a family often of six persons. This arose in consequence of the large number of Irish and other labourers who found their way to Glasgow. Being unskilled, their wages were low, and they crowded together in the cheapest houses available, so as to save rent, and thus evolved the slum. 8 As an example of such work we have Heydenreich, Bibliographisches Repertorium tiber die Geschichte der Stadt Freiberg und ihres Berg- und Hiittenwesens, Freiberg v. Sachs 1885, 8vo. One of the earliest books dealing with a Glasgow industry is. The Weaver's Index ; or a Table shewing how much yarn it will take to warp any Web. To which are subjoined some Coaming Tables, and a Table shewing when a Spynle of Yarn is so much English weight, how much Yarn a pound either English or Scotch is. Glasgow. Printed in the year 1755. [Price 6d.] i2mo, pp. 88. Then we have Essay on the Construction of Sleying Tables, lb. 1 759 [by Robest Barbour] ; Wotherspoon and Stevenson's Weavers' Pocket Companion, containing 22 Coaming Tables, and 17 Warping Tables, lb. 1779, and 1796, i2mo. John Duncan 's Essays on the Art of Weaving, Glasgow 1808, 8vo ; John Murphy's Treatise, lb. 1824, 8vo, and John Watson's Theory, lb. 1863, 8vo. GLASGOW INDUSTRIES 85 volume of the old Glasgow Mechanics' Magazine, 1 and see how much there is regarding Glasgow, its people, its buildings, its industries and its trade. How familiar in our ears is the term " macintosh," and how little do we associate its invention with a distinguished citizen and chemist of Glasgow, Charles Macin- tosh of Crossbasket (1766-1843), but the " Mechanics Magazine" has something to say about it. How busy our world was ninety years ago, and how little we know of it now, and how little we appreciate the good work that was being done then, the fruits of which we are reaping ; who knows about John Pattison's improved clock which showed the hours, minutes, and seconds, on a more improved plan than either Franklin's or Ferguson's ? or of William Cooper's Wonder in Horology ? Yet Glasgow thought something of them in 1824. There were all sorts of new looms and improved dyeing processes, grates that consumed their own smoke, schemes for Glasgow harbour, contrivances for floating vessels up the shallow waters of the Clyde, machines for deepening these waters by dredging, improvements in Glasgow gas. One writer in 1824 is convinced that gas will one day be succeeded by a more perfect and less expensive illuminant — electricity, — and details his own successful experiments with frictional electricity. Another suggested the use of galvanism and a reciprocating engine for marine propulsion, a problem only now being solved by Mr. Henry Mavor, a well-known Glasgow electrician. Railways have a large literature, of which there are several bibliographies ; 2 but the rise and development of canals and railways in Glasgow and its neighbour- hood forms an important chapter in economic history and requires separate treat- ment. The John Crerar library of Chicago records with satisfaction, in its last report, the purchase of some 1600 railroad reports. 3 Such documents are, as a rule, little regarded save by stockbrokers, but they are of interest and value to the statist and to the student of economics, who ought to have the means of knowing where they are to be found. Probably outside the railway offices, there is no complete file of Glasgow railway reports, although considerable collections are to be found in the excellent library of the Glasgow Institute of Accountants. 1 The Glasgow Mechanics' Magazine ; and Annals of Philosophy, Glasgow (W. R. M'Phun) 1824-26, 8vo, 5 vols. ' Catalogue of the Hopkins Railway Library, by Frederick J. Teggart, Palo Alto, California 1895, 4to, pp. x+231, one of the publications of the Leland Stanford University, is a good example of American enterprise. The library contained in 1895, 9245 books and pamphlets relating to railways collected within a few years and was being constantly added to. 8 The fohn Crerar Library Seventeenth Annual Report for the year 1911, p. 22, Chicago 191 2, 8vo. 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW Glasgow institutions are numerous, and many of them are important, and a list of publications which relate to them would be valuable and instructive. A bibliography of Glasgow libraries would form a useful aid to the general biblio- graphy of the city. Whether Glasgow has advanced in the matter of education, except as regards cost, may be doubted. In 1812 the total number of children in Glasgow, between the ages of seven and ten, was estimated at about 3750, of whom nearly one-third were educated gratuitously in the various free schools in the city, 470 attended the Grammar School, leaving about 2100 to be provided for in the sixty private schools which then existed. 1 The rapid growth of the city during the succeeding fifty years, and the accession to the population of a legion of illiterates of non- Scottish origin somewhat upset these excellent arrangements, and they became unable to cope with the additional burden thrown upon them. There is a large library of books, pamphlets and reports upon educational matters in Glasgow which would afford matter for an instructive chapter in the history of education if they were arranged and catalogued. The long series of small half-penny, penny and two-penny playbooks for children, " bawbee and penny pictures," with their neat little woodcuts and coloured plates, issued by James and Matthew Robertson, 2 by J. & A. 1 Stevenson Macgill, The Qualifications of the Teachers of Youth, considered in a Discourse delivered on the Anniversary of Wilson's Charity, at Glasgow 1812, p. 52 sqq. Glasgow 1814, 8vo. Dr. Cleland ascertained in 1816 that there were 11,876 scholars of whom 3563 were taught gratis, in charity or free schools. There were 505 attending the Grammar School and 320 at the school of the British new system of education (a modification of the Lancasterian plan). There were 1400 students at the University and 570 (including the mechanics' class) at the Andersonian Institution. Cleland, Annals of Glasgow, ii. p. 415. Dr. Macgill took a warm interest in education and in the improvement of the social con- dition of the people. He was appointed professor of divinity in the University in 1814, and held office until his death in 1840. 2 They were printers and booksellers, No. 171 East side, of the Saltmarket. See Glasgow Past and Present, i. p. 121. Their shop, as appears from the title-deeds, was formerly occupied by William Duncan, printer. The building was known as " Crawfurd's great Tenement," so called from Thomas Crawfurd of Crawfurdland, the former owner. I have their catalogue issued in 1798, pp. 15; supra, p. 55. It contains twenty-five " Books for the instruction of and amusement of children, bound in gilt paper, and adorned with Cuts " : amongst them " Jack Dandy's Delight " ; " Death and Burial of Cock Robin " ; " New England Primer." There are also some at 3d., 4d. and 6d. each. They also issued a series : — " Variety of Penny Histories and Sermons." " Our earliest library was made up of the Saltmarket literature. ' Penny histories,' were they called : each tract was of 24 duodecimo pages. The serious department contained, inter alia, ' The Seven Champions,' ' Life of Wallace and Bruce,' etc. ; the comic division, ' Leper the Tailor,' ' Lothian CHILDREN'S BOOKS 87 Duncan, 1 Archibald Paterson, engraver and copper-plate printer at No. 3 King Street, 2 James Lumsden & Son, 3 and others, towards the end of the eighteenth and Tam,' ' The Wife of Beith,' ' George Buchanan's Tricks.' cum multis aliis." Andrew Bell in Daily Exhibitor, No. 3, p. 7, 28th December, 1846. Cf. Glasgow Past and Present, ii. p. 181. Robertson's catalogue of 1798 gives as examples of Penny histories and sermons, " The Grave, a Poem " ; " The King and the cobler " ; " Reynard the Fox " ; " The Sleeping Beauty " ; " The Believer Exalted " ; " The New School of Love " ; " The Wife of Beith " ; " Pady from Cork " ; " Robinson Crusoe " ; " Sir William Wallace " ; " Seven Wise Masters "; " The Bloody Massacre of Ireland," and many others. 1 Amongst others. Jack Dandy's Delight ; or, the History of Birds and Beasts, with instructive observations, in verse and prose. Adorned with a variety 0/ Cuts. Glasgow : Printed by Napier & Khull, for J. & A. Duncan, Booksellers, Trongate, 1800, 24tno. " Handy spandy. Jack Dandy, Loves a piece of Sugar Candy, He buys it at the grocer's shop, And pleas'd, away, hop, hop, hop. James & Andrew Duncan were extensive booksellers, and issued in 1804 Catalogue of a large Collection of New Boohs, Foreign and Domestic, on sale by them. Glasgow 1804, 8vo, pp. 120. Besides a large selection of works, British and foreign, it has many small books for children, and a section is devoted to ' ' Books for the instruction and amusement of children . ' ' 2 Paterson was originally a silversmith. 3 James Lumsden was an engraver. He commenced his career in Edinburgh in the service of Andrew Bell " engraver to the Prince of Wales." He published a map of Glasgow in 1783, and was a useful and successful citizen. His son, James Lumsden ;ii) (1778-1856), the " and Son "of the firm, took an active interest in public affairs, and was provost of Glasgow (1843-46). He had a great deal of individuality and anecdotes of " Lummie " were for long the staple of Glasgow gossip. An idea of these may be had from an article in The Glasgow Satirist, No. 3, p 20 (16th September, 1848), but although the material is there, the art of arranging it, the personal touches, the voice, the manner, the method of the practised raconteur, are awanting. Charles Mackay, who was editor of the Argus 1844-47, in his Forty Years' Recollections of Life was more successful. Mr. Lumsden was a robust politician, a Whig, a Reformer and a Corn-law Repealer. His son James Lumsden (hi) was also provost of Glasgow (1866-69) and was knighted. James Lumsden (iv), son of Sir James, was unable to take part in public life, on account of deafness, but he was an accomplished naturalist, and amused himself with the breeding of sheep on his beautiful estate of Arden on Loch Lomond side. James R. Lumsden, now of Arden, son of No. iv., is a C.A. in Glasgow. " Lumsden's bawbee and penny pictures were the delight of the rising, and will doubtless be remembered, with a smile and a sigh, by the risen generation of early days." So said Andrew Bell (St. Mungo's Bell) in Northern Notes and Queries, i. p. 79 Again he says, James Lumsden's " name was associated in the youthful mind, with sources of enjoyment, ' New'r gifts,' holiday presents, small prints and picter byukes of every description. What a goodly array he had ! Why every thing in that line was by ' James Lumsden & Son.' The latter, in the days we write of, had his house of business in an establishment, up a court in Dunlop Street, with an iron-gated garden. What great ideas we had, as we used to peep through that iron grille, of the ' Paradise of Dainty Devices ' within : The ' Crooked Family,' the ' Bloody Battles (by sea and land) of the Rats and Cats,' etc., etc., etc. Oh I what a treasury, thought we." Daily Exhibitor, No. 2, p. 8, 26th December, 1846. This was a guide to an Exhibition of Arts and Crafts held in the City Hall, Glasgow, in December 1846. I was taken to see it and remember it well. Lumsden & Son issued " Gammer Gurton's Garland," and many others ; also a sixpenny 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW beginning of the nineteenth century, give a pleasant glimpse of the Glasgow nursery of a hundred years ago, and afford evidence of the state of printing and book illustration in our town. 1 Large numbers of these little books were exported to America. When Alexander Tilloch (1759-1825) and Andrew Foulis, the younger, rediscovered the art of stereotyping they found that the trade was opposed to its use, and employed it in producing copies of these, and a cheap edition of The Oeconomy of Human Life. 2 The art of penmanship has a large literature, to which Glasgow has contributed, Messrs. Monach & Son in 1788 issued their Introduction to Writing. 3 Some thirty years later Mr. John M'Call, 4 the most eminent writing master of his day, prepared abridgment of Robinson Crusoe, "embellished with eight elegant copper plate prints," from " their Toy Book manufactory," n.d., i2mo, pp. 52. They also provided the engraved sheets known as " Lottery Books " or " Dabbities." Glasgow Past and Present, ii. p. 185. Exhibition illustrative of Old Glasgow, Nos. 2551, 2552, Glasgow 1894. 1 I have a collection of these tiny books. The same or similar books in the like form were published in Banbury, London, York, Edinburgh, and elsewhere. An excellent account of the Banbury books has been given by Mr. Edwin Pearson, in Banbury Chap Books and Nursery Toy Literature, London 1890, 4to, pp. v + 116 ; with many illustrations. On the last page of " Specimens of the Yorkshire Dialect," York, printed and sold, wholesale and retail by J. Kendrew, 1809, i2mo, it is stated that " Shopkeepers and Travellers may be supplied on the most reasonable Terms, with a good assortment of Ballads ; Godly Patters; Carols, Garlands, Halfpenny Books, Battledores, &c. &c." Then follows a list of Penny Books and Histories. 2 Alexander Tilloch in the Philosophical Magazine, x. (1801) p. 275. There is a later edition of The Oeconomy of Human Life, with the imprint : " Sold by the booksellers in Great Britain, Ireland and America, 1789." pp. 100, 8vo, but an advertisement at the end shows that it was " printed and sold by Alex. Adam, opposite the Post-Office, Gibson's Wynd, Glasgow." The list includes a dozen books, including this. It is coarsely printed, on poor paper. 3 An Introduction to Writing containing the Round, Text and Small Hands with Forms of Bills, etc., by J. Monach fir 3 Son, Glasgow n.d. [? 1788], 4tx>. Engraved by Haldane. With (1) Directions for making the pen, (2) Method of holding the pen ; The Writing Master and Accountants' Assistant . . with engravings of business writing, etc., by C. Buchanan, Glasgow 1798, 4 to ; A New Introduction to Stenography, or Shorthand Writing, lb. James Duncan, 1816, 8vo, pp. 44, and 6 plates ; Wyper, Specimen of Penmanship, lb. 1831. 4 Born at Crawick Mill, near Sanquhar, on 3rd September, 1798, Mr. M'Call died at Glasgow on 4th December, 1882. He was one of the most perfect and artistic of penmen and the most popular teacher of his day, and the boys and girls of two generations were his pupils. Tall, erect, and well-proportioned, with finely cut features, he was a striking figure in the streets of Glasgow. There was a notice of his penmanship in the Scots Times, 26th January, 1828. In 1837 he contributed an article to the Church of Scotland Magazine, iv. p. 417, on " The Sacramental Sabbath " of James Hyslop, whom he had known from boyhood, and which he there printed for the first time. In 1871 he printed for private circulation " The COSTUME: MANNERS AND CUSTOMS 89 the head-lines of Messrs. Swan's copy books, and judging from the examples that remain, the art of fair writing must have been successfully taught in Glasgow from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards. 1 Costume is a subject of historical interest, and has its bibliography, and should claim a chapter in the bibliography of Glasgow. 2 The Tailor and Cutter, we know, criticises the portraits of the year from the professional point of view, and shows how far they fall short as regards costume. Joseph Couts, a Glasgow tailor, published a handsome illustrated Guide for the Tailor's Cutting-room. 3 " This is the first attempt," he says, " which has been made to make art subservient to the purposes of a cutting-room show-card of fashions. And the Artist, while he has carefully delineated every seam, etc., of the garments of his figures, has, at the same time, succeeded in giving a series of life-like and characteristic sketches of society and manners." He insists on the advantage to a tailor, of ability to draw and to sketch from life. " To the young making choice of tailoring as a business, the Author would especially recommend that they should learn to draw well. As a part of their elementary studies, they should diligently practise the drawing of straight and curved lines, till they can execute them by the hand with facility and accuracy. They should afterwards exercise themselves in drawing the human figure from the antique statues, till they become familiar with its parts and pro- portions, as exhibited in these celebrated remains of ancient art. . . . Sketching from the life is also of great importance to anyone who aspires to be a proficient in tailoring." The manners and customs of the people of Glasgow, their amusements, their religious life are somewhat different from those of Paris, but they are equally interesting to the student and quite as necessary to record. The literature of this subject in Glasgow extends over a wide field, and would furnish an instructive picture if it were gathered together and methodically presented. Cameronian's Dream " as he had it from the author, and " The Sacramental Sabbath " with a memoir of Hyslop or, as he spells it, Hislop. Mr. M'Call was an expert salmon-fisher, and an enthusiastic curler. He married, tith June, 1821, Catherine, daughter of John Tennant, formerly of Auchenbay, latterly of Creoch, in the parish of Ochiltree. 1 See, for example, the signatures to Petition to Andrew Aiton and others, for the protection of Glasgow in 1745, reproduced in The Cochrane Correspondence, p. 132, Glasgow 1836, 4to (Maitland Club). 2 I have five folio volumes of water-colour drawings of Glasgow costumes executed in the early forties of last century. 3 A Practical Guide for the Tailor's Cutting-room . . . with Numerous Diagrams and Pictorial Illustrations, Glasgow (Blackie and Son) n.d. [1848], 4to. 90 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW Games and amusements would provide an interesting chapter. 1 We have that curious book by Donald M'Bane, The Expert Swordsman's Companion : or the True Art of Self -Defence, printed by James Duncan in 1728. James Arbuckle, student in the University of Glasgow, discourses sympathetically on Golfing on the Green in his Glotta, printed by William Duncan in 1721, and there are many references in Glasgow literature to this now fashionable amusement. 2 Our former energetic representative in Parliament, George Anderson (1819-96), is the author of a treatise on the art of skating, which he first published under the pseudonym of " Cyclos " in 1852. Cricket is an English, not a Scottish game, but many attempts were made, from the year 1800 onwards, to establish it here. In 1829 the Western Cricket Club of Glasgow was formed and enrolled nearly ninety members ; and next year the University Club was set up. I have the printed Laws and List of Members of the former, 3 and no doubt there are many other early printed records and allusions to the game in Glasgow books. Rowing used to be a popular amusement upon the Clyde above the weir, and also on the reaches below Govan Ferry. When I was a student we rowed regularly during the summer months. Music and the drama in Glasgow have an interesting history and a considerable volume of literature. Glasgow dialect is a subject which requires attention. When advocating an archaeological survey of the United Kingdom in 1896, a scheme which has now, to a certain extent, been taken up, I pointed out that care should be taken to obtain the exact local pronunciation of place-names. " The phonograph," I said, " might be turned to excellent service in this matter. The local pronunciation could by this means be accurately obtained, labelled, and put away. Local dialects prevail in every part of the country, and a scientific attempt should be made to record them. A phonological museum would be of great interest, and 1 Robert Reid (" Senex ") has an excellent chapter on sports and games in Glasgow in Glasgow Past and Present, ii. p. 180 sqq. ; and another on the Glasgow shows of olden time, lb. iii. p. 313 sqq. See Strang, Glasgow and its Clubs, p. 179; Gibson, History of Glasgow, p. 132. There is an article on the circus in Scotland in Scottish Notes and Queries, 2nd S. ii. 107, but it relates to Aberdeen, not to Glasgow. - Cf. The Regality Club, i. p. 147. In 1642 the students were to be exercised in gouff (Muni- menta, ii. p. 466), and it was a favourite amusement with them at a later date. The Student, p. 79. Glasgow 1817, 8vo ; [J. G. Lockhart] Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, iii. p. 203. Golf is described by Smollett in the Expedition of Humphry Clinker, as played at Edinburgh about 1766. Works, vii. p. 318, London 1872, 8vo. 3 The Laws are those of the Marylebone Club as revised in the year 1828. The last three relate to " Bets." James Steven was president, Charles Campbell was treasurer, and my father was secretary. SONGS AND BALLADS 91 would probably prove of advantage to students of philology." • While I have no doubt that this will yet be done, it is not the work of a bibliographical society. It lies with this society to register the books and papers bearing upon the subject, so that it may be treated from every side. Several articles and many letters upon it have, during a number of years, appeared in the Glasgow Herald, but there is a good deal besides these to record. I have referred to the religious literature circulated amongst the people, and to chap-books. In addition, there is a multitude of song-books, 8 broadside songs and street ballads — la Muse parietaire et la Muse foraine — last speeches, and the like. Material such as this requires to be collected and catalogued. One of Dr. Johnson's characters " turned all his thoughts upon old ballads, for he considered them as the genuine records of the national taste. He offered to show me a copy of ' The Children in the Wood,' which he firmly believed to be of the first edition, and by the help of which the text might be freed from several cor- ruptions." 3 Such publications enable us to understand the outlook on life of the man in the street at the time, but they are also sometimes helpful in the interests of literature. Thus the well-known song, " The Dainty Bit Plan " by William Cross (1804-1886). a Glasgow poet, first appeared anonymously in The Penny Songster (No. vii. p. 156), published in 1839 by William Hamilton, librarian in Glasgow. Mr J. C. Ewing has made a beginning on this subject in his articles Brash and Reid, Their Collection of ' Poetry.' " 4 Charles Hindley (1844-1900), the bookseller of Holywell Street, published in 1871 Curiosities of Street Literature, a collection of " Street Papers," that is, single sheet ballads, songs and the like, issued by old " Jemmy Catnach " of Seven Dials, his object " being to show, in the most genuine state, the character and quality of the productions written expressly for the amusement of the lower 1 An Archaeological Survey of the United Kingdom . the Preservation and Protection of our Ancient Monuments, p. 31, Glasgow 1896, 8vo. 2 I have not been a collector of these publications, but a number have from time to time come into my hands. It is difficult to find perfect copies. 8 Johnson, The Rambler, No. 177. * Contributed to the Glasgow Herald, 16th and 23rd April, 1910. A few copies were re- printed in slips and mounted. Brash and Reid were booksellers in the Trongate, and were also publishers. " To their labours," says Dr. Strang, " the bibliomaniac is indebted for some rather scarce and curious publications." Glasgow and its Clubs, p. 402, Glasgow 1864, 4to. In 1800 they issued A Catalogue of . . . Books . . . on Sale, Glasgow, pp. 87, 8vo. The books were new publications, and numbered about 10,000. 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW orders by street-authors." I have a collection of similar productions issued in Glasgow, and there are no doubt many others to be had. 1 It may not be necessary to reprint them, but a descriptive list would be useful. Chancellor Ferguson refers to the " Pinners up " and " Long-song sellers " who attended the country fairs in Cumberland. 2 These I quite well remember at country fairs in Ayrshire sixty years ago, and have bought many yards of their songs. Glasgow has been the subject of numerous poems in Latin, English and French, and it would be a pleasant task to search out what poets have had to say about us, and include the references in the bibliography of the city. Macvean collected a number of descriptions of Glasgow in the works of travellers, but he did not exhaust this branch of the work. Dr. J. F. S. Gordon added one or two more, but much awaits the bibliographer who undertakes it. A collection of such extracts with explanatory notes and suitable illustrations would make an attractive volume, but the bibliographer must in the first instance search out the passages. The division " Topography " should include not only references to printed books, but likewise to maps, plans, prints and drawings of local objects. Authors generally are not bibliographers, and it would facilitate their labours if they knew what graphic and pictorial illustrations of Glasgow are extant and where they are to be found. Gough's British Topography 3 is out of date, but it is most useful, so far as it goes, and shows how great would be the advantage of a list of maps, plans and views brought down to the present day. Glasgow in fiction would lead anyone who took it up along a flowery path. It is needless to recall such passages, as the student days of Roderick Random, the visit of Humphry Clinker, 4 the immortal Bailie Nicol Jarvie and the rival house of MacVittie, MacFinn & Company, the Gallowgait and the Saltmarket, the Green and the College yards, Mattie and Mrs. Flyter. So popular was the worthy bailie that his journey to Aberfoyle appeared in a poetical form as a chap- 1 Stephen Williamson had a collection of Garlands, consisting of songs, ballads, carols and broadsides mounted in three folio volumes, containing in all between 400 and 500 pieces. Catalogue of the . . . Library of the late Stephen Williamson, Esq., Merchant, Glasgow, No. 90, [Glasgow 1865], 8vo. The catalogue was prepared under the supervision of Mr. Alexander Young, writer in Glasgow (d. 1893), a veteran bibliophile, who marks the collection as " very rare." - Transactions of the Cumberland . . . Antiquarian . . . Society, xiv. (1897) p. 5. 8 London 1780, 410, 2 vols. Lanarkshire and Glasgow are in vol. ii. p. 699. Gough's correspondence with Paton regarding this book is in the Mitchell Library. 4 Echoed in a Glasgow chap-book, " An Oration on the virtues of the old women and the pride of the young," 1788, i2mo, said to be "dictated by Janet Clinker, and written by Humphrey Clinker, the clashing wives' clerk." GLASGOW IN FICTION 93 book. 1 There is much that is interesting, if not so graphic, in other works. Gait has a good deal to say of Glasgow in the " Entail " ; Glasgow is the scene of our own George Mill's " The Beggar's Benison " and " Craigclutha." Glasgow life and Glasgow University find a place in Thomas Hamilton's " Cyril Thornton." Zachary Boyd and " The Last Battle of the Soul in Death " come before us in James Grant's " Harry Ogilvie." Glasgow figures in " The Little Minister " of J. M. Barrie, in F. W. Robinson's " Jane Cameron," in Sarah Tytler's (Mrs. Henrietta Keddie's) " Saint Mungo's City." William Black did not forget his native city, which appears in several of his novels ; George Macdonald has sketched Alec Forbes' life at our University ; and we should not forget " Tom Cringle's Log " by Michael Scott (1789-1835), a worthy son of Saint Mungo. Works of fiction are to be used with circumspection, but a substratum of truth is generally to be found in their presentations of local characters and customs. Scott's account of the bailie and the tolbooth may seem to be absurd, but mainly it is historically correct ; John Gibson Lockhart's " Captain Paton " is a delicate portrait. " Young Glasgow " presents a picture of student life, not very attrac- tive, but not very far from the truth as it existed in certain circles fifty to sixty years ago. 2 In describing books, particularly such as relate to life and manners, it is of importance to note lists of subscribers, and advertisements of new books published or promised. The latter often give information regarding books which is not to be had elsewhere. It is the rule in the British Museum — and it is an excellent one — to bind in the advertisement sheets, and paper covers of all publications, so as to preserve the books as issued, but in the ordinary case these are thrown aside as useless, and the volumes lose much of their collateral value. Lists of subscribers are helpful for many purposes ; particularly for indicating 1 Bailie Nicol Jarvie's Journey to Aberfoil, Glasgow : Printed by and for J. Neil, 17 Bazar, 1829, i2mo, 8 pp., of which the Bailie occupies two ; woodcut of a brig in full sail on the title- page. 2 Young Glasgow ; or the Gentism of the Western Metropolis edited by Ben Brick, Esq.. a Needy Swell, Glasgow [1853], i2mo, pp. 90. Light is got from such publications as : The Glasgow Toast-master's Guide, Edinburgh n.d. [circa 1820], i2mo, pp. 35 ; and The True Science of Etiquette, Glasgow (Robert Stuart & Co.) n.d. [circa 1840], pp. 36 ; The Etiquette of the Toilette-table, lb. 1859, i6mo ; The Art of Carving made easy, lb. i860, i2mo. The latter are two of the numerous publications of W. R. M'Phun, who held the appointment of " Bookseller to H.R.H. The Prince Albert," and who may be considered as the originator of the now familiar " How to " series of manuals. Following in his steps, George Watson of Ingram Street published Etiquette for All, lb. 1861, i6mo, and How to Shine in Society, lb. 1861, i6mo. 94 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW the class of readers amongst whom particular books circulated. They show, for instance, that works of religion and devotion were bought principally by " country people and servants " as noted by Wodrow. 1 Ralph Erskine (1685-1752) tells us that he published " Gospel Sonnets," for the people not for scholars. " I own, that these who are skill'd this Way, will easily discern that I cannot pretend to lofty Poesy ; but perhaps it is better ordered that my Talent is not of such a soaring Nature, as to please the Critical Palate of a learned Age : Seeing that, as there are Heroick Poems in Abundance gone abroad fitted for gratifying those of a polite Education ; so, the exalted Turns of Thought, and poetical Flights, which would have made these Lines capable of giving Delight to a refined Taste, would in all Likelihood have rendred them unintelligible, and consequently unserviceable to those of a meaner Capacity, and to the common Sort of People, for whose instruction and Edification these Lines are principally designed." 2 Lists of subscribers sometimes also give historical facts not otherwise recorded. Our veteran bibliographer Duncan Macvean 3 mentions that in 17 18 James Duncan 1 Truth's Victory over Error, p. xxiv, supra, p. 74. The subscription list appended to Bayfield's Bulwark of Truth, Glasgow : Printed by William Smith for John Gentles and William Riddle, the Publishers at Bartons-hill, Old Monkland parish 1772, is of the above description; but curiously the book bears a Greek title, : 'H wpofioXij tijs" dA-i/dtias. It was printed from a MS., as the publisher could not ascertain that it had been previously published, although written in 1656. 2 Gospel-Sonnets : or. Spiritual Songs, p. iv, Edinburgh 1732, i2mo, 3rd ed. The first edition, Edinburgh 1720, and the second, lb. 1726, were entitled Gospel-Canticles. The author was at this time a minister of the Church of Scotland, not having seceded until the year 1737. The tenth edition of the Gospel Sonnets was published at Glasgow (printed by James Knox, and sold at his Shop near the head of the Salt-mercat) in 1762, i2mo. The handsomest edition forms part of Erskine's Poetical Works, Glasgow (printed by William Smith. Sold by W. Smith and J. Bryce, booksellers. Saltmercat) 1778, 8vo. John Newlands, merchant in Glasgow, who had his shop at the head of the Gallowgait, married in 1745 Margaret Erskine (1718-51), daughter of Ralph Erskine, published the complete works of his father-in-law (Glasgow 1764-65, folio, 2 vols), and many separately ; also a large number of pieces for the Associate Synod ; and his name, as printer, appears on several imprints, but it is doubtful whether he was a practical printer. His daughter Margaret Newlands married James Lockhart, merchant in Glasgow, whose daughter, Margaret Lockhart, married James Jefiray, M.D., professor of anatomy in the University of Glasgow, 1790-1848. A list of editions of the Sonnets and of Erskine's other publications is given in Beveridge, Bibliography of Dunfermline, pp. 125-136 ; but it is not complete. 3 Duncan Macvean, a native of Argyleshire, was an intelligent bookseller, with an extensive and accurate knowledge of books relating to Scotland, and particularly to Glasgow. He drew up the short history of Glasgow printing appended to his edition of M'Ure, pp. 367-372. In his old age he became somewhat doited, and declined to sell his favourite volumes and some- times ordered the would-be customer out of his shop ; and thus deprived himself of a livelihood. LETTER FOUNDING 95 carried on business as a letter-founder in Glasgow. 1 He does not give his authority Some of his old patrons tried to maintain him by buying books they did not want, but which he was willing to part with. This failed, and he was ultimately admitted to the Asylum in the Rottenrow of the Old Man's Friend Society, where he died on 30th November, 1851. One of his principal supporters was Mr. Robert White (b. 1782) of 256 West George Street, a bachelor, in easy circumstances, a great collector of books, which he mostly gave away. He wore, according to the fashion of the time, a swallow-tail dress coat, and carried his purchases in the tail pocket, which gave him an odd appearance as he walked up the steep slope of West George Street to his house. He was a liberal in politics, while the bookseller was a strong conservative, a difference which sometimes led to violent altercations. "This author with whom I was acquainted for nearly 40 years " [who], says Gabriel Neil, " followed the business of an ' old Bookseller ' in the High Street, near College Street, was of a dry hard turn of mind, and with a manner well adapted for cultivating a successful trade but was of great research in and knowledge of Scottish Literature and Antiquities and an eminent Gaelic scholar " (Note in Gabriel Neil's Scrap Book, purchased by Dr. Strang at Neil's sale in 1862, and subsequently by myself). John Reid mentions that he received much valu- able information regarding the early Gaelic publications from Macvean. Bibliolheca Scoto- Celiica, p. viii. Mr. W. J . Duncan in the preface (p. x) to his Notices and Documents illustrative of the Literary History of Glasgow, Glasgow 1831, 4to, acknowledges his indebtedness to Macvean : " The Catalogue of Books has been drawn up principally from the works themselves, and with the assistance of Mr. D. Macvean, who furnished a very large mass of materials for it, many of which, and especially the smaller pamphlets, might have been searched for in vain." ■ History of Glasgow by John M'Ure, p. 370, Glasgow 1830, 8vo. Macvean mentions this to correct the statement that Dr. Wilson was the first who introduced the art of making types in Scotland. He adds that " the types used by Duncan are evidently of his own making, they are rudely cut and badly proportioned ; and in some of his founts the letter ' e ' is one third smaller than the other letters. He deserves credit, however, for the attempt, and his founts are not much inferior to those used by the other Scottish printers at that time." The suggestion is that M'Ure's View of the City of Glasgow, " printed by James Duncan, printer to the City, and sold at his shop, near Gibson's Wynd, in the Salt-market," in 1736, was printed from these types. There were, however, two persons of this name : James Duncan, who was born in Glasgow about 1685, and was a printer and bookseller at his shop near Gibson's Wynd, in the Saltmarket. The other James Duncan was the typefounder, and carried on business in Glasgow. He was not a native of Glasgow, but was, I think, a son of Bailie Mathew Duncan, bookseller in Kilmarnock, mentioned on the title-page of Rae's book (infra) and in the list of subscribers, and a brother of John Duncan, bookseller in Dumfries, also mentioned in that list. The latter seems to have migrated to Glasgow, and was probably the John Duncan, bookseller, who was admitted burgess in 1739, and who, at the Golden Ball in the Salt- market in 1746, published Book of the Chronicles of the Duke of Cumberland, and History of John, Duke of Marlborough. William Duncan, junior (d. 1765), printer in Glasgow, was a son of John Duncan. His name appears as printer of Ray, The Kindness of God manifested in the Works of Creation, 1750, i2mo ; The Psalms of David in Metre . . . Together with the Annotations of David Dickson, 1754; The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain considered, 1 754 ; and other books. There was another John Duncan, a printer, apparently son of James Duncan, the printer. Heaven upon Earth, or the History of the Transfiguration of Jesus Christ opened . . . in several Sermons, Glasgow, 1754, was printed by James and John Duncan. James Duncan, the printer, seems to have tried his hand at paper-making and other 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GLASGOW for the statement, but it was, in fact, the list of subscribers to Peter Rae's History of the late Rebellion. 1 It is a common-place that it is the duty of a great library to collect all material, even that which at the moment may seem worthless. The obligations upon the bibliographer is still greater. " Bibliographers," says Augustus de Morgan, " have to learn that worthless trumpery, obscure editions are not to be neglected. No book is too mean for a record of books ; and no man knows what books will be wanted, even of those which hitherto have not been usable." 2 For collecting the material for a comprehensive bibliography, such as I have suggested, especially if it be carried on by co-operation, the card system is most convenient. The cards are coloured to mark the general division to which they belong ; they are of uniform size, and ruled for the reception of the various items of information required. When prepared they are arranged in accordance with the scheme of classification adopted, and can be re-arranged from time to time as that scheme develops. Every filled card is so much material gained, and is at once placed in its appropriate position. A card does not require to be re-written, as is often the case with a paper slip, and being ready for use can be filled in at once when a book turns up. A note written on a slip is apt to go amissing, and the slip not being prepared for the purpose may not give the exact points to be noted. It would be of advantage that another set of cards should be arranged alpha- betically according to authors, with a cross-reference to the subject card. The things. In 1736 he acquired the mill of Balgray, on the west side of the Kelvin, opposite Lambhill. Between that time and 1746 he converted it into an oil mill, two snuff mills, and a paper mill, at which he employed sixteen men. See the Session Papers in James Graham v. James Duncan, 1750, a case advocated from the Sheriff Court of Dumbarton. 1 Dumfries (Robert Rae) 1718, ^to. Watson in his History of the Art of Printing mentions (p. ig) that " in 1711 Mr. Peter Rae, a Presbyterian Minister, set up a small House at Kirkbride, near Dumfries, which he continues going. He is an ingenious Man, having made a Press for his own use, and is [i.e. in 1713] making some Advances towards the Founding of Letters " James Witherspoon, founder in Glasgow, was one of the subscribers to Ambrose's First, Middle, and Last Things, Glasgow College 1737, .jto. Brooks' Cabinet, published by Robert Smith, bookseller at the Sign of the Gilt Bible in Salt-mercat in 1764, has sixteen pages of subscribers. Amongst them are " Hugh Campbell, type-maker in Glasgow," and two book- binders. " Dowgal Graham, printer in Glasgow," was amongst the subscribers to Knox, History of the Reformation, Glasgow 1761, 4to. This was no doubt the historian of the '45. 2 N. and Q. 3rd S. vi. 101. In the society described by Dr. Johnson many were admitted as inferior members, " because they had collected old prints and neglected pamphlets." The Rambler, No. 177. SOME GLASGOW BIBLIOGRAPHERS 97 scheme of arrangement need not be determined at once. The material gathered will indicate the scheme that will be most suitable. A plan must be thought out, and should not be too long delayed. I trust, however, that neither the Dewey system, nor any of its modifications, will be adopted for the bibliography of Glasgow. " To apply the decimal classification to bibliography," says Mr. Pollard, 1 " is monstrous and ridiculous." SOME GLASGOW BIBLIOGRAPHERS Glasgow has contributed a fair quota to scientific bibliography. The Biblio- iheca Brilannica of our townsman, Dr. Robert Watt, is a standard work and at the present moment is probably the most constantly consulted book in the reading-room of the British Museum. 2 William Motherwell, who, after Watt's death, assisted in preparing the work for the press, had an extensive knowledge of books, and was himself something of a bibliographer. 3 The Bibliotheca Scoto- Celtica* already referred to, of his friend John Reid (1808-42), the scholarly book- seller, is a valuable guide to the Gaelic literature of Scotland, and was the fruit of much labour and patient inquiry, the author having " ransacked the principal libraries in this country and on the continent in search of Gaelic books." The work is well arranged and easy to consult ; the titles of the books are given in full with 1 The Library, N.S. x. (1909) p. 170. 2 The specimen pages published with the Prospectus [supra, p. 31) correspond with the work as described in the proposed title-page in the Prospectus. A comparison of these lists with the published work shows that either the specimen was of selected entries only, or that a large amount of material was added. The Prospectus gives the letter A of Part I. from Abadie, J. G. D., to Aitken, John, M.D., and occupies 14 columns. The corresponding part of the published work occupies 362 columns. The additions are principally of foreign authors. The specimen of Part I. attached to the Prospectus is, it is said, a copy of the author's MS. as it stood ready for the press. The specimen of Part II. is given merely in order to show the manner in which it was to be executed. The MS. itself of Part II. was incomplete. The MS. of Part I. is now in the Public Library of Paisley. 3 He preserved his catalogues and had eleven volumes bound, besides several single cata- logues separately bound. Catalogue, No. 1531 [Glasgow 1836, 8vo]. Adam Sim of Cutter Maynes (1805-68), a Glasgow citizen, had a collection of Penny Ballads with Motherwell's autograph. Catalogue of the Culter Maynes Library, No. 437 [Edinburgh] 1869, 8vo. See supra, p. 57. 4 Supra, p. 53. John Reid & Co. carried on an extensive business as booksellers at No. 58 Hutcheson Street. They advertise books imported from the United States of America, from Germany, and from France. The Day, 23rd, 29th April, 12th May, and 16th June, 1832, Reid gave up business in Glasgow and went to Hong-Kong to edit a journal and prepare a Chinese dictionary. 98 SOME GLASGOW BIBLIOGRAPHERS particulars of their authors. It was printed by Edward Khull, and when on large and fine paper is a particularly handsome volume. Dr. James Kennedy (d. 1851) was an expert bibliographer, and at the time of his death was engaged upon a biblio- graphy of all the medical treatises published in Great Britain before 1800, accom- panied by concise biographies of their authors. This work was to have been published at the expense of the Sydenham Society, but the first sheet only had been placed in the printers' hands when the author was overtaken by the illness of which he died. He graduated M.D. in the University of Glasgow, in 1813, and then commenced practice at Ashby-de-la-Zouch. Prior to graduation he was keeper of the Glasgow Public Library, a subscription library established in 1804. In that capacity he prepared a useful catalogue of the collection, which was published in 1810. It is arranged alphabetically, and an abstract of the contents of all the more important books is provided, so that one can ascertain whether a particular book contains information upon the subject of inquiry, and in the case of works in several volumes, the reader can ascertain which it is that will suit his purpose, but curiously the date of publication is not given. 1 When acting as librarian Kennedy edited The Druid ; a series of Miscellaneous Essays, published at Glasgow in 1812. In 1813 Robert Muir, a graduate of the University, published The Preacher's Assistant, 2 an anticipation of Darling's well-known Cyclopaedia Bibliographica. William James Duncan (1811-85), one of the most eminent bankers whom Scotland has produced, would have shone as a bibliographer if the care of the National Bank had not otherwise engrossed his energies. 3 1 Regulations and Catalogue 0/ the Glasgow Public Library, Glasgow (R. Chapman) 1810, 8vo, pp. xxvui+507. There was a " Juvenile library," pp. 489-494 of the catalogue, instructive as showing the reading which was then available and thought appropriate for the young. The catalogue was reprinted with an Appendix in 182 1. In this edition the dates of publi- cations are inserted. The edition of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy in the first catalogue was a folio. This was evidently got rid of, and Edward du Bois' edition of 1806 purchased in its place, as it alone appears in the next catalogue. 2 The Preacher's Assistant : being an Index to the Texts of the Most Approved Sermons and Lectures, Ancient and Modern, Glasgow 1813, 8vo, title-page, dedication-)- pp. 114. The work is dedicated " to the Students of theology in the University of Glasgow," and was evidently founded on the Divinity Hall library. See Catalogue of the Books in the Private Collection belonging to the Cives and Students of the Divinity Hall in the University of Glasgow, including Principal Leechman's Donation, Glasgow 1821, 8vo, pp. viii + 74. 3 William James Duncan was originally sub-manager in Glasgow of the Bank of Scotland, under Mr. Charles Campbell, whose daughter he married. He was the only son of Richard Duncan, cashier of the Thistle Bank, and grandson of James Duncan, the second, printer in the Saltmarket.who lived at Hartfield, near St. Rollox, and who, along with Robert Chapman, W. J. DUNCAN 99 Gabriel Neil (1797-1862) was a merchant in Glasgow. He had a turn for literature, and was much interested in all that pertained to Glasgow and its history. He edited and reprinted Zachary Boyd's The Last Battel of the Soule in a printer, wound up the estate of the unfortunate R. and A. Foulis, in 1781. Andrew Duncan, the eldest son of James, was in partnership first with his father under the firm of J. and A. Duncan, and subsequently with his son John Morrison Duncan, under the firm of Andrew and John M. Duncan, or of A. and J. Duncan, and became University printer in 181 1 (Glasgow Chronicle, 13th April, 1811). In that year the printing-office was established on a small scale ; in 1818 the first part of the premises in Villafield, described as " a healthy part of the suburbs," was built, and these were gradually enlarged. The firm printed extensively for several London publishers, the largest of which became bankrupt, ruined the Duncans, and led to the sale of their printing house. See Specimens of Types and Inventory of Printing Materials belonging to the University Printing Office of Glasgow . . . offered for sale by private bargain, n.p., n.d., 8vo, with two plates. In 1829 the eastern portion of the works fronting Dobbie's Loan was purchased by Mr. John Blackie, senior. In 1830 the western portion was purchased from the Duncans by Mr. Robert Hutcheson, who built on it some dwelling-houses at the corner of Taylor Street and Dobbie's Loan. Hutcheson entered into partnership with George Brookman, a practical . printer who had been with the Duncans. The firm came to grief, and in 1846 Mr. Blackie acquired this property from Mr. Hutcheson and thus became proprietor of the whole area which had belonged to Messrs. A. & J. Duncan. The whole now belongs to Blackie & Son Limited. The original buildings have been removed and others erected. The Company are still in possession of the original Arabic type taken over from the Duncans and with which the latter printed, Bell, Remarks on Professor Lee's Vindication of his Edition of Jones's Persian Grammar, Glasgow 1825, 8vo. In an obituary notice of Andrew Duncan, it is said that he restored the beauty of the Glasgow press, which had been obscured since the time of the Foulis brothers (Glasgow Argus, 15th October, 1840). John Duncan, another son of James, was inventor of a tambouring machine and a contributor to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. See Andrew Bell, Daily Exhibitor, No. 2, p. 7, 26th December, 1648. James Morrison Duncan (1795-1S25) was a graduate of the University and the author of Travels through Parts of the United States and Canada in 1818 and 1819, Glasgow 1823, 8vo, 2 vols., an intelligent work, and interesting to us from his frequent comparison of institutions and arrangements in America with those in Glasgow. Incidentally (i. p. 201), he refers to printing and mentions that his firm had had a Columbian press at work for four years with satisfactory results. Richard Duncan was treasurer of the Maitland Club, and presented to it, in 1831, (No. 14) Notices and Documents illustrative of the Literary History of Glasgow, which was prepared and edited by his son. Mr. W. J. Duncan likewise edited Miscellaneous Papers principally illustrative of the Events in the Reign of Queen Mary and James VI. Glasgow 1834, presented to the Maitland Club (No. 26) by Mr. Andrew Macgeorge. James Cleland refers, in 1832, to Mr. Duncan as " that distinguished young author." Enumeration of the Inhabitants of the City of Glasgow, p. 132, Glasgow 1832, fol. Mr. Duncan told me, somewhat pathetically, that when he was appointed to the National Bank, in 1 847, the Directors hinted that it would be well that he should eschew bibliography and literary work, and confine himself to banking, which he did, his subsequent publications being strictly professional. His Notes on the Rate of Discount in London from January 1856 to August i860, Edinburgh 1867, 8vo, is a very able financial statement. He had a good library, and did not altogether abandon collecting, and I remember assisting him in running down Peck's Desiderata Curiosa. James, Richard and William James Duncan were all earnest adherents ioo SOME GLASGOW BIBLIOGRAPHERS Death, in 1831, 1 to which he contributed much valuable information regarding the author and his works. To this he added largely in his edition of Four Poems from Zion's Flowers, 2 which he published from Boyd's manuscripts in 1855. At the close of his biographical sketch of Boyd, he gave a " Catalogue of Mr. Zachary Boyd's works," both manuscript and printed, which is a good piece of biblio- graphical work. Mr. Neil was a book-collector and had a good knowledge of books, and took pains to ascertain something of the history of each book he acquired, and of its author, and, like Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, he was in the practice of noting these upon the fly-leaf of the volume. 3 The Life of the Rev. Hugh Binning and preface to his works by the Rev. Dr. of the Old Scotch Baptists. See James Brown, The Religious Denominations of Glasgow, i. pp. 47, 64, Glasgow i860, i2mo. The model of the ship which adorned the old Ship Bank, and which latterly found a home in the Manager's room in the National Bank, is now in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, to which it was presented by Mr. Duncan in 1881. 1 Glasgow : Re-printed by George Richardson, opposite the University, 1831, 8vo. Title- page ; dedication, pp. 18+48. Reprint pp. 18 + 476. Portrait of Boyd prefixed. An excellent piece of printing. The imprint is worthy of notice as containing an early example of the mistake, now become general, of using the word University = corporation, in the sense of a building. 2 Glasgow : Printed by George Richardson, printer to the University, 4to, pp. 55 + 42 + 157. Engraved frontispiece. George Richardson was an excellent craftsman. He succeeded Edward Khali, as University printer in 1848. 3 I attended the sale of his library, and bought a number of his books, amongst others, Huit Sermons prononcez a Geneve, by Professor Benedict Pictet, London 1704, 8vo. This he had acquired in 1817. It had formerly belonged to Professor Bruce of Whitburn, who thought so well of the Discourses that he translated them into English (Edinburgh 18 14, 8vo). In his preface Professor Bruce says that the original had then become scarce : " the translator though long attentive to Books of that sort, has never seen another complete copy, but that which he used ; nor has he observed more than one or two copies at any time offered to sale either in Scotland or London." It is probable that Mr. Neil did not meet with another copy during the forty-five years he owned this one, or he would have noted it. Strange to say, within a week or two after I made my purchase, I picked up another perfect copy, and with Professor Bruce's note in mind, I have been on the look-out for the book for the last fifty years, but have not again met with it. What causes rarity in books is a puzzling question. I got the second copy in the shop of Peter M'Cowan, who kept a small bookshop on the north side of George Street, just opposite the opening of North Albion Street. He was a regular patron of Mr. Nisbet's book sales in Edinburgh, and used to say that Mr. Nisbet was always attentive to the small men who bought the lots at the finish of the sale, and generally put something their way. He was a quiet unassuming man, a linguist and a scholar. He read Hebrew, biblical and rabbinical, Sanscrit, Arabic and Persian, and some other Oriental languages. He was intimate with several intelligent Jews, with whom he used to discuss questions relating to the Hebrew languages. WODROW AND BAILLIE 101 Matthew Leishman, minister of Govan, 1 is full of curious bibliographical learning, and is in itself a substantial contribution to the ecclesiastical history of the period. One of the next parishes to Govan is Eastwood, of which the Reverend Robert Wodrow was minister (1703-35). Large portions of both parishes are now within the municipal boundaries of Glasgow, and are in this sense part of Glasgow. Wodrow was for some time University librarian ; he was an insatiable book-hunter, and did more to preserve the fugitive literature of his day than any of his con- temporaries, and it is to his untiring energy and foresight that we are indebted for the great collection of material, manuscript and printed, now in the Advocates' library and the library of the University of Glasgow, which is one of the principal sources of information regarding the details of Scottish history during the latter part of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth century. Dr. Leishman edited Wodrow's Analecta, 2 and along with William James Duncan his Collections upon the Lives of the Reformers. 3 Wodrow did not publish or prepare any strictly bibliographical work, but he has preserved much valuable bibliographical information. He was careful in noting editions, and in ascertaining the authorship of anonymous publications. Robert Baillie was in the seventeenth much what Wodrow was in the eighteenth century. He was equally industrious in gathering information of current e% r ents and in collecting the pamphlet literature of the day. His collections have not been preserved, but his Letters and Journals i present a wonderfully minute picture of events in the time of Charles I. and of the Commonwealth. Baillie was a prolific author, pained by mistakes of printers, 5 and careful to provide his readers with lists of the authorities upon whom he relied and those which he challenged. 6 1 In The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning, M.A., Glasgow 1858, 8vo, 4th ed. Dr. Leishman was a scholarly man with an extensive knowledge of books, and a singularly retentive and accurate memory. 2 Edinburgh 1842-43, 4to, 4 vols. (Maitland Club). 3 Glasgow 1834-45, 4to, 2 vols. (Maitland Club). 4 The first edition, containing part only of the Letters, was published in 1775 under the supervision of Robert Aitken, schoolmaster in Anderston, whose name appears as a subscriber to various books published in Glasgow, and is referred to in the Glasgow Journal as teacher of English and Latin. He was probably the Robert Aitkinc, who entered the University in 1738 and graduated M.A. in 1745. 5 Thus in his A nswcr to A Declaration made by King James in Scotland, London (Samuel Gellibrand) 1646, 4to, he says : " Good Reader, Bee entreated to pardon sundry literall faults, and many mispunctuations, and some other grosser typographicall faults which corrupt the sence." See also Letters, iii. pp. 382, 449. 6 There is such a list in both parts of his Dissvasive from the Errours of the Time, London (Samuel Gellibrand) 1646, 4to, and in several other works. See supra, p. 64. 102 SOME GLASGOW BIBLIOGRAPHERS William Euing was an ardent book-collector, and also an accomplished biblio- grapher. 1 He did not write but he could talk ; a breakfast in his hospitable home in West George Street, and an hour or two afterwards in his delightful library, when the old gentleman displayed his treasures and expounded their bibliographical points, was something to remember. 2 James Barclay Murdoch (1831-1906), descended from a well-known provost of Glasgow, Peter Murdoch (1670-1761), was an active member of the Hunterian 1 J. O. Halliwell mentions his indebtedness to him. Catalogue of Chap-books, p. iii. 2 The most convenient road for many students from the west-end of Glasgow to the old college in High Street was along Sauchiehall Street, through Blythswood Square, down West George Street, and thence eastwards. In the cold dark winter mornings, fully fifty years ago, in passing down West George Street about 7.30, we used to meet a spare, elderly gentleman, with no great-coat but with his morning-coat buttoned tightly to the throat, long gloves of wool or deer-skin, and curious funnel-shaped trousers, wide at the foot and tapering upwards. In his one hand he carried a small canvas bag containing barley, which he scattered on the street for the sparrows ; in the other he had a bundle of tracts against tobacco-smoking, which he distributed to the students. This was Mr. William Euing, who lived at No. 209 West George Street, where he had his wonderful library rich in works on music, books relating to Glasgow, early English literature and, what he prized most, editions of the Bible. He was always delighted to show his collection and generally invited his guest to breakfast at an early hour, never later than eight o'clock. The meal was a most comfortable one, but it had a character of its own by the addition of some out-of-the-way delicacy, such as honey from Mount Hymettus or the like ; while it proceeded he discoursed on the topics of the day or on some question relating to books, or bibliography, or old Glasgow history. It was a pleasure to him to bring out his treasures, and he was painstaking in drawing attention to the value of the book on account of its rarity, its beauty, its binding, and so on. His copy of BilUng's Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities, for instance, was a special one, large paper of course, with several of the original illustrations of the artist, and bound after the artist's design. Mr. Euing was an enthusiast in music, and was a regular attender at the meetings of the old St. Cecilia Society, where he took his place among the basses, and even in advanced years sang with all the enthusiasm of a young man. He had also musical evenings in his own house, and many of the musical circle whom he had gathered round him had corresponding evenings in their houses, and one used to meet the old gentleman with a Spanish cape over his shoulders and a roll of music in his hand, hurrying along the streets to take part in the music in some friend's house. Mr. Euing was a connoisseur in art and presented a valuable collection of pictures to the Corporation of Glasgow. One of his characteristics was his aversion to public executions. These, it will be remem- bered, were carried out in front of the Jail at the foot of the Saltmarkct, at eight o'clock in the morning. When a hanging was to take place Mr. Euing made a point of seeing that all his clerks were in their places at 7.30 in the morning, and that they did not stir until he knew that everything must be over. If anyone of the staff had not presented himself in the office at the appointed hour in the morning, he would have found, when he did arrive, that there was no further occasion for his services and would have received a severe rebuke into the bargain. Mr. Euing was a marine insurance broker, and for many years had all the best insurance business in Glasgow. It throve in his hands, and he was able during the latter portion of his life to leave the management of the business very largely in the hands of junior partners, and to devote himself to the formation of his library and to the care of his books and other objects 3 fry /fe./ ' £*~~y—.: Trefler, Florian, 13, 41. INDEX True Science of Etiquette, The, 93. Truth's Victory over Error, 74. Typefounders, Glasgow, Begg, William, 70. Duncan, James, 75. Macbrayne, David, 70. Macbrayne & Stirling, 70. Stirling, John, 70. Wilson, Alexander, 70. Witherspoon, James, 96. Type-founding, art of, 70. Types, Glasgow, specimens of, 99. Typography, its evolution, 72. Irish, 75. Tytler, Sarah, 93. Ulhardus, Philippus, 13. United States, Incunabula in libraries of, 12. United States libraries, see Libraries. Universities, bibliography of, 29. University = corporation, 100. Urie, Robert, 68. Urquhart, Sir Thomas, 56, 63. Usher, Archbishop, library, 66. Vallee, Leon, 47. Van Bueren, Wolpherd, 14. Van Hulthem, C. J. E., bibliophile and col- lector, 30. Van Praet, Joseph, 54. Vellum, books printed on, 54. Venn, John, Sc.D., 52, 53. Vinet, Iilie, 59, 63. Vogt, Johann, 13, 17. Voisin, August, 30. Volksbiicher, 55. Voynich, Wilfrid M., bookseller, 12. Wallace, 73. Washington, library of Congress in, 40. Watson, George, bookseller, Glasgow, 93. Watson, James, History of the Art of Printing, 96. Watson, John, writer on weaving, 84. Watt, Robert, M.D., 8, 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 34, 58. 97- See Bibliography. Wechel, Christian, printer, 6. Wegner, Gottfried, 7, 18. Welford, R„ 65. Welsh, Charles, 79. Wernigerode, see Libraries. Wessenbrunn, Abbot of, 13. Westminster Abbey, monument of Casaubon in, 13. White, Robert, book collector, Glasgow, 95. Wilier, Georg, of Augsburg, 6. Williamson, Stephen, book collector, Glasgow, 92. Wilson, Dr. Alexander, typefounder, Glasgow, 7°. 95- Wilson, John, bookseller, Glasgow, 74. Winzet, Ninian, 63. Wodrow, James, professor, 66. Wodrow, Rev. Robert, Eastwood, 66, 74, 94, Women as donors to libraries, 83. Wreittoun, John, printer, 51, 74. Wright, C. P. Hagberg, 42. Wyper, James, writing master, Glasgow, 88. Yorkshire chapbooks, 56. York toy books, 88. Young, Alexander, merchant, Stirling, 57. Young, Alexander, writer, Glasgow, biblio- phile, 92. Young Glasgow, 93. Young of Kelly, James, 52. Zedler, J. H., Lexicon, 3. Zenlralblatt fiir Bibliothekswesen, 48. A' 1' f i H; UNIVERSITY OF CAL„ 14 DAY USE f LIBRARY OF THE UNIV | RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED = ^^^ 6^ LIBRARY SC^nnr r»»« U ,C. BERKELE^UBRARIES^ ^2£§# CALIFO CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIF Jft) m§^ 1 ^^^&>^^^C 1 ^^^y: 3 = 6