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 PRE-HISTORIC MAN 
 
 TWO LECTURES. 
 
 i. The Facts. 2. The Conclusions. 
 
 Being an Outline of 
 
 PRE-HISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 
 
 Intended as a Syllabus of two Lectures on the Subject, 
 for the Benefit of the 
 
 Boys and Girls Aid Society of San Francisco. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRED. B. PERKINS. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 C: A. Murdoch & Co., Book and Job Printers, 532 Clay Street.
 
 PRE-HISTORIC MAN: 
 
 TWO LECTURES. 
 
 i. The Facts. 2. The Conclusions. 
 
 Being an Outline of 
 
 PRE-HISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY 
 
 Intended as a Syllabus of two Lectures on the Subject, 
 for the Benefit of the 
 
 Boys and Girls Aid Society of San Francisco. 
 
 V.\ 
 
 FRED. B. PERKINS. 
 
 SAX FRANCISCO: 
 C V Murdock & Co., Book ind Job Printers, 532 Cla\ Streei 
 
 1883. 
 
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 PRE- HISTORIC MAN. 
 
 The late Louis Agassi/ was a man of much wit, one of t lie ablest 
 scientific men of this century, and an evangelical Christian. He 
 said this : 
 
 "Whenever any new scientific truth is announced, people say: 
 
 " First — That it isn't so. 
 
 " Second — That it is contrary to religion. 
 
 " Third — That everybody knew it before ! " 
 
 Archaeology is now passing through the second stage of this pro- 
 cess of Agassizm, and it is accordingly exactly where it interests the 
 maximum number of intelligent and virtuous people. 
 
 It is to such that this pamphlet, and the lectures of which it is a 
 summary — and the efficient charity for whose aid those lectures are 
 given — all three appeal. 
 
 This pamphlet is prepared mainly in order to be handed to the 
 audience — or to those thought likely to be such — at two lectures on 
 its subject, to be given for the benefit of the Boys and Girls Aid So- 
 ciety of San Francisco, December 27th, 1883, and January 3d, 1884. 
 Some of these persons may like to read a little for themselves in 
 this fresh and fascinating department of research, and if so, this 
 may serve as a sort of guide to begin with. If not, then at least 
 this outline may help to the better recollection of the facts and con- 
 clusions stated. 
 
 The arrangement is a synopsis of the subject, with a list of books 
 appended, most of which have been used in preparing the discussion. 
 For the convenience of any interested readers, the shelf marks in the 
 San Francisco Free Public Library are given, so as to - make a short 
 catalogue, with comment or example, of some of the resources of 
 the library on this subject. Although this purpose was a secondary 
 one, the occasion was gladly seized ; and if this small experiment 
 should have any success, other completer lists of other departments 
 of the library may hereafter be prepared. 
 
 370692
 
 4 PRE-HISTORIC MAN. 
 
 Besides these two motives — namely, to assist a most important 
 and useful public charity, and to explain, in a small way, one item of 
 the resources of the Free Public Library — there was a third. I am 
 glad to have two such good excuses for stating my own views, ah 
 though only in outline, on a subject whose great interest, and still 
 greater importance, are not, I suppose, very well understood. 
 
 A knowledge of archaeology, even in its present rudimentary con- 
 dition, is indispensable for any sound and broad views on the nature 
 of man, and on the origin and progress of society and civilization. 
 Without it there can be no real knowledge of past human experi- 
 ence, nor any full understanding nor complete treatment of the 
 principal human problems of to-day; and still less, any possibility of 
 scientific prophecy about the future. A knowledge of it, on the 
 contrary, does seem to indicate something like fixed accessible sta- 
 tions in the past and present, from which a survey by triangulation 
 may be carried out to points and places not yet fixed in the map of 
 the future. 
 
 Archaeology, in short, is the whole foundation and substructure of 
 history, which is at least one-half of human knowledge. Science is 
 the rest. 
 
 This synopsis is a sort of table of contents to four papers, from 
 which the two lectures now intended are selected. Parts of all tour 
 were delivered as addresses before the Chautauqua Literary Associa- 
 tion of California, at their annual meetings in 1882 and 1883. The 
 favor with which they were then received suggested the present 
 design.
 
 PRE-HISTORIC MAX. 
 
 OUTLINE CHRONOLOGY, 
 
 Or Summary ok Arch^elogical Concli sions, showing 
 
 i. The old conventiona] chronology. 
 
 2. The present scientificallj arranged chronology. 
 
 .5. The synchronizations and comparative lengths ol the two. 
 
 [Note.— The dates, instead of beginning with the oldest and least known at the top 
 of the column, begin with tln.se which are latest and perfectly well known and received, and go 
 backward downward, toward those less and less ascertained, according to the right theory of 
 investigating naw truth, viz: by proceeding from the known to the unknown.] 
 
 Conventional Chronology. Scientific Chronology. 
 
 Before Christ. Before Christ. 
 
 390. Gauls take Rome; or \ First historical \ These are also 
 
 495. Battle :of Lake Regillus. | date for Rome. I ted in this 
 
 77b. First Olympiad. Same, Greece. column. 
 
 1015 30. Solomon. ' 
 
 Exodus (Rawlinson) 1240 
 
 Assyrian Empire begins (Rawl.) 1273 
 
 Exodus and Moses (Renouf) 1310 
 
 Thothmes III, Ex- | Raw! 1463 
 
 1491. (Ussher)... | r , odus Pharaoh, [Wilkinson 1495 
 
 164S. (Males). ... I lA '" lus - Vedas composed (Midler) 1500 2000 
 
 Chaldean flood legend existed (Sayce, 
 
 Smith) 2000 
 
 1996. (Ussher). . . I Shepherd kings 2000 
 
 2130. (Clinton) . . J- Abraham. Danish peat, least age (Lyell) 2000 
 
 2153. (Hales).... I Chaldean Empire begins (Rawl. ) 2234 
 
 Deluge date (old) corresponds to Pyramid date (new), viz: 
 
 6th to nth Egyptian dynasties (Rawl.) 
 
 to 2240 
 
 234S. (Ussher) . . . | Chaldean first dates ( Renouf ) 2300 
 
 2482. (Clinton).. Deluge. First Egyptian date, 1727 before Moses 
 
 3155. (Males).... I (Renouf). . 3037 
 
 Pyramids built (2000 years before Ex- 
 odus, Renouf) 33io 
 
 Creation date (old) corresponds to Pyramid date, or Bronze Age date (new), viz.: 
 
 4004. (Ussher) . . \ Bronze Age, 2900 years back of Roman 
 
 413S. (Clinton) . . I first date ( Morlot') 3400 
 
 4700. (Samaritan I I >ate .of connection between early Chi- 
 
 Pentateuch) VCreation. nese and Akkadians (Terrien de la 
 
 541 1. (Males) ... I Couperie) 3800 
 
 5872. Septuagint. I Pyramids (Lubbock) 4000 
 
 (Josephus)/ 
 
 Stone Age, 4700 or 7000 before \ 8,100 
 
 Bronze (Morlot) | 10,400 
 
 Danish peat, may be (Lubbock) 14,000 
 
 Borings in Nile delta indicate 15,000 
 
 (Neolithic Age was before this. ) 
 End of last Ice Age (Geikie ami 
 
 Croll ) 80,000 
 
 Palaeolithic man lived within it 100,000 
 
 Beginning of last Ice Age 240,000 
 
 Existence of man on earth, then, instead of 6000 years, has lasted somewhere 
 
 about 100,000.
 
 6 PRE HISTORIC MAN. . 
 
 FIRST PAPER. 
 Archeology : Its Position, Facts and Methods. 
 
 i . ^Archaeology (that is, Science) and Religion. 
 
 Necessity of showing that they do not conflict. 
 
 Archaeology new : only since last 50 years or so. 
 
 Lay judgments on new truth better than clerical. 
 
 But waiving that, clerical ones are sufficient. 1 >e Quincey. 
 Sawmill illustration. Dr. Hodge. Cardinal Baronius. 
 'Rev. G. F. Wright. Renouf and his frightened friend. 
 
 There is a conflict, but it is between Theology and religion. 
 
 Difference of Theology and religion. 
 
 President White's "Warfare of Science." 
 
 The three campaigns of this warfare thus far are : 1. As- 
 tronomy : 2, Geology] 3, Biology. In the third we are. 
 ' All end alike : advance of science, retreat of theology. 
 
 Galileo and Jasper, illustrate retreat of theology in 250 years.- 
 
 Conclusion : No inspired or revealed astronomy or geology or 
 biology or chronology or history or archaeology. Neither these nor 
 any other scientific truth can oppose or injure religion, but will 
 always support and extend it. 
 
 Science forever elevates and ennobles the 1 >ivine by extending 
 the realm of intelligible Law. 
 
 Description of archaeology. 
 
 The old conception of it, only an early chapter in record 
 history. 
 
 Wcstropp's five subdivisions of it, viz : Architecture, Sculp- 
 ture, Painting, Glyptic, Inscriptions. 
 
 All this should be called antiquities. 
 
 The true field of archaeology is, Human experience before 
 record history. 
 
 Strictly as by the Greek meaning- Words of Beginnings. 
 
 It thus stands between geology and history. 
 
 The three scales of time : History, a petty period ; Archae- 
 ology, impressive length of time : Geology, gigantic. 
 
 Example: A million.
 
 PRE-HISTORIC MAN. 7 
 
 3. The facts and reasonings of archaeologists. 
 
 Note. These unite to prove, not exact date and time of man's 
 existence on earth, but only that it has been many thousands of 
 years. 
 
 First : Some general examples : 
 
 r. History: Renouf on Egyptian dates. 
 
 2. History : Proof of early kings in Rome. 
 
 3. Philology : History of our alphabet. 
 
 4. Mythology (mingles largely with philology): Sanskrit 
 
 words in Greek mythology. 
 
 5. Mythology : Sayce on Assyrian Sabbath. 
 
 6. Mythology : Tracing myth of Zohak and Feridun. 
 
 7. Religion : Influence of Captivity on Judaism. 
 1. Ezekiel's vision. 2. Devils. 
 
 These samples prove a sound method. 
 
 The bad method. Early French notions and early English, from 
 Buckle. 
 
 Might as well find the O'Callaghan family in Troy at the siege. 
 
 Second: Examples proving a long time for man's existence on 
 earth : 
 
 1. Stalagmite in English caves. 
 
 2. Pottery, etc., in Nile delta. 
 
 3. Weapons found with mammoth's bones and other extinct 
 
 animals. 
 
 4. Drift period and worked flints. 
 
 5. Migrations of Aryan race (well called race, have raced 
 
 up and down the earth for 5000 years, and now at it 
 harder than ever). 
 
 6. Development of five languages from Latin ; other cases 
 
 of language. 
 
 7. Development of numeral systems. 
 
 8. Development of writing systems. 
 
 1. Record and memory separate (pictures, quipus.) 
 
 2. Memory put into record : 1. Hieroglyphics; 2. Syl- 
 labary; 3. Alphabet. 
 
 Retrace from dates of alphabet.
 
 PRE-HISTORIC MAX. 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 1 1 
 
 1 2 
 
 14 
 
 Ethnological development. 
 
 Development of social organization. 
 Marriage customs. 
 History of religion. 
 
 Shell mounds on Danish coast of Baltic 
 Forest growth in Denmark. 
 15. Relative length of periods of equal progress in human 
 improvement. 
 
 (Layard letter, showing movelessness.) 
 
 SECOND PAPER. 
 Archaeology of the Mind. 
 
 (This will be mainly passed over in the proposed two lectures.) 
 
 Anything which has existed long enough, has an archaeology. 
 The mind therefore has. 
 
 The ways of living of the pre-historic men were like those of the 
 savages of to-day. Therefore their mental condition and habits 
 were the same. And the savage's mind is like a child's mind, as so 
 many travelers and other observers have noticed. 
 
 To conclude, therefore, how the pre-historic man felt, thought 
 and reasoned, we may decide how the present child and the present 
 savage feels, thinks and reasons. 
 
 Now, in children, thought hurts. Attention is difficult, and also 
 imperfect, inaccurate. The mind quickly wearies, and becomes in- 
 capable of further exertion. In scientific matters, such as natural 
 phenomena, the first explanation that occurs is accepted, and incon- 
 sistency and absurdity are no objection. In the conduct of life, 
 there is neither foresight nor what we should call morality ; but abso- 
 lute, immediate indulgence of passion and appetite, and absolute 
 selfishness, with neither thought of self-control nor power of it. 
 And there is easy fright at any notion of anything supernatural. 
 Anybody that has brought up a family sees here the picture of a 
 child's mind. Anybody that has dealt with savages will see here the 
 picture of a savage mind. 
 
 Examples of all these points. 
 Examples of mediaeval science.
 
 PRE HISTORIC MAX. 9 
 
 Examples in beliefs of grown persons now; in scientific doc 
 trines now ; in "our country, right or wrong." 
 Hence, we can tell what were the notions of the pre-historic 
 mind as to life, as to science, as to religion. 
 
 All early cosmogonies (explanations of creation) were of same 
 general character. 
 
 Firmament. 
 
 Early sin and religion. 
 
 THIRD PAPER. 
 
 Survivals. 
 
 (Thi^ also, is principally passed over in the present two lectures. I 
 
 Tylor's definition. Value of his books. 
 Mitchell's book and his totherendforemostness. 
 
 Instances of survivals: 
 
 i. Domestic life and manners. Dress coat ; bands; priest's 
 vestments; boring holes in the person (ornament doc- 
 trine, savagism, suffrage): shake hands : toys and amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 2. Words (treated before in first paper). " Earth." 
 
 3. Proverbs and phrases. Haul over coals : wild oats, etc. 
 
 4. Riddles. Samson's riddle ; similar ones now. 
 
 5. Decimal system — thoroughly savage. 
 
 6. Governmental practices. Institutions ; exchequer tallies ; 
 
 wager of battle ; political disabilities of Jews and Roman 
 Catholics: Puritan church and state (still extant in N. H. 
 and N. C— Mason and Hamilton): wreck customs; de- 
 nial of suffrage to women (their indifference a survival of 
 their slavery); slavery ; polygamy. 
 
 7. Religious survivals.. Animism : child's resentment ; poet's 
 
 personifications; devouring element; sense of unfeeling- 
 
 ness of water, earthquake, etc. 
 Extent of early religion : Coulanges' summary of Roman religion; 
 Roman persecution law. not religion; magic; prayer an incantation; 
 accurate prayer : rain makers ; prayer for rain ; law forms ; theolog- 
 ical "forms of sound words :" magic now, and here.
 
 io PRE HISTORIC MAN. 
 
 Survivals now of heathen religion ; our notions of funerals and 
 graves. 
 
 Religion in business ; an old bill of lading, 1633 ; " mit Gott " in 
 account books. 
 
 FOURTH PAPER. 
 
 Usefulness of Arch.eology. General Gonclusions. 
 
 1. Usefulness, in helping to understand current questions, as : 
 
 1. Land monopoly question. 
 
 2. Spiritism question. 
 
 3. Mission question — in India, at least. 
 
 4. Adjusts historical theory and research. 
 
 2. Lessons that archaeology teaches ; as to : 
 
 1. Nature of man's beginning on earth. The Bible teaches 
 that he began as a savage ; but if we accept a revealed 
 first high civilization, we must set man's beginning all 
 the further back, to allow for his sinking to the barbarism 
 where archaeology finds him. 
 
 2. Gonditions of human progress. 
 
 3. Estimates of human attainments thus far. 
 
 4. Inquiry. What may be predicted of man's future?
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 A FEW AUTHORITIES ON ARCH.V.i >l.< >i ,\ . 
 
 Note. — The few books named below, which are (all but one) in the San Francisco Free 
 Public Library, are enumerated because they are likely to be accessible to American readers, 
 and not because they exhaust the subject. They hardly begin it. I 
 
 Books of three sorts have been omitted, as under: 
 
 i. Works on Evolution and Development (such as Darwin's and Spencer's), 
 
 because probably enough of them are familiar to my audience 
 
 2. Works on American archaeology, because the subject is not yet adequately 
 
 worked out (but Wilson's Prehistoric Man has a good deal in this depart- 
 ment). 
 
 3. Works which are rationalist, so as to seem opposed to the Christian religion. 
 
 because scientific truth is abundantly upheld without such opposing. 
 
 The classification is rough. A few books have been put in two places, be- 
 cause they need to be. I have starred about half of them as the best. The 
 library shelf-marks are given, as perhaps convenient to some readers. 
 
 1. The geological and astronomical argument. 
 
 Croll: Climate and time. (55 1.6; 551.27.) 
 
 *Geikie: The great ice age. (553.2.) 
 
 *Lyell: (Geological evidence of the antiquity of man. 572.10.) 
 
 2. Prehistoric man generally. 
 
 Baldwin: Prehistoric nations. (571.12. Ethnological.) 
 *Dawkins: Cave hunting. (571.10.) 
 
 *Early man in Britain. (571.9.) 
 
 *Geikie: Prehistoric Europe. (Si. 6.) 
 
 *Lubbock: Origin of civilization and primitive condition of man. (573.10.) 
 
 " : ''Prehistoric times. (572 8) 
 Lyell: Geological evidence of antiquity of man. (572.10.) 
 Mitchell: The past in the present: What is civilization ? • (D1.28. Ai 
 
 gues, or questions rather, against the long chronology of man.) 
 Rati: Early man in Europe. (571.7.) 
 
 *Tylor: Anthropology. (573.21. Ethnological in part, with list of au- 
 thorities at end— a most excellent and instructive book.) 
 '"Early history of mankind. (D1.27.) 
 — * Primitive culture. 2 vols. (301. 3-4.) 
 Wilson: Prehistoric man. (572.8. Discusses largely American facts. > 
 
 .'570692
 
 1 2 APPENDIX. 
 
 3. Institutions or departments of culture, specially or singly. 
 
 Bagehot: Physics and politics. (301. 1: 320.22.) 
 
 Evans: Ancient stone implements of Great Britain. (371.6.) 
 
 Fison and Howitt: Kamilaroi and Kurnai. Group marriage, etc.. in 
 
 Australia. (399.1.) 
 Freeman: Comparative politics. (D1.44.) 
 *Fustel de Coulanges: The ancient city. (930.57; 930.58. Roman and 
 
 ( rreek city organization.) 
 ''Hearn: The Aryan household. (Dl.13.) 
 *Laveleye: Primitive property. (D1.83.) 
 Lesley: Man's origin and destiny. (573.31. With a strong speculative 
 
 element.) 
 .McLennan: Primitive marriage. (Ordered.) 
 'Maine: Ancient law. 1340.30.) 
 
 Karl\ history of institutions. (309.3. Largely illustrated from 
 early Irish law 5. 
 
 Village communities cast and west. (340.; 
 
 Morgan: Ancient society. (3I3-4 1 ; 3I3-53-) 
 
 4. Special local researches. 
 
 *Brugsch-bey: Egypt under the Pharaohs. 2 vols, (932.13-14.) 
 Cesnola: Cyprus. (914.270. ) 
 Schliemann: Ilios. (930.72.) 
 
 ■ ''Troy. (939-7-) 
 
 Mycenae and Tiryns. (938.33.) 
 
 'Smith: Assyrian discoveries. (915.11S.1 
 
 5. Mythology and religion. 
 
 *Cox: Introduction to comparative mythology. (291.30.) 
 
 Mythology of the Aryan nations. 2 vols. (291.22-3.) 
 Dorman: Origin of primitive superstitions. (291.24A.) 
 Fiske: Myths and myth-makers. (291.45.) 
 Gubernatis: Zoological mythology. 2 vols. (294.1-2.) 
 "Lenormant: Chaldean magic. (133.92.) 
 
 "Midler: Origin and growth of religion: India. (201. 13: 294.26.) 
 *Renouf: " " " Egypt. (299.23.) 
 
 "Smith: Chaldean account of Genesis, revised by Sayce. (299.20.) 
 Tylor: Primitive culture (largely on animism). 2 vols. (301.3-4.) 
 
 6. Philology. 
 
 Dwight: Modern philology (somewhat ambitious in style). 2 vols. 
 
 (409.2-3.) 
 "Midler: Science of language land his Other writings on language). (400. 
 
 5-6. etc.) 
 Sayce: Comparative philology. (410. 1.) 
 
 introduction to science of philology. 2 vols. (In part an ex 
 
 pansion of the preceding. 400.10-11.) 
 Whitney: Language and the study of language. (401.6.) 
 Oriental and linguistic studies. 2 scries. 1404.2 and 4. I
 
 Boys and Girls Aid Society, 
 
 68 Clementina Street, San Francisco. 
 
 E. T. DOOLEY, - Superintendent. 
 
 TRUSTEES : 
 Geo. C. Perkins, - ... President. 
 
 Dudley C. Bates, Treasurer, Solomon Heydenfeldt. 
 
 C. K. Bonestell, Secretary. E. K. Highton. 
 
 Charles R. Allen, i p . Jos. G. Eastland. 
 Charles A. Murdock, - ^ xecu ^ , Mrs. J. R. Jarboe. 
 
 Alan son H. Phelps, j Lommittee - M rs. Jas. Otis. 
 
 Jacob S. Taber, i „. Mrs. Robert Sherwood. 
 
 Geo. C. Perkins, \ r ina ™? m rs . jj # G. Kittle. 
 
 Mrs. G. D. McElroy, | Committee: 
 
 Rescues homeless, neglected or abused children of California, and juvenile 
 offenders who would otherwise be committed to prison; provides for such until 
 suitable homes or employment are found for them, and continues to look after 
 their condition and treatment; maintains Reading Rooms, Libraries, Baths, a 
 Gymnasium, Savings Banks, Sewing School, Class in Music, and classes for in- 
 struction in other branches; also, Lectures, Entertainments and a Temperance 
 Organization. Lodgings are furnished, at a nominal cost, to working boys and 
 girls who have neither homes nor suitable guardianship in the city. The work 
 is free from sectarianism, and depends upon voluntary contributions for its 
 support. ' 
 
 ITEMS FROM ANNUAL REPORT, JUNE ist, 1883. 
 
 RECEIVED. 
 
 Boys 282 
 
 Girls 66 
 
 Total 348 
 
 From courts and prisons 108 
 
 By legal commitment . . 7 . 
 
 Taken directly from bad homes. 23 
 
 Through Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children 35 
 
 Brought by relatives 75 
 
 Waifs (from various sources) 61 
 
 Came voluntarily 29 
 
 — 348 
 disposed of 
 
 To homes 1 73 
 
 To trades (including homes) 18 
 
 Shipped 3 
 
 To private institutions (where the Society could not acquire authority to 
 
 place out) 34 
 
 To special oversight and wages in the country 10 
 
 Returned for sentence '. 2 
 
 Almshouse 1 
 
 In hospital 2 
 
 Eloped 2 
 
 Undisposed of 28 
 
 — 348 
 The Society found employment in the city and suburbs, at wages, for two 
 
 hundred and seventy-six (276) children not included in the above, making a total 
 of six hundred and twenty-four (624) children whose condition and prospects we 
 have very materially improved; 16,847 meals, 5,916 lodgings and 3,1 12 gar- 
 ments were given to the 348 friendless toys and girls whose general interests 
 were committed to our hands.
 
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