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A MANUAL 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 lln Iittrotructorg Sftetclj of tije Sanskrit 
 (Element in jHalag* 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL, 
 
 OF THE INNER TEMPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW ; 
 ASSISTANT RESIDENT, PERAK, MALAY PENIN8DLA. 
 
 TENTH EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. L 
 
 BROADWAY HOUSE, 08-74 CARTER LANE, E.C. 
 1914 
 
Je n'en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s'usent emmy les rues ; ceux 
 qui veulent combattre l'usage par la grammaire se mocquent. 
 
 Montaigne. 
 
11 4 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The lansmasre which I have endeavoured to illustrate in 
 the following pages is the Malay of the British Settlements 
 in the Straits of Malacca, some knowledge of which I have 
 had the opportunity of acquiring during sixteen years' ser- 
 vice in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, and 
 Perak. 
 
 Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it 
 is impossible to teach the colloquial language of the people 
 without imparting to the lesson the distinct marks of a 
 particular locality. In parts of India it is said proverbially 
 that in every twelve kos there is a variation in the language, 1 
 and very much the same might be said of the Malay Peninsula 
 and adjacent islands. The construction of the language and 
 the general body of words remain, of course, the same, but 
 in every state or subdivision of a state there are peculiar 
 words and expressions and variations of accent and pronun- 
 ciation which belong distinctively to it. Words common in 
 one district sound strangely in another, or, it may be, they 
 convey different meanings in the two places. Even words of 
 such constant occurrence as the personal pronouns "I" and 
 "you" vary according to locality. The Kedah accent is 
 easily distinguished from that of Patani, and that again from 
 the speech of Trengganu and Pahang. Certain expressions 
 common in Penang are almost unintelligible in Malacca and 
 Singapore, and vice versd. In Perak it is not difficult to say 
 
 1 Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages, p. ioi. 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 whether a man comes from the upper or lower readies of the 
 river, by merely noting particular words in his conversation. 
 Even individual villages and districts have their peculiar 
 twang or their tricks of expression not found elsewhere. In 
 Java, Sumatra, and other islands eastward in which Malay 
 is spoken, the pronunciation and character of the language 
 are much influenced by the other languages current there. 
 Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the 
 natives speak no other tongue. 
 
 Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles 
 of speaking, as the court style (bahasa dalam), the well-bred 
 style (bahasa bangsawan), the trader's language (bahasa dagang), 
 and the mixed language (bahasa kachau-kan), but all that can 
 be correctly said is, that a limited number of words are used 
 exclusively in intercourse with royal personages ; that persons 
 of good birth and education, in the Eastern Archipelago, as 
 elsewhere, select their expressions more carefully than the 
 lower classes; and that the vocabulary of commerce does 
 not trouble itself with the graces of style and the copious 
 use of Arabic words which commend themselves to native 
 writers. 
 
 The written language is more stilted and less terse and 
 idiomatic than the colloquial dialect; and even where pure 
 Malay is employed, the influence of Arabic compositions is 
 very marked. Whole sentences, sometimes, though clothed 
 in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged translations of Arabic 
 phrases. This may be verified by any one well acquainted 
 with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really 
 good translation of an Arabic work ; for instance, Lane's trans- 
 lation of the "Thousand and One Nights." The Malay speaks 
 much better than he writes, and has at his command quan- 
 tities of words which never find their way into his litera- 
 ture, and, therefore, but rarely into dictionaries compiled by 
 Europeans. 
 
 The spelling of Malay words in the native character is 
 hardly yet fixed, though the Perso- Arabic alphabet has been 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 in use since the thirteenth century ; and those follow but a 
 vain shadow who seek to prescribe exact modes of spelling 
 words regarding which even native authorities are not agreed, 
 and of which the pronunciation may vary according to locality. 
 The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently proves this ; there are 
 words in his dictionary which are transliterated in as many 
 as four different ways. 
 
 Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto 
 been at the service of the English student of Malay 
 grammars, more or less scientifically arranged, and vocabu- 
 laries and books of dialogues, which presuppose some know- 
 ledge of grammatical construction. 
 
 The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of 
 unquestionable utility to the advanced student; but it con- 
 tains more than the beginner wants to know. Crawfurd's 
 Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put into the hands 
 of a beginner. 
 
 Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but 
 words and sentences, and throw no light upon forms of 
 construction. 
 
 It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at 
 once an elementary grammar and a compendium of words 
 and sentences, which will teach the colloquial dialect and 
 yet explain grammatical rules ; and for this I have taken 
 as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late Professor 
 Forbes. 
 
 The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of 
 men who have made their mark in the world's history. 
 The islands of Indonesia have never startled the Eastern 
 world with an Akbar, or charmed it with a Hafiz or a Chand. 
 Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic of the Malay 
 races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller 
 heads eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised 
 by Europeans since the sixteenth century, when Magellan's 
 Malay interpreter was found to be understood from one end 
 of the Archipelago to the other. It is the strong and growing 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 language of an interesting people, and (in the words of a 
 recent writer on Eastern languages) " for Malay, as for Hin- 
 dustani, a magnificent future may be anticipated among the 
 great speech-media of Asia and of the world. They manifest 
 that capacity for the absorption and assimilation of foreign 
 elements which we recognise as making English the greatest 
 vernacular that the world has ever seen." 1 
 
 W. E. M. 
 
 The Residency, Larut, Pebak, 
 Jvly i, 1881 
 
 1 Oust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 15a 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The interest of Englishmen in the Malay language began 
 with the early ventures of the East India Company in the 
 Far East, in the first years of the seventeenth century. It 
 was the language of commerce everywhere east of the Bay 
 of Bengal, and our earliest adventurers found it spoken at the 
 trading ports which they visited. The Portuguese had pre- 
 ceded them by a century, and the Dutch had been a little 
 earlier in the same field. Our countrymen seem to have been 
 indebted to the latter for their first Malay vocabulary. The 
 minutes of the East India Company record how, on the 2 2d 
 January 16 14, "a book of dialogues, heretofore translated 
 into Latin by the Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca 
 tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now turned the Latin into Eng- 
 lish, and supposed very fit for the factors to learn, was 
 ordered to be printed before the departure of the ships." 1 
 
 At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are 
 concerned, is chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial 
 Government in the British possessions in the Straits of Ma- 
 lacca and in the native states adjoining them, and to other 
 residents in those parts, and in the Dutch settlements in the 
 East. To these may be added the English communities of 
 Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen 
 all over the Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our 
 Malay possessions, when they are compared with the magni- 
 1 Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, p. 273. 
 
2 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 ficent islands which make up Netherlands India, excuse us, 
 mo doubt, for the secondary place which we occupy in all 
 researches connected with the language and literature of the 
 Malays. To the Dutch their colonies in the Eastern seas are 
 what our Indian Empire is to us ; and with them the study 
 of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &c, takes the place of Persian, 
 Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &c, which occupy our civilians 
 in India. The extent and value of Dutch works on Malay 
 subjects is, however, but little known to Englishmen in the 
 East, owing to their general ignorance of the Dutch language. 
 It is not too much to say that any one aiming at a thorough 
 knowledge of the language, literature, and history of the 
 Malay people should commence his task by learning Dutch. 
 
 Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and 
 communities widely scattered in the East, and is probably 
 spoken with greatest purity in the states of Kedah and Perak, 
 on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. It is spoken in 
 all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra, Sunda, Java. 
 Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the Moluccas, 
 and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the 
 numerous Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the 
 islanders of Formosa. Siam proper has a large Malay popu- 
 lation, descendants mainly of captives taken in war, and the 
 language is therefore in use there in places ; it is found also 
 here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and Cochin- 
 China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is 
 understood over such an extensive area, and it is the common 
 means of communication between the numerous tribes and 
 races of the Malay family whose languages and dialects differ. 
 
 Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archi- 
 pelago were tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the 
 Eastern islands as well as the more accessible portions of the 
 Continent, descendants of whom he recognises in the negro 
 and quasi- negro tribes that are still preserved in some of the 
 mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To 
 these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 3 
 
 the Irawadi, whom Logan designates by the term of the 
 Tibeto-Anam family, all the races and languages from Tibet 
 to Anam being included under it. "By a long-continued 
 influx this family spread itself over the Peninsula, Sumatra, 
 Java, Borneo, and Celebes j but its farther progress over the 
 many islands to the north and east appears to have been 
 checked by the older races. It was probably only by slow 
 steps and by settling at many points that it gained a firm 
 footing even in the western islands, and a long period must 
 have elapsed before its tribes became so populous and spread 
 so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb and 
 destroy the earlier occupants." 1 The variety which exists 
 among the languages and dialects in the region affected by 
 these movements is thus accounted for by Logan : " The 
 languages imported by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers differed 
 as did those of the natives, and the combinations formed in 
 different places from the contact of the two families varied 
 in the proportions of each which entered into them. But the 
 structures of the native tongues had strong affinities amongst 
 themselves, and predominated in all these new combina- 
 tions." 2 
 
 The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the 
 aboriginal Malay language is that of a mixed dialect, borrow- 
 ing something from the Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence 
 of which would be more apparent in the western settlements), 
 and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian forms farther 
 east. 3 " Lastly," Logan supposes, " a later Indian influence, 
 belonging to a far more advanced civilisation, flowed in a 
 great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that 
 of the Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much 
 progress." 4 It is to this epoch that we must ascribe the 
 introduction of the Sanskrit element into the Malay language. 
 
 Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting 
 evidences of a former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable 
 
 1 Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311. 2 Idem, p. 315. 
 
 * Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569. * Idem. 
 
4 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 bu, bun, or bung, for instance, occurs in a considerable number 
 of words conveying an idea of roundness : 
 
 Bu-lan 
 
 
 
 the moon. 
 
 Bu-lat . 
 
 
 
 round. 
 
 Bu-ah . 
 
 
 
 fruit. 
 
 Bu-yong 
 
 
 
 a jar. 
 
 Bu-tir . 
 
 
 
 a grain, globule. 
 
 Bu-sar . 
 
 
 
 an arch. 
 
 Bu-kit . 
 
 
 
 a hill. 
 
 Bu-sut . 
 
 
 
 an anthill. 
 
 Bun-tar 
 
 
 
 round. 
 
 Bun-ting 
 
 
 
 pregnant. 
 
 Bun-chit 
 
 
 
 pot-bellied. 
 
 Bun-tut 
 
 
 
 the buttocks. 
 
 Bun-toh 
 
 
 
 a numeral affix implying rotundity 
 
 (cf. l&n, Burmese), used with such 
 
 words as chin-chin, a ring; and kail t 
 
 a fishhook. 
 
 Bung-kok . . . hump-backed. 
 
 Buiuj-kus 
 
 
 
 a bundle. 
 
 Many others might be cited. 1 
 
 Another characteristic list of words might be made, com 
 pounded with the monosyllable tang (which in Sakai and 
 Semang means " hand "), and conveying an idea of seizing or 
 holding. 
 
 Tang-an 
 
 the hand. 
 
 Tangkap . 
 
 to seize. 
 
 Tang-kei 
 
 . . a stalk. 
 
 Tang-gong . 
 
 to support. 
 
 Tang-gal 
 
 to drop off (having left hold). 
 
 Tong-kat 
 
 a walking-stick, &c. 
 
 The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in 
 the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muham- 
 madau times exist. Just as an insight into the early history 
 of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the com- 
 ponent parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of 
 the languages which have contributed to make it what it is 
 their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay 
 
 1 These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign words, such as burnt and 
 \ujang derived from the Sanskrit bhumi and bhujangga. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 5 
 
 language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit, 
 and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words con- 
 tributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach 
 to historical accuracy the successive advances which the Malay 
 people have made on the path of civilisation. 
 
 The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit, 
 must have been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised 
 above savage life. The purely native element in Malay fur- 
 nishes all the necessary terms to express the physical objects 
 surrounding men leading a primitive life in the forest, and all 
 that has to do with their food, dwellings, agriculture, fishing, 
 hunting, and domestic affairs. 
 
 The use of a Sanskrit word for " plough " seems to record 
 a revolution in agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the 
 Malays was carried on by clearing and burning the hill-sides 
 (a system still largely adopted in native states where land is 
 plentiful and timber valueless), and the cultivation of the wet 
 ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the use of the 
 plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after 
 the arrival of the Hindus. 
 
 As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects 
 requiring some advance in civilisation, it is found that they 
 are expressed by words of foreign origin. These are, for the 
 most part, Sanskrit or Arabic. The latter require no notice 
 here, for they are of comparatively recent introduction. For 
 the most part, they consist of terms incidental to the ethical 
 and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic 
 element in Malay is not accurately determinable, for new 
 expressions are constantly being introduced. 
 
 A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there 
 is space for here. 
 
 A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words 
 which are found in Malay helps to indicate what must have 
 been the condition of society when the Aryan came into 
 contact with the islanders' of Sumatra. It shows, indepen- 
 dently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must have 
 
6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas, 
 pursuits, and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers. 
 Many of the incidents of commerce, most of the metals and 
 precious stones, the pomp and ceremony of royalty, and the 
 use of the elephant, are shown, by the Sanskrit nomenclature 
 employed in describing them, to be of Hindu importation. 
 From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive condition of 
 a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the 
 Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the 
 rude weapons of savage Malay tribes blowpipes, spears, &c. 
 were supplemented by arms of a more formidable character, 
 for which they were indebted to India. Other groups of 
 words show, independently of other proof, that the Hindu 
 religion was successfully planted among the Malays and 
 flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of 
 government was introduced in Malay countries by Hindu 
 settlers and rulers. 
 
 The word " rulers " is used advisedly, for the theory of 
 Marsden as to the manner of the introduction of Hinduism 
 seems to possess greater claims to general acceptance than 
 that advocated by certain other writers, notably Leyden and 
 Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the Sanskrit words adopted 
 in Malay came originally through the Hindu priesthood, and 
 that the priests through whom this was effected belonged 
 to the Telugu race, this, in his opinion, being the people who, 
 commencing by trading with the Malays, proceeded to partial 
 settlement in their country, and ended by converting them to 
 Hinduism and introducing the language and literature of the 
 Hindus. He entirely discountenances the idea that Sanskrit 
 could have been introduced by a people of whom it was the 
 vernacular language. 1 He admits, however, that in Southern 
 India Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue j that Sanskrit has 
 found its way into Javanese and Malay in a state of com- 
 parative purity, and not intermixed with Telugu ; and that 
 
 1 Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 7 
 
 there is no trace whatever of any extensive settlement of the 
 Telugus in the Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Marsden's contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat 
 as the quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to 
 the far East, and to conquest as the mode in which the way 
 was cleared for its introduction. 1 
 
 Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words 
 which are found in Malay, and to deduce any theories from 
 their presence, it is necessary, in order to avoid misconception, 
 to notice several difficulties which cannot be overlooked. 
 
 In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the 
 Malays have obtained all the words enumerated further on 
 direct from the people of India. All theories founded upon 
 the presence of Sanskrit words in Malay must apply with 
 equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger proportion of 
 Sanskrit words than Malay. " Sanskrit words are found in 
 greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay, 
 their corruption increasing as we recede from Java and 
 Sumatra." 2 It may be assumed, therefore, that in addition to 
 the influence which Hinduism exerted among the Malays of 
 
 1 " Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to say, could not have 
 been produced otherwise than by the entire domination and possession of 
 these islands by some ancient Hindu power, and by the continuance of its 
 sway during several ages. Of the period when this state of things existed 
 we at present know nothing, and judging of their principles of action by what 
 we witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive under what circum- 
 stances they could have exerted an influence in distant countries of the 
 nature here described. The spirit of foreign conquest does not appear to 
 have distinguished their character and zeal, for the conversion of others to 
 their own religious faith seems to be incompatible with their tenets. We 
 may, however, be deceived by forming our opinion from the contemplation 
 of modern India, and should recollect that, previously to the Mohametan 
 irruptions into the upper provinces, which first took place about the year 
 iooo, and until the progressive subjugation of the country by Persians and 
 Moghuls, there existed several powerful and opulent Hindu states of whose 
 maritime relations we are entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish 
 the hope of future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that per- 
 vades and does so much honour to our Indian establishments." Mar&den, 
 Malay Grammar, xxxii. 
 
 2 Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii. 
 
8 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with India, there was 
 also a second source from which the Malays derived a great 
 portion of their Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient 
 Hindu kingdoms of Java. 1 
 
 These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth 
 column of the lists of words which follow. 
 
 Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are 
 synonyms merely, there being native or Arabic words, or 
 both, in common use to express the same object. 
 
 In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often 
 heard in the colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which 
 in many cases they have been transplanted from Javanese 
 romances. 
 
 All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of 
 drawing general conclusions from an analysis of the body of 
 Sanskrit vocables found in Malay. The questions to be de- 
 cided seem to be (i) whether it is possible that such a mass 
 of terms for common objects (for they are by no means con- 
 fined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could have 
 been imported into Malay by any means except by oral com- 
 munication with a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2) supposing 
 
 1 "The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in all probability, 
 earliest introduced in the western part of Sumatra, the nearest part of the 
 Archipelago to the continent of India. Java, however, became eventually 
 the favourite abode of Hinduism, and its language the chief recipient of 
 Sanskrit. Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears to have been 
 disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to the Philippine 
 Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number of Sanskrit words 
 in Javanese and Malay especially in the first of these than in the other 
 cultivated languages, from their existing in greater purity in the Javanese 
 and Malay, and from the errors of these two languages, both as to sense and 
 orthography, having been copied by all the other tongues. An approxima- 
 tion to the proportions of Sanskrit existing in some of the principal languages 
 will show that the amount constantly diminishes as we recede from Java and 
 Sumatra, until all vestiges of it disappear in the dialects of Polynesia. In 
 the ordinary written language of Java the proportion is about no in 1000 ; in 
 Malay, 50 ; in the Sunda of Java, 40 ; in the Bugis, the principal language of 
 Celebes, 17 ; and in the Tagala, one of the principal languages of the Phi- 
 lippines, about one and a half." Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation 
 xlvii. S;d quart as to the total absence of Sanskrit in the Polynesian 
 dialects. Ellis' " Polynesian Researches," i. 116. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 9 
 
 that this could have been effected through some later Indian 
 dialect, itself largely tinged with Sanskrit (as the Latin words 
 in English came to us with the Norman speech), what dialect 
 was this ? Telugu, as Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to which 
 Marsden incline?, or what? 
 
 It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such 
 questions as these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit 
 terms in Malay has been attempted in this Introduction. 1 It 
 is hoped that the subject may attract the attention of those 
 more competent to deal with it, and that the researches of 
 Sanskrit scholars may facilitate a decision which there is no 
 pretension to pronounce here. 
 
 The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem 
 to have been the court. From the governing classes the use 
 of Sanskrit expressions would gradually spread among the 
 people. To this day there are certain Sanskrit words which 
 are applied to royalty alone, there being native equivalents 
 when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words 
 putra and putri afford an instance in point. Meaning simply 
 "son" and "daughter" in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact 
 of Sanskrit nomenclature having been affected at Malay 
 courts, come to mean "prince" and "princess" and are applied 
 only to the sons and daughters of rajas. 
 
 At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have 
 been Brahmans conversant with the sacred writings, whose 
 teaching would gradually be the means of introducing a taste 
 for Hindu learning and literature. Bacha, to read (from 
 vach, to speak), is Sanskrit, but tulis, to write, is a native 
 word, 2 and sural, a writing, is Arabic. Language, therefore, 
 in this instance does not throw much light on the progress 
 made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muham- 
 madan stage of their history. Kock-inscriptions found in 
 Province Wellesley and Singapore prove, however, that at 
 
 1 A selection of words only is given. There are numbers of Sanskrit wordi 
 in Malay which have no place in these lists. 
 
 2 Unless the Sansk. root likh, to write, may be detected in the second 
 syllable. 
 
iO MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 some remote period an ancient Indian character was known 
 on the Peninsula, 1 though it was probably confined to religious 
 purposes. 
 
 Crawford, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written 
 or spoken without the least difficulty, without a word of 
 Sanskrit or Arabic, and described the foreign elements in 
 Malay as "extrinsic and unessential." 2 But several words 
 of the first necessity are Sanskrit. It would be difficult to 
 speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the use of the relative 
 pronouns yang (Sansk. yas, ya, yat, who, which) and mana 
 (Sansk. mrtna, measure), or of the common auxiliary sudah 
 (Sansk. guddha, 3 pure, acquitted), which denotes the past tense. 
 A long list might be made of common words not included in 
 any of the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit, 
 such as bawa, to bring (vaha, bearing, carrying) ; kata, to say 
 (kath, to tell, talk) ; biasa, accustomed (abhydsa, reflection) ; 
 Umgkah, to step, stride (langh, to stride over); kelahi, to fight 
 (kalaha, quarrel) ; and niala, to blaze, to burn (jval). Nor is 
 the influence of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which 
 have been adopted in comparative purity. An extension of 
 the sphere of research reveals whole groups of Malay words 
 which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root, and to 
 retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root 
 ju (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words 
 as juivang, to rush against -Jungur, prominent, a beak j jungang, 
 prominent (of teeth) ; juring, sharp, pointed ; jurus, to pull, 
 course, direction ; jvluk, to thrust upwards ; julir, a kind of 
 harpoon; julur, to wag, to wriggle; &c. 
 
 Ap is a common termination of Malay words, e.g., tangkap, 
 to seize ; chakap, to speak ; silap, to mistake, &c. The presence 
 of the Sanskrit root dp (to attain, obtain) is not indeed to be 
 assumed in every case, but it is difficult to resist the convic- 
 
 1 Journal Royal As. Soc, Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part i. 154 and 232; 
 Idem, part ii. 62, 66. 
 
 2 Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi. 
 
 3 This is the derivation given in Favre's Dictionary. Another from sodka 
 (borne, undergone) might perhaps be suggested with equal probability. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. II 
 
 tion that it does form a part of many Malay derivations. 
 Dapat, to obtain ; rapat, to approach j asop, smoke (cf. vydpta) 
 Siwcvp, steam ; tangkop, to seize, grasp ; dap (Jav.), to take ; 
 are instances which, among others, might be cited. 
 
 Gal (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is another 
 root which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words, 
 e.g., tang^, to fall off, to drop out; tmggal, to leave, forsake; 
 tunggal, solitary ; pang^aZ, to chop off, a portion chopped off. 
 Compare also gali, to dig; tenggahm, to sink; tugal, to sow 
 rice by putting seeds into holes made with a sharp stick ; 
 gahh, a pole ; gah-gah, pitch. 
 
 If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of 
 these words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the 
 comparatively pure Sanskrit words, the importation of which 
 into Malay is the subject now under discussion. 
 
 The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was 
 first remarked by Sir William Jones, 1 and the subject received 
 more attention at the hands of Marsden, who gives a short 
 list of fifteen words, " taken, with little pains in the selection, 
 from a Malayan dictionary." 2 Many of the Sanskrit words 
 are, as Marsden observes, " such as the progress of civilisation 
 must soon have rendered necessary, being frequently expres- 
 sive of the feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary 
 modes of thought which result from the social habits of man- 
 kind, or from the evils that tend to interrupt them." This 
 assertion might have been put in more forcible terms had it 
 occurred to the author to include not only words expressive 
 of thought and feelings, but even some signifying natural 
 objects, though doubtless most of these are expressed by 
 aboriginal words. Hari, day, is clearly identical with the 
 Sanskrit hari, " the sun," which is also used as a name of 
 Vishnu or Krishna. Mata-hari, the sun (Malay), is thus " the 
 
 1 Asiatic Researches, iii. n, 12. 
 
 2 On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature extant among tha 
 Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages and Literature of tha 
 Indo-Chinese Nations, Leydeu, As. Res. x. 
 
12 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 eye of Hari," and is a compound formed of the native word 
 mata and the Sanskrit hari. Halilintar, a thunderbolt, seems 
 to be compounded similarly of hari and lontar (to hurl), 
 " hurled by Hari." Here the r has been softened into /. The 
 Sanskrit kapala has almost entirely superseded the use of the 
 old native word ulu or hulu, the head ; the latter, however, 
 is found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the sub- 
 stantive hulubalang, a war-chief, from hulu, head, and bala, 
 an army. 
 
 The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit 
 for words to express the human body and members is shown 
 in the following list : 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages.* 
 
 The body 
 
 salira 
 
 carira 
 
 J. sarira ; Bat. sorira. 
 
 Limb, mem- 
 
 angguta 
 
 angga 
 
 J. ongga. 
 
 ber, body 
 
 
 
 
 Form, ap- 
 
 rupa 
 
 rupa 
 
 J., S., Bat., Mak., and 
 
 pearance 
 
 
 
 Bu. rupa. 
 
 Joint 
 
 sendi 
 
 saiadhi 
 
 S. sandi; D. izndik, 
 bound ; Tag. and Bis. 
 sandig, unite. 
 
 Head 
 
 kapala 
 
 kapala (the 
 
 J., S., D., Mak. kapala, 
 
 
 
 skull) 
 
 chief ; Bat. kapala, 
 thick. 
 
 Tongue 
 
 lidah 
 
 lih Cto lick), 
 
 J. lidah ; Bat. dila ; 
 
 
 
 Hdha (licked) 
 
 Mak. and Bu. lila ; 
 D. jela ; Tag. and 
 Bis. dila. 
 
 Pulse 
 
 nadi 
 
 nadl (artery, 
 vein, intes- 
 tine) 
 
 
 Shoulder 
 
 bah a 
 
 bahu (the arm) 
 
 J. bahu ; S. and D. baha. 
 
 Hair of the 
 
 body 
 Foot 
 
 roma 
 
 roman 
 
 
 pada 
 
 pada 
 
 Kw. pada. 
 
 Time and its division and measurement have supplied a 
 number of Sanskrit terms to the Malay language, most of 
 
 1 The words in this column have been taken from the Malay and French 
 Dictionary of the Abbe Favre. J. signifies Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat. 
 Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D. Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala, and 
 Malg. Malagasi. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 13 
 
 which are so necessary in everyday life that it is difficult to 
 conceive the poverty of a dialect which contained no words 
 to express them. The following list contains the greater 
 number of them : 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Time 
 
 kala, kali 
 
 kala 
 
 J. and S. kala. 
 
 When 
 
 tatkala 
 
 tad (this) kala 
 ghatika (a divi- 
 
 
 Time, period 
 
 katika 
 
 Bat. hatika ; D. katika. 
 
 
 
 sion of time) 
 
 
 Time, period, 
 
 dewasa 
 
 divasa (a day) 
 
 J. diwasa, adult ; Mak. 
 
 hour 
 
 
 
 rewusa. 
 
 Just now 
 
 tadi 
 
 tad (this, that) 
 
 S. tadi. 
 
 Day 
 
 hari 
 
 hari (the sun) 
 
 J. and B. hari. 
 
 Day 
 
 dina 
 
 dina 
 
 J. dina. 
 
 Dawn 
 
 dinaharl 
 
 from dina and 
 hari 
 
 
 Evening, sun- 
 
 senja, or 
 
 samdhva (twi- 
 
 Bat. sonja; J. chandik- 
 
 set 
 
 senja-kala 
 
 light) 
 
 kala, evg. twilight. 
 
 Always 
 
 santtasa 
 
 nitya^as 
 
 J. nityasa. 
 
 Old, former 
 
 sadia 
 
 sadhya (from 
 
 
 Former time 
 
 sadia-kala 
 
 sadh, to fin- 
 ish, accom- 
 plish) 
 
 
 Continually 
 
 sada-kala 
 
 sada (perishing) 
 
 
 Time (when) 
 
 blla 
 
 vela 
 
 
 Time, season, 
 
 masa 
 
 masa (month) 
 
 J. and S. mangsa ; Tag. 
 
 period 
 
 
 
 masa. 
 
 Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that 
 comprising articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. 
 Their presence suffices without other evidence to show that 
 for their knowledge of the commercial value of many products 
 the East Indian islanders were indebted to traders from Hin- 
 dustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not only the names 
 of, but the use of, their weights and measures. Buah pala, 
 the Malay phrase for the " nutmeg," is in strictness a pleo- 
 nasm, for phala signifies " fruit" in Sanskrit, as buah does in 
 Malay. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 TERMS OF COMMERCE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Nutmeg 
 Clove 
 Eagle- wood 
 
 Camphor 
 
 Sandalwood 
 Musk 
 
 Charcoal 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Saltpetre 
 Silk 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Gunny -bag 
 Price 
 
 Profit 
 
 Scales for 
 
 weighing 
 A hliar (native 
 
 weight = 3 
 
 pikuls) 
 A cubit 
 A number, 
 
 figure 
 Ten thousaud 
 
 A million 
 
 Malay. 
 
 pala 
 
 lawang 
 
 gaharu 
 
 kfipur, kapur 
 barus 
 
 cbandana 
 
 kasturi 
 
 arang 
 
 gula 
 
 sandawa 
 
 sutra 
 
 kapas 
 
 goni 
 harga 
 
 labs 
 
 naracha 
 babara 
 
 hasta 
 angka 
 
 laksa 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 juta 
 
 pbala (fruit) 
 
 lavarhga 
 
 aguru 
 
 karpura 
 
 cbandana 
 kasturi 
 
 Angara 
 
 guda (molasses) 
 
 saindhava (rock- 
 salt) 
 
 sutra (thread, 
 fibre) 
 
 karpasa 
 
 goni 
 argha 
 
 labha 
 
 uuracbi (a gold- 
 smith's scales) 
 
 bhara (a load, a 
 weight) 
 
 basta 
 
 anka (a mark, 
 
 a cipher) 
 laksha 
 (100,000) 
 
 ayuta (10,000) 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 J. and S. pala. 
 
 J., S., and Mak. gam; 
 
 D. garo, perfume. 
 J., S., and D. kapur- 
 
 barus ; Mak. kaporo 
 
 barusu. 
 J. and S. chendana; Tag. 
 
 and Bis. sandana. 
 J. and S. kasturi; Mak. 
 
 kasaturi ; Tag. and 
 
 Bis. kastoli. 
 J. and S. areng ; S. 
 
 arang ; Bat. agong ; 
 
 D. aring ; Tag. and 
 
 Bis. oling. 
 J., S., and D. gula; 
 
 Mak. golla. 
 J. sendawa; S. chindawa. 
 
 J. and S. sutra ; Bat. 
 
 suntora; Mak. andBu. 
 
 sutara; Tag. sutla. 
 J., S., and D. kapas; 
 
 Bat. hapas ; Mak. ka- 
 
 pasa ; Bis. gapas. 
 S. goni. 
 S. and Bat. harga ; J. 
 
 and D. rega ; Mak. 
 
 cmgga; Tag. and Bis. 
 
 halaga. 
 Kw., Bat., Mak., andD. 
 
 laba ; Tag. and Bis. 
 
 laba, increase, usury. 
 Kw. naracha; J. and 
 
 S. traju. 
 Kw. and Mak. bara, 100 
 
 millions ; Bis. bala, to 
 
 load on the back. 
 J. and S. asta. 
 J. ongka ; S., Mak. , Bu., 
 
 and D. angka. 
 J. leksa; S.. D., Tag., 
 
 and Bis. laksa; Bat. 
 
 loksa; Mak. lassa. 
 J. and S. yuta. 
 
 Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are 
 known to the Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those 
 which are found in Malay countries. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 '5 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Gold 
 
 amas, mas 
 
 mas (to mete, 
 
 J. emas; S. mas ; Bat. 
 
 
 
 to measure) 
 
 omas ; D. amas; Tag. 
 and Bis. amas, gold, 
 weight. 
 
 Gold 
 
 kanchana 
 
 kanchana 
 
 K\v. and S. kanchana. 
 
 Copper 
 
 tambaga 
 
 tamra 
 
 J. tembaga; S. tambaga ; 
 Bat. tombaga ; Mak. 
 tambaga ; Tag. and 
 Bis. tumbaga. 
 
 Tin 
 
 timah 
 
 tivra 
 
 J., S., and D. timah; 
 Bat. simbora; Mak. 
 timbera; Tag. and Bis. 
 tingga. 
 
 Quicksilver 
 
 rasa 
 
 rasa 
 
 J., S., Mak., and D. 
 
 rasa. 
 
 Pinchbeck 
 
 suwasa 
 
 suvarchasa (bril- 
 
 J., S., Bat., and Mak. 
 
 
 
 liant) 
 
 suwasa. 
 
 Glass 
 
 kacha 
 
 kacha 
 
 J., S., Mak., nnd Bu. 
 kacha; D. kacha and 
 kasa ; Tag. kasa, blue 
 and green stone. 
 
 Mica 
 
 abrak 1 
 
 abhra (amber, 
 
 talc) 
 golaka (globule) 
 
 
 Crystal 
 
 golega 
 
 
 Jewel, pre- 
 
 mani 
 
 mani 
 
 J. mani. 
 
 cious stone 
 
 
 
 
 Do. 
 
 manikam 
 
 manika 
 
 Kw. and S. manikem, ; 
 Mak. manikang. 
 
 Do. 
 
 kamala 
 
 kamala (lotus) 
 
 Kw. kumaUi; Bat. hu- 
 mala, snake-stone. 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 nilam (nila, 
 
 nila (blue) 
 
 J. and S. nila; Mak. 
 
 
 blue) 
 
 
 nyila, blue. 
 
 Opal 
 
 biduri 
 
 vidura(amoun- 
 tain which 
 produces lapis 
 lazuli) 
 
 
 Euby 
 
 dalima 
 
 dalima (pome- 
 granate) 
 
 
 Jewel, bril- 
 
 mustika 
 
 mushtika (gold- 
 
 
 liant 
 
 
 smith) 
 
 
 Topaze 
 
 pusparagam 
 
 pushparaga 
 
 
 Pearl 
 
 mutia, mu- 
 tiara 
 
 mukta 
 
 
 Jewel, pre- 
 
 permata 
 
 paramata (ex- 
 
 Kw. pramati, a very 
 
 cious stone 
 
 
 cellence) 
 
 beautiful object. 
 
 Jewels of five 
 
 panchaldgam 
 
 panchaloha 
 
 
 kinds 
 
 
 (five metals) 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 The implements, utensils, instruments, &c, the names of 
 which, if not the things themselves, the Malay races have 
 
 Favre derives abrak *rom the Arabic. 
 
i6 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 borrowed from their Indian conquerors and rulers, are aa 
 follows : 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 A lock 
 
 kunchi 
 
 kunchika (a 
 
 J. S., and D. kunchi; 
 
 
 
 key) 
 
 Bat. hunsi ; Mak. 
 konchi. 
 
 A bell 
 
 ganta 
 
 ghanta 
 
 J. and S. gcnta ; Bat. 
 
 
 
 
 aonta ; D. ganta ; 
 Mak. garaganta. 
 
 A water 
 
 kind! 
 
 kundl 
 
 J. and S. kendi. 
 
 vessel 
 
 
 
 
 A net 
 
 jala 
 
 Jala 
 
 J., S., Bat., Mak., and 
 D. jala. 
 
 A box 
 
 pet! 
 
 pet! (basket, 
 
 S. peti; Mak. patti; D. 
 
 
 
 l>ag) 
 
 pati. 
 
 Name of a 
 
 chora 
 
 kshura (a razor) 
 
 
 sword 
 
 
 
 
 A plough 
 
 tanggala 
 
 hala 
 
 Bat. tinggala ; Mak. 
 nangkala. 
 
 Chess 
 
 chatur 
 
 chatur (four) 
 
 J. and S. chatur. 
 
 Dice 
 
 judl 
 
 dyuta (game at 
 
 dice) 
 krakacha 
 
 J. judi ; Bat. jvji. 
 
 A saw 
 
 gargaji 
 
 J. graji; S. gergaji; 
 
 
 
 
 Bat. and Mak. gara- 
 
 
 
 
 gaji. 
 
 An awl 
 
 jara 
 karanda 
 
 ara 
 
 J. and S. jara. 
 
 A coffin 
 
 karanda (bas- 
 
 Bat. hurondo. 
 
 
 
 ket) 
 
 
 Royal um- 
 brella 
 Salver with a 
 
 chatra 
 
 chhattra 
 
 
 charana 
 
 charana (a foot) 
 
 S. charana; Bat. sa~ 
 
 pedestal 
 
 
 
 rano; D. sarana. 
 
 A wheel 
 
 jantra 
 
 yantra (an en- 
 gine or ma- 
 chine) 
 
 J. jontra ; S. jantra. 
 
 Chariot 
 
 rata 
 
 rath a 
 
 J. rata. 
 
 Lyre, lute 
 
 keehapi 
 
 kachchhapi 
 
 S. kachupi; Bat. husapi; 
 D. kasapi. 
 
 Flute 
 
 bangs! 
 
 vangi 
 
 
 Pipe, flute 
 
 muri 
 
 mural! 
 
 
 The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of 
 inferiors addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay. 
 It is noticeable, however, that some of the most ordinary 
 Malay phrases of politeness are Sanskrit. Tdbek (J. and S. 
 tdbe; Bat. santdbi ; Mak. tabeya ; D. tabi ; Tag. and Bis. tabi; 
 Tag. santdbi, to show respect), which corresponds to the Indian 
 salaam in communications between Europeans and Malaya_ 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 17 
 
 means properly " pardon," and is derived from the Sanskrit 
 hhantavya, excusable; sila, to sit cross-legged 1 (.the respectful 
 attitude indoors), is the Sanskrit fd, to meditate, to worship ; 
 and sila, a Malay term of politeness, which in some respects 
 answers to our " if you please," but which also means " to 
 invite," has its origin in the Sanskrit word gila, good conduct, 
 moral practice. The same language, too, supplies a consider- 
 able number of words denoting family and relationship : 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Father 
 
 ayah 
 
 vayas (prime of 
 
 J. ayah, grandson ; S. 
 
 
 
 life) 
 
 aya ; Mak. aya, mo- 
 ther. 
 
 Brother 
 
 sudara 
 
 sodarya 
 
 J. saudara. 
 
 Husband 
 
 swami 
 
 svamin 
 
 
 Wife 
 
 istri 
 
 stri (a woman) 
 
 J. estri ; S. istri. 
 
 Virgin 
 
 anak dara 
 
 dara (wife), 
 
 Kw. dara ; J. lara; Bat. 
 
 
 
 adara (un- 
 
 dara; Mak. rara ; S. 
 
 
 
 married) 
 
 dara, a young woman 
 who has just got her 
 first child. 
 
 Relationship 
 
 pangkat 
 
 pankti (a line, 
 row) 
 
 
 Race 
 
 bangsa 
 
 vamoa 
 
 J. wongsa; S., Bat., and 
 D. bangsa ; Mak. 
 bansa. 
 
 Family 
 
 kulawarga 
 
 kula (family), 
 varga (class) 
 
 J. kulawarga. 
 
 Do. 
 
 kulawangsa 
 
 vamca 
 
 
 The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have 
 been borrowed either from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former 
 supplying the following : 
 
 1 J., S., and Tag. sila; S. silah, to invite ; Bat. sila, a gift of welcome. 
 
i8 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 i 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Eclipse 
 
 grahana 
 
 grahana 
 
 J. grahana. 
 
 Firmament 
 
 udara 
 
 adhara (lower) 
 
 
 Celestial 
 
 chakrawala 
 
 chakra - vala 
 
 
 sphere 
 
 
 (horizon ; a 
 range of 
 mountains 
 supposed to 
 encircle the 
 earth and to 
 be the limit 
 of light and 
 darkness) 
 
 
 Atmosphere 
 
 bumantara 
 
 cf. dyuraantara 
 
 Kw. bomantara ; J. ju- 
 
 
 
 (brilliancy) 
 
 mantara. 
 
 The heavens, 
 
 angkasa 
 
 aka$a 
 
 Kw. and S. akasa. 
 
 lether 
 
 
 
 
 The milky- 
 
 bimasakti 
 
 bhima (ter- 
 
 S. bimasakti; J. bima- 
 
 way 
 
 
 rible), cakti 
 (strength, 
 
 sakti, the name of a 
 
 
 
 star. 
 
 
 
 power) 
 
 
 Pleiades 
 
 kertlkn 
 
 krittika (the 
 third of the 
 lunar man- 
 sions) 
 
 
 The sign Can- 
 
 mangkara 
 
 makara 
 
 J. mangkara, crab. 
 
 cer in the 
 
 
 
 
 iiac 
 
 
 
 
 Astrology 
 
 panchalima 
 
 panchan (five) 
 
 
 To these may be added BdhiX (Sansk. Bdhu, a deity to 
 whom eclipses are ascribed) and Kedti, (Sansk. Ketu, the 
 mythological name of the descending node, represented as a 
 headless demon), monsters who are supposed by the Malays 
 to cause eclipses by swallowing the moon. To denote the 
 points of the compass the Malays have native, Sanskrit, and 
 Arabic terms. Utara (uttara), 1 the north, and daksina (daJc- 
 shina), the south, are Sanskrit words ; and paksina, the north, 
 has evidently been coined by Malays in imitation of daksina. 
 
 The elephant is most generally known all over the Archi- 
 pelago by its Sanskrit name gajah. Sanskrit terms are also 
 used to signify the driver of an elephant and several articles 
 used in connection with this animal. From these circum- 
 stances we may probably conclude, with Crawfurd, that the 
 1 J., S., and D. utara ; Bat. otara; Bis. otala, east wind. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 *9 
 
 art of training and domesticating elephants was first learned 
 by the Malays from natives of India. 1 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Elephant 
 
 gajah 
 
 gaja 
 
 J.. S., and D. gajah; 
 Bat. and Mak. gaja ; 
 Tag. gadia; Bis. gadya. 
 
 Elephant- 
 
 gambala- 
 
 gopala (herds- 
 
 
 driver 
 
 gajah 
 
 man) 
 
 
 Goad 
 
 angkus, 
 kwasa 
 
 ankuca 
 
 
 Foot-chain 
 
 anduwan 
 
 andu (chain) 
 
 
 Front part of 
 
 gomba, 
 
 kumbha 
 
 
 the head 
 
 kumba 
 
 
 
 Unbroken, 
 
 meta 
 
 mada (elephant 
 
 Kw. meta, wild elephant. 
 
 vicious 
 
 
 in rut) 
 
 
 (of an ele- 
 
 
 
 
 phant) ; 
 
 
 
 
 the condi- 
 
 
 
 
 tion called 
 
 
 
 
 musth 
 
 
 
 
 Hobbles for 
 
 sengkala 
 
 cririkhala (a 
 
 
 securing 
 
 
 chain) 
 
 
 the feet 
 
 
 
 
 The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the 
 Malay peninsula appear, however, to be adapted mainly from 
 the Siamese, and it is from this people that the Malays of the 
 continent have acquired much of their modern knowledge 
 of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the elephant. 
 The names of animals, birds, &c, indicate, as might be ex- 
 pected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays 
 are indigenous, there are some species which have been im- 
 ported, or which, belonging to other countries, are known by 
 name only in the Archipelago. The word morga (mriga) and 
 satwd (sattva), 2 both meaning " an animal," are Sanskrit, and 
 if the commoner word bendtang is derived, as seems possible, 
 from the Sanskrit vana, forest, there is no purely native 
 generic term to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore 8 
 
 l Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii. 
 
 * J. mergu ; J. sato ; S. satoa ; D. satua ; Bat. santuwa, a mouse. 
 
20 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 the early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesti- 
 cated by them, as well as those which they encountered in 
 their forests, it was not until the period of their intercourse 
 with more civilised races from India that they learned to 
 generalise and to comprehend the brute creation under one 
 term. The following Sanskrit words for animals, &c, occur 
 in Malay : 
 
 i Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the domesticated animals 
 are native, one exception being the goose, which, he thinks, may therefore be 
 supposed to have been of foreign introduction (Crawfurd's Grammar, Disser- 
 tation clxxxiii.). It must be remembered, however, that among the Hindus 
 the goose is worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and that, being thus in 
 a manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally be in use wherever the 
 Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as riding on a white hamta. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 21 
 
 Perhaps the Malay word hartmau (Kw. rimong ; Bat. arimo, 
 tiger-cat; D. harimaung, panther), a tiger, may have been 
 formed from Hari (Krishna or Vishnu) and mriga (an animal). 
 Words similarly compounded with mriga (Malay morga) are 
 not uncommon in Sanskrit, e.g., Krish7ia-mriga (the black 
 antelope), mahd-mriga (an elephant). 1 The terms in use for 
 "horse" and "sheep" seem to indicate that those animals 
 were first brought to Malay countries from India. KUda, 
 horse (Kw. and S. kuda), is derived by Crawfurd from ghora 
 (Hindi), by others from kudra (Tamul). Biri-biri (sheep) is 
 said to be borrowed from the Hindi bher, which is itself de- 
 rived from the Sanskrit bheda, a ram, or from bhiru (Sansk.), 
 a goat. Certain fabulous birds and reptiles which belong 
 to the domain of Hindu mythology have their places also in 
 Malay folk-lore j such as garuda, 2 the eagle of Vishnu, and 
 Jatdyu (Malay jintdyu), a fabulous vulture; chandrawdsi, a 
 name given by Malays to a fabulous bird which is heard but 
 never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit origin. To these ndga s 
 a dragon, may be added (J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and T>. naga). 
 
 The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants, 
 and flowers which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit 
 names. Some of these are closely connected with another 
 group of words to be noticed presently, namely, those which 
 belong to the department of religion. The use of sweet- 
 smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious worship 
 of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them 
 to be sacred to the worship of particular gods are called by 
 Malays by the same names which they bear in the temples of 
 India, is a remarkable example of an historical lesson latent in 
 words. It points to the fact, abundantly proved by other 
 evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway where it has long 
 been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words which have 
 no special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay 
 were fraught with mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors. 
 
 1 Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the Tamul ari-md, a male lion, 
 
 2 J. and S. garuda ; Mak. guruda. 
 
21 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been ap- 
 plied by the Malays to different plants from those designated 
 by the same expressions in India. In other cases, names un- 
 known in classical Sanskrit, but obviously compounded of 
 Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or Javanese. 
 The common native Malay term for "flower" is biXnga; sdri 
 (Javanese sari, Sansk. kesara) and puspa (Sansk. pushpa) have 
 been borrowed from India. 
 
 English or Latin. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Michelia 
 
 champaka 
 
 champaka (de- 
 
 J. and S. champaka; 
 
 champaka 
 
 
 dicated by 
 the Hindus 
 to Krishna ; 
 one of Ka- 
 madeva's ar- 
 rows is tipped 
 with it) 
 
 Mak. champaya. 
 
 Jonesia asoka 
 
 angsuka 
 
 ac,oka (sacred 
 to Mahadeva, 
 and held in 
 the highest 
 veneration by 
 the Hindus) 
 
 J. angsoka and soka. 
 
 Mesua ferrea 
 
 nagasari (Rigg 
 
 nag a kesara 
 
 
 
 supposes the 
 
 ("The deli- 
 
 
 
 Malay plant 
 
 cious odour 
 
 
 
 to be Acacia 
 
 of its blos- 
 
 
 
 pedunculata; 
 
 soms justly 
 
 
 
 Mar s d e n, 
 
 gives them a 
 
 
 
 Acacia au- 
 
 place in the 
 
 
 
 rea). 
 
 quiver of Ka- 
 madeva." 
 Sir William 
 Jones 
 
 
 Jasminum 
 
 malati 
 
 malati {Jas- 
 
 J. malati; S. melati. 
 
 sambac 
 
 
 minum gran- 
 
 
 (jasmine) 
 
 
 difiorum 1 ) 
 
 
 Arabian jas- 
 
 melor 
 
 madhura (cf. 
 
 J. menur; Kw. menur. 
 
 mine (Nye- 
 
 
 malura, Cra- 
 
 silver. 
 
 tanthes 1) 
 
 
 taeva reli- 
 giosa) 
 
 
 1 " Commeline had been informed that the Javans give the name of Malati 
 to the Zambak {Jasminum sambac), which in Sanskrit is called Navamalika, 
 and which, according to Iiheede, is used, by the Hindus in thei* sacrifices ; 
 but tbey make offerings of most odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the 
 various Jasmins and Zambaks."Sir Williavi Jones, As. Res. iv. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 *3 
 
 English or Latin. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Ocymum ba- 
 
 sulasi 
 
 tulasi (sacred 
 
 J. selasih and telasih ; S. 
 
 silicum 
 
 
 to Krishna) 
 
 selasi ; Mak. tolasi ; 
 
 (holy basil) 
 
 
 
 Tag. solasi. 
 
 Uvaria odo- 
 
 kenanga 
 
 kanana 1 (a for- 
 
 J. kenonga; Mak. and 
 
 rata (or 
 cananga) 
 Santalum al- 
 
 
 est) 
 
 Bu. kananga. 
 
 chandana 
 
 chandana ("Per- 
 
 J. and S. chendana ; 
 
 bum, san- 
 
 
 petually men- 
 
 Tag. and Bis. sandana. 
 
 dal-wood 
 
 
 tioned in the 
 most ancient 
 books of the 
 Hindus as 
 
 
 
 
 flourishing on 
 
 
 
 
 
 the moun- 
 
 
 
 
 tains of Ma- 
 
 
 
 
 laya." Sir 
 
 
 
 
 Wm. Jones 
 
 
 Plumieria 
 
 kamb6ja 
 
 kamboja(a 1 kind 
 
 S. kamboja. 
 
 acutifolia 
 
 
 of mimosa) 
 
 
 Nelumbium 
 
 saroja 
 
 saroja 
 
 J. saroja. 
 
 speciosum, 
 
 
 
 
 lotus. 
 
 
 
 
 Vitex trifo- 
 
 lagundi * 
 
 nirgandhi 
 
 J. legundi; Bat. gundi. 
 
 liata 
 
 
 (" Which Bon- 
 tius calls la- 
 gondi." Sir 
 Wm. Jones. 
 Gandhi is 
 used in the 
 latter part of 
 a compound 
 word with the 
 same meaning 
 that aandha 
 has: "smell," 
 "odour" 
 
 
 Alpinia ga- 
 
 gadamala 
 
 gandha, smell; 
 
 
 langa, or 
 
 
 mdld, a gar- 
 
 
 Curcuma 
 
 
 land 
 
 
 reclinata 
 
 
 
 
 Justicia gan- 
 
 gandarusa 
 
 gandha, smell ; 
 
 S. gandarusc 
 
 darusa 
 
 
 rvsa (Malay), 
 a deer (?) 
 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 gandapura 
 
 gandha, smell ; 
 
 Mak. gandapura 
 
 abelmos- 
 
 
 pura, calix of 
 
 
 chus 
 
 
 a flower 
 
 
 Hedichium 
 
 gandasuli 
 
 gandha, smell 
 
 S. gandasoli. 
 
 coronarium 
 
 
 
 
 1 Ainslie's Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. Kanana occurs in the names 
 of several flowers, e.g., kanana karavira, Plumieria alba. 
 
 2 Perhaps a corruption of nila-gandhi. Ainslie gives the Sanskrit name as 
 jela-nirghoondi. 
 
24 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LAJSUUAGK 
 
 English or Latin. 
 Liquidambar 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 rasamala 
 
 surasa, sweet, 
 
 
 altingiana 
 
 
 elegant ; Ind- 
 ia, a garland 
 
 
 Carthamus 
 
 kasumba 
 
 kusumbha 
 
 J., S., Mak., and D. 
 
 tinctorius, 
 
 
 
 kasumba; Tag. kasub- 
 
 safflower 
 
 
 
 ha; Bis. kasobha. 
 
 Crocus sati- 
 
 kumkuma 
 
 kumkuma 
 
 J. kamkuma ; Mak. 
 
 vus, saffron 
 
 
 
 kuma. 
 
 Alyxia stel- 
 
 pulasari 
 
 phnl {Bind.), 
 
 
 lata ; an 
 
 
 flower ; sari 
 
 
 odoriferous 
 
 
 (Javanese), 
 
 
 root used in 
 
 
 from kesara 
 
 
 medicine 
 
 
 (Sansk.), a 
 flower 
 
 
 Tectonia 
 
 jati 
 
 jati (synony- 
 
 J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., 
 
 grandia, 
 
 
 mous with 
 
 and D. jati. 
 
 teak 
 
 
 malati), Jas- 
 minum gran- 
 diflorum 
 
 
 Pterocarpus 
 
 angsana 
 
 asana (Termina- 
 
 J. and S. angsana. 
 
 indicus 
 
 
 lia alata to- 
 mentosa) 
 tala 
 
 
 Borassus fla- 
 
 Ion tar 
 
 J. and S. lontar ; Bat. 
 
 belliformis 
 
 
 
 otal ; Mak. tala; Bu. 
 ta; Tag. tual. 
 
 Eugenia jam- 
 
 jambti 
 
 jambu 
 
 J.. S., Mak., and D. 
 
 bu, rose- 
 
 
 
 jambu; Bu. jampu; 
 
 apple 
 
 
 
 Tag. dambo ; Bat. 
 jambu-jambu, fringe ; 
 Bu. jambo - jambo, 
 fringe, plume. 
 
 Mangifera 
 
 mampelam 
 
 from Telugu, 
 
 J. pelem ; S. ampelem. 
 
 indica, 
 
 
 mampalam ; 
 
 
 mango 
 
 
 Sansk. maltii- 
 phala, ' ' great 
 fruit " 
 
 
 Spondias ray- 
 
 amra 
 
 amra \ th e 
 
 
 robolan (or 
 
 
 mango,il/an- 
 
 
 mangifera) 
 
 
 giferaindica); 
 am rata (Spon- 
 dias mangi- 
 fera) 
 
 
 Punica gra- 
 
 dalima 
 
 dadima and 
 
 
 natum, po- 
 
 
 dalima 
 
 
 megranate 
 
 
 
 
 Zizyphus ju- 
 
 bidara 
 
 vidara 
 
 J. widara ; S. bidara. 
 
 juba 
 
 
 
 
 Cucurbita la- 
 
 labd 
 
 alabu 
 
 S. labu; Bat. tabu-tabu; 
 
 genaria, 
 
 
 
 Malg. tawu. 
 
 gourd, _ 
 
 
 
 
 pumpkin 
 
 
 
 
 Tricosanthes 
 
 pat61a 
 
 patola 
 
 
 laciniosa 
 
 
 
 
 Cassia fistula 
 
 biraksa 
 
 vriksha (a tree) 
 
 
 Emblica offi- 
 
 malaka 
 
 amalaka (Emblic 
 
 S. malaka; Bat. mala- 
 
 cinalis 
 
 myrobalan) 
 
 kah. 
 
 _ . 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 25 
 
 Pdlas, paldsa, and paldsang are Malay names for trees of 
 different kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with 
 the Sanskrit paldsa (Butea frondosa, a tree which is held by 
 Hindus to be peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding 
 list affords several illustrations of a similar misuse of terms. 
 To it might be added several words borrowed from other 
 Indian languages, such as ndnas, pine-apple (Hind, ananas), 
 bilimbing (Tamul bilimbi), &c, &C. 1 
 
 Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words 
 expressive of the feelings and emotions of the human mind 
 which occur in Malay, and Arabic also furnishes several. 
 Either their synonymous native terms have been lost, or the 
 Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached 
 that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and 
 name the emotions he experiences and sees experienced by 
 others. Good and bad qualities, in the same way and for the 
 same reason, seem often to bear Sanskrit appellations. The 
 following list does not profess to be complete : 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Pleasure, to 
 
 suka 
 
 sukha 
 
 J., S., and D. suka. 
 
 be pleased 
 
 
 
 
 Joy, rejoiced 
 
 suka-chita 
 
 sukha-chit 
 (chit = 
 thought, the 
 heart) 
 
 
 Sorrow, grief 
 
 duka 
 
 duhkha (pain) 
 duhkha-chit 
 
 J. and S. duka. 
 
 Do. 
 
 duka-chita 
 
 
 Care, anxiety, 
 
 chinta 
 
 chinta (thought) 
 
 J. chipta; S. chinta; 
 
 concern 
 
 
 
 Mak. chita; D. and 
 Tag. sinta. 
 
 Passionately 
 
 berahl 
 
 virahin (suffer- 
 
 J. birahi. 
 
 in love 
 
 
 ing separa- 
 tion) 
 
 
 Angry 
 
 murka 
 
 murkha (stupi- 
 
 J. murka, greedy, dis- 
 
 
 
 dity) 
 
 satisfied. 
 
 Hope 
 
 fisa 
 
 aca 
 
 Tag. asa. 
 
 Love 
 
 Asmara 
 
 smara 
 
 J. and S. asmara. 
 
 Avarice, co- 
 
 16ba 
 
 lobha 
 
 Kw. loba, voluptueus, 
 
 vetousness 
 
 
 
 luxurious ; S. loba, 
 
 
 
 
 abundant. 
 
 1 J. nanas; S. Icanas ; Bat. honas; D. kanas; J. and S. bdlimbing ; Bat 
 baiiiigbiiiy. 
 
*6 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 English 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 buddhi 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 "Wisdom, un- 
 
 bftdt 
 
 J. and S. budi. 
 
 derstanding 
 
 
 
 
 Stupid, fool- 
 ish 
 Wise, learned 
 
 b6doh 
 
 abodha 
 
 J. and S. bodo. 
 
 pandei 
 
 pandita 
 
 J., S., and Bat. pandL 
 
 Lazy 
 
 malas 
 
 alasa 
 
 
 Charity, bene- 
 
 derma 
 
 dharma 
 
 J. and S. derma; Bat. 
 
 volence 
 
 
 
 dorma, means of gain- 
 ing affection. 
 
 Generous 
 
 dermawan 
 
 dharmavant 
 
 
 Fidelity 
 
 setla 
 
 satya 
 
 J. satya and secha ; S. 
 sacha. 
 
 Faith ful,loyal 
 
 setiawan 
 
 satyavant 
 
 
 Thought, to 
 
 sangka 
 
 yank a 
 
 
 think 
 
 
 
 
 To suspect, 
 
 tarka 
 
 tarka (doubt, 
 
 J. and S. tarka and 
 
 conjecture 
 
 
 reason) 
 
 terka. 
 
 Blaine 
 
 chela 
 
 chhala (fraud) 
 
 J. chela ; Mak. challa. 
 
 Misfortune, 
 
 chelaka 
 
 chhalaka (de- 
 
 J. and S. chelaka; Mak. 
 
 vile, base 
 
 
 ceiving, a de- 
 ceiver) 
 
 chilaka ; D. chalaka. 
 
 Sin, crime 
 
 ddsa 
 
 dush (to sin) 
 
 J., S., Bat., Mak., and 
 D. dosa. 
 
 False, untrue 
 
 dusta 
 
 dushta 
 
 
 Morir, meri- 
 
 pahala 
 
 phala (fruit, pro- 
 
 Kw. pahala, fruit, 
 
 torious ac- 
 
 
 duce, result) 
 
 merit. 
 
 tions 
 
 
 
 
 HappinesB, 
 
 bahagta 
 
 bhagya (lot, 
 
 J. bagya ; S. bagia ; Bat. 
 
 good for- 
 
 
 fate) 
 
 badiya. 
 
 tune 
 
 
 
 
 Use, value, 
 
 gun a 
 
 guna (quality) 
 
 J., S., Bat., Mak., and 
 
 quality 
 
 
 
 D. guna. 
 
 Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, 
 and an ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting 
 and the art of war may be looked for in a language like 
 Malay. But though the native terms are numerous, many 
 have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be 
 instanced the following : 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 27 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 ! 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Army 
 
 bala, balatan- 
 
 bala (an army), 
 
 J. and S. bala. 
 
 
 tra 
 
 tantra (series, 
 offspring) 
 
 
 Fort 
 
 k6ta 
 
 kuta 
 
 J. kuta; Bat. huta ; S., 
 Mak., D., Tag., and 
 Bis. kota. 
 
 Bastion, re- 
 
 malawati 1 
 
 balavati (strong, 
 
 
 doubt 
 
 
 powerful) ? 
 
 
 Weapon, arm 
 
 senjata 
 
 sajja (armour), 
 
 Kw. and Mak. sanjata ; 
 
 
 
 sajjata, readi- 
 
 Bat. sonjata ; D. san- 
 
 
 
 ness 
 
 data. 
 
 Bow 
 
 panah 
 
 vana (an arrow) 
 
 J., S., and D. panah; 
 Mak. pana; Tag. and 
 Bis. pana, arrow. 
 
 Dagger 
 
 kris 
 
 krit (to cut, to 
 
 J. and S. keris and kris; 
 
 
 
 kill) 
 
 Bat. horis ; Mak. ku- 
 risi ; Tag. and Bis. 
 kalis. 
 
 Discus 
 
 cbakra 
 
 ohakra 
 
 
 Club 
 
 gad a 
 
 gada 
 
 J. gada. 
 
 Cross-bow 
 
 gandi 
 
 gandi va 
 
 J. gandewa. 
 
 Pike 
 
 sanggamara 
 
 samgvama (war, 
 battle) 
 
 
 Knife 
 
 churlka 
 
 chhurikA 
 
 Kw. churika, a kris. 
 
 Enemy 
 
 satru 
 
 catru 
 
 J. and S. satru. 
 
 Battlefield 
 
 rana 
 
 rana (battle) 
 
 Kw. and S. rana. 
 
 Victory- 
 
 jaya 
 
 jaya 
 
 J. and S. jaya. 
 
 Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and 
 many of the terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, 
 are Sanskrit. Logan supposes the native Malayan institutions 
 to have been of a " mixed patriarchal and oligarchical " form. 2 
 Crawfurd was not satisfied that the terms alluded to proved 
 that Hinduism had exercised much influence on Malayan 
 government ; 3 but when to these is added a long catalogue of 
 words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will 
 probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an 
 important part in moulding the institutions of the Malays. 
 The following are some of the principal titles, &c, in use 
 about the court of a Malay Eaja : 
 
 1 Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from the Portuguese baludrte 
 a bulwark. 
 
 1 Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572. 
 
 3 Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation cciL 
 
*8 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 King 
 
 raja 
 
 raj 
 
 J., S., and Bat. raja. 
 
 Maharaja (a 
 
 maharaja 
 
 maharaja (a 
 
 
 title not 
 
 
 king, sove- 
 
 
 confined to 
 
 
 reign) 
 
 
 royalty, but 
 
 
 
 
 used also 
 
 
 
 
 by Malay 
 
 
 
 
 chiefs) 
 
 
 
 
 Adxraja (a 
 
 adiraja 
 
 adhiraja (the 
 
 
 title) 
 
 
 first or pri- 
 meval king, 
 epithet of 
 Manu and of 
 a son of Kuru) 
 
 
 King (reign- 
 
 baginda 
 
 bhagya (merit, 
 
 J. bagenda ; S. baginda* 
 
 ing mo- 
 
 
 happiness) 
 
 
 narch) 
 
 
 
 
 , Pad uka (a 
 
 paduka l 
 
 paduka (a shoe) 
 
 J. and S. paduka. 
 
 title of re- 
 
 
 
 
 spect used 
 
 
 
 
 in address- 
 
 
 
 
 ing persons 
 
 
 
 
 of rank) 
 
 
 
 
 Duli (a title 
 
 duli 
 
 dhuli (dust) 
 
 J. dull; Bat. daholi. 
 
 used in ad- 
 
 
 
 
 dressing 
 
 
 
 
 royalty) 
 
 
 
 
 Queen 
 
 permeisurl 
 
 paramecvarl (a 
 
 J. prameswari; S. per- 
 
 
 
 title of Durga, 
 
 masuri. 
 
 
 
 wife of Civa) 
 
 
 Prince 
 
 putra 
 
 putra (a son) 
 
 J. and S. putra. 
 
 Princess 
 
 putrl 
 
 putrl (a daugh- 
 ter) 
 mantrin (coun- 
 
 J. and S. putri. 
 
 Minister 
 
 mantrl 
 
 J. mantri; Mak. man- 
 
 
 
 cillor) 
 
 tari; S. mantri, a 
 minor official. 
 
 Chiefminister' 
 
 pardana-man- 
 
 tri 
 paramantri 
 
 pradhana 
 
 
 Councillor 
 
 para (highest) 
 
 
 Officer of the 
 
 sida-sida 
 
 siddha (priest, 
 learned man) 
 
 
 household 
 
 
 
 Warrior, 
 
 hulubalang 
 
 bala (army) 
 
 J. and Bat. hulubalang. 
 
 royal escort 
 
 
 
 
 1 These two words must have been originally used by Malays in the sense 
 which they bear in Sanskrit. "Unto the shoes of my lord's feet," or 
 "beneath the dust of your majesty's feet," are phrases in which paduka 
 and duli would immediately precede the name or title of the person 
 addressed. Being thus used always in connection with the titles of royal 
 or distinguished persons, the two wordshave been taken for honorific titles, and 
 are so used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them 
 high-sounding words. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 29 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Sage, royal 
 
 pandita 
 
 pandita 
 
 J. and S. pandita. 
 
 adviser 
 
 
 
 
 Laksamana 
 
 laksamana 
 
 lakhshmana 
 
 J. and S. laksmana. 
 
 (one of the 
 
 
 (the son of 
 
 
 officers of 
 
 
 Dacaratha 
 
 
 state) 
 
 
 by Sumitra) 
 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 bandahara 
 
 bhandagara 
 
 Mak. bandara; J. ben- 
 
 
 
 (treasure) 
 
 dara, master ; S. ban- 
 daran, custom-house. 
 
 Throne 
 
 singgahaaana 
 
 simhasana 
 
 Kw. and S. singasana. 
 
 Palace 
 
 astana 
 
 sthana (place, 
 whence the 
 Persian as- 
 tana, a thres- 
 hold, a fakir's 
 residence) 
 
 
 Crown 
 
 mak6ta 
 
 mukuta 
 
 J. and S. makuta ; Mak. 
 makota. 
 
 Royalinsignia 
 
 upachara 
 
 upachara (ser- 
 vice) 
 
 J. upachara. 
 
 Title of a 
 
 magat 
 
 magadha (the 
 
 
 chief who 
 
 
 sonofaVaicya 
 
 
 is of noble 
 
 
 byaKshatriya 
 
 
 blood on 
 
 
 woman) 
 
 
 one side 
 only 
 Officer (hero) 
 
 
 
 
 punggawa 
 
 pungava(abull; 
 
 J., S., and Mak. pung- 
 
 
 
 as latter part 
 
 gawa. 
 
 
 
 of compound 
 
 
 
 
 words, " ex- 
 
 
 
 
 cellent," e.g.y 
 
 
 
 
 nara-pun- 
 
 
 
 
 gava, an ex- 
 
 
 
 
 cellent war- 
 
 
 
 
 rior) 
 
 
 The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the intro- 
 duction into the Malay language of such terms as the follow- 
 ing, among others : 
 
3 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Country 
 
 negri 
 
 nagara and na- 
 
 garl 
 dica 
 
 J. and S. nagara. 
 
 District 
 
 desa 
 
 J., S., Bat., and D. 
 
 
 
 
 desa; Mak. dessa. 
 
 Tax 
 
 upatt 
 
 utpatti 
 
 J. and S. upeti. 
 
 Hall, court 
 
 balei 
 
 valaya (an en- 
 
 S. baU; D. balai, open 
 
 
 
 enclosure) 
 
 building ; J. baU, 
 bench ; Bat. bale, hut 
 on a king's tomb. 
 
 Examine, in- 
 
 prek 
 
 pariksha 
 
 J. priksa; Mak. paressa; 
 
 quire 
 
 
 
 D. j ariksa and riksa. 
 
 Cause, suit 
 
 bichara 
 
 vichara (consi- 
 
 Mak. and D. bichara; 
 
 
 
 deration, dis- 
 
 J. wichara; S. pichara. 
 
 
 
 cussion) 
 
 
 "Witness 
 
 saksi 
 
 sakshin 
 
 J.,S.,D.,Tag., andBia. 
 saksi. 
 
 Crime 
 
 dosa 
 
 dush (to sin) 
 
 J., S., Bat., Mak., and 
 D. dosa. 
 
 Insult, tres- 
 
 angk&ra 
 
 ahamkara (pride) 
 
 Kw. angkara. 
 
 pass 
 
 
 
 
 Injustice, op- 
 
 any ay a 
 
 anyaya 
 
 J. aniaya. 
 
 pression 
 Inheritance 
 
 
 
 
 pusaka 
 
 push (to possess) 
 
 J., S., and Mak. pusaka. 
 
 Action. 
 
 sanggeta 
 
 samketa (a p- 
 
 
 tiation 
 
 
 p ointment, 
 convention) 
 
 
 Proof 
 
 biti 
 
 vitti 'probabi- 
 
 Hty) 
 
 achara (conduct) 
 
 
 Cause, matter 
 
 achara 
 
 
 in dispute 
 
 
 
 
 Punishment .siksa 
 
 ciksha (learn- 
 
 J. and S. siksa; Mak. 
 
 
 
 ing) 
 
 sessa. 
 
 Fine 
 
 den da 
 
 danda 
 
 J. and S. denda; Bat. 
 dan gdang ; D. dan da. 
 
 Prison 
 
 panjara 
 
 panjara (a cage) 
 
 J. and S. kunjara ; Mak. 
 panjara; Bat. binjara, 
 a trap ; D. jara and 
 panjara, punished. 
 
 Punishment (of 
 
 druma 
 
 drub (to hurt 
 
 
 a disgrace- 
 
 
 
 
 ful kind 
 
 
 
 
 inflicted on 
 
 
 
 
 women) 
 
 
 
 
 Slave 
 
 s ah ay a 
 
 sahaya (com- 
 panion) 
 
 
 
 Free, liber- 
 
 mardahika 
 
 mridh (to par- 
 
 J. and S. mardika ; Bat. 
 
 ated 
 
 
 don?) 
 
 mardaekoh; Mak.,Bu., 
 and D. maradeka; Tag. 
 mahadlika. 
 
 Executioner 
 
 1 palabaya 
 
 para (exceeding) 
 
 
 
 I 
 i 
 
 bhaya (fear) 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 31 
 
 The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those 
 connected with the Hindu religion, and with the demon- 
 worship or spirit-worship, which was the earliest form which 
 the religious sentiment took among the Malay tribes. 1 After 
 the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad, the 
 traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the 
 aboriginal superstitions, and neither have been entirely obli- 
 terated by the cult which superseded them. The belief in 
 the power of malignant spirits to cause misfortune, sickness, 
 and death is still strong among the Malays, whose pawangs 
 or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by 
 spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke 
 benevolent spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other 
 Hindu deities, in complete ignorance that they are Hindu, 2 
 to counteract the evil influences of malevolent demons. 
 Practices of this sort prevail most generally in places re- 
 mote from Arab influence. 
 
 The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms 
 of Hinduism when they adopted a new religion. For instance, 
 putisa? abstinence, fasting (Sansk. upavdsa), is used to express 
 the annual fast of the Muhammadans during the month 
 Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their Sanskrit 
 names. 
 
 The following are some of the principal theological terms 
 which have passed from Sanskrit into Malay : 
 
 1 "The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and rivers with various 
 classes of spirits, their belief in which probably constituted their sole reli- 
 gion before the arrival of the Bramins." Crawford's Grammar, Dissertation 
 cxcix. 
 
 2 "The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their former belief not 
 as imaginary beings, but as real demons " (Ibid.), just as the early Christian! 
 regarded the classic gods, and attributed oracles to diabolical agency. 
 
 3 J., S., Male., D., and Bis. puasa ; Bat. puaso. 
 
1* 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Religion 
 
 agama 
 
 agama (sacred 
 
 J., S., Mak., Bu, and 
 
 
 
 science)! 
 
 D. agama. 
 
 Spiritual 
 
 guru 
 
 guru 
 
 J., S., Mak., Bat., and 
 
 guide 
 
 
 
 D. guru. 
 
 Praise, adora- 
 
 puji, puja 
 
 puj (to honour) 
 
 J. and S. puji, puja; 
 
 tion 
 
 
 puja (worship- 
 
 Bat. and Mak. puji; 
 
 
 
 ping) 
 
 D. mampuji; to invoke. 
 
 Religious pen- 
 
 tapa 
 
 tapas 
 
 J.,S.,Mak., D.,andBu. 
 
 ance 
 
 
 
 tapa. 
 
 Heaven 
 
 surga 
 
 svarga 
 
 J. suwarga ; S. surga. 
 
 Hell 
 
 naraka, patala 
 
 naraka, patala 
 
 J., S., Mak., and D. na- 
 raka ; S. patala. 
 
 Fast, absti- 
 
 puasa 
 
 upavasa 
 
 J., S., Mak., D., and Bis. 
 
 nence 
 
 
 
 puasa ; Bat. puaso. 
 
 Supernatural 
 
 saktl 
 
 cakti (strength, 
 
 power) 
 bhakti (worship, 
 
 J. and S. sakti. 
 
 power 
 Meritorious 
 
 bakti 
 
 J. and S. bakti. 
 
 service, me- 
 
 
 devotion) 
 
 
 rit 
 
 
 
 
 Sacred formu- 
 
 mantra 
 
 mantra 
 
 J. and S. mantra. 
 
 la, charm, 
 spell 
 Incense 
 
 
 
 
 dupa 
 
 dhupa 
 
 J.,S.,Mak.,Bu., andD. 
 
 
 
 
 dupa ; Bat. daupa ; 
 
 
 
 
 Tag. dupa-an, censer. 
 
 Incense (made 
 
 istanggi 
 
 ashtaka (a col- 
 
 S. istanggi; Mak. sa- 
 
 of eight in- 
 
 
 lection of eight 
 
 tanggi. 
 
 gredients) 
 
 
 things) 
 
 
 Ceuser(abam- 
 
 sangka 
 
 <jankha (conch- 
 
 
 boo split 
 
 
 shell used for 
 
 
 at one end, 
 
 
 libations) 
 
 
 and opened 
 
 
 
 
 out so as to 
 
 
 
 
 form a re- 
 
 
 
 
 ceptacle) 
 
 
 
 
 Trumpet 
 
 sangkakala 
 
 caiikha (conch- 
 shell used for 
 blowing as a 
 horn), kala 
 (time) 
 
 
 Protection, 
 
 sempana 
 
 sampanna 
 
 
 blessing, or 
 
 
 
 
 invocation 
 
 
 
 
 to secure 
 
 
 
 
 protection 
 
 
 
 
 1 "Agama in Sanskrit is 'authority for religious doctrine :' in Malay and 
 Javanese it is religion itself, and is at present applied both to the Moham- 
 medan and the Christian religions." Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Disserta- 
 tion cxcviiL 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 33 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Sati, self-sac- 
 
 bela 
 
 vela (sudden 
 
 J. and Bat. bela. 
 
 rifice on the 
 
 
 death) ? 
 
 
 tomb of a 
 
 
 
 
 lord or hus- 
 
 
 
 
 band 
 
 
 
 
 Recluse, de- 
 
 biktt 
 
 bhikshu (a reli- 
 
 Kw. wiku ; Siam. phiku, 
 
 votee 
 
 
 gious mendi- 
 
 a devotee, beggar. 
 
 
 
 cant) 
 
 
 Mystic words 
 
 Om, hong x 
 
 om (a mystic 
 
 J. hong. 
 
 prefixed to 
 
 
 word prefac- 
 
 
 prayers and 
 
 
 ing all pray- 
 
 
 invocations 
 
 
 ers) ; hum (a 
 mystic syl- 
 lable used in 
 incantation sj 
 
 
 Sacrifice, 
 
 humum 
 
 honia 'sacrifice) 
 
 
 burnt-offering 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 DEITIES, &0. 
 
 
 A god 
 
 batara 
 
 avatara (de- 
 
 J., S., Bat., and Mak. 
 
 
 
 scent) 
 
 batara ; Bis. batala, 
 idol. 
 
 Minor deity 
 
 dSwa, de*wata 
 
 deva, devata 
 
 J. and S. dewa, dewata ; 
 Mak. dewa, rewata ; 
 D. dewa; Bis. dia t 
 idol ; Bat. debata ; Bu. 
 dewata. 
 
 Do. (female) 
 
 dewl 
 
 devi 
 
 J., S., and Mak. dewi. 
 
 Names sup- 
 
 Brahma 
 
 Brahma (one of 
 
 
 posed by 
 
 
 the three prin- 
 
 
 Malays to 
 
 
 cipal Hindu 
 
 
 belong to 
 
 
 deities) 
 
 
 powerful 
 
 Bisnu 
 
 Vishnu (one of 
 
 
 spirits or 
 
 
 the three prin- 
 
 
 demons 
 
 
 cipal Hindu 
 
 deities) 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Sri Rama 
 
 Rama (the hero 
 of the Rama- 
 yana) 
 
 
 
 Ranjuna 
 
 Arjuna (the 
 third son of 
 Pandu) 
 
 
 
 Baruna 
 
 Varuna (the 
 deity of the 
 
 waters) 
 
 S. Baruna. 
 
 
 Maheswara 
 
 Mahecvara 
 
 
 
 Handuman 
 
 Hauumant (the 
 monkey chief 
 in the Rama- 
 yana) 
 
 Maharshi(asage 
 
 
 
 Mahareshi 
 
 
 
 
 of a pre-emi- 
 
 
 
 
 nent class) 
 
 
 1 I have found both these words used separately and distinctly by Pawangi 
 in the state of Perak. Baffles and Logan confused them. Journ. Ind. 
 Arch., i. 300 ; History of Java. ii. 369. De Backer mentions ong only 
 IV Arch i pel. Indien, 11 2- 
 
34 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 English. 
 
 Malay. 
 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Other Languages. 
 
 Supernatural 
 
 Indra 
 
 Indra (king of 
 
 Kw. Endra ; S. Indra. 
 
 beings 
 
 
 heaven) 
 
 
 
 Chandra 
 
 Chandra (the 
 moon) 
 
 J. and S. Chandra. 
 
 Nymph, god- 
 
 Bidyadarl 
 
 Vidyadharl (a 
 
 3. Widadari; Mak. Blda- 
 
 dess 
 
 
 female demi- 
 god) 
 
 dari. 
 
 DEMONS, &0. 
 
 Demon 
 
 jana, janu 
 
 jana (creature, 
 demon) 
 
 
 Malignant 
 
 bdta 
 
 bhuta 
 
 J. and S. buta; Mak. 
 
 spirit 
 
 
 
 bota. 
 
 Name of a 
 
 pancha - ma- 
 
 panchan (five) ; 
 
 
 particular 
 demon 
 
 ha-bdta 
 
 bhuta (ele- 
 
 
 
 ment) ; the 
 
 
 
 
 five elements 
 
 
 
 
 according to 
 
 
 
 
 the Hindus 
 
 
 
 
 are earth, fire, 
 water, air, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aether 
 
 
 A kind of de- 
 
 bdga 
 
 bhoga (a snake) 
 
 
 mon 
 
 
 
 
 Name of a 
 
 bujangga 
 
 bhujamga (a 
 
 J. bujongga; S. bujang- 
 
 particular 
 
 
 snake) 
 
 ga. 
 
 demon 
 
 
 
 
 ; An evil spirit 
 
 rakshasa 
 
 rakshasa 
 
 J. and S. rakmsa. 
 
 1 Ghost, goblin 
 
 hantu 
 
 hantu (death) 
 
 J. antu ; Bat. and S. 
 hantu ; D. hantu, 
 
 Spectre 
 
 badei 
 
 vadha (killing, 
 
 corpse. 
 
 (which 
 
 
 murder) 
 
 
 haunts the 
 
 
 
 
 scene of a 
 
 
 
 
 murder or 
 
 
 
 
 sudden 
 death) 
 A female who 
 
 
 
 
 bidu, biduan 
 
 vidhava (a 
 
 Bat. biduwan. 
 
 chants in- 
 
 
 widow) 
 
 
 cantations 
 
 
 
 
 Spell to cause 
 
 death 
 A demon 
 
 permaya 
 
 pramaya (death) 
 
 Bat. parangmayo. 
 
 danawa 
 
 danava 
 
 J. danawa. 
 
 A daitya or 
 
 ditya 
 
 daitya 
 
 Kw. ditya. 
 
 demon 
 
 
 
 
 A supernatu- 
 
 gargasi 
 
 karkaca (cruel), 
 
 J. gargasi, a large bird. 
 
 ral monster 
 
 
 or, perhaps, 
 from ugra, 
 very strong, 
 terrible, cruel 
 
 
 Magic 
 
 sastara 
 
 castra (science, 
 learning) 
 
 
 Magician, 
 
 sastarawan 
 
 castravant 
 
 
 sorcerer 
 
 
 (skilled in the 
 
 
 
 
 holy writings) 
 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 35 
 
 A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay 
 language has been enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in 
 their national or racial name. The origin of the word Malayu 
 (the native word from which we obtain our "Malay") has 
 been made the subject of some discussion by several authors. 
 Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word malaya, 
 while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word. 
 These views are summarised in the following extract from 
 the introduction to the Malay Grammar of the Abbe 
 Favre : 
 
 u Some authors, and particularly Dr. Ley den, whose autho- 
 rity in this matter is of great weight, derive the word malayu 
 from the Tamil male, which means ' mountain/ whence malaya, 
 'chain of mountains,' a word applied in Sanskrit to the 
 Western Ghauts. 
 
 " Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a 
 mere resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word malaya 
 and the name of the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify 
 this derivation. 1 
 
 " Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to 
 command belief, and has been regarded as not altogether un- 
 founded by M. Louis de Backer, who has recently published 
 a work on the Indian Archipelago. 2 
 
 "Another theory, which has the support of Werndly, 8 is so 
 far simple and rational that it seeks the etymology of this 
 word in the traditions of the Malays and in books written by 
 themselves. Thus, in a work which has the greatest authority 
 among them, and which is entitled Suldlates-saldtin, or Sejdrat 
 malayu, the following passage occurs : 
 
 " ' There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom 
 called Palembang, opposite to the island of Banka; a river 
 flows there which is still called Tatang, into the upper portion 
 of which another river falls, after having watered the spurs of 
 
 i Marsden's Malay Grammar, Introduction. 
 
 2 L'Archipel Indien, p. 53. 
 
 * Maleiscke Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. jrix. 
 
36 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay princes claim as the 
 cradle of their origin) ; the tributary is called Melayu, or 
 Malayu.' The meaning of this word is 'to flow quickly' or 
 1 rapidly,' from layu, which in Javanese as well as in the 
 dialect of Palembang signifies * swift, rapid ; ' it has become 
 laju, melaju, in Malay by the conversion of ^ into , a change 
 
 which is by no means rare in Malay, as it may be seen in 
 CL>f>- and ^jp-, 1 from the Sanskrit ayuta and yodi, and in 
 u^f>- jekadi, from the Arabic ^jj^ t yehudi, &c. 
 
 ** Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the 
 habit of settling along the banks of rivers and streams, 
 whence it comes that a great number of their towns have 
 taken the names of the rivers on or near which they are situ- 
 ated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way the country 
 situated near the river of which the current is rapid/ Sungei 
 Malayu, would take the name of Tanah Malayu, and the in- 
 habitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief 
 named Demang Lebar Daun) that of Orang Malayu, just as 
 the inhabitants of Johor and Pahang are called Orang Johor, 
 Orang Pahang; and their language is called Bahasa Orang 
 Malayu or Bahasa Malayu. 
 
 '* The name of Malayu thus applied to the people and to the 
 language spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun, 
 whose son-in-law, Sang Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau 
 or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire in the interior of 
 Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang 
 Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang 
 Nila Utama, married the daughter of the queen of Bentan, 
 and immediately founded the kingdom of Singapore, a place 
 previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant of his, 
 Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which 
 extended over a great part of the peninsula j and, after the 
 capture of Malacca by the Portuguese, became the empire 
 
 i The derivation of judi, gaming, from dyuta (game at dice), seems to 
 preferable to that adopted by M. Favre (following Van der Tuuk), who refers 
 >t to yodi, a warrior. 
 
 ii-a 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 37 
 
 Johor. It is thus that a portion of the Indian Archipelago 
 has taken the name of Tanah Malayu, 'Malay country.' 
 
 " One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was 
 married to the Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which 
 extended over the island of Java and beyond it ; and another 
 was married to the Emperor of China, a circumstance which 
 contributed not a little to render the name of Malayu or Malay 
 known in distant parts." 1 
 
 This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of 
 wide application, which is known wherever Malays have estab- 
 lished themselves, is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form 
 found only in Javanese and the dialect of Palembang. If the 
 arguments adduced in support of it are to apply, we must first 
 of all admit the very doubtful historical accuracy of the Sejarah 
 Malayu, from which they are drawn. 
 
 There is a Malay word, layu, which means " faded," " with- 
 ered," and it is only the exigency of finding a word applicable 
 to a river that makes it necessary to look for a derivation in 
 laju, swift. In this or some kindred sense the word laju is 
 found in Javanese, Sundanese, and Dayak; but why it should 
 give its name, in the form of layu, to a river in Sumatra, and 
 thence to the whole Malay race, is not very obvious. A river 
 named in consequence of its swift current would be called by 
 Malays Sungei Laju, not Sungei Malaju. Even if the derivation 
 of Malayu from melaju had the support of the Malays them- 
 selves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not 
 much, for instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful deri- 
 vation of Sumatra from semut raya, " large ant," which is given 
 by the author of the Sdjarah Malayu. 2 
 
 It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first 
 Malay raja, as historical. The name, " Maha-Meru," suffi- 
 ciently shows that we are upon mythological ground. The 
 story is as follows : Three young men descend from the 
 heavens of India (kaindra-an) upon the mountain Maha-Meru, 
 
 1 Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction, riii. 
 3 Leydeu's Malay Auuals, 65. 
 
38 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 on the slopes of which they meet two women who support 
 themselves by planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark 
 the advent of the strangers. The very corn in the ground 
 puts forth ears of gold, while its leaves become silver and its 
 stalks copper. One of the new-comers rides on a white bull, 
 and carries a sword called Chora (Sansk. kshura, a razor) sa- 
 mandang-kini. They are received by the natives of the district 
 (Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the bull becomes 
 king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor 
 kingdoms. 
 
 It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the 
 god Qiva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas, 
 Muhammadan Malays, the recipients of the old traditions, 
 have clothed their first raja. 
 
 Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the 
 
 gods, is placed by Hindu geographers in the centre of the 
 
 earth. Malaya is mentioned in the Puranas as a mountain in 
 
 which the Godavari and other rivers take their rise. The 
 
 white bull of Sang Sapurba is evidently the vahan of Qiva, 
 
 and the name of the sword bears a close resemblance to 
 
 manda-kini, the name given in heaven to the sacred Ganges, 
 
 which springs from the head of Qiva. Most of the incidents 
 
 in the story, therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this 
 
 gives great probability to the conjecture which assigns a 
 
 Sanskrit source to the word Malayu. The Straits of Malacca 
 
 abound with places with Sanskrit names. Not to speak of 
 
 Singha-pura, there are the islands of Langka-wi and Lingga 
 
 and the towns of Indragiri and Indrapura, &c. Sumeru (in 
 
 Java), Madura, Ayuthia (in Siam), and many other names, 
 
 show how great Indian influences have been in past times in 
 
 the far East. May it not be, therefore, that Malaya 01 
 
 Malayu 1 was the name by which the earliest Sanskrit-speak 
 
 1 Besides signifying a range of mountains, Malaya has the secondary mean 
 ing of "a garden." If the term was applied originally in reference to the 
 agricultural pursuits of the primitive tribes, it receives additional illustration 
 from the name given to one of the women whom Sang Sapurba meets on 
 Mount Maha-Meru, " Malini," a gardener's wife (Sansk.). 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 39 
 
 ing adventurers from India denominated the rude tribes of 
 Sumatra and the peninsula with whom they came in contact, 
 just as Jawi is the name given to Malays by the Arabs, the 
 term in either case being adopted by the people from those to 
 whom they looked up with reverence as their conquerors or 
 teachers ? According to this view, the introduction of a river, 
 Malayu, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an ex post facto way 
 of explaining the name, inserted with this object by the native 
 author of the Sdjarah Malayu. 
 
 If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mytho- 
 logical, it becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show 
 that the name of Malayu received additional celebrity from 
 the marriages of granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with 
 the Batara of Majapahit and the Emperor of China ! The 
 contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and other bar- 
 barian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves 
 but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China 
 once took a Malay princess as his wife. 1 
 
 From this subject it is natural to proceed to another dis- 
 puted etymology, namely, the origin of the word Jawi, which 
 is often used by the Malays for the word Malayu in speaking 
 of their language and written character, bahasajawi meaning 
 Malay language, and sural jawi a document written in Malay. 
 It is not necessary to go into all the various conjectures on 
 the subject, which will be found in the works of Marsden, 
 Crawfurd, Favre, and others. 
 
 Jawi is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance 
 with the rules of Arabic grammar from the noun Jawa, Java. 
 Just as from Makah, Meccah, is derived the word MaJck-i, of or 
 belonging to Meccah, so from Jawa, Java, we get Jawi, of or 
 belonging to Java. When this name was first applied to 
 Malays, the Arabs had not an accurate knowledge of the 
 ethnography of the Eastern Archipelago. Without very strict 
 regard to ethnical divergencies, they described all the brown 
 
 1 See Groeneveldt's Notes on the Malay Archipelago, compiled from 
 Chinese sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, ixxix. 
 
4o MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and 
 convenient term Jawi, and the Malays, who alone among 
 those races adopted the Arabic alphabet, adopted also the 
 term in speaking of their language and writing. 1 
 
 As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of 
 number, gender, or person, the connection of Jawi with Jawa 
 is quite unknown to the Malays, just as the second part of 
 the word senamald (sma-maki, senna of Meccah 2 ) is not sus- 
 pected by them to have any reference to the sacred city. 
 There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in Meccah, 3 
 where all are known to the Meccans indiscriminately as Jawi. 
 
 Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his 
 Malay Grammar to a discussion as to the origin and use of 
 the expression orang di-bawah angin, people below the wind, 
 applied by Malays to themselves, in contradistinction to orang 
 di-atas angin, people above the wind, or foreigners from the 
 West. He quotes from De Barros and Valentyn, and from 
 several native documents, instances of the use of these expres- 
 sions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin. 
 Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be 
 u native," and remarks that they are used by the Malays 
 alone of all the tribes in the Archipelago. A much more 
 recent writer characterises these terms as " Noms dont on ignore 
 encore la vraie signification" * 
 
 The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation 
 
 1 " Sawa, Jaioa, Saba, Jaba, Zaba, &c, has evidently in all times been 
 the capital local name in Indonesia. The whole Archipelago was compressed 
 into an island of that name by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time 
 of Marco Polo we have only a Java Major and a Java Minor. The Bugis 
 apply the name of Jawa, Jawaka (comp. the Polynesian Sawaiki, Ceramese 
 Sarcai) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of Battaland in 
 Sumatra is called Tanah Jawa. Ptolemy has both Jaba and Saba." Logan, 
 Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 338. 
 
 2 Senna (Cassia senna), as a medicine, enjoys a high reputation in India 
 and all over the East. In Favre's Malay-French Dictionary daun sena-maki 
 is translated feuilles de sine, no notice being taken of the last word ; but 
 Shakespear's Hindustani Dictionary has sena makk-i, "senna of Mecca.' 
 
 3 Burton's Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175. 
 
 4 De Backer, L'Archipel Indien. li. (Paris, 1874). 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 41 
 
 into that language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use 
 occur in the " Mohit " (the ocean), a Turkish work on navi- 
 gation in the Indian seas, written by Sidi al Chelebi, captain 
 of the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator, in the Eed 
 Sea. The original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of 
 Gujarat, in the last days of Muharram, A.H. 962 (a.d. 1554). 
 It enumerates, among others, " the monsoons below the wind, 
 that is, of the parts of India situated below the wind," among 
 which are " Malacca, Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and 
 Faiku (Pegu)." 1 
 
 TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed 
 from a foreign literature in comparatively modern times, and 
 which but imperfectly suits its sounds. With the introduction 
 of the Muhammadan religion, the Malays adopted the Arabic 
 alphabet, modified to suit the peculiarities of their language. 
 
 In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in 
 the manner of spelling many words. The accentuation of the 
 spoken dialect differs so much from Arabic, that it is difficult, 
 even for native writers, to decide when to write the long vowels 
 and when to leave them out. This is the point in which 
 diversity is most common. 
 
 Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman 
 character has to decide on what system he intends to render 
 the native language by means of our alphabet. The Malay 
 alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is obvious that ours will 
 not accurately correspond with it. It is open to him, if he 
 wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of 
 the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those 
 letters for which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss 
 the native alphabet from his mind altogether, and determine 
 to write the language phonetically. In a language, however, 
 1 Jo urn. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545. 
 
42 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he should, of 
 course, avoid the adoption of any system of spelling which 
 would disguise the true origin of words of foreign derivation. 
 
 Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own 
 method of writing among the Malays. They wrote Malay in 
 their own character (to the gradual supersession of any native 
 alphabet that may have previously existed), and this became 
 the alphabet of the Malays. 
 
 It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it 
 sufficient to do this in our own way, as those did who intro- 
 duced the Perso-Arabic alphabet, or must we also have regard 
 to the mode of spelling adopted by the latter ? 
 
 In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to 
 be necessary to burden the student with a system of translitera- 
 tion. The native character is not employed in this manual, 
 and there is, therefore, all the less occasion for using special 
 means for denoting peculiar native letters. It will be found 
 that the mode of spelling Malay words adopted by Marsden 
 has been followed in the main. 1 In this Introduction the long 
 vowels (that is, the vowels which are written in full in the 
 native character) are marked with a circumflex accent, but it 
 has not been thought necessary to adopt this system in the 
 body of the work. 
 
 Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short 
 sign, ". This is only for the purpose of assisting the student 
 in pronunciation, and does not represent any peculiarity in 
 the native character. 
 
 The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages 
 of the Continent of Europe. Final k is mute. 
 
 The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by 
 Malays of education, and the European student should get 
 the right sounds of the vowel ain and of the more peculiar 
 Arabic consonants explained to him. 
 
 1 In certain foreign words the hard k will be found to be denoted by a dot 
 under the letter, thus, k ; and the peculiar vowel sound represented in Arabio 
 by the letter ain is denoted by the Greek rough breathing '. 
 
MALAY MANUAL. 
 
 PART L 
 
 The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an 
 elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed 
 also that some of the hints and suggestions which it contains 
 will be of use to those who already have a colloquial know- 
 ledge of Malay, especially if this has been acquired from 
 Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of Malacca, not from 
 Malays themselves. 
 
 The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge 
 of the native character can hardly be dispensed with by those 
 who aim at a thorough acquaintance with the language. As 
 it abounds in idiomatic expressions, the study of native com- 
 positions is most important, and these are generally to be 
 found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is made 
 at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of 
 speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and 
 reliance is placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. 
 The student should divest himself of the expectation that 
 sentences may be formed in Malay on principles of construc- 
 tion which govern composition in European languages. An 
 elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a 
 learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, 
 of course, is to reproduce the phrases of his own language 
 with words of the new one. He may thus succeed in making 
 himself intelligible, but it need hardly be said that he does 
 not speak the language of the natives. Correctness of ex- 
 
44 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 pression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In this 
 manual cautions and hints will bo given, and, where possible, 
 absolute rules will be laid down, but these must not be re- 
 garded as complete. Instruction derived from books must be 
 supplemented by constant practice in speaking with Malays 
 not with Malay-speaking Asiatics of other nationalities before 
 idioms can be mastered. Until some facility in framing sen- 
 tences according to native idioms has been attained, and it 
 has been perceived how shades of meaning may be conveyed 
 by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the 
 European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay, 
 even with a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal. 
 A Dutch author justly remarks : " Malay is called a poor 
 language, and so it is, but not so much so as is often imagined, 
 certainly not as far as its vocabulary is concerned. That it 
 is often unable to furnish us with words for abstract ideas is 
 a deficiency which it has in common with all languages of the 
 Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have not 
 yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development. 
 Its richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the 
 existing dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts 
 which are known to us. When Malays are seated together 
 talking about various topics of everyday life, they are not in 
 want of words, and such conversations would, if noted down, 
 provide our present dictionaries with a good many supple- 
 ments, additions, corrections, and appendices." l 
 
 L THE ARTICLE. 
 
 There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which 
 corresponds exactly with our definite article the, or indefinite 
 article a, an. Kuda, horse, and orang, man, signify equally 
 "the horse" and "the man." When it is desired to specify 
 particular objects, the pronouns ini, this, itu, that, and yang, 
 
 1 Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische Spreekwoorden 
 en spreekwijzen. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 45 
 
 this which, or that which, are used. Si sometimes supplies 
 the place of the definite article when a person is spoken of; as 
 si-laki-laki, the man ; si-perampuan, the woman ; si-mati, the 
 deceased ; sirbonghok, the cripple. 
 
 The numeral satu, one, is often used as the indefinite article ; 
 as ada sa,' orang di negri Kedah, there was a man in the state of 
 Kedah j ini satu huda chantek, this is a beautiful horse. 
 
 n. SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words 
 into various parts of speech, according to the system applied 
 to European languages, consists in the number of words 
 which, while yet unmodified by particles, are either verb or 
 substantive, substantive or adjective, adjective or adverb, 
 according to the context. Baniah, as an adverb, means much, 
 as an adjective, many ; jalan is either a road or to walk ; 
 panjang either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing 
 occurs in English in a minor degree ; but with us the differ- 
 ence between cold and a cold, or between to brush and a brush, 
 is rendered distinct by the use of the article a and the particle 
 to. Many Malay words must thus be treated as now sub- 
 stantive, now adjective, now verb, according to the position 
 they occupy in the sentence. 
 
 The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, 
 or case. 
 
 Number. 
 
 The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, 
 is often indicated by the use of such words as baniah, many, 
 sumua, sa-kali-an, and sagala, all. 
 
 It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun ; as 
 raja, a king, raja-raja, kings; tuan, master, tuan-tuan, masters. 
 All nouns are not capable of this duplication. As a general 
 rule, it may be said to be mainly confined to nouns expressing 
 persons or animate objects. 
 
46 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural 
 is meant, the number remains indefinite, but may generally 
 be assumed to be plural In such phrases as menembak burong, 
 to shoot birds, mcmbSli hay am, to buy fowls, the substantives 
 are clearly plural, though nothing marks them as such. To 
 restrict the number, and show that one bird or one fowl is 
 meant, it would be necessary to use the word satu, one, with 
 the idiomatic term ekor (lit. tail), which is always used in 
 enumerating the lower animals ; as menembak sa'ekor burong, 
 to shoot a bird ; membSli sa'ekor hayam, to buy a fowl. 
 
 Gender. 
 
 Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in 
 the grammar of the language. Most nouns which signify 
 animate things are of both genders, and the sexes are dis- 
 tinguished by the addition, in the case of persons, of the 
 words laki-laki, male, and perampuan, female, and in other 
 cases of the words jantan, male, and betina, female. Jantan 
 and betina are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an 
 apparent exception is found in such words as putra, a prince, 
 and putri, a princess, derivation from a foreign language may 
 be suspected. The inflexion in the word just cited is due to 
 the rules of Sanskrit grammar. 
 
 Declension. 
 
 There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds 
 with the cases of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are 
 formed by changes of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, 
 which are formed by postpositions. In Malay the cases are 
 expressed, as in English, by prepositions : 
 
 To, ka, kapada, sama. From, deri, deri-pada. 
 
 For, akan. By, uleh. 
 
 With, dengan, sama. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 47 
 
 The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the 
 use of the word punya after the noun, or by placing the noun 
 which signifies the possessor immediately after the thing 
 possessed ; as sahaya, I ; sahaya punya, of me, mine j rumah, 
 house ; rumah punya, of the house ; sahaya punya rumah, or 
 rumah sahaya, my house. 
 
 The employment of the genitive with pimya is to be avoided. 
 It is more idiomatic to say rumah sahaya than sahaya punya 
 rumah. 
 
 Substantives are of five classes : 
 
 1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives ; as 
 arang, person j rumah, house ; kuda, horse ; bapa, father. 
 
 2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the 
 inseparable particle pe ; as pe-lari, a runaway ; peng-asuh, a 
 nurse ; pem-buru, a hunter ; pen-churi, a thief ; penyapu, a 
 broom. 
 
 3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination -an 
 co verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives ; 
 as makan-an, food ; manis-an, sweetness ; hampir-an, proximity ; 
 irus-an, a channel ; buah-an, fruit in general ; laut-an, the ocean. 
 
 4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle pe and 
 adding the termination -an; as pe-layar-an, a voyage; peng- 
 ajar-an, instruction ; pem-bunoh-an, slaying, execution ; pen* 
 dapat-an, acquisition ; pel-ajar-an, lesson ; per-uleh-an, posses- 
 sion ; per-mainan, amusement. 
 
 5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle ha- and 
 adding the termination -an ; as Jca-jadi-an, creation, origin ; 
 ka-baniak-an, generality ; ka-puji an, praise ; kasalah-an, guilt, 
 offence ; ka-koi'ang-an, want, deficiency. 
 
 m. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always 
 placed after their substantives; as kuda baik, & good horse; 
 mang jahat, a bad man ; not baik kuda, jahat orana. 
 
48 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 IV. PRONOUNS. 
 
 The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns 
 which are used for them presents some difficulty. 
 
 The following words may be used to express the first person 
 singular, /.* 
 
 i. Aku, I. 
 * 2. Sahaya (lit companion, slave ; Sansk. sahdya). 
 
 3. Hamba (lit. slave), or hamba tuan (lit. master's slave). 
 
 4. Perhamba (lit. lowest slave). 
 
 5. Beta (lit. slave). 
 
 6. Patek (lit. slave). 
 
 7. T&ui (lit. companion). 
 
 The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon 
 the relative positions of the persons between whom communi- 
 cation takes place. 
 
 Aku is generally used by natives among themselves. Its 
 use implies familiarity and equality. It should not be used 
 by Europeans addressing natives, or by natives addressing 
 Europeans. 
 
 Sahaya is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in 
 conversation with natives of all classes, and by natives of the 
 upper class in addressing Europeans. 
 
 Ha ba, ha ba tuan, and perhamba are used by persons of 
 inferior rank when addressing superiors. Hamba, if used by 
 a chief or native of high rank, implies a certain affectation of 
 modesty. 
 
 The use of beta is confined to literary composition, and it is 
 incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by 
 Europeans and natives. 
 
 Patek is used only by natives, and by them only when 
 addressing a person of royal blood. 
 
 TSman is used only in intercourse between natives of the 
 upper class and of approximately equal rank. 
 
 The first person plural is kita or kami, we. Kita is used 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 49 
 
 when the person addressed is intended to be included. Kami, 
 on the contrary, like the royal " we " in English, excludes the 
 person addressed. 
 
 Sometimes the word orang is added without changing the 
 signification ; as kita orang, we. 
 
 Other forms are also in use, but they are generally pro- 
 vincialisms confined to particular states or districts. Sahaya 
 apa, lata apa, and hamba tuan apa are used in Kedah, and 
 sahaya-ma in Perak, for Jcita orang. 
 
 Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to 
 avoid repetition. This is done especially in narration or 
 description ; as, for example, in the following sentence : Lepas 
 itu jalan pula ka-kampong singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun 
 sudah pUang langsong pulang ka-rumah makan nasi Afterwards 
 (I started) again (and) walked to the kampong, (and) stopped 
 at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it was evening, (I) 
 went straight home (and) had my dinner. 
 
 Here the personal pronoun lis understood throughout. 
 
 The second person singular is angkau, you. Each syllable 
 of this word may be used separately for the whole. Ang or 
 hang is much employed in Kedah and Perak, and kau in other 
 parts of the peninsula and in Borneo. In Perak mika, in 
 Malacca awah, in Borneo kita, and in Batavia kweh, are also 
 used. The preceding words are used by a superior addressing 
 an inferior, or by the common people in ordinary (not in polite) 
 conversation. 
 
 In polite conversation the use of angkau, or of most of the 
 words given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by 
 Malays to be vulgar or harsh. In addressing servants or 
 followers, the name of the individual addressed is often in- 
 serted in the sentence instead of the pronoun you ; as, in 
 addressing Ismail : When you were at the bazaar just now who 
 was with you 1 Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama ? In 
 the same way tuan, sir, master, is employed in addressing a 
 haji or sayyid; iuan-ku or tunku, my lord, in addressing a 
 raja; datoh, grandfather, in addressing a chief or penghulu. 
 
50 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Other words similarly employed are 
 Abang (elder brother) or wall (uncle), to a man older than 
 the speaker. 
 
 Kakak (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker. 
 
 Adek (younger brother). 
 
 Inche (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 When did you arrive ? (to a haji) Bila-mana tuan sudah tibaf 
 
 I must ask one thing of you (to a raja) Sahaya handak minta satu 
 
 kapada tunku. 
 If you give the order (to a chief) Jikalau datoh suroh. 
 Do not be angry (to an elderly man) Jangan abang marah. 
 Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks) Datoh-datoh, 
 
 tuan-tuan, inche- inche sakalian, sila berayer. 
 
 The use of the word lu, a form of the second person sin- 
 gular, derived from the Chinese, and generally used by Euro- 
 peans, is offensive to Malays of all classes, and is altogether 
 to be avoided. 
 
 In the plural Jeamu, ye, corresponds to angkau, you, in the 
 singular ; that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing 
 inferiors. It is found in its contracted form mu in literary 
 composition, but seldom colloquially ; as ka-tahitri tdeh-mu, be 
 it known unto ye. 
 
 Kamu is sometimes used in the singular also. 
 
 Third Person Singular, 
 
 Dia or iya, he, she, it. 
 
 Dia and iya are used indifferently, but perhaps dia is more 
 common in conversation and iya in literature. 
 
 The plural is dia orang (and sometimes, though less com- 
 monly, iya orang), they. 
 
 Another form of the third person plural is marika-itu, they, 
 these, or those persons ; but it is found in literary compositions 
 only, and is not used in conversation. 
 
 A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with 
 other words is -nia ? a contraction of inia, he, she, it. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 5 1 
 
 The indefinite form " one " (the French " on " and German 
 " man ") is expressed in Malay by orang ; as orang tiada berani 
 pergi sana, one dare not go there ; kalau orang handak kawin, 
 if one is about to marry. 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 The possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, our, your, their, are 
 usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the 
 word expressing the object possessed ; as rumah sahaya, my 
 house ; pada pikir-an hamba, in my opinion ; apa pen-chari-an 
 angkau ? what is your occupation ] apa nama dia ? what is 
 his name % 
 
 Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word punya or 
 ampunya (lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; 
 as aku punya, my or mine ; tuan punya suka, as you please 
 (your pleasure) ; yang ampunya tanah, (he) whose land it is. 
 
 Singular. 
 My, mine, sahaya punya. 
 Thy, thiue, angkau punya. 
 His, hers, its, dia punya. 
 
 Plural. 
 Ours, Jcita punya. 
 Yours, kamu punya. 
 Theirs, dia-orang punya. 
 
 Frequently where the word a your" would be used in Eng- 
 lish Malays leave out the pronoun altogether. " Bring your 
 gun with you," would be correctly rendered in Malay, bawu 
 snapang sama (lit. bring gun together), not bawa angkau punya 
 snapang sama angkau. 
 
 In literary composition hi and mu (abbreviated forms of aku 
 and kamu) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed ; 
 as rumah-ku, my house ; bapa-mu, your father. 
 
 The affix -nia is used in the sense of his, hers, or its, as well 
 as the other forms of the possessive pronoun j as patah kaki-nia, 
 his leg was broken; bauh-nia terlalu wangi, its smell is very 
 sweet. 
 
5 2 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Ini, this, these. Itu, that, those. 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the 
 word to which they belong ; as rumah ini, this house ; hari ini, 
 this day, to-day ; aku ini, I myself; sakarang ini, this moment ; 
 orang itu, that man or those men ; waktu itu, that time ; iya 
 itu, that is to say. It is not unusual to hear ini and itu placed 
 before the noun, but this is not idiomatic. 
 
 The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are 
 
 Siapa, who ? Apa, what 1 Mana, who 1 what f 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Apa mahu t What do you want ? 
 Rumah ini siapa t Whose house is this f 
 Siapa panggil ? Who called ? 
 Gajah mana ini f What elephant is this t 
 Siapa akan tahu t Who knows ? 
 
 The RELATIVE PRONOUN is 
 Yang, who, which. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Burong yang liyar, a bird that is wild. 
 Raja yang adil, a king who is just. 
 Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda, some are old and some 
 are young (lit. there are who are old, &c). 
 
 The Menangkabau word is nen. This is often found in 
 composition, but is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the 
 Straits of Malacca. Example : Patek nen fakir I who am but 
 a beggar. 
 
 am urn 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 53 
 
 REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Diri, sendiri, or kendiri, self, are used with or without the 
 personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, our- 
 selves, &c. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Bunoh diri, to kill oneself. 
 
 Mevg-ajar diri, to take oneself to task. 
 
 Hamba sendiri handak pergi, I shall go myself. 
 
 Baik tuan sendiri suroh, you had better order it yourself. 
 
 Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri, afterwards the king himself descended. 
 
 Dia lari masok hutan mcmbawa diri-nia, she escaped to the jungle with 
 
 her life (lit. taking herself with her). 
 Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri mc-lawan dia, let me fight him myselJ 
 
 alone. 
 
 V. VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are either primitive or derivative ; the former are 
 those which in their original signification are verbs ; the lattei 
 are formed from primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjec- 
 tives, or adverbs, by the application of particles. 
 
 Examples of primitive verbs are jpukul, to strike ; rnakan, to 
 eat ; lari, to run ; of derivative verbs, ber-kaki, to have feet, 
 from kaki, a foot ; panjang-kan, to lengthen or make long, from 
 panjang, long. 
 
 The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is 
 either transitive, as tangkap, to seize, or intransitive, as tidor, 
 to sleep ; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransi- 
 tive verb by the addition of the particle -kan, as lari, me-lari, to 
 run ; me-lari-kan, to carry off. 
 
 Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are 
 translated for the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their 
 signification is not necessarily rendered by that mood. Fa\ re 
 translates them by the past participle (as ambil, taken, buang, 
 thrown 1 ), but this is rather fanciful than accurate. The fact 
 
 1 Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56. 
 
54 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 is, that the meaning of the radical or primitive is indefinite, 
 and depends for its precise signification on its position (with 
 respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the particles 
 which may be added before or after it. Thus lari means 
 simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run, 
 I run, he runs, run thou, &c, according to its position in the 
 sentence. 
 
 Marsden distinguishes the following moods the imperative, 
 
 the indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive 
 
 or indefinite "which admit, for the most part, of being ex- 
 
 1 in the present, the past, and the future tenses or 
 
 times." 
 
 It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, 
 to go deeply into a scientific arrangement, which, however 
 well suited to the Latin and Greek languages, is adapted with 
 less propriety to uncultivated languages like Malay. It is 
 believed that an explanation of the use of auxiliaries and 
 particles, and a paradigm showing the most common changes 
 of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that 
 the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the 
 mode of expressing variations of mood and tense as he ad- 
 vances in the study of the language. 1 
 
 Use of Particles. 
 
 The inseparable affix -lean always denotes a verb used in a 
 transitive sense ; as men-jalan-kan, to cause to walk. It is an 
 abbreviation of the preposition akan. Thus buat-kan (to do) 
 means to do something to (akan) something or somebody. 
 
 The inseparable affix -i also denotes the transitive sense ; as 
 
 1 " It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the forms in which we think 
 are identical with the thought itself; and it is only linguistic science that 
 enables us to see that many of the forms of grammar which we imagine 
 necessary and universal are, after all, but accidental and restricted in use. 
 The cases of I&tin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages ; the 
 Polynesian dialects have no true verbs ; aud the Esquimaux gets on well 
 enough without 'the parts of speech' that figure so largely in our own 
 grammars." Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language, ii. 328. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 55 
 
 kras-i, to oppress (from kras, hard) ; halus-i, to treat carefully 
 (from halus, fine, close). 
 
 The inseparable prefix her- (bel-, be-) is the mark of a verb 
 which expresses a state or condition of being; as ber-jalan, to 
 walk, or to be in the act of walking ; ber-wang, to have money; 
 ber-misei, to wear moustaches; ber-pukul, to strike, i.e., to be 
 in the act or condition of striking (not to strike another, 
 transitive, which would be expressed by jpukul- or me-mukul- 
 kan). 
 
 The inseparable prefix me- (in all its various forms, mem, 
 meng, men, and meny) is the mark of a verb which expresses 
 an action ; as men-jalan-kan, to cause to walk ; mem-buat, to 
 make ; menyakit-kan, to afflict (from sakit) ; meng-ambil, to 
 take. 
 
 According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intran- 
 sitive sense, the derivative verbs formed from it will take ber- 
 or me- as the case may be. Thus from adu, to sleep, is formed 
 ber-adu, not meng-adu; while from adu, to complain, is formed 
 meng-adu, not ber-adu. 
 
 Often both particles may be used, and both transitive 
 and intransitive derivative verbs may be formed from the 
 same primitive. Thus from taroh, to put, are formed menaroh, 
 to put (the act of a person who puts), and ber-taroh, to bet 
 (the condition of a person who stakes). From tidor, to sleep, 
 are formed menidor-kan, to put to sleep, and ber-tidor, to be 
 sleeping or lying down ; and from ajar, instruct, meng-ajar, 
 to teach (impart instruction), and bel-ajar, to learn (get in- 
 struction). 
 
 Mem-bawa, to bring, mem-bunoh, to kill, and me-makan, to 
 eat, are formed from bawa, bunoh, and makan respectively, 
 which, as they express actions, not states, do not take the 
 prefix ber-. Ber-gantong is to hang (intransitive), that is, to 
 be in a state or condition of hanging ; meng-gantong-kan is to 
 hang (transitive), that is, to perform the action of hanging 
 something. 
 
 The particle per- (Sansk. pra), a prefix used with transitive 
 verbs, does not seem always to effect a change in the sense. 
 
5<> 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 It is used more generally in literature than in the colloquial 
 dialects, and seems to be introduced frequently for the sake 
 of euphony only. The difference, for instance, between rneng- 
 himpun-kan, to assemble, to collect persons together, and mem- 
 2ier-him})U)i-kan, to cause persons to collect together, is not 
 very marked. No general rule applicable to all transitive 
 verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with member- ; 
 practice and experience must form the only guide. 
 
 Auxiliaries. 
 
 The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are 
 
 Ada, is, was, are, were. 
 
 Sudah, was, did, has been. 
 
 Telah, was, did, has been. 
 
 Mdhu, will, shall, would, must. 
 
 Handak, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to. 
 
 Jadi, is, was, become, became. 
 
 PARADIGMS. 
 
 Tidor, sleep. 
 
 Sahaya tidor, I Bleep, or I was 
 
 sleeping. 
 Tidor I ah dia, he was sleeping 
 
 or Blept. 
 Ber-tidor, asleep, sleeping. 
 Sahaya swlah tidor, I have slept. 
 Dia telah tidor, he had slept. 
 Sahaya mahu tidor, I will sleep, or 
 
 I want to sleep. 
 Sahaya handak tidor, I shall sleep, 
 
 or I am about to sleep. 
 Dia alcan tidor, he will sleep or is 
 
 going to sleep. 
 Tidor-lah, sleep thou. 
 Mahu-lah angkau tidor, you must 
 
 sleep. 
 Biar iya tidor, let him sleep. 
 JJandak~la.h di-tidor-nia, it must be 
 
 slept by him, i.e., he intends to 
 sleep. 
 
 Menidor - kan or menidor-i, to lay 
 
 down (transitive). 
 Mem-per tidor Jean or mem per- 
 
 tidor-i, to cause to sleep. 
 Penidor, a soporific ; that which 
 
 causes to sleep. 
 Penidor-an, act of causing to sleep. 
 Per-tidor-an, that which belongs to 
 
 sleep ; a bed. 
 Ka-tidor-an, the act of sleeping ; there 
 
 was sleeping on the part of . 
 
 Sa-ka-tidor-an, the act of sleeping 
 
 with another ; there was Bleeping 
 
 with . 
 
 Si- tidor, the sleeper. 
 Ter tidor, gone to sleep. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 57 
 
 Lari, run. 
 
 Sahaya lari, I run, or I was run- 
 ning. 
 
 Lari-lah dia, he ran, or was running. 
 
 Ber-lari, run, running. 
 
 Ber-lari-lari, running about inces- 
 santly. 
 
 Sahaya sudah lari, I have or had 
 run. 
 
 Dia tclah lari, he had run. 
 
 Sahaya mahu lari, I will run, or I 
 want to run. 
 
 Sahaya handah lari, I will run, or 
 I am about to run. 
 
 Dia akan lari, he will run. 
 
 Lari-lah, run thou. 
 
 Mahulah angkau lari, you must 
 run. 
 
 Biar iya lari, let him run. 
 
 Uandalc-lah di lari-nia, it must be 
 run by liim, i.e., he intends to 
 run. 
 
 Me-lari-Jcan, to carry off (transi- 
 tive). 
 
 was 
 
 Lari-an, a running, a course. 
 Ber-lari-an, the act of running ; 
 
 there was running on the part 
 
 of . 
 
 Bcr-lari-lari-an, incessant runnin 
 
 running to and fro ; there 
 
 incessant running on the part 
 
 of . 
 
 Ka-lari-an, flight ; act of running. 
 Pe-lari, a runaway, a fugitive. 
 Pe-lari-an, flight. 
 Di-lari-htn (passive), is, are, was, 
 
 were, have, has, or had been run 
 
 away with. 
 Di-lari-kan-nia, is, are, was, were, 
 
 have, has, or had been run away 
 
 with by him, her, or them. 
 Ter-lari, run, run away (past). 
 Bawa lari, to carry off, run off with. 
 
 (Here lari is the past participle 
 
 after bawa, to take, bring, and 
 
 may be used with that verb in all 
 
 its forms.) 
 
 Ada, be. 
 
 Sahaya ada, I am or was. 
 Ber-ada, have (possess.), has or had. 
 Mengada, to cause to be, to make, 
 
 invent. 
 Sudah ada, have got, have been. 
 Tclah ada, was, have been. 
 Mahu ada, -must be. 
 Meng-ada-ngada, to make or invent 
 
 repeatedly. 
 
 Meng-ada kan, to create, to cause 
 
 to exist. 
 Ber-ada-kan, possess, own. 
 M em-per-ada-kan, to produce, to 
 
 cause to exist. 
 Ter-ada-kan, produced, created. 
 Ada-an, being, existence. 
 Ka-ada-an, state, existence. 
 
 Bawa, 
 
 as bring- 
 
 Sahaya bawa, I bring or 
 
 ing. 
 Mem-bawa, bring, to bring. 
 Sudah bawa, has brought. 
 Telah bawa, bad brought. 
 Mahu bawa, will or must bring. 
 
 bring. 
 
 Aku handak bawa, I will bring, or 
 
 am about to bring. 
 Bawa-lah, bring thou. 
 Biar iya bawa, let him bring. 
 Mem-bawa-kan or inem-bawa-i, tc 
 
 cause to be brought nr taken. 
 
iS 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Pem-bawa, a briuger. 
 
 Intwa-an, that which is brought ; a 
 burden. 
 
 Pem-baxca-an, act of bringing, trans- 
 port, [passive. 
 
 Di-baxoa and di-bawakan, brought, 
 
 Di-baiva-nia and di-baxoa -lean -nia, 
 is, are, was, were, have, has, ot 
 had been brought by him, her, 
 or them. 
 
 Ter-bawa, brought. 
 
 Ambil, take. 
 
 Sahaya ambil, I take. 
 
 Men >j ambil, take, to take. 
 
 Sudak ambil, has or had taken. 
 
 Telah ambil, had taken. 
 
 Mahu ambil, will or must take. 
 
 Handalc ambil, shall take or about 
 
 to take. 
 Ambil-lah, take thou. 
 Mahu-lah angkau ambil, you must 
 
 take. 
 Biar iya ambil, let him take. 
 
 llainbih-lah di ambil-nia, he must 
 
 take or intends to take. 
 Meng-ambil-kan, to take or cause 
 
 to take. 
 Ambil -an, a thing taken. 
 Peng-ambil-an, the act of taking. 
 Di-ambil or di-ambil-Jcan, is or was, 
 
 &c, taken (passive). 
 Di-ambil-nia or di-ambil-kan-nia, 
 
 is or was, &c, taken by him, her, 
 
 or them. 
 Ter-ambil, taken, having been taken. 
 
 Suroh, order. 
 
 Sahaya suroh, I order. 
 Menyuroh, order, to order. 
 Sudah suroh, has ordered. 
 Telah suroh, had ordered. 
 Mahu suroh, will or must order. 
 flandak suroh, shall order or about 
 
 to order. 
 Suroh-lah, order thou. 
 Mahu-lah angkau suroh, you must 
 
 order. 
 Biar iya suroh, let him order. 
 HandaTc-lah di suroh-nia, he must 
 
 order or intends to order. 
 Menyuroh-kan, to issue orders, to 
 
 commission. 
 
 Pe-suroh and penyuroh, one who is 
 
 commissioned ; a messenger. 
 Penyuroh-an, an order, command ; 
 
 the act of commanding. 
 Suroh - suroh-an, people who are at 
 
 the orders or command of another. 
 Suroh-menyuroh, to issue orders 
 
 incessantly. 
 Di-suroh or di-suroh-kan, is or was, 
 
 &c, ordered. 
 Di-suroh-nia or di-suroh-kan-nia, 
 
 is, or was, &c, ordered by him 
 
 her, or them. 
 Ter-suroh, ordered, having been 
 
 ordered. 
 
 The facts to be derived from a careful study of the fore 
 going examples may be summarised as follows : 
 
 i st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It 
 may be present, imperfect, present or past, &c, according to 
 the context; as diet, ada, he is; tatkala sahaya ada di sana, 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 59 
 
 when I was there ; kalau sahaya ada debit, if I am, should be, 
 were, or had been near. This applies equally to the forms 
 created by prefixing her- and me-, mem-, men-, meng-, meny- 
 to the radical. Examples : kita ber-jalan, we are or were 
 walking; nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik, wait till I shall have 
 returned ; mati-mati ber-minyak, if you should use oil ; raja 
 meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu, the raja set out the day before 
 yesterday. 
 
 2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making 
 the verb, followed by the particle -lah, precede the pronoun j 
 as diam-lah dia orang, they were silent; mdka pergi-lah raja 
 kapada tuan putri, and the king went to the princess. 
 
 3d. Past. Though the past may be expressed by the 
 primitive verb, as shown above, if the context shows that the 
 act spoken of is past, it is, nevertheless, more emphatically 
 marked by the use of the auxiliaries sudah and telah, has or 
 had ; as dia sudah tidor, he has gone to sleep ; telah lari-lah 
 pe-rompah sumua, the pirates have (or had) all run away. 
 
 4th. Future. The verb standing alone may express the 
 future when there is something in the sentence which indicates 
 that a future tense is meant, such as the word " to-morrow " 
 or " hereafter ; " as esok hari kita ber-perang pula, to-morrow we 
 shall be fighting again. 
 
 The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries mahu and 
 handak ; as dia mahu jual, he will sell it; tiada mahu dia 
 datang, he would not come ; kapal handak masok sungei, a ship 
 is about to enter the river; di-panggil-nia orang -besar-besar 
 mushawarat handak di-buat meligei, he summoned the chiefs to 
 consult about building a palace. 
 
 Another mode of forming the future is by the word nanti 
 (lit. wait), placed, like the French verb alter, before the verb; 
 as sahaya nanti chahari, je vais chercher, I am going to seek, or 
 j'irai chercher, I shall go to seek. 
 
 The preposition akan, in order to, in order that, is some- 
 times used to convey the sense of the future ; as penyakit itu 
 tiada akan semboh, that disease is not to be cured ; siapa akan 
 
60 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 tahu? who shall know? (= who can tell?); jikalau raja yang 
 anyaya naraka alcan tampat-nia, if a king is unjust hell will be 
 his place hereafter. 
 
 5th. Imperative. To convey an order or command the 
 radical is used either by itself or with the affix -lah ; Icamu, 
 thou, being either expressed or understood. The particle adds 
 additional emphasis to the command. Examples : pergi, go; 
 pergi-lah, be off, get away; ka-luar or ka-luar-lah, go out; ka- 
 luar-hmlah, take (it) out, or turn (him) out. 
 
 Mahu and handak with the affix -lah signify must; as 
 malm/ah Icamu, turut, ye must obey; handak-lah ay am yang 
 puteh, there must be a fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be 
 a white one ; handak-lah segala pegawei raja itu duduk dengan 
 adab dan dim, the king's officers must sit with reverence and 
 in silence. 
 
 The third person of the imperative mood, which we express 
 by " let him," may be rendered in Malay by the use of the 
 word biar or biar-lah, with the verb in the manner shown by 
 the following examples : Biar-lah dia masok, let him come in; 
 biar- lah aku mati, let me die. 
 
 6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefix, 
 ing the particle pe- (peng, pern, pen, peny) to the radical. This 
 prefix operates like the syllable -er in such words as robber, 
 purchaser, teacher; as churi, to steal; pen-churi, a robber; 
 bSli, to buy ; pem-bUi, a purchaser ; ajar, to teach ; peng-ajar, a 
 teacher. Substantives of this kind and others formed from 
 the verb with the particles ka- and -an have already been 
 noticed under the head of the Substantive. But the form 
 arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb the particle ka- and 
 annexing the particle -an is not merely a noun, but, as Mars- 
 den says, " a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in fact 
 a verbal noun infmitively applied in construction ; " as, ka- 
 dengar-an sampei Sayong, it was to be heard as far as Say on g; 
 tiada ka-tahu-an, not to be understood ; mata-hari tiada ka-lihal- 
 an sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia, the sun was not to be seen 
 by reason of the shadowing of its wings. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 6 T 
 
 7 th. Passive. In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the 
 particle di- prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns 
 which express the agent and subject respectively will be 
 understood from the following examples : 
 
 Hamba di-pukul orang, I was beaten by men. 
 
 Orang di-puhul hamba, the men were beaten by me. 
 
 Rumah di-makan api, the house was consumed by fire. 
 
 Api di-padam-kan orang, the fire was extinguished by men. 
 
 Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb 
 and the subject precedes it. 
 
 Sometimes the preposition u by " finds an equivalent in 
 Malay, the word uleh being expressed instead of being under- 
 stood (as in the preceding sentences). Examples : 
 
 Maha uleh baginda pun dirsambut dengan seperti b,dat, they 
 were received by the king with the customary ceremony. 
 
 Di-titali-kan-lah uleh baginda, it was commanded by the king. 
 
 The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb 
 the inseparable particle ter- ; as ter-pukul, struck j ter-tulis, 
 written. When ter- precedes per-, one of the particles drops 
 its final letter ; as te-per-sayang, compassionated ; ter-pe-lantmg, 
 sent flying. 
 
 Other forms of the Verb. In the preceding paradigms gene- 
 rally those changes have been inserted which result from the 
 application of inseparable particles. But there are moods and 
 tenses of the English verb which are translatable in Malay, 
 though they are not included above because they involve the 
 use of other words, which, though united to the verb in con- 
 struction, do not form part of it. 
 
 Conditional or Potential. In expressing a conditional or 
 potential sense the verb undergoes no change, though follow- 
 ing such conjunctions as "if," "provided that," "in order 
 that;" as jika tuan datang, if you come; Tcalau raja me-larang, 
 if the king should forbid ; dapat kami ber-untong, provided we 
 are successful ; sapaya jangan hamba kena rugi, in order that I 
 may not incur a loss ; agar sapaya anak-nia menjadi 'alrn, in 
 order that his children may become learned. 
 
 Optative. An optative sense is generally indicated by sucb 
 
62 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 words as apa-lah, apa-lah Tdra-nia, prithee, expressions of 
 entreaty, or garangan. forsooth, conveying the notion of a 
 doubt or query; as barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira- 
 nia, may God in his goodness cause it to arrive. But some- 
 times these are understood ; as di-bri Allah kamarau sadikit, 
 may God grant a little fair weather. 
 
 Participle Present. Continuity or existing duration of action 
 is often expressed by the use of such words as lagi, still more, 
 sambil, seraya, and serta, whilst at the same time the verb 
 remains unaltered in form ; as lagi datang, coming ; lagi 
 tidor, sleeping or still asleep; ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum, 
 walked on smiling; meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia, 
 made obeisance, at the same time wiping away her tears. 
 
 Tengah, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a simi- 
 lar way ; as dia tengah makan nasi, he was in the act of eatin 
 his dinner. 
 
 VL ADVERBS. 
 
 Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing 
 termination corresponding to the English -ly or the French 
 ment. Many adjectives and some prepositions are used ad- 
 verbially. 
 
 The following are some of the most useful adverbs : 
 
 sakarang, now. 
 tadi, just now. 
 dahulu, before, formerly. 
 sa'buntar, presently. 
 belum, not yet. 
 pagi-pagi, early. 
 esok, besok, to-morrow. 
 kalmarin, 1 yesterday. 
 tatkala, sa-katika, when (rela- 
 tive), 
 kemdian, afterwards. 
 
 1 In Perak kalmarin means 
 
 Adverbs of Time. 
 
 pernah, ever. 
 
 ta'pernah, never. 
 
 sedang, while. 
 
 kadang, sometimes. 
 
 apa-bila, apa-kala, bila-mana, 
 bila, when 1 (interrogative). 
 
 kalmarin dahulu, the day be- 
 fore yesterday. 
 
 lusa, the day after to-mor- 
 row. 
 
 tulat, the third day from this, 
 
 formerly." Petang is " yesterday." 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 63 
 
 Adverbs of Place. 
 
 rini, ka-mari, here. 
 
 situ, sana, nun, there. 
 
 mana, where, wherever (rel.). 
 
 di-mana, where ? (inter.). 
 
 hampir, near, nearly. 
 
 luar, outside. 
 
 dalam, inside. 
 
 saberang, across. 
 jauh. far. 
 atas, above. 
 bawah, below. 
 sabelah, beside. 
 balik, behind. 
 dekat. near. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 bagini, like this. sahaja, only. 
 
 bagitu, like that, makin, so much the more. 
 
 bageimana, how I naschaya, certainly. 
 
 ya, yes. tidak, no. 
 
 bukan, no, not. ientu, certainly. 
 
 Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in 
 Lesson 4. 
 
 Among the examples above given several are also preposi- 
 tions, and will be found under that heading. 
 
 VII. PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 The principal prepositions of place and motion are di, at, 
 in, on j ka, to, towards ; deri, from. A great many so-called 
 prepositions are formed from these three compounded with 
 certain other words, such as : 
 
 di-atas, on the top of. 
 ka-atas, to the top of. 
 deri-atas, from the top of. 
 di-dalam, in the interior of. 
 ka-dalam, to the interior of. 
 deri-dalam, from the interior 
 
 of. 
 di-lSlakang, at the back of. 
 
 ka-bglakang, to the back of 
 deri-b&lakang, from the back of. 
 di-sabei'ang, on the farther side 
 
 of. 
 ka-saberang } to the farther side 
 
 of. 
 deri-saberang, from the farther 
 
 side o 
 
64 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE 
 
 di-bawah, at the bottom of. 
 ka-bawah, to the bottom of. 
 dtvi-bawah, from the bottom of. 
 di-hadap-an, in front of. 
 ka-hadap-an, to the front of. 
 
 deri-hadap-an, from the front 
 
 of. 
 di-laar, at the outside of. 
 Ica-luar, to the outside of. 
 deri-luar, from the outside of. 
 
 These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are 
 often classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three 
 initial words. 
 
 Atas, bawah, dalam, kadap-an, bSlakang, luar, and saber ang here 
 are really substantives governed by the prepositions di, Jca, and 
 deri. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of 
 classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech 
 usually recognised by grammarians. Dalam, for instance, has 
 already been classified in the preceding section as an adverb. 
 It is also substantive, adjective, and preposition. 
 
 Dalam (subs.), interior, depth ; as penghulu dalam, the guardian of the 
 interior (inner apartments) ; dalam-nia tiga depa, its depth is three 
 fathoms. 
 
 Dalam (adj.), deep ; as ter-lalu dalam sungei ini, this river is very deep. 
 
 Dalam (adv.), inside ; as ada orang dalam, there are people inside. 
 
 Dalam (prep.), in ; as Jcain yang dalam gZdong itu, cloth in that ware- 
 house. 
 
 In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immedi- 
 ately follows the substantive denoting the possessor (supra, 
 p. 47). In the sentences btlakang gunong, the back of the 
 mountain ; hadap-an raja, the presence of the king ; saberang 
 sungei, the farther side of the river, all the words are sub- 
 stantives, gunong, raja, and sungei being in the possessive case. 
 
 Now let the prepositions di, ka, and deri be added to these 
 sentences. 
 
 Di-telakang gunong, at the back of the mountain, may be 
 more shortly translated behind the mountain ; so ka-hadap-an 
 raja may be rendered before the king, and deri-saberang sungei 
 from beyond the fiver. 
 
 Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases di-beiakang, 
 ka-hadap-an, and deri-saberang are correctly rendered by English 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAf LANGUAGE. 
 
 5 
 
 prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay 
 preposition. 
 
 Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief : 
 
 pada, kapada, at, to, on, to- 
 wards. 
 deri-pada, from, than. 
 akan, to, for, as to, as for. 
 uleh, by. 
 atas, on, upon. 
 datang, ) 
 
 sampei, > until, as far as. 
 hingga, J 
 antara, between. 
 samantara, untiL 
 ganti, instead of. 
 balik, behind. 
 serta, with. 
 
 sama, with, to. 
 
 dengan, with. 
 
 dalam, in, into. 
 
 Upas, after. 
 
 karana, ) 
 
 krana, \ on account of. 
 
 sebab, } 
 
 sa-Jcadar, according to 
 
 demei, by. 
 
 d&kat, near. 
 
 tentang, concerning, opposite. 
 
 bagi, to. 
 
 trus, through. 
 
 Vm. CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 The following list includes the most useful of the conjunc- 
 tions in Malay : 
 
 dan, and. 
 
 atau, or. 
 
 kalau, ) 
 
 tetapi, but. 
 
 jika, \ if. 
 
 me-lain-kan, except. 
 
 jikalau, ^ 
 
 hania, but, except. 
 
 antah, ) , 
 
 ' > perhaps. 
 kunun, j 
 
 yang, that. 
 kelak, forsooth 
 
 sapaya, in order that. 
 
 juga,jua, also. 
 
 pula, also, again. 
 
 sahaja, only. 
 
 sambil, 1 wut 
 selang, j 
 
 lagi, again, even. 
 
 lagipula, again too. 
 
 seraya, at the same time. 
 
 lagi pun, besides also. 
 
 tambah-an, furthermore. 
 
 saperti, as, like. 
 
 karana, ) T 
 vi 1 V because. 
 sebab, j 
 
 laksana, i ]ike 
 
 serta, and, also. 
 
 iya-itu, that is to say. 
 
 asal-kan, provided that. 
 
 lamun-kan. although. 
 
66 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with 
 almost exclusively in the written language, and which it 
 would be pedantic to use in conversation. Of such are : 
 
 mdka, balnea, hata, shahadan, 
 seldom necessary to the sense, 
 and not always requiring tran- 
 slation. They answer in some 
 degree to such words as "now," 
 "next," "but," "then," 
 "again," "so." 
 
 sa-btr-mxda first, now. 
 
 sa-bagei-lagi, further, again. 
 arkian, now, then. 
 agar, in order that. 
 y'ani, that is to say. 
 wab'adahu, 1 and then, afterwards. 
 walahin ( Arab, wa, and lakin, but), 
 but, though, nevertheless. 
 
 ayo ! ayohi / ah ! (affection). 
 
 cheh I fie ! 
 
 wayi ! alas ! 
 
 demei Allah! by God ! 
 
 nah I there ! take it ! 
 
 jum 1 2 forwards 1 
 
 IX. INTERJECTION& 
 
 The interjections in most common use are : 
 
 hei/ 0! ya/ 0! (Arabic). 
 
 ahof O! (Sansk.). 
 
 aduh / aduhi / oh ! alas ! (pain, 
 lamentation). 
 
 niahf niah-lah ! be off! be- 
 gone ! 
 
 ui I wah 1 oh ! alas ! (astonish- 
 ment or affliction). 
 
 Many other words are used like interjections ; such as Jcasi- 
 han (lit. affection), what a pity ! sayang (lit. concern), 'tis pity ! 
 alas ! karam (lit. wrecked), woe to thee ! me-rachun (may I be 
 poisoned), no ! (emphatic denial), &c, &c. 
 
 A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhamma- 
 dans in all parts of the world are used by Malays, such as 
 In shda-lldh, if it be the will of God ; Alldhu a'alarn, God is 
 all-knowing ; Astaghfir alldh, I beg forgiveness of God ; Wa-llahi 
 and Wa-llah, by God ! Yd rabb, Lord ! Bi-smi-llah, in the 
 name of God ! Et-hamdu li-llah, praise be to God ! Alldhu 
 alcbar, God is most great. 
 
 1 Arahic vxi, and, b'adahu, afterwards often used by a pleonasm with 
 Jcemdian, afterwards; wab'adahu kemdian deri-pada itu, and after that. 
 
 2 This is a Kedah word. Mali ! is used in the same sense in Perak., 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 X. NUMERALS. 
 
 The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first 
 ten are : 
 
 i. sa, satu, suatu, one. 
 
 2. dua, two. 
 
 3. tiga, three. 
 
 4. ampat, four. 
 
 5. lima, five. 
 
 6. anam, six. 
 
 7. tujoh, seven. 
 
 8. delapan, eight. 
 
 9. sambilan, nine. 
 10. sapuloh, ten. 
 
 From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed 
 from the digits with the termination betas: 
 
 11. sa-belas, eleven. 
 
 12. dua-belas, twelve. 
 
 13. tiga-belas, thirteen. 
 
 14. ampat-belas, fourteen. 
 
 15. lima-belas, fifteen. 
 
 16. anam-belas, sixteen. 
 
 17. tujoh-belas, seventeen. 
 
 18. delapan-belas, eighteen. 
 
 19. sambilan-belas, nineteen. 
 
 20. dua-pvloh, twenty. 
 
 Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination 
 puloh, ten : 
 
 20. dua-puloh, twenty. 
 30. tiga-puloh, thirty. 
 40. ampat-puloh, forty. 
 50. Uma-piUoh, fifty. 
 
 60. anam-puloh, sixty. 
 
 70. tujoh-puloh, seventy. 
 
 80. delapan-puloh, eighty. 
 
 90. sambilan-puloh, ninety. 
 
 The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding 
 the units j as 
 
 21. dua-puloJi-satu, twenty- one. 
 
 32. tiga-puloh-dua, thirty-two. 
 
 43. ampat-puloh-tiga, forty-three. 
 
 54. lima-puloh-ampat, fifty-four. 
 
 65. anam-puloh-lima, sixty-five. 
 
 76. tujoh-puloh-anam, seventy-six. 
 
 87. delapan-puloh-fujoh, eighty-seven. 
 
 98. sambilan puloh-dttapan, ninety-eight. 
 
68 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regu- 
 larity : 
 
 ioo. sa-ratus, one hundred. 
 
 200. dua-ratus, two hundred. 
 
 300. tiga-ratus, three hundred. 
 
 400. ampat-ratus, four hundred. 
 1000. sa-ribu, one thousand. 
 2000. dua-ribu, two thousand. 
 3000. tiga-ribu, three thousand. 
 4000. ampat-ribu, four thousand. 
 
 Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals 
 in juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction ; as, 
 sarHbu^lapan-ratus4vjoh-paloh-sarnbilan, one thousand eight 
 hundred (and) seventy nine, 1879. 
 
 Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from 
 the Sanskrit language and misapplied in adoption, namely, 
 laksa (Sansk. laksha, 100,000), lceti (Sansk. kofi, 10,000,000), 
 and juta (Sansk. ayuta, 10,000). 
 
 The numbers represented by these words in Malay are 
 saAaksa, ten thousand ; sctrlceti, one hundred thousand ; sa-juta, 
 one million. 
 
 In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, lekor, a score, is 
 sometimes used instead of dua-puloh (especially in mentioning 
 dates), but in that case the unit precedes instead of following 
 the decimal; as sa-lekor, twenty-one; dua-lekor, twenty-two; 
 tiga-lekor, twenty-three, &c. 
 
 To express a quantity which approaches what we call a 
 round number, it is sometimes convenient to state the latter 
 qualified by the figure in which it is deficient, as is done in 
 the old-fashioned phrase "forty stripes save one." Thus, 
 instead of sambUan-puloh-dela'pan, ninety-eight, the phrase 
 korang dua sa-ratus, one hundred save two, may be used. 
 
 The use of the word tengah, half, before a numeral serves in 
 the same way to reduce it by half of one. Tims, tengah dua 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 69 
 
 signifies " one and a hair," or " two, less half a one," as if the 
 full phrase were korang sa-tengah dua ; so tengah tiga-puloh, 
 twenty-five (lit. "three tens save half"); tengah lima ratus, 
 four hundred and fifty (lit " five hundreds save half " ). 
 
 Ordinal Numbers. 
 
 pertama (S&mik. pratama), first. 
 ka-dua, second. 
 ka-tiga, third. 
 
 ka-sa-btilas, eleventh. 
 ka-dua-puloh. twentieth. 
 ka-sa-ratus, hundredth. 
 
 The word yang placed before ordinals corresponds to the 
 definite article in English ; as yang pertama, the first j yang ka- 
 dua, the second ; yang ka-sa-ribu, the thousandth. 
 
 Fractional Numbers. 
 
 Tengah, sa-tengah, half; suku, sa-suku, quarter ; sa-per-dua, 
 one-half; sa-per-tiga, one-third; dua-per-tiga, t wo- thirds ; tiga- 
 per-ampat, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed 
 with other numbers by placing the particle per between the 
 dividend and the divisor. 
 
 Collective Numbers. 
 
 Phrases like "a score," "a dozen," " a couple," are formed 
 in Malay by the use of the particle her with the numeral ; as 
 
 ber-dua, the two, or the pair. 
 ber-tiga, the three. 
 ber-puloh-puloh, by tens. 
 
 be-ratus-ratus, by hundreds. 
 be-ribu-ribu, by thousands. 
 
 The word ganda, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral 
 meaning " a four," is used in Malay in conjunction with 
 numerals in a sense corresponding to the English word 
 " times ; " as dva-ganda, double, twice ; tiga-ganda, triple, three 
 times. 
 
yo MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Numeral Co-Efficients. 
 
 In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, "there 
 exists a set of specific and technical terms, called by the 
 grammarians numeral affixes, some one or other of which is 
 always used as a co-efficient to the numeral, the term being 
 selected according to the class under which the object falls." 1 
 The use of these terms will be best understood by comparing 
 it with the analogous use in English of such phrases as so many 
 head of cattle ; so many file of soldiers ; so many sail of ships ; 
 so many stand of rifles. 
 
 i. Orang (person or persons) is introduced in the enumera- 
 tion of mankind ; as China tiga orang, Malayu sa'orang, three 
 Chinese and a Malay ; budak dua orang, two children. 
 
 2. Ekor (tail) is employed in speaking of animals ; as so- 
 ekor kuching, a cat ; kuda belang dua ekor, two piebald horses ; 
 ikan kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor, about five or six 
 small fish. 
 
 3. Buah (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c. ; 
 as sa-buah rumah, a house ; sa-buah negri, a town or kingdom ; 
 lima buah kapal, five ships. 
 
 4. Biji (seed) is applied to small objects more or less 
 round ; as buah manggis lima-puloh biji, fifty mangostins ; am- 
 pat biji telor, four eggs ; nior muda sa-biji, one green cocoa-nut. 
 
 5. Halei or lei, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers, 
 leaves, wearing apparel, &c. ; as bulu sa-lei, a feather; kain 
 Palembang sa-puloh halei, ten Palembang sarongs. 
 
 6. Batang (stem), to long objects ; as lembing dua batang, 
 two spears ; tiang ampat batang, four posts. 
 
 7. Puchuk (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon, 
 elephants' tusks, &c. ; as tiga puchuk surat, three letters ; sa- 
 puchuk gading, one tusk ; snapang lima puchuk, five muskets. 
 
 1 Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This peculiarity in the 
 Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much attention among ethnologists. 
 See Peschel" Races of Man, 117; Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; 
 Bunsen's Universal History, i. 409. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 7 1 
 
 8. Keping (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c. ; as 
 papan sa-keping, a plank ; timah tiga-puloh keping, thirty slabs 
 of tin. 
 
 9. Tangga (ladder) and pintu (door), to houses ; as rumah 
 dua tangga, two houses ; rumah batu anam pintu, six brick 
 houses. 
 
 10. Lapis (fold), to clothing j as Jcapan sa-lapis, a shroud. 
 
 1 1. Bawan, to nets and cordage ; as pukat sa-rawan, a seine 
 net ; jala dua rawan, two casting nets. 
 
 12. Bilah, to cutting weapons 3 as his sa-bilah, one kris; 
 pedang lima bilah, five swords. 
 
 13. Buntoh, to rings, fish-hooks, &c. ; as kail sa~buntoh t a 
 fish-hook ; chinchin tiga buntoh, three rings. 
 
 14. Bidang, to things spread out; as destar sa-Udang, one 
 head-cloth. 
 
 15. Butir, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; 
 as nior sa-butir, a cocoa-nut ; mutiara sa-butir, a pearl. 
 
 There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of 
 which will be given in the more advanced lessons farther on. 
 
 X. PARTICLES. 
 
 Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the 
 verb, but there are three or four which require special men- 
 tion. 
 
 Lah is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for 
 the sake of euphony, but more frequently as a particle of 
 intensity. 
 
 In the sentence ada-lah kapada suatu hari, it happened on a 
 certain day, lah is simply expletive ; but in the sentence dia- 
 lah yang buat, it was he who did it, the particle serves to em- 
 phasise the word dia. The latter use of the particle lah is 
 exemplified by its frequent employment to emphasise a com- 
 mand ; as mari-lah, come ; pergi-lah, go. 
 
 Kah is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words 
 it is the sign of a question or a doubt ; as itu-kah atau lain-kah t 
 
7 a MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 is it that or another 1 Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak, it is 
 doubtful whether it be true or not. 
 
 Tah is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use 
 than kah. Apa-tah f what else 1 is a common phrase indicat- 
 ing assent. 
 
 Pun is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to 
 give roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of " too," 
 or " also " (where the sentence is affirmative), or " nor," 
 " neither " (where it is negative) ; as maka iya-pun datang, then 
 he came ; aku pun mdhu, I too want it ; siyang pun tidak malam 
 pun tidak, it was neither day nor night. 
 
i n ) 
 
 PART II. 
 
 COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES. 
 
 Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple 
 sentences in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and 
 exercises which will be given in this Part are simple and 
 elementary, serving thus as a preparation for others of progres- 
 sive difficulty to be reached at a later stage. 
 
 LESSON I, 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 person (man, woman, or child), 
 
 orang. 
 man, laki-laki. 
 woman, per-ampu-an. 
 child, anak. 
 house, rumah. 
 water, ayer. 
 fire, api. 
 wind, angin. 
 wood, kayu. 
 carriage, kreta. 
 horse, kudo. 
 ship, kapal. 
 
 steamer, kapal-api. 
 boat, sampan. 
 cow, ox, lumbu. 
 
 do< 
 
 anjuig. 
 
 bird, burong. 
 snake, ular. 
 fish, ikan. 
 sun, mata-hari, 
 moon, bulan. 
 star, bintang. 
 sea, laut. 
 river, sungei. 
 cloth, kain. 
 
74 
 
 MANUAL OF TBE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 good, baik. 
 new, bdharu. 
 naughty, wicked, jahat. 
 beautiful, bagus. 
 pretty, chantek. 
 wise, pandei. 
 stupid, bodoK 
 large, besar. 
 small, kechil. 
 deep, dalam. 
 swift, laju. 
 
 high, tinggi. 
 round, Imlat. 
 old, tuah. 
 young, muda. 
 cold, sejuk 
 hot, panas, 
 far, jauh. 
 near, dekat. 
 coarse, kasar. 
 fine, halus. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 very, 
 
 baniak. 
 
 exceedingly, sangaU 
 
 Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these 
 words by means of the verb ada, and with the aid of the 
 personal pronouns, two of the hints already given are here 
 repeated : 
 
 i. Adjectives follow their substantives. 
 
 2. The verb ada is frequently omitted and left to be under- 
 stood. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 A bad man Orang jahat. 
 
 A pretty woman Perampuan chantek. 
 
 A hiqh house Rumah tinggi. 
 
 A high wind Angin Msar. 
 
 Cold water Ayer sejuk. 
 
 This is my child Ini anak sahaya (not, Ini ada sahaya punya anak). 
 
 That bullock-cart is mine Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya. 
 
 That pony-carriage is swift Kreta leuda itu ada laju. 
 
 That person has a dog Orang itu ada sa'ekor anjing. 
 
 That woman's cloth is very fine Kain perampuan itu halus sangat. 
 
 This man has one son and two daughters Orang ini ada anak laki-laki 
 
 sa' orang dan anak perampuan dua orang. 
 The steamer is near Kapal-api ada dtikat. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 75 
 
 His child is very naughty Anak dia baniak jahat. 
 They have a boat Dia orang ada sa'buah sampan. 
 There are men and women Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan. 
 The old man has a piece of coarse cloth Orang tuah itu ada kain 
 kasar sa'lei. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is 
 round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. 
 The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This 
 person has a vicious dog. That man's daughter is beautiful. 
 This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old. 
 That person's boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird. 
 The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and 
 there are wise people. His ship is very far ofL 
 
 LESSON II. 
 On the Second Person. 
 
 The use of the word angkau and similar pronouns is to be 
 avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second 
 person cannot be understood but must be expressed, angkau, 01 
 the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according 
 to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), 
 may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior 
 position, the appropriate forms should be used. The word lu 
 should never be used to a Malay ; it is, however, in common use 
 among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communi- 
 cation with other nationalities. On the subject of the second 
 person see supra, p. 49. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 animal, benatang. 
 father (common form), bapa. 
 father (polite form), ayah, 
 ayahnda. 
 
 mother (common form), mak, 
 
 ibu. 
 mother (polite form), bonda. 
 elder brother, abang. 
 
76 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 elder sister, kakak. 
 younger brother or sister, 
 
 adek. 
 boy or girl, budak. 
 brother or sister, sudara. 
 husband, laki. 
 wife, bini. 
 forest, hutan, 
 tree, pokoh 
 
 plain, padang. 
 shop, kedei. 
 fruit, buah. 
 sky, langit. 
 ground, tanah. 
 dollar, ringgit. 
 road, jalan. 
 age, e umur. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 long, panjang. 
 
 short, pendek, pandah. 
 
 sweet, manis. 
 
 wet, basah. 
 
 dry, kering. 
 
 many, baniak 
 
 rich, kaya. 
 poor, miskin. 
 strong, kuat. 
 hard, &era*. 
 soft, lumbut. 
 few, sadikit. 
 
 to say, &afa. 
 to go, 2?ergrt. 
 to run, lari. 
 to talk, chakap. 
 to tell, bilang. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 to arrive, sarnpei. 
 to sit, duduk. 
 to dwell, tinggal. 
 to send, kirim. 
 to bring, fcawa. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 To a ifa/a. 
 
 Your house is very large Rumah tunku baniak besar. 
 Your father is very old Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat. 
 This is your horse Ini tunku punya kuda. 
 
 To a respectable Chinese. 
 
 There is a quantity of cloth in your shop Ada baniak kain-kain 
 
 didalam baba punya kedei. 
 When did you arrive ? Towkay bila sampeit 
 
 Your elder brother is very rich Towkay punya abang baniak kaya. 
 Your carriage and mine are alike Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. J 7 
 
 To a Malay Headman. 
 
 There are a number of people in your house Ada baniak orang 
 
 di-dalam rumah datoh. 
 Four son is very strong Anak datoh baniak kuat. 
 Where do you live ? Datoh di-mana tinggal t 
 
 To a Malay of superior rank. 
 
 What do you say to it ? Apa kata inche f 
 Who told it to you ? Siapa bilang kapada inche ? 
 
 Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees Inche punya kakak ada 
 baniak pokok buah. 
 
 To a Sayyid or Haji. 
 
 Where are you going to ? Tuan handak pergi ka-mana t 
 What is your age ? Btr-apa 'umur tuan t 
 
 I wish to talk a little with you Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan 
 tuan. 
 
 To Person* of inferior rank. 
 
 Who are you ? Siapa kamu ? 
 Is this yours? Angkau punya-kah inif 
 Where is your house ? Di-mana rumah angkau ? 
 Bring your hat Bawa topi s^ndiri. 
 Where do you live? Di-mana tinggal t 
 Have you got a light I Ada api? 
 Why are you so late ? Apa buat lambat ini t 
 
 When you were at the shop just now, who was there ? Apdbila angkau 
 di k$dei tadi siapa ada di-situ t 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Where is your shop 1 Is this your mother ? You and your 
 brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told 
 your elder sister 1 Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent 
 fruit ? What did you say to him 1 When will you go 1 You 
 will bring a boat. You went to the jungle. 
 
73 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 news, kkabar. 
 workman, tukang, 
 cat, kuching. 
 rat, tikus. 
 
 sugar, gula. 
 needle, jarum. 
 form, rupa. 
 elephant, gajah. 
 
 excellent, endah. 
 careful, jimat 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 worthless, burok. 
 difficult, susah. 
 
 To do, make, buat. 
 To seek, chdhari. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 To conceal, sembunyi. 
 To find, obtain, dapat. 
 
 On the Degrees of Comparison. 
 
 One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction 
 to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with 
 which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by 
 the use of the preposition deri or deri-pada), while the adjec- 
 tive remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase 
 "This house is larger than that," may be rendered Besar rumah 
 HIS deri rumah itu (Yih ghar us ghar se bard hai). 
 
 Examples. 
 
 The rumour is better than the reality Endah khabar deri rupa. 
 
 The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling Pandei tukang 
 
 China deri tukang Kling, 
 The cat is larger than the mouse Besar kuching deri tikus. 
 This is better than that Baik ini deri-pada itu. 
 
 {Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.) 
 
 The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 79 
 
 adverb lebeh or ter-lebeh, more, prefixed to the adjective, which 
 is followed by the preposition deri or deri-pada. 
 
 Hotter than before Lebeh panas deri dahulu. 
 
 Sweeter than honey Lebeh manis deri gula. 
 
 It is better to go than to remain Ter-lebeh baih pergi deri-pada tinqgal. 
 
 The adverb lagi, more, is sometimes used instead of lebeh. 
 
 You must make it larger Mahu buat besar lagt. 
 This is better Lni lagi baih. 
 
 Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb 
 korang, less, prefixed to the adjective ; as korang baik, not very 
 good; korang biasa, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed). 
 
 The superlative degree is formed in several ways : First, by 
 making a comparison of universal application ; as 
 
 This is the best (lit. tbis is better than all) Baik ini deri sumua. 
 The finest needle of all Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia. 
 The hardest of all to obtain Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada 
 sumua-nia. 
 
 Secondly, by the use of the adverb sakali, very, exceedingly, 
 after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative 
 pronoun yang ; as 
 
 The best Yang baik sakali. 
 
 The worst Yang burok sakali. 
 
 Such-a-one was the handsomest Yang elok sakali ei-anu. 
 
 Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the 
 particle sa before it ; as 
 
 The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man Sa- 
 chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lanibat-lambat jalan-an orang. 
 
 The very least Sa-korang -korang. 
 
 Utterly and completely guilty Sa-penoh-penoh salah. 
 
 The most just king Sa-adil-adil raja. 
 
 With the greatest care Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat. 
 
 You must look out for the very best article Handah chdhari yang sa- 
 baik-baih-nia. 
 
 He hides it with the greatest pains Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa- 
 buleh-bulch-nia. 
 
8o 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 My horse is better than your horse. These people are more 
 stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than 
 that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. 
 The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That 
 woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house 
 is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The 
 father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than 
 the horse. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 ON INTENSIVE S. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 reception-hall, balei. 
 room, bilek. 
 stairs, tangga. 
 a play, per-main-an. 
 conduct, ka-laku-an. 
 body, tuboh. 
 head, kapalcu 
 year, tahun. 
 
 month, bulan. 
 price, harga. 
 country, nigri. 
 queen, jyermeisuri. 
 king, raja. 
 minister, mantri. 
 patience, sabar. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 ill, painful, sahit. 
 cheap, morah. 
 dear, mahal. 
 wide, luas. 
 astonished, heiran. 
 
 thin, hurus. 
 fat, gumoh 
 illustrious, mulicu 
 narrow, simpit, 
 glad, suka. 
 
 to see, lihat. 
 to demand, minta. 
 to be able, buleh. 
 to hear, dengar. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 to play, main. 
 to look, tengoh 
 to enter, masoh. 
 to order, suroh, 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 8 1 
 
 On Intensives. To express an intensive degree the particle 
 ter is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as ter-besar, very large; 
 ter-huasa, very powerful ; ter-lebeh, most ; ter-lalu, excessively ; 
 ter-lampau, surpassing ; ter-amat, most exceedingly. 
 
 The adjective may also be intensified by duplication ; as ikan 
 yang besar-besar, great big fish ; burong kechil-kechil, very small 
 birds; negri jauli-jauh, far-distant lands; dia hard baik-baik, he 
 understands very well 
 
 The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the 
 sense of words : 
 
 baniak, very. 
 amat, exceedingly. 
 sangat, very. 
 sakali, quite, most. 
 ter-lebeh, most. 
 
 ter-lalu, excessively. 
 ler-langsong,) m { , 
 ter-lampau, J 
 ter-amat, most exceedingly. 
 
 All of these precede the positive except sakali, which inva- 
 riably follows it. Amat and sangat are also sometimes placed 
 after the adjective which they qualify. 
 
 It is common to use more than one of these words with the 
 same adjective, just as we say " the very most." 
 
 Examples. 
 
 There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall Di 
 
 balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang. 
 His body was very thin Tuboh-nia sangat kurus. 
 The performance was exceedingly pretty Sangat-lah chantek itu per- 
 
 main-an. 
 He was immensely astonished at seeing it Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat- 
 
 kan. 
 This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap Tahun ini sagala buah- 
 
 buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia. 
 You must be exceedingly patient Handaklah dengan sabar sangat. 
 Very stupid in appearance Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia. 
 The road is very bad Jalan itu burok sakali. 
 Most exceedingly painful Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit. 
 It was a very large country Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu. 
 His conduct was too bad Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia. 
 
&2 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 The adjective maha, great, is similarly used ; as mafia besar, 
 very great ; maha mulia, most illustrious ; maha kuasa, all- 
 powerful. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father 
 was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very 
 frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very 
 wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The 
 old man's cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. 
 He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have 
 arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. 
 The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I 
 have a very bad headache. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 Interrogative Sentences. 
 
 In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks 
 the interrogation sufficiently. 
 
 Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the 
 particle -kah affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence. 
 
 Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by 
 the use of such words as 
 
 apa, what? 
 siapa, who 1 ? 
 ka-mana, where ? 
 ber-apa, how many ? 
 
 mana, who, which, how? 
 bagei-mana, how ? 
 apa sebab, ot\ 
 apa buat, or > why ? 
 mengapa ) 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 time, kali. 
 rain, hujan. 
 market, pasar. 
 stone, batu. 
 
 use, guna. 
 iron, besi. 
 steel, baja. 
 tin, timah. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 83 
 
 lead, timah hitam. 
 copper, tambaga. 
 box, peti. 
 
 kind, sort, macham. 
 tobacco, tambakau. 
 coffee, kahwalu 
 
 tea, teh, cha. 
 tea (dry), daun teh. 
 tea (liquid), ayer teh 
 money, wang. 
 jacket, baju. 
 trousers, saluar. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 What is the matter ? Apa korang ? 
 
 What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done) Apa bulih 
 buat t 
 
 What is the use ? Apa guna ? 
 
 Whence do you come? Deri-mana datang kamut 
 
 Where are you going ? Ilandak pergi ka-mana ? 
 
 Why did you not tell me sooner ? Apa buat ta'bilang dahulu t 
 
 What do you say ? Apa kata kamu ? 
 
 Why do ye run ? Mengapa kamu orang lari t 
 
 Where did you get that? Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu? 
 
 Which tree shall I cut down ? Pokoh mana handak tebang 
 
 How many days ago ? Bfrapa hari sudah f 
 
 When was he at the market ? Bila-mana dia di pasar t 
 
 Whose house is this ? Rumah ini siapa punya 1 
 
 Are there many Chinese in Patani? Baniak-kah orang China di 
 Patani t 
 
 Was it truly he who did it ? Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat 1 
 
 Is it this one or another / Ini-kah atau lain-kah ? 
 
 Is it going to rain ? Ilandak hujan-kah ? 
 
 What is the price of this ? BZrapa harga ini ? 
 
 What is the news? (How goes it?) Apa khabart 
 
 How could I dare to do it ? Macham mana saJiaya berani buat t 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Where is my jacket 1 What did he say 1 Why do you come 
 here ? Are there any dollars in the box 1 How many times 
 has it rained this month 1 Whose tin is this *? Who brought 
 this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father! 
 Whence did you obtain this news ? Did you order him to bring 
 the coffee 1 How many miles (lit. sto?ies) is it to the market ? 
 Shall I cut down this tree ? Have you seen that play 1 Who 
 
84 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 was that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that! 
 When were you at the house 1 Why do they not enter ? 
 
 Sometimes the word apa at the commencement of a sentence 
 gives it an interrogative sense ; l as apa, tuan ta* makan daging 
 karbau? do you not eat buffalo meat? apa tiada-kah suhar 
 leher bangau itu ? what ! would not the stork's neck be incon- 
 veniently long? apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu? 
 does not my lord recognise that stork ? 2 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 Formation of Negative Sentences: 
 
 Tidak, no. 
 
 Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, <fec). 
 
 Bukan, no, not. 
 
 Jangan, don't, let not. 
 
 Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying. 
 
 Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from. 
 
 Bukan is a more emphatic denial than tidak. It is also used, 
 either alone or with the affix -kah, to signify is it not? is it 
 not so ? 
 
 Tiada is generally abbreviated colloquially to t'ada and fa' 
 (in Java trada and tra). 
 
 Antah is an expression of doubt. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Yes or no ? Ya atau tidak. 
 
 That which is he causes not to be ; that which is not he causes to be 
 
 Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-Jcan. 
 It is nothing = never mind Tidak apa. 
 
 He got no small quantity of fish Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit. 
 Her beauty was of no ordinary kind Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang. 
 
 i Like the Hindustani kya or the Latin an, num. Forbes' Hindustani 
 Manual. 
 ' Sri Rama. Fav-'s Grammar, p. gz. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 85 
 
 Is this his house or not ? Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan f 
 Indescribable, wonderful Bukan buat-an lagi (lit. it was no longer 
 
 doing). 
 You said just now that you went home first, did you not? Kata kamu 
 
 tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah t 
 He is not my child Bukan-lah iya anak hamba. 
 He will not come Dia tcHmahu datang. 
 I asked him a great many times, but he would not Sahaya minta berapa 
 
 kali tiada dia mahu. 
 There are no fish in the market T'ada ikan di pasar. 
 I do not know where he has gone Antah ka-mana pergi-nia. 
 There is no saying how many of them died Antah ber-apa baniak-nia 
 
 yang mati. 
 It cannot be otherwise Ta' dapat tiada. 
 He cannot enter Dia ta'bulih masok. 
 Do not goJangan pcrgi. 
 Do not believe what people say Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an 
 
 orang. 
 Shall I enter the house or not? Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau 
 
 jangan-kahl 
 So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it Jangan-kan dapat, 
 
 me-lihat-pun tidak. 
 Not to speak of you, of me, even, they are afraid Jangan-kan tuan, 
 
 hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. 
 The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony- 
 carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the 
 night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no 
 saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit 
 to the woman or not ? There are not many horses here. Do 
 you not know that 1 ? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do 
 not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the 
 fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (huat). 
 
 New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart. 
 
 Beautiful, beauty, moleh ; dead, to die, mati; to believe, 
 perchaya ; saying, speech, &er-kata-an (from Jcata, to say) ; to 
 
86 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 fear, takut ; to write, tulis ; night, malam ; daylight, siyang ; 
 seed, biji ; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, buat-an 
 (from buat, to do, to make) ; to go away, go home, pulang. 
 
 LESSON VIL 
 
 On the Use of Prepositions. 
 
 For a list of the most useful prepositions see supra, p. 63. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 We are going up the mountain Kita handalc nailc ka-atas gunong. 
 For every orlong (land- measure) ten cents Pada satu orlong sa-puloh 
 
 duit. 1 
 The clerks who are under him Krani-lcrani yang di-bawah-nia. 
 Many people have settled at that place Baniah orang sudah masok di 
 
 tampat itu. 
 He saw it from outside Deri luar iya mt-lihat-kan. 
 People have remarked upon the subject before me (in my presence) 
 
 Adajuga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya. 
 The Raja gave a present to him Raja memMri hadia kapada-nia. 
 Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter to (with) 
 
 Haji Daud Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikah-kan anak-nia 
 
 dengan Haji Daud. 
 They were sentenced by the judge Di-hukum-kan uleh hakim. 
 Among the four men three were wounded and one ran away Di-dalam 
 
 ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari. 
 I want to know about that affair Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal 
 
 itu. 
 The case was begun on the first day of the month Kapada satu hart 
 
 bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia. 
 With great haste Dengan sangat gopoh. 
 
 He has gone towards the kitchen Sudah diajalan sa-b%lah dapor. 
 On both sides of the road Antara ka-dua Mlah jalan. 
 Regarding the subject of that document Akan hal surat itu. 
 After a few days Lepas sadikit hart. 
 
 He was buried near his father Di-Tcubur-kan dZkat ayah-nia. 
 According to their circumstances Atas kadar-nia. 
 
 1 In Penang 1 duit = 1 cent. ; in Singapore and Malacca cent. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 87 
 
 According to his strength Sa-kadar knasa-nia. 
 
 Go to your master Pergi sama tuan kamu. 
 
 He inquired about a murder Dia -preksa fa sal bunoh. 
 
 Another version behind your back Balik belakang lain bichara. 
 
 Between earth and sky Antara bumi dan langit. 
 
 To walk through the water Bcr-jalan trus ayer. 
 
 For the sake of God Karana Allah. 
 
 As far as the cross-roads Hingga sempang jalan 
 
 Until now Sampei sakarang. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. 
 They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. 
 He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. 
 Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As 
 regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. 
 Each man received according to his circumstances. In which 
 direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? 
 Between the house and the river. How much will you receive 
 for every pikul of tin 1 The dogs are under the house. They 
 sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. 
 They remained until night. 
 
 The following words used in this lesson should be committed 
 to memory : 
 
 Clerk, krani ; place, tampat ; affair, subject, hal ; gift, pre- 
 sent, haclia ; judge, hakim; order, sentence, hukum ; case, nego- 
 tiation, bichara; hurried, haste, gopoh ; kitchen, dapor ; a grave, 
 kubur ; to bury, kubur-kan ; rate, condition, circumstances, 
 kadar ; strength, power, kuasa ; the back, belakang ; the earth, 
 bumi ; God, Allah; fork (of a road), sempang ; side, belah. 
 
 To ascend, naik ; to reflect, consider, kenang ; wounded, to 
 wound, luka; to marry, nikah ; to give in marriage, nikah-kan; 
 to examine, inquire into, preksa ; to kill, bunoh ; to receive, 
 terimcu 
 
88 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 LESSON VIIL 
 On the Words Sudah and Habis. 
 
 Substantives. 
 
 a lock, kunchi. 
 a key, anak kunchi. 
 accounts, kira-kira. 
 skill, ka-pandei-an. 
 anger, ha-marah-an. 
 small-pox, ka-tumhoh-an. 
 loss, rugi. 
 disease, penyakit. 
 
 to lock, kunchi-kan. 
 to try, attempt, choba. 
 to expend, belanja. 
 to be silent, diam. 
 to break, pechah. 
 to stab, tikam. 
 to beat, pukul. 
 to be destroyed, binasa. 
 
 an egg, tilor. 
 an axe, kapak. 
 the foot, kaki. 
 cold (in the head), sardi 
 dagger, kris, kris. 
 rocks, reef, karang. 
 a fine, denda. 
 blemish, chachat. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 to burn, bakar; burnt, ter-bakar 
 
 to be angry, marah. 
 
 to loose, lepas; loosed ter-lepas. 
 
 to disobey, bantah. 
 
 to cheat, tipu. 
 
 to be damaged, rosak. 
 
 to rob, samun. 
 
 to bite (as a snake), pagut. 
 
 guilty, salah. 
 black, hitam. 
 slow, lambat. 
 
 quickly, Idkas. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 rotten, busuk. 
 severe, terok. 
 fit, suitable, probable, harut. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 | slowly, perlahan. 
 
 Sudah is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to 
 Berve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It 
 is translateable, according to the context, by the words and 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 8q 
 
 phrases, has, had ; has, have, and had been, or become ; done, 
 finished, completed, <fcc. 
 
 Habis signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended ; utterly, 
 completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen 
 from the following examples : 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Have you locked the door? Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah? 
 
 I have Sudah. 
 
 When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present 
 
 before) Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu. 
 It is not yet finished Bduin sudah. 
 
 It is half finished (just being finished) Tengah handak sudah. 
 Nearly finished Dekat mahu sudah. 
 Long ago Lama sudah. 
 
 A month ago, more or less Lebih korang sa'bulan sudah. 
 That is enough Sudah-lah. 
 It has gone bad Sudah busuk. 
 It is over Sudah habis. 
 
 His father is an old man (has become old) Bapa-nia sudah tuah. 
 Try to complete this Choba-lah bagi sudah. 
 He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well 
 
 Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik. 
 Now it is (has become) near Sakarang sudah dtkat. 
 They are all dead and gone Sumua-nia mati habis. 
 Entirely destroyed Habis binasa. 
 It is all spent Sudah bttanja habis. 
 
 When he had finished speaking Apabila sudah habis chakap. 
 All were quite silent Habis-lah diam sumua. 
 The utmost of his skill Sa-habis ka-pandei-an diet. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations 
 for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that 
 the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have 
 seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. 
 The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father's money. 
 Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. 
 That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When 
 you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a 
 distance. I am just finishing this letter. 
 
90 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 On the Verb Kena. 
 
 Kena, in the sense of " to incur," is frequently used with other 
 words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of "he was 
 fined," Malays will say " he incurred a fine ; " instead of " he 
 was blamed," " he incurred anger." Kena also means to touch 
 strike, hit, affect. Kena apa ? "affected by what?" is fre- 
 quently pronounced as a single word, kenapa, meaning " why?" 
 
 He was prosecuted Dia klna bichara. 
 
 They were sentenced to five years each Kena huhum atas so? orang lima 
 
 tahun. 
 He incurred the displeasure of his father Dia k$na ka-marah-an deri- 
 
 pada bapa-nia. 
 The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg Ter 
 
 lepas di tangan kapak iln. Una di bHakang kaki-nia. 
 Those who have not yet had small-pox Orang yang belum kena ka. 
 
 tumboh-an. 1 
 If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars Kalau ada siapa ban 
 
 tah nanti kZna denda lima rivggit. 
 I have been cheated Sahaya sudah kena tipu. 
 He has been found guilty Dia sudah k&na salah. 
 He died of a snake-bite Dia mati kena pagut ular. 
 That won't do (does not hit it) Ta' kena bagitu. 
 Don't go there, you may be injured Jangan pergi sana, barangkali 
 
 Jcena salu apa-apa. 
 I am always catching cold Salalu sahaya kena sardi. 2 
 If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take 
 
 a long time t, be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die) Kalau 
 
 tiada kena ubat-nia harusjuga lambat baik penyakit itu. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He died of a stab with a kris. He was put to great expense. 
 The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were 
 
 1 The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang 
 the common word is ka-tumboh-an (lit. eruption) ; in Malacca and Singapore, 
 chachar ; in Perak, si-tawar and sakit orang baik (lit. "disease of the good 
 people," a euphuism) ; in some parts of Borneo, puru nasi. 
 
 2 Sardi (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of 
 Penang. Selesima and selimat generally mean more than a mere cold in 
 the head. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 9 1 
 
 fined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish. 
 Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely 
 beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that? 
 He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss. 
 That place won't do. This letter has been blackened by fire. 
 Yesterday he incurred his master's anger. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 On the Verbs Buleh, Bahagi, <kc. 
 
 The verbs huleh, can, or to be able ; bahagi, to give (lit. to 
 divide); kasik and beri, to give, grant; and biar, to permit, 
 to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they 
 invariably precede. 
 
 Bui eh is a contraction of ber-nleh, a verb formed from the 
 preposition uleh, by, by means of. The primary meaning of 
 ber-uleh or buleh is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to 
 mean "to be able." The original sense of the word may be seen 
 in such sentences as ber-uleh per-minia-an, to obtain (compliance 
 with) a request ; sudah-kah buleh anak ? have you had a child 1 
 
 Examples. 
 
 How can one know? Mana buleh tahuf 
 
 Can you read English ? Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha sural Ivggris? 
 It is not to be calculated Tiada-lah buleh handak di-ktra-kira lagi. 
 Every month I remind (give to remember) him Tiap-tiap bulan ada 
 
 hamba-tuan btri ingat. 
 To feed (lit. give to eat) Beri makan. 
 
 Just read that and let me hear it Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar. 
 I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me Sahaya handak 
 
 chakap dengan dia orang ta' bahagi. 
 He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu Dia beri tahu hapada 
 
 Penghulu. 
 Send those people away Kasih pulang orang-orang itu. 
 Let it fall Biarjaloh. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not 
 touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother 
 
92 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 cannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the 
 house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not 
 permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought 
 (gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here ? I have 
 searched, but I cannot find it He lets them come into the 
 house. When can you come ? 
 
 Request, per-minta-an, from minta, to ask ; messenger, lit. 
 one ordered, penyuroh, from suroh, to order ; to remember, 
 ingat ; to read, bacha; to fall, jatoh ; every, tiap-tiap. 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 On the Verbs Langsong, Lalu, <kc. 
 
 In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place 
 or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is 
 common to use the words langsong, lanjar or lancJiar, and lalu, 
 to proceed, go, direct one's course. Their signification in a 
 sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps 
 best rendered by the English idiom, to go and do a thing. Some- 
 times the effect is that of the adverbs " immediately," " at 
 last," "incontinently," "forthwith," "altogether." Langsong is 
 generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally use 
 lanjar in the same sense. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it Handak masah langsong 
 
 hangus. 
 He went to Meccah and never returned Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta' 
 
 balik. 
 The pony fell down and immediately died Rebah kuda itu langsong 
 
 mati. 
 He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor Ber-laiar-lah dia 
 
 ka-Singga'pura lalu ka-Johor. 
 He spat it out and then went and licked it up again Sudah ludah lalu 
 
 di-jUat (a proverb). 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 93 
 
 He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him Dia ambil pisau langsong 
 
 tikam. 
 He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar 
 
 Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar lea- Kampar. 
 He has gone altogether Dia sudah pergi langsong. 
 
 Lalu is often used in the sense of " can," " able," instead of 
 bulth. 
 
 I cannot do it Sahaya ta* lalu buat. 
 
 For a day or two past she has been unable to eat Sudah satu dua liari 
 
 dia to 1 lalu makan nasi. 1 
 Will fish swallow a bare hook ? Ada-hah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail 
 
 sahaja t 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, 
 and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock 
 and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep. 
 He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came 
 out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his 
 country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor ? 
 
 To cook, masak; to burn, hangus; to fall down, rebah ; to 
 return, balik ; to spit, ludah ; to lick, jilat; to take, ambil; to 
 eat, makan; to go out, kaluar; to sink, tinggalam; a sail, laiar; 
 to sail, ber-laiar ; a knife, pisau; a district, daira; rice, beras; 
 boiled rice, nasi; fish-hook, mata kail ; reach of a river, rantau ; 
 down-stream, hilir; up-stream, hulu. 
 
 LESSON XIL 
 
 On the Words Sampat and Dan. 
 
 Sampat, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time ; and 
 dan, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which 
 are employed with verbs in much the same manner as buleh, 
 lalu, &c. 
 
 1 Makan nasi, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply, eat, read, 
 write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter. 
 
94 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), sampang 
 is used instead of sampat. 
 
 These words are used more generally to state a negative pro- 
 position than an affirmative one. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 They are not able to stand Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-dirt. 
 
 There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the house, 
 
 but (it was confined) to the cook-room Tiada sampang di-mahm 
 
 sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-bSlah dapor sahaja. 
 There was no time to render assistance Tiada dan di-tulong. 
 He is not in a position to resist Tiada sampat iya me-lawan. 
 I was not in time to see him ; he had already started Ta'dan ber-jumpa, 
 
 sudah diajalan dahulu. 
 Such of them as could not gain the shore Barang yang tiada sampat 
 
 naik ka-darat. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were un- 
 able to run away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, 
 so I had no time to see him. That place is very far off; there 
 is not time to reach it in one day. He fell down and died 
 before one could render assistance. Yesterday I was in a great 
 hurry and had not time to finish what I was saying. There is 
 not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand up he 
 struck me. 
 
 To stand, ber-diri; except, but, hania, to help, tulong ; to 
 resist, oppose, lawan; to meet, jumpa ; land, darat ; any, 
 some, each, every, barang. 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 PART III. 
 
 The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and 
 illustrated in some degree the construction of sentences in 
 Malay. It is now proposed to give a series of useful words 
 and phrases applicable for the most part to common domestic 
 incidents, so that the student may at once have at command the 
 phrases most likely to be required in speaking to native servants. 
 Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at the British 
 settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the 
 domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese, 
 Javanese, <fcc), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards 
 style or pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at 
 something more than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words, 
 and he should be on his guard therefore against the errors of 
 people of this class. Facility of expression and the accurate use 
 of idioms can only be acquired by much practice in speaking 
 with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay authors. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 / breakfast, \ 
 Bring < dinner, \ Bawa makan-an. 1 
 
 \ luncheon, ) 
 Put bread on the table Taroh roti di-atas meja % 
 Is there any milk ? Susu ada-kah f 
 
 1 Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word hazri is used for break 
 fast. 
 
 2 Meza or meja, table, is borrowed from the Persian. 
 
$6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 A little augar Gida sadikit. 
 
 Shut the door Tutup (or katup) pintu. 
 
 Open the window Bulca jandela 1 (or tingkap). 
 
 Light the candle Pasang 2 dian' d (or lilin). 
 
 Put out the lamp Padam palita* 
 
 I am very hungry Sahaya lapar sangat. 
 
 Have you eaten rice? dudah makan nasi f 
 
 What will you drink, sir? Tuan apa handak minumt 
 
 Go quickly Pergi lakas. 
 
 Don't be long Jangan lambat. 
 
 Call him here Panggil dia ka-mari. 
 
 Tell him to come here Ajak dia kamari. 
 
 Tell him I waut to speak to him Khobar -kan dia sahaya handak chakap 
 
 sadikit. 
 Don't make a noise Jangan engar-engar. 
 Go to the right Pergi ka-kanan. 
 Go towards the right Pergi sa-belah kanan. 
 Turn to the left Pusing sa-bUah kiri. 
 Come Mari. Mari-lah. 
 
 Come here Mari sini. Mari di-sinL Mari-lah ka-mari. 
 Come near Main, dlkat. 
 Come quite near Mari dSkat-dikat. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp 
 quickly. Bring tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the 
 table. Is there any coffee 1 When you reach the cross-roads 
 turn to the right. Eat first and then go. Don't tell any one. 
 Who is making a noise outside 1 He told him to come quite 
 near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows. 
 
 i Jandela is from the Portuguese janella, and is applied to the windows 
 of the houses of Europeans. Tingkap is the window or window-shutter of a 
 native house. 
 
 2 Pasang signifies to give action to, to apply. 
 
 3 Dian is the better word. Lilin is literally wax. 
 
 4 Palita, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian patilah), signifies th 
 match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in sorcery. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 97 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 I want a servant (lit. a hired man) Sahaya handah ckahari orang gaji 
 
 sa'orang. 
 Where did you work before? Di-mana kerja dahulu? 
 What wages do you want per month ? Ber-apa mahu gaji pada sa- 
 
 bulan 1 
 I will give seven dollars a month Sahaya handah Icasih tujoh ringyit 
 
 sa-bulan. 
 Take care Jag a baik-baik. 
 Hold it quite straight Pegang-lah betul-betul. 
 Steady now ; don't let it slant Baik-baik-lah jangan singet. 
 Don't forget Jangan lupa. 
 Call the syce Panggil sais. 1 
 
 Have you cleaned the horse ? Kuda sudah gosok-iah 1 
 Just as you please Mana suka tuan. 
 Just as you may order Mana hukum tuan. 
 What o'clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)? Sudah pukul 
 
 b$r-apa t 
 It has struck twelve Sudah pukul dua-bUas. 
 It is half-past ten Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah. 
 It wants a quarter to one Pukul satu korang suku. 
 Take away those shoes Bawa pergi kasut 2 itu. 
 Take away all the things Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua. 
 Get the carriage ready Siap-kan kreta, 3 or sedia-kan-lah kreta. 
 Have you ordered the carriage ? Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah t 
 Put the horse to Ktna-kan kuda. 
 A pair of horses Kuda sa-pasang. 
 Saddle the black horse Bubok zin* diatas kuda hitam. 
 Bring the riding-horse Bawa kuda tunggang. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a 
 month? At two o'clock or half-past two, just as you like. I 
 intend to dine at seven o'clock ; don't forget. Hold it carefully, 
 and don't let it fall. Where are all the servants 1 Have you 
 
 1 SaHs (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom, horsekeeper. 
 
 2 Kasut is the native word, but sapatu (Portuguese sapato) is also exten- 
 sively used to signify boots and shoes of European pattern. 
 
 3 Kreta, Portuguese carreta. 
 
 4 Zin, Hindustani and Persian. Palana (Hindustani and Persian paFan. 
 a pack-saddle) and sela (Portuguese sella) are also used. 
 
 a 
 
98 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 ordered the syce to saddle the horse ? Take care ; this horse in 
 rather vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage ready ? I 
 shall return at five o'clock. Call some one to hold the horse. I 
 have brought one pair of shoes. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 Is the cook there ? Tulcang J masak ada-kah t 
 
 I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses Pada dua-dua ekor kuda 
 
 sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa'orang. 
 The gardener does not work on Friday Hari juma'at tukang-kabun 
 
 tiada kerja. 
 Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker's Tulong- 
 
 lah pdsan pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut. 
 What I want are shoes that lace up Tang sahaya handak itu, kasut 
 
 yang ber-tali. 
 Where does the goldsmith live ? Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas ? 
 Look out for some good carpenter Chdhari-lah tukang-kayu mana- 
 
 mana satu yang pandei sadikit. 
 How much must I pay the blacksmith ? B<rapa handak baiar kapada 
 
 tukang b<$i f 
 The painter says it will be finished in two days Rata tukang-chat lagi 
 
 dua hari habis-lah. 
 It must be here at two o'clock without fail Mahu ada di-sini jam 
 
 pukul dua, ta' bulih tidak. 
 I am sorry that so-and-so has not come Sayang-lah si-anu ta' datang. 
 What a pity ! Kasih-an ! 
 Poor old man ! Kasihan-lah orang tuah I 
 On what day will the washerman come ? Hari mana dobi 2 handak 
 
 datang ? 
 I will not give it Sahaya ta' mahu kasih. 
 He asks too much Dia minta ter-lampau baniak. 
 He asks too long a price Dia minta mahal sangat. 
 Speak slowly Chakap perlahan-perlahan. 
 Has he brought anything ? Sudah dia bawa apa-apa 9 
 
 1 Tukang. This word in Malay corresponds to our "fellow," the Hin- 
 dustani wala and the Tamul karen. When used, as in the examples above 
 given, as part of a compound, it signifies agent, doer, keeper. 
 
 2 Dhobi is Hindustani ; binara, washerman, is the most idiomatic term, 
 but tukang-basoh is often heard, also, in Batavia, tukang menatu. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 99 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 What has the cook brought ? Tell the washerman to come in 
 three days. How much does he ask ? Why is the gardener not 
 working ? The shoemaker was not at his house. Have you 
 called the blacksmith 1 When will you give it to me 1 If you 
 speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage 
 to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little 
 child ! The black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. 
 Did he demand anything 1 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 Pour out the tea Tuang ayer teh. 
 
 This water is not hot enough Ayer ini ta' panas bVtul. 
 
 When it is boiling bring it Apa-bila ayer mendidih baharu-lah bawa. 
 
 Boil two eggs Masah t%lor dua biji. 
 
 Kill a fowl Potong (or sembilik x ) hay am sa' ekor. 
 
 Don't scald it ; pluck the feathers out Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabul 
 
 salu-satu. 
 Make an omelette Buat dadar telor. 
 Count these knives Choba bUang pisau ini bfrapa. 
 A person has brought bread for sale Ada orang handahjual roti. 
 Take two loaves AmbU-lah dua Mtul. 
 What kind of meat do you wish me to get ? Daging apa macham tuan 
 
 handah suroh chahari t 
 I am not particularly fond of beef Daging lumbu sahaya ta' berapa 
 
 gamar. 
 See if you can get any mutton Choba preksa daging kambing barang- 
 
 lcali dapat Mlak.* 
 Is the meat to be roasted or boiled t Daging handak panggang-kah 
 
 handak rebus-kah t 
 Mince it up fine Chinchang lumat-lumat. 
 Don't be troublesome Jangan bising. 
 This is the fruit-season Ini-lah musim buah kayu. 
 
 1 Sembilik is used only of the killing of an animal by a Muhammadan foi 
 consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption of the Arabic phrass 
 Bi-smi-llahi, which is pronounced as the animal's throat is cut. 
 
 2 EMak implies a doubt, " perchance," " may be." 
 
IOO MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 What kind of fruit is there for sale now? Apa macham buahotaxy 
 
 jual sakarang ? 
 Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges Buah mampelam, buah manggis 
 
 dan limau manis. 
 Are there any shaddocks ? Limau kadangsa ada-kah t 
 Buy about a dozen limes BZli limau asam barang dua-belas biji. 
 The basket is full BaJcul sudah phioh. 
 Bring a basket to put these things into Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan 
 
 barang -barang int. 
 This durian is unripe Buah durian ini muda lagi. 
 No, sir ; its pulp is delicious Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia. 
 These durians are not to be surpassed Ta' lawan-lah buah durian ini. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring 
 a basket 1 ? Are not these mangoes unripe? How many man- 
 gostins are there in the basket t Can you make an omelette 1 
 Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the water is boiling 
 put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has brought. 
 How many loaves of bread do you take each day 1 He is not 
 very clever at cooking. 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 Call a hack-carriage Panggil kreta sewa. 
 
 1 want to hire this carriage to go to church Sahaya mahu sewa kareta 
 
 ini handak pergi ka-greja. 1 
 What fare shall I have to pay ? BZrapa nanti k%na bayar penyewa-nia t 
 Can you get there in half-an-hour ? Tengahjam buleh sampei-kahf 
 Has the gun fired (lit. sounded) ? Mariam? sudah ber-bunyi-kah t 
 The cannon has gone off Mariam sudah mt-letup. 
 He fired a musket Dia me-letup-kan snapang.* 
 Let go. Leave hold Lepas tangan. 
 Who is there ? Siapa ada t 
 Bring a light Bawa apt. 
 Where are the matches ? Di-mana goris api t 
 
 i Grga, from the Portuguese iglesia. 
 
 2 Mariam, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from the Portuguese 
 name of the Holy Virgin. Crawfurd. 
 
 * Snajpang, from the Dutch snaphaan. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. IOI 
 
 Say that again Choba Tcata lagi saJcali. 
 
 I did not quite hear Sahaya ta' bZrapa dengar. 
 
 They are great liars Dia orang kuat mem-bohong. 
 
 I dare not tell you a lie Sahaya ta' bZrani mem-bohong kapada tuan. 
 
 I am very sorry to hear it Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar. 
 
 Move to the right KZsak ka-kanan. 
 
 This is a very large pine-apple Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini. 
 
 Plantains are of various kinds Macham-macham-lah pisang. 
 
 I cannot come to-morrow Bcsok sahaya ta f buleh kamari. 
 
 Cut this stick in two Kayu ini kerat dua. 
 
 Bring some wine and water Bawa anggor sama ayer. 
 
 Has the rain stopped ? Sudah tedoh-kah hujan t 
 
 It has moderated Ada sidang sadikit. 
 
 The rain is very heavy Hujan lebat sakali. 
 
 It has stopped Sudah ber-hinti. 
 
 EXERCISK 
 
 Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him 
 to light the lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to 
 let go. Have you heard the gun fire ? One cannot get there in 
 an hour. He will hire out (lit. give to hire) his carriage. When 
 the rain has stopped 1 will go there. He does not drink 
 wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it. He 
 demands much too high a fare. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 Is dinner ready ? Makan-an sudah sedia-kah t 
 
 I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening Sudah sahaya 
 
 per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini malam ini. 
 You must cool the wine well Mahu-lah scjuk-kan anggor baik-baik. 
 If there is not enough saltpetre get more Kalau korang sendawa 
 
 ambil-lah lagi. 
 There is plenty of ice Ayer bdku 1 ada baniak. 
 What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty? Ubi Benggala 
 
 berapa harga sa-kati t 
 Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth Senduk garfxi sumua-nia sapu- 
 
 lah sama kain. 
 
 1 Lit. " congealed water ; " ayer batu, " stone water," is also used, but less 
 correctly. 
 
lot MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 There is a hole in this tablecloth Kain mcja ini ber-lobang. 
 
 It caught on a nail and was torn Sudah ter-sanghut di-hujong paku 
 
 langsong Jcoyah-lah. 
 Some gravy was spilt on it Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia. 
 Let the vegetables be perfectly hot Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali. 
 It is difficult to get fish at this hour Ikan payah di-chahari bagini 
 
 hart. 
 The pomfret is better than the sole Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan 
 
 UdaJu 
 He is washing the plates Dia mem-basoh piring. 
 That lad is very handy ChZpat sakali budak itu. 
 Pull out the cork Chabut penyumbat. 1 
 Put in the cork Bubok-lah penyumbat. 
 Do you want this bottle for any purpose ? Tuan kandak ber-guna-kan 
 
 balang 2 ini t 
 Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands) Bawa ayer basoh 
 
 tangan. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Wipe this table. Don't give the washerman the table- 
 cloths which have holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal 
 potatoes are better than those from China. Wash your hands 
 first. I am very fond of ice. Put two spoons and two forks 
 on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I shall 
 want it some day. I came here having been invited 3 by 
 Mr. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 Look at this for a moment Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar. 
 
 Let me see it Biar sahaya me-lihat. 
 
 Do you see that man who is looking in front of him ? Kamu nampa- 
 
 kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap f 
 I did not pay particular attention Sahaya ta' berapa per-hati-kan. 
 I don't quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired) Sahaya korang 
 
 preksa. 
 Pick out those that are torn Pilih yang ter-koyah. 
 
 1 Penyumbat, a stopper, from sumbat, to stop up, close. 
 
 a Balang is the native word for a flask or bottle, but is seldom heard in 
 the British settlements, where the English word "bottle" is generally 
 understood. 
 
 8 Di-per-sila-kan uleh. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 03 
 
 How many pairs of white trousers are there ? Saluar puteh ada ber- 
 
 apa haleif 
 Give me a shirt Kasih Jcameja 1 sa'lei* 
 Thick material (e.g., blanket, rug, flannel) Kain panat. 
 Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (e.g., sheet, coverlet) 
 
 Salimut. 
 Fold up this handkerchief Lipat sapu-tangan int. 
 He was lying wrapped up with a blanket Dia tidor-lah ber-salimut 
 
 kain panas. 
 They wrapped him round with a sarong Di-salimut-kan-nia kain 
 
 sarong. 
 There is one pair of socks too few Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang. 
 My waist-belt has disappeared Tali pinggang sudah to* nampa lagi. 
 Bolt the door Ranching -kan-lah pintu. 
 Knock at the door before coming in KUok pintu dahulu bdharu-lah 
 
 masok. 
 I am going to bathe now Sahaya handak mandi sakarang. 
 Is there any water for bathing? Ayer mandi ada-kah? 
 The tub is full Tong sudah p2noh. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick 
 trousers. Is the door bolted 1 Have you seen my waist-belt 
 anywhere ? Let me see that handkerchief for a moment. He 
 knocked at the door, but you did not hear him. I am going 
 down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I look ahead 
 of me. not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold 
 up these sheets. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 Have you fed the dogs ? Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah t 
 Did you deliver that letter ? Surat itu sudah s%rah-kah f 
 Is there any answer ? Adajawab 3 -nia apa-apaf 
 The master sends his compliments Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak. 
 There are a great many mosquitoes here Nyamok tcr-lampau baniak 
 di-sini. 
 
 1 Kameja, Portuguese camiza. ~ See supra, p. 70. 
 
 s Jawab (a word of Arabic derivation) has been borrowed by the Malays 
 from Hindustani 
 
104 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 I don't much like living here Sahaya to' b&r-apa suka duduk l di-sini. 
 I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that Sahaya binchi men- 
 
 dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu. 
 Are you on good terms with so-and-so? Kamu soma si-anu ada baik-kahf 
 
 Mr. was very angry with him Marah sa-kali Tuan kapada-nia. 
 
 I do not venture to interfere Sahaya ta y bVrani champor. 
 
 Don't interrupt Jangan masok-kan mulut. 
 
 Mix both together Champor-lah dua-dua. 
 
 I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies Mahu-lah bawang lada 
 
 garam sama chabei. 
 Don't use cocoa-nut oil Jangan pakei minyak kalapa. 
 She Bits weeping day and night Dia duduk menangis siyang malam. 
 This will do as a pattern Ini-lahjadi chonto. 
 He made a model of a house Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah. 
 Where is the bullet-mould ? Achu-an peluru 2 dimana t 
 My mind is made up TStap-lah hati sahaya. 
 I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden Niat 
 
 hati sahaya handak ber-kabun. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it 
 and then mix it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. 
 He is not on very good terms with his wife. I like to look at it. 
 He said he would send an answer. Don't be angry with the 
 boys. If you give the carpenter a model he can make anything* 
 I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a pattern. Give my 
 compliments to your master. 
 
 LESSON XXL 
 
 Can you sew ? Kamu tahu-kah menjahit. 
 
 The tailor has come Tukang jahit sudah datang. 
 
 This does not fit me Ta' bUul ini dengan badan 3 sahaya. 
 
 Measure the length of this Hukur-lah panjang-nia. 
 
 1 Duduk, to sit, means also (in some districts) to live, inhabit. 
 
 2 Pe-luru, a missile, " that which goes direct," a substantive formed by 
 the particle pe- and the word lurus, direct, straight. 
 
 3 Badan, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; tuboh ia the native word; 
 salira (Sansk.) is also found. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 105 
 
 Just hold this for a moment Tulong pegang ini sa l at. 1 
 
 Wait a moment Nanti sa'at. 
 
 He has a bad foot Kaki-nia sakit. 
 
 He was wounded between the ankle and the heel Dia TcSna lulca antara 
 
 mata kahi dan tumit. 
 Her neck was swollen BongkoJc-lah batang leher-nia. 
 From the nape of the neck down to the feet Deri tangkuk hingga 
 
 kaki. 
 He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm) 
 
 Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan. 
 His knee-pan was broken Patah-lah tempnrong lutut-nia. 
 A skull was found in the river Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei. 
 As big as one's finger Besarjari. 
 The thumb Ibujari or ibu tangan. 
 The forefinger Jari telunjuk. 
 
 The middle finger Jari tengah, jari mati, or jari hantu. 
 The fourth finger Jari manis. 
 The little finger Jari kelingking. 
 
 His right arm was dislocated Tangan kanan*nia sudah salah urat. 
 He has a beard Dia ber-janggut. 
 One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache Jarang ber-jumpa orang 
 
 China ber-muei. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is 
 swollen. Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the 
 leg near the knee. Both his arms were broken. Be good 
 enough to sew this. I was much concerned at seeing him ; he is 
 suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my forearm. He was 
 struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring 3 on her fourth 
 finger. 
 
 1 More correctly sa-sa'at, one moment. Sa'at (Arabic) is found in Hindus- 
 tani also. 
 3 The primary meaning of tempurong is " cocoa-nut shell. * 
 * Chinchin. 
 
lo6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 Bring my hat and riding-whip Bawa topi l dengan rotan. 7 
 
 What is this candle made of ? Dian ini di-buat dengan apa t 
 
 Give me pen and ink KasVt kalam 3 sama dawat.* 
 
 That man is deaf and dumb Orang itu bisu. 
 
 His hair is very long Panjang sakali rambut-nia. 
 
 What is your occupation ? Apa pen-chahari-an angkau f 
 
 He cultivates padi for a livelihood Dia buat bendang 5 men-chahari 
 
 makan. 
 Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead ? Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau 
 
 mati-kah t 
 This cloth is very dirty Kotor sakali kain ini. 
 His house was entered by robbers last night Rumah dia di-masok peny- 
 
 amun sa-malam. 
 They made off with a good many things Baniak juga barang-barang 
 
 dia orang angkat bawa pergi. 
 All were fast asleep, not one was awake Sumud orang tidor Una sa-orang 
 
 pun tiadajaga. 
 I keep my box under my bed Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat 
 
 tidor. 
 I sleep on an iron bedstead Sahaya tidor di-atas katil 6 besi. 
 My two children sleep in the loft Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidot 
 
 di para. 
 There was a policeman watching in the street Ada mata-mata sa 'orang 
 
 men- jag a dijalan. 
 He ran very fast and could not be caught Dia lari ter-lalu deras to* 
 
 8ampat orang menangkap. 
 The policeman chased him down to the river-bank Mata-mata kejar 
 
 juga sampei ka-tepi sungei. 
 Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the 
 
 day Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah 
 
 hari. 
 
 1 Topi, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an European. 
 
 2 Rotan, rattan, more correctly raut-an, the thing peeled, from rant, 
 to peel. 
 
 * Kalam (found in Hindustani also) is derived from the Arabic. Cf. San- 
 skrit kalama, a kind of rice ; Greek K<Xa/xos. 
 
 4 Dawat in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means inkstand, ink-bottle, 
 pen-case ; in Malay it also signifies ink. Tinta (Portuguese) is also used by 
 the Malays for ink. 
 
 5 Buat bendang, lit. "works the fields;" bendang wet rice-fields, as 
 opposed to huma, dry fields on high ground. 
 
 6 Eattil, Tamul, a cot 
 
manual of the malay language. 107 
 
 Exercise. 1 
 
 Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka 'adat- 
 nia pada tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka 
 di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri 
 di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar 
 di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia 
 sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu kulit harimau di-salimut- 
 kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang 
 orang damikian-lah lial-nia binara itu pada tiap-tiap hari maka 
 apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah tuan-nia itu 
 maka be-ber-apa kali ber-tSmu kapada yang ampunya ladang itu 
 ka-takut-an lab iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 People are making a clearing on the hill Orang her-ladang di-atas 
 
 bukit. 
 What are they planting ? Apa di-tanam-nia ? 
 Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers Pisang, labu, jagong, dan 
 
 timun. 
 What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday ? Apa 
 
 khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu t 
 They are sprouting beautifully Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu. 
 Goodness knows if they will live Wallahu 'alam akan hidop-nia. 
 We shall know in a few days Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita. 
 He complained to the master about that matter also Di-adu juga pada 
 
 tuan hal itu. 
 I have never heard it Tat pernah hamba tuan mcn-dengar. 
 There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree Lebat sdkali buah-buah 
 
 di-atas pokok itu. 
 Pick three or four ripe ones Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang 
 
 masak. 
 You cannot reach them with your hand ; bring a hook Tangan ta' sampei 
 
 bawa penggait. 
 He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation Di-buat-nia dangau di 
 
 tengah ladang. 
 The walls are wood and the thatch bertam leaves Dinding-nia kayu 
 
 atap-nia bertam. 
 
 1 This and the following fables are taken from a Malay translation of the 
 Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by Abdu-llah Munshi. 
 
108 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 He tied it with rattan Di-ikat-nia sama rotan. 
 
 Chop that stick with a bill-hook Tetak kayu itu dengan parang. 
 
 He made a notch in the log Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu. 
 
 The tax is 10 cents for every log Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa- 
 
 batang. 
 The timber is the property of the owner of the land Kayu-kayu pulang 
 
 kapada yang ampunya tanah. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal 
 heiran iya serta ber-kata " Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan 
 padi antah 'alamat akhir zaman-lah sudah," lalu di-ambil-nia sa- 
 batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, 
 maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu maka apabila di-lihat 
 kaldei manusla datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya serta di-dengar 
 uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan 
 dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu mati-lah kaldei itu 
 damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu datang-nia 
 deripada mulut juga asal-nia. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 His whip dropped on the road Chabuk^nia jatoh dijalan. 
 
 He drives exceedingly well Dia pandei sakali pegang ras. 3 
 
 Drive out that dog Halau-kan anjing itu. 
 
 I am going out for a drive Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin. 
 
 He knows how to write Malay Dia tahu menyurat Jawi. 
 
 The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different Huruf-nia 
 
 sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain. 
 1 want to stop a moment at the warehouse Sahaya mahu singga sa- 
 
 kejap di gedong. 
 When will you come and see me ? Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan 
 
 sahaya t 
 This skin has been destroyed by insects Kulit ini hdbU-lah di-makan 
 
 ulat. 
 He has no fixed occupation Ta f tuntu pt-karja-an-nia, 
 
 1 Chabuk y Hindi, whip. 
 
 ' Pegang ras, lit. holds the reins ; rasai, Hindustani, reins. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 109 
 
 He has no settled residence Ta' tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia. 
 
 Who is the headman of the river ? Siapa kapala sungei f 
 
 The headman of the village received him Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala 
 
 kampong. 
 Five men stood on guard at the door Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu. 
 Whom do you wish to see ? Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah? 
 I felt as if I wanted to cry Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam 
 
 hati sahaya. 
 I have ben here for several months without meeting you B&r-apa bulan 
 
 sahaya di-sini tiadajuga ber-Umu dengan tuan. 
 It was heard across the river Ka-dengar-an sampei sabSrang sungei. 
 By the mouth the body comes to harm Sebab mulut badan binasa. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah 
 yang baniak itu ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-bSr-apa lama-nia 
 iya diam pada hutan itu maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah 
 musim kamarau maka ka-kenng-an-lah sagala ayer maka di-suroh 
 uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi men-chahari ayer maka 
 pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah gunong maka 
 di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buak kulam penoh ayer-nia maka 
 apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali membSri tahu 
 raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra'iyat-nia 
 handak pergi me-minum ayer. 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 What is the price of this % Ini bZr-apa harga t 
 
 At first he demanded two dollars Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit. 
 
 I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it Sahaya tawar sa-ringgii 
 
 tiada mahu di-tdrima-nia. 
 He said that the fixed price was two dollars Kata-nia harga mati dua 
 
 ringgit. 
 Give me whichever you please Tang mana angkau suka handak bahag^ 
 
 bahagi-lah. 
 Any one will do Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah. 
 This quantity will do Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini. 
 Is this boat your own? Prahu ini sendiri punya-kaht 
 Are you married ? Sudah ber-bini-kah ? 
 
IIO MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Is he a married man I Ada-kah rumah tangga-niat 1 
 
 He has three children Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang. 
 
 How many children have you ? Sudah dapat anak bh'-apa orang ? 
 
 His wife has lately had a child Bini dia baharu ber-anak. 
 
 He has got a son by his elder wife Dia sudah dapat anak laki-ldki sa- 
 
 orang dengan istri-nia yang tuah. 
 Are these children twins ? Kambar-kah budak ini t 
 I have known him from his childhood Deri kechil lagi sahaya ktnal. 
 His child is quite an infant, still at the breast Kechil juga anak dia, 
 
 menyusu lagi. 
 She suckled her child Dia menctek-kan (or menyusu-kan) anak-nia. 
 He is cutting his teeth Baharu tumboh gigi-nia. 
 You must have it vaccinated Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an. 
 It did not take the first time Mula-mula to* kena. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk 
 serta dengan ra'iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta 
 ka-dengar-an-lah bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka 
 ber-kata-lah pelanduk itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah 
 itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka 
 uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda 
 " Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kamari naschaya 
 tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini," maka jawab mantri pelan 
 duk itu " Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka patek- 
 lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya 
 patek," maka di-bSri-lah uleh raja paientah akan mantri itu. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 Go and complain at the police-station Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (or 
 
 rumah pasong). 
 
 He has been arrested Dia sudah ktna tangkap. 
 
 He has been locked up Dia sudah kena tutop. 
 
 What is his offence ? Apa ka-salah-an-nia ? 
 
 What do they charge him with? Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-niat 
 
 For how many days has he been detained ? Sudah b%r-apa hari dia 
 
 l&na tahan t 
 
 1 Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? i.e., has he an establishment of 
 own? 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. in 
 
 This is not his first offence Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat 
 
 jahat t 
 Do you know him ? Tuan kenal-kah dia t 
 No, I see him now for the first time Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya 
 
 me-lihat. 
 People say that he is a great opium-smoker Kata orang dia kuat makan 
 
 chandu. 
 He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night Dia 
 
 pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam. 
 He was not alone ; there were several others with him Bukan dia 
 
 sa'orang adajuga dua tiga ampat orang Jcawan-nia. 
 They were all Malays Malayu belaka 1 ka-sumua-nia. 
 He was not the principal, but an accomplice Bukan dia kapala telapx 
 
 dia menyerta-i sama. 
 Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments Kahandak hati-nia 
 
 mahu churi barang-barang mas. 
 He used abusive and improper language Dia ber-maki-maki dengan 
 
 yang ta'patut. 
 What is the name of the defendant ? Siapa nama yang kZna adu itu ? 
 What the prosecutor says is quite right Benar juga saperti kata 
 
 adu- an. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Maka mantri pelanduk itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat- 
 kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, " handak 
 meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah 1 ada-pun saperti 
 sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu 
 saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun 
 dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian 
 baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini," maka ka-lihat-an-lah 
 raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sSru- 
 sSru-lah pelanduk itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia- 
 " ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik ? " maka 
 menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia 
 " Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau 
 
 i Belaka (entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in 
 sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, " it must 
 be said," " I should say," " let me add," " you must know." 
 
 Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed from 
 sumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as, ka-dua-nia, both 
 of them. 
 
112 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 menySru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab * ini 
 siapa-kah angkau ini ? " 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 On what day will the case be commenced ? Pada hart mana handak 
 
 buka bichurat 
 So-and-so got up and gave evidence. Ber-diri si-anujadi saksi. 
 Bail was refused Tiada di-b2rijamin. 2 
 Have you any one who will go bail for you? Ada-kah orang yang 
 
 mahu tang gong ! 
 This is the surety Ini-lah aku-an. 
 I will give bail for any amount Blr-apa bh'at sakali-pun hamba tuan 
 
 bZrani tanggong. 
 Is this a man of property f Orang ber-harta-kah ini? 
 One surety is not enough ; there must be two at least Sa' orang aku 
 
 tajadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang. 
 Sign at this place Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan. 
 Do you know how to write ? Tahu-kah menyurat 1 
 If you cannot write, make a mark Jikalau ta'tahu menyurat buat-lah 
 
 goris tanda tangan. 
 That will do ; you can go now Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu. 
 What do you call this in Malay ? Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini f 
 He has done it in the English fashion Dia sudah buat chara 
 
 Inggrti. 
 Speak loud, and let people hear you Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh 
 
 orang men-dengar. 
 He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down 
 
 Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rZbah ka-bawah. 
 His face grew very pale Puchat sakali muka-nia. 
 His statement is incoherent Ta'tuntu per-kata-annia. 
 He fell at his master's feet and asked for pardon Dia menyambah kaki 
 
 tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun. 
 His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him Sebab ter-lalu morah 
 
 hati tuan-nia langsong di-btri-nia ma'af. 
 
 1 Beadab, "unmannerly," a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by 
 prefixing the privative particle be- to the noun adab. Malays also borrow 
 from the same source the word be-hosh, "stupified," generally mispronounced 
 by them bi-us. 
 
 2 Jamin, " bail,"' a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a 
 corruption of the Hindustani tamin. 
 
 
manual of the malay language. 113 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Maka jawab pelanduk " Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata- 
 an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang mengrang-kan sagala 'alam 
 dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini 
 sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia 
 patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan " maka jawab 
 raja gajah itu "apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu" 
 maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura 
 iya menyambah bulan seraya kata-nia "adapun tuanku itu- 
 lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah 
 yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya 
 pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu 
 dengan be-bSr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu- 
 lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di- 
 suroh-nia akan hamba mem-beri tahu maka apabila tuanku 
 datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu 
 maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya men- 
 yuroh-kan hamba datang ini membSri tahu tuanku sakalian 
 menyuroh-kan balik sigra " . 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 In which direction had we better go ? Sa-belah mana baik kita pergi ? 
 There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields Di-bendang baniak juga 
 
 burong berkik. 
 He has a double-barrelled gun Dia punya snapang dua laras. 
 Both barrels are loaded Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-uia. 
 You use very small shot Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus takali. 
 He is a very good shot Dia pandei sakali menembak burong. 
 He killed two birds at one shot Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor 
 
 burong. 
 Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away Belum sampat 
 
 dekat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua. 
 Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket Balik Sana 
 
 belukar itu barang-kali dapat kglak. 
 One of its wings is broken Patah-lah sayap sa-bUah. 
 It is not hit Ta'kZna. 
 
 H 
 
114 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 It is wounded slightly KZnajuga sadikit. 
 
 It has settled on the ground Sudah hinggap di tanah. 
 
 It has perched on a cocoanut tree Sudah hinggap di pokok nior. 
 
 Don't speak : how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make 
 
 a noise? Jangan ber-midut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau 
 
 engar-engar macham mana handak dZkat. 
 The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped 
 
 Kena peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang. 
 Have you ever shot a tiger ? Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau ? 
 How many birds have you got ? Tuan sudah buleh Mr-apa ekor burongt 
 
 Exercise. 
 11 Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi 
 tiad.i mengapa segra-lah tuanku balik sapaya buleh hamba 
 perg ; mem-bujuk raja bulan dan mem-baik-ki hati-nia itu dan 
 lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah 
 kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-k8ring-an apa sebab-nia 
 kulam 1 ini baniak ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan 
 hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya mati." 
 Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala 
 per-kata-an pelanduk itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil 
 meny&mbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan 
 dahaga-nia. Damikian handak-nia orang yang handak men- 
 jadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut- 
 nn ada-nia. 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 
 Is the tide making or ebbing ? Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah t 
 
 Is the boat ready ? Prahu ada siap-kah ? 
 
 How many people will this boat carry? Ber-apa orang buleh muat di 
 
 prahu init 
 Ten persons, including two rowers Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok 
 
 anak dayong dua orang. 
 There is a head-wind ; we cannot sail Angin muka ta'buleh ber-laiar. 
 Row hard Dayong-lah kuat-kuat. 
 When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and 
 
 rest Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang 
 
 ptnat. 
 Who is steering? Siapapegang kamudit 
 
 1 Kulam, Tamil, a tank 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 115 
 
 If one is going down- stream paddles are used ; for going up-stream poles 
 
 are required Kalau hilir pakei pengayu Tcalau mudik mahu-lah 
 
 ber-galah. 
 What kind of wood is the beat for boat-building ? Kayu mana yang 
 
 ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu t 
 The Chinese sampan is called sampan kotak in Singapore Sampan China 
 
 itu kata orang di Singgapura " Sampan kotak." 
 Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made ? Prahu sagor ini di-buat 
 
 dengan kayu apa ? 
 Steer straight for that point Tuju betul ka tanjong itu. 
 I shall go on shore at the landing-place Saliaya handak naik di darat 
 
 di pengkalan. 
 Give rne the line and let us fish a little BahagiAah tali kail biar kita 
 
 mengail sakejap. 
 Have you got any bait ? Umpan ada-kah t 
 If we have any luck we may catch some big fish Kalau ada untong 
 
 kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar. 
 The spines of that fish are very poisonous Duri ikan itu bisa sakali. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Ada kapada suatu hari sa'orang pem-buru masok ka hutan 
 lalu mem-bum iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu- 
 lah iya dengan sa'ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang 
 itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak 
 di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber- 
 temu-lah iya pula dengan sa'ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu- 
 pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu 
 di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali 
 lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit- 
 nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan 
 tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia 
 yang di-tangan pem-buru itu. 
 
 LESSON XXX. 
 
 He is not yet dressed Dia bVlum pakei kain lagi. 
 
 He is dressed like a Malay Dia pakei chara Malayu. 
 
 Wake me to-morrow morning at six o'clock Oerak-kan sahaya pukul 
 
 anam pagi. 
 I want to get up early Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang. 
 
Il6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 He did not do it on purpose Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja. 
 
 I was only in play Sahaya lawak-hiwak sahaja. 
 
 1 was very sorry that I could not accompany you Ter-buku hati sahaya 
 
 sangat ta'buleh ber-sama-sama. 
 What are the contents of that letter ? Apa bunyi-nia surat itu? 
 Do you understand the pith of it? Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia? 
 Has any one been here to look for me ? Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang 
 
 men-chahari sahaya. 
 Ask that woman where the well is Choba tanya pada perampuan itu 
 
 di-mana-kah talaga. 
 Is this good water? Baik-kah ayer inif 
 It is excellent water, both clear and cool Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh 
 
 lagi sejuk. 
 Can we get a green cocoanut here? Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini? 
 There is no one who can climb (the tree) Tada orang yang tahu 
 
 panjat. 
 Let me climb it Biar aku mcmanjat. 
 
 Have you brought cooking-utensils ? Priuk blttanga sudah bawa-kah. ? 
 These sticks are damp and will not burn Basah kayu ini taHmahu 
 
 menyala. 
 Grind the spices Giling rampah-rampah. 
 Will you smoke ? Tuan mahu minum rokok f 
 I am sleepy, and shall go to bed Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak 
 
 masok tidor. 
 Did you call me 1^Tuan panggil-kahf 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa'ekor srigala 
 maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata " baliwa sapuloh hari 
 lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi" serta 
 datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia 
 tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah 
 menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita 
 terlalu tema'a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah 
 hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia. 
 
7 ) 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are con- 
 tained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on 
 colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of 
 some of the common errors into which European students of 
 Malay are apt to fall. 
 
 First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and 
 elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much 
 more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid 
 of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by 
 nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken 
 of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete 
 form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is 
 lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for 
 by brevity. 
 
 Why say kasih sama sahaya (lit. " give to me "), in imitation 
 of the English give me, or the French donnez-moi, or the Ger- 
 man geben sie mir, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, 
 when a Malay would simply say bahagi-lah, give, or bawa, 
 bring ? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply 
 any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase, 
 sama sahaya, or sama Jeita, is a bad habit, which arises from a 
 natural desire to give the word " me " its due value in Malay. 
 This, as has been shown, is not necessary. 
 
Il8 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Tell me ; don't be afraid Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not, bilang sama 
 
 sahaya, &c. 
 What are you going to give us ? Apa mahu bahagit not, apa mahu 
 
 bahagi sama Icita 1 
 How much must I pay you ? Ber-apa nanti kena bayar ? not, ber-apa 
 
 sahaya mahu bayar sama anglcau t 
 I want him to make me a jacket Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju ; 
 
 not, sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju sama sahaya. 
 Can you make me a table ? Bulelt-kah buat meja J not, buleh-kah buat 
 
 meja sama sahaya. 
 Afterwards come and tell meLepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan ; not, 
 
 marl bilang sama saliaya. 
 
 In direct narration the personal pronoun " I " should often 
 be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal 
 form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently 
 with "I think," "I hear," "I hope," " I wish," and there is 
 a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with 
 " Sahaya fikir" "Sahaya dengar khabar," &c. These, though 
 not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. Rasa-nia, the 
 feeling is, agak-nia, the guess is, rupa-nia, the appearance is (it 
 seems), khabar-nia, the report is, and similar phrases, should 
 often take their place. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Instead of I am told, or people tell me, Orang bilang sama sahaya ; 
 
 Say, People say, Kata orang. 
 Instead of I hear that he is coming here, Sahaya dengar khabar dia 
 
 handak mart sini ; Say, He is coming here, the report goes, Dia 
 
 handak kamari khabar-nia. 
 Instead of I think there are five quarts, Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah ; 
 
 Say, Tiiere are five quarts, the estimate is, Ada lima chupah agak- 
 nia. 
 Instead of I think it is going to rain, Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan ; 
 
 Say, It is going to rain, it seems, Hari handak hujan rupa-nia. 
 Instead of I like driving better than walking, Sahaya lagi suka naik 
 
 kreta deri-pada jalan kaki ; Say, It is better to drive than to walk, 
 
 Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 119 
 
 Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the 
 following sentences : 
 
 I was very glad to hear it Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar. 
 I very much wish to go to Meccah Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka- 
 
 Makah. 
 I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it 
 
 Handak tirima salah, handak pulang-kan main. 
 I was disappointed Putus-lah harap sahaya. 
 I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided Besar-lah harap 
 
 sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra. 
 I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I 
 
 will hold out Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana Mrat sakali-pun 
 
 handak tahan juga. 
 
 Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sen- 
 tences in which the word " you " occurs. So much has been said 
 on this subject already (supra, pp. 49, 75) that it is only neces- 
 sary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in 
 which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English 
 and Malay phrase-books the use of angkau is far too frequent. 
 
 As you like Mana suka-lah. 
 
 As you may think best Mana elok kapada hati sendiri. 
 
 You can go Buleh pulang. 
 
 I have nothing more to ask you T'ada apa lagi handak tanya. 
 
 Where have you been ? Pergi ka-mana tadi ? 
 
 If you do so another time you will certainly be punished Kalau buat 
 
 lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum. 
 Do you want employment ? Handak minta karja-kaht 
 Can you wait at table ? Tahu-kah jaga meja t 
 What are you doing ? Apa buat ? 
 You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured Mahu-lah 
 
 jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia. \ 
 
 Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in 
 Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of 
 address. Instead of saying, " You are a lazy, good-for-nothing 
 boy, and deserve a good thrashing," the Malay says, " What 
 manner of boy is this 1 If one were to beat him soundly it 
 would be well." 
 
120 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LAiNGUAGE. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Are you deaf? Can't you hear what I say to you ? Tuli-kah budak 
 ini? Orang kata t'uda dengar-kah? (Lit. Is the boy deaf ? does 
 he not hear what one is saying ?) 
 
 How slow you are ! or, what a thne'you are taking ! Ai budak ini I bukan 
 lambat-nia 1 (Lit. Oh, this boy ! Isn't he slow ?) 
 
 How slowly you are rowiug ! Can't you pull faster when you are told ? 
 Give way, will you ! Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah 
 orang suroh dtrai. DVras-lah sadikit. (Lit. Oh, are not these boys 
 rowing slowly ! Has not one told them to make haste ? Quick ! now, 
 a little !) 
 
 You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you 
 got a caning Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit 
 dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit. This person is exceedingly 
 bad ; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would 
 remember.) 
 
 What an idiot you are ! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil 
 Budak bedebah ini I Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak. 
 
 Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to 
 describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific 
 words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible 
 by using pukul, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is prefer- 
 able to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode 
 of striking. 
 
 The following lists will illustrate this caution : 
 
 1. Pulcul, to strike, beat. 
 Gasak, to beat, flog, punish. 
 JJentam, to strike, attack, throw. 
 Balun, to beat, thrash, drub. 
 Palu, to beat, hammer, knock. 
 Kltok, to knock, tap, rap. 
 Godam, to thrash, hammer. 
 Lantak, to nail, to drive in. 
 
 Tinju-kan, to box, strike with the 
 
 fist. 
 Tumbuk, to pound, strike with the 
 
 fist. 
 BZdal, to switch. 
 Sakal, and sakai, to strike. 
 Tampar, and tampiling, to slap. 
 Tepuk, to pat. 
 
 2. Chuchuk, to thrust, poke. 
 
 Merusuk, to thrust, poke, pierce. 
 Radak or rodok, to pierce with a 
 
 spear. 
 Juluk, to thrust upwards. 
 
 Tikam, to thrust, pierce, stab. 
 Sigi, to poke with the finger. 
 Merunjang, to lower a spear at tha 
 charge. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 3. Angkat, to lift, carry off, remove. 
 Pikul, to carry on the back, to 
 
 carry a load. 
 Kandar, to carry on a stick over 
 
 the shoulder. 
 Bibit, to carry with the fingers. 
 Junjovg, to carry on the head. 
 Tanggong, to bear, carry, support. 
 Gendong, to carry slung in a 
 
 bundle. 
 Usong, to carry in a litter. 
 Juicing, to hold aloft, to hoist, to 
 
 carry with the arm uplifted. 
 
 4. J atoli, to fall, drop. 
 
 Gugur, to drop off, fall, miscarry. 
 Tumbavg, to fall, tumble down. 
 Reban, to fall in, give way, tumble 
 
 down. 
 Runtoli, to come down, to fall. 
 
 5. Buang, to throw away. 
 Lotar or lontar, to hurl, fling. 
 Lempar, to throw, fling. 
 Bumban, to throw down, cast 
 
 away. 
 
 6. Lihat, to see. 
 
 Pandang, to look, to look at. 
 Kelih, to see. 
 Nampa, to see, perceive. 
 Intel, to peep, spy, observe. 
 Petiak, to notice, observe. 
 Tullli, to look, glance. 
 
 7. CJiakap, to apeak. 
 Bilang, to telL 
 Khabar-kan, to tell, inform. 
 Ber-mulut, to speak, utter. 
 Sabda, to say, command. 
 Cheritra-kan, to relate. 
 Meripit, to chatter, gabble. 
 Mengomong, to chat, gossip. 
 
 Baua, to carry, convey, bring. 
 Dukong, to carry on the back or 
 
 hip. 
 Kepit, to carry under the arm. 
 Jivjing, to carry in the arms or 
 
 hands. 
 Galas, to carry slung over the back 
 
 or shoulder. 
 Kilik, to carry under the arm. 
 Bebat, to carry in the girdle. 
 Tatang, to carry on the palms of the 
 
 hands. 
 Kandong, to carry at the waist. 
 
 Luroh, to drop off, fall (as fruit). 
 Titek, to drop, distil (as water). 
 RZbah, 1 to tumble, fall. 
 Timpa, to fall against. 
 (7/uc/ur, to drop, to spill. 
 Tumpah, to spill. 
 
 (Jhampak, to throw down, cast 
 
 away. 
 Baling, to throw, fling. 
 Banting, to throw, cast, propel. 
 
 Tengok, to see. 
 
 Jmgok, to peep, look out. 
 
 Tcngadah, to look up. 
 
 Tampak, to sue, perceive. 
 
 Per-hati-kan, to perceive, notice, 
 
 take notice of. 
 Tentang, to regard. 
 
 Kata, to say, speak, talk. 
 
 Tutur, to talk, tell, converse. 
 
 Stout, to tell, mention. 
 
 Uchap, to utter, express. 
 
 Titah, to say, command (as a raja). 
 
 Merongut, to mutter. 
 
 Ber-bual, to chat. 
 
 Ber-sungut, to grumble, to murmur. 
 
 Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which 
 takes the prefix di-. Easy examples of this have been given 
 
 1 Also ribah and rubuh. 
 
122 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 occasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on 
 pages 107 and 108 contain abundant illustrations of it. It is 
 a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the 
 written language j it is of common use colloquially among 
 Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of 
 construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by 
 Europeans in the Straits of Malacca. 
 
 " He did not, or would not, accept it," would be vulgarly 
 rendered dia ta' mahu terima ; but it maybe more elegantly 
 translated tuida-lah di-terima-nia, " It was not accepted by him." 
 Here the affix -nia has the force of " by him, 5 ' and, as it denotes 
 the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with 
 the rule stated on p. 61. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 He ordered (it was ordered by him) Di-suroh-nia. 
 
 He Beized the robber (the robber was seized by him) Di-tangkap-nia 
 
 penchuri. 
 They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire 
 
 from spreading far Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-b8ri 
 
 me-larat panjang api itu. 
 The rats ate up three candles Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus. 
 They have not yet erected the house ; they are getting the timber ready 
 
 Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia. 
 The boat was leaky and the water got in Bochor prahu itu di-masolc 
 
 ayer dalam-nia. 
 He only allowed him to use it ; he did not give it to him out and out 
 
 Di-b2ri pakei sahaja bukan di-b%ri-nia langsong. 
 He said that it was too late to send an answer Handak di-balas pun 
 
 Icata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia. 
 He asked for information about the house that is being built Di-tanya- 
 
 nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu. 
 When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assess- 
 
 ment Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan 
 
 hasil-nia. 
 God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very 
 
 day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible Di-tulong 
 
 Allah subhana wa ta i alapada waktuhari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis- 
 
 habis lebat. 
 The people of the village feasted abundantly Jenoh-lah di-makan orang 
 
 kampong itu. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 123 
 
 Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given 
 to a verb by the particle ber- (be-, bel-), and that which is 
 caused by prefixing me- (mem-, meng-, men-, and meny-) ; see 
 supra, p. 55. 
 
 When the former is employed, the verb describes a state or 
 condition, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a 
 verb expressing an action. Apparent departures from this 
 rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty 
 in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as 
 " to weep," may be viewed in two ways either as descriptive 
 of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of 
 weeping ; the former is expressed in Malay by ber-tangis and 
 the latter by menangis, but practically the distinction is not 
 great. So memakei (pakei), to wear, merajuk, to sulk, menanti, 
 to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, not 
 withstanding that they have the particle me- ; but this is ex- 
 plained by showing that in their primary meanings they really 
 convey an idea of action, memakei meaning to put on, merajuk, 
 to show temper, and menanti, to await somebody or some- 
 thing. 
 
 The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid 
 down above : 
 
 Primitive. 
 
 angkat, to lift. 
 alih, to change. 
 
 balik, behind, back. 
 
 diri, self, being. 
 
 ganti, instead of. 
 
 habis, finished. 
 
 igau, delirium. 
 
 ikut, tie, bond. 
 
 Derivative with her-. 
 
 ber-angkat, to arise. 
 ber-alih, to undergo 
 
 change. 
 ber-bcdik, to turn (in- 
 
 trans. ) 
 her -diri, to stand up. 
 
 ber-ganli, to take the 
 
 place of. 
 ber-habis,tobQ finished. 
 
 ber-igau, to be deli- 
 rious. 
 ber-ikat, to be fastened. 
 
 Derivative with me-. 
 
 meng-angkat, to lift. 
 meng-alih, to change. 
 
 mem-balik, to turn, re- 
 turn {trans.) 
 
 men-diri-kan, to cause 
 to stand, to establish. 
 
 meng-ganti, to put in the 
 place of. 
 
 meng-habis, to finish, to 
 complete. 
 
 mengigau, to rave. 
 
 meng-ikat, to tie, fasten. 
 
124 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Primitive. 
 
 ingat, memory, to re- 
 member. 
 jaga, to watch, guard. 
 
 keliling, around. 
 
 karja, work. 
 
 Upas, loosed. 
 lambat, slow. 
 labuh, to lower, drop. 
 
 naung, shade. 
 
 peg an g, to hold. 
 
 rugi, loss. 
 
 sevibunyi, to hide. 
 
 takut, afraid, fear. 
 ubah, change, to change. 
 
 Derivative with her-. Derivative with me-. 
 
 bcr- ingat, to be sensi- 
 ble of. 
 ber-jaga,toheon watch. 
 
 ber-keliling, to border, 
 surround. 
 
 ber-karja, to be a work- 
 man. 
 
 bt r-hj>as, to be free. 
 
 bcr- lambat, to be slow. 
 
 bcr-labuh, to be at an- 
 chor. 
 
 bcr-naung, to be shel- 
 tered. 
 
 bcr-pcgavg, to hold. 
 
 bc-rugi, to suffer loss. 
 
 ber-scmbunyi, to be con- 
 cealed. 
 
 ber -takut, to be afraid. 
 
 ber ubah, to undergo 
 change. 
 
 meng -ingat, to call to 
 
 mind, remember. 
 menjaga, to watch, to 
 
 guard. 
 mengelUirtg, to hem in, 
 
 to go round. 
 viengarja-kan, to work, 
 
 effect, accomplish. 
 mc'cpas, to set free. 
 me-lambat, to retard. 
 mc-labuh, to let fall, to 
 
 auchor. 
 mc-naung-i, to shelter, to 
 
 shade, protect. 
 mcmegavg, to take hold 
 
 of, to seize. 
 me-rugi-kan, to cause 
 
 loss. 
 menycmbunyi, to hide, 
 
 conceal. 
 menyakut-kan, to frighten 
 meng-ubah, to change, to 
 
 alter. 
 
 Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit 
 (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) 
 of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill 
 a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next 
 word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hin- 
 dustani phrase, 1 are numerous in Malay and vary in different 
 localities. Anu, bahasa-nia, misaP-nia, and kata-kan are some 
 of those commonly used. 
 
 Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly em- 
 ployed : 
 
 Na* for handak ; sikit for sadikit ; auat for apa-buat ? why 1 j 
 tc and fada for tiada \ pi and pegi (in Patani gi) for pergi. 
 
 1 The Hindustani term is sukhan-takya, from sukhan, a word, and takya a 
 pillow. 
 3 Corresponding with the Hindustani maslan, which is used in a similar way. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. I 25 
 
 LESSON XXXI. 
 Phrases of Politeness. 
 
 Be pleased to . Sila, sila-lah, or sila-kan-lah. 
 
 Please come into the house Sila-kan naik atas rumah. 
 
 Be pleased to sit down on a chair Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi. 
 
 My house is not what it should be Rumali sahaya tiada dengan saperti- 
 
 nia. 
 Treat it as your own house ; don't stand upon ceremouy Buat-lah 
 
 saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu. 
 I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise) Sahaya handak minta diri-lah 
 
 dahulu. 
 Pray do as you wish ; take care as you go Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik- 
 
 baik. 
 I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home llamba luan handak 
 
 mohun-lah dahulu handak balik. 
 Very well (it does not matter) Ta y apa-lah. 
 I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court) Patek handak 
 
 meng-ampun-lah dahulu. 
 Very well Baik-lah. 
 Pray come and see me often ; don't hesitate Mari-lah kerap-Mrap 
 
 rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan. 
 I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house Sangat sudi 
 
 sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-tandang rumah sahaya. 
 May your journey be safe Salamat jalan. 
 May you remain in peace Salamat tinggal. 
 
 There is something that I want ; it is to invite you to a trifling enter- 
 tainment Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-aycr 
 
 sejuk. 
 I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you) Sahaya 
 
 baniak Urima kasih, or, simply, ttrima kasih. 
 Are you well ? Tuan ada baik? 
 How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day ? Apa khabar si-polan l 
 
 yang sakit kalmarin itu ? 
 He has quite recovered his former health Sudah sihat balik saperti 
 
 scdia lama. 
 Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free 
 
 from all misfortune and sickness Dengan berkat tuah tuan tulong 
 
 tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-baliaya deri-pada sakit demam. 
 
 1 Polan, or fulan, such a one, probably from the Hindustani fulana, a 
 word of Arab derivation. 
 
126 manual of the malay language. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know 
 that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, 
 or by the road ? How long do you intend to stay 1 Don't 
 be in a hurry to return ; stay for a while, and recover from 
 the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know 
 beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent 
 old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If 
 nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on 
 Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; 
 if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient. 
 
 LESSON XXXII. 
 Eeading and Writing. 
 
 Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It 
 
 is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives. 
 
 Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, 
 
 tetapi kal.au Jiandak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri 
 
 payah sakali. 
 It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left 
 
 to right Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris 
 
 deri kiri bawa kakanan. 
 The letters employed are the Arabic letters Huruf-nia yang di-pakei 
 
 itu huruf 'Arab. 
 What do you call that in Malay ? Orang Malayu apa kata ini ? 
 What is the name of this object in Malay ? Apa nama barang ini bahasa 
 
 Malayu ? 
 The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states Chakap orang 
 
 Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lam-lain tampat. 
 His pronunciation is not good Chakap-nia ta' terus, or dia chakap pelet, 
 
 or tilor. 
 The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation ; they say ap& for 
 
 apa Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata apa di- 
 
 kata-nia ape\ 
 How do you spell that word ? Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia t 
 This word is not correctly spelt Per-kata-an ini ta betul eja-nia. 
 You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 27 
 
 able to read fluently Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa- 
 korang-korang dua jam lama-nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama 
 tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar. 
 
 Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished ? 
 Pcrkara itu apa sebab tuan td! mahu bafiagi habis, buat sa 1 kerat-kerat 
 sahaja ? 
 
 My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran 
 Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji 
 Koran. 
 
 When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) gram- 
 mar Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu. 
 
 He chants the Koran very well Pandeijuga dia mem-bacha Koran. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two 
 writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get 
 instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, 
 but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it 
 away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud 
 in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look 
 over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, 
 I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is 
 exceedingly good. 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 Housekeeping. 
 
 There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself 
 
 T ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan 
 
 tuan sahaja. 
 Tell the cook that last night's dinner was not at all good Choba bilang 
 
 kapada tukang-masak makan- an sa-malam to' baik sakali masak-nia. 
 What he put into the soup I don't know, but it had a nasty taste Apa- 
 
 apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta! tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia 
 
 maung sahaja. 
 The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it Nasi pun hangus to 1 
 
 lalu (or buleh) orang makan. 
 What is the price of fowls at the market ? Hayam Mr-apa harga di 
 
 pasar t 
 
128 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about 
 
 twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight 
 
 Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak- 
 
 nia dua kupang sa' ekor, hayam kambiri (or kasi) ikut timbang-an 
 
 kati. 
 The milk-man has not come yet Btlum orang bawa susu lagi. 
 Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt 
 
 before it could be cooked Pilih ikan yang baharu. lkan kalmarin 
 
 bclum sum pat di-masak lagi sudah busiik. 
 Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine 
 
 o'clock punctually, there must be no delay Nanti-lah dahulu. 
 
 Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta' buleh 
 
 lambat lagi. 
 Pour this oil into a jar Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan. 
 Take care not to spill it Baik-baik jangan tumpah. 
 Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone 
 
 for grinding spices, &c. ? Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, prink, 
 
 btfanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan Iain-lain- 
 
 nia ? 
 The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, 
 
 and a coffee-mill Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan 
 
 kisar-an kahwa. 
 I am tired of poultry Sahaya sudahje'mu makan daging hayam ilek. 
 
 Exercise. 
 Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that 
 they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay ? 
 Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty ; take it 
 away and bring another. Pat the dish down upon that tray. 
 Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed 
 the beef j there is half a catty too little. How many months 
 did you work for that gentleman ? On what account did you 
 leave % 
 
 LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 Preparations for Departure. 
 
 I am going away to on Friday next Sahaya Iiandak ka-luar ka~ 
 
 kampong anu pada hari juma'at yang datang ini. 
 Pack up enough clothes for a few daj's Kemas-kan kain-kain mana 
 
 chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 29 
 
 You need not take so many ; I am not going for good TaHpayah bagitu 
 
 baniak, talcan orang handak pergi langsong. 
 Put all these clothes into a box Isi-lcan kain-kain ini surnua dalam 
 
 peti. 
 Will this go in ? Chelus-kah ini. 
 No ; it is too big Ta'chelus, besar sangat. 
 Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks Saputangan barang 
 
 tiga ampat 'lei, sarong kaki dua pasang. 
 Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one Bukan tali leher yang 
 
 ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring. 
 Unfasten this cord Rungkei tali ini. 
 Roll up that rug Gulong kain panas itu. 
 Have everything taken down to the boat Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu 
 
 barang-barang ini sumua. 
 Put them into the bullock-cart Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu. 
 Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away PanggU kuli- 
 
 kuli suroh angkat. 
 We will stop to-night at Kampong which is the usual halting-place 
 
 llari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an 
 
 deri salama-lama. 
 Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get 
 
 wet Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-g2tah jangan di-kena basah. 
 Set that box down here ; I want to take something out of it Letak-kan 
 
 peti itu di-sini, sahaya malm ambil apa-apa di-dalam-nia. 
 Put everything away again Simpan kambali sumua. 
 What else is there (to detain us) ? Apa lagi kita f 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Count all these clothes, and then put them away. At 
 least one hundred people were waiting at the river-side. 
 After waiting for several hours, no one came, so they 
 were all disappointed. About midnight there was a great 
 storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite 
 swollen, for he had never been in the habit of carrying a 
 load on a stick. What have those two people been quarrel- 
 ling about ? There is a great difference between these two 
 things. 
 
130 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. . 
 
 LESSON XXXV. 
 Ordinary Narrative Style. 
 
 On the 5th inst., at three o'clock on Thursday morning Pada lima 
 
 tarikh pukul tiga malam l Khamis. 
 On Tuesday last about mid-day Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu 
 
 tengah hari. 
 I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar 
 
 Sahaya pun baharu Upas mdkan nasi tengah handak minum rokok. 
 So-and-so came and felled me, saying that my uncle was very ill 
 
 Datang-laJt, si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit 
 
 saw/at. 
 I said, " Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go 
 
 with you" Rata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah 
 
 dahulu, baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama. 
 There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law 
 
 Ada-lah sa'orang verampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia. 
 All her property was carried off in the middle of the night, by thieves 
 
 without the knowledge of the inmates of the house Barangbarang 
 
 dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang rumah sedar. 
 Search was made everywhere without success Di-cliahari rata tiada 
 
 juga di-dapat-nia. 
 While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the jungle 
 
 Tengah chahari itujumpa sa' biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan. 
 After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without 
 
 stopping anywhere Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang karumah t'ada 
 
 singgah di-mana-mana. 
 After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle Sudah- 
 
 lah bagitu btr-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan. 
 At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went 
 
 home to bed Kemdian sa' orang pun t'ada kaluar hari pun sudah 
 
 jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor. 
 It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant of 
 
 it Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan la' tahu. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the land- 
 ing-place, took a boat and went on board the steamer. They 
 
 1 Among Huhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is 
 classed with the day which fol/orvs it. Thursday night, therefore, with them, 
 includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 13 J 
 
 were not permitted to land. I was just getting ready to re- 
 turn when your messenger arrived. We left before daylight 
 in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can we 
 go there and back in a day 1 All the men who were with me 
 were very tired. I said, " Very well, come to my house to- 
 morrow morning at six o'clock." He seemed to be very 
 weak, and walked with difficulty. 
 
 LESSON XXXVL 
 Buying and Selling. 
 
 How much did you give for this ? BZr-apa tuan bUi ini t 
 
 What is the balance remaining ? Tinggal baki-nia bh--apa ? 
 
 Don't ask too much ; say exactly what you want Jangan-lah mahal san- 
 
 gat, kata-lah betul-betul. 
 I can't take that; it would not even cover my outlay Td buleh-lah 
 
 tuan, ta' pulang modal sahaya. 
 He paid an exorbitant price for it Dia btili dengan harga mahal ter- 
 
 lampau. 
 What is it worth ? B2rapa patut di-bayar harga-nia ? 
 Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you Bh'-apa-apa harga 
 
 yang angkau b8li ilu nanti sahaya bayar-kan. 
 Have you no curiosities in your shop ? Tada-kah benda apa-apa yang 
 
 pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini t 
 I bought this article at auction Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam 
 
 lelong. 
 I did not venture to bid more Ta' Mrani sahaya tawar lebeh. 
 I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece Yang sudah-sudah ini 
 
 sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu. 
 You must pay ready-money ; he will not give credit Mahu-lah mem- 
 
 bayar tunei, ta' mahu dia mem-beri hutang. 
 He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with it 
 
 Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial td mahu juya dia 
 
 lepas-kan. 
 As long as it is a good article, I don't mind about the price Asal-kan 
 
 barang yang baik sahaya td sayang pasal harga-nia. 
 Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it Pdreksa-lah baik- 
 
 baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa. 
 Gutta-percha sells very well just now Getah baniak laku sakarang. 
 This coin is not current here Wang ini ta' laku di-sini. 
 
132 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Write down all the items and let me know what the total is Ttdis-laJi 
 perkaraperkara satu-satu khabar-kan b%r-apa jhnlaJi-nia. 
 
 There are ten dollars for you Nah! sa-puloh ringgit. 
 
 This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality or 
 beauty of colour Ta lawan-lah kain ini dcri-pada baik sifat-nia dan 
 clok warna-nia. 
 
 It is both strong and thick Kukuh lagi tcbal. 
 
 This colour does not fade Ta' turun warna ini. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 How much are these plantains a bunch ? It is not worth 
 a cent. I have searched all the shops without finding what 
 I want. I offered him two dollars and a half, and after a time 
 he agreed. He said he would guarantee the goods, and that 
 you might return the whole if they are not in good order. 
 There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no copper 
 money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This 
 is not according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it 
 away. Don't be uneasy ; you can trust this man. 
 
 LESSON XXXVIL 
 Building. 
 
 When will your new house be finished ? Rumah tuan yang baharu itu 
 
 bila akan sudah ? 
 Not for a long time yet ; I am just getting the materials together 
 
 Lamajuga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an. 
 The floor and walls will be of plauk Lantei papan dinding pun papan. 
 There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor Sa~ 
 
 bUah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendvl. 
 The front door has steps (in front of it) Pintu di hadap-an ber- 
 
 tangga. 
 The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty feet, 
 
 including the verandah Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puhh lima 
 
 kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki. 
 The servants' houses have atap walls covered with samir or kajang 
 
 matting Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir 
 
 atau kajang. 
 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 33 
 
 This timber will not last long ; it will rot very quickly Kayu ini ta 
 
 tahan lama, lakas nanti reput. 
 These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible Tiang kayu ini 
 
 nanti tukang iara buat lichin sakali. 
 Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as posts, 
 
 beams, joists, rafters, &c. Bual-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yanghan- 
 
 dakitu deri-padajerjak, rasuk, gelegar, kasau, dan lain-lam-nia. 
 Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate Hukur- 
 
 lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang . 
 Those door-posts are not straight Ta' betvl jinang paha pintu itu. 
 I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over Sahaya 
 
 handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga di- 
 
 atas-nia. 
 In how many days will you thatch it ? B&r-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atapJ 
 Three thousand ataps will not be enough TV chukup-lah tiga ribu 
 
 atap. 
 
 Exercise. 
 In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the 
 Rajah of Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened 
 and read in the assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the 
 chiefs, its purport was found to be this single question only : 
 " Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu 1 " 
 Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu 
 is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there 
 was much excitement among the Perak people, for many 
 thought that the message betokened war. For three days the 
 Raja and the chiefs consulted together as to the nature of the 
 answer which should be given to the Raja of Kedah. On the 
 third day a letter was written in reply to this effect : " Gu- 
 nong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the 
 greater." 
 
 LESSON XXXVIII. 
 Sewing. 
 
 I want two or three jackets made Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua 
 
 tiga 'lei. 
 I don't mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is 
 
 well done Biar lambat sadikit karja ta'apa, asal-kan dok jahit-an- 
 
134 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 If it is not well done I will not take it Jikalau tdelok sahaya ta'mahu 
 
 Vhima. 
 Join these two pieces and sew them Dua 'lei ini kampuh-lah jahit. 
 Tack it first and then sew it Jelujur-Iah jarang dahulu, lepas itu 
 
 sakali jahit. 
 Fell the seams close KUim tulang halus-halus. 
 Don't let them ravel Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang. 
 When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that 
 
 when it is washed the threads will not ravel Kalau kelim lipat 
 
 kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia 
 
 tidak-lah ka-luar. 
 Stitch the wristhand Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia. 
 Hem the border Tepi itu lipat jahit. 
 To make the seam strong, don't run it, but sew it over Tulang it 
 
 mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jclujur, lilit ubi Sahara. 
 Take those torn stockings and darn them Ambil sarong-kaki gang 
 
 koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit. 
 That is very mueh torn and cannot be darned ; you must patch L 
 
 hih baniak koyak kain itu radup ta'buleh kna tampong-lah. 
 To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker) Tarik benang 
 
 bahagi kerudut. 
 Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where 
 
 you take one. Cannot you sew closer? Kenapa jahit ini jarang 
 
 sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat 
 
 khap-kerap t 
 Needles, Berlin wool, soissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton 
 
 Jarum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh 
 
 sd'kotak. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 It happened once that two men had a dispute about a 
 woman. One of them was a learned man and the other was 
 a peasant who earned his living by cultivating his fields. 
 Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and they went 
 before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was 
 rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to 
 say anything one way or the other. After hearing all the 
 witnesses on both sides, the Kazi directed the woman to 
 remain at hi*3 house and all the rest to retufn next day. All 
 then saluted him and retired. On the following day, when 
 the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the 
 learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 35 
 
 rattan. When questioned afterwards as to his reason for this 
 decision, the Kazi said, " This morning, in my house, I ordered 
 this woman to fill my inkstand; this she at once did most 
 expertly, like one accustomed to the task. Then I knew she 
 must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the wife 
 of a peasant know of inkstands 1 " All praised the Kazi for his 
 wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide. 
 
 LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 Sickness. 
 
 I am not at all well To* sedap badan sahaya. 
 
 For five or six days he has been unable to eat Sudah lima anam hari 
 
 dia tcCbvleh makan nasi. 
 What is the matter with him 1 Apa sakit-nia. 
 His father has taken him into the country for treatment Bapa-nia 
 
 sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat. 
 He is a little better Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia. 
 When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he 
 
 would not recover Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu 
 
 baniak orang fikir tiada bvleh baik. 
 I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak Sahaya lihat 
 
 tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia perlalian sahaja. 
 Where do you feel pain ? I am very weak and cannot get up Sa-bUah 
 
 mana rasa sakit ? Sahaya leteh sakali talalu bangket. 
 Open your mouth and put out your tongue Nganga hulur lidah. 
 You had better take a purgative Baik makan pcnchahar. 
 Let me feel his pulse Biar sahaya pegang nodi dia. 
 He is suffering from fever Dia sakit demam panas. 
 He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in hia joints Dia sakit 
 
 angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua. 
 I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his 
 
 body every day till he is well Nanti sahaya bahagi minyak satu 
 
 macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu. 
 Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it 
 
 Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu 
 
 minum. 
 If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their homes 
 
 Kalaa me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis ra'iyat 
 
136 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 The fever called kapicdu is very dangerous and often ends fatally De- 
 mam kapialu itujahat sangat k8rap juga bawa niawa. 
 
 Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded Ta'un itu yang orang takut 
 ter-lebeh sakali. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman 'aleyhi-assalam 
 dudiik di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan an gin pun mem-bawa dia 
 ka-atas di-udara dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter- 
 bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia maka 'ajaib Nabi 
 Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah 
 dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu 
 mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak 
 mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau 
 sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Su- 
 leiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber- 
 kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, " Hei. mahkota, karana apa angkau 
 tiada jadi betul ? " Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah 
 ta'ala menyahut. " Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu 
 sapaya aku-pun jadi betul." 1 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 To Illustrate the Use of Numeral Co-Efficients. 2 
 
 In that gentleman's house one piece of matting covers a whole room 
 
 Rumali tuan itu m'bidatig tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek. 
 They found in the hut five spears, one long kris, and nine muskets 
 
 Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima batang, kris panjang sa-bilah 
 
 dengan snapang &embilan*\)x\c\\ uk. 
 See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece? 
 
 Chahari-lah telor terubuk dua puloh lima kampuh. Ber-apa harga- 
 
 nia sa-kampuh ? 
 She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway Di-suroh-nia 
 
 gantong tirei sa-labuh di muka pintu. 
 
 1 This and the following exercise are extracts from the T^j-assalatin. 
 
 2 See supra, p. 70. 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 137 
 
 That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows Di-dalam sa-tandan 
 
 pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat. 
 I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax Rata sa/taya, sahaya mahu 
 
 b%li lilin sa-pvloh tampang. 
 The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck Budak itu ada 
 
 pakei sa-labuh merjan di lelicr-nia. 
 How many yards of cloth are there in a piece ? a-kayu kain itujadi 
 
 ber-apa da 1 l 
 How many ataps can one person make in a day ? Satu orang Mr-apa 
 
 mengkawan buleh semat atap pada sa'hari ? 
 The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of lemon- 
 grass plants Sudah di-makan kerbau ttbu anam rumpun dengan 
 
 serei ta'tuntu baniak rumpun -nia. 
 He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house Di-tanam- 
 
 nla di-hadap-an rurnah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan perdu. 
 It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets Tcbal 
 
 juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus kajang kartas. 
 I have bought a casting-net to take home with me Sahaya sudah beli 
 
 jala sa'utas (or sa'rawan) handak baua pulang ka tampat sahaya. 
 He tied three threads round his stomach Di-ikat-nia tiga urat benang 
 
 di ph-ut-nia. 
 Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red 
 
 flower Pttik-lah bunga melor dua tiga kutum dengan bunga merah 
 
 itu barang sa-puloh tangkei. 
 
 Exercise. 
 
 Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari 
 duduk dengan chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia 
 maka Jalinus Hakim masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu 
 lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada- 
 nia "apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan tiada kaluar deri- 
 dalam astana?" maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda " chinta-ku 
 deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana suatu 
 ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah- 
 kan diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja- 
 an yang sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta " maka sembah Hakim 
 itu "Benar-lah bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia 
 dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia 
 karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi ka-raja-an dunia ini 
 1 Ela, yard, from the Dutch el. 
 
1 38 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an akhirat itu 
 yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat 
 ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan 
 sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat 
 itu yang sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an- 
 nia itu " maka suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia 
 dan bichara-nia yang baik itu. 
 
( 139 ) 
 
 APPENDIX TO PART IV. 
 
 MUHAMMADAN MONTHS. 
 
 7- 
 
 Rejab. 
 
 8. 
 
 a'aban. 
 
 9- 
 
 Ramazan. 
 
 IO. 
 
 Shawal. 
 
 II. 
 
 Zul-ka'adah. 
 
 12. 
 
 Zul-hajah. 
 
 1. Muharram. 
 
 2. Safar. 
 
 3. Rabia-clarual. 
 
 4. Rdbia-d-akhir. 
 
 5. Jumad-el-awal. 
 
 6. Jumad-el-akhir. 
 
 Days of the Week. 
 
 Sunday, Ahad, lit. "the first." 
 
 Monday, Isnein or Senein, lit. "the second," 
 
 Tuesday, Salasa, lit. " the third." 
 
 Wednesday, Arba'ah or TfaJu, lit. "the fourth." 
 
 Thursday, Khamis, lit. "the fifth." 
 
 Friday, Juma'at, lit. " the congregation." 
 
 Saturday, Sabtu, lit. " Sabbath." 
 
 Periods of Prayer. 
 
 1. Maghrib, a few minutes after sunset. 
 2 'ZsAa, evening, after dark. 
 
 3. Suhh, daybreak. 
 
 4. Lohor, or Dluhr, between noon and I P.M. 
 
 5. Asr, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall 
 
 Malay Phrases for Divisions of Time. 
 
 1. Belum terbany lalat, "Before the flies are astir," just before day* 
 
 break. 
 
 2. Pechahpanas, " When the heat commences," sun-up. 
 
 3. Ktring ambun, " When the dew dries," about 8 a.m. 
 
140 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 4. Tengah naik, " When the sun Is half-way," 9 a.m. 
 
 5. TvZih tenggala, " When the plough is idle." l 
 
 6. Tengah hari tfpat, " Mid-day exactly," imon. 
 
 7. liambang, " Right in the middle" (ie., the sun in the sky), noon. 
 
 8. Buntar membayang, "When the shadows are rouud " (i.e., when 
 
 your shadow is round your feet), noon. 
 
 9. Ber-alis hari, "When the day changes," afternoon. 
 
 10. Lepas ba'adah, and lepas ba'adah salah, " After (Friday's) prayers 
 
 (in the mosque)." about 1.30 P.M. 
 
 11. Turun kcrbau be-rendam, "When the buffaloes go down to the 
 
 water," about 5 P.M. 
 
 12. Jindera budak, "When the children have gone to sleep," about 
 
 10 P.M. 
 
 Malay Proper Names. 
 
 The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan 
 world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the 
 Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a 
 manner peculiarly Malay. For example, " Muhammad " is 
 shortened to " Mat," " Ibrahim " becomes " Brahim " and 
 "Him," and for " Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often 
 heard. 
 
 Certain names are also in use, which, either used by them- 
 selves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative 
 seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, 
 &c, three of these are commonly used, " Long" " Ngah" and 
 "Busuk:" 
 
 Long is equivalent to Sulong, " eldest," 
 Ngah is equivalent to Tengah, " middle," 
 Busuh is equivalent to Bongsu, " youngest. n 
 
 In Perak seven of these names are in use : 
 1. Long. 
 
 5. Pandah. 
 
 6. Uda. 
 
 7. Utih. 
 
 1 Tulih tinggala muda is about 9 a.m., and tulih tinggala tuah about 
 
 II A.M. 
 
 2. Ngah. 
 
 3. Alang. 
 4- 
 
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 4] 
 
 Weights and Measures. 
 
 1 6 tahil, 
 ioo kati, 
 
 3 pikul, 
 40 pikul, 
 
 12 saga, 
 16 may am, 
 12 bungkal, 
 
 Goldsmith's Weight. 
 
 4 ckupak, . 
 10 gantang, 
 \(> gantang, 
 
 160 gantaw/, 
 
 5 kuncha/i or 800 </ani 
 
 2 jingkal (spaa), 
 2 Aasta, 
 4 hasta, 
 2 <//)a, 
 20 jumba, 
 
 Capacity. 
 
 \ang 
 
 Linear. 
 
 kati. 1 
 pikul. 
 b altar a. 
 koyan. 
 
 1 mayam. 
 1 bungkal. 2 
 1 kati. 
 
 1 gantang* 
 
 i par ah. 
 
 1 nalih. 
 
 1 kunchah. 
 
 1 koyan. 
 
 1 Aasfo (cubit). 
 
 1 e/a (yard). 
 
 1 c/fya (fathom). 
 
 1 jumba. 
 
 1 orlong (80 yards). 
 
 Square Measure. 
 400 jumba, ....'. 1 orlong 
 
 The jumba is equal to 144 square feet; the w/oti^ is equal 
 to 6400 square feet, or about i acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 
 perches). 
 
 Money. 
 
 The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish 
 dollar (ringgit or real) divided into cents. A quarter of a 
 dollar (25 cents) is called suku (quarter). Local terms are 
 also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penan\ 
 
 1 1 kati = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs. 
 
 1 1 bungkal = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains. 
 3 1 gantang contains 271.65 cubic inches, or i$ gallons nearly, 
 standard varies according to locality. 
 
 The 
 
142 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 kupang (=10 cents), and in Malacca, wang baharu ( = 2^ 
 cents). 
 
 In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, 
 the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely 
 displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps 
 of tin were formerly current as coin ; in addition to these 
 Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed. 
 
 The following are some of the old modes of reckoning : 
 
 Tin Coinage. 
 
 2 boya, ... I tampang (value the 10th part of a dollar). 1 
 5 boya, ... I bidor (value the 4th part of a dollar). 
 
 Silver Coins used in Weighing Gold. 
 
 2 penjuru, I piah, . . weight I mayam. 
 
 4 piah, ... I jampal, . . weight 4 mayam. 
 
 2 jampal, . . . 1 real, . . weight 8 mayam. 
 
 Coins Formerly in Use. 
 
 36 duit hayam (copper), I wang (silver). 
 
 7 xcang ....... I suku. 
 
 1 The weight of the tampang (in Perak) was one kati. It was a small cubical 
 lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The bidor weighed 2.\ kati, or 
 the 40th part of a pikul. 
 
< <43 ) 
 
 PART V. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abandon, to, meninggal-kan. 
 Abase, to, me-rcndah-kan, meng- 
 
 hina-kan. 
 Able, larat, sampat, buleh, lalu. 
 Abscess, barah. 
 Abuse, to, maki, me-maki. 
 Accept, to, terima, menerima. 
 Accompany, to, ber-serta, ber-sama> 
 
 ber-kawan, ber-teman, menyerta. 
 Accomplish, to, Iiabis-kan, meng- 
 
 habis-kan, menyampei-kan, sudah- 
 
 kan, menyudah-kan, sampei hajat. 
 Accost, to, tegor, siapa-kan, meny- 
 
 apa-kan. 
 Accounts, kira-kira, hitong-an, bi- 
 
 lang-an. 
 Accuse, to, tudoh. 
 Accustomed, blasa. 
 Ache, sakit, sakit-an, senak. 
 Acknowledge, to, aku, mcngaku. 
 Acquire, to, ber-uleh, dapat, men- 
 
 dapat. 
 Act, buat-an, karja, pe-karja-an. 
 Active, chepat. 
 Add, to, tambah, menambah ; (to cast 
 
 up) jumlah-kan. 
 Adjourn, to, tangguh. 
 Admirable, endah. 
 Admire, chengang. 
 Adopt, to, angkat. 
 Adrift, ter-hanyut. 
 
 Adultery, zinali. 
 
 Advantage, faidah, laba. 
 
 Adversity, chelaka, bala, ka-susdhc* 
 
 Advice, pcng-ajai-au. 
 
 Affair, perkara. 
 
 Affection, kasili, kasih-an. 
 
 Afraid, takut. 
 
 Aft, di burit-an. 
 
 After, Upas, Mlakang. 
 
 Afterwards, kcmdian, ba'ad 
 
 After-birth, uri, tcmbuni. 
 
 Again, lagi-sakali, pula, kambali. 
 
 Age, l umur. 
 
 Agent, wakiL 
 
 Ago, sudah. 
 
 Agree, janji, mufakat, sa-tuju ; (suit) 
 rasi, sarasi. 
 
 Ague, demam-kura. 
 
 Ahead, di-hadap-an, di-muka, di- 
 hali -an 
 
 Aid, ( i long, menulong, bantu, mem- 
 bantu. 
 
 Aim, t<>, tembak, menembak, tuju, 
 menuju. 
 
 Air, hawa. 
 
 Alarmed, ter-kejut. 
 
 Alight, hinggap. 
 
 All, sumua, sagala, sakali-an. 
 
 Allow, biar, bevi, kasih. 
 
 Allure, bujuk, mem-bujuk. 
 
 Almighty, maha-kuasa. 
 
144 
 
 MANUAL OF THF MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Almost, liampir, dtkat, niiiris. 
 
 Almond, badam. 
 
 Alms, darma, sudaka/i. 
 
 Aloes-wood, gaharu, kayu-galiaru. 
 
 Alone, sa-orang, bujang, tunggal. 
 
 Also, juga. 
 
 Alter, to, ubah, mcng-ubali, tukar, 
 
 menukar. 
 Alum, tawas. 
 Always, sa-lalu, sa-nantiasa, sa 
 
 lama-lama-nia. 
 Ambassador, utusan, pSsuroh. 
 Amid, di-dalam, <li-'cn : /'ih. 
 Amuse oneself, to, main, main-main, 
 
 ber-main. 
 Ancestors, I ag. 
 
 Anchor, an, sauh ; (anchor, to) ber- 
 
 labuh. 
 Angel, malaikat. 
 
 Auger, marah, ka-marah-an, murka. 
 Angry, marah, murka, gSrajn, han- 
 
 gat-hati. 
 Animal, benatang, satwa, morga. 
 Ankle, mata-kaki, pvng-gZiangbiki. 
 Auklet, gSlang-kaki. 
 Annoy, to, usik, mcng-usik, bising. 
 Another, lain. 
 Answer, to,sahut, menyahut,jawab, 
 
 balasjawab. 
 Aut, sSmut; (large red), Icerangga ; 
 
 (white) anei-anei. 
 Anthill, pongs a, busat. 
 Antidote, penawar. 
 Anvil, landas, landas-an. 
 Anxiety, per-chinta-an. 
 Anxious, rindu, dendam, bimbang, 
 
 risau. 
 Any, barang. 
 
 Apart, asing ; (with an opening be- 
 tween) renggang. 
 Appear, to, terbit, timbul. 
 Appearance, rupa, si/at. 
 Apply, to, pasang, kena-kan ; (ask) 
 
 minta. 
 Appraise, to, nilai. 
 
 Approach, to, hampir, mcnghammr 
 
 Arabia, benua ( arab. 
 
 Arm, tangan; (fore-arm) lengan. 
 
 Arm, weapon, senjata. 
 
 Armpit, katiak. 
 
 Army, balatantra, lashkar. 
 
 Arrive, to, sampci, tiba. 
 
 Arrow, anak-panah. 
 
 Arsenic, warangan. 
 
 Art, hikmat, 'ilmu. 
 
 As, bagci, saperti, laksana, machanu 
 
 Ascend, to, naik, panjat ; (a river) 
 
 mudik. 
 Ashamed, malu, bermalu. 
 Ashes, habu. 
 Ask, to, minta, pinta, poliun, me- 
 
 mohun ; (a question) tanya. 
 Asleep, ber-tidor, ber-lena, ber-adu. 
 Ass, kaldei. 
 Assault, to, langgar, terkam, pukul, 
 
 memvkid. 
 Assay, uji. 
 Assemble, to, impun, kumpul, 
 
 kZrumun. 
 Assist, to, tidong, bantu. 
 Astonished, ter-chengang. 
 Astray, sesat. 
 At, di, pada. 
 Athwart, lentang. 
 Attack, to, langgar, sprang, men- 
 
 yZrang. 
 Attempt, to, choba, men-choba. 
 Attire, pakei-an. 
 Auction, lelong. 
 
 Audience-hall, balei, balei-ruang. 
 Auger, gurdi. 
 Aunt, mah, mah-sudara, mah-pena- 
 
 kan. 
 Authority, kuasa, pZrentah. 
 Await, to, me-nanli. 
 Awake, to, jaga, ber-jaga ; (to arouse) 
 
 gerak-kan, mem-bangket-kan, mem* 
 
 bangun-kan. 
 Awl, peng-gorek, jara. 
 Axe, kapak. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 145 
 
 Babe, anak kechil. 
 
 Bachelor, bujang, taruna. 
 
 Back, belakang ; (to go ) pulang ; 
 
 (to send ), pulang-kan. 
 Backward, segan, malas. 
 Bad, jahat. 
 
 Bag, karong, pundi-pundi. 
 Bail, aku-an, tanggong-an. 
 Bait (for fish), umpan. 
 Bake, to, panggang. 
 Balance (scales),naraeAa;(to weigh), 
 
 timbang; (surplus), baki. 
 Bald, botak. 
 
 Bale, to, timba, menimba. 
 Banana, pisang. 
 Bank, of a river, Ming, baroh ; 
 
 (shoal), bating. 
 Bar, kanching. 
 
 Barber, pen-chukor, tukang-chukor. 
 Bargain, to, taivar ; (to conclude a 
 
 bargain), angkat jual-bUi. 
 Bark, of atree, kuLU-kayu; (of a dog), 
 
 salak, menyalak. 
 Barrel, pipa, tong ; (of a gun), laras. 
 Base, hina. 
 
 Basket, bakul, raga, keranjang. 
 Bastard, anak-haram, Jiaram-zada. 
 Bat, lalawa, kalawar ; (flying fox), 
 
 kaluang. 
 Bathe, to, mandi, me-mandi. 
 Battle, pfrang, pe-perang-an. 
 Bawl, to, tlriak, ber-teriak. 
 Bay, telok. 
 Beach, pantei, pasisir. 
 Beads, mani-mani. 
 Beak, of a bird, paroh. 
 Beam, of light, sinar. 
 Bear, to, (carry), pikul, mcmikul ; 
 
 (endure), tahan; (ursus), bSruang. 
 Beard, janggut. 
 
 Beast, benatang, satwa, morga. 
 Beat, to, pukul, palu ; (to throb), 
 
 dabar, ber-dabar. 
 
 Beautiful, bogus, elok, chantek, 
 
 molek. 
 Because, sebab, karana. 
 Beckon, to, gamit, lambei. 
 Become, to, jadi, menjadi. 
 Bed, tampat-tidor ; (bedstead), katil, 
 
 glrai, geta, pentas; (bridal), paid- 
 
 min. 
 Bee, ttbah. 
 Beef, daging lurribu. 
 Beetle, kumbang. 
 Before, mengadap, ka-hadap-an ; 
 
 (in time past), dahulu; (ere), sa 
 
 belum. 
 Beg, to, minta, minta sadukah. 
 Beginning, per - mula - an, ahwal, 
 
 pangkal, asal. 
 Behaviour, ka-laku-an, pakerti, per- 
 
 angei. 
 Belch, to, serdawa. 
 Believe, to, perchaya. 
 Bell, ganta, locking. 
 Beloved, kakasih. 
 Below, bawah, di-baicah, hi-bawah ; 
 
 (under the lee of), di-olak. 
 Belt, tali-pinggang, tali-pinding. 
 Bench, bangko. 
 
 Bend, to, me-lengkong-kan ; (to in- 
 cline), chondong. 
 Bent, lengkong, bengkok, lengkok. 
 Benevolence, morah-hati. 
 Benzoin, kaminian. 
 Besprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik. 
 Bet, to, ber-taroh. 
 Betel-nut, pinang ; (leaf), sirih ; 
 
 (stand), tampat - sirih, bujam- 
 
 sirih. 
 Betrothed, one that is, tunang, tun- 
 
 ang-an. 
 Better, lebeh baik. 
 Between, antara, di-tengah. k^lang- 
 
 kUang. 
 Beyond, balik, balik-sana. 
 Bible (the Gospels), Injil. 
 Bid, to, tawar. 
 
146 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Bier, janazat. 
 
 Big, besar. 
 
 Bind, to, ikat. 
 
 Bird, burong. 
 
 Bird's-nest, sarong -burong. 
 
 Birth, per-anak -an, ka-jadi-an. 
 
 Bite, to, gigit; (as a snake), pagut 
 
 Bitter, pahit. 
 
 Black, hitam 
 
 Blacksmith, tukang-bZsi. 
 
 Blade (of a weapon), mata. 
 
 Blame, to, per-salah-kan. 
 
 Blanket, kamal, kamli, kain panas. 
 
 Blemish, chachat. 
 
 Blessing, barkat. 
 
 Blind, buta. 
 
 Block, pulley, kapi. 
 
 Blood, darah. 
 
 Blossom, bunga, kcmbang. 
 
 Blow, to, (with wind), hambus, tiup; 
 
 (through a tube), sumpit, men- 
 
 yump't; (as a flower), ber-kembang. 
 Blue, biru. 
 
 Blunderbuss, pamura*. 
 Blunt, tumpul. 
 Boar, babi-jan'an. 
 Board, pa pan. 
 Boat, prahu, sampan. 
 Body, tuboh, salira, badan. 
 Boil, to, rib us ; (rice), tanak, mena- 
 
 nak. 
 Boiling, to be, mendidik. 
 Bold, bZrani. 
 
 Bolt, kanching, penganching. 
 Bond, surat per-janji-an, surat piu- 
 
 tang. 
 Bone, tulang. 
 
 Book, surat; (religious ), kitab. 
 Booth, teratak, jambar, lengkok. 
 Bore, to, korek, gorek, mengorek. 
 Borrow, to, pinjam, meminjam. 
 Bother, bising. 
 Bottle, balang. 
 
 Bough, dahan, ranting. 
 Bound, to, lompat, melompat. 
 Boundary, per-hingga-an, 1 tumpu- 
 
 tumpu-an. 
 Bow, to, (reverence), tunduk, men- 
 
 unduk. 
 Bow (weapon), busar, gandiwa. 
 Bow (of a ship), halu-an. 
 Bowels, plrut, isi-plrut. 
 Box, peti; (small ornamental), 
 
 chumbul, chelapa. 
 Box, to, (fight), tinju. 
 Brains, olak. 
 Branch, dahan, ranting, chabang ; 
 
 (of a river or road), sempang, cha- 
 
 Brass, tambaga. 
 
 Brave, b&rani. 
 
 Brazen-faced, muka-papan. 
 
 Bread, roti. 
 
 Bread-fruit, sukun. 
 
 Break, to, pechah, patah, putus. 
 
 Breast, dada. 
 
 Breasts, susu, tetek. 
 
 Breath, nafas. 
 
 Breeches, saluar, sarual. 
 
 Breed, family, bangsa, asal. 
 
 Breeding, manners, bahasa, budi- 
 bahasa. 
 
 Breeze, angin ; (land), angin-darat ; 
 (sea), angin-laut. 
 
 Bribe, suap. 
 
 Brick, bata, batu-bata. 
 
 Bride, pengantin. 
 
 Bridegroom, mempelei. 
 
 Bridge, titi, jambatan, gerta ; (of the 
 nose), batang-hidong. 
 
 Bridle, kang, kakang, lagam (Hin- 
 dustani). 
 
 Bright, Urang, chaya. 
 
 Bring, to, bawa ; (out), kaluar-kan. 
 
 Broad, lebar, luas. 
 
 Broad-cloth, sahalat. 
 
 1 Pronounced prenggan. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 147 
 
 Broil, to, panggang. 
 
 Broken, ter-pechah, ter-patah, ter- 
 
 putus. 
 Brooch, krosang. 
 Broom, penyapu. 
 Brother, sudara ; (elder), dbang } 
 
 (younger), adek. 
 Brother-in-law, ipar. 
 Brow, dahi ; (eye ), kening. 
 Bruise, lebam. 
 
 Brush, to, sikat-kan, menyapu. 
 Brushwood, semak. 
 Bucket, timba, tong. 
 Buckle, kanching, pinding. 
 Bud, of a flower, kutum, kuntum 3 
 
 (of a leaf), tanas. 
 Buffalo, kcrbau. 
 Bug, pijat-pijat. 
 Build, to, men-diri-kan, bangun- 
 
 kan, buat, mcm-bnat. 
 Bull, lumbu jantan. 
 Bullet, peluru. 
 Bunch (of fruit), tandan. 
 Bundle, bungkus, baban. 
 Burial - place, kuburan, kandang, 
 
 Mramat. 
 Burn, to, bakar, hangus. 
 Bury, to, tanam, menanam, kubur- 
 
 kan, 8impan mayat. 
 Bush, pokok, semak. 
 Business, karja, pe-karja-an. 
 But, tetapi. 
 
 Butt, target, sasar, sasar-an. 
 Butter, mantega. 
 
 Butterfly, kupu-kupu, rama-rama. 
 Button kanching. 
 Buy, to, bUi. 
 By and by, sa-buntar lagi. 
 
 Cabbage, kobis. 
 
 Cable, tali-sauh. 
 
 Cage, sangkar, saugkar-an, kurong- 
 
 an. 
 Cake, penganan, kueh. 
 
 Calculate, to, kira, hitong, bilang. 
 
 Calf, anak lumbu; (of the leg), 
 jantong-betis. 
 
 Calico, kain kalamkari. 
 
 Call, to, panggil. 
 
 Calm, tenang, tedoh. 
 
 Calumny, fitnah. 
 
 Camel, unta. 
 
 Camphor, kapur-barus. 
 
 Can, buleh, sampat, lalu. 
 
 Canal, salur-an, parit. 
 
 Cancel, to, hapus, batal-kan. 
 
 Candle, dian, lilin. 
 
 Candlestick, kaki-dian. 
 
 Cane, walking-stick, rotan, tongkat. 
 
 Cannon, mariam. 
 
 Canoe, jalor, sagor, sampan golek. 
 
 Canopy, langit-langit. 
 
 Canvas, kain laiar. 
 
 Cap, kopiah. 
 
 Cape, tanjong. 
 
 Capon, hayam kambiri. 
 
 Capsicum, chabei, lada-merah, lada- 
 china. 
 
 Captain of a ship, juragan, nakhoda. 
 
 Captive, taivan. 
 
 Carcass, bangkei. 
 
 Cards, playing, daun chiki, daun 
 pakau. 
 
 Cardamum, kapulaga. 
 
 Care, to take, ingat, jaga; (anxiety), 
 per-chinta-an, susah hati. 
 
 Careless, laid. 
 
 Cargo, muat-an. 
 
 Carpenter, tukang kayu. 
 
 Carpet, pcrmadani. 
 
 Carriage, kreta. 
 
 Carry, to, bawa, mcmbawa; (a load), 
 pikul, memikul; (under the arm), 
 kepit; (on the back or hip), du- 
 kong; (on the open hand), tatang; 
 (with the fingers), bibit; (on the 
 head), junjong; (on the shoulder), 
 kilik ; (in the girdle), gendong ; 
 (on a stretcher), usong. 
 
148 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Cart, j>cdati^ href a. 
 
 Carve, to, ukir. 
 
 Cascade, ayev tcrjun, aytr lata. 
 
 Cash, wang tunci. 
 
 Cashew -apple, jangsus, gajus. 
 
 Cask, pipa, tong. 
 
 Cast, to, (fling), lempar, lotar ; 
 
 (shed), tanggal-kan. 
 Casting-net, jala. 
 Castor-oil, minyak jaralc. 
 Cat, kuching. 
 
 Catch, to, tangkap, menangkap. 
 Caterpillar, ulat. 
 Cause, sabab, karana. 
 Cave, goaJi. 
 
 'Cede, to, s?rah, menyhrah. 
 Celebrated, mcjah, mashur. 
 Censer, peraaap. 
 Census, banchi. 
 Centipede, lipan, alipan. 
 Centre, pcr-tcngah-an, pusat. 
 Certain, tuntu. 
 Certainly, naschaya, tuntu, sunggoh- 
 
 sunggoh. 
 Certify, to, menuntu-kan, menyata- 
 
 kan. 
 Chafe, to (shampoo), urut. 
 Chaff, sek tm. 
 Chain, rantei. 
 Chair, krus : . 
 Chalk, kapur. 
 Challenge, 10 (as a sentry), tcgor, 
 
 menyapa-kan. 
 Chamber, bilck. 
 Chance, untong, nasib. 
 Change, to, tukar, menukar, ubah, 
 
 ber-ubah; (clothes), salin-kan ; 
 
 (turns), gilir, men-gilir. 
 Chapter, perkara, fasal. 
 Character, pakerti. 
 Charcoal, arang. 
 Charge, to (accuse), tudoh. 
 Charity, saddkah. 
 Charm, spell, mantra, jampi ; (to 
 
 wear), 'azimat, tangkal. 
 
 Chase, to, hambat, he jar ; (hunt), 
 
 buru. 
 Chat, to, ber-bmoci. 
 Cheap, morah. 
 Cheat, to, tipu, kcchek. 
 Cheek, pipi. 
 
 Cheese, panir (Hind.), keju (Dutch). 
 Chess, chatur. 
 Chest, box, peti, saharah; (thorax), 
 
 dada. 
 Chew, to, mamak. 
 Chicken, anak ha yam. 
 Chief, headman, orang brsar, datoh, 
 
 peng-hulu. 
 Child, anak. 
 Chin, dagu. 
 Chintz, kain chit. 
 Chisel, pahat. 
 
 Choke, to, lemas ; (throttle), chtkek. 
 Choose, to, pileh. 
 Chop, to, chinchang. 
 Christ, Nabi ha. 
 Christian, Nasarani, Sarani. 
 Chronicle, charitra, hakayat. 
 Church, greja. 
 Cinder, bara. 
 Cinnamon, kayu-manis. 
 Circumcise, to, sunat-kan. 
 Circumcision, sunat, khatan. 
 Citron, limau, jeruk. 
 City, negri. 
 Civil, ber-budi. 
 Civility, adab, supan. 
 Civet-cat, tausang jebat. 
 Clasp, to, peluk, memeluk, dakap. 
 Claw, kuku; (talon), chakar 
 Clay, tanah-liat. 
 Clean, bersih, suchi. 
 Clear, Urang, hening, jerneh. 
 Cleave, to, (split), belah. 
 Clerk, jurutulis, kcrani. 
 Clever, pandei. 
 Climb, to, 2>anjat, daki; (as a plant), 
 
 me-lata. 
 Clock, jam. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 149 
 
 Close, to, tulup, rapat-kan, mcnutup- 
 Tcan. 
 
 Cloth, kain. 
 
 Clothes, pakei-an. 
 
 Cloud, awan, pokok. 
 
 Cloudy, redup. 
 
 Clove, bunga - chingkei, bunga- 
 lawang. 
 
 Coal, batu-arang ; (live), bara. 
 
 Coarse, kasar. 
 
 Coast, pantei, pasisir. 
 
 Coat, baju. 
 
 Coax, to, bujuk, mem-bujvk. 
 
 Cobweb, sarang lawa-lawa. 
 
 Cock, hayam-jantan, hayam-lcukuh. 
 
 Cock's-comb, balong. 
 
 Cockfight, sabong, menyabong. 
 
 Cockpit, galanggang. 
 
 Cockroach, Upas. 
 
 Cocoanut, nior, Tccdapa; (shell), 
 tempurong; (husk), sahut; (emul- 
 sion), santan; (oil), miniak kalapa. 
 
 Coffee, kahwah. 
 
 Coffin, karanda, lang. 
 
 Coil, to, lilit. 
 
 Cold, spjuk ; (in the head), sardi 
 (Hind.), sclesimah. 
 
 Collar, leher. 
 
 Collect, to, impun, kumpul. 
 
 Colour, warna. 
 
 Comb, sisir, sikat ; (to comb the 
 hair), klrai. 
 
 Combine, to, pakat, mufakat. 
 
 Come, to, mari, datang; (in), masok. 
 
 Comet, bintang-ber-ekor. 
 
 Comfort, hibor. 
 
 Command, to, suroh, Utah. 
 
 Commission, to, pasan. 
 
 Common, ka-baniak-an. 
 
 Compact, pcr-janji-an. 
 
 Companion, tertian, kawan, taulan. 
 
 Compare, to, banding-kan. 
 
 Compass, mariner's, jiandoman. 
 
 Compasses, jangka. 
 
 Compassion, kaxi/ian, bVlas, rahamat. 
 
 Compensate, to, balas, mem-balas. 
 Complain, to, adit, meng-adu. 
 Complaint, peng-adu-an. 
 Complete, to, semporna-kan. 
 Complexion, sri-muka, ayer-muka. 
 Compliments, tabek. 
 Compose, to, karang, mengarang. 
 Concern, karja, perkara. 
 Concubine, gundik. 
 Condemn, to, hukum-kan. 
 Condiment, lank, sambal, hulam. 
 Conduct, ka-laku-an. 
 Conduct, to (lead by the hand), 
 
 pimpin. 
 Confess, to, mevg-aku. 
 Confiscate, to, rampas. 
 Confront, to, sa-mnkd-kan. 
 Confused, ter-kachau. 
 Confusion, haru-hara. 
 Congregation, juma'a. 
 Conjure, to, sulap. 
 Conjuror, penyulap. 
 Conquer, to, menang, alah-kan. 
 Consent, to, tuvut. 
 Consider, to, kenang. 
 Constable, mata-mata. 
 Contagious, bcr-jangkit. 
 Contend, to, laioan. 
 Content, pitas, puas-hati. 
 Contents, isi. 
 Contraband, larang-an. 
 Contract, pcr-janji-an. 
 Contradict, to, lawan chakap, bcr- 
 
 tingkar. 
 Convalescent, semboh, bctah. 
 Convenient, patut, senang. 
 Convert, martad. 
 Convulsions, sawan. 
 Cook, to, masak, mcmasak ; (boil 
 
 rice), tanak, menanak. 
 Cool, sejuk. 
 Copper, tambaga. 
 
 Copy, salin, tint ; (model), U-ladan. 
 Coral (rock), karang; (precious), 
 
 mar jan. 
 
*5 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Cord, tali. 
 
 Cork (stopper), sumbat, pcnyum- 
 bat. 
 
 Coriander, katumbar. 
 
 Corner, che'roh, buchuk, penjuru. 
 
 Corpse, mayat. 
 
 Cost, harga. 
 
 Cot, katil. 
 
 Cotton, kapas, kabu-kabu. 
 
 Cough, batok. 
 
 Council, majlis. 
 
 Count, hitong, bilang, kira. 
 
 Counterfeit, lanchong, ptira-pura. 
 
 Country, benua, nrgri. 
 
 Couple, sa-pasang, sa-jodo. 
 
 Course (direction), arah, tuju. 
 
 Court, balei bichara. 
 
 Cousin, sa-pupu. 
 
 Cover, to, tudong. 
 
 Covetous, kikir, loba, haloba. 
 
 Covey, kaican. 
 
 Cow, lumbu-betina. 
 
 Coward, penyakut. 
 
 Crab, ketam. kapiting. 
 
 Crack, retak. 
 
 Cradle, buayan. 
 
 Cramp, semut-semnt-an ; (in the 
 stomach), senak. 
 
 Crawl, to, mcrangkah. 
 
 Cream, kapala-susu. 
 
 Create, to, men-jadi-kan. 
 
 Creation, ka-jadi-an. 
 
 Creep, to, lata, me-lata. 
 
 Crevice, chelah. 
 
 Crew, anak prahu. 
 
 Cricket, chingkrek, riyang. 
 
 Crocodile, buaya. 
 
 Crop, to (cut off), kerat-kan, me- 
 rampong. 
 
 Crooked, bengkok, lengkok; (wind- 
 ing), ber-kelo-kelo. 
 
 Cross (sulky), merajuk, muka- 
 masam. 
 
 Cross, to (water), menyabe'rang. 
 
 Crossed (lying across), ter-lentang ; 
 
 (having lines crossing), ber-silang- 
 
 silang. 
 Cross-road, sempang. 
 Crow, gagak; (crow, to), ber-kuku. 
 Crown, makuta ; (of the head), 
 
 ubun-ubun. 
 Cruel, bingis. 
 Crush, to, hanchur. 
 Cry, to, mcnangis, ber-tifo'iaJc. 
 Cucumber, timun. 
 Cultivate, to, tanam, buat. 
 Cultivation, tanam-tanam-an. 
 Cunning, cherdek. 
 Cup, manjkok. 
 Curd, dadeh. 
 Cure (remedy), vbat, penawar ; 
 
 (cure, to), semboh-kan. 
 Curious, endah, pelik. 
 Curly, as hair, kerenting. 
 Current, harus. 
 Curry, gtdei, lauk. 
 Curse, a, per-sumpah-an ; (curse, 
 
 to), sumpah-kan. 
 Curtain, tirei, iabir; (mosquito), 
 
 kalambu. 
 Curved, bengkok, lengkok. 
 Cushion, bantal, chiau. 
 Custard-apple, sri-kaya. 
 Custom, 'adat ; (excise), chukei. 
 Cut, to, potong, terat, tetas ; (fell 
 
 trees), tebang ; (underwood), 
 
 tebas ; (a wound), luka, Hang, 
 Cymbals, cherachap. 
 Cypher, angka. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dagger, kris. 
 Daily, sa-kari-hari. 
 Damaged, rosak. 
 Damask (on a weapon), pamvr 
 Damp, basah, lembab. 
 Dance, to, tari, menari. 
 Dancer (public), joget. 
 Dandriff, daki. 
 Danger, bahaya. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 151 
 
 Dare, to, bSrani. 
 
 Dark, gelap, kZlam. 
 
 Darn, to, sulam, menyulam. 
 
 Dash against, to, banting. 
 
 Date, tarikh; (fruit), kurma. 
 
 Daughter, anak perampuan ; (in 
 law), menantu perampuan. 
 
 Dawn, cherah, dina-hari. 
 
 Day, hari; (daylight), siang ; (day 
 and night), siang malam; (day- 
 break), fajr, dina-hari; (day of 
 judgment), hari kiamat. 
 
 Dead, mati, mampus; (of a royal 
 personage), mangkat. 
 
 Deaf, tvli, pekak. 
 
 Dear, kakasih; (costly), mahal. 
 
 Death, ka-mati-an, maut. 
 
 Debt, hutang, piutang. 
 
 Debtor, orang ber-hutang. 
 
 Decayed, reput, busuk. 
 
 Deceive, to, tipu, mcnipu. 
 
 Declare, to, menyatakan. 
 
 Decree, hukum. 
 
 Deed, buat-an, per-karja-an. 
 
 Deep, dalam. 
 
 Deer, rusa ; (mouse-deer), pelan- 
 
 duk. 
 Defeat, to, alah-kan. 
 Defile, to, kotor-kan, chamar-kan. 
 Degree, pangkat, martabat. 
 Deity, tuhan, AUah; (Hindu), dewa, 
 
 dewata. 
 Delay, lambat. 
 Delegate, to, wakil-kan. 
 Delirious, to be, ber-igau-igau, meng- 
 
 igau. 
 Deliver up, to, s8rah, menyZrah. 
 Deluge, bah, ayer bah. 
 Demand, to, (claim), tuntut,menuntut. 
 Demon, hantu, bota, jin. 
 Dented, sumbing. 
 Deny, to, sangkal, menyangkal, 
 
 mungkir. 
 Depart, to, pergi, ber-angkat. 
 Dependency, jajahan, ta'aluk. 
 
 Deposit, to, taroh, kirim. 
 
 Depth, dalam. 
 
 Descend, to, tumn, menurun. 
 
 Descent, turun-an, ka-turun-an. 
 
 Desert, gurun, hutan ; (merit), pa- 
 hala. 
 
 Design, desire, kahandak. 
 
 Despair, putus harap. 
 
 Despise, to, meng-hina-kan. 
 
 Destroy, to, binasa. 
 
 Devil, sheitan, iblis. 
 
 Devour, to, makan, makan habis ; 
 (swallow), Ulan. 
 
 Dew, ambun. 
 
 Dial-bird, morai. 
 
 Diagonal, lentang-bujor. 
 
 Dialect, bahasa, chara. 
 
 Diamond, intan. 
 
 Diarrhoea, chirk. 
 
 Die, to, mati, mampus; (of a Mussul- 
 man), pulang ka rahmat Allah, 
 lit. returned to the mercy of God. 
 Differ, to, ber-lain, ber-beda. 
 Difference, per-lain-an, beda, per- 
 
 beda-an, pewat. 
 Different, lain. 
 Difficult, payah, susah. 
 Dig, to, gali, korek. 
 Dim, kZlam, kabur. 
 Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), 
 
 chichah; (to dye), chelup. 
 Direct, straight, betul, lurus. 
 Dirt, chamar, sampah. 
 Disappear, to, liniap, hilang, ghraib. 
 Discard, to, tolak-kan. 
 Discharge, to, me-lepas-kan. 
 Disciple, murid. 
 Discover, to, dapat, men-dapat. 
 Disease, penyakit. 
 Disembark, to, naik darat. 
 Disgraceful, keji. 
 Disguise, samar. 
 
 Dish (china-ware), piring, pinggan ; 
 (native, of metal), cheper, hidan- 
 gan 
 
I 5 2 
 
 .MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Disloyal, derhaka. 
 
 Dismiss, to, buang, mc-lepas-kan, 
 
 kaluar-kan. 
 Disorder, haru-hara. 
 Dispersed, pec/tah-be'lah. 
 Dissolve, to, luluh, hanchur. 
 Distant, jauh. 
 Distil, to, kukus. 
 Distinct, th'axg. 
 Distress, ka-susahan. 
 District, mukim, dairdh. 
 Ditch, parit. 
 
 Dive, to, selam, men y clam. 
 Divide, to, mcmba/tagi. 
 Divine, to, teleh, meiwUJi. tenting. 
 Divorce, cherei; (to divorce), cherei- 
 
 kan ; (to be divorced), ber-chcrci. 
 Dizzy, pcning. 
 Do, to, buat, mem-buat. 
 Doctor, bomor, tukang ubat. 
 Dog, aiijing. 
 Dollar, ringgit. 
 Done, finished, mdaJi. 
 Door, pint u. 
 Doubt, shak, khuatir. 
 Doubtful, tiada t\ 
 Dove, tekukur, balam. 
 Draft, of a document, rauchuitu. 
 Drag, to, held, hcrut, scrct. 
 Dragon, naga. 
 Dragon's blood, jernang. 
 Dragon-fly, bari-bari. 
 Drain, parit, saluran. 
 Draw, to, (pull), tarik, hela. 
 Dream, mimpi. 
 Dress, pakei-an. 
 Drift, to, hanyut. 
 Drill, baris. 
 Drink, to, minum. 
 Drive, to, (a carriage), lari-kan 
 
 kreta ; (away), halau, halau-kan. 
 Drop, titek. 
 Drop, to, (as a fluid), menitck ; (to 
 
 fall prematurely), gugur; (as ripe 
 
 fruit), JuroA; (to let fall) labuh-kan. 
 
 Drought, kamarau. 
 
 Drown, to. Umas. 
 
 Drum, gendang, rabana. 
 
 Drunk, mabuk. 
 
 Dry, kering. 
 
 Dry, to, jemur. 
 
 Duck, itek. 
 
 Due, proper, patut. 
 
 Due, tribute, chukei. 
 
 Dumb, bisa, kelu. 
 
 Dung (manure), baja. 
 
 Dust, habu. 
 
 Duty, import, chukei, hasil. 
 
 Dwarf, chabvl. 
 
 Dwell, to, diam, tinggal. 
 
 Dye, to, chelup. 
 
 Dysentery, chirit-darah. 
 
 Each, masing-masing. 
 
 Ear, telinga. 
 
 Ear-ring, kerabu, anting - anting ; 
 (worn by unmarried girls), 
 subang. 
 
 Early, siang. 
 
 Earnest- money, pan jar, chinkh'am. 
 
 Earth, tanah, bumi. 
 
 Earthenware, tembi/car. 
 
 Earthquake, gumpa. 
 
 Earth-oil, miniak tanah. 
 
 Earthworm, chaching. 
 
 East, mata-hari naik, timur 
 
 Easy, mudah. 
 
 Eat, to, makan; (of a royal person- 
 age), santap. 
 
 Ebb, surut. 
 
 Ebony, kayu-arang. 
 
 Eclipse, grahana. 
 
 Economical, jimat. 
 
 Edge, tepi ; (sharp), mata. 
 
 Educate, to, pelehra, ajar. 
 
 Eel, bUut. 
 
 Egg, tllor. 
 
 Egg-plant, tZrong. 
 
 Elbow, siku. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 153 
 
 Elder brother, abang. 
 
 Elder sister, kakak. 
 
 Eldest child, sulong. 
 
 Elephant, gajah; (howdah), kop ; 
 (goad), kuasa ; (driver), gamhala 
 gajah; (paniers), rengka; ( hobbl es), 
 sengkala; (tusk), gading; (trunk), 
 belalei. 
 
 Elephantiasis, untut. 
 
 Embankment, batas. 
 
 Embark, to, naik kapal. 
 
 Embrace, to, peluk, dakap. 
 
 Embroider, to, soji. 
 
 Emerald, zamrud. 
 
 Emissary, pcnyuroh. 
 
 Empty, kosoug, Itanipa. 
 
 Employment, pe.r-kavja-an. 
 
 Enclosed, ber-kdUing. 
 
 End, ka-sudah-an. 
 
 Endeavour, to, choba. 
 
 Endure, to, tahan. 
 
 Enemy, musoh, satru. 
 
 Enmity, binrhi-an. 
 
 Enough, sudah, chukup. 
 
 Enigma, tekak-leki. 
 
 Enquire, to, tanya, panksa. 
 
 Entangled, ter-sanyknt. 
 
 Enter, to, masok. 
 
 Entertain, to (offer hospitality), 
 men-jamu. 
 
 Entertainment (feast), jamu-an, 
 kanduri. 
 
 Entrails, isi-pe'rut. 
 
 Envelop, to, balut. 
 
 Envy, dingkl. 
 
 Epilepsy, sawan-babi. 
 
 Equal, sama, sa-tara. 
 
 Equally, sama-rala. 
 
 Equip, to, langkap. 
 
 Erase, to, kikis, parang. 
 
 Erect, to, mem-ban gkct -kan . 
 
 Escape, to, lari ; (flea from dan- 
 ger), melari-kan niawa, membawa 
 diri. 
 
 Escort to, aniar-kan. 
 
 Establish, to, me-lctak-kan, mm- 
 
 diri-kan, tegoh-kan. 
 Esteem, to (prize), endah-kan. 
 Estimate, nilai. 
 Estuary, kuala. 
 Eternity, kakal, baka. 
 Even (of numbers), ganap ; (level), 
 
 rata. 
 Even, likewise, juga, pun. 
 Evening, ptlang. 
 Ever, pernah. 
 Evidence, ka-niata-an. 
 Evil, jahat, nakal. 
 Evil, calamity, mara-bahaya, bala, 
 
 chelaka. 
 Ewe, kambing-betina. 
 Exalt, to, per-tinggi-kan, mcm-bcsar- 
 
 kan. 
 Examine, to, pdreksa. 
 Example, teladan. 
 Exceed, to, lampau, lalu-i. 
 Except, hania, mc-lain-kan. 
 Excess, surplus, ka-hb<h-an. 
 Exchange, to, tukar-kan. 
 Expect, to, me-nanti-kan. 
 Expensive, mahal. 
 Extend, to, panjang -kan, lanjut-kan. 
 Extensive, lapang, luas. 
 Extinguish, to, padam-kan. 
 Eye, mala; (ball), biji-mata; (brow} 
 
 kening; (lid), kUopak-mata. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fable, cheritra, hakayat. 
 
 Face, muka. 
 
 Fade, to layu, ber-layu. 
 
 Fail, to (in business), jafoh. 
 
 Faint, weak, leteh; (swoon), pengsan. 
 
 Fair, just, betid. 
 
 Faith, iman. 
 
 Fall, to, jaioh; (to cause to fall), 
 jatoh-kan ; ( to drop spontaneously), 
 luroh, gvgur; (to tumble down), 
 rtbah, tionbang. 
 
 False, bohong, dusta. 
 
*54 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Famed, megah, mashur. 
 
 Family, isi-rumah; (stock, lineage), 
 
 bangxa, kaum. 
 Famine, ka-lapar-an. 
 Fan. kipas; to fan, kirap. 
 Far, jauh. 
 
 Farewell, salamat tinggal. 
 Farm (of public revenues), pa/a. 
 Fast (quickly), lakas; (swift), lajn; 
 
 (abstinence), pnasa. 
 Fasten, to, ikat, tambat. 
 Fat (plump), gumok, tumbun ; 
 
 (grease), lemak. 
 Fate, nasib, ajal. 
 Father, bapa, ayah ; (step), bapa- 
 
 tiri ; (in-law), mentuah. 
 Fathom, depa. 
 Fatigued, panat, hlah. 
 Fault, sal ah, ka-safah-an. 
 Favour, kasih-an; (royal), fcanmfa, 
 
 anugrah. 
 Fear, takut. 
 
 Feast, kanduri, per-jamu-an. 
 Feather, bulu. 
 Features, paras. 
 Fee, upah, faidah. 
 Feeble, lemah, Icteh. 
 Feed, to, beri makan, suap-kan. 
 Feel, to (touch), raba t jamah, jabat. 
 Feint, pura-pura. 
 Fell, to, tfbang. 
 Female, perampuan, betina. 
 Fence, pagar. 
 Fern, paku. 
 Ferry, tambang. 
 Ferryboat, prahu tambang. 
 Festival, hari-bcsar, hari-raya. 
 Fetch, to, ambil, bawa, jemput. 
 Fever, demam. 
 Field, padang ; (wet rice), sawah, 
 
 bendang. 
 Fierce, garang. 
 Fig, buah ara. 
 Fight, to, ber-kalahi ; (of animals), 
 
 ber-laga; (of cocks), sabong. 
 
 File, kikir. 
 
 Fill, to, penoh-kan, isi-kan. 
 
 Filter, to, tapis. 
 
 Fin, strip. 
 
 Find, to, dapat. 
 
 Fine (elegant), bagus, elok ; (not 
 coarse), halus. 
 
 Fine (amercement), denda. 
 
 Finger, jari. 
 
 Finish, to, habis-kan,menyudah-kan. 
 
 Finished, habis, sudah. 
 
 Fire, apt. 
 
 Fire-fly, kUip-kUip. 
 
 Firewood, kayu-api. 
 
 Firm, kuku/i. 
 
 First, mula-mida, pertama. 
 
 Fish, ikan ; (fish, to), panelling, 
 memanching, mcngail; (with arti- 
 ficial bait), kachor. 
 Fish-hook, kail; (line), tali-kail. 
 Fist, tinju. 
 Fit, patut, harus, wajib ; (seizure), 
 
 pitam. 
 Flag, bandera ; (staff), tiang-ban- 
 
 dera. 
 Flame, niala. 
 Flannel, kain-panas. 
 Flash, kilat. 
 
 Flat, cheper ; (level), rata. 
 Flay, to, kupas, kelupas. 
 Flea, kutu anjing. 
 Fleece, bulu-kambing. 
 Fleet, angkat-an. 
 Flesh, daging, isi. 
 Fling, to, balwg, lempar, lotar; 
 
 (down), champak. 
 Flint, batu api. 
 Float, to, timbid, hanyut. 
 Flock, kawan. 
 Flog, to, pukvl, gasak. 
 Floor, lantei. 
 Flour, tepong. 
 
 Flow, to, leleh, meleleh ; (as a river), 
 alir, mengalir ; (of the tide), pa- 
 sang. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 155 
 
 Flower, bunga. 
 
 Fly, lalat; (horse-), pikat ; (eye-), 
 kakoroh ; (fly, to), terbang. 
 
 Foam, buih. 
 
 Fog, Jcabut. 
 
 Fold (a pen), kandang ; (fold, to), 
 lipat. 
 
 Follow, to, ikut, turut. 
 
 Food, makan-an. 
 
 Foolish, bodoh, gila. 
 
 Foot, kaki ; (sole of the), lapak 
 kaki. 
 
 Football, scpak raga. 
 
 For, akan, pada ; (because), karana. 
 
 For fear, lest, takut. 
 
 Forbid, to, larang. 
 
 Force, kuasa, kuat ; (to use ), 
 kuat-kan, k2ras-i. 
 
 Fold, to (wade), merandau. 
 
 Fordable, shallow, changkat, tohor. 
 
 Foreigner, orang dagang, anak da- 
 gang. 
 
 Forehead, dahi. 
 
 Foreskin, kulup. 
 
 Forest, rimba. 
 
 Forfeited, luchut. 
 
 Forget, to, lupa, lupa-kan. 
 
 Forgive, to, ampun-kan, ma l af-kan. 
 
 Forgiveness, ampun, ma'af. 
 
 Fork, garfu, penyuchuk. 
 
 Form, rupa. 
 
 Former times, dahulu kola. 
 
 Fornication, ber-kendak. 
 
 Forsake, to, tinggal-kan. 
 
 Fort, kola. 
 
 Fortunate, tnujur, tuah. 
 
 Fortune, unlong, nasib. 
 
 Foundation, kaki tcmbok, alas ru- 
 mah. 
 
 Founder, to, karam. 
 
 Fountain, spring, mata ayer. 
 
 Fowl, hay am. 
 
 Fragment, sa-patah, sa-klrat. 
 
 Frankincense, kaminian. 
 
 Free, bebas. 
 
 Freed, mardahika. 
 
 Freeze, to, bciku. 
 
 Frequent, kh'ap. 
 
 Fresh, new, baharu; (of water), 
 
 tawar. 
 Friend, sahabat. 
 Fright, katakut-an. 
 Frighten, menyakut-kan. 
 Fringe, jalajala, dawn budi. 
 Frog, katak, kodok. 
 From, deri, deri-pada. 
 Front, hadap-an. 
 Froth, buih. 
 Fruit, buah. 
 
 Fry, to, goreng, rendang. 
 Fulfil, to, sampei-kan, semporna- 
 
 kan. 
 Full, pSnuh. 
 
 Full-moon, pcrnama bulan. 
 Fun, lawak-lawak, ber-suka-suka-an. 
 Fund, capital, modal. 
 Funnel, chorot. 
 Furnace, dapwr, ralau. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gain, laba, faidah. 
 
 Gale, ribut. 
 
 Gall, ampadu. 
 
 Gamble, to, judi, men-judi. 
 
 Game, per-main-an. 
 
 Game-cock, hay am sabong. 
 
 Gaol, panjara. 
 
 Gape, to, nganga. 
 
 Garden, kabun ; (flower), taman. 
 
 Garlic, bawang puteh. 
 
 Gasp, to, menguap. 
 
 Gate, pintu, kerbang. 
 
 Gate-keeper, penunggu-pinlu. 
 
 Gather, to (pluck), kutib, petik ; 
 
 (pick up), pungut; (assemble), 
 
 ber-kumpul, ber-impun. 
 Gaze, to, renong. 
 Gem, permata. 
 Generous, morah-hati. 
 Gentle, lembut, manis. 
 
'56 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Get, to, dapat, mrn-dapat-kan. 
 
 Get up, to, bangkct, ban gun. 
 
 Ghost, hantu. 
 
 Giddy, p>cning. 
 
 Gift, hadia, pcmbcri-an. 
 
 Gild, to, chelop, sador. 
 
 Gills, of a fish, isang. 
 
 Gimlet, gurdi. 
 
 Ginger, halia. 
 
 Girdle, tali-pi nggang. 
 
 Girl, budak. 
 
 Girth, tali-pZrut. 
 
 Give, to, beri, kasih : (back), pn- 
 
 lang-kan, membalik-kan. 
 Gizzard, ampcdal. 
 Glad, suka, suka-chita. 
 Glass, kacha. 
 Gleau, to, pungut. 
 Glitter, to, kilau, mcng'dau. 
 Glorious, midia. 
 Glory, ka-m;'!;<t-,n\. 
 Glove, sarong tangan. 
 Glue, perZka'. 
 Glutton, gdujuh. 
 Gnat, agas. 
 Go, to, pergi ; (in), maeuk ; (out), 
 
 terbit, kaluar. 
 Goat, kambing. 
 Goblin, bota. 
 God, Allah. 
 Gold, mas, amas ; (leaf), mas kartas ; 
 
 (dust), mas urei. 
 Goldsmith, tukang mas. 
 Gong, tawa-tawa. 
 Good, baik. 
 Goods, barang-barang, benda, harta, 
 
 dagang-an. 
 Goose, angsa. 
 
 Gore, to, tandok, menandok. 
 Gospel, injil. 
 Gourd, labu. 
 Govern, to, memerentah. 
 Government, perentah. 
 Gown, kabaya. 
 Grace, karunia, anvgrah. 
 
 Grain, biji, bntir. 
 
 Grammar, nahu. 
 
 Grandchild, chuchu; (great), chichit. 
 
 Grandparent, datoh, nenek ; (great), 
 
 moyang. 
 Granite, batu bukit. 
 Grapes, buah anggnr. 
 Grasshopper, bclalang. 
 Grasp, to, genggam. 
 Grass, nimput. 
 Grate, to (rasp), kukur. 
 Grave, a, kubur. 
 Gravel, batu-lada, baiu-kelikir. 
 Gravy, kuah. 
 Grease, lemah. 
 Great, besar. 
 Greedy, geluju h. 
 Green, hijau. 
 Green-pigeon, punei. 
 Grief, duka-chita, ka-susah-an. 
 Grieved, susah-Iiati. 
 Grind, to, kisar ; (on a flat surface), 
 
 giling ; (to sharpen), asah, chanei. 
 Grinder, molar tooth, gerham. 
 Grinding-stone, batu-gillng. 
 Gripes, colic, mulas, senalc perut. 
 Groan, to, mevgerang. 
 Grope, to (feel in the dark), raba. 
 Gross, coarse, kasar. 
 Ground, soil, tanah. 
 Grow, to, tumboh. 
 Growl, to, men-daring, mcn-deravw 
 Grudge, sakit-hati, kechil-hati. 
 Gruel, kanji. 
 
 Grumble, to, snngut, ber-sunguL 
 Guard, to, tunggu, kaical. 
 Guava, jambu-biji. 
 Guide, pandu, pertulu** 
 Guilt, ka-salah-an. 
 Guilty, salah. 
 Gulf, teluk. 
 Gum, getah. 
 Gums, the, gusi. 
 Gun, bedil, snapang ; (cannon), mat* 
 
 riam ; (swivel), tela, rantaka. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 157 
 
 Gunpowder, ubat-bedil. 
 Gunwale, ruling. 
 Gutter, mluran-ayr. 
 
 H. 
 Habit, custom, i adat ; (in the habit 
 
 of), biasa. 
 Hair, rambut, bulu. 
 Hair-pin, chuchuk-sanggul. 
 Half, tengah, sa-tengah, sa-paroh. 
 Halt, crippled, tcmpang ; (to etop 
 
 on a journey), sing gait. 
 Halve, to, bahagl dua. 
 Hammer, pemukul, pcngVtok, martd. 
 Hammer, to, kZtok. 
 Hamper, a, Mranjang, raga. 
 Hand, tangan. 
 Handful, sa-genggam. 
 Handkerchief, sapu-tangan. 
 Handle, of a weapon, hulu ; (of a 
 
 jar), telinga. 
 Handsome, bogus, dole, hebat. 
 Handwriting, tapak-tangan, khat. 
 Hang, to, (suspend), gautong, mctig- 
 
 gantong-kan ; (to be suspended). 
 
 ber-gantong. 
 Happen, to, jadi. 
 Happy, senang, salamat. 
 Hard, kZras, tegar. 
 Hardship, ka-sukar-an. 
 Harlot, sundal, jaJang. 
 1 1 arpoon, sarampang. 
 Harrow, sikat, garu. 
 Hasp, kuku. 
 Haste, gopoh. 
 
 Hat, topi; (conical leaf hat), terendah. 
 Hatch, to, meng-gfo'cim. 
 Hatchet, btliong, kapak. 
 Hate, to, binchi. 
 Haul, to, tank, hda. 
 Have, to, ada, ber-uhh, mcnaroli. 
 Haze, kabut. 
 Head, kapala, hulu. 
 Headache, sakit kapala. 
 Health, sihat- niaman. 
 
 Heap, kumpul-an, tambun. 
 
 Hear, to, dengar. 
 
 Heart, hati, jantong; (of timber), 
 
 teras; (to have the heart to), 
 
 sampei hati, dapat hati. 
 Heat, hangat. 
 Heave, to, bongkar. 
 , Heaven, surga ; (Muhammadan), 
 
 janat-al naim. 
 Heavy, bh-at. 
 j Hedge, pagar. 
 J Heel, tumit. 
 Heel, to (incline), itinget. 
 Heir, war is. 
 
 Hell, naraka, pafala, (Muham- 
 madan ) jalianam. 
 Helm, kamudi. 
 Help, to, tulong, menu'ong, bantu, 
 
 mem-bantu. 
 Hem, kelim. 
 
 Hen, ibu-hayam, hayam-betina. 
 Here, sini, di-sini, kamari. 
 Heritage, pusaka. 
 Hiccup, sedu. 
 Hide, to, sembunyi. 
 Hide, skin, bdulang, kulit. 
 High, tinggi. 
 Hill, bukit, changkat. 
 Hillock, busut. 
 Hilt, hulu. 
 Hinder, to, tegah, larang, sangkut, 
 
 tahan. 
 Hire, to (engage), upah, meng- 
 
 upah-kan ; (rent) jienyetoa ; (to 
 
 rent), sexca, menyewa. 
 History, chcritra, hakayat. 
 Hiss, to, ber-siul. 
 Hit, to, k&na. 
 Hoarse, garok. 
 Hoe, changkol. 
 Hoist, to, angkat. 
 Hold, to, pegang. 
 Hold, of a ship, pcta. 
 Hole, lobang, Hang. 
 Holiday, hari-raya. 
 
153 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Hollow, lekok, geronggong. 
 
 Homicide, murder, pcm-bunoh-an. 
 
 Hone, batu-asah. 
 
 Honest, betid. 
 
 Honesty, puteh-hati. 
 
 Honey, madu, manis-an lebah. 
 
 Honour, ka-mulia-an. 
 
 Hoof, kuku. 
 
 Hook, penggait; (elephant-goad), 
 kuasa; (fish-), mata-kail. 
 
 Hoop, simpei. 
 
 Hope, harap, asa. 
 
 Hopeless, putus-harap. 
 
 Horizon, kaki-lav'iit. 
 
 Horn, tandok; (of the rhinoceros), 
 sumboh; (feeler), sungut. 
 
 Hornet, tabu-an, naning. 
 
 Horrible, ngZri, htbat. 
 
 Hor.-e, kuda. 
 
 Horse-mango, bachang, machang. 
 
 Horse-race, ber-lomba kuda. 
 
 Hot, panas, hangat; (acrid), pedas, 
 pedis. 
 
 Hour, jam. 
 
 House, rumah. 
 
 Household, isi-rumah. 
 
 Hovel, pondok, tcratak. 
 
 How, bagei-mana. 
 
 Howdah, kop; (panniers), rengkah. 
 
 However, tetapi, akan-tetapi. 
 
 How much ? how many ? bSr-apa, 
 ter-apa baniak. 
 
 How long ? blr apa lama. 
 
 Hug, to, peluk, dakap. 
 
 Hum, to, sering, menyering. 
 
 Humane, morah-hati. 
 
 Humble, rendah ; (to humble one- 
 self), me-rendah-kan diri. 
 
 Humpback, bongkok. 
 
 Hungry, lapar. 
 
 Hunt, to, bv/ru, mem-buru. 
 
 Hurricane, ribut. tufan. 
 
 Hurry, gopoh. 
 
 Hurt, to, sakit-kan, menyakit-kan. 
 
 Husband, laki, sicami, rumah -ta ngga. 
 
 Husk, kulit ; (of cocoamit), sabut ; 
 
 (of rice), sekam. 
 Hut, pondok, teratak, jambar, 
 
 lengkok. 
 
 I. 
 Ice, ayar baku, ayer batu. 
 Idea, 'akal. 
 
 Idiot, bodoh, gila, korang-'alcal. 
 Idle, malas, segan. 
 Idol, berhala. 
 If, kalau, jikalau. 
 Ignite, to, chuchuk, pasang. 
 Ignorant, babal, bodoh. 
 Ill, sakit ; (of a royal personage), 
 
 gtring. 
 Ill-bred, korang-adab, be-adab. 
 Ill-humoured, masam-mvka, peny- 
 
 Zbal. 
 Illicit, larang, churi. 
 Illustrious, mnlia. 
 Image, rupa, gambar, bavgun. 
 Imagine, to, sangka, agak. 
 Imitate, to, tiru, turut. 
 Immediately, sakarang ini. 
 Immortal, kakal, baka. 
 Impatient, korang-sabar. 
 Impertinent, kasar, sombong. 
 Importaut, besar, b8rat, matan. 
 Impossible, tiada akan, ta'kan, 
 
 mustahil. 
 Impound, to, kandang-kan. 
 Imprison, to, kurong-kan. 
 Improve, to, baik-i, mem-baik-i. 
 Impudent, muka-tebal, muka-papan. 
 Incense, kaminian, istanggi, dupa. 
 Incest, sumbang. 
 Incline, to (bend), chondong. 
 Increase, to, ber-tambah ; (to add), 
 
 tambah-kan, me-lebeh-kan ; (subs.), 
 
 tambah-an, ka-lebeh-an. 
 Indebted, ber-hutang. 
 India-rubber, gUah. 
 Indian-corn, jagong. 
 Indigo (plant), tarum ; (dye), nila. 
 Indignant, hangat- hati. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 x 5<> 
 
 Indulge, to, JcasiJi, pandang. 
 
 Iudustrious, rajin. 
 
 Infectious, jangkit, bcr-jangkit-an. 
 
 Infidel, kafir. 
 
 Infirm, lemah, leteh. 
 
 Inform, to, b%ri-tahu, me-ma'alum- 
 
 kan. 
 Informer, penudoh. 
 Inhabit, to, duduk, dlam. 
 Inhabitants, isi-negri. 
 Inheritance, pusaka. 
 Inhuman, bingis. 
 Injure, to, rosak-kan, binasa-kan. 
 Ink, daivat, tinta. 
 Inkstand, tampat-dawat. 
 Inland, hulu, davat. 
 Inquire, to, tanya, pareksa. 
 Insect, benatang. 
 Insert, to, masok-kan, s8lip. 
 Insignia, regalia, perkakas-ka-raja- 
 
 an. 
 Insipid, tawar, maung. 
 Instant, sa'at, sa-kejap, sa-buntar. 
 Instead, ganti, alih-alih. 
 Instruct, to, ajar, meng-ajar-kan, 
 
 meng-aji-kan. 
 Instructor, guru, pengajar. 
 Instrument, alat, perkakas-an. 
 Intend, to, maliu, handak, niat-hati. 
 Intercept, to (cut off), kZpong. 
 Interest, bunga. 
 Interior, dalam ; (of a country), 
 
 hulu, darat. 
 Interfere, to, masok-mulut. 
 Interpret, to, salin-kan, turun-kan 
 
 bahasa lain; (into Malay), jawi- 
 
 kan, men-jawi-kan. 
 Interpreter, juru-bahasa. 
 Interval, selang. 
 Intestines, isi-p%rut. 
 Intoxicated, mabuk. 
 Inundation, ai/er bah. 
 Invade, to, lawjgar, me-langgar. 
 Invent, to, meng-ada-kan. 
 Invention, hikmat. 
 
 Invisible, batin. 
 
 Invite, to, panggil, sila-kaiu 
 
 Invulnerable, kebal, pUias. 
 
 Iron, besi. 
 
 Irony, sindir. 
 
 Island, pulau. 
 
 Issue, to, ierbit. 
 
 Itch (the), kudis ; (to), gatal. 
 
 Ivory, gading. 
 
 Jack-fruit, nangka. 
 
 Jackal, sri-gala. 
 
 Jacket, bqju. 
 
 Jar, tempayan, buyong. 
 
 Jargon, bahasa kachau-kan. 
 
 Jasmine, malati, melur. 
 
 Jealous, chemburu. 
 
 Jealousy, chemburu-an. 
 
 Jetty, jambatan, pelantar. 
 
 Jew, Yahudi. 
 
 Jewel, permata. 
 
 Join, to, hubong, meng-hubong-kan. 
 
 Joint, buku, ruas, sendi. 
 
 Joke, lawah, gurau, saluroh, gonja. 
 
 Journey., per-jalan-an ; (hy sea), 
 
 pelaiar - an ; (provisions for a), 
 
 bakal, bekas. 
 Joy, ka-suka-an, suka-hati, ber-suka- 
 
 suka-an. 
 Judge, hakim. 
 
 Judgment, sangka, rasa; (to de- 
 liver), putus hukum; (day of), 
 
 harikiamat. 
 Jug, a, buyong. 
 Juggle, to, sulap, balik-mata. 
 Juggler, penyulap. 
 Juice, aycr ; (of plants), getah. 
 Jump, to, lompat, ber-lompat; 
 
 (down), terjun. 
 Junk, jong, wangkang, top. 
 Just, i adil. 
 Just now, tadi, baharu-ini, baharu- 
 
 tadi. 
 Justice, ka-'adil-an. 
 
x6o 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Keel, lunas. 
 
 Keep, to, simpan, mon/impun. 
 
 Keepsake, tanda hay at. 
 
 Kernel, isi. 
 
 Kettle, cherek. 
 
 Key, anak kunehi. 
 
 Kick, to, sepak, tendang. 
 
 Kid, anak kambing. 
 
 Kidneys, buah pinggung. 
 
 Kill, to, bunoh, membunoh. 
 
 Kiln, tenur. 
 
 Kind, affectionate, ber-lasih. 
 
 Kind, sort, bangsa, ji 
 
 Kindle, to, chucltuk, jnisang-api, 
 pUakut-api. 
 
 Kindred kaum, kulawarga. 
 
 King, raja. 
 
 , (smell), chiutn. 
 
 Kitchen, dapor. 
 
 Kite, (bird), halang, lang ; (paper), 
 wait, layang-layang. 
 
 Kitten, anak kuching. 
 
 Knee, lutut. 
 
 Kneel, to, berdiri-lutut ; (as an ele- 
 phant), Urwm. 
 
 Knee-pan, tempurong- lutut. 
 
 Knife, pisau. 
 
 Knitting, aniam, vajut. 
 
 Knock, to, kUok, pukul. 
 
 Knot, simp id. 
 
 Know, to, tahu, kenal. 
 
 Knuckle, buku-jari. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labour, karja, usahu. 
 
 Labourer, kuli, orang-gaji. 
 
 Lad, budak. 
 
 Ladder, tangga. 
 
 Ladle, scndok, gay on g ; (to ladle 
 
 out), chedok. 
 Lad}', tuan, siti, indie. 
 Lace, gold or silver, rendu. 
 Lake, tasek, danuu. 
 Lamb, anak-biri. 
 
 Lame, tempang, chapik. 
 
 Lament, to, ratap, meratap, menan- 
 
 gis; (regret), menyesal. 
 Lamp, palita. 
 Lance, lembing, tombak. 
 Land, tanah, darat; (padi-land), 
 
 sawah, tanah bendang ; (garden - 
 
 land), tanah kampong. 
 Lancet, taji. 
 Lane, lurong. 
 Language, bahasa, chara. 
 Lantern, tanglong. 
 Lap, pangku, riba. 
 Larboard, kiri. 
 Large, besar. 
 Last, to, tahan, menahan. 
 Last, hindmost, yang belakang, su- 
 
 kali, akhir; (last night), sa- in alum. 
 Late, akhir; (at nights, jauh malum. 
 Lath, kasuu, luntei. 
 Lattice-work, gisi-gisi. 
 Laugh, to, tertuwu, geluk. 
 Laugh at, to, (deride), menggonju-kun. 
 Law, hukum, undang-undang. 
 Lawn, hulamun. 
 Lawful, halal, hums. 
 Lawyer, wukil. 
 Lay, to, (set down), bubok, letuk, 
 
 me-letuk-kun ; (wager), ber-turoh; 
 
 (an egg), ber-telor. 
 Lazy, mulus, segun. 
 Lead (the metal), timuh hitum. 
 Lead, to (by the hand), pimpin; 
 
 (guide), tunjuk-kun, pandu-kun, 
 
 hantur-kun. 
 Leaf, daun; (of paper), hulei, lei, 
 
 kujung. 
 Leaky, bochor, tiris. 
 Lean, thin, kurus. 
 Lean, to (rest against), sundar, 
 
 menyandur. 
 Leap, to, lomput, me-lomput; (down), 
 
 terjun. 
 Learn, to, bclajar; (religion), ment/o/i. 
 Learned, pundei, 'alim. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 161 
 
 Leather, kulit, belidang. 
 Leave, permission, izin. 
 Leave (to quit), tinggal-kan. 
 Leech, lintah; (forest), pachat. 
 Leeward, di-bawah angin. 
 Left, Jciri. 
 
 Left (remaining), sisa. 
 Leg, kaki; (thigh), paha; (from 
 knee to ankle), betis ; (calf), jan- 
 tong-betis. 
 Lend, to, beri-pinjam. 
 Length, panjang, lanjut. 
 Lengthways, bujur. 
 Leprosy, Jcusta. 
 Less, Jco)ang. 
 Let (to allow), biar ; (hire), beri- 
 
 sewa. 
 Let off, to (fire - arms), pasang, 
 chuchuh, me-letup-kan ; (forgive, 
 discharge), ampun-Jcan, me-lepas- 
 kan. 
 Letter, surat Tcirim-an. 
 Level, rata. 
 Liar, pem-bohong. 
 Liberal, morah-hati. 
 Liberate, to, lepas-kan, mardahika- 
 
 kan. 
 Lick, to, jilat. 
 
 Lid, tudong ; (eye-), kelopak-mata. 
 Lie, falsehood, bohong. 
 Lie down, to, baring, tidor. 
 Life, niawa, jiwa, hayat. 
 Lift, to, angkat, meng-angkat. 
 Light, bright, chahya, terang ; (not 
 
 heavy), ringan. 
 Light (to kindle), chuchuh, pasang ; 
 (to guide with a torch), svloh, 
 menyvloli. 
 Lighter, tongkang. 
 Lightning, kilat. 
 Like, bagei, saperti, laksana, sa- 
 
 umpama. 
 Like, to, suka, gamar, ber-kenan. 
 Likeness, rupa, gambar. 
 Limb, angguta. 
 
 Lime, kapur; (quicklime), tohor ; 
 
 (birdlime), getah. 
 Lime, lemon, limau-asam. 
 Line, (string), tali; (row), baris, nirei. 
 Lineage, ka-turun-an. 
 Linen, kain-rami. 
 Lining, alas, lapis. 
 Lion, singa. 
 Lip, bibir. 
 Liquid, chayer. 
 Listen, to, men-dengar. 
 Litter, usong-an. 
 Little, kechil. 
 Little finger, kelingking. 
 Liver, limpah. 
 Livelihood, ka - hidop - an, pen - cha- 
 
 hari-an. 
 Lizard, chichah 
 Load, baban, pikvl-an ; (cargo), 
 
 muat-an, sarat-an. 
 Loaf, ketvl. 
 
 Lobster, hudang-galah. 
 Lock, kunchi. 
 Locust, bilalang. 
 Lodge, to, tumpang, menumpang ; 
 
 (for a night), ber-malam. 
 Loft, para, loteng. 
 Log, batang, puntong. 
 Lonely, sunyi. 
 Long, lama. 
 
 Long, to, dendam, rindu. 
 Look, to, pandang, tengok, lihat; 
 
 (look up), tengadah. 
 Looking-glass, chermin. 
 Loom, perkakas-tenun. 
 Loose, longgar, kendor. 
 Lord, tuan ; (deity), tuhan. 
 Lose, to, hilang ; (to suffer defeat), 
 
 alah. 
 Lotos, teratei. 
 Loud, riyuh, kuat. 
 Love, kasih-an ; (love, to), kasih, 
 
 ber-kasih, berahi. 
 Low, rendah. 
 Low-water, ayer-surut, oyer mati. 
 
162 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Loyal, setia. 
 Luck, untong. 
 Luckily, sa-baik-baik-nia. 
 Lucky, mujur. 
 Lullaby, lagu pengulik. 
 Lump, ketvl. 
 Lunatic, orang-gila. 
 Lungs, paru-paru. 
 Lust, hawa, nafsu. 
 Lute, kechapi. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mace, bunga-pala. 
 
 Machine, pcsaioat. 
 
 Mad, gila. 
 
 Maggot, hulat. 
 
 Magic, 'ilmu. 
 
 Magistrate, hakim, tuan polis. 
 
 Magnet, besi-btvani. 
 
 Maimed, kudong. 
 
 Mainmast, tiang-agong. 
 
 Maintain, to, pelehra. 
 
 Maize, jagong. 
 
 Majesty, baginda. 
 
 Make, to, buat, membuat. 
 
 Male (man), laki-laki ; (animal), 
 
 jantan. 
 Malice, dingkl, kechil-hati. 
 Malignant, ber-dingki. 
 Man, orang, laki-laki. 
 Man-of-war, kapal pZrang. 
 Manage, to, perentah, memerentah. 
 Mane, gambong, jambul. 
 Mange, kudis. 
 Mango, mampelam,mangga; (horse-), 
 
 machang, bachang. 
 Mangostin, manggis. 
 Manifest, to, menyata-kan, mene- 
 
 rang-kan. 
 Mankind, manusia. 
 Manner, bagei, macham. 
 Manure, baja. 
 Many, baniak. 
 Map, pita. 
 
 Marble, pualam. 
 
 Mare, kuda-betina. 
 
 Margin, tepi. 
 
 Mark, tanda, 'alamat ; (to shoot at), 
 
 tuju-an, sasar. 
 Market, pasar. 
 Marriage, karvin, mkah ; (to demand 
 
 in), pinang, meminang ; (to give 
 
 in), nikah-kan. 
 Married, ber-kawin ; ^naving a wife), 
 
 ber-bini; (having a husband), ber< 
 
 laki. 
 Marrow, otak-tulang. 
 Marsh, pay a, redang. 
 Mash, to, pipis. 
 Mason, tukang-balu. 
 Mast, tiang. 
 Master, tuan; (of a ship), juragan, 
 
 nakhoda. 
 Mat, tikar. 
 
 Match, goris-api ; (to suit), padan. 
 Matchlock, satinggar. 
 Mate, of a ship, malim. 
 Matter (affair), perkara ; (pus), 
 
 nanah. 
 Mattress, tilam. 
 May, buleh. 
 Meal (repast), makan-an ; (flour), 
 
 tepong. 
 Mean, hina ; (to understand), harti, 
 
 meng-harti. 
 Meaning (sense), ma'ana, harti. 
 Meanwhile, dalam antara itu. 
 Means (by all), hubaya. 
 Measure, to, hukur, sukat. 
 Measurement, hukur-an, sukat-an. 
 Meat, daging. 
 Medicine, ubat. 
 Meek, manis, lemah-lumbut. 
 Meet, to, jumpa, ber-jumpa, temu, 
 
 ber-temu. 
 Melon (water), iemikei. 
 Melt, to, leboi'y hanchur-kan. 
 Member, angguta. 
 Memory, ingat-an. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 103 
 
 Mend, to, baik-i, mem-baik-i. 
 
 Mendicant, fakir. 
 
 Mention, to, sebut. 
 
 Merchandise, dagang-an. 
 
 Mercury, rasa. 
 
 Mercy, rahamat. 
 
 Meridian (noon), rambang. 
 
 Merit, paliala. 
 
 Mesh (of a net), mata. 
 
 Message, pasan-an. 
 
 Messenger, penyuroh, pesuroh. 
 
 Method (arrangement), atur-an. 
 
 Middle, tengah, per - tengah - an ; 
 (middle finger), jari-hantu. 
 
 Middling, sedang. 
 
 Midwife, bidan, dukun. 
 
 Might, gagah, kuasa, koderat. 
 
 Mighty, kuat, ber-kuasa. 
 
 Mild, manis, lumbut. 
 
 Mildew, lapuk, kulat. 
 
 Milk, susu. 
 
 Mill, lisar-an, giling-an. 
 
 Million, juta. 
 
 Mimic, to, ajuk. 
 
 Mince, to, chachah, chinchang. 
 
 Mind (sense), 'akal, budi ; (inclina- 
 tion), ka-handak ; (never mind), 
 tiada apa, td apa, td usah. 
 
 Mine, gali-an, lombong, tebok. 
 
 Miner, kuli tebok, tukang gali. 
 
 Minister, mantri. 
 
 Minute (small), halus, seni; (mo- 
 ment), sa'at. 
 
 Mire, lumpur, lechah. 
 
 Mirror, chermin. 
 
 Miscarriage, gugur-an ; (of an ele- 
 phant), sanglong. 
 
 Mischief, benchana. 
 
 Miserly, kikir, kikil, chikil. 
 
 Misery, hal ka-sukar-an. 
 
 Mist, kabut. 
 
 Mistake, salah, silap. 
 
 Mistress, tuan. 
 
 Misunderstand, to, S(dah-mcngarti, 
 salah-dengar. 
 
 Mix, to, champur, kachau. 
 
 Mock, olok, pupuh; (to deride), 
 sindir. 
 
 Mode, pri, chara. 
 
 Model, teladan, achu-an. 
 
 Modest, ber-malu, sopan. 
 
 Moment, sa-buntar, sa-kcjap, sa'at. 
 
 Money, wang,duit; (ready -money 
 wang tunei. 
 
 Monkey, monyet, kera. 
 
 Monsoon, musim. 
 
 Month, bxdan. 
 
 Moon, bulan. 
 
 Morass, paj/a, redang. 
 
 More, lebeh, lagi. 
 
 Morning, pagi, dina-hari. 
 
 Morrow, esok, besok, ka-esok-an. 
 
 Morsel, sa-suap, sa-midut. 
 
 Mortal, fana. 
 
 Mortar, lesong. 
 
 Mortgage, to, gadei, chagar, sandar. 
 
 Mosque, masjid. 
 
 Mosquito, niamok. 
 
 Moss, lumut. 
 
 Most, ter-lebch. 
 
 Mother, mak, ibu, bonda ; (adop- 
 tive), ma-angkat ; (step-mother), 
 ma-tiri; (mother-in-law), mentuah. 
 
 Mould, earth, tanah ; (mildew), 
 lapuk; (matrix), achu-an. 
 
 Mouldy, basi. 
 
 Mount, to, naik. 
 
 Mountain, gunong. 
 
 Mourn, to, tangis-kan, menangis- 
 kan, ratap, meratap. 
 
 Mouse, tikus. 
 
 Mouse-deer, pelanduk. 
 
 Moustache, misei. 
 
 Mouth, mulut ; (of a river), kuala. 
 
 Mouthful, sa-suap, sa-midut. 
 
 Move, to, (intrans.), ber-ubah f ber- 
 gh'dk, kesak ; (trans.), gerak-kan, 
 meng -gerak -kan, alih-kan, meng- 
 alih -kan, meng -ubah-kan. 
 
 Much, baniak. 
 
164 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Mud, lumpur, sulut, lechah. 
 
 Muddy, turbid, kZrok. 
 
 Mug, kindi. 
 
 Multiply, to, per-baniak-kan. 
 
 Murder, to, bunoh, mem-bunoh. 
 
 Murmur, to, sungut. 
 
 Muscle, urat. 
 
 Mushroom, chendawan. 
 
 Music, bunyi-bunyi-an } lagu. 
 
 Musk, kasturi. 
 
 Musk-rat, clienchurut. 
 
 Musket, snapang, bedil. 
 
 Muslin, kaiyi khasa. 
 
 Must, handak, hania, dapat-tiada. 
 
 Mustard, scsaa-i. 
 
 Muster (to summon), kZrah. 
 
 Mutiny, belut. 
 
 Mystery, ral 
 
 N. 
 
 Nail, paku ; (of the fingers or toe), 
 
 kuku ; (finger-nail worn purposely 
 
 long), changei. 
 Naked, telanjang. 
 Name, nama ; (title), gHar-an ; (to 
 
 name), gdar-htn, nama-kan. 
 Nape of the neck, tangkok. 
 Napkin, kain basah. 
 Narrate, to, cheritra-kan. 
 ^S t urow,sumpit,simpit,sesak,ginting. 
 Nation, bangsa. 
 Nature, tabi'at. 
 Navel, pusat. 
 
 Navigate, to, me-layar-kan. 
 Navigation (science of), l ilmu-pe- 
 
 layar-an. 
 Neap-tide, ayer survd, ayer mati. 
 Near, dekat, hampir. 
 Neat, chantek, chermat. 
 Necessary, wajib. 
 Necessity, desire, hajat. 
 Neck, batang leher; (throat), leher. 
 Needle, jarum. 
 Neglect, lalei. 
 Neighbour, orang rumah sa-btlah. 
 
 Nephew, andk - penakan, anak su- 
 
 dara. 
 Nerve, urat. 
 
 Nest, sarang, sarang-burong. 
 Net (casting), jala ; (seine), pukat; 
 
 (landing), sauh-sauh; (snare), 
 
 jaring. 
 Net, to, serat, menyerat. 
 Net-work, serat-an, jala-jala. 
 Never, ta'pernah; (never mind), 
 
 td'apa, tausah. 
 New, baharu. 
 New-moon, sa-hari bulan. 
 News, khabar. 
 Next (in time), lepas itu, kemdian ; 
 
 (in place), sa-bMah. 
 Nice (pleasant), sedap. 
 Niece, anak-pcnakan, anak-sudara. 
 Night, malam; (to pass the), ber 
 
 malam. 
 Niiiht-jar, tetegok, punggok. 
 Nimble, chepat, panlas. 
 Nip (to pinch), pichit, chubit, 
 
 ketam, sepit. 
 Nippers (pincers), penyepit 
 Nitre, sendawa. 
 Noble, bangsawan. 
 Nod, to, meng-antok. 
 Noise, gadoh, gempar, bising, riau. 
 None, satu pun tidak. 
 Nonsense, stasia, ta ka-tahu-an. 
 Noon, rambang, tengah-hari. 
 Noose, jerat. 
 North, utara. 
 Nose, hidong; (bridge of the), batang 
 
 hidong. 
 Nosegay, karangan-bunga. 
 Nostril, Hang hidong. 
 Notch, takuk; (gap, dent), sumbing. 
 Nothing, apa pun tidak. 
 Notice, to, per-hati-kan. 
 Notwithstanding, tetapi, lamun-kan. 
 Nourish, to, pelehra-kan. 
 Now, sakarang; (now and then), ka 
 
 dang kadang, ter-kadang. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 165 
 
 Number (quantity), baniak; (a nume- 
 ral), angka. 
 
 Nurse, a, inang, pengasoh. 
 
 Nurse (to rear, cherish), pelehra; 
 (give suck), menetek-kan, menymu- 
 kan ; (a sick person), dukun. 
 
 Nut, kachang. 
 
 Nutmeg, buah pala. 
 
 Nymph, bidyadari. 
 
 Oakum, pakul. 
 
 Oar, dayong, pengayuh. 
 
 Oath, sumpah. 
 
 Obey, to, turut. 
 
 Obscene, charut; (to use obscene 
 
 language), men-charut. 
 Obscure, Mlam, gttap. 
 Observe (watch), intei; (notice), per- 
 
 hati-kan. 
 Obstinate, degil, bantah, kras ka- 
 
 pala. 
 Obstruct, to, sekat-kan. 
 Occasion, paksa. 
 Occupied (busy), 'aral. 
 Occur, to, jadi, jatoh, tiba. 
 Ocean, laut-an. 
 
 Odd (of numbers), gasal, ganjil. 
 Odds and ends, rinchik-rinchik. 
 Offer, to, unjuk, tawar. 
 Office (employment), pegang-an; 
 
 (place of business), gedong. 
 Offspring, anak-pinak. 
 Often, Mrap-kSrap. 
 Oil, minyak. 
 
 Old, tuah, lama; (decayed), burok. 
 Olden time, dahulu-kala, zaman 
 
 dahulu. 
 Omen, evil, pemali. 
 Once, sa-kali. 
 Only, sahaja, hania. 
 Onion, bawang. 
 Open, ter-buka; (extensive), lapang, 
 
 luas; (to open), buka, mem- 
 
 buka. 
 
 Opening (chink), chelah. 
 
 Opinion, rasa, pe-rasaan, sangka, 
 
 kira, pikir-an. 
 Opium, apiun, madat, chandu. 
 Opportunity, paksa, dan, sampat. 
 Oppose, to, lawan. 
 Oppression, anyaya. 
 Oppressive, zalim. 
 Orange, limau-manis. 
 Order (arrangement), atur-an, per- 
 
 atur-an ; (class), pangkat; (to 
 
 command), suroh, menyuroh ; (of 
 
 a royal personage), Utah. 
 Orifice, Hang. 
 Origin, asal, pangkal. 
 Ornament, per-hias-an. 
 Orphan, piatu. 
 Other, lain. 
 Otter, anjing-laut. 
 Ottoman, petarana. 
 Ought, patut, harus, handak-la/i 
 
 mahu-lah. 
 Out, luar. 
 
 Outcast, bangsat, ter-buang. 
 Outcry, gcmpar, cngar. 
 Outhouse, bangsal. 
 Outward, visible, zahir. 
 Oval, bulat-bujur. 
 Oven, dapor, tenur. 
 Over (upon), atas; (ended), sudah 
 Overcast (darkened), bcr-tedoh. 
 Overflow, to, limpah, me-Umpah. 
 Overladen, sarat. 
 Overlook, to, jaga, men-jaga, tunggu, 
 
 menunggu. 
 Overseer, tandil, mandor. 
 Overturn, to, balik, mem-balik' 
 
 kan. 
 Overturned, to be, ber-balik, ter- 
 
 balik. 
 Owe, to, ber-hirfang. 
 Owl, burong-hantu. 
 Owner, luan, yang ampunya. 
 Ox, lumbu, sapi; (wild), si-ladang. 
 Oyster, ter am, siput. 
 
1 66 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 P 
 
 Pace (step), jangka. 
 
 Pack, to, kemas, bu?tgku,s-kn. 
 
 Paddle, a, kayuh, pengayuh; (to 
 
 row with), mengayuh. 
 Pain, sakit, sakit-an, ka-sakit-an; 
 
 (a.T\xiety),per-chinta-an,susah-kati. 
 Paint, chat; (to paint), sapu-chat ; 
 
 (a painter), tukang-chat. 
 Pair, jodo, pasang. 
 Palace, astana, meligei. 
 Pale, puchat. 
 Paling, pagar, gisi-gisi. 
 Palm of the hand, tapak-tangan, 
 
 telapak. 
 Palpitation, dabar. 
 Palsy, tepok, basal. 
 Pan (earthen), pasu; (iron), kuali. 
 Pant, to, mangah, meng up. 
 Paper, kartas. 
 Parable, per-upama-an. 
 Parasol, payong. 
 Parcel, bungkus, bungkus-an. 
 Pardon, ampun, ma'af; (to pardon), 
 
 ampun-kan, ma'af-kan. 
 Pare, to, raut, me-raut, hiris, meng- 
 
 hiris. 
 Parents, ibu-bapa. 
 Parrot, nuri, bayan; (small green 
 
 parroquet), serindit. 
 Parry, to, tangkis. 
 Part, bahagi-an, sa-kHrat, sa-paroh. 
 Particle, butir. 
 Partner, kawan, kongsi. 
 Partnership, in, sa-modal. 
 Pass, to, lalu; (miss), selisih ; (as 
 
 coin), laku. 
 Passion (anger), marah, hangat. 
 Passionate, hatipanas, lakas marah. 
 Past, sudah, yang telah sudah, yang 
 
 telah lalu. 
 Paste, pe-rekat, bubur. 
 Pastry, penganan. 
 Pat, to, ttpvik. 
 Patch, tampal. 
 
 Patience, sabar. 
 
 Pattern, teladan, chonto. 
 
 Pawn, to, gadei, meng-gadci ; (a 
 
 pledge), sandar-an. 
 Pay, to, bayar, mem-bay ar ; (by in- 
 stalments), ansur. 
 Payment, bayar-an, pem-bayar-an. 
 Pea, kachang. 
 Peace, sajehtra, santosa, ka-senang- 
 
 an; (to make peace), ber-damei. 
 Peacock, vurak. 
 Peak, puchuk, kamunchak. 
 Pearl, mutiara. 
 Peck, to, patok, pagut. 
 Pedlar, orang ber-jajah, orang kelon- 
 
 tong. 
 Peel, to, kupas, kelupas. 
 Peep, to, intei, meng-intei. 
 Pelican, undan. 
 Pelt, to, lotar, me-lontar. 
 Pellucid, hening, jerneh. 
 Pen, kalam. 
 
 Pen (enclosure), kandavg. 
 Penalty, denda, siksa. 
 Penetrate, to, lut, melut. 
 Penitence, taubat. 
 Penknife, pisau-lipat. 
 People, orang. 
 Pepper, lada; (black), lada-hitam; 
 
 (Chili), lada-merah, lada-china, 
 
 chabei. 
 Perceive, to, rasa, per-hati-kan. 
 Perch, to, hinggap, tengger. 
 Percolate, to, tiris, meniris. 
 Perfect, sempoma. 
 Perfectly, betul, benar, sakali. 
 Perfume, bau-bau-an. 
 Perfumed, harum, wangi. 
 Perhaps, antah, barangkali, mudah 
 
 mudah-an. 
 Peril, bahaya, mara-bahaya. 
 Perjury, dusta. 
 
 Permanent, kekal, kukuh, tetap. 
 Permission, izin. 
 Permit, to, b%ri, kasih, biar. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 167 
 
 Perpetual, sanantiasa, yang tiada 
 
 ber-ka-putus-an. 
 Persecute, to, anyaya-han. 
 Persevere, to, ber-usaha. 
 Person, orang, marika. 
 Perspiration, peluh. 
 Perverse, bantah, angkara. 
 Pestle, alu, antan. 
 Petition, per-minta-an. 
 Pheasant, pegar ; (argus pheasant), 
 
 kuang, kuwau. 
 Phlegm, dahak, hingus 
 Pick (to gather), kutib, petik; (pick 
 
 up), punguf. 
 Pickles, achar ; (pickled fish or 
 
 meat), pe-kasam. 
 Piebald, pied, belang. 
 Piece, sa-patah, su-k%rat, sa-patong. 
 Pier, jambatan, pangkalan. 
 Pierce, to, chuchuk. 
 Piety, Hbadat. 
 Pig, babi. 
 Pigeon, merpati. 
 Pile (stake), panchang ; (to heap 
 
 up), susun-kan. 
 Pillage, to, samun, rampas. 
 Pillar, tiang. 
 Pillow, bantal. 
 Pillow-case, sarong-bantal. 
 Pimple, bisul-lada. 
 Pin, piniti, jarum-peny^mat. 
 Pincers, sepit, penycpit. 
 Pinch (a small quantity), sa-jumput; 
 
 (to pinch), chubit, pichit. 
 Pinchbeck, suasa. 
 Pineapple, nanas. 
 Pink, kasumbah. 
 Pipe (conduit), panchur-an. 
 Pipeclay, tanah-mala. 
 Pirate, perompak. 
 Pit, lobang. 
 Pitch, gala-gala; (to pitch as a 
 
 ship), angga, meng-anggu. 
 Pitcher, buyung. 
 Pith, ampulur. 
 
 Pity, kasih-an, betas. 
 
 Place, tampat; (to place), bubok, 
 
 tai'oh, letak, me-letak-kan. 
 Plague (pestilence), hawar. 
 Plain, padang, medan. 
 Plait, to, aniam, pintal. 
 Plane, kUam. 
 Plank, papan. 
 Plant, pokok, tanam-an, tumboh- 
 
 tumboh-an. 
 Plantain, pisang. 
 Plantation, kabun, ladang. 
 Plate (earthenware), piring, ping 
 
 gan; (metal), cheper. 
 Play, to, main. 
 Pleasant, scdap, lezat. 
 Pleased, suka. 
 Pledge, cliagar, sandar-an 
 Plenty, baniak. 
 Plough, tanggala 
 Plover, kedidi, chicheoh. 
 Pluck (to gather), petik; (pluck 
 
 out), chabut. 
 Plump, tumbun, pejal. 
 Plunge, to, terjun, sUam, menyZlam. 
 Plunder, to, samun, rampas. 
 Pocket, saku. 
 Point, hujong ; (to point), tunjok, 
 
 menunjok. 
 Poison, rachun. 
 Poisonous, bisa. 
 Poke (to thrust), chuchuk, jolok, 
 
 chungkil. 
 Pole, batang; (for propelling a boat), 
 
 Polecat, musang. 
 
 Polite, adab, bastai-i. 
 
 Pollute, to, chamar-kan, kotor-kan. 
 
 Pomegranate, buah-dalima. 
 
 Pond, kulam. 
 
 Ponder, to, kenang, pikir. 
 
 Pool, lubok. 
 
 Poop, burit-an. 
 
 Poor, miskin. 
 
 Porcelain, tembikar. 
 
iGS 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Porcupine, landak. 
 
 Pork, daging-babi. 
 
 Porpoise, lomba-loniba. 
 
 Portion, bahagi-an. 
 
 Position (situation), ka-duduk-an. 
 
 Possess, to, milik, taroh. 
 
 Possible, buleh. 
 
 Post, panchang, tiang. 
 
 Pot (earthenware), priuk, h&anga; 
 
 (iron), kuali; (water), buyung ; 
 
 (flower), pasu. 
 Potato, ubi benggala, ubi china. 
 Pouch, pundi-pundi. 
 Pound (pen), kandang. 
 Pound, to, tumbok. 
 Pour, to, tuang, tumpah ; (water 
 
 over a person bathing), jurus. 
 Powder, serbuk; (dust), lumat; (gun- 
 powder), ubat bedil. 
 Power, kuasa. 
 Praise, puji, puji-an; (to praise), 
 
 memuji. 
 Prawn, hudang. 
 Pray, to, sembahyang, do'a. 
 Precious, endah. 
 Predestination, ajal, takdir. 
 Predict, to, foretell, tenting. 
 Pregnant, bunting, mengandong, 
 
 hamil. 
 Prepare, to, scdia-kan, langkap-kan. 
 Present (to be), ada, hazir, ber- 
 
 hadap. 
 Present (gift), hadia, pem-bZri an, 
 
 tanda-hayat (lit. " token of life "). 
 Presently, sa-buntar lagi. 
 Press, to, apit-kan; (press down), 
 
 telcan; (squeeze out), pZrah. 
 Presumption, angkara. 
 Pretend, to, achu. 
 Pretence, pura-pura, buat-buat. 
 Pretty, bogus, chantek, molek. 
 Prevent, to, tegah, larang. 
 Price, harga; (of a slave), penebus. 
 Prick, to, chuchuk, tikam. 
 Prickle, duri ; prickly, ber-duri. 
 
 Priest (Muhamtnadau), imam , 
 
 (Christian), padri. 
 Prince, putra. 
 Princess, putrt. 
 Principal, jokok, modal. 
 Print, to, chap. 
 Prison, panjara. 
 Private (secluded), sunyi; (parts), 
 
 ka-malu-an. 
 Privy, jamban. 
 Prize (booty), rampasan; (to value 
 
 highly), endah-kan. 
 Procession, arak. 
 Proclaim, to, menyata-kan, mashur- 
 
 kan. 
 Prodigal, pemburus. 
 Profit, laba, untong, faidah. 
 Prohibit, to, larang-kan, tegah-kan. 
 Prohibited, larang-an, haram. 
 Prolong, to, lanjut-kan. 
 Prominent (projecting), jungur. 
 Promise, a, per-janji-an ; (to pro- 
 mise), javji. 
 Prone (lying face downwards), 
 
 tiharap. 
 Pronounce, to, sebut, mcnyebut. 
 Proof, ka-nyata-an, saksian. 
 Proper, palut, hams. 
 Property, harta, benda, had. 
 Prophet, nabi. 
 
 Prosecute, to, dawa, men-dawa. 
 Prostitute, sundal. 
 Prostrate, menyiharap, pelanling. 
 Protect, to, lindong-kan, pelehra- 
 
 kan. 
 Proud, sombong. 
 
 Prove, to, nyata-kan, me-nyata-kan, 
 Proverb, Hbarat, tamsil, bidal, per 
 
 upama-an. 
 Provisions, bakal, bdkas, pelabur. 
 Provoke, to, usik, mengusik. 
 Prudence, ka-bija-an. 
 Prudent, cherdek, bijak, chermat. 
 Prune, to, ranchong, me-ranchong. 
 Psalm, zabur. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 169 
 
 Pull, to, tank, menarik; (drag), 
 hela ; (pull up), chabut. 
 
 Pulley, kapi. 
 
 Pulse, nadi. 
 
 Pump, bomba. 
 
 Pumpkin, labu. 
 
 Pungent, pedas. 
 
 Punish, to, siksa-kan, sakit-kan. 
 
 Punishment, siksa, ka-sakit-an. 
 
 Pupil (of the eye), bijimata; (scholar), 
 murid. 
 
 Puppy, anak-anjing. 
 
 Pure (clear), jerneh, kening. 
 
 Purgative, pen-chahar. 
 
 Purple, ungu. 
 
 Purpose, ka-handak; (on purpose), 
 sangaja. 
 
 Purse, unchang, jmndi-pundi. 
 
 Pursue, to, hambat, keiar ; (wild 
 animals), burn, mem-buru. 
 
 Pus, nanah. 
 
 Push, to, tolak, aorong. 
 
 Put, to, taroh, bubok, letak ; (put on), 
 pakci, kena-kan; (put off, post- 
 pone), tangguh; (put out fire), 
 padam. 
 
 Putrid, busuk. 
 
 Puzzle (enigma), tckak-teki. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quail, puyuh, pikau. 
 
 Quake, to, ketar, mengStar. 
 
 Quality, sifat. 
 
 Quantity, baniak. 
 
 Quarrel, per-bantah-an ; (to quarrel), 
 
 ber-kalahi, ber-tingkar. 
 Quarter (fourth part), suku ; (of a 
 
 slaughtered animal), paha. 
 Queen, permeisuri. 
 Quench, to, padam-kan. 
 Question, sual ; (to question), parek- 
 
 sa, sual-kan, tanya. 
 Quick, lakas, chepat, bangat, lantas, 
 
 pernio*. 
 Quicksilver, rasa. 
 
 Quid (of betel), sepah. 
 Quiet, diam, sunyi ; (silent), sengap 
 Quit (to forsake), tinggal-kan. 
 Quite, sakali, sa-mata-mata. 
 
 R. 
 
 Race (lineage), bangsa, asal. 
 
 Races (contest), lomba, ber-lomha. 
 
 Radish, lobak. 
 
 Raft, ralcit, lantin. 
 
 Rafter, kasau. 
 
 Rag, perchah. 
 
 Ragged, koyak-rabak, chompang- 
 
 champing. 
 Railing, pagar, kilik-kilik-an. 
 Rain, hujan; (to rain, rainy), ber- 
 
 hujan ; (drizzle), rinteh. 
 Rainbow, palangi. 
 Raise, to, angkat, ban gun - kan ; 
 
 (with a lever), tuwas. 
 Raisins, kismis, buah-awjgor. 
 Rake, peng-garu, sikat. 
 Range (to dispose in order), meng 
 
 atur-kan. 
 Rank (row, line), baris, saf; (station 
 
 in life), pangkat, martabat. 
 Rank (rancid), hanyir, basi. 
 Ransom, to, tebus, Tnenebus. 
 Rape, rugvl. 
 Rapid, d2ras, laju. 
 Rapids (in a river), jeram, chigar, 
 Rare, jarang. [riyam. 
 
 Rat. tikus; (musk-rat), chenchurut. 
 Rattan, rautan. 
 Rave, to (in delirium), meng-igau, 
 
 ber-igau-igau. 
 Raw, mantah. 
 Kay (of light), sinar; (a fish, the 
 
 skate), pari. 
 Razor, pisau-chukur. 
 Reach, to (with the hand), chapei, 
 
 men-chapei; (attain), sampei. 
 Read, to, bacha. 
 Ready, sedia, siap. 
 Really, suvggoh, sa sunggoh-ni". 
 
170 
 
 MAM UAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Reap, to, ketam, tuwti, nun mat. 
 Rear (to bring up), pelehra, me- 
 
 melehra-kan. 
 Reason (cause), karana, sebab; (un- 
 derstanding), budi, 'akal. 
 Rebellious, derhaka, belut. 
 Rebuke, to, ajar, tegor, tengking. 
 Receive, to, terima,mencrima ; (take), 
 
 sambut. 
 Reckon, to, hitong, bilang. 
 Recline, to, baring, sandai'. 
 Recollect, to, ingat, sedar. 
 Recover (to get well), ber-semboh. 
 Red, mcrah. 
 
 Redeem, to, tebus, menebus. 
 Red-lead, sadalinggam. 
 Reduce, to, korang-kan. 
 Reed, buluh. 
 Reef, karang. 
 Reflect, to, kenang. 
 Refuse, to, sangkal, anggan. 
 Refuse (rubbisb), hampas, sampah. 
 Regalia, perkakankaraja-an. 
 Regard (to gaze at), intci, rcnong. 
 Region, benua. 
 Regret, to, sesal, menyesal. 
 Reign, ka-rajaan. 
 Rein (bridle), tali-kang. 
 Reject, to, tdak-kan, buang, cham- 
 
 pah. 
 Rejoice (to be glad), ber-suka ; 
 
 (gladden), menyuka-kan. 
 Relapse, balik-sakit. 
 Relate, to, cheritra-kan. 
 Relations (kindred), sudara, ibu- 
 
 bapa, puwah, kaum. 
 Release, to, lepas-kan. me-lepas-kan. 
 Relieve guard, to, gilir. 
 Religion, agama. 
 Reluctant, segan. 
 
 Remain, to, diam, ting gal, ber-hinti. 
 Remainder, baki; (leavings), sisa. 
 Remedy, penawar, ubat. 
 Remember, to, ingat, meng-ingat, 
 
 kenang. 
 
 Remove, to, (intrans.), pindah > 
 
 (trans.), men-jauh-kan, ubahkan. 
 Rent (hire), sewa, penyewa. 
 Repair, to, baik-i, mem-per-baik-kan. 
 Repeat, to, ulang. 
 Repent, to, taubat, sesal, menyesal. 
 Replace, to, ganti. 
 Reply to, sahut, menyahut, men- 
 
 jawab, balas jawab. 
 Report, to, khabar-kan, bVri tahu. 
 Report (rumour), khabar, bunyi. 
 Reprimand, to, mengajar. 
 Reprobate, bangsat. 
 Repudiate, to, cherei-kan. 
 Request, to, minta, pinta. 
 Resembling, akan-akan, sa-rupa. 
 Reside, to, tinggal, diam, duduk. 
 Resign, to, serah-kan, pulang-kan. 
 Resin, damar, getah. 
 Resist, to, lawan, me-lawan. 
 Respect, hormat. 
 Responsible for, to be, sanggup, 
 
 tanggong. 
 Rest, per- hinti-an, ka-senang-an. 
 Rest (remainder), baki. 
 Restore (to give back), pulang-kan. 
 Restrain, to, tahan, menahan. 
 Result, ka-sudah-an. 
 Retire (to retreat), undur, ber-undur. 
 Retired (secluded), sunyi. 
 Retribution, pem-balas-an. 
 Return, to, pulang, balik, kambali ; 
 
 (retaliate), balas. 
 Revenge, balas, damdam. 
 Revenue, hasil. 
 Reverence, sembah. 
 Reverse, to, mem-balik-kan. 
 Revile, to, hujat-kan, me-maki. 
 Revive, to, sedar. 
 Reward, upah, pahala. 
 Rheumatism, sakit tulang, sakit' 
 
 angin, sengal. 
 Rhinoceros, badak; (rhinoceros-bird), 
 
 enggang. 
 Rib, ru8uk. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 I 7 I 
 
 Ribbon, fitah. 
 
 Rice, beras ; (boiled), nasi ; (in the 
 
 husk), padi; (parched), bertih. 
 Rice-field, sawah, bendang ; (up- 
 land), umah, ladang. 
 Rich, kaya. 
 
 Riches, ka-kaya-an, harta, benda. 
 Riddle, tekak-teki. 
 Ride, to, naik, tunggavg. 
 Ridge (rising ground), permatang ; 
 
 (of a roof), bumbong-an. 
 Ridicule, to, sindir, gonja. 
 Right (proper), bttul, benar, patut. 
 Right-hand, kanan. 
 Rightly, sa-bctul-nia, sa-patut-nia. 
 Rigid (stiff), tegar, kinchang. 
 Rim, tepi. 
 Rind, kulit. 
 
 Ring (to sound), derang, ber-derang. 
 Ring, chinchin; (ornamental hoop 
 
 on weapons, &c), simpei. 
 Ripe, masak. 
 Rise, to, bangun, bangkit; (spring 
 
 up), timbul, tumboh. 
 River, xungei, ayer, batang-hari; 
 
 (river-brink), baroh. 
 Rivulet, anak-sungei, anak-ayer. 
 Road, jalan; (path), luroug. 
 Roadstead, labuh-an. 
 Roam, to, jajah, hanyut, ulang- 
 
 pergi-datang. 
 Roar, to, menganguh. 
 Roast, to, pangyang. 
 Rob, to, rompak, rampas, samun, 
 
 rebut, churi. 
 Robe (gown), kabaya. 
 Rock, batu, karang. 
 Rock, to (in trans.), ayun, ber-ayun, 
 
 goyang, ber-goyang; (trans.), ayun- 
 
 kan, meng-ayun-kan, goyang-kan, 
 
 meng-goyang-kan. 
 Roe (of fish), telor-ikan, telor-teru- 
 
 buk. 
 Roll up, to, gulong, meng-gulong. 
 Rolling, guling, goleh. 
 
 Roof, bumbong ; (of the mouth), 
 
 lalangit. 
 Room, bilek ; (space), legah. 
 Roost, to, hinggap, tenggir. 
 Root, akar. 
 Rope, tali. 
 Rose, mawar; (rose-water), ayer- 
 
 mawar. 
 Rot, to, reput. 
 Rotten, burok, busuk, reput. 
 Rough, kesap, kesat, kZrutu. 
 Round, bulat, buntar. 
 Roundabout, keliling. 
 Rouse, to, bangun-kan, gerak-kan. 
 Row, to, dayong, ber-dayong ; (with 
 
 paddles), kayuh, ber-kayuh. 
 Rub, to, gosok, sapu, urut, genyek, 
 
 gesek. 
 Rubbish, sampah. 
 Ruby, dalima. 
 Rudder, kamudi. 
 Rude, kasar. 
 Ruin, to, binasa, mem-binasa-kan, 
 
 rosak. 
 Rule, to, pZrcntah, memerentah. 
 Ruling-line, benang-arang. 
 Rump, punggong, pangkal-paha. 
 Run, to, lari; (as water), me-lelch, 
 
 meng-alir. 
 Run against (collide), himpit, timpah. 
 Rupee, rupiyah 
 Rush at, to, terkam, menerkam. 
 Rust, karat. 
 
 S. 
 Sack, karong, goni. 
 Sacrifice, to, mem-pHas. 
 Sad, susah-hati, duka-chita. 
 Saddle, zin, palana, sela. 
 Safe, salamat, sajehtra. 
 Saffron, kuniet, kumkuma. 
 Sagacious, cherdek, bijak. 
 Sago, sagu. 
 
 Sail (of a vessel), layar ; (to sail), 
 ber-layar. 
 
172 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Sailor, inatros, khalasi. 
 
 Saint, wall, oulia. 
 
 Salary, gaji. upah. 
 
 Sale, jual-btli. 
 
 Saliva, ayer liyor. 
 
 Salt, garam ; (in taste), masin, a#in. 
 
 Saltpetre, sanl<uva. 
 
 Salutation, tabek, salam. 
 
 Salute, to, bh'i salam, minta tabek. 
 
 Same, sama, sarupa. 
 
 Sand, pasir. 
 
 Sandbank, beting. 
 
 Sandalwood, chandana. 
 
 Sap, get ah, an's. 
 
 Sash, salcndaug, tali-pinggang. 
 
 Satisfied, puas, kiniang. 
 
 Sauce, kuah. 
 
 Saucer, piring. 
 
 :e, liyar, bit as. 
 Save, to, sirnpan, mcngimpan ; (be 
 
 sparing), jimai. 
 Savoury, sedap. 
 Saw, gergaji. 
 
 Say, to, kata, maigata-kan. 
 Scald, to, chclo'-. 
 Scale (of a fish), slsik. 
 Scales, docking, naracha. 
 Scar, parut. 
 Scarce, jarang. 
 Scarf, salcndang, salimpei. 
 Scarlet, merah-tuah. 
 Scatter, to, tabur, menabur-kan. 
 Scent, bau, bau-bau-an. 
 Scheme, jalan, hikmat. 
 Scholar (pupil), murid. 
 School, tampat-belajar. 
 Science, l Umu. 
 Scissors, gunting. 
 Scold, to, maJci, ber-tingkar. 
 Score, kodi. 
 
 Scorpion, kala-jengking. 
 Scrape, to, kikis, paravg. 
 Scraper, kukur-an. 
 Scratch, to, garu, chakar. 
 Scream, to, tampik, ber-tSriak. 
 
 Screen, tirei, iidei. 
 
 Screen (to protect), mc-lindong- 
 
 kan. 
 Screw, paku pidas. 
 Scull, tengkorak. 
 Scum, buih. 
 Scurf, kedal, kurap. 
 Sea, laut, laut-an. 
 Seal (signet), chap, matret. 
 Sealing-wax, lak. 
 Seam, jahit-an. 
 Sea-shore, pantei, tepi-laut. 
 Sea-sick, mabuk-ombak. 
 Season, musim. 
 Search, to, chahari, bongkar, men- 
 
 chahari, siasat, salongkar, 
 Seat, ka-duduk-an. 
 Sea-weed, bunga-karang. 
 Secret, rahusia. 
 Secrete, to, sembunyi-kan. 
 Secretly, churi-churi. 
 Security, bail, aku-an, langgong-an. 
 See, to, tengok, lihat,pandang. 
 Seed, biji, bgnih. 
 Seed-plot, nursery, semai. 
 Seek, to, chahari. 
 Seize, to, pegang, tangkap. 
 Seldom, jarang. 
 Select, to, pilih, memilih. 
 Self, diri, sendiri, kendiri. 
 Sell, to, jual, rnen-jual. 
 Send, to, kirim, hantar. 
 Sense, 'akal ; (meaning), ma'ana. 
 Senses (the five), pancha-indra. 
 Sentence, to, hukum-kan, putus-kan 
 
 hukum. 
 Sentry, penungguh. 
 Separate, to, asing-kan, cherei-kan ; 
 
 (distinguish), per-lain-kan. 
 Sepoy, sipahi. 
 Serious, bSrat. 
 Serpent, tdar. 
 Servant, budak, orang-gaji, pen- 
 
 jawat. 
 Serve (to wait on), me-layan. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 173 
 
 Service (employment), pegang-an, 
 
 tanggong-an. 
 Serviceable, ber-guna. 
 Set (to place, put), Utah, buboh, 
 
 taroh; (to set out, depart), ber- 
 
 angJcat. 
 Settle, to, sSldsi ; (to fix, decide), 
 
 tetap-kan. 
 Several, baniah juga. 
 Severe, lepras. 
 Sew, to, jahit, menjahit, jaib, men- 
 
 jaib. 
 Shade, tttdoh, naung, per-naung-an. 
 Shadow, bayang, bayang-bayang. 
 Shady, ber-tedoh, ber-lindong. 
 Shaft (of a weapon), hulu. 
 Shake, to, goyang, gortcliang ; 
 
 (hands), jabat tangan. 
 Shallow, chetck, tolior ; (of a plate 
 
 or vessel), cheper. 
 Sham, pura-pura. 
 Shame, malu. 
 Shape, rupa, sifat. 
 Share, habu-an, bahagi-an. 
 Shark, hiyu, ikan hiyu. 
 Sharp, tajam. 
 Sharpen, to, asah, chanai,tajam-kan ; 
 
 (by paring or cutting), ranchong. 
 Shatter, to, re'mok, rtdam. 
 Shave, to, chukor. 
 Sheath, sarong. 
 Shed, bangsal, pondok, teratak, 
 
 jambar. 
 Sheep, kambing biri-biri. 
 Sheet, kain selimut. 
 Shell, siput; (rind or covering), 
 
 kulit ; (cocoanut), tempurong ; 
 
 (missile), priuk-api. 
 Shepherd, gambala. 
 Shew, to, tunjok, unjok. 
 Shield, ptri&ai. 
 
 Shift (to change), alih 3 mengalih. 
 Shin, tulang-kh'ing. 
 Shine, to, ber-sinar, ber-kilat. 
 Ship, Jcapal, prahu. 
 
 Shipwrecked, karam. 
 
 Shirt, kameja. 
 
 Shiver, to, gatar, mengatar. 
 
 Shoal, beting. 
 
 Shock (start), kejut. 
 
 Shoe,kasut,sapatu ; (-horn), pengij 'ah- 
 
 kasut. 
 Shoot, to, tembak, menembak mem- 
 
 bedil; (an arrow), panah, mem- 
 
 anah ; (sprout), tumboh. 
 Shop, kedei ; (to keep a), ber-kedei. 
 Shore (beach), pantci ; (to go on 
 
 shore), naik di darat ; (prop), 
 
 sokong. 
 Short, pendek, pandak ; (in quantity), 
 
 korang. 
 Shot, small, kachang-kachang, peng- 
 
 abur. 
 Shoulder, bahu. 
 Shout, sorak, sh'U, tampik. 
 Shove, to, tolak, sorong. 
 Shower, hujan. 
 Shred, to, hiris. 
 
 Shriek, to, mckik, pekik, men-jerit. 
 Shrill, nyaring, ranang. 
 Shrimp, hudang. 
 
 Shrink, to, shrivel, kechut, kerukut. 
 Shroud, kapan. 
 Shut, to, tiUop, kaiop ; (the eyes), 
 
 pejam, kejam. 
 Shy, liyar. 
 Sick (ill), sakit, gh'ing ; (sea-sick), 
 
 mabuk-ombak; (to vomit), muntah. 
 Sickle, sabit, pengetam. 
 Side, tmsuk; (one ), sa-bUah. 
 Sieve, nyiru. 
 Sift, to, ayak, ayak-kan. 
 Sigh, to, keluh, mengeluh. 
 Sight, peng-lihat-an, pandang-an. 
 Sign (token), 'alamat, tanda. 
 Sign, to, turun tanda tangan. 
 Signature, tanda tangan, khat. 
 Signet, chap, matrei. 
 Signification, ma'ana. 
 Silent, diam, sengap. 
 
'74 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Silk, sutra. 
 
 Silly, bodoh, bingong. 
 
 Silver, pcrak. 
 
 Similar, sama. 
 
 Simply, saha^a, cliuma. 
 
 Sin, dosa. 
 
 Since, sa-peninggal. 
 
 Sincere, suchi had, ckhlas. 
 
 Sinew, unit. 
 
 Sing, to, nyanyi, mc-nyanyi. 
 
 Single, solitary, h m g g a l : (alone), 
 sa'orang. 
 
 Sink, to, tinggalam, Icaram. 
 
 Sinuous (winding), kelo-kelo. 
 
 Sip, to, hi.<ap, hirup. 
 
 Sister, sudara pcrampuan ; (elder), 
 Icalcah; (younger), adck ; (in-law), 
 ipar. 
 
 Sit, to, duduk; (with the legs 
 crossed), ber-sila; (with the feet 
 hanging down), ber-juntei ; (rest- 
 ing on the left arm with the left 
 leg under the right), ber-tcmpuh ; 
 (to squat), bcr-jongkok, ber-teng- 
 gong, mcnyeranggong. 
 
 Site, tampat. 
 
 Size, bcsar. 
 
 Skein, tukal. 
 
 Skate, ikan-pari. 
 
 Skewer, penyuchuk. 
 
 Skill, ka-pandei-an. 
 
 Skin, kvlit ; (hide), belulang. 
 
 Skin (to flay), kupas, kelupas. 
 
 Skip, to, me-lompat. 
 
 Skirt (of a garment), puncha. 
 
 Sky, langit. 
 
 Slab (of tin), keping ; (small), jung- 
 kong. 
 
 Slack, kundor. 
 
 Slander, fitnah. 
 
 Slanting, miring, chondong, singel. 
 
 Slap, tanipar, tempiling. 
 
 Slave, hamba, sahaya. 
 
 Sleep, to, tidor, lena, ber-adu. 
 
 Sleeve, tangan-baju. 
 
 Slender, nipis ; (in the waist), ramp- 
 ing. 
 Slice, to, hiris, mcng-hiris. 
 Slice, a, sa'potong. 
 Slip, to, tVgalichik, kalichik, gelin- 
 
 chir, kelinchir. 
 Slippery, lichin, linchin. 
 Slit, to, b2lah, mem-Wlali. 
 Slow, lambat, perlahan. 
 Small, k&chil, halus. 
 Small-pox, chachar, ka-tumboh. 
 Smart, to, pcdih. 
 Smear, to, lumur, lumas. chalit. 
 Smell, ban ; (to smell), chiuni. 
 Smelt, to, lebur. 
 Smile, to, sinnyum. 
 Smith, tukang. 
 Smoke, asap. 
 
 Smooth, lichin; (level), rata. 
 Smother, lemas-kan. 
 Snail, unam, kelambui. 
 Snake, %dar. 
 Snare, rachik. 
 Snarl, to, kerennyut, kerising, geren- 
 
 vying. 
 Snatch, to, rebut, me-rebut, senlak, 
 
 rampas. 
 Sneer, to, sindir. 
 Sneeze, to, bersin. 
 Snipe, tetiru, berkik. 
 Snivel, ingus. 
 Snore, to, mengZrok, dengkor, me- 
 
 lengkor. 
 So, bagini, bagitu, damikian. 
 Soak, to, rendam. 
 Soap, sabun. 
 Soar (to fly), melayang. 
 Sob, to, isak; (sobbing), ler-isak- 
 
 isak-an. 
 Society (community), jumaJia. 
 Soft, lemak, lumbut. 
 Solder, patgri; (to solder), patgri-kan. 
 Soldier, sipaJri, soldado. 
 Sole (of the foot), tapak-kaki ; (fish), 
 
 ikan lidali. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 175 
 
 Sometimes, kadang -kadang . 
 
 Son, anak laki-laki, anak-jantan. 
 
 Song, nyanyi, lagu, gurindam. 
 
 Soon, sa-buntar-lagi. 
 
 Soot, arang-para. 
 
 Sop, to, chichah. 
 
 Sore (ulcer), puru; (wound), luka ; 
 
 (painful), sakit, pedih. 
 Sorrow, ka-duka-an, duka-chila, ka- 
 
 susah-an, susah-hati. 
 Sorry, susah-hati. 
 Sort, bagei, macham, rupa,jeni. 
 Soul, nyawa, jlwa, ruh. 
 Sound (noise), bunyi. 
 Sour, asam, masam. 
 South, selatan; (south-east), tang- 
 
 gara; (south-weso), barat-daya. 
 Sow, to, tabur, menabur. 
 Space, lapang. 
 Spade, peng-gali. 
 Span, jingkal. 
 
 Sparing (parsimonious), kikir. 
 Spark, bunga-api. 
 Sparrow, bur ong -pipit. 
 Speak, to, ber-chakap, ber-kata, bcr- 
 
 tutur ; (to speak to, address), 
 
 tcgor, siapa-kan. 
 Spear, lembing, tombak. 
 Speck, titik. 
 
 Speckled, rintik, be-rintik. 
 Spectacles, chermin-mata. 
 Spell (incantation), mantra. 
 Spell, to, eja. 
 Spend, to, bUanja. 
 Spices, rampak-rampak. 
 Spider, laba-laba, lawa-lawa. 
 Spill, to, tumpah, menumpah. 
 Spin, to, pintal. 
 Spinach, bay am. 
 Spinster, bujang. 
 
 Spirit (soul), nyawa, ruh, samangat. 
 Spirits (ardent), arak. 
 Spit (akewer), pcnyuchuk. 
 Spit, to, ludah. 
 Spite, sakit-hati, kechil-hati, dhigki. 
 
 Splash, to, perchik, memerchik. 
 
 Spleen, limpa-kcchil. 
 
 Splinter, serupih, tatal. 
 
 Split, to, Mlah, mem-bUah. 
 
 Spoil, to, rosak, binasa. 
 
 Spoon, sendok, suduk. 
 
 Sponge, bungakarang. 
 
 Spotted, ber-rintik. 
 
 Spout, panchur. 
 
 Sprain, salah-urat. 
 
 Spray (driving rain), tempias. 
 
 Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c), ham- 
 par, bentang; (as fire or infection), 
 jangkit, ber-jangkit, melarat. 
 
 Spring (of water), mata-ayer. 
 
 Spring (to germinate), tumboJi ; 
 (issue forth), timbul, terbit. 
 
 Sprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik; 
 (to water), seram. 
 
 Sprout, tunas. 
 
 Spur, taji. 
 
 Spy, solo; (to spy), intei; (spy- 
 glass), th'0-pong. 
 
 Squander, to, mem-boros-kan. 
 
 Square, ampat-pesagi. 
 
 Squat down, to, ber-jungbik. 
 
 Squeeze, to, apit, tindih ; (wring, 
 squeeze out), pgrah. 
 
 Squint, juling. 
 
 Squirrel, tupei. 
 
 Stab, to, tikam, menikam. 
 
 Stable (firm), kukuh, Map; (for 
 horses), bangsal-kuda. 
 
 Stagger, to, chondong-ruyong, layah- 
 siak, me-ruyong. 
 
 Stagnant, tenang. 
 
 Stairs, tangga. 
 
 Stake, post, panchang. 
 
 Stake (to wager), ber-taroh. 
 
 Stale (musty), basi. 
 
 Stalk, tangkei. 
 
 Stammer, to, gagap. 
 
 Stamp (to trample), injak, jijak, pijaX 
 terajang; (impress), chap-kan. 
 
 Stand, to, ber-diri. 
 
176 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Star, bintang. 
 
 Stare, to, renong. 
 
 Startled, ter-kcjut. 
 
 Starve, to, mati-lapar. 
 
 Station (rank), pangkat. 
 
 Stay (to dv?e\l),tingyal,diam; (wait), 
 nanti, tangguh. 
 
 Steady, tetap, tegoh, kukuh. 
 
 Steal, to, churl. 
 
 Steam, haxoap ; (to cook by), kukus. 
 
 Steel, baja. 
 
 Steep, tcga, terjal. 
 
 Steep (to dip), chclop. 
 
 Steer, to, pegang kamudi. 
 
 Steersman, juru-mudi. 
 
 Step (stride), langkah. 
 
 Stepfather, bapa tiri. 
 
 Stern (of a vessel), burit-an. 
 
 Stew, to, lumis. 
 
 Stick (walking), tongkat. 
 
 Stick (to adhere), lekat ; (to be ob- 
 structed), sangkut. 
 
 Stiff, kaku. 
 
 Sting, to, singat. 
 
 Stingy, kikir, chikil, bakhU. 
 
 Stiuk, bau-biisuk. 
 
 Stir, to, gtrak. 
 
 Stitch, jerumat. 
 
 Stockade, kicbu. 
 
 Stocking, sarong -kaki. 
 
 Stocks, pasong. 
 
 Stomach, pgrut. 
 
 Stone, batu. 
 
 Stool bangko. 
 
 Stoop, to, tundok. 
 
 Stop (to cease), ber-hinti; (hinder), 
 tahan, tegah ; (intercept), ampang, 
 adang ; (stop up, plug\ surnbat. 
 
 Stopper, penyumbat. 
 
 Store, warehouse, gtdong. 
 
 Stork, bangau. 
 
 Storm, ribut. 
 
 Story, cheritra ; (of a house), tingkat. 
 
 Straight, betul, lurus. 
 
 Strain (to filter), tapis. 
 
 Strait (of the sea), selat. 
 
 Strange (curious), pelik; (wonder- 
 ful), 'ajaib. 
 
 Stranger, orang-dagang. 
 
 Strangle, to, pujut. 
 
 Stray (wandering) , jalang ; (to lose 
 the way), sesat. 
 
 Stream (river), aungei; (current), 
 harus. 
 
 Street, jalan, lorong. 
 
 Strength, kuasa, kuat. 
 
 Strengthen, to, menegoh-kan 
 
 Stretch (to spread out), beniang ; (the 
 limbs), melunjur ; (in yawning), 
 mengetisah. 
 
 Strew, to, hambur-kan. 
 
 Strict, keras. 
 
 Stride, langkah. 
 
 Strike, to, pukul, gasak, palu. 
 
 String, tali, utas. 
 
 Strip, to, tanggal-kan. 
 
 Striped, b8lang, ber-choring. 
 
 Stripped (naked), telanjang. 
 
 Stroke, sa'kali pukvl, salcali takuk. 1 
 
 Stroke, to, raba, wrut. 
 
 Strong, kuat, gagah; (violent), keras, 
 dZras. 
 
 Struggle, to, lawan, ber-gumul. 
 
 Stubborn, kapala-keras, degil. 
 
 Studious (diligent), rajin. 
 
 Study (learning), pdajar-an, peng- 
 
 1 There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our word "stroke" 
 or "blow," the idea of distinguishing the blow struck from the act of strik- 
 ing not having suggested itself to the native mind. " So many blows " must 
 be translated, " struck so many times." He was sentenced to twenty stripes 
 with a rattan, Kena hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali. 
 So-and-so can cut down a nibong tree in three strokes, Kalau si-anu tebang 
 pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 177 
 
 ari-an ; (to study) bel-ajar, meng- 
 
 aji. 
 Stumble (to trip, knock against 
 
 something), antuk, ter-antuk, sen- 
 
 tuk. 
 Stump (of a tree), tunggul. 
 Stupid, bodoh, bingong, babal. 
 Stupefied, bius. (See note, p. 112.) 
 Subject (subordinate to), ta'aluk ; 
 
 (matter, purport), fasal, buku, 
 
 bunyi ; (citizen), ra'iyat. 
 Submit, to, tunduk ; (refer for 
 
 decision), s8mbah-kan, meny2mbah- 
 
 kan. 
 Substitute, ganti. 
 Subtract, to, tolak, chabut. 
 Succeed (to take tbe place of), mcng- 
 
 ganti ; (to answer), jadi. 
 Succession (inheritance), pusaka. 
 Such, bagini, bagitu, yang dami- 
 
 Tcian. 
 Suck, to, hisap, hirup ; (the breast), 
 
 mam susu. 
 Suddenly, sa-Jcunyong-Jcunyong. 
 Suet, lemah. 
 
 Suffer (to endure), tahan, tang- 
 gong. 
 Sufficient, chukup. 
 Sugar, gula, shakar ; (moist), gula- 
 
 pasir ; (sugar-candy), gula-batu 
 
 (sugar-cane), tebu. 
 Suicide, bunoh-diri. 
 Suit (cause), bichara, da'wa. 
 Suitable, padan, patut, harm. 
 Sulky, muka-masam, merajuh. 
 Sulphur, bdlirang. 
 Sumatra, pulau-percha. 
 Summit, merchu, puchulc, Tcamun- 
 
 chaTc. 
 Summon (to call out the peasantry), 
 
 T&rah, mengZrah ; (to cite), pang- 
 
 gil 
 Sun, mata-hari. 
 Sunrise, mata-hari naik, terbit-mata- 
 
 hari. 
 
 Sunset, mata-hari turun, masok 
 
 mata-hari. 
 Sundry, ber-bagei-bagei. 
 Supercargo, t-ukang peta. 
 Superintend, to, pereniah, mtml- 
 
 rentah. 
 Supine (lying face upwards), telen- 
 
 tang. 
 Supple, lemah. 
 Supplies, bahal, pelabur. 
 Support, to, tahan, tanggong; (prop), 
 
 Sure, twntu, tetap. 
 Surety (security), aku-an. 
 Surfeited, jemu. 
 Surpass, to, lalu, lampau. 
 Surplus, ha-lebeh-an. 
 Surprised, heiran, ier-chengang 
 Surrender, to, sSrah-Jcan. 
 Surround, to, Tcepong, meng tilling 
 
 lean. 
 Suspect, to, menaroh shah. 
 Suspicion, shale hati. 
 Swaddle, to, bMong. 
 Swallow (a bird), lo yang -lay ang \ 
 
 (to swallow), t%lan. 
 Swamp, paya, redang. 
 Swear, to, sumpah, bcr-sumpah. 
 Sweat, pUuh. 
 Sweep, to, sapu, menyapu. 
 Sweet, manis; (fragrant), harum, 
 
 wangi. 
 Sweetheart, kakasih. 
 Sweetmeats, manis-an, halwa. 
 Sweet potatoes, keledek. 
 Swell, to, bengkak. 
 Swift, laju, lantas, d2ras. 
 Swim, to, berenang. 
 Swindle, to, tipu, kechek. 
 Swing, a, buayan, indul; (to swing), 
 
 melenggang, ayun. 
 Swoon, to, pengsan. 
 Swoop, to, sambar, menyambar. 
 Sword, pedang. 
 Sympathise, ber-serta. 
 
 M 
 
178 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Table, meja. 
 
 Tablecloth, kai?i-meja. 
 
 Tack (to sew), jahit, jaib; (nautical 
 
 term), beluk. 
 Tail, ekor. 
 Tailor, tukang-jaib. 
 Take, to, ambil ; (away), angkat, 
 
 bawa-pergi. 
 Tale, cheritra. 
 
 Talk, to, ber-chakap, ber-kata-kata. 
 Talkative, mulut-panjang. 
 Tall, tinggi. 
 Tamarind, asam-jaica. 
 Tame, jinak. 
 
 Tangled, kusut, ter-kustU. 
 Tap, to, tepuk, h.(<>k. 
 Tap-root, umhi, <ik<ir-,<usu. 
 Target, sasar y sasar-an. 
 Taste, rasa. 
 Tasteless, tawar. 
 Tax, chukci. 
 Tea, teh, cha, daun-teh, daun-cha, 
 
 ayer-teJi, ayer-cha. 
 Teapot, teh-kwan. 
 Teach, to, ajar, meng ajar. 
 Teak, kayujati. 
 Teal, btlibis. 
 
 Tear, to, koyak, charik, rabit. 
 Tears, ayer-mata. 
 Tease, to, usik, sakat, menyakat. 
 Teeth, gigi. 
 Telescope, Uropong. 
 Tell, to, khabar-kan t bilang, b$ri- 
 
 tahu. 
 Temper, pZrangei. 
 Tempest, ribut. 
 Temples, the, pelipis. 
 Tend, to, tunggu, jaga. 
 Tsnder (to offer), unjuk-kan. 
 Tendon, urat. 
 
 Tenor (purport), bunyi, harti. 
 Terrible, ngeri. 
 
 Test, to, choba ; (metals), uji. 
 Tether to, tambai. 
 
 Thatch, atap. 
 
 Then, xoaktu itu, tatkala itu, pada 
 
 masa itu. 
 There, sana, situ, di-sana, di-situ. 
 Therefore, karana itu, sebab itu. 
 Thick, tZbal; (in consistency), kental; 
 
 (turbid), keroh ; (close together), 
 
 Wrap, lebat. 
 Thief, pcnchuri. 
 Thigh, pah a. 
 
 Thimble, sarong-jari, didal. 
 Thin, nipis, halus ; (lean), kurus. 
 Thing, barang, benda, mata-benda. 
 Think, to, fikir, pilar, kira, sanyka. 
 Thirst, thirsty, haus, dahaga. 
 Thorn, duri. 
 
 Though, wolo, lamun-kan, masa-kan. 
 Thought, pihir-an, pe-rasa-an. 
 Thrash, to, balun, godam, gasak. 
 Thread, bSnang. 
 Threaten, to, ugut. 
 Thrifty, jimat. 
 Throat (outside), leher ; (inside), 
 
 rungkong. 
 Throb, to, dZbar, ber-d8bar, 
 Throne, takhta, singgahsana. 
 Through, t&rus. 
 Throw, to, lempar, baling ; (away), 
 
 champak, buang. 
 Thumb, ibu-jari. 
 Thunder, guntur, guroh. 
 Thunderbolt, panah-halilintar. 
 Tickle, to, gUi. 
 Tide (flood), ayer-pasang ; (ebb), 
 
 ayer-surut ; (current), harm. 
 Tie, to, ikat, tambat. 
 Tier (row), baris, pangkat, saf. 
 Tiger, harimau, rimau. 
 Tight, tfyang, ketat, chekang. 
 Tiles (roofing), ginting. 
 Timber, kayu; (balk), balak; (tree), 
 
 pokok-kayu. 
 Time, xoaktu, katika, masa; (oppor- 
 tunity), sampat, dan. 
 Timid, takuU 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 179 
 
 Tin, timah, timah-puteh. 
 
 Tinder, rabok. 
 
 Tinsel, perada. 
 
 Tipsy, mabuk. 
 
 Tired, pSnat, Itttah. 
 
 Title, gglar-an. 
 
 Toad, kangkong. 
 
 Toast, to, panggang. 
 
 Tobacco, tcmbakau. 
 
 To-day, hari-ini. 
 
 Toddy, tuak. 
 
 Toe, jari-kaki. 
 
 Together, sama, sama-sama, serta. 
 
 Token, 'alamat, tan da. 
 
 Toll, chukei. 
 
 Tomb, kubur ; (place of visitation), 
 
 karamat. 1 
 To-morrow, csok, besok ; (morning), 
 
 besok-pagi. 
 Tone, bunyi. 
 Tongs, penylpit. 
 Tongue, lidah. 
 Tools, pekakas. 
 
 Tooth, gigi; {-i>\ck),pcn-chunkil-gigi. 
 Top, kapala; (summit), puchuk, 
 
 kamunchak. 
 Torch, damar, siduh. 
 Torment, sangsara. 
 Torrent, ayer-deras ; (of tears), sebak. 
 Tortoise, kora-kora,labi-labi; (-shell), 
 
 sisik-pennyu. 
 Torture, tuwas. 
 Toss, to, mc-lanting. 
 Total, jumlah, kumpul-an. 
 Touch, to, chekoh, jabat, suntoh. 
 Touchstone, batu-uji. 
 Tow, to, tunda. 
 
 Towards, ara ka-, hala ka-, tuju ka-. 
 Towel, sapu-tangan. 
 Town, nrgri, bandar. 
 
 Toy, per-main-an. 
 
 Trace, bakas ; (foot-mark), bakas- 
 
 kaki. 
 Trade, per-nyaga-an ; (to carry on), 
 
 ber-nyaga, menyaga. 
 Trader, sudagar. 
 
 Tradition, cheritra orang tuah-tuah. 
 Trample, to, pijak, jrjak, terajang. 
 Transcribe, to, salin-kan, turun-kan. 
 Translate, to, satin, tarjamah, 
 
 turun-kan, pindah-kan. 
 Transplant, to, alih. pindah-kan. 
 Transparent, jerneh, hening. 
 Transverse, lentang. 
 Trap, perangkap ; (bird-), rachik ; 
 
 (set with a spear or sharp stake 
 
 for larger animals), belantik. 
 Trappings, per-hias-an. 
 Tray, dulang ; (round), talam. 
 Tread, to, pijak, jijak, injak. 
 Treasury, khazanah. 
 Treaty, per-janji-an. 
 Tree, pokok, pohun ; (a dead tree), 
 
 pnnggor ; (a fallen tree), rZbah. 
 Tremble, to, kUar, mengStar. 
 Trench, parit. 
 Tribe, suku. 
 
 Trick (to cheat), kichau, kechek. 
 Trickle, tilik, mcnitik. 
 Trim (to arrange), andam, mcng- 
 
 andam ; (balance), timbang. 
 Troop (company, flock), kaioan. 
 Trouble, ka-susah-an ; (misfortune, 
 
 calamity), bala, malang, mara- 
 
 bahaya ; (difficulty), ka-sukar-an. 
 Trough, palong. 
 
 Trousers, saluar, sarual, chalana. 
 True, bfriar, sungguh, b8ttd. 
 Trunk (of a tree), batang ; (of an 
 
 elephant), bdald. 
 
 1 Karamat, a tomb, place, persou, or thing of reputed sanctity ; a corrup- 
 tion of the words ka rahmat, "to the mercy," which occur in the phrase, 
 Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah, " Has returned to the mercy of God,'' i.e., 
 has died. 
 
i8o 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Trust (to confide), harap, perchaya. 
 
 Try, to, ckoba ; ( judicially), pdrek&a. 
 
 Tub, iong. 
 
 Tumble, to, jatoh, rebah. 
 
 Tune, lagu, ragam. 
 
 Turban, sarban, dastar, tangkolo. 
 
 Turn (to go round), ber-pusing, ber- 
 
 paling ; (to cause to move round), 
 
 mem-pusing ; (over), balik-kan. 
 Turtle, pennyu. 
 Tusk, siong, taring ; (of an ele- 
 
 pbant), gading. 
 Twig, dahan, ranting. 
 Twinkle, to, tejap, kelip. 
 Twilight (morning),dma-^arv(even- 
 
 ing), scnja-kala. 
 Twin, kambar. 
 Twine (cord), tali-rami. 
 Twist, to, pulas, pintal. 
 Tyrannical, zalim. 
 
 U. 
 Ugly, uduh, buruk. 
 Ulcer, puru. 
 Umbrella, payong. 
 Uncertain, ta' tuntu. 
 Uncle, bapa-sudara, pa-penakan. 
 Uncover, buka, mem-buka. 
 Under, bawah, di-bawah. 
 Understand, mengarti. 
 Underwood, belukar. 
 Undress, to, tanggal kain baju, buka 
 
 pakci-an. 
 Unfortunate, chelaka, nasib ta' baik. 
 Unhappy, susah-hati. 
 Unite, to, hubong, rapat-kan. 
 Universe, 'alam. 
 Unless, hania, mclain-kan. 
 Unload, to, bongkar, puvggaji. 
 Unlucky, chelaka, nudang. 
 Unmannerly, kasar, bc-adab. 
 Unmarried, bujang. 
 Untie, to, rungkei, luchut-kan . 
 Until, sampci, hingga. 
 Untrue, bohong. diista. 
 
 Up, atas, di-atas, ka-atas ; (up to, 
 
 as high as), arah, liad. 
 Upside down, ter-balik. 
 Urine, ay er -kindling. 
 Usage, l adat. 
 Use, guna ; (to use), pakei, per- 
 
 guna-kan. 
 Useful, ber-guna. 
 Utter, to, sebut, meng-uchap. 
 
 Vacant, kosong. 
 
 Vagabond, bangsat. 
 
 Vain, conceited, kachak, bisi, som- 
 bong ; (fruitless), sia-sia, chuma. 
 
 Valiant, gagah, Mrani, perkasa. 
 
 Valley, lembah, lurah. 
 
 Valuable, endah, ber-harga. 
 
 Value (to appraise), nilai. 
 
 Vanish, to, linyap, ghraib. 
 
 Vanquish, to, alah-kan ; (van- 
 quished), alah. 
 
 Vapour, hawap. 
 
 Va.r\ega.ted,pancha-warna; (striped), 
 ber-choring. 
 
 Various, ber-bagei-bagei, ber-jenis- 
 jenis. 
 
 Vary (to alter), ubah; (differ), ber- 
 lain, ber-beda. 
 
 Vast, luas. 
 
 Vegetables, sayur. 
 
 Veil, kain-selubong. 
 
 Veiled, ber-sclubung. 
 
 Vein, urat-darah. 
 
 Velvet, beludu ; (of a deer's antlers), 
 
 Vengeance, balas ; (animosity, de- 
 sire of vengeance), damdam. 
 Venom, bisa. 
 Verandah, serambi. 
 Verily, sa-sunggoh-nia. 
 Vermin (insect), tuvia. 
 Verse, sloka; (text), ayat. 
 Vex, to, usik, menyusah-kan. 
 Victory, jaya. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 181 
 
 Village, kampong, dusun. 
 
 Vinegar, chuka. 
 
 Violate, to, rug id, me-rugul. 
 
 Virgin, analc-dara. 
 
 Visit, to, ber-tandang. 
 
 Vizier, wazir. 
 
 Voice, suara. 
 
 Volcano, gunong ber-api. 
 
 Volume, jilit. 
 
 Vomit, to, muntali. 
 
 Voracious, gZlujuh. 
 
 Vow, niat; (to fulfil a vow), bayar 
 
 niat, lepas niat. 
 Vowel- points, baris. 
 Voyage, pe-layar-an. 
 Vulgar, hina. 
 Vulture, hering. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wade, to, meng-arung, me-randai. 
 
 Wages, gaji, upah. 
 
 Wail, to, ratap. 
 
 Waist, pinggang ; (waist-belt), tali- 
 
 pinggang, tali-pending. 
 Waist-buckle, pending. 
 Wait, to, nanti, tangguh. 
 Wake, to, jaga, ber-jaga. 
 Waken, to, men-jagakan, bangun- 
 
 Jean, gerak-kan. 
 Walk, to, jalan, ber-jalan; (on all 
 
 fours), me-rangkak. 
 Walking-stick, tongkat. 
 Wall, dinding, tembok. 
 Wallow, to, meng-gZlumang. 
 Wander, to, ber-hanyut. 
 Want (necessity), ka - korang - an; 
 
 (to want), handak, mahu, br-ka- 
 
 handak. 
 Wanton, gatal. 
 War, pZrang. 
 Ward off, to, tangkis. 
 Warehouse, gMong. 
 Warm, panas, hangat; (to warm 
 
 oneself at a fire), ber-diang. 
 
 Wash, to, basoh. 
 Wasp, tabuan, peningat. 
 Waste (to squander), burns. 
 Watch, jam, Jiarloji, urulis; (to 
 
 watch), jaga, tunggu, kawal ; (ex. 
 
 pectantly), me-langut. 
 Water, ayer. 
 
 Waterfall, ayer-terjun, ayer-lata. 
 Water-melon, temikei. 
 Waterpot, buyong, kindi. 
 Wave, ombak, gelumbang ; (to wave), 
 
 kirap, kUebat. 
 Wax, Win; (sealing wax), lak. 
 Weak, ttmah, leteh. 
 Wealth, ka-kaya-an. 
 Weapon, senjata. 
 Wear, to, pakei. 
 Weary, leteh, lesu, ptinat. 
 Weather (climate), angin. 
 Weave, to, tinun. 
 Web (spider's), sarang -laba-laba. 
 Wedge, baji. 
 Week, juma'at, minggu. 
 Weep, to, tangis, menangis. 
 Weigh, to, timbang ; (anchor), 
 
 bongkar-sauh. 
 Weighty, bSrat. 
 Welcome, to, tegor, meng-elu. 
 Well, tUaga, pVrigi ; (-born), bang- 
 
 sawan; (-bred), bastari, ber-budi. 
 West, barat, mata - hari - jatoh, 
 
 maghrib. 
 Wet, basah. 
 Whale, pans. 
 Wheat, gandum. 
 Wheel, roda. 
 Whet, to, asak, chanai. 
 Whetstone, batu-asah. 
 While, sZdang, salagi, sambil. 
 Whip, chabuk, chamti. 
 Whiskers, misei. 
 Whisper, to, bisek, ber-bisek. 
 Whistle, to, siul. 
 White, p uicn. 
 Whole, sumua, chukup. 
 
182 
 
 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 
 
 Wick, sumbu 
 
 Wicked, jahat. 
 
 Wide, lebar, luas; (not closed), reng- 
 
 gang. 
 Widow, janda, balu. 
 Widower, balu laki-luki. 
 Wife, bini, istri, pcrampuan. 
 Wild, tor. 
 Will, ka-handak, harap, harap-kati, 
 
 ka-handak-hati ; (testament), toa- 
 
 siyat. 
 Willing, sudi, suka, mahu. 
 Win, to, mSnang. 
 Wind, angin; (to wind), balut, lilit, 
 
 putar, posing. 
 Window, ja n del a, tingkap. 
 Windpipe, rungkong. 
 Wine, anggur. 
 Wing, 8a yap. bpak. 
 Wink, to, kcjap, kelip. 
 Winnow, to, tampik. 
 Wipe, to, sapu, menyapu. 
 Wire, kawat, dawei. 
 Wisdom, ka-pandei-an, bijaksana. 
 Wise, pa ndei, bijnk, cl,erdek. 
 Wish, to, handak, mahu, harap, 
 
 iiiat-hali, ber -ka-handak. 
 Withdraw, to, undur. 
 Wither, to, layu. 
 Withhold, to, tahan, tahan-kan. 
 Witness, sakiti. 
 Woe, duka. 
 
 Woman, perampuan, betina. 
 Womb, perut. 
 
 Wonder, to, bcr-chengang, heiran. 
 Wonderful, l ajaib. 
 Wood, kayu; (a wood), hutan, 
 
 bHukar. 
 Woodpecker, bdatolc. 
 
 Wood-pigeon, tekukur. 
 
 Wool, bidu. 
 
 Word, sa'patah chakap, per-kata-an. 
 
 Work, karja; (to work), buat karja, 
 
 karja-kan, mengarja-kan. 
 Workman, tukang. 
 World, dunia. 
 Worm, chaching, hulat. 
 Worship, to, scmbahyang, puja. 
 Worth, harga, laku. 
 Worthy, mustehik. 
 Wound, luka ; (open), Hang. 
 Wrap, to, balut, bungkus-an. 
 Wrecked, karam. 
 Wrench open, to, umpiJ,,sungkit. 
 Wrestle, to, ber-gumid. 
 Write, to, tulis, menulis, menyurat. 
 Wrinkle, wrinkled, kh-ut, kerukut, 
 
 keretut. 
 Wrjst, peng-gUang-an. 
 Writer, juru-tulis. 
 Wrong, salah, silap. 
 
 Yam, ubi. 
 
 Yard, ela. 
 
 Yawn, to, meng-uwap. 
 
 Year, tahun. 
 
 Yearly, sa-tahun-tahun. 
 
 Yearn, to, rindu, dendam. 
 
 Yeast, ragi. 
 
 Yellow, kunivg. 
 
 Yesterday, kalmarin ; (the day be 
 
 fore )_, kalmarin dahulu. 
 Yet, lagi. 
 Yoke, koh. 
 
 Yolk (of an egg), kuning-telor. 
 Young, muda. 
 Youth, a, buddk. 
 
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