LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO ff- Optimism an tytltn teller aut&or of C. P. Crotoeli anD Company Copyright, 1903, by Helen Keller Published November, 1903 D. B. Updike, The Merrymount Press, Boston Co @p Ceac&er Contents Parti Optimism Within II Part ii Optimism Without 25 Part Hi The Practice of Optimism 53 t aOULD we choose our envi- ronment, and were desire in human undertakings synon- ymous with endowment, all men would, I suppose, be optimists. Cer- tainly most of us regard happiness as the proper end of all earthly en- terprise. The will to be happy ani- mates alike the philosopher, the prince and the chimney-sweep. No matter how dull, or how mean, or how wise a man is, he feels that hap- piness is his indisputable right. It is curious to observe what differ- ii >ptimf$m ent ideals of happiness people cher- ish, and in what singular places they look for this well-spring of their life. Many look for it in the hoarding of riches, some in the pride of power, and others in the achievements of art and literature ; a few seek it in the exploration of their own minds, or in the search for knowledge. Most people measure their happi- ness in terms of physical pleasure and material possession. Could they win some visible goal which they have set on the horizon, how happy they would be ! Lacking this gift or that circumstance, they would be miserable. If happiness is to be so measured, I who cannot hear or see have every reason to sit in a corner with folded hands and weep. If I am happy in spite of my deprivations, if my happiness is so deep that it is a faith, so thoughtful that it becomes a philosophy of life, -if, in short, I 12 am an optimist, my testimony to the creed of optimism is worth hearing. As sinners stand up in meeting and testify to the goodness of God, so one who is called afflicted may rise up in gladness of conviction and testify to the goodness of life. Once I knew the depth where no hope was, and darkness lay on the face of all things. Then love came and set my soul free. Once I knew only darkness and stillness. Now I know hope and joy. Once I fretted and beat myself against the wall that shut me in. Now I rejoice in the con- sciousness that I can think, act and attain heaven. My life was without past or future ; death, the pessimist would say, "a consummation de- voutly to be wished." But a little word from the fingers of another fell into my hand that clutched at empti- ness, and my heart leaped to the rap- ture of living. Night fled before the 13 day of thought, and love and joy and hope came up in a passion of obedi- ence to knowledge. Can any one who has escaped such captivity, who has felt the thrill and glory of freedom, be a pessimist? My early experience was thus a leap from bad to good. If I tried, I could not check the momentum of my first leap out of the dark ; to move breast forward is a habit learned sud- denly at that first moment of release and rush into the light. With the first word I used intelligently, I learned to live, to think, to hope. Darkness cannot shut me in again. I have had a glimpse of the shore, and can now live by the hope of reaching it. So my optimism is no mild and un- reasoning satisfaction. A poet once said I must be happy because I did not see the bare, cold present, but lived in a beautiful dream. I do live in a beautiful dream ; but that dream 14 is the actual, the present, not cold, but warm; not bare, but furnished with a thousand blessings. The very evil which the poet supposed would be a cruel disillusionment is neces- sary to the fullest knowledge of joy. Only by contact with evil could I have learned to feel by contrast the beauty of truth and love and good- ness. It is a mistake always to contem- plate the good and ignore the evil, because by making people neglect- ful it lets in disaster. There is a dan- gerous optimism of ignorance and indifference. It is not enough to say that the twentieth century is the best age in the history of mankind, and to take refuge from the evils of the world in skyey dreams of good. How many good men, prosperous and contented, looked around and saw naught but good, while millions of their fell owmen were bartered and 15 >pttmtem sold like cattle! No doubt, there were comfortable optimists who thought Wilberforce a meddlesome fanatic when he was working with might and main to free the slaves. I dis- trust the rash optimism in this coun- try that cries, " Hurrah, we're all right ! This is the greatest nation on earth," when there are grievances that call loudly for redress. That is false optimism. Optimism that does not count the cost is like a house builded on sand. A man must under- stand evil and be acquainted with sorrow before he can write himself an optimist and expect others to be- lieve that he has reason for the faith that is in him. I know what evil is. Once or twice I have wrestled with it, and for a time felt its chilling touch on my life ; so I speak with knowledge when I say that evil is of no consequence, ex- cept as a sort of mental gymnastic. 16 For the very reason that I have come in contact with it, I am more truly an optimist. I can say with conviction that the struggle which evil neces- sitates is one of the greatest bless- ings. It makes us strong, patient, helpful men and women. It lets us into the soul of things and teaches us that although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the over- coming of it. My optimism, then, does not rest on the absence of evil, but on a glad belief in the preponderance of good and a willing effort always to cooperate with the good, that it may prevail. I try to increase the power God has given me to see the best in everything and every one, and make that Best a part of my life. The world is sown with good; but unless I turn my glad thoughts into practical living and till my own field, I cannot reap a kernel of the good. Thus my optimism is grounded in 17 two worlds, myself and what is about me. I demand that the world be good, and lo, it obeys. I proclaim the world good, and facts range themselves to prove my proclamation overwhelm- ingly true. To what is good I open the doors of my being, and jealously shut them against what is bad. Such is the force of this beautiful and wil- ful conviction, it carries itself in the face of all opposition. I am never dis- couraged by absence of good. I never can be argued into hopelessness. Doubt and mistrust are the mere panic of timid imagination, which the steadfast heart will conquer, and the large mind transcend. As my college days draw to a close, I find myself looking forward with beating heart and bright anticipa- tions to what the future holds of ac- tivity for me. My share in the work of the world may be limited ; but the fact that it is work makes it precious. 18 Nay, the desire and will to work is optimism itself. Two generations ago Carlyle flung forth his gospel of work. To the dreamers of the Revolution, who built cloud-castles of happiness, and, when the inevitable winds rent the castles asunder, turned pessimists to those ineffectual Endymions, Alastors and Werthers, this Scots peasant, man of dreams in the hard, practical world, cried aloud his creed of labor. "Be no longer a Chaos, but a World. Produce ! produce ! Were it but the pitifullest infinitesimal frac- tion of a product, produce it, in God's name! 'Tis the utmost thou hast in thee ; out with it, then. Up, up ! what- soever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy whole might. Work while itiscalledTo-day;forthe Night com- eth wherein no man may work." Some have said Carlyle was tak- ing refuge from a hard world by bid- 19 ding men grind and toil, eyes to the earth, and so forget their misery. This is not Carlyle's thought. ' ' Fool ! " he cries, "the Ideal is in thyself; the Impediment is also in thyself. Work out the Ideal in the poor, miserable Actual; live, think, believe, and be free!" It is plain what he says, that work, production, brings life out of chaos, makes the individual a world, an order; and order is optimism. I, too, can work, and because I love to labor with my head and my hands, I am an optimist in spite of all. I used to think I should be thwarted in my desire to do something useful. But I have found out that though the ways in which I can make myself useful are few, yet the work open to me is endless. The gladdest laborer in the vineyard may be a cripple. Even should the others outstrip him, yet the vineyard ripens in the sun each year, and the full clusters weigh 20 into his hand. Darwin could work only half an hour at a time ; yet in many diligent half-hours he laid anew the foundations of philosophy. I long to accomplish a great and no- ble task; but it is my chief duty and joy to accomplish humble tasks as though they were great and noble. It is my service to think how I can best fulfil the demands that each day makes upon me, and to rejoice that others can do what I cannot. Green, the historian, 1 tells us that the world is moved along, not only by the mighty shoves of its heroes, but also by the aggregate of the tiny pushes of each honest worker; and that thought alone suffices to guide me in this dark world and wide. I love the good that others do ; for their activity is an assurance that whether I can help or not, the true and the good 1 Life and Letters of John Richard Green. Edited by Leslie Stephen. 21 will stand sure. I trust, and nothing that happens disturbs my trust. I recognize the beneficence of the power which we all worship as supreme Order, Fate, the Great Spirit, Nature, God. I re- cognize this power in the sun that makes all things grow and keeps life afoot. I make a friend of this inde- finable force, and straightway I feel glad, brave and ready for any lot Heaven may decree for me. This is my religion of optimism. 22 it* flDptimtem if >ptimi$m OPTIMISM, then, is a fact within my own heart. But as I look out upon life, my heart meets no contradiction. The out- ward world justifies my inward uni- verse of good. All through the years I have spent in college, my reading has been a continuous discovery of good. In literature, philosophy, reli- gion and history I find the mighty witnesses to my faith. Philosophy is the history of a deaf- blind person writ large. From the talks of Socrates up through Plato, 25 Berkeley and Kant, philosophy re- cords the efforts of human intelli- gence to be free of the clogging material world and fly forth into a universe of pure idea. A deaf-blind person ought to find special mean- ing in Plato's Ideal World. These things which you see and hear and touch are not the reality of realities, but imperfect manifestations of the Idea, the Principle, the Spiritual ;the Idea is the truth, the rest is delusion. If this be so, my brethren who enjoy the fullest use of the senses are not aware of any reality which may not equally well be in reach of my mind. Philosophy gives to the mind the prerogative of seeing truth, and bears us into a realm where I, who am blind, am not different from you who see. When I learned from Berkeley that your eyes receive an inverted image of things which your brain unconsciously corrects, I be- 26 gan to suspect that the eye is not a very reliable instrument after all, and I felt as one who had been restored to equality with others, glad, not be- cause the senses avail them so little, but because in God's eternal world, mind and spirit avail so much. It seemed to me that philosophy had been written for my special conso- lation, whereby I get even with some modern philosophers who appar- ently think that I was intended as an experimental case for their spe- cial instruction ! But in a little mea- sure my small voice of individual ex- perience does join in the declaration of philosophy that the good is the only world, and that world is a world of spirit. It is also a universe where order is All, where an unbroken logic holds the parts together, where dis- order defines itself as non-existence, where evil, as St. Augustine held, is delusion, and therefore is not. 27 >ptimigm mttljout The meaning of philosophy to me is not only in its principles, but also in the happy isolation of its great expounders. They were seldom of the world, even when like Plato and Leibnitz they moved in its courts and drawing-rooms. To the tumult of life they were deaf, and they were blind to its distraction and perplex- ing diversities. Sitting alone, but not in darkness, they learned to find everything in themselves, and fail- ing to find it even there, they still trusted in meeting the truth face to face when they should leave the earth behind and become partakers in the wisdom of God. The great mystics lived alone, deaf and blind, but dwell- ing with God. I understand how it was possible for Spinoza to find deep and sus- tained happiness when he was ex- communicated, poor, despised and suspected alike by Jew and Chris- 28 tian; not that the kind world of men ever treated me so, but that his iso- lation from the universe of sensuous joys is somewhat analogous to mine. He loved the good for its own sake. Like many great spirits he accepted his place in the world, and confided himself childlike to a higher power, believing that it worked through his hands and predominated in his be- ing. He trusted implicitly, and that is what I do. Deep, solemn optimism, it seems to me, should spring from this firm belief in the presence of God in the individual ; not a remote, unapproachable governor of the uni- verse, but a God who is very near every one of us, who is present not only in earth, sea and sky, but also in every pure and noble impulse of our hearts, "the source and centre of all minds, their only point of rest." Thus from philosophy I learn that we see only shadows and know only 29 in part, and that all things change ; but the mind, the unconquerable mind, compasses all truth, embraces the universe as it is, converts the shadows to realities and makes tu- multuous changes seem but mo- ments in an eternal silence, or short lines in the infinite theme of perfec- tion, and the evil but "a halt on the way to good. "Though with my hand I grasp only a small part of the uni- verse, with my spirit I see the whole, and in my thought I can compass the beneficent laws by which it is governed. The confidence and trust which these conceptions inspire teach me to rest safe in my life as in a fate, and protect me from spectral doubts and fears. Verily, blessed are ye that have not seen, and yet have believed. All the world's great philosophers have been lovers of God and believers in man's inner goodness. To know 30 the history of philosophy is to know that the highest thinkers of the ages, the seers of the tribes and the na- tions, have been optimists. The growth of philosophy is the story of man's spiritual life. Outside lies that great mass of events which we call History. As I look on this mass, I see it take form and shape itself in the ways of God. The history of man is an epic of progress. In the world within and the world without I see a wonderful correspondence, a glorious symbolism which reveals the human and the divine commun- ing together, the lesson of philoso- phy repeated in fact. In all the parts that compose the history of mankind hides the spirit of good, and gives meaning to the whole. Far back in the twilight of his- tory I see the savage fleeing from the forces of nature which he has not learned to control, and seeking 31 to propitiate supernatural beings which are but the creation of his superstitious fear. With a shift of imagination I see the savage eman- cipated, civilized. He no longer wor- ships the grim deities of ignorance. Through suffering he has learned to build a roof over his head, to defend his life and his home, and over his state he has erected a temple in which he worships the joyous gods of light and song. From suffering he has learned justice; from the strug- gle with his fellows he has learned the distinction between right and wrong which makes him a moral be- ing. He is gifted with the genius of Greece. But Greece was not perfect. Her poetical and religious ideals were far above her practice ; therefore she died, that her ideals might survive to ennoble coming ages. Rome, too, left the world a rich in- 32 heritance. Through the vicissitudes of history her laws and ordered gov- ernment have stood a majestic ob- ject-lesson for the ages. But when the stern, frugal character of herpeo- ple ceased to be the bone and sinew of her civilization, Rome fell. Then came the new nations of the North and founded a more permanent society. The base of Greek and Ro- man society was the slave, crushed into the condition of the wretches who "labored, foredone, in the field and at the workshop, like haltered horses, if blind, so much the quieter." The base of the new society was the freeman who fought, tilled, judged and grew from more to more. He wrought a state out of tribal kinship and fostered an independence and self-reliance which no oppression could destroy. The story of man's slow ascent from savagery through barbarism and self-mastery to civi- 33 lization is the embodiment of the spirit of optimism. From the first hour of the new nations each cen- tury has seen a better Europe, until the development of the world de- manded America. Tolstoi said the other day that America, once the hope of the world, was in bondage to Mammon. Tolstoi and other Europeans have still much to learn about this great, free coun- try of ours before they understand the unique civic struggle which America is undergoing. She is con- fronted with the mighty task of as- similating all the foreigners that are drawn together from every country, and welding them into one people with one national spirit. We have the right to demand the forbearance of critics until the United States has demonstrated whether she can make one people out of all the nations of the earth. London economists are 34 alarmed at less than five hundred thousand foreign-born in a popula- tion of six million, and discuss earn- estly the danger of too many aliens. But what is their problem in compar- ison with that of New York, which counts nearly one million five hun- dred thousand foreigners among its three and a half million citizens? Think of it! Every third person in our American metropolis is an alien. By these figures alone America's greatness can be measured. It is true, America has devoted her- self largely to the solution of mate- rial problems -breaking the fields, opening mines, irrigating deserts, spanning the continent with rail- roads ; but she is doing these things in a new way, by educating her peo- ple, by placing at the service of every man's need every resource of human skill. She is transmuting her indus- trial wealth into the education of her 35 flHitljout workmen, so that unskilled people shall have no place in American life, so that all men shall bring mind and soul to the control of matter. Her children are not drudges and slaves. The Constitution has declared it, and the spirit of our institutions has con- firmed it.The best the land can teach them they shall know. They shall learn that there is no upper class in their country, and no lower, and they shall understand how it is that God and His world are for everybody. America might do all this, and still be selfish, still be a worshipper of Mammon. But Americais the home of charity as well as of commerce. In the midst of roaring traffic, side by side with noisy factory and sky-reach- ing warehouse, one sees the school, the library, the hospital, the park- works of public benevolence which represent wealth wrought into ideas that shall endure forever. Behold 36 what America has already done to alleviate suffering and restore the afflicted to society -given sight to the fingers of the blind, language to the dumb lip, and mind to the idiot clay, and tell me if indeed she wor- ships Mammon only. Who shall mea- sure the sympathy, skill and intelli- gence with which she ministers to all who come to her, and lessens the ever-swelling tide of poverty, misery and degradation which every year rolls against her gates from all the nations? When I reflect on all these facts, I cannot but think that, Tolstoi and other theorists to the contrary, it is a splendid thing to be an American. In America the optimist finds abun- dant reason for confidence in the present and hope for the future, and this hope, this confidence, may well extend over all the great nations of the earth. 37 If we compare our own time with the past, we find in modern statistics a solid foundation for a confident and buoyant world-optimism. Beneath the doubt, the unrest, the material- ism, which surround us still glows and burns at the world's best life a steadfast faith. To hear the pessi- mist, one would think civilization had bivouacked in the Middle Ages, and had not had marching orders since. He does not realize that the progress of evolution is not an unin- terrupted march. "Now touching goal, now backward hurl'd, Toils the indomitable world." I have recently read an address by one whose knowledge it would be presumptuous to challenge. 1 In it I find abundant evidence of progress. During the past fifty years crime has decreased. True, the records of 1 Address by the Hon. Carroll D. Wright before the Unitarian Conference, September, 1903. 38 to-day contain a longer list of crime. But our statistics are more complete and accurate than the statistics of times past. Besides, there are many offences on the list which half a century ago would not have been thought of as crimes. This shows that the public conscience is more sensitive than it ever was. Our definition of crime has grown stricter, our punishment of it more lenient and intelligent. The old feel- ing of revenge has largely disap- peared. It is no longer an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. The criminal is treated as one who is diseased. He is confined not merely for punish- ment, but because he is a menace to society. While he is under restraint, he is treated with humane care and disciplined so that his mind shall be cured of its disease, and he shall be restored to society able to do his part of its work. 39 >ptimigm Another sign of awakened and en- lightened public conscience is the effort to provide the working-class with better houses. Did it occur to any one a hundred years ago to think whether the dwellings of the poor were sanitary, convenient or sunny? Do not forget that in the "good old times" cholera and typhus devas- tated whole counties, and that pesti- lence walked abroad in the capitals of Europe. Not only have our laboring-classes better houses and better places to work in; but employers recognize the right of the employed to seek more than the bare wage of exis- tence. In the darkness and turmoil of our modern industrial strifes we discern but dimly the principles that underlie the struggle. The recogni- tion of the right of all men to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, a spirit of conciliation such as Burke 40 dreamed of, the willingness on the part of the strong to make conces- sions to the weak, the realization that the rights of the employer are bound up in the rights of the em- ployed -in these the optimist be- holds the signs of our times. Another right which the State has recognized as belonging to each man is the right to an education. In the enlightened parts of Europe and in America every city, every town, every village, has its school ; and it is no longer a class who have access to knowledge, for to the children of the poorest laborer the school-door stands open. From the civilized na- tions universal education is driving the dull host of illiteracy. Education broadens to include all men, and deepens to reach all truths. Scholars are no longer confined to Greek, Latin and mathematics, but they also study science ; and science 41 mtt^out converts the dreams of the poet, the theory of the mathematician and the fiction of the economist into ships, hospitals and instruments that en- able one skilled hand to perform the work of a thousand. The student of to-day is not asked if he has learned his grammar. Is he a mere grammar- machine, adry catalogue of scientific facts, or has he acquired the quali- ties of manliness? His supreme les- son is to grapple with great public questions, to keep his mind hospi- table to new ideas and new views of truth, to restore the finer ideals that are lost sight of in the struggle for wealth and to promote justice be- tween man and man. He learns that there may be substitutes for human labor horse-power and machinery and books ; but "there are no substi- tutes for common sense, patience, integrity, courage." Who can doubt the vastness of the 42 achievements of education when one considers how different the condi- tion of the blind and the deaf is from what it was a century ago? They were then objects of superstitious pity, and shared the lowest beg- gar's lot. Everybody looked upon their case as hopeless, and this view plunged them deeper in despair. The blind themselves laughed in the face of Haiiy when he offered to teach them to read. How pitiable is the cramped sense of imprisonment in circumstances which teaches men to expect no good and to treat any at- tempt to relieve them as the vagary of a disordered mind ! But now, be- hold the transformation ; see how in- stitutions and industrial establish- ments for the blind have sprung up as if by magic ; see how many of the deaf have learned not only to read and write, but to speak ; and remem- ber that the faith and patience of Dr. 43 Howe have borne fruit in the efforts that are being made everywhere to educate the deaf-blind and equip them for the struggle. Do you won- der that I am full of hope and lifted up? The highest result of education is tolerance. Long ago men fought and died for their faith ; but it took ages to teach them the other kind of cour- age, the courage to recognize the faiths of their brethren and their rights of conscience. Tolerance is the first principle of community; it is the spirit which conserves the best that all men think. No loss by flood and lightning, no destruction of cit- ies and temples by the hostile forces of nature, has deprived man of so many noble lives and impulses as those which his intolerance has de- stroyed. With wonder and sorrow I go back in thought to the ages of intolerance 44 >ptimigm and bigotry. I see Jesus received with scorn and nailed on the cross. I see his followers hounded and tortured and burned. I am present where the finer spirits that revolt from the su- perstition of the Middle Ages are ac- cused of impiety and stricken down. I behold the children of Israel re- viled and persecuted unto death by those who pretend Christianity with the tongue ; I see them driven from land to land, hunted from refuge to refuge, summoned to the felon's place, exposed to the whip, mocked as they utter amid the pain of mar- tyrdom a confession of the faith which they have kept with such splendid constancy. The same bigo- try that oppresses the Jews falls tiger-like upon Christian noncon- formists of purest lives and wipes out the Albigenses and the peaceful Vaudois, "whose bones lie on the mountains cold." I see the clouds 45 part slowly, and I hear a cry of pro- test against the bigot. The restrain- ing hand of tolerance is laid upon the inquisitor, and the humanist utters a message of peace to the persecuted. Instead of the cry, "Burn the here- tic ! " men study the human soul with sympathy, and there enters into their hearts a new reverence for that which is unseen. The idea of brotherhood redawns upon the world with a broader sig- nificance than the narrow associa- tion of members in a sect or creed ; and thinkers of great soul like Les- sing challenge the world to say which is more godlike, the hatred and tooth-and-nail grapple of con- flicting religions, or sweet accord and mutual helpfulness. Ancient pre- judice of man against his brother- man wavers and retreats before the radiance of a more generous senti- ment, which will not sacrifice men to 46 forms, or rob them of the comfort and strength they find in their own be- liefs. The heresy of one age becomes the orthodoxy of the next. Mere tol- erance has given place to a senti- ment of brotherhood between sin- cere men of all denominations. The optimist rejoices in the affectionate sympathy between Catholic heart and Protestant heart which finds a gratifying expression in the univer- sal respect and warm admiration for Leo XIII on the part of good men the world over. The centenary cele- brations of the births of Emerson and Channing are beautiful exam- ples of the tribute which men of all creeds pay to the memory of a pure soul. Thus in my outlook upon our times I find that I am glad to be a citizen of the world, and as I regard my country, I find that to be an Ameri- can is to be an optimist. I know the 47 unhappy and unrighteous story of what has been done in the Philip- pines beneath our flag; but I believe that in the accidents of statecraft the best intelligence of the people some- times fails to express itself. I read in the history of Julius Caesar that dur- ing the civil wars there were mil- lions of peaceful herdsmen and la- borers who worked as long as they could, and fled before the advance of the armies that were led by the few, then waited until the danger was past, and returned to repair damages with patient hands. So the people are patient and honest, while their rulers stumble. I rejoice to see in the world and in this country a new and better patriotism than that which seeks the life of an enemy. It is a patriotism higher than that of the battle-field. It moves thousands to lay down their lives in social ser- vice, and every life so laid down 48 brings us a step nearer the time when corn-fields shall no more be fields of battle. So when I heard of the cruel fighting in the Philippines, I did not despair, because I knew that the hearts of our people were not in that fight, and that sometime the hand of the destroyer must be stayed. 49 HI C^e practice of flDptf mtem iff practice of a HE test of all beliefs is their practical effect in life. If it be true that optimism compels the world forward, and pessimism retards it, then it is dangerous to propagate a pessimistic philosophy. One who believes that the pain in the world outweighs the joy, and expresses that unhappy conviction, only adds to the pain. Schopenhauer is an enemy to the race. Even if he earnestly believed that this is the most wretched of possible worlds, he should not promulgate a doctrine 53 $ractfce of flDptfmfgm which robs men of the incentive to fight with circumstance. If Life gave him ashes for bread, it was his fault. Life is a fair field, and the right will prosper if we stand by our guns. Let pessimism once take hold of the mind, and life is all topsy-turvy, all vanity and vexation of spirit. There is no cure for individual or social dis- order, except in forgetfulness and annihilation. "Let us eat, drink and be merry," says the pessimist, "for to-morrow we die." If I regarded my life from the point of view of the pes- simist, I should be undone. I should seek in vain for the light that does not visit my eyes and the music that does not ring in my ears. I should beg night and day and never be satisfied. I should sit apart in awful solitude, a prey to fear and despair. But since I consider it a duty to myself and to others to be happy, I escape a misery worse than any physical deprivation. 54 Who shall dare let his incapacity for hope or goodness cast a shadow upon the courage of those who bear their burdens as if they were privi- leges ?The optimist cannot fall back, cannot falter ; for he knows his neigh- bor will be hindered by his failure to keep in line. He will therefore hold his place fearlessly and remember the duty of silence. Sufficient unto each heart is its own sorrow. He will take the iron claws of circum- stance in his hand and use them as tools to break away the obstacles that block his path. He will work as if upon him alone depended the es- tablishment of heaven on earth. We have seen that the world's phi- losophers -the Sayers of the Word were optimists; so also are the men of action and achievement the Doers of the Word. Dr. Howe found his way to Laura Bridgman's soul because he began with the belief 55 l)e practice that he could reach it. English jurists had said that the deaf-blind were idiots in the eyes of the law. Behold what the optimist does. He contro- verts a hard legal axiom ; he looks behind the dull impassive clay and sees a human soul in bondage, and quietly, resolutely sets about its de- liverance. His efforts are victorious. He creates intelligence out of idiocy and proves to the law that the deaf- blind man is a responsible being. When Haiiy offered to teach the blind to read, he was met by pessi- mism that laughed at his folly. Had he not believed that the soul of man is mightier than the ignorance that fetters it, had he not been an opti- mist, he would not have turned the fingers of the blind into new instru- ments. No pessimist ever discovered the secrets of the stars, or sailed to an uncharted land, or opened a new heaven to the human spirit. St. Ber- 56 practice nard was so deeply an optimist that he believed two hundred and fifty en- lightened men could illuminate the darkness which overwhelmed the period of the Crusades ; and the light of his faith broke like a new day up- on western Europe. John Bosco, the benefactor of the poor and the friend- less of Italian cities, was another optimist, another prophet who, per- ceiving a Divine Idea while it was yet afar, proclaimed it to his coun- trymen. Although they laughed at his vision and called him a madman, yet he worked on patiently, and with the labor of his hands he maintained a home for little street waifs. In the fervor of enthusiasm he predicted the wonderful movement which should result from his work. Even in the days before he had money or patron- age, he drew glowing pictures of the splendid system of schools and hos- pitals which should spread from one 57 practice of >ptimf$m end of Italy to the other, and he lived to see the organization of the San Salvador Society, which was the embodiment of his prophetic opti- mism. When Dr. Seguin declared his opinion that the feeble-minded could be taught, again people laughed, and in their complacent wisdom said he was no better than an idiot him- self. But the noble optimist perse- vered, and by and by the reluctant pessimists saw that he whom they ridiculed had become one of the world's philanthropists.Thus the op- timist believes, attempts, achieves. He stands always in the sunlight. Some day the wonderful, the inex- pressible, arrives and shines upon him, and he is there to welcome it. His soul meets his own and beats a glad march to every new discovery, every fresh victory over difficulties, every addition to human knowledge and happiness. 58 C^e practice of We have found that our great phi- losophers and our great men of ac- tion are optimists. So, too, our most potent men of letters have been op- timists in their books and in their lives. No pessimist ever won an au- dience commensurately wide with his genius, and many optimistic writ- ers have been read and admired out of all measure to their talents, sim- ply because they wrote of the sun- lit side of life. Dickens, Lamb, Gold- smith, Irving, all the well-beloved and gentle humorists, were opti- mists. Swift, the pessimist, has never had as many readers as his tower- ing genius should command, and in^ deed, when he comes down into our century and meets Thackeray, that generous optimist can hardly do him justice. In spite of the latter-day no- toriety of the "Rubaiyat" of Omar Khayyam, we may set it down as a rule that he who would be heard 59 $tmtfce of >ptimf$m must be a believer, must have a fun- damental optimism in his philoso- phy. He may bluster and disagree and lament as Carlyle and Ruskin do sometimes; but a basic confi- dence in the good destiny of life and of the world must underlie his work. Shakespeare is the prince of opti- mists. His tragedies are a revelation of moral order. In " Lear " and " Ham- let" there is a looking forward to something better, some one is left at the end of the play to right wrong, restore society and build the state anew. The later plays, "The Tem- pesf'and "Cymbeline," show a beau- tiful, placid optimism which delights in reconciliations and reunions and which plans for the triumph of ex- ternal as well as internal good. If Browning were less difficult to read, he would surely be the domi- nant poet in this century. I feel the ecstasy with which he exclaims, 60 practice of "Oh, good gigantic smile o' the brown old earth this autumn morn- ing!" And how he sets my brain go- ing when he says, because there is imperfection, there must be perfec- tion ; completeness must come of in- completeness ; failure is an evidence of triumph for the fulness of the days. Yes, discord is, that harmony may be; pain destroys, that health may renew; perhaps I am deaf and blind that others likewise afflicted may see and hear with a more perfect sense ! From Browning I learn that there is no lost good, and that makes it easier for me to go at life, right or wrong, do the best I know, and fear not. My heart responds proudly to his exhortation to pay gladly life's debt of pain, darkness and cold. Lift up your burden, it is God's gift, bear it nobly. The man of letters whose voice is to prevail must be an optimist, and 61 C^e practice of his voice often learns its message from his life. Stevenson's life has be- come a tradition only ten years af- ter his death ; he has taken his place among the heroes, the bravest man of letters since Johnson and Lamb. I remember an hour when I was dis- couraged and ready to falter. For days I had been pegging away at a task which refused to get itself ac- complished. In the midst of my per- plexity I read an essay of Stevenson which made me feel as if I had been "outing" in the sunshine, instead of losing heart over a difficult task. I tried again with new courage and succeeded almost before I knew it I have failed many times since ; but I have never felt so disheartened as I did before that sturdy preacher gave me my lesson in the "fashion of the smiling face." Read Schopenhauer and Omar, and you will grow to find the world as 62 $ractfce hollow as they find it. Read Green's history of England, and the world is peopled with heroes. I never knew why Green's history thrilled me with the vigor of romance until I read his biography. Then I learned how his quick imagination transfigured the hard, bare facts of life into new and living dreams. When he and his wife were too poor to have a fire, he would sit before the unlit hearth and pre- tend that it was ablaze. "Drill your thoughts," he said; "shut out the gloomy and call in the bright. There is more wisdom in shutting one's eyes than your copybook philoso- phers will allow." Every optimist moves along with progress and hastens it, while every pessimist would keep the world at a standstill. The consequence of pessimism in the life of a nation is the same as in the life of the indi- vidual. Pessimism kills the instinct 63 practice that urges men to struggle against poverty, ignorance and crime, and dries up all the fountains of joy in the world. In imagination I leave the country which lifts up the man- hood of the poor and I visit India, the underworld of fatalism where three hundred million human beings, scarcely men, submerged in igno- rance and misery, precipitate them- selves still deeper into the pit. Why are they thus ? Because they have for thousands of years been the victims of their philosophy, which teaches them that men are as grass, and the grass fadeth, and there is no more greenness upon the earth.They sit in the shadow and let the cir- cumstances they should master grip them, until they cease to be Men, and are made to dance and salaam like puppets in a play. After a little hour death comes and hurries them off to the grave, and other puppets with 64 other "pasteboard passions and de- sires" take their place, and the show goes on for centuries. Go to India and see what sort of civilization is developed when a nation lacks faith in progress and bows to the gods of darkness. Under the influence of Brahminism genius and ambition have been suppressed. There is no one to befriend the poor or to protect the fatherless and the widow. The sick lie untended. The blind know not how to see, nor the deaf to hear, and they are left by the roadside to die. In India it is a sin to teach the blind and the deaf because their affliction is regarded as a pun- ishment for offences in a previous state of existence. If I had been born in the midst of these fatalistic doc- trines, I should still be in darkness, my life a desert-land where no cara- van of thought might pass between my spirit and the world beyond. 65 practice The Hindoos believe in endurance, but not in resistance ; therefore they have been subdued by strangers. Their history is a repetition of that of Babylon. A nation from afar came with speed swiftly, and none stum- bled, or slept, or slumbered, but they brought desolation upon the land, and took the stay and the staff from the people, the whole stay of bread, and the whole stay of water, the mighty man, and the man of war, the judge, and the prophet, and the prudent, and the ancient, and none delivered them. Woe, indeed, is the heritage of those who walk sad- thoughted and downcast through this radiant, soul-delighting earth, blind to its beauty and deaf to its music, and of those who call evil good, and good evil, and put dark- ness for light, and light for darkness. What care the weather-bronzed sons of the West, feeding the world 66 I)c practice of >ptimfgm from the plains of Dakota, for the Omars and the Brahmins? They would say to the Hindoos, "Blot out your philosophy, dead for a thousand years, look with fresh eyes at Real- ity and Life, put away your Brah- mins and your crooked gods, and seek diligently for Vishnu the Pre- server." Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement ; nothing can be done without hope. When our forefathers laid the foundation of the American commonwealths, what nerved them to their task but a vision of a free community ? Against the cold, inhos- pitable sky, across the wilderness white with snow, where lurked the hidden savage, gleamed the bow of promise, toward which they set their faces with the faith that levels moun- tains, fills up valleys, bridges rivers and carries civilization to the utter- most parts of the earth. Although 67 practice of Dpt(mf$m the pioneers could not build accord- ing to the Hebraic ideal they saw, yet they gave the pattern of all that is most enduring in our country to- day. They brought to the wilderness the thinking mind, the printed book, the deep-rooted desire for self-gov- ernment and the English common law that judges alike the king and the subject, the law on which rests the whole structure of our society. It is significant that the foun- dation of that law is optimistic. In Latin countries the court proceeds with a pessimistic bias.The prisoner is held guilty until he is proved in- nocent. In England and the United States there is an optimistic pre- sumption that the accused is inno- cent until it is no longer possible to deny his guilt. Under our system, it is said, many criminals are acquitted ; but it is surely better so than that many innocent persons should suf- 68 practice of >ptfmf m fer.The pessimist cries, "There is no enduring good in man ! The tendency of all things is through perpetual loss to chaos in the end. If there was ever an idea of good in things evil, it was impotent, and the world rushes on to ruin." But behold, the law of the two most sober-minded, practical and law-abiding nations on earth assumes the good in man and de- mands a proof of the bad. Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. The prophets of the world have been of good heart, or their standards would have stood naked in the field without a defender. Tolstoi's strictures lose power be- cause they are pessimistic. If he had seen clearly the faults of America, and still believed in her capacity to overcome them, our people might have felt the stimulation of his cen- sure. But the world turns its back on a hopeless prophet and listens to 69 Clje $tmtfce of >ptfm$m Emerson who takes into account the best qualities of the nation and attacks only the vices which no one can defend or deny. It listens to the strong man, Lincoln, who in times of doubt, trouble and need does not falter. He sees success afar, and by strenuous hope, by hoping against hope, inspires a nation. Through the night of despair he says, "All is well," and thousands rest in his confidence. When such a man censures, and points to a fault, the nation obeys, and his words sink into the ears of men ; but to the lamentations of the habitual Jeremiah the ear grows dull. Our newspapers should remember this. The press is the pulpit of the modern world, and on the preachers who fill it much depends. If the pro- test of the press against unrighteous measures is to avail, then for ninety- nine days the word of the preacher should be buoyant and of good cheer, 70 $ractfce so that on the hundredth day the voice of censure may be a hundred times strong. This was Lincoln's way. He knew the people; he be- lieved in them and rested his faith on the justice and wisdom of the great majority. When in his rough and ready way he said, "You can't fool all the people all the time," he ex- pressed a great principle, the doc- trine of faith in human nature. The prophet is not without honor, save he be a pessimist. The ecstatic prophecies of Isaiah did far more to restore the exiles of Israel to their homes than the lamentations of Jer- emiah did to deliver them from the hands of evil-doers. Even on Christmas Day do men remember that Christ came as a pro- phet of good? His joyous optimism is like water to feverish lips, and has for its highest expression the eight beatitudes. It is because Christ is Clje $ractfce an optimist that for ages he has dominated the Western world. For nineteen centuries Christendom has gazed into his shining face and felt that all things work together for good. St. Paul, too, taught the faith which looks beyond the hardest things into the infinite horizon of heaven, where all limitations are lost in the light of perfect understand- ing. If you are born blind, search the treasures of darkness.They are more precious than the gold of Ophir. They are love and goodness and truth and hope, and their price is above rubies and sapphires. Jesus utters and Paul proclaims a message of peace and a message of reason, a belief in the Idea, not in things, in love, not in conquest. The optimist is he who sees that men's actions are directed not by squad- rons and armies, but by moral power, that the conquests of Alexander and 72 I)e practice of >ptfmf$m Napoleon are less abidingthan New- ton's and Galileo's and St. Augus- tine's silent mastery of the world. Ideas are mightier than fire and sword. Noiselessly they propagate themselves from land to land, and mankind goes out and reaps the rich harvest and thanks God; but the achievements of the warrior are like his canvas city, "to-day a camp, to-morrow all struck and vanished, a few pit-holes and heaps of straw." This was the gospel of Jesus two thousand years ago. Christmas Day is the festival of optimism. Although there are still great evils which have not been subdued, and the optimist is not blind to them, yet he is full of hope. Despondency has no place in his creed, for he believes in the imperishable righteousness of God and the dignity of man. History records man's triumphant ascent. Each halt in his progress has been 73 practice but a pause before a mighty leap for- ward. The time is not out of joint. If indeed some of the temples we wor- shipped in have fallen, we have built new ones on the sacred sites loftier and holier than those which have crumbled. If we have lost some of the heroic physical qualities of our ancestors, we have replaced them with a spiritual nobleness that turns aside wrath and binds up the wounds of the vanquished. All the past at- tainments of man are ours ; and more, his day-dreams have become our clear realities. Therein lies our hope and sure faith. As I stand in the sunshine of a sin- cere and earnest optimism, my ima- gination " paints yet more glorious triumphs on the cloud-curtain of the future." Out of the fierce struggle and turmoil of contending systems and powers I see a brighter spiritual era slowly emerge an era in which 74 practice of Dptfmi$m there shall be no England, no France, no Germany, no America, no this people or that, but one family, the human race; one law, peace; one need, harmony; one means, labor; one taskmaster, God. If I should try to say anew the creed of the optimist, I should say something like this: "I believe in God, I believe in man, I believe in the power of the spirit. I believe it is a sacred duty to encourage ourselves and others ; to hold the tongue from any unhappy word against God's world, because no man has any right to complain of a universe which God made good, and which thousands of men have striven to keep good. I be- lieve we should so act that we may draw nearer and more near the age when no man shall live at his ease while another suffers." These are the articles of my faith, and there is yet another on which all depends 75 practice of Dptftttf$m to bear this faith above every tem- pest which o verfloods it, and to make it a principle in disaster and through affliction. Optimism is the harmony between man's spirit and the spirit of God pronouncing His works good. be University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. A 000 675 453 5