F 1563 -5 A7 z to o BANCROFT LIBRARY THE IBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CAL IFORNIA LHIHmillMIMIMmllllllMIMIIMmiMIIMMHIIMIIIIIIimillMHMMIHIIMIIIMIHIMMIIIIIHmillllimilllHMmiMmilMMIMIHIIIMIIIIHIMIHinM 1 PANAMA CANAL I I PICTURES [ Showing the Latest Photographs of the Progress of Construction on the Isthmian Canal Together with = A Brief Introduction, Some Interesting Figures, and a Map of the Canal Zone Published by WILMER ATKINSON COMPANY Washington Square Philadelphia 1913 i | ^iMmiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiMHiimiimmimiiiiiimmiMimiitMiiMiMiiMHimMinmiiiMiMiMMNiiHiiiimiiim urn in 111 nun immmmmmmmmi mi iiiiinilillii Illllimillilllllllliiliiiiiiilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iiitiiini liinni i iiimimiiimniiii AT Copyright 1913 Wilmer Atkinson Company iimimiiimii iiiiiiiimiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitimiiiiiiiiiii mi iiillliliiui iitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiii Illllllllllllllllll iiiiiiiilliillillliliillllinilllfr. BANCROFT LIBRARY 1:11111111 ........ i ...... || ..... iiiiiilllllllllllllllllllllllll ........ miimiiimiiimmmmmiiimmmiiiiiiimiiii .................. lllllllllll ...... Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll ..... I ..... iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii ......... llllllllllllll ..... Mint I PANAMA CANAL PICTURES j INTRODUCTION lO give anything like a complete description of such a huge undertaking as the Panama Canal is manifestly impossible in such a limited space. It is likewise out of the question to give a history of the Canal project, from the earliest times to the present, or the events of the period of French occupancy, the Panama Revolution, or the undertaking of the work by the United States. Farm Journal readers, like all other Americans, are interested in these things, and should read about them from the numerous books that have been written and published. This little book, however, aims only to give some of the latest pictures showing the progress of the work, and to give them in such orderly form that the reader may feel he or she has made a personal trip, even if a very rapid one, across the Isthmus. With this in mind, we give first a map of the Canal Zone, and then, starting at Colon, on the Atlantic side, as if we had landed there from a New York steamer, we go up the Canal to the Gatun Locks and Dam, climb the Locks, pass through the great artificial Gatun Lake, through the Culebra Cut, down the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores Locks on the other side, and so to the Pacific at Panama. lllllMlimilimmiiiimmmmmmi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I iiiiiiniiii I Illlllllllllllllllllllllllll t We will pause long enough to see one or two portraits of Colonel Goethals and his associates on the Isthmian Canal Commission, to look at the workmen working, resting, and drawing their pay, and a few other views of general interest. In all its dimensions, the construction of the Panama Canal is by far the greatest single engineering achievement of historic times. Nor can any ancient engineering works compare with it, if we do not consider the difference in methods and the machinery with which modern invention has equipped us. The building of the Pyramids or the Great Wall of China were works as vast and difficult in their day as the Panama Canal is in this, but neither is in any way comparable to the Canal for size. Modern machinery in the first place, and modern sanitation in the second place, must have the credit for the successful issue of the work. The machinery of the French was light and inadequate compared to ours, but they made wonderful progress while they were at work, and in time could have completed the Canal. The French failure was due almost exclusively to the prevailing ignorance of sanitation, and their inability to control yellow fever and malarial fever, the twin pestilences of the tropics. The American success, on the other hand, is based on our discoveries in medical and sanitary science, and the American demonstration that the twin fevers are each trans- mitted by a mosquito. 5in iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiHililiiilllliiiii inililllilliliiilliiii iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ilium IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.- ^lllllimimilllllllllHIIIIimillllllMllllliminiimmHIIIIIIIHIHIHIIIIIIIIIIHIMIIIIIIIMimHIIIIIIIIIIIinimllllimilllllMimillim^ To build the Canal, men must first be able to live there. The first step, therefore, was to exterminate the mosquitoes, preventing the spread of fevers, clean up the filthy towns, drain swamps, build sewers, and teach Panama to keep itself clean. The Sanitary Corps under Colonel Gorgas accomplished all these things. They made possible a completed Canal, where thousands of French graves give grim evidence as to why the French failed. In June 1905, there were 62 new cases of yellow fever on the Isthmus; in July, 42; in August, 27; in September, 6; in October, 3; in November, 2; in December, 1; in all of 1906, there was one more case; since 1906 there has been no yellow fever in the Canal Zone. Of the engineering difficulties of the Canal, there have been two chief ones: first, the dams and locks, and second the deep excavation known as the Culebra Cut. Besides these, there were many smaller problems, such as the sea-level channels at each end of the Canal, from the oceans to the foot hills; the method of controlling the Chagres River, which is accustomed to go on rampages in the rainy season; and several others. But, broadly speaking, when the Locks are finished and the Culebra Cut dug, the work is complete. And this day is not far distant. So now, leaving our steamer at Colon, let us start on our flying trip across the Isthmus. Turn iiimmimmimmmmimmii! HHIHIII MINI MINI mum iiiimiiimmm miiimmn nil I nil Mil I llllllllllllllllllllllimimi iimiiiiiimiim I in- H> >'iMirirs\ of thi> SruMititli 1 AmrruMti. Ni> York Always keep in mind that while the Canal connects the Atlantic aiul Pacific Oceans, it iloes NOT run from East to West. The Isthmus of Panama at this point is Ixully twisted, so that the Canal actually runs from North-west to South-east, and the Pacific end is FURTHKR TO THE EAST than the Atlantic end. The map above shows this clearly. \Ve will start at Colon, pass up the Canal to the hill country, inspect the Ciatun Locks, and climbing them a distance of 85 feet, sail out on Ciatun Lake. Then following the Sailing Channel, we will come to the head of the Lake, pass through the deep and narrow Culebra Cut, descend one lock at Pedro Miguel, and two more at MiraHores, and find ourselves Kick at sea-level, at the south- cast or Pacific end of the Canal. iiiimiiiiiiiimmiiimmmmimiiiiiiiiir; ijiimimiiiimiimiiMmimimmiiimiiiiiiimimiiHMiiiiiiiiimimmmiiiiimiMmimmiMmiiiMiiimimiiiiiiiiiM ^IMmimMmimmiHIMnilllHMHIIIIMimiMMMIMIIIimHMMNmmmillllllllllMnilHmmmilllllllimilllllllimiHIHIIimim Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Here we are at the great Gatun Locks. We are looking up from the lower end of the lowest chamber. To the far end of the third or highest chamber is more than half a mile. This is only half the Lock; ^immiiimmiiiimiiMiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ r 'imiimimiiMniniminiiiin!>iim!iiiiiinm!iimmiiiiiimiiiiim!imiiimmmiiiimiimimmmiiiimmmiiimimmmiimnmimmiiiim Copyright bj Underwood t Underwood. X. Y. Let us walk up into the lock chamber, noticing the height of the walls, and the steel framework holding the forms into which the liquid concrete is poured. ^IMMIIMMIMIIHIMIMIIMIIIMHIIIIinMMimillMIIIIHIHIMIMIIIIIIMIimillllMIMIIMIIIIINIIIimMIIIIIIMIHMIIIIMMmillMmilMMIIIMHim / *$*? . ^*~> \t\s- fr**?** {t L ; tei- ' 5* ' . - t't 3MMIimmmimillMMimiimniHIIMmimMIIMimmimiHlllimillimilNHmilMmimMimMimilimiUMHmiimimNimmmillllMMIMIIIIIIim Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Climbing to the top of the Lock walls, we can see how thick the concrete is, and how the water from the sea-level is kept out by a temporary dam. ^'Minimi IIIMIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiHimmiiimmmmmmiiiimm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini IL IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIKIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIII Copyright by Underwood t Underwood, N. Y. Half way along the Locks we turn and look back. In the distance is the low country from which we have come, and through which the sea-level section of the canal runs from the Atlantic. 111 iiiimmiiim iniill nmmmiiiiii iiinui Illllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Ill I IlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllllllllllI IIIMIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIIIIIIII llimillilMiliiMININIMIIIi M Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Now we are at the head of the Gatun Locks, and looking back we see the series of massive gates through which the 'ships will pass,, Photograph copyright b\ International News Serrice. Now turn away from the Locks, and look south from the top of the great dam over the rising waters of Gatun Lake. On the right are the guide walls to the Locks, and in the distance the many islands among which the ship channel makes its way. The Lake still has many feet to rise before it is full and covers its maximum area of 164 square miles. Many native Panamans had to leave their houses as the water rose, and many miles of the Panama Railroad had to be moved to higher ground. - inn inn illllllllll I I mi Minimum iimmmii iimmiimmmi i i mi i I i n imu miiiiHiiiiiiiimiiimmiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimmiuimiiimimiiiiimmiiiiiMiiiiuiMmiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ Copyright by Underwood & Underwood. N. Y. How the watertight core or foundation of the Gatun Dam was made. The mud left after the water drains away dries and hardens. The dam is half a mile thick at the base. ^iimimmmmiiiiiimiiimmiiiiimimmimiimHmiimmiimiiiiimmiimmmmimHn ^IIIIIHIMIIWIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIinMIUMIIIIIIIIHIimilllllllllllllllinillllllimilmmiimHm^ Copyright by Underwood A Underwood. N. V. The "Spillway" of the Gatun Dam, where the surplus water escapes. Much of this will be used to operate the locks when the Canal is open. dimimmmimi t i i iiiiiiiiililliiiiiiiiiiiiiiin ill nil 11 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii nil I I minimum mi I mmmmiiiimiiii niimiiiiiiiiiniinminiiiimiiiimimiiiimininiiiiiiiimmimniimiiimiiiiHmmmininimmiiiiniiiiiiniiim Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Passing over the country which Gatun Lake will overflow and cover, we arrive at Bas Obispo, where the Culebra Cut begins. This is the way it looked when the U. S. "took hold" in 1904. iiiiiitiiiiniiHiHiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiHUiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiic Same view as preceding page, showing Bas Obispo section practically complete. The channel in the center of the Cut carries off all rain and surface water. iiiiiniiin iiiimmmm llllllllllllllllllllllllll llllllllllinillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIMIIIIIIIIIMIIIIlllllllllllllllllll iimiimmmimmiiimiimiiiiiimmi l nlllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIIIIimillimimilHimmmmillllllinillllimillllllllllllllllllimillllllimillllMmilimillM Photograph copyright by International News Service. Before we go further, look at one of the great steam shovels that have done the actual digging. Two men handle one of these monsters easily. iiini iiiiniiir; Photograph copyright by Intfrnution.il New* Service. As the shovels load a car, the locomotive pushes the train along slowly until the whole train is full. Then off to the dump, and back for another load. .minim inn | I nun; Illlllllll I I minim Miiiiitiiliiiiiliiiliiiiiiliiilliin iniiill I limn Illllll IIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiuiiiniiii TllllllMMMIIMIMIiniUIMMMinMlMniirnHmmMIMIimillllimiimiMIIIMmilimmilllllllMmillllMMIIMIimilimmiimmiMIMIinillllllMimmmilim The long string of empty dirt cars in the foreground have only one side; they are unloaded by a kind of plow that goes from one end of the train to the other, pushing off the earthr Copyright by Underwood * Underwood. X. T. This old photograph shows the country through which the Canal now passes. when the French were beginning work. View taken in 1885, i: linn n i i iiiiiiiiniii n minmiimimi nil iiiiilllllilllllliiiiliiiliiiiiiiiliini I ill immmimni nil iniin L I inn inn i i i iiiiiiiiii i inn mi nil I nininni minimi limn iimiiniiiiiiim niliiiilllllllllllilliliini Copyright by Underwood - ., c siiiiiniiiMiiHiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiimiiiiiimiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ijini mi ii immimiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii i iiiiiinii immiimmiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini i i mmmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiii H 'lllHMIUmiMllinilimimMMIIMIIIIIIIimnimilimilMIMmmmillllllllllMlllimmimilimilMIIIIMIIIIIMIimmMllllimiMIMm Copyright by Underwood & Underwood. N. Y. Walking out on the Empire bridge, we get a good idea of the width of the Cut. Nine railroad tracks side by side, and plenty of room for more. aiiiiHiiiMiHHHiimiiiHiMiiHHiMiiiiHHMHimmiiimiiiiMHimimiiiiiiiMmnmmimiHHmiimimmiiMiHiiiiHiMmimiHimHMiim ^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Copyright bv Underwood A Underwood. N. V. limilllllllimilllllllllllllllllllllllllimillllimilllllllllr At this point we reach the deepest part of the Culebra Cut, between Gold Hill and Contractor's Hill. 494 vertical feet of earth and rock will have been removed when the work is completed. MmMiiiNimMmmmMMiiiiMiiMiMHiiMuimMMiimiiiMiimmiiMMimMHmmiiMHiiiiiimimimiiMmmmMiMMiiMiMMMmmimmiiM Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. As showing how much digging had to be done, notice the first excavation made by the French, at the extreme upper left-hand corner of the picture. Underwood, X. Y. One of the "slides" which have been so annoying a feature of the excavation work. About 300,000 cubic yards of earth and rock slid into the Canal at this point. ^iiiiiimiiiiiiiiimiiMMMMimiimmiMiMiiiMMiiiiuiiiiiiHMiMiMiimiimMHMiiiiiiimmiiMHMiHiiimiummimMiiimMMimiim ^MIIIIIIIIUIIIMIIIMMIIIUIIIIIIMIMIIIIIIIIIIIMIMMIIMUIIIIMIIIIIIIIIMMIIIIIIIIIIMIIIllllllllMIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIinilllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM Photograph copyright by International News Service. A nearer view of the same slide. This mass of material blocked railway tracks, wrecked cars, and by breaking a water conduit flooded this section of the Cut. A remarkable panoramic view of the Culebra Cut near its deepest part. The specks in; the back-bone of the continent, continuous with the ' Another interesting panorama, showing a busy day at Miraflores Locks. The gates in til chamber, and still beyond the curious lumpy hills oil bottom are full-sized locomotives and dirt trains. The mountains in the distance are Jf.ies to the north and the Andes in South America. reground are closed, and the men are crossing on their tops, lama. On the right a party of tourists are visible. Beyond is the long lock ^miiimmmmiiiiiiiiHiim iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiuu HI iiiiiiiiiiiinnii imiiii iiiiini HI i iiinii iiiiiiiiinii minium iiimmmimii mmmiimiiiimi i ^ Copyright by Underwood A Underwood. N. Y. Another very troublesome slide of more than 1,500,000 cubic yards. Steam shovels are working away at the "toe," and loading the material on trains to be hauled away. jimmiiiim MIIIIII mi I MIIIIII I mi mi mi I I I iiiiiiin mummi I imiiiiiiiiiminiMi iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMMiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimiiiim IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIII it luiMiMiiMiiiiiMHUiiMiHiMiniuiiiiHiNiMininiMHiiiHHiiiiiiiHininiiniiiiMiMMiiiiniiniHiHiHiinniniiHiiiiinMiiiiiiiniiiiniininiiMMiiiiHiiiiiiiiMiiiiiuiiiiniiNHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir: JMHMMMMMMM iiiiiiiiiiini IIIIMIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMI iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiliiiii^ -IIIIIINIIIIIII I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iniiiiiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiimmiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i lllllllillllllllllllllllllllll immimimi limillimmillllllllllllllllf; Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. These are members of the Canal Commission. Colonel Goethals and Colonel Gorgas, the chairman and the Commissioner of Sanitation, stand on the lowest step, dressed in white. 1 urn inn i ii mi inn inn mil in Himiimiiiiimmmmiimmiimi i iiimmmmmmiimiimmimmmmi i IIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiimiimii "iMinlMllinilllHIIIHMMIMIMMIIIMIIIIMIIMHIMIMIIIMIIIllMMHIIMIMMIIIMMIMMIMMIMIMMIMIIIMIIMIMIMIIMMMIIMIMIMMIIMIMIMIMMMMMMIIIIIMIMIMHIIIIIIIMIIIinin (V>j>.v right 1>> Underwood & Underwood. N. V. All loyal Americans in Panama join in the celebration of the Fourth of July, even when, as in this case, it rains in torrents. Many children take part. L_ T-- : _ :- '- , tropical hmtsamd trees. Tfccrc inmniiiiiniiniiiiiimiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiimiiiimiiiiUr of tbe human wocfccn on tbe Canal. A Sunday open-air market, where the colored laborer*, and taa'igOf.a generally, do most of their buying. . r . - _- _- iiiiimHiiHiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiimimiiMinMiiiimmimiHiiiiiimmMiiiiiiiiHiiim IIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Illlllllllllll Illllllllll Illlllll Illlllllll Illlllll iimmiiimin illililiillliniiiiiilll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin imimiiiimimmimmiiiii in i MIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII t iimiiimiii!imimillillllllimmilliiilllll Cop} right by Underwood Underwood. N V. At Pedro Miguel, (which the Americans all call "Peter Magill") is the first step downward from the level of Gatun Lake toward the Pacific. ^mmmiiHiiiimiiiimiHimMmmiiHiiimiimiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiimiiMimMimHimiiiimiimiiiiiMmiimm^ :i """ iiiiiiiiiiin nun minimi minium mmmmmii iimmmmmimmmiimmmmimmm immmmmmmi iiimi iimmimmmi 11 immmmmmmm f, Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. We will climb the hill-side for a bird's-eye view of the Pedro Miguel Lock. Notice the mountainous character of the country. ill imimmiiimmmmmmiimiiL; ~"i '"IIMHIIIIIlnUHIHIHIIIinillllllllllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Copyright by t'ndenrood ft Underwood. N V. Here, as at Gatun, are the huge steel lock gates. By making them hollow and watertight, they partly float in the water, making them light and easy to operate. dlMMiimmiiiiimiMiiiiiHimMiiiimMiiHiiiMimiHimiMimiHiHiHiMMiMiiiMiiiiiiiiiiimmiiMiMHiiiMiiiimiM 3lliiimiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiillilimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MiiiiMiiimiiiimMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiillliiiiiiiMliiiiiiiimiiiiiiillllllllilllilii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiinii iiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiillllilil iiniiiiir Copyright by Uuderwood & Underwood, N, Y. We have seen the overflow from Gatun Lake pouring over the Gatun Spillway. These outlets at Pedro Miguel take the overflow from the south end of the Lake. HiuMHnHiHMiniiniuHniiMiiiNniiuiuiiiiiNiHiiiiiiiNiiiHMHininiiMnMiiiMinniiiiMiiiiiiiiiiMinHininHiHMnHtnuiiNnMnniiinniniMiMHnniMnnMinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiF Copyright by Underwood * Underwood. X. Y. From the intake shown in the last picture, the surplus water will flow off through this 18 foot tunnel, which passes through the solid concrete of the center lock wall. ',- - _. P i jj*. life r.llllllllllimil Illllllllll immmiln Illllllllllll Illlllllll Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iniiiinii nun Illlllllin IIIIIIMII immmmmm iliiilmlilimiimiimiiiimm7 Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Beautiful concrete arches at the lower end of the Pedro Miguel Lock. Showing also the outlet of the 18 foot water tunnel. ^immimiiimiimimiiiiiimmiiiiiiimiiiiiiimimiiimmiimimmiiiimiimjiiniimiimmu ^IIMIIIIMiniMIMIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIMIMIIMIMIIIinillMIIIMMIMIMIIHIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMinilllMIIIIIIIIIIIIMnilllMIUIIIIIIIiniNlllllllllllinlMIIIIMinilllinMII Copyright by Underwood t Underwood, N. Y. Looking back at Pedro Miguel, we get a good view of the lock chamber. Notwithstanding its great length, it is only one third as long as the Gatun Lock. 4mmiimimiiiimmmiimiimmiiiiimiii miimmmiiimimiiimii iimmiimiiiimmiiimmmmmimilliiliiMiiiiiiiiiiii iiimmuiiiiiimmmiiiiiimiiimmmiimiiimmiimimiiiiimmmiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiL ^MIIMIIMinMIIMIIIIIIUIIIIMIIIMIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIMIItlllMIIIIIIUIItMlllMMMIMIMIMIMIMIIMMMIIIMIMIHininiHIMINMIMIIIIIHIIMHIMIIIIinillMinilMIMMMIIIMMIIMIIMIIIMIMMIIMIIIIIII^ Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. At Gatun are three "steps" up to the level of Gatun Lake. At Pedro Miguel is one step down, and now here, at Miraflores Locks, two more which bring us down to sea-level again. aiHIIIIHtlllllllllllllllimillllllllllllll Mllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Copyright by Underwood Underwood. N. Y. It is very hot for the men who work in the big locks in the sun. Notice the workmen resting at noon under the dump cars. d llllllllllllliiliiiiiillllllllllllll iiiniiiii iiiimimiiimmii mini i mini iniiillil mini nil nun Illinium I mini I minimum minim -'Illllllllimmmimmmil inMIIHIHIIIIinlnilllllllllllllUnilMIIHIIIIHIinilllllinilMIIIIHIHIMnillllHIMHIIIMIMIIIIMniUIIIMIinMIMIMIMIHHinHIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ i - -iiiiiiiiuiimiiMHiiiHmimiiiiiiiimiuiiimmimimHMimMimiiiHHHmmMHiimiiiiHMMimmMiiHMiiiiiiiimiiiM These are the machines for mixing and laying the concrete of which the locks are built. Tons of cement and mountains of sand and broken stone are used. iuimimin iiMMifiiiiiMMnmiiimiiimmiiimimmmiiiiMiHiiiMiiiiiiiMMimmiimmMiimiimmiiimmiMiMmiimimiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMmiiiiiiHiM mint TNMIIinillllimilllllllllll Hill lliiiiiiiiililllillllllillllllillillilliliiliiliMiiiliiiiiniiiiliiiliii minimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllilliillllliilliiiinil Illllllllll liilllllilliiiiiiii I Illlllllimillllllr Copyright by Uuderwood & Underwood, N. Y. Sand for making concrete is dredged out of the sea bottom and loaded on barges, as shown in the foreground. This machine transfers it to sand trains, which take it wherever needed. Copyright by Underwood Underwood. N. Y. The powerful mechanism which will open and close the great gates of the locks. All machinery will be electrically driven. inn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiinii mi I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ HIIIIIIIIIIIII inn inn iiiiiiimimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii minim i ii mi iilliiiiillllllliiililiii mini I mini in i i iiiiinii iiiiiin iiiiiiiimiimiir Now we look from the lower end of Miraflores Locks toward Panama City and the Pacific end of the Canal. From this point we are again at sea level. Copyright by Underwood A Underwood. S. Y. A curious accident at Balboa, near Panama City. The wharf suddenly collapsed in the night, falling partly across the steamer and sinking it. illlimiMmiMMMIMIMIIHIIMMMMMMHIIIIIIMIMMiminilMIMNINIIimMIMIIIHIIINIIIMMIIimiMlllllimmiMMMIIIIimilllMlimMIIHI^^ nillMllimmllimilllimilllllllllllllllimmillimimilmmMHINimillMIMMIimmmmimMIHIinHIIIIHIimiimMIUIIIIIII^^ Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Here we stand on Ancon Hill, and look out southward over the old city of Panama and the Pacific. The end of the Canal is off the edge of the picture, to the right. MIIIIIIllMIHIIHMIHIU: FACTS, DATES, AND FIGURES Length of Canal, deep water to deep water Width of channel, at bottom, minimum Width of lock chambers Length of lock chambers Thickness of Gatun Dam at base Height of Gatun Dam from Sea Level Area of Gatun Lake Depth of channel through Gatun Lake Depth of channel through Culebra Cut Level of water in Gatun Lake and Culebra Cut above the sea Greatest depth of Cut, at Gold Hill Total Excavation in Culebra Cut Total Excavation on Entire Canal Average cost of Excavation, per yard French Excavation in Culebra Cut Greatest Excavation in any one day Greatest Excavation in any month (March, 1911) Greatest Excavation in any year (1911) Greatest yearly Excavation, (Entire Canal) (1908) Dynamite used in blasting, to January 1, 1913 Concrete used in Locks 50 miles 300 feet 110 feet 1000 feet 2000 feet 105 feet 164 square miles 45 to 85 feet 45 feet 85 feet 494 feet 115,000,000 cubic yards 212,227,000 cubic yards 88 cents 20,419,720 cubic yards 68,505 cubic yards 1,728,748 cubic yards 16,596,891 cubic yards 37,116,735 cubic yards 27,252 tons 4,302,563 cubic yards ^iiiiiiiiiiiimmiiimiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MHiMiiinniniiiHnniininiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiMnninHMiinMiiiiiiliiiiiHiHniiiiiininiiHniiiiiiiMiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiininHiiiiiiiniiiniHiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinig Cement used 5,500,000 barrels Time of Passage through Completed Canal 10 hours Time of Passage through Three Locks 3 hours Cost of Completed Canal $375,000,000 Cost of Locks, Dams, and Breakwaters $85,643,000 Cost of Culebra Cut $80,481,000 Cost of Sea Level Canal Sections $30,906,000 Cost of Lock Gates $5,374,000 Salaries and Wages, total $150,000,000 Maximum Force employed on Canal (March 30, 1910) 38,676 Maximum Force on Canal and Panama Railroad (February 1, 1912) 42,174 Work begun by French at Panama January 10, 1880 French Canal Company failed 1889 Work begun by Americans May 4, 1904 Canal half finished about July 1, 1910 First Ship through Canal 1913 Official Date of Completion January 1, 1915 Material excavated from the Canal would make a line of Pyramids, each the size of the Great Pyramid of Egypt, 63 in number, and extending nine miles. The same amount of excavation would dig a canal 55 feet wide and 10 feet deep entirely across the United States. The material taken out would fill a dirt train long enough to extend around the earth four times. It would build a Chinese wall 2500 miles long. The drill holes for blasting, if placed end to end, would pass entirely through the center of the earth. - iiiiiiiiiimmiiimmi inn mini mi nin num urn niiinii immmiiin immii i i imiiiiii iimiiii iiimin mum m ,=