THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
IRON ORES 
 
 OF 
 
 MISSOURI AND MICHIGAN 
 
 BY 
 
 RAPHAEL PUMPELLY, T. B. BROOKS, 
 
 LATE DIRECTOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI ; STATE GEOLOGIST LAKE SUPERIOR IRON DISTRICT 
 
 AND 
 
 ADOLF SCHMIDT, 
 
 ASSISTANT IN THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 WITH 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 
 
 AND 
 
 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL ATLAS 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 
 1874 
 
77/y-o 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 A WORD of explanation touching this work will suffice. In the 
 reports of the State Geological Surveys of Missouri and Michigan, 
 published in 1873, the geographical and geological distribution and 
 chemical characteristics of the iron-ores of those States are fully dis- 
 cussed. 
 
 As the districts covered by these Surveys supply the ore for 
 nearly one-third of the iron-product of the United States, and as 
 all the ore-deposits that had been discovered up to 1873 are de- 
 scribed in the reports, it is thought desirable to combine in one 
 volume such portions of them as address themselves specially to 
 those immediately interested in the great iron-industry of the 
 country. 
 
 R. P. 
 
PART I 
 
 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND ITS VICINITY 
 
 BY 
 
 RAPHAEL PUMPELLY 
 ANALYSES OF IRON-ORES, PIG-IRONS, AND FUELS 
 
 BY 
 
 REGIS CHAUVENET AND A. A. BLAIR 
 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI 
 
 BY 
 
 ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH.D. 
 
ATLAS PLATES 
 
 1. Topographical Map of Pilot Knob. 
 
 la. Topographical Section of Pilot Knob District. 
 
 2. Geologic and Magnetic Map of Pilot Knob. 
 
 3. Topographical Map of Iron Mountain. 
 
 4. Ore-mine Map. 
 
 5. Geological Map of Northern Missouri. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I. Notes on the Geology of Pilot Knob and its vicinity. By Raphael 
 
 Pumpelly 5 
 
 CHAPTER II. Analyses of Fuels, etc. By Regis Chauvenet 31 
 
 Analyses of Iron-ores and Pig-irons. By A. A. Blair 39 
 
 CHAPTER III. The Iron-ores of Missouri. A. General Distribution. By Adolf 
 
 Schmidt, Ph.D 45 
 
 CHAPTER IV. The Iron-ores of Missouri. B. General Description. By Adolf 
 
 Schmidt, Ph. D 5 
 
 CHAPTER V. The Iron-ores of Missouri. C. Modes of Occurrence and Descrip- 
 tions of Deposits. By Adolf Schmidt, Ph. D 93 
 
 (a. ) Deposits of Specular Ore in Porphyry. 
 (b. } Deposits of Specular Ore in Sandstone. 
 (c.) Disturbed Deposits of Specular Ore. 
 (d. ) Drifted Deposits of Specular Ore. 
 (*.) Beds of Red Hematite. 
 
 (/.) Disturbed or Drifted Deposits of Red Hematite. 
 (-.) Deposits of Limonite on Limestone. 
 (li. ) Disturbed or Drifted Deposits of Limonite. 
 CHAPTER VI. The Iron-ores of Missouri. D. List of Deposits of Iron-ore in 
 
 Missouri. By Adolf Schmidt, Ph.D 193 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND ITS 
 
 VICINITY. 
 
 BY RAPHAEL PUMPELLY. 
 
 THE region represented on the topographical map of Pilot Knob 
 and its vicinity (PL I., Atlas) consists of a group of four masses of 
 porphyry, separated from each other by valleys of the lowest Silu- 
 rian Limestone known in Iron County. The porphyry forms the 
 entire substructure of the region.* It had been eroded into hills 
 and valleys before the deposition of the limestones. 
 
 By reference to the map it will be seen that the limestone does 
 not often rise above the 2OO-foot contour-line. But in places, as 
 in the north-west extension of Cedar Hill, we find a heavy deposit 
 of clay, with chert and mammellated quartz (" mineral blossom ") 
 and sandstone lying over the limestone and rising to the 35<D-foot 
 line. This level (350 feet above the datum of the map) is about 
 the normal height for these clay and chert terraces through this 
 portion of the country ; but they have generally, within the area 
 of this map, been removed by erosion, except where they remain 
 in place as terraces and patches on the slopes of the hills. 
 
 The porphyries are older than the Silurian, and belong to the 
 Archsean (Azoic) formation, of which they may be the youngest 
 member in Missouri. They are the near equivalents in point of 
 age of the great iron-bearing rocks of Lake Superior, New Jersey, 
 and Sweden. They are stratified on an immense scale, but owing 
 
 * No granitic rocks occur within the area of the map ; but a few miles to the eastward 
 there is an extensive development of granite, apparently chiefly chloritic and syenitic, in 
 Madison County. The few observations, bearing on the question of relative age, made 
 by both Dr. Norwood and myself, should seem to indicate that the granitic rocks are 
 older than the porphyries. In the north-western part of Madison County several granite 
 hills are capped with porphyry. 
 
 The red granites may be an exception to this, supposed, rule. 
 
 The fact that the granites contain numerous dykes of hornblendic rocks, while none are 
 known to occur in the porphyries, may go toward proving the greater age of the granite. 
 
4 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 to the rarity of interstratified beds of other rocks, the unravelling 
 of the internal structure of the district is a difficult problem. 
 
 On Pilot Knob the strike of the formation is S. 50 E. from the 
 true meridian, and throughout the southern half of the map the 
 strike may be generally assumed to vary between S. 40 E. and 
 S. 60 E., and the dip of the strata to be to the south-west. 
 
 While all the porphyries of Iron County probably contain a 
 greater or less percentage of free silica, this is not always visible to 
 the naked eye, nor do all the varieties exhibit the feldspars in dis- 
 tinct crystals. 
 
 While it would be difficult to make an absolute classification cov- 
 ering all the transitional forms, we can recognize (within the area 
 of Map, PL I.) three very distinct varieties characterized by external 
 features. 
 
 a. Porphyry with few or no Crystals. Gray, pink, flesh-color, 
 and brown are common colors in this variety ; the rock is compact, 
 very hard, striking fire abundantly with the steel, and breaking 
 with a conchoidal fracture. It frequently contains grains of smoky 
 or limpid quartz, and sometimes very isolated minute crystals of 
 either pink or white feldspar, the latter generally striated and ap- 
 parently oligoclase ; the rock is frequently banded in very thin lay- 
 ers, and may be very massive or have a columnar or tabular struc- 
 ture. It weathers through pink to a dirty yellow or white. 
 
 b. Porphyry containing Crystals of Feldspar without Grains 
 of Quartz. The usual colors are light and dark brown and purple, 
 more rarely black, gray, and pink ; the matrix is very compact and 
 tough, breaks with a conchoidal fracture, strikes fire with the steel, 
 and is often banded. Its distinguishing characteristics are the 
 absence of quartz in grains, and the abundance of crystals, one-sixth 
 to one-fourth inch long, of white or pink feldspar, which is gene- 
 rally triclinic. Although quartz is not present in the form of grains, 
 it sometimes predominates in the alternate layers of the banded 
 varieties. 
 
 <r. Porphyry abounding in Grains of Quartz and Crystals of 
 Feldspar. The matrix of this variety varies in color from purplish 
 gray to dark purple or black, and the feldspar crystals are usually 
 white and triclinic. 
 
 Feldspar and quartz appear to be the only primary constituents 
 in any of the porphyries of this region. But there are several 
 
PORPHYRIES AND DOLOMITES. 5 
 
 accessory minerals which occur frequently, and are evidently secon- 
 dary products. The most common among these is epidote, and a 
 soft, greenish substance resembling steatite, apparently an alteration 
 product of the epidote. A chlorite-like mineral occurs frequently in 
 the first stages of weathering, both impregnated in the matrix and 
 traversing the feldspar-crystals. Magnetite and specular iron-ore 
 occur in minute impregnations, sometimes imparting a decided po- 
 larity to the fragments of the rock. Fluorite, of a beautiful ame- 
 thystine color, is found, not unfrequently, in small cavities and 
 seams. 
 
 The Silurian rocks of the district are probably the Third Mag- 
 nesian Limestone of Swallow, with, in places, remains of the Second 
 Sandstone capping it. 
 
 At the contact of this series with the porphyries there are very 
 generally beds of calcareous sandstone and conglomerate. 
 
 These limestones are dolomites, in which the process of dolomi- 
 zation has in many places run its course to completion. 
 
 The beds are generally from a few inches to six or eight feet 
 thick. The thinner beds contain 10 per cent, to 20 per cent, of 
 impurity, in the form of clay, and sometimes of chlorite, which 
 gives a greenish tinge, often mistaken for a copper mineral. These 
 thinner beds are also often pyritiferous. The more compact beds 
 often contain layers of chert, but aside from this the insoluble im- 
 purities, in the form of clay and free silica, seem to range consider- 
 ably below 10 per cent. 
 
 These heavier layers have generally a buff tinge, and contain 
 numerous small cavities lined 
 with beautiful crystals of dolo- 
 mite. Sometimes crystals of 
 calcite and of copper pyrites and 
 iron pyrites occur in these cavi- 
 ties. 
 
 The annexed section, and the 
 corresponding analyses by Mr. * 9 
 
 Chauvenet, refer to the lower 
 beds of the dolomite at Mr. 
 Mace's quarry, Sec. 8, T. 33, 
 R. 4, E. 
 
 J ** ** 
 
6 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 ABC 
 
 Silicious matter 5.11 3.85 2.06 
 
 Iron, as peroxide *4.6/ 1 .07 none 
 
 Carb. Lime 47.50 52.50 54.32 
 
 Carb. Magnesia 42.19 42.56 43.82 
 
 99.47 99.98 100.20 
 
 In order to compare these limestones with true dolomite, we 
 compare the per cent, of carbonate of lime in each with that of the 
 carbonate of magnesia, the atomic ratio being 54.35 145.65. The 
 following figures show the amount of carbonate of magnesia required 
 in each to make it equivalent to the carbonate of lime : 
 
 ABC 
 39.89 44-09 45.62 
 
 Bed "A," therefore, contains more magnesia than the dolomite 
 ratio calls for ; the others somewhat less. 
 
 On the same property a pyritiferous limestone, from a thin bed 
 somewhat shaly and colored green by the presence of chlorite, was 
 examined by prospecting shafts, some years since, by persons look- 
 ing for nickel-ore. This rock was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet, 
 with the following result : 
 
 Silicious matter 17.88 
 
 Iron, as peroxide 3.75 
 
 Carb. Lime 43-52 
 
 Carb. Magnesia . . . v 34-25 
 
 The annexed section (Fig. 2) is taken at the quarry near Iron 
 Mountain, from which the furnaces derive their flux. 
 
 A specimen from this quarry was analyzed by Dr. Litton, with 
 the following result : f 
 
 Residue, insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid 6.97 
 
 Alumina, with peroxide of Iron 1 . 1 1 
 
 Carbonate of Lime 50. 38 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia 41-74 
 
 * Alumina, with a little iron. 
 
 f Second Annual Report of the Geo!. Surv. of Missouri, Part II. p.frS. 1855. 
 
DOLOMITES. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 8. Stiff, dark, brown, foliaceous clay. 
 
 7. Highly-weathered dolomite. 
 
 6. Brown and gray dolomite, with very irreg- 
 ular cavities, lined with crystals of dolomite. 
 
 5. Very compact, hard, and fine-grained dol- 
 omite. 
 
 4. Similar to No. 6, with crystals of calcite 
 porphyritically enclosed. 
 
 Greenish marly seam. 
 3. Similar to No. 5. 
 
 Greenish marly seam. 
 2. Similar to No. 4. 
 
 I. Massive, gray, and purple-gray, medium 
 grain, with sporadic cavities. 
 
 MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE QUARRY N. W. 
 OF IRON MOUNTAIN. 
 
 An average sample of the rock from this quarry was taken at the 
 Iron Mountain furnace, and analyzed by Dr. Wendel, of Troy, N. Y., 
 for Dr. Schmidt's Report on the Iron Metallurgy of the State,* 
 with the following result : 
 
 Silica 5.30 
 
 Lime 27 48 
 
 Magnesia 18.37 
 
 Phosphorus 0.003 
 
 Sulphur 0.09 
 
 An average sample, taken in the same manner and for the same 
 purpose, from the quarry at Pilot Knob, was analyzed by Dr. 
 Wendel, with the following result : 
 
 Silica 3-93 
 
 Lime 29.40 
 
 Magnesia i9- 2 7 
 
 Phosphorus 0.02 
 
 Sulphur o. 16 
 
 * To be published in the next volume. 
 
8 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 The magnesian limestone, in some of the more massive beds, con- 
 tains many cavities, from less than an inch to several feet in diame- 
 ter. These have very ragged outlines, as though formed by the 
 running together of numerous smaller cavities. They are gene- 
 rally lined with crystals of dolomite, but in many places, in certain 
 horizons, and especially in the upper beds, the walls are covered 
 with a continuous lining of crystalline quartz resting on concentric 
 agate-like layers of quartz. This geode quartz is called " mineral 
 blossom." 
 
 Galena and zinc-blende also occur very extensively in this rock, 
 in some localities disseminated through it, in others occupying gash- 
 veins and narrow caves, and in others again forming extensive 
 interstratified layers. 
 
 Residuary Deposits. The Archaean (Azoic) rocks of south- 
 eastern Missouri are the exposed portions of the skeleton of the 
 eastern part of the Ozark range. They appear as knobs 1,400 to 
 1, 800 feet above the sea, and rising 300 to 700 or more feet above 
 the valleys at their bases. They form an archipelago of islands 
 in the Lower Silurian strata which surround them as a whole, 
 and separate them from each other. 
 
 These rocks, consisting, as has been already remarked, chiefly of 
 granites and felsitic porphyries, reach their most extensive surface- 
 development in the region forming the northern part of Madison, 
 Iron, and Reynolds, and the southern part of St. Francis and Wash- 
 ington Counties. 
 
 The rocks overlying them belong to the oldest known members of 
 the Silurian, and they may be the deep-sea equivalents of the Pots- 
 dam sandstone, or even older. 
 
 As has been already stated, they are true dolomites, frequently 
 underlaid by gritstone beds, and often covered by heavy masses 
 (50 to 1 20 feet thick) -of clay and chert in loose aggregations. 
 
 This region of porphyries, as well as the Ozark range, generally, 
 through southern Missouri, has apparently been above the level of 
 the sea from a very early period to the present time. The higher 
 portion of the elevation does not seem to have been submerged 
 since before the Upper Silurian period ; while broad areas on the 
 flanks of the range have apparently been dry land since the Carbo- 
 niferous. The absence of the finer and coarser detrital material due 
 to glacial action, as well as of all evidence of the direct mechanical 
 
RESID UAR Y DEPOSITS. 9 
 
 action of ice, prove that the region in question remained undis- 
 turbed by the various surface-modifying agencies of the Glacial 
 period. The rocks of the Ozarks, thus exposed to the undisturbed 
 action of atmospheric agencies, present to us in their present con- 
 dition one of the most instructive records of geological history one 
 that is full of important facts. 
 
 Both the Archaean crystalline rocks and the Silurian strata have 
 undergone immense changes in volume, and in other respects, 
 under this long-continued influence. The gradual removal of the 
 soluble constituents has left important residuary deposits of such 
 substances as were insoluble, especially in the Silurian strata as 
 clay, flint, crystallized quartz, sulphuret of iron, galena, etc. The 
 more conspicuous instances of this kind among the pre-Silurian 
 rocks are residuary occurrences of iron-ore. 
 
 The constituents of the granitic and porphyry rocks offered a far 
 greater resistance to the action of this process of removal than the 
 limestone strata. Still, the amount of disintegration and of full 
 decomposition has been very great in these older formations, 
 although it would not be easy to say what proportion of the 
 change has taken place since the deposition of the Lower Silurian 
 limestones. The porphyries and granites had undergone an enor- 
 mous amount of erosion before the limestones were formed ; an 
 amount at least several times as great as that they have suffered 
 since that remote time. 
 
 In the porphyries as well as in the granitic rocks of the region 
 we find the destructive action developed in two marked directions, 
 respectively the resultants of influences due to local external causes, 
 and to the structure, texture, and mineral composition of the rocks. 
 These directions are 
 
 (a) The forming of polygonal blocks on the surface, and the 
 gradual disintegration and decomposition of these in place and on 
 the talus. This is the case with most of the porphyry exposures. 
 
 A layer of 3 to 4 feet of this detritus covers the residuary clay- 
 deposit of the Silurian limestone on the west flank of Pilot Knob ; 
 it lies on a slope of 1 1. 
 
 On the ridge of red granite at Ex-Governor Brown's quarry, the 
 polygonal blocks are of great size, and their surface-disintegration 
 in place has left picturesque, rounded masses hundreds of tons in 
 weight. 
 
10 
 
 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 (b] Disintegration and decomposition in mass. This, among the 
 porphyries, is best illustrated in Iron Mountain, where the entire 
 porphyry-hill is changed to a clay. 
 
 It is well shown, also, in Madison County, among the gray and 
 green (chloritic) granites, where, over considerable areas, complete 
 disintegration has taken place to a depth of certainly more than 50 
 feet, and possibly several times that depth. 
 
 The formation of residuary deposits of iron-ore, having their 
 origin in the gradual removal of very resisting crystalline rocks, is 
 one of the local results of this weathering away and decomposition 
 of the rock, and is well illustrated in the " surface-ore " at Iron 
 Mountain. 
 
 This hill, which rises about 250 feet above its base, is wholly 
 covered by a mantle of ore-detritus, associated with some clay. The 
 only knowledge we possess of its internal structure is gathered from 
 
 Fig. 3- 
 
 SECTION " I * 
 RON. MOUNTAIN-. 
 
 the mining excavations at and near the summit and on the spur called 
 Little Iron Mountain. The appearances in these indicate deposits 
 of the most irregular form, and which should seem, from the results 
 
RESIDUARY DEPOSITS. 
 
 II 
 
 of magnetic observations, to lie in zones extending north-north- 
 east. 
 
 In all the excavations the porphyry is decomposed, generally to 
 a clay. 
 
 At the summit an immense mass of solid ore is exposed, while 
 the decomposed porphyry adjoining this is traversed in all direc- 
 tions by veins of all sizes and of the most irregular shapes, form- 
 ing a reticulated network of ore and rock. The foregoing figure 
 (Fig. 3), from a sketch by Mr. Guy, represents the exposed face of 
 one of the great excavations. The shaded portion on the right is a 
 part of the great ore-mass, about 50 feet high. D P is the decom- 
 posed porphyry. One of the numerous <( faults " is also shown in 
 the sketch. 
 
 Similar irregular veins and masses of ore exist in Little Iron 
 Mountain. A remarkable dyke is exposed here, which traverses a 
 vein of ore, and has all the appearance of resulting from the decom- 
 position of an independent porphyry-dyke ; but in its prolongation 
 it is seen to carry in its middle plane a vein of comby quartz. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 ClTTuE, IRON MOUNTAI N 
 
 A. DYKE OecoMP. PORPH. 
 B . DE CO M P. PORPH, 
 
 The smaller seams and veins of Iron Mountain frequently contain 
 crystals of apatite, which seems to be a more rare occurrence in the 
 larger ore-bodies. In the surface-ore, and in the veins near the 
 surface, the apatite has been removed, leaving the impressions only 
 of the crystals; and these honey-comb cavities are frequently 
 lined with delicate quartz-prisms. .This accounts for the greater 
 freedom of the surface-ore from phosphorus, as is shown in the com- 
 parative analyses. 
 
 That the ore-seams existed before the decomposition of the en- 
 
12 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 closing rock, is shown by the existence of similar occurrences of ore, 
 on a smaller scale, in many of the hills of unaltered porphyry. 
 
 The surface of Iron Mountain, when discovered, was covered with 
 a layer from four to twenty, or more, feet thick, of bowlders of pure 
 ore, associated with ore-pebbles and ore-sand, and but little clay. 
 The ore-detritus represents all the varieties of structure, texture, 
 and mineral associates peculiar to the different forms of ore-masses, 
 veins, and seams of the mountain. 
 
 As the volume of the ore-veins represents but a small percent- 
 age of the volume of the hill, the amount of the decomposed por- 
 phyry that has been wholly removed to cause such an accumulation 
 of ore, from broken-up veins, must have been proportionately great. 
 But the present mantle of ore-detritus represents only a portion of 
 the concentration caused by the removal of porphyry, for the ex- 
 cavations at the base of the hill show heavy stratified deposits of de- 
 trital ore, having exactly the same origin, and which was washed 
 down the slope and concentrated by the waves of the Silurian 
 ocean. 
 
 While the present ore-mantle represents a concentrating process 
 which has been in operation since the deposition of the Lower Silu- 
 rian limestone, the bedded ore-detritus shows that the process was 
 active before that time, and inferentially that the porphyry was even 
 then wholly decomposed to a considerable depth. 
 
 The instance of Iron Mountain is an extreme case, where the de- 
 composition of the porphyry in mass facilitated the separation of 
 the ore from the rock and the mechanical removal of the latter. 
 
 There are very many points where sand and bowlders of the 
 finest iron-ore occur on the surface, to a considerable extent. In 
 most instances of this kind these fragments were originally isolated 
 impregnations, segregations, or the ' filling of small gashes in 
 the rock, and are the residue of a large amount of disintegrated 
 porphyry. 
 
 In the Silurian limestone of this region, as of the Ozark range 
 generally, the formation of residuary deposits has attained an ex- 
 tensive development. The long-continued wastage of strata, con- 
 sisting of dolomite containing a considerable amount of insoluble 
 substances in the form of clay, both diffused and in shaly layers, 
 and of silica in chert-layers and nodules and quartz-geodes, has left 
 its record in heavy masses of residuary material which cap many of 
 
PILOT KNOB. I3 
 
 the dolomite hills, and, in the porphyry region, form terraces upon 
 the flanks of the knobs of older rocks. 
 
 On the west flank of Pilot Knob a shaft was sunk, to a depth of 
 about 70 feet, wholly in a residuary mass of clay containing frag- 
 ments of chert, geodes of quartz, and masses of brown hematite 
 pseudomorphous after pyrites. 
 
 On the tops of many of the flat dolomite hills there are immense 
 quantities of mammellated crystalline quartz which originally formed 
 the lining of the intricate geode cavities of the dolomite, and which 
 is known as " mineral blossom," from its very general association 
 with lead and zinc ores. There are numerous deposits of iron-ores 
 on the flanks of the Ozarks, which owe their origin to this process 
 of residuary concentration, and which are very uncertain as regards 
 extent. In many places these beds of loose quartz-geodes are asso- 
 ciated with extensive accumulations of limonite, which is, at least 
 to a large extent, pseudomorphous after pyrite. Again, over areas 
 of hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles, this "mineral 
 blossom " has workable accumulations of galena and carbonate of 
 lead for its associates in the residuary clay deposits.* 
 
 Pilot Knob. Pilot Knob is a conical hill, nearly circular, with a 
 north and south diameter, at the base, of about one mile. Its top 
 is 662 feet above the datum of the map; 1,112 feet above the St. 
 Louis directrix ; 1,521 feet above tide. 
 
 On its eastern side it is connected with another group of por- 
 phyry-hills, by a neck a little more than 200 feet higher than the 
 western base. 
 
 The rock skeleton of Pilot Knob is composed chiefly of more or 
 less massively-bedded porphyries, porphyry conglomerates, and 
 beds of hard, specular iron-ore. 
 
 All these strata are somewhat tilted up ; their strike is N. 50 
 W. ; S. 50 E. from the true meridian, and their inclination is 
 S. W. by S. In the eastern cut, near the summit, the inclination 
 or dip is 21. In the lower or westernmost cut it is 14 . 
 
 By levelling between the points along the line of the greatest dip, 
 I find the mean inclination of the ore-bed to be 13, and shall as- 
 sume this for the whole hill. 
 
 * Prof. Whitney was, I believe, the first to call attention to the occurrence of residuary de- 
 posits of clay, in explaining the origin of the red clays of the upper Mississippi lead-region. 
 
14 
 
 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 The top of the Knob consists of stratified porphyry conglom- 
 erate, with an actual thickness of 140 feet (150 feet in a vertical 
 line). 
 
 This rock is made up of small and large, more or less angular, 
 pebbles of porphyry cemented together by iron-ore, and contain- 
 ing also frequent layers and bodies of ore. 
 
 Fig. 5- 
 
 Tfetrd apec, ore . 
 
 Stafe 
 
 Porph. cony I 
 3$? f . Por/yft conpl. 
 P-C for/jk conyl. tvi/h i ore 
 a.P. JietZ 
 
 ore 
 ore in 
 
 SECTION IN THt'GREAT CUT 
 
 ) 8 7 2 
 
 The upper portion of the series a purple conglomerate more or 
 less mottled with gray has the pebbles and matrix nearly equally 
 divided. The pebbles are rarely more than one inch in diameter, 
 and are of brown porphyry and gray quartz, with others of a yel- 
 lowish-gray substance, easily scratched, and apparently an altered 
 porphyry. The matrix is generally a very fine-grained iron-ore, 
 containing small grains of limpid quartz. Although the only visible 
 
PILOT KNOB. 
 
 crystalline forms of the iron-ore are those of specular ore, this con- 
 glomerate matrix possesses decided polarity. A compass held 
 close to the rock, and moved gently a few inches in any direction 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 SECTION OF WEST CUT 
 ^ P I LOT. KNOB x. 
 
 parallel to the rock-surface, will have, alternately, its north and 
 south poles strongly attracted. But the needle is not perceptibly 
 affected at a height of four or five feet above the surface, nor does 
 the conglomerate series, as a whole, affect the needle appreciably. 
 
 Toward the bottom of the conglomerate series the conglomerate 
 structure is less marked in the eastern openings, and the lower beds 
 have only isolated pebbles. The matrix here consists mainly of 
 finely-divided specular ore, with a soft, greenish-white mineral, 
 either a steatite or a clay ; in this lie small grains of porphyry and 
 of quartz. This is more properly an ore ; indeed, it assumes in 
 places a workable character, while in others it contains little ore, 
 and becomes a nearly brown, homogeneous rock, with small grains 
 of quartz. 
 
 Below this lies the ore-bed, with a vertical thickness of 46 feet. 
 It is divided into two beds by a slate-seam 10 inches to 3 feet thick. 
 This seam, which is very persistent, lies in the great cut 31 feet 
 above the foot-wall of the lower ore-bed. 
 
 The upper ore-bed is more variable in thickness, having in the 
 slate-seam a regular foot-wall, but having no very well defined 
 hanging-wall, the ore often rising into the overlying rock. 
 
 The upper ore-bed is so distinctly stratified as to be a well-char- 
 acterized flag-ore, and is considerably leaner than the lower bed. 
 The slate-seam which divides the two ore-beds is variable in char- 
 acter, having in places the appearance of a clay-slate, in others of 
 
1 6 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 talcose-slate. while it not unfrequently has all the characteristics of 
 a porphyry. 
 
 The great ore-bed which lies below the slate-seam is a very com- 
 pact, dense, and hard ore, very finely stratified in layers from I line 
 to y 2 inch thick. In places the alternate layers are somewhat sili- 
 cious. This ore frequently cleaves in joint planes at right angles to 
 the bedding-planes. 
 
 The ore-bed is underlaid by a purple-brown, indurated, clay 
 schist, traversed by numerous threads of a steatite-like mineral. 
 
 Immediately below this lies a very compact red and brown jas- 
 pery porphyry, with minute grains of quartz, and free from feldspar- 
 crystals. It is very hard, but contains numerous irregular-shaped 
 patches one-eighth inch to several inches in diameter, of a soft, green- 
 ish and brownish mineral resembling steatite, which is possibly an 
 alteration-product of the porphyry. 
 
 Below this, on the eastern slope, is a compact red jaspery por- 
 phyry, with a decided tendency to spherulitic structure. The 
 spherules are from the size of a pin-head to that of a pea ; they 
 are of the same color as the matrix, and usually contain a small 
 nucleus of a soft, greenish-white mineral probably steatite. The 
 same substance that forms the nuclei, coats also the surfaces of the 
 spherules, and is distributed very generally through the rock in 
 such a manner as to give it a brecciated appearance. The matrix 
 contains very isolated minute grains of limpid quartz. 
 
 Further down the eastern declivity are outcrops of a compact, 
 pinkish-gray porphyry, rarely containing visible grains of quartz. 
 It contains an iron-ore, both minutely disseminated and also more 
 concentrated in dark, irregular streaks. This rock has a tendency 
 to tabular cleavage, and weathers through pink to yellowish white. 
 
 Underlying this we find, on the neck which connects the Knob 
 with the hills to the eastward, a pinkish-brown porphyry with con- 
 choidal fracture, containing grains of limpid quartz and scattered 
 small crystals of feldspar. 
 
 A few hundred feet further east, and forming the next lower rock, 
 is a very hard, flesh-colored porphyry, slightly mottled through the 
 presence of irregular spots containing steatite and minute grains of 
 iron-ore. The rock contains small grains of quartz and crystals of 
 feldspar, which are more or less riddled with holes containing a 
 chlorite. 
 
PILOT KNOB. ij 
 
 The next lower rock is that which forms the western declivity of 
 the hill next east of the Knob. It is a pinkish-gray, slightly-banded 
 porphyry, containing innumerable small cavities filled with a chlo- 
 rite, and has a well-marked columnar structure. 
 
 The inclination of the strata forming Pilot Knob being nearly the 
 same as that of the surface of the western slope, we should expect 
 to find the same series and thickness by boring at any point on the 
 west slope. But there have been disturbances, which probably ren- 
 der this impossible, on the lower half of the western declivity. 
 
 Below the 4OO-foot contour-line, the rock-surface has a steeper 
 slope than that of the hill. A shaft sunk at about the 325-foot con- 
 tour, after going through about 3 feet of loose rubble of ore and 
 porphyry, was sunk through nearly 64 feet of clay without striking 
 rock ; whereas, if there had been no disturbance, the shaft should 
 have been wholly in the conglomerate beds which overlie the ore, 
 and the present bottom of the shaft should be very nearly in the 
 hanging-wall of the upper ore-bed. The absence of these rocks is 
 due to the erosion which the south-west flank of the hill had suffered 
 before the deposition of the Silurian rocks. 
 
 There are evidences of another disturbance. This is a zone of 
 fracture visible in both the great cut and in the lower cut. Its course 
 is about S. 30 W., and it is marked by a breccia of broken-up 
 and re-cemented fragments of ore and porphyry. It does not ap- 
 pear to have " faulted" the ore-beds. 
 
 From the foregoing data, taken in connection with the form of 
 Pilot Knob as determined by the topographical survey, we can de- 
 lineate on the map the shape of the remaining portion of the ore- 
 bed, assuming, of course, that the dip and strike remain the same, 
 respectively, as in the upper part of the hill, and that the ore-beds 
 are also persistent, and neither replaced by other rock material nor 
 thrown out of position by faults. 
 
 As the western limit is probably buried beneath 75 to 90 feet of 
 clay and chert, its delineation is only roughly given. 
 
 The south-western and northern limits are probably near the truth. 
 
 The area thus indicated is about 200,000 superficial yards as a 
 maximum for the extent of the ore-bed. 
 
 The indication of the limit on the map may be of service in de- 
 termining the best points to attack the ore-bed on the west or south- 
 ern flank. 
 
 2 
 
1 8 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 The two best points for exploration are : 
 
 1. On the north-west, where the ravine intersects the limit-line, 
 about 200 feet north of the incline and near the 3/5-feet contour. 
 
 2. On the limit east and south-east from Station 6, on the survey- 
 line running south from the summit, there is (west of Station 6) 
 an old opening in the conglomerate series that belongs above the 
 ore. No line of levels was run to it ; therefore, in placing its 
 position at 20-40 feet above the ore-bed, I am making an estimate 
 only. 
 
 The great thickness of the clay-deposit on the south-west flank 
 would render it undesirable to attempt to approach the ojre from 
 this direction, before proving the bed near the two points above 
 indicated. 
 
 The shaft that was started for exploration, about 500 feet south- 
 east of the western turn-table, has its collar a little more than 60 feet 
 above where the ore-bed should be. 
 
 Before leaving Pilot Knob, I will remark that the clay-deposit on 
 the west flank may have a technical value. It consists of a very 
 pure white variety and a rusty variety. The two kinds could prob- 
 ably be separated. Their composition, as shown by the accom- 
 panying analyses made by Mr. Chauvenet, should give, especially 
 to the white, a very decided value as material for the fabrication of 
 chinaware : 
 
 ANALYSIS OF CLAYS. 
 
 I. Opalescent White Clay. II. Brown Clay. 
 
 Silica 63.50 57-22 
 
 Alumina 24. 55 22.89 
 
 Peroxide of Iron none 7.81 
 
 Lime 1.60 i.io 
 
 Magnesia 0.48 0.46 
 
 Water of composition 7-3 7-95 
 
 Hygroscopic Water 2.20 2.90 
 
 99.63 100.33 
 
 Cedar Hill. The rocks forming the south-western flank of Cedar 
 Hill are the north-western extension of the conglomerates and ore- 
 beds of Pilot Knob. 
 
CEDAR HILL. ! 9 
 
 At the time of my visit to this point, the working had not pro- 
 gressed far enough to indicate with certainty whether the ore after 
 being taken out corresponds to the ore-bodies distributed irregu- 
 larly in the conglomerate on Pilot Knob, or to the great ore-bed 
 proper. 
 
 It is quite possible that the real equivalent of the Pilot Knob 
 ore-beds has not yet been reached on Cedar Hill. 
 
 I collected a thoroughly average sample of the stock-pile at the 
 mine, which was analyzed by Mr. Blair, with the following re- 
 sult : 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter 5-62 per cent. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron, 93-54 " 
 
 Sulphur none 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.090 " 
 
 Equal to 
 
 Metallic Iron 64.47 " 
 
 Phosphorus 0.039 " 
 
 Sulphur none 
 
 The ore opened in the cuts on Cedar Hill, at the time of my 
 visit, is very hard, dense, and heavy, and very uniform in character. 
 It breaks in prisms, with sharp edges, owing to a well-marked 
 columnar structure. The ore contains minute grains of limpid 
 quartz. It has all the appearance of a porphyry in which the 
 matrix has been wholly replaced by iron-ore ; and the irregularity 
 of its mode of association with the porphyry heightens the resem- 
 blance. 
 
 The annexed cut, taken in one of the openings, will show what 
 irregular forms the deposit assumes : 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 SECTION OF CUT 
 O N. ' C E P A R H I U L 
 
20 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 The shaded portions are ore. P is the mottled, altered porphyry 
 associated with the ore. 
 
 In the N. W. j of the S. E. % of Sec. 28, east of Pilot Knob, 
 there is another zone of iron-bearing beds. At one point, shown to 
 me by Mr. Crane, there are beds of jaspery slate, containing more 
 or less specular ore. The indications are such as would make it 
 desirable to have some exploration done. 
 
 We found at another point (half-way between Station 4 on line 
 12 and Station 7, line 14), a bed or beds of ore, which deserve some 
 work in the way of " proving." 
 
 It is a rich granular ore, somewhat resembling that of Shepherd 
 Mountain. The outcrop is not sufficiently exposed to enable one 
 to give an opinion as to the extent of the deposit. All that can be 
 seen without digging are what seem to be two beds, one and one- 
 half to two feet thick, of rich ore, more or less mixed with some- 
 what decomposed porphyry. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 The deposits of manganese-ore and of manganiferous iron-ore form 
 a very interesting feature of the porphyry region, and promise to 
 be of considerable economic importance. 
 
 So far as I can judge, in our present limited knowledge of the 
 porphyry district, these deposits belong considerably higher in the 
 series than the Pilot Knob beds. 
 
 The most characteristic occurrence is that of the Cuthbertson- 
 Buford hill, which, beginning in Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E., runs W. 
 N. W. into Sec. 13, T. 33, R. 3, E. 
 
 The northern side of this hill, near the top, seems to consist of a 
 very dark, almost black porphyry, with numerous small crystals of 
 white feldspar and grains of quartz. 
 
 The southern declivity, the rocks of which overlie those of the 
 northern side, consists of a much-altered bedded rock of fine 
 
CUTHBER TSON TRA CT. 2 1 
 
 grain, which has in places the appearance of an indurated sand- 
 stone, in others that of an altered porphyry. It contains nume- 
 rous broad and flat cavities partially filled with a red, ochreous sub- 
 stance. Fresher fragments exhibit a brown, fine-grained rock, 
 consisting largely of minute grains of quartz cemented together by 
 a quartz or porphyry matrix. 
 
 There are no natural exposures of the rock in place, but on the 
 Cuthbertson tract the surface is bestrewed with large and small 
 fragments of manganese-ore, and, in places, of specular iron-ore. 
 A cut in the Cuthbertson tract exposes a bedded deposit consisting 
 of exceedingly ragged tabular masses of manganese-ore, separated 
 by a red, ochreous clay. 
 
 The following are analyses of this ore and of the specular ore, by 
 Mr. Chauvenet : 
 
 Manganese Ore. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter 0.44 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 3.30 
 
 Manganese as protoxide 68.02 
 
 The manganese exists in the ore as sesquioxide, with a probable 
 admixture of binoxide. 
 
 Metallic manganese 5 2 -47 
 
 Specular Ore. 
 
 Insoluble 2.45 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 97-85 
 
 Manganese trace 
 
 It lies upon the bedded rock described last above. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 MANGANESE DEPOSIT ON CUTH &ERT30NS HILL 
 SECTION 9 T. 33- R. * E -s 
 
22 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 Further west, at the Buford bank, a larger cut gives a better ex- 
 posure. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 T* \ '> fc _^? .L_ \ f N i s / * ^ '\ >~ r-fsrsssjcj jr^ _^*-^j 
 
 w. 
 
 SECTION OF "CUT* ON 
 BUFORD MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Here we find a bedded deposit of the same nature as that on 
 Cuthbertson's tract, with the difference that this one is a mangan- 
 iferous iron-ore of a very superior quality. The cut exposes a 
 stratified deposit of a ragged black iron-ore, overlaid by beds of 
 pink, altered porphyry. 
 
 The whole thickness of the ore-bed was not visible, but I esti- 
 mate it at nearly 14 feet in the cut, though it thins out at the out- 
 crop on the hill-side. 
 
 A sample consisting of a large number of chippings was taken by 
 myself as a close average of the ore. This was analyzed by Mr. 
 Chauvenet, with the following result : 
 
 Insoluble 8. 54 per cent. 
 
 Peroxide, of Iron 68.30 " 
 
 Manganese as protoxide 15.84 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 " 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.102 " 
 
 Equal to 
 
 Metallic Iron . . ., 47-8i " 
 
 Metallic Manganese 12.32 " 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 " 
 
 Phosphorus 0.044 " 
 
 This is a remarkably fine ore for the manufacture of Spiegeleisen. 
 Of the extent of the deposit nothing can be known until more 
 work is done. 
 
MANGANESE DEPOSITS. 23 
 
 Near this point there is a very irregular deposit, apparently a 
 pocket, of ore nearly free from manganese, as appears in the an- 
 nexed analysis by Mr. Chauvenet : 
 
 Insoluble 13.42 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 85-76" 
 
 Manganese as protoxide trace 
 
 Metallic Iron 60.03 
 
 Near Cuthbertson's, but apparently belonging, geologically, a 
 little higher, is the manganese deposit on Mr. Marble's land. It 
 forms an interstratified layer, 3-5 inches thick, in a decomposed 
 porphyry. 
 
 A specimen of this was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet, with the 
 following result : 
 
 Insoluble 10.35 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 14. 22 
 
 Manganese as protoxide 5 l -6 
 
 Lime 2.75 
 
 Magnesia 0.43 
 
 Water 3-89 
 
 Mr. Marble also sank a pit in his wood-lot, near the last-named 
 locality, and after passing the soil, found about 3 feet of the ore in 
 ragged masses, and below these a reddish, manganiferous, soft 
 hematite (I.), associated with another variety (II.) containing less 
 manganese. In samples of these Mr. Chauvenet made the follow- 
 ing determinations : 
 
 I. II. 
 
 Insoluble 17.66 35.96 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 49-34 58-7 
 
 Manganese as protoxide 2 1 . 1 8 3-77 
 
 Metallic Iron 34-53 
 
 Metallic Manganese 16.44 
 
 This is a soft, maganiferous hematite of excellent quality. 
 At all of the points mentioned on this hill the strike of the beds 
 i s N. 65 80 E., and the dip, more or less gentle, toward the 
 
 south. 
 
 Overlying these manganiferous beds we find a metamorphic lime- 
 
24 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 stone. This remarkable occurrence, which was first brought to my 
 notice by Mr. Gage, is well exposed on Mr. Huff's land ; it is a 
 more or less thinly-stratified rock, with essentially two characteris- 
 tic constituents. In one extreme we have a pink to greenish-pink, 
 crystalline limestone, containing irregular layers, one-sixtieth of an 
 inch to several inches thick, of a dark-brown, fine-grained material, 
 which strikes fire readily, and shows under the glass a large per- 
 centage of quartz in minute grains, cemented by a quartz or por- 
 phyry matrix. 
 
 While the limestone bands effervesce strongly with acid, the dark 
 bands are not acted upon except where they contain very thin 
 layers of the limestone. The limestone is, in places, tinged green, 
 probably from the presence of a chlorite.* 
 
 In the other extreme, the main body of the rock consists of the 
 silicious material just described, containing very subordinate layers 
 of the carbonate. In places, this laminated structure is highly con- 
 torted ; the carbonate layers are often broken up, and the fragments 
 distributed very irregularly in the brown silicious rock. 
 
 On the weathered surface the removal of the limestone gives rise 
 to the same flat cavities, filled with ochrey earth, that we found in 
 the rock accompanying the manganese-ores on Cuthbertson's tract. 
 
 On the south-west ^{ of Sec. 20, T. 33, R. 4, E., and over a 
 considerable portion of the valley between this point and Huff's, 
 there is a very compact, dark-brown, almost black porphyry, con- 
 taining small crystals of white feldspar and grains of quartz, with 
 some disseminated magnetite. In places the feldspar and quartz 
 are abundantly crystallized, but more generally they are hardly 
 visible except under the glass. The surface weathers dirty yellow, 
 and then displays a distinctly-banded structure, which is rarely 
 apparent on fresh surfaces. This is probably either the equivalent 
 of the banded rock at Huff's, or it is younger. 
 
 Another interesting instance of the occurrence of manganese-ore 
 in porphyry was examined by assistant P. N. Moore, on Section 
 16, T. 33, R. 2, E., in Reynolds County. 
 
 It occurs in one of the members of a series of bedded porphyry 
 rocks, which may be here briefly described. 
 
 ist. A flesh-colored porphyry with a very compact matrix, 
 
 * For an analysis of this limestone, see p. 26. 
 
MANGANESE IN PORPHYRY. 2 $ 
 
 abounding in grains of smoky quartz and crystals of feldspar, is 
 overlaid by 
 
 2d. A black porphyry with very hard matrix, abounding in grains 
 of smoky quartz and crystals of a triclinic feldspar. In this occurs 
 the black oxide of manganese ; it is in narrow, comby strings, which 
 are in places isolated, in others united to form a reticulated net- 
 work throughout the mass ; in this form the rock resembles a con- 
 glomerate, the ore representing the cement. In other instances the 
 manganese has wholly replaced the matrix, the crystals of feldspar 
 and grains of quartz alone remaining intact. Finally, in portions 
 of the rock the replacement has been complete ; here no traces of 
 the porphyry, either crystals or matrix, remain, while a more or 
 less porous, semicrystalline mass of the manganese-ore takes their 
 place. 
 
 A specimen representing an intermediate variety of this series 
 was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet. It is very compact and hard, 
 striking fire with the steel. The matrix is jet black, with metallic 
 lustre, and has the same texture and .fracture as the parent por- 
 phyry, and, like this, contains grains of quartz and crystals of feld- 
 spar in this instance not striated. The whole appearance of the 
 specimen is identical with that of the adjacent porphyry, except as 
 regards the color and lustre of the matrix. 
 
 Insoluble 45-55 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 5-48 
 
 Manganese det. as protoxide 37-4 
 
 Lime 2.73 
 
 Magnesia o. 8 1 
 
 The analysis of the insoluble portion gave 
 
 Silica 74.98 
 
 Alumina 14.69 
 
 Iron none 
 
 Lime and Magnesia traces 
 
 Potash 9-64 
 
 Soda - 6 7 
 
 99.98 
 
 The insoluble portion is very clearly a typical felsitic porphyry 
 with orthoclase for its feldspar. It is evident that the manganese 
 
26 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 and the other soluble constituents take the place of more than half 
 of the porphyry in this specimen. That the resemblance of the 
 ore to the porphyry is not merely accidental, is shown by other 
 instances of a similar nature. 
 
 On the land of Mr. Ackhurst (Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E.) is a dark 
 porphyry containing grains of quartz and abundant crystals of 
 white feldspar; the matrix is frequently, in places, a compact 
 manganese-ore. 
 
 It would seem that we have, in these occurrences, instances of 
 replacement ; but it is difficult to imagine a direct substitution of 
 manganese oxides for the decomposition products of a porphyry, 
 and all the more so, in this case, from the fact that the analysis shows 
 the remaining porphyry, which is intimately associated with the ore, 
 to have its normal constitution. 
 
 In this connection the metamorphic limestone at Huff's (near the 
 manganiferous ores on Cuthbertson's, Marble's, and Ackhurst's 
 land) may be of additional interest. As was mentioned before, this is 
 nearly wholly changed into a f porphyry or jasper rock, it having here 
 a schistoid structure, in which the alternate laminae are an impure, 
 compact carbonate of lime, having, according to Mr. Chauvenet's 
 analysis, the following constitution : 
 
 Insoluble 35-Si 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 5.35 
 
 Lime 31.62 
 
 Magnesia 1 . 10 
 
 Carbonic Acid 25.83 
 
 99.71 
 
 Here is a member of the porphyry series which was originally, 
 unquestionably, a limestone, but in which the original physical and 
 chemical characteristics have almost wholly disappeared. It should 
 not seem impossible that the manganiferous rocks which have been 
 described may have had a similar origin, and that the manganese 
 and iron oxides owe their present existence to a former replacement 
 of the lime-carbonate by iron and manganese salts. The porphyry, 
 which now surrounds these ores, may be due to a previous contem- 
 poraneous or subsequent replacement of the lime-carbonate by silica 
 and silicates. 
 
PORPHYR Y CONGL OMERA TE. 2 / 
 
 But there is so strong a resemblance between the mode of occur- 
 rence of these ores and that of certain of the iron-ores that of 
 Cedar Hill, for instance that any hypothesis explaining the one 
 must probably satisfy the requirements of the other. 
 
 3d. Geologically above this manganiferous bed lies a porphyry 
 conglomerate or breccia, consisting of pebbles of a red, compact 
 porphyry, containing grains of quartz and crystals of feldspar, ce- 
 mented by porphyry of a similar character. This rock resembles 
 very strongly the Calumet conglomerate on Lake Superior. Overly- 
 ing this is 
 
 4th. A bright, red, compact jasper, apparently an altered sandstone 
 which passes upward into 
 
 5th. A dark-brown, compact, banded porphyry, abounding in mi- 
 nute crystals of feldspar and equally small grains of quartz. This 
 rock contains here and there layers of very small pebbles, parallel 
 to the bands. Still higher this rock becomes darker colored, while 
 some of the bands become green, from the presence of epidote. 
 Higher in the series occurs a mottled-red and greenish-white rock. 
 The red portions are easily scratched, and the white are still softer, 
 having about the hardness of limestone. Grains of quartz occur indif- 
 ferently through the red and white spots, while crystals of triclinic 
 feldspar are frequent in the red spots and rare in the white. At 
 first sight, the rock has the appearance of a variegated marble. 
 
 The greenish-white substance was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet, 
 with the following result : 
 
 Silica 65.61 
 
 Alumina 20. 52 
 
 Protoxide of Iron 1-99 
 
 Lime 1-97 
 
 Magnesia 2.37 
 
 Potash (trace of Soda) 7-93 
 
 100.39 
 
 This rock is clearly an altered porphyry, and the white portion 
 represents the more advanced change. It is interesting as an 
 instance in which the change appears to have been accompanied by 
 a removal of silica and of iron, while the alkaline constituents were 
 apparently not affected. 
 
28 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY. 
 
 Next above this comes 
 
 6th. A porphyry with brown matrix, containing crystals of triclinic 
 feldspar, with few or no grains of quartz, but with numerous y& to 
 % inch spherical, crescent-shaped and irregular cavities filled with 
 quartz, often showing free crystallization in the centre. 
 
REPORT OF MR. REGIS CHAUVENET. 
 
 PROF. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY, 
 
 Director Missouri Geological Survey : 
 
 DEAR SIR : I herewith submit the results of such of this year's 
 chemical work as is fit for tabulation, together with a brief descrip- 
 tion of the methods of analysis used, and a short discussion of some 
 of the more important coals, in regard to their prominent chemical 
 and physical characteristics. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 REGIS CHAUVENET, 
 
 Chemist of the Geological Survey. 
 ST. Louis, April 23, 1873. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 BY REGIS CHAUVENET AND A. A. BLAIR. 
 
 THE analyses of coals given in these tables are what are com- 
 monly known as " proximate " analyses. The four constituents, 
 viz., Water, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, and Ash, can be subdi- 
 vided into all the elementary bodies contained in the coal, but in 
 most instances no more elaborate analysis was undertaken. We 
 may class these four into combustible and incombustible material. 
 Water and ash coming under the latter head, their sum will repre- 
 sent the percentage of weight of the coal unavailable for heating 
 purposes. 
 
 The method followed in these examinations was one which has 
 received the approval of the best experimenters. A weighed quan- 
 tity of the coal, reduced to powder, was placed in a platinum cru- 
 cible, and kept at a constant temperature of 110 C. until it ceased 
 to lose weight. An hour was always sufficient time for this opera- 
 tion. The loss indicated water. The crucible being now closed, 
 though not tightly, it was heated in a Bunsen gas-burner until the 
 flame of the escaping gas was no longer seen. The full heat of a 
 gas blast-lamp was then directed upon it for three minutes. After 
 cooling, the loss of weight gave the volatile matter. In estimating 
 ash, a fresh portion of coal was sometimes taken, but more fre- 
 quently the coke left from the last operation was ignited in the 
 same crucible, with free access of air. The loss of weight by this 
 ignition gave fixed carbon, and by deducting the weight of the 
 empty crucible from the last weight, the amount of ash was ob- 
 tained. The color of the ash was noted, as a rough indication of its 
 composition : the white is usually calcite ; reddish-browns are 
 due to iron ; slate and chocolate indicate shale. 
 
 A few coals were analyzed by the combustion furnace (organic 
 analysis) for total carbon and hydrogen, as well as nitrogen in a 
 
32 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 
 few instances. In the table giving the results, the last column is 
 headed "Deficiency." The sum of the total carbon, hydrogen in 
 the volatile matter, water, and ash, will always fall short of 100 per 
 cent, by a figure varying greatly in different coals. This is called 
 the " deficiency," since it cannot be all ascribed to oxygen, though 
 probably oxygen and sulphur (and nitrogen in those cases where it 
 is not given) would fully supply the " deficiency." The low defi- 
 ciency of the coals used at the St. Louis Gas-works is worthy of 
 notice. The only Missouri coals besides these which seem to prom- 
 ise well are, unfortunately, found in very small seams. Westlake's 
 coal, in Pettis County, has been used for gas at Sedalia. As coking 
 gas-coals, this coal, Linn's (Chariton County), George's (Cass 
 County), and possibly Munn's (Henry County), promise tolerably 
 well. But no coal in the whole number of those examined is equal 
 to that now in use at the St. Louis Gas-works. 
 
 In using the combustion furnace, bi-chromate of lead was substi- 
 tuted for oxide of copper, and with good results. The few nitrogen 
 determinations were made by mixing the sample with soda-lime in 
 the tube, and collection of the ammonia in hydrochloric acid, which 
 was then treated in the usual manner, the result always being cal- 
 culated from the metallic platinum obtained from the double chloride 
 of platinum and ammonium. 
 
 Sulphur was not determined in many coals. In fact, in order to 
 get a correct idea of the amount of sulphur, especially when it is 
 in the form of pyrites, large samples are necessary, representing 
 various parts of the bed, and these should be broken up and tho- 
 roughly mixed. Such elaborate sampling was not possible in the 
 case of these coals. After a few determinations of sulphur, the 
 system was followed of .examining, for sulphur, only those coals in 
 which no pyrites, or very trivial quantities, were visible to the naked 
 eye. The impression being very common that sulphur in coal 
 exists only in the form of iron pyrites (FeS 2 ), several experiments 
 were made with a view to testing the accuracy of this idea. A 
 table will be found illustrating these experiments, and the single 
 example of the " Baker" coal will show the fallacy of the belief. 
 Mr. John W. Meier, of St. Louis, who has made trials of various 
 coals, states that there are other coals similar to the " Baker" in 
 containing sulphur and no iron. The question is one of some 
 interest for coke-manufacturers. While a large proportion of the 
 
ANALYSES OF COAL. 33 
 
 pyrites in coal-slack can be removed by washing, it is not probable 
 that sulphur not united with iron could be thus eliminated. 
 
 The method adopted for the determination of sulphur was as 
 follows : One gramme of the coal, well mixed and finely powdered, 
 was mixed with twelve grammes of carbonate of soda, and from 
 four to six of nitre. (With bituminous coal, four is enough.) The 
 mixture is made in a capacious platinum crucible, and heated in the 
 flame of a Bunsen burner until in a state of tranquil and complete 
 fusion. After cooling, the mass is dissolved in water, the solution 
 acidulated with muriatic acid, and evaporated to perfect dryness, 
 to render any silica insoluble, re-dissolved in very dilute muriatic 
 acid, filtered, and the filtrate treated with chloride of barium, and 
 allowed to stand for twenty-four hours. It may here be stated that 
 the very best brands of " C. P." carbonate of soda contain sul- 
 phur in some form ; hence it is absolutely necessary to make a sepa- 
 rate test of that re-agent, and the simplest way is probably to repeat 
 the operation, without the coal, and subtract the result from that 
 first obtained. 
 
 This method is also the best for sulphur in coke, a determination 
 which is frequently of importance. The only difference is, that six 
 or seven parts of nitre should be used instead of four, as with bitu- 
 minous coals. 
 
 Specific Gravity was determined by the bottle. The sample was 
 always left in contact with the water for not less than twelve hours, 
 before weighing, in order to thoroughly expel the air. 
 
 In glancing at the general results obtained, a few coals seem to 
 call for special notice. The Pacific Coal Company's mines, near Knob 
 Noster, Johnson County, are extensive, at least as compared with 
 most of the developments in that region, and the coal, of which 
 large and well-averaged samples were obtained, is remarkably free 
 from sulphur, being in this respect superior to most Illinois coals. 
 This coal is much used on the Mo. P. R. R., and although its ash 
 never falls below eight per cent, and sometimes exceeds ten, it is 
 probable that the trouble this would cause in burning it in locomo- 
 tives, is more than counterbalanced by its freedom from sulphur, 
 and the consequent saving in boiler-repairs. Over this coal is a 
 curious shale, decomposing rapidly upon exposure to the air, and 
 consequently never left in the workings. It is very bituminous, is 
 used to run the hoisting-engine, etc. at the mine, and when thrown 
 3 
 
34 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 
 in heaps, heats and finally takes fire spontaneously. It is of small 
 value as a fuel. 
 
 Near Warrensburgh are some excellent coals, but in thin seams, 
 and not worked upon any extensive scale. As a class, these coals 
 show a very low ash. South of the town, and some miles from any 
 other opening, is Grove's coal, which, from the character of its 
 " top," its somewhat greater thickness, and its analysis, seems to 
 belong to a different seam from the other Warrensburgh coals, but 
 when visited was just opened, and but little could be determined 
 about it. 
 
 Linn's Coal (Chariton County) is quite remarkable for its low 
 percentage of ash (1.64), being the best coal examined in this re- 
 spect. Equally curious are some of the Ray County coals in their 
 high per cent, of water, one sample from Hayson's (Swanwick) 
 mine giving 12.55 P er cent. 
 
 No true "cannel" coal was examined. Many bituminous 
 shales are known as such in their respective neighborhoods, but 
 their ash (25 to 40) is too high, and their use must remain very 
 limited. 
 
 Several analyses of ores, clays, and limestones are appended to 
 these tables. Though these are given in the text, under their pro- 
 per heads, it may be convenient, for some purposes, to have all the 
 analytical results brought together. While the tables here given 
 do not include all the chemical work done during the past year, it 
 is believed that no result of interest or importance has been 
 omitted. 
 
 NAME OF COAL. 
 Smith's 
 
 RA\ 
 
 Water. 
 . . . IO.O5 
 
 r COUNTY. 
 
 Volatile. c l^i 
 38.55 45.40 
 41.85 45.80 
 32.48 46.30 
 37.60 46.35 
 30.30 37.30 
 37.73 42.04 
 37.85 48.30 
 37.05 46.65 
 38.50 46.70 
 4-88 83.37 
 
 Ash. 
 
 6.00 
 
 4-30 
 
 IO.2O 
 7.90 
 25.20 
 9.90 
 3.85 
 
 5-75 
 3.60 
 8.50 
 
 COLOR OF ASH. 
 White. 
 Do. 
 Gray. 
 Light brown. 
 Brown. 
 Gray. 
 Light brown. 
 White. 
 
 Nearly white. 
 * 
 
 Howell's 
 
 
 . . . 8.05 
 
 Oberhultz 
 
 
 1 1. 02 
 
 Hughes 
 
 
 8.15 
 
 Godfrey 
 
 
 7. 2O 
 
 Camden Mines 
 
 
 . 10. ^ 
 
 Swanwick Hayson's, 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Coke made from Car 
 
 top . 
 
 . IO OO 
 
 middle, 
 bottom, 
 nden coal, 
 
 ....12.55 
 
 ,".-..11.20 
 
 .... 3-25 
 
 PETTIS COUNTY. 
 
 Newport's 3.95 
 
 Westlake's 4.47 
 
 33- 10 
 39-19 
 
 46.26 
 51-73 
 
 16.69 Red. 
 4.61 Gray. 
 
 * This coke was from " Collins' " coal. 
 
ANALYSES OF COAL. 
 
 35 
 
 SAINT LOUIS COUNTY. 
 
 NAME OF COAL. 
 
 Water. Volatile. ~ Fi ? ed 
 Carbon. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 COLOR OF ASH. 
 
 Parker & Russell 
 
 ... 9.17 38.49 43.19 
 
 9-*5 
 
 Light gray. 
 
 Do 
 
 ... 9.55 38.28 42.99 
 
 9.18 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 HENRY COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 Jordan, top 
 
 ... 3.47 42.18 45.85 
 
 8.50 
 
 Purple gray. 
 
 Do. bottom 
 
 ... 5.14 37.91 46.82 
 
 10.13 
 
 Do. 
 
 Owens, near Clinton 
 
 ... 8.30 36.95 48.65 
 
 6. 10 
 
 White, faint purple. 
 
 Do. middle 
 
 ... 7.14 38.66 48.35 
 
 5-85 
 
 Nearly white. 
 
 Williamson 
 
 ... 7.76 44.77 43.32 
 
 4-i5 
 
 Dark purple. 
 
 Munn's 
 
 7-5 37-30 50-75 
 
 4-45 
 
 Red. 
 
 H. Neff 
 
 ... 5.89- 38.01 39.97 
 
 16.13 
 
 Light chocolate. 
 
 Ogan's 
 
 ... 8.48 33.96 43.16 
 
 14.40 
 
 Chocolate. 
 
 Britt's, top 
 
 . . . 2.89 28.55 50.71 
 
 17-85 
 
 Reddish. 
 
 Do. middle 
 
 ... 3.88 43.67 43.42 
 
 9-03 
 
 Light gray. 
 
 Osage Coal Co . . . . 
 
 .. 5.65 36.95 41.87 
 
 !5.53 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. bottom 
 
 ... 4.86 41.74 37.24 
 
 16.16 
 
 Light chocolate. 
 
 
 LA FAYETTE COUNTY 
 
 
 
 Frank e's 
 
 ... 5.55 42.95 44.08 
 
 7.42 
 
 Light brown. 
 
 Payne's, top 
 
 ... 8.85 37.25 44.80 
 
 9. 10 
 
 Cream. 
 
 Do. middle 
 
 ... 7.02 37.67 39.66 
 
 M.6S 
 
 Very light brown. 
 
 Do. bottom 
 
 ... 7-75 34-05 4-3 
 
 18.17 
 
 Light chocolate. 
 
 Ennis & Cundiff, top 
 
 ... 6.95 42.61 43.42 
 
 7.02 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. near bottom. 
 
 ... 7.03 40.72 47.11 
 
 5-H 
 
 Chocolate. 
 
 *Lexington Coal Co., top . . . 
 
 ... 5-79 3 6 -3 47-31 
 
 10.87 
 
 Light brown. 
 
 Do. middle... 
 
 . 8.15 34.71 47.29 
 
 9-85 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. near bottom 6.36 36.28 47.80 
 
 9-S6 
 
 Y'ellow brown. 
 
 Do. bottom. . 
 
 - 6.25 35.03 50.04 
 
 8.68 
 
 Very light brown. 
 
 *Tilden Davis 
 
 . . . 8.21 37.56 46.84 
 
 7-39 
 
 Nearly white. 
 
 *Graham's 
 
 -. 6.53 35.19 47.46 
 
 10.85 
 
 Very light brown. 
 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 Mrs. Wingfield's 
 
 . . . 7.31 41.88 46.36 
 
 4-45 
 
 Pale red-brown. 
 
 Sylvester Orr's 
 
 .... 5.87 40.06 43.45 
 
 10.62 
 
 Dark gray. 
 
 Bruce' s 
 
 . . . 5.31 43.65 43.12 
 
 7.92 
 
 Pale gray. 
 
 Tapscott's 
 
 ... 3-30 36-85 33-05 
 
 26.80 
 
 Light slate. 
 
 B. Owsley 
 
 . .. 7.40 43.07 3&37 
 
 n. 16 
 
 Pinkish gray. 
 
 Pacific mines 
 
 4.28 40.30 47.22 
 
 8.20 
 
 Nearly white. 
 
 Do. 
 
 ... 4.29 40.24 47.27 
 
 8.20 
 
 Do. 
 
 \ Do 
 
 ... 4.85 39.85 45.30 
 
 IO.OO 
 
 White. 
 
 Do 
 
 . .. 4.60 4250 44.55 
 
 8.35 
 
 Do. 
 
 Zimmermann's 
 
 .. 6.77 45.10 44.01 
 
 4.12 
 
 Very pale slate. 
 
 Do. bottom 
 
 . . 7.09 42.14 47.15 
 
 3.62 
 
 Pale brown. 
 
 Zoll's, top 
 
 .. 5.39 45.89 45.56 
 
 4.16 
 
 Pale gray. 
 
 : Do. bottom 
 
 .. 6.32 45.38 44.98 
 
 3-3 2 
 
 Do. 
 
 Grove's 
 
 .. 7.80 34.90 51.20 
 
 6. 10 
 
 Reddish slate. 
 
 
 .. 7.29 42.27 46.95 
 
 3-49 
 
 Slate. 
 
 Goudy's 
 
 .. 5.60 44.95 44.45 
 
 5.00 
 
 Pale brown. 
 
 ^Mineral charcoal 
 
 ... 1.59 15.63 71.28 
 
 11.50 
 
 Reddish slate. 
 
 
 LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 
 
 Link's, top 
 
 ... 8.17 32.58 46.50 
 
 12.75 
 
 Light gray. 
 
 Do. next top 
 
 .. 7-85 3 2 -75 46.25 
 
 12.65 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. middle 
 
 ... 8.40 35.22 46.33 
 
 10.05 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. below middle 
 
 ... 8.25 34.55 47-50 
 
 9.70 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. bottom 
 
 ... 7-9 33-9 49- 
 
 9.20 
 
 Light brown. 
 
 * From the Lexington coal-bed. 
 $ Warrensburgh coals. 
 
 t Near Knob Noster. 
 
 From Zoll's bank, Warrensburgh. 
 
36 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 
 NAME OF COAL. Water. Volatile. Carbon Ash- COLOR OF ASH. 
 
 Baker's 8.50 39.50 46.45 5.55 White. 
 
 Meadows' s, top 6.30 39-20 44.30 10.20 Light brown. 
 
 Do. bottom 6.75 36.80 42.00 14.45 1^- 
 
 Upson's 1.15 41.25 49.60 S.oo Very pale brown. 
 
 Hine's 6.75 36.40 45-75 n.io Light red-brown. 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY. 
 
 Jas. Goodson's 2.97 36.36 47.83 12.84 Light brown, [specks. 
 
 Jos. Meddlin's 2.07 29.94 47.03 20.96 Dark brown, white 
 
 "Little Compton " 4.37 44.58 47.21 3.84 Reddish brown. 
 
 SALINE COUNTY. 
 
 L. Bohn 6.02 40.33 42.09 11.56 Pink. 
 
 Haynie [Miami] 2.58 31.22 35. 18 31.02 Deep red. [specks. 
 
 "Cannel"* 3.53 48.30 42.39 5.78 White, with brown 
 
 PITTSBURGH (PA.). (Sr. Louis GAS-WORKS.) 
 
 Average sample 1.31 36.61 54. 17 7.91 Faint gray. 
 
 BIG MUDDY COAL (!LL.). 
 
 Sample No. i 5.86 33.08 57.48 3.58 
 
 Do. 2 5.88 32.81 57.66 3.65 
 
 CHARITON COUNTY. 
 
 Linn's 5.82 38.01 54.53 1.64 Salmon. 
 
 ANDREW COUNTY. 
 
 Niagara Creek 8.94 34-75 45-38 10.93 Red brown. 
 
 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 
 
 Graham's 5. 38 42. 27 44. 98 7. 37 Pale brown. 
 
 NODAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 J. C. Smith's 3.53 42.72 40.71 13.04 Very light brown. 
 
 CASS COUNTY. 
 
 George's 7.80 33.20 55.75 3.25 Rich brown. 
 
 MACON COUNTY. 
 
 "Bevier" 12.05 4-75 43-5 3-7 Pinkish gray. 
 
 CALLAWAY COUNTY. 
 
 FultonCoalCo 7.43 38.90 45.85 7.82 Pink. 
 
 Nesbitt's 5.00 33-95 40.73 20.32 Dark purple slate. 
 
 NEBRASKA (STATE), NEAR NEMAHA. 
 
 Omaha Coal Mining Co 4.93 38. 17 49.44 7.46 Red brown. 
 
 SULPHUR AND IRON COALS. 
 
 Sulphur required Q - fi 
 
 NAME OF COAL. IRON. SULPHUR. by iron to form P~ 
 
 Fe Sz. 
 
 Smith's, Ray Co 0.84 2.41 0.96 .249 
 
 Godfrey's, Ray Co 2.83 4-*79 3- 2 3 .293 
 
 Newport's, Pettis Co 3.99 4.406 4.56 .347 
 
 Zoll's, Johnson Co 1.05 2.916 1.20 .243 
 
 Pacific Mines, Johnson Co 0.49 0.759 -5^ -35 
 
 Link, Lincoln Co 0.70 2.036 0.80 .255 
 
 * Locality not known. Used at St. Louis Gas-works. 
 
ANALYSES OF COAL. 
 
 37 
 
 NAME OF COAL. IRON. SULPHUR. 
 
 Hines, Lincoln Co 5.21 2.230 
 
 Meadows, Lincoln Co 4.44 4.910 
 
 Baker, Lincoln Co none 2.632 
 
 Pittsburgh (St. Louis Gas-works) 0.56 0.770 
 
 Howells, Ray Co 2. 702 
 
 Oberhultz, Ray Co \ ,\\ 4.609 
 
 Hughes, Ray Co 4. 1 70 
 
 Mrs. Wingfield's, Johnson Co 4-504 
 
 Westlake's, Pettis Co 2.670 
 
 Sulphur required 
 by iron to form 
 Fe Sz. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity. 
 
 5-95 
 
 .... 
 
 5-07 
 
 .... 
 
 none 
 
 I.I65 
 
 0.64 
 
 
 .... 
 
 1-257 
 
 .... 
 
 1.277 
 
 .... 
 
 1.328 
 
 
 
 1.252 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Smith's, Ray Co. . . ., 
 Ho well's, Ray Co. . . , 
 Oberhultz, Ray Co. . 
 Hughes, Ray Co.. . . . 
 Godfrey, Ray Co . . . . 
 Newport, Pettis Co. . 
 Wqstlake, Pettis Co. . 
 Groves, Johnson Co. . 
 Goudy' s, Johnson Co . 
 ZolFs, Johnson Co. . . 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 
 
 S P . Gr. 
 .249 
 257 
 -277 
 -328 
 293 
 347 
 319 
 .312 
 .228 
 243 
 
 OF A FEW COALS. 
 
 NAME. Sp. Gr. 
 
 Zimmermann's, Johnson Co 1.225 
 
 Mrs. Wingfield's, Johnson Co 1.252 
 
 Sylv. Orr's, Johnson Co J-377 
 
 Bruce' s, Johnson Co 1.271 
 
 Tapscott's, Johnson Co I -5 2 9 
 
 Pacific Mines, Johnson Co i. 350 
 
 George's, Cass Co 1.261 
 
 Link, Lincoln Co J -255 
 
 Baker, Lincoln Co 1. 165 
 
 Mineral charcoal 1.803 
 
 ULTIMATE ANALYSES OF COAL. 
 
 NAME OF COAL. 
 
 Fixed Carbon. 1 
 
 .11 
 
 'c rt 
 
 
 <J 
 
 Total Carbon. 
 
 a 
 
 I 1 
 
 C i 
 "" e 
 
 cS 
 
 & 
 
 3j,>3 
 
 J 2 
 I 
 
 "rt c 
 ,ff 
 
 2 
 
 Water. 
 
 4 
 
 Deficiency. 
 
 Pacific Mines, Johnson Co. 
 Mrs. Wingfield's, 
 Tapscott's shale, known 
 as " cannel " . 
 
 47-22 
 46.38 
 
 33-05 
 45.56 
 
 44.01 
 
 46.95 
 51 .20 
 
 55-75 
 51.73 
 
 54-17 
 42.39 
 
 23.11 
 
 25.98 
 
 24.96 
 
 28.72 
 
 3- 75 
 29.56 
 17.32 
 10.50 
 17-50 
 
 23-45 
 35-27 
 
 70-33 
 72.34 
 
 58.01 
 74.28 
 
 74.76 
 76.51 
 68.52 
 66.25 
 69-23 
 
 77.62 
 
 77-66 
 
 0.47 
 0.81 
 
 0.37 
 0.60 
 
 o.75 
 0.81 
 0.86 
 0.86 
 0.50 
 
 0.14 
 0-39 
 
 4.66 
 4.81 
 
 4-99 
 5-47 
 
 5.58 
 4.80 
 4.81 
 4-35 
 4-99 
 
 5-3 1 
 6.00 
 
 5- T 3 
 5.62 
 
 5.36 
 6.07 
 
 6.33 
 
 1% 
 
 5-21 
 
 5-49 
 5-45 
 
 6-39 
 
 1-45 
 
 1.56 
 1.72 
 
 I-5 1 
 
 1.84 
 
 4.28 
 7-31 
 
 3-30 
 5-39 
 
 6.77 
 7.29 
 7.80 
 7.80 
 4-47 
 
 i.3i 
 
 3-53 
 
 8.20 
 
 4-45 
 26.80 
 4.16 
 
 4.12 
 
 3-49 
 6.10 
 
 3-25 
 4.61 
 
 7.91 
 
 5-78 
 
 II.08 
 11.09 
 
 6.90 
 10.70 
 
 8-77 
 6-35 
 11.05 
 
 18.35 
 15-19 
 
 6.01 
 
 7-03 
 
 Zoll's, Johnson Co., (War- 
 rensburgh) 
 
 Zimmermann's, Johnson 
 Co . . 
 
 Gillem's, Johnson Co. ... 
 Grove's, " .... 
 George's, Cass Co 
 
 Westlake's, Pettis Co 
 Pittsburgh, used at St. 
 Louis Gas-works 
 
 Saline Co. " Cannel," 
 used at St. Louis Gas- 
 works 
 
 
 HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE, LINCOLN COUNTY, OVER MEADOWS'S COAL. 
 
 Silica 2 1. 35 
 
 Peroxide of iron'. I - 79 
 
 Lime 42. 16 
 
 Magnesia -66 
 
 Carbonic acid. . 34- X 4 
 
 100. 10 
 
38 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 CLAYS FROM LINCOLN COUNTY. 
 
 Under Coal in 
 
 Baker's Shaft. Morris's Shaft. Colbert's. 
 
 ?: 34-40 72-35 65.35 
 
 Alumina *i8.62 i8.n 23.25 
 
 Lime 15.27 1.09 0.52 
 
 Magnesia 6.25 1.48 1.27 
 
 Hygroscopic water 1.46 2. 14 
 
 Water of composition 123.09 3.05 4.83 
 
 LINCOLN COUNTY IRON-ORES. PARTIAL ANALYSES. 
 
 Morris s Morris's Morris's Morris's 
 
 Shaft, i. Shaft. 2. Shaft. 3. Shaft. 4. Humphrey's. Murphy's. 
 
 Insoluble silicious 26.98 15.42 7.74 n.66 4.10 
 
 Peroxide of iron 4.72 63.12 79-64 84-30 86.56 95-3 2 
 
 (Metallic iron) 3.30 44. 18 55-75 59- QI 60.59 66.72 
 
 A BOWLDER OF RED HEMATITE FROM T. 49, R. i, E. 
 Section 12, Lincoln County, gave 
 
 Insoluble silicious 7. 55 
 
 Peroxide of iron 91 .95 
 
 (Metallic iron) 64. 36 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.023 
 
 (Phosphorus) o.oio 
 
 CLAYS FROM PILOT KNOB. 
 
 Brown. White. 
 
 Hygroscopic water 2.90 2.20 
 
 Water of composition 7. 95 7. 30 
 
 Silica '. 57-22 63. 50 
 
 Alumina 22.89 2 4-55 
 
 Peroxide of iron 7.81 none 
 
 Lime i.io 1.60 
 
 Magnesia 0.46 0.48 
 
 i co. 33 99.63 
 
 LIMESTONE OF ST. JOSEPH BRIDGE. 
 
 Silica , 4. 25 
 
 Peroxide of iron i. oo 
 
 Lime 3 55 
 
 Magnesia 19. 09 
 
 Carbonic acid 44.61 
 
 99-5 
 Per cent, of magnesia less than in dolomite. 
 
 LIMESTONES. IRON COUNTY. 
 
 ABC Pyritiferous. 
 
 Insoluble silicious 5.11 3.85 2.06 17.88 
 
 Peroxide of iron $4-67 1.07 none 3.75 
 
 Carbonate of lime 47-5 5 2 -5o 54- 3 2 43- 5 2 
 
 Carbonate ~6f magnesia ;-.... 42.19 4 2 -56 43-8 2 34- 2 5 
 
 If the percentage of carbonate of lime in these analyses is assumed as one equivalent, 
 and the corresponding amount of carbonate of magnesia calculated according to the formulae 
 for dolomite, CaO, CO 2 , MgO, CO 2 , we have 
 
 ABC Pyritiferous. 
 
 MgO, CO 2 39.89 44.09 45.62 36.55 
 
 * With some peroxide of iron. t Total loss by strong ignition, including a little carbonic acid. 
 
 $ Iron and alumina. 
 
ANALYSES OF I RON- ORES. 
 
 39 
 
 by which it appears that A has more magnesia (in proportion to its lime) than dolomite 
 the others less. 
 
 METAMORPHIC LIMESTONE. (Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E.) 
 
 Insoluble silicious 35- 81 
 
 Peroxide of iron 5-35 
 
 Lime. 31.62 
 
 Magnesia 1. 10 
 
 Carbonic acid 25. 83 
 
 99.71 
 MANGANIFEROUS IRON-ORES. 
 
 Buford Buford Mt. A 239 A 240 Marble's 
 
 Mountain. Upper cut. Marble's. Marble's. Field. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter 8.54 J 3-42 17.66 35-96 IO -35 
 
 Peroxide of iron 68.30 85.76 49-34 58.70 14.22 
 
 Manganese (reduced to protoxide) 15.84 trace 21. 18 3.77 51-06 
 
 Lime .... .... .... 2. 75 
 
 Magnesia .... .... .... -43 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 Water 3.89 
 
 Phosphoric acid o. 102 .... .... .... 
 
 Metallic iron 47-8i 60.03 34-54 41.09 9.95 
 
 Metallic manganese 12.22 16.34 2.91 39-38 
 
 Cuthbertson's Cuthbertson's 
 
 Manganese-ore. Iron-ore. 
 
 Insoluble silicious 0.44 2.45 
 
 Peroxide of iron 3. 30 97-85 
 
 Protoxide of manganese , 68.02 trace of Mn. 
 
 Metallic manganese 52.47 
 
 "SHUT-IN" ORES. 
 
 A 27. A 29. A 29. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter i. 75 2. 10 .... 
 
 Peroxide of iron 93-9 98. 50 .... 
 
 Sulphur o. 078 .... 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.057 0.062 
 
 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY OF CHAUVENET & BLAIR, 
 
 218 Pine St., Saint Louis, April 21, 1873. 
 
 PROF. R. PUMPELLY, 
 
 Director Missouri Geological Survey : 
 
 DEAR SIR : At your suggestion I hereby submit, in a tabulated 
 form, for convenience of reference,, the analyses of iron-ores and 
 pig-irons made by me for the survey, from samples taken by Dr. 
 Adolf Schmidt. These analyses were made for the immediate use 
 of Dr. Schmidt, and are incorporated in his exhaustive report. 
 There are also a number of analyses made for private parties and 
 published by their permission. In determining the amounts of sul- 
 phur and phosphorus in the ores and pig-irons, 5 grammes of the 
 material was always used; consequently " a trace" of sulphur or 
 phosphorus means a trace in 5 grammes. 
 
 It had been my intention to devote some space to the chemical 
 
40 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON- ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 
 action of some of the iron-ores in the blast-furnace, and the nature 
 of this action especially in relation to silicon in the resulting pig- 
 metal ; but the impossibility of getting perfectly reliable data in 
 many cases, and the objections of iron-masters, in others, to make 
 public the results of their experiments, oblige me to defer it to 
 some future time. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 ANDREW A. BLAIR. 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN ORES. 
 
 Insol silicious matter 
 
 za. 
 
 4.71$ 
 
 2d. zb. 
 . . 6.76$ 
 
 zb. 27. 
 
 127. 31- 5- 
 i 88$ 
 
 128. 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 2. 34 
 
 .... 86.75 
 
 5 72 
 
 .... 96.78$ 
 
 95.15^ 95.04 
 .... 2-57 
 
 .... 
 
 Alumina 
 
 
 
 
 O 7C 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 O.4C 
 
 
 
 o i c 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 O.IQ 
 
 
 
 . O 12 
 
 
 Manganese. . . 
 
 none 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 none 
 
 none none 
 
 none 0.016 
 
 0.008 0.003 5 
 
 O OI2 
 
 Phosphoric acid. 
 
 O 2^2 
 
 o 248 0.081 
 
 o 073 o i IQ 
 
 O 112 O 125 O O7I 
 
 o 067 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.322 
 
 
 
 100.586 
 
 
 Insol. silicious matter. 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 0.47 
 
 
 
 .... ,^ 
 
 .... 4.54$ 1.57$ 
 
 o. 04 
 
 .... 
 
 Lime 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 
 O.O2 
 
 
 
 0.03 
 
 
 
 O.OI7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-55 
 
 
 
 1.65 
 
 
 Metallic iron 
 Phosphorus. . . 
 
 65.78 
 o. no 
 
 .... 65.17 
 0.108 0.035 
 
 .... 67.75$ 
 0.030 0.052 
 
 66.60$ 68.63 
 O.O49 O.O57 O.O3I 
 
 O.O2Q 
 
 20, zb. Specular ore from enclosed conglomerate mass in the backbone-vein, cut A, on 
 south side of Iron Mountain. 
 
 za deflects the compass-needle; 2b does not, yet 2b is more magnetic and contains 
 more magnetic oxide than 2a. 
 
 These two samples being practically the same, the great difference in the amounts of 
 phosphoric acid seemed unreasonable. The analyses were therefore repeated, and the results 
 were practically as before. 
 
 27. Specular ore from backbone-vein, cut II, north side of mountain. 
 
 127. Average sample of quarry-ore taken by Maj. Brooks. 
 
 31. Average sample of surface-ore from western slope. 
 
 5. Average sample of surface-ore from south-east slope. 
 
 128. Average sample of surface-ore taken by Maj. Brooks. 
 
 All the samples, except 127 and 128, were taken by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 NOTE. The samples Nos. 127 and 128 were collected by Maj. T. B. Brooks with great 
 care, and represent thousands of chippings, in 127 from the quarry-ore, and in 128 from 
 the loose surface-ore. After being thoroughly powdered, portions were sent by Maj. 
 Brooks to three chemists, viz. : Prof. Allen, of Yale College, Mr. Otto Wuth, of Pitts- 
 burgh, and Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis. As the determination of phosphorus and sul- 
 phur in perfectly average samples of this great ore-deposit, is a subject of considerable 
 technical interest, the results obtained are here given : 
 
ANALYSES OF IRON- ORES. 
 
 No. 127 Quarry -Ore. 
 
 WUTH. 
 
 Phosphorus .................. 0.016 
 
 Sulphur ......................... 
 
 ALLEN. 
 Double determination. 
 
 0.043 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 Sulphur. . . . 
 
 No. 128 Surf ace- Ore. 
 0.016 0.025 
 
 0.042 
 
 0.026 
 
 PILOT KNOB ORES. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter 
 Peroxide of iron 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 Alumina 
 
 47- 
 
 ..... 14.75$ 
 84. 33 
 o. 15 
 
 - 75 
 Lime ............................. 0.21 
 
 Magnesia ......................... 0.14 
 
 Manganese ........................ none 
 
 Sulphur ........................... traces 
 
 Phosphoric acid .................... 0.035 
 
 45- 
 
 5-57$ 
 90. 87 
 1.67 
 
 - 53 
 
 1.76 
 
 0.13 
 
 none 
 
 0.078 
 
 0.069 
 
 45 (Rep.). 
 
 36. 
 
 BLAIR. 
 
 0.049 
 O.OO8 
 
 0.029 
 O.OI2 
 
 1 6. 
 
 0.063 
 
 o.co6 
 0.092 
 
 0.079 
 
 O. 101 
 
 100.365 100.677 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. 
 Silica . 
 
 \-\ 27 
 
 C.i8 
 
 Alumina and trace of oxide of iron . . . 
 Metallic iron 
 
 1.44 
 
 Co. ic 
 
 ^j.10 
 
 0.36 
 64.01 
 
 Phosphorus . . 
 
 0.015 
 
 0.031 
 
 0.027 
 
 47.16 
 
 0.041 
 
 50. 46. 4?- 4- 
 
 Peroxide of iron 87.18$ 83.28$ 77.02$ 52.18$ 
 
 Metallic iron 61.03 58.29 53-9 1 36.52 
 
 47. Soft ore from central cut (B). 45. Hard ore from central cut (B). 36. Ore from 
 lower strata eastern cut (C). 16. Average sample from upper strata eastern cut. 50. 
 Specular ore from western cut (A). 46. Hard ore from central cut (B). 48. Ore in 
 conglomerate central cut. 40. Average sample of better ore on refuse-heaps. All taken 
 by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN, ETC. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. . 
 
 20. 
 
 C.IC$ 
 
 21. 23. 
 
 6.76$ 
 
 68. 
 
 C.H. 
 
 5.62$ 
 
 L.M. 
 
 1C. 77^ 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 04.84. 
 
 88 c6 06 70^ 
 
 7Q T.Q'fo 
 
 QT.. 54 
 
 84 60 
 
 Protoxide of iron . . . . 
 
 1. 80 
 
 2 Q7 
 
 14 22 
 
 
 
 Alumina . 
 
 
 I.CC 
 
 
 
 O. T.2 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 O. 7C 
 
 
 
 o 7.8 
 
 Magnesia . 
 
 
 O.O4 
 
 
 
 0. 1C 
 
 Manganese . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 Copper 
 
 
 minute trace 
 
 none 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 none 
 
 none none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 O.O2I 
 
 Phosphoric acid . 
 
 o 025 
 
 O.OTO O.O7.2 
 
 O.O7.8 
 
 0.090 
 
 o.o6c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.269 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.866 
 
 Insol. silicious matter. 
 Silica 
 
 Peroxide of iron . . 
 
 4.05$ 
 
 5.98$ 
 
 
 
 
 
 14.45$ 
 none 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. CI 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 O 12 .... 
 
 
 
 J * 
 0.06 
 
 Manesia . 
 
 
 o 05 
 
 
 
 0.04 
 
 
 
 
 668 
 
 
 
 15.06 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 66.52 
 
 64.31 67.69 
 
 66.63 
 
 6 5-47 
 
 59.22 
 
 Phosphorus. . 
 
 O.OII 
 
 0.017 0.014 
 
 0.017 
 
 0.039 
 
 0.027 
 
42 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 
 20. Average sample upper part of central vein (B). 
 
 21. " lower " " " 
 23. Soft ore from " " " " 
 68. Ore from eastern vein. 
 
 The above all taken by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 C. H. Sample of Cedar Hill ore taken by Prof. Pumpelly, and representing average of 
 vein. 
 
 L.M. Sample of Lewis Mountain ore taken by Prof. Wm. B. Potter, and analyzed for 
 Pilot Knob Company, by whose permission it is published. 
 
 SPECULAR AND RED HEMATITE ORES. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. . 1 1. 19^ 
 
 Peroxide of iron 85.95 
 
 Protoxide of iron o. 77 
 
 Alumina -97 
 
 Lime o. 12 
 
 Magnesia 0.07 
 
 Manganese none 
 
 Carbonic acid 0.48 
 
 Water 0.46 
 
 Sulphur 0.126 
 
 Phosphoric acid o. 1 16 
 
 100.252 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. 
 
 Silica 9-78$ 
 
 Alumina 1.33 
 
 Lime none 
 
 Magnesia o. 12 
 
 11.23 
 
 Metallic iron 60.76 
 
 Phosphorus 0.05 1 
 
 76-45 
 
 27.40 
 4. ii 
 
 87.92 
 
 97-23 
 
 98.96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 01 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 29.51 
 
 
 
 
 6s 
 
 2-4.S 
 
 O.O^ 
 
 O 47 
 
 
 0.052 
 0.478 
 
 0.044 
 0.098 
 
 none 
 0.089 
 
 none 
 0.092 
 
 trace 
 0.062 
 
 6.' 
 
 0.27$ 11-32."' 
 
 53-51 
 0.208 
 
 22.38 
 0.043 
 
 61.54 
 0.039 
 
 68.08 
 0.040 
 
 69.27 
 0.027 
 
 i. Purple paint-ore from Meramec mine. 2. Ochrey ore from do. 3. Red ore and 
 yellow rock, with spathic ore, from do. 4. Hard, silicious specular ore from do. 5. 
 Average sample best specular ore from do. 
 
 i, 2, 3, 4, and 5, taken by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 6. Blue specular ore from Orchard bank, Salem District, Dent County, analyzed for 
 Mr. O. A. Zane, and published by permission. Now worked by Salem Iron Company. 
 
 SPECULAR AND RED HEMATITE ORES, 
 
 Silica 
 
 7 a. 
 
 o 6o r 
 
 7*. 
 
 o 68^ 
 
 8. 
 8.70^ 
 
 9- 
 
 10. 
 
 ii. 
 
 Peroxide of iron . . 
 
 , Q7 Q4. 
 
 Q7 08 
 
 88.37 
 
 81 51^ 
 
 90. 03^0 
 
 78. 38$ 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 trace 
 
 O. T.I 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 1. 17 
 
 I.5O 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.O2 
 
 0.08) 
 
 ^.OQ 
 
 
 
 
 Combined water 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 O.I9 
 
 none 
 
 0.23 y 
 
 O.2I 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur . . , 
 
 , none 
 
 none 
 
 trace 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid , 
 
 . 0.068 
 
 0.070 
 
 O 2O7 
 
 0.070, 
 
 0.083 
 
 O. 2O? 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. , 
 
 
 
 
 17. o 
 
 f 7-? 
 
 14 I"? 
 
 Metallic iron ..... 
 
 . 68.56 
 
 68 iq 
 
 61 86 
 
 S8.4.S 
 
 6l.O2 
 
 54.86 
 
 Phosphorus. . 
 
 , O. O2Q 
 
 0.014 
 
 O.OQI 
 
 0.0^4 
 
 O.Ol6 
 
 O.oSo 
 
 7<2, 7^. Piece of ore from Iron Ridge, partly blue specular and partly red paint-ore ; 70, 
 blue specular, 7^, soft, red paint-ore. These samples were taken for a comparison of the 
 
ANALYSES OF PIG-IRONS. 
 
 43 
 
 two kinds of ore, and is particularly interesting on that account. 8. Average sample from 
 Iron Ridge mine. 
 
 The above taken by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 9. Blue specular ore from Beaver Branch. 10. Partly decomposed ore from same. u. 
 Soft paint-ore from same. These Beaver Branch ores were analyzed for Missouri Furnace 
 Company, and are published by permission. 
 
 BROWN HEMATITE ORES. 
 
 i- 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ' 
 
 Insol. silic. matter 8.66$ 7. 17$ 7.42% 8.35$ 
 
 Peroxide of iron 84.02$ 77.42$ 82.02$ 84.10$ 81.96 78.73 79.82 79.53 
 
 Water 10.98 12.49 12.80 11.60 
 
 Sulphur 0.171 0.147 0-015 0.084 none none 0.009 trace none 
 
 Phosphoric acid. ... 0.861 0.076 0.091 0.084 0.077 
 
 Manganese none 
 
 Silica 3.08 8.05 5.13 3.59 
 
 Metallic iron 58.81 54.19 57.41 58.87 57.37 55.11 55.87 55.67 
 
 Phosphorus 0.376 0.034 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.058 0.081 0.061 0.071 
 
 10. ii. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 
 
 Insol. silic. matter. . 4.88$ 3.60$ 6.97$ 4.34$ 9.41$ 39.22$ 7.08$ 
 
 Peroxide of iron 82.27 85.09 80.98 78.38 80.35 49-12 75.42 
 
 Water 8.87 
 
 Sulphur trace trace none none trace o.ooi 0.035 
 
 Phosphoric acid 2.891 0.249 0.206 0.859 
 
 Metallic iron 57.59 59.55 56.68 54.86 56.24 34.38 52.79 
 
 Phosphorus 0.074 0.028 0.123 1.262 0.109 0.089 0.375 
 
 I. Brown and red hematite from Marmaduke bank. 2. Limonite from Sheldon bank. 
 3. Do. from White bank. 4. Do. (pipe-ore) from Elm Hollow bank. 5. Do. do. from 
 Indian Creek bank. All on the Osage River. 
 
 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, n. From Camden Co. Analyzed for Mr. H. S. Reed, and published by 
 permission. 
 
 12. From Perry Co. Analyzed for Mr. Reed, and published by permission. 
 
 13. From Perry Co., opposite Grand Tower. Analyzed for Big Muddy Iron Company, 
 and published by permission of Mr. Jas. E. Mills, Vice-Presiclent. 
 
 14. From Indian Ford, Bollinger Co. Analyzed for Mr. Win. B. Spear, and published 
 by permission. 
 
 15. From near Irondale, and used in the furnaces there and at Iron Mountain. Ana- 
 lyzed for Messrs. E. Harrison & Company, and published by permission. 
 
 1 6. Analyzed for Wm. E. Romer, Esq., of Grand Tower, and published by permission. 
 I, 2, 3, 4, and 5 samples were taken by Dr. Schmidt. 
 
 PlG-lRONS. 
 T. 2. 3. 4- 5- 6 - 7- 9- 
 
 Sulphur 0.024$ 0.017$ 0.005$ trace none trace 0.016$ 0.026$ 
 
 Phosphorus 0.133 0.062 0.116 0.165$ 0.098$ o. 1 1 6$ 0.136 0.196 
 
 Combined carbon 
 
 Graphitic carbon ... 3. 293 
 
 Silicon 3.230 2.624 1.329 0.942 1.389 1.354 0.630 1.347 4.850 
 
 10. ii. 12. 13. 14. IS- l6 - J 7. l8 - i 
 
 Sulphur. none 0.045$ 0.006$ o. 103$ o. 134$ o. 141$ 0.061$ none 
 
 Phosphorus 0.168$ 0.147 O- J S3 0.097 0.141 0.107 0.141 o. 116$ 
 
 Combined carbon 0.810 ) 0.625 0.850 
 
 Graphitic carbon 3.000 j" 4 ' 2.775 2.500 
 
 Silicon 1.517 3.840 3.325 3.425 5.898 3.443 2.847 2 - 2 34 2.770 
 
 i. Made in the fall of 1872, at Vulcan Iron Works, from Iron Mt. ore alone; i Big 
 Muddy coal, | Connelsville coke. 2. Made at Pilot Knob Iron Co.'s furnace, from f Pilot 
 Knob and Shepherd Mt. ores, charcoal and hot blast. 3. Made at Scotia Iron Works, 
 from Scotia ores, charcoal, and hot blast. 4. Made at Meramec, from Meramec ores, 
 
44 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-&RES, AND PIG-IRONS. 
 
 \ half hard and soft, charcoal and cold blast. 5. Made at Iron Mountain, from Iron Mt. 
 ores, with 8;c of limonite. 6. Irondale, hot blast. 7. Irondale, cold blast ; both charcoal, 
 and same ores as 5. 8. Made at Moselle, from Iron Ridge and St. James ores, with 8$ 
 Moselle limonite, charcoal and hot blast. 9. Made at Pilot Knob Iron Co.'s Works, from 
 all Pilot Knob ore, charcoal and hot blast. 10. Made at same, Shepherd Mt. and Pilot 
 Knob, charcoal and hot blast, n, 12, and 13. Made at Big Muddy Iron Co.'s furnace, at 
 Grand Tower, n and 13 from Pilot Knob ore, Iron Ridge and St. James red hema- 
 tites, using Connelsville coke, f Big Muddy coal. 12. Same, except that the Illinois Patent 
 Coke Co.'s coke was substituted (using a larger proportion) for the Connelsville coke. 
 
 These analyses were made for Big Muddy Iron Co. and published by permission of James 
 E. Mills, Esq , Vice-President. 
 
 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. Made at South St. Louis Iron Co.'s furnaces. Analyzed for 
 them, and published by permission of Mr. H. S. Reed, President. 14. Glazed pig, made 
 from all Pilot Knob ore. 15 and 16. No. I and 2 Foundry, from all Iron Mt. ore, made 
 in summer of 1872. 17. Made from Iron Mt. with some Iron Ridge soft, red hematite. 
 18. Made from all Iron Mt. ore, spring of 1873. All with Connelsville coke and Big 
 Muddy coal. 
 
 i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were samples taken by Dr. Schmidt or sent to him for the use 
 of the survey. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH.D, 
 
 A. General Distribution. 
 
 MISSOURI is one of the richest States in iron-ores on the North 
 American continent. These ores are, however, very unequally dis- 
 tributed over the State. 
 
 Very little iron-ore is found in the whole northern part of the 
 State north of the fiftieth township-line, and in a range of counties 
 on the western border. These districts are covered by the coal- 
 measures, which, although containing clay-ores and carbonates of 
 iron, do not contain them in. such quantities and in such positions 
 as to make them workable. According to Mr. G. C. Broadhead's 
 statements, these ores in the coal-measures of Missouri occur either 
 as single nodules, or as thin beds, varying from one to twenty 
 inches in thickness, imbedded in the carboniferous clays and slates. 
 They lie, generally, deep below the surface, from 20 to 60 feet, and 
 not close enough to the coal-beds to be mined conjointly with the 
 latter. These ores are, besides, not very rich in themselves. 
 
 The only point where the region of workable iron-ore reaches, 
 north of the Missouri River, is in Callaway County, where red, earthy 
 hematite occurs as a stratum in the ferruginous sandstone of the 
 subcarboniferous system. 
 
 South of the Missouri River there are, between this river and the 
 fortieth township-line, valuable deposits, mostly of limonite, in 
 Franklin, Osage, Morgan, and Benton Counties. This kind of ore 
 also occurs nearly over the whole central and southern part of the 
 State. In the southern part the counties of Stoddard, Bellinger, 
 Wayne, Ozark, Douglas, Christian, and Greene, contain considerable 
 deposits of it. 
 
 But by far the richest portion of the State in iron-ores is that 
 between the 3Oth and 4Oth township-lines. Within this zone, iron- 
 
46 IROA T -ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ores abound in the greater part of the counties situated between 
 the Mississippi in the east and the Upper Osage River in the west. 
 Limonite banks are scattered over the whole of this vast region, 
 being, however, somewhat concentrated in three districts. The 
 most eastern of these is composed of Bollinger, Wayne, and the 
 southern part of Madison Counties ; the second but smaller con- 
 centration is in the south-eastern part of Franklin County ; while 
 the third and most important one of this ore is found on the Middle 
 Osage River, between Warsaw and Tuscumbia, in Benton, Morgan, 
 Camden, and Miller Counties. This latter district extends also to 
 the Upper Osage, above Warsaw, into St. Clair and Henry Coun- 
 ties. But while the limonites are deposited on the Second and Third 
 Magnesian Limestones in the rest of the State, they here lie on the 
 subcarboniferous limestone. The Upper Osage district also contains 
 good deposits of subcarboniferous red hematites y occurring here 
 in the same way as in Callaway County. 
 
 The specular ores are much more concentrated in certain parts of 
 the State than either the limonites or the carboniferous hematites, 
 and also occur in much larger masses. There are two important 
 specular-ore districts, different by their geographical positions, dif- 
 ferent entirely by the mode of occurrence and the geological posi- 
 tion of their ores, but quite similar, on the other hand, in the 
 mineralogical character and the chemical composition of these 
 ores. The one of these districts is the Iron Mountain dis- 
 trict in the east, extending only over a small area, in southern 
 St. Fran9ois and northern Iron Counties, but containing two 
 enormous deposits, besides numerous smaller ones. The ore is 
 here in veins, beds, and other less regular forms in the porphyry. 
 The second specular-ore district lies more toward the centre of the 
 State, yet mainly in its eastern half. Its principal deposits, as far as 
 known at present, are concentrated in three counties, Crawford, 
 Phelps, and Dent. The occurrence of the specular ores, however, 
 extends somewhat, into the surrounding counties of Washington, 
 Franklin, Maries, Miller, Camden, Pulaski, and Shannon. The spe- 
 cular ore in this central ore-region is always more or less distinctly 
 connected with the Lower Silurian Sandstones, especially with the 
 so-called Second Sandstone. Many of these deposits are disturbed 
 and broken, and altered in regard to their position and contents. 
 
 From all that has been said, we may infer that, according to our 
 
IRON- ORES. 
 
 47 
 
 present knowledge, there are three principal and important iron- 
 regions in Missouri, namely : 
 
 1. The eastern region, composed of the south-eastern limonite 
 district and the Iron Mountain specular-ore district. This region 
 has its natural outlet, at present, over the Iron Mountain Railroad. 
 
 2. The central region, containing principally specular ores, and 
 having its commercial outlet over the St. Louis, Salem & Little 
 Rock and the Atlantic & Pacific Railroads. 
 
 3. The western or Osage region, with its limonites and red he- 
 matites. This region will have to establish an iron industry of its 
 own, because it is too remote from the present ore-markets. Its 
 present connection with these markets is down the Osage River to 
 Osage City, and from there either over the Missouri Pacific Railroad 
 or down the Missouri River. A railroad from Jefferson City, 
 through Cole, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Henry, St. Clair, Bates, 
 and Vernon Counties to Fort Scott, which would touch the Upper 
 Osage districts, is partly in construction, partly under consider- 
 ation. 
 
 These three principal regions, combined, form a broad ore-belt, 
 running across the State from the Mississippi to the Osage, in a 
 direction about parallel to the course of the Missouri River, from 
 south-east to north-west, between the thirtieth and fortieth town- 
 ship-lines. The specular ores occupy the middle portion of this belt, 
 the limonites both ends of it. The latter are, besides, spread over 
 the whole southern half of the State, while the subcarboniferous he- 
 matites occur only along the southern border of the North Missouri 
 coal-field, having thus an independent distribution, and being prin- 
 cipally represented in Callaway, St. Clair, and Henry Counties. 
 
 To make this distribution of ores more apparent and clear, I 
 have added to this report the accompanying " Preliminary Map, 
 showing the Distribution of Iron Ores in Missouri." Atlas, Plate IV. 
 
 This map contains about 280 deposits. Its title indicates that it 
 does not pretend to be complete. It represents only a first effort 
 toward a more complete map, and contains the results of informa- 
 tion obtained during the summer of 1872. Such a map can, in fact, 
 hardly ever be entirely complete, because new ore-banks are con- 
 tinually being discovered and opened. 
 
 Neither does this map pretend to show the exact relative char- 
 acter and size of the single ore-banks. It is only intended to show, 
 
48 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI 
 
 in a generally correct and clear manner, the general distribution of 
 the ores. For this purpose it was necessary, however, to mark 
 every single deposit that has come to my knowledge, and to indi- 
 cate those deposits which, according to their present appearance, 
 seem to be more extensive than others, by larger sizes. This led 
 to the adoption of five sizes, with a respective estimate of yield of 
 smeltable ore. 
 
 Below 20,000 tons, for size, I. 
 
 20,000 to 100,000, " 2. 
 
 100,000 to 500,000, " 3. 
 
 500,000 to 2, 000,000, " 4. 
 
 Above 2,000,000, " 5. 
 
 To distinguish the different kinds of ores, I use three colors, 
 
 thus : 
 
 Red, for red hematite. 
 
 Blue, for specular ore. 
 Brown, for limonite. 
 
 As regards the character of the deposits, those which, like veins 
 and beds, are generally supposed to be more or less continuous, are 
 marked by squares. All the other deposits, which are supposed to 
 be either decidedly limited or very irregular, are marked in a cir- 
 cular form. 
 
 Another distinction made on the map is that between undisturbed, 
 disturbed, and drifted deposits. This distinction was unavoidable, 
 on account of the very frequent occurrence of disturbed deposits, 
 especially in the central ore-region. 
 
 In the following chapters of this report the ores and deposits will 
 be described under the following geographical arrangement : 
 Eastern Ore-Region. 
 
 ORE-DISTRICT ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN DISTRICT. 
 
 SOUTH-EASTERN LIMONITE DISTRICT. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY DISTRICT. 
 
 SCOTIA DISTRICT. 
 
 Central Ore-Region. 
 
 STEELVILLE DISTRICT. 
 
 ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC AND ITS TRIBU- 
 TARIES. 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT. 49 
 
 SALEM DISTRICT. 
 
 IRON RIDGE DISTRICT. 
 
 ST. JAMES DISTRICT. 
 
 ROLLA DISTRICT. 
 
 MIDDLE GASCONADE DISTRICT. 
 
 LOWER GASCONADE DISTRICT. 
 
 CALLAWAY COUNTY DISTRICT. 
 
 Western Ore-Region. 
 
 LOWER OSAGE DISTRICT. 
 MIDDLE OSAGE DISTRICT. 
 UPPER OSAGE DISTRICT. 
 
 South-western Ore-Region. 
 
 WHITE RIVER DISTRICT. 
 OZARK COUNTY DISTRICT. 
 4 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH.D. 
 B. Description of Ores. General Description. 
 
 IT may be inferred, from the contents of the preceding chapter, 
 that there are principally two species of iron-ores in Missouri, 
 hematite and limonite. These can be easily distinguished from 
 each other by their exterior appearance, the hematite being either 
 grayish black, with a slight bluish or reddish tint, or red in various 
 shades ; while the limonite is always brown or yellow. But the 
 best and least deceptive distinction is made by the streak of these 
 ores that is, by the mark they produce when rubbed against a 
 rough, white porcelain-plate. The streak is invariably red with the 
 hematite, and yellowish brown to yellow with limonite. If the 
 ores are not too hard, the color of the streak can also be discovered, 
 though less plainly, by scratching the ores with a knife. The 
 hematite occurs in two very different and distinct varieties, the 
 specular ore and the red hematite. 
 
 Specular Ore is bluish-black to steel-gray, with a more or less 
 metallic lustre, and a more or less crystalline structure. Its mine- 
 ralogical hardness is about 6, which is also about the hardness of 
 hardened cutlery-steel. Thus an ordinary pocket-knife will not 
 scratch the hardest specular ores ; but it will scratch the softer 
 kinds, though not without some effort, there being no great differ- 
 ence in their respective hardness. The streak of pure specular ore 
 is cherry-red to dark-red, with a purple tint. Its magnetic quali- 
 ties vary considerably in the same kinds of ore and in the same 
 localities. Most specular ores are, however, slightly magnetic. 
 
 This description refers to specular ore in its pure and natural con- 
 dition, being then composed chemically of nearly pure peroxide of 
 iron, containing about 70 per cent, of metallic iron. But this ore is 
 
LIMONITE. 5! 
 
 sometimes found mixed with foreign substances, as quartz, sand, 
 flint, porphyry, clay, pyrites, apatite, etc., which generally change 
 somewhat its qualities and diminish its value. Specular ore also 
 frequently undergoes physical and chemical changes by a gradual 
 alteration under the influence of air, water, or mineral solutions. 
 These alterations, which will be spoken of more fully hereafter, some- 
 times change the character of the ore completely. We find the spec- 
 ular ore to pass, under certain conditions, into compact red hematite, 
 and into soft red hematite, by other influences into limonite, by 
 others into carbonates. These various ores, as far as they are 
 merely the products of such gradual alterations, will be described 
 together with the specular ores from which they are derived. It is 
 a very remarkable fact, that all the Missouri specular ores, with but 
 a few exceptions, have pretty nearly the same mineralogical and 
 chemical character, whether they occur in the porphyry or in the 
 Silurian sandstone. 
 
 Red Hematite, when not produced by transformation of specular 
 ore, but occurring as an original mineral in the subcarboniferous 
 strata of Missouri, has a dark-red color, either with a yellowish or 
 more frequently with a bluish tint. The fracture is uneven and 
 dull in the earthy, somewhat conchoidal with a slight lustre in the 
 compact, varieties. The structure is never crystalline, but either 
 earthy and more or less porous, or compact and fine grained, or 
 coarse grained to oolitic. The hardness is less than that of most 
 specular ores. It varies from 5 to 6, but rarely reaches the latter 
 figure. The streak is cherry-red to yellowish red. This ore is 
 unmagnetic. 
 
 Red hematite, when exposed to atmospheric influence, seems to 
 become more porous, and is altered gradually into brown and 
 yellow limonite. These subcarboniferous hematites consist of a 
 somewhat clayish peroxide of iron, and contain from 50 to 60 per 
 cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 Limonite, also known as " brown hematite," has a dark, grayish- 
 brown color. Nearly all the limonite occurring in Missouri is dull, 
 and sometimes earthy in the fracture, amorphous. It occurs partly 
 in porous masses, the irregular pores and cavities being filled with 
 yellow ochre, partly in botryoidal and stalactitic forms. The 
 hardness of compact limonite is about 6, and pretty uniform. The 
 streak is yellowish brown. Limonite is unmagnetic. It is chemi- 
 
52 IR ON- ORES OF MIS SO URL 
 
 cally composed of peroxide of iron, and water in varying quantity, 
 and con-tains from 45 up to 60 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 It is sometimes clayish, and in several localities mixed with 
 broken chert. It is invariably accompanied by soft, yellow ochre, 
 distributed in small cavities throughout its mass, but also occurring 
 in larger accumulations occasionally. 
 
 Limonite does not seem to undergo any material changes by 
 exposure. 
 
 SPECIAL DESCRIPTION OF MISSOURI IRON-ORES. 
 
 a. SPECULAR ORES. 
 I. Specular Ores in Porphyry. 
 
 Iron Mountain Ore. The iron-ore of the Iron Mountain corre- 
 sponds in its mineralogical qualities to the general characterization 
 of Missouri specular ore as given above, and may be considered as 
 a type. It is very uniform in its character in the various parts of 
 the vein. Also the surface-ore has the same appearance and 
 qualities, with 'the only exception that it is in the great average a 
 little softer, its hardness being generally slightly below 6, while 
 that of the vein-ore is slightly above 6. The color of both is 
 steel-gray, with a slight tint of blue. Their streak is dark red to 
 purple. Both have an uneven fracture, a nearly metallic lustre 
 on fresh-broken faces, a subcrystalline to massy structure. The 
 structure is occasionally inclined to become lamellar. In this case 
 the ore is brittle, and breaks in long flat splinters with very thin 
 and sharp edges. The surface of fracture of such pieces is very 
 bright, and shows indications of a coarse crystallization, the single 
 indistinct crystals being flattened and drawn in length in the direc- 
 tion of the long axis of the splinter. Many of these splinters are 
 strongly magnetic, some less so. The former show a distinct po- 
 larity. The magnetic axis, however, never coincides with or ever 
 lays parallel to any one of the three main axes of the splinter, but 
 it is always in an inclined position to all of them. Marks of dis- 
 tinct crystallization are very rare in the Iron Mountain ore. Wher- 
 ever distinct crystals occur in holes or fissures, they are mostly 
 small and micaceous. These small micaceous crystals are some- 
 times also distributed throughout the mass of the softer ore, filling 
 
IRON MOUNTAIN ORE. 
 
 53 
 
 the very finest pores. This is more frequently the case in the sur- 
 face- than in the vein-ore. 
 
 All Iron Mountain ore is magnetic. I have not been able to dis- 
 cover a single piece entirely free from magnetism. Some of it, 
 besides the special variety above mentioned, is strongly magnetic 
 with distinct polarity, the north pole of a compass-needle being 
 attracted by one side and repulsed by the other side of the same 
 piece, producing very strong declinations. The greater part of the 
 Iron Mountain ore acts, however, but slightly on the needle, but 
 shows, nevertheless, frequently distinct polarity. Some of it does 
 not seem to act at all on an ordinary compass-needle. But when 
 reduced to a fine powder, some parts of it are invariably attracted 
 by a magnet of ordinary power, while other parts, although equally 
 fine, are not attracted. This remark, which is correct even for the 
 impure ores from the small veins of but one to two inches' thick- 
 ness, as they occur in the so-called " bluff," proves the universal 
 distribution of magnetism in the Iron Mountain ore, and besides 
 indicates that this magnetism is a quality inherent in certain small 
 particles only, while others are free from it. This is one step, un- 
 fortunately but a small one, toward the explanation of the ine- 
 quality existing between the magnetic strength of one piece of ore 
 and that of another. This inequality exists to such an extent that 
 sometimes a piece of ore, whose largest dimension does not exceed 
 one inch, is found to be in part strongly magnetic, in part very 
 weak, as may be seen when the piece is broken and the single frag- 
 ments tested. This inequality seems to be independent of the 
 location, and shows itself in the same manner and degree in the 
 large vein, in the smaller veins, and in the surface-ore. Pieces in- 
 clined toward a crystalline structure are more generally strongly 
 magnetic than others, also those containing secretions of mica- 
 ceous crystals. Small differences in the chemical composition do 
 not seem to influence the magnetism. The latter seems espe- 
 cially not to be dependent on small variations in the amount of 
 protoxide the ore contains. 
 
 We see from the following analyses that the sample No. 3, al- 
 though strongly magnetic, contains only 2.34 per cent, of protoxide, 
 while the sample No. 4, which is very little magnetic, contains 5.72 
 per cent, of it. The magnetism of these samples was tested by 
 approaching the single pieces to the north pole of a compass-needle. 
 
54 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Afterward, however, some of them were reduced to a powder, and 
 were tested by approaching a magnet to the powder. Tested in 
 this way, the powder of No. 4 seemed to be attracted more lively 
 and more copiously than that of No. 3. A repetition of these tests 
 showed the same results. 
 
 These facts would invite to a closer investigation of these matters. 
 The axis of polarity in single pieces of Iron Mountain ore is never 
 either parallel nor rectangular to the cleavage or to the surface of 
 fracture, and runs very frequently from one point near the edge to 
 another point near the centre of the piece on the opposite side. 
 No ore with active magnetism, constituting a natural magnet, and 
 attracting iron-filings, was found on the Iron Mountain. 
 
 The following analyses, made by Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis, 
 will show the chemical composition of the Iron Mountain ores : 
 
 I. 
 Insol. silicious matter 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 VEIN- 
 
 2. 
 96/78 
 
 ORE. 
 
 . 3- 
 4.71 
 91-45 
 2-34 
 
 o-93 
 0.19 
 
 0.00 
 0.00 
 
 O.2S2 
 
 4- 
 6.76 
 
 86.75 
 
 5-72 
 
 s 
 
 5- 
 
 URFACE-ORE. 
 
 6. 
 
 1.88 
 
 0-75 
 0.15 
 
 0.12 
 
 7- 
 
 95-15 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 Alumina 
 
 
 
 Lime . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manganese 
 
 
 .... O.OO 
 O.OO O.OI2 O.OO5 
 
 0.081 0.067 0.071 
 
 
 Sulphur. . . 0.008 
 
 0.016 
 
 O.IIQ 
 
 O.OO3 
 O.I2S 
 
 Phosphoric acid . . 0.112 
 
 100.322 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 Phosphorus 0.049 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime o. 149 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 67.75 65.78 
 0.052 o. no 
 
 65.16 
 0.035 
 
 3.28 
 
 0.029 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter. 
 3.99 6.16 ..... 
 
 0.13 
 
 100.586 
 
 68.53 
 0.031 
 
 66.60 
 0.057 
 
 4-54 
 
 0.47 
 0.06 
 0.03 
 
 0.04 
 
 O.O2 
 
 0.017 
 
 4.835 4.929 
 
 Specific gravity 5-149 4934 
 
 1. Average sample of the vein or quarry ore from all parts of the 
 mountain, sampled by Major T. B. Brooks, of Marquette, in May, 
 1872. 
 
 2. Average sample of ore from the eastern part of the principal 
 vein (cut D). 
 
 3 and 4. Average sample of ore from the western part of the 
 principal vein (cut A). 
 
 3. Decidedly magnetic pieces. 
 
IR ON MO UNTAIN ORE. 5 5 
 
 4- Pieces not acting on a compass-needle. 
 
 5. Average sample of the surface-ore from all parts of the moun- 
 tain, sampled by Major T. B. Brooks, of Marquette, in May, 
 1872. 
 
 6. Average sample of surface-ore from the south slope of the 
 mountain. 
 
 7. Average sample of surface-ore from the north-west slope. 
 The metallic iron in samples I and 5 was determined by Dr. 
 
 Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh, as follows : 
 
 I . Vein-ore 66.049 per cent. 
 
 5. Surface-ore 67.416 per cent. 
 
 From the above analyses we may conclude that the Iron Moun- 
 tain ore is very rich and very uniform, in general ; that the surface- 
 ore is a little richer in metallic iron, and less phosphoric than the 
 vein-ore ; that both are nearly free from sulphur ; and that the per- 
 centage of phosphorus is variable, though never running very 
 high. A comparison made between the analyses 3 and 4 on the 
 one hand, and 2 on the other hand, might indicate that the vein-ore 
 grows richer toward the west. The number of analyses is, how- 
 ever, too small to warrant the correctness of such a conclusion. 
 
 It will be noticed that the specific gravity, as given above, agrees 
 well with the results of the analyses. 
 
 The Iron Mountain ore is in the whole very pure and nearly free 
 from mechanical admixtures of foreign matter. A few minerals, 
 however, occur in it occasionally, namely, porphyry, apatite, and 
 quartz. 
 
 Admixtures of porphyry never occur in such a manner as to in- 
 jure the ore, the enclosures having so large a size that the porphyry 
 is easily separated from the ore. This is therefore more of geologi- 
 cal than of mineralogical interest. 
 
 Fine clay, probably of porphyric origin, is sometimes intimately 
 mixed with the ore in the smaller veins in the " bluff." The thicker 
 veins are entirely free from it. Apatite must have been very fre- 
 quent formerly in those parts of the veins which are in immediate 
 contact with, or at least in pretty close vicinity of, the porphyry- 
 walls, to judge from the numerous large and small holes of crystal- 
 line shape to be found in the ore in such places. These holes 
 occur generally in larger or smaller groups, in some parts of the 
 
56 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 principal vein, as well as in the " bluff" veins and in the surface- 
 ore. The crystals which originally rilled these holes were hexago- 
 nal prisms of varying sizes, from the smallest up to a length of 3 
 inches and a diameter of I inch. They generally start at the wall 
 of the vein, or at the wall of some fissure existing in the vein, and 
 reach into the ore, sometimes perpendicular to the wall, but 
 more frequently at some angle to it, and often nearly parallel to 
 each other. The prisms are distinct and sharp near the wall, 
 where they start from, but the more they reach into the ore the 
 smaller is their diameter and the less distinct and sharp their edges. 
 Many run out into a sharp point and look almost like sharply- 
 pointed pyramids, or, when rounded off, as they frequently are, 
 like needles or lances. Some, however, show indications of the 
 basis of the prism, also at that end of the crystal which lies free in 
 the ore. 
 
 All these crystallic holes are very likely impressions of crystals 
 of apatite formerly present in the ore, and some of them, though 
 fortunately but few, are yet filled with nearly fresh apatite. The 
 empty holes are generally clad out with a very thin layer of a fine 
 ferruginous clay. 
 
 The third mineral found in the Iron Mountain ore is quartz. It 
 occurs but rarely, and nearly always near the walls of the veins, 
 especially in disturbed places, or near large enclosures of broken 
 porphyries in the interior of the principal vein. This quartz is there 
 evidently the result of a process of infiltration, which has taken 
 place long after the formation of the ore. It fills small fissures or 
 irregular cavities, or the crystallic cavities above described, which 
 were left after the removal of the apatite. It is always more or less 
 distinctly crystalline, and sometimes foims drusy aggregations of 
 crystals, slightly covered with yellow hydrated peroxide of iron 
 (yellow ochre). 
 
 Pilot Knob Ore. The Pilot Knob ore differs somewhat in its 
 qualities from most -of the other specular ores in the State. Its 
 color is steel-gray to pearl-gray, with a very marked tint of sky- 
 blue. Its lustre is so faint that it can scarcely be called submetallic. 
 Its structure is crystalline to granular, with a very fine grain barely 
 to be seen with the naked eye. Its fracture is either even or sub- 
 conchoidal. It shows a plain stratification, and splits parallel to it 
 into plates ^ to 2 inches in thickness. These plates break in par- 
 
PILOT KNOB ORE. ' 57 
 
 allelopipeds with sharp edges and with surfaces that are sometimes 
 at right angles, but more frequently inclined to each other. The 
 faces parallel to the stratification are generally even, or nearly so ; 
 the others are either subconchoidal or irregular, with sharp edges 
 and corners. The general flight of two faces situated opposite each 
 other is always more or less parallel. The hardness of the Pilot 
 Knob ores is very variable, and the faces parallel to the stratifi- 
 cation are always perceptibly harder than those lying in other 
 directions. The former are mostly near 6^, the latter near 6. 
 There are, however, a few places in the Pilot Knob mine where 
 the ore is considerably softer, about 5j. The hard ore passes 
 gradually into the soft. All Pilot Knob ores are very brittle. 
 Their streak is uniformly dark red. Also the poorer ores show this 
 streak. 
 
 None of the Pilot Knob ores from the main body of the deposit, 
 neither below nor above the slate-seam, disturb an ordinary com- 
 pass-needle, with the exception of the uppermost layers of poor 
 ore, in the eastern cut, immediately below the conglomerate which 
 forms the summit of the mountain. Also, most of the fine ore 
 which is mixed with this conglomerate has polaric magnetism. 
 The greater part of it acts on the needle very strongly. This con- 
 glomerate has indications of stratification, and the magnetic axes 
 run either at a right angle or parallel to it. The ore found in loose 
 pieces in the conglomeratic detritus covering the western slope of the 
 mountain is also polaric-magnetic, some of it strongly so. Mag- 
 netic pieces of thinly-stratified, poor ore are also found loose in 
 the creek north-east of the mountain. All ores on the Pilot Knob, 
 those in the deposit as well as those in the conglomerates, are 
 slightly attracted by a magnet, when they are ground fine, and 
 those which, as above mentioned, act strongly on the needle, are 
 not attracted by the magnet with any greater power or in any 
 larger quantity than those which do not seem to act on the needle 
 at all. 
 
 The chemical composition of the Pilot Knob ores from different 
 parts of the mine is very different, as may be seen from the follow- 
 ing analyses, made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. Louis : 
 
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ORES IN THE MAIN ORE-BED BELOW ORES ABOVE THE 
 
 THE SLATE-SEAM. SLATE-SEAM. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. . 
 
 I- 2. 3. 
 
 14-75 
 
 4- 
 
 C. C7 
 
 5. 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 8. 
 
 Peroxide of iron 
 
 87.l8 87.28 8d 1T> 
 
 QO 87 
 
 67 78 77 O2 
 
 62 88 
 
 C2 l8 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 a ic 
 
 1.67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O s7 
 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 1.76 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 
 O. IT 
 
 
 
 
 Manganese 
 
 . . o OO 
 
 O OO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 078 
 
 o 006 
 
 O O7Q 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid . . 
 
 
 0.069 
 
 O. OQ2 
 
 O IOI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 100.^6^ 
 
 100.677 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic iron 
 
 . 61.07 <;8.2Q ^Q. i c 
 
 64. Q I 
 
 A7.l6 <^.QI 
 
 A A. OI 
 
 46. $2 
 
 Phosphorus. . . 
 
 o.ois 
 
 O.O3I 
 
 0.04-1 . 
 
 O.O44- 
 
 
 Insoluble Silicious JWatter. 
 
 Silica 13-27 5.18 30.10 28.16 
 
 Alumina (with a trace of per- 
 oxide of iron) 1-44 0-36 
 
 1. Average sample of ore from the main ore-bed below the slate- 
 seam, in the western cut (A). 
 
 2. Hard ore from the central portion of the main ore-bed, below 
 the slate-seam, west of the soft ore (analysis 3), in the central cut 
 (B). 
 
 3. Soft ore from the central portion of the main ore-bed, below 
 the slate-seam, in the central cut (B). 
 
 4. Hard ore from the central portion of the main ore-bed, below 
 the slate-seam, east of the soft ore (analysis 3), in the central cut 
 (B). 
 
 5. Average sample of ore from the main ore-bed, below the slate- 
 seam, in the eastern cut (C). 
 
 ' 6. Ore in conglomerate, 5 feet above the slate-seam, in the cen- 
 tral cut (B). 
 
 7. Average sample of ore from the strata above the slate-seam, 
 in the eastern cut (C). 
 
 8. Average sample of the better ore on the refuse-heaps of the 
 eastern cut (C). This ore is not smelted, nor shipped, but thrown 
 away with the rock-refuse. 
 
 We may conclude from these analyses that there is a great differ- 
 ence between the richness of the ore in the main bed below the slate- 
 seam, and that of the ore above the slate-seam, the former showing, 
 in the lower and central parts of the deposit, an average of 
 about 60 per cent, of metallic iron, while the latter contains only 
 
PILOT KNOB ORE. 59 
 
 53 per cent., or, as this latter ore is very variable in itself, we may 
 say from 45 to 55 per cent. The ore from the upper part of the 
 deposit, from the eastern cut (C), is decidedly poorer than that from 
 the central and western cuts. It contains only 47 per cent, below 
 the slate-seam, and 44 per cent, above it, and the uppermost 
 and poorest layers stand as low as 36, and some would analyze 
 considerably lower than this. The ores from the last-mentioned 
 uppermost layers, in the eastern cut, are thrown away now. But a 
 considerable part of them could undoubtedly be smelted with profit 
 in the Pilot Knob furnace. They could not be shipped, being too 
 poor to pay for both the transport and the smelting. But they 
 would give a fair profit, when smelted in place, especially when 
 mixed with some of the richer ores or with limonites, or, better, with 
 both. As the metallurgical and commercial value of ores increases 
 very rapidly with their richness, I have no doubt that a great gain 
 would result for the Pilot Knob Company, in money and in reputa- 
 tion, if the 60 per cent, ores from the lower and central part of the 
 main bed would be kept and sold separate. These could be shipped 
 to Indiana, Ohio, and Pittsburgh, and command high prices, while 
 the 50 per cent, ores could be used in Missouri and Illinois, mixed 
 with other Missouri specular ores and limonites, and while the 35 
 to 40 per cent, ores would be smelted at Pilot Knob. 
 
 We see from the above analyses that the Pilot Knob ores contain 
 very little sulphur and phosphorus. Their principal impurity is 
 silica. 
 
 This silica is either chemically combined, or, more likely, inti- 
 mately mixed with the ore in microscopic particles or grains. Mr. 
 Blair's analyses show it to vary from 5 to 13 per cent, in the richer 
 ores, and to be as high as 30 per cent, and over in the poorer 
 ores. 
 
 The upper part of the ore above the slate-seam is often inti- 
 mately mixed with porphyry. The main bed is entirely free from 
 it. Besides these two kinds of admixtures, a few minerals occur 
 occasionally in very small quantity in fissures, as the micaceous 
 oxide of iron and a yellowish-white, lamellar, crystalline, translu- 
 cent heavy-spar. These two minerals occur rarely, but generally 
 together and mixed with each other, in fissures, in the eastern por- 
 tion of the central cut (B), below the slate-seam. A mineral re- 
 sembling the last described, probably also heavy-spar, sometimes 
 
60 IRQ A'- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 forms a thin film, composed of many crystalline lamellae of a vitre- 
 ous lustre, over the even faces of separation of the ore, especially 
 over those which have a nearly vertical position in the bed. This 
 film is, in some instances, very pure and transparent ; in others it 
 is more grainy, of a reddish color, opaque, and up to one-eighth 
 inch thick. In the latter case it is not pure, but seems to be mixed 
 with loose and extremely small grains or crystals of quartz. Mr. 
 Chauvenet found the specific gravity of the sample No. 3, which is 
 soft ore from the central part of the main bed, = 4.386, and that of 
 sample No. 4, which is hard ore from the same place, = 5.019. 
 These results agree with the results of the chemical analyses, which 
 show much more silica and less iron in the soft ore than in the hard. 
 
 Shepherd Mountain Ore The ore from Shepherd Mountain, 
 in its mineralogical qualities and chemical composition, resembles 
 a little more a magnetite than any other ore in Missouri. It is, how- 
 ever, in the main a specular ore, very similar to that of the Iron 
 Mountain, as above described. Its color and streak are slightly 
 darker than those of the latter. Its hardness is considerably less, 
 being about 5^2 m the average. Its lustre is less bright. It has 
 no stronger tendency toward a crystalline structure. The crystal- 
 line faces, though equally indistinct, are rather smaller. Splendent 
 lamellae of micaceous crystals, disseminated through the mass, as 
 they occur rarely in the Iron Mountain ore, are quite general in 
 the Shepherd Mountain ore, and the ores from these two localities 
 may generally be distinguished exteriorly from each other by this 
 characteristic, as well as by the marked difference in their lustre. 
 The Shepherd Mountain ore is also much tougher and less brittle, 
 and breaks with less sharp corners and edges. 
 
 In some places in the depth of the northern vein (A), the ore gets 
 nearly black in color, finely granular, and fully black in the streak, 
 thus approaching a true magnetite. A very soft, black ore occurs in 
 irregular masses of limited extent in the upper part of the central 
 vein (B). These masses show a more distinct crystallization, and 
 sometimes aggregates of lamellar crystals of specular hematite in 
 the forms of the rhombohedric system. The glittering, small crystals 
 of micaceous ore are very numerous in some parts of these soft 
 masses, while other parts are quite dull. The ore in the small 
 southern outcrop (C) has a distinct, coarsely crystalline structure, 
 with a pretty bright metallic lustre. 
 
SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN ORE. 6 1 
 
 When inspected through a magnifying glass, the Shepherd Moun- 
 tain ore appears to be composed, on the one hand, of crystalline 
 parts, with a color and a lustre very similar to that of the Iron Moun- 
 tain ore ; on the other hand, of a dull, dark-red, ground mass sur- 
 rounding the crystalline parts. Sometimes the one prevails, some- 
 times the other. I found a specimen in which these two distinct 
 kinds of ore form alternate, undulating layers about one- eightieth 
 of an inch in thickness, giving the piece a striated appearance. 
 
 The magnetic qualities of the Shepherd Mountain ore are much 
 more pronounced than those of either the Iron Mountain or the Pilot 
 Knob ores. Here again we have to distinguish two different 
 modes of action of magnetism, which seem to be independent of 
 each other in certain respects and within certain limits ; first, the 
 magnetic influence of the ore on a compass-needle, and second, the 
 attractive influence of a magnet on small particles of ore. The 
 influence on the needle is much less dependent on the chemical 
 composition and on the structure of the ore than on its position in 
 the vein. The specimen No. I, amongst the following analyses, 
 contains 1.8 per cent, of protoxide, and is much more magnetic 
 than the No. 2, which contains 2.97 per cent. There is no decided 
 and regular difference between the magnetic strength of hard and 
 soft, of dull and bright, of fine-grained and coarse-grained ore ; 
 but all the ore in the upper part of the vein, from the outcrop to a 
 depth of 30 or 40 feet, acts strongly on the needle, while the action 
 of the ore from the lower part is much weaker, though very differ- 
 ent in different places. Besides being stronger magnetic, the upper 
 ore is also decidedly polaric, the axis of polarity being nearly par- 
 allel to the cleavage. Regarding the lower ore in -Shepherd Moun- 
 tain, it is a remarkable fact that, although acting on the needle 
 invariably, it is, with rare exceptions, entirely unpolaric, while the 
 Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob ores, although mostly weaker, are 
 nearly always polaric. A piece of this lower Shepherd Mountain 
 ore repels the north pole of a magnetic needle, and attracts its south 
 pole, and, when the piece is turned over, instead of acting in a 
 reversed manner, it allows the needle to return to its natural position, 
 and does not produce any deflection whatever. In the northern 
 vein (A) the strongly magnetic and polaric ore is more frequent, 
 and reaches deeper than in the central vein (B). There also occurs 
 some ore (analysis No. 4) which contains a large amount of pro- 
 
62 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 toxide, and has most of the mineralogical characteristics of a true 
 magnetite, especially a deep-black streak. 
 
 All Shepherd Mountain ore is strongly attracted by a magnet of 
 ordinary power, when either pulverized or ground coarsely. No 
 decided difference can be discovered in this respect between the ore 
 which strongly disturbs the needle and that which affects it but 
 little. Neither can a difference be discovered in this respect be- 
 tween the polaric and the unpolaric ore. When a polaric piece is 
 broken or grourd, the single fragments are polaric. From a strong- 
 ly polaric piece, I broke off some particles from the north pole and 
 also some from the south pole. Each of these particles had itself 
 two poles, when tried by approaching it to a compass-needle, and 
 all these particles were attracted by both poles of a magnet. The 
 position of each single particle, when attracted by the north pole, 
 was however reversed, when compared to the position of the same 
 particle when attracted by the south pole. 
 
 When the ore is finely pulverized, only a part of the powder is 
 attracted, while the rest seems to be unmagnetic. This fact shows 
 that the magnetism is inherent in certain very small particles only, 
 while others are free from it, and explains the difference between 
 the two modes of magnetic action. A piece of ore containing 
 comparatively but few though strongly magnetic particles, may 
 not disturb the needle ; nevertheless, when the ore is pulverized, 
 a magnet will exert a lively attraction on the magnetic part of the 
 powder. 
 
 Bowlders of ore are sometimes found on the Shepherd Moun- 
 tain which are strong natural magnets, possessing active magnet- 
 ism, and attracting iron-filings. A piece of iron, when rubbed 
 against such a natural magnet, becomes itself a magnet. 
 
 The chemical composition of the Shepherd Mountain ore may be 
 seen from the following analyses made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of 
 St. Louis : 
 
 I. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter .5-15 6. 76 
 
 Peroxide of iron 94. 84 88. 56 96. 70 79. 39 
 
 Protoxide of iron i.So 2.97 14.22 
 
 Alumina I -5S 
 
 Lime o. 35 
 
 Magnesia 0.04 
 
 Manganese o. oo 
 
 Copper trace in 5 grms. o oo 
 
 Sulphur o.oo o.oo o.oo o oo 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0.025 -O39 0.032 0.038 
 
 100.269 
 
SPECULAR ORES FROM IRON COUNTY. 63 
 
 Metallic iron 66.52 64.31 67.69 66.63 
 
 Phosphorus o.on 0.017 0.014 0.017 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter. 
 
 Silica 4.05 5.98 
 
 Peroxide of iron 0.07 
 
 Alumina 0.46 
 
 Lime o. 12 
 
 Magnesia 0.05 
 
 Specific gravity 4-714 .... 
 
 1. Average sample of ore from the upper part of the cen- 
 tral vein (B) ; magnetic ; streak dark red. 
 
 2. Average sample of ore from the lower part of the central 
 vein (B), about 80 feet below the outcrop ; slightly magnetic ; 
 streak dark red. 
 
 3. Soft, friable ore from the lower part of the central vein (B) ; 
 slightly magnetic; streak dark red. 
 
 4. Hard, black ore from the northern vein (A) ; strongly mag- 
 netic ; streak black. 
 
 These analyses show that the Shepherd Mountain ore is very 
 uniform in its chemical composition, very rich in iron, and almost 
 entirely free from sulphur and phosphorus. It is very nearly as 
 rich as the Iron Mountain ore, and much purer than either this or 
 the Pilot Knob ore. 
 
 It is, besides, nearly free from mechanical admixtures, small specks 
 or thin seams of a soft, white clay, probably decomposed porphyry, 
 being the only foreign matter generally found in it. The northern 
 vein (A) contains, in a few places near its outcrop, some crystalline 
 iron pyrites. This mineral, however, occurs very rarely, and does 
 not injure the general quality of the ore in the northern vein, as 
 the above analysis, No. 4, shows. The Shepherd Mountain ore is 
 perhaps the best iron-ore in Missouri. 
 
 Specular Ores from the smaller Deposits in Iron County. 
 These ores are very variable, approaching partly the Pilot Knob 
 ore, partly the Iron Mountain ore, in their general character. Mica- 
 ceous ore is of very frequent occurrence in most of these smaller 
 deposits. On Buford Hill, 2^ miles west of Iron Mountain, mica- 
 ceous oxide is found almost exclusively. It occurs in consider- 
 able irregular accumulations, mixed with quartz. The crystalline 
 lamellae have a black color, a bright lustre, and variable sizes, up 
 to one-fourth inch diameter. The ore is strongly magnetic, with 
 distinct polarity. 
 
 The ore from Cedar Hill, north-west of Pilot Knob, resembles the 
 
64 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Pilot Knob ore externally. It has a grayish color, with but little 
 lustre, and is very dense, hard, and brittle. The streak is red. This 
 ore is distinguished by the absence of all magnetism. It does not 
 affect the needle, and is not attracted by a magnet, after being 
 crushed or pulverized. It is sometimes mixed with specks and 
 seams of brown porphyry. Most of it is pure and very rich in iron. 
 Mr. Blair found in an average sample, taken by Prof. Pumpelly 
 from all parts of the mine- 
 Insoluble matter 5.62 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 93-54 
 
 Sulphur o.oo 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.090 
 
 Metallic Iron 65.47 
 
 Phosphorus 0.039 
 
 The ores found imbedded in stratified porphyry in some localities, 
 one-half mile east of Pilot Knob, are more like the Iron Mountain ore, 
 having a darker color, a brighter lustre, and a less degree of brittle- 
 ness than the Pilot Knob ores. They are mostly softer than 6. All 
 the specimens I found there have a pretty strong magnetic polarity. 
 
 The ore from Lewis Mountain, near Arcadia, is very variable 
 in its mineralogical qualities. Most of it looks like the Cedar Hill 
 ore, and is unmagnetic. Other parts are softer and tougher. 
 Wherever crystallization appears, the ore is micaceous and magnetic. 
 The following analysis, made by Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis, 
 shows this ore to be about equal in quality to the better ores of 
 Pilot Knob. This analysis was kindly furnished to me by Hon. 
 Thomas Allen : 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter 15-33$ 
 
 Peroxide of Iron (including a 
 
 small amount of protoxide) 84.60 = Metallic Iron. .59.22$ 
 
 Alumina 0.32 
 
 Lime 0.38 
 
 Magnesia o. 1 5 
 
 Manganese o.oo 
 
 Sulphur 0.021 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.065 = Phosphorus. .0.027 
 
 (Excess due to the presence 
 
 of protoxide.). IOO.866 
 
BUFORD MOUNTAIN ORE. 65 
 
 INSOLUBLE SILICIOUS MATTER. 
 
 Silica ^ 14.45 
 
 Alumina 0.51 
 
 Lime 0.06 
 
 Magnesia 0.04 
 
 What has been said of the Lewis Mountain ore may also be 
 applied to that of Hogan Mountain. Masses of soft, coarsely crys- 
 talline, semi-micaceous, slightly magnetic ore, are, however, more 
 frequent in the latter than in the former. 
 
 The Buford Mountain ore is dull, dark-colored, soft, in part 
 earthy. It is partly massy, with indications of stratification, partly 
 in irregular botryoidal forms, and frequently mixed with specks and 
 seams of decomposed porphyry, of white and red clay, of hydrated 
 peroxide of iron, and of black peroxide of manganese. The streak 
 is therefore very variable, being red where the iron-ore prevails, 
 and black where the manganese-ore prevails. The ore has a strong 
 polar magnetism. An average sample, taken by Professor R. 
 Pumpelly from all parts of the lower or main cut, was analyzed 
 by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, of St. Louis, and gave the following 
 result : 
 
 Insoluble matter 8. 54 per cent. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 68.30 " 
 
 Peroxide of Manganese 19.46 " 
 
 Sulphur o.oii " 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.102 " 
 
 As this ore is rich in both iron and manganese, and as the oxides 
 of both these metals are, to all appearance, intimately mixed, this 
 ore is likely to prove a very valuable material for the manufacture 
 of Spiegeleisen, now so extensively used in the Bessemer process. 
 
 Ores with little iron and much manganese were found by Prof. 
 Pumpelly on Mr. Cuthbertson's land in that vicinity, and analyzed 
 by Mr. Chauvenet, showing 
 
 Insoluble matter 0.44 per cent. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 3-3O 
 
 Peroxide of Manganese 83. 56 
 
 The above descriptions will suffice^ to characterize the specular 
 5 
 
66 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ores occurring in the porphyries of the eastern iron-region of 
 Missouri. 
 
 2. Specular Ores in Sandstone. I have mentioned above, that 
 the specular ores occurring in the Silurian sandstones in the cen- 
 tral ore-region, have nearly the same mineralogical and chemical 
 properties as the specular ores just described. They differ, how- 
 ever, considerably in one respect. I have alluded to the alterations 
 which specular ores often undergo, passing either into soft, red 
 hematite, or into limonite, or into carbonates. These alterations 
 have not been spoken of in the special description of the specular 
 ores in the porphyry, because they never take place there. We may 
 find these specular ores, which have originated in the porphyry, in 
 their original position as veins, beds, etc., in the solid porphyry ; 
 we may find them in veins, in the clayish " bluff" of Iron Moun- 
 tain, or broken up into large and small fragments, imbedded in 
 loose detritus in the same locality, or in outcrops, or as surface-ore 
 being exposed to the atmosphere during an incalculable length of 
 time. In no case can we find these ores to have undergone any 
 material changes in their chemical or mineralogical character. On 
 the other hand, those specular ores which have originated in the 
 sandstone are invariably altered when broken up, or when "exposed 
 to external chemical influences. These alterations will be more 
 fully spoken of in the following special description of the ores in 
 which they occur, especially in that of the Scotia Iron Ridge and 
 St. James ores. I will however say here, that they take place in 
 three distinctly different directions, depending in each case on the 
 character of the external influence which causes them. 
 
 First. When certain specular ores are directly exposed to the 
 influences of the atmosphere, or when they are in such a position 
 that both air and water may have access to them alternately, the 
 ores become gradually changed into brown and yellow limonites. 
 
 Second. When these same specular ores are broken up in larger 
 or smaller blocks, and covered with sandy detritus, so that water 
 or mineral solutions have access to them, while the atmospheric air 
 is more or less completely excluded, the ores become gradually 
 changed into a soft, red hematite, which is in many instances greasy 
 to the touch. 
 
 Third. When these same specular ores are broken up and in a 
 c tate of gradual transformation into soft, red ores, or else when they 
 
SPECULAR ORES. 67 
 
 are already transformed into soft, red ores, certain mineral solutions 
 containing carbonic acid seem to dissolve the iron under certain 
 circumstances, and to depose it again as carbonate in fissures and 
 cavities, either in the ore itself, thus changing the latter gradually 
 into spathic ore, or in the adjacent rocks. 
 
 The last-mentioned transformation occurs but rarely, and on a 
 small scale ; the first is more frequent, though not generally very 
 extensive ; but the second is quite common, and has produced 
 thorough-going changes in several important deposits, while no 
 broken-up or disturbed deposit is entirely free from it. 
 
 The fact that these transformations do not occur in the specular 
 ores which have originated in the porphyry, leads us to consider 
 more closely the dissimilarity, however small it may be, between 
 these ores and those originally imbedded in the sandstone. In 
 doing so, we find that the latter are in the average somewhat 
 softer, their hardness varying from 5^ to 6. They are also 
 a little less silicious, less compact, and more porous. The small, 
 irregular cavities and cracks which are occasionally found in the 
 former are quite universal and more equally distributed in the latter. 
 When sufficiently large, these cavities are also clad with numerous 
 small crystals of peroxide of iron, but they are less frequently 
 filled with quartz or other minerals. Regarding their form, these 
 cavities look somewhat different in the two different kinds of specu- 
 lar ores. While those in the porphyry-ores seem to be produced 
 in part by the removal of minerals formerly enclosed in them, in 
 part by a local crystallization of the mass of the ore, and t by the 
 expansion or contraction effected by crystallization, the cavities in 
 the sandstone-ores have more the appearance as if they were pro- 
 duced by a very slow and uniform contraction of the ore, which 
 may have taken place during its consolidation, perhaps by a gradual 
 abstraction of the fluid from which the ore was precipitated. 
 
 I have the impression that the above slight differences between 
 the two kinds of specular ores of Missouri are sufficient to account 
 for the great difference in their capability of being altered by ex- 
 terior influences. The associated rocks or soils may, however, 
 contribute toward effecting this difference. The porphyry-ores, 
 when broken up or exposed, are generally associated with less pen- 
 etrable, clayish materials, the sandstone-ores with sandy and cherty 
 detritus, which presents an easier passage to water or solutions. 
 
6cT IROA T -ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 If the existence of numerous small cavities in the mass of the 
 sandstone-ores is not one of the principal causes of the alterations 
 of these ores, the fact that these alterations nearly always start in 
 such cavities certainly proves that their existence greatly facili- 
 tates and promotes transformation of any kind. 
 
 Franklin County Specular Ores. There are a few occurrences 
 of specular ore in Franklin County, in the neighborhood of Stanton 
 and in the north-west corner of Washington County. The greater 
 part of these ores is not very pure, as far as can be observed from 
 the present condition of the ore-banks. The hard ores are either 
 silicious in themselves or intimately mixed with sand, so much so 
 in one locality as to constitute rather an impregnated sandstone 
 than a real iron-ore. They have a dark, bluish-gray color, a light- 
 red streak, and are slightly magnetic. The soft, red ores, as pro- 
 duced by the alteration of the specular, have a light-red color 
 and streak, are somewhat greasy, and mixed with very fine, 
 clayish substances. They are, however, sufficiently rich for being 
 smelted, 
 
 Scotia Ores. The specular ore of the two Scotia banks, on the 
 Meramec River, in Crawford County, occurs in various forms and 
 in nearly all stages of transformation. The hard, unaltered ore is 
 in bowlders imbedded in the soft, red ore. 
 
 The hard ore is steel-gray, with a submetallic, and on fresh- 
 broken surfaces frequently metallic, lustre. It has a finely-crystal- 
 line structure, an even to subconchoidal fracture. Its hardness is 
 5j to.6. It is slightly polaric-magnetic. It is pretty uniform in 
 its appearance and 'structure, but contains those numerous and 
 pretty equally distributed little cavities of which I have spoken 
 above. The Scotia ore is, however, distinguished from all the 
 other known specular ores in the State by the frequent occurrence 
 of larger drusy cavities, which contain botryoidal and reticulated 
 forms of ore, and are covered all over with small, highly-splendent 
 crystals of peroxide of iron, which often have an irised tarnish, 
 and play in all colors, presenting a beautiful appearance. 
 
 Smaller and larger, well-formed and transparent quartz-crystals, 
 up to one quarter-inch diameter, often of a fine yellow color and of 
 a bright, vitreous lustre, are likewise met with in these irregular 
 cavities, which sometimes reach a length of several inches. Occa- 
 sionally such cavities are filled by amorphous or subcrystalline, 
 
SCOTIA ORES. 69 
 
 wax-yellow jasper, enclosing thin seams of white quartz and fine 
 specks of crystalline ore. 
 
 The soft, red hematite which forms the greater mass of the ore 
 in the Scotia No. I, as far as it is at present disclosed, is not a very 
 uniform material. It breaks with very irregular surface, almost like 
 a conglomerate, and is full of irregular streaks, running in the de- 
 posit more or less vertical, of similar though somewhat differently 
 colored and composed materials. Some of these are red, crystal- 
 line, and glittering, and often silky or greasy, others yellowish brown 
 and earthy. The main body of this ore seems to be an irregular 
 but intimate mixture of these same two materials, which separately 
 form the streaks just described. The hardness of the mass is only 
 2 to 3. Its streak is red to brownish red. It is not magnetic. 
 
 Soft, yellow iron-ochre occurs also in big seams through the ore- 
 deposit, and some large pockets of it reach into it from the surface. 
 This ochre is generally very porous, mixed with broken chert or 
 with red loam, and permeated irregularly by very thin seams of 
 subcrystalline quartz. 
 
 The bowlders of hard specular ore are generally surrounded by 
 a layer of red ore, which has not fully the same degree of softness 
 as the rest of the soft ore. Yet the transition from the hard to the 
 soft ore is here more abrupt than in the Iron Ridge and Meramec 
 deposits, and pieces showing this transition very plainly are com- 
 paratively rare. Nevertheless, all appearances indicate that the red 
 ore has been gradually formed by an alteration of the specular ore, 
 while the ochre seems to be a later product. 
 
 The deposit called Scotia No. 2 is distinguished by the occur- 
 rence of long and fine stalactites, all of which are, in the greater part 
 of their mass, transformed into red ore. Some of those, however, 
 which are over an inch thick have preserved a specular kernel, 
 though softened to about 4 in the mineralogical scale of hardness. 
 
 The following two analyses, made by Dr. August Wendel, of the 
 Bessemer Steel Works, Troy, N. Y., will show the composition of 
 the Scotia ores, and also the chemical difference between the hard 
 and the soft ore : 
 
 I. 2. 
 
 Hard Specular. Soft Ore. 
 
 Metallic Iron 69.37 63.15 
 
 Silica.. 0.59 1.52 
 
70 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Alumina o. 11 0.76 
 
 Magnesia traces traces 
 
 Phosphorus 0.016 0.105 
 
 Sulphur 0.058 0.095 
 
 Water 0.20 7.95 
 
 I. Average sample of the hardest speculur ore from the eastern 
 cut (a) of the Scotia No. i. Looks very pure- Amorphous to sub- 
 crystalline. Hardness, 5^ to 6^. Slightly magnetic. 
 
 2. Average sample of soft, red hematite from Scotia No. I., partly 
 red and greasy, partly earthy and slightly greasy, partly yellow 
 ochre, with numerous small specks of specular ore and fine seams 
 of quartz. 
 
 By calculating the peroxide of iron from the above percentages 
 of metallic iron, we find for No. i, 99.1 per cent. ; No. 2, 90.21 
 per cent. 
 
 These analyses show that the hard Scotia specular ore is near- 
 ly pure peroxide of iron and nearly free from impurities, while 
 the mixed soft, red, and ochrey ores contain some quartz, some pro- 
 bably hydrated silicate of alumina, a considerable amount of water, 
 nearly twice as much sulphur and six times as much phosphorus 
 as the hard ore. Nevertheless, these soft ores are quite rich in 
 metallic iron. 
 
 The chemical changes which have taken p]pce in the specular 
 .ore, by its transformation into soft, red ore, consist principally in 
 the introduction of four substances, namely : of hydrated silicate of 
 alumina, which substance very likely produces the greasiness of some 
 of the soft ore ; of water in considerable quantity ; of phosphoric 
 acid, and of sulphur. The three last-named substances are probably 
 in combination with the iron. Quartz has besides been infiltrated into 
 seams in the ochre. From the loose and porous structure of these soft 
 ores, it must be supposed that some oxide of iron has been re- 
 moved, and was partly replaced by hydrous silicates and phos- 
 phates. I shall come back to this subject in speaking of the Iron 
 Ridge and St. James ores, of which similar comparative analyses 
 have been made. 
 
 The high amount of water in analysis 2 is undoubtedly due to 
 the presence of a considerable quantity of yellow ochre in the sam- 
 ple analyzed. 
 
SPECULAR ORES. y l 
 
 Specular Ores in the Steelville District. The Steelville ores 
 resemble the Scotia ores very closely, and do not need a special 
 description. Some of the banks of this district seem to be almost 
 entirely composed of hard, specular ore, as the Cherry Valley 
 banks, which, although not yet opened, present that appearance. 
 The ores of some other banks are more or less broken up and 
 altered into soft, red ore, which is here also conglomeratic in its 
 fracture, but less streaky, and more even in its color and general 
 character than the Scotia ore. Distinct crystallization is rarely 
 seen. Stalactitic forms of specular ore, exteriorly converted into 
 red ore, occur at the Cherry Valley banks. Quartz is not often 
 found in these ores. Transformation of surface-ore into brown and 
 yellow limonite is here very frequent, and can be well observed 
 at the Cherry Valley and Ferguson banks. Smaller pieces are 
 often entirely changed. Large bowlders retain a kernel of specular 
 ore with mostly straight and sometimes almost sharp limits, which 
 limits become irregular in such places only, where the small cavities 
 and pores in the specular ore happen to be more numerous. The 
 limonite is much more porous than the specular ore, and a 're- 
 moval of iron has evidently taken place during the transformation. 
 The crystalline particles seem to resist this transformation better 
 than the amorphous or subcrystalline ground-mass ; for the 
 limonite contains numerous specks of small, crystalline, specular 
 ore. But the uppermost layer of bowlders is generally free from 
 them, which shows that also these crystals finally become altered. 
 The porousness of the limonite increases toward the surface, and 
 the color gets more yellow, owing to very fine seams of ochre. 
 Close to the specular kernel, the limonite is mostly dark brown, 
 sometimes reddish brown. The cavities in the specular ore near 
 its limit are clad with a brown or reddish-brown, earthy film. 
 With the formation of this film the change evidently begins. This 
 film seems to get gradually thicker and more brown. The small 
 cavities seem to widen and often to run into each other, thus form- 
 ing larger cavities and spongy masses. The limonite partly re- 
 mains brown, partly is altered into yellow ochre, permeating the 
 brown ore irregularly in extremely fine seams. 
 
 The specular ore close to the limit of the limonite is apparently 
 as hard as ever, and no gradual softening of the ore seems to pre- 
 cede this kind of alteration. 
 
72 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 I will add here two analyses of pure specular ores from the Steel- 
 Alle district : 
 
 Steelville. Cherry Valley. 
 
 No. i. No. i. 
 
 Silica 1.84 1.73 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 97-49 
 
 Alumina 0.07 .... 
 
 Lime 0.34 .... 
 
 Magnesia 0.12 .... 
 
 Phosphoric Acid o. 14 .... 
 
 Sulphur o.oo 0.16 
 
 Metallic Iron 68.24 67.69 
 
 Phosphorus 0.06 1 9.039 
 
 The sample from the Steelville No. I bank was analyzed by Dr. 
 Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh, for the " Iron Mining Company of 
 Missouri," and the result published in the prospectus of this com- 
 pany. The second analysis was made by Dr. A. Wendel, of the 
 Bessemer Steel Works, Troy, N. Y., from an average sample taken 
 by myself at the Cherry Valley bank. Most of the latter sample 
 was a pure, crystalline, specular ore. All of it was magnetic, a few 
 pieces strongly so. 
 
 These ores are, according to these analyses, very rich in iron, 
 and. sufficiently pure for any purpose. In comparing these analyses 
 with those of the Iron Mountain, Scotia, and other ores from de- 
 posits which are opened and mined, it must be borne in mind that 
 the former were made with samples picked up on or near the sur- 
 face, where they may occasionally have taken up some phosphoric 
 acid from the ashes of the grass and brushes, which are purposely 
 burnt off every year in many districts of central Missouri, or some 
 sulphur from the reducing action of decaying plants on solutions of 
 sulphates. 
 
 Specular Ores on the Upper Meramee River and its Tributa- 
 ries. None of the specular ore-banks in this district are as yet 
 opened to any extent, and my last remark will therefore also apply 
 to them. To judge from the appearance of the surface-ore, some 
 of these banks, as the Winkler, Lamb, Benton Creek, Fitzwater, 
 and Hutchins Creek banks, are likely to contain specular ore almost 
 exclusively, although on all of them superficial transformations into 
 limonite are developed more or less. Others, as the Grover, Ar- 
 
SPECULAR ORES. 73 
 
 nold, and Smith banks, seem to contain much red ore besides the 
 specular. Both kinds of ore Iiave here about the same mineralogi- 
 cal character as those in the Steelville district. 
 
 Pronounced magnetic properties are however, here, more frequent- 
 ly met with. Some of the specular ores from Benton Creek, Fitz- 
 water, Hutchins Creek, and Smith banks are strongly polaric, es- 
 pecially those which are crystalline, or which contain numerous 
 small crystals. Amorphous ores, as they sometimes occur, rarely 
 possess magnetism in an observable degree. Also stalactitic speci- 
 mens are generally unmagnetic. Some black sandstone, strongly 
 impregnated with iron, but giving a light-red streak, from the 
 Benton Creek bank, has distinct polarity. 
 
 Fine stalactitic forms, ''pipe-ores," occur on the Smith bank 
 No. i. Some of these show on their upper side, which was ex- 
 posed to the atmosphere, a beginning of a change into limonite, while 
 a thin layer on the under side, which was imbedded in loam and sand, 
 is changed into soft, red ore. 
 
 Many of these " pipe-ores" consist of clusters of thin, hollow 
 stalactites, regular pipes, one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch in 
 diameter, with comparatively wide holes and thin walls. They are 
 covered on their inside walls with crystals of peroxide of iron, and 
 on the outside with a thin film of dark-yellow limonite. The struc- 
 ture of these thin stalactites, whether hollow or massive, is generally 
 crystalline and granular, rarely radiated. But they are sometimes 
 surrounded concentrically by larger stalactites, in whose hollow in- 
 terior they lie like a casting in the mould. These larger surrounding 
 stalactites have always a radiated structure. They never close tight 
 to the kernels which they surround. There is always a cylindrical 
 space between the inner wall of the large and the outside wall of the 
 small stalactite. This space is either empty, in which case both 
 walls are covered with small crystals of oxide of iron, or it is filled 
 with soft, red ore, perhaps produced by the alteration of such crys- 
 tals. 
 
 This cylindrical space is sometimes very narrow and nearly filled 
 up with splendent crystals. Thus the fracture of the stalactite 
 shows sometimes a small, round, crystalline surface in the centre, 
 surrounded first by a thin, annular layer of more loose and much 
 more splendent crystals, and outside of this by a thick layer of less 
 bright ore with a radiated structure. These formations sometimes 
 
74 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 repeat themselves. A specimen I found on the Cherry Valley 
 bank, where they are, however, less frequent, has five layers of radi- 
 ated ore, alternating with thin layers of either splendent crystals or 
 soft, red ore. The whole stalactite, thus composed, is divided in two 
 halves by a thin crack, running across all the layers and through 
 the thin central kernel, and being filled with the same splendent 
 crystals which form some of the annular layers. The whole stalac- 
 tite is exteriorly converted into soft, red ore, and lies loose in a con- 
 formable cavity in a piece of specular ore, the wall of which cavity 
 is also covered with a layer of red ore. 
 
 Stalactites split lengthways, by a thin crack, partly filled with 
 fine crystals of oxide, have also been found at the Scotia No. 2 bank, 
 of which I have spoken before. 
 
 I add two analyses of ores from the upper Meramec district : 
 
 I. 2. 
 
 Silica 0.98 17-97 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 98.62 
 
 Alumina 0.05 .... 
 
 Lime 0.19 .... 
 
 Magnesia 0.08 .... 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.076 .... 
 
 Sulphur o.oo 0.21 
 
 Metallic Iron 69.03 56.01 
 
 Phosphorus 0.033 0.098 
 
 Analysis I was made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh, for the 
 " Iron Mining Company of Missouri," and published in their pros- 
 pectus. The specimen was taken from one of the Smith banks, and 
 was evidently a very clean piece of specular ore. 
 
 Analysis 2 was made by Dr. A. Wendel, of Troy, N. Y., from an 
 average sample of the various kinds of rich and poor surface-ore, 
 taken by myself at the Benton Creek bank. This sample consisted 
 only of one half-inch good specular ore. The other half was mostly a 
 dull, black, uncrystalline, very hard, brittle, and silicious ore, mixed 
 with some hard, grainy, and sandy ore of a black color and of a weak, 
 resinous lustre. The object of this analysis was principally to see 
 whether these silicious materials, which sometimes occur, especially 
 at the outskirts of specular ore-banks, are worth smelting, as I sup- 
 
SPECULAR ORES, 75 
 
 posed they were from their color and weight. The result of the 
 analysis shows that these materials are yet quite rich in iron, 
 though less pure in regard to phosphorus and sulphur. Clean spec- 
 ular ore, from this and all other localities in this district, would un- 
 doubtedly analyze as favorably as the above specimen i. 
 
 Specular Ores in the Salem District. Most of the ores of this 
 district seem to be unaltered specular, corresponding in their pro- 
 perties to the general characteristics of this ore. The small, irregular 
 cavities are very distinct and numerous in them, having sometimes 
 the form of short cracks, wider in the middle and thinning out to- 
 ward both ends. 
 
 Alterations into soft, red ore can be observed on the Arnold, 
 Jamison, Pomeroy, and Taylor banks, and very fine alterations into 
 limonite on the Simmons Mountain, and on the Arnold, Taylor, and 
 Pomeroy banks, in the latter two on a pretty large scale. 
 
 Fine specimens of specular ore with a mossy and reticulated 
 structure are sometimes found on Simmons Mountain. 
 
 The following observations I made in this district will throw some 
 light on the paragenesis of the various materials connected with the 
 specular-ore deposits in sandstone : 
 
 I found on the Arnold bank botryoidal and mammillary forms of 
 specular ore, clinging directly to a slightly ferruginous but other- 
 wise unaltered sandstone, composed of coarse, loose grains with 
 hardly any cement. The grains are slightly red, apparently from a 
 thin film of red ore deposited on their surfaces. The specular ore is 
 superficially converted partly into red ore, partly into brown limo- 
 nite. 
 
 A specimen from the Taylor bank shows wax-yellow jasper of 
 the same description as that observed at the Scotia bank, filling ir- 
 regular and reticulated cavities in the ore. Other cavities in the 
 same specimen are filled with transparent quartz. A specimen 
 from the Jamison bank represents a conglomerate of irregular 
 grains of ore, each of which is either partly or wholly surrounded 
 by a variable layer of fine-grained, yellow sandstone adhering to it. 
 They are cemented together by a coarse crystalline, transparent 
 or white quartz. 
 
 Infiltrations of transparent quartz in the massive specular ore are 
 frequent on the Jamison bank and on the Simmons Mountain. 
 This infiltration seems to be accompanied or followed by a recrys- 
 
76 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 tallization of the ore, or by an alteration of enclosed particles of 
 specular ore into loose aggregates of splendent ore-crystals. 
 
 The limonite on the Simmons Mountain is, as most metamorphic 
 limonite, full of pores and of large holes. These holes frequently 
 contain infiltrations of crystalline quartz. Splendent ore-crystals, 
 of a flat, rhombohedric form, are found lying on the quartz. Such 
 ore-crystals are also seen there, lying on films of limonite which 
 cover specular ore. Some of those rhombohedric crystals are 
 themselves again exteriorly, or thoroughly, changed into brown 
 limonite. 
 
 The porous limonite on the Pomeroy bank contains yellow ochre 
 in its seams and cavities. 
 
 When these observations are held, together with others mentioned 
 previously, and with the following that the Scotia ores contain 
 seams of wax-yellow jasper in specular ore, seams and specks of 
 crystalline, transparent quartz and of splendent ore-crystals in the 
 yellow jasper, seams of crystalline quartz in yellow ochre, and 
 rhombohedric ore-crystals lying on drusy, crystalline quartz we 
 come to the conclusion that the order in which these various min- 
 erals have come into existence, beginning with the oldest, is as 
 follows : 
 
 1. Sandstone, white or yellow. 
 
 2. Sandstone, colored by, or impregnated with, oxides of iron. 
 
 3. Massy specular ore. 
 
 4. Yellow jasper, perhaps simultaneous with the latter. 
 
 5. Soft, red, and greasy ore. 
 
 6. Brown limonite. 
 
 7. Yellow ochre. 
 
 8. Transparent, crystalline quartz. 
 
 9. Rhombohedric, splendent ore-crystals. 
 
 10. Red and brown incrustations of these crystals. 
 
 The specular ores of the Salem district are decidedly more mag- 
 netic than any I have mentioned, with the only exception of those 
 from Shepherd Mountain. As the ores in the Upper Meramec 
 district are more magnetic than those in the Steelville district, it is 
 evident that there is a gradual increase of magnetism in the ores, 
 from north to south, from the northern boundary of Crawford 
 County toward the central part of Dent County. Here, however, 
 as in the Iron Mountain and Shepherd Mountain, the magnetism 
 
SPECULAR ORES 77 
 
 seems to have its seat principally near the surface of the ground. 
 Specimens taken from the south-eastern ore-shaft on Simmons 
 Mountain, about twenty feet below the surface, are nearly unmag- 
 netic, while the ore near the surface in the same locality is dis- 
 tinctly polaric, some of it so strong that pieces two or three inches 
 thick act on the needle from a distance of one to two feet. Pieces 
 from the surface, which are, in the greatest part of their mass, con- 
 verted into limonite, and contain only irregular and rough seams 
 of specular ore, cropping the limonite in various directions, show 
 nevertheless distinct polarity. Wholly converted pieces are un- 
 magnetic. Magnetic but unpolaric pieces are comparatively rare, 
 and generally attract the south pole and repulse the north pole of a 
 .compass-needle. Also stalactitic specimens possess polarity, the 
 polar axis being parallel to the position of the stalactites. The 
 specular ores from the Pomeroy, Taylor, Orchard, Jamison banks, 
 and the " pipe-ore " from the Wiggins bank, have mostly a very 
 strong polarity. Quartz-infiltrations seem to diminish the mag- 
 netism. 
 
 In the Salem district, as everywhere else in Missouri, unaltered 
 specular ores contain very little sulphur and phosphorus, besides 
 being very rich in metallic iron. The following analyses are proofs 
 of this very important fact : 
 
 
 i. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 
 5- 
 
 
 Arnold 
 
 Simmons 
 
 Jamison 
 
 Wiggins 
 
 Huzzah 
 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Mountain. 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Bank. 
 
 Silica 
 
 4.12 
 
 I.4I 
 
 0.94 
 
 0.87 
 
 2.64 
 
 Peroxide of Iron. 
 
 . .. 95-24 
 
 98.14 
 
 98.62 
 
 98.96 
 
 97.26 
 
 Alumina 
 
 O. II 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 O.33 
 
 O.24 
 
 O.23 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 0.15 
 
 O. II 
 
 0.08 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 o.oo 
 
 0.00 
 
 0.00 
 
 trace . 
 
 trace 
 
 Phosphoric Acid . 
 
 . . . 0.052 
 
 0.038 
 
 0.07 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 66.66 
 
 68.69 
 
 69.03 
 
 69.27 
 
 68.08 
 
 Phosohorus. . 
 
 0.023 
 
 ^ 
 
 0.016 
 
 0.031 
 
 0.027 
 
 0.03 
 
 All these analyses were evidently made with clean specular speci- 
 mens. Protoxide of iron was not determined, although undoubt- 
 edly present in determinable quantity, to judge from the mineralo- 
 gical properties of these ores, and from the fact that it is invariably 
 
78 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 found in such ores when sought. Analyses i, 2, 3, and 5 were 
 made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh ; analysis 4 by Messrs. 
 Chauvenet and Blair, of St. Louis. The three first analyses were 
 made for the " Iron Mining Company of Missouri," and published 
 in its prospectus ; the last two for Mr. O. A. Zane, of St. Louis, 
 who kindly put them at my disposal. 
 
 Iron Ridge Ores. Unaltered specular ores from Iron Ridge are 
 similar to the Scotia and Steelville ores in their general mineralogi- 
 cal character. They are rather more porous, and contain frequently 
 enclosures of crystalline, transparent quartz. They are less mag- 
 netic than the Steelville ores, and as Iron Ridge is situated north of 
 Steelville, they present a further proof that the magnetism of the 
 ores in the central ore-region decreases toward the north and in- 
 creases toward the south. Pieces of over three inches' diameter do 
 not deflect a compass-needle. Fine ore-powder is, however, some- 
 what attracted by a magnet, especially the crystalline and glittering 
 particles. The red ore is unmagnetic. By far the greater part of the 
 ore from the Iron Ridge No. I is softened, and altered into a red and 
 frequently clayish hematite. The transition from the specular to 
 the red ore can be observed in the bowlders which are imbedded 
 in the soft mass of ore, which principally constitutes the deposit. 
 When these bowlders, which are sometimes two or several feet 
 in diameter, are broken, the interior is seen to consist of a some- 
 what porous but pretty hard specular ore, of bluish-gray color, and 
 composed of a subcrystalline matrix with little lustre, and of nume- 
 rous very small and splendent crystals. Toward the outside of the 
 bowlder the matrix gets softer, more porous, and disappears by 
 degrees, leaving finally a spongy agglomeration of glittering black 
 crystals. This black, crystalline zone in the section of a bowlder 
 is from one-eighth to one-half inch thick. It is surrounded by and 
 passes into a similar crystalline and glittering zone of red color, 
 one-half to one and a half inches thick, which itself gets gradually 
 less bright, then more and more greasy, then mixed with specks and 
 flakes of white clay, and finally turns into a soft, clayish, dull and 
 pale, red hematite, of which a considerable part of the deposit is 
 composed. 
 
 The gradual disappearance of the matrix, and the appearance of 
 the clay, are in many bowlders very plain and unmistakable. These 
 two changes are, however, not simultaneous. The white clay is never 
 
IRON RIDGE ORES. 79 
 
 seen in the black crystalline, and rarely in the red crystalline, 
 zone. 
 
 The following analyses, made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. 
 Louis, will show the chemical changes accompanying this interest- 
 ing transformation : 
 
 i. 2. 3 . 
 
 Silica 0.69 0.68 8.39 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 97-94 97.08 88.37 
 
 Protoxide of Iron trace 0.31 .... 
 
 Alumina 1.17 1.50 .... 
 
 Hygroscopic Water. . . . 0.02 0.08 .... 
 
 Combined Water 0.19 0.23 3-O9 
 
 Carbonic Acid o.oo 0.21 .... 
 
 Sulphur o.oo o.oo traces 
 
 Phosphoric Acid. 0.068 0.079 0.207 
 
 Metallic Iron 61.86 
 
 Phosphorus .... 0.091 
 
 The Camples I and 2 are taken both from the same bowlder, which 
 had a diameter of over 3 feet. 
 
 Sample I is specular ore, pure, porous, very little softened, from 
 the centre of the bowlder. 
 
 Sample 2 is from the outside of the bowlder, more than a foot 
 from the central part, where sample I was taken, and consists of 
 soft, crystalline, glittering, and somewhat greasy red ore. 
 
 Sample 3 is an average sample, taken from all parts of the mine, 
 and containing some specular but mostly soft ores of all varie- 
 ties. 
 
 We see from the first analysis that the unaltered specular ore from 
 Iron Ridge is free from sulphur, and has but little phosphorus, and 
 is very rich in iron. 
 
 The second analysis shows an increase in protoxide of iron, alu- 
 mina, water, and phosphorus, and a small amount of carbonic acid. 
 The latter is probably combined with the protoxide of iron, being 
 just about as much as is necessary to make carbonate of iron. This 
 would indicate that carbonic acid might have something to do with 
 this transformation, perhaps by dissolving and removing the ma- 
 trix. As the alumina has increased, while the silica has not in- 
 creased, we must suppose that either some alunr'na was added and 
 
80 IROX-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 combined with some of the silica already present, or that some silica 
 was removed and replaced by water, so as to form a hydrated silicate 
 of alumina, which, I think, produces the greasy appearance and 
 touch. Some of the alumina may be or may have been in combi- 
 nation with phosphoric acid. 
 
 The analysis 3 proves that the soft and fully transformed ore is 
 not nearly as pure as that in the bowlders a conclusion which we 
 had already drawn from the comparative analyses made with the 
 Scotia ores. 
 
 Specular Ores in the St. James District. The ores in the St. 
 James district are, when fresh and unaltered, very similar to the 
 unaltered Scotia and Iron Ridge ores. They are, perhaps, a little 
 less porous and a little more magnetic. They occur in very vari- 
 able conditions and alterations. 
 
 The Meramec bank is especially interesting in this respect. 
 There we find very pure and clean ore, generally somewhat soft- 
 ened ; we find very hard and silicious ore, containing in its cavi- 
 ties transparent, crystalline quartz and yellow jasper ; we find soft, 
 red hematite in all stages of transformation ; we find greasy paint- 
 ores in various colors, from light red to dark purple ; we find brown 
 and yellow ochres, and porous, soft limonites, with seams of a very 
 fine and uniform reddish-brown clay ; we find the spathic iron-ore 
 in specks and seams in red ore and in a peculiar, very dense, yellow, 
 ferruginous limestone ; we finally find ferruginous chert-conglome- 
 rates and sandstones, impregnated with iron-ore, or intimately mixed 
 with brick-red and yellow ochres. As the Meramec bank was 
 found to contain so many varieties of ore, it seemed to present a 
 fine opportunity for comparative analyses. As, however, time and 
 means would not allow to have a large series of analyses made, five 
 of the most characteristic specimens were selected for this purpose. 
 They were analyzed by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. Louis, with 
 the results given in the following table, under I, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
 
 The two analyses 6 and 7 are taken from a pamphlet, entitled 
 " Contribution to a Knowledge of the Iron-Ores of Missouri," 
 published in 1872 by Prof. Charles P. Williams, Director of the 
 School of Mines of Missouri. They refer to other ores from this 
 district. 
 
ANALYSES OF SPECULAR ORES. 
 
 MERAMEC BANK. 
 
 8l 
 
 Insoluble silicious matter. 
 
 i. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 11.19 
 
 4- 
 9.30 
 
 5- 
 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 Peroxide of iron. 
 
 O7.27 
 
 87 Q2 
 
 
 
 
 8 f. 
 
 
 Protoxide of iron 
 
 
 
 O 77 
 
 7-45 
 
 27.40 
 
 5 4-43 
 
 49- 2 45 
 
 Alumina 
 
 
 
 O Q7 
 
 * 
 
 4.II 
 
 7* "S 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 
 O 12 
 
 
 76 01 
 
 .2/0 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 
 
 O.O7 
 
 
 
 
 -374 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 
 
 o 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, combined 
 
 O.4.7 
 
 O O"? 
 
 
 
 
 
 -53 
 
 
 
 O OO 
 
 o 126 
 
 
 2 -45 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 O OQ2 
 
 0.089 
 
 o 1 16 
 
 
 U.U44 
 
 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 
 
 o oo 
 
 47 
 
 
 r 53 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.252 
 
 
 
 
 0.213 
 
 
 . 68.06 
 
 61 
 
 60 76 
 
 r 7 r T 
 
 22 38 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus. . 
 
 o. 040 
 
 0.01Q 
 
 O.OZI 
 
 JJ-J 1 
 O.208 
 
 O.OA7 
 
 0.066 
 
 35-397 
 n.o/17 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter. 
 
 Silica 2.06 11.32 9.78 6.78 
 
 Alumina 1.33 
 
 Lime o.oo .... 
 
 Magnesia 0.12 
 
 0.27 6.686 46.330 
 
 11.23 
 
 1. Is an average sample of the best ore found in the Meramec 
 mine. It is a somewhat softened and slightly altered specular ore. 
 
 2. Is a hard and silicious specular ore from bowlders in the cen- 
 tral and upper part of the Meramec bank. 
 
 3. Is a soft, greasy paint-ore of purple color, from pockets in the 
 Meramec bank. 
 
 4. Soft and ochrey, porous limonite, brown and yellow, with some 
 thin seams of very fine, brown clay from the outside of some of the 
 bowlders in the Meramec bank. 
 
 5. Pretty dense but soft, red ore, and hard, yellow limestone, 
 mixed, both containing crystalline, spathic ore in numerous specks 
 and seams, from the lower part of the Meramec bank. 
 
 6. Is an ore from T. 38, R. 6, Sec. 33, probably the " Santeeand 
 Clark's bank." Prof. Williams describes the specimen thus": 
 
 " Mammillary and concretionary, with concentric layers, the cen- 
 tral one being the blue-specular variety, the second of the brownish- 
 red hematite, and the outer one a thin coating of brown hematite, 
 probably limonite." 
 
 7. Is from T. 38, R. 6, Sec. 29, probably the " James bank." 
 Prof. Williams describes the specimen as " finely granular, com- 
 pact, brownish-red ore." 
 
 The analysis I shows that the clean specular ore/although in this 
 
82 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 case slightly decomposed or altered, is very rich in iron, free from 
 sulphur, and does not contain much phosphorus. 
 
 Analysis 2 shows that the harder and more silicious ore, when 
 it has the natural color and brightness of a true specular ore, does 
 not contain any more sulphur and phosphorus than the ore which 
 is not silicious. 
 
 A complete analysis has been made of sample 3, principally for 
 the purpose of finding out whether the supposition, made above, 
 that the greasiness is produced by a small admixture of very fine 
 and perhaps hydrated silicates of alumina, holds good, or what 
 else may cause it. The result of the analysis does not suggest any 
 other cause, but seems to support the above supposition.. As in 
 the 2d of the Iron Ridge analyses, we also meet here with a small 
 amount of carbonic acid, and with a corresponding amount of pro- 
 toxide of iron, so as to suggest the probability of the presence of 
 carbonate of iron, and to lead us to the belief that carbonic acid is 
 one of the agencies which effect, or at least prepare, the transform- 
 ation of specular into red ore. Another interesting feature in this 
 analysis is, that the percentage of phosphorus is increased but little, 
 when compared to analyses I and 2, and that the increase is 
 about in the same proportion as that from No. I to No. 2 of the 
 Iron Ridge analyses. It seems therefore probable that the paint- 
 ore is nothing else but the crystalline and glittering red ore (similar 
 to the Iron Ridge sample 2), in a crushed and compressed condi- 
 tion. The comparatively large amount of sulphur in analysis 3 is 
 also remarkable, and explains the purple color, which is undoubted- 
 ly produced by sulphides of alumina, lime, magnesia, and perhaps 
 of alkalies in minute quantities. Analysis 4 gives the practically 
 important result that the yellow ochre contains a very large 
 amount of phosphorus, much larger than any of the other hard or 
 soft ores. 
 
 Analysis 5 proves that the peculiar hard, yellow rock in which 
 the spathic iron-ore frequently occurs, is a very dense carbonate of 
 lime, probably mixed with some silicate and phosphate of lime, and 
 with some peroxide of iron. This rock, as well as its enclosures, 
 would deserve a repeated chemical examination, separate from that 
 of the red ore, with which it was mixed in sample 5- 
 
 Analyses 6 and 7 are interesting, because, considering the min- 
 eralogical description of the specimens, they fully agree with and 
 
ANALYSES OF SPECULAR ORES. 83 
 
 confirm the results of all the analyses of ores given in this report, 
 and lead to the same conclusions and views regarding those ores. 
 
 Specular Ores in the Holla District. The Rolla ores are nerrly 
 all more or less altered, or at least softened, though many not so 
 much as to lose entirely their specular appearance. Most of them 
 consist of specular and of soft red particles intimately mixed. They 
 do not attract the needle perceptibly, but are attracted by a magnet 
 partially, when powdered fine. Their porosity is very unequal in 
 different parts of a piece or bowlder. Some parts are dense, while 
 others contain irregular cavities up to an inch in length and one- 
 quarter of an inch in width, clad with crystals, or, more frequently, 
 with a film of red ore. Such ores are those from the banks on Big 
 Beaver Creek. They pass into red ores, softening at first, and then 
 changing their color into dark red, and finally getting earthy and 
 lighter red. The ores in the immediate vicinity of Rolla are mostly 
 thus transformed, and besides frequently mixed with spathic iron- 
 ore in specks and seams. This spathic ore sometimes occurs in 
 larger masses, and is then accompanied by white or light-gray 
 clay, enclosing well-formed crystals of iron pyrites, either single 
 or in bunches. 
 
 The following analyses were taken from Prof. Charles P. Wil- 
 liams's " Contribution to a Knowledge of the Iron-Ores of Mis- 
 
 97572 45 77905 
 
 Ferrous Oxide (Pro- I 6g g g g 
 toxide of Iron). . . . j 
 
 Manganous Oxide ____ .. 0.252 0.265 ...... o.ooo 0.715 
 
 Alumina .............. 0.199 0.802 ............ traces 
 
 Lime ................. 2.097 0.568 0.289 ...... traces 
 
 Magnesia ............. trace o. 166 trace ...... traces 
 
 Silicic Acid (Silica) ..... 2.951 1.144 I-I59 ...... 3-O99 
 
 Carbonic Acid ............... trace ................. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid ....... 0.249 0.035 0.281 0.033 0.315 
 
 Sulphur ............... trace 0.009 trace 0.094 o.ooo 
 
 Combined Water. . ..... trace ................. 
 
 100.981 
 
 Metallic Iron 63.306 68. 61 1 46-944- 56.283 59.220 
 
 Phosphorus 0.109 0.015 0.122 0.014 0.137 
 
 The empty spaces in the above table, as well as in all the pre- 
 
84 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 ceding ones, indicate in each case that the respective substance 
 was not determined. The various specimens are described by Prof. 
 Williams as follows : 
 
 1. From T. 36, R. 7, Sec. 26 (perhaps the Hyer bank). " Blue 
 specular mixed with brownish-red hematite, and containing some 
 limonite and spathic iron." 
 
 2. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 33 (perhaps the Beaver Creek bank). 
 "Blue specular ore, finely granular and compact; powder gives 
 particles attracted by the magnet." 
 
 3. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 20 (perhaps the Buckland bank). 
 " Mixed spathic iron and limonite, with some blue specular ore ; 
 powder slightly magnetic." 
 
 4. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 21 (perhaps the Kelly bank, No. 2). 
 No description of this sample is given. It was probably a silicious 
 specular ore. 
 
 5. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 15 (perhaps Taylor's Rolla bank). 
 " Brownish-red hematite, somewhat cellular, slightly magnetic." 
 
 In comparing these descriptions with the above analyses, we see 
 that the samples I, 3, 5, which enclosed some red hematite, limonite, 
 and spathic ore, contain much more phosphorus than the pure 
 specular ores 2 and 4. 
 
 Analyses I and 2 show that the specular ores from the Rolla 
 district are as rich in iron as any in central Missouri, and analysis 2 
 shows that, in an unaltered state, they are nearly free from injurious 
 ingredients. As the same observations have been made regarding 
 the ores of all the other districts, we may infer that these observa- 
 tions are generally true, and generally applicable to all specular 
 ores that have originated in the Silurian sandstones of Missouri. 
 
 Gasconade and Miller County District. The specular ores on 
 the Gasconade River, and in Miller and Camden Counties, are 
 similar to those above described. Some ores near Linn Creek are 
 almost entirely unmagnetic. The specular ores found south of 
 Tuscumbia seem to be very pure, to judge from the following 
 analysis made by Messrs. Chauvenet and Blair, of St. Louis, of a 
 sample from the west bank. This analysis was kindly furnished to 
 me by Mr. M. S. Cartter, of St. Louis : 
 
CALL A WA Y CO UNTY HEM A TITES. 8 5 
 
 Insoluble 1 1.077 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 88. 52 
 
 Sulphur trace 
 
 Phosphorus trace 
 
 Metallic Iron 61 .96 
 
 b. RED HEMATITES. 
 
 A general description of the red hematite found in the carbonif- 
 erous formation of Missouri has been given in the introduction to 
 the third chapter of the present report. According to that descrip- 
 tion there are three varieties of this ore, namely : one, dull-red, soft, 
 earthy, and frequently coarsely porous to spongy, and uneven in 
 the fracture ; another, dark, bluish gray, sometimes with a slight 
 submetallic lustre, hard, dense, and compact, with very fine grain, 
 and with a subconchoidal fracture ; a third, coarse grained to oolitic, 
 the grains being of the compact ore, and surrounded and cemented 
 by the earthy ore. The earthy variety is the most common. The 
 other two varieties have only been observed in Callaway County. 
 The earthy ore sometimes encloses spathic iron-ore. When ex- 
 posed to atmospheric influences it is altered into limonite. 
 
 Callaway County Hematites. The red hematites in the sub- 
 carboniferous strata of Callaway County occur in the most variable 
 forms. The "Old Digging" and " Murphy's Hill," five miles 
 south-east of New Bloomfield, contain some handsome, coarsely 
 oolitic ore, besides the earthy hematite. 
 
 The ores from the vicinity of New Bloomfield are mostly com- 
 pact and heavy, some bluish gray, others dark red. They frequently 
 show a thin stratification. They are also found in concretionary 
 forms, and seem occasionally to pass into the earthy hematite. 
 They sometimes enclose spirifera and other fossils. Some of the 
 ore on the Henderson bank has an earthy or a finely oolitic struc- 
 ture. 
 
 The ore on the Knight bank, near Fulton, is in part dense and 
 concretionary, in part earthy. The latter has a light-red color and 
 streak, and is especially distinguished by the admixture of a large 
 amount of spathic iron-ore in specks and seams. Concretions of 
 this ore are hard, and sometimes reach the mineralogical hardness 6. 
 Spongy hematites are rarely found in Callaway County. 
 
86 IRQ AZORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The following analyses were made by Mr. F. Emmerton, of the 
 Joliet Iron and Steel Works, and were put at my disposal through 
 the kindness of Mr. A. B. Meeker, of Chicago : 
 
 ;NE\v BLOOMFIELD ORES. KNIGHT BANK. 
 
 I. 2. 3. 
 
 Compact Earthy 
 
 Variety. Variety. 
 
 Metallic Iron 63.87 61.17 53-OO 
 
 Silica 5.80 8.63 
 
 Phosphoric Acid o. 10 0.165 1.87 
 
 Sulphur 0.017 0.018 
 
 The specimen 3 was of the red, earthy kind, mixed with spathic 
 iron, as above mentioned. This ore is probably altered, and has 
 taken up a considerable percentage of phosphorus, besides the car- 
 bonates. The analyses I and 2 show that the dense as well as the 
 earthy varieties of these ores, when unaltered and free from carbo- 
 nates, do not contain a large amount of injurious ingredients, and 
 are very rich in iron. 
 
 Hematites in St. Clair and Henry Counties. The red hematites 
 in the north-eastern corner of St. Clair County, and those in the 
 southern and eastern portions of Henry County, seem to belong ex- 
 clusively to the soft, earthy, and spongy variety, and are very fre- 
 quently and extensively altered into soft, spongy, brown or yellow 
 limonites, as far as can be judged from the present appearance of 
 the banks, none of which are as yet opened. The following analysis 
 was made by Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis, from a mixed sample 
 of soft, spongy, partly red but mostly brown hematite, from the 
 Marmaduke bank : 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 84.02 
 
 Silica 3.08 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.861 
 
 Sulphur 0.171 
 
 Water 10.98 
 
 Metallic Iron 58.81 
 
 Phosphorus 0. 376 
 
 This ore has a high percentage of metallic iron, but is not very 
 pure in regard to sulphur and phosphorus. As the specimen had 
 
LIMONITES. 87 
 
 to be taken from the surface, where the ore had been in contact 
 with the soil and its vegetation for a long period, and as it was al- 
 most entirely altered into limonite, it may be expected that the ore 
 to be found in the hematite banks of this district, when opened, will 
 contain a much smaller quantity of these substances, and will prob- 
 ably also prove richer yet in iron. 
 
 C. LIMONITES. 
 
 I have given a general description of the Missouri limonites in 
 the introduction to the present chapter (III.), to which description 
 I must here refer. From that it would seem that two different 
 varieties could be distinguished, the porous and the stalactitic. 
 This is, however, not really the case. Indeed, if we inspect those 
 limonites, which apparently consist of one coherent though porous 
 mass, more closely and more carefully through a magnifying glass, 
 we find them almost invariably composed of single, but densely- 
 packed, round, stalactitic columns, and we find also that the pores, 
 which are seen by the naked eye, are generally interstices left 
 between such stalactites, or between less regular mammillary or 
 botryoidal forms. These pores are distinguished from those found 
 in the specular ores of central Missouri, by sharper and smoother 
 outlines, curved toward the inside of the cavity, thus forming 
 very sharp angles, which point, not in two opposite directions only, 
 but always in several directions. We may therefore say, in general, 
 that all the Missouri limonites, with the exception of some of those 
 produced by transformation of specular ores, are of stalactitic 
 structure and origin. 
 
 The appearance of the pores and cavities does not, however, 
 present a perfectly reliable means by which the original limonites 
 might be distinguished, in all instances, from those produced by the 
 alteration of specular ores, for two reasons : first, because the 
 specular ores occur themselves not unfrequently in stalactitic forms, 
 similar to those of the original limonites ; second, because both 
 kinds of limonites, and especially those produced by alteration, 
 often lose their original structure entirely, through the influence of 
 atmospheric agencies, both kinds becoming thereby either irregu- 
 larly streaky or more or less spongy. 
 
 Ores in the South-eastern Limonite District. Several limon- 
 ite deposits, situated along the Mississippi River, have been favorably 
 
88 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 reported on by Dr. B. F. Shumard, in his geological reports on St. 
 Genevieve, Perry, and Cape Girardeau Counties, which reports will 
 be found in the second volume of the present (third) Annual Report 
 of the Geological Survey of Missouri. 
 
 I have inspected but one locality in this district, namely, the Col- 
 lins bank in Perry County. The limonite which occurs there is 
 very dense, hard, and apparently silicious, and is frequently mixed 
 with fine chert-breccia. It is also found as an impregnation of sand- 
 stone. The ores in the vicinity of Irondale, Washington County, 
 are in part hard and botryoidal or reniform, in part soft and 
 ochrey. They sometimes contain splendent quartz in seams. 
 
 The richest part of the south-eastern limonite district is in the' 
 southern portion of Iron, Madison, and Bollinger Counties, and in 
 Wayne County. Most of the limonites, which are found abundantly 
 in these counties, are hard, compact, and massive, yet showing dis- 
 tinctly their stalactitic origin in the structure. The Cornwall limo- 
 nites are softer and more ochrey than the others, but pretty free 
 from foreign mechanical admixtures. 
 
 The ores found east of Marquand and Marble Hill are hard, and 
 in many places very pure, while in others they seem to be more 
 silicious, and enclose fragments of white chert, and then resemble 
 somewhat the above-described limonites of Perry County. 
 
 The following analyses will show the chemical composition of the 
 south-eastern limonites : 
 
 I. 2. 3. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 72.58 81.40 80.98 
 
 Silica 5.84 3.01 1.98 
 
 Sulphur 0.17 0.07 o.oo 
 
 Water I4-9 6 H-78 
 
 Metallic Iron 50.81 56.98 56.68 
 
 Phosphorus 0.34 0.15 0.123 
 
 The two first analyses were made by Dr. August Wendel, of the 
 Bessemer Steel Works, Troy, N. Y., the third by Messrs. Chauve- 
 net & Blair, of St. Louis. I owe the latter to the kindness of Mr. 
 H. S. Reed, of St. Louis. 
 
 Sample I was an average sample taken at the Ford bank, near 
 Cornwall, and consisted of one-third hard limonite, and two-thirds 
 soft limonite, mixed with some ochre. 
 
LIMONITES. . 89 
 
 Sample 2 was a hard, dense ore of stalactitic structure, from 
 the Francis bank, 6 miles south of Marble Hill. 
 
 Sample 3 was a hard limonite, from the vicinity of Marble 
 Hill. 
 
 We see that these ores, although less rich and less pure than the 
 specular and red ores, are, however, good and valuable. We also 
 see that the hard limonites are purer than the soft, ochrey ones. 
 
 Franklin County Limonites. The Moselle limonites, and the 
 brown ores south of Stanton, have mostly a dark color, and are 
 partly hard and dense, partly soft and not unlike a fine sponge. 
 A few banks in the vicinity of the Moselle Iron Works are distin- 
 guished by the reniform structure of their ores. These are com- 
 monly called " kidney-ores." The single kidneys are sometimes 
 several inches in diameter, and have walls, half an inch thick, of 
 very hard, dark-brown limonite, passing, toward the outside, into an 
 ochrey clay. The hollow space inside these kidneys frequently 
 contains rounded pieces of a very fine, hardened clay of white or 
 yellowish color. 
 
 Admixtures of chert are not often seen in this district. But in 
 some localities heavy-spar is mixed with the ore. Also pseudo- 
 morphs after pyrites occur, some of which contain undecomposed 
 masses of this mineral in the centre. 
 
 The following analysis was made by Dr. August Wendel, of 
 Troy, from a specimen of hard, dark-brown limonite, containing 
 fine, irregular pores, evenly distributed, from the Bowlen bank, 
 south-east of Moselle : 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 81.38 
 
 Silica 2.88 
 
 Sulphur. o. 13 
 
 Water 11.70 
 
 Metallic Iron 56.97 
 
 Phosphorus 0. 1 2 
 
 This analysis has a great resemblance with that of the Francis 
 bank ore, as given above. 
 
 A good specimen from the Blanton limonite bank, 10 miles 
 south of Stanton, was analyzed by Mr. A. A. Blair, and con- 
 tained 
 
QO IR OX- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 84.16 
 
 or Metallic Iron 58.91 
 
 Limonites in the Central Ore-region. A look on the ore-bank 
 map which accompanies this report will show that the central ore- 
 region contains a number of limonite deposits, besides its numerous 
 deposits of specular ore. These limonites resemble those of Frank- 
 lin County very closely. Some such ores in the Steelville district 
 are very clean and uniform, while some on the tributaries of the 
 Upper Meramec are occasionally mixed with white chert. Heavy- 
 spar has not been found with the limonites of this region. Also 
 pyrites occurs rarely. 
 
 Limonites on the Osage River. The western ore-region of 
 Missouri, on the Osage River, contains almost exclusively limonites. 
 Those on the Lower and Middle Osage River, nearTuscumbia, Linn 
 Creek, Boulinger Creek, and Warsaw, are mostly fine, pure ores of 
 medium hardness and of a very favorable degree of porosity. 
 Their structure is very distinctly stalactitic, and true stalactites are 
 frequently met with on some banks in considerable quantities ; as, for 
 instance, on the Indian Creek, on the Elm Hollow, and on some banks 
 near Tuscumbia. These stalactites are generally round in section, 
 long and thin. Their diameter varies from y 1 ^ to ^ inch. They are 
 always massive, and are formed of a dense and hard, grayish-brown 
 ore. They do not show a 'crystalline structure in their fracture; 
 but the surface is almost invariably covered with small pseudomor- 
 phous crystals after pyrites or after marcasites. In some in- 
 stances these crystals are larger, up to J^ inch in diameter, and con- 
 stitute the main portion of the stalactitic individuals, which then 
 appear externally to be altogether composed of aggregated crystals. 
 The single stalactites are themselves aggregated either in bunches 
 or in wavy sheets. The inside of bunches sometimes consists of 
 sulphide of iron ; in most cases, however, they are entirely changed 
 into limonite. 
 
 That ore, which forms large coherent bodies, and which is much 
 more common than the true stalactites, is also of stalactitic origin, 
 to judge from the shape and distribution of its pores and cavities, 
 and was undoubtedly deposited in caves, from solutions which 
 have been infiltrated from above. 
 
 The Osage ores are mostly free from foreign matter. In a few 
 
LIMONITES. 9I 
 
 localities only, chert is found mixed with the ore. The walls of the 
 small cavities are generally covered with a layer of brown and yellow 
 ochre. Larger masses of ochre have not been discovered. 
 
 While the ores on the Lower and Middle Osage, which I have just 
 described, occur on the Silurian limestones, the limonites on the 
 Upper Osage, above Warsaw, are found on the subcarboniferous 
 limestones, and are also somewhat different mineralogically. They 
 have a very dark, sometimes nearly black, color. The stalactitic 
 structure is less common and less distinct than many of the other 
 limonites occurring on limestones in Missouri. On the other hand, 
 botryoidal and mammillary forms, consisting of numerous thin and 
 parallel layers of dark-brown ore, are very frequent. The single 
 layers peel off from each other easily, and are sometimes naturally 
 separated from each other by fine, empty fissures with rough sur- 
 faces. The massy ore, which is more common, is often spongy in 
 the fracture, and is mixed irregularly with small botryoidal masses 
 and seams of a soft but splendent limonite, of nearly black color 
 and of vitreo-metallic lustre. 
 
 The chemical composition of the Osage limonites will be seen 
 from the following analyses, made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. 
 Louis. The first analysis was kindly furnished to me by Mr. M. S. 
 Cartter, of St. Louis : 
 
 Peroxide of Iron 
 
 Lower 
 Osage. 
 
 67 O7 
 
 2. 
 
 82 O2 
 
 Middle Osage. 
 3- 4- 
 
 84 i o 
 
 Upper 
 Osage. 
 
 5- 
 77 4.2 
 
 Manganese , 
 
 W ' w / 
 
 
 
 O.OO 
 
 Silica . . . 
 
 
 
 
 8 05 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 
 O.OQI 
 
 O.O77 O.O84 
 
 0.076 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 O.OI5 
 
 o.oo 0.084 
 
 0.147 
 
 Water 
 
 
 12 8O 
 
 1 1 60 ... 
 
 12 40 
 
 Insoluble matter 
 
 14 27 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 A T"- 6 '/ 
 
 . 46 Q$ 
 
 ^7 4-1 
 
 58.87 
 
 54.10 
 
 Phosphorus. . 
 
 
 0.041 
 
 0.034 0.037 
 
 0.034 
 
 1. Soft, earthy limonite, from the Laclede bank, near Tuscumbia. 
 
 2. Hard limonite, with a stalactitic structure, the pores filled 
 with yellow ochre ; from the White bank, near Boulinger Creek. 
 
92 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 3. Loose pipe-ore, broken stalactites, from the Indian Creek 
 bank, near Warsaw. 
 
 4. Stalactitic aggregate of pseudomorphous crystals of limonite 
 after marcasite, from the Elm Hollow bank, near Warsaw. 
 
 5. Average sample of ore from the Sheldon bank, on Bear 
 Creek ; in part a moderately hard, brown limonite, containing 
 some yellow ochre in its pores ; in part a very dark, nearly black, 
 mammillary limonite ; in part a spongy limonite, with dark-brown, 
 submetallic seams. 
 
 All these ores are rich in iron, and contain but little sulphur, 
 while the percentage of phosphorus is so low that they can, in this 
 respect, almost be compared with the specular ores. These limo- 
 nites on the Osage River are indeed remarkable for their chemical 
 purity. It is also apparent, from the above analyses, that there is 
 no difference in this respect between the stalactites and the massy 
 ore. 
 
 Analysis 4 was made for the purpose of investigating whether 
 pseudomorphs after sulphides do not contain a considerable amount 
 of sulphur. The result shows that such pseudomorphs may be as 
 pure as the rest of the ore. 
 
 As a part of sample 5 looked nearly black, it was supposed that 
 it might contain some oxide of manganese. The analysis, however, 
 showed that this is not the case. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 BY ADOLPH SCHMIDT, PH.D. 
 
 C. Modes of Occurrence and Descriptions of Deposits. 
 
 WE have seen in the preceding chapters, II. and III., that 
 two principal mineralogical species of iron-ores are represented in 
 Missouri the hematite and the limonite and that the hematite 
 occurs in two very different and distinct varieties, the specular ore 
 and the red hematite. 
 
 We have, moreover, seen in section A that the specular ore 
 occurs either in porphyry or in sandstone ; that the red hematite 
 forms strata in the carboniferous system ; and that the limonite is 
 generally deposited on limestone. This gives us four classes of 
 original ore-deposits. I have mentioned, in the same connection, 
 that the deposits of specular ore in sandstone are very frequently 
 found to be disturbed and broken, and altered in regard to their 
 position. Some of them, according to their present appearance, 
 seem to be broken up entirely, and their parts and fragments seem 
 to be drifted some distance, and to be deposited a second time, 
 either irregularly or in alternate layers, with the sandy and cherty 
 detritus produced by the destruction of sandstones and limestones. 
 Such is the present appearance of many specular-ore banks, as well 
 as that of some deposits of red hematite and of limonite. 
 
 Very few deposits of this character, however, have been opened, 
 and none of them are as yet sufficiently opened and worked to allow 
 a clear insight into their structure and formation. It is not impos- 
 sible, in some instances perhaps probable, that the working of such 
 deposits will lead to the discovery of original deposits in the interior 
 of the same hills on which the former appear, and that these will 
 prove to be only outliers of such original deposits in their vicinity, 
 and not to be beds of far-drifted ore. Their present appearances, 
 however, do not generally indicate this, and we have to judge them 
 
94 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 by what we can see, to avoid losing ourselves in bold suppositions 
 and speculations. Therefore, as long as the internal structure of 
 these deposits is not better known, we must place them in a sepa- 
 rate class, as " drifted deposits." 
 
 Thus, for the purpose of a systematic description of the modes of 
 occurrence of iron-ores in Missouri, we are led to assume the exist- 
 ence of the following eight kinds of deposits : 
 
 a. Deposits of specular ore in porphyry. 
 
 b. Deposits of specular ore in sandstone. 
 
 c. Disturbed deposits of specular ore. 
 
 d. Drifted deposits of specular ore. 
 
 e. Strata of red hematite. 
 
 f. Disturbed or drifted deposits of red hematite, 
 
 g. Deposits of limonite on limestone. 
 
 h. Disturbed or drifted deposits of limonite. 
 
 a. DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE IN PORPHYRY. 
 
 The deposits of specular ore in the porphyries of eastern Mis- 
 souri, especially in St. Frai^ois and Iron Counties, occur in the most 
 varied sizes and shapes. There are very large deposits side by side 
 with those scarcely workable. There are regular veins, as in 
 Shepherd Mountain and Iron Mountain ; there are regular beds, as 
 in Pilot Knob and in some localities east of it ; there are irregular 
 deposits, some of which somewhat approach veins by their shape, 
 as on Lewis Mountain ; while others have proved to be isolated 
 pockets, as on Hogan Mountain. 
 
 The principal and most common kind of porphyry of which the 
 greater portion of the hills in the vicinity of the ore deposits, and 
 in general most of the porphyry-hills in that whole region, are com- 
 posed, is chocolate-brown to brownish-black in color, and contains 
 numerous small feldspar-crystals, pretty evenly distributed in the 
 matrix. These feldspar-crystals are generally not over one-eighth 
 inch long and about one-half as wide. Some of them are color- 
 less and transparent, others red and opaque, the latter being mostly 
 thicker, without being longer than the former. The red crystals 
 have the appearance of* orthoclase, the transparent ones that of 
 oligoclase. 
 
 These two kinds of feldspar-crystals occur sometimes separate, 
 sometimes together. I will call this porphyry the brown or normal 
 
SPECULAR ORE IN PORPHYRY. 95 
 
 porphyry. It is very hard and brittle. It breaks in thin and flat 
 splinters with very sharp edges and with a subconchoidal fracture. 
 It breaks very suddenly under the hammer, and the splinters fly off 
 with great rapidity and vehemence. 
 
 This porphyry sometimes contains quartz either in light-gray 
 grains or in transparent crystals, colorless or slightly yellow. Also 
 specks of a green mineral, perhaps chlorite, and iron and copper 
 pyrites occur in it. Large masses of a brown feldspathic rock of a 
 dirty-brown color, containing no crystals, and being tougher and 
 softer than the surrounding rock, are frequently met with in this 
 normal porphyry. So are also smaller streaks and masses of red 
 porphyry. The latter are of very variable and irregular shapes, and 
 seem to be produced by accidental infiltrations which changed the 
 color of the rock. 
 
 The brown or normal porphyry occurs in some localities flaked 
 and banded, with black, brown, and red, parallel, undulating, thin 
 stripes ; the crystals cutting through the stripes in the matrix. But 
 this porphyry is always massive, never stratified. By gradual de- 
 composition the transparent feldspar turns opaque and white, the 
 red feldspar light brown and yellow. When the whole mass of the 
 porphyry is gradually decomposed by the dissolving action of the 
 atmosphere, or of acid waters on its alkalies, it turns at first pale 
 brown, then light red, then light yellow, and finally white. It gets at 
 the same time more and more soft and friable, and is finally changed 
 into a white or gray or light-yellow, loose, clayish mass, in which 
 sometimes the original feldspar-crystals can be indistinctly recog- 
 nized, the transparent ones as very white spots, the red ones as 
 yellow spots of a darker shade than the surrounding clay. 
 
 Another kind of porphyry, which is less frequent than the former, 
 but occurs in immense bodies, so that large portions of certain hills 
 are composed of it, is the " red porphyry." This porphyry has a 
 light flesh- red color, and contains generally no feldspar-crystals. 
 In very rare instances, however, small, red crystals of a darker shade 
 than the matrix are found in it, either single or irregularly distribu- 
 ted. This porphyry, when entirely intact, is nearly as hard and 
 brittle as the normal porphyry, and breaks then with a subconchoi- 
 dal fracture. It is, however, rarely found thus probably owing to 
 its being much more liable to be decomposed than the normal 
 porphyry. As mostly found, it is much softer, rather tough in 
 
96 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 breaking, and presents, when broken, an even to irregular frac- 
 ture. 
 
 The red porphyry is very frequently inclined to assume a stratified 
 appearance, and in several localities forms regular strata, apparent- 
 ly extending, in uniform thicknesses, over considerable areas.. The 
 thickness of the single layers varies from one-quarter of an inch to 
 several inches. These stratified porphyries seem to contain some- 
 times transparent feldspar-crystals, though very rarely. But they 
 are principally distinguished by the more frequent, though irregu- 
 lar, occurrence of quartz in grains and specks. 
 
 The red porphyry passes by gradual decomposition and under 
 removal of the alkalies, at first into a peculiar, light-yellow, soft 
 rock, somewhat resembling an uncrystalline limestone, and finally 
 into a more or less white, loose, clayish mass. Such a clayish mass 
 is the so-called "bluff" on the Iron Mountain. The red porphyry, 
 at its lines of contact with the brown porphyry, either mixes with 
 the latter irregularly, or passes into it gradually by taking up feld- 
 spar-crystals and by assuming a darker color. Both porphyries 
 must therefore be considered to be of a similar and simultaneous 
 geological origin. 
 
 The red porphyry seems, however, to be in a certain relation, 
 though not a very plain one, to the ore-deposits, and to be in a 
 closer connection with them than the normal porphyry. The lat- 
 ter contains very seldom veins or seams or specks of ore, while all 
 such are very common in the red porphyry. Large masses of red 
 porphyry occur in close proximity to the ore-deposits on Iron 
 Mountain, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, and Cedar Hill. Cer- 
 tain enclosures in the Iron Mountain veins, the distinct stratifica- 
 tion of the ore-bed on Pilot Knob, and other facts to be mentioned 
 hereafter, indicate that both these hills were originally composed 
 of red porphyry. 
 
 It might be supposed from this that red porphyry owes its exist- 
 ence to a mere change of color produced by the same influences 
 which caused the deposition of the ore. This is, however, not so ; 
 for the red porphyry, besides being somewhat different lithologi- 
 cally, occurs very frequently without ore, and veins and seams of 
 ore do occur sometimes in the brown porphyry without producing 
 in the latter a decided and uniform change of color. We also see 
 from this that the existence of ore-deposits, although evidently fa- 
 
SPECULAR ORE IN PORPHYRY. 97 
 
 voring the vicinity of the red porphyry, is by no means dependent 
 upon its immediate proximity. 
 
 The question, how iron-ore deposits like those which are found 
 in such variable shapes in these porphyries may have been formed, 
 is one which is treated in a general way in all manuals of geology, 
 and more specially in numerous other geological publications. I 
 will, however, say a few words on this subject, with special reference 
 to these East-Missouri deposits. 
 
 It seems to me, in the first place, that these deposits of specular 
 ore, being all of a very similar mineralogical character, being all 
 associated with the same kind of rock, and all situated within a 
 small area of territory, must have been produced by one and the 
 same kind of geological action, although the chemical action may 
 have been different in different localities. Regarding this geolo- 
 gical action, we may consider whether the specular ores can have 
 been brought into their present places and shapes by injection in a 
 melted condition, or by distillation in a gaseous state, or by segre- 
 gation from the adjacent rocks, or by infiltration of chalybeate 
 waters and springs and precipitation from the same. 
 
 1. The descriptions of the various deposits which I shall give here- 
 after will show the impossibility of supposing that the ores were 
 injected in a melted condition. There is no sign of the action of 
 very high heat on the associated rocks. All the enclosures found in 
 the veins and beds of ore are of such a character that they would 
 combine and smelt in a very short time, when in contact with such 
 large masses of melted ore. The ore is found in very thin fissures, 
 of such an extent that a force capable of filling them with melted 
 ore would certainly have opened the fissures, and would have pro- 
 duced thicker veins. Smelted and chilled ore has a very different 
 appearance from that existing in these deposits. 
 
 2. A distillation could rather be thought possible. But distil- 
 lations of iron-salts occur only in volcanoes, and are then mixed 
 with other distilled matters, and never form large deposits. Here, 
 on the contrary, the deposits are very extensive, the ore very pure, 
 and neither lavas nor any other volcanic rocks are found in the ore- 
 region, nor does the configuration of the ground indicate the for- 
 mer presence of any kind of volcanic action. 
 
 3. These specular-ore deposits cannot be derived from segrega- 
 tion, by waters penetrating the adjacent porphyries, dissolving iron 
 
 7 
 
98 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 out of their mass, and depositing it in the fissures ; for, such an 
 action would have altered these porphyries uniformly along the 
 veins and beds, which is not found to be the case. Such segrega- 
 tion could, besides, hardly have produced such immense deposits as 
 on Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, and would certainly have caused 
 a less uniform structure and frequently stalactitic forms. 
 
 4. The specular-ore deposits of eastern Missouri, therefore, 
 must all have been formed by infiltration and precipitation from 
 chalybeate or iron-bearing waters, similar to those which occur still 
 in all parts of the world in the form of chalybeate springs, and are 
 now forming ore-deposits in numerous localities. 
 
 All rocks of which the earth is composed are more or less pene- 
 trable by water ; all are more or less broken or permeated by wide 
 or narrow cracks and fissures ; nearly all of them contain iron, some 
 in very small, others in larger quantities. The iron can be dissolved 
 and extracted from these rocks by certain solutions at certain tem- 
 peratures. From the bottom of the sea, of the lakes, of the riv- 
 ers, from the surface of the ground all over, waters continually fil- 
 trate into the rocks below. These waters all contain more or less 
 carbonic acid and other substances which they take up from the 
 atmospheric air and from the soil. As they descend they dissolve 
 various other matters under various circumstances, from the rocks 
 through which they flow. They follow the easiest and widest chan- 
 nels. They grow warm, and sometimes hot, partly by the natu- 
 ral warmth of the rocks, partly through the heat produced by chem- 
 ical reactions. The higher temperature and the higher pressure 
 increase their capacity for dissolving mineral matters, with which 
 they become charged as much as the existing circumstances allow. 
 They may contain chlorides, sulphates, silicates, carbonates ; they 
 may contain silica, alumina, alkalies, lime ; they may contain zinc, 
 lead, iron, etc. 
 
 When these solutions have reached a sufficiently high tempera- 
 ture, and happen to find sufficiently easy channels upward, they 
 will rise through such channels, driven by the pressure of the colder 
 and therefore heavier solutions which follow them, and frequently 
 assisted by the development of gases through chemical reactions. 
 In this course upward they will again follow the preexisting na- 
 tural channels, wide fissures, small cracks, irregular holes and 
 pockets. When they reach porous or loose strata, they will pene- 
 
1R ON MO UNTAIN. 99 
 
 trate and impregnate them. When they come in contact with 
 strata of materials which they are apt to decompose chemically at 
 the existing temperature, they will alter, transform, metamorphose 
 them. When these materials are such as to precipitate oxides of 
 metals from the solution, these oxides will be precipitated and ore- 
 deposits will be formed. The same effect may result when solutions 
 of different chemical composition meet. The same effect must 
 result when such metallic solutions approach the surface, where 
 their pressure and temperature, and therefore their dissolving 
 capacity, is diminished or altered. 
 
 As the circulation of waters- and watery solutions just described, 
 although locally variable, has existed during the whole geological 
 history of our globe, as it exists still, it is evident that the largest 
 fissures and cavities, when kept filled with however dilute yet con- 
 tinuously renewed metallic solutions for hundreds and thousands of 
 years, under otherwise favorable conditions, will finally become 
 filled with deposits of ores. 
 
 It also appears evident from the above, that the same mineral 
 solutions can, under different local conditions, produce very differ- 
 ent kinds of deposits veins in one place, pockets in another, beds 
 in a third. I have no doubt that the various deposits of specular 
 ore in porphyry, which I will now proceed to describe, were formed 
 in this wise. 
 
 Iron Mountain. T. 35, R. 4, E., Sec. 31, north-east quarter, 
 St. Francois County. The Iron Mountain is undoubtedly the 
 largest ore-deposit in Missouri. 
 
 For the size and exterior description of the Iron Mountain hill, 
 I may refer to page 75 of Prof. G. C. Swallow's Second Annual 
 Report, where Dr. A. Litton mentions and describes it in a very 
 lucid manner. This report was published in 1855, at which time 
 the main part of the hill had not been opened, and no accurate 
 knowledge could then be had of its internal geological structure. 
 The openings which have been made meanwhile enable me to give 
 a more detailed account of it. 
 
 The accompanying topographical sketch, Fig. II, of the Iron 
 Mountain and its surroundings, shows the surface-geology, the dis- 
 tribution of the porphyries, the extent of the surface-ore, "and the- 
 position of the cuts or openings made by mining operations. 
 The surrounding hills are composed mainly of the normal brown 
 
IOO 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 Fig. ii. 
 
 S.K ETCH OF THE IRON MOUNTAIN 
 
 L-tT-V-e.L s A B ove z CRO. LI N E 
 
 A _ ISS ' _ E _ 200' 
 
 *. ' 75< ' - F _ 3O' 
 
 c -. .1 8o>J2oL H-60' 
 
 O W- I +5* _ K > 80' 
 
 e . p. . BROWN POUHVRV 
 
 B . P. . R E D 
 
 B.C.. BLOE CON&LOMERATt 
 
 o-i.^... SURFACE. ot 
 
 - _ . LIMITS OF CUT6 
 
 porphyry. A zone of red porphyry, frequently mixed with ore in 
 larger and smaller seams and specks, runs along the north side of 
 the Iron Mountain, across the ridge which connects the latter with 
 the hill north of it. This zone of red porphyry thus separates the 
 ore-deposit from the brown porphyry on the north side. The red 
 porphyry in places becomes paler and takes a reddish-gray color. 
 In the eastern portion of the zone the porphyry is half decomposed, 
 forming a soft, yellow rock, which in one place, near its contact with 
 the blue porphyry, is in distinct layers or strata from one to several 
 inches thick, and has sometimes been taken for a limestone. 
 
 The red porphyry in the western portion of the zone seems to 
 pass into the normal porphyry, in some places gradually, while in 
 
IR ON MO UN TAIN. ! o i 
 
 others it mixes irregularly with the latter, constituting a rock of a 
 conglomeratic appearance and of a dull-brown or bluish color, with 
 irregular flesh-red enclosures. This is the case in the place marked 
 B C on the sketch. 
 
 The whole surface of the Iron Mountain itself is covered with 
 surface-ore, which also extends over the south-western knob, called 
 the Little Iron Mountain, and reaches into the valley south and west, 
 and across the valley north-west of the mountain, and over a part 
 of the slope of the opposite hill. This surface-ore, which, according 
 to the preceding chapter of this report, is of the same character and 
 composition as the vein-ore, occurs in more or less rounded bowl- 
 ders and pieces, of very variable sizes, from a diameter of several 
 feet down to a pretty fine sand, all irregularly mixed with each 
 other, as well as with a fine, clayish or sandy detritus of a yellow 
 or red color, and with single bowlders of half-decomposed porphyry. 
 Pieces of a coarse-grained sandstone are sometimes found with it 
 on the south-west slope. The surface-ore generally lies directly 
 under a few inches of soil, and varies from one to five feet in thick- 
 ness, which is, however, considerably exceeded in some places, 
 especially on the south side, below cuts B and C, where it attains 
 a thickness of 40 feet and over. 
 
 The main body of the hill, as far as opened, consists of a loose clay- 
 ish mass, undoubtedly decomposed porphyry, known amongst the 
 miners under the name of "bluff." This "bluff" and its origin 
 have been described above. It is in the north-western half of the 
 mountain, to the west of the principal ore-vein, of a very uniform 
 and purely clayish character, while on the south-eastern half it has 
 a more conglomeratic character. In this latter half, especially in 
 the northern part of it, the "bluff" contains masses, which, from 
 their partly preserved darker tint and from the numerous decom- 
 posed feldspar-crystals they contain, must be considered as being 
 altered normal porphyry, while the north-western bluff seems to be 
 exclusively altered red porphyry. A large mass of entirely fresh 
 and unaltered, thickly stratified, red porphyry has been struck by 
 the lower cut C, made on the east side through the " bluff." (See 
 Fig. 6.) This mass, which is uncovered to a height of about 30 
 feet, contains numerous fine ore-seams, and evidently is not in its 
 original position, as the stratification dips about 40 toward the 
 
102 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 east. Large disturbed masses of unaltered brown porphyry have 
 been struck in cut D, on the north-east side. (See Fig. 17.) 
 
 The whole immense clayish mass of decomposed porphyry or 
 " bluff," forming certainly the upper part if not the whole of the 
 Iron Mountain, is cut in two pretty nearly equal halves by an 
 enormous vein of specular ore, from 40 to 60 feet thick, striking N. 
 53 E., which direction may be observed on the sketch by drawing 
 a line through the cuts A E D F. Whether the main portion of 
 this vein is in a vertical or somewhat inclined position cannot now 
 be ascertained. It seems to be rather irregular in thickness and 
 shape, to be split up in two branches for a part of its length, and to 
 enclose large bodies of broken ore mixed with porphyry. This 
 large and principal vein is called the " backbone " of the Iron 
 Mountain. 
 
 The " bluff" contains, however, besides the backbone-vein, nu- 
 merous other veins of various and very irregular thicknesses, from 
 less than one half-inch up to 6, and in places, 10 feet. These smaller 
 veins cross the bluff in various directions, not subject to any definite 
 rule. The limits between each of these veins and the "bluff" are 
 very sharp, and there is nowhere a gradual transition from the ore 
 into the "bluff." 
 
 A line drawn through the cuts A E D F along the backbone, 
 when prolonged in both directions, will pretty nearly touch the cut 
 H on the Little Iron Mountain in the south-west, and the cut K 
 on the hill across the valley in the north-east. As both these cuts 
 have struck large bodies of ore, it seems probable that the principal 
 vein extends over the whole distance from H across the hill to K, 
 which is not much less than a mile. 
 
 The Iron Mountain ores have been described in the preceding 
 chapter of my report. 
 
 To make the mode of occurrence of the specular ore in the Iron 
 Mountain more plain, I will illustrate the above general description 
 by a few sections taken in the different mining-cuts, adding expla- 
 nations as far as required or desirable. The position of these cuts, 
 as well as their elevation above the zero-line of the topographical 
 survey, are given on the sketch, Fig. n. 
 
 The cut H, near the blast-furnaces on the Little Iron Mountain, is 
 not worked now ; but much ore has been taken out of it and more 
 seems to be left, especially in depth. This place is, however, at 
 
IRON MOUNTAIN. 
 
 103 
 
 least near the surface, greatly disturbed, and the formation is to a 
 great extent composed of displaced materials. The following two 
 sketches present some interesting features : 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 JAON MOUNTAIN 
 
 Fig. i 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN 
 
 We see in Fig. 12 four irregular masses of decomposed porphyry, 
 (D P) surrounded by formerly massive, but now broken, specular 
 
104 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ore. Such enclosed masses of rock are, however, rarely entirely 
 surrounded on all sides by ore, although it looks so in the present 
 section. In digging or blasting, perhaps only a few feet further, an 
 entirely different section would present itself, and the apparently 
 floating masses would be found to be in connection with, or sup- 
 ported by, other masses of the same nature. From the parallelism 
 of the contour-lines of the three enclosed pieces, situated on the left 
 side in the sketch, it must be supposed that they formed originally 
 one mass, but were broken up and the interstices filled with ore. 
 The breaking may have begun by the formation of thin cracks, 
 produced by the contraction of the porphyric mass during its drying 
 or cooling, or both. These thin cracks may have been widened, 
 afterward, gradually by the crystallization of the ore. The jointed 
 structure of the ore is very instructive. The arrangement of the 
 joints shows that the ore has been formed round the preexisting 
 porphyry, and that the latter has offered a strong resistance to the 
 contraction of the former, and consequently that the porphyry was 
 still hard and fresh when the ore contracted, and that its decompo- 
 sition took place afterward. Wherever there was an equal resist- 
 ance on both sides, the ore separated in nearly parallel plates. In 
 the lower part, where no resistance existed, the ore contracted and 
 separated into blocks of irregular shape but nearly equal size. 
 
 Fig. 13 represents an undoubtedly disturbed formation. That 
 portion of it which is to the right of the thin clay-seam (Cl) may 
 have been formed as it is. We see here an upright, ramified ore- 
 vein, having on the right side solid porphyry, on the left side, be- 
 tween the vein and the clay-seam, decomposed porphyry. The 
 mass to the left of this clay-seam, between it and another thicker 
 clay-seam, to be seen on the utmost left of the sketch, was evi- 
 dently not formed in its present position, but must have slid into 
 this position long after its formation. At the time when the thick 
 mass of ore enclosed in this part was formed, the stratification in 
 the porphyry was undoubtedly horizontal, while it is now vertical. 
 When afterward brought in its present position, and when, owing 
 to the gradual decomposition and consequent contraction and soft- 
 ening of the porphyry below, the ore lost its support, it broke off 
 in plates corresponding to the porphyry-strata. It is not unlikely 
 that its natural jointed structure has predisposed it to that effect. 
 
 Fig. 14 represents a cross-section through the backbone- vein in 
 
JR ON MOUNTAIN. 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 105 
 
 S.L 
 
 S ECTION OF CUT. A. 
 
 cut A, the working-level of which is about 60 feet below the summit 
 of the Iron Mountain. The vein is here divided in two branches, 
 from 12 to 1 8 feet thick each. These branches join above, enclosing 
 a mass of broken ore and porphyry, mixed with quartz and apatite. 
 This mass seems to be the product of destruction of numerous 
 smaller ore-veins in porphyry, formerly existing in this same 
 place or close by. The porphyry may have been broken up by the 
 crystallization of the ore in its seams, and the ore by contraction 
 and by the decomposition of the porphyry. All the pieces of ore 
 have sharp edges and corners. All the porphyry is more or less 
 decomposed. 
 
 P is slightly decomposed, but yet pretty hard, porphyry, passing 
 into the loose, clayish " bluff" above it. The " bluff " on the south- 
 east side of the vein is all a loose, soft clay of a yellow color. The 
 surface of the big vein is wavy and very smooth. The small ore- 
 veins which cross the "bluff" in all directions vary from one-fourth 
 to 3 inches in thickness, a few near P are up to 12 inches thick. The 
 " bluff" does not contain any ore outside of these veins. 
 
 Fig. 15 gives a section of a characteristic part of cut B. This 
 section shows in what a varied and often peculiar manner the 
 smaller ore-veins cross the mass of the " bluff," enclosing larger and 
 smaller pieces and blocks of decomposed porphyry, frequently 
 changed into soft clay. Most of 'these veins strike about east- 
 west in this place. The ore has the same mineralogical character 
 as that of the backbone-vein. It contains perhaps a little more 
 
s. 
 
 106 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 Fig- 15- 
 
 VIE.WOF CUT-B 
 
 quartz and more apatite, or crystalloid holes formerly filled by 
 apatite. These holes are generally sitting on the walls of the 
 veins. The ore resembles the surface-ore closely. The smaller 
 the veins are, the more impurities they contain in proportion to 
 the quantity of ore. The " bluff" is here very plainly a decom- 
 posed porphyry, sometimes imperfectly decomposed, in which case 
 it is composed of a bluish-gray or bluish-brown matrix, enclosing 
 white, decomposed feldspar-crystals. It seems from this appearance 
 that a large part if not the whole of the " bluff" in this cut is 
 derived from the normal porphyry. 
 
 Fig. 16 represents a section through both the cuts C C, which 
 lie about in one vertical plane, on the south-western slope of the 
 Iron Mountain. The upper cut is about 60 feet, the lower one 120 
 feet, below the summit. The upper cut shows another character- 
 istic section of veins running through the " bluff." What is marked 
 as ''detritus" is composed of blocks and pieces of colored clays 
 
 Fig. i 6. 
 
 S.E. 
 
IR ON MO UN TAIN. ! o / 
 
 (decomposed porphyries), mixed with ore in pieces, the latter also 
 somewhat softened by partial decomposition. Irregular holes and 
 cracks in this mass are rilled with yellow and red loam. This must 
 be a part of a hole or crack which was opened after the complete 
 solidification of both the porphyry and the ore, and was filled with 
 broken porphyry and ore before the decomposition of the former. . 
 The section of the lower cut likewise presents some very peculiar 
 features, indicating disturbances on a larger scale. An immense 
 block, at least 35 feet in thickness, of thickly-stratified, red por- 
 phyry, lies here in the " bluff" in an inclined position, abruptly 
 cutting off the ore-veins. This flesh-red porphyry is hard, and 
 entirely fresh in its fracture and color, and encloses numerous ore- 
 seams, one-quarter to 3 inches thick. This block was evidently 
 exposed to the influence of the solution that deposited the ore, but 
 not exposed to those influences which produced the decompo- 
 sition of the rest of the porphyry. To explain this satisfactorily, 
 we must suppose that this decomposition was not effected by at- 
 mospheric influence exclusively, but that it was effected partly, 
 or at least prepared and begun, by acid solutions, and that this block 
 would have occupied an isolated or elevated position, while this, 
 perhaps, preparatory action took place, and that it could not then 
 be reached by the solutions. Afterward this block may have 
 fallen over on the slope of the hill, sunk into the " bluff" gradually, 
 cutting off the ore-veins, and may finally have been covered by a 
 layer of bluff-clay washed down from the hill. The somewhat 
 irregular character of the " bluff" overlying it seems to support 
 this theory ; otherwise the strange position of this block could 
 only be explained by assuming that it was raised from below after 
 the decomposition of the overlying porphyry. 
 
 However this may be, the presence of this intact, red porphyry 
 with ore-seams, proves that the geological action by which the 
 veins were filled was not the same as that which decomposed the 
 porphyry, but that the latter took place much later than the former. 
 For it might be supposed that the decomposition of the porphyry 
 and the deposition of the ore had been effected, if not by the same 
 solution, at least by a simultaneous chemical action. Another fact, 
 however, besides the above, speaks against these suppositions. We 
 find on Iron Mountain no instance of a total or partial replacement 
 of porphyry by iron-ore, which replacement would have been the 
 
108 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 unavoidable consequence of such a simultaneous chemical action, 
 as I propose to show in my description of the Pilot Knob deposit. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 N. E 
 
 .VIEW OF c u T " D " 
 
 In Fig. 17, which represents a section of cut D on the north- 
 east slope of Iron Mountain, we find the brown or normal porphyry 
 in a disturbed position, similar to that of the red porphyry in Fig. 
 16. We also see a cross-section of the north-east part of the back- 
 bone-vein, which is here in one solid mass, about 30 feet thick, and 
 inclined toward the north under an angle of about 50 degrees. 
 
 Pisa part of an immense solid mass of hard and intact normal por- 
 phyry, underlying the backbone-vein and being in close contact with 
 it. This porphyry frequently contains specks and thin seams of green 
 chlorite (?). Thin seams of ore also occur, though very rarely. 
 The porphyry overlying the vein, in three flat pieces of a rather vari- 
 able thickness from 3 to 10 feet, is very nearly of the same descrip- 
 tion. These three flats of porphyry, however, are not in close 
 contact either with the backbone-vein, or with each other, or with 
 the flat mass of ore that overlies them. All these masses lie loose 
 over each other, being in contact at certain points only, while 
 separated by clay-seams or empty spaces at other points. The 
 " bluff" contains here no continuous ore-veins, but only single 
 pieces of ore in such positions and so distributed as indicated in the 
 above illustration. 
 
 This locality, as well as the whole north-eastern portion of the 
 Iron Mountain, has evidently been subjected to great disturbances 
 long after the formation of the ore and after the decomposition of 
 the porphyry. The fact that the backbone-vein has not, so far, been 
 struck by the cut F, which is situated on the line of its strike, and 
 the presence of the above-mentioned conglomerates a little farther 
 east, support this view, besides the appearance of cut D. 
 
PILOT KNOB. I09 
 
 In the neighborhood of cut K, on the hill north-east of Iron 
 Mountain, we find both the red and the normal porphyries. Ac- 
 cording to Dr. Litton's description (see Second Geol. Report, 1855) 
 of a well bored near the furnaces, porphyries and large masses of 
 ore exist there to a depth of more than 1 50 feet, overlaid by some 
 magnesian limestone and sandstone. This shows that the por- 
 phyries are pre-Silurian, which fact is verified by numerous observa- 
 tions made in other localities. 
 
 When we look over all that has been said about the Iron 
 Mountain, the geological history of this deposit naturally presents 
 itself as follows : 
 
 The whole Iron Mountain was composed originally of porphyries, 
 which also filled the valley east and south of it. 
 
 A great portion of these porphyries, especially on the north-west 
 side, were of the red, the others of the brown or normal variety. 
 These porphyries, either from the effects of contraction or from 
 other causes, contained numerous large and small fissures. These 
 fissures were kept filled with constantly renewed chalybeate 
 waters for a very long period, during which these waters, through 
 various chemical and physical influences, deposited the oxides of 
 iron, which they contained in solution. The oxides of iron thus 
 deposited were undoubtedly at first loose and soft, and mixed with 
 water, but became denser and harder and less watery as their mass 
 increased. 
 
 As the fissures were gradually filled, the access of the solutions 
 became more difficult and more scarce, and was finally stopped. 
 Then the ore dried in the veins, undergoing thereby a small con- 
 traction, which cracked and broke most of the veins without dis- 
 placing their disconnected parts. After this had been done, the por- 
 phyry was acted on by atmospheric or other waters, probably con- 
 taining carbonic acid, which decomposed the porphyry, removing 
 the alkalies, and leaving a silicious clay. By this process these 
 porphyric masses became so soft that rain and flood waters washed 
 them off readily, the consequence of which was that, simultaneous 
 with the erosion of the valleys, the cracked and disjointed ore-veins 
 lost their support, and fell to the ground in single bowlders and 
 pieces, thus forming the beds of surface-ore which now cover the 
 slopes of the hill, and which fill a part of the now-eroded valleys. 
 
 Pilot Knob. T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 29, Iron County. For the 
 
110 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 dimensions and the external appearance of Pilot Knob, I refer to 
 Dr. A. Litton's description, given on page 79 of the " Second An- 
 nual Report of the Geological Survey of Missoui:." 
 
 I give hereby, in Fig. 18, a topographical plan, showing the sur- 
 face-geology of the Pilot Knob : 
 
 Fig. i 8. 
 
 SURFACE GEOLOGY 
 
 O F 
 
 PILOT KNOB 
 
 Although the surface-geology does not always give perfectly reli- 
 able indications regarding the interior geological structure of a 
 mountain, it generally allows us to draw certain valuable conclu- 
 sions. The ore on Pilot Knob is not in veins, but forms a regular 
 
PILOT KNOB. m 
 
 bed in the porphyry. The top of the Pilot Knob, according to our 
 sketch, is composed of " blue conglomerates." These consist of a 
 dark, bluish-gray, porphyric matrix, enclosing large and small, but 
 mostly sharp-edged, pieces of a light-gray, or reddish-gray to red- 
 dish-brown, porphyry. No distinct feldspar-crystals are visible in it. 
 But the blue matrix contains numerous small, almost? microscopic, 
 crystals of iron-ore, more or less equally distributed through its 
 mass. These conglomerates are all strongly magnetic with polarity. 
 They have frequently a distinct though wavy stratification. 
 
 They form large groups of rocks on the summit, and compose 
 the upper part of the mountain itself, directly overlying the ore-bed, 
 into which they pass by degrees, becoming more and more im- 
 pregnated with ore and mixing with ore irregularly above the bed. 
 
 They also lose their conglomeratic character in this direction, and 
 a few feet above the ore-bed constitute a uniform bluish-gray por- 
 phyry, strongly impregnated with ore, and containing thin layers 
 of a fine conglomerate. 
 
 Their maximum thickness, measured to the top of the rocks, may 
 be estimated at an average of about 100 feet ; that of the ore-bed 
 at about 40 feet. Immediately below the ore-bed we find the same 
 uniform bluish-gray porphyry, which directly overlies it, also mixed 
 with small ore-crystals, although in a less number. These " blue 
 porphyries " are likewise found on the surface for some distance down 
 the slope of the hill, as is indicated on the above sketch. All of 
 them contain a little ore in very minute, isolated crystals, not often 
 visible to the naked eye. 
 
 A B and C represent mining excavations or cuts made in the ore- 
 bed itself, but cutting also through the porphyry and conglomerate 
 above it. 
 
 Lower down on the slopes of the hill, especially on the northern 
 and eastern sides, we find the red porphyries cropping out in 
 masses of such a size and position as to leave very little doubt that 
 a large portion if not the whole of the middle and lower parts of 
 the hill must be composed of them. They are mostly hard and un- 
 altered, and. correspond in their appearance to the general descrip- 
 tion given above, containing but rarely admixtures of feldspar- 
 crystals or of quartz. 
 
 Such is the distribution of the rocks on Pilot Knob. We notice, 
 however, two streaks of "blue conglomerates with ore," running 
 
112 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 down the hill, one on the north-east and one on the west side. 
 These conglomerates, with specks and impregnations of crystalline 
 ore, are similar to those found on the summit. They are all broken 
 up, in pieces and bowlders, partly decomposed, and are evidently 
 washed down from above. This seems to have taken place on quite a 
 large scale on'the west and south-west sides, where these broken and 
 either partly or entirely decomposed masses are spread in consider- 
 able thickness over a large area, and reach down to the foot of the 
 hill. The ascent of the Pilot Knob is much less steep there than on 
 the northern and eastern slopes. These loose masses are to a great 
 extent altered into white or yellow clay. Several shafts have been 
 sunk into them to a depth of near 70 feet without reaching the solid 
 rock. We find another, though smaller accumulation of broken 
 and decomposed materials along the foot of the hill on the north 
 side. There we find also feldspathic rock, feldspar mixed with 
 quartz, quartz without admixture, and pieces of stratified porphyry. 
 In a few places at the foot of the north-eastern and north-west- 
 ern slopes we find deposits of magnesian limestone, apparently over- 
 lying the porphyry. 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 P I LOT. KNOB 
 WITH SURFACE CtB.OI.OGY 
 
 Fig- 1 9> giving a side-elevation of the Pilot Knob from the north 
 side, with the surface-geology, will convey a clearer idea of the dis- 
 tribution of rocks over the hill, as described. It shows the red 
 porphyries spreading over the lower two-thirds of the hill, but part- 
 ly covered by decomposed materials and by loose, broken porphy- 
 ries and conglomerates. Higher up it shows the region of the blue 
 porphyries, with the mining-cuts A B and C, which indicate the 
 position of the ore-bed. It finally shows the conglomerates on the 
 summit. 
 
 It must be remarked that this sketch does not represent a sec- 
 
PILOT KNOB. 
 
 tion, but a view of the hill. It is, however, probable that it 
 would represent a pretty correct section through the Pilot Knob 
 from east to west, if we would mark the whole mass below the 
 "region of blue porphyry " as " red porphyry," leaving off the 
 mention of the various detrital materials, which probably only cover 
 the surface to a certain depth. 
 
 The ore-bed, and the stratified conglomerates above it, dip 
 toward the south-west from 13 to 22 degrees, according to Pro- 
 fessor Pumpelly, who also found the strike to be S. 50 E. 
 
 I will add here some sections through the ore-bed, as they ap- 
 pear in the three mining-cuts A B and C on Pilot Knob, to illus- 
 trate more fully the mode of occurrence of the ore in this deposit. 
 The ore itself has been described in section B of this report. 
 
 Fig. 20. 
 
 I 1 ' 7- 
 
 N.E. 
 
 5.W. 
 
 CUT C 
 1 L O T. K N 
 
 O B 
 
 Fig. 20 is a cross-section through the highest and most eastern 
 cut C made in the upper outcrop of the ore-bed. This section 
 shows the following consecutive strata : 
 
 I. Broken-up porphyric mass, without stratification, containing 
 numerous irregular fissures. Its color is bluish gray. It encloses 
 flakes of green serpentine, and small masses of white clay and of 
 half-decomposed red porphyry. The thickness, as far as uncov- 
 ered, is 15 feet. 
 8 
 
114 
 
 IRON- ONES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 2. Seam of hard, blue porphyry. 3 inches thick. 
 
 3. Compact porphyric mass, partly bluish gray, partly reddish 
 brown, containing some serpentine in fissures. 10 feet. Between 
 
 3 and 4 is a large empty fissure, parallel to the strata, evidently 
 produced by a sliding motion of layer 4 over layer 3. 
 
 4. Bluish-gray porphyry, distinctly stratified. Strata parallel to 
 those of the ore. 8 feet. 
 
 5. Dark-blue, nearly black porphyry, mixed with ore irregularly. 
 
 4 feet. 
 
 6. Good-looking though silicious specular ore. 16 feet. 
 
 7. Is composed of three parts, namely, a i-foot stratum of hard, 
 red porphyry without ore, a 1-2 feet stratum of ore, interstratified 
 with red porphyry in very thin layers, and a i-inch seam of light-, 
 gray clay-slate. 
 
 8. Stratified ore, good strata alternating with others which are 
 intimately mixed with fine quartz. 22 feet. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 s w 
 
 Fig. 21 represents the main cut B, which is about 420 feet above 
 the valley west of the knob, and 160 feet below the highest point. 
 This figure shows the foot-wall, consisting of a slightly ferriferous, 
 blue porphyry ; the main ore-bed (H H) nearly 40 feet thick, con- 
 sisting of somewhat silicious specular ore, stratified more or less dis- 
 tinctly; a seam of light-gray clay-slate, varying from 6 to 18 inches 
 in thickness, and containing no particles of ore whatever ; another 
 irregular layer of ore (H H) above the seam, mixing gradually 
 with and passing into the blue conglomerate (B C). 
 
PILOT KNOB. 115 
 
 The ore in the central part of the cut beldw the slate-seam is con- 
 siderably softer than that either east or west of it. Analyses of 
 these various ores have been given in section B. 
 
 If the slate-seam in cut B, Fig. II, is the same as that in cut C, 
 Fig. 10, as it appears to be, the thickness of the ore below the seam 
 diminishes considerably toward the south-east, while the thickness 
 of the ore above the seam increases in the same proportion, leaving 
 the total thickness of the ore the same. The absence of ore in the 
 slate-seam makes it probable that this seam is of later origin than 
 the ore, being, perhaps, produced by a slide of the upper part of 
 the bed over the lower part, whereby, through the irregularities of 
 the surfaces, an empty fissure was left in places, similar to the empty 
 fissure between layers 3 and 4 in Fig. 10, and was gradually filled 
 up with a fine clay washed into it by surface-waters. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 OUT "A' 
 PI LOT. KNOB 
 
 Fig. 22 is a section exposed by the mining-cut A, made on the 
 lowest and western outcrop of the ore-bed, as may be seen on Figs. 
 8 and 9. We have here a disturbed locality before us. A portion 
 of the ore-bed may have been underwashed here, broken off, and 
 fallen down on the slope of the hill, the debris being then either 
 carried away by floods or buried under the porphyric detritus. 
 We see, therefore, in this cut an abrupt end of the ore-bed below 
 the slate-seam. Above the ore and the seam, and close to the ore 
 below the seam, is a nearly vertical streak of broken porphyric 
 masses with some ore, permeated nearly vertically by numerous 
 fissures mostly filled with red, yellow, and white clay or loam, 
 washed into them from above. The porphyric parts are to a great 
 extent converted into green steatite. Many pieces are thus altered 
 
1 1 6 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 on the outside, while the inside is yet tolerably fresh porphyry. 
 The broken ore is poor and silicious, similar to the less pure ore 
 above the slate-seam in cut B. This whole irregular and mixed 
 mass was evidently produced by a fall, and subjected, -during a 
 long period, to the influence of surface-waters. Adjoining it, 
 below the seam, we find a breccia of ore, imbedded in more or less 
 fine porphyric detritus, above the seam a mass of blue, ferriferous 
 porphyry (B P), which is solid where the slate-seam is in its natural 
 position, but broken up into a blue conglomerate (B C) where the 
 slate-seam makes a sudden turn downward, indicating another 
 break- down, produced by an underwashing of the stratum of blue 
 porphyry. 
 
 The cut A, according to this description, presents two disturb- 
 ances or falls, which have occurred at different times. The one 
 affected the ore-bed and all the overlying strata ; the second, of 
 smaller extent, broke up a thick layer of porphyry only. The slate- 
 seam runs across the first fall undisturbed, and must, therefore, 
 have come into existence some time after the occurrence of the 
 fall. As the latter produced ore-breccia, it must have occurred after 
 the formation of the ore, from which it follows that the slate-seam 
 is much younger than the ore-bed. The softness of the clay-slate 
 that fills the seam corroborates this statement. The second fall in 
 cut A breaks the slate-seam, and must therefore have taken place 
 after the formation of the latter, and a long time after the occur- 
 rence of the first fall, and after the formation of the ore-bed. 
 
 As to the extent of the Pilot Knob deposit, we find, by throwing a 
 look on the map, Fig. 8, that as far as opened at present, by the 
 three cuts, A, B, and C, it seems to cover a triangular area, 
 measuring 1 ,000 feet along the base, from east to west, and 600 feet 
 in the height of the triangle. But the fact that the ore-bed dips in 
 the south-western direction, at nearly the same angle as the surface 
 of the ground, leaves the possibility of its extension over a consid- 
 erable distance in that direction. 
 
 In regard to the geological and chemical action which may have 
 created the ore-deposit on Pilot Knob, we must recall the in- 
 troductory remarks on the formation of the specular-ore deposits of 
 this region in general. Referring to this deposit specially, I fully 
 agree with Professor Pumpelly, who, by more detailed and more 
 thorough investigations, has come exactly to the same conclusion, 
 
PILOT KNOB. n7 
 
 namely, that it has been formed by a gradual replacement of stra- 
 tified porphyry by ore, effected by solutions similar to those which 
 deposited the ore in the Iron Mountain and in the other places. 
 
 The stratification of the ore-bed, and of the impregnated and 
 half-metamorphosed porphyries overlying it, is very plain and 
 regular. 
 
 Stratified porphyries are found at the foot of the north-eastern 
 slope of the knob, and very extensively in a large district east of it ; 
 but C, Fig. 20, shows a layer of red porphyry interstratified with 
 ore. 
 
 The general appearance of the ore-bed, especially as shown in 
 cut B, Fig. 21, as well as the appearance of numerous single speci- 
 mens, and the partly impure and silicious character of the ore, nat- 
 urally suggest the idea of an impregnation and gradual replacement 
 of porphyry by ore, besides other circumstances mentioned in my 
 introductory remarks. 
 
 Furthermore, such a replacement is not only possible, but it must 
 be expected, at least partially, under certain circumstances. 
 
 When a solution of sulphate or chloride of iron, containing 
 also carbonic acid, remains during a long time in contact with 
 porphyry, the carbonic acid will decompose the porphyry, com- 
 bining with its alkalies and dissolving them. The alkaline car- 
 bonates will almost simultaneously precipitate oxides of iron from 
 the solution, and these oxides will fill the pores produced in the 
 porphyry by the removal of the alkali. The silica is thereby set 
 free, and will perhaps also to a small extent be dissolved, but the 
 greater part of it will remain mixed with the ore, and make the 
 latter silicious. The removal of the silicate of alumina contained in 
 the porphyry is more difficult to explain. It has been shown, 
 however, by Bischof, in his Lehrb. d. chem, und phys. Geol., ed. 
 1863, vol. i. p. 86, that silicates of alumina can be decomposed by 
 bicarbonate of iron in solution, and removed in the form of a 
 soluble bisilicate of alumina and iron. 
 
 Considering, in our present case, that the solutions producing the 
 transformation did not act perhaps on silicate of alumina pre- 
 viously existing as a free substance, but that they may be supposed 
 to have acted on silicate of alumina which was undergoing at the 
 same time its separation from the alkalies, and therefore, quasi in 
 
1 1-8 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 statu nascendi, various other modes of decomposition or solution 
 may be thought of. 
 
 This is not, however, the place to discuss Such questions. My 
 only purpose in touching them was to show the possibility of a 
 chemical action, by which the formation of the Pilot Knob deposit 
 by replacement may have, and undoubtedly has, taken place. 
 
 Another question regarding the formation of this deposit, is, 
 whether the solutions from which the ore was precipitated were 
 conveyed to this locality through fissures, and whether, therefore, 
 veins of iron-ore will be likely to exist below or in close proximity 
 to the ore-bed. It is very probable that the solutions were con- 
 veyed through either small or large fissures ; but from this it does 
 not follow necessarily that these fissures must contain deposits of 
 ore ; for the deposition of ores or of other substances, in fissures 
 or cavities, is not alone dependent on the presence of the cavities 
 and of the solutions which contain these substances. It is also 
 dependent on various other circumstances, as temperature, un- 
 limited or limited access of air, presence of other mineral solu- 
 tions, facility of renewal of the matters to be deposed, rapidity of 
 motion, and others. It is therefore not to be expected, with any 
 degree of certainty, that cavities through which chalybeate waters 
 flow, or were flowing, should contain deposits of iron-ore. Also 
 a temporary deposition, and subsequent re-dissolution under altered 
 circumstances, is possible and frequently met with. 
 
 Thus, the existence of ore-veins below or close to the Pilot Knob 
 bed is possible, but by no means certain. 
 
 Shepherd Mountain, T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 31, N. E. J^, Iron 
 County. This hill is named after Professor Forrest Shepherd, of 
 St. Louis, who made the first investigations regarding the valuable 
 ore-deposits it contains. 
 
 Dr. A. Litton, Professor at Washington University, St. Louis, 
 has given an excellent description of the Shepherd Mountain, in 
 Professor Swallow's second annual report of the Geological Survey 
 of Missouri, to which description but little has to be added, be- 
 cause the mining operations which have been carried on there 
 since that report was published, seventeen years ago, have proved 
 the correctness of Dr. Litton's views, in nearly all their details. 
 Although Shepherd Mountain is but little over one mile distant 
 from the Pilot Knob, its ore-deposits are of an entirely different 
 
SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN. 
 
 character, being unquestionably veins, which, if they do not cut 
 through the hill in its whole width, certainly extend over consider- 
 able distances. I give, in Fig. 23, a small map showing the relative 
 position of the Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, and Cedar Hill, 
 also indicating the surface-geology of that district. 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Bt/ZZA R D MO U N T, 
 
 r N e VICINITY OF 
 PILOT. KNOB 
 
 Shepherd Mountain is principally composed of normal porphyry, 
 of a pretty uniform brown color, and containing either transparent 
 or red and opaque feldspar-crystals, evenly distributed. This por- 
 phyry sometimes contains seams or small irregular masses of red 
 
120 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 porphyry, which look as if produced by changes caused by infiltra- 
 tions of some kind. The brown porphyry is in places beautifully 
 banded, but never stratified. Some of it, on the upper part of the 
 hill, is magnetic with distinct polarity, and is then found to be inti- 
 mately mixed with single, microscopic particles of ore, absolutely 
 invisible to the naked eye. The porphyry close to the ore-veins 
 is considerably decomposed, quite soft, and mixed with large 
 masses and veins of red and white clay. These clayish masses are 
 sometimes impregnated with ore, or permeated by small veins of 
 ore, which veins also penetrate more or less into the solid and in- 
 tact porphyry. On the summit of the hill, south east of cut B, we 
 find a zone of red porphyry, about 50 feet wide, running across the 
 hill from east to west, as indicated in Fig. 13. 
 
 Three places have been opened on Shepherd Mountain, marked 
 respectively A, B, and C on the map. 
 
 Cut A has disclosed a vein of specular ore, with some magnetite, 
 IO to 20 feet wide, nearly vertical, striking N. 62 E. (true). This 
 cut is about 500 feet long. 
 
 Cut B on the west side has opened a length of about i,OOO feet of 
 a quite similar vein, striking N. 68 E. (true). This vein, how- 
 ever, contains very little, if any, true magnetite, but is almost ex- 
 clusively composed of specular ore. 
 
 The southern cut, C, is hardly opened enough to see its charac- 
 ter. It looks thus far like a vein striking pretty nearly in the same 
 direction as the other two veins, and containing a coarsely crystal- 
 line, specular ore, crossed by numerous thin seams of red por- 
 phyry. 
 
 It will be noticed that the strike of these veins is directed toward 
 the Pilot Knob. 
 
 These deposits have undoubtedly originated in the same manner 
 as those on Iron Mountain ; but the surrounding porphyry has 
 been very little altered, while most of that on Iron Mountain is en- 
 tirely decomposed. 
 
 Smaller Deposits of Specular Ore in Porphyry, Cedar Hill, T. 
 34, R. 4, E.,Sec. 30, Iron County. The position of Cedar Hill can 
 be seen on the map, Fig. 13. This map shows that the surface-geology, 
 on the south-eastern slope of Cedar Hill, is very similar to that of Pilot 
 Knob , the red porphyry at the foot passing into bluish and conglomer- 
 atic porphyries toward the summit. In the place marked A, however, 
 
CEDAR HILL. I2 i 
 
 where a mine has been opened in summer, 1872, the porphyry is red 
 again. This red porphyry, however, takes a bluish color in the 
 proximity of the ore, and the walls of the ore-deposits are in some 
 places composed of a blue, porphyric conglomerate, similar to that 
 on Pilot Knob. This seems to indicate that the blue color, and per- 
 haps also the conglomeratic to spherulitic structure, might be due 
 to infiltrations of the same ferriferous solutions which deposited 
 the ore. 
 
 The Cedar Hill is not sufficiently opened to allow a judgment 
 regarding its ore-deposits. In September, 1872, about two acres 
 of ground were freed from the soil, and showed two parallel, 
 vein-like segregations, I to 4 feet in width, and about 100 feet 
 in length, cropping out on the surface. Their strike was about 
 60-70 north-west. A shaft 10 feet deep was sunk on one of them, 
 but showed it to be of an irregular section, so as to leave some un- 
 certainty regarding its continuation in depth. These small segre- 
 gations, surrounded by hard and solid porphyry, are not always 
 workable in themselves, but they may be offshoots of some larger 
 deposit, to the discovery of which they might lead. 
 
 Occurrences of specular ore were observed in some other locali- 
 ties in that vicinity, namely, in T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 18-19, I 7-2> 
 and T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 19, S. W.# S. W.#. 
 
 One and one-half miles east of Pilot Knob, in T. 34, R. 4, E., 
 Sec. 28, N. j, coarsely crystalline specular ore is found in seams 
 through a red, banded, and stratified rock, of the appearance and 
 fracture of jasper, overlying a series of stratified porphyries. The 
 succession of strata which presents itself there, with a south-western 
 dip, is from south-west to north-east, as follows : 
 
 Slates of red, banded porphyry. 
 
 Stratified quartz-porphyry. 
 
 Slates of red porphyry. 
 
 Green porphyry. 
 
 Banded jasper. 
 
 Jasper, with specular ore. 
 
 Buford Hill, T. 35, R. 3, E., Sec. 26, two miles west of Iron 
 Mountain, in Iron County, is a pretty high and steep hill, consist- 
 ing principally of brown porphyry, occasionally mixed with a 
 brown, jasper-like, feldspathic rock, and with light-red porphyry in 
 some places. These three kinds of rocks seem to be mixed there 
 
122 . ' IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 irregularly. Some micaceous iron-ore, mixed with quartz, is found 
 in a depression between the hill itself and a low spur on its north- 
 eastern side. Red porphyry occurs at a short distance south of it. 
 The quartzeous ore is spread in large and small pieces over the 
 ground, and extends along the slope of the hill over a distance of 
 more than one hundred feet, in a line striking north-east to south- 
 west. A little lower down on the same slope a streak of greenstone 
 may be observed, running about parallel to the direction of the ore. 
 This greenstone, which occurs in loose fragments, is fine grained, 
 of a dark-green color, with white specks. It has the appearance of 
 a diorite. It contains numerous black, microscopic crystals, of a 
 metallic lustre, probably peroxide of iron. 
 
 The same kind of ore, accompanied by the same kind of green- 
 stone, is said to exist in some places on the -west side of the hill. 
 Nowhere, however, are plain indications of the presence of larger 
 masses of ore. 
 
 Buford Mountain, N. E. J^ Sec. 24, T. 33, R. 3, E., Iron County, 
 contains a bed of manganiferous specular ore in decomposed por- 
 phyry, apparently of a not inconsiderable extent. 
 
 Big Bogg Mountain, S. E. ^ Sec. 13, T. 33, R. 3, E., the Rus- 
 sell No. I bank, E. j Sec. 3, T. 33, R. 3, E., and the Shut-in 
 bank, N. y 2 Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 4, E., all in Iron County, are also 
 deposits of specular ore in. porphyry, and have been mentioned 
 and described by Dr. A. Litton in the second geological report. 
 
 Lewis Mountain, S. ^ Sec. 6, T. 33, R. 4, E., Iron County, 
 one and one-half miles south-west of Arcadia, is a small porphy- 
 ry-hill, at the foot of which magnesian limestone is deposited in 
 nearly horizontal strata. The slopes of the hill are covered with 
 red and yellow clay and loam, 30 to 40 feet thick, mixed with half- 
 decomposed pieces of porphyry. Above this is 2 to 4 feet of soil, 
 mixed with rounded pieces of hard, specular ore, some pure, some 
 mixed irregularly with brown porphyry in such a way as to indi- 
 cate a gradual replacement of porphyry by ore. Indeed, in some 
 specimens the brown porphyry, containing feldspar-crystals and 
 brown quartz-grains, passes imperceptibly into specular ore, where- 
 by the feldspar- crystals disappear, while the brown grains of quartz 
 are preserved, and lie in exactly the same manner in the ore as in the 
 porphyry. 
 
 An irregular vein, varying from I to 5 feet in thickness, 
 
HOGAN MOUNTAIN 
 
 123 
 
 strikes across the hill about N. 75 W. This vein contains in 
 some places specular ore, while in other places, where the vein is 
 thinner, it is filled with red loam. This fact seems to show that the 
 vein, which was originally of a more, limited extent, has been 
 opened more and extended by the crystallization of the ore, or by 
 freezing water, and that the cracks thereby produced were after- 
 ward filled with loam washed into them from above. Some red, 
 blue, and conglomeratic porphyries occur near the ore, and also 
 small accumulations of micaceous ore-crystals, accompanied by 
 quartz. 
 
 Cuthbertson bank, north-west quarter Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E., 
 and Ackhurst bank, south-west quarter Sec. 18, T. 33, R. 4, E., 
 are deposits of manganiferous specular ores and magnetites and man- 
 ganese-ores. 
 
 Hogan Mountain, south-east quarter Sec. 14, T. 33, R. 3,E., 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 EAST 
 
 CUT ON HOGAN MOUNTAIN 
 
1 24 IR ON- ORES OF M1SSO URL 
 
 Iron County, contains irregular pockets of mostly soft, coarsely 
 crystalline or micaceous, specular ore, in apeculiar, light-red, granular 
 quartz-porphyry, which in the immediate vicinity of the ore is de- 
 composed, and assumes a.blue color when mixed with the ore. 
 
 Fig. 24 represents a section of such a pocket as opened by a cut. 
 The massive, red porphyry on both sides of the cut is of the above 
 description, and is covered by a dry soil, containing many pieces of 
 broken porphyry. On both sides of the pocket we find the red, 
 porphyry half decomposed to a thickness of several feet. We fur- 
 ther find, in immediate contact with the ore, ablue porphyry, mixed 
 with some ore. The pocket itself is filled in its lower part with a blue 
 porphyry conglomerate, strongly impregnated and mixed with ore, 
 and in its upper part with pure, soft, crystalline, specular ore. This 
 pocket, getting smaller below, runs out into a fissure, which splits 
 in several branches, enclosing a large fragment of half-decomposed 
 red porphyry, and a mass (C) of a gray conglomerate, mixed with 
 pieces of a jasper-like porphyry and with quartz. The fissures are 
 filled with a soft, loose, chloritic clay, undoubtedly a product of the 
 decomposition of adjacent porphyries. R P is a dark, reddish- 
 brown, very hard and massive porphyry. 
 
 It seems probable, from this section, that the solution which has 
 deposited the ore has come from the side, or from above, out of 
 fissures in porphyries which have since been destroyed and washed 
 away, and that the cracks below the pocket were opened either by 
 the crystallization of the ore or by the freezing of water, and after- 
 ward filled with fine clay. 
 
 There are several small deposits of a similar character on Hogan 
 Mountain. 
 
 b. DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE IN SANDSTONE. 
 
 The valuable and, in part, extensive deposits of specular ore in 
 sandstone, the ores of which have been described in Chapter III. of 
 the present report, occur in the eastern part of central Missouri, 
 south of the Missouri River, especially in Crawford, Phelps, and 
 Dent Counties, and constitute, together with the two following cate- 
 gories . and d. of ore-banks, that iron-ore region in the State which 
 in Chapter II. I have called the "Central Region." It has been 
 mentioned there that many of these deposits have undergone great 
 disturbances in their position. I shall describe under the present 
 
SPECULAR ORE IN SANDSTONE. I2 5 
 
 head, b., only such deposits of specular ore in sandstone as are 
 either entirely undisturbed, or which have been broken in place by 
 being underwashed, or by a contraction of underlying strata or of 
 their own mass, without subsequent removal of any great portion 
 of their mass. Those deposits which were broken and separated 
 into two or several parts, the single parts being shifted or moved to 
 a greater or less distance, I shall describe under the two following 
 heads, c. and d. 
 
 All these deposits belong to the Lower Silurian formation, and 
 more especially to those strata which have been designated and 
 described by Prof. G. C. Swallow, in the Second Annual Report of 
 the Geological Survey of Missouri, page 125, as '' Second Sand- 
 stone." Wherever I have been able to trace distinctly the geolo- 
 gical position of these specular-ore banks, I have found them to be 
 associated with this second sandstone, which has its place above 
 the third and below the second " Magnesian Limestone." As the 
 second sandstone is represented more or less extensively in the 
 whole central part of southern Missouri, a great portion of which 
 has been very little investigated as yet, we may hope that numerous 
 other deposits will yet be discovered in the State, besides those to 
 be described hereafter, and besides all those to be mentioned in our 
 ore-bank list in Chapter V. 
 
 These deposits of specular ore have generally a lenticular shape, 
 with either circular or elliptic outlines. They are frequently found 
 in an inclined position, in which case they usually dip with the 
 slope of the hill. Sometimes the ore is cut off abruptly at the out- 
 skirts, by nearly vertical walls, consisting of nearly vertical layers 
 of clay, chert, and sandstone. In this case, these deposits appear 
 like large, round, somewhat lenticular pockets in the sandstone, 
 clad with layers of clay and chert, and filled with specular ore, 
 which is often more or less altered into soft, red hematite. The 
 thickness of these deposits is in the average about one-fifth to one- 
 sixth of their average diameter. The ore is directly surrounded 
 and underlaid by formerly continuous, but now broken and discon- 
 nected, strata of green or gray chert or flint, sometimes mixed with 
 a fine, silicious, white clay, or with red loam. Below these chert- 
 layers we find alternating strata of chert, sandstone, and of chert- 
 breccia cemented by sandstone, sometimes continuous, but mostly 
 broken. Below these are the regular strata of the second sand- 
 
126 IRQ A 7 - ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 stone, running parallel with the above, and forming a circular or 
 elliptic depression, in which the deposit lies. At the outskirts of 
 this depression, where the sandstone strata suddenly change their 
 nearly horizontal position, to curve downward and to run beneath 
 the ore-deposit, the upper strata are frequently broken off, and form 
 an annular outcrop round the deposit. 
 
 All these various rocks surrounding and underlying the specular- 
 ore deposits, have in some cases their original and natural color 
 and appearance, while in other cases they are ferruginous, or colored 
 and impregnated by iron-ore, whereby the sandstone turns brown 
 or black, and glittering with numerous fine ore-crystals throughout 
 its mass, while the chert is colored green or red, and the clay or 
 loam is transformed into a reddish-brown, sometimes pretty hard, 
 ferruginous clay-rock. 
 
 In the Meramec bank we find regular layers of clay, chert, and 
 sandstone, not only under but also above the ore-deposit. In 
 most other places the ore is either covered with loose detritus, bro- 
 ken chert, and soil, or else it lies bare, in which latter case the specu- 
 lar ore is often changed into limonite near the surface. 
 
 The above description gives us the following two series of suc- 
 cessive layers of rocks lying above, in, and under the specular-ore 
 deposits in sandstone : 
 
 1. Sandy and Cherty Soil. 
 
 { Sandstone with solid chert-layers. Same, impregnated ) ch t detritus and Li 
 
 2. ] with iron-ore. Sandstone, loam, and chert, broken [ u 
 ( and mixed. Solid chert. Broken chert and clay. ) 
 
 3. Soft Red Hematite. 
 
 4. Hard Specular Ore. 
 
 q. White clay or red loam. Ferruginous clay-rock. 
 
 6. Clay and broken chert. Ferruginous chert-breccia. 
 
 7 . Broken sandstone and chert with layers of solid chert. \ 
 
 8. Second, Lower Silurian, Sandstone. 
 
 Not all these strata are equally and invariably represented in all 
 the deposits. 
 
 All the beds of rock thus associated with the ore-deposits seem 
 to be in the same relative position in which they have originated, 
 but to be in part broken, in part half-destroyed and altered. 
 
 It seems that these specular-ore deposits were originally formed 
 in a lenticular shape, and imbedded in or on a sandstone containing 
 layers of chert, and that they were afterward partially or wholly 
 underwashed, some of the softer sandstone being thus removed, 
 
LIMESTONE IN HENRY COUNTY. 127 
 
 while the harder cherty parts and layers remained. In consequence 
 of this action, a slight shifting of the whole mass of ore may have 
 taken place, which somewhat crushed and mixed some of the un- 
 derlying materials, and brought the deposit in a more or less ^in- 
 clined position. In some instances large caves, which are so com- 
 mon in all limestones, and which are undoubtedly formed by the 
 dissolving action of acid waters, may have existed in the Third 
 Magnesian Limestone, below the ore-deposits, and may have caused 
 either a gradual or a sudden sinking, without which the origin of 
 the pockets with almost vertical walls, in which such deposits are 
 sometimes found, cannot easily be explained. The original len- 
 ticular masses of ore may have been formed either by deposition 
 from chalybeate waters in depressions on the surface of the sand- 
 stone, and afterward covered by other strata, and condensed and 
 altered by pressure and higher temperature, or else they may have 
 come into existence by a gradual replacement of lenticular limestone- 
 deposits formed in the above-described manner in the sandstone. 
 While the first supposition appears as the more simple and as the 
 more natural and intelligible one, the second one is supported by 
 the two following facts : 
 
 Irregular rounded masses of a very dense and hard orange-yel- 
 low, subcrystalline limestone, interspersed with pretty large gray 
 crystals of carbonate of iron, are sometimes met with in the midst 
 of the ore, and passing into the latter. 
 
 Mr. G. C. Broadhead found, in the lower coal-measures of Henry 
 County, a stratum of limestone from 3 to 6 inches thick, which is 
 partly converted into red hematite, containing no carbonic acid. 
 This transformation has taken place from both the upper and the 
 lower surfaces of the stratum, and has reached a thickness of three- 
 quarters to one inch, from either surface, while the interior consists 
 yet of the unaltered gray limestone. 
 
 Another fact, however, which speaks in a certain measure against 
 the second of the above two suppositions, is this, that lenticular 
 deposits of limestone have nowhere been observed in the Silurian 
 sandstone of Missouri. I will not attempt to decide whether any 
 such deposits have existed and have all been metamorphosed into 
 ore-deposits, or whether the supposition is incorrect. 
 
 These undisturbed or slightly-disturbed deposits may be recog- 
 nized by the following external characteristics : 
 
128 'IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 1. They mostly occupy a high topographical position, lying on 
 summits of hills or of ridges if undisturbed-, or on the upper part 
 of slopes close to the summits if somewhat disturbed. 
 
 2. They have a circular or elliptical outline, inside of which the 
 ground is covered all over with surface-ore of various sizes, partly 
 specular, partly limonite, more or less rounded and smoothed, es- 
 pecially on the upper side, from being exposed to rain and storm. 
 The larger the size of these pieces and bowlders on the surface, the 
 more, confidently a good deposit may be expected. 
 
 3. They are surrounded by annular outcrops of solid or broken 
 red clay-rock, chert-breccia, black or brown impregnated sand- 
 stone, and finally of yellow or white sandstone. These annular 
 sandstone outcrops are frequently very conspicuous. 
 
 4. The slope of the hill shows also, outside of these annular out- 
 crops, streaks of smaller and more rounded surface-ore, evidently 
 washed down from the original deposit, the main body of which 
 always lies inside the sandstone outcrops. The surface-ore is some- 
 times spread over the whole hill. In other localities it is concen- 
 trated in depressions and ravines, the soil and sandstone being con- 
 tinually washed away, while the heavy ore is left and concentrated. 
 In other not unfrequent instances the surface-ore on the slopes 
 covers swellings of the ground, encompassed or cut by two or more 
 diverging ravines. In such cases the surface-ore lies generally 
 pretty thick and close, and thus protects the underlying softer ma- 
 terials from being washed away as rapidly as the less protected por- 
 tions of the same slope. It is obvious that these swellings have been 
 produced by such an unequal protection of the ground. When 
 opened by shafts, these swellings are then found to consist of loose, 
 sandy detritus, with little or no ore, overlying the solid sandstone. 
 The extent of the surface-ore, however thick and close it may lie, 
 when outside of the annular outcrops of sandstone, is therefore 
 no proof of a corresponding extent of the deposit. 
 
 I will now proceed with the special description of a number of 
 ore-banks belonging to this category of undisturbed or slightly- 
 disturbed deposits of specular ore in sandstone. 
 
 Scotia No. 1, Sec. i, E. j S. E. #, T. 38, R. 3, W., Crawford 
 County. 
 
 This deposit lies in a low sandstone-hill, which forms a spur on the 
 southern end of a higher limestone-hill, and is separated by two 
 
SCOTIA MINE. 
 
 129 
 
 narrow valleys from the surrounding high hills, composed of Third 
 Magnesian Limestone at the base, and of Second Sandstone in the 
 upper part. 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 
 
 \ MJ v\V^^>: 
 
 The Second Sandstone on which the ore is bedded occupies a 
 much lower level than the Second Sandstone which caps the sur- 
 rounding hills. It has undoubtedly sunk down gradually into its 
 present location, which is at the level of the limestone, by which it is 
 surrounded on three sides. The whole ore-bank sank down with 
 the sandstone, and by its weight may have kept the latter in place, 
 and protected it against destruction by the waters which effected the 
 erosion of the valleys on both sides. 
 
 S and L, on Fig. 25, mean that pieces of sandstone and limestone 
 are found there, mixed, on the surface. Distinct outcrops and 
 openings of both these kinds of rocks are found on the other two 
 hills, east and west of the ore-hill. 
 
 The broken line across the ore-hill shows the probable limit of 
 9 
 
130 
 
 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the ore. The annular outcrop of sandstone round the ore is also 
 indicated. The surface-ore extends over an area about 180 feet 
 wide and over 200 feet long, a, b y c, are cuts made for the purpose 
 of mining the ore. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
 ill 
 
 o o H 
 ffl c/> m 
 
 III 
 
 * 
 1 
 
 
 
 3: v 
 
 I! 3 
 
 II i 
 
 5? o 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 71 -* 
 
 to 
 
 > 
 
 Si 
 
 s> 
 
 WEST 
 
 V 
 
 CAST 
 
 The foregoing, Fig. 26, represents a section through the cuts a 
 and #, showing the interior structure of the upper part of the ore- 
 deposit. 
 
SCOTIA MINE. i$i 
 
 We see here nearly corresponding strata on both sides of the 
 ore, all dipping toward and apparently under the ore. There 
 is the Second Sandstone (S), yellowish-white, dipping about 40 
 on the west side, and considerably more on the east side. 
 Next to this sandstone is, on the east side, a stratum of breccia of 
 green, red, and yellow chert, mixed with pieces of sandstone, and 
 cemented by red loam 8 feet thick (B S). This same stratum, with 
 the same thickness, is represented on the west side ; but it is there 
 separated from the white sandstone by a stratum, 5 feet thick, of 
 Sandstone impregnated with fine, greasy ore (S and H), probably pro- 
 duced by an accidental and local infiltration into the regular Second 
 sandstone. Then follows, on the east side, a stratum (F), 2 feet 
 thick, of green and brown flint or chert, in solid and nearly un- 
 broken but very irregular layers. These strata will undoubtedly 
 meet below the level of the present section, and thus form a pocket, 
 in which the ore is placed. 
 
 The ore itself consists of large, irregular masses of hard, blue, 
 specular hematite (H H), getting more soft and light-colored out- 
 side, and passing into the soft, red hematite (S H), which surrounds 
 them, and which constitutes the greater part of the bank, as far as 
 opened at present. The soft, red ore is mostly greasy to the touch. 
 It contains sometimes streaks of broken chert and of clay, and is in 
 its upper part mixed with streaks and irregular masses of yellow 
 ochre. All this ore must have been formerly one solid mass of 
 specular ore, which was broken, and gradually softened, and sub- 
 jected to such transformations as I have described in section B. 
 
 Scotia Bank No. 2, S.E. ^, Sec. 28, T. 39, R. 2, W., Crawford 
 County. 
 
 This seems to belong to this category of ore-banks, although 
 its exterior characteristics are not very plain, and although it is not 
 sufficiently opened to allow an exact judgment regarding its char- 
 acter. To judge from the surrounding hills and from the surface- 
 rocks, the hill seems to be composed of limestone capped by sand- 
 stone, or else of sandstone exclusively, and to contain a considera- 
 ble mass of ore, situated above the sandstone on the summit of the 
 hill. The ore is thickly covered by detritus on the north-east side, 
 while it is but a few feet below the surface on the south-west side, 
 near the summit. Its presence there has been proved both by a 
 shaft and by a ditch, which are from 80 to 90 feet apart. 
 
132 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 At the foot of the hill, which is about 150 feet below the summit, 
 a tunnel was made, and struck immediately under the soil, the soft, 
 red ore enclosing pieces and bowlders of specular ore, and numerous 
 broken stalactites of specular, partly converted into red, ore. This 
 ore, several feet thick, dips with the slope, and is underlaid con- 
 formably by a layer of green chert, 2 feet thick, w r hich itself lies on 
 a mass of broken chert and sandstone, mixed with clay and loam. 
 All these materials that were struck by the tunnel are undoubtedly 
 detached parts of the main ore-bank on the summit. 
 
 Cherry Valley, No. 1, E. % S. W. j, Sec. 4, T. 37, R. 3, W., 
 Crawford County, 6 miles east of Steelville. 
 
 rig. 27. 
 
 X>> x-^ ^ X 
 
 V' 
 
 ' 
 
 H.H. SPECULAR ORE B.H. BROWN HUMATlTE 
 
 CHERRY VAUEY BANK . 
 
 Fig. 27 gives a topographical sketch of the two Cherry Valley 
 banks, neither of which is as yet opened. Nevertheless, the west- 
 ern or No. I bank will readily be recognized as a very distinct and 
 characteristic example of a nearly undisturbed deposit of specular 
 
LAMB BANK. 
 
 133 
 
 ore in sandstone. The lower part of the hills in that region is com- 
 posed of Third Magnesian Limestone, the upper part of Second Sand- 
 stone. On the summit we observe an annular outcrop, several feet 
 thick, of white and yellow Second Sandstone, having in part the ap- 
 pearance of a vitreous quartzite, and dipping toward the centre, 
 but so steep that the strata are in most places nearly in a vertical 
 position. Inside of this outcrop of light-colored sandstone, and 
 placed conformably to it, is an annular outcrop of a sandstone col- 
 ored or impregnated by oxides of iron. 
 
 The circular space inside of these outcrops, 150 feet in diameter, 
 is entirely covered with ore, the numerous large bowlders consist- 
 ing principally of specular ore, while most of the smaller pieces are 
 altered partly into limonite, partly into soft, red hematite. This 
 space marks the position of the regular deposit, and a pocket of con- 
 siderable depth, filled with ore, will certainly be disclosed here by 
 future mining operations. 
 
 There is a gap in the sandstone outcrop on the south side, and 
 there the surface-ore is spread in considerable quantity down the 
 slope, outside the outcrops, in a streak 50 to 60 feet wide and about 
 200 feet long. The greater part of this surface-ore is changed into 
 limonite. An extension of the underground deposit in this direc- 
 tion cannot, however, be expected. 
 
 The eastern or No. 2 Cherry Valley bank, which is sketched in 
 Fig 27, does not show the exterior characteristics of an undisturbed 
 bank, although it contains very large and very numerous bowlders 
 of specular ore and of limonite on the surface, and although very 
 large masses of ore will undoubtedly be found there underground, 
 especially in the upper part of the hill. But it is, from its present 
 appearance, a disturbed deposit, belonging to the third category C, 
 of which I shall speak hereafter. 
 
 Lamb Bank, Sec. 35, T. 36, R. 6, W., Phelps County. This 
 bank is situated in the " Upper Meramec" district, on the dividing 
 ridge between the Benton Creek Valley and the Norman Hollow, 
 at the head of the western branch of Benton Creek. 
 
 The main part of the bank is situated close to the highest point, 
 and is nearly round, 150 to 200 feet in diameter. No distinct 
 annular outcrops are perceptible, however, and the limit of the 
 body of massive ore can therefore not be determined with great 
 accuracy. But an annular streak of ferruginous clay-rock and of 
 
134 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 chert-breccia can be traced nearly all round the bank, from the loose 
 pieces lying on the surface. 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 LAM A BANK 
 
 A horizontal outcrop of white sandstone is found half-way down 
 the western slope, where also large bowlders of specular ore occur, 
 as well as in the western ravine, which is about 130 feet below the 
 bank. 
 
 The low, triangular slope south of the circular bank is covered 
 with small and rounded surface-ore, between the road and the little 
 ravine on the east side. This ore was undoubtedly washed down 
 from the main deposit. 
 
 Benton Creek Bank, Sec. 32, T. 36, R. $, W., Crawford 
 County. On Benton Creek, in the " Upper Meramec " district. 
 
 The sketch (Fig. 29) shows a large hill, i$oto 200 feet high, cover- 
 ed with surface-ore, which is partly specular, partly limonite, partly 
 strongly-impregnated sandstone. The surface-geology indicates 
 yellow and white sandstone on the lower half of the hill, cropping 
 out in several places on the slopes and dipping in each case toward 
 the centre of the hill. On the north-west side we find a ferrugi- 
 nous or impregnated sandstone on the surface, extending in a 
 curved streak round the hill. All this points toward the existence 
 
GROVER BANK. 
 
 135 
 
 of a large ore-deposit inside these sandstones. A peculiar feature 
 of this bank is a straight zone of very large bowlders of specular 
 ore running across the hill from north-west to southeast. This 
 bank is somewhat disturbed, but it has preserved its circular char- 
 acter. The mass of ore will probably be found broken, but not 
 scattered to a great extent. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 B E N TO N CREEK BANK 
 
 This is one of the largest ore-banks in central Missouri, judging 
 from its appearance and dimensions. 
 
 Grover Bank, S. W. %, Sec. 2, & N. W. ^, Sec. 11, T. 35, 
 R. 4, "W., Crawford County. This ore-bank is situated in the 
 " Upper Meramec " district, on the top of a high ridge, with pretty 
 steep slopes, cut by numerous ravines, which descend gradually 
 through lower ranges of hills into the broad valley of Crooked 
 Creek. 
 
 The ore does not lie thick, either on the slopes or on the hill. It is 
 more concentrated in the ravines. Fig. 30 presents an elevation, 
 showing the various rocks met with in going from the Crooked 
 
136 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Creek valley up to the bank, namely, the Third Magnesian Lime- 
 stone, the Second Sandstone, which becomes ferruginous near the 
 bank, above this a thin streak of red clay with chert, and finally 
 the ore on the summit. 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 SHAFTS 
 
 NORTH 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 f 
 
 This succession of rocks and the situation of the bank seems to 
 warrant the presence of a good ore-deposit, although the surface- 
 ore is not very copious. Six small shafts have been dug on the 
 top of the hill, five of which were too near the outcrop of the ore, 
 and therefore, after cutting through 5 to 7 feet of soft red and of 
 specular ore, struck either the underlying white clay or the chert- 
 breccia or the impregnated sandstone. The sixth shaft was made 
 nearer the central part of the summit, and struck soft, red hematite 
 immediately below the soil, together with bowlders of specular ore 
 up to one foot in diameter. This shaft was brought down six feet 
 only in the ore, and then discontinued. The presence of a large 
 amount of soft ore in this locality proves that the bank has been 
 broken up and somewhat disturbed. But it is not likely that a con- 
 siderable part of the original mass of ore should have been washed 
 away. 
 
 Simmons Mountain, N. W. j^, Sec. 24, T. 34, R. 6, W., 
 Dent County, j mile south-west of Salem. This is one of the 
 largest, if not the largest deposit of specular ore in the central ore- 
 region. It received its name from its original owner, Mr. C. C. 
 Simmons, of St. Louis. 
 
 Fig. 32 is a view of the Simmons Mountain, which is a nearly 
 isolated hill about ninety feet high, above the plateau south of 
 Salem, on which it is situated, and covering over thirty acres of 
 ground. 
 
SIMMONS MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 137 
 
 SIM WON 3 MOUNTAIN . 
 
 - tiMit oraouo ORE COVERING A DISTRICT SOO'UONO A; 
 
 _ _.- LIMIT Of OTHER HOCKS , 
 
 8. OUTCROP OF . A N STONE . 
 
 The main body of the hill seems to be composed of Second Sand- 
 stone, which is found in pieces on the surface, and has been 
 uncovered by a digging at the foot of the north-western slope, close 
 to the road. The sandstone on the surface is mixed with pieces of 
 chert on the southern and south-western sides, near the base. 
 Higher up it is mixed with specular surface-ore, which extends 
 over a very large district, increasing in frequency and size toward 
 the summit. 
 
 Some of the surface-ore on the slopes is altered into a fine and 
 pure limonite (brown hematite), but most of it is specular. The 
 
\ 
 
 138 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 latter occurs in bowlders, several feet in diameter. The follow- 
 ing topographical sketch will give a better idea of the surface- 
 geology. 
 
 We here notice, in addition to the occurrences just described, an 
 elliptic district, about 400 feet wide and 500 feet long, enclosing 
 the summit, and being very thickly covered with surface-ore. 
 This is the position and extent of the original deposit. As may be 
 seen on the sketch, it is surrounded by outcrops of sandstone (S), 
 which are especially distinct on the north and west sides, and are 
 ferruginous in several places. On the east side some outcrops of 
 sandstone are found lower down the slope. The dip of the sand- 
 stone cannot now be distinctly recognized, but this rock will un- 
 doubtedly be found to form a large elliptic pocket, filled with ore. 
 Inside of the upper sandstone outcrops, the surface-bowlders are of 
 enormous size, evidently outcrops of an immense body of massive 
 ore. Wherever the soil is removed between these bowlders, ore is 
 found immediately below it. 
 
 Outside of this district, the surface-ore, although very large in 
 places and very plentiful, must be considered as being broken off 
 from the main deposit and thrown or washed down the hill. This 
 ore may have been at first imbedded in large masses of detritus of 
 sandstone which was broken off simultaneously with the ore. 
 Afterward this ore was concentrated on the surface by the slow 
 but unavoidable and merciless action of rain-water, which mechani- 
 cally destroyed and removed the light sandy materials surrounding 
 and underlying the ore, while the ore itself, being too heavy to be 
 carried off by such action, remained in place. This outside surface- 
 ore is therefore not indicative of the existence of large bodies of 
 ore below it. 
 
 These views have been fully verified by a number of shafts 
 which have lately been sunk on the Simmons Mountain, and which 
 on our sketch are marked by the numbers I to 9. The shafts 5, 6, 
 7, 8, and 9, which are outside the elliptic district, disclosed 15 to 25 
 feet of loose, sandy detritus, and finally struck the solid sandstone. 
 Shafts 5 and 6, which are the nearest to the deposit, met with more 
 clayish materials, and streaks and masses of white clay and chert, 
 which are so frequently found in close proximity to such deposits. 
 The shafts I, 2, 3, and 4, although sunk quite near the limits of the 
 deposit, but inside of them, went. through 25 to 30 feet of solid, 
 
POMER O Y SANK. 
 
 139 
 
 pure, specular ore, without reaching the foot-walls. I was lately 
 informed that, since my last visit, one of these shafts has struck the 
 clay at a depth of a little less than 30 feet. This is not at all aston- 
 ishing, on account of the proximity of the shafts to the limits of 
 the pocket. The fact that none of these shafts has reached the clay 
 at a less depth, proves that the walls of the pocket are nearly ver- 
 tical, and points to a great thickness of the ore in the central por- 
 tion of the deposit. At the foot of the Simmons Mountain, and 
 north of it, a well has been sunk,, which is marked in Fig. 32. 
 This well is over 60 feet deep. It passed through 
 
 8 10 feet of soil and loose, sandy material. 
 6 7 feet of sandstone in broken layers. 
 15 18 feet of red, sandy loam. 
 
 6 feet of chert, in thick, broken layers. 
 6 8 feet of red, sandy loam. 
 3 4 feet of chert, in broken layers. 
 14 feet of chert, mixed with clay. 
 
 
 
 All the materials just mentioned seem to be remnants of destroy- 
 ed sandstones which must have formerly surrounded the Simmons 
 Mountain. The harder cherty strata have been evidently less 
 subject to destruction, and have therefore been left in place and 
 concentrated, while the greater part of the softer sandstone was 
 destroyed and carried off by the waters and floods, which effected 
 the erosion of the valleys in that region, besides washing away 
 whole strata of rocks. The body of the Simmons Mountain was 
 in a great measure protected against this action by the size and 
 weight of its ore-deposit, which seems to be nearly undisturbed, 
 resembling in this respect the Cherry Valley No. I and the Lamb 
 banks above described. 
 
 Pomeroy Bank, Sec. 10, T. 34, R. 6 W., Dent County, three 
 miles north-west of Salem. 
 
 This quite extensive ore-bank was evidently underwashed on the 
 west side, and broken and turned or moved in that direction, as 
 can be easily perceived from the study of the surface-geology on 
 our sketch. The mass of the ore does not seem, however, to be 
 much scattered, nor to have been removed to any considerable ex- 
 
140 
 
 IRQ A 7 - ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 tent ; so that we may rank this bank with the disturbed depos 
 its (b). 
 
 P M E R Y ORC BANK 
 
 The top of the hill is about 120 feet above the eastern valley; 
 but the surrounding hills are mostly higher than the Pomeroy 
 hill. 
 
 In throwing a look on Fig. 33, we find that the principal mass of 
 the surface-ore, although in large quantities and sizes, is here not 
 situated on the summit, but on the western slope, where indeed, 
 besides the cherty soil, hardly anything else but ore is seen on the 
 surface. The summit is occupied by ferruginous clay-rock and 
 pieces of ore altered into limonite. On the eastern slope we have 
 a zone of the well-known breccia of white and green chert, ce- 
 mented by clay-rock, and lower down the ordinary, white or yel- 
 low, Second Sandstone. No regular outcrops are to be seen ; but 
 
TAYLOR BANK. 
 
 141 
 
 the succession of rocks from the east to the west, shows that a con- 
 siderable mass of ore must exist in the western and central parts of 
 the hill. 
 
 Taylor Bank, S. W. % of S. W. #, Sec. 12, T. 34, R. 7, W., 
 Dent County, eight miles north-west of Salem. 
 
 34- 
 
 TAYLOR 
 
 On this topographical and geological sketch of the Taylor bank 
 we meet with circumstances very similar to those just described. 
 We find about the same succession of rocks, and the whole ore- 
 bank situated on the slope, the specular ore occupying the foot of 
 the hill. The surface-ore extends over an area about 40 feet 
 square. The main body of the ore will probably be found in 
 the upper part of the semicircular space, which is surrounded by 
 a zone of ferruginous rocks. This bank has been undoubtedly 
 underwashed on the south side, and disturbed in its position. North 
 
142 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of the bank, near the summit of the hill, is one of the round sink- 
 holes which so frequently occur on hills composed of Second Sand- 
 stone and Third Limestone. They are, perhaps, caused by the 
 existence of large cavities in the limestone, which have caused a 
 sinking of the overlying sandstone. This sink-hole does not at 
 present seem to be in any connection with the ore-deposit. 
 
 Iron Ridge No. 1, N. E. J^, Sec. 29, T. 39, R. 5, W., Crawford 
 County. I give here a plan and section of the Iron Ridge mine. 
 The ore-deposit seems to be of a lenticular shape, but curved hori- 
 zontally, while dipping at an angle of about 40 degrees toward the 
 east. The specular ore is all broken, and to a great extent altered 
 into soft, red hematite, in which the remains of the specular ore 
 are imbedded as half-converted bowlders. The deposit is entirely 
 surrounded by loose materials, and has undergone considerable dis- 
 turbances ; but at the time when these took place the ore-bank 
 must have been in a solid and intact state, because its limits are 
 sharp and well marked, and the main body of the ore, although 
 broken up interiorly, has not been separated into several smaller 
 bodies, nor scattered about, as far as can be seen at present. The 
 succession of rocks may be observed as follows : 
 
 1. Cherty and sandy soil. 1-3 feet. 
 
 2. Clayish and sandy detritus, white, yellow, and light red, en- 
 closing pieces of chert and chert-breccia in sandstone, and some- 
 times masses of soft sandstone. 40 feet. 
 
 3. Very hard breccia of sandstone, cemented by quartz. 2-4 
 feet. 
 
 4. Broken chert, imbedded in red and yellow clay or loam. 
 1-3 feet. 
 
 5. Soft, red ore, partly greasy, enclosing bowlders of hard 
 specular ore, exteriorly converted into red ore to a greater or less 
 extent. These bowlders form about one-third of the whole mass, 
 and grow larger with the depth, being apparently 5 to 8 feet in 
 diameter at the bottom of the main shaft. The average thickness 
 of the deposit, as far as now opened, is about 25 feet. 
 
IRON RIDGE ORE- BANK. 
 
 143 
 
 PIA N OF MINE. 
 
 SHLTTQR OF gCPOSTT BETQRt BEING WORKED 
 
 ci.D. cwrtrft DETRITUS S.H, BOTT HEMATIC 
 
 cu YEi'iovy PUASTIC CLA? K.H. HARD HEMATITE 
 
 Cl.+ r. CHERT IN RED ^ YELLOW CLAY B.S, BROKEN SANDSTONE 
 S.O. flANOV OCTBITUS fi, SANDSTONE 
 
 o r c UT -. LIMIT or o P. E; 
 
 M >N E , 
 
 IRON RIQGE ORC BANK 
 
144 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 6. Yellow, plastic clay, sometimes with pieces of specular ore. 
 1-3 feet. 
 
 7. Red loam and white or yellow, sandy clay, irregularly 
 mixed, enclosing large bowlders of decomposed specular ore. 
 These bowlders are soft enough to be broken by picks and sledges, 
 and present in their fracture a variegated appearance, red, brown, 
 yellow, and black ore being mixed together, and containing specks 
 of white clay and in some places seams of quartz. 
 
 The original geological position of the Iron Ridge deposit cannot 
 be safely determined from its immediate surroundings, all the regu- 
 lar geological strata in that district being thickly covered by sandy 
 and cherty detritus, undoubtedly produced by a very extensive and 
 complete destruction of sandstones with chert-layers. A bore-hole, 
 a few hundred feet south-west of the ore-bank, on the same ridge, 
 went through 65 feet of this loose and irregular formation, without 
 striking the solid rock. Several wells were sunk in various places 
 in the valley to a depth of 45 feet. There, also, drifted masses 
 were found to a depth of 12 to 15 feet, consisting of broken chert, 
 of rounded pieces of sandstone, and of sand. Below this more 
 solid, yet not quite undisturbed, rocks were reached, consisting of 
 alternate strata of sandstone and more or less broken chert. Of 
 these strata, a thickness of 30 feet was pierced, without obtaining 
 water in desirable quantity. 
 
 The ore in the Iron Ridge deposit seems to extend to a consid- 
 erable depth. The main shaft is now over 50 feet deep, and has 
 not reached the end of the deposit. 
 
 Meramec Bank, N. W. ^, Sec. i, T. 37, R. 6, W., Phelps 
 County, 7 miles south of St. James. 
 
 The Meramec bank, a section of which is given in Fig. 36, is a 
 lenticular deposit of a nearly circular outline, lying in clay and 
 chert beds, in the Second Lower Silurian sandstone. Its inclined 
 position, as well as the broken condition of the ore, indicate former 
 disturbances, probably caused by a partial destruction and removal 
 of the underlying sandstone, especially on the south side, where a 
 deep ravine or narrow valley has been eroded, perhaps by the 
 same waters that may have underwashed the ore-deposit. 
 
 In this valley, through which a road leads down to the Meramec 
 Iron Works, outcrops and bluffs of the Second Sandstone are exposed. 
 The dip of the sandstone is very irregular, mostly, however, 10 to 
 
MERAMEC BANK. 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 145 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 NORTH. 
 
 5. 
 
 SECTION OF MERAMEC MINE 
 
 8. SECOND SANDSTQNC Cl. + F. 
 
 S.+ r. .SANDSTONE WITH FLINT F. 
 
 8. -F. CL. SAND STONE WITH rt.INTX.LOAM &.H. 
 
 ,.M..r 8AN03TONE WITH ORC fc. CHERT H.M, 
 
 UIMIT OF OUT 
 
 CLAY WITH CMCKT 
 sono FLIMT 
 
 SOFT HEMATITE 
 HARD HEMATITE 
 
 20 degrees to the north-west, about 'in the direction of the ore- 
 bank. Lower down, in the vicinity of the iron works, the Third 
 Magnesian Limestone is exposed with a dip of 10 to 15 degrees 
 north-north-west. A large spring, discharging about 10,000 cubic 
 feet of water per minute, of a temperature of 58 F., uniform all 
 the year round, comes out of this limestone, proving that it must 
 contain enormous cavities and spacious subterranean channels. 
 The limestone is thickly bedded and contains numerous chert con- 
 cretions. The upper strata are more irregular, and enclose layers 
 and masses of sandstone. The Second Sandstone in the vicinity of 
 the ore -bank occurs on the north and west sides in distinct outcrops 
 dipping toward the ore. This sandstone is often thinly bedded, 
 and shows sometimes a wavy striation on the surface of the layers, 
 similar to that which is frequently produced on loose river-sand by 
 the waves of a shallow water. 
 
 The succession of strata in a section through the ore-deposit, 
 as represented by Fig. 36, seems to be the following : 
 
 1. Second Lower Silurian sandstone. 
 
 2. Broken chert, imbedded in red, sandy clay. 12 feet. 
 
 3. Chert-breccia in sandstone. 4 feet. 
 
 4. Soft, red hematite with many bowlders of specular ore, more 
 or less altered on the outside ; also, in places, irregular, large 
 
 10 
 
146 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 masses of hard, yellow limestone, with seams and specks of car- 
 bonate of iron ; also, soft, greasy " paint-ore," red to dark purple, 
 the latter very pure in pockets on the surface of the deposit ; also, 
 streaks of soft, yellow ochre. The thickness of the deposit varies 
 from 5 to 40 feet. 
 
 5. White clay, mixed with broken chert, o to 5 feet. 
 
 6. Layers of solid chert. I to 2 feet. 
 
 7. Broken sandstone and chert, mixed with loam. I to 10 feet. 
 
 8. Impure and uneven sandy rock, impregnated with oxides of 
 iron and containing layers of broken chert. 5 to 20 feet. 
 
 9. Alternate layers of sandstone and of massive chert. 5 to 20 
 feet. 
 
 10. Dry, sandy soil, containing small, rounded particles of specu- 
 lar ore. y 2 to 2 feet. 
 
 All the strata above the ore are very irregular in their position 
 and thickness. Most of them can, however, be traced across the 
 whole mining-cut. That portion of the section, Fig. 36, which is 
 
 below the limit ( ) of the cut, is imaginary, and has been 
 
 added merely to give a clearer picture. The ore might, perhaps, 
 in the central part of the deposit, extend deeper into the sandstone 
 than is indicated in that section. 
 
 James Bank and Moselle No. 9, S. y 2 of S. E. J^, Sec. 29, 
 T. 38, R. 6, W., Phelps County, 2 miles south of St. James. 
 These two banks are situated close together, on a low ridge, on 
 the plateau of St. James, between the Dry Fork and the Bourbeuse 
 Rivers. 
 
 The formation in that district is Third Magnesian Limestone, 
 capped by Second Sandstone. This may be observed along the 
 Dry Fork River, south of St. James. The two ore-deposits men- 
 tioned are in the sandstone. The sketch on next page, Fig. 37, 
 shows their relative position. 
 
 Both these banks are nearly worked out ; the best and richest ores 
 are all taken out, and the walls and the bottoms of the deposits are 
 laid bare. These places, therefore, offer a good opportunity for the 
 geologist to study the character of these pocket-like deposits in the 
 sandstone. 
 
 The ore formerly contained in these pockets was mostly soft, 
 red, and in part greasy hematite, enclosing large bowlders of specu- 
 lar ore. The ore filled a nearly circular depression in the sandstone, 
 
JAMES AND MOSELLE BANKS. 
 
 Fig. 37- 
 
 147 
 
 with pretty steep walls. The ore was 10 to 15 feet higher in the 
 centre than at the circumference. The James bank had about 
 35 feet average height, and a diameter of over 200 feet, and fur- 
 nished about 30,000 tons of ore. 
 
 The Moselle bank was 20 feet thick in the average, and 150 feet 
 in diameter, and may have contained 12 to 15,000 tons of ore, 
 some of which is yet in place. 
 
 The James bank lies at the edge of the northern slope of the hill, 
 and dips slightly north. The Moselle bank lies at the edge of the 
 western slope, and dips west. These last observations, made on 
 two banks so similar in every respect, and in so close proximity to 
 each other, go far to prove that the dip of such deposits follows the 
 slope of the hill, and that both were produced by the same cause, 
 namely, by erosion. 
 
 The walls of these two, now empty, banks, consist of a mixture of 
 green and white broken chert, with yellow and red clay, partly soft, 
 partly indurated. 
 
 The face of the walls is rather uneven, the ore reaching in places 
 into the chert in irregular masses. The limits between the chert 
 and the ore are, however, well marked. The bottom consists of a 
 white or gray broken chert, mixed with white clay. 
 
 A shaft has been sunk into this mass, in the centre of the James 
 bank, 22 feet deep, without reaching the solid rock. In the lower 
 part of this shaft, the clay turned dark gray, green and black, and 
 
148 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 was mixed with iron pyrites, in small concretions or as a fine crys- 
 talline grit. 
 
 Beaver Creek Bank, S. j, Sec. 33, T. 37, R. 8, W., Phelps 
 County, 5 miles south-west of Rolla. I give here a plan and an 
 elevation of the Beaver Creek bank, as far as it was opened and 
 known in summer 1872. 
 
 Fig. 38- 
 
 *tiM run 
 
 tf. 
 
 BANDY c CMCNT 
 
 ru^ 
 
 SOLID 
 
 OR E 
 
 
 CROSS - SECTION 
 BANDaTONC 
 
 BEAVER CJBEEK BANK. 
 
 It lies on the summit of a high ridge, near the head of Beaver 
 Creek. An excavation has been made into the ore, 70 feet long, 
 30 feet wide, and 16 feet deep. The hill seems to consist of sand- 
 stone, which crops out on the slope about 60 feet below the mine, 
 as seen in the above elevation. 
 
 The ore seems to be pretty solid, and in its greater part specular, 
 but slightly altered or softened. The above plan shows that the 
 mass of ore extends about 70 feet from north to south, being cut 
 off on both sides by nearly vertical layers of green chert imbedded 
 in red loam. Next to this a layer of chert-breccia may be observed 
 on the northern wall. The extent of the deposit in other directions 
 cannot as yet be estimated, because the ground surrounding the 
 
DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE. 
 
 149 
 
 bank is covered by soil, without any plain surface-indications of 
 either rocks or ore. 
 
 Other deposits, which probably belong in this category, are the 
 Craig bank, in the " Upper Meramec " district; the Wiggins 
 and the Ziegler banks, in the Salem district ; and the Mont Rouge, 
 Mocassin Bend, and Hancock banks, in the specular-ore district, 
 on the Middle Gasconade River, and in Miller County. The 
 exact location, with a few particulars, of these banks is given in 
 the general ore-bank list, section D. 
 
 C. DISTURBED DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE. 
 
 The specular-ore deposits, of which I intend to speak under this 
 head, were originally such as described under b. They were, how- 
 ever, not only broken by contraction, or by underwashing, or by 
 more violent geological actions, but they were also divided into two 
 or more large portions, which portions were separated from each 
 other by the removal of one, or of more than one, or of all of them, 
 from their original position. We may, accordingly, distinguish two 
 kinds of such " disturbed deposits," namely : 
 
 1. Masses of specular ore which have been removed from their 
 original position and deposited elsewhere, in a more or less irregu- 
 lar manner, and 
 
 2. Remaining portions of original deposits, from which other 
 portions have been separated and removed. 
 
 Such disturbances must have taken place in some instances slowly 
 and gradually, in other instances with more rapidity and violence, 
 which difference of action must have exercised a marked influence 
 on the condition in which the various deposits are found at present. 
 The more rapid and violent this action was, or the greater the dis- 
 tance over which a certain mass of ore has been shifted, the more 
 will the present ore-bank be broken up, and the less of those more 
 solid rocks with which it was originally associated will adhere to it, 
 as chert, sandstone, breccia, and the more directly will it be im- 
 bedded in loose detrital materials. 
 
 Some of the deposits, which I shall describe or mention in this 
 category, are not yet sufficiently opened to give a final decision 
 regarding their character. They may prove to be broken-off parts 
 of larger deposits situated in close proximity, and may lead to 
 the discovery of the latter. 
 
150 1R ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Thurmond Bank, N. j N. W. ^, Sec. 19, T. 41, R. I, W,, 
 Franklin County. This bank is situated 2 miles north of Stanton, in 
 a rather rough country, with steep, high hills, separated by narrow 
 valleys and ravines. The soil is mixed with, and in places cov- 
 ered, by broken white chert. No outcrops of regular geological 
 strata are perceptible, nor any surface-rocks, which might give a 
 clue to determine the formation. The Thurmond bank is as yet 
 but imperfectly opened. The surface-indications consist of a num- 
 ber of large pieces of limonite, and of some small, sharp fragments 
 of a very hard and silicious specular ore. They are scattered over 
 a surface about 50 feet wide and 200 feet long, over a slight swell- 
 ing of the ground extending down the slope of a moderately steep 
 hill. 
 
 A shaft was sunk here a number of years ago, in a vain attempt 
 to find copper-ores. It is said that this shaft, which is yet open to a 
 considerable depth, passed through 37 feet of red iron-ore. Some 
 heaps of soft, red, somewhat clayish hematite, mixed with pieces 
 of soft " paint-ore," are seen at the mouth of the shaft. All ap- 
 pearances indicate that this is a greatly disturbed and dislocated 
 deposit. 
 
 Old Copper Hill, E. J^ N. E. #, Sec. 23, T. 40, R. 2, W., 
 Crawford County. 
 
 This bank is not opened. It has externally a great resemblance 
 to an undisturbed bank, as which it would have to be considered if 
 the surface-ore was larger, less rounded, and more concentrated on 
 the summit of the hill. As it is, the bank has more the appearance 
 of being the remainder of a disturbed deposit, large parts of which 
 would have been removed. A circumstance which is very strange, 
 and which also points to a disturbance, is, that fragments of white 
 sandstone, in part sharp-edged, are found together with the surface- 
 ore on the summit, while the upper part of the hill generally seems 
 to consist of a dark-colored and ferruginous sandstone. 
 
 The hill is pretty steep, and nearly isolated. The surface- ore is 
 specular, in some places pure, in others mixed with sand, and pass- 
 ing into a strongly-impregnated sandstone. The pieces are all 
 rounded, none over head-size, most under fist-size. 
 
 The two shafts, indicated on the annexed sketch, were sunk to a 
 
CHERRY VALLEY. 
 M&- 39- 
 
 GILKERSON'S FORD 
 ON GRAND RIVER, HENRY CO 
 
 OtD SHAFT 
 
 OLD 
 
 COPPER HILL BANK 
 * .V-1 SURFACE ORE 
 
 depth of perhaps 20 or 30 feet, in loose sand and clay, mixed with 
 pieces of white sandstone. They did not reach any solid strata of 
 rock. 
 
 STEELVILLE ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Cherry Valley No. 2, W. tf S. E. tf, Sec. 4, T. 37, R. 3, W., 
 Crawford County. 
 
 This bank is represented in Fig. 27, and has been mentioned and 
 characterized in connection with the description of the Cherry 
 Valley No. I bank, from which it is only ^ mile distant. It con- 
 sists of a streak of large and copious, specular and brown surface- 
 ore, about 20 feet wide and say 200 feet long, extending down the 
 south-western slope of a hill into a ravine, and a short distance up 
 the opposite slope. This bank has the appearance of a disturbed 
 
152 IR ON- ORES OF MIS SO URL 
 
 though undoubtedly very valuable deposit. Ore is found in less 
 quantity in several other places on the surrounding hills. 
 
 Steelville No. 1, E. % S. W. #, Sec. 5, T. 37, R- 4, W., 
 Crawford County, 2 miles west of Steelville. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 _.., - .. . /.. 
 
 F.+ 8. Cu*r. ct. 
 
 STEELVILLE ORE BANK . SECTION . 
 
 The above sketch gives a section through this bank, which is 
 opened by a large mining-cut. As Fig. 40 shows, this bank 
 represents a typical example of a disturbed deposit of the first 
 kind. We see here an irregular mass (S H) of soft, red hematite, 
 with bowlders of specular ore lying at the foot of a hill, imbedded 
 in loose materials, as white clay p (Cl), clay mixed with broken chert 
 (Cl + F), broken chert and sandstone mixed (F + S), red, sandy loam 
 (R Cl), and fine sandstone-detritus with some broken chert (S D). 
 The red loam encloses large bowlders (S) of a fine-grained, yellow, 
 very hard sand-rock. The position of all these materials, including 
 the ore, makes it evident that they must have slid down the hill, 
 some simultaneously, others at various times, and must have been 
 thrown there one over the other, in irregular layers. 
 
 Some of the loose materials round the ore are undoubtedly pro- 
 ducts of the destruction of cherty sandstone-strata, in which the 
 deposit originally lay. It will be noticed that the excavation made 
 by the miners has nearly reached the solid sandstone which seems 
 to compose the hill and which is likely to cut off the ore. There 
 are, however, indications of specular and red ores in other places, 
 which make it probable that other loose masses of ore have been 
 thrown down at the foot of this hill and buried under the detritus. 
 
ARNOLD BANK. 153 
 
 ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC RIVER AND ITS TRIBU- 
 TARIES. 
 
 Winkler Bank, S. j, Sec. 14, T. 36, R. 6, W., Phelps County. 
 This bank is situated on the plateau between West Benton Creek 
 and Norman Hollow, and spreads over three flat hills, lying in a 
 north-south line, somewhat curved toward the east. 
 
 The south-eastern slope of the most northern of the three hills 
 is covered with good and large surface-ore, mixed with some broken 
 chert. The central hill shows scarcely any ore on the surface, but 
 frequently pieces of sandstone. The southern hill is very wide and 
 flat, and bears on its western slope a very extensive streak of sur- 
 face-ore, about 1,200 feet long and 100 to 400 feet wide. Most of 
 this ore is rounded off, and not very large, and looks as if it had 
 been drifted. A number of pieces, however, reach and exceed 
 head-size. The ore at the south end is very hard and silicious, that 
 at the north end is purer and softer. 
 
 This bank is untouched, and its exterior appearance does not con- 
 vey an exact idea of its character. It is not unlikely that the ore 
 on the northern hill forms a separate deposit from that on the 
 southern hill, and that the latter deposit has been more disturbed 
 and broken, and the ore scattered over a larger -surface. From all 
 appearances the Winkler bank seems to contain considerable quan- 
 tities of specular ore. 
 
 Arnold Bank, S. E. %, Sec. 4, T. 35, R. 5, W., Dent County. 
 -This bank is not yet thoroughly opened. But it presents a very 
 similar appearance to that of the Steelville No. I, and is un- 
 doubtedly a deposit which was formerly imbedded in sandstone, 
 and fell or slid down to the foot of the hill simultaneously with the 
 erosion of the ravine, near which it lies. The hill itself is sand- 
 stone, which has been struck by a shaft sunk 12 feet deep near the 
 summit of the hill, about 50 feet above the ravine. The ore is 
 principally spread over a swelling of the ground, reaching from tWfe 
 ravine about 40 feet up the slope, in a width of 40 to 50 feet. 
 On this ground large bowlders and smaller pieces of surface-ore, 
 mostly rounded, are found, together with pieces of white, yellow, 
 and red sandstone, containing thin seams of specular ore. Also 
 pieces of broken chert, and of an impregnated or ferruginous sand- 
 stone, are quite frequent. Numerous bowlders of ore are deposed 
 
154 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 in the ravine. The hill on the other side of the ravine is likewise 
 sandstone. A ditch made at the foot of the hill on which the ore 
 is found struck red clay, mixed with paint-ore and with bowlders 
 of specular ore. A second shaft, sunk 12 feet deep into the slope, 
 on a place about 40 feet above the ravine, passed through red, sandy 
 clay, mixed with pieces of ferruginous and of white sandstone, and 
 with bowlders of specular ore. The whole slope is evidently thick- 
 ly covered with sandy detritus, enclosing irregular and unevenly 
 distributed masses of broken ore. 
 
 Other banks of this district, which are likely to belong in this 
 category, are the N. G. Clark No. 2, C. C. Cook, Arthur, and St. L., 
 S. and L. R. R. banks. Their location, etc., is given in the ore- 
 bank list, in Chapter V. 
 
 SALEM ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Orchard Bank, E. j S. E. ^ S. E. ^, Sec. 13, T. 34, R. 6, W., 
 Dent County, close to Salem. 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 
 
 ORCHARD BANK. 
 
JAMISON BANK. 1 5 5 
 
 This bank is remarkable for the large development of sandstone, 
 colored and impregnated by oxides of iron, which seems to com- 
 pose the greater part of the body of the hill, as well as for the un- 
 usual relative position of ore and sandstone, the former occupying 
 here an annular space round the latter. These facts, together with 
 the flatness of the hill, the height of which is only about 30 feet, 
 prove that this deposit has been greatly disturbed. It seems likely 
 that the ore lay originally on the impregnated sandstone, and that 
 both occupied a much higher level than they do now. A large 
 part of the ore was broken into pieces varying from a pea to head- 
 size. Another large part of it has undoubtedly been carried off. 
 How much of the original mass of the ore is left in the hill, can 
 only be ascertained by practical work. It may be observed in this 
 locality, as in several others, that the white sandstone gradually 
 passes into the yellow and into the ferruginous sandstone. The 
 argillaceous or calcareous cement that surrounds the single sand- 
 grains is changed into red clay and into reddish-brown iron-ore. 
 In other places, the original cement is replaced by amorphous 
 quartz, so that the sandstone takes the appearance of a quartzite, 
 which itself in places loses its grainy structure, passing into a solid 
 flint or chert. 
 
 It also seems that under certain circumstances the sand-grains, 
 when enclosed in a quartzous or ferruginous cement, have been 
 dissolved and removed, leaving a mere skeleton of a former sand- 
 stone, with a cellular structure. The cells and irregular holes 
 of such masses have sometimes been filled up again, either partly 
 or wholly, by a transparent quartz of a dark appearance, or by 
 yellow jasper. 
 
 Jamison Bank, S. W. ^, Sec. I, T. 33, R. 6, W., Dent 
 County, 3 miles south of Salem, on the vast plateau dividing the 
 waters of the Meramec from those of the Current River. 
 
 This bank occupies the highest point on a rather flat, semicircu 
 lar hill, which lies round a nearly circular depression (sink-hole ?), 
 apparently filled with fine detritus of chert, sandstone, and specular 
 ore. The surface-geology, as given in Fig. 42, is very irregular, 
 but nevertheless seems to be grouped in a general way round that 
 part of the summit and eastern slope over which the largest and 
 most copious surface-ore is spread. The ore is specular, in part 
 
i 5 6 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 SURFACE GEOLOGY or JAMISON BANK 
 
 pure, in part mixed with quartz. Some bowlders are 2 to 3 feet in 
 diameter. 
 
 The principal surface-ore district is separated from the ordinary 
 light-colored sandstone by a zone of ferruginous and clayish mate- 
 rials. 
 
 Another smaller district, with rounded surface-ore, is seen about 
 600 feet to the north-west, another in a small ravine to the south. 
 Both are probably drifted outliers of the main deposit, which lay 
 originally at a higher level, above the present top of the hill, per- 
 haps a little north of it. 
 
 I view this bank in a similar light as the Orchard bank, and 
 consider it as containing the remnants, perhaps pretty large, yet 
 incalculable, of a former lenticular deposit in sandstone, which has 
 been broken, and partly destroyed and removed. 
 
ST. JAMES ORE-DISTRICT. l $j 
 
 The shaft marked on Fig. 42 was 10 feet deep, end September, 
 1872, and had not struck any solid rock, but stood in a red, sandy 
 loam, with bowlders of sandstone and of specular ore. 
 
 Other banks in the Salem district, and in Shannon County, which 
 may be supposed to belong in the category of more or less dis- 
 turbed deposits, are the Barksdale, Merriam, Shannon, and Cur- 
 rent River banks. The locations, etc., are given in Chapter V. 
 
 ST. JAMES ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Thornton Bank, N. E. % Sec. 33, T. 38, R. 6, W., Phelps 
 County. The situation and appearance of this bank may be seen 
 from Fig. 43. 
 
 Fig- 43- 
 
 B.C. 
 
 S. WHITE SANDSTONE Cl.+ F R ED. C L A Y W ITH W HITE C M t RT 
 
 S.D. YELLOW * BED SANDY CLAY ci. WHITE CLAY 
 
 THORNTON PANIC. 
 
 The ore is soft red, with small pieces of hard specular. No 
 large bowlders have as yet been found in it. The character and 
 position of the ore is such that it must be considered as a bed-like 
 or a lenticular deposit, which has been brought into its present ver- 
 tical position by some exterior disturbance, and then broken and 
 decomposed. The deposit can so far be traced over a small space 
 only, and is perhaps a removed portion of some larger bank. The 
 ore seems to be associated with the rocks in which it originally lay, 
 or at least with their detritus. As the succession of these rocks is 
 the same on both sides, the supposition suggests itself that the cor- 
 responding strata might come together below the ore, and thus 
 constitute a pocket, which is crushed sidewise, in the direction from 
 S.E. to N.W. The hill is Second Sandstone. 
 
 Santee and Clark's Bank, S. W. #, Sec. 33, T. 38, R. 6, W. 
 Phelps County. This bank lies on a high bluff of Third Magnesian 
 
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Limestone and Second Sandstone, on the east side of Dry Fork 
 River. 
 
 Several small openings have disclosed irregular masses of red and 
 brown ore, imbedded in layers of chert and loam. 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 MINES . 
 
 ~ -. r *" H' 
 
 JF'IfJJ-JtlV* CHERT. LOAM * ORE 
 S S . ' 
 
 SANDSTONE WITH LAYERS 
 OF FLINTY SANDSTONE. 
 
 100' . 
 
 SANDY LIMESTONE 2O . 
 , ri MAGNF.8IAN LIMESTONE 
 
 8ANTEC * CLARK"S BANK 
 
 The character of this bank is very indistinct and doubtful. The 
 present digging may lead to some larger, disturbed bank, or it may 
 disclose a drifted deposit. The materials which surround the ore 
 are evidently of a detritic nature, and not now in the place where 
 they were formed. 
 
 Another deposit which might belong here is the South Moun- 
 tain (see Chapter V.). 
 
 Kelly Bank No. 1, E. 
 
 County. 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 ROLLA ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 , Sec. 18, T. 36, R. 8, W., Phelps 
 ' Fig. 45. 
 
 KELLY 
 
 BANK . N2 ! . 
 
BUCKLAND BANK. 
 
 159 
 
 This bank is situated near the summit of a hill composed of Second 
 Sandstone in its lower part, while no solid rock can be seen higher 
 up. The bank itself has a decided resemblance to the Thornton 
 bank, above described, but it seems to be more extensive, and con- 
 tains larger masses of hard, specular ore. It differs, besides, by the 
 detritic character of the associated rocks. There is next to the ore, 
 on each side, a thick layer (1-3 feet) of white clay mixed with 
 broken chert, and outside of this a mass of yellow sand and red 
 loam, irregularly mixed, and free from chert. When opened further, 
 this deposit may be found to be a large fragment of a disrupted- 
 layer deposit, or else an original ore-pocket, which has been pressed 
 and crushed sidewise. The layers of clay and chert are evidently 
 in their original position relative to the ore, but they are broken 
 and mixed. It is doubtful whether this statement could also be ex- 
 tended to the surrounding mass of sand and loam. 
 
 Buckland Bank, S. j, Sec. 20, T. 37, R. 8, W., Phelps 
 County. This bank lies at the foot of a sandstone hill, in the 
 
 crossing of two ravines. 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 StCTiON 
 
 B..H. feOfT 
 
 8. YELLOW SANDSTONE 
 
 Cl-*f. WHITE YEttOW CLAV WITH CHFUT 
 Ct. ftlACK 8 
 vv*~** 1. 1 M i T OF Cut 
 
 BUCK LAND 'S BANK 
 
 I give here a section of the mining-cut made in it, which presents 
 a very plain instance of a disturbed specular-ore bank. This deposit 
 seems to be actually overturned ; the ore, which in regular deposits 
 lies above the clay and chert (Cl and F), is here covered by the detritus 
 of these materials. On the south side of the cut we find a mass of 
 black, tenacious clay (Cl) mixed with fragments of a half-triturated, 
 
160 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 dark-gray clay-slate, and with pieces of pyrites, and impregnated 
 with sulphate of iron. I have mentioned a somewhat similar 
 sulphurous mass as having been found in the James bank, near St. 
 James, below the ore and below the chert and clay beds that un- 
 derlie it. It is therefore probable that also in the Buckland bank 
 this mass lay below the clay and chert and ore formerly, but that 
 the ore-deposit was underwashed with the erosion of the ravines in 
 which it is situated, and broken and overturned. 
 
 The proximity of the regular sandstone on all sides, as marked 
 on the sketch, shows that this deposit cannot extend horizontally 
 much over the limits of the present cut ; but it may extend some- 
 what in the depth. 
 
 Another bank in this district, which I shall mention in Chapter 
 V. as Moselle No. 10 bank, seems also to belong in this category of 
 disturbed deposits. 
 
 d. DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE. 
 
 In the general introduction to this Chapter (IV.), I have given the 
 reasons which induce me to add a category of " drifted deposits," 
 although it is somewhat doubtful whether such deposits really ex- 
 ist. I understand by "drifted deposits," accumulations of loose 
 fragments of destroyed or half-destroyed ore-banks, which frag- 
 ments have been carried off by water over considerable distances, 
 either alone or mixed with detritus of other rocks, and again de- 
 posited, either in more or less regular beds or strata, alternating 
 with layers of other broken and triturated rocks, or irregularly dis- 
 tributed through large masses of such detritus. We have therefore 
 two kinds of drifted deposits, the stratified and the irregular. 
 
 The detritus which accompanies such deposits always consists 
 of sand, sandstone, chert, and red loam, of such a character as to 
 leave no doubt that the original deposits were in the Silurian sand- 
 stone. 
 
 Specular-ore banks, having the exterior habitus of drifted de- 
 posits, are very numerous in the central ore-district of Missouri. I 
 intend to describe a few of them in the following lines, but as none 
 of them is sufficiently opened as yet to allow a clear insight into 
 its interior composition, I must leave to future mining operations to 
 decide whether any, and how many, of these banks, really are 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. i6j 
 
 what they externally look to be, namely, " drifted deposits," or 
 whether, on the contrary, the bowlders and pieces of ore visible at 
 present are only outliers of either intact or disturbed deposits, 
 which now lie hidden in the ground. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Blanton Specular Bank, N. ^ S. E. i^, Sec. 29, T. 40, R. i, 
 
 W. , Washington County. Some rounded surface-ore, mostly 
 small, is found on three flat spurs of a low ridge. Strata of solid 
 sandstone crop out at the foot of these spurs, dipping slightly 
 south-west. The spurs point about north. 
 
 A hole, dug 15 feet deep on the top of the most eastern spur, 
 passed through drifted, sandy detritus, with little ore, and then 
 struck a layer of chert. 
 
 This bank consists, according to these observations, of a low 
 sandstone-hill, thickly covered with detritus, through which single 
 pieces of specular ore are unequally distributed. The presence of 
 larger and workable masses of ore is not impossible, but is no- 
 where plainly indicated. The ore itself is of good quality. 
 
 Primrose Hill, S. W. % N.W. #, Sec. 32, T. 40, R. I, W., Wash- 
 ington County. This bank is, as far as opened at present, of a 
 similar character as the Blanton specular bank. But the prospects are 
 here better. The surface-ore, mostly small and rounded, occurs on 
 the inner side of a high horseshoe-shaped ridge, enclosing a deep 
 ravine. The spurs ending the curved ridge point north-east. 
 Pieces of a hard sandstone with quartz-cement, and of ordinary soft 
 sandstone, are also found on the surface. 
 
 The ridge was investigated by three shafts, one on the northern 
 slope of the western spur, the two others on the inner slope of the 
 central and highest portion of the horseshoe. Neither of these 
 shafts has reached the solid rock as yet. The two upper shafts are 
 forty feet deep, in fine, sandy detritus, mixed with streaks and 
 irregular masses of soft, red hematite, and of broken stalactites of 
 half-decomposed specular ore, sometimes cemented by soft sand- 
 stone. 
 
 It is not unlikely that workable masses of ore will yet be met 
 with in this vicinity. 
 II 
 
1 62 
 
 IRQ A 7 - ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 STEELVILLE ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 The Scotia district contains one bank that may belong here, 
 namely, the Bleeding Hill. The Steelville district contains the 
 N. G. Clark No. I, the Knox, the Sea and Marsh, and the Fergu- 
 son banks, all in Crawford County. The last-named bank is the 
 most worked, and therefore the most interesting of them. 
 
 Ferguson Bank, Sec. 21, T. 37, R. 4, W., Crawford County. 
 
 Fig. 47- 
 
 NORTH 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 a 
 
 BANK 
 
 Fig. 47 gives an elevation of this bank, as it now appears. A 
 flat northern hill-slope shows, in several places marked a, b, c, 
 horizontal zones of larger and smaller specular ore on the surface. 
 These zones are in some places very distinct, in others less so. 
 They are from four to eight feet wide, measured down the slope. 
 They seem to run across the slope, and to terminate on either side, 
 in a ravine. The ravine on the western side is the deepest, and 
 contains irregular accumulations of rounded ore. A shaft sunk, near 
 the highest point of the slope, to a depth of twenty-two feet, passed 
 through 
 
 6 feet of soil and red loam, 
 
 2 feet of soft, red hematite, 
 
 2 feet of red and yellow sandy clay, 
 
 2 feet of soft, red hematite, with pieces of specular ore, 
 
 2 feet of red clay, with pieces of sandstone and some chert, 
 
 8 feet of large bowlders of specular ore, imbedded in soft, red 
 
 hematite, 
 
 below which a layer of light-yellow, clayish ochre was struck. All 
 these materials seemed to be in layers of irregular thickness, gen- 
 erally dipping into the hill. 
 
ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC. ^3 
 
 An opening made at the point marked a, has cut through a 
 6-feet layer of white sand and clay with bowlders of white sandstone 
 dipping along the slope. Below this, layers of red clay with 
 small ore were struck, dipping into the hill ; below these, and dip- 
 ping in the same direction, a i6-inch layer of broken chert with 
 sandy clay, and 2 inches of fat, white clay ; finally, large bowl- 
 ders of specular ore, softened, and altered into red ore on the out- 
 side. 
 
 The above description would indicate that a considerable por- 
 tion of this hill might be composed of alternate layers of broken ore 
 and of detritus of rocks. 
 
 ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC. 
 
 Smith Banks, Sec. 26, T. 36, R. 6, W., Phelps County. The 
 three Smith banks are situated on three very flat slopes or swellings 
 of the ground, all pointing south, and lying about on an east-west 
 line, within a distance of one half-mile. The two western banks, 
 No. I and No. 2, are very near together, and have a very similar 
 appearance. In both of them good specular ore, in very numerous, 
 rounded pieces, is spread over a flat, triangular slope, encompassed by 
 two small converging ravines, or water-runs, which unite at the lowest 
 and southern end of the bank. The upper, wider, and most north- 
 ern part of the slope, which forms the base of the triangle, passes 
 into a plateau. 
 
 This triangular space, over which the ore extends, is about 250 
 feet wide at the base and 300 feet long in the western or No. I 
 Smith bank; and it is 250 feet wide at the base aad 600 feet long 
 in the central or No. 2 Smith bank. The ore of the latter rarely 
 exceeds fist-size, while that of the former is generally somewhat 
 larger, and sometimes reaches head-size. Pieces of broken chert 
 and sandstone are found with the ore. The No. I bank extends 
 12 to 20 feet over its western ravine and up the opposite slope, 
 where the ore, however, has a somewhat different character, being 
 mostly stalactitic, or " pipe-ore." 
 
 Three holes were dug, 8 to 10 feet deep, on various points of 
 the Smith bank No. I. They passed through loose masses of 
 broken white sandstone, sand, broken chert, white clay, and red 
 loam, all mixed irregularly, and containing in places some soft, red 
 
1 64 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 hematite and some rounded specular ore, the latter principally con- 
 centrated in the soil or near the surface. I have explained the pro- 
 cess by which such a concentration is effected, in my description oi 
 the Simmons Mountain, in division b of this chapter. 
 
 There is no doubt that the now visible portions of the two west- 
 ern Smith banks have the character of irregular, drifted deposits. 
 They may contain, occasionally, larger and workable accumulations 
 of ore ; but no one can tell whether or where they exist. 
 
 The Smith bank No. 3 has a different appearance. On the upper 
 part of a flat slope a circular depression of sandstone is percep- 
 tible, having a diameter of about 50 feet, and being marked by 
 annular outcrops. Inside of these outcrops is a small accumula- 
 tion of specular ore, in rounded pieces, from nut- to head-size. This 
 description would indicate the presence of an undisturbed deposit 
 of the category b ; but the scarcity of the surface-ore, the small 
 size of most of it, the light color of the surrounding sandstone, the 
 absence of ferruginous materials, the very slight dip of the sand- 
 stone-outcrops, and the small diameter of the circular space they 
 enclose, all this together makes me believe that this bank was 
 formed by a slight depression of the sandstone, in which depres- 
 sion some drifted ore has found a resting-place. 
 
 Fitzwater Bank, Sees. 33 and 34, T. 35, R. 4, W., Dent 
 County. This bank occupies a pretty high position, being about 
 four hundred feet above the Fitzwater Creek. It lies on the west- 
 ern slope of a ridge, which is composed of Third Magnesian Lime- 
 stone, capped by Second Sandstone. The ore seems to overlie the 
 latter. A sandy soil, mixed with fine chert, and with pieces and 
 larger masses of*chert, either porous or dense, covers the surface of 
 the hills. 
 
 The ore-bank is as yet untouched. Fig. 48 is a topographical 
 sketch of this locality, showing the manner of distribution of the 
 surface-ore over one large central spur, and over the adjacent slopes 
 of two spurs, north and south of the central one. The best indi- 
 cations extend about fifteen hundred feet north and south, and 
 about eight hundred feet east and west. Most of the ore is below 
 the size of the fist, and rounded off at the corners and edges. In 
 some places, however, it reaches and exceeds the size of the head. 
 This is especially the case in the ravines, where the most consider- 
 able accumulations are found. Pieces of yellow sandstone, and 
 
fttZWATER HANK. 
 *'ig. 48. 
 
 I6 5 
 
 SURFACE ORE 
 F1TZWATER CREEK BANK 
 
 near the northern ravine, also, some pieces of chert-conglomerate, 
 cemented by yellow sandstone, occur with the surface-ore. No 
 ferruginous rocks have been observed. The ore seems to be most 
 abundant at a certain level along the slopes, which level is about 
 eight feet below the highest point on the two northern spurs, which 
 are flat and low. The southern spur, a part of which only is visi- 
 ble on the sketch, is considerably higher, and the level of the most 
 abundant surface-ore is there much farther below the highest point. 
 These observations indicate that there might exist a thick and ex- 
 tensive layer of drifted ore, running nearly horizontally through all 
 three spurs, and covered by a mixed detritus of sandstone, chert, 
 and ore. It is, however, obvious that such a conclusion cannot be 
 drawn with any degree of certainty. The character of this bank 
 is not indicated with sufficient clearness, by its external appearance, 
 to make a reliable judgment possible. 
 
 Other banks in this district, which maybe supposed to be drifted 
 deposits, are the Santee, the Anderson, the Blackwell, the Reuben 
 Smith, and the Carson banks, the location, etc., of which will be 
 given in Chapter V. 
 
1 66 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 SALEM ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Hutchins Creek Bank, Sec. 15, T. 34, R. 4, W., Dent County, 
 9 miles east of Salem. 
 
 HUTCHINS CREEK BANK . 
 
 The topographical sketch, Fig. 49, shows that this bank has 
 much resemblance to the Fitzwater bank, and that its character 
 is even less pronounced than that of the latter. Good specular ore, 
 from nut-size to one foot diameter, mostly rounded, is found in 
 four ravines on the west and south sides of a high ridge. Quite 
 scarce and only very small ore is seen on the spurs between the 
 ravines. The ore in the ravines does not reach a higher level than 
 about 30 feet below the top of the ridge. The hills are covered 
 with soil and chert. Large and small pieces of white sandstone 
 are met with on the lower part of the slopes. I could not find any 
 ferruginous rocks. The district represented in Fig. 40, and con- 
 taining the four ravines in which the ore is principally concentrated, 
 measures over one-quarter of a mile in each direction. 
 
 Practical opening and working only can decide whether the ore 
 in the ravines has come from a coherent deposit existing in the 
 ridge, or whether it is derived from a drifted deposit, and has been 
 concentrated in the ravines by the gradual erosion of the latter. 
 
ROLL A DISTRICT. ^ 
 
 Other deposits in this district are the Huzzah, the Pittsburgh, the 
 Norris, the Hayes, and the Orchard & Young banks. For loca- 
 tions, etc., see Chapter V. 
 
 IRON RIDGE DISTRICT. 
 
 Iron Ridge No. 2, Sec. 33, T. 39, R. 5, W., Crawford County. 
 A pretty extensive tract of slightly undulating ground, y 2 mile 
 north of Iron Ridge Station, on the Atl. and Pac. R. R., contains 
 in many places indications of specular ore, and occasionally shows 
 large bowlders of good surface-ore. A number of ditches were 
 made to investigate this tract, and disclosed irregular accumula- 
 tions, mostly of small extent, of rounded ore with red clay, of 
 white clay with pieces of chert, and of impregnated sandstone. 
 This locality has decidedly the appearance of an irregular, drifted 
 deposit. 
 
 Other banks, supposed to be of a drifted nature, are, in this dis- 
 trict, J. P. Card & Co.'s, Senator Buckland's, the Dorey, the 
 Isabella, and N. G. Clark & Co.'s banks ; in the St. James district 
 the Thompson, the A. C. L. No. I, the Railroad Nos. i, 2, 3, the 
 Lenox, the Hall, and the Seaton banks. See the ore-bank list, 
 Chapter V. 
 
 ROLLA DISTRICT. 
 
 Kelly Bank No. 2, N. E. j^, Sec. 21, T. 37, R. 8, W., Phelps 
 County. Two openings have been made, one on the summit and 
 another on the eastern slope of a hill apparently composed of sand- 
 stone covered by cherty soil. 
 
 The lower opening shows a double succession of layers of clay, 
 of broken chert, and of broken, ferruginous sandstone, dipping 45 
 south-east, and below this an irregular mass of soft hematite, red 
 and brown, containing thin veins and small pockets filled with crys- 
 talline carbonates of iron. These carbonates are also found as 
 cement of broken chert. On the north side of the cut is a large 
 mass of a loose, gray rock, probably triturated calcareous sandstone. 
 This rock contains single crystals of iron pyrites, and also veins of 
 carbonate of iron. The latter is evidently formed after these 
 masses were brought into their present irregular position. 
 
 The upper opening shows a bed of bowlders of limonite, some 
 
1 68 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL 
 
 12 feet in diameter, imbedded in red loam, without any chert. This 
 limonite is in its general appearance more like that found in lime- 
 stone, and unlike the limonite formed by alteration of specular ore. 
 
 The Kelly No. 2 bank is evidently a locality which has undergone 
 several strong disturbances at various epochs. The materials met 
 with in the lower cut especially may have been broken up, drifted, 
 deposited, and after that once more disturbed and broken. 
 
 Taylor's Rolla Bank, S. W. ^, Sec. 15, T. 37, R. 8, W.,Phelps 
 County. This bank is situated a short distance from the Kelly 
 bank No. 2. It is less irregular in its formation, and has more dis- 
 tinctly the character of a drifted deposit, as may be seen from the 
 section, Fig. 50- 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 WITH CUE ^ ' 
 
 fttO LOAM WfTH FLINT iTv"* 
 
 f -*..^ 
 
 SOFT 0*C WITH 60ULOE8S 
 OF aPCCULAH o fUNT 
 
 &ANK 
 
 The bottom of the cut consists of a bed of finely-broken chert. 
 Above this is a layer, 3 feet thick, of soft, red hematite, in part clay- 
 ish, and full of seams, specks, and irregular masses of spathic iron- 
 ore (carbonate of iron), and enclosing bowlders and pieces of specu- 
 lar ore and of chert. Above this are 5 feet of alternate layers of 
 red, somewhat ferruginous sandstone, and of red loam with broken 
 chert. A cherty soil covers the slope. 
 
 Other perhaps drifted deposits are, in this district, the Hyer, the 
 Cold Spring, the Coleman, the Piney Creek, the Baird, the Hud- 
 geons, the Camp Creek, and the Railroad No. 4 banks ; in the Gas- 
 conade district, the Frost, the A. C. L. No. 2, the Railroad No. 
 5, the Morgan, and the James pipe-ore banks ; on the lower Osage 
 River, the Wimar Creek, the Belans Creek, and the Linn Creek 
 banks. 
 
CALL A WA Y CO UNTY DISTRICT. 1 69 
 
 
 e. STRATA OF RED HEMATITE. 
 
 The red hematites of the carboniferous formation, which hematites 
 I have mentioned in Chapter I. and described in Chapter II., do not 
 occur as deposits with definite limits, lying as independent and for- 
 eign developments between or across the regular stratified or un- 
 stratified geological rocks ; but, unlike all other deposits of iron- 
 ore in Missouri, they form and compose in themselves regular geo- 
 logical strata. 
 
 These strata of red hematite, although always in the carbonifer- 
 ous system, do not seem, however, to occupy the same geological 
 horizon in all the localities where they are found. While occurring 
 in the so-called Ferruginous Sandstone of the subcarboniferous for- 
 mation in Callaway and Cooper Counties, and on the Upper Osage 
 River (in St. Clair and in the south-eastern corner of Henry County), 
 the strata discovered near Calhoun, in Henry County, lies, accord- 
 ing to Mr. G. C. Broadhead's investigations, in the Lower Coal- 
 measures. 
 
 The development of red hematite in the Ferruginous Sandstone 
 seems frequently to extend over large areas. The sandstone in 
 such districts becomes more and more impregnated with iron, con- 
 tains more and more nodules and layers of pure ore, and finally en- 
 tire strata of sandstone, varying in thickness from a few inches to 
 three and more feet, are replaced by the ore. 
 
 None of the deposits of this kind are as yet sufficiently opened 
 and worked to allow the geologist to decide whether this ore was 
 formed directly after and on the surface of the underlying sandstone, 
 or whether it was infiltrated afterward, gradually removing and re- 
 placing either beds of limestone in the sandstone, or beds of the 
 sandstone itself, which happened to be more soluble than other lay- 
 ers, or more liable to be attacked and altered by the chalybeate so- 
 lution, at the temperature then existing. 
 
 CALLAWAY COUNTY DISTRICT. 
 
 Old Digging, Sec. 22, T. 45, R. 10, W., Callaway County. 
 
 Fig. 51 is a sketch of this locality. The lower part of the hills 
 seems to be composed of subcarboniferous limestone, the upper 
 of ferruginous sandstone. Large and small fragments of chert are 
 found all over the surface of the ground. The ore has been dis- 
 
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 covered in two places, near the top of the hill, on both sides of the 
 ravine. On the western hill a hole was dug a number of years ago, 
 and it is said that many tons of ore were taken out of it and were 
 worked in a charcoal-hearth in the valley. 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 // 
 
 OLD DIGGING BANK 
 
 On the east side of the ravine, and rather close to it, an outcrop 
 is perceptible, consisting of a 5-inch stratum of solid, pure, red 
 hematite. The place is not opened, and the total thickness of the 
 ore cannot be seen. 
 
 As the ore in both these outcrops, east and west of the ravine, 
 seems to be in place, it is probable that a stratum of ore extends 
 from the one to the other, and perhaps through the whole hill. 
 
 Shaft Hill, N. W.^, Sec. 4, T. 45, R- 10, W., Callaway County. 
 This hill, of which I give a geological section in Fig. 52, is one 
 of the most hopeful localities, and one whose structure is most 
 clearly seen, in this ore-district. It is now being opened and 
 worked. The annexed section was made from the indications per- 
 ceptible on the surface. The strata seems to dip slightly north-east. 
 The limestones, sandstones, and conglomerates are exposed in 
 
DUNN BANh. ! 7 ! 
 
 Fig. $2. 
 
 6 .W , 
 
 SHAFT H I LL . 
 
 several places, forming high bluffs. The ore and the strata over- 
 lying it are not exposed, and have to be judged from the pieces 
 found on the surface. Fragments of ore are found at a certain 
 level all round the hill. A stratum of ore undoubtedly runs through 
 the hill, and its thickness may, from the surface-indications, be esti- 
 mated as varying from one to three feet. In some places, however, 
 it seems to reach a thickness of five feet. The hill is nearly round, 
 and has, at the level of the ore-bed, a diameter of about 800 feet. 
 
 The ore occurs sometimes in nodules or lenticular concretions, 
 composed of several concentric layers, and apparently imbedded 
 in loose sand ; sometimes in thin layers, alternating with layers of 
 loose sand ; sometimes as thick, massive strata. 
 
 A shaft was dug, ten years ago, on the eastern slope of the hill, 
 near a deep ravine, at a level considerably below that of the regular 
 ore-bed. The shaft went eight feet deep through sand and broken 
 ore and chert. Larger masses of ore have lately been discovered 
 there. This part of the Shaft Hill deposit has probably been dis- 
 placed, and is only the remainder of a portion of the regular ore- 
 stratum which was underwashed and partly destroyed by the erosion 
 of the ravine. 
 
 Raph Dunn Bank, S. E. ^ Sec. 32, T. 46, R. 10, W., Callaway 
 County. This bank is situated close to the Shaft Hill bank, and 
 separated from the latter by a deep ravine. The ore-deposit must 
 have been originally a continuation of that on Shaft Hill, to judge 
 from the similarity of their position. Outcrops of the ore can be 
 
1/2 
 
 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 observed on the east side of the hill, near the top. Toward the 
 west and north the hill passes into a plateau. There is nothing to 
 indicate how far the ore extends into this plateau. 
 
 Bloomfield Bank, W. y 2 Sec. 32, T. 46, R. 10, W., Callaway 
 County. Good evidences of stratified red hematite occur on both 
 sides of a little valley, adjacent to the village of New Bloomfield. 
 
 Richard Dunn Bank, Sec. 21, T. 46, R. 10, W- Callaway 
 County. 
 
 Fi S- 53- 
 
 SURFACE ORE 
 RICHARD DUNN BANK 
 
 Strata of red hematite are perceptible three miles north of New 
 Bloomfield, on the road to Fulton. The ore crops out in the road 
 for a distance of about twelve feet down the slope. Sandstone is 
 seen both above and below the ore. One-quarter of a mile west, 
 on the same slope and level, stratified ore has been found immedi- 
 ately below the soil, in digging graves in a cemetery. A connec- 
 tion between those two points cannot be traced at present. 
 
 Knight Bank, Sec. 2, T. 46, R. 10, W., Callaway County. 
 
 A fine outcrop of dense and fine-grained hematite is seen on the 
 eastern slope of the northern low hill, as represented in the sketch, 
 Fig. 54. The ore is over two feet thick, and dips north about 
 twenty degrees. It can be seen only in two places, about twenty 
 feet apart. But the ore seems to be in place, and may therefore be 
 expected to run through the hill. Due east of this hill, small and 
 large pieces and plates of ore are found loose in the bed of the 
 Middle Auxvasse Creek, as indicated on the sketch. 
 
 The southern low hill in Fig. 54 shows, at both its northern and 
 southern slopes, outcrops of a ferruginous sandstone, overlaid by 
 
UPPER OS AGE DISTRICT. 
 
 Fi S- 54- 
 
 173 
 
 SURFACE ORE 
 
 KNl&HT S BANK 
 
 thin seams of red ore. These indications are, however, not suf- 
 ficient to warrant the presence of workable ore in this southern 
 hill. 
 
 UPPER OSAGE DISTRICT. 
 
 Brown Bank, Sec. 23, T. 40, R. 24, W., Henry County. The 
 Brown bank is situated on the dividing ridge between Osage and 
 Grand Rivers. This ridge consists of subcarboniferous rocks. Red, 
 earthy hematite, partly changed into brown and yellow limonite, is 
 found on the surface over a very large area, associated with ferru- 
 ginous sandstone. The bank is not opened, and the thickness and 
 extent cannot be estimated with any degree of certainty from the 
 present appearances. 
 
 Gover Bank, Sec. 16, T. 39, R. 24, St. Clair County. Large 
 and small fragments of ferruginous sandstone, frequently very rich 
 in iron, together with some brown arid red hematite, are spread over 
 
174 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 a zone several hundred feet wide, and about one-fourth mile long, 
 across a limestone ridge. Smeltable ore is not now seen in large 
 quantities on the surface ; but all the sandstone is so strongly 
 impregnated with oxide of iron, as to give hope that a larger de- 
 posit of ore may be discovered in this locality. 
 
 Collins Bank, Sec. 23, T. 39, R. 25, W., St. Clair County. 
 An outcrop of red, earthy hematite, partly somewhat argillaceous, 
 extends over a distance of 200 feet, along a ravine at the foot of a 
 steep slope, on which no rocks are perceptible besides broken chert 
 above the soil. 
 
 Marmaduke Bank, Sec. 23, T. 39, R. 25, W., St. Clair County.- 
 Fragments of earthy, red hematite, partly altered into a yellowish- 
 brown, porous limonite, are found on the surface on the summit of 
 a ridge, over an area measuring about 600 feet across, and 400 
 feet along the ridge. Some of the ore is sandy, and passes into a 
 regular ferruginous sandstone in places. No rock is perceptible on 
 the ridge. The soil is covered with broken flint, which is mixed 
 with the fragments of ore. Most of the ore is good and the frag- 
 ments large and sharp-edged, indicating the presence of a strati- 
 fied deposit in the sandstone. 
 
 Other banks, of a similar character to those just described, seem 
 to be, the Black Fork and the Lamine banks, both in Cooper County, 
 and the Parkes bank, near Calhoun, in Henry County. The ore of 
 the last-named bank is in the coal-measures, as mentioned above. 
 For the location, etc. of these banks, see Chapter V. 
 
 /. DISTURBED OR DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF RED HEMATITE. 
 
 I will describe under this head a few either drifted, or at least 
 greatly disturbed, deposits of originally stratified red hematite. 
 Although having at present the appearance of such half-destroyed 
 deposits, they may lead to the discovery of coherent banks when 
 they are more closely investigated. 
 
 Murphy's Hill, Sec. 15, T. 45, R. 10, W., Callaway County. 
 This locality is situated a short distance east of the " Old Digging" 
 bank, which has been above described. No ore is here to be seen 
 in place, but large, somewhat rounded pieces and plates of red 
 ore are found in two ravines, and were evidently washed down 
 from the hill. The hill itself seems to be principally composed of 
 sandstone. Large masses of limestone are, however, projecting 
 
HENDERSON BANK. 
 
 1 7 5 
 
 from the lower part of the slopes, apparently between the sand- 
 stone. 
 Henderson Bank, Sec. 12, T. 45, R. 11, W., Callaway County. 
 
 Fig- 55- 
 
 JC. 
 
 
 6uR r AC C ORE 
 
 HENDERSON BANK 
 
 The sketch, Fig. 55, shows the occurrences of ore to be observed 
 at the Henderson bank, namely, loose and rounded surface-ore in 
 several places on the two hills, west of the road ; loose surface-ore 
 along the road, on the northern slope of the eastern hill ; a small 
 and indistinct outcrop of stratified ore at the foot of this hill, near 
 the ravine ; and finally, loose surface-ore in the ravine. 
 
 The two western hills are composed of encrinital limestone, which 
 is laid bare in several places, and seems to reach the summits, and 
 to be covered only by soil. This soil is thick and copious on the 
 plateau on the northern hill, and is there used for agricultural pur- 
 poses. Loose ore is sometimes thrown up by the plough on this 
 plateau. The hills are about 40 feet high above the creek. The 
 hill east of the road is thickly covered with a fine sandy soil and 
 by vegetation, and does not show any evidences of rocks. The 
 ore-outcrop at the foot of this hill dips slightly north-west. The 
 ore is a dark-red, fine-grained hematite in thin layers, and is asso- 
 
176 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ciated with layers of chert. The exposure extends, however, over a 
 few feet only, and is therefore too small to allow a reliable judg- 
 ment regarding its character. 
 
 All appearances at the Henderson bank seem to indicate that 
 the encrinital limestone which composes the hills was formerly 
 covered by sandstone-strata, containing strata of ore, and that this 
 sandstone was destroyed and carried off, together with portions of 
 the ore, while other portions of the latter were left, though in a 
 dilapidated condition. 
 
 g. DEPOSITS OF LIMONITE ON LIMESTONE. 
 
 The distribution of the limonites over the State has been described 
 in Chapter II. All undisturbed limonite deposits are found on lime- 
 stone. The deposits along the Mississippi lie partly on the Upper 
 Silurian shales and limestones, partly on the Second Magnesian 
 Limestone, according to Shumard's reports. All the other deposits 
 of limonite in the eastern ore-region, as well as those in Franklin 
 County and in the central region, seem to lie on the Third Magnesian 
 Limestone, as far as their position could be ascertained. The same 
 geological position is occupied by the limonites on the Lower Osage 
 and some of those on the Middle Osage, while those in the western 
 parts of Camden and Morgan Counties, and those in Benton County, 
 are on the Second Magnesian, and those on the Upper Osage on the 
 lower carboniferous limestones. 
 
 The ore occurs neither in veins, nor in beds, nor as strata, 
 nor in lenticular or other pockets of well-defined limits and regular 
 shape. It is deposited in irregular cracks, pockets, and cavities, 
 either on or near the surface of the various limestones. These 
 cavities have sometimes very large dimensions, in depth as well as 
 width, as will be seen from the following descriptions. In other 
 instances they are quite small ; but wherever they exist, they are 
 not single, but a larger number of them is generally found together 
 on a comparatively small space. They are also mostly near the 
 present surface of the ground, and not covered by rock-deposits. 
 The underlying limestone, especially the Third Magnesian, is often 
 sandy, sometimes so much so as to be readily taken for a calcareous 
 sandstone. The rock is more sandy and more loose where it is in 
 immediate contact with the deposit, showing that it has been ex- 
 posed to dissolving agencies. 
 
FORD BANK. 
 
 177 
 
 The ore is occasionally mixed with broken chert. In some lo- 
 calities, where the banks are sufficiently opened to make observa- 
 tions possible on this point, the ore in the upper part of the de- 
 posits is considerably harder and denser and richer than in the 
 lower part, where it is more inclined to be light, porous, ochrey, 
 and clayish. 
 
 This fact, and the invariably stalactitic structure of the ore, are 
 proofs that the solutions from which the ore was deposited have 
 been infiltrated from above. The chemical influence of the carbo- 
 nate of lime has undoubtedly contributed, in no small extent, to 
 precipitate and deposit the iron in the form of hydrated oxide. 
 
 SOUTH-EASTERN LIMONITE-DISTRICT. 
 
 The limonite deposits along the Mississippi River are described in 
 Dr. B. T. Shumard's reports on St. Genevieve, Perry, and Cape 
 Girardeau Counties. 
 
 Ford Bank, T. 33, R. 7, E., one-half mile from Cornwall Sta- 
 tion, on the eastern branch of the Iron Mountain Railroad, in 
 Madison County. This bank is opened and mined, and is one of 
 the largest and most coherent limonite deposits. The ore-indica- 
 tions on the surface extend about 1,500 feet along a low, flat hill, 
 to a width of about 500 feet. The bank is mined in two different 
 cuts : Fig. 56 represents a section through one of them. 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 MACNtS.AN UME8TONE 
 
 F0 *0 * 
 
 The limestone, which evidently here underlies the ore, is not 
 :nuch uncovered, but is only visible in single, large, rounded masses 
 12 
 
178 IROA T -ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of irregular shape. This limestone is so sandy and loose on its 
 surface that it has there the appearance of a soft, calcareous sand- 
 stone. 
 
 The ore lies immediately above it. It is a limonite, which in 
 this deposit is softer and less distinctly stalactitic than in most other 
 limonite banks. It consists of irregularly-mixed masses of yellow 
 and reddish-brown, porous ores, and of somewhat harder, dark- 
 brown, but generally porous limonite, frequently in botryoidal and 
 mammillary forms. The softer ore passes occasionally into a pure 
 yellow ochre. The best, purest, and hardest ore is in the upper 
 part of the deposit ; the softer and ochrey ore is found more in the 
 lower part. But all the ores are mingled irregularly, without any 
 perceptible law or rule, and without any sign of stratification. They 
 are in some places clayish, and contain seams of brown and red clay. 
 The thickness of the ore is very variable and irregular. It is in 
 places only 10 feet and less, and reaches in other places 30 feet. 
 
 Above the ore is an irregular layer of reddish-brown clay, fine, 
 pure, and pretty uniform in color, so as to be used as paint. This 
 layer varies in thickness from a half-foot to 1 5 feet. Above this clay 
 is a layer of broken chert, 2 to 3 inches thick, and above this I to 
 5 feet of soil, enclosing broken chert and surface-ore. 
 
 Deal Bank, Sec. 2, T. 31, R. 8, E., Bellinger County. This 
 bank has been opened somewhat, and presents the following 
 aspect : 
 
 Fi g- 57- 
 
 DCAL'S R BANK . 
 
 We see in Fig. 57 four successive, very irregular layers, sloping 
 with the hill. The lowest is a mass of solid, chocolate-brown limo- 
 nite, taking occasionally a bluish color. It is in part mixed with yel- 
 low ochre, in part with white or yellow, fine or coarse, broken chert. 
 
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 179 
 
 The layer above the ore is red clay, with broken veins of ore 
 which enclose broken chert. 
 
 Above this is a yellow, sandy clay, mixed with fine chert, and 
 interstratified with layers of this chert. 
 
 Above this is a cherty soil, with bowlders of good, hard, and 
 dense limonite. 
 
 It may be hoped that the ore in this deposit will turn purer 
 toward the bottom. This can be ascertained only by actual prose- 
 cution of the work, because none of the numerous localities where 
 limonite occurs, mixed with chert in this manner, have as yet been 
 fully opened, so as to give a basis for general conclusions in this re- 
 spect. It seems, however, not unlikely that the chert has come into 
 the ore from above, through the same apertures in which the solu- 
 tions came, and that the chert has been retained in the upper ore, 
 and that the lower portion of it, therefore, will contain less of it. 
 
 Irondale Banks. Several limonite banks exist in the vicinity of 
 Irondale, in Washington County. The ore is there deposited in 
 numerous small, irregular pockets on the surface of the Third Mag- 
 nesian Limestone. Larger coherent masses are rarely found. 
 
 Other undisturbed limonite banks in the eastern ore-district 
 are the Russell No. 2, McLaughlin, Singer, Dinger, Lindsey, and 
 Love banks in Iron County, the Jessie Lutz and Francis banks in 
 Bollinger County, the BurTum bank in Reynolds County, and the 
 Clarkson, Silvy, and Crane banks in Wayne County. The loca- 
 tion, etc. of these banks will be given in Chapter IV. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Moselle Banks. The various limonite banks in the vicinity of 
 Moselle Furnace seem to have the same general character as the 
 above-mentioned Irondale banks. Some of them, however, con- 
 tain larger masses of ore, as, for instance, the 
 
 Bowlen Bank, N. W.J^ Sec. 5, T. 41, R. 2, E., Franklin 
 County. 
 
 We have here the following succession of rocks, beginning with 
 the lowest : 
 
 1. Solid and uniform mass of pure, hard, chocolate-brown limon- 
 ite, porous, with small, equally distributed pores (B H). 
 
 2. Clayish limonite, with irregular masses of yellow ochre, soft 
 and friable, and easily crushed into a fine, dry, yellow dust (Cl + H). 
 
i8o 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 EAST, 
 
 B WL E N 
 
 3. Red loam, with green and gray broken chert (R Cl + F). 
 
 4. Sandstone, colored and impregnated with oxides of iron, in 
 disturbed and broken layers (S). 
 
 5. Dry soil, with some chert. 
 
 As no limestone has as yet been struck, the ore will certainly ex- 
 tend to a greater depth, and may prove to form a considerable 
 coherent deposit. 
 
 Iron Hill, Sec. 17, T. 42, R. I, E., Franklin County. The Iron 
 Hill deposit seems to consist of numerous smaller cracks and cavi- 
 ties on the surface of the Third Magnesian Limestone, which 
 cavities are in part or wholly filled with brown limonite and with 
 yellow ochre. Some of these cavities have been cut through by 
 the railroad-line, three miles west of Moselle Station. The follow- 
 ing illustration, Fig. 59, gives a section of one of these : 
 
 Fig. 59- 
 
 EAST 
 
 L I M E STONE. 
 
 ft A1LRO A B TRACK. 
 
 IBON H I LL 
 
 The Third Magnesian Limestone is here thickly stratified and 
 very sandy, especially in the lower layers, and near the irregular 
 depressions and cavities. The latter all start from the surface and 
 
BLANTON LIMONITE BANK. !8i 
 
 reach more or less deep into the body of the limestone. In the 
 deepest of these cavities, in Fig. 59, we find deposited a loose, 
 coarse-grained and ferruginous, thinly-stratified sandstone, which 
 has afterward been broken up again and partly destroyed, perhaps 
 simultaneously with the opening of the crack in which the cavity 
 terminates at its lower extremity. The point of this crack is filled 
 with white clay and with broken, white chert (Cl + F). All the 
 rest of the cavity is nearly filled with limonite (B H), in irregular, 
 botryoidal, and stalactitic forms, mixed with yellow ochre and some 
 chert. The lower part is mostly ochre ; the higher portions are 
 harder, and form one coherent, porous mass of limonite, in places 
 mixed with heavy-spar. The thickest and least porous forms of 
 the limonite enclose sometimes a core of pyrites. An oblong space, 
 now filled with an indurated red clay (Cl), exists in the centre of 
 the lower part of the cavity, and seems to indicate that the ore has 
 been formed gradually from the walls of the cavity toward the 
 centre, as well as from the top toward the bottom. There can be 
 no doubt that the infiltration has taken place from above. 
 
 Blanton Limonite Bank, S. y 2 S. W. % Sec. 29, T. 40, R. I, 
 W. , Washington County, on the southern slope of the Blanton 
 Hills. 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 NORTH ^*O<V J SOUTH 
 
 BLANTON LIMONITE 
 
 This bank is not opened. The ore seems to lie on the limestone 
 and beneath the sandstone. The surface-ore occurs in pieces and 
 large bowlders, and can be traced about 150 feet down the slope 
 and 60 feet along the slope. 
 
182 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CENTRAL ORE-REGION. 
 
 Steelville No. 2, Bank, E. y 2 S. W. %, Sec. 5, T. 37, R. 4, W., 
 Crawford County. This is a limonite bank, situated but a few 
 hundred feet north of the Steelville No. I bank of specular and red 
 ore. 
 
 This limonite bank presents a very fine show of large surface-ore 
 on the eastern slope of a sandstone hill, near its foot. A brown, 
 impregnated sandstone is found above the ore on the same slope, 
 passing into a white sandstone, which forms the summit. It is not 
 now to be seen what rock underlies the ore, because the latter 
 descends to the foot of the hill and into the valley. The surface, 
 over which the ore is spread, is about 400 feet long and 30 to 40 
 feet wide. A narrow belt of breccia of gray and green chert, ce- 
 mented by an indurated clay, encircles the ore above, and separates 
 it from the sandstone. Some soft, red ore has been found close to 
 the bank north of it. These facts would indicate that this might 
 be a transformed specular-ore deposit ; but the absence of all 
 specular ore and the mineralogical character of the limonite make it 
 more probable that it will prove to be an original limonite deposit 
 on the Third Magnesian Limestone. 
 
 Wilkerson Bank, Sec. 34, T. 36, R. 4, W., Crawford County. 
 
 
ORE-REGION ON THE OS AGE RIVER. 183 
 
 As Fig. 61 shows, this bank exhibits a considerable quantity of 
 surface-ore, in bowlders from one-half to two feet in diameter, lying 
 in a curved line along the north-western slope of two hills, 15 to 20 
 feet below the summit, and being also concentrated in the ravine 
 which separates the two hills. No distinct outcrop of rock can be 
 seen. Pieces of chert are mixed with the surface-ore, and occa- 
 sionally some sandstone on the southern, and single pieces of lime- 
 stone on the northern, hill. 
 
 Other banks of limonite on limestone exist on Crooked Creek, and 
 in several localities along the Gasconade River, also in numerous 
 places in the southern part of the State. Many of these banks 
 will be found in the list in Chapter V. of this report. 
 
 ORE-REGION ON THE OSAGE RIVER. 
 
 The most important limonite region in Missouri is on the Osage 
 River. The banks on the Lower Osage, in Miller County, seem 
 to be mostly disturbed, and do not therefore belong in our cate- 
 gory^-/ but very numerous banks of this character exist on the 
 Middle and Upper Osage Rivers, some of which I will now describe. 
 
 Furnace Bank, on Boulinger Creek, Sec. 4, T. 39, R. 18, W., 
 Camden County. 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 BOULI N G f R CRCCK 
 
 *. C- DIGGINGS [I; [ x SUKfACC ORE 
 
 BOULINGER CREEK BANK* 
 
1 84 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Fig. 62 is a topographical sketch, on a very small scale, showing 
 the extent of the surface-ore, the three openings, a, b, c, made into 
 the deposit by the miner, and the position of the blast-furnace, 
 which has been erected near the foot of the main hill, to smelt the 
 ore. The distance between a and c is about one-quarter of a mile. 
 The openings a and b, out of which a considerable quantity 
 of good limonite has been taken already, have shown that the ore 
 lies on the irregular surface of the Third Magnesian Limestone, 
 which composes the main body of the hill. This limestone is very 
 sandy near the ore, and has there the appearance of a loose, calcareous 
 sandstone. The ore seems to form in some places a layer of irreg- 
 ular thickness on the limestone, and, besides, to fill all the pockets 
 and cavities on the latter. One such cavity, which has been struck 
 in the opening a, has been mined to a depth of 12 feet in the solid 
 and pure ore without reaching the bottom. 
 
 White Bank, S. E. ^ Sec. 7; T. 39, R. i8,W., Camden County. 
 The White bank, which has been opened by a tunnel and a shaft, 
 has a great resemblance in its general character to the Furnace 
 bank. The layer of ore on the limestone continues here pretty 
 steadily some distance into the hill ; but larger cavities filled with 
 ore have not been met with, so far. The following section, Fig. 63, 
 will give an idea of the position of the ore as seen at present : 
 
 Fig- 63. 
 
 L is the regular Third Magnesian Limestone. 
 
 D L is a layer of decomposed limestone, presenting the appear- 
 ance of a loose, calcareous sandstone ; thickness varies from 2 to 
 30 inches. 
 
 Ore. Above this rock is a bed of limonite, I to 4 feet thick, soft 
 
WIGWAM BANK. 
 
 I8 5 
 
 and earthy, enclosing- irregular masses of hard, solid ore of more or 
 less stalactitic structure. 
 
 Cl. Dark-red to brown, strongly ferruginous clay or loam, y 2 to 
 2 feet. 
 
 Cl + F. White and green clay in thin and irregular layers, with 
 sand and chert, I to 3 feet. 
 
 F. Layer of white chert, I to 3 inches. 
 
 S. D. Layers of yellow sand and variegated clays and loams, with 
 more or less broken strata of sandstone. 
 
 Palm Bank, on Dry Creek, N. W. ^ Sec. 12, T. 40, R. 19, W., 
 Morgan County. 
 
 Fig. 64. 
 
 
 ORE 
 
 one OUTCROP 
 PALM BANK ON DRY 
 
 We have here a distinct outcrop of ore in the ravine upon the 
 western slope of the hill, close to the foot. The ore is a limonite of 
 good quality, about 4 feet in thickness, and seems to be in place. 
 Around the outcrop, within a radius of 30 feet, is a large amount of 
 surface-ore, which extends in smaller quantities to a distance of 50 
 or 60 feet up the slope. The soil on the hill is mixed with chert. 
 No other rocks are visible. 
 
 Wigwam Bank, Sec. 10, T. 40, R. 19, W., Morgan County. 
 The ore is a limonite, which is very largely mixed with chert, so 
 much so as to form a breccia in some cases. There are, however, 
 portions of it which are pure. It is found on the western slope of 
 
1 86 IR ON- ORES OF MJSSO URL 
 
 a cherty hill, the lower part of which seems to consist of a sandy, 
 magnesian limestone. The ore extends about 1,000 feet along the 
 slope and 60 feet vertically. Some sandstone is found on the sur- 
 face of the upper part of the hill, a short distance from the ore and 
 apparently above it. 
 
 Gout's Bank, on Flat Rock Branch, Sec. 14, T. 40, R. 19, W., 
 Morgan County. The ore lies on the east slope of a hill in a zone 
 about 30 feet wide, extending 150 feet down the hill-side. It is a 
 limonite, massive, but frequently mixed with fine, broken chert. A 
 large amount of broken chert is seen on the surface, but there is no 
 rock exposed. 
 
 Walker Bank, Sec. 36, T. 41, R. 20, W., Benton County, is 
 situated at the top of a high, cherty hill, over which single pieces of 
 ore are widely scattered. The outcrop of ore is circular, about 20 
 feet in diameter, and consists of large bowlders, some of which are 
 several feet in diameter. The ore is a limonite of good quality. 
 
 Gun Bank, Sec. 33, T. 40, R. 20, W., Benton County. Here a 
 large amount of surface-ore is scattered for a distance of 50 feet 
 vertically and 500 feet along the northern slope of a low, flat hill. 
 Two test-pits have been sunk and numerous drill-holes, all of which 
 struck the ore at a depth from 4 to 6 feet below the surface. 
 
 The ore is a good-quality limonite, and the bank is one of the 
 most promising in this region. 
 
 Richwoods Bank, Sees. 3 and 4, T. 39, R. 22, W., Benton 
 County. Here the ore lies upon the western slope, in a belt about 
 30 feet wide, and extending some 200 feet up the hill. 
 
 Above the ore is a yellow sandstone. The rock below is cov- 
 ered by soil, but at the foot of the same hill, a few hundred yards 
 distant, is an outcrop of limestone, probably the Third Magnesian. 
 
 Indian Creek Bank, Sec. 26, T. 42, R. 21, W. , Benton County. 
 The hill on which -the ore is found is about 100 feet high. At the 
 base, and extending probably 20 feet vertically, is a horizontal lime- 
 stone, probably the Third Magnesian. 
 
 Above this, on the western slope, the surface is covered with 
 chert and pieces of limonite-ore. At one place is a large bowlder 
 of many tons' weight. It is partly formed of fine pipe-ore broken, 
 and the pieces cemented again by ore. Other pipe-ore is mixed with 
 the soil near by. Some surface-ore, though scarce, is found higher 
 up on the southern slope, and on the top of the hill. 
 
COPPER BANK. 
 
 I8 7 
 
 Sandstone probably forms the top of the hill above the limestone ; 
 the ore will be found, not forming a coherent deposit, but only 
 larger or smaller accumulations in the cavities on the limestone. 
 
 
 [. . ia^l 5 u A r A e e- OH* 
 INDIAN CBE6* BANK 
 
 Elm Hollow Bank, Sec. 36, T. 41, R. 22, W. , Benton County. 
 
 The ore at this place lies upon the northern slope of a hill, over 
 
 a surface perhaps 50 by 100 feet. It consists of numerous pieces, 
 
 varying in size, not rounded. Chert is scattered over the whole 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 ELM HOLLOW BANK 
 
 hill, and near the top, above the ore, occur pieces of sandstone. 
 There is a probability of this being a coherent deposit. In some 
 of the larger pieces of the ore a core of pyrites was found. 
 
 Copper Bank, Sec. 27, T. 39, R. 24, W., St. Clair County. 
 
 This bank is upon the north-west slope of a hill into which a shaft 
 has been sunk to a depth of 72 feet, in search of copper. 
 
 The shaft is in a whitish limestone, probably the encrinital, and 
 follows a crevice which is filled with a soft, earthy limonite. The 
 course of this crevice is north-east and south-west. 
 
 At the mouth of the shaft, stratified ore appears several feet thick, 
 and above this is an outcrop of ferruginous sandstone. 
 
i88 
 
 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 Fig. 67. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 YELLOW 
 
 COPPER BANK 
 
 Sheldon Bank, Sec. 8, T. 38, R. 24, W., St. Clair County. 
 This hill seems to consist of a coarse-grained, semicrystalline, gray 
 limestone, filled with encrinites, which -crop out over the slope to 
 a height of 80 feet. Higher up pieces of ferruginous sandstone are 
 
 Fig. 68. 
 
 
 
 '*! u n r A c i ORE 
 
 S H E LO O N^S BANK 
 
 found scattered. The principal part of the ore is in bowlders, from 
 one to three feet diameter, lying in the midst of large limestone 
 outcrops. It is also found in smaller pieces higher up in the region 
 of the sandstone. On the lower part of the slope the ore is solid 
 
MATTHEWS MOUNTAIN. \ i$g 
 
 limonite, somewhat argillaceous and ochrey, and inclined to stalac- 
 titic forms. 
 
 Higher up the hill it becomes more sandy. The hill north of 
 this is 150 feet high, of the same geological formation, and shows 
 some surface-ore on its southern slope. 
 
 This bank is one of the most promising in this region. 
 
 Greenwell Bank, Sec. 15, T. 39, R. 25, W., St. Clair County. 
 
 The ore occurs scattered 70 feet along and 40 feet down the 
 
 slope of a low, flat hill, which is covered with broken flint and large 
 
 bowlders of crystalline, gray limestone. Part of the ore is hard and 
 
 solid, and part is argillaceous. 
 
 Besides these already described, the Laclede, the Big and Little 
 Manqua, the Carl, Newman, Turkey Creek, Brown, Gover, Collins 
 banks, and' many others in this Osage region, belong to this class of 
 ore-deposits. 
 
 h. DISTURBED OR DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF LIMONITE. 
 
 Some of the limonite deposits seem to have been disturbed from 
 their position, others partly destroyed, broken up, and re-deposited. 
 We find, therefore, some apparently on the sandstone, others as 
 drifted ore imbedded in the soil, subsoil, or in other des;royed and 
 drifted materials. Few of these deposits are, however, a^s yet suf- 
 ficiently opened to allow a reliable judgment regarding their char- 
 acter. 
 
 Matthews Mountain, Sec. 3, T. 32, R. 6, E., Madison County. 
 The prevalent rock here is limestone, with cherty soil, but por- 
 phyry-hills are abundant. The porphyry is brown o' reddish 
 brown, with crystals of a transparent feldspar. Matthew ! Moun- 
 tain is a high, steep hill, seemingly composed of this porphyry, 
 although the rock-mass is covered with a thick layer of porphyritic 
 detritus, with large, sharp-cornered pieces of porphyry. These are 
 mixed with pieces and large, rounded bowlders of dense limonite. 
 Near by, some test-pits have been sunk to a depth of 5 tfo 10 feet, 
 in which large bowlders of ore were found mixed with the detritus, 
 but the solid rock was not reached. 
 
 As no deposits of limonite are known to occur in porphyry, it 
 has probably in this case been drifted into the detritus, from some 
 limestone which has been eroded or washed away. 
 
190 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Poblick's Bank, Sees. 23 and 24, T. 32, R. 8, E., Bellinger 
 County. The ore is a hard Hmonite, occurring imbedded with 
 white flint and pieces of sandstone in the soil and subsoil on the 
 southern slope of a high and steep hill. No limestone is seen in 
 this vicinity. The geology of this locality is the same as at the 
 Oilman, Turkey Hill, and Murdoch banks, hereafter to be described. 
 The surface seems to consist of irregular, unconformable, and in- 
 distinctly stratified red and yellow clays, mixed with sand and 
 chert, and with pieces of sandstone originating from destroyed 
 strata. This formation, which has evidently a secondary character, 
 and looks as if deposited by greatly agitated waters, probably 
 rests upon the top of the magnesian limestone, which can be seen 
 directly, in a few localities, only in some of the deepest ravines. 
 The soil covering this formation is itself clayish, but mixed with 
 fine- and coarse chert as well as with large pieces of flint, and often 
 with pieces of limonite. This surface-ore seems in some places 
 to have no connection with coherent deposits, while in others it 
 has led to the discovery of more substantial deposits of irregular 
 shape. 
 
 Oilman Bank, N. W. % Sec. I, T. 31, R. 8, E., Bollinger 
 County. At this place the soil is covered by, and encloses, a large 
 quantity on white chert, mixed with fragments of a white sand- 
 
 stone. T 
 
 the bed of Crooked Creek, a half-mile from the ore-bank. 
 
 The ma 
 
 tured intoj 
 
 le Third Magnesian Limestone is seen cropping out in 
 
 of ore is of lenticular shape, and lies imbedded in yellow 
 
 clay, mixed with fine, white chert. The ore is broken and frac- 
 
 pieces and blocks, which have, however, sharp corners 
 
 and edge, and are so disposed as to indicate that they must have 
 been at ine time parts of the same coherent deposit, and have 
 been brc )cen apart by irregular shrinkage, or by movements of the 
 surrounding masses. 
 
 Beds and layers of solid flint, which occur in the ore and clay, 
 are also broken and fractured in a similar manner. 
 
 Turkey Hill, N. W. % Sec. 32, T. 31, R. 10, E., Bollinger 
 County. -^-The ore here is found at the foot of a steep hill near the 
 bottom of a ravine. It consists of bowlders, large and small, of 
 a generally pure, dark-colored limonite, which are imbedded and 
 irregularly distributed in a yellow, marly clay, containing much 
 white che.rt and flint. 
 
CARPENTER BANK. igi 
 
 A tunnel has been run about 20 feet into the hill, through clay 
 containing ore-bowlders, without reaching the solid rock. 
 
 Murdoch Bank, Sec. 16, T. 30, R. 9, E., Bollinger County. 
 The ore of this bank is found scattered thinly over a surface of 2 to 
 3 acres on the top of a flat hill, and extending somewhat down the 
 western slope. Near the top, the ore is impure, being mixed with 
 a breccia of flint, the ore serving as the cement. On the slope it 
 grows purer, but scarcer. There has been considerable prospecting 
 done here, by scattered diggings and a shaft, but without disclosing 
 anything but clay and chert. 
 
 Other banks, probably belonging to this class, in the eastern 
 ore-region, are the Collins, Leeds Hill, Creder, Orth & Livering, 
 Baker, and Lutz. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 
 
 Stanton Hill Bank, S. W. ^ of N. E. %, Sec. 36, T. 41, R. 2, W., 
 Franklin County, is a circular depression of about 50 feet diameter, 
 in a dark-colored sandstone which crops out all round, and toward 
 the centre grows very ferruginous, where it has almost the appearance 
 of crystalline, specular ore. The only pure ore found is a limonite. 
 The lines of the strata in the sandstone are very much distorted, 
 and its whole appearance indicates a disturbance from its original 
 position. 
 
 OSAGE RIVER ORE-REGION. 
 
 In the Osage River ore-region there are very few deposits of 
 class //, but of these the Carpenter and Grissom banks are the most 
 important. 
 
 Carpenter Bank, Sec. 12, T. 46, R. 21, W., Benton County. 
 
 Fig. 69. 
 
 L. Sandy limestone. 
 
 C L. Ferruginous, reddish-brown loam. 
 
 C L-f-F. Clayish sand, with one distinct half-inch layer of fine, white chert. 
 
192 
 
 IR OX- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 The ore covers the surface for but a small area, of perhaps 20 
 feet diameter, but is found scattered in less quantity in various 
 other places on the same flat hill. 
 
 There is no ore in the strata of the cut ; it is only found in the 
 soil covering the strata, having been drifted there ; but it may pos- 
 sibly be only an outlier of some deposit higher up the hill. 
 
 Grissom Bank, on Turkey Creek, Sec. 28, T. 46, R. 21, W., 
 Benton County. 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 The ore lies upon the western slope of a hill 150 feet high. At 
 the foot, limestone is seen in position to a height of about i6feet. 
 Above this the mass of the hill seems to be of sandstone, covered 
 with pieces of sharp-cornered flint. The ore is in large pieces of 
 irregular shape, very porous, partly of stalactitic fracture. Some 
 of it is sulphurous. A singular feature of this bank is the appear- 
 ance of the ore in large quantity and exclusively above the sand- 
 stone outcrops. From this feature some disturbance was inferred. 
 The Sample and Tuscumbia banks are the only others of class h in 
 this region having come to my knowledge. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH. D. 
 
 D. List of Deposits of Iron- ore in Missouri. Explanation of the 
 Signs used in the List of Deposits of Iron- ore in Missouri. 
 
 THE following list contains all the deposits of iron-ore in Mis- 
 souri which have come to my knowledge. As this list has been 
 made principally for commercial and industrial purposes, the de- 
 posits were arranged according to their position along the various 
 routes of transport, railroads or navigable rivers, over which the 
 ores would have to be carried to their respective markets, or to 
 those places where they may be used directly in the manufacture 
 of iron. 
 
 They were arranged as follows : 
 
 Deposits along the Mississippi River Nos. I to 6 
 
 Iron Mountain R. R " 7 to 56 
 
 Atlantic & Pacific R. R. east of 
 
 Cuba " 57 to 76 
 
 " St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock 
 
 R. R " 77 to 125 
 
 Atlantic & Pacific R. R. west 
 
 of Cuba " 126 to 181 
 
 " Missouri Pacific R. R " 182 to 198 
 
 " Osage River " 199 to 273 
 
 in-other parts of the State " 274 to 278 
 
 The following columns are used in the list : 
 Column i. Consecutive Numbers. 
 
 Column 2. Name of deposits, or " banks." These names are 
 13 
 
194 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
 taken either from the present or former owners, or from the lessees, 
 or from people who live in the neighborhood, or from creeks, towns, 
 or counties, or from other objects or circumstances having some 
 connection with these ore-banks. 
 
 Column 3. Location of deposits, giving the township, range, and 
 section. These were mostly obtained from the owners or lessees 
 of the banks to which they refer. 
 
 Column 4. Counties in which the banks are situated. 
 
 Column 5. Names of the owners or lessees, or both. 
 
 Column 6. Probable character of deposit. The signs used in 
 this column refer to the division of iron-ore banks, as given and 
 explained under I. C. of the present report, in brief thus : 
 
 a. Deposits of specular ore in porphyry. 
 
 b. Deposits of specular ore in sandstone. 
 
 c. Disturbed deposits of specular ore. 
 
 d. Drifted deposits of specular ore. 
 
 e. Strata of red hematite. 
 
 f. Disturbed or drifted deposits of red hematite. 
 
 g. Deposits of limonite on limestone. 
 
 //. Disturbed or drifted deposits of limonite. 
 
 Ore-banks which were not visited by members of the Survey 
 have no sign in the 6th column. 
 
 Column 7. Probable size of deposit. As mentioned under I. A. 
 of the present report, I have divided the various ore-banks in five 
 sizes, according to the number of tons of workable ore they are 
 supposed to contain, from their appearance and condition in sum- 
 mer, 1872. These sizes are : 
 
 1. Estimated at less than 20,000 tons. 
 
 2. " 20,000 to 100,000 " 
 
 3. " 100,000 to 500,000. " 
 
 4. " 500,000 to 2,000,000 " 
 
 5. " more than 2,000,000 " 
 
 Column 8. Character of the ore. This column is required, 
 because the 6th column cannot be filled for all the banks, and 
 because many banks, though having, for instance, the general char- 
 acter of specular-ore deposits, contain also red hematites or limo- 
 nites, produced in the course of time by altering influences. 
 
DEPOSITS OF IRON-ORES. 195 
 
 Column 9. Distances from the nearest railroads or navigable 
 rivers. I have considered this column indispensable, because the 
 immediate industrial importance of the various banks depends in a 
 great measure on their accessibility, and on their distances from the 
 routes of transport. This column is less important for some de- 
 posits which are directly connected with iron-works. 
 
196 
 
 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI. 
 
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 199 
 
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DEPOSITS OF I RON- ORES. 
 
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INDEX. 
 
 Ackliurst's land, Manganifcrous Ore on, 26, 123 
 A. C. Ii., No. r Bank, 167 
 
 No. 2 Bank, 168 
 Analysis of Baker's Clay, Lincoln Co., 38 
 
 of Baker's Coal, Lincoln Co., 36, 37 
 
 of Bevier Coal, 36 
 
 of Big Muddy Coal, 36 
 
 of Brown Hematite Ores, 43 
 
 of Red Hematite from T. 49, R. I. E., 38 
 
 of Bohm's Coal, 36 
 
 of Brill's Coal, Henry Co., 35 
 
 of Bruce' s Coal, 35 
 
 of Buford Hill Specular Ore, 65 
 
 of Camden Coal, 34 
 
 of Cannel Coal, 36, 37 
 
 of Cedar Hill Ore, 64 
 
 of Clay from Pilot Knob, 18, 30 . 
 
 of Clays from Lincoln Co., 38 
 
 of Coal, ultimate, 37 
 
 of Colbert's Clay, Lincoln Co., 38 
 
 of Cuthbertson's Manganese and Iron-ores, 39 
 
 of Dolomites, 6, 7 
 
 of Dolomite from Iron Mountain, 7 
 
 of Dolomite from Mace's quarry, 6 
 
 of Ennis & Cundiffs Coal, 35 
 
 of Fuels, method of, 31, 32, 33 
 
 of Fuels by the combustion furnace, 32 
 
 of Franke's Coal, 35 
 
 of Fulton Coal Co.'s Coal, 36 
 
 of Gasconade and Miller Specular Ores, 84, 85 
 
 of George's Coal, 36, 37 
 
 of Goodson's Coal, 36 
 
 of Gowdy's Coal, 35 
 
 of Greenish-white substance found in Mangani- 
 ferous Porphyry, 27 
 
 of Graham's Coal, 35 
 
 of Graham's Coal, Livingston Co., 36 
 
 of Grove's Coal, 35, 37 
 
 of Hematites from St. Clair and Henry Cos., 86 
 
 of Hine's Coal, 36, 37 
 
 of Howell's Coal, 34, 37 
 
 of Hughes Co.'s Coal, 34, 37 
 
 of Hydraulic Limestone, Lincoln Co., 37 
 
 of Iron Ore from Cedar Hill, 19 
 
 of Iron Ore from Buford Mountain, 22, 23 
 
 of Iron Ore from Humphrey's, Lincoln Co., 38 
 
 of Iron Mountain Ores, 40, 54, 55 
 
 of Iron Ridge Specular Ores, 79 
 
 of Iron Ore from Lewis Mountain, 64, 65 
 
 of Iron Ores from Lincoln Co., partial, 38 
 
 of Iron Ore from Morris's Shaft, 38 
 
 of Iron Ore from Murphy's, 38 
 
 of Jordan's Coal, Henry Co., 35 
 
 of Little Compton Coal, 36 
 
 of Limestone of the St. Joseph Bridge, 38 
 
 of Limestone from Iron Co., 38 
 of Limonites on the Osage River, 91 
 
 of Link's Coal, 35, 36 
 
 of Linn's Coal, 36 
 
 of Manganese Ore from Cuthbertson Tract, 21 
 
 of Manganese Ore from Porphyry, Reynolds 
 Co., 25 
 
 of Manganiferous Hematite, from Marble's, 23 
 
 of Manganiferous Iron Ores from Buford Moun- 
 tain, 39 
 
 of Manganiferous Iron Ores from Marble^s, 39 
 
 Analysis of Manganiferous Ores on Cuthbertson's 
 
 Land, 65 
 
 .of Meadow's Coal, Lincoln Co., 36, 37 
 ofMeddlin'sCoal, 36 
 
 of Metamorphic Limestone from Huff's, 26 
 of Miami Coal, 36 
 of Morris's Clay, Lincoln Co., 38 
 of Munn's Coal, 35 
 ofNeffsCoal, 35 
 of Nesbitt's Coal, 36 
 of Newport Coal, 34, 36 
 of Niagara Coal, Andrew Co., 36 
 of Oberhultz Coal, 34, 37 
 of Omaha Coal Co.'s Coal, Holt Co., 36 
 of Ore from Marble's Manganese Deposit, 23 
 of Organ's Coal, Henry Co., 35 
 of Orr's Coal, 35 
 of Osage Co.'s Coal, 35 
 of Owsley's Coal, 35 
 of Owens' Coal, Henry Co., 35 
 of Coal from the Pacific Mines, 35, 36, 37 
 of Payne's Coal, 35 
 of Pig Irons, 43 
 of Pilot Knob Ores, 41, 58 
 of Red Hematites, Callaway Co., 86 
 of Rolla District Specular Ores, 83 
 of Salem District Specular Ores, 77, 78 
 of Scotia Ores, 69, 70 
 of Shepherd Mountain Ores, 41, 62, 63 
 of " Shut-in " Ores, 39 
 of Smith's Coal, 34 
 of Smith's Coal, Nodaway Co., 36 
 of Specular Ore from Cuthbertson Tract, 21 
 of Specular and Red Hematite Ores, 42 
 of Specular Ores from Upper Meramec District, 
 
 of St. James District Specular Ores, 81 
 
 of St. Louis Gas Works (Pittsburgh, Pa.) Coal, 
 
 3 6 37 
 
 of South-eastern Limonites, 88, 89 
 
 of Swanwick Coal, 34 
 
 of Tapscott's Coal, 35, 37 
 
 of Tilden Coal, 35 
 
 ofWestlake'sCoal, 34, 37 
 
 of Mrs. Wingfield's Coal, 35, 37 
 
 of Williamson's Coal, Henry Co., 35 
 
 of Upson's Coal, 36 
 
 of Zimmermann's Coal, 30, 37 
 
 of Zoll's Coal, 35, 36, 37 
 Anderson Bank, 165 
 Antlrew Co. Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Apatite in Iron Mounlain Ore, u 
 Archaean Rocks, Residuary deposils in, 9 
 Arnold bank, description of, 153, 154 
 
 Baird Bank, 168 
 
 Baker Bank, 191 
 
 Coal, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 36, 37 
 
 Coal, containing Sulphur without Iron, 32 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 Beaver Creek Bank, description of, 148, 149 
 
 Branch, Analysis of Hematite from, 42, 43 
 Belan's Creek Bank, 168 
 Benton Co., Creek Bank, description of, 134. 
 
 "Bevier " Coal, Macon Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
216 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Big Bogy Mountain, Specular Ore in Por- 
 phyry at, 122 
 Big Muuqua Bank, 189 
 
 Big Muddy Coal (111.), Analysis of, 36 
 
 Iron Co., Analysis of Pig-irons from, 44 
 Black Fork Bank, 174 
 Black River and Birdseye Limestone, Lin- 
 coln Co., 226 
 
 Blackwell Bank, 165 
 Blanton Limonite Bank, description of, 181 
 
 Specular Bank, description of, 161 
 Bleeding Hill Bank, 162 
 Bloomfield Bank, description of, 172 
 Bohm's Coal, Saline Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Bowleii Bank, description of, 179, 180 
 Brown's Bank, description of, 173, 189 
 Bruce's Coal,* Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Specific gravity of, 37 
 
 Buckland Bank, description of, 159, 160, 167 
 B 11 if u in Bank, 179 
 
 B 11 ford Hill, Analysis of Iron-ore from, 22, 23, 
 65 
 
 Manganiferous Iron-ores, Analysis of, 39 
 
 Section on, 22 
 
 Specular Ore in Porphyry at, 122 
 
 Calcite, in Dolomite, 5 
 
 Callaway Co. Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 
 Red Hematites, 85, 86 
 
 Analysis of Red Hematites, 86 
 Camden Coal Mines, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34 
 
 Analysis of Hematite from, 43 
 Camp Creek Bank, Clay Co., 168 
 Cannel Coal, Analysis of, 36, 37 
 Carbonate of Iron, 146 
 Card & Co.'s Bank, 167 
 Carl Bank, 189 
 
 Carpenter Bank, description of, 191, 192 
 Carson Bank, 165 
 Carroll Co., Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Cass Co., Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Cedar Creek, Analysis of Iron-ore from, 19, 64 
 
 Description of, 18 
 
 Ore-beds at, 19 
 
 Specular Ore in Porphyry at, 121, 122 
 Central Ore-Region, 48 
 
 Outlet of, 47 
 
 Limonites in the, 90 
 Chariton Co., Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Cherry Valley, No. i Bank, description of, 132, 
 
 No. 2 Bank, description of, 151, 152 
 
 Specular Ore in Sandstone at, 131, 132, 133 
 Chlorite in Metamorphic Limestone, 24 
 Clark's Coal, Livingston Co., 167 
 Clarkson Bank, 179 
 Clay from Culbert's, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 38 
 
 from Baker's Shaft, Lincoln Co., 'Analysis of, 
 38 
 
 from Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 38 
 
 from Morris Shaft, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 38 
 
 from Pilot Knob, Analysis of, 18, 38 
 Coal, Andrew Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Baker's Bank, Analysis of, 36, 37 
 
 " Bevier," Macon Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Big Mud4y (111.), Analysis of, 36 
 
 Bohm's, Analysis of, 36 
 
 Britt's, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Bruce's, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Callaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Camden, Analysis of, 34 
 
 Cannel, Analysis of, 36, 37 
 
 Carroll Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Cass Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Chariton Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 containing Sulphur without Iron, 32 
 
 Ennis & Cundiflf, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Franke's, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Fulton Coal Co., Callaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 George's, Analysis of, 36, 37 
 
 Goodson's, Carroll Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Goudy's, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Graham's, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Graham's, Livingston Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Grove's, Johnson Co., 34 
 
 Grove's, Analysis of, 35, 37 
 
 Coal, Hynie (Miami) Saline Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Hayson's, Ray Co., 34 
 Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Hines', Analysis of, 36, 37 
 Howell's, Analysis of, 34, 37 
 Hughes', Analysis of, 34, 37 
 Jordan's, Analysis of, 35 
 Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Link's, Analysis of, 35, 36 
 Linn's, Chariton Co., 34, 72, 265 
 Linn's, Analysis of, 36 
 Little Compton, Analysis of, 36 
 Livingston Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Macon Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Meadow's, Analysis of, 36, 37 
 Meddlin's, Analysis of, 36 
 Munn's, Analysis of, 35 
 Neff's, Analysis of, 35 
 Nesbitt's, Callaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Newport's, Analysis of, 34, 36 
 Niagara Creek, Andrew Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Nodaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Oberhultz, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34, 37 
 Omaha Coal Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Organ's, Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Orr's, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Osage Coal Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Owen's, Analysis of, 35 
 Owsley, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Pacific Mines, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35, 
 
 3 6 37 
 
 Parker & Russell, St. Louis Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Payne's, Analysis of, 35 
 Pettis Co., Analysis of, 34 
 Ray Co., Analysis of, 34 
 Saline Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 St. Louis Co., Analysis of, 35 
 St. Louis Gas Works, low deficiency of, 32 
 St. Louis Gas Works (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Analysis 
 
 of, 3 6 37 
 
 Smith's, Nodaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Smith's, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34 
 Swan wick Hayson's, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34 
 Tapscott's, Analysis of, 35, 37 
 Tilden, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Warrcnsburgh, Johnson Co., 34, 184 
 Westlake's, Analysis of, 34, 37 
 Williamson's, Analysis of, 35 
 Wingfield's, Analysis of, 35, 37 
 Ultimate Analysis of, 37 
 Upson's, Analysis of, 36 
 Zimmermann's, Analysis of, 35, 37 
 Zoll's, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35, 36, 37 
 Coke, from Camden Coal, Analysis of, 34 
 Cold Spring Bank, 168 
 Coleman Bank, 168 
 Collin's Bank, description of, 174, 189, 191 
 Copper Bank, Description of, 187 
 Couts's Bank, Description of, 186 
 Craig Bank, 149 
 Crane Bank, 179 
 Credcr Bank. 191 
 Combustion Furnace, 32 
 Cuthbcrtson'g Bank, Magnetites at, 123 
 Manganiferous Specular Ore, at, 123 
 Iron-ore, Analysis of, 39 
 Buford Hill, description of, 20 
 fine-grained rocks at, 21 
 Tract, Analysis of Manganese Ore from, 21, 39, 
 
 65 
 Tract, Analysis of Specular Ore from, 21 
 
 Deal Bank, Description of, 178, 179 
 Deposits of Specular Ore in Porphyry, general 
 
 description of, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 
 Dinger Bank, 179 
 Disturbed Deposits of Specular Ore, description 
 
 of, 149 
 Dolomite, Minerals in, 8 
 
 Characteristics of, 5, 6, 7 
 
 Analyses of, 6, 7 
 
 from Mace's Quarry, Analysis of, 6 
 Dorey Bank, 167 
 
INDEX. 
 
 217 
 
 Drifted Deposits of Specular Ore, description of, 
 
 160, 161 
 Dunn. Bank, Raph, description of, 171, 172 
 
 Eastern Ore District, Outlet of, 47, 48 
 Ellin Hollow Bank, Analysis of Limonite from, 43 
 
 Description of, 187 
 
 Eiicrinitsil Limestone, 175, 187 
 Eniiistt CuiidiffCoal, Lafayette Co., Analy- 
 sis of, 35 
 Epidot e in Porphyry, 5 
 
 Ferguson Bank, Description of, 162, 163 
 Ferruginous Sandstone, 169 
 
 Fitzwater Bank, Description of, 164, 165 
 Ford Bank, Description of, 177, 178 
 Francis Bank, 179 
 
 Franke's Coal, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Franklin Co., Limonites, Analysis of, 89, 90 
 
 Specular Ores, description of, 68 
 Frost Bank, 168 
 Fulton Coal Co. Coal, Callaway Co., Analysis 
 
 of, 36. 
 Furnace Bank, Description of, 183, 184 
 
 Gabby's, Coal at, 210 
 Galena in Dolomite, 8 
 
 with " mineral blossom," in residuary clay depo- 
 sits, 13 
 Gasconade and Miller County District Specular 
 
 Ore, Analysis of, 84, 85 
 Geographical Arrangement of Ore Districts, 48, 
 
 49 
 
 George's Coal, Cass Co., Analysis of, 36, 37 
 George's Coal, Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 for Coke, 32 
 
 Gilcm's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35, 37 
 Gilman Bank, Description of, 190 
 Godfrey & Co.'s Coal, Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Analysis of, 34, 36 
 
 Goodson's Coal, Carroll Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Goudy's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 Gover Bank, 173, 174, 189 
 
 Graham, Nodaway Co., Coal, Analysis of, 35, 36 
 Granite, Red, at Gov. Brown's Quarry, 9 
 Green-well Bank, Description of, 189 
 Grissom Bank, Description of, 192 
 Grover Bank, Description of, 135, 136 
 Groves Coal, Johnson Co., 34 
 
 Analysis of, 35, 37 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 Gun Bank, Description of, 186 
 
 Hall Bank, 167 
 Hancock Bank, 149 
 Hayes' Bank, 167 
 
 Haynie (Miami) Coal, Saline Co., Analysis of, 
 
 3 6 
 
 Hayson's Coal, Ray Co., 34 
 Hematite from Beaver Branch, Analysis of, 42, 
 
 Analysis of, 43 
 
 from Iron Ridge, Analysis of, 42 
 
 from Meramec Mine, Analysis of, 42 
 
 from Orchard Bank, Analysis of, 42 
 
 Red, 145 
 
 Red, Analysis of a Bowlder of, 38 
 
 Red, Analysis of, 42 
 
 Red and Specular Ores, Analyses of, 42 
 
 Red, description of, 51 
 
 Red, Callaway Co., Analysis of, 86 
 
 Red, Callaway Co., 85, 86 
 
 Red, in Missouri, 46 
 
 in St. Clair and Henry Co., Analysis of, 86 
 
 Subcarboniferous, 47 
 
 in Upper Osage District, 46 
 Henderson Bank, Description of, 175, 176 
 Henry Co. Coal, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Hematites, Analysis of, 86 
 nines' Coal, Analysis of, 36, 37 
 Hog Jin Mountain, Specular Ore in Porphyry 
 
 at, 124 
 Howell's Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34, 37 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 Hudgeon's Bank, 168 
 
 Huff's, Metamorphic Limestone' at, 24 
 Hughes', S., Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34, 37 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Humphrey's Iron-ore, Analysis of, 38 
 Hutchin's Creek Bank, Description of. 166 
 Huzzah Bank, 167 
 Hydraulic Limestones, Lincoln Co., Analy- 
 
 sis of, 37 
 Hyer Bank, 168 
 
 Indian Creek Bank, Analysis of Limonite 
 from, 43 
 
 Description of, 186 
 Iron, Carbonate of, 146 
 Iron Co. Limestones, Analysis of, 38 
 Irondale, Analysis of Pig-irons from, 43, 44 
 
 Banks, Description of, 179 
 Iron Hill, Description of, 180, 181 
 Iron Mountain, decomposed Porphyry at, 12 
 
 Description of deposits of Specular Ore in Por- 
 phyry at, 99, loo, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 
 107, 108, 109 
 
 District, 46 
 
 Structure of, 10 
 
 Ore, Analysis of, 40, 54, 55 
 
 Ore, Description of, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56- 
 
 Pig-iron, Analysis of, 43 
 
 Specular Ore district, 47 
 
 Iron-ore, from Buford Mountain, Analysis of, 22, 
 23, 65 
 
 between 3oth and 4oth Township lines, 45, 46 
 
 in Callaway Co., workable, 45 
 
 from Cedar Hill, Analysis of, 19, 64 
 
 Specular, on Cuthbertson tract, 21 
 
 from Cuthbertson' s, Analysis of, 39 
 
 Distribution of, in Iron Mountain, 10, n, 12 
 
 Description of, 50 
 
 Description of deposits, 93 
 
 in Franklin Co., 45 
 
 General distribution, 45 
 
 from Iron Mountain, Analysis of, 53 
 
 Humphrey's, Analysis of, 38 
 
 from Lewis Mountain, Analysis of, 64, 65 
 
 from Lincoln Co., Partial Analysis of, 38 
 
 and their Localities, List of, 193-214 
 
 of Missouri, Occurrence of, 45, 46, 47, 48 
 
 from Morris's Shaft, Partial Analysis of, 38 
 
 from Murphrey's Analysis of, 38 
 
 Modes of Occurrence.Q3 
 
 Specular, in Crawford; Phelps, and Dent Coun- 
 ties, 46 
 
 on the Ozarks, 13 
 
 at Pilot Knob, 15, 16, 20 
 
 east of Pilot Knob, 20 
 
 bed, shape of, at Pilot Knob, 17 
 
 from Pilot Knob, Analysis of, 58 
 
 in Porphyry, 19 
 
 Residuary Deposits of, in the Porphyry 
 
 region, 
 
 8, 10 
 
 from Shepherd's Mountain, Analysis of, 62, 63 
 from Steelville district, Analysis of, 72 
 
 Iron, Pig, Analysis of, 43 
 pyrites, 5 
 
 Iron Ridge Bank, No. i, description of, 142, 
 
 141. 144 
 Rocks at, 142 
 Section of Deposit at, 143 
 No. 2 Bank, description of, 167 
 Analysis of Hematite from, 142 
 Specular Ores, 78, 79, 80 
 Specular Ores, Analysis of, 79 
 Isabella Bank, 167 
 
 James' Bank, Description of, 146, 147 
 
 Pipe Ore Bank, 168 
 
 Jamison Bank, Description of, 155, 156, 157 
 Jasper with Manganese in Porphyry, 27 
 Johnson Co. Coal, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Kelly Bank, Description of, 158, 159 
 
 No. 2 Bank, description of, 167, 168 
 Knight Bank, Description of, 172, 173 
 
 Laclede Bank, 189 
 
 Lafayette Co. Coal, Analysis of, 35 
 Lamb Bank, Description of, 133, 134 
 
218 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bank, Specular Ore in Sandstone at, 
 133, 134 
 
 Lianiiue Bank, 174 
 Lead, Carbonate of, in residuary Clay Deposits, 13 
 
 Ore Deposits in Dolomite, 8 
 Leeds Hill Bank, 191 
 Lenox Bank, 167 
 Lewis Mountain Ore, 64, 65 
 Lewis Mountain Ore, Analysis of, 64, 65 
 
 Specular Ore in Porphyry at, 122 
 Limestone, Encrinital, 175, 187 
 
 from Iron Co., Analysis of, 38 
 
 Second Magnesian, 125 
 
 Third Magnesian, 5, 129, 131, 146, 157, 176, 179, 
 180, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190 
 
 Metamorphic at Marble's & Huffs, 23, 24 
 
 Metamorphic, Analysis of, 26, 39 
 
 of St. Joseph Bridge, Analysis of, 38 
 Limonite, Description of, 51, 52 
 
 in the Central Ore District, 90 
 
 Franklin Co., Analysis of, 89, go 
 
 on the Osage River, 90, 91, 92 
 
 on the Osage River, Analysis of, 91 
 
 in Missouri, 45, 46, 47 
 
 with Quartz, 13 
 
 in the South-eastern District, 87, 88, 89 
 
 Analysis of, 88, 89 
 
 Lincoln Co. Coal, Analysis of, 35 
 Lindsey Bank, 179 
 Link's Coal, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 35, 36 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 Linn's Coal, Chariton Co., 34 
 
 Analysis of, 36 
 
 for Coke, 32 
 
 Linn Creek Bank, 168 
 List of Deposits of Iron Ores, and their Localities, 
 
 193-214 
 Little Compton, Carroll Co., Coal, Analysis of, 
 
 36 
 
 Little Manqna Bank, 189 
 Livingston Co. Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Localities of Iron Ores, List of, 193-214 
 Love Bank, 179 
 Lutz Bank, 179, 191 
 
 Mace's Dolomite, Analysis of, 6 
 Macon Co. Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Magnesian Limestone, Second, 125 
 
 Third, 5, 129, 131, 146, 157, 176, 179, 180, 182, 
 
 184, 186, 189, 190 
 
 Magnetite at Cuthbertson's Hank, 123 
 Manganese Ore on Marble's Land, 23 
 
 in Porphyry, 20, 24 
 
 from Porphyry, Reynolds Co., Analysis of,' 25 
 Manganilerous Hematite on Marble's Land, 
 Analysis of, 23, 39 
 
 on Buford Mountain, 22 
 
 from Buford Mountain, Analysis of, 39 
 
 in Porphyry, 20 
 
 at Ackhurst Bank, 26, 123 
 
 at Cuthbertson's Bank, 26, 123 
 
 on Cuthbertson's Land, Analysis of, 21, 39, 65 
 Marble's, Analysis of Manganiferous Iron-ore 
 from, 39 
 
 Metamorphic Limestone at, 24 
 
 Strike of the Ore Bed on, 23 
 Marmaduke Bank, Description of, 174 
 
 Analysis of brown Hematite from, 43 
 Matthew's Mountain, Description of, 189 
 MeLaughlin Bank, 179 
 
 Meadow's Coal, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 36, 37 
 Meddlin's Coal, Carroll Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Meramec Bank, Description of, 144 
 
 Section at, 145 
 
 Specular Ore in Sandstone at, 126 
 Meramec District, Upper, Analysis of Specular 
 Ores from, 74 
 
 Mine, Analysis of Hematite from, 42 
 
 Pig irons, Analysis of, 43 
 River, Upper, Specular Or . , , , 
 Mctamorphic Limestone, 23, 24 
 
 River, Upper, Specular Ores on, 72, 73, 74, 75 
 
 Analysis of, 39 
 Method of Analysis of Fuels, 31, 32, 33 
 
 of determining specific gravity of Fuels, 33 
 Mineral Charcoal, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Missouri Coals, Analysis of, 34, 35, 36, 37 
 Moccasin Bend Bank, 149 
 Morgan Bank, 168 
 Morris's Iron-ore, Analysis of, 38 
 Moselle Bank, No. 9, description of, 146, 147, 
 179 
 
 Analysis of Pig-irons from, 43, 44 
 Mount Rouge Bank, 149 
 Munn's Coal, Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 for Coke, 32 
 
 Murdoch Bank, Description of, 191 
 Murphrey's Iron-ore, Analysis of, 38 
 Murphy's Hill, Description of, 174, 175 
 
 Neff Coal, Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Nesbitt's Coal, Callaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 Newman Bank, 189 
 Newport's Coal, Analysis of, 34, 36 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Niagara, Andrew Co., Analysis of Coal from, 36 
 Nodaway Co. Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Norris Bank, 167 
 
 Oberhultz Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34, 37 
 
 Coal, Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Ochrey Earth in Mctamorphic Limestone, 24 
 Ogaii'sCoal, Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Old Copper Bank, Description of, 150, 151 
 Omaha Coal Co., Analysis of Coal from, 36 
 Orchard Bank, Description of, 155 
 
 Analysis of Hematite from, 42 
 
 and Young Bankj 167 
 
 Ore Districts, Geographical arrangement of, 48 
 Orth and Livering Bank, 191 
 Orr's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Osage Coal Co.'s Coal, Analysis of, 35 
 Osage River, Limonites, 90, 91, 92 
 
 Analysis of, QI 
 
 Osage Ore District, outlet of, 47 
 Owens' Coal, Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Owsley's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35 
 
 Pacific Coal Mines, 33 
 
 Analysis of Coal from, 35, 36, 37 
 
 Specific Gravity of Coal from, 37 
 Palm Bank, Description of, 185 
 Parkes Bank, 174 
 
 Parker & Russell Coal, St. Louis Co., Analy- 
 sis of, 35 
 
 Payne's Coal, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Perry Co., Brown Hematite, Analysis of, 43 
 Pettis Co., Coal, Analysis of, 34 
 Pig-irons, Analysis of, 43 
 
 from Big Muddy Iron Co., Analysis of, 44 
 
 from Irondale, Analysis of, 43, 44 
 
 from Iron Mountain, Analysis of, 43 
 
 from Meramec, Analysis of, 43 
 
 from Moselle, Analysis of, 43, 44 
 
 from Pilot Knob Iron Co., Analysis of, 43, 44 
 
 from St. Louis Iron Co., Analysis of, 44 
 
 from Vulcan Iron Works, Analysis of, 43 
 Pilot Knob, Analysis of Clay from, 18, 38 
 
 Description of, 13 
 
 Description of Deposits of Specular Ore in Por- 
 phyry at, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 
 
 Disturbance of Porphyry at, 17 
 
 Exploration needed East of, 20 
 
 Inclination of Ore Beds at, 13 
 
 Iron Co., Analysis of Pig-irons from, 43, 44 
 
 Jaspery Porphyry at, 16 
 
 Ores, Analysis of, 41, 58 
 
 Ores, description of, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 
 
 Porphyry conglomerate on top of, 14, 15 
 
 Section at, 14, 15, 113, 114, 115. 2 39 
 
 Shaft at, 13 
 
 Shape of Ore Befl at, 17 
 
 Surface Geology of, no, in, 112 
 Piney Bank, 168 
 Pittsburgh Bank, 167 
 Poblick's Bank, Description of, 190 
 Pomeroy Bank, Description of, 139, 140 
 Porphyry with Brown Matrix with crystals of 
 triclinic feldspar, 28 
 
 Conglomerate above Manganiferous Bed, 27 
 
 Deposits of Specular Ore in, 94-124 
 
INDEX. 
 
 219 
 
 Porphyry, Disintegration of, in Mass, 10 
 
 Disturbances of, at Pilot Knob, 17 
 
 Erosion in, 9 
 
 Erosion of, at Pilot Knob, 17 
 
 Jaspery, at Pilot Knob, 16 
 
 V arieties of, 4, 5 
 Preliminary Map showing the Distribution of 
 
 Iron-ores in Missouri, 47, 48 
 Primrose Bank. Description of, 161 
 pyrites, Iron, 5 
 
 Railroad Banks, Nos. 1, a, and 3, 167 
 Railroad Banks, JVos. 4 and 5, 168 
 
 Ray Co. Coal, Analysis of, 34 
 Residuary Deposits, Origin of, 8 
 
 Richwood's Bank, Description of, 186 
 Rocks above and below Deposits of Specular Ore 
 
 in Sandstone, 126 
 Rolla District, Specular Ores, 83, 84 
 
 Specular Ores, Analysis of, 83 
 Rnlo, Nebraska, Coal at, 370 
 Russell No. 2 Bank, 179 
 
 Salem District, 48 
 
 Specular Ores, 75, 76, 77, 78 
 
 Specular Ores, Analyses of, 77, 78 
 Saline Co., Coal, Analysis of, 36 
 Santee Bank, 165 
 
 % Clark's Bank, description of, 157, 158 
 Scotia Bank, No. 1, Description of, 128, 129, 
 
 13) I3 1 
 
 Specular Ore in Sandstone at, 128, 129, 130, 131 
 Scotia Bank, ]Vo. 2, Description of, 131, 132 
 
 Specular Ore in Sandstone at, 131 
 Scotia ilres, Analysis of, 69, 70 
 Scotia Specular Ores, Description of, 68, 69, 
 
 70 
 
 Seaton Bank, 167 
 "Second Sandstone,'-' 125, 129, 131, 144, 145, 
 
 146, 162, 163 
 Section on Buford Mountain, 22 
 
 at Cedar Hill, 19 
 
 west of Clinton, Henry Co., 21 
 
 near Iron Mountain, 7, 10 
 
 of Deposit at Iron Ridge No. i, 143 
 
 at Meramec Bank, 145 
 
 at Pilot Knob, 14, 15 
 
 at Pilot Knob, 113, 114, 115 
 
 of well at Simmon's Mountain, 139 
 Shaft Hill, Description of, 170, 171 
 Shepherd Mountain Ores, Analyses of, <u 
 62, 63 
 
 Description of deposits of, 60, 61, 62, 63, 118, 119, 
 
 I2O 
 
 Sheldon Bank, Analysis of Limonite from, 43 
 
 Description of, 188, 189 
 " Shut In " Ores, Analysis of, 39 
 Silvy Bank, 170 
 Silurian Sandstone, formation of residuary 
 
 deposits in, 12 
 
 Simmons Mountain, Description of, 136, 137, 
 13? 
 
 Section of well at, 139 
 Singer Bank, 179 
 Smith Ore Banks, description of, 163, 164, 165 
 
 Coal, Nodaway Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34, 36 
 
 Coal, Specific Gravity of, 37 
 South-eastern Limonite District Ores, 87, 88, 89 
 
 Limonite District, Analysis of Ores from, 88, 89 
 South-western Ore-region, 49 
 Specific Gravity of Fuels, Method of Deter- 
 mining, 33 
 
 of a few Coals, 37 
 Specular Ores, 47 
 
 Description of, 50, 51 
 
 Description of Disturbed Deposits of, 149 
 
 from Cuthbertson Tract, Analysis of, 21 
 
 Franklin Co., description of, 68 
 
 in Gasconade and Miller Co. District, Analyses 
 of, 84, 85 
 
 Iron Ridge, 78, 79, 80 
 
 Iron Ridge, Analysis of, 79 
 
 Manganiferous, at Ackhurst Bank, 123 
 
 Manganiferous at Cuthbertson Bank, 123 
 
 in Missouri, 46 
 
 Specular Ores in Rolla District, 83, 84 
 
 in Rolla District, Analyses of, 83 
 
 in Salem District, 75; 76, 77, 78 
 
 in Salem District, Analyses of, 77, 78 
 
 in Sandstone, description of, 66, 67, 68, 124, 125, 
 126, 127, 128 
 
 in Sandstone at Cherry Valley, 131, 132, 133 
 
 in Porphyry at Big Bogy Mountain, 122 
 
 in Porphyry at Buford Mountain, 122 
 
 in Porphyry at Cedar Hill, 121, 122 
 
 General Description of Deposits of, 94, 95, 96, 
 97, 98, 99 
 
 at Hogan Mountain, 124 
 
 at Iron Mountain, descriptions of Deposits of, 99, 
 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 
 118, 119, 120 
 
 at Lewis Mountain, 122 
 
 at Pilot Knob, description of Deposits, 113, 114, 
 115, 116, 117, 118 
 
 in Sandstone at the Meramec Bank, 126 
 
 in Sandstone at Scotia No. i, 128, 129, 130, 131 
 
 in Sandstone at Scotia No. 2, 131 
 
 in Steelville District, 71, 72 
 
 in Steelville District, Analyses of, 72 
 
 St. James District, 80, 81, 82, 83 
 
 St. James District, Analyses of, 81 
 
 on the Upper Meramec River, 72, 73, 74, 75 
 
 and Red Hematite Ores, Analyses of, 42 
 Spicgcleiseii, Iron Ore for the Manufacture of, 
 
 22 
 
 Stanton Hill Bank, Description of, 191 
 Steatite in Porphyry, 16 
 St. Clair Co. Hematite, Analysis of, 86 
 Steelville District Specular Ores, 71, 72 
 
 Specular Ores, Analysis of, 72 
 
 No. i Bank, description of, 152 
 
 No. 2 Bank, description of, 182 
 St. James District Specular Ores, 80, 81, 82, 
 83 
 
 Specular Ores, Analysis of, 81 
 St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., Bridge, Analysis of 
 
 Limestone from, 38 
 St. Louis Co. Coal, Analysis of, 35 
 
 Gas-works Coal, low deficiency of, 32 
 
 Gas-works Coal (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Analysis of, 
 
 Iron Co., Analysis of Pig-irons from, 44 
 Sulphur in Coal, 32 
 
 determination of. 33 
 Surface Geology of Pilot Knob, 10, in, 112 
 
 of the vicinity of Pilot Knob, Map showing, 
 
 119 
 Swanwick Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, 34 
 
 Tapscott's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 35, 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 Taylor Bank, Description of, 141, 142 
 
 Rolla Bank, 68 
 Thompson's Bank, 167 
 Thornton Bank, Description of, 157 
 Thurmond Bank, Description of, 150 
 Tilden Coal, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Turkey Creek Bank, 189 
 Turkey Hill, Description of, 190, 191 
 
 Ultimate Analysis of Coal, 37 
 " Upper Meramec " District, 149 
 
 Upson's Coal, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 36 
 
 Vulcan Iron "Works, Analyses of Pig-irons 
 from, 43 
 
 "Walker Bank, Description of, 186 
 Warreiisburgh, Johnson Co., Coal, 34 
 "Westlake's Coal, Pettis Co., Analysis of, 34, 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 for Gas and Coke, 32 
 "White Bank, Description of, 184 
 
 Analysis of Limonite from, 43 
 Wiggins' Bank, 149 
 Wigwam Bank, Description of, 185, 186 
 Wilkerson Bank, Description of, 182, 183 
 Williamson's Coal, Henry Co., Analysis of, 35 
 Wimar Creek Bank, 168 
 
220 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 \ViiigfielcTs Coal, Mrs., Johnson Co., Analy- 
 
 sis of, 
 Jpecific _ 
 Winkler B 
 
 Ziegler Bank, 149 
 
 sis of, 35, 37 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 inkier Bank, Descripti 
 
 iription of,. 153 
 
 Zinc-blende, in Dolomite, 8 
 Zimmermann'g Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis 
 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
 Zoll's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, 33, 36, 37 
 Specific Gravity of, 37 
 
PART II. 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS 
 
 (ECONOMIC) 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 BY 
 
 T. B. BROOKS. 
 
 MEMORANDUM. The Appendices referred to in this part are found in Vol. II. of 
 Michigan Geological Survey, 1873. 
 
ATLAS PLATES 
 
 REFERRED TO IN PART II. 
 
 1. Map of the Upper Peninsula.* 
 
 2. Map of the Central Portion of the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 3. Map of the Marquette Iron Region. 
 
 4. Map of the Menominee Iron Region. 
 
 5. Map of Iron Mines at Negaunee. 
 
 6. Map of Republic Mountain and vicinity. 
 
 7. Map of the Champion Mine. 
 
 8. Map of the Washington and Edwards Mines. 
 
 9. Map of the Lake Superior and Barnum Mines. 
 io.' Map of the New York Mine. 
 
 1 1. Magneto-geologic Chart of Republic Mountain. 
 
 12. Statistical Tables of the Iron Ore Trade and Iron Mines of the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 13. Statistical Tables of Furnaces consuming Lake Superior Ores, with composition and 
 
 character of the Ores. 
 
 * This map refers also to Parts II and III. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 VIEWS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Jackson Mine, looking West in No. I Pit opposite Title 
 
 II. Jackson Iron Co.'s Furnaces and Coal Kilns, Fayette " 43 
 
 III. Ore Dock, Marquette " 63 
 
 IV. Lake Superior Mine, " Big W " " 245 
 
 PL A TES. 
 
 I. Ives' map showing Iron Hills, 1844 " 13 
 
 II. Cleveland and Marquette Mines " 142 
 
 III. Jackson Mine " 142 
 
 IV. L'Anse Ore Range, Section 9 T. 49 R. 33 " 152 
 
 V. Magnetic plan of part of Washington Mine " 222 
 
 VI. " " " T. 46 Rs. 30 and 31 " 222 
 
 VII. " " " T. 40 R. 30 " 222 
 
 VIII. " Section Champion-Keystone Range " 226 
 
 IX. " " " " " " 226 
 
 X. " " '* " " " 226 
 
 XL * " " " " " 226 
 
 XII. " " " " " " 226 
 
 XIII. " u " " " " 226 
 
 XIV. " " " " " " 226 
 
 XV. " " " " " 226 
 
 XVI. " " Spurr Mountain " 235 
 
 XVII. Willson's Dump Wagon " 275 
 
 XVIII. Ore pocket, Cleveland Mine " 277 
 
 XIX. Workings of Edwards Mine " 278 
 
 FIGURES. 
 
 1 . Stratification of diorite Republic Mountain 103 
 
 2. False bedding (discordant parallelism) of Quartzite Gogebic Region 109 
 
 3. Section of Anderson's Cut Washington Mine ^ . . . . 124 
 
 .*< < < ... j 24 
 
viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FIG URES Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 5. Non-conformability of Huronian and Laurentian Republic Mountain. ... 126 
 
 6. Section of Magnetic Mine. Section 20 T. 47 R. 30 132 
 
 7. " " Lake Superior Mine made in 1869 137 
 
 8. Part " " " " on large scale 138 
 
 9. Section " " " " through hematite workings 139 
 
 10. Plan of Lake Superior and Lake Angeline Ore Basins 141 
 
 1 1 . Section across Cascade Range 147 
 
 12. Section of Gogebic and Montreal River Iron Range 184 
 
 13. Explorer's Tent 194 
 
 14. Explorer's Sketch, Section 29 T. 50 R. 30 197 
 
 15. United States Surveyor's Map, Section 29 T. 50 R. 30 197 
 
 1 6. Local magnetic attraction (magnetic triangulation) 209 
 
 17. " " " " 209 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 CHAPTER I. Historical Sketch of Discovery and Development. Discovery of Cop- 
 per by the Jesuits in the Seventeenth Century. First Mining Company, 1771. 
 United States Explorations. Dr. Douglas Houghton. United States Lineal- 
 Surveyors. W. A. Burt. Discovery of Iron. Jackson Mine and Forge. 
 First Shipment of Ore. Marquette Forge. First Railroad. Heman B. Ely. 
 Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad. Sault Ste. Marie Ship Canal. Lake 
 Superior Iron Co. The Eureka Iron Co. The Cleveland Iron Co. The 
 Collins Iron Co. Peninsula Iron Co. Forrest Iron Co. Pioneer Iron Co. 
 S. R. Gay. Detroit Iron Mining Co. Excelsior Iron Co. Grand Island 
 Iron Co. Northern Iron Co. Teal Lake Co. Morgan Iron Co. Mar- 
 quette Iron Co. Magnetic Iron Co. Washington Iron Co. Bancroft Iron 
 Co. Iron Cliff Co. Iron Mountain Co. Michigan Iron Co. Peninsula 
 Railroad and C. & N. W. Railroad. New York Iron Co. Pittsburgh and Lake 
 Angeline Iron Co. Schoolcraft Iron Co. Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill 
 Co. Fayette Furnaces. Deer Lake Iron Co. Cannon Iron Co. Bay Fur- 
 nace Co. Champion Iron Co. Lake Superior Foundry Co. Mines on the 
 Cascade Iron Range. Escanaba Furnace. Negaunee Hematite Mines leased 
 from E. Breitung. Spurr Mountain Iron Co. Michigamme Co. Keystone 
 Co. New England, Winthrop, Shenango, Saginaw, and Albion Mines. Par- 
 sons Mine. Kloman Iron Co. Menominee Iron Region Cos. Peat Fur- 
 nace. Ericson Manufacturing Co. Carp River Iron Co. Sandstones and 
 Roofing Slate Cos. Saw-mills. Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad. Mar- 
 quette Docks. Chicago and North Western Railroad. Statistics 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. Geological Sketch of the Upper Peninsula (Where to Explore). 
 Laurentian, Huronian, Copper-bearing and Silurian Systems, i. Geographical 
 Distribution of the Rocks. 2. Topography. 3. Stratigraphy. 4. Boulders. 65 
 
 CHAPTER III. Lithology (Mineral Composition and Classification of Rocks). Pre- 
 fatory Remarks, i. Iron Ores. 2. Ferruginous, Silicious, and Jaspery Schists. 
 3. Diorites, Dioritic Schists, and Related Rocks. 4. Magnesian Schists (mostly 
 Chloritic). 5. Quartzite, Conglomerates, Breccias, and Sandstones. 6. Mar- 
 ble (Limestone and Dolomite). 7. Argelite or Clay Slates, and Related Rocks. 
 8. Mica-schist. 9. Anthophyllitic Schist. 10. Carbonaceous Shale 80 
 
X TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER IV. Geology of the Marquette Iron Region, i. Michigamme District 
 Champion Mine. Keystone Mine. Spurr Mine. Michigamme Mine. 
 Washington Mine. Edwards Mine. Republic Mountain Mine. Kloman 
 Mine. Faults. Magnetic, Cannon, and Chippewa Locations. Michigan 
 Mine. 2. Negaunee District. New England-Saginaw Range. Excelsior 
 Mine. Winthrop and Shenango Mines. Lake Angeline Mine. Lake Supe- 
 rior Mine. Foldings. Barnum Mine. Ishpeming Ore Basin. New York 
 Mine. Cleveland and Marquette Mines. Jackson Mine. Negaunee Hema- 
 tites. Teal Lake. Foster Mine. The Cascade Range. Iron Mountain, 
 Ogden, and Tilden Mines. Lower Quartzite, Marble, and Novaculite. 3. 
 Escanaba District. S. C. Smith Mine. 4. L'Anse District. Taylor Mine. 
 Manganiferous Ore. Plumbago : 117 
 
 CHAPTER V. Menominee Iron Region. General Description, i. South Belt. 
 Breen Mine. 2. North Belt. Section 31. Felch Mountain. Geological 
 Sections. Marbles. 3. Paint River District. Quality and Quantity of Ore .. 157 
 
 CHAPTER VI. Gogebic and Montreal River Iron Range. Continuation of Penokie 
 Range. South Copper Range. Laurentian, Huronian, Copper-bearing, and 
 Silurian Rocks, Relations of. 183 
 
 CHAPTER VII. Explorations (Prospecting for Ore), i. How Failures have hap- 
 pened in Iron Mining Enterprises, and how to avoid them. Forming a New 
 Company and Starting Work. Quality and Quantity of Ore. 2. Prospecting 
 and Woodcraft. Organization of the Party. Supplies. Equipment. Maps. 
 Mode of Working. How to Recognize Iron Ore. 3. Digging for Ore. 
 Sinking, Drifting, Trenching, Drilling, Cost of. 4. Quality and Quantity of 
 Ore. An average Sample, and how to get it. Approximate Analyses in the 
 Woods. 187 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. Magnetism of Rocks and Use of the Needle in Explorations, i. 
 Elementary Principles of Magnetism. 2. Magnetic Instruments. The Dip 
 Compass and its Use. Solar Compass. Ritchie's Compass. Amsden's Com- 
 pass. 3. Geological Sketch of the Magnetic Rocks, Laurentian, Huronian, 
 Copper-bearing, Silurian. Loadstones. Magnetic Rocks are not Ores. 
 Origin of Ores. 4. Explanation of Magnetic Chart No. XL, and of Magnetic 
 Plans and Sections. Republic Mountain. Washington Mine. Champion 
 Mine. Spurr Mountain. Magnetic Range. South Belt, Menominee Region. 
 5. Diminution of Intensity due to Elevation. Observations at Republic Moun- 
 tain. Champion Mine. Spurr Mountain. 6. What is the Significance of a 
 Dip at 90, or " Dead 90 " ? It often does not mean Workable Ore. 7. Prac- 
 tical Suggestions and Rules. What can and what cannot be determined by 
 the Needle 205 
 
 CHAPTER IX. Method and Cost of Mining Specular and Magnetic Ores. Details 
 of Geological Structure of Ore Deposits. Underground and Open Works 
 Compared. Organization of the Mining Force. Wages. Nationality. 
 Royalties. Permanent Improvements. Cost of Mining in Marquette, tabu- 
 lated. Cost of Mining in Sweden, tabulated. Use of such Tables, i. Dead- 
 work. Explorations, Shafts, Drifts, Roads, Stripping, etc. 2. Mining Proper. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 Labor, Drilling, Sledging, Sorting, etc. 3. Mining Materials and Imple- 
 ments (Mine costs). Powder, Fuze, Nitre-glycerine, Steel Drills, Other 
 Tools, Blacksmiths' Labor and Supplies. 4. Handling Ore from Miners' 
 Hands to Cars, and Pumping. Teaming, great cost of. Forage. Vehicles. 
 Loading Ore from Stock Pile. Pumping and Hoisting Machinery. 5. Man- 
 agement and General Expenses. Salaries. Office Expenses. Taxes 244 
 
 CHAPTER X. Chemical Composition of Ores (Analyses). Importance of Average 
 Samples. Mode of Sampling. Names and Addresses of Chemists. Dupli- 
 cates. Average Composition of Specular, Magnetic, Hematite, and Flag Ores. 
 Phosphorus, Distribution of. Composition of Pig-irons. Alphabetical List 
 of Analyses of Lake Superior and other Ores 283 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IT is customary to preface Geological Reports with a history of 
 the surveys on which they are based ; in this case, however, it will 
 be impossible to give more than a brief sketch, without omitting 
 some part of the report itself, the limits of the book, for the publi- 
 cation of which funds were provided, having already been consid- 
 erably exceeded. 
 
 The first survey of the State by Dr. Houghton, which was dis- 
 continued on account of his death by drowning in Lake Superior 
 in 1845, is noticed in the first chapter in connection with the 
 discovery of iron ore. The present survey was inaugurated by act 
 of the Legislature in 1869, which appropriated $8,000 per year for 
 the work, one-half of which went to the Upper Peninsula. This 
 amount was again divided equally between the Iron and Copper 
 Regions, which gave $2,000 per year for each to cover all expenses, 
 including salaries, supplies, instruments, travelling, etc. To the 
 $8,000 aggregate for four years from this source, the Geological 
 Board added $1,000 for chemical work, maki-ng $9,000 in all re- 
 ceived by me from the State for the survey of the Iron Region. In 
 addition to this sum I have expended about $2,000 of my own 
 means, and have not received any compensation for my services. 
 
 This small sum would have been inadequate to have accomplished 
 anything worthy of the importance of the work undertaken, had not 
 several corporations and individuals generously come to my relief; 
 indeed on this source of help I counted largely in undertaking the 
 work, and made it an express condition in the arrangement that I 
 should be permitted to avail myself of all the assistance of this kind 
 I could obtain, and also that during the progress of the work I 
 should be free to continue the practice of a profession from which I 
 was sure to obtain further facts bearing on the objects of the survey. 
 
 The companies which have contributed valuable data in their 
 
 I 
 
ii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 possession, or have instituted special surveys at my suggestions, 
 with the view of furthering the object of the survey, are : The 
 Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railway, The Portage Lake 
 & Lake Superior Ship Canal Co., The Republic, Washington, Lake 
 Superior, Champion, New York, Spurr Mountain, Iron Cliff, Cannon 
 and Magnetic Iron Companies. E. Breitung bore a part of the 
 expense of making Map No. V., and John Fritz, A. Pardee, and 
 Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, S. P. Ely, of Marquette, and 
 A. B. Meeker, of Chicago, contributed generously to the chemical 
 fund, the results of the analyses being given in Chapter X. 
 
 The law of 1869 established a Board of Survey, consisting of H. 
 P. Baldwin, Governor ; W. J. Baxter, President of the Board of 
 Education, O. Hosford, Superintendent of Public Instruction, with 
 power to select the Geologists, disburse the money appropriated, 
 and perform other necessary duties. Prof. A. Winchell was made 
 Director, who approved the plan for the survey of the Iron Region 
 which I submitted to him, and which is contained in the following 
 letter : 
 
 LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS, 
 
 Referred to in Agreement with T. B. BROOKS, dated Negaunee, 
 Mich. y June $th y 1869. 
 
 " To Major T. B. BROOKS, Assistant of the Geological Survey of Michigan. 
 
 " SIR : You are hereby authorized and requested to make a Survey of the Marquette 
 Iron District, and to draw up a report on the same, substantially in accordance with the 
 following suggestions : 
 
 "I. By the Marquette Iron District is meant the region embracing all the deposits of 
 iron ore extending from the shore of Lake Superior on the east, through Townships 46, 
 47, and 48 north, as far as Range 31 west, inclusive, being the region which for the 
 present finds its outlet by railroads through Marquette and Escanaba. 
 
 " Your report on this district would appropriately furnish 
 
 " 2. A historical sketch of discovery in the Iron Region of Lake Superior. 
 
 "3. A physiographicai sketch of the Marquette Iron District; general topography, 
 hydrography, timber, soil, climate, etc. 
 
 "4. The general geological structure of the district (not entering into details, nor 
 theoretical discussions) ; identification of iron range stratification ; outline description 
 of the rocks ; general description of the ores of iron occurring in the district. 
 
 " 5. The mines in general ; their distribution and grouping. 
 
 " 6. Special notices of the mines and mining locations of the District ; local structural 
 geology, topography, mineralogical specialties of the ores. 
 
INTRODUCTION. iii 
 
 *' 7. Discovery of ores ; geological principles applicable ; the use of instruments. 
 
 "8. The working of Iron Mines; methods in use here and elsewhere in analogous 
 regions ; advantages of each ; machinery. 
 
 " 9. The manufacture of iron and steel ; special adaptations of the different varieties of 
 ore in the District ; the use of charcoal and mineral coal ; resources of charcoal in Michigan ; 
 manufacture of charcoal ; fluxes ; location of furnaces ; construction and operation of 
 furnaces. 
 
 " 10. Transportation of iron ores, and of iron ; market ; prices. 
 
 " n. Commercial statistics of iron ores, and of iron. 
 
 ' ' In the discussion of the above topics, it is intended that you make such reference to 
 other iron regions as may be necessary to thorough treatment and illustration of the general 
 subject. 
 
 " It is not intended to lay down any stringent rules for your procedure, but only to 
 furnish a general conception of the ground to be worked over. It is desired to produce 
 as complete a manual as possible of information relating to the rinding, extracting, trans- 
 porting, and smelting of the iron ores of the Lake Superior Region, and it is believed that 
 your own experience and the suggestions which may occur to you in the progress of the 
 work will render it proper to deviate from the letter of the foregoing programme, according 
 to the dictates of your own judgment. Specimens are to be collected according to the 
 requirements and provisions of the law of 1869. 
 
 " In the prosecution of your field work, it is obvious that you cannot with the money at 
 your disposal enter into detailed and complete examinations of individual properties, but 
 it will promote the interests of the general work, if proprietors can be induced to defray 
 the expenses of such detailed surveys beyond the limits to which you may be able officially 
 to prosecute them ; and it is evident that the interests of proprietors, no less than those of 
 the State, will be promoted by committing such detailed surveys to your direction. 
 
 "The report, with the requisite maps, plans, and other illustrations, is to be ready for 
 publication by the 3ist day of December, 1870. 
 
 "(Signed) A. WINCHELL, 
 
 " Director Geological Survey, 
 
 "Ann Arbor, Mich. " 
 
 On the completion of this survey of the Marquette Region, the 
 Board decided to extend the work over the Menominee Region 
 as well as further West before publishing, thus embracing all the 
 known iron-fields of the Upper Peninsula. Professor Winchell 
 having resigned in 1 87 1, this part of the work was done under the 
 direction of the Board. 
 
 Prof. JR.. Pumpelly has been engaged, with interruptions, in the 
 Copper Region during the same period I have been at work in the 
 Iron (see his Report, Part II.), and in the spring of 1871 Dr. C. 
 Rominger commenced work on the Palaeozoic rocks ; his Report 
 on the Silurian rocks of the Upper Peninsula is contained in Part 
 III. of this volume. 
 
i v INTR OD UCTION. 
 
 The sum appropriated ($20,000) for publishing 2,000 copies of 
 the three reports, with Atlas of maps, enabled the Board to contract 
 for no more than a 500 octavo-page volume, which at the time was 
 oeemed sufficient space. I have been generously allowed more 
 than one-half this space, but find that it was not sufficient to con- 
 tain the material which I had accumulated, and which it seemed to 
 me could be advantageously embodied in the proposed report. It 
 was for some time a question with me, whether I should attempt to 
 consider all the points named in the above scheme (giving each its 
 relative space), which plan would have excluded a large amount of 
 valuable material, or whether I should only attempt to treat each 
 subject in order, as fully as my material would admit and its im- 
 portance seemed to demand, without attempting at this time to 
 cover the whole ground. 
 
 I choose the latter plan, and have in consequence been obliged 
 to entirely omit all consideration of the important subjects of the 
 location, construction and operation of furnaces ; of fuels, fluxes, 
 and ore mixtures ; of the resources and manufacture of charcoal in 
 Michigan,* as well as the consideration of the question of steel 
 manufacture. The question of the transportation of ore and iron,- 
 of markets and prices, was also forced out for want of space. A 
 proper treatment of these subjects would fill a volume. 
 
 I trust those gentlemen, who have favored me with lengthy and 
 carefully prepared replies to my numerous inquiries on these 
 excluded subjects, will feel that no injustice has been done them in 
 withholding their papers, until they can be properly presented. 
 
 * The subject of the resources of Michigan in Charcoal and the location of charcoal 
 furnaces both on the Upper and Lower Peninsulas has been carefully worked up and 
 illustrated by Timber Maps, but there is unfortunately no means provided for their publi- 
 cation. 
 
 The following named gentlemen are well acquainted with their respective localities on 
 the Lower Peninsula, and are prepared to give information regarding the timber, etc., 
 which is in many instances unsurpassed : 
 
 JOSEPH DAME, North Port. O. W. HART, Torch lake. 
 
 E. E. BENEDICT, Manistee. A. G. BUTLER, Frankfort. 
 
 E. B. MILLS, Mayviile. JAMES LEE, Bingham. 
 
 GEO. N. SMITH, Bear river. W. H. HURLBURT, South Haven. 
 
 W. H. C. MITCHELL, East Traverse bay. DENNIS T. DOWNING, Little Traverse. 
 
 LEROY WARREN, Pentwater. DELOS L. FILER, Ludington. 
 
 J. S. DIXON, Charlevoix. WILLIAM H. FREY, West Olive. 
 
INTRODUCTION. v 
 
 It may be questioned, whether with the purely practical object 
 I have had in view in preparing this report, and the limited space, 
 that so large a place should be given to the subject of Lithology, 
 so ably treated by Mr. Julien, in App. A, Vol. II. The reasons 
 which led to this were my own inability to properly treat this sub- 
 ject, its great relative importance in the study of rocks devoid of 
 fossils, but above all I had collected and catalogued during seven 
 years a more complete suite of specimens from the Azoic of the 
 Upper Peninsula, than had before been got together, which collec- 
 tion I believed worthy the study and paper referred to, and which 
 I saw no better way of utilizing to the public, than as has been done 
 It is open to question whether Mr. Julien's paper should not have 
 been published through some scientific channel, rather than in an 
 industrial report, where it will stand nearly alone as a contribution 
 to science. 
 
 Grouping Iron Deposits. It has been found convenient in this 
 report to disregard such political divisions as counties and towns 
 in designating localities, and to employ instead, either the precise 
 and simple method of U. S. linear surveyors, which can be readily 
 understood by an inspection of Maps II., III. and IV. of Atlas ; or, 
 by the use of what may be termed the mineral or industrial geogra- 
 phy of the Upper Peninsula, by which it is conveniently divided 
 into regions, districts, groups, etc., which, although not sharply 
 defined, may be considered at present to have the following bounda- 
 ries : The Marquette Iron Region (see Map III., Table XIII., and 
 Chap. IV.) embraces all the developed iron mines of the Upper 
 Peninsula, the ores of which now find their outlets via Marquette, 
 L'Anse and Escanaba by the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon 
 and Chicago and Northwestern railroads. This again is sub- 
 divided into the (i) Negaunee, (2) Michigamme, (3) Escanaba, and 
 (4) L'Anse districts. These divisions may be conveniently carried 
 still further by a subdivision of the Negaunee District into the 
 Cascade Range, Negaunee Hematite Mines, Ishpeming Group, New 
 England and Saginaw Range ; and of the Michigamme District into 
 the Washington, Champion, Spurr and Magnetic Ranges, and 
 Republic Mountain Basin. The S. C. Smith is the only worked 
 mine in the Escanaba District, and no ore has yet been shipped from 
 the L'Anse District or Range. The Menominee Iron Region (see 
 Map IV. and Chap. IV.), which as yet has sent no ore to market, 
 
vi . INTRODUCTION. 
 
 is divided into (i) The North Belt in south part of T. 42, (2) The 
 South Belt in Ts. 39 and 40, and (3) The Paint River District. The 
 Lake Gogebic and Montreal River Region or Range (Chap. VI.) 
 is so little known that it may be questionable whether it should 
 have a place in this economic grouping ; it embraces the country 
 between Lake Gogebic and the west boundary of Michigan, and is 
 100 miles west of the Marquette Region. 
 
 It but remains for me to express my obligations and gratitude to 
 the many gentlemen who have contributed in various ways to the 
 objects of this survey, to officially acknowledge their services and 
 to thank them cordially for myself and on behalf of the Board for 
 what they have done. 
 
 To S. P. Ely, of Marquette, the survey is more deeply indebted 
 than to any other person ; indeed, I would not have undertaken the 
 work except from assurance of his support, which has been constant 
 and generous from the beginning. To Messrs. H. B. andF. L. Tuttle, 
 of Cleveland, Ohio, I am indebted for a considerable amount of the 
 material embodied on Statistical Tables XII. and XIII. of Atlas, 
 much of which I believe it would have been impossible for me to have 
 procured, except through them ; App. J, Vol. II., contains a letter 
 from H. B. Tuttle, who has always, with great promptness and care, 
 answered my various inquiries. To Major Fayette Brown, Cleveland, 
 the survey is indebted for a most valuable paper on the amount of 
 air required by charcoal furnaces and the mode of applying it, 
 based on his experience with the Jackson Co.'s furnaces at Fayette, 
 the almost unparalleled success of which gives his statements great 
 value. S. L. Smith, on the part of the Marquette, Houghton 
 & Ontonagon railroad, placed all the results of that company's 
 explorations, made under my direction, at the disposal of the 
 survey. J. J. Hagerman, Milwaukee, furnished a statement regard- 
 ing the working of Lake Superior and Iron Ridge, Wisconsin, ores 
 with anthracite and coke, and the successful use of the metal in 
 making rails. John L. Agnew has furnished drawings of the new 
 charcoal furnace, superintended by him at Escanaba, 50 feet high 
 and 12 feet bosh, the largest, so far as I know, in the world. M. 
 R. Hunt, Depere, Wis.,has given full details of a remarkable long 
 and successful blast of the First National Iron Co.'s furnaces. 
 
 The Historical chapter has been made far more complete and re- 
 liable than would otherwise have been possible through the contribu- 
 
^INTRODUCTION. vii 
 
 tion of facts and documents by Messrs. William and John Burt, 
 Messrs. Everett, White, Harlow, Hewitt, and Ely, of Marquette ; 
 also by Messrs. Jacob Houghton and Charles T. Harvey. This 
 chapter was rewritten by Charles D. Lawton. 
 
 I am indebted to so many persons for the facts embodied in the 
 chapter on Mining, that I can only mention W. E. Dickinson, J. 
 C. Morse, William Sedgwick, A. Kidder, Peter Pascoe, George and 
 Eugene St. Clair, and D. H. Merritt, of Marquette county, and 
 Prof. R. Akerman, of Stockholm, Sweden. 
 
 C. H. V. Cavis, S. H. Selden, and George P. Cummings, civil 
 engineers, have greatly aided in the work by their personal efforts in 
 procuring information which is embodied in the maps. The valu- 
 able explorations of C. E. and Frank Brotherton, and of A. M. 
 Brotherton, deceased, made for the C. & N. W. and M. H. & O. 
 roads, has been to a large extent placed at my disposal by the offi- 
 cers of these companies. 
 
 The nature of the valuable scientific aid given to this work by 
 Alexis A. Julien, Prof. R. Pumpelly, Dr. T. S. Hunt, Prof. George 
 J. Brush, Dr. H. Credner, and Charles E. Wright, are explained in 
 the text of chapters III., V., VI., and in Appendices A, B, and C, 
 Vol. II. 
 
 Edwin Harrison, of St. Louis, has given me full and detailed 
 statements regarding the working of his Irondale furnace, which has 
 one of the best records ever made by a charcoal furnace. Robert 
 Wood has prepared most of the manuscript for the press, and, with 
 Mr. Bien, will take care of the publication and indexing. 
 
 The survey is indebted to the University of Michigan, Ann Ar- 
 bor, for the use of rooms without charge, and for the same courtesy 
 (most cordially extended) to the School of Mines, Columbia Col- 
 lege, New York, on which institution the survey had no claim. 
 
 The Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon, Chicago & North- 
 western, Michigan Central, the Great Western, and Grand Trunk 
 railways have in every instance, when requested, granted passes to 
 persons connected with the survey. 
 
 To the gentlemen and companies above named, as well as to 
 Messrs. J. N. Armstrong, American Iron & Steel Association, S. 
 C. Baldwin, William H. Barnum, J. B. Britton, C. M. Boss, J. R. 
 Case, Mr. Childs, Girard Iron Company, C. H. Hall, A. Heberlein, 
 Alexander L. Holley, E. C. Hungerford, Prof. Hayden, Gilbert D. 
 
viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Johnson, F. B. Jenny, Prof. J. P. Leslie, J. S. Lane, A. W. Mait- 
 land, David Morgan, Capt. H. Merry, F. W. Noble, Charles H. 
 Pease, New York Mine, J. R. Orthey, Freiburg Royal School of 
 Mines, James M. Safford, Samuel Thomas, J. M. Wilkinson, H. N. 
 Walker, Walter Williams, Capt. R. D. Weston (deceased), Wash- 
 ington Mine, Dr. White, and Charles R. Westbrook, who have in 
 various ways promoted my work, I am under great obligations. 
 Without their aid this report could not have been prepared. I have 
 forwarded to the Board of Survey a full list of their names and ad- 
 dresses, with the request to furnish each with a copy of this 
 Report and accompanying Atlas. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT.* 
 
 NOTE. Statistical Tables XII. and XIII. of Atlas contain many facts relevant to this 
 subject, which could not well be incorporated in the text. 
 
 MINERAL explorations along the south shore of Lake Superior 
 began at a very early period, and the existence of copper was 
 made known to the world as long ago as 1636, by La Garde, in a 
 book published in Paris. During the subsequent portion of the 
 1 7th century frequent mention is made in the " Relations" of the 
 Jesuit Fathers of the finding of this metal. 
 
 These Relations f extend from 1632 to 1672, and are made up of 
 the reports or simple narratives of these humble but zealous mis- 
 sionaries, scattered as they were all over the region of the great 
 Lakes, then controlled by the French Government, and are neces- 
 sarily of inestimable value to the historian and archaeologist ; and 
 also contain much that is highly interesting to the geologist, as in- 
 dicating the early discoveries of minerals and the knowledge of 
 their localities and uses, possessed by the natives. In illustration 
 of the allusions to copper found in these reports, we quote simply 
 from one, Claude Allouez, who seems to have been a man of intel- 
 ligence, as well as one of the most persevering and deserving of 
 these early missionaries. He first visited Lake Superior in 1666, 
 and makes mention of a large mass of copper to be seen near the 
 shore of the lake, with its top rising above the water, giving an 
 opportunity for those who passed that way to cut pieces from it. 
 The writer says, this "rock" has disappeared, having become 
 buried, as he opines, beneath the sands, through the action of the 
 waves. He also states that pieces of copper weighing from 10 to 
 20 Ibs. are frequently found among the savages, who esteem them 
 
 * C. D. Lawton, Esq., rendered much assistance in the preparation of this chapter. 
 f These valuable documents have been republished by the Canadian Government. 
 2 
 
10 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 as domestic gods, and hold them in superstitious awe, preserving 
 them, in some instances, time out of mind, among their most pre- 
 cious articles. 
 
 In 1672, a map was published in Paris of this region, which was 
 made by these early Jesuits, and on which is represented 1,600 miles 
 of coast and many islands, with what may be considered remark- 
 able accuracy.* 
 
 In 1689, Baron La Houtan, in a book relating to travels in 
 Canada, mentions that "upon Lake Superior we find copper 
 mines, the metal of which is fine and plentiful ; there being not a 
 seventh part base from the ore." 
 
 In 1721, P. De Charlevoix described the native copper deposits, 
 and the superstitions which the Indians had in regard to them, in 
 considerable detail. The occurrence of native copper being so 
 frequent, the wonder of the early voyageurs was naturally excited, 
 being increased also by vague rumors (gathered from the savages) 
 of the existence of gold, silver, and diamonds. 
 
 In 1765, Captain Jonathan Carver visited Lake Superior, and in 
 his account dwelt so largely on the abundance of native copper, 
 that a copper company was formed in England in 1771, which actu- 
 ally began mining operations on the Ontonagon river, under the 
 direction of Mr. Alexander Henry, who seems to have been a better 
 historian than miner ; for he gives a detailed account of the wind- 
 ing-up of his operations in 1772 and concludes, as the result of 
 his unsuccessful experiment in mining, that the country must be 
 cultivated and peopled before the copper can be profitably mined. 
 In 1819, Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft accompanied as mineralogist and 
 geologist a government exploring expedition along the south shore 
 of Lake Superior, having for its object the investigation of the cop- 
 per mines. 
 
 In 1823 another government expedition, under charge of Major 
 Long, passed along the north shore of the Lake, having come from 
 the northwest ; and mention is made of their having observed cop- 
 per boulders in the region of the headwaters of the Mississippi. 
 Steps had been taken with a view to an exploration of this region 
 
 * A fac-simile of this map, and much other interesting matter relating to the early 
 history of the copper region, may be found in Foster and Whitney's Report, Exec. Doc., 
 1850, Part I. 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 1 1 
 
 during the Presidency of John Adams, but nothing was ever 
 effected. The work of systematic, scientific exploration of the 
 Upper Peninsula of Michigan was first undertaken by Dr. Douglas 
 Houghton, the earliest State Geologist. Dr. Houghton had com- 
 menced his examination of this region in 1831, and in his first an- 
 nual report to the Legislature in 1841 presented the results of his 
 labors up to that period in so able a manner, that the attention of 
 the world became directed to the Northern Peninsula with greatly 
 increased interest. In 1840, Dr. Houghton wrote to the Hon. A. 
 S. Porter, under date December 26th, regarding the mineral wealth 
 of the south shore of Lake Superior : " Ores of zinc, iron and 
 manganese occur in the vicinity of the shore, but I doubt whether 
 either of these, unless it be zinc and iron, 'is in sufficient abundance 
 to prove of much importance. Ores of copper are much more 
 abundant than either of those before mentioned, and a sufficient 
 examination of them has been made to satisfy me that they may be 
 made to yield an abundant supply of the metal." 
 
 In his Geological Report of 1841 Dr. Houghton says: "Al- 
 though hematite ore is abundantly disseminated through all the rocks 
 of the metamorphic group, it does not appear in sufficient quantity 
 at any one point that has been examined to be of practical import- 
 ance." At this date Dr. Houghton had traversed the south shore of 
 Lake Superior five times, in a small-boat or canoe, on geological 
 investigations. It is therefore probable that up to 1841 no Indian 
 traditions worthy of credence, in regard to large deposits of iron 
 ore, had come to his knowledge. As there are, so far as known, 
 no considerable outcrops of iron ore, which come nearer than seven 
 miles to the shore of the Lake, it is plain that investigations, based 
 on observations taken along the shore only, could have determined 
 no more than its probable existence, which is plainly indicated in 
 the extracts given. Dr. Houghton was not aware of the existence 
 of iron ore in quantity, until the return of Mr. Burt's party of sur- 
 veyors to Detroit in the fall of 1844, his examinations in the interior 
 of the country having been confined to the Copper Region. At- 
 tention at that early period was entirely directed to searching for 
 ores of more value than iron, and it is worthy of remark, that the 
 Jackson and Cleveland Iron Companies, which were the first two 
 organized, were formed to mine copper, silver, and gold. 
 
 The remarkably rapid development of the mineral resources of 
 
12 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 the Upper Peninsula is largely due, among other causes, to the fact 
 that the United States Linear Surveyors were required to combine 
 geological and topographical observations with their surveys. The 
 use of Burt's solar compass, which permits of rapid and precise 
 observations of local variations (so important in the economic sur- 
 vey of a primitive iron region), served greatly to enhance the value 
 of the results, by making known the position of rocks containing 
 magnetic ore. 
 
 The honesty, skill and enthusiasm with which the field-work was 
 executed resulted in the collection of a large amount of geological 
 data, which at the completion of the survey would have left little 
 to be done save the final report, in which the master-mind should 
 classify, group, and harmonize the facts, and thereby develop na- 
 ture's law from the mass of material collected. Dr. Houghton's 
 untimely death by drowning in Lake Superior, while in the midst of 
 his labors, prevented him from performing the crowning work. Any 
 one familiar with the geology of the Upper Peninsula, who will 
 peruse the manuscript notes * left by Dr. Houghton, will be con- 
 vinced that his views regarding the geology of the older rocks were 
 far in advance of his time, and such only as geologists years after- 
 ward arrived at, and those which are but now, thirty years after 
 he recorded them, universally accepted (see Appendix E, Vol. II.). 
 A brief statement of the origin of a work from which such im- 
 portant results have accrued will be given. In 1843 the finan- 
 cial troubles of the State of Michigan arising out of the "Five 
 Million Loan," as it was called, were of such a character as to 
 cause the Legislature to withhold the annual appropriation for the 
 Geological Survey, which then had been for several years in suc- 
 cessful operation under the direction of Dr. Houghton. Thor- 
 oughly interested in his scientific work, and believing that the best 
 interests of the State and the cause of science demanded the con- 
 tinuance of the survey, Dr. Houghton asked from the General Gov- 
 ernment the aid which his own State felt unable to grant, and suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining, in the appropriation for the Public Surveys of 
 
 * These manuscript notes are now in the University Library at Ann Arbor, having been 
 presented to that Institution by Dr. Houghton's widow. Dr. Houghton, it will be 
 remembered, was at the time of his death a Professor in the University of Michigan as 
 well as State Geologist. 
 
1VES MAP, SHOWING IRON HILLS, 1844. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 13 
 
 the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, an additional allowance per mile 
 to cover the cost of the geological work. In order to expedite the 
 work and insure the best scientific results from the adoption of his 
 plan, Dr. Houghton himself took the contract from the Govern- 
 ment for completing the surveys on the Upper Peninsula, which 
 had been previously begun in 1840 under the direction of the Hon. 
 William A. Burt, United States Deputy Surveyor. In the spring 
 of 1844 Dr. Houghton commenced operations under his contract, 
 the field-work being in charge of Mr. Burt, who received in com- 
 pensation therefor the allowance granted by the Government. It 
 is proper to add that Mr. Burt entered with deep interest into Dr. 
 Houghton's plans and had, during his survey in the Lower Penin- 
 sula, collected for him many specimens and important geological 
 information not required by his instructions. 
 
 In 1844 Mr. Burt, with a party consisting of William Ives, com- 
 passman, Jacob Houghton, barometer man, H. Mellen, R. S. 
 Mellen, James King, and two Indians named John Taylor and 
 Bonney * was engaged in establishing Township lines and making 
 geological observations, as previously described. 
 
 On the iQth September, while running the east line of Town. 47 
 north, Range 27 west (the great iron Township), they observed by 
 means of the solar compass remarkable variations in the direction 
 of the needle, amounting to 87 from the normal. (See Appendix 
 D, Vol. II.) Ascribing this phenomenon to iron ore, they sought 
 for and found it in the ledges or outcrops at several points. Speci 
 mens f were collected and named by Mr. Burt and Dr. Houghton 
 (See Appendix D, Vol. II.), and were described by them in their 
 official returns ; the fact of the great variation and large amount of 
 ore being also especially commented upon. (See Appendix and offi- 
 cial notes in Land Office, Washington, Lansing and Marquette.) A 
 map made by Mr. Ives at the time, a fac-simile of which is given in 
 PL I., has written along this line the words " Iron Hills." As the 
 Jackson range is not magnetic at this locality, and does not outcrop 
 on the line in question, it is not probable it was seen, but instead 
 one or more of the ranges of flag or soft hematite ore further south. 
 
 * Bonney's real name was Michael Doner ; himself and Taylor are now dead, 
 f Mr. R. S. Mellen has still in his possession a piece of the ore found that day, which he 
 brought away with him. 
 
! 4 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 In the month of June following, Dr. Houghton and Mr. Burt, with 
 their party, were engaged in subdividing the Township above men- 
 tioned (Town. 47 north, Range 26 west), when the former made a 
 personal examination in reference to iron ore, especially at the cor- 
 ners of Sections 29, 30, 31, 32 (see Appendix D, Vol. II.), now 
 known as the Cascade mines, and remarked to Jacob Houghton 
 and others, who were members of the party, that it would some day 
 be very valuable and the basis of an active industry. 
 
 It thus appears that the U. S. surveyors, in the fall of 1844, offi- 
 cially established the fact, that iron ore in considerable quantities 
 existed in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It is also undoubtedly 
 true, that Indians had previously observed the ore and were ac- 
 quainted with locations of it, without, however, being able to iden- 
 tify it. 
 
 The Jackson Co. The manner in which this, the earliest devel- 
 oped, and one of the most important of the iron properties on Lake 
 Superior, was discovered (although the enterprise was not mainly 
 undertaken with a view of finding iron), is reliably set forth in the 
 following letter, written by P. M. Everett, now of Marquette, to 
 Captain G. D. Johnson, now of the Lake Superior mine. The 
 letter is dated at Jackson, Mich., Nov. loth, 1845, and is as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 " I left here on the 23d of July last and was gone until the 24th 
 
 of October t had considerable difficulty in getting any one 
 
 to join me in the enterprise, but I at last succeeded in forming a 
 company of thirteen. I was appointed treasurer and agent to ex- 
 plore and make locations, for which last purpose we had secured 
 seven permits from the Secretary of War. I took four men with 
 me from Jackson and hired a guide at the Sault, where I bought a 
 boat and coasted up the lake to Copper Harbor, which is over 300 
 
 miles from Sault Ste. Marie We made several locations, 
 
 one of which we called iron at the time. It is a mountain "of solid 
 iron ore, 150 feet high. The ore looks as bright as a bar of iron 
 just broken. Since coming home we have had some of it smelted, 
 and find that it produces iron and something resembling gold some 
 say it is gold and copper. Our location is one mile square, and we 
 shall send a company of men up in the Spring to begin operations ; 
 our company is called the ' Jackson Mining Co.' ' 
 
 The actual discovery of the Jackson location was made by S. T. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 15 
 
 Carr and E. S. Rockwell, members of Everett's party, who were 
 guided to the locality by an Indian chief, named Manjekijik.* 
 
 The superstition of the savage not allowing him to approach the 
 spot, Mr. Carr continued the search alone, resulting in the discovery 
 of the outcrop, which he describes as indicated in Mr. Everett's 
 letter. Previous to the discovery he was led to suppose from the 
 Indians' description, that he would find silver, lead, copper or some 
 other metal more precious than iron, as it was represented and 
 found to be " bright and shiny." 
 
 July 23d, 1845, articles of association of the Jackson Iron Com- 
 pany were executed at Jackson, Mich., and by these articles Abram 
 V. Berry was appointed the first President, Frederick W. Kirtland, 
 Secretary ', Philo M. Everett, Treasurer, and George W. Carr and 
 William A. Ernst, Trustees. 
 
 Mr. Berry gives the following account of the early history of his 
 company, in a letter dated at Jackson, Mich., Oct. 2 1st, 1870 : 
 
 " In the summer of 1845, an association was formed in this city, 
 then a village, for the purpose of exploring the mineral region on 
 the south shore of Lake Superior. The company consisted of P. 
 M. Everett, James Ganson, S. T. Carr, G. W. Carr, F. W. Carr, 
 
 E. W. Rockwell, F. W. Kirtland, W. H. Munroe, A. W. Ernst, 
 
 F. Farrand, of Jackson, and S. A. Hastings, of Detroit (John Wat- 
 kins, of Detroit, was interested with Hastings). Eleven individuals 
 of the association procured permits from the War Department to 
 locate one square mile each of mineral land on the south shore of 
 Lake Superior. John Western, of Jackson, was then added to the 
 
 * In reward for the service of the Indian on this occasion, the officers of the Jackson 
 Company subsequently gave him a written stipulation, of which the following is a copy : 
 
 " RIVER Du MORT, LAKE SUPERIOR, 
 
 May 30, 1846. 
 
 This may certify that, in consideration of the services rendered by Manjekijik, a Chip- 
 peway Indian, in hunting ores of Location No. 593 of the Jackson Mining Company, 
 that he is entitled to twelve undivided twenty one-hundredths part of the interest of said 
 mining company in said location No. 593. 
 
 A. V. BERRY, Superintendent. 
 F. W. KIRTLAND, Secratary." 
 
 This agreement on the part of tie company was never fulfilled, and Manjekijik finally 
 died in poverty ; his relatives, now living in Marquette, are in the same miserable condi- 
 tion, without ever having received, as is averred by those who are cognizant of the facts, 
 any compensation for the services mentioned. 
 
16 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 company, making thirteen in all. In the fall of 1845 a company of 
 explorers, consisting of S. T. Carr, P. M. Everett, W. H. Munroe, 
 and E. S. Rockwell, visited Lake Superior, when what is now 
 known as the Jackson location was secured by the permit granted 
 to James Ganson, in the unsurveyed district, the section lines not 
 having been run. The location was described by metes and bounds, 
 commencing at a certain large pine-tree, the position of which was 
 fixed by its course and distance from the corner of Teal lake. When 
 the land was surveyed it was bought at $2.50 per acre. * * * 
 "'In the spring of 1846, apother expedition was fitted out, consist- 
 ing of F. W. Kirtland, E. S. Rockwell, W. H. Munroe and myself, 
 members of the company and several other adventurers ; the ob- 
 ject being to make further examinations of the iron and to use the 
 remaining permits, by entering other mineral land. ***** 
 I found our location much beyond what I had anticipated. After 
 spending twelve days in the woods, exploring the surrounding 
 country, including what was afterwards known as the Cleveland 
 location and building what we called a house, we returned to the 
 mouth of the Carp with 300 pounds of ore on our backs. We then 
 divided ; one party was left to keep possession of the location, an- 
 other went farther up the Lake to use the remaining permits, while 
 I returned to the Sault with the ore. It was my intention at this 
 time to use another permit on the Cleveland location, but on arriv- 
 ing at the Sault I met Dr. Cassels, of Cleveland, agent of a Cleve- 
 land company, and having arranged with him that his company 
 should pay a portion of the expense of keeping possession, making 
 roads, etc. , I discovered to him the whereabouts of the Cleveland 
 location. He took my canoe, visited the location, and secured it 
 by a permit. On arriving at Jackson we endeavored on two occa- 
 sions to smelt the ore which I had brought down, in our common 
 cupola furnaces, but failed entirely. In August of the same year, 
 Mr. Olds, of Cucush Prairie, who owned a forge (in which he was 
 making iron from bog ore), then undergoing repairs, succeeded in 
 making a fine bar of iron from our ore in a blacksmith's fire, the 
 first iron ever made from Lake Superior ore. In the winter of 
 1846-47 we began to get up at Jackson a bellows and other machin- 
 ery for constructing a forge on the " Carp ; " and in the summer 
 of 1847 a company of men commenced building the same, and con- 
 tinued until March, 1848, when a freshet carried away the dam. * '' 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 17 
 
 " The association was then (1848) merged into an incorporated 
 company, and by some means the pioneers in the enterprise are 
 now all. out." 
 
 In a book * on the mineral region of Lake Superior, with map by 
 Jacob Houghton, Jr. and T. W. Bristol, published in 1846, only one 
 iron company is mentioned The Jackson. The description of the 
 company's property is as follows : 
 
 Permit No. 593 somewhere in T. 46, N.-R. 27 or 28 W., while 
 on Section I of T. 47, R. 27, Permit No. 158 is marked, which was 
 granted to D. Hamilton, of Watervliet, New York. Section 3, 
 same Township, embracing the New York mine, is covered by 
 Permit No. 160, granted to T. Williams, of Newburg, N. Y. Sec- 
 tion 10, same Township, embracing parts of the Cleveland and 
 Lake Superior mines, was covered by Permit No. 177, granted to 
 T. Ricket, of Copper Harbor. 
 
 In 1846 Fairchild Farrand explored the Jackson location and 
 mined some ore. The company, under the superintendency of 
 Wm. McNair, began, in 1847, the construction of a forge on the 
 Carp river, three miles east of the mine, the first iron being made 
 Feb. loth, 1848, by forgeman, now Judge, A. N. Barney. Work 
 was stopped in a few days by a freshet which carried away the 
 dam. Mr. Everett came up in the summer of 1848, had the dam re- 
 paired and resumed the manufacture of blooms. The first iron made 
 was sold to E. B. Ward, who employed it in the construction of the 
 steamboat " Ocean." This forge was afterwards carried on under 
 leases by B. F. Eaton, and later by the Clinton Iron Co., subse- 
 quently by Peter White and lastly by J. P. Pendill ; it made but 
 little iron and no money. The quality varied from the highest (as 
 shown by the experiments of Major Wade, of the U. S. army) to 
 indifferent, the trouble being a lack of uniformity in the blooms. 
 The power was supplied by the Carp river, a dam 18 feet high 
 having been constructed across the stream for this purpose. There 
 were upon either side of the stone arch, and arranged opposite each 
 other, four fires, from each of which a lump was taken every six 
 hours, which was placed under the hammer and forged into blooms 
 
 * This little volume, (afterwards revised by Mr. Houghton,) thus early issued, contains 
 much interesting and valuable matter relating to the early discoveries and mining opera- 
 tions of Lake Superior, especially regarding the copper region. 
 
1 8 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 four inches square and two feet in length ; the daily product being 
 about three tons, requiring two teams of six horses each to convey 
 them over the intervening ten miles of horrible road to Marquette. 
 These teams, when so fortunate as not to break down, on returning 
 brought back supplies for the men and animals. The same difficul- 
 ties attended the procuring of the supply of ore and charcoal. The 
 power was also found to be insufficient, owing to a scant supply of 
 water occurring at certain seasons of the year. These difficulties 
 were too numerous and serious for the maintenance of the existence 
 of the concern, and resulted in its abandonment in 1856. 
 
 On the 6th of June, 1848, a meeting was called to act on the 
 question of the acceptance of an act of incorporation passed at the 
 preceding session of the Legislature, and it was decided to incor- 
 porate the company under the act referred to. The organization 
 was completed under the title of the Jackson Mining Co., of Jack- 
 son, Michigan Fairchild Farrand, President, W. A. Ernst, Secre- 
 tary, George Foot, Treasurer, F. W. Carr, F. W. Kirtland, Lewis 
 Bascom, and John Western, Directors. The capital stock of the 
 company, as also that of the New England Mining Co., organized 
 at this time, was fixed at $300,000, in shares of $100 each; the 
 purpose of each being the mining of copper as well as iron. April 
 2d, 1849, an amendment to the charter of the Jackson Mining Co., 
 of Jackson, was obtained, when the title was changed to its present 
 form Jackson Iron Co. The first officers under this organization 
 were Ezra Jones, President, Wm. A. Ernst, Secretary, John 
 Watson, Treasurer, S. H. Kimball, James A. Dyer, and James 
 Day, Directors. 
 
 In 1850, Mr. A. L. Crawford, proprietor of the iron works at 
 Newcastle, Pa., took with him from Lake Superior about five tons 
 of the Jackson ore, and there worked it up. Part of the ore having 
 been made into blooms and rolled into bar-iron, was used for spe- 
 cial purposes, and part used for lining in the puddling furnaces. 
 The iron was found to be excellent. About the same time, Gene- 
 ral Curtis, of Sharon, Pa., proprietor of extensive iron-works at 
 that place, came to Lake Superior to inspect the Jackson and 
 Cleveland locations ; his object being to secure an interest, with 
 a view to a future supply of ore for his works, of a better quality 
 than he then possessed. Failing to make an arrangement for the 
 Cleveland, he bought up sufficient stock in the Jackson Co. to give 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 19 
 
 him a controlling interest in the management of its affairs ; so that 
 for some years the location was known as " Sharon." 
 
 It is proper to remark that General Curtis believed, as did 
 also John Western before him, that, as soon as practicable, the 
 best policy for Lake Superior iron mines to follow would be to 
 sell their ore to the furnaces of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and else- 
 where ; and in 1852 about 70 tons of the company's ore were taken 
 to Sharon, Pa., and there made into pig-iron in the " old Clay 
 Furnace." There were frequent changes of officers and directors in 
 the Jackson Co. up to 1860, and the history of the company was 
 one of disappointment and financial embarrassment. Between 
 1860 and 1862 the gentlemen who now compose the Board of Di- 
 rectors came into office, and in 1862 the first dividend was made. 
 The great demand for iron occasioned by the war caused the iron 
 interests of Lake Superior, for the first time, to assume a very 
 successful aspect. The first regular shipments of ore from the 
 Jackson mine were made in 1856, which amounted to about 5> 
 tons. Up to this time the different forges in the district had con- 
 sumed about 25,000 tons of ore. (See Table, PL XII. of Atlas.) 
 The Jackson mine, earliest discovered, and first opened and tested, 
 became widely known from the outset, and has ever continued to 
 remain the leading mine in the district. The important village of 
 Negaunee, within whose corporate limits the Jackson mine is situ- 
 ated, dates its origin with the commencement of the company's 
 o erations. As the Chicago and Northwestern and the Marquette, 
 Houghton and Ontonagon railroads form a junction in Negaunee, 
 facilities are thus afforded for shipments over either road that is, 
 by the way of Escanaba or Marquette. The " openings," or pits, 
 are irregular and numerous, and extend from the west edge of the 
 village of Negaunee west for three-quarters of a mile. The greater 
 portion of the product finds its outlet through a tunnel, which enters 
 the mines from the north side of the hill and is of sufficient size to 
 admit railroad cars and small locomotive engines. From the main 
 tunnel radiate several branches, which extend to, or are being ex- 
 tended to, the different stopes and shafts. The main shafts are sup- 
 plied with ample steam-power for pumping and hoisting purposes. 
 For details of workings, geological structure, etc., see accompany- 
 ing maps, tables, and text. 
 
20 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 The New England Mining Co. was, like the Jackson, incorpo- 
 rated^ a special act of the Michigan Legislature passed in 1848. 
 The purpose for which the organization was effected is stated as 
 being the mining and smelting and manufacturing of ores and 
 minerals in the State of Michigan, the language stating the com- 
 pany's objects being identical with that of the Jackson Company ; 
 the capital stock was placed at 300,000. It does not appear that 
 anything noticeable was accomplished by this company, thus early 
 organized. The charter came in 1855 into the possession of Capt. 
 E. B. Ward, by whom it is now held. 
 
 The Marquette Iron Co. In the summer of 1848, Mr. Edward 
 Clark, of Worcester, Mass., was sent to Lake Superior by Boston 
 parties, to look for copper, but at the Sault he fell in with Robert J. 
 Graveraet, who induced him to stop at the Carp river and see the 
 iron mines. The Jackson Company's forge was at work and had 
 made a little iron. Clark, on his return to Worcester, carried with 
 him abloom and some ore from the Jackson Iron mountain, which, 
 on being drawn into wire at a factory, proved excellent. Clark at 
 once proceeded to form an association for the purpose of building a 
 forge on the far-offshore of Lake Superior, assisted by Graveraet, 
 who also appeared in Worcester at this time (having travelled from 
 Marquette to Saginaw on snow-shoes) ; he succeeded in organizing 
 a company, March 4th, 1849, consisting of E. B. Clark, W. A. Fisher, 
 A. R. Harlow, of Worcester, Mass., and R. J. Graveraet, of Mack- 
 inaw ; Clark and Graveraet putting in against the capital of the others 
 leases of iron lands of which they claimed to have possession. 
 These iron lands constitute what subsequently became known as 
 the Lake Superior and Cleveland mines, and over which a long 
 controversy arose as to which party should possess the land, and 
 which was finally decided by the Interior Department at Washing- 
 ton in favor of what was known as the Cleveland Company. Mr. 
 Harlow constructed and purchased the necessary machinery to the 
 value of $8,000, and in the spring of 1849 shipped it to Marquette, 
 starting himself with his family on the nth of June, and arriving 
 in Marquette on the 6th of July thereafter. Graveraet had reached 
 there on the i/th of May previous, taking with him a small party 
 of men, among whom was Peter White, then a lad, but subse- 
 quently largely identified with numerous interests in the Iron 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 2 1 
 
 Region, and now President of the First National Bank of Mar- 
 quette. The forge was completed, making the first bloom in just 
 one year from the date of Mr. Harlow's arrival. 
 
 The Marquette Iron Co.'s works started with 10 fires, and 
 used Cleveland and Lake Superior ores, mostly the former, making 
 blooms exclusively, which were sold in Pittsburg at prices ranging 
 from $35 to $50. The works were in operation somewhat irregu- 
 larly until 1853, when the Marquette Company was merged into the 
 Cleveland Company, under the auspices of which the forge continued 
 in operation for a few months longer, and was finally destroyed by 
 fire in 1854. Like all bloomeries started in Marquette County, it 
 was from the first, financially, a failure. The cost of the plant was 
 great, transportation difficult and expensive, and the price of iron 
 during the entire period disproportionately low. There was no 
 dock at Marquette, no canal at the Sault, scarcely a road in the 
 country, no shop for repairs, no skilled labor but what was, together 
 with all supplies, imported " from below," and no regular commu- 
 nication. During the summer of 1849 only three sailing vessels and 
 five propellers arrived at Marquette. The stock of the Marquette 
 Company was bought up by the Cleveland Company, and its pro- 
 perty passed to the ownership of the latter. 
 
 In 1852 John Downey, Samuel Barney and others began the 
 construction of a forge on the " Little Carp," but after having built 
 some houses, constructed a wheel, etc., permanently abandoned 
 the enterprise. 
 
 In 1849 an d 1850 a whetstone quarry was opened in a bed of 
 novaculite, near the outlet of Teal lake, and Messrs. Smith and Pratt 
 established a factory, for the purpose of sawing these blocks, at the 
 mouth of a small stream near the Marquette landing, and carried 
 on a '" thrifty business." 
 
 The Iron Mountain Railroad. The question of transporting the 
 rich ores of Marquette county to the coal of Ohio and Pennsylvania, 
 being one that came to be seriously considered, it naturally sug- 
 gested the necessity of a railroad from the mines (those near the pre- 
 sent villages of Negaunee and Ishpeming) to Marquette bay. In 
 1851 Messrs. Heman B. Ely and John Burt strongly advocated the 
 enterprise, and in the following year Mr. Ely caused a survey to be 
 made ; at that period the entire population of Marquette county was 
 
22 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 less than 150 persons. There being no general railroad law in the 
 State at that time, the construction of the railroad was undertaken 
 by Mr. Ely, assisted by his brothers George H. and Samuel P. Ely, 
 of Rochester, New York, as an individual enterprise, he having pre- 
 viously made a contract with the Jackson and Cleveland Iron Mining 
 Companies and Mr. John Burt, as the representative of other com- 
 panies, for the transportation of their ores. This contract the two 
 first-named iron companies subsequently attempted to break, and 
 sought to defeat the railroad by constructing a plank-road in oppo- 
 sition to it, thus instituting a serious and embarrassing controversy, 
 which continued until 1855, when all matter of dispute then pending 
 between the Railroad Company, under charge of Mr. Ely, and the 
 Plank-road Company, under charge of Mr. S. H. Kimball, were sub- 
 mitted to arbitration and settled to the satisfaction of both parties 
 Messrs. C. T. Harvey and Austin Burt being arbitrators. Imme- 
 diately after the passage of the General Railroad Law of this State 
 in 1855? the Messrs. Ely incorporated the railroad under the title 
 of the Iron Mountain Railroad, and John Burt was first President. 
 A year later the company was strengthened by the addition of Jos. 
 S. Fay, Edwin Parsons, Lewis H. Morgan, and other capitalists ; and 
 in 1857 the road was completed and put in operation. Mr. H.'B. 
 Ely, to whose foresight and energy the origin and success of the en- 
 terprise was largely due, and to whom the interests of Lake Superior 
 became otherwise greatly indebted, died in Marquette, in 1856, be- 
 fore the work upon which he had labored so intently was completed. 
 The death of his brother, and his own connection with the road, 
 was the occasion of bringing to Marquette Mr. S. P. Ely, who is 
 now more largely identified with the business management of many 
 of the leading enterprises in the Iron Region than any person 
 resident on " Lake Superior." The Iron Mountain Railroad be- 
 came subsequently a part of the Bay de Noquette and Marquette 
 Railroad, this becoming afterwards, by consolidation, the Mar- 
 quette and Ontonagon Road, and still later, by further consolida- 
 tion, a part of the through line of the Marquette, Houghton, and 
 Ontonagon Railroad. The plank- road to which reference is here 
 made was built by the Jackson and Cleveland Companies jointly, 
 but was never used as a plank-road ; longitudinal sleepers were laid 
 down and covered with strap-rail, on which horse cars were run. 
 The road was used for two seasons, and cost $120,000, which 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 23 
 
 amount was practically sunk. The cost of transportation was nom- 
 inally one dollar per ton ; each team would make the round trip in 
 a day, bringing four tons of ore. It is proper to add that the rates 
 of transportation fixed by these H. B. Ely contracts, although after- 
 ward deemed by the iron companies much too liberal, were lower 
 than any at which ore has ever been carried over the road ; the 
 present rates being more than double those agreed upon with 
 Mr. Ely. 
 
 Among the most important enterprises early connected with the 
 development of the Lake Superior iron interests was the construc- 
 tion of the Sault Ste. Marie Ship Canal. In the St. Mary's 
 river or strait, connecting the waters of Lakes Superior and Huron, 
 occurs, nearly opposite the village of Sault Ste. Marie, a rapid of 
 about one mile in length, and about seventeen feet fall, forming a 
 complete barrier to the communication between the lakes. Some 
 years previous to the construction of the canal this barrier had been 
 overcome partially, by the construction and use of a portage flat- 
 bar railroad, over which all articles of commerce between the lower 
 lakes and Lake Superior were transported and reshipped in both 
 directions. The important and growing interests of Lake Superior 
 demanded more easy and effective means of commercial communi- 
 cation with the lower lakes. The matter being brought before the 
 National Legislature, Congress granted to the State of Michigan, 
 by Act approved Aug. 26th, 1852, 750,000 acres of land for the 
 purpose of aiding in the construction and completion of a ship canal 
 around the falls of Ste. Marie. On the 5th of February following, 
 the State of Michigan, by an Act of its Legislature, accepted the 
 grant of land above mentioned ; and to further the objects thereof, 
 authorized the Governor of the State to appoint Commissioners to 
 let the contract for the construction of the canal, and to enter the 
 lands authorized under the grant. 
 
 The Commissioners appointed under this legislative act entered 
 into contract with Joseph P. Fairbanks, Erastus Corning and others 
 for building the canal within two years from date thereof; the 
 consideration being the U. S. Government grant of lands. This 
 contract was soon after duly assigned to the Ste. Marie's Falls Ship 
 Canal Co., which company had been organized in the city of New 
 York on the I4th of May, 1853, under an Act of the Legisla- 
 3 
 
24 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 ture of the State of New York, passed April I2th, immediately 
 preceding. .At the organization of the company, the following per- 
 sons were chosen officers and directors of the company : Erastus 
 Corning, President, J. W. Brooks, Vice- President, J. V. L. Pruyn, 
 Treasurer and Secretary. Directors: Erastus Corning, J. W. 
 Brooks, J. V. L. Pruyn, Jos. P. Fairbanks, John M. Forbes, John 
 F. Seymour, and James F. Joy. 
 
 Subsequent to the passage of the grant by Congress, but previ- 
 ous to the acceptance thereof by the State of Michigan, Mr. Charles 
 T. Harvey was authorized by Messrs. Fairbanks and Corning to 
 cause a survey to be made, which he proceeded to do during the 
 month of November, 1852, having secured the services of an ex- 
 perienced engineer from the Erie Canal, Mr. L. L. N. Davis. After 
 the organization of the company, Mr. Harvey was appointed its 
 general agent, and the supervision of the construction placed under 
 his control. 
 
 Early in the season of 1853 Mr. Harvey, with 400 men, proceed- 
 ed to the Sault, and on the 4th of June broke ground for the canal. 
 The remoteness of the locality, and many other unfavorable cir- 
 cumstances, rendered the construction of a work of such magnitude 
 exceedingly difficult, and necessitated at every step of the operations 
 unusual care and energy in the management as well as heavy pecu- 
 niary expenditures. Mr. Harvey remained in control of the con- 
 struction for one year, when he was relieved and placed in charge 
 of the finance, and also appointed agent for the State to select lands 
 under the grant in the Upper Peninsula. Mr. Harvey selected 
 about 200,000 acres of land, 39,000 of which were taken in Mar- 
 quette county, and were subsequently sold for $500,000 cash, to 
 the Iron Cliff Co. Among the copper land selected was the quarter 
 section on which the Calumet and Hecla Company's mine is situ- 
 ated, and which was sold by the canal company for $60,000, now 
 worth, on the basis of late sales of stock, $13,000,000. The 750,000 
 acres granted by the General Government were entered by the 
 company as follows : on the Upper Peninsula, 262,283 acres of iron, 
 copper, and timber land, and 487,717 acres of pine land in the Lower 
 Peninsula. A land agency was established at Detroit for the pur- 
 pose of locating the lands obtained through the grant. 
 
 During the summer of 1854 the difficulties necessarily attendant 
 upon building the canal were very much enhanced by disease among 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 25 
 
 the workmen ; some 200 of whom died of the cholera, and among 
 them was Mr. Ward, who had charge of the construction. Mr. 
 Harvey was again placed in charge of the work, which, owing to 
 the panic among the workmen, had become nearly suspended ; but 
 by the exercise of much skill and energy he succeeded in reorgan- 
 izing the force, and pushing the work vigorously forward to final 
 completion. On the ipth of April, 1855, the water was let into the 
 canal, and in the following June the work was opened for public 
 use, under the superintendency of Mr. John Burt. 
 
 The total cost of the construction of the canal, which includes also 
 the expense attendant upon the selection of lands, as contained in 
 the report of the company under date of January 1st, 1858, was 
 $999,802.46. 
 
 The State of New York, by act passed April 1 5th, 1858, granted a 
 charter incorporating the tl St. Mary's Canal Mineral Land Co.'' 
 Under this act of incorporation, a company was duly organized, and to 
 it was transferred the canal company's lands of the Upper Peninsula. 
 It was soon found that the canal failed to meet the growing wants of 
 the commerce of Lake Superior, owing to the variation in the gen- 
 eral level of the Lake Superior becoming somewhat lower than when 
 the canal was completed, thus making a variable difference in the 
 depth of the canal of from one to one and one-half feet ; and also that 
 the General Government, by successive appropriations, has caused 
 the channels through Lake George and the St. Clair Flats to be so 
 widened and deepened, that vessels of far heavier tonnage than was 
 originally anticipated could be employed. The Michigan State Legis- 
 lature adopted a resolution in the session of 1869, offering to cede the 
 canal to the U. S. Government ; although Congress has not as yet 
 formally accepted the offer made by the State, nevertheless, under 
 its system of internal improvement, the General Government is now 
 engaged in the enlargement of the canal. The width of the canal is 
 to be increased to 300 feet, and its depth to 1 6 feet, the locks are 
 to be double, 80 feet in width and 450 feet long. The amount 
 of the government appropriations under which this improvement 
 is being effected is in the aggregate $800,000 ; and the work, whea 
 completed, will be fully adequate to the wants of commerce. 
 
 The report of superintendent Guy H. Carleton shows the follow- 
 ing to be some of the principal exports and imports through the 
 canal during 1871 and 1872 : 
 
26 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1872. 
 
 Flour, bbls 25,146 42,141 
 
 Pork, bbls 8,887 10,306 
 
 Beef, bbls 3,054 4,161 
 
 Bacon, Ibs 163,763 242.475 
 
 Lards, Ibs 283,141 213,394 
 
 Butter, Ibs 5*9>545 559^37 
 
 Cheese, Ibs 187,340 200,994 
 
 Tallow, Ibs 104,354 106,170 
 
 Soap, boxes 21,799 ' 18,205 
 
 Apples, bbls l8 359 20,025 
 
 Sugar, Ibs 4,062,087 5.454,559 
 
 Tea, chests 3,864 7,980 
 
 Coffee, bags 5,228 7, 815 
 
 Salt, bbls 36, 199 42,690 
 
 Tobacco, Ibs 258,179 321,836 
 
 Nails, kegs 29,843 34>9 8 4 
 
 Dried Fruit, Ibs 115,366 73> 2 3 
 
 Vegetables, bush 27,619 35,263 
 
 Lime, bbls 2,338 6,067 
 
 Window Glass, boxes 25,226 7,492 
 
 Cattle, head 2,639 3,608 
 
 Horses and Mules 435 528 
 
 Hogs, head. 1,625 1,567 
 
 Brick, M 1,225 9,067 
 
 Furniture, pieces 13,616 44,768 
 
 Machinery, tons I 595 IO >593 
 
 Engines 18 28 
 
 Boilers 17 34 
 
 Liquor, bbls 4,366 7,082 
 
 Malt, Ibs 653,140 1,545,875 
 
 Coarse Grain, bush 283,503 444,875 
 
 Mdse., tons 23,245 3 8 > 2I 5 
 
 The following are some of the principal exports from Lake Supe- 
 rior for 1871-72 : 
 
 1871. 1872. 
 
 Mass Copper, tons 1,091 !>7O9 
 
 Ingot Copper, tons 7,666 8,547 
 
 Stamped Work Copper, tons 5, 705 4,365 
 
 Iron Ore, tons 327,461 383,105 
 
 Pig Iron, tons 23,304 29,341 
 
 Fish, half bbls 26,041 14,529 
 
 Wheat, bush i,376,7o5 5^7, 134 
 
 Tallow, Ibs 59,225 64,567 
 
 Flour, bbls 179,093 94,270 
 
 Barley, bush 25,320 898 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 27 
 
 1871. 1872. 
 
 Silver Ore 464 306 
 
 Stone, building, tons 5>5 2 8 5> 2I 3 
 
 Potatoes, bush 636 
 
 Copper, manufactured, tons 395 
 
 Quartz, tons 591 
 
 Wool, tons 30 
 
 In 1853 the Lake Superior Iron Company, one of the 
 three oldest companies in the district, was formed ; articles of 
 association were filed March 1 3th, capital stock $300,000, in 12,000 
 shares of $25 each. The capital stock was subsequently increased 
 to $500,000, which has all been returned to the stockholders in 
 dividends. The incorporators were Heman B. Ely and Anson 
 Gorton, of Marquette, 'Mich. ; Samuel P. Ely, George H. Ely, and 
 Alvah Strong, of Rochester, New York. The company com- 
 menced operations in 1857 on I2 acres of land in Sections 9 and 
 10, T. 47, R. 27, which was purchased of John Burt, being a part 
 of the Briggs and Graveraet claim spoken of above under the Cleve- 
 land Company. Subsequent purchases enlarged the company's 
 estate to 2,000 acres, its present dimensions. The company's prin- 
 cipal openings are upon the land originally purchased. The first 
 shipment of ore (4,658 tons) was made in 1858 ; since which the 
 increase has been so great that its shipments now exceed those of 
 any mine in the district, as will be seen by reference to the tables. 
 This company have recently constructed, in Marquette, the Grace 
 Furnace, which went into blast in December, 1872, using anthra- 
 cite coal in the manufacture of pig-iron. The furnace is located 
 on the shore of the bay, within the limits of the city, and is the 
 first anthracite furnace built on Lake Superior. A map of the Lake 
 Superior and Barnum mines accompanies this report. 
 
 The Eureka Iron Company was organized October 29th, 1853, 
 with a capital stock of $500,000 in 20,000 shares. The corporators 
 were Eber B. Ward, Harmon De Graffe, Silas M. Kendrick, M. 
 Tracy Howe, P. Thurber, Elijah Wilson, Thomas W. Lockwood, 
 and Francis Choate, with office in Detroit. The organization was 
 effected with a view of mining ore and of manufacturing charcoal 
 pig-iron from Lake Superior ores ; preparations were made to 
 build a furnace in Marquette county, but the location was finally 
 
28 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 changed and the furnace erected where now stands the flourishing 
 city of Wyandotte, becoming the nucleus of the extensive iron works 
 which have since grown up in that locality. The Eureka Company 
 was also the first iron enterprise in which Captain E. B. Ward, subse- 
 quently so widely known as a successful iron master, became en- 
 gaged. The company was formed by Philip Thurber, and a quarter 
 section of land purchased near Marquette of Mr. A. R. Harlow, on 
 which a few hundred tons of ore were mined ; but it becoming evi- 
 dent that the ore did not exist in quantity, the work was aban- 
 doned. This land was subsequently sold back to Mr. Harlow for 
 his shares of the company's stock, and is now known as Harlow's 
 Mill. 
 
 The Cleveland Iron Mining Company 'filed articles of associ- 
 ation March 29th, 1853 ; capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares. 
 The corporators were John Outhwaite, Morgan L. Hewitt, S. Cham- 
 berlain, Samuel L. Mather, Isaac L. Hewitt, Henry F. Brayton, 
 and E. M. Clark, with office in Cleveland, Ohio. The early his- 
 tory of this celebrated mine, one of the oldest and most impor- 
 tant in the district, is referred to in connection with that of the 
 Jackson Co. 
 
 Dr. J. Lang Cassels, of Cleveland, to whom reference is made in 
 Mr. Berry's letter, visited Lake Superior in 1846, and took, as he 
 expresses it, " squatter's possession " of a square mile for the Dead 
 River Silver and Copper Mining Co. of Cleveland ; the property here 
 spoken of includes the mines of the present Cleveland Co. The 
 Jackson Co. had previously taken possession of their lands, and Dr. 
 Cassels obtained guidance thereto from an Indian, there being no 
 white men in the region ; the doctor went up from and returned to 
 the Sault in a bark canoe. During the succeeding year, Cassels 
 having left the country, the location was taken possession of by 
 Messrs. Samuel Moody, John Mann and Dr. Edward Rogers. 
 The two former claiming what became the Cleveland mine, and the 
 latter what is known as the Lake Superior. When the Marquette 
 Forge Co. was organized in Worcester, as previously described, 
 Clark had authority from Mann and Moody to lease their location, 
 and Graveraet had similar power from Rogers. 
 
 In this manner leases of these lands were put into the organization 
 against $20,000 cash capital, to be paid by Messrs. Harlow and 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 29 
 
 Fisher. Both the Cleveland Co. and Graveraet, representing 
 Messrs. Moody and Mann, claimed priority of right to the land 
 under a " pre-emptor's mining act." These conflicting claims went 
 before the Department at Washington, where a decision was ren- 
 dered, which gave the right of purchase to the Cleveland Co. The 
 entries which the Cleveland Co. made did not cover the Lake Supe- 
 rior location, Graveraet still claiming it, in behalf of the Marquette 
 Co., on the ground of the Rogers pre-emption. Previously Isaiah 
 Briggs had been on the land, but, leaving it, Rogers had taken pos- 
 session. Rogers lost his interest, however, by not being present at 
 the Government sale of lands in November, 1850, and establishing his 
 claim, having been detained by a storm on the lake while endeavor- 
 ing to proceed to the Sault (where the land office was located) for that 
 purpose. The location was purchased by John Burt, on the basis 
 of the Briggs claim, he having agreed to lease an undivided one- 
 half interest to Graveraet, who was also present in behalf of the 
 Rogers claim. This lease to Graveraet was assigned by him to the 
 Marquette Co., passed with the company's other assets into the 
 possession of the Cleveland Co., and was finally sold for $30,000 to 
 the Lake Superior Iron Co., that company having previously pur- 
 chased the Briggs title. 
 
 The Cleveland association, although formed in 1849, did not do 
 any business in Lake Superior until 1853 ; at that date the Cleve- 
 land and Marquette companies became finally merged by the former 
 company purchasing (including 64 acres of land on which the forge 
 was located) the assets of the latter, and the present Cleveland Iron 
 Co. was formed. The Cleveland Co. continued to run the forge for 
 about two years, until it was burned down. The company mined 
 in 1854, 4,000 tons of ore, which was made into blooms at the different 
 forges in the vicinity. In 1855 they shipped 1,449 tons of ore to 
 the furnaces " below," thus preceding the Jackson Co. one year, 
 and becoming the first to send out of the region any considerable 
 amount of ore. The Jackson Co. had sent a few tons to the World's 
 Fair in New York in 1853, and in 1852 some had been sent to 
 Sharon, as before mentioned. The Cleveland Co. has also an ore 
 dock at Marquette, entirely similar to the docks of the M. H. & O. 
 R. R. Co., of which full descriptions and illustration are given. 
 
 On Nov. 8th, 1853, the Collins Iron Co. filed articles of associa- 
 
30 " IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 tion, with a capital stock of $500,000 in. 20,000 shares. The cor- 
 porators were Edward K. Collins, of New York, Solon Farnsworth, 
 Edwin H. Thomson, Robert J. Graveraet, and Charles A. Trow- 
 bridge, with office in Detroit. 
 
 The company built a forge in 1854, and began to make blooms 
 late in the fall of 1855 ; Robert J. Graveraet, Supt, and C. A. 
 Trowbridge, Managing Director. E. K.. Collins largely interested 
 himself with a view of obtaining a superior quality of iron for the 
 shafts of his ocean steamers. In 1858, about the time the Pioneer 
 Furnace was completed, Mr. S. R. Gay, who hao^ been engaged on 
 that work, leased the Collins Forge and put up a cupola there in 
 which he made some pig-iron. The company immediately there- 
 after constructed a blast-furnace under the direction of Mr. Gay. 
 This furnace was completed and put in operation December 1 3th, 
 1858, with a single stack; all the necessary power being afforded 
 by the Dead river, upon which the furnace is located. 
 
 On August 28th, 1854, the Peninsula Iron Co. filed articles of 
 association, with a capital stock of $500,000 in 20,000 shares. The 
 corporators were Wm. A. Burt, Austin Burt, Wells Burt, John 
 Burt, Heman B. Ely, Samuel P. Ely, and Geo. H. Ely; the two 
 latter of Rochester, N. Y., the others of Michigan. Office of the com- 
 pany, Marquette, Mich. The company originally owned 800 acres of 
 iron lands, which it sold in 1862 to the Lake Superior Iron Co., 
 and determined on building a blast-furnace at Hamtramck, De- 
 troit, Mich., which furnace was completed in February, 1863, and 
 is still in successful operation. The company also operated a saw- 
 mill for a few years, which they built on the Carp river, a short 
 distance from Marquette. 
 
 Oct. nth, 1854, the articles of association of the Chicago and 
 Lake Superior Iron Mining and Manufacturing Co. were filed. 
 Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares. The corporators were 
 B. S. Morris, Isaac Shelby, Jr., Geo. Staley, Henry Frink, and 
 Samuel S. Baker, all of Chicago, 111. ; and Solomon T. Carr and 
 Fairchild Farrand, of Jackson, Mich. No permanent mining work 
 was ever done by this company. 
 
 The Clinton Iron Co. Organized by forgemen from Clinton Co. , 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMEA T. 3 1 
 
 New York, Jan. 20th, 1855. Capital stock, $25,000. Corporators, 
 Azel Lathrop, Jr., H. Butler, Chas. Parish, and Daniel Brittol. 
 
 The object for which the organization was effected was to lease 
 and operate the Jackson Forge. The company being composed 
 of workmen, who at the time were employed in that concern and 
 were locally styled the " Mudchunk." The market price of blooms 
 being much below the cost of their manufacture, they were enabled 
 to operate the forge but a brief period, and having become hope- 
 lessly involved in indebtedness, the company permanently sus- 
 pended. 
 
 The Forest Iron Co. filed articles of association, September 22d, 
 1855, with a capital stock of $25,000 in 1,000 shares. The cor- 
 porators were Matthew McConnell, Wm. G. Butler, Wm. G. Mc- 
 Comber, M. L. Hewitt, and J. G. Butler. This company was 
 organized for the purpose of putting up a bloom forge on Dead 
 river, and the location became known as Forestville. McConnell, 
 Butler and McComber commenced operations at this point as 
 early as 1852 on their own private account, but becoming finan- 
 cially embarrassed, they sought relief by organizing a company as 
 above indicated, who continued the manufacture of what was called 
 half blooms, the production of which cost them from $i8oto $200 
 a ton. These selling in Pittsburg for $35 to $40, on six months' 
 time, it naturally resulted in the ruin of the company. 
 
 To the original projectors of the Pioneer Iron Co. belongs the 
 credit of having established the first blast-furnace on Lake Superior ; 
 previous to that all the iron manufactured had been made in 
 bloomeries. Mr. C. T. Harvey was the mover of the scheme, and 
 the originator and manager of the company. He induced capital- 
 ists (chiefly in New York) to embark in the enterprise, Mr. E. C. 
 Hungerford of Chester, Conn. , being chosen Secretary and Resident 
 Treasurer. Although the business was unknown to a single man 
 on Lake Superior, the most sanguine views prevailed from the out- 
 set, and a two-stack furnace was constructed near the Jackson mine. 
 
 The late S. R. Gay and L. D. Harvey, now Superintendent of 
 the Northern Furnace, were the builders ; the work being com- 
 menced June, 1857, and completed so as to make the first iron in 
 February of the next year. 
 
32 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Much of the material, including two millions of brick, was brought 
 from Detroit and had to be hauled 13 miles from Marquette by 
 teams ; the engines were made at the West Point Foundry. The 
 original stock was $125,000, in 5,000 shares ; the articles were filed 
 July 20th, 1857, the corporators being Moses A. Hoppock, Wm. 
 Pearsall and Chas. T. Harvey. Most of the parties interested in 
 the concern were totally ignorant of iron-making and as an instance 
 illustrating the fact, it is related that one of the directors, during 
 the period of construction, inquired when the furnace would be 
 completed so that it might be sent up to Lake Superior ; he sup- 
 posing it was being made in Detroit. These unfavorable circum- 
 stances, combined with the financial depression of 1857, at which 
 time the company were obliged to sell their iron for $22, while the 
 cost of its production was $24 per ton, gave no return save anxiety 
 and disappointment. 
 
 In the spring of 1860, the furnace was leased for four years to 
 Mr. I. B. B. Case, he agreeing to deliver the pig-iron on board the 
 vessels at Marquette for $17.50 per ton, and paying all the expen- 
 ses of its manufacture ; the company furnishing the timber, stand- 
 ing, for the charcoal, and giving him the advantage of a contract 
 with the Jackson Company for the ore, the royalty for which 
 ($1.00 per ton of iron) he paid. This price proved to be less than 
 the iron could be made for. The furnace was burnt down August 
 9th, 1864 ; number two stack was at once rebuilt and put in oper- 
 ation in January following, by Mr. Case. 
 
 In 1865, Dr. J. C. McKenzie, then President of the Pioneer Iron 
 Company, entered into negotiations with the Iron Cliff Company, 
 which subsequently resulted, largely through the instrumentality of 
 Major T. B. Brooks, Vice-President of the latter company, in an 
 arrangement (ratified by the stockholders of both companies, March 
 loth, 1866) by which the Iron Cliff Company came into possession 
 of the furnace, on consideration that it pay to its former proprietors 
 one-third of the profits of the business. Soon after the two compa- 
 nies became practically one, through the purchase of the stock of 
 the Pioneer by the Iron Cliff Company. 
 
 The Detroit Iron Mining Company filed articles I5th August, 
 1857. Capital, $500,000, in 20,000 shares at $25 each, with office 
 in Detroit. Corporators were Patrick Tregent, Guy Foot, Joseph 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 3 3 
 
 P. Whittemore, John H. Harmon, John W. Strong, Oville B. Dib- 
 ble, Nelson P. Stewart, Andrew T. McReynolds, Thornton T. 
 Brodhead, Henry T. Stringham, Henry J. Buckley, Joseph L. 
 Langley, of Detroit, and Edwin H. Thomson, of Flint. The com- 
 pany having ascertained, as they believed, that their lands did not 
 contain sufficient ore for mining purposes, sold them to Mr. J. P. 
 Pendill, and upon them is now built a portion of the village of Ne- 
 gaunee. The McComber mine, which lies at a short distance 
 south of that village, is on this land. 
 
 The Excelsior Iron Company filed articles October 6th, 1857. 
 Capital stock, $100,000; 4,000 shares, at $25 each. Corporators 
 were : C. T. Harvey, Sarah V. E. Harvey, E. C. Hungerford, 
 George P. Cummings, and Joseph Harvey, all of Marquette. This 
 company did little but organize. It originated with Mr. C. T. Har- 
 vey, and some of the land which it owned has since proved to be 
 valuable mining property, as it embraces the Barnum mine, now 
 owned by the Iron Cliff Company ; upon it is also situated a por- 
 tion of the village of Ishpeming. 
 
 The Lake Superior Foundry Company filed articles of associa- 
 tion July Hth, 1858. Capital stock (paid in), $10,000 ; 400 shares, at 
 $25 each. Corporators: John Thorn, Isaac Maynard, Thomas May- 
 nard, Nathan E. Platt, of Utica, N. Y., and Charles T. Harvey, of 
 Marquette, Mich. This establishment, which was started in 1858, 
 is now running on a much enlarged scale, under the name of the 
 Iron Bay Foundry, D. H. Merritt, proprietor. The location is 
 near the bay, within the city of Marquette. 
 
 The Grand Island Iron Company filed articles May 3d, 1859. 
 Capital, $400,000; 16,000 shares, at $25 each ; paid in, $110,000. 
 Corporators : Thomas Sparks, Henry W. Andrews, William Lip- 
 pincott, John L. Newbold, John D. Taylor, John R. Wilmer, 
 Samuel Pleasants, William M. Baird, Samuel J, Christian, L. de 
 la Cuesta, William A. Rhodes, Charles Lennig, James C. Fisher, 
 Samuel T. Fisher, Lewis Seal, Coleman Fisher, Henry Maule, 
 William Gaul, J. T. Linnard, Howard Spencer, Caleb Jones, Charles 
 W. Carrigan, of Philadelphia, and Devere Burr, of Washington, 
 D. C., with office in Philadelphia. The property belonging to 
 
34 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 this company, consisting of 3,000 acres of land, situated on Grand 
 Island harbor, in Munising Township, was sold in 1867 to the 
 Schoolcraft Iron Company, and their operations were confined to 
 some minor improvements in the way of wharves, etc. 
 
 The Northern Iron Company filed articles May i6th, 1859. 
 Capital stock, $125,000, in 5,ooo shares of $25 each. Corporators: 
 John C. Tucker, Moses A. Hoppock, of N. Y., and Charles T. 
 Harvey, of Marquette, with office in Marquette. This company 
 was formed through the efforts of C. T. Harvey, and constructed a 
 blast-furnace at the mouth of the Chocolate river, 5 miles south of 
 Marquette, with a view of making pig-iron with bituminous coal, 
 being the first enterprise of this kind inaugurated in this region. 
 After making .about 1 ,000 tons of iron, the furnace was changed 
 into and run as a charcoal furnace up to June, 1867; since which 
 time it has not been working, and it is now being changed back into 
 a bituminous coal furnace. This is the first charcoal furnace on the 
 Upper Peninsula that has been permanently blown out. 
 
 1863. The great financial prostration of 1857, combined with 
 numerous causes which readily suggest themselves, naturally embar- 
 rassed and, in instances, extinguished the new and struggling enter- 
 prises of Lake Superior to the extent, that comparatively little was 
 done in the manufacture of iron or the mining of ore up to the open- 
 ing of 1863. During this interval of time no companies of impor- 
 tance filed articles of association in this region. Very early in the 
 war, however, the greatly increased demand for iron which it oc- 
 casioned, began to be felt over the country and finally extended its 
 influence to Lake Superior, causing the revival of the languishing 
 enterprises already started and the organization of many new ones. 
 The abundance of ore, together with its surpassing richness in iron 
 and freedom from deleterious substances, the facility with which it 
 could be mined and the greatly improved means of transportation, 
 were becoming generally known, and the strength and exceeding 
 tenacity of the iron manufactured therefrom universally acknowl- 
 edged. Thus altogether there was opened to the Marquette re- 
 gion an outlook of prosperity, which it had not heretofore experi- 
 enced, enabling its mining and iron manufacturing companies to 
 assume a basis of more successful operation, and confidently to push 
 forward their improvements. 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 3 5 
 
 The articles of association of the Teal Lake Co. were filed on 
 the ;th of June, 1863, with a capital stock of $500,000, in 20,000 
 shares, and an amount paid in of $100,000. The corporators were 
 George A. Fellows, John W. Wheelwright and Charles L. Wright, 
 of New York, with office in New York. Beyond some explorations 
 this company never did any work on Lake Superior, confining its 
 operations chiefly to stock speculations, it being the only iron 
 mining company organized in this region, whose stock was sold at 
 the Brokers' Board in New York. 
 
 The articles of association of the Morgan Iron Co. were filed on 
 the ist of July, 1863, with a capital stock of $50,000, in 2,000 
 shares, and $26,000 paid in. Corporators were Joseph S. Fay, of 
 Boston, Lewis H. Morgan, of New York, Harriet H. Ely, Samuel 
 P. Ely, Ellen S. White and Cornelius Donkersley, of Marquette, 
 with office in Marquette. The capital stock was subsequently in- 
 creased to $250,000, in 10,000 shares fully paid. The company 
 own 20,000 acres of timber land. In 1863 they constructed the 
 Morgan Furnace, eight miles west of Marquette on the M. H. and 
 O. R. R., and the location has since become known as " Morgan." 
 The furnace was put up under the supervision of Mr. C. Donkersley 
 and has been successful. It went into blast Nov. 27th, 1863, mak- 
 ing that year 337 tons of iron, and was the first furnace company 
 in the region to pay a dividend to its stockholders. The extreme 
 high price of iron, created by the war, enabled the company to 
 realize, during the first ten months of the operation of the furnace, 
 a dividend of 100 per cent, over and above the total outlay in its 
 construction. Having exhausted the fuel in the vicinity, the com- 
 pany constructed charcoal kilns upon their lands at a distance of 
 nine miles north from the furnace, and provided for the transporta- 
 tion of the coal by building a wooden railway thereto. The kilns 
 and railway were made in 1869, and most of the coal now used is 
 prepared at these kilns. 
 
 In 1867 the Morgan Company built the Champion Furnace, 
 which went into blast Dec. 4th of that year. This furnace is 
 located at what is now Champion village, on the line of the M. H. 
 and O. R. R., 31 miles west from Marquette. The ore used is 
 mainly magnetic from the Champion mine, and the record of the 
 furnace is one of gratifying success. 
 
36 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 The articles of association of the Marquette Iron Co. were 
 filed April 9th, 1864, with a capital of $500,000, in 20,000 shares 
 of $25 each. Corporators: George Worthington, Truman P. 
 Handy, Samuel L. Mather, N. B. Hurlbut, Richard C. Parsons, G. 
 D. McMillen, John Outhwaite, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Charles 
 I. Walker, of Detroit, Mich. This company was organized for the 
 purpose of mining iron ore and owns 400 acres of land, lying con- 
 tiguous to, and south of, the Cleveland mines, 240 acres of which 
 was originally held by the latter company. Its stock is held by 
 stockholders of the Cleveland Company. The year of its organiza- 
 tion it shipped 3,922 tons of ore, and has been somewhat regularly 
 in operation since that period. 
 
 The Magnetic Iron Co. was organized in 1864; the articles of the 
 company were filed May the 6th of that year, with a capital stock 
 of $500,000 in 20,000 shares. Corporators: John C. McKenzie, 
 Alex. Campbell, of Marquette, and Edwin Parsons, of New York. 
 Office in Marquette, but now in Philadelphia, Pa. The property 
 owned by this company consists of 520 acres of land on Section 
 20, T. 47, R. 30. A shaft 60 feet in depth has been sunk, and 
 other explorations made to test the ore-deposit and the company 
 expect to take out ore, as soon as a branch road is built to the mine. 
 
 The Chippewa mining property comprises Section 22, T. 47, R. 
 30, W., owned by J. S. Waterman, of Philadelphia, and S. S. Burt, 
 of Marquette ; considerable exploring has been done on the prop- 
 erty and some fair ore found, but no mining done. This property 
 lies on the east side of Michigamme river and opposite the Magnetic 
 and Cannon properties. 
 
 The Phoenix Iron Co. filed its articles of association June 7th, 
 1864. Capital, $500,000, in 20,000 shares, of which $20,000 was 
 paid in. The Corporators were Wm. C. Duncan, Henry J. Buckley 
 and Simon Mandlebaum, of Detroit, with office in Detroit. No 
 mining or manufacturing was ever done in the Marquette Region 
 by this company. 
 
 Washington Iron Company filed its articles of association July 
 3Oth, 1864. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares, at $25 per 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 37 
 
 share ; amount paid in, $100,000. The Corporators were Edward 
 Breitung, I. B. B. Case and Samuel P. Ely, of Marquette, Joseph 
 S. Fay, of Boston, and Edwin Parsons, of New York. 
 
 This company made its first shipments of ore (4,782 tons) in 1865, 
 and has since been in active operation. The land owned by the 
 company comprises 1 ,000 acres in the northeast part of T. 47, R. 29, 
 which was purchased of Silas C. Smith, J. J. St. Clair, J. C. 
 McKenzie, and Alexander Campbell, who derived their title from 
 the United States Government. The mine is on the M. H. and O. 
 railroad, at a distance by rail from Marquette of 27 miles. All the 
 company's surplus earnings have been expended in making exten- 
 sive improvements, of which an adit or tunnel, now over 1,100 feet 
 long, constitutes the chief. Their plans and expenditures have 
 been on an extensive scale, and contemplate operations for a long 
 period to come. The details of the mine, shafts, adit and under- 
 ground workings, together with the geological structure, are 
 fully shown by the map of the Washington mine, accompanying 
 this report. 
 
 The Bancroft Iron Co. filed its articles of association September 
 I2th, 1864; capital stock being $250,000 in 10,000 shares, of which 
 $100,000 was paid in. The Corporators were Wm. E. Dodge, of 
 New York, Samuel L. Mather, John Outhwaite and Wm. L. Cut- 
 ter, of Cleveland, Peter White and Samuel P. Ely, of Marquette, 
 and Henry L. Fisher and L. S. McKnight, of Detroit, with office 
 in Marquette. 
 
 The location of this company is the same as that of the Forest 
 Iron Co., heretofore described; the property of the latter having 
 been purchased by Mr. S. R. Gay, in 1860, he erected on the 
 water-power employed by the old forge a blast-furnace, this being 
 the second furnace he had built on Dead river, the one at Col- 
 linsville having been constructed by him the winter before. 
 
 Mr. Gay* having died in 1863, his furnace at Forestville passed 
 to the ownership of the Bancroft Iron Co. , who have since continued 
 
 * It is a fact worthy of note, in connection with the services rendered by Mr. Gay, 
 that he was the first among the iron men who visited Lake Superior to recognize the value 
 of the hematite ores ; while engaged in the construction of the Pioneer Furnace, he ob- 
 served that the Jackson Co. were wasting their soft hematite in large quantities, they 
 supposing it to be worthless. He at once called their attention to its value. 
 
38 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 to operate it. The furnace is worked by Mr. L. Huillier on con- 
 tract, the company paying him a certain price per ton for the iron 
 delivered on the dock in Marquette. 
 
 The articles of The Iron Cliff Co. were filed September I5th, 
 1864, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, in 40,000 shares at 
 $25 each. Corporators : William B. Ogden and John W. Foster, 
 of Chicago, and Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. Office at Negau- 
 nee, Mich. This company in 1864 purchased of the St. Mary's 
 Ship Canal and Mineral Land Co. the 38,000 acres of land which 
 that company owned in Marquette county. Subsequently, as here- 
 tofore mentioned, the Iron Cliff Co. came into possession of the 
 Pioneer Co.'s property, thus increasing its estate to over 40,000 
 acres. The company soon began the construction of a furnace near 
 the Foster mine, which has never been completed. They own and 
 are working the Barnum and the Foster mines, the latter of which 
 was opened in the spring of 1865. The product is a soft hematite, 
 which forms a good mixture with hard ores. This mine is situated 
 on Sees. 22 and 23, T. 47, R. 27. The first shipment of ore there- 
 from was made in 1866, and the mine has since been continually 
 worked. 
 
 The Barnum mine is situated on Sec. 9, T. 47, R. 27, connect- 
 ing with the Lake Superior Co.'s principal opening. The first ship- 
 ments of ore were made during 1868, the ore being specular and of 
 excellent quality. The C. and N. W. R. R. has a branch running 
 into the mine, over which shipments are made. The mine is sup- 
 plied with pumping and hoisting machinery. The map of the Lake 
 Superior mine, which will be found in the accompanying Atlas, 
 embraces the Barnum mine. 
 
 On that portion of the estate purchased of the Excelsior Com- 
 pany, in addition to the Barnum, a deposit of specular ore has been 
 found near the corner of Sees. 5, 6, 7, and 8, T. 47, R. 27, which 
 promises well ; a branch railroad has been surveyed to it. Besides 
 those already mentioned the company have several other openings. 
 One on Sec. 15, adjoining the Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline Co., 
 opened during the past season, which gives a fine showing of hema- 
 tite ore. The Cliff-Parsons, also opened during the past season, 
 adjoins the Old Par sons } on Sec. 21, T. 47, R. 27. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 39 
 
 Another opening is near the quarter-post between Sees. 17 and 
 1 8, T. 47, R. 26, from which ore was shipped during the season. A 
 second opening is being made on this same line, at a point farther 
 north, near the section corner. These openings belong to the Ne- 
 gaunee Hematite Group. In addition to their own mines the com- 
 pany are working the Pioneer opening of the Jackson mine on a 
 lease. Near the Foster mine the company have in operation a saw- 
 mill, to which is attached shingle and lath mills. 
 
 In 1864 the Ogden and Tilden mines, situated on Sees. 13, 23, 
 and 24, T. 47, R. 27, were extensively opened, and the branch 
 road, which also extends to the Foster, built to them. The ores, 
 however, proved of too low a percentage to sell in the then existing 
 market, and the work was abandoned- The purchasers of the Iron 
 Cliff estate also controlled the Chicago and Northwestern Rail- 
 road, and a short time previous to the purchase effected a consoli- 
 dation with the Peninsula Road of Michigan, with a view to the 
 future development of iron deposits on this extensive property, and 
 the control of the railroad facilities for transporting the product 
 of these and other mines to Lake Michigan. 
 
 The Iron Mountain Mining Co. filed its articles of association 
 Nov. i, 1864, paid in $100,000. Corporators; Geo. E. Hall, of Cleve- 
 land, O., Richard Hays, Henry A. Laughlin, and Irwin B. Laugh- 
 lin, of Pittsburgh, and Gilbert D. Johnson, of Ishpeming. The 
 company own 320 acres of land, being the S. ^ of Sec. 14, T. 47, 
 R. 27. The first shipments of ore were made in 1865, a branch of 
 the C. and N. W. R. R. extending into the mine. All work at 
 this mine has been discontinued, owing to the leanness and refrac- 
 tory nature of the ore, its yield being less than 50 per cent, of iron 
 in the furnace. This mine has been recently leased to Messrs. 
 Clark and Colwell, under whose auspices work will be resumed in 
 the spring of 1873, with the view of finding hematite. 
 
 The Michigan Iron Co. filed its articles of association Dec. 
 3Oth, 1864. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 each. 
 Corporators: Henry J. Colwell, Andrew G. Clark and Samuel P. 
 Ely, of Marquette, with office there. 
 
 This company own a large amount of woodlands, two furnaces 
 and considerable other manufacturing property. The Michigan 
 4 
 
42 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 The mining operations of this company are conducted in the 
 southeast J^ of southeast J^, Sect. 3, T. 47, R. 27, being 16 miles 
 west from Marquette and adjoining the Cleveland. The mine is 
 worked under a lease from Mr. A. R. Harlow and the stock is all 
 held by Mr. S. J. Tilden and Messrs. W. L. and F. W. Wetmore. 
 Operations were commenced in the mine in 1864, during which 
 year 8,OOO tons of ore were shipped. The statement of its yearly 
 product and other details will be found by reference to the tables 
 in this work ; the workings and geological structure are shown by 
 a map. This company is identical with the New York and Boston 
 Iron Mining Co., and also with the New York iron mine, incorpora- 
 ted March 3ist, 1865 ; it soon after changed to the New York 
 Iron Mining Co., as above described. 
 
 The Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline Iron Co. was incorporated 
 Nov. nth, 1865. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 
 each. James Laughlin, President, T. Dwight Eels, Secretary and 
 Treasurer. The company own 1,376 acres of land, situated in T. 
 47 and 48, R. 27 and 28, of the former Town., and R. 31 of the lat- 
 ter. They also hold a lease of about 300 acres, on which is located 
 the Edwards mine. The company's mines consist of the Lake 
 Angeline and Edwards ; the Lake Angeline mine is situated on the 
 south shore of Lake Angeline and on the line of the M. H. and O. 
 and C. and N. W. R. Rs., 17 miles from Marquette and 66 miles 
 from Escanaba, and produces both specular and hematite ore, the 
 latter of first quality. 
 
 The Edwards mine lying contiguous to the Washington, is also 
 on the line of the M. H. and O. R. R., distant from Marquette 28 
 miles, and produces only magnetic ore. Work was commenced in 
 
 1865, the first shipments being made in the following year. The 
 mining is all conducted underground, the ore being raised to the 
 surface through shafts and is the only mine in the Iron Region 
 which has been exclusively worked in this way. The results of 
 this company's operations are shown in the accompanying tables 
 and the mine workings by maps and illustrations. 
 
 The Schoolcraft Iron Co. filed articles of association April 8th, 
 
 1866. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 each. Paid 
 in, $250,000; the remaining 10,000 shares being held by the com- 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 43 
 
 pany. Corporators: Hiram A. Burt, Peter White and H. R. 
 Mather, of Marquette ; office at Marquette, Michigan. 
 
 A furnace was constructed by this company at Munising, School- 
 craft county, on Grand Island bay, which went into blast in June, 
 1868, and was blown out in about six months thereafter. The 
 furnace continued " in and out" of blast somewhat irregularly, until 
 the company went into bankruptcy. In 1871 the furnace and other 
 property, including 40,000 acres of hard wood land, which had 
 belonged to them, passed into the hands of Peter White, Esq., by 
 whom it was transferred to the Munising Iron Co., an organization 
 effected for the purpose of owning and operating this estate, which 
 is now being successfully done. Mr. Peter White, of Marquette, 
 is managing director. 
 
 The Marquette and Pacific Rolling-Mill Co. filed its articles 
 of association Oct. ist, 1866. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 
 shares of $25 each. The corporators were John Burt, Samuel P. 
 Ely, Wm. Burt, Edward Breitung, Timothy T. Hurley, Cornelius 
 Donkersley, W. L. Wetmore, Peter White and Alvin C. Burt, of 
 Marquette. Office in Marquette, Mich. 
 
 The company has constructed at Marquette a bituminous blast- 
 furnace, with rolling-mill connected therewith. The works are 
 located near the lake shore, at a short distance south from the city, 
 went into operation in the summer of 1871, and are connected with 
 the M. H. and O. R. R. by a branch track. Upon their land at 
 Negaunee, the company have opened a mine of manganiferous 
 hematite ore, to which a side track has been extended, connecting it 
 with both railroads ; from this mine the company's furnace at Mar- 
 quette is in part supplied. This rolling mill is the first erected 
 on Lake Superior, and the furnace the first which has continually 
 used bituminous coal. H. A. Burt is superintendent. 
 
 The Fayette Furnace was constructed and put in operation 
 in December, 1867, the enterprise originating with Major Fayette 
 Brown, general agent of The Jackson Iron Co. It is located at 
 " Snail Shell Harbor," in Big Bay de Noquette, 20 miles east of 
 Escanaba, and about it has grown up the beautiful village of Fay- 
 ette. It is owned by the Jackson Iron Co., with general office in 
 Cleveland, Ohio. The company own 16,000 acres of land, excel- 
 lently well timbered with hard wood, and generally adapted to 
 
44 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 agricultural purposes, the soil being of limestone formation. From 
 the ledges of limestone, which exist in the immediate neighborhood, 
 material for the necessary flux is obtained, as well as for the manu- 
 facture of all the lime used by the company. They possess a full 
 complement of charcoal kilns, and a large portion of the necessary 
 wood is purchased, the company preferring to save their own timber 
 as long as possible. This wood is delivered by the parties of whom 
 it is bought at the furnace, or along the line of the company's rail- 
 road, of which they have constructed for this purpose six miles, laid 
 with T-rail, and operated with two small locomotive engines, it 
 being the only furnace on the Upper Peninsula that operates a 
 locomotive railway for the exclusive purpose of transporting fuel. 
 The company have also a saw-mill, machine-shop, etc. The furnace, 
 as originally started, consisted of a single stack, which is shown in 
 the accompanying illustration. A second one was subsequently 
 erected, and both stacks have since been in operation with results 
 more favorable, than any other charcoal furnaces using Lake Supe- 
 rior ore. The extraordinary favorable working of these furnaces 
 will be fully realized from the following statements, furnished from 
 the company's reports : During the 73 days immediately preceding 
 April 1 3th, 1872, there were made in the No. i stack an average of 
 2 ?To tons P er day, using 94 bushels of charcoal and 125 Ibs. of lime- 
 stone per ton, the ore being from the Jackson mine and yielding 
 from 62^ to 64J/2 <f>. On August 4th following, the same stack 
 again went into blast, making, during the first quarter, a period of 
 91 days, 2,258 tons of iron, an average of 27 8 tons per day, using 
 by measure 92 bushels of charcoal per ton. No. 2 was also in blast 
 during a portion of the same period with corresponding results. 
 On December I4th No. 2 stack had produced, during the previous 
 four weeks, an average of 26^ tons per day, and on January i8th, 
 1873, had produced, during the previous five weeks, an average of 
 2 9oV tons P er day ; the charge used during this time was 26^ 
 (called 30) bushels of charcoal, 1,000 Ibs. of ore (% soft and 
 f hard specular Jackson), 35 Ibs. of limestone and 10 Ibs. of 
 clay. 
 
 These results require no comment relative to the efficiency of 
 the management. The coal is of the best quality, kept dry under 
 shelter, as is also the ore, which is crushed finer than is customary. 
 The stacks are each 42 feet high inside and 9 feet 6 inches bosh ; 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 45 
 
 4 feet 8 inches, and 5 feet 8 inches diameter, 3 feet below the top, 
 and 4 feet and 5 feet at the top respectively. The hearths are 4 
 feet diameter battering from the bottom ; the tuyeres, three in num- 
 ber, with 35^ inch nozzle, are placed 40 inches above the bottom of 
 the hearth. Two blowing engines are used, the cylinders respec- 
 tively 36 and 48 inches in length, with diameter of 50 and 44 inches. 
 The engines make from 24 to 28 revolutions per minute, and both 
 of them are only run when the two stacks are in operation. The 
 temperature of the hot blast averages in one about 600 and in the 
 other 750. Originally No. 2 stack had a five-foot cone, but did 
 not make as much iron, nor as cheaply, as the other, until the cone 
 was reduced in height to 4 feet 4 inches, since which time it has 
 worked equally well with the other. The total product of these 
 furnaces during 18/1 and '72 was 19,117 tons, which were used as 
 follows : 
 
 For Bessemer Steel 17,465 tons. 
 
 " Malleable Iron 88 " 
 
 " Wheels 787 " 
 
 " Foundry, etc 400 " 
 
 " Forge purposes 377 " 
 
 Genl. Agt., Major Fayette Brown, Cleveland, Ohio. Local Agt., 
 C. L. Rhodes, Fayette, Mich. Founder, Jos. Harris, Fayette, Mich. 
 
 The Deer Lake Iron Company. Articles of association were 
 filed July 9th, 1868. Capital, $75,000 3,000 shares at $25 each. 
 Corporators : George P. Cummings, of Marquette, Edward C. Hun- 
 gerford, of Chester, Conn., Gardner Green, Caleb B. Rogers, Moses 
 Pierce, Samuel B. Case, Theodore T. McCurdy, John E. Ward, 
 James Lloyd Greene, James C. Colby (Ex'r), Daniel T. Gulliver, 
 William R. Potter and Enoch F. Chapman, of Norwich, Conn.; 
 Giles Blague, Jr., New York, Geo. Smith, New York, G. F. Ward, 
 E. R. Ward, Old Saybrook, Conn., and James H. Mainwaring, of 
 Montville, Conn., with office at Marquette, Mich. 
 
 This company organized for the purpose of smelting iron ore, 
 and immediately constructed a furnace, which went into operation 
 in Sept., 1868. This furnace, the smallest in the district, is located 
 at Deer lake on the Carp river, two miles north from the village 
 of Ishpeming on the M. H. and O. R. R., with which place it is 
 
46 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 connected by a tram railway. The stack is 33 feet high and 7 feet 
 8 inches bosh, thus making it perhaps the smallest furnace which 
 has been built in the United States during the past 7 years. 
 Another peculiarity of this furnace is the comparatively enormous 
 size of its hot-blast oven, to which is doubtless due in part the fa- 
 vorable results, which, considering its small size and peculiar man- 
 agement, the furnace has accomplished. The oven, on the Pleyer 
 plan, contains 45 tons of metal, which is 50 per cent, more than that 
 contained in the ovens of our largest charcoal furnaces ; having 
 twice the capacity of the Deer lake stack. The furnace is driven 
 by water, employing an 1 8-inch turbine wheel under 35 feet head, 
 thus leaving all the gas available for heating the blast, which is 
 brought to an extremely high temperature. It runs but six days 
 in the week, " banking up" Saturday night and starting again on 
 Sunday night. Notwithstanding an arrangement necessarily dis- 
 advantageous to the greatest production, the furnace has averaged 
 during several consecutive weeks 1 1 tons of pig-iron per day, using 
 no bushels of charcoal to the ton, one-half of which is made from 
 pine slabs, the ore used being hard ore from the New York mine, 
 averaging 66 per cent. The origin of this enterprise is due to Mr. 
 E. C. Hungerford, who also determined its unusual size and the 
 peculiar policy under which the furnace has been managed. Near 
 the present one the company are now building a new iron shell 
 furnace, 9 feet bosh. 
 
 The Cannon Iron Company. Articles filed July, 1869. Capital, 
 $500,000; 20,000 shares, $25 each. Corporators: Bernard A. 
 Hoppes and Wm. H. Berry, of Philadelphia, and Samuel S. Burt, 
 of Marquette, with office in Philadelphia. This company organized 
 for the purpose of mining iron ore, but beyond making explorations 
 on their lands with this view, nothing has as yet been done. 
 
 Bay Furnace Company. Articles filed July I9th, 1869. Capital 
 stock, $150,000; 6,000 shares at $25 each. Corporators: William 
 Shea, of Munising, Mich., George Wagner, Jay C. Morse, Frank 
 B. Spear and James Pickands, of Marquette, John Outhwaite, of 
 Cleveland, and John P. Outhwaite, of Ishpeming, Mich., with office 
 in Marquette. 
 
 This concern organized for the purpose of smelting iron ore, and 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 47 
 
 immediately proceeded to the construction of a blast-furnace for that 
 purpose. This furnace was completed and went into operation on 
 the 6th of March, 1870. It is located at Onota, in Schoolcraft county, 
 on Grand Island bay, 40 miles from Marquette. But one stack was 
 originally constructed ; a second one, however, has since been erect- 
 ed and put in readiness for the blast. The ore used is from the 
 Cleveland and McComber mines, received by the way of Marquette. 
 This company own about 20,000 acres of land, mostly hard wood 
 timber, from which the fuel for the furnace is obtained. 
 
 The Whetstone Iron Company. Organized Aug. 2Oth, 1869. 
 Capital stock, $150,000, in 6,000 shares of $25 each. Office at 
 Marquette. This company have not commenced operations. 
 Corporators were William Burts, Samuel Peck, A. A. Cole, Thomas 
 O. Hampton, Clark Stratton, A. S. Harvey and A. G. Benedict. 
 
 Champion Iron Company. Organized August 23d, 1869, with 
 a capital stock of $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 each. Corpo- 
 rators : Joseph S. Fay, of Boston, Edwin Parsons, of New York, 
 Thomas C. Foster, of Cambridge, Mass., and Samuel P. Ely and 
 Peter White, of Marquette. The company own about 1,600 acres 
 of land, but their mining operations are conducted on that portion 
 of their land comprising the south half of Sec. 31, T. 48, R. 29, 
 being 32 miles by railroad from Marquette. The ore is principally 
 magnetic, though a large amount of slate ore is obtained. The 
 Champion mine is upon the south outcrop of the magnetic ore basin, 
 which underlies Lake Michigamme, and near the village of Cham- 
 pion, about half a mile distant from the furnace of that name. 
 The company are now working chiefly underground, as is fully 
 shown in Map VIL of Atlas, where the geological structure and all 
 other important details will also be found. 
 
 The Lake Superior Foundry Company filed their articles 
 of association Sept. 2d; 1869, with a capital stock of $50,000 2,000 
 shares at $25 each. Corporators: Daniel H. Merritt, Lotan E. 
 Osborn, Henry J. Colwell, William L. Wetmore, Jay C. Morse, 
 Alfred Kidder, James Pickands and Thomas Fitzgerald, of Mar- 
 quette, Mich. ; Gilbert D. Johnson, Seymour Johnson, Harvey 
 Diamond and Robert Nelson, of Ishpeming. The works (located at 
 
48 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Ishpeming) are quite extensive and adapted to general and parti- 
 cular foundry and machine work. (See Iron Bay Foundry, p. 33.) 
 
 Silas C. Smith Iron Company. Articles of association filed 
 Jan., 1870. Capital, $500,000, in 20,000 shares at $25 each. Cor- 
 porators: Silas C. Smith, of Ashtabula, O., Oliver F. Forsyth 
 and Win. H. Lyons, of Flint, Mich., with office at Ashtabula, O. 
 
 The property of this company consists of 703 acres of land in 
 Sections 18, 20, and 28, T. 45, R. 25, upon which have been made 
 numerous openings, showing soft hematite ore in quantity, the main 
 one being near the E. ^ post of Sect. 18. A tunnel is being driven 
 into the deposit, of sufficient size for the admission of railway cars 
 from a branch road five miles in length, which connects with the 
 Chicago and Northwestern railroad. The ore at present is loaded 
 into the cars from temporary docks, provided with pockets for that 
 purpose. The principal stockholders are Silas C. Smith, the dis- 
 coverer, General James Pierce, of Sharpsville, Pa., and Henry Fassett, 
 of Ashtabula, O. The shipments of ore and other details will be 
 seen by reference to the mining tables. 
 
 The Pittsburgh and Lake Superior Iron Co. filed articles of 
 association June 28th, 1870. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 
 shares of $25 each. Corporators : James McAuley, C. T. Spang, 
 C. G. Hussy, Thos. M. Howe and James M. Cooper, of Pitts- 
 burgh ; Sherman J. Bacon, of New York, Joseph G. Hussy, of 
 Cleveland and W. M. Sinclair, of Philadelphia ; with office at 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. The company own 2,691 acres of land in Towns. 
 47 and 48, Ranges 25 and 26, their title to which was derived 
 direct from the United States Government. Work was commenced 
 on their property near the Cascade mines in Sept., 1872, houses, 
 etc. , were erected, a railroad side track built and a pit opened on 
 Sec. 32, which is called the Hussy mine, and from which about 
 2,000 tons have been shipped. 
 
 The Republic Iron Co. was organized Oct. 2Oth, 1870. Capital 
 stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares. Office in Marquette. Corporators: 
 E. Breitung, S. P. Ely and Ed. Parsons. This company own 1,328 
 acres of land, being in part in Sections 6, 7, and 1 8, T. 46, R. 29, 
 comprising what was formerly known as Smith mountain, which 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 49 
 
 is unquestionably one of the largest deposits of pure specular and 
 magnetic ore on the Upper Peninsula, if not in the United States. 
 The great extent and value of this deposit was observed and com- 
 mented on by the early United States surveyors, when engaged in 
 running the township lines in that locality in 1846. The property 
 was explored and selected by Silas C. Smith, of Marquette, and 
 entered in the name of Dr. James St. Clair, in 1854 and 1855. A 
 branch from the M. H. and O. R. R. has been constructed to the 
 mine, over which the shipments of ore are now being made. See 
 Tables, Pits. XII. and XIII. of Atlas. A complete map of this proper- 
 ty, based upon careful surveys, exhibiting the topography, geological 
 structure, magnetism and other important details, will be found in 
 the Atlas accompanying this work, together with full descriptions. 
 
 The Cascade Iron Co. is an association of Pittsburgh men, 
 owning 3,120 acres of land in Sections 19, 20, 29, 30, 31, and 25, 
 T. 47, Ranges 26 and 27. These lands were entered by Waterman 
 Palmer and purchased by the present company in 1869. An ex- 
 amination of the iron deposits in this locality was made by Dr. 
 Douglas Houghton, in 1845, while engaged in running the interior 
 section lines. (See Appendix D., Vol. II.) 
 
 The company's mines are provided with side tracks, connecting 
 with a branch road of six miles in length to the C. and N. W. R. 
 R. Mining operations commenced in 1871, and the openings (in- 
 cluding the leased mines) are seven in number. There are other 
 improvements, such as a saw-mill run by water, a store, sufficient 
 number of dwellings, barns, repair-shop, etc. The expenditure which 
 these improvements (including the branch railroad and side tracks) 
 have necessitated has been very large, and future operations are 
 contemplated upon a scale of considerable magnitude. (See Sta- 
 tistical Tables.) 
 
 The Cascade Company, under another organization, to wit, The 
 Escanaba Iron Co., are constructing a blast-furnace at Escanaba, 
 to consist of two stacks, one of which will go into operation in 
 January, 1873 ; the height of stack, 56 feet; diameter of bosh, 12 
 feet. The entire structure is built in the most complete and sub- 
 stantial manner, and when finished, will probably not be surpassed, 
 if equalled, in capacity, durability, or beauty, by any similar fur- 
 nace in the United States. The principal owners are Joseph Kirk- 
 
50 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 patrick, William Bagaley, James Lyon, William Smith, Samuel Rid- 
 dle and Samuel Hartman ; Joseph Kirkpatrick, President, James 
 Lyon, Treasurer, and John L. Agnew, General Superintendent. 
 
 The Emma Mine, one of the Cascade openings, is on the E. ^ 
 of E. ^ of N. E. 1^, Sec. 31, and is being worked under a lease 
 from the Cascade Company by an association of Pittsburgh gentle- 
 men, who are represented at the mine by Mr. James E. Clark. 
 They commenced shipping ore in 1872. 
 
 The Bagaley Mine, likewise one of the Cascade openings, is 
 also worked under a lease from the Cascade Company, by Messrs. 
 Wilcox & Bagaley, and its total product is about 6,000 tons. 
 
 The Gribben Iron Co., having a capital stock of $500,000, in 
 20,000 shares of $25 each, was organized 1872. The mining pro- 
 perty comprises a lease on the S. E. i/(, Sec. 28, T. 47, R. 26, 
 being on the Cascade range. Mining and exploring operations 
 during the season have resulted in taking out considerable ore, 
 some of which has been shipped for testing. The company have 
 built a side track, which connects with the Cascade branch of the C. 
 and N. W. R. R. Officers of the company are: W. C. McComber, 
 President, C. H. Hopkins, Secretary, and James Mathews, Treas- 
 urer ; all of Negaunee, Mich. 
 
 The Carr Iron Co. was also organized in the summer of 1872, 
 with a capital stock of $250,000. Its real estate comprises forty 
 acres of land, situated on Sec. 33, T. 47, R. 26, being also in the 
 Cascade range. The officers are Amos Root, President, Jackson, 
 Mich.; E.W. Barber, Secretary, Jackson, Mich.; and W. H. May- 
 nard, Managing Director, Marquette. 
 
 Negaunee Hematite Mines. A large number of new companies 
 have recently been organized for the purpose of mining hematite ore 
 in the vicinity of Negaunee. These new locations, which have been 
 and are in process of being developed, are situated in Sections 6, 7, 
 8, and 18, T. 47, R. 26, and comprise what are known as the Mc- 
 Comber, Grand Central, Rolling Mill, Himrod, Ada, Negaunee, 
 Calhoun and Spurr, Green Bay, Allen, the Iron Cliff "Sec. 18," 
 and other mines. The McComber mine, opened by William C. Me- 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 5 1 
 
 Comber in 1870, is worked on a lease from J. P. Pendill, of Negau- 
 nee, at a royalty of fifty cents per ton for ore. The mine has been 
 worked for the past three seasons, and in the spring of 1872 the 
 lease was sold to parties interested in the Cleveland mine, who in 
 July organized a company. The Rolling Mill mine, heretofore spo- 
 ken of, is worked in part under a lease from A. L. Crawford. The 
 company, however, own the greater portion of the land. 
 
 All these workings, except Sec. 18 and the McComber, are 
 worked on leases from Edward Breitung, at 75 cents per ton 
 royalty, he having leased from the owners, Messrs. Harvey and 
 Reynolds, at 5 cents per ton royalty. Some of these pits have 
 been worked during the past season, and nearly all of them are pre- 
 pared for active operations during the coming year. Railroad side 
 tracks are either completed, or in process of construction, to the 
 several mines ; dwellings and other improvements have been made, 
 or are contemplated at each, and several of the locations bid fair 
 to be the scene of active mining operations. The product is for the 
 most part a soft hematite, containing usually from one to five per 
 cent, of manganese, which renders the ore more easily worked in 
 the furnace and is probably beneficial to the iron. The yield of. 
 metallic iron of the best of these ores is 50 percent, and upwards, 
 the average, however, is below that. See Map No. V. and Table 
 PL XII. of Atlas. 
 
 Among the promising iron properties upon which work has been 
 commenced during the present season, and from which large 
 shipments may be reasonably anticipated, are the Michigamme 
 and Spurr Mountain mines, at both of which work has actively 
 commenced ; side tracks are being constructed at both places, con- 
 necting with the M. H. and O. R. R. The mines are situated upon 
 the same magnetic range and are about two miles apart. 
 
 The property of the Spurr Mountain Co. (which company was 
 organized in September last) comprises 160 acres of land, and the 
 point at which mining operations have been commenced is at what 
 is known as Spurr mountain. The preliminary work has uncovered 
 the south side of a very large mass of magnetic ore of a great 
 degree of purity ; rising at the highest point to a height of 60 feet 
 above the surface of the ground at the base of the hill. This 
 remarkable outcrop of ore is situated (as will be seen by reference 
 
5 2 IR ON- BEAR ING R OCKS. 
 
 to the accompanying map) 900 feet east and 700 feet north from 
 the west and south boundaries respectively of the company's prop- 
 erty. It was first discovered to the public in 1868. The exami- 
 nations which have been made, established beyond any reasonable 
 doubt the presence of the ore in a very large quantity and of a 
 uniform purity and quality. The natural facilities afforded at Spurr 
 mountain for commencing mining operations are excellent, and 
 with the exception of Republic mountain there is, so far as known, 
 no other locality in Marquette county where occurs so large an 
 exposure of pure ore, rising at so great an elevation above the 
 general level and at which there is apparently so little preliminary 
 work necessary. 
 
 This range has been explored to a considerable extent in either 
 direction ; westerly, across the east half of Sec. 23, owned by the 
 M. H. and O. R. R. Co., the examinations show the presence of 
 the ore, but to how great an extent the deposit exists future work- 
 ings alone can determine ; easterly, as is elsewhere more fully 
 related, the range has been traced along the north side of Lake 
 Michigamme for several miles. The officers of the Spurr Mountain 
 Co. are: H. N. Walker, Esq., of Detroit, Prest.; Col. Freeman 
 Norvell, Supt. and Sec. The distances from the mine to the ports 
 of L'Anse and Marquette are respectively, by rail, about 24 and 39 
 miles. 
 
 The Michigamme Co. was organized in the winter of 1870-71, 
 the organization being effected mainly by persons already largely 
 identified with Lake Superior iron interests. The land owned by 
 the company comprises 1,400 acres, situated on the north side of 
 Lake Michigamme. Preliminary work was begun in the spring of 
 1872, and prosecuted during the summer. The point selected for 
 the commencement of mining operations is near the shore of the 
 lake, and upon each side of the line between Sections 19 and 20, 
 the developments resulting from this work thus far being of the 
 most promising character. Improvements, not previously indicated, 
 consist of a large, substantial steam saw-mill, with other machinery 
 attached thereto, an office, dwellings, etc. At a short distance south 
 and west from this location the company have laid out a village plat, 
 to be called " Michigamme," and which promises to be built up 
 with considerable rapidity. The distance to L'Anse is about 26 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 5 3 
 
 miles, and to Marquette 37, by rail. The officers of the company 
 are : William H. Barnum, of Lime Rock, Conn., Prest.; James 
 Rood, of Chicago, Sec. and Treas. ; and Jacob Houghton, Stipt. 
 
 The Keystone Iron Co. also organized in the fall of 1872, with 
 capital stock of $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 each. The prop- 
 erty comprises the southeast ^ of southwest y, Sec. 32, T. 48, R. 
 29, distant from Marquette, by rail, 29 miles, from Escanaba 77, and 
 from L'Anse 35. The company are at work preparing for mining 
 the ensuing season. A. P. Swineford, Marquette, General Agent. 
 
 A number of mining enterprises, comprising The Albion, Sa- 
 ginaw, Lake Superior Company's new openings, The New- 
 England, Winthrop, Shenango, and Parsons, in Sees. 19, 20, 21, 
 16, T. 47, R. 27, are situated east and west, parallel and contiguous 
 ranges of specular and hematite ore, are all connected by 
 branches with the M. H. and O. R. R., and soon to be with the C. 
 and N. W. Road. 
 
 The Albion mine, opened in 1871 by the brothers St. Clair, 
 who hold the property comprising the northeast ^ of the northwest 
 y, Sec. 19, on a lease from Messrs. E. Breitung and S. L. Smith, 
 at a royalty of 75c. per ton; up to the present time but a small 
 amount of ore has been mined. The opening is immediately west 
 of the Saginaw mine and on the same ore belt. 
 
 The Saginaw Mine, situated on the northwest ^ of the north- 
 east y of Sec. 19, T. 47, R. 27, was opened in 1872, and during 
 the same season shipped (via M. H. and O. R. R.) 19,000 tons of 
 specular ore. The mine was worked on a lease by Messrs. Maas, 
 Lonstorf and Mitchell, of Negaunee, on a royalty of 5oc. per ton for 
 the ore. During the fall of 1872 the lessees sold out to parties 
 representing the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. for $300,000, and imme- 
 diately thereafter the Saginaw Mining Co. was organized with a 
 capital stock of $500,000 in 20,000 shares. A. B. Stone, of Cleve- 
 land, Prest., and A. G. Stone, of Cleveland, Sec. and Treas. Aside 
 track has been surveyed, to connect with the Chicago and N. W. 
 Railroad, and the grading finished to the Winthrop mine. The land 
 on which the Saginaw mine is located was purchased of the State of 
 Michigan, with four other contiguous " 4O's " situated about the 
 
54 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 centre of same section, seven years ago, by Messrs. Heater, Eli- 
 son and Conrad ; the latter having made the selections. 
 
 Between the Saginaw and New England mines, on Sec. 20, the 
 Lake Superior Iron Co. have a very promising opening, from which 
 a considerable shipment of specular slate ore was made in 1872. 
 
 The New England Mine, on same range, is situated on the east 
 y 2y northeast ^, Sec. 20, T. 47, Range 27. The shipments from 
 this mine commenced in 1866, and up to the present time about 60,- 
 OOO tons of ore have been mined and shipped via Marquette. The 
 property is mainly owned by Captain E. B. Ward, of Detroit, and 
 the mining operations are conducted by H. G. Williams under a 
 contract. The principal part of the product is a hematite ore. A 
 very narrow bed of excellent specular slate ore was worked several 
 years, but not proving sufficiently profitable, work was discontinued. 
 The ore is chiefly .consumed at the extensive works controlled by 
 Capt. Ward at Chicago, Milwaukee, and Wyandotte. 
 
 Adjoining the New England is the Winthrop Mine, situated 
 in the southwest J^, Sec. 21, T. 47, R. 47, owned by A. B. 
 Meeker and A. G. Clark, of Chicago, and H. J. Col well, of Mar- 
 quette, and opened in 1870 by Messrs. Richardson and Wood, 
 who work the mine on contract. Up to the close of 1872 about 
 25,000 tons of ore have been shipped, and the indications are 
 favorable for increased shipments during the coming year. The 
 product is a hematite ore, one of the richest of the class in the dis- 
 trict. A. B. Meeker, of Chicago, is Prest., A. G. Clark, Sec. and 
 Treas.y and H. G. Colwell, Clarksburgh, Gen'l Agt. 
 
 The Shenango Iron Co. was organized in September, 1872, with 
 a capital stock of $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 each. The 
 land worked by the company comprises the north-west j^ of 
 south-east 3^ of Sec. 21, T. 47, R. 27, and adjoins the Winthrop, 
 the deposit being a continuation of that mine. 
 
 The officers are C. Donkersley, of Appleton, Wis., Prest., and 
 H. D. Smith, Sec. and Treas.; in addition to these, E. Decker, 
 Charles Reis and George L. Hutchinson, constitute the Board of 
 Directors. A small amount of ore was shipped during the fall of 
 1872, and the company are erecting machinery, including the sink- 
 
HISTORICAL SKE TCH OF DISCO VER Y AND DE VEL OPMENT. 5 5 
 
 ing of a shaft 60 feet in depth, with the view of doing considerable 
 mining the coming season. The land is leased of the Williams Iron 
 Co., who in turn lease of the Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline Co., 
 who are the owners of land. The ore is mined by Messrs. Hurd 
 and Orthey, part owners, on contract. 
 
 The Boston Mine, situated on the southwest j^ of the northeast 
 y^ of Sec. 28, was organized in 1872, and a lease of the property 
 above described secured by Messrs. Day, Anderson and others, 
 with a view of mining operations. The lease of these parties is 
 the same as that of the Shenango. 
 
 The Parsons, or " Old Parsons," mine is located between the 
 New England and the Lake Superior Companies' opening on Sec- 
 tion 16, northeast of the Winthrop. Several thousand tons of 
 specular slate ore were shipped from each of these mines, but work 
 has been discontinued. 
 
 The Kloman Iron Co. was organized in December, 1872, with a 
 capital stock of $500,000, in 20,000 shares. The corporators were 
 Andrew Kloman, William Coleman, Thomas M. Carnegie, Jacob 
 Houghton and T. B. Brooks. The company own 437 acres of 
 land adjoining and northwest of the Republican mountain, being 
 in part in Sec. 6, T. 46, R. 29, on the west side of the Michi- 
 gamme river. The company have commenced mining on the con- 
 tinuation of the Republic mountain deposit and are building a 
 short railroad to connect the mine with the Republic branch. 
 
 The Howell Hoppock Iron Mining Co. filed articles of associa- 
 tion January I3th, 1873. Corporators: Lewis J. Day, Wm. R. 
 Bourne, Wm. Rice, James S. Ward and Frank Austin. Office in 
 Ishpeming, Mich. Organized to mine on the northwest ^ of 
 northeast ^ of Sec. 28, T. 47, R. 27. Capital stock, $500,000, 
 in 20,000 shares. 
 
 The Watson Iron Co. filed articles of association January i6th, 
 1873, with capital stock fixed at $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 
 each. Corporators : C. J. Hussey, E. T. Daro, Thomas M. Howe, 
 M. K. Moorhead, George F. McLeane, W. J. Moorhead, Charles 
 F. Spang, John W. Chalfant, Campbell B. Herron and James W. 
 5 
 
56 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Brown, all of Pittsburgh, Pa., and James W. Watson, of Mar- 
 quette county, Mich. The property of this company comprises 
 the northwest ^ of Sec. 32, T. 47, R. 26 and which constitutes 
 $325,000 of the capital stock. This ^ section is a part of the 
 estate of the Pittsburgh and Lake Superior Iron Co. and is on the 
 Cascade range. Operations were commenced in September last 
 by this latter company, of which mention has already been made 
 under the Hussey mine. 
 
 In the Menominee Iron Region two companies, called respectively 
 the Breen and Ingalls Iron Mining Companies, have been organized 
 and are engaged in explorations, and in addition to the operations 
 inaugurated by these companies, explorations are being made by 
 private parties. The completion of the Peninsula railroad from 
 Escanaba to Menominee, affording better promises for transporta- 
 tion, will stimulate operations of this character, which have hereto- 
 fore been deferred from want of railroad communications. 
 
 'The Breen Mining Co. owns 120 acres of land in Sec. 22, T. 39, 
 R. 28, distant from Escanaba by proposed road 35 miles, from 
 Menominee 55 miles and from Deer river 28 miles. The ore is 
 chiefly flag, with some hematite. The property is being explored 
 by Capt. E. B. Ward, J. J. Hagerman and J. W. Vandyke, who 
 have an option of leasing or purchasing the mine. The officers are 
 E. S. Ingalls, Pres., T. B. Breen, Sec., S. P. Saxton, Treas., 
 Thomas Breen, Bently Breen, and S. P. Saxton, Directors all of 
 Menominee, Mich. 
 
 r- 
 
 The Ingalls Mining Co.'s property constituted 240 acres of land 
 
 situated in Sections 8 and 9, T. 39, R. 29. The distance from 
 Escanaba by proposed road is 44 miles and from Menominee 64 
 miles. The officers are E. S. Ingalls, Pres., C. L. Ingalls, Sec., 
 and F. S. Mullburg, Treas. 
 
 An effort has been made to manufacture pig-iron by using peat 
 as a fuel, but has not as yet proved in the requisite degree success- 
 ful. A peat furnace was constructed at Ishpeming and went into 
 operation early in the year 1872, but very soon went out of blast; 
 subsequently it started again and made about 200 tons of iron and 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 57 
 
 again stopped, it being the intention to alter and enlarge the stack, 
 the better, it is thought, to adapt it to the peculiarities of the fuel. 
 The peat is prepared from a bed of the material which exists in 
 proximity to the furnace. 
 
 The Ericson Manufacturing Co. was organized in April, 1872, 
 to conduct general manufacturing operations, with a nominal capital 
 of $150,000. Corporators : Peter E. Ericson, John Carlson, A. J. 
 Burt and Wm. Burt. 
 
 The company are operating a foundry and machine-shop, which 
 they have built on Whetstone brook, within the city of Marquette. 
 The machinery is driven by water-power. 
 
 Mr. Jno. Burt commenced, in September, 1872, the construction 
 of a charcoal furnace, on the lake shore, at the mouth of the Carp 
 river, south of Marquette. The stack is being built of stone, 
 with a nine-foot bosh, and the whole is to be completed and 
 put in operation in the spring of 1873. It is intended to supply the 
 fuel from points along the lake shore, transporting it to the furnace 
 in boats in the same manner that the wood for the Burt furnaces in 
 Detroit is obtained, of which latter furnaces the one being built at 
 the Carp will be a duplicate, and will be the first built on the Upper 
 Peninsula based on this plan of obtaining fuel. 
 
 Very recently The Carp River Iron Co. has been organized, and 
 own the furnace and about 500 acres of land at that point, in- 
 cluding the water-power on the Carp, etc. The business office will 
 be in Marquette. 
 
 SANDSTONES. 
 
 The Lake Superior sandstones are very carefully described by 
 Dr. Rominger in his accompanying report, commencing with page 
 80, and the results of his observations, as therein described, are of 
 great practical and scientific interest. There are two organized 
 companies now engaged in quarrying and marketing sandstone 
 within the limits of the city of Marquette, the locations being 
 contiguous. 
 
 The Marquette Brown Stone Co. was organized in August, 
 1872, with a capital stock of $500,000, in 20,000 shares. The cor- 
 porators were Peter White, Wm. Burt, F. P. Wetmore, S. P. Ely, 
 
58 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Sidney Adams, J. H. Jacobs, H. R. Mather and Alfred Green. In 
 addition to quarrying stone, the company's franchises include the 
 mining and smelting of ore, etc. Office in Marquette, Mich. 
 
 This company's property was previously known as the Wolf 
 Quarry, located on the farm formerly owned by J. P. Pendill, and 
 has been worked for some time past, the stone being principally 
 used in Chicago. It is of a uniform dark-brown color, free from 
 pebbles and clay holes. It apparently exists in great quantity, and 
 is readily quarried and transferred to vessels. Mr. Peter White is 
 constructing in Marquette a fine business block with a variety of 
 stone from this quarry, which is variegated and striped with different 
 colors, giving to the building a unique and pleasing appearance. 
 
 The articles of association of The Burt Free Stone Co. were filed 
 Oct. 3d, 1872. Capital stock $500,000, in 20,000 shares of $25 
 each. The corporators were John Burt, William Burt, Hiram A. 
 Burt, A. Judson Burt and Wm. A. Burt. Office in Marquette. 
 
 This company have opened a quarry of sandstone adjoining the 
 one described above and the deposit is similar, the stone being 
 lighter colored. 
 
 Both companies are prepared to furnish stone in large quantities. 
 For full description of the sandstone found in these quarries, see 
 Dr. Rominger's report, pages 90 and 91. 
 
 In addition to the above, The Lake Superior Stone Co. has been 
 more recently formed with the amount of capital stock and number 
 of shares as the preceding. The company own and hold in lease 
 about 296 acres of land, situated on the west side of Keweenaw 
 bay and on the north side of Portage Entry. The stone outcrops 
 horizontally in a bluff, which rises from the water of the bay and is 
 thus readily accessible for removal from the bed to vessels. 
 
 It is intended to begin operations in the spring. The corporators 
 are H. H. Stafford, V. B. Cochran, W. S. Dalliba, E. J. Mapes 
 and A. Kidder. Office, Marquette, Mich. See Dr. Rominger's 
 report, page 95. 
 
 The fine new Court-House at Milwaukee is built with sandstone 
 obtained from Bass island, near Bayfield, on Lake Superior, at 
 which point stones have been quarried for several years. 
 
 The quarry described by Dr. Rominger, page 89 of his report, is 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 59 
 
 now owned by Messrs. Winty and Mossinger, of Chicago, and 
 Thomas Craig, of Marquette. 
 
 ROOFING SLATE. 
 
 There are three companies which were organized for the purpose of 
 quarrying and selling roofing slate ; but one of them, however, has 
 actually commenced operations and is now at work on explorations. 
 
 The Huron Bay Iron and Slate Co. filed articles of association 
 January iQth, 1872. Capital stock, $500,000, in 20,000 shares. The 
 corporators were Peter White, W. L. Wetmore, F. P. Wetmore, 
 J. C. Morse, James Pickands, A. R. Harlow, M. H. Maynard, D. H. 
 Ball, Wm. Burt, D. H. Merritt, Sidney Adams and H. R. Mather. 
 Office, Marquette, Michigan. The company own 2,000 acres of 
 land in T. 51, R. 31. 
 
 The Huron Bay Slate and Iron Co. was organized subsequently, 
 with same capital stock and number of shares. The corporators 
 are W. L. Wetmore, Peter White, M. H. Maynard, Wm. Burt, 
 Thomas Brown, J. J. Williams, S. L. Smith, Alex. McDonald, John 
 H. Knight, W. C. Wheeler, H. R. Mather, Jas. D. Reid, F. P. 
 Wetmore and R. C. Wetmore. Office in Marquette. The com- 
 pany own 1,100 acres of land in T. 51, R. 31, and have commenced 
 work near Slate river, about four miles south of Huron bay, on the 
 northeast quarter of section 33 in the above town. The slate ap- 
 parently exists in very large quantities. 
 
 The Stafford Slate Co., an association comprising H. H. Stafford, 
 V. B. Cochran, E. J. Mapes, A. Kidder, J. M. Wilkinson, Wm. 
 Burt A. J. Burt and W. S. Dalliba, own 1,900 acres in T. 51, R. 
 31. The operations of this company thus far consist in having cut 
 out a road from L'Anse to their property on Section 27, in the above 
 town, a distance of 15 miles. 
 
 The color of the slate found in T. 51, R. 31, is somewhat varied, 
 the green, purple and gray are found on Sections 14, 15, and 16. 
 South of this are found large deposits of black slate, extending 
 several miles east and west, with an apparent thickness of several 
 hundred feet, the cleavage planes dipping to the south. 
 
60 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 SAW-MILLS. 
 
 The following saw-mills are now in operation, all of which, with 
 the exception of the ones at Whitefish Point, at Onota and Fa- 
 yette (the two former of which are in Schoolcraft county and the 
 latter in Delta), are in Marquette county: 
 
 Name of Firm. Location. 
 
 Decker and Steele Eagle Mills. 
 
 Edward Eraser Cherry Creek. 
 
 George Wagner Laughing Whitefish Pt. 
 
 A. R. Harlow Little Presque Isle. 
 
 H. A. Stone Bancroft. 
 
 Jackson Iron Co Negaunee. 
 
 Iron Cliffs Co 
 
 Mr. Jackson Palmer Falls (Cascade). 
 
 Hartman and Connelly Little Lake. 
 
 Cleveland Iron Co Ishpeming. 
 
 Lake Superior Iron Co 
 
 Deer Lake Iron Co Deer Lake. 
 
 Michigan Iron Co Clarksburg. 
 
 Michigamme Iron Co Michigamme. 
 
 Edward Breitung Republic Mt. 
 
 C. T. Harvey Chocolate. 
 
 Bay Iron Co Onota. 
 
 These mills produced in the aggregate, during the year 1872 
 (besides shingles, laths and a small amount of hard wood), thirteen 
 and a half million feet of pine lumber, all of which, excepting the 
 product of the three mills above designated, was, or will be, con- 
 sumed in Marquette county. The total product during the coming 
 year, if the winter is favorable, will be much greater, as most of 
 these companies are preparing to get in a larger amount of logs. 
 The Michigamme mill, which has a nominal capacity of 4,000,000 
 feet, has but recently started, and thus did not contribute to the 
 total product of 1872. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 6l 
 COMPLETION OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEM. 
 
 Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon R. R. 
 
 Among the most important events affecting the interests of this 
 portion of our State, which transpired during the year 1872, was the 
 extension of the C. and N. W. R. R. from Menominee to Escanaba, 
 the consolidation of Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad with 
 the Houghton and Ontonagon, and the completion of the line to 
 L'Anse, thus making complete railroad communication from the 
 head of Keweenaw bay to Chicago, a distance of 462 miles. 
 
 The development of the mineral resources of a country are so in- 
 timately blended with the improvement of its facilities for trans- 
 portation, as to render it essential in considering the progress of the 
 former, to give due credit to the latter. Iron ores having a low 
 value per ton must be reached by rail or water before their value 
 can be realized ; differing in this particular from the ores of the 
 precious metals, which will bear wagon or even pack-mule 
 transportation. Especially is this true with reference to an isolated 
 region like the Upper Peninsula, which is as yet a comparative wil- 
 derness, possessing but a small population, a rigorous climate, few 
 thoroughfares and with a surface so rough and rocky in portions of 
 its territory, as to render their construction a matter of much diffi- 
 culty. It naturally follows, that the addition of two so important 
 avenues of communication to the railroad facilities of the Peninsula 
 becomes in a pre-eminent degree a matter of congratulation and 
 importance. The history of the enterprise, which has thus resulted 
 in the connection of the bays of Marquette and Keweenaw, is in 
 brief as follows : 
 
 As has been previously related in speaking of the Peninsula road, 
 the United States granted to the State of Michigan, by an act passed 
 on the 3d of June, 1856, every alternate section of land for six sec- 
 tions in width, designated in odd numbers, to aid in constructing a 
 railroad from Little Bay de Noquette to Marquette and thence to 
 Ontonagon, and from the two last places to the Wisconsin State 
 line. The State, by an act passed Feb. I4th, 1857, conferred this 
 grant upon the Little Bay de Noquette and Ontonagon Railway 
 
62 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Co., and two other railroad corporations, all of which lines were re- 
 quired to be completed within ten years, a condition with which 
 neither of the companies complied. 
 
 In 1863 the State conferred the forfeited franchises and grant pre- 
 viously given to the Marquette and Ontonagon Railway Co., upon 
 the Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad Co., under certain condi- 
 tions. Congress in 1864 extended the grant five years, in the 
 subsequent year added four sections per mile thereto, and in 1868 
 fixed the time for a full compliance with the conditions of the grant 
 until Dec. 3ist, 1872. During the period of its existence, the com- 
 pany built twenty miles of main line of railroad, commencing near 
 the Lake Superior mine at the terminus of what was formerly the 
 Bay de Noquette road, and extending to a point on the south side 
 of Lake Michigamme. 
 
 In 1870 the State decided that the company, by reason of its fail- 
 ure to complete any extension of their lines, had forfeited the greater 
 portion of the grant. On the 24th of Jan., 1871, the Legislature 
 confirmed the action taken by the State Board of Control during 
 the month of April previous, which conferred the forfeited or 
 unearned lands upon the Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad Com- 
 pany, a new organization, incorporated Jan. I5th, 1870, and of 
 which the following Michigan men were among the principal stock- 
 holders : H. N. Walker, President, S. L. Smith, Chas. H. Pal- 
 mer, Geo. Jerome and S. F. Seager. The conditions of the act of 
 Congress required the completion of thirty miles of road before the 
 close of the year 1872, which fortunately this company have suc- 
 ceeded in accomplishing. Jacob Houghton was chosen Chief 
 Engineer ; and having located the line from Champion to L'Anse 
 during the winter, the construction was begun in the spring of 1871 
 at the L'Anse terminus, and on the i6th of Dec., 1872, the first 
 train passed over the entire line to Marquette, sixty-four miles ; the 
 whole having been placed under one management by the consoli- 
 dation of the two companies effected during the previous summer. 
 The completion of the road to L'Anse, exclusive of innumerable 
 other advantages, opens to market the products of several iron 
 mines, among the most promising of the region. 
 
 In anticipation of future shipments of ore from L'Anse, the 
 company have constructed at this terminus of the road an ex- 
 tensive dock, a full representation of which from careful drawings 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT. 63 
 
 is herewith presented.* They have also built, at this point, in a very 
 substantial manner, a round-house, turn-table, machine-shop, etc. 
 
 The charter of the company and the grant of lands provide for 
 the extension of the road to Ontonagon, and it is but reasonable to 
 assume that the energy, which has characterized the prosecution of 
 the enterprise thus far under its present efficient management, will 
 result in the accomplishment of the work before the expiration of 
 the time fixed by law. The length of the main line is 62 miles, of 
 branches 20 miles and of sidings 18 miles, making 100 miles of 
 road now constructed and in operation. 
 
 The dimensions and capacity of the company's railroad dock at 
 Marquette, a representation of which is given in the accompanying 
 view, are as follows : Total length, 1,222^ feet; working length, 
 720 feet ; height above water, 38 feet, and width of top, 53 feet, 
 on which are four tracks for cars. Whole number of pockets, situ- 
 ated on both sides, 136, of which 120 have a capacity of 55 tons 
 each, and 16 (steamboat-pockets) of 100 tons each. From both 
 sides 8 vessels can be loading at the same time, and 6,000 tons have 
 been loaded in a single day. Three vessels arrived on Saturday, 
 after 8 o'clock in the evening, and were loaded and gone early Sun- 
 day morning. Vessels with a capacity of 476 tons may be loaded 
 in one hour and fifteen minutes ; vessels of 683 tons, in one hour 
 and thirty-five minutes ; the average time is three hours. The ave- 
 rage capacity of vessels is about 650 tons, ranging from 400 for the 
 smallest to 1,100 for the largest. Total amount of ore shipped 
 over the dock from May I2th, 1872, to the following Nov. 25th, 
 301,210 tons, of which 75,000 tons were taken by steam, and 225,- 
 ooo by sail-vessels ; the estimated capacity of the dock, with a suffi- 
 cient number of vessels to receive the ore, is 500,000 tons. 
 
 The working capacity is indicated by the amount of rolling stock, 
 which at the opening of navigation, 1873, will consist of 1,600 ore- 
 cars, 5 box and platform-cars, 7 passenger and baggage-cars 
 and 28 locomotives. The present officers are : H. N. Walker, of 
 Detroit, President, S. P. Ely, Marquette, Vice-President, Moses 
 Taylor, New York, Treasurer, Freeman Norvell, Detroit, Secre- 
 tary, Jacob Houghton, Michigamme, Chief Engineer. 
 
 Directors : H. N. Walker, Detroit, C. H. Palmer, Pontiac, S. 
 
 * Appendix F., Vol. II. 
 
64 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 P. Ely, Marquette, John Steward, New York, Alexander Agassiz, 
 Boston, S. L. Smith, Lansing, George Jerome, Detroit, Moses 
 Taylor, New York, C. Francis Adams, Jr., Boston. 
 
 By the Peninsula division of the Chicago and Northwestern 
 Railway the distance from Escanaba to Lake Angeline is 67 T 3 ^ - 
 miles, and the branches completed and in course of construction, 
 3/3%- miles ; sidings, iSyW miles ; making a total length of track 
 between these points of I2I T W miles. 
 
 The total amount of track between Escanaba and Menominee is 
 65-1%- miles, of which 2^ are side-track, making a total amount of 
 track between Menominee and Lake Angeline, inclusive of sidings 
 and lurches, i86 1 8 Q s - miles. 
 
 Estimated amount of rolling stock, which will . be necessary and 
 available for the business of 1873, between Escanaba and Ne- 
 gaunee : 
 
 Number of locomotives 33 
 
 " ore-cars (750 of them 6-wheeled) 3,ooo 
 
 " other cars 100 
 
 For the estimated business between Escanaba and Menominee : 
 
 Number of locomotives 6 
 
 cars (exclusive of ore-cars) 100 
 
 S. C. Baldwin, Div. Supt. \ r M w p p 
 Marvin Hughitt, Gen. Supt. f C & N ' W ' R ' R ' 
 
 Statistics showing past production, with present condition and 
 capacity of the mines and furnaces of the Upper Peninsula, might 
 properly follow this historical sketch, thus bringing it to date and 
 supplying facts, which could not well have been incorporated into 
 the text. It was thought better, however, to arrange such informa- 
 tion in tabular form, which has been done on Plates XII. and XIII. 
 of Atlas, to which attention is here again called. 
 
 The Marquette Mining Journal, of Marquette, Mich., publishes 
 an interesting yearly exhibit of the product and condition of the 
 mines and furnaces. 
 
 In Appendix G, Vol. II., will be found statistics of population for 
 the whole Upper Peninsula, from the United States Census for 
 1870. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OF THE UPPER PENINSULA. 
 
 ( Where to Explore.} 
 I. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCK SYSTEMS. 
 
 IN prospecting for valuable minerals the intelligent explorer 
 should constantly observe several kinds of phenomena. If his 
 search degenerates into a simple blind hunt for ore, he would de- 
 serve the success of a hunter who went into a gameless region, or 
 who hunted for game whose habits he did not understand. The 
 following general geological facts and laws will possess value to the 
 explorer in enabling him to wisely select his field of labor and in 
 prosecuting his work. 
 
 As all the sandstone suitable for building, which has yet been 
 found in the Lake Superior region, belongs to a system of rocks 
 named by geologists Lower Silurian, and all the workable deposits 
 of iron ore have been found in another system called the Huronian, 
 while all the copper and workable silver, in a third system appears 
 known as the Copper-Bearing Rocks ; and as no workable deposits 
 of useful minerals have yet been found in the fourth and oldest sys- 
 tem, the Laurentian or granitic rocks, it follows, that it is of the 
 utmost importance to the explorer that he be acquainted with the 
 boundaries of these several fields and not waste his energies on un- 
 productive ground. I do not mean to assert that iron ore will not 
 be found in the Silurian sandstones, for in St. Lawrence County, 
 N. Y., and in the Maramec district, Missouri, valuable deposits of 
 ore exist in rocks of this age. Large deposits of iron ore also occur 
 in the Laurentian (granite) rocks of Canada and Northern New 
 York, and again, the iron ores of Thunder bay are contained in rocks 
 which the Canadian geologists declare to be the equivalents of our 
 Copper series ; but at this date it is a fact, that no workable depos- 
 its of iron ore have been found in the Upper Peninsula in rocks of 
 these systems, and an explorer or miner would not be considered 
 
66 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 wise, who should search for iron outside the Huronian limits. 
 It is not only important that he be acquainted with the boun- 
 daries of the four great rock systems, but also with their leading 
 characteristics. We will therefore first sketch in some detail the 
 geographical distribution of these systems, as developed on the 
 south shore of Lake Superior, beginning with the youngest and 
 uppermost. The reader should have before him the map of the 
 Upper Peninsula PL I. of the Atlas. The boundaries marked are 
 not always exact, but embody the best information available and 
 are not far wrong. 
 
 I. Lower Silurian. The Lower Silurian system, the youngest or 
 lowest division of the Palaeozoic rocks represented on the Upper 
 Peninsula, is made up of various sandstones and limestones which 
 are fully described in Dr. Rominger's Report, Part III. The entire 
 Peninsula, east of the meridian of Marquette, is underlaid by Silurian 
 rocks and the " Copper range" is flanked by a Silurian flat on the 
 south side, which separates it from the iron series, until the two, 
 together with the South copper range, come together west of Lake 
 Gogebic. 
 
 About two-thirds of the whole area of the Upper Peninsula, or 
 9,982 square miles, is underlaid by this system. 
 
 II. The Copper -bear ing Rocks, corresponding with the upper cop- 
 per-bearing rocks of the Canadian geologists, occupy a narrow belt 
 on the northwestern edge of the Upper Peninsula. These rocks 
 have less superficial extent than either of the other formations, 
 underlying only about 1,186 square miles, or, say 7 per cent, of the 
 whole surface. For descriptions of them see Prof. Pumpelly's 
 Report, Part II. 
 
 III. The Iron-bearing Rocks, corresponding, it is assumed, with 
 the Huronian system of Canada, consist of a series of extensively fold- 
 ed beds of diorite, quartzite, chloritic schists, clay and mica slates, 
 and graphitic shales, among which are intercalated extensive beds 
 of several varieties of iron ore. The same rocks occur on the east 
 and north shores of Lake Superior, where they also contain iron. 
 The Huronian area represented on the map equals about 1 ,992 square 
 miles, or nearly one-eighth of the whole area of the Upper Pen- 
 insula. 
 
 IV. The Granitic Rocks, which so far have produced no useful 
 minerals, and which are believed to be the equivalents of the Lau- 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCK SYSTEMS. 67 
 
 rentian of Canada, are represented as underlaying about 1,839 
 square miles, equal to 12 per cent, of the total area. 
 
 As our examinations in the southwestern part adjoining the Wis- 
 consin line have not been thorough, there is considerable uncertainty 
 regarding some of the lines dividing the Huronian and Laurentian 
 rocks, and a portion of this region, equal to about 668 square 
 miles, or 4 per cent, of the whole area, is left blank on the map. 
 
 While, as has been stated, it is not proven that iron ore may not 
 exist in the other great systems in workable quantities, there is 
 every reason to believe, that by far the greater part, if not all the 
 workable deposits, are contained in the Huronian area above 
 described. It must not, however, by any means be understood, 
 that all of this area is iron-bearing. The several iron districts, 
 which have been more or less explored, will be described in another 
 place ; they will be found to cover not more than about one-fifth 
 part of the Huronian area, or, say one-fortieth of the whole area of 
 the Upper Peninsula, and on less than one-half of this area have the 
 ores been proven to have commercial value. 
 
 Recapitulation . 
 
 I. Lower Silurian area, about 9,982 square miles. 
 
 II. Copper-bearing area, about .1,186 " 
 
 III. Huronian or Iron-bearing area, about. . 1,992 " 
 
 IV. Laurentian area, about 1,839 " - 
 
 Unknown area, about 668 ' ' 
 
 Total area of Upper Peninsula, 
 
 exclusive of islands, about 15,667 " 
 
 In a complete and systematically arranged geological sketch the 
 lithology of the four systems would properly belong here, but what 
 is written on this subject necessarily pertains almost entirely to the 
 Huronian, the whole matter will therefore be considered in Chapter 
 III., following, and in Appendices A, B and C, Vol. II. 
 
 II. TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 It is of importance to the prospecter to carefully observe the to- 
 pography or form of the surface, for it is well known that useful 
 
68 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 minerals generally occur in corresponding topographical positions 
 over considerable areas ; again, the topography is the very best key 
 to the nature of the underlying rocks, if these be concealed by earth, 
 as is often the case. As the human physiognomy indicates the 
 fundamental characteristics of the man, so the earth's physiognomy 
 suggests the forces and materials lying beneath. It is safe to assert 
 that within certain limits an experienced topographical geologist 
 can, from a correct topographical map, judge of the nature of the 
 rock underlying the surface represented ; and conversely, from a 
 geological map, he can predict the general form of the surface. In 
 the same way, an experienced explorer does not hesitate to express 
 an opinion as to whether he is on the " mineral range," from the 
 form of the ground. We will now sketch in some detail the charac- 
 teristic topography of the four great systems. 
 
 I. Silurian. The prevailing surface characteristic of the Silurian 
 region is a nearly level plain, underlaid by horizontal sandstones 
 and limestones, often swampy and sometimes, where fire has de- 
 stroyed the timber, a desert. The tame, flat, sandy and swampy 
 country along the line of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, be- 
 tween Escanaba and Negaunee, is underlaid by Silurian rocks, but is 
 far below the average in the value of its timber. Where rivers or wa- 
 ter-courses have cut into these rocks, or waves wasted them, perpen- 
 dicular bluffs are presented, which afford an excellent opportunity 
 to explore and study the formation. The famous " Pictured Rocks " 
 are bluffs of this character, from 50 to 200 feet high. From the top 
 of these bluffs the country is flat, proving that they are the results 
 of the action of water cutting its way into a horizontal plane, and 
 are not, so to speak, built up and completed hills like those of the 
 older rocks. 
 
 There is one apparent exception to this general flatness of the 
 Silurian topography. Many of the highest hills and mountains in 
 the Menominee iron region are capped with horizontal sandstone 
 and limestone, which is never found in the valleys ; the base, 
 however, embracing the great mass of these elevations is always 
 an old rock, and in the iron fields always Huronian. There 
 is no doubt but that the sandstone once filled the valleys, extend- 
 ing in an unbroken bed of irregular thickness across the whole of the 
 Menominee region, covering the older rocks, just as it now covers 
 them further east. Since its formation it has here been mostly 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 6 9 
 
 eroded, but still caps the elevations as described. If it were all gone, 
 the hills, made as they are, largely of highly inclined beds of 
 quartzite, marble and ferruginous rocks, would remain, but with 
 somewhat diminished heights. 
 
 Should the eastern part of the Upper Peninsula be elevated at 
 any future time, so as to bring the underlying azoic rocks above the 
 lake level, the Silurian rocks may there also become so eroded as to 
 only cap the Huronian hills, as they now do in the region described. 
 That the older rocks extend eastward under the Silurian, is, I sup- 
 pose, a geological necessity, and is, I think, directly proven by the 
 existence of local magnetic attractions in this Silurian area, which 
 are undoubtedly due to the existence of beds of iron ore in the under- 
 lying Huronian. The explorer in the Menominee region finds these 
 beds of sandstone much in his way, covering, as they do, in some in- 
 stances, the ores. 
 
 Small lakes of clear water, with sandy bottoms but no outlets, 
 are a characteristic feature of the Silurian area. The U. S. Survey 
 maps represent about one-half of the whole surface of these rocks, 
 which underlie the central and eastern portion of the Upper Penin- 
 sula, as swamp ; the solid rock has often been found within a few 
 feet of the surface in the swamp region. The western Silurian area 
 being the prolongation of the Keweenaw Bay valley west, and em- 
 bracing in part the Sturgeon, Ontonagon, Presquisle and Black 
 rivers, has fewer lakes, much less swamp, and is more broken, 
 than the eastern part already described. 
 
 Soft woods, including pine, are more prevalent on the Silurian 
 rocks than on the older series ; but on the other hand, some of the 
 finest bodies of sugar-maple and beech found on the Upper Penin- 
 sula, are on these rocks. Beech has not, so far as I know, been 
 found growing on the older rocks ; whether this be due to climatic or 
 soil influence has not been determined.* 
 
 The water divide, or height of land, of the central and east part of 
 the Peninsula, is much nearer Lake Superior than Lake Michigan. 
 It is an irregular line, approximately parallel with the shore of the 
 lake, having an elevation where it crosses the Peninsula railroad of 
 about 650 feet. See Map, PI. I. 
 
 II. Copper-bearing Rocks. There is probably no more striking 
 
 * A timber map has been prepared, but could not be published for want of means. 
 
70 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 topographical feature in Michigan, than the " Mineral " or Copper 
 range, including Keweenaw Peninsula, of which it is the back- 
 bone. Ranges would better express the fact, for west of the On- 
 tonagon river there are three ; the Main or central Range which ex- 
 tends from Keweenaw Point far into Wisconsin, being flanked on 
 the north by the Porcupine mountain range and on the south by 
 the South copper range, each separated from the other by broad 
 Silurian flats. The general trend of the three ranges is north, 60 
 east, and south 60 west, but they are not quite straight, as may 
 be seen on the map. The ridge is broad, generally more than three 
 miles, and the crest quite even, but is cut down to lake level at 
 Portage lake, and further west is deeply eroded by the Fire steel, 
 Flint steel, Ontonagon and other rivers. The surface of the ridge 
 or plateau is from 500 to 600 feet high in the vicinity of Portage 
 lake, and rises to a height of 884 feet at Mount Houghton, near 
 Keweenaw Point. Between the Ontonagon river and Lake Gogebic 
 the Central range attains, in isolated peaks, an elevation of 1,100 
 feet, and the Porcupine mountain range is over 900 feet high ; the 
 range is more broken towards the west, and in the vicinity of Rock- 
 land presents a series of oval mammillary hills with steep escarp- 
 ments on the south side. This is also the character of the South 
 copper range, between Lake Gogebic and Montreal river. 
 
 The iron range immediately south of the South copper range, and 
 west of Gogebic, is lower, the hills having more gentle slopes ; the 
 range being in places obscured by low ground. As this is the only 
 part of the Upper Peninsula, so far as I know, where the iron ex- 
 plorer may come in contact with copper rocks, it is important 
 to observe the topographical differences above noted, especially 
 as the copper traps in some places resemble the diorites or green- 
 stones of the iron region. Lakes and swamps, so numerous in 
 the iron and granite regions, are infrequent on the copper belt, 
 as must follow from the form of the surface. The reason for the 
 striking regularity in the leading topographical features of the copper 
 range is to be found in the great uniformity in the strike and dip of 
 the rocks, as is explained under Stratigraphy. The timber of the 
 copper range is generally sugar-maple, is abundant and of excel- 
 lent quality ; very little pine or other soft wood occurs here. 
 
 III. Iron-bearing Rocks. The topography of the Huronian 
 rocks differs essentially from that of either the Silurian, or the copper 
 
TOPOGRAPHY. 71 
 
 series. It is almost everywhere hilly and often mountainous, form- 
 ing peaks higher than any in the copper range ; but instead of a 
 continuous range, or series of parallel ranges, it is rather a broad 
 belt or irregular area of mountains, hills, swamps and lakes. It 
 may be said, that the ruling topographical features, especially the 
 mountains, have a general east and west trend, but there are nu- 
 merous exceptions to this law; for example, the Michigamme river, 
 from the lake to Republic mountain, runs northwest to southeast; 
 and Michigamme lake itself has a north-south arm, nearly as long as 
 the main lake, which runs east-west. The ridges west of Paint riv- 
 er, in T. 42, R. 33, run north-south, conforming with the bedding 
 of the rocks. 
 
 Probably one of the most persistent ridges in the Marquette region 
 is formed by the " lower quartzite," which outcrops on the shore of 
 Lake Superior just south of Marquette, and rising rapidly from the 
 lake it forms Mt. Mesnard on Sec. 34, T. 48, R. 25 ; from this peak 
 it extends westerly, crossing the railroad at the Morgan furnace, 
 then by way of the old Jackson Forge and along north side of Teal 
 lake to south side of Deer lake, it holds its westerly course for a 
 total aggregate distance of over 15 miles. The Chocolate and 
 Morgan flux quarries and the Teal lake whetstone quarry are in this 
 range. More persistent and conspicuous, and nearly as long, is the 
 Greenstone ridge, which skirts the north side of the Michigamme and 
 the Three lakes extending from the Bijiki river to the west end of 
 the First lake, a distance of eleven miles : points on this range are 
 three hundred feet above Michigamme lake, which is 950 feet above 
 Lake Superior. Summit mountain, one mile easterly from the 
 Foster Mine, is one of the prominent landmarks of the region, 
 looking as it does from an elevation of about 1,300 feet over the 
 flat granite and Silurian region to the south. It forms one of a 
 chain of hills which extend from the south end of Lake Fairbanks 
 westerly for about 10 miles, but which form in no sense a ridge. 
 
 The mountains, or hill ranges, above described are exceptional in 
 their regularity and continuity. Broken chains of irregular hills and 
 short ridges of various sizes, separated by lakes and swamps, is the 
 prevailing character ; the highest hills are seldom over 300 feet 
 above the low grounds at their base and about 1,300 feet above 
 Lake Superior. Outcrops of rock, forming often perpendicular 
 
 ledges of moderate height, are more numerous in the iron-bearing 
 6 
 
72 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 rocks, than in either of the systems described, except in the westerly 
 part of the copper range. Although the relief of the surface is con- 
 siderably modified by drift, it is generally plain that the strike, 
 dip, and texture of the underlying rock has determined the general 
 outline or contour; we should therefore expect that the great varia- 
 tion in these rocks, hereafter to be described, would produce this 
 varied topography. 
 
 The topography of the Marquette region is very like the iron 
 region of southern New York and northern New Jersey, except in 
 its smaller elevations ; a profile running north and south through 
 the Jackson Mine, Marquette, would closely resemble a profile 
 running northwest and southeast through the Sterling Mine, New 
 York, platted say to half the scale. 
 
 Passing to the Menominee iron region, we find greater simplicity 
 in the geological structure and a correspondingly less varied surface. 
 
 Obeying the influences of the great rock beds beneath, the 
 elevations there have a tolerably uniform east-west trend and 
 consequent parallelism. The south iron range, of which the 
 Breen Mine is the east end so far as known, can be traced 
 through a greater part of its course by a ridge, often bold, which 
 crosses Town. 39, R. 29, and T. 40, R. 30, for a distance of over 15 
 miles, the bearing being west-northwest. The north iron range, 
 about 12 miles from the other in the south part of Town. 42, 
 Ranges 28, 29 and 30, is in places a prominent topographical fea- 
 ture. The capping, of horizontal sandstones, which has already 
 been mentioned as characterizing the Menominee hills, gives a 
 somewhat more even character to the crest lines, and in places 
 produces a strikingly different profile. 
 
 The Gogebic and Montreal river range, above referred to, is 
 better marked by its running parallel with and lying south of the 
 South copper range, than by any essential character of its own. 
 
 IV. Laurentian. The surface of the granite country south of the 
 Marquette region, at the same time the most extensive and best 
 known, is not unlike that of the iron-bearing rocks on a much 
 smaller scale. There are no mountains, the hills are lower, being 
 usually mere knobs, seldom exceeding 50 feet in height ; the ridges 
 shorter and swamps more numerous. A coarse pitting of the sur- 
 face, or promiscuous sprinkling of little hills, and low, short ridges 
 may convey the idea. Sometimes the knobs range themselves in 
 
TOPOGRAPHY STRA TIGRAPHY. 73 
 
 lines constituting low ridges, with jagged crest line ; these ridges, 
 when near the Huronian rocks, are usually parallel with them ; if 
 they have any prevailing direction, it is east and west. 
 
 Perpendicular walls of granitic gneiss 15 to 40 feet in height 
 sometimes face the ridges for several hundred feet in length, con- 
 stituting the most regular topographical feature within the Lauren- 
 tian area. 
 
 Small beaver meadows are common here as in the other rocks, 
 and sometimes a succession of dams, one above the other, forms a 
 long narrow meadow, which produces considerable quantities of 
 wild hay. 
 
 This region was once heavily timbered, largely with pine, which 
 has been prostrated by a hurricane, and since burned over several 
 times. The soil, naturally light, has burned up and so washed away, 
 as to expose the white-gray, pink and dark-green rocks in every 
 direction, affording an unsurpassed opportunity to study this series; 
 the boulders are very numerous and often of great size. The light 
 colors of the rock, scarcity of vegetation and an abundance Oi 
 standing trunks of dead trees give the landscape a peculiar aspect ; 
 but a second growth of poplar and wild cherry is rapidly changing 
 this dismal character. 
 
 The fallen timber, swamps, steep bluffs and ledges, and numer- 
 ous boulders, make travelling through the Laurentian area difficult 
 and laborious in the highest degree. Florida swamps have denser 
 vegetation and are much larger ; sea-coast marshes often have more 
 mud ; the highlands of the Hudson present more formidable eleva- 
 tions, but, all in all, the writer believes it requires more physical ex- 
 ertion to travel 5 miles per day (all a man can accomplish with a pack) 
 through Lake Superior granite windfall, than in any other region 
 east of the Mississippi. The trees were prostrated by north- 
 westerly winds, judging by the direction in which they lie ; persons 
 have travelled in a southeasterly direction on the trunks of fallen 
 trees (mostly pine) for over a mile without once touching the 
 ground. 
 
 III. STRATIGRAPHY. 
 
 Scarcely second to the two classes of phenomena already men- 
 tioned is the observance of the rock masses, or strata, as to their 
 
74 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 direction or strike, and inclination or dip ; the order of their super- 
 position and thickness ; but more important than either is to ascer- 
 tain between what rocks the mineral sought for occurs. Useful 
 minerals which occur in beds, like the iron ores of Lake Superior, 
 will usually be overlaid and underlayed by rocks, having different 
 characters and which maintain those characters for considerable dis- 
 tances. Next to finding the ore itself, it is desirable to find the 
 hanging or footwall rock. Whoever identifies the upper quartzite 
 in the Marquette region, or the upper marble in the Menominee 
 region, has a sure key to the discovery of any ore that may exist 
 in the vicinity. 
 
 With few exceptions, all the rocks in the region we are describing 
 are stratified that is, arranged in more or less regular beds or lay- 
 ers, which are sometimes horizontal, but usually highly inclined. 
 This stratification or bedding is generally indicated by a difference 
 in color of the several layers, oftentimes by a difference in the ma- 
 terial itself, but occasionally the only difference is in the texture or 
 size and arrangement of the minerals, making up the rock. Thus, 
 rocks made of quartz, sand and pebbles, may vary from a fine 
 sandstone to a coarse conglomerate. In general, a striped rock, 
 whether the stripes be broad or narrow, plain or obscure, on fresh 
 fracture or weathered surface, is a stratified rock. Usually rocks 
 split easier on the bedding planes, than in any other direction ; but 
 the converse is true in the case of most clay slates and in some 
 other rocks, which split more easily on their joints and cleavage 
 planes, the direction of which seldom coincides with the bedding 
 and is often at right angles with it. If a rock splits most easily 
 along its striping, it is always safe to assume, the true bedding 
 planes have been found. Such planes are supposed to have had 
 their origin in the original deposition of the mud and sand, of which 
 most rocks are made. Similar marks can be seen in excavations 
 in sand and clay, which may be regarded as unconsolidated rocks. 
 The cleavage and joint planes above indicated, which are always 
 more regular in strike and dip, than the others, are supposed to 
 have originated from pressure, subsequent to the formation of 
 the rock. 
 
 The term plane, as used in describing bedding, must not be un- 
 derstood to signify a straight-line surface ; on the contrary, they 
 are usually curved planes, sometimes folding and doubling on each 
 
STRATIGRAPHY. 75 
 
 other, so as to produce a very intricate structure. Not only do 
 these plicatures take place on the small scale, as shown in hand 
 specimens, but precisely similar folds exist in masses of rock, which 
 may be hundreds of feet thick. The resulting curved strata take 
 the name of troughs or basins, if the convexity is downward, the 
 general term synclinal structure being applied to this form. Con- 
 necting the synclinal troughs and basins are anticlinal domes and 
 saddles. The whole may be described as rolling or wave-like 
 forms. Sometimes the power which produced the folds seemed 
 greater than the rocks could bear, and cracks or breaks, &&& faults 
 or throws, are the result, though these are not numerous in the 
 Lake Superior region. Cracks so produced and filled with mate- 
 rial, other than that constituting the adjacent rocks, are called dykes / 
 or if the material be crystalline and metalliferous, veins. As iron 
 ore in workable quantities does not occur in this form in this region, 
 vein phenomena will not be considered here. 
 
 An examination of the four great rock systems will illustrate and 
 prove the above remarks on stratification. 
 
 I. Beginning, as before, with the uppermost or youngest, which 
 is at the same time the softest and lightest rock, the Silurian 
 brown and gray sandstones and limestones, so well exposed on the 
 south shore of Lake Superior, we have a perfect illustration of the 
 regular and horizontal bedding, without folds, faults, or dykes. 
 An inspection of the Marquette quarry, or any of the numerous 
 natural exposures, will convince any one that these rocks are but 
 consolidated sandbanks. 
 
 II. The Copper-bearing Rocks. Some beds of this series are 
 sandstones nearly or quite identical with the Silurian in appearance, 
 but the great mass is made up of different varieties of copper trap , 
 which are often amygdaloidal ; interstratified are beds of a peculiar 
 conglomerate. The stratification of these rocks, considered in large 
 masses, is nearly as regular as the sandstones, and differs only in 
 the fact that the layers are inclined, dipping northwest and north 
 toward Lake Superior at a varying angle, which seems to be great- 
 est on the south side of the range, and is there often vertical. It is 
 least at Keweenaw Point, where it is as low as 23. 
 
 III. The Iron-bearing or Huronian Rocks are immediately be- 
 neath, and are exposed to the south of the copper rocks. This 
 series are, on the average, heavier and harder, than either of the 
 
76 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 others and folded to a far greater degree. The prevailing rock is a 
 greenstone or diorite, in which, like the copper traps, the bedding 
 is usually obscure ; but the intercalated schists and slates which 
 usually bear strong marks of stratification, make it usually not diffi- 
 cult to determine the dip of the beds at any point. This dip varies 
 both in amount and direction, but is generally at a high angle, 
 and is more apt to be to the north or south than in any other di- 
 rection. 
 
 IV. Descending to the oldest or bottom rocks of the Lake Supe- 
 rior country, the granites and associated beds (Laitrentiaii), we find 
 the bedding indications still more obscure and often entirely want- 
 ing. Here there is, if possible, more irregularity in strike and dip, 
 than in the Huronian. 
 
 IV. BOULDERS (FLOAT ORE). 
 
 Fragments of iron ore which have been detached from the parent 
 ledge and are found loose on the surface, or in the drift beneath, pos- 
 sess great interest to the explorer, and are among his most impor- 
 tant helps and guides. The same remarks are applicable, but to a 
 less extent, to boulders of other rocks. As a rule, in the iron region 
 of Lake Superior, it is safe to assume, that when boulders of a par- 
 ticular variety of rock are abundant on the surface, a ledge of the 
 same will be found in place very near if not immediately under 
 the boulders, then up hill from them, or perhaps a little to the north 
 or east ; the more angular or sharp-cornered the boulders, the 
 nearer we would expect to find the ledge. 
 
 In the Menominee region it may almost be said, that this rule is 
 invariable, as there seems to have been less movement of the drift 
 material here than farther to the north. 
 
 In the Michigamme district a large amount of float ore is found 
 some distance south of the iron range, part of the fragments being 
 very large and containing at least 100 tons of ore. Sections 19, 
 29, and 30 of T. 48, R. 30, and Sections 25, 36, and 35 of T. 
 48, R. 31, contain many such boulders, which were probably de- 
 rived from the Michigamme range. Considerable digging has been 
 done at several of the larger boulders, which has failed to find the 
 ore in place, and the magnetic attractions are of a character which 
 
BOULDERS (FLOAT ORE). 77 
 
 indicate detached boulders and not a continuous ledge. For mode 
 of distinguishing boulders of magnetic ore, see chapter on use of the 
 magnetic needle. 
 
 These Michigamme ore boulders are all found south of the iron 
 range which produced them, and but few at a greater distance 
 than two and one-half miles, most of them being much nearer. 
 This southerly and westerly direction of the drift is, so far as I 
 know, universal in the iron region of the Upper Peninsula, and 
 it is fully confirmed by the direction of the drift scratches in 
 the solid rock, which vary from north to east, averaging about 
 northeast and southwest. 
 
 Therefore, if iron boulders be found in considerable abundance, 
 the explorer may assume, especially if they are angular, that he has 
 iron underneath the surface ; if rounded or abraded, the ledge 
 may be to the north or east. If the boulders be magnetic, 
 the place of the ledge should be found, with comparative ease, by 
 means of the needle ; but if specular, it may be an expensive and 
 difficult work. Soft hematite, from its nature, can never occur in 
 the form of boulders, as it would weather into a reddish soil. Iron 
 boulders are often met with in digging test-pits and shafts ; in such 
 instances, if near the ledge, I have generally found the ore in place 
 very near ; if considerably above it in the drift, the same rules 
 would apply as to surface boulders. 
 
 Attention should be given to the character of boulders other than 
 iron, which may be associated with it, or found where there is no 
 iron. Occasional granite boulders occur everywhere in the Lake 
 Superior iron region and have no economic significance. I have 
 never seen an abundance of granite boulders, however, except over 
 granitic rocks, and so far, these rocks have not produced work- 
 able deposits of iron. 
 
 Boulders of quartzite, diorite and slate usually accompany those 
 of iron in the Marquette region, and marble boulders, as well as 
 quartzite, are most significant in the Menoininee region. 
 
 The above laws, regarding the occurrence of iron boulders, give 
 the facts regarding their geographical distribution great importance 
 in iron explorations. If, where there are iron boulders, we may 
 confidently look for iron, then conversely, where there are none, 
 we should not expect to find iron. I do not assert that every de- 
 posit of hard ore is marked by float or boulders, but, so far as the 
 
;8 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 facts have come to my knowledge, this is the case in the region 
 under consideration. 
 
 Except in one or two instances, which have not been verified, I 
 have heard of no iron boulders in the so-called silver-lead region, 
 which extends north from the Marquette iron region to Lake Su- 
 perior, which would lead one to believe, that merchantable hard ores 
 will be found there. And except the L'Anse range in north part of 
 T. 49, R. 33, this is true of the belt of country, west from the so-called 
 silver-lead region. The region, without iron boulders, may be brief- 
 ly described by saying, that it is bounded west and south by the line 
 of the Peninsula division of the Chicago and Northwestern, and 
 by the Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon railways. In other 
 words, a person travelling by rail from Escanaba through Negaunee 
 to L'Anse would have the region of iron boulders on the left, and 
 the boulderless region on the right hand, or towards the lake. 
 
 Limiting their distribution still further, we may say, that iron 
 boulders have only been found in quantity and quality, which would 
 point toward economic importance in (i.) T. 45, R. 25, in the vicin- 
 ity of the S. C. Smith mine, which is the most easterly locality in 
 which they have been observed on the Upper Peninsula of Mich- 
 igan ; (2.) the Negaunee and Michigamme iron districts, extending in 
 belts of irregular width from Negaunee west to the First lake 
 in S. 17, T. 48, R. 31 ; (3.) the L'Anse iron range, in north part 
 of T. 49, R. 33 ; (4.) south and southwest from Michigamme lake, 
 embracing wholly or in part Towns. 44 to 47 north, and Ranges 
 39 to 32 west; (5.) the Menominee iron region, embracing wholly 
 or in part Towns. 39 to 42 north, and from Range 28 west to the 
 Menominee and Brule rivers, but not west of Range 33 ; (6.) the 
 Lake Gogebic and Montreal river iron belt, south of the South 
 copper range. 
 
 Hunting for boulders is something like hunting game ; when on 
 the ground the best woodsman, the most active and observant will 
 be the most successful, assuming, of course, that he knows at sight 
 what he is looking for. (See chapter on Explorations.) I have 
 found Indians good help in this kind of work, and believe that 
 the incentive of a bonus in money for boulders or outcrops is 
 often good policy. The best places in which to observe boulder 
 phenomena is in the beds of rapid streams and under the roots of 
 trees, the latter, probably, having been the most fruitful field. A 
 
BOULDERS (FLOAT ORE}. 79 
 
 windfall is as good as five thousand dollars' worth of test-pits to the 
 section. 
 
 With boulder phenomena may be classed the reddish or brownish 
 earth, which comes from the disintegration of iron ore rocks of a he- 
 matitic character, and magnetic sand, which is very generally distrib- 
 uted, and which comes from the disintegration of magnetic ore. 
 Such material may, for our purposes, be regarded as made up of 
 minute boulders and the same remarks will apply, except that 
 I should not expect to find red earth far removed from the ferrugi- 
 nous rock which produced it. Minute quantities of magnetic sand 
 can be found almost everywhere in this region, 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 LITHOLOGY.* (Mineral Composition and Classification of Rocks.'] 
 
 IN the preceding sketch the terms sandstone, limestone, con- 
 glomerate, trap, diorite, granite, etc., occur. It is evident that no 
 satisfactory and useful progress can be made in geological field- 
 work, which includes prospecting, until one has learned to recog- 
 nize and name the more common varieties of rock. For this pur- 
 pose we have to give attention to their mineral composition, that is, 
 we must ascertain of what simple mineral or minerals the rock in 
 question is chiefly made up and to observe, whether such minerals 
 are angular, presenting bright facets (crystalline), or whether they 
 are rounded like sand and gravel (fragmental). Not only must the 
 prospector be able to recognize at sight the mineral he is seeking, 
 but in case it is not exposed, which often happens, then those rocks, 
 which are known to indicate its presence or absence. Experienced 
 prospectors will not spend much time in looking for iron among 
 granite rocks, nor in the copper traps, nor yet in the region of hori- 
 zontal sandstones and limestones. 
 
 The mineral composition of rocks, by which they are identified, 
 described and named, constitutes the science of Lithology, one of 
 the most abstruse departments of Geology. A high authority on 
 this subject has remarked : " In all attempts to define and classify 
 rocks, it should be borne in mind that they are not definite lithologi- 
 cal species, but admixtures of two or more mineralogical species, 
 and can only be arbitrarily defined and limited." When rocks 
 present recognizable crystalline minerals, the task of describing and 
 naming is comparatively easy ; but when the constituent minerals 
 are obscure, as is often the case in the rocks we are considering, the 
 attempt to employ specific names, which shall define such vaguely 
 compounded aggregates, will be exceedingly difficult. 
 
 * The stratigraphical order of the rocks here considered will be found in the succeeding 
 chapter. 
 
LITHOLOGY. 8 1 
 
 The difficulty may be illustrated by supposing, were an attempt 
 made, to give such name to a common brick, as will designate its 
 composition and structure. Bricks are made in general of sand and 
 clay, but several varieties of sand, and as many of clay, are employed 
 in different localities, which, being mixed in various proportions and 
 differently burned, give rise to a wide variation in composition and 
 appearance and could not be expressed by a single word or term. 
 In the case of rocks we have, of course, no previous knowledge of 
 the numerous ingredients employed in their composition, by which 
 the difficulty is greatly increased. It may seem at first sight, as if 
 chemical analysis should form a reliable basis for rock nomencla- 
 ture, but this is not the case. Van Cotta asserts, that a rock contain- 
 ing/2 silica, II alumina, 2.8 oxide of iron, I lime, 1.2 magnesia, 
 1.2 potash, 2 soda and 0.4 water, may be either a granite or a 
 gneiss, protogine, granulite, quartz-porphyry, felsite, petrosilex, 
 pitch-stone, trachyte-porphyry, obsidian, or pearlstone ; and by 
 giving a little range in the percentages of some of the constituents, 
 half a dozen other rock names could be added. Here we have 
 eleven different rocks, having precisely the same chemical composi- 
 tion, but widely different in physical character. 
 
 It must be borne in mind, in studying this subject, that the solid 
 crust of the globe is almost entirely made up of ten or eleven simple 
 chemical elements, which variously combined, according to the laws 
 of chemistry, produce the few minerals which in turn, mechanically 
 mixed, constitute ordinary rocks; hence we should expect, that the 
 average chemical composition of a series of rocks, wherever found 
 and of whatever character, would nearly agree. 
 
 The materials of the first formed rocks, whatever their origin, 
 have been w r orked over and over by rains and waves and chemical 
 forces, distributed over sea-bottoms, consolidated and elevated, to 
 pass again through the same process by just such means, as are now 
 at work in producing similar results. 
 
 The reader who may not be familiar with the physical characters 
 and composition of the minerals quartz, feldspar, hornblende, 
 chlorite, talc, argillite, mica and the oxides of iron and manganese, 
 which make up the great bulk of the rocks herein described, is ad- 
 vised to refer to some elementary work on geology or mineralogy. 
 
 Extensive rock formations are now generally named after the 
 locality, where they were first thoroughly studied, or are best ex- 
 
82 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 posed, and their minor beds and layers are often named according 
 to their peculiar mineral composition, or with reference to their 
 relative age, that is, order of superposition. The names Laurentian, 
 Huronian and Silurian are geographical names of the first class. No 
 attempt will here be made to describe the lithological character of 
 either the Copper bearing traps, conglomerates and sandstones, nor 
 the Silurian sandstones and limestones ; these will be fully treated 
 by Prof. Pumpelly and Dr. Rominger, respectively. What has 
 been and will hereafter be said of the geographical distribution and 
 topographical and stratigraphical character of these rocks was con- 
 sidered necessary, to acquaint the prospector and explorer with 
 those general principles of geology, which lie at the foundation of 
 intelligent and successful work. Whoever would become thor- 
 oughly acquainted with these systems is referred to Parts II. and 
 III. of this volume. A number of specimens from the Laurentian 
 are described in Appendix A, Vol. II. (see descriptions 252 to 299) ; 
 but they do not cover all the lithological families represented in that 
 system. 
 
 In subdividing the Huronian or iron-bearing series, which we 
 have particularly to study, the rocks have been grouped (i) litho- 
 logically, i.e., according to their mineral composition, and (2) 
 str atigrap hie ally , i.e., according to relative age. As this system 
 was first described and named by the Canadian geologists, their 
 names have been employed as far as possible in the body of this 
 report ; the identity in composition of many of our rocks with 
 theirs, having been established by an examination of a large number 
 of Marquette specimens by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt. 
 
 Alexis A. Julien, A.M., of the School of Mines, New York, has 
 made careful studies, both in the field and laboratory, of a large 
 number of specimens from the Lake Superior region, his results 
 being in part given in Appendix A, Vol. II. As his paper was not 
 obtained in time to modify this chapter and the geological descrip- 
 tions which follow, in accordance with Mr. Julien's nomenclature 
 and orthography, what follows may be regarded as an independent 
 and popular presentation of this subject, which is scientifically and 
 more fully treated in the Appendix, the practical needs of the ex- 
 plorer and miner being here chiefly considered. 
 
 The specimens examined by Mr. Julien are in part from the 
 Marquette region ; the L'Anse, Menominee, and Gogebic districts 
 
LITHOLOGY. 83 
 
 are also well represented, thus embracing an area over 125 miles long 
 and having an extreme width of 60 miles. The specimens described 
 belong to a catalogued collection, numbering over 2,500 specimens, 
 being probably the most complete suite of rocks from the Azoic of 
 the Upper Peninsula yet collected. Those from the Montreal river 
 and Gogebic district were collected by Prof. R. Pumpelly and my- 
 self, and are believed to be the first described from that region. 
 Prof. Pumpelly took very full lithological notes in the field, but has 
 not yet, so far as I know, made them public. Dr. H. Credner's 
 publications are very full on the lithology of the Menominee 
 region, he having spent two seasons in that field. 
 
 Appendix B, Vol. II., contains a list (named by Mr. Julien) of 
 the specimens constituting the State collection, over thirty duplicate 
 suites of which were collected and have been distributed among the 
 incorporated colleges of Michigan and other leading institutions and 
 cabinets, of this country and Europe. 
 
 Appendix C, Vol. II., contains a list of 76 specimens, number 
 1,001 to 1,076, determined by the microscope by Chas. E. Wright, 
 under the direction of the Faculty of the School of Mines, Freiberg, 
 Saxony. A suite of these rocks is at Freiberg and others in Michigan. 
 
 The several beds or layers of the Huronian system, as developed 
 in the Marquette region, are numbered upwards from I. to XIX., 
 always written in Roman numerals. These strata being particularly 
 described as to thickness, geographical extent, etc., in following 
 chapters, it need here only be said in general that I., II., III., IV. are 
 composed of beds of silicious ferruginous schist, alternating with 
 chloritic schists and diorites, the relations of which have not been 
 fully made out ; V. is a quartzite, sometimes containing marble and 
 beds of argillite and novaculite ; VI., VIII. and X. are silicious fer- 
 ruginous schists; VII., IX. and XL are dioritic rocks, varying 
 much in character ; XIII. is the bed which contains all the rich spe- 
 cular and magnetic ore, associated with mixed ore and magnesian 
 schist ; XIV. is a quartzite, often conglomeritic ; XV. is argillite or 
 clay slate; XVI. is uncertain, it contains some soft hematite ; XVII. 
 is anthophyllitic schist, containing iron and manganese ; XVIII. is 
 doubtful ; XIX. is mica schist, containing staurolite, andalusite and 
 garnets. This classification, it will be borne in mind, applies only 
 to the Marquette region, the equivalency of the rocks of the Meno- 
 minee and other regions not having been fully made out. 
 
84 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 These beds appear to be metamorphosed sedimentary strata, 
 having many folds or corrugations, thereby forming in the Mar- 
 quette region an irregular trough or basin, which, commencing on 
 the shore of Lake Superior, extends west more than forty miles. 
 The upturned edges of these rocks are quite irregular in their trend 
 and present numerous outcrops. While some of the beds present 
 lithological characters so constant, that they can be identified 
 wherever seen, others undergo great changes. Marble passes into 
 quartzite, which in turn graduates into novaculite ; diorites, almost 
 porphyritic, are the equivalents of soft magnesian schists. In this 
 fact is found the objection to designating beds by their lithological 
 character, while to numbers or geographical names no such objec- 
 tion exists. The total thickness of the whole series in the Marquette 
 region is least at Lake Superior, where only the lower beds exist, 
 and greatest at Lake Michigamme, where the whole nineteen are ap- 
 parently present, and may have an aggregate thickness of 5,000 feet. 
 
 Near the junction of the Huronian and Laurentian systems, in the 
 Marquette region, are several varieties of gneissic rocks, composed 
 in the main of crystalline feldspar, with glassy quartz and much 
 chlorite. Intersecting these are beds of hornblendic schist, argillite 
 and sometimes chloritic schist. These rocks are entirely beneath all 
 of the iron beds, seem to contain no useful minerals or ores and are 
 of uncertain age. No attempt is here made to describe or classify 
 them. 
 
 The following description and classification has resulted from an ex- 
 amination of a large number of specimens of " ore and rock," col- 
 lected with the view of embracing all varieties found in the iron- 
 bearing series of the Marquette region, together with a study of the 
 parent masses in the field, which latter is of great importance on 
 account of the variations in composition of the same bed, to which 
 attention has been directed. 
 
 The specific gravity of over five hundred specimens, weighing 
 from 3,000 to 10,000 grains, was determined by a balance, which 
 turned when loaded, by the addition of two grains. The magnetic 
 properties were carefully examined and are given in part in the 
 chapter on the magnetism of rocks. Most of the specimens exam- 
 ined were arranged into ten lithological groups (having no refer- 
 ence to age), which are designated in what follows by the first ten 
 letters of the alphabet. When a specimen represented a very 
 
LITHOLOGY. 85 
 
 small and unimportant layer, it was thrown out as exceptional and 
 not important to the object of this report. 
 
 It must be constantly borne in mind, that the divisions between 
 these ten lithological groups or families are not sharply marked ; 
 one passes into the other by insensible gradations, thus producing 
 many intermediate varieties, which it was difficult, if not impossible, 
 to classify or describe. The first family, A, will include all valu- 
 able iron ores, the remaining nine (B to J) will include "rocks." 
 But as iron ore, in large masses, has all the geological characters of 
 the associated rocks, the popular general classification of minerals 
 into "ores" and "rocks" will be disregarded except as above 
 mentioned. Except in a few instances, where Mr. Julien's collection 
 was incomplete, all minute lithological descriptions have been 
 omitted, for such, frequent reference will be made to his paper ; 
 and for the reason that he had not access to maps and sections, 
 which gave the stratigraphical distribution of the various rocks, this 
 part has been made quite full in that respect. 
 
 In a few instances reference is made to the full suite of Marquette 
 rocks, numbered 6,000 to 6,222, deposited by me in the cabinet of 
 the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor. 
 
 A. IRON ORES. 
 (Occurring in formations X., XII., XIII. and below V.) 
 
 Only such ores as are now employed in the manufacture of iron will 
 be described under this head. They are in order of present supply, 
 the (a) specular hematite or red specular ore, as this class is designa- 
 ted in the iron trade ; (b) the magnetic ; (c) the " mixed " or second- 
 class ore, which may be either specular or magnetic ; (d) the soft 
 hematite, and (e) the flag ores. Another variety, the magnetic 
 specular, might be added, which, as the name implies, is a mixture 
 of the black and red oxides, which gives a purple streak. The local 
 terms " hard," embracing both the magnetic and specular ores, and 
 " soft," for the soft hematites, are convenient. 
 
 The commercial statistics, modes of mining, and composition will 
 be considered under their proper heads,* attention being directed 
 here chiefly to the mineralogical and physical character of each 
 
 * See Chapters IX. and X., Plate XIII. of Atlas, and Appendix J, Vol. II. 
 
86 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 ore. Under Woodcraft and Surface Explorations, Chapter VII., 
 are given some brief practical rules for distinguishing iron ores, for 
 the benefit of those, who know little or nothing of rocks. 
 
 All the specular, magnetic, and mixed ores, and apart of the soft 
 hematites, are found in one formation ; bed XIII. of my arrange- 
 ment, which has its most easterly exposure near the Jackson mine 
 and extends irregularly and indefinitely westward, embracing all 
 the mines now producing rich hard ore. 
 
 It may be said of these ores in general, that they are essentially- 
 oxides of iron, with a few per cent, of silica added, and generally 
 contain minute quantities of sulphur and phosphorus, but no tita- 
 nium. Alumina in quantity not exceeding two and one-half per 
 cent., with one-fourth as much manganese, is sometimes found, 
 together with alkalies, which seldom aggregate over one and one- 
 half per cent. The soft hematites are in part hydrated sesqui- 
 oxides, hence contain water and usually more silica, than the hard 
 ores ; traces of organic matter are sometimes found, and manganese 
 is almost exclusively confined, to the soft ores. Many specimens of 
 specular and magnetic ore have been analyzed, which gave ninety- 
 eight per cent, of oxide of iron, the balance being nearly pure 
 silica. For numerous analyses of all the ores, see Chapter X., 
 Appendix J, Vol. II., and Plate XIII. of Atlas. Weathering has 
 no appreciable effect on the hard ores, except to crumble and cover 
 with soil the more granular varieties. The exposed surfaces of the 
 compact ores (by far the most prevalent variety) are of almost as 
 high lustre as fresh fractures, and are often highly polished, show- 
 ing no weathered coating like almost all other rocks. In the 
 " mixed ores " the jasper bands are sometimes slightly elevated 
 on the weathered surface, due to their greater hardness. 
 
 a. Red Specular Ores. Miners divide these into slate and granu- 
 lar. The former resembles closely in its structure the soft greenish 
 chloritic schists, commonly associated with it. The slabs, into which 
 the slate ore easily splits, are not uniform in thickness like roofing- 
 slate, but taper always in one and often in three ways, producing 
 elongated pieces often resembling in form a short, stout, two-edged 
 sword-blade, with surfaces as bright as polished steel, but striated and 
 uneven. See Specimens 46, 47, 48, State Collection, Appendix B, 
 Vol. II., and 1,050 Appendix C, Vol. II. Thin edges of such slates 
 can be pulverized into a bright scaly powder by the finger-nail, and 
 
L1THOLOGY. 87 
 
 occasionally the whole mass is too friable for economic handling. 
 The magnet will generally lift one or two per cent, of the powdered 
 ore, and occasionally one-fourth of the whole, in which case the 
 streak is purple. These last, constituting magnetic slates, are more 
 friable than the pure red specular slates, due in some way to the 
 larger admixture of magnetite. See Specimen 49> State Collection, 
 Appendix B, Vol. II. 
 
 The granular or massive specular ore shows no tendency to split 
 in slabs, and is made up usually of minute crystalline grains, which 
 are sometimes, however, so large that their octahedral form can be 
 easily recognized without the aid of a lens ; fine specimens of this 
 variety occur at the Cleveland and New York Mines. Mineralogists 
 apply the name mar tit e to the red oxide of iron, when it has the 
 crystalline form of the octahedron, which belongs to magnetic ore. 
 See Specimens 2, 43, 44 and 45, State Collection, Appendix B, Vol. 
 II. It is not improbable, that all of the granular specular ores under 
 consideration may have once been magnetic and in some way have 
 gained the two per cent, of oxygen necessary to change them from 
 black to red oxides. See Dana's System of Mineralogy, 5th ed., 
 p. 142. 
 
 The granular ore is generally firm in texture and never friable, like 
 the granular magnetic. Some highly compacted varieties, which 
 contain a little silica, are very hard, constituting the hardest rock to 
 drill which the miner encounters. This variety is called the " fine- 
 grained steely ore ; " some specimens of it possess almost the high- 
 est specific gravity observed, 5.23, while the rich softer ores of the 
 same class averaged about 4.85. See Spec. 45, State Collection, 
 Appendix B, Vol. II. 
 
 From the examination of a considerable number of specimens of 
 red ore, it was found that the magnet would usually lift an appreci- 
 able portion of the powder. In the case of one coarse-grained 
 specimen of pure ore from the New York mine, one-third of the 
 pulverized ore was removed by the magnet. Spec. 1060, App. C, 
 Vol. II. The percentage of powder lifted by a magnet in twenty- 
 one specimens, together with color of powder, is given in Table, 
 App. H, Vol. II. Numerous specific-gravity determinations of this 
 variety of ore will be found in App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 b. Magnetic Ore. The description given above of the granular 
 specular ore applies with equal force to this class, except that the 
 7 
 
88 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 latter is more of granular and often friable, has the magnetic property 
 and gives a black or purple powder instead of red. Sometimes 
 the rich magnetites crumble easily into grains, like some Lake 
 Champlain ores, to which the term " shot ore " is applied ; again, it 
 is very hard, as in Pit No. 8 of the Washington mine. See Specs. 39, 
 40, 41 and 42, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. The compact tabular 
 form so frequent in the magnetic ores of New Jersey and Southern 
 New York is not common in the best ores of the Marquette region, 
 nor are the latter ores as highly magnetic as the former, or at least 
 good loadstones are not so common ; the ore from the Magnetic 
 mine (see Spec. 17, State Coll.) has most of this tabular character. 
 Typical slate ores occur with the magnetites, but they are of 
 the character already described, that is, mixtures of the two 
 oxides, the magnet not removing over one-fourth of the powder, 
 while it takes all in the case of the granular variety. The specific 
 gravity of the granular magnetic ores, as will be seen in Appendix 
 B, Vol. II., varied from 4.59 to 5.01, the average of many speci- 
 mens being 4.81. Specs. 1,054 and 1,059 of Appendix C, Vol. II., 
 are also varieties- of this ore. 
 
 The following minerals and rocks are most commonly associated 
 with hard ores : a soft grayish-green chloritic schist, which some- 
 times, owing to bad sorting, goes to market in sufficient quantity to 
 perceptibly reduce the furnace yield. The magnesia it contains 
 might tend to stiffen the slag, otherwise it can have no effect in the 
 furnace further, than what is mentioned above. This rock is de- 
 scribed under Group D. See Specs. 53, 54, and 55, State Coll., 
 App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 Micaceous red oxide of iron often occurs in scales and bunches, 
 particularly in proximity to jasper. It has been improperly called 
 plumbago, but is in reality in no way related to it, being chemi- 
 cally pure oxide of iron, having the crystalline structure of mica. 
 A soft whitish mineral, often called magnesia, and appearing not 
 unlike flour, occurs occasionally in specular ore and frequently in 
 " soft hematite." This substance is usually most abundant in the 
 more jaspery varieties of specular ore ; an examination by Prof. 
 Brush determined it to be kaolinite, a hydrated silicate of alumina 
 (clay) in minute crystalline scales. The presence of this clay in 
 small quantity could not but help the working of the furnace, by 
 
LITHOLOGY. 89 
 
 forming a more fusible slag, but it would of course diminish the 
 yield of iron, if in quantity. 
 
 The needle and velvety forms of the mineral Goethite (a hydrated 
 oxide of iron) are not uncommon at the Jackson mine, and " Grape 
 ore" (botryoidal limonite), sometimes finely colored with yellow 
 ochre, is found at several of the mines, but always in soft hematite. 
 Fine specimens of crystallized quartz are rare, and no form of lime 
 has been observed, although analyses show minute quantities. 
 Bunches of iron pyrites are occasionally found, especially in the 
 magnetic mines. At the Champion mine a thin layer containing 
 this mineral occurs next the hanging wall, but it is easily separated 
 from the ore, and is not sent to market. Hornblende, so generally 
 present in the magnetic mines of New York, New Jersey and 
 Sweden, is rare in the Marquette mines, of XII. and XIII. 
 
 c. Second-class Ore. By far the most abundant, and com- 
 mercially objectionable ingredient in the Marquette ores of all kinds, 
 is the so-called jasper, a reddish ferruginous quartz, which is 
 invariably found associated with the best ores, usually in thin 
 seams or lamina conforming to the bedding, but sometimes in a 
 form approaching a breccia. In the hard ores this impurity can 
 usually be readily distinguished, but in the soft hematites it is often 
 only found by analyses. As this rock possesses considerable scien- 
 tific as well as commercial interest (the better varieties constituting 
 the second-class ores), I will attempt to describe and illustrate it 
 somewhat minutely. It consists of jasper, varying from bright red 
 to dull reddish-brown, with occasional seams of white quartz, and 
 usually pure specular or magnetic ore of high lustre. These mate- 
 rials are arranged in alternating lamina, varying in thickness up to 
 one inch. These lamina are often highly contorted, zigzagging, and 
 turning sometimes in opposite directions within a few inches. The 
 jasper bands are in places broken up into little rectangular frag- 
 ments, which are slightly thrown out of place, as it were, by tiny 
 faults ; the ore fills the break, so that the whole mass has the ap- 
 pearance of a breccia. There can be little doubt, but that the true 
 breccia at the east end of the Jackson mine has this origin, and it 
 would be interesting to consider whether this idea might not be 
 extended to other conglomerates in the Huronian series. The con- 
 torted laminated structure, with the striking contrast of colors, is 
 beautiful, and affords fine miniature examples of the anticlinal and 
 
9 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 synclinal folding and faulting of large rock masses. Sometimes 
 the lamina are very irregular and indistinct, and one or the other 
 of the minerals greatly preponderates. When the jasper layers 
 all thin out (as they usually do somewhere), the ore becomes first 
 class. Some phases of this interesting rock, with descriptions, are 
 given in Appendix K, Vol. II., Figures 19 to 29. See Specs. 36 
 and 37, State Coll., Appendix B, Vol. II. 
 
 The miners call this material " mixed ore ; " and those varieties 
 in which the jasper does not constitute over 20 per cent, of the 
 whole, are sold as second-class ore, yielding about fifty per cent, 
 in the furnace ; for rail-heads and some other uses requiring a 
 hard iron, the presence of silica in the ore is not objectionable. 
 The quantity of " mixed ore" is greatly in excess of the pure ore, 
 and it will some time undoubtedly have considerable commercial 
 value. Its nature is such, as to admit of the ready mechanical 
 separation of the pulverized ore from the jasper by jigging, a pro- 
 cess now employed in separating ores in the Lake Champlain re- 
 gion. For fixing puddling furnaces, or for any branch of iron 
 industry which may demand pulverized ore (as the Elerhausen 
 process promised to), it is very probable that this method may 
 advantageously be employed, and a cheap ore produced. 
 
 " Mixed ore " is seen in outcrops far oftener than the purer ores, 
 the softer character of which has caused their erosion, whereby they 
 had become covered with soil ; but as the mixed ores are usually 
 associated with the pure varieties, their outcrops possess great sig- 
 nificance in prospecting. It is important in this connection not to 
 confound the " flag ores," (e) to be described, which they some- 
 times closely resemble, with this variety. The quartz of the magnetic 
 mixed ore is usually white, or lighter colored than the red mixed ore. 
 
 d. The soft hematites of the Marquette region differ entirely 
 from the ores above described, and are closely related to the brown 
 hematites of Eastern Pennsylvania and Connecticut. In color they 
 are various shades of brown, red and yellow, earthy in form, and 
 generally so slightly compacted, as to be easily mined with pick and 
 shovel. They are invariably associated with, or rather occur in, 
 a limonitic silicious schist, from which they seem to have been de- 
 rived by decomposition and disintegration. These ores occur in 
 two distinct formations, X. and XII., and probably in others, in irregu- 
 lar bunches or pockets, surrounded by the schist and passing by gra- 
 
LITHOLOGY. 91 
 
 dations, often abrupt, into it. Scattered through the ore, and con- 
 forming in their positions with the original bedding of the rock, are 
 fragments of the schist. When the ore shows stratification, which 
 it often does not, it also conforms with the bedding of the schist. 
 The specific gravity of the soft hematite ore varied from 3.50 to 
 3.81, the average of five specimens being 3-59, and specimens of 
 the schist varied from 2.80 to 3.38. Strictly this schist should be 
 described under the next group of rocks, B, to which it belongs, 
 but its assumed parentage of the hematite ore, here considered, has 
 led to the digression. See Specs, of soft hematite 1,067, l >77> 
 1,079, an d of schist 1,040, 1,065, an d 1,069, Appendix C, Vol. II. ; 
 also, Specs. 25 and 26, State Coll., App. B., Vol. II. 
 
 The following analyses of the schist and ore, from the Foster mine, 
 by Dr. C. F. Chandler, will help to make their relations better un- 
 derstood : 
 
 Schist. Ore. 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 44-33 79-49 
 
 Alumina 2. 14 1.19 
 
 Oxide of Manganese 16 .25 
 
 Lime 36 .27 
 
 Magnesia 13 .33 
 
 Silica 47-10 9.28 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 0.13 0.19 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 0.17 0.17 
 
 Water 5.19 8.74 
 
 99.71 99.91 
 
 f Iron 31-03 55.64 
 
 Equivalent to \ Sulphur 068 .068 
 
 [ Phosphorus. .057 .083 
 
 It will be observed that the essential difference is in the amount 
 of silica, of which the schist has over 47 per cent, while the ore has 
 less than 10 per cent, and again the ore has 25 per cent, more me- 
 tallic iron than the rock. The one would evidently be converted 
 into the other, both as to its chemical and physical characters, by 
 the abstraction of the greater part of its silica. It is not at all im- 
 probable, that this change may have been brought about by the al- 
 kaline waters of former thermal springs, such as are now producing 
 similar results in other parts of the world. There seems to be very 
 little sand or clay in this ore, and washing has not appeared to 
 
92 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 improve its quality, as is the case with the eastern ores which 
 it resembles. If the fragments of silicious rock, \vhich are scat- 
 tered through it, are carefully picked out by the miner, an ore 
 uniform in character is obtained. Except the ever-present silica, 
 there are only two minerals, which it is necessary to mention as 
 being generally associated with this variety of ore. 1st. The 
 white clay (kaolinite), above described, which is far more abun- 
 dant in this ore than the hard ores ; bunches as large as a hen's 
 egg being sometimes seen. There can be no doubt but that the 
 kindly working of the furnace usually obtained by using the best 
 quality of this ore, is due in part to this clay as well as to the po- 
 rous character of the ore. (Calcining the ore would expel the 
 water, of which it contains from 2 to 9 per cent., and should also 
 cause it to reduce more easily in the furnace.) The second and 
 most important mineral to be mentioned is the oxide of manganese, 
 usually if not always in the form of Pyrolusite ; minute quantities 
 of this metal, always less than one per cent, are sometimes found 
 in the hard ores, but from I to 4 per cent, is constantly present in 
 several of the hematite deposits, which is so important an element 
 in their value, as to almost warrant the subdivision of the soft hema- 
 tites into two classes, the manganiferous and non-manganiferous. 
 
 The recently developed hematite mines near Negaunee, belong- 
 ing to formation X., contain most manganese ; others contain little 
 or none. Scarcely enough of the ore has been worked to determine 
 its place in the market ; but there can be no doubt, that when 
 equally rich in metallic iron, the manganese would give this ore the 
 advantage, as a mixture for the furnace, over the non-manganiferous 
 varieties. See Spec. 25, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 The hematite ores now in the market, as a class, vary greatly in 
 richness, from an average of not exceeding 40 per cent, of metallic 
 iron for some deposits, to at least 55 per cent, in the case of others. 
 This difference is in part brought out in Chapter X. 
 
 Passing from the Marquette region to the undeveloped districts, 
 we find on the L'Anse range, at the Taylor mine, a large deposit 
 of hematite of excellent quality. At the Breen mine, on the south 
 belt of the Menominee region, is also a good " show" of hematite. 
 Promising indications of this ore were also found between Lake 
 Gogebic and Montreal river ; all of these localities and their ores will 
 be described hereafter. 
 
LITHOLOGY. 93 
 
 e. The last variety of merchantable ore, to be described in this 
 report and designated Flag, has been in use so short a time, that 
 but little can be said of its metallurgical character. It corresponds 
 more nearly with the second-class ores (c), than with either variety 
 described, differing from it more in structure than in composition. 
 The ores embraced under this head are abundant and have receiv- 
 ed various local names, which will be found significant and con- 
 venient, as lean ores, iron slates, magnetic slates and silicious ores. 
 They have also been called " lower ores," in reference to their sub- 
 ordinate geological position, being older than the rich ores of forma- 
 tion XIII., already described. Flag ores are in reality only varieties 
 of the ferruginous schists, constituting Group B, next to be described, 
 which are sufficiently rich in iron, to possess market value. The 
 percentage of metallic iron in these ores and the associated schists 
 varies from say 5 to nearly 60, those above 50 now constituting a 
 merchantable ore. The remaining material is generally silica, 
 always silicious, but sometimes contains more or less chlorite, man- 
 ganese, argillite, mica, garnet, or hornblende added. This ore is 
 always flaggy in structure, the layers being occasionally thin enough, 
 to warrant the application of the term slate. All forms of the 
 oxide of iron can be observed, a mixture of the black and red pre- 
 vailing. The hydrated oxide, producing limonitic silicious schist, 
 has been described above, as the rock from which the soft hematite 
 ore seems to have been derived, and an analysis is there given, to 
 which nothing need be added here. 
 
 Stratigraphically these rocks are older than the ores described 
 under a and b, and constitute at least four beds, X., VIII. , VI., and 
 below V., separated by diorites, chloritic schists, quartzites and 
 argillites. Like the mixed ores (c) they are banded, but the marking 
 is seldom bright and often obscure, produced by the interlamination 
 of a dull reddish or whitish quartz, with dull silicious instead of pure 
 ore. There are exceptions to this rule, but they are not numerous 
 in this region. As this is a point of much importance to iron 
 prospectors, it may be asserted, that when white or red quartz (jas- 
 per) is found banded with an ore which can be scratched with the 
 knife, it is in all probability the " mixed ore," which accompanies 
 the pure ores of bed XIII.; but if the quartz be dull and not sharply 
 defined in its layers, and particularly if the knife marks the ore 
 -layers like a pencil, instead of cutting them, then we probably have 
 
94 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 one of the flag-ore formations. It is difficult to say, whether the 
 red or black oxides prevail in many flag ores ; hence whether par- 
 ticular varieties should be described as hematitic or magnetic. 
 
 All ores and ferruginous rocks become more magnetic as they 
 are followed west in the Marquette region, the maximum amount of 
 magnetite occurring in the Michigamme district. The ferruginous 
 schists of the Republic Mountain series are among the most highly 
 magnetic rocks in the whole region. At the Ogden mine, Section 
 13, T. 47, R. 27, the abrupt transition of the hematitic into the mag- 
 netic variety can be plainly observed, by following the strike of the 
 beds less than 200 feet. This transition probably often occurs in 
 the same bed, and, of course, might occur still oftener in crossing 
 the formations, that is, in passing from one bed to another. 
 
 Several varieties of flag ore will now be described, showing a 
 wide range in lithological character, which we should not be war- 
 ranted in grouping together in a strictly scientific classification ; 
 but our arrangement of rocks, as has been stated, is rather economic 
 and for the use of practical men. 
 
 (1) A showy, granular, chloritic, specular ore was found in a small 
 pocket-like mass at the north ^ post of Sec. 26, T. 47, R. 26, at 
 locality known as the Gillmore mine. A specimen having a 
 specific gravity of 4.28 gave Dr. C. F. Chandler metallic iron 
 60.46, alumina 3.49, lime 0.60, magnesia 1.33, silica 7.05, sulphur 
 0.30, phosphoric acid 0.08, water and alkalies not determined 0.77. 
 
 A similar ore, but containing some magnetite and peculiar white 
 glistening spots, which appear to be mica scales, is found at the 
 Chippewa location, Sec. 22, T. 47, R. 30. A specimen of this gave 
 Prof. A. B. Prescott metallic iron 53.17, and insoluble silicious 
 matter 20.20. Neither of these varieties are flaggy. See Specs. 
 6,156 and 6,206, University of Michigan cabinet. 
 
 (2) A specular slate ore, holding reddish specks on freshly fractured 
 surfaces, is found at the Cascade location, bedded with layers of jas- 
 per, having the local significant name of "Bird's-eye Slate." A 
 specimen of this gave J. B. Britton metallic iron 59.65, insoluble 
 silicious matter 12.24, alumina 0.88, lime 0.14, magnesia 0.08, ox- 
 ide of manganese 0.02, water 1.08, with traces of sulphur and 
 phosphorus. See Spec. 6,190, University of Michigan cabinet, and 
 Spec. 6, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 (3) South of the Cascade range is a flag ore, beautifully banded with 
 
LITHOLOGY. 95 
 
 red jasper and silicious iron ore, closely resembling some of the 
 mixed ores of Bed XIII. above described, and interesting on this 
 account. 
 
 (4) Northeast of the Cascade location, and near the centre of 
 Sec. 29, T. 47, R. 26, is a granular slate ore showing on fresh frac- 
 ture a peculiar fine reticulated appearance and indistinct octahedral 
 forms. A specimen of this gave Mr. Britton 59-4 2 P er cent, of 
 metallic iron. See Spec. 6,191, University of Mich, cabinet. Since 
 the foregoing was written, shipments of flag ore have been made 
 from the Cascade mines (see Plate XII. of Atlas), and with it a con- 
 siderable amount of a good quality of specular ore. 
 
 (5) At the Tilden mine, while the prevailing ore is a 40 per cent, 
 ordinary red flag ore, there are seams or layers of bright steely ore, 
 very hard and heavy, which yield, according to analyses made by 
 Dr. Draper, 62 per cent, metallic iron. This ore possesses particu- 
 lar interest from its close resemblance to the Pilot Knob ore, Mo. 
 
 (6) While the most abundant ore at the Iron Mountain mine, Sec. 
 14, T. 47, R. 27, is much like the Tilden and Ogden ores already 
 mentioned, there is a peculiar variety, containing manganese, which 
 is also found on the hills south of Negaunee and on the lands of the 
 Deer Lake Company, north of the New York mine. This ore is 
 a very dark-colored silicious hematitic schist, containing on the 
 average several per cent, of manganese, single specimens of which 
 have proved to be nearly pure oxide of manganese. Some of 
 this ore from Iron Mountain was tested in the furnace as a mixture, 
 but was found to be silicious. The need of ferro-manganese in steel- 
 making would make ores of this character a legitimate object of 
 exploration. An experienced iron-master recently expressed the 
 opinion that a 30 per cent, iron ore, with 12 to 20 per cent, of 
 manganese, would soon have commercial value. It is possible 
 that such a variety may exist in some of the beds under consider- 
 ation. The soft or hematitic variety of this ore has already been 
 mentioned. 
 
 (7) Passing from the Negaunee to the Michigamme district, we 
 find two flag ores worth noticing. On the Magnetic Company's 
 property, Sec. 20, T. 47, R. 30, is a large amount of a very com- 
 pact, hard, heavy, highly magnetic ore, laminated with a greenish 
 horn-blendic mineral, producing an unusual banded structure. A 
 piece of one of the layers of ore gave Mr. Britton 56.78 metallic 
 
6 IR ON-BEARING R O CKS. 
 
 iron, 19.44 insoluble silicious matter, less than one per cent, of alu- 
 mina, lime and magnesia, and a trace of phosphorus. See Spec. 
 1 8, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. ; also Chapter X. Recent ex- 
 plorations have developed a workable deposit of this ore. 
 
 (8) Adjoining this property, to the southeast is Sec. 28, owned 
 by the Cannon Iron Co., on the north side of which is a thin layer 
 of micaceous specular ore, closely resembling that described above 
 under A, but containing more silica. A specimen of this afforded 
 Professor Prescott 55- I2 metallic iron, 19.80 insoluble silicious mat- 
 ter, with traces of sulphur and phosphorus. This and the banded 
 ore associated with it, has a closer resemblance to the slate and 
 "mixed ore" of some of the old mines, than any place I have 
 seen in the flag-ore series, to which it seems to me geologically to 
 belong ; its relation to the associated mica schist is interesting. 
 See Group H below. The Chippewa ore, near the Cannon, has 
 already been mentioned above in connection with the Gillmore. 
 
 The foregoing brief descriptions of several varieties of flag ore 
 embrace all those, which have come under my notice in the Mar- 
 quette region and give promise of having early commercial value. 
 
 As will be elsewhere (Chapter V.) more fully described, the hard 
 ores found in the Menominee region up to October, 1872, are more 
 nearly allied to flag ores than to either of the first-class ores of the 
 Marquette region. Flag ores of a low grade have also been found 
 in the L'Anse and Gogebic districts, as will be mentioned hereafter. 
 
 A very limited experience in working these ores, together with 
 the little I have been able to learn from others, leads me to believe, 
 that they require more limestone and coal and produce a harder 
 metal, having comparatively little strength, but which is probably 
 well adapted to making rail-heads. I think a large mixture of man- 
 ganiferous hematite might help the working of a furnace consuming 
 flag ore. Precisely the same remarks may be made of the second- 
 class ores (c) ; indeed, these two classes are to all intents and pur- 
 poses identical in their metallurgical character, and are only sepa- 
 rated here because of their different geological occurrence. The 
 second-class ores are, it will be remembered, simply inferior grades 
 of the rich hard ores of XIII. 
 
 The flag ores have here received relatively far more attention, 
 than their present commercial importance warrants, for the follow- 
 ing reasons : 1st, Their quantity, so far as can now be judged, is 
 
LITHOLOGY. 97 
 
 greater by tenfold than the first-class hard ores, and for this reason 
 they must, at some future time, constitute a large part of the total 
 production of the region. 2d. Very serious disappointments and 
 losses have occurred in the past, and are likely to be repeated in 
 the future, from mistaking flag ore for first-class ore. This arises 
 from the fact, that the better varieties of flag ore closely resemble 
 the poorer varieties of the rich ore. So close is this resemblance, 
 that the best judges of ore in the Marquette region have erred. It 
 is doubtful, if the matter can be settled definitely, except by thorough 
 explorations, aided by the well-known laws of the geological occur- 
 rence of the two ores, which will be more fully brought out in suc- 
 ceeding chapters. 
 
 It is not asserted that first-class hard ores may not be found 
 associated with the flag ores, hence below and older than formation 
 XIII. ; but it is a fact, that over one million dollars have been sunk 
 in such search, and excepting the West End mine of the Cascade 
 range (if that is an exception), no workable deposit of strictly high 
 grade hard ore has been found in the flag-ore series. 
 
 B. FERRUGINOUS, SILICIOUS, AND JASPERY SCHISTS. 
 
 (Occurring in formations XII., X., VIII., VI., and below V.) 
 
 The best general idea of the character of the rocks embraced here 
 can be conveyed by saying, that they are identical with the flag ores 
 last described, except in containing less iron and usually more sili- 
 cious matter. On geological grounds, as has been remarked, the 
 flag ores should be embraced under this head and described as a sub- 
 class, rich in iron. It remains therefore for me to mention briefly, a 
 few of the remaining varieties of this series, which are so poor in 
 iron as to render it highly improbable that they will ever possess 
 value as ores : I design to embrace in this group Mr. Julien's quartz 
 schist, silicious schist, and jasper schist, Appendix A, Vol. II. For 
 minute lithological descriptions of numerous varieties see Specs. 
 154 to 173, App. A, Vol. II. 
 
 At Republic Mountain are three highly magnetic beds of silicious, 
 chloritic and hornblendic schists, numbers VI., VIII. , and X. See 
 Map No. VI. of Atlas. The peculiar striping whitish, greenish, 
 brownish, and yellowish exhibited in the large outcrops suggested 
 the name "rag-carpet schist." A specimen made up of numerous 
 
98 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 chippings of this rock gave 31 per cent, of metallic iron ; this is 
 believed to be above the average. Both the red and black oxides 
 are present, and some of the layers hold an ore, which, if it could be 
 separated, might yield 50 per cent. 
 
 South of the Washington mine these rocks contain the minimum 
 amount of iron, a specimen of which gave Charles E. Wright less 
 than 5 per cent. Garnets and anthophyllite, or mica, seem to replace 
 the iron, producing a grayish and brownish schist, the mineralo- 
 gical character of which is obscure. See Group I. The old Mich- 
 igan mine ore, Section 1 8, T. 47, R. 28, seems to be a variety of 
 this peculiar schist, but much more highly charged with metal, speci- 
 mens of which, I should judge, would afford 30 to 40 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. 
 
 Passing to the Negaunee district we find in the railroad cut at 
 the northwest end of Lake Fairbanks a chloritic, magnetic, silicious 
 schist of a brownish gray color, faintly banded and very hard ; it is 
 aphanitic in character, and shows no disposition to split on the 
 planes of bedding. In the railroad cut near the centre of Section 
 8, one mile and a half southeast of Negaunee, is a soft variety of 
 ferruginous rock, affording some good red chalk. The rock seems 
 to be chloritic, layers of which are impregnated with red oxide of 
 iron. A similar material was found in numerous test pits in the 
 east part of Section 18, T. 47, R. 26. Recent explorations in this 
 vicinity prove this rock to be associated with the Negaunee hema- 
 tites, which are fully described in Chapter IV.* 
 
 One of the best characterized and abundant varieties of this group 
 is the banded ferruginous jaspery schist, which constitutes in the 
 Michigamme district the whole of formation XII., and is also abun- 
 dant in parts of ore formation XIII. Such varieties of "mixed 
 ore," as contain too little iron to give them commercial value (un- 
 fortunately the greater part), would be classed here. The full 
 descriptions and illustrations already given of" mixed ore" under A, 
 will make any further description unnecessary, for this is a similar 
 rock with little or no iron. See Spec. 32, State Coll., App. B, Vol. 
 II., and for several other varieties of this group see Specs. 1,026, 
 1,034, i, 06 1, and 1,064, Appendix C, Vol. II. The Felch moun- 
 tain series contain a large amount of a similar rock. 
 
 * It is questionable whether this rock should be classed under D or G. 
 
LITHOLOGY. 
 
 99 
 
 C. DlORITES, DlORITIC SCHISTS AND RELATED ROCKS 
 (Greenstones,) * 
 
 (constituting formations XL, IX., VII., and one or more beds 
 
 below them.) 
 
 These obscurely bedded rocks, locally designated greenstones 
 and sometimes traps, are co-extensive with the ferruginous rocks 
 A and B, very abundant, outcropping throughout the Huronian 
 region, and present much variety in appearance. They range in struc- 
 ture from very fine-grained or compact (almost aphanite) to coarsely 
 granular and crystalline, being sometimes porphyritic in character. 
 The color of the fresh fracture is from dull-light to dark or blackish 
 green, the weathered surface being usually lighter and of a grayish 
 green or brownish color, not unfrequently spotted or mottled, 
 showing a dark-green, or black, lamellar mineral (hornblende), set 
 in a whitish, and sometimes reddish, softer mineral (feldspar). The 
 rock is exceedingly tough, powdering under blows of the hammer 
 rather than break. It can be scratched by the knife, giving a light 
 grayish-green powder, and is fused without difficulty before the 
 blow-pipe. On the one hand, it graduates into a heavier, tougher, 
 blacker variety, which is unquestionably hornblende rock, with 
 some feldspar, well shown at the Greenwood Furnace quarry, on 
 Sec. 15, T, 47, R. 28. See Specs. 1,018 and 1,020, App. C, 
 Vol. II. On the other hand, it passes into a softer, lighter colored 
 rock of lower specific gravity, which, while it has the same streak, 
 weathers similar to the true diorite, is eminently schistose in char- 
 acter, splitting easily, and appearing more like chloritic schist than 
 any other rock. The Pioneer Furnace quarry at Negaunee con- 
 tains this schist and several transition varieties, some of which ap- 
 proach the granular massive rock. See Specs. 1,001, 1,005, 1,006, 
 and 1,015, App. C, Vol. II. On the north side of Lake Michi- 
 gamme, and west, varieties occur having a true slaty structure in 
 appearance, although not splitting easily. See Spec. 1,028, App. 
 C, Vol. II. 
 
 At several points dioritic schists, semi-amygdaloidal in character, 
 were observed, and in one instance the rock had a strong resem- 
 blance to a conglomerate. See Spec. 1,024, App. C, Vol. II. ; and 
 
 * See DV. Houghton's Notes on Diorites, Appendix E, Vol. II. 
 
100 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Spec. 71, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. It is of much practical im- 
 portance to distinguish between the schist of this group and the 
 true chloride schist to be described under the next head, D, which 
 is usually found associated with the pure ores of Bed XIII.* 
 
 At Republic mountain a dioritic schist graduates into black mica 
 schist, and large garnets are there found in typical diorite. Iron 
 pyrites are usually seen sprinkled through the rock, and epidote is 
 sometimes observed. Dr. Hunt found chromium in two specimens. 
 South of the Old Washington mine, in Bed XL, occurs a variety, 
 which in places may almost be described as hornblendic schist ; 
 that in other parts of the same bed, near at hand, graduates into 
 the above-described dioritic schist. 
 
 In the railroad cut at the foot of Moss Mt. , west of Negaunee, 
 is an exposure of soft dioritic schist, in which are imbedded round- 
 ed lumps of diorite, which, when broken, show a crystalline reddish 
 feldspar. See Specs. 1,001 and 1,002, App. C, Vol. II. Spec. 77, 
 App. B, Vol. II., is another beautiful and rare variety, in which the 
 feldspar is red. On the south side of Sec. 9, T. 49, R. 33, is a heavy 
 bed of coarse-grained friable diorite, which has in places disinte- 
 grated into sand. Mr. Julien regards this and the associated dioritic 
 rocks of the L'Anse range as possessing such distinctive character- 
 istic as to warrant him in describing them as a distinct variety. 
 See Specs. 342 to 353, App. A, Vol. II. He also classes the well- 
 known peculiar serpentine rock of Presque isle with the diorites. 
 See Spec. 321, App. A, Vol. II, also App. E. 
 
 The magnet usually lifts less than one per cent, of a powdered 
 diorite, but in one case it took nearly all, and the specimen at- 
 tracted the needle. This piece was from the ridge south of the New 
 England mine ; it had the essential character of a compact, perhaps 
 hornblendic diorite, but its magnetic property and very high spe- 
 cific gravity, 3.29, prove that it is exceptionally rich in iron. It 
 will be shown below, that in addition to the magnetite, seven- 
 teen per cent, of metallic iron exists in some diorites in the form 
 of combined protoxide, which does not attract the needle. The 
 specific gravity of the typical rock varied from 2.84 to 2.96, the 
 average of six specimens being 2.91. The hornblendic varieties 
 ranged as high as 3.01, while the schistose variety fell as low as 2.70, 
 
 * See Julien's remarks under Chloritic schist, App. A 1 , Vol. II. 
 
L1THOLOGY. IO i 
 
 averaging 2.82. A garnetiferous specimen, from Smith Mountain, 
 gave 3.02, while a peculiar variety from north of Greenwood Fur- 
 nace, which appeared to be feldspathic in character, gave but 2.71. 
 Numerous additional specific gravity determinations are given in 
 App. B, Vol. II. The precise character of the constituent minerals 
 of this rock is obscure. Mr. Julien has minutely described numerous 
 varieties in App. A, Vol. II., Specs. 302 to 353. 
 
 The following analysis of a specimen from bed XL is from Fos- 
 ter & Whitney's Report, Part 2d, p. 92. The specimen was from 
 Sect. 10, T. 47, R. 27, on south side of the Cleveland and Lake 
 Superior ore deposits : 
 
 OXYGEN. 
 
 Silica 46.31 24.06 
 
 Alumina 11.14 5-21 
 
 Protoxide of iron 21.69 4-82 
 
 Lime 9.68 2.76 
 
 Soda 6.91 1.78 
 
 Water , . 4.44 
 
 Magnesia trace. 
 
 100.17 
 
 From this it is deduced that the rock is a mixture of labradorite 
 feldspar with hornblende or pyroxene. Regarding the presence of 
 water, numerous analysis of similar rocks in Canada show the same 
 result. See Geology of Canada, pages 469, 604, 605, and 612. 
 Dr. Hunt expresses the opinion, that in the case of the Marquette 
 diorites, the hornblendic mineral often becomes softened and hy- 
 drated, passing into a degenerate form more nearly allied to chlorite 
 or delessite (in which water is an essential constituent), than to a true 
 hornblende. This chloritic mineral is sometimes seen scattered 
 through the body of the rock, and very often near the weathered 
 surface. 
 
 The absence of magnesia, which is regarded as an essential ingre- 
 dient of chlorite and delessite, and as very rarely absent from horn- 
 blende, as shown by the above analysis, deserves notice. Dr. Hunt 
 remarks that the hornblendic element may very likely be the iron 
 hornblende described by Dana, System of Mineralogy, 5th ed. p. 
 234, under the name grilnerite. The unusually large amount of 
 
1 02 IR ON-BEARING R O CKS. 
 
 iron shown by Whitney's analysis and the high specific gravity ob- 
 served would favor this view. The conversion of this non-magne- 
 sian diorite into a magnesian schist (chloride or delessitic) would 
 require the introduction of the magnesian element under some law 
 of pseudomorphism, the possibility of which is proven by chemical 
 geology. 
 
 Magnesia is not, however, absent from all varieties of the diorite. 
 A chromiferous specimen from near the centre of Sec. 36, T. 48, 
 R. 28, was found by Dr. Hunt to be rich in magnesia, containing 
 more of this element than of lime ; the specimen was not a typical 
 one, but showed a tendency to pass into a steatitic rock, which 
 might be expected to contain magnesia. Until, however, the pres- 
 ence of magnesia in the schists and its absence from the diorites 
 is proven by more analyses, it is not worth while to conjecture in 
 the matter, and I here digress only to record a few facts, bearing on 
 an interesting and unsettled question in chemical geology. In the 
 absence of any additional light, .we adopt the hypothesis that the Mar- 
 quette "greenstones" are diorites, composed essentially of a non- 
 magnesian iron hornblende and some feldspar other than orthoclase. 
 
 It is of great importance that the prospector should have a good 
 practical acquaintance with this rock, for it is everywhere asso- 
 ciated with iron ores in the Upper Peninsula. He should be able 
 to recognize it at sight, to distinguish its varieties, and especially he 
 must not confound the Huronian diorite with a similar rock, found 
 in the Laurentian, nor with Copper trap. More than one piece of 
 land has been bought for iron on the Laurentian area, because 
 " greenstone " was found on it. 
 
 The bedding of these rocks is generally obscure, and in the 
 granular varieties entirely wanting. It is usually only after a full 
 study of the rock in mass, and after its relations with the under and 
 overlaying beds are fully made out, that one becomes convinced, 
 whatever its origin, it presents in mass precisely the same phe- 
 nomenon as regards stratification, as do the accompanying schists 
 and quartzites. 
 
 I have nowhere seen the granular diorites show more unmistak- 
 able evidence of bedding than on the small knob southwest of 
 Bear Lake, Republic Mountain, shown in Fig. I, scale -gVth- The 
 cross shading represents massive diorite, and the parallel shading 
 a slaty silicious iron ore. 
 
LITHOLOGY. 
 
 103 
 
 No reference is here made to the false stratification or joints, 
 which are numerous and interesting, but which, unfortunately, for 
 \vant of space, can receive no other attention here, than to warn the 
 observer against mistaking joint planes for bedding planes, which 
 is sometimes done, even by experienced observers. 
 
 This description, as has been stated, is intended to- apply to the 
 diorites of the iron-bearing or Huronian series, and more especially 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Stratification of Diorite. 
 
 to the Marquette region ; but a similar rock, as has been observed, 
 occurs abundantly in dykes or veins, and probably in beds in the 
 Laurentian rocks. A fine example of such a dyke can be seen pene- 
 trating a granitic gneiss, near the northeast corner of Sec. 7, T. 46, 
 R. 29. At other points in the Laurentian area immense masses of a 
 dioritic rock were observed, the stratigraphical relations of which to 
 the gneiss and granites was not made out. The average specific 
 gravity of the dyke diorite was 3.03. Mr. Julien describes some 
 specimens of diorite from the Laurentian in App. A, Vol. II. 
 
 The following designated specimens, in addition to those already 
 referred to, constitute a tolerably full collection of the more import- 
 ant varieties: Granular diorites, 1,007, 1,008, 1,009, 1,010, 1,011, 
 1,012, 1,014, and 1,016; Dioritic schists, 1,001, 1,019, and 1,023 
 of App. C, Vol. II. The State Collection, App. B, Vol. II., also 
 contains a large number of specimens of diorite of several varieties. 
 
 The distribution of this rock in the Huronian of the Upper Penin- 
 sula is interesting. It is far more abundant in the Marquette region 
 and contiguous to the ore deposits, than elsewhere. The related 
 
 rocks in the L'Anse region are abundant ; but in the West iron dis- 
 8 
 
!04 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 trict, and on its prolongation into Wisconsin, where it forms the 
 Penokie range, diorites are rare. In the Menominee region they 
 seem to be replaced to a great extent by chloritic schists and horn- 
 blendic schists, as described in Chapter V. Whether future ex- 
 plorations will prove that the best ores are always associated with 
 the typical diorite, remains to be seen. 
 
 - D. MAGNESIAN SCHISTS (mostly chloritic}. 
 (See Mr. Julien's description, Specs. 179 to 188, App. A, Vol. II.) 
 
 Intercalated with the pure hard and mixed ores, at all the mines 
 worked in formation XIII., are layers of a soft schistose rock, of 
 some shade of grayish green, and often talcy in feeling. The Cleve- 
 land, Lake Superior and Champion mines are good localities for an 
 examination of this rock. It is unquestionably a magnesian schist, 
 varying from chloritic to talcose in character, and sometimes appa- 
 rently containing a large percentage of argillite. In places, as at 
 the Old Washington, its character is unmistakably talcose. Speci- 
 mens obtained there held 4.2 per cent, of water, and had a specific 
 gravity of 2.81, with light grayish-green color, and other character- 
 istics of talcose schist. See Specs. 1,046, App. C, Vol. II. The 
 corresponding schist at the Champion mine is also decidedly talcy. 
 On the same magnetic range, but further west, at the Spurr Moun- 
 tain, the equivalent schist is unmistakably chloritic. See Specs. 
 179 to 181, App. A, Vol. II. A rare variety of talc schist is repre- 
 sented by Spec. 74, App. B, Vol. II., obtained at the Grace furnace, 
 Marquette. 
 
 In the Lake Superior and Barnum mines this rock is, in places, of 
 a light green color, less soapy in feel, has a higher specific gravity 
 and is of uncertain composition. See Spec. 55, State Coll., App. B, 
 Vol. II. At this locality it has a marked cleavage structure, the 
 planes of which trend east and west, and are nearly vertical, being 
 distinct from its bedding, which latter is very obscure. Its 
 structure bears a striking resemblance to that of the specular slate 
 ores, noticed under A, even to the presence in both of minute octa- 
 hedral crystals. Prof. Pumpelly has suggested, that one may be a 
 pseudomorph after the other. In this connection it may be re- 
 marked, that no gradual transition of one into the other was ob- 
 ^served, the division planes being in each instance sharply defined. 
 
LITHOLOGY. IO 5 
 
 Specimen No, 1,043, App. C, Vol. II., from the Washington mine, 
 is grayish, less schistose in structure than the last described variety, 
 and gave up, when pulverized, one-third its bulk to the magnet. 
 A similar massive variety from the same mine, which contained 
 three per cent, of water, held black hard scales, which Prof. Brush 
 decided had the character of ottrelite. 
 
 A reddish gray variety of this rock (see Spec. 6,164, University 
 of Mich. Cabinet), holding grains of vitreous quartz, is from a heavy 
 bed on the northeast side of the S. C. Smith soft hematite ore de- 
 posit, on Sections 17, 18, and 20, T. 45, R. 25. 
 
 South of the Edwards mine, at the Republic Mountain, and at 
 other places in the ferruginous schists, occur bunches and thin irre- 
 gular beds of a pure chlorite, often micaceous, which always contain 
 garnets. See Spec. 6,097, University of Mich. Cabinet. This 
 specimen shows, under the lens, minute elongated crystalline faces, 
 closely resembling those seen in the diorite. Spec. 184, App. A, 
 Vol. II., is garnetiferous. The "keal"or red chalk, found at 
 several mines, is a variety of this schist impregnated with oxide of 
 iron. See Spec. 6,183, University of Mich. Cabinet. 
 
 A very peculiar occurrence of this rock are the so-called " slate- 
 dykes," which can be seen at the New England, Lake Superior 
 and Jackson mines, but still better in the quartzite ridge, just north 
 of the outlet of Teal lake. These dykes are often several feet in 
 width, cut across the stratification, and are filled with a magnesian 
 schist. If space permits, this subject will be more fully considered 
 elsewhere. See Specs. 1,053, 1,068, App. C, Vol. II. 
 
 The Lower Quartzite bed V. often contains talc in bunches, small 
 beds and disseminated, producing in places a talcy rock. The 
 novaculite of that formation is due to the presence of talc and ar- 
 gillite. These rocks will, on account of their association, be more 
 fully described in the Quartzite group. 
 
 It would be difficult for a skilled lithologist, and impossible for 
 me, to draw the line between the chloritic schists here considered 
 and the dioritic schists mentioned under Group C. So far I 
 have chiefly noted occurrences of the magnesian schists, in forma- 
 tions XIII. and V., where they are not associated with true diorites. 
 But at the Marquette quarries we find what may be called typical 
 chloritic schists, bedded with granular diorites. See Specs. 182 
 and 183, App. A, Vol. II. At this locality the planes separating 
 
I0 6 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 the two kinds of rock are well defined ; at others, which have been 
 designated, the transition is gradual. 
 
 Along the north border of the Laurentian area, which lies south 
 of Lake Gogebic (see Map I.), are numerous exposures of a chlori- 
 tic schist (see Specs. 187 and 188, App. A, Vol. II.), which in places 
 becomes massive and granular, a form designated " greenstone" 
 by the United States Linear Surveyors, and so marked on their 
 maps. See Specs, of Diorite, 309 and 212, App. A, Vol. II. 
 
 The specimens of Laurentian Gneiss, 275 and 299, App. A, Vol. 
 II., contain chlorite as an essential ingredient, proving this mineral 
 to be as widely disseminated in the Laurentian as Huronian. An 
 examination of Prof. Pumpelly's very exhaustive chapters on the 
 lithology of the copper-bearing rocks, will show chlorite to be of 
 frequent occurrence in that system ; demonstrating it to be next 
 to feldspar and quartz, one of the most universally diffused 
 minerals in the Azoic of the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 E. QUARTZITE Conglomerates, Breccias, and Sandstones. 
 
 (Principal development in Formations V. and XIV. See Mr. 
 Julien's descriptions, 126 to 140, and also 358 and 359, App. 
 A, Vol. II.) 
 
 After diorite and the ferruginous schists, no rock is more abun- 
 dant in the Marquette region, and none more frequently found in 
 outcrops, than the different varieties of this group. Two extensive 
 beds exist XIV. lies immediately over the ore formation, and V. 
 near the base of the series. The last appears to be the most 
 persistent and wide-spread member of the Huronian system. It 
 can be traced from the shore of Lake Superior, near Chocolate 
 river, westward for 40 miles, and possesses unusually economic 
 interest from its affording the marble, used to a limited extent as 
 furnace flux, and the whetstone rock (novaculite), which was at one 
 time quarried for market. This quartzite has also recently been 
 successfully employed as lining for Bessemer converters. 
 
 The Upper Quartzite (XIV.) is co-extensive with the ore formation 
 XIII.; it is seen as the hanging wall of the most easterly point, at 
 which rich hard ore is mined, and overlays the most westerly deposit 
 yet explored. Between these is a third bed, seen in the railroad cut 
 
LITHOLOGY. 
 
 107 
 
 near the west end of Lake Fairbanks, the extent of which has not 
 been made out. See Spec. 21, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 At the west end of Lake Michigamme, near the centre of Sec. 
 25, T. 48, R. 31, is a large mass of quartzite, which appears to be 
 a ledge, but if so, the bed is concealed to a greater extent than 
 usual, for it has not been observed elsewhere. No. XVIII. is as- 
 signed for this quartzite, or for whatever rock may be found in the 
 gap between Beds XVII. and XIX. The Cascade iron range is 
 divided by a thin bed of quartzose rock, which varies from a quartz- 
 ite to the coarsest conglomerate I have observed in the region, but 
 which, like the two last-mentioned beds, seems to be local. At 
 the Greenwood furnace is a heavy and persistent bed of quartzite, 
 in which are intercalated layers of clay slate ; its age has not 
 been determined ; it resembles ^the lower quartzite. 
 
 The extreme hardness of quartzite (the knife makes no impres- 
 sion on it, and it will readily scratch glass), and its general dissimi- 
 larity to the other members of the series, renders its recognition 
 easy and much description unnecessary. 
 
 Vein quartz, occurring in bunches, seams and veins, in nearly all 
 rocks, is not embraced in this description ; nor are those slightly 
 ferruginous quartz schists, already described in Group B, which a 
 strictly scientific classification would place under this head. Quartz- 
 ite is seldom white, often light-gray, or dark-gray and sometimes 
 reddish or greenish. The effect of weathering does not penetrate 
 the rock beyond a mere film, dulling the lustre and color of a fresh 
 fracture rather, than changing it ; but the latter effect is sometimes 
 produced in the impure varieties. Broken pieces often show grains 
 of glassy quartz ; and the arenaceous character is sometimes so 
 plain, as to leave no doubt in the mind, that the rock is a metamor- 
 phosed sandstone or conglomerate (see Fig. 2). Again, the whole 
 mass is compact, having much the appearance of vein-quartz. In 
 structure it is usually massive, and the bedding obscure ; but in 
 places, as at the northeast corner of Teal lake, it is banded, pre- 
 senting a flaggy structure, like the ferruginous schists. The mean 
 specific gravity of a large number of specimens was 2.69. See 
 App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 The foregoing description applies in general to all the beds ; but 
 as it is often of importance to the explorer to distinguish the Upper 
 bed on account of its relation to the ore formation, a few points of 
 
108 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 difference will be noted. As has been remarked, the Lower bed is 
 often calcareous, turning in places into a true marble, as at the 
 Morgan Furnace ; and the same formation is often talcy in charac- 
 ter, containing in certain localities bunches and beds of a talcy ma- 
 terial and in other places beds of argillite. An intimate mixture 
 of these minerals with the quartzose material produces novaculite, 
 which was formerly quarried just east of Teal Lake outlet. See 
 Spec. 13, State Coll., App. B., Vol. II. Red oxide of iron in 
 grains and small bunches, is not infrequent in the Lower bed, as 
 can be seen in northeast quarter of Sec. 22, T. 47, R. 26. 
 
 So far I have seen neither marble, talc, nor novaculite in the 
 Upper Quartzite, and only once, at the Lake Superior Mine, have I 
 seen argillite associated with it. As this exception has much interest, 
 it will be fully considered in another place. The Lower Quartzite is 
 seldom conglomeritic, the upper one often so, and in places on the 
 Spurr Mountain range it is a true conglomerate, containing pebbles 
 of white and glassy quartz and jasper. See Specs. 115 to 118, 
 App. A, Vol. II. At Republic Mountain large fragments of fer- 
 ruginous schist are seen in the base of the Upper bed. South- 
 west of the Old Washington mine it is a coarse conglomeritic 
 rock, which is in places schistose or slaty. See Spec. 122, App. 
 A, Vol. II. 
 
 The matrix of this variety (See also Spec. 6,085, University of 
 Mich. Cabinet) is a soft, micaceous, slaty material, containing fine 
 grains of specular ore and holding pebbles of white quartz. The 
 Upper bed overlying the east end of the Jackson, and that over the 
 New York mine, also hold pebbles. Mica scales and epidote were 
 found in the same bed at the Republic Mountain, and in places 
 it had almost the appearance of fine-grained granite. 
 
 As if to leave in our minds no shadow of doubt, as to the sedi- 
 mentary origin of this rock, nature has, in addition to the conglom- 
 erate on the Spurr Mountain range, given us a variety of the Upper 
 Quartzite, which can only be described as a fine-grained, friable, 
 banded sandstone. See Specs. 358 and 359, App. A, Vol. II. The 
 alternations of magnetic sand with quartz sand, producing the 
 stripes, is very interesting in connection with the origin of these 
 ores. It is doubtful if any true breccias (conglomerates with 
 angular pebbles) occur associated with the rocks here described, if 
 at all in the region. The brecciated rocks, a variety of " mixed 
 
LITHOLOGY. 
 
 109 
 
 ore" found in formation XIII., is believed to have had the origin 
 ascribed under Group A. 
 
 Specimens of University of Mich. Cabinet, Nos. 6,193, 6,084, 
 6, 1 80, 6,211, 6,219, and 6,122 are from these quartzite beds. Specs. 
 8 to 14, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II., are from the L*ower bed, and 
 Specs. 50, 51, and 52, same Coll., are from the Upper. The exten- 
 sive beds of quartzite, which occur in the Menominee region, will be 
 fully considered in Chapter V. This rock is also of frequent occur- 
 rence in the L'Anse range and toward the Montreal river, as will 
 appear in following Chapters. A beautiful example of false stratifica- 
 tion, or discordant parallelism, was observed in this last-named 
 region, as is shown by Fig. 2, sketched near the south quarter post 
 of Sec. 10, T. 47, R. 45. It was a true granular quartzite, but showed 
 deposition marks almost as plainly as a fresh-cut sandbank. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 False bedding (discordant parallelism) of Quartzite Gogebic Region. 
 
 F. MARBLE (Limestone and Dolomite], 
 
 (See Mr. Julien's descriptions, 101 to 113, App. A, Vol. II.) 
 
 The association of this rock with the Lower Quartzite, or rather 
 the transition of the latter into marble, has been mentioned. This 
 transition is seldom complete, the marble being always more or 
 less silicious. As is usual in such cases, the change is gradual, pro- 
 ducing all varieties, from calcareous quartzite to silicious marble. 
 The prevailing colors are light gray, salmon and reddish. The 
 purest varieties often present a sparry structure, with large lamellar 
 facets like orthoclase feldspar, with which it is often confounded, 
 
HO IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 but from which it can readily be distinguished by its softness. 
 Beds of argillite are invariably associated with the marble. See Fig. 
 19, App. E, Vol. II. Outcrops often present minute ribs or ridges 
 of the more silicious layers, left by the weathering away of the purer 
 marble. 
 
 The mean specific gravity of a large number of specimens aver- 
 aged 2.82. See App. B, Vol. II. Pure marble has the same 
 composition as pure limestone, of which it is simply a crystalline or 
 highly altered form, that is, it is a carbonate of lime ; if carbonate 
 of magnesia is present in considerable quantity, as is often the case 
 on the Upper Peninsula, the rock becomes a dolomite. Marble 
 is readily distinguished from its effervescing with acids, when 
 pulverized. 
 
 Marquette marble has been considerably used as a blast fur- 
 nace flux, for which purpose it only answers passably well, on 
 account of the silica so generally present ; silica, in the form of 
 quartz, and jasper being always present in the ores, it is very desir- 
 able to have none in the flux, for it is to get rid of silica in the form 
 of slag, that lime is used in the furnace. Large amounts of Kelly 
 island limestone, which is quite pure, is now being imported. For 
 building purposes, its hardness, variability in texture and the diffi- 
 culty of securing large blocks, have so far prevented its use ; beau- 
 tifully variegated small blocks can, however, be easily procured. 
 Specs. 6,198, 6,199, 6,200, University of Michigan Cabinet, are 
 from the Morgan Furnace quarry, and Specs. 106 to 113, State Col., 
 App. B, Vol. II., from the Chocolate quarry, just south of Mar- 
 quette, all belonging to formation V., represent the chief varieties 
 of this rock. 
 
 No marble has been observed in the L'Anse district, nor between 
 Lake Gogebic and Montreal river, but it is one of the most abun- 
 dant rocks in the Menominee region, where it occurs in a much 
 purer form than in Marquette, usually more dolomitic. See Chap- 
 ter V. and Specs. 102 and 103, App. A, Vol. II. Marble of similar 
 quality is also abundant in the vicinity of Fence and Michigamme 
 rivers, in Towns 44 and 45, R. 31. See Spec. 105, App. A, 
 Vol. II. 
 
LITHOLOGY. HI 
 
 G. ARGILLITE OR CLAY SLATES AND RELATED ROCKS.* 
 (Constitutes bed XV., and occurs in bed V. and elsewhere.) 
 
 It was previously mentioned under Groups E and F, that beds of 
 clay-slate were sometimes interstratified with layers of quartz- 
 ite and marble. Fine examples of this, in the case of both rocks, can 
 be seen respectively at the Greenwood and Morgan furnaces. In 
 addition to these, at least two distinct beds of argillite have been 
 made out ; one immediately beneath the ferruginous schist of for- 
 mation X., to be seen in outcrop on the south shore of Teal lake, 
 near west end, and in the railroad cut about one mile east of Ne- 
 gaunee. See Spec. 20, App. B, Vol. II. Another and far more 
 extensive bed is XV. , which forms the stratum next above the Upper 
 Ouartzite ; boulders of this bed, which had the appearance of being 
 near the parent ledge, were found in the railroad cutting, near the 
 pockets at the Washington mine. At the Champion this for- 
 mation is exposed in the branch railroad, and it is found at numer- 
 ous points on the north shore of Lake Michigamme. 
 
 The prevailing color of this rock is usually dark brown or 
 blackish, but where associated with the marble it is sometimes 
 reddish. It has a true slaty cleavage, distinct from the bed- 
 ding, but seldom splits in sufficiently large or regular slates to 
 warrant us in supposing it may in places produce roofing slates, 
 although experienced persons express the belief, that good slates 
 will yet be found in the Marquette region. Black carbonaceous 
 matter is often present in this slate, a preponderance of which pro- 
 duces the rock which will be described hereafter under J. A variety 
 at the Greenwood furnace contains a large amount of iron-pyrites ; 
 and the first stack built of it had to be taken down, from the decom- 
 position of this mineral. The slate in the branch railroad cut, at 
 Champion, shows a slight tendency to be micaceous and holds 
 garnets. See Spec. 56, App. B, Vol. II. Silicious bands often exist 
 
 * Mr. Julien has in App. A, Vol. II., given the results of much study of these rocks, and 
 has divided them into the true argillites and several other varieties possessing a different 
 composition. See descriptions 189 to 225. As this difference cannot readily be made out by 
 the unscientific, and as it is not important to the practical man, it will not here be at- 
 tempted to separate these varieties. 
 
112 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 in this rock, faintly marking its bedding at an angle with the 
 cleavage, as can be seen in Spec. 20, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 Overlaying the Lake Superior and Barnum ore deposits, hence 
 occupying the place of the Upper Quartzite, is a greenish-gray 
 schist, obscure in its composition, and somewhat like the magne- 
 sian schists D, but apparently of the same general character as 
 this group. See Spec. 55, App. B, Vol. II. This rock may very 
 properly be regarded as the connecting link between Groups D 
 and G, which evidently graduate into each other, as did C and 
 D. It is frequently stained reddish-brown along the seams and 
 cracks, proving the presence of protoxide of iron, and shows in 
 places beautiful dendritic delineations of manganese. This forma- 
 tion does not show the cleavage structure, so conspicuous in the 
 schists of Group D, which are bedded with the pure ore at these 
 mines. At the most westerly opening of the Lake Superior, thin 
 beds of quartzite appear, indicating that the presence of argillite in 
 this bed is probably only local. See Map No. IX. 
 
 An example of a magnesian schist (D) graduating into an argilla- 
 ceous variety can be seen in the slate which overlies the specular ore 
 of No. I pit, New England mine, which, by its high specific gravity 
 (3.03), evidently contains considerable iron. Another ferruginous 
 and probably chloritic variety occurs on N. W. j Sec. 31, T. 47, 
 R. 25, where explorations for iron have been made by the Morgan 
 Iron Co. 
 
 The average specific gravity of a number of typical specimens 
 of argillite was 2.75. See App. B, Vol. II. The rocks above de- 
 scribed are illustrated by Specimens 1,039, 1,072, and 1,036, App. 
 C, Vol. II. 
 
 Beyond the limits of the Marquette region, we find in the recently 
 explored Huron Bay district, particularly in the south part of T. 51, 
 R. 31, the finest clay slates so far discovered in Michigan. Several 
 competent experts have examined this district, and pronounced the 
 slates of the best quality for roofing and other purposes, and in im- 
 mense quantity. See Spec. 81, App. B, Vol. II. Companies are 
 now at work in this district, the organization of which is given at 
 the end of Chap. I. For an account of the clay-slates in the Meno- 
 minee region, see Dr. H. Credner's papers (Leipsic). 
 
 This rock also occurs west of Lake Gogebic, as will be mentioned 
 hereafter. 
 
L1THOLOGY. II3 
 
 H. MICA-SCHIST. 
 
 (Formation XIX. contains the principal development of this rock. 
 See Mr. Julien's description, No. 301, App. A, Vol. II.) 
 
 There appears to be but one extensive stratum of this rock, the 
 character of which is unmistakable, which is at the same time the 
 youngest and one of the thickest beds of the whole Huronian series. 
 This formation, which I have numbered XIX., forms the surface 
 rock along the south shore of Michigamme lake, among its islands, 
 along the outlet for several miles, and westward from the lake 
 through the southern parts ofT. 48, Ranges 31 and 32, as shown on 
 Map III. The rock is sometimes so silicious as to be rather a 
 micaceous quartzite, but usually its true character is very plain. It 
 frequently contains seams and bunches of white quartz, occasionally 
 seams of black hornblende, and often holds numerous imperfect 
 crystals of a delicately pink-colored, coarsely fibrous mineral, which 
 Prof. Brush decided was andalusite, and brownish, smaller, and more 
 perfect crystals of staurolite. 
 
 Andalusite and staurolite have not been observed elsewhere in 
 the Marquette region in rocks of any age. Imperfect small red- 
 dish garnets are sometimes abundant, but they were not observed 
 at the same places as the first-named minerals, and seemed to be 
 nearer the base of the formation. The mica, which usually holds 
 but little quartz, is of a brownish color on fresh fracture, weathering 
 more grayish ; its scales show a constant tendency to bend them- 
 selves around the imbedded crystals, like the fibres of wood around 
 a knot. The projecting rounded crystals give the weathered rock 
 a warty look, having somewhat the appearance of a conglomerate, 
 as can be seen on the most southerly islands in Lake Michigamme. 
 The specific gravity of this porphyritic mica-schist varied from 2. 8 1 
 to 2.89, the mean being 2.84. See Specs. 1,031, App. C, and 61, 
 App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 Descending in the series, the next mica-schist to be noticed is 
 entirely different from the above, in being black, and decidedly dio- 
 ritic in its affinities. It occurs in the upper part of diorite bed XI. 
 at Republic Mountain. The deposit is not extensive, and its rela- 
 tions with the diorite indicate that it is a local variety, apparently 
 graduating into dioritic schist.* 
 
 * The local micaceous character of bed XV. has been noticed. 
 
114 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 One other mica-schist, that associated with the Cannon ore on 
 Sec. 28, T. 47, R. 30, deserves notice. This rock resembles XIX. 
 only in the brownish color of its mica ; it contains no crystals of 
 other minerals, and is always quartzose, sometimes to the point of 
 becoming a micaceous quartz-schist. The age of this rock has not 
 been satisfactorily determined, but it is near the base of the series. 
 The striking peculiarity of this variety is the fact, that in places the 
 mica is replaced by micaceous specular iron ore, thereby becoming 
 a specular schist, a rock very nearly related to the itaberite of some 
 writers. The Cannon Iron Company's explorations, in which a 
 fair specular slate ore has been found, are located in a highly ferru- 
 ginous part of this bed. See Spec. 16, App. B, Vol. II. The re- 
 lations of this rock with the lower quartzite of the North belt, Men- 
 ominee Iron region, is fully discussed in another place. 
 
 I. ANTHOPHYLLITIC SCHIST. (in bed XVII. and others.) 
 (See Mr. Julien's descriptions 174 to 178, App. A, Vol. II.) 
 
 Immediately below the great mica-schist bed, XIX., and proba- 
 bly separated from it by a stratum of quartzite, XVIII. , is a well- 
 defined stratum of a slightly magnetic rock, varying in color from 
 brownish-black to dull slate on fresh fracture, and, grayish to black- 
 ish in outcrop. It often shows manganese,* and always a fibrous, 
 light-brown mineral, which Prof. Brush, from the examination of 
 some imperfect specimens, decided to be anthophyllite,t a variety of 
 hornblende, and suggested the name here employed for this group. 
 
 Numerous outcrops of the rock occur along the north shore of 
 Michigamme lake, and a fine development at the mouth of the Bi- 
 ji-ki river, as well as at the Champion furnace, where layers rich in 
 manganese occur. A specimen afforded Dr. C. F. Chandler 25.2 
 per cent, of metallic iron, and 4.37 per cent, of metallic manganese. 
 See Specs. 58 and 59, App. B, Vol. II., and 178 App. A, Vol. II. 
 
 Below the ore formation XIII. , at the Spurr Mountain, are layers 
 of schist of a similar character, a specimen of which afforded 
 Mr. Britton 45.21 metallic iron, 1.78 metallic manganese, 26.36 
 silica. 
 
 * This variety resembles plumbago, and may contain carbon, 
 f Prof. Dana now regards anthopholite as a distinct mineral. 
 
L1THOLOGY. 1 15 
 
 A moderate increase in the percentage of iron and manganese 
 therein found (which may very likely take place in some part of the 
 bed) might render this rock a workable ore, particularly as the as- 
 sociated mineral is an easily fusible hornblende instead of the silica 
 so common in the other ores. Ores containing 12 to 20 per cent, 
 of manganese need not be rich in iron, to give them merchantable 
 value. 
 
 Underlying this formation (XVII.), or perhaps forming its base, 
 is a rock, numbered XVI. , which at Champion and on Sec. 26, T. 
 48, R. 31, shows a tendency to pass into a limonitic schist , and may 
 very likely afford workable soft hematite ore in some part of its 
 course. The propriety of giving this rock, about which so little is 
 known, a distinct stratigraphical designation, may be questioned ; 
 but its ferruginous character, pointing toward the possibility of 
 commercial value, led to this course. 
 
 South of the Washington mine, and therefore stratigraphically 
 below the ore formation, for the whole dips north, there is an 
 obscure schistose rock of a gray color, weathering brown, and con- 
 taining very little iron, often garnets, but made up chiefly of a 
 light brownish fibrous mineral, which is probably anthophyllite, 
 but which in places resembles mica. These rocks are extensive, 
 stretching from the Champion mine eastward to the old Michigan 
 mine. They are generally slightly magnetic, and unquestionably 
 occupy the place of the silicious ferruginous schists of Group B. 
 The diorites associated with them are also peculiar, the two some- 
 times 'resembling each other. This obscure series is well illustrated 
 by Specimens 6,086 to 6,099, University of Mich. Collection. See 
 also Specs. 174 and 175, App. A, Vol. II., and 27, App. B, Vol. 
 II. Their affinities are apparently with this group. 
 
 J. CARBONACEOUS SHALE. 
 (See Mr. Julien's descriptions, 246 to 251, App. A, Vol. II.) 
 
 The presence of plumbago or graphite (a form of carbon) was 
 noticed in the anthophyllitic schists, last described. Carbonaceous 
 matter has also been observed in various clay-slates, as was noticed 
 in describing the Argillite Group, and we could have placed this 
 rock there as a variety of clay-slate, very rich in carbonaceous 
 
II IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 matter. It is of a bluish-black color, but burns white before the 
 blow-pipe, marks paper like a piece of charcoal, is soft and brittle, 
 slaty in structure, and is the lightest rock yet found, having a spe- 
 cific gravity of but 2.06. 
 
 This rock has been found in the Marquette region only at two 
 localities: I. The S. C. Smith mine, T. 45, R. 25, where it seems 
 to bound' the iron-ore formation on the northeast. See Spec. 
 6,163, University of Mich. Collection. 
 
 (2.) On the south side of Sec. 9, T. 49, R. 33, along Plumbago 
 brook, as will be fully described in the account of the L'Anse Iron 
 range, is a large deposit of carbonaceous shale, a specimen of which 
 gave Prof. Brush carbon, 20.86 ; earthy matter, 77.78 ; moisture, 
 1.37. Another sample from same locality gave Mr. Britton moisture 
 and carbonaceous matter, 22.51 ; oxide of iron, 4.37 ; earthy mat- 
 ter, 73.12. See Spec. 64, App. B. Vol. II. These analyses -prove 
 the material to have no commercial value, but possess scientific in- 
 terest as proving the existence of a large amount of carbon in the 
 Huronian rocks. The equivalency of these shales with the members 
 of the Marquette series has not been established ; they are un- 
 doubtedly Huronian, and are, I suppose, younger than the ore for- 
 mation XIII. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION, 
 i. MICHIGAMME DISTRICT. 
 
 IN describing the geological structure of the Marquette Iron 
 series, I shall begin with the Michigamme district, because its struc- 
 ture is simplest, the iron ranges easily followed on account of their 
 magnetism, and because my explorations and surveys have there 
 been more thorough than in either of the other districts. 
 
 The Champion mine, 33 miles west of Marquette, is at one of 
 the most extensive, regular and typical deposits of ore in the whole 
 region (see Map No. VII.). The strike is a few degrees south of 
 west, and dip north at an angle of 68. The extent and nature of 
 the workings at the date of the survey may be seen by reference 
 to the map. Up to this time the mine has produced an aggregate of 
 225,000 tons of magnetic and slate ore of first quality. The gene- 
 ral form of the ore mass is that of a huge irregular lens, or flat- 
 tened cylinder-shaped mass, which thins out to the east and west to 
 so narrow a width, as not to be workable. The easterly portion of 
 the deposit is black, fine and coarse-grained magnetic ore ; the 
 westerly portion is specular slate ore, with a small admixture of mag- 
 netite. The local magnetic attractions are very strong and are fully 
 considered in Chapter VIII. The position of the plane dividing the 
 two varieties is approximately shown in the sketch of workings on 
 Map No. VII. The whole mass here described is not, however, pure 
 ore, as may be seen by inspecting plans of the first and second levels 
 on the map. Minor irregular lens and pod-shaped masses of pure ore, 
 " mixed ore" (banded ore and quartz), together with whitish and 
 greenish magnesian schists, alternate like the muscles of an 
 animal, forming, as a whole, a comparatively regular deposit. 
 Overlying the ore oji the north side is a hanging wall of gray 
 quartzite, the thickness of which is considerable, but could not be 
 accurately determined on account of the drift. Immediately south 
 
1 1 8 IR ON-BEARING R O CKS. 
 
 of the ore, if it may not be regarded as a part of the ore forma- 
 tion, is a banded jaspery or quartzose rock, containing some iron. 
 Next south, and underlying the whole ore formation, as may be 
 seen by an outcrop near the east end of the mine, is a bed of 
 diorite ("greenstone"); this rock in places becomes schistose 
 and chloride in character. South of the diorite is a silicious schist 
 and then a swamp. The arrangement of these beds may be seen in 
 geological section A A," on the map, where they are numbered in 
 Roman numerals X. to XIV., the latter designating the quartzite. 
 
 Following the Champion range east one mile, we arrive at the 
 Keystone Company's mine,* where but little work has been done, 
 and the arrangement of the rocks in consequence not so easily made 
 out. A small bed of magnetic ore was opened at this locality two 
 years ago, and what is said to be a large deposit of specular ore 
 has but just been discovered on the same place. Five hundred feet 
 north are a number of outcrops, indicating the presence of a heavy 
 bed of conglomeritic schist, which holds masses of quartzite, varying 
 in size from pebbles to others two feet by one thick, and even larger. 
 It also contains flattish fragments of various schists and slates. 
 Further north it passes into a brownish schist, containing pebbles of 
 quartzite. This rock is believed to correspond with the overlying 
 quartzite of the Champion, and is marked XIV. on the map and 
 sections. North of this, and exposed in the railroad cut, is a mica- 
 ceous slate, containing garnets, marked XV., and represented by 
 Specimen 56, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 North and west of this locality, about one-fifth of a mile, are a 
 number of test-pits, in many of which is exposed a soft, brownish, 
 ferruginous rock, which affords hand specimens of soft hematite 
 ore. This rock is marked XVI., and is represented in the State 
 Collection by Specimen 57, App. B, Vol. II. Immediately south 
 of the Keystone workings is a specular schist or conglomerate, in 
 which flattened pebbles, or very uneven lamina of quartz, are con- 
 tained between thin layers of micaceous specular ore. This for- 
 mation is believed to be the equivalent of XII. of the Champion 
 mine section, and is so numbered on the map. 
 
 West and south are numerous extensive outcrops of a brownish 
 banded magnetic schist, marked X. on Section C C", Map VII. 
 
 * Late " Parsons Mine." 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 119 
 
 The arrangement and character of the rocks along the interme- 
 diate section, B B/ will be sufficiently understood from the above 
 descriptions and an inspection of the map. The other formations 
 represented will be considered in another place. 
 
 At the Spurr and Michigamme mines we find rocks identical in 
 their general character and sequence, although the order is reversed, 
 this series being on the opposite side of the basin from the Cham- 
 pion. Projecting all the facts observed along the north shore of 
 Michigamme Lake on one plane, which we will assume to pass 
 north and south through the Spurr Mountain mine, the following 
 Geological Section is easily made out : 
 
 Commencing at the most southerly and uppermost bed (the whole 
 series dips to the south), we have, first, a comparatively soft, grayish 
 and blackish flaggy rock, containing considerable iron, a little man- 
 ganese and often made up largely of a hornblendic mineral, which 
 occurs in needle-shaped crystals. Professor Brush calls this rock 
 anthophyllitic schist. See Specimens 58 and 59, State Collection, 
 App. B, Vol. II., and Chap. III. 
 
 This rock is numbered XVII. on geological section No. 9, map 
 of the Marquette Iron region, which see. It is also well exposed 
 at the mouth of the Bi-ji-ki river, in the railroad cut just east, at 
 the Champion furnace, and at numerous projecting points along 
 the north shore of the lake. 
 
 The next rock to the north, in descending order, (numbered XVI. 
 on the map and section,) on account of its tendency to decompo- 
 sition, has never been seen in outcrop ; it is exposed by the explora- 
 tions for ore, made on the north side of Sec. 26, T. 48, R. 31, and 
 at the Champion ; its character was indicated in describing the 
 Champion series, and need not be repeated here. As will be 
 seen, this rock has the same number in each section, and the two 
 exposures are believed to belong to the same bed. It is not 
 improbable that future investigations may prove it to be a va- 
 riety of the ferruginous anthophyllitic schist XVII. , already 
 described, a point which was considered in Chapter III., Group I. 
 
 Next below is a dark-colored clay-slate, which also, on account 
 of its softness, is seldom seen in outcrop. It is, however, exposed 
 on the point in northeast part of Section 29, and at other places 
 along the north shore of the lake. On the Spurr mountain, 
 geological section No. 9, this formation is numbered XV., and is 
 9 
 
120 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 believed to underlay the swamp and creek immediately south of 
 the mountain which finds easterly prolongation in Black bay. As 
 will be seen by reference to the Champion sections, this rock is 
 regarded as the equivalent of the micaceous clay-slate XV., there 
 described. 
 
 North of this clay-slate, and immediately overlying the ore at 
 both the Spurr and Michigamme mines, is a quartzose rock num- 
 bered XIV., which is in places a hard conglomerate, and again, 
 especially when in contact with the ore, a fine whitish sandstone. 
 See Specimen 52, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II., and Julien's 
 descriptions, Specs. 358 and 359, App. A, Vol. II. This rock is 
 unquestionably the equivalent of the upper quartzite XIV. of the 
 Champion section, which, on the whole, it closely resembles in its 
 lithological character. See also Group E, Chapter III. 
 
 The prevailing variety of ore of the mines on this range is a fine- 
 grained, somewhat friable, rich, blackish magnetite. See Speci- 
 mens 40 and 41, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II., and also Iron 
 Ores, Chap. III. There is also at the Michigamme mine a hard, 
 fine-grained, steely magnetic ore, in considerable quantity. Analy- 
 ses of these ores will be found in Chapter X. The surface indica- 
 tions, magnetic attractions, explorations and mining operations but 
 just commenced, point unmistakably to large deposits of high grade 
 magnetic ore at both localities. 
 
 The Spurr Mountain is an east and west ridge, the summit of 
 which is 118 feet above Lake Michigamme and 75 feet above the 
 creek, which passes south of it. This ridge terminates abruptly to 
 the west near the centre of the northwest }{ of the southwest % 
 of Sec. 24, T. 48, R. 31, where there is a natural exposure of 
 merchantable ore 40 feet thick horizontally, being the largest out- 
 crop of pure magnetic ore I ever saw. Mining operations, just 
 begun, have demonstrated the thickness to be still greater, and the 
 deposit to extend at least several hundred feet east and west, with 
 a probability, based on magnetic attractions, of its extending much 
 farther. The bold face, small amount of earth covering, softness of 
 the ore, its apparent freedom from rock, convenience of the rail- 
 road and accessibility, present facilities for mining and shipping, 
 which could not well be surpassed. The magnetic observations 
 made at this locality, where the attractions were remarkably strong, 
 are given with illustrative diagrams in the special chapter devoted 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 121 
 
 to that subject. It is easy by means of the dip compass, to follow 
 this iron range two-thirds of the distance along the north side of 
 Michigamme lake, and west-northwest from the Spurr to the 
 First lake, an aggregate distance of over nine miles, as may be 
 seen by the map of the Marquette Iron region, No. III. It must 
 not by any means, however, be supposed, that here is a workable 
 deposit of ore nine miles long ; this has not been proven, but on the 
 contrary, it has been proven that for a considerable portion of this 
 distance the ore is not workable, having altogether too large an 
 admixture of rock. Therefore, while it may be confidently asserted, 
 that all of the rich hard ore which will be found in this vicinity, will 
 be in or near the belt of magnetic attraction already described, it 
 may be asserted with equal truth, that at least three-fourths of the 
 whole length of this belt is barren ground, according to the present 
 standard of merchantable ore. The law of the distribution of the 
 rich " chimneys," " shoots," or " courses of ore," as they are desig- 
 nated in different mining regions, along a given iron range, has not 
 been made out. The subject is more fully considered in Chapters 
 VII. and IX. 
 
 Besides the deposits already described on this range, one other 
 has to be mentioned, that on the east side of railroad Sec. 23, 
 adjoining the Spurr on the west. The magnetic attractions here 
 are remarkably strong, and explorations have revealed the existence 
 of a small workable deposit of first-class magnetic ore. Whether 
 this deposit connects with the Spurr or not, was not fully deter- 
 mined. 
 
 As has been remarked, both the granular and compact varieties 
 of magnetic ore occur at the Michigamme mine. The explora- 
 tions on this location, which were conducted by the writer, de- 
 veloped in a distance of 1,200 feet, east and west, seven places, 
 where pure ore existed of a thickness of from seven to thirty-five 
 feet, rendering it probable, that the ore deposit is continuous and 
 workable for the whole of this distance. Mining operations, which 
 have commenced at this location, confirm these results. Pure ore 
 was found in place at two points on same range west, on Sec. 19 of 
 the Michigamme Company's property, but not enough work was 
 done to prove their extent. Eastward the ore can be traced by the 
 magnetic needle into Michigamme lake, on the south side of Sec. 20. 
 
 There can be no doubt these deposits and the Champion belong 
 
122 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 to the same horizon, being the opposite croppings of the synclinal 
 basin, which passes under Michigamme lake ; although the Champion 
 deposit has not been traced westward, nor the Michigamme range 
 eastward, to points where they come directly opposite each other. 
 Whether the specular slate ore found so abundantly at the Champion 
 will be found on the north side of the lake, remains to be seen. I 
 see no reason why it should not ; the explorations, so far, have 
 been based entirely on magnetic attractions, and would therefore 
 not be likely to result in finding specular ore. 
 
 Underlying the pure ore here, as at the Champion, is a ferrugi- 
 nous quartzose rock, which has an immense development on the 
 Spurr-Michigamme range, where it is a well-characterized reddish 
 quartz schist (jasper), containing thin layers of pure specular ore ; 
 these layers being occasionally thick enough to afford hand speci- 
 mens. See Specimen 33, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 A similar rock is found, as will be seen hereafter, at the Re- 
 public mountain, where it has the same relative position and 
 number, XII. 
 
 Underlying this iron series we find, as at the Champion, a diorite 
 (greenstone), but which here has a much greater development, 
 forming a conspicuous ridge which borders the Michigamme and 
 Three Lakes valley on the north, and which has already been de- 
 scribed under Topography in Chapter II. 
 
 This greenstone ridge is separated from the granite region to the 
 north by a valley about half a mile wide, which is underlaid by 
 various schists and quartzites, about which little is known. Two 
 are marked X. and V. on the Spurr-mountain section No. 9. 
 
 The most easterly developed mines in the Michigamme district 
 are the Washington and Edwards, represented by map No. VIII. 
 The general structure, which we are now considering, can be easiest 
 made out at the Edwards and " old mine," which are adjacent, and 
 about three-fourths of a mile west of the Washington mine proper. 
 The general character and order of the ore and accompanying rocks 
 at this locality is so similar to that of the mines already described, 
 that a careful inspection of the map and accompanying sections leaves 
 but little to be said. The Upper Quartzite XIV. is fully exposed 
 in outcrop, as well as in the railroad cut, just west of the mines, 
 where it is a coarse conglomerate, often schistose, as is shown by 
 Specimen No. 51, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 123 
 
 The same formation is a compact gray quartzite at the Edwards 
 mine, and at other points in the vicinity. 
 
 The ore formation XIII. affords at this group of mines all the 
 varieties, already designated as being found at the Champion, Spurr, 
 and Michigamme mines. Like the Champion, here are intercalated 
 beds of magnesian schist, the arrangement of which are shown on 
 the sections of workings given on the map already referred to, as 
 well as in the plan of the Edwards mine, by A. Kidder, Plate XIX., 
 Chap. IX., where the subject of detailed structure is more fully 
 considered. One of these schists, of a decided talcy character, is 
 represented by Specimen 54 of State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 The underlying ferruginous quartzose rock, XII , has a large de- 
 velopment south of the Edwards mine, and to it probably belongs 
 the " red ore" of the old Washington. Southwest of the latter 
 mine are large exposures of the peculiar conglomeritic specular 
 schist, mentioned as occurring on the Keystone property, east of 
 the Champion. 
 
 The dioritic formation, XL, is represented by a large outcrop of 
 a greenish schistose rock, apparently chloritic, which can be seen 
 immediately south of the old mine. Below this formation are al- 
 ternating schists and diorites of different varieties, which are suffi- 
 ciently well shown on the map and sections. One of the most 
 interesting varieties is represented by Specimen No. 27, State Col- 
 lection, App. B, Vol. II. , procured 500 feet south of Pit No. 9, 
 Washington mine. 
 
 The Washington mine proper presents some of the most compli- 
 cated structural problems, to be found in the Marquette region, and 
 I will not here either attempt their solution, or even advance the 
 hypothesis which I have formed. Suffice it to say that, in general, 
 the mine is a monoclinal deposit, dipping away from the St. Clair 
 mountain (which term I apply to the high ground to the south) to 
 the north and under the great swamp. The minor rolls, the peculiar 
 faulting at the East Hill, and the trap dykes, would, if fully consid- 
 ered, occupy a chapter. 
 
 I cannot, however, pass to another mine, without noticing the 
 singular manner in which the mass of ore, known as Anderson's cut, 
 or Pit No. I, is terminated in its downward course, as shown by 
 Figs. 3 and 4. It will have been observed, that the usual form of 
 ore masses is lenticular, i.e., they generally terminate by wedging 
 
124 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 out more or less gradually each way. This exceptional mass, as 
 will be seen, is obliquely and abruptly cut off, the bottom rock be- 
 
 Fig. 3. Looking East. 
 
 ing a quartzite of the same kind, that bounds the deposit on the 
 north, and there is no evidence of faulting on the plane of this floor, 
 
 Fig. 4. Looking East. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON-REGION. 12$ 
 
 or along the quartzite wall. An hypothesis to account for this phe- 
 nomena, based on a sedimentary origin for these rocks, will readily 
 suggest itself and need not be stated. 
 
 The Republic mountain and its prolongation on the Kloman lot, 
 is the only remaining ore deposit of the class under consideration, 
 which remains to be described in the Michigamme district. See 
 map No. VI. The Magnetic mine group, embracing the Cannon 
 and Chippewa locations, belong to a different geological horizon, 
 produce different ores, and will be considered hereafter. 
 
 The immense mass of pure specular ore, which was naturally ex- 
 posed near the centre of the north J^ of the southeast ^ of Sec. 
 7, T. 46, R. 29, could leave no reasonable doubt in the mind of 
 the experienced observer, that this deposit of ore was one of the 
 largest, if not the largest, in the Marquette region. This outcrop, 
 the extent of which is shown on the map of the Republic 
 mountain, being there marked "pure specular ore," is, so far as I 
 know, the largest outcrop of any equally rich ore, ever found in 
 the United States. 
 
 The elevation of the ore, 120 to 150 feet above Michigamme river, 
 gives an unsurpassed opportunity for mining operations, which 
 began in the spring of 1872, and confirm, as far as they extend, the 
 " surface show." Several other small outcrops of pure ore occur 
 in the iron belt, one of the largest of which is near the centre 
 of the Kloman mine lot, in southwest fractional j^ of Sec. 6, 
 same Township. 
 
 The numerous outcrops of rock and ore at this mountain, the 
 strong magnetism possessed by three of the beds, the remarkable 
 uniformity in thickness of the several formations, and the bold 
 topographical features presented, all of which were carefully 
 surveyed and are faithfully represented and explained on the 
 accompanying topographical, geological, and magnetic maps 
 and charts (Plates VI. and XII. Atlas), leave but little more to be 
 said in this place, regarding the general structure of the Republic 
 mountain. 
 
 The lithological character of the rocks and ores will also be fully 
 understood from the 14 specimens from this locality, which are 
 embraced in the State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. The ten 
 formations represented by colors on the map, as composing the 
 Huronian series, will now be enumerated, commencing with the 
 
126 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 lowest, which reposes non-conformably on the Laurentian granites 
 and gneisses.* 
 
 The lowest bed of the series will be numbered V. , for reasons 
 which will hereafter appear. 
 
 V. A quartzose rock, which is exposed at but a few points, and 
 is best seen near 4,600 southwest and 6,200 southeast (see rectan- 
 gular ordinates on map), from which locality Specimen 8, State Col- 
 lection, App. B, Vol. II., was obtained. 
 
 VI. Is a magnetic, bright, banded, silicious and chloritic schist, 
 containing considerable iron. See Specimen 15, State Collection, 
 App. B, Vol. II., from near locality of Specimen 8. Very large 
 exposures of this schist occur on the northeast side of the mountain, 
 and southeast of Bear lake. The regular, various-colored stripes, 
 
 * This sketch (6, 100 southeast and 4,700 southwest, Map VI.) represents outcrops of 
 Huronian quartzites and schists dipping north-northwest, and the Laurentian gneisses, a a, 
 dipping northeast, the latter being within 50 feet of the former. The actual contact is not 
 seen, but the stratigraphical relations indicated, in connection with the wide difference in 
 
 Fig. 5- 
 
 their lithological character, leaves no doubt in my mind of the non-conformability o f the 
 two systems, the Huronian being the youngest. This non-conformability can also be ob- 
 served on the L'Anse Range. See page 156. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 127 
 
 which this formation, as well as VIII. and X. displays, strongly sug- 
 gests a rag carpet. The greenish layers are apparently chloritic, the 
 whitish and grayish are quartz, and the brown and dark gray are 
 silicious layers of the red and black oxides of iron. Some of these 
 lamina are quite pure iron ore, and the whole mass may contain 
 from 15 to 30 per cent, of metallic iron. The magnetic power dis- 
 played by these schists is remarkable, as will be seen by inspecting 
 the charts and explanatory text already referred to. 
 
 VII. Is a diorite of the general character of those, so fully de- 
 scribed by Mr. Julien in App. A, Vol. II., as will be seen by ref- 
 erence to Specimen No. 18, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 VIII. This magnetic silicious schist in its lithological character 
 differs in no essential particular from No. VI., already described. 
 See Specimen No. 19, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. This 
 formation is noticeably thin, not exceeding 40 or 50 feet, the other 
 beds being from three to five times this thickness, as can be seen on 
 the map. 
 
 IX. Is a Diorite similar to VII. See Specimen No. 22, State 
 Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 X. A magnetic silicious schist similar to VIII. and VI., but con- 
 taining in places more iron, as at 5,600 southeast and 2,500 south- 
 west, from which locality Specimen 23, State Collection, was ob- 
 tained. This, it will be observed, is a fair specimen of magnetic flag 
 ore, containing probably 45 P er cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 XL This formation is made up of a coarse-grained diorite, in 
 which a light grayish and reddish feldspar is a conspicuous ingre- 
 dient, as may be seen on the Kloman lot, as well as at the knob 
 southwest of Bear lake, from which Specimen No. 29, State Collec- 
 tion, App. B, Vol. II., was obtained. 
 
 A schistose variety, containing considerable black mica, occurs in 
 the same formation, at 3,400 southwest and 5,300 southeast, where 
 Specimen No. 30, State Collection, was obtained, although it does 
 not truly represent the prevailing variety at this locality. 
 
 XII. This is a reddish quartz or jasper schist, containing thin 
 lamina of specular ore, and very similar to the corresponding for- 
 mation of the Spurr mountain series already described, as will be 
 seen by an examination of Specimen 32, State Collection, App. B, 
 Vol. II. 
 
 XIII. We have now reached the iron-ore formation, the principal 
 
128 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 outcrops in which have been enumerated. Four varieties of mate- 
 rial chiefly make up this formation, which in the order of apparent 
 quantity are as follows : 
 
 a. A banded rock made up of alternating layers of red quartz or 
 jasper and specular ore, designated by the miners as ".mixed ore" 
 the richer varieties of which are now shipped as second-class 
 ore. See Specimens 36 and 37, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 The contorted and plicated lamina of this rock, brought out by the 
 alternating bright red and steely bands, and which could be but 
 poorly illustrated in Figs. 19 to 29, App. K. Vol. II., are very beau- 
 tiful, being often contorted and plicated in a striking manner. See 
 Iron Ores, Chapter III. It may be remarked in passing, that such 
 contortions in the constituent lamina of rock formations generally 
 indicate the presence of great folds in the whole formation, as is 
 plainly the case at this locality. 
 
 On the southwest side of the basin, at points in the ore formation 
 marked " specular conglomerate" on the map, occurs a true schis- 
 tose conglomerate, in which pebbles, chiefly quartz, are bedded in a 
 matrix of silicious ore. On the supposition that this rock may be 
 a secondary form of the laminated or mixed ore, and from a 
 desire not to multiply subdivisions in this connection, it will at 
 present receive no further consideration. 
 
 b. Next to the mixed ore in quantity, so far as can be judged by 
 what can be seen, is the pure specular ore. See Specimen 46, State 
 Collection, App. B, Vol. II. The specific gravity of these speci- 
 mens varied from 5.09 to 5.56, the average of four being 5.24, or 
 greater than that of any other ore in the region, which should 
 indicate a somewhat greater richness in metallic iron ; whether 
 furnace work will confirm this, remains to be seen. 
 
 c. The next in supposed order of quantity is a rich, black, mag- 
 netic ore, similar to the Spurr and Champion ores, but much coarser 
 in its grain. See Specimen. 39, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 d. Dividing the specular ore below, from the magnetic ore above, 
 can be seen, in cut No. I, Republic mine, a bed several feet in 
 thickness of a magnesian schist similar to that previously men- 
 tioned, as being found in the Washington and Champion mines. 
 See Specimen 53, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 XIV. The Upper Quartzite at Republic mountain is a gray mas- 
 sive rock, sometimes banded, and, near the contact with the iron, 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 
 
 I2Q 
 
 sometimes conglomeritic, containing large and small flattened frag- 
 ments of flaggy ore. The prevailing variety is represented by 
 Specimen No. 50, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 XV. Near the south point of Smith Bay is a considerable out- 
 crop of what appears to be a dioritic schist, not unlike Specimen 31, 
 State Coll. , containing mica and garnets. It has some resemblance, 
 as will be seen by the description, to the micaceous clay-slate of 
 corresponding number of the Champion section, Specimen 56, App. 
 B, Vol. II. 
 
 The horse-shoe form of the surface rocks, as indicated by out- 
 crops, which is so conspicuous a feature on the map, taken in con- 
 nection with the dip of the strata, as indicated by the arrows and 
 geological section, leave no doubt whatever as to the structure of 
 Republic mountain. It is evidently the south-east end of a syn- 
 clinal trough with Smith's Bay in the centre, under which, at an 
 unknown depth, all the rocks represented would be found and in the 
 same order. The conjectural division plane, dividing the quartzite 
 and ore (see section), may be regarded as hypothetical, only as to 
 its position, which of course can finally be determined by boring. 
 
 It will be observed, that where the northeast side of the horse- 
 shoe crosses the river, there is an offset of about 250 feet to the 
 right, and that where the southwest arm of the shoe should cross 
 the river, but very little appearance of Huronian rocks can be dis- 
 covered on the west side, the Laurentian rocks to a great extent 
 taking their place. These facts can be best explained, by sup- 
 posing a fault to follow the line of this portion of the river, 
 the east being the down side. On this supposition the Huro- 
 nian rocks on the west side would have been eroded to a much 
 greater extent than on the east, leaving as a consequence the 
 narrow and incompleted series, shown on a section through the 
 Kloman mine. 
 
 The proximity of the Champion ore deposit to the Laurentian, 
 it being only about 400 feet distant, while at the Keystone (three- 
 fourths of a mile east) the distance is three or four times as far, 
 leaving room for a greatly increased thickness of vertical brownish 
 banded magnetic schist (see Map VII.), can be best explained, by 
 supposing a fault, similar to that just described, but having a direc- 
 tion nearly at right angles ; that is, east by south. 
 
130 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 These two instances are the best established cases of faults on a 
 large scale, that have come under my notice, in the whole region. 
 
 Calling to mind the series of rocks, which have been described as 
 occurring at the Spurr, Michigamme, Champion, Keystone, Ed- 
 wards, Washington, and Republic mines, we are irresistibly led to 
 the conclusion, that they are equivalents of each other, belong to 
 the same series, and are of the same age. This hypothesis has al- 
 ready been introduced and carried through the descriptions by the 
 corresponding numbers, which have been attached to equivalent for- 
 mations in each section ; it will no longer be regarded as an hypo- 
 thesis, but accepted as a demonstrated theory. The Republic 
 mountain section, it will be seen, is most complete for the rocks im- 
 mediately below the iron, and the Spurr mountain section for those 
 above. The latter embraces one formation of great extent and in- 
 terest, which was not described, viz. : XIX., which is made to in- 
 clude the several varieties of mica schists, so extensively developed 
 on the south shore and among the islands of Lake Michigamme. 
 This schist is often very silicious, and, in places, contains numerous 
 crystals of garnets, andalusite and staurolite. See Specimen 61, 
 State Collection, App. B, Vol. II., and Group H, Chapter III. 
 
 Near the centre of Sec. 25, at the west end of the lake, is a 
 large mass, probably a ledge, of light-gray quartzite, which may fill 
 in part at least, what appears to be a blank between the anthophyllitic 
 schist XVII. and the mica schist XIX., just described. The num- 
 ber XVIII. is provisionally attached to this quartzite. 
 
 We have now described fifteen members of the Huronian series, 
 from V. to XIX., both inclusive. This mica schist is the youngest 
 member of the series, so far as my observations extend, to be 
 found on the Upper Peninsula. It is proper to remark, how- 
 ever, that equivalency, member for member, of the Marquette rocks 
 with the L'Anse, Gogebic and Menominee series, has not been 
 established ; they are all Huronian, and it is doubtful if any are 
 younger than XIX. 
 
 With regard to the strata below V., there is less certainty as to 
 their order and equivalency. I believe, that the iron ore and as- 
 sociated rocks, to be seen at the Magnetic, Cannon, and Chippewa 
 locations, belong here. They are in any event the equivalents of 
 each other, and are very near the base of the Huronian series. 
 See Geological Section, No. 10, map of the Marquette iron region, 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 131 
 
 which extends from the Cannon to the Chippewa. At the latter 
 location is a considerable deposit of ferruginous, silicious schist, 
 or lean flag ore, in which occurs, in what I understand to be an ir- 
 regular pocket-like mass, a peculiar specular ore of fair percentage, 
 greenish-gray color, and containing numerous bright facets, which 
 resemble scales of mica. This is in comparatively low, wet ground, 
 and the extent of the deposit has not been determined. It 
 resembles the Gilmore ore at north side, Sec. 26, T. 47, R. 26, 
 Cascade range, the two being unlike any other ores in the region. 
 
 About 100 tons of 55 per cent, ore was taken from the latter loca- 
 tion several years since, but work was not continued. The Gilmore 
 deposit, as well as the Chippewa, is nearly in contact with the 
 Laurentian. 
 
 At the Cannon location is a banded jaspery rock, holding thin 
 layers of specular ore, which bears a striking resemblance to the 
 rock of formation XII., and even to some varieties of " mixed ore." 
 See Specimen 16, State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. A seam, 
 several inches thick, of pure specular ore, was found here, but did 
 not enlarge on being followed downward. The remarkable charac- 
 teristic of this schist is the fact, that on following the range northwest 
 and southeast, mica replaces the ore, and we have a micaceous 
 quartz schist, or mica schist depending on the quantity of the lat- 
 ter mineral. These facts, already noticed, possess interest in their 
 bearing on the nature of the Felch mountain ore deposit of the 
 Menominee region, hereafter to be considered. 
 
 By far the most promising mine of this group, so far as existing 
 explorations reveal, is the Magnetic, in south j of northwest J^ 
 of Sec. 20, T. 47, R. 30. The existence of a workable deposit of 
 magnetic ore of medium richness has been proven. This ore, 
 although highly magnetic, differs entirely in its character from those 
 already described, as will be seen by inspecting Specimen No. 17 of 
 State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. It is very hard, exceedingly 
 fine-grained, and breaks into cubic or tabular pieces. Its structure 
 is more like the flag ores than the first-class magnetites. It 
 should yield about 55 per cent, in the furnace, although none has 
 as yet been worked. The gangue is largely actinolite, instead of 
 the more common quartz, which will help the reduction of the ore. 
 
 The relative geological position of this ore is shown in the accom- 
 panying north and south section, in connection with Map No. III., 
 
132 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 already referred to. As to the age of the series represented, I have 
 but little doubt on account of their proximity to the Laurentian, 
 and on lithological grounds, that they are the equivalents of the 
 lowest rocks of the Republic mountain series, and are probably 
 older than the lower quartzite V. 
 
 FIG. 6. 
 
 Geological Section (looking west). 
 Magnetic Mine. Sec. 20, T. 47, R. 30. 
 
 Level of water in Lake Michigamme 950 feet above L. S. 
 
 SCALE OF FEET. 
 
 A. Granite. B. Micaceous Quartz Schist. C. Quartzite and Quartz Schist. 
 
 D. Banded Magnetic Schist (ore). E. Greenstone or Diorite. F. Dioritic Schist. 
 
 B, C, D are undoubtedly the equivalents of the specular and 
 micaceous schists of the Cannon series. 
 
 The line of magnetic attraction, running southwest and south, and 
 finally south by east from the Magnetic mine, which has been traced 
 to Sec. 9, T. 45 R- 3> * s one of the longest and most persistent 
 belts of attraction in the whole Lake Superior region. The maps 
 of the United States Linear Surveyors mark its position very 
 plainly, as is shown in the chapter on the Magnetism on Rocks, 
 Plate v. Comparatively little exploration has been made on this 
 range ; but I see no reason why deposits of the character and 
 equal in value to the magnetic, may not be found along it. 
 
 A large amount of very poor ore, and a small amount of very 
 good ore, has been found in south part of Sec. 7 and the north 
 part of 1 8, T. 47, R. 28 ; and quite recently a workable deposit of 
 first-class specular ore is reported to have been found there, the 
 locality being known as the Michigan Mine. Specimen No. 2, 
 State Collection, App. B, Vol. II., is from this deposit. 
 
 Clarksburg, Geological Section No. 6, map of Marquette iron 
 region, records the leading facts to be observed in this vicinity. 
 The Roman numerals marked on the several formations express 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 133 
 
 their relative ages correctly ; whether they also express the equiva- 
 lency of these rocks with the Washington and other series pre- 
 viously described, I am not quite certain. Specimen No. 3, of State 
 Collection, from formation marked III., possesses lithological in- 
 terest, as being a Huronian rock allied to the Laurentian gneisses. 
 
 2. NEGAUNEE DISTRICT. 
 
 Following the same principle here that guided us in describing 
 the mines of the Michigamme district that is, beginning with those 
 simplest in geological structure we find on the Saginaw and New 
 England range of mines (being the most westerly of this district), 
 a structure almost identical with that of the Champion and Spurr 
 mines. Referring to Geological Section No. 4, map of Marquette 
 iron region, the rocks in the vicinity of the New England mine are 
 represented as follows : The ore formation XIII. is made up, as at 
 the Republic mountain, of "mixed ore" (banded ore and jasper), 
 magnesian schist and pure specular slate ore ; magnetic ore being 
 absent here, as in all the mines of this district. The quantity of 
 specular slate ore at this mine is, so far as known, small ; the small 
 lens-shaped mass, that was formerly worked, having been aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Overlying the ore formation is the Upper Quartzite, XIV. , dipping 
 at a low angle to the north, as may be seen just north of the Par- 
 sons mine. This quartzite again comes to the surface about half a 
 mile north, in a flat synclinal, where it again dips north and does 
 not rise until we reach the New Excelsior mine, owned by the Iron 
 Cliff Co., which is shown on the section.* 
 
 Returning to the New England mine, we find between the ore 
 XII. and the quartzite XIV., a mass of specular conglomerate, 
 somewhat similar to that described as existing at the Republic 
 mountain, where it was regarded as belonging to the ore formation. 
 The fact that it overlays the pure ore at this locality, and has litho- 
 logical affinities with some of the conglomeritic varieties of the 
 Upper quartzite, leads me to doubt in which formation it should 
 be included. I incline to the view, that it belongs in XIV. 
 
 * This general section was constructed more than a year before ore was found at this 
 locality, but it has not been found necessary to make any changes in it. 
 
134 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Formation XII. , underlying the ore, is here widely different in its 
 lithological character and economic value from the corresponding 
 formation of the Michigamme district, where, it will be remembered, 
 it was a valueless reddish quartz schist, containing thin lamina of iron. 
 If we suppose tepid, alkaline waters to have permeated this forma- 
 tion, and to have dissolved out the greater portion of the silicious 
 matter, leaving the iron oxide in a hydrated earthy condition, we 
 would have the essential character exhibited by this formation as 
 developed on the New England-Saginaw range, and as will be 
 afterward seen at the Lake Superior mine. This is not offered so 
 much as an hypothesis to account for the difference, as to illustrate 
 the facts observed. The prevailing variety of rock in this for- 
 mation is a brownish silicious schist, containing a considerable 
 amount of iron (Specimen 26, State Collection, App. B., Vol. II.). 
 Scattered through this formation are here and there large and small 
 pockets of soft earthy hematite ore, having usually the most irregu- 
 lar forms, that can possibly be conceived. This subject was dis- 
 cussed under iron ores, Chapter III. Specimens 34 and 35, State 
 Collection, are ores of this class. 
 
 The Winthrop and Shenango mines are in this formation, and are 
 producing hematite ores as rich as any now worked in the district, 
 and excepting perhaps the Lake Superior and McComber, richer 
 than any other of this class, as indicated by analyses, Chapter X. 
 
 Underlying this hematite formation is a diorite, XL, similar in its 
 general character to the rock, having a corresponding number in 
 the Michigamme district; below this and south, are various ferru- 
 ginous schists and diorites, corresponding in a general way with 
 the Michigamme series, but which have not been carefully examined 
 in the vicinity of the New England mine. Recent explorations 
 afford opportunities for study, which did not exist when this section 
 was made. 
 
 The series at the Saginaw and intermediate mines, as well as 
 further west, is so near an exact duplicate of what has been given 
 above, as to require no further mention than to state, that the deposits 
 of specular ore are larger than at the New England, which has 
 been mentioned as being rather small for profitable working. There 
 has been too little work done at these new mines, to determine the 
 extent of the deposits, but I see no reason to suppose that any of 
 those now worked will prove very large. The fact that Sec. 16, 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MAROUETTE IRON-REGION. 135 
 
 the Parsons and New England mines, have produced specular 
 ores and have been abandoned, is significant. No doubt, consider- 
 able amounts of first-class ore will be taken out on this range at a 
 profit. The only question is, whether they will continue to produce 
 such ore in quantity for a series of years, at a fair cost for mining. 
 
 This range of ore has been traced westerly into the northeast ^ 
 of Sec. 24, T. 47, R. 28 ; west of this the drift becomes very deep 
 and the ore range is lost. A shaft 67 feet through the sand in this 
 vicinity found no ledge. Whether there is any stratigraphical con- 
 nection between this ore formation and the Washington, six miles 
 distant west by north, is not determined. So far as is now known, it 
 is economically a blank in the Marquette iron belt. Work now in 
 progress at the new Michigan mine, already noticed, may throw 
 light on this interesting and important question. It is not at all 
 improbable, that the Negaunee and Michigamme districts may be 
 independent ore basins, in which case the intervening rocks, which 
 are all Huronian, would consist of the lower members of the series, 
 that is below XIII. Even should this be the case, valuable hematite 
 and flag ores may be found in this now barren district. 
 
 The new Excelsior Mine, previously mentioned and shown on the 
 New England section, is near the southeast corner of Sec. 6, T. 47, 
 R. 27, and is, as will be seen, the opposite cropping of the basin. 
 There is so much drift between these ranges, that not much can be 
 said definitely about the nature of the intervening rocks ; but it 
 seems probable that we have here a great basin, underlaid by ore 
 at an unknown depth, and that the New England and Excelsior 
 deposits are related to each other in the same way, as it was assumed 
 are the Champion and Michigamme deposits. This could be 
 cheaply tested, and possibly an important discovery of ore made, 
 by a drill-hole through the quartzite, near the railroad on the west 
 side of Section 16. All efforts to find an extension of the Excelsior 
 deposit east and west have so far failed. 
 
 Returning to the New England range and following it eastward, 
 we find that near the south J^ post of Section 16, it bends suddenly 
 to the northeast, making its way diagonally across this section to 
 the Lake Angeline Mine, which produces specular ore, having such 
 admixture of jasper, as to cause it to rank intermediate in the market 
 between first and second class ores. Whether the deposit worked 
 at this mine belongs to bed XII. or XIII., I have not determined, 
 
 10 
 
136 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 the ore partaking somewhat the character of each. The overlying 
 rocks on the north are covered by the waters of Lake Angeline. 
 
 To the south is a high ridge of diorite, XL, on the south side of 
 which is an extensive deposit of soft hematite, owned and worked 
 in part by the Lake Angeline and Iron Cliff Companies. 
 
 I suppose this hematite to belong to formation X., and therefore 
 of the same age as the Negaunee and Foster hematites, which will 
 be fully described below.- It will be borne in mind, that the hema- 
 tite ores on the Saginaw range occur in formation XII. 
 
 Without attempting to point out at present the structural rela- 
 tions of the Lake Angeline and Lake Superior ore deposits, we will 
 pass at once to a consideration of the latter mine, one of the most 
 extensive, productive and geologically interesting in the Marquette 
 region. 
 
 The accompanying map, No. IX., representing the Lake Superior 
 specular and hematite workings, together with the Barnum mine, 
 is intended to give the geological facts to be observed in con- 
 siderable detail, as well as the condition of the workings in 1870. 
 The structure of the east half of this mine is more complicated, than 
 that of any other in the district, and some questions connected 
 with it remain unsolved. 
 
 Regarding for the present the west half of the mine only, we find 
 presented on a small scale about the same structural phenomena, 
 which is so prominent a feature in the Republic mountain rocks. The 
 basin, or trough, in this case, however, abruptly narrows up, the 
 sides and bottom being as it were gathered in, as if to be tied, at a 
 point just south of the engine-house ; to the west the outcropping 
 edges of the basin diverge rapidly, and its bottom sinks into the earth 
 in the same degree. If we suppose the frustrum of a hollow cone, ly- 
 ing with its axis horizontal and its small end towards the east, to be 
 cut in two by a horizontal plane, representing the surface of the 
 ground, the lower half will represent my conception of the form of 
 the Lake Superior-Barnum ore basin. Conceive now this cone 
 to be made of sheet-lead, and to be considerably bent and dented, 
 and the illustration will be still more applicable. 
 
 A study and comparison of sections D D', C C' , B B', and 
 A A', in connection with the plan of the mine (Map IX.) will, I 
 think, render it plain that this conception of the structure is in ac- 
 cordance with the facts ; although the minor folds and faults con 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQVET1E IRON-REGION. 
 
133 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 siderably obscure and confuse the general structural question. Of 
 course, it is not absolutely proven, that the Barnum deposit dipping 
 south, and the continuation of the main Lake Superior deposit, now 
 worked in Pit No. 25, which dips north, are opposite croppings of 
 the same bed, and that the intervening space is underlaid by the 
 ore formation, and that, therefore, if work continue long enough 
 they will eventually connect under ground ; but certainly all the 
 facts point to this conclusion. The importance of this theory in 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Fig. 8, represents on a large scale the south or left-hand end of the section represented 
 in Fig. 7, and brings out the peculiar form of the "horse" of magnesian schist, which is 
 shaded, the ore being white. 
 
 its bearing on explorations for ore, mining and /valuing ore de- 
 posits, is very apparent. It shows, that such formations are not 
 vein or dyke-line deposits, but true stratified beds, like the rocks 
 by which they are enclosed. Their structure is therefore essen- 
 tially the same as the coal, limestone, sandstone, and slate-beds, 
 which are regarded as sedimentary deposits from water, subse- 
 quently more or less altered by heat pressure, and chemical waters 
 acting during immense periods of time. 
 
 The Lake Superior-Barnum deposit evidently has a bottom, 
 which will be reached within a period, of which it is worth while for 
 the present generation to take some heed. So of many other de- 
 posits in the region. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON-REGION. i$g 
 
 As we go westerly from these mines the basins become, as we have 
 seen, wider and correspondingly deeper. A depth of 300 feet in 
 the Edwards mine reveals no essential change in the dip of the de- 
 posit, as will be seen by reference to the plans of the mine. The 
 same is true of the Champion mine. 
 
 The time may come when, having worked out the steep up- 
 turned edges of the basins, and the flatter or deeper portions of the 
 deposit are reached, ore properties will be valued somewhat accord- 
 ing to the number of acres underlaid by ore, as coal now is. 
 
 Passing to the east portion of the Lake Superior mine, I confess 
 myself unable to give any intelligent hypothesis of its structure. 
 The facts observed are in part recorded on the Map of the mine on 
 section E E', and on the accompanying sketch, in part ideal, which 
 represents on a small scale a. section near E E'. There seems to 
 
 Fig. 9. Sketch showing Geological Section of the Lake Superior mine (looking west), 
 near Sec. E E', Map IX. 
 
 <?. Chloride schist, b. 
 Ore. 
 
 Mixed ore." c. Limonitic schist (hematite rock), d. Pure 
 
 have been such a gathering together, crumpling, squeezing and 
 breaking of the strata, as to nearly obliterate the stratification. An 
 attempt has been made to represent the present condition of things, 
 so far as revealed, by the workings. The remarkable features are 
 the great masses of light grayish-green chloritic schist, having a 
 vertical east and west cleavage, no discernible bedding p-lanes, and 
 holding small lenticular masses of specular ore, which conform in 
 their strike and dip with this cleavage, and which seem to have no 
 structural connection with the main deposits. They appear like dykes 
 of ore, squeezed out of the parent mass, which we may suppose to 
 
140 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 have been in a comparatively plastic state, when the folding took 
 place ; or they may have been small beds, contained originally in the 
 chloritic schist, and brought to their present form and position by 
 the same causes, which produce the cleavage in the schist. A com- 
 parison of these sections, showing effect of the folding on a large 
 scale, with the figures (19 to 29, Vol. II.) representing the contorted 
 lamina of the mixed ore of Republic mountain, will be found in- 
 structive. Indeed the same phenomena may be observed abun- 
 dantly at the Lake Superior mine, and still better at the Cleveland 
 knob. 
 
 Lake Superior mine sections E E', and Fig. 9, may almost be 
 said to represent a huge breccia. 
 
 The peculiar nature of the hanging wall of the Lake Superior mine 
 deserves further notice. Instead of the quartzite, which we have 
 hitherto found overlying all the deposits of rich ore, we have here 
 a magnesian schist very similar to, if not identical with, that al- 
 ready mentioned as being associated with the ore, as will be seen 
 by reference to the geological sections, and to Spec. 55, State Col- 
 lection, App. B, Vol. II. These rocks are given, however, differ- 
 ent colors on the maps. The hanging wall of pit No. 25, Section 
 A A', it will be observed, is made up of this schist and of layers of 
 quartzite. Whether the Upper Quartzite is replaced by this schist, 
 making it belong to XIV., or whether it is a member of the 
 ore formation XIII., in which case XIV. would be wanting at 
 this locality, I am not able to determine, but incline to the first 
 opinion. 
 
 The hematite formation XII. is fully developed at this locality, 
 producing an excellent ore which is extensively worked. The 
 relation of this formation to the overlying and underlying rock is 
 obscure, as has already been pointed out. This relation was very 
 plain, it will be remembered, on the Saginaw-New England range. 
 
 The structural hypothesis by which I have attempted to connect 
 the Lake Superior deposit with the Lake Angeline on the south, 
 and Marquette, Cleveland and New York mines on the east, need 
 not be further described here, but will be understood I think, 
 by those interested in the question, from an examination of the 
 following figure in connection with the maps. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON-REGION. 141 
 
 Fig. 10. Sketch (part ideal) showing position of ore basins at Ishpeming. 
 
 _ Outcrops specular ore. | 
 
 m . Conjectured position of range. >XIII. 
 Direction of dip. ) 
 
 New Yorkj Cleveland and Marquette Mines. 
 
 The geological facts to be observed, the general structure, nature 
 and extent of the workings of the New York mine, which is one of 
 the most regular deposits in the district, are so plainly set forth on 
 the accompanying Map, No. X., that but few words of description 
 are necessary. It will be seen to be a monoclinal deposit, in every 
 essential particular, like the Barnum, Champion and Spurr. Two 
 interesting facts will be observed : ist. The absence of formation 
 XII. ; the pure ore, with its associated chloritic schists, seems to 
 occupy the whole space between the Upper Quartzite, XIV. , and the 
 diorite, XL It maybe here observed that, as a rule, the purest ores 
 are found in the upper part of the ore formation, that is, nearest 
 the Upper Quartzite ; the New York mine presents an exception. 
 2d. The deposits on the north side of the railroad, worked by 
 Pits No. 3 and 4, have a striking resemblance to the small deposits, 
 Pits 16 to 21, of the Lake Superior mine, just described. The facts 
 to be noted at the Collins location, just east, taken in connection 
 with Pits 3 and 4 of the New York, point plainly towards the existence 
 of a small independent trough, north of the Cleveland-New York 
 
142 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 deposit. Explorations and mining operations so far, do not indi- 
 cate the presence of a large amount of first-class ore here. 
 
 I made no special survey of the Cleveland mine, the fund at my 
 disposal not permitting it ; the main object of the survey in this 
 direction being, to represent in detail a sufficient number of typical 
 mines, to cover the various structural phenomena to be found in the 
 district. The sketch of the Cleveland and Marquette mines, Plate 
 II., from A. Heberlein's map, in connection with the New York 
 mine (Map No. X.), will give a good general idea of this group. It 
 will be seen, that the most northerly pit (Gents, No. 3) of the 
 Cleveland mine, is a continuation of the New York deposit, having 
 the same strike and dip. Gents pit is in one of the largest depos- 
 its of pure specular ore in the whole Lake Superior region. It 
 dips south, forming the northerly edge of a narrow synclinal basin, 
 which immediately comes to the surface again in the Swedes pit, 
 where the ore has a northerly dip. These two pits produced in 
 1872 over 100,000 tons of ore. The ore basin widens and deepens 
 to the west in a similar manner to the Lake Superior, and undoubt- 
 edly underlays the swamp, on which the village of Ishpeming is 
 built. The connection of these deposits with those worked in the 
 more southerly Cleveland and Marquette openings, has not received 
 that attention which would enable me to express an opinion on the 
 subject. 
 
 There can be little doubt, but that the Cleveland mine promises 
 as well, if not better, for the future production of first-class spe- 
 cular ore, than any one of the older mines. 
 
 Jackson Mine and Negaunee Hematite Deposits. 
 
 No special survey was made of the Jackson mine ; but the 
 accompanying Plate (iii.), from O. Dresler's map and Atlas map of 
 the iron Mines at Negaunee (No. V.) will make known the general 
 structure of the mine, which is essentially similar to that of the 
 Cleveland and Lake Superior. This mine, although it produces 
 first-class specular ore, will be here considered in connection with 
 the hematite deposits, because they are adjacent, and their geo- 
 logical structure can be most conveniently described together. The 
 Jackson mine, so far as is known, is the extreme east end of the 
 
n. IT. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON-REGION. 143 
 
 rich ore basin formed by bed XIII. No workable deposit of ore of 
 any kind has been found north and east from this locality, and the 
 ores to the south are believed to belong to a lower horizon, and to 
 be, on the whole, inferior in quality. 
 
 Looking back over the field we have now hastily surveyed, and 
 assisted by the map of the Marquette iron-region, it will be seen 
 that, while there are many minor irregularities, on the whole the ore 
 basin gradually widens towards the west, from a mere point at the 
 Jackson mine to a width of fully five miles at the west end of Michi- 
 gamme lake, beyond which too little is known, to enable us to 
 accurately define its limits. It follows, therefore, that all the 
 Huronian rocks north, east and south from the Jackson mine, are 
 below, or older than the ore formation (XIII.) and all the rocks to the 
 westward and inside of the ore-basin are younger, hence above it. 
 
 The large amount of exploration work, done in the vicinity of 
 Negaunee, in searching for hematite within the last few years, has 
 aided greatly to develop the geological structure of that locality. But 
 unfortunately, the money I had to expend here .was more than ex- 
 hausted, before this work began, so I have been enabled only in 
 part to avail myself of it. 
 
 The facts observed are mostly recorded on the local map, men- 
 tioned above, and on the general map of the region. By reference 
 to the former it will be seen, that a belt of country, about one mile 
 wide, extending southeast from the Jackson mine, is dotted over 
 quite irregularly with hematite workings, which are mostly on lands 
 leased from Edward Breitung, as is explained in a note on the map. 
 These mines produce dark-colored earthy hematite, containing me- 
 tallic manganese, often up to an average of 5 per cent., varying 
 considerably in the amount of metallic iron, but on the whole 
 averaging lower, than the hematite ores heretofore mentioned, as 
 will be seen from the chapter on analyses. I believe these ores all 
 belong to one formation, No. X., in which, up to this time, no 
 merchantable ores, except the Lake Angeline hematite, have been 
 mentioned as occurring ; it is at least certain, that they are older 
 than formation XII., which embraces the Lake Superior and Win- 
 throp deposits. 
 
 The geological sections A A 7 through the Himrod and Green 
 Bay mines, and B B' through the Jackson Company's new hema- 
 tite and old specular ore workings, fully illustrate the hypothesis of 
 
144 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 structure adopted. It will be seen, that the ore is contained between 
 two beds of diorite, IX. below and XL above, and that there is 
 associated with the ore, chloritic schists and various ferruginous 
 schists and flag ore. These last-named rocks, it will be remembered, 
 made up this entire formation in the Michigamme district, where 
 hematites are wanting, as are magnetic ores in the district we are de- 
 scribing. Underlying the lower diorite mentioned, is a clay slate, 
 which is in turn underlaid by a gray quartzite, to be seen outcrop- 
 ping near the centre of the north half of Sec. 8, and represented in 
 Sec. A A' under the number VIII. This is undoubtedly the same 
 quartzite to be seen in the railway cut near the northwest end of 
 Goose lake, where it is overlayed by a soft schist. See forma- 
 tions VIII. and XL, Geological Sec. No. I, Map III. The clay 
 slate on south shore and near west end of Teal lake, and exposed 
 in railroad cut one mile east of Negaunee, is also believed to be of 
 the same age. 
 
 The lithological character of the several formations, mentioned 
 above, will be better understood by an examination of the following 
 specimens of the State Collection : No. 21 quartzite from VIII. ; No. 
 20 is a clay slate also from VIII. ; No. 31 is from diorite IX.; Nos. 
 24 and 25 are hematite ores from formation X.; No. 26 is a specimen 
 of ferruginous silicious schist from the Foster mine, which is also 
 regarded as belonging to the same formation (X.) ; Specimen 28, 
 from the same formation, is a magnetic, chloritic, silicious schist. 
 
 Referring again to Map No. V., it will be observed, that the 
 Jackson Company's hematite workings, the McComber, Maas and 
 Lonstorf s most northwesterly opening, the Rolling Mill, Himrod, 
 Spurr and Calhoun, and Iron Cliff Co. 's Sec. 18 mines, are all in a 
 rude curve, skirting the great development of diorite, which seems 
 to limit these deposits on the southwest, and under which they all 
 dip. The remaining openings are mostly contained in a narrow belt, 
 which extends east-southeast from the Grand Central, diverging 
 from the other range, which curves to the south. The diorite ridge 
 which runs through the centre of the latter range is apparently a syn- 
 clinal ridge underlaid by ore, which should therefore dip towards it 
 from all directions, as is the fact so far as known. Undulations 
 in the bed now unknown, may very likely bring the ore to the sur- 
 face at several other points. 
 
 There can be no doubt of the great extent of this ore ; it cer- 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON-REGION. 145 
 
 tainly can be on the average more cheaply mined and shipped than 
 any other ore in the region, except perhaps the hematites of the 
 Taylor and S. C. Smith mines. Location at the junction of two 
 railroads, and contiguity to a prosperous village, are additional ad- 
 vantages, which will go a long way towards offsetting the disadvan- 
 tages of lower percentage. The presence of several per cent, of 
 manganese in this ore helps its working in the furnace, rendering 
 it a desirable mixture. The McComber mine was first opened, and 
 its ore is well and favorably known to many furnacemen. My 
 analyses indicate, that this is a richer ore than the other mines of 
 this group, but this cannot be established without further develop- 
 ments, as work has but just begun at most of them. 
 
 The Teal Lake ore deposit belongs to the same formation, as may 
 be seen by an inspection of the map and sections. I have not 
 been able, however, to find any good hematite in the old explora- 
 tion pits, now nearly filled ; a lean flag ore is very abundant. 
 
 The Foster mine, near southwest corner of Sec. 23, T. 47, R. 27, 
 is another hematite deposit belonging to formation X. It has pro- 
 duced a considerable amount of hematite ore of medium grade, 
 which contains no manganese ; the deposits, or rather pockets, 
 are pre-eminently irregular in form and uncertain in extent. 
 The geological position of the Foster range is shown on Map No. 
 III. and accompanying sections. 
 
 The Cascade Range. The deposits on this range are the only 
 ones now wrought, which remain to be described in the Marquette 
 region. Like nearly every other described in this report, this ore 
 was known to the United States linear surveyors, and afterwards ex- 
 amined and commented upon in considerable detail by Foster and 
 Whitney. The range extends east and west through the south 
 part of T. 47, R. 26. See Map III. The locality known as the 
 Gilmore mine, at J^ post between sections 23 and 26, is the 
 most easterly point at which ore has been seen in quantity. This, 
 it will be observed, is about three and one-half miles east, and two 
 miles south, of the Negaunee hematite mines. The range has been 
 traced west by south from this place for five miles, or to a point 
 just four and one-half miles south of the Jackson mines. This 
 country has recently been opened up by a branch of the C. and N. 
 W. road, which closely follows the ore range. The principal open- 
 
146 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 ings have been made by the Cascade, Pi ttsburg and Lake Super! or, 
 Carr and Gribben Iron companies, who shipped an aggregate, in 
 1872, of over 40,000 tons, nearly all of which was by the first- 
 named company and its lessees. The last two named companies 
 Carr and Gribben have done too little work, to enable us to speak 
 with much certainty about their deposits. (See tables, on Sheets XII. 
 and XIII., Atlas.) By reference to the chapter on analyses, which 
 is quite full regarding these ores, it will be seen that they have, on the 
 average, less metallic iron and more silica, than the standard hard 
 ores of the district. The West-End mine, however, worked by the 
 Cascade company, and which produced last year about one-third 
 of their product, appears to be an exception to the above rule, and 
 to rank nearly with the first-class specular ores ; certainly consider- 
 able amount of high grade ore was taken from this pit last year, 
 but whether it was kept separate from the leaner varieties in the 
 shipments I do not know. The ore which largely prevails is asilicious 
 orquartzose, orjaspery (practically these words have the same import) 
 red oxide, having a characteristic coarse, slaty, or flaggy structure ; 
 hence the name by which they are known throughout this report. 
 They correspond nearly in composition, although not in their ap- 
 pearance and geological position, with the second-class ores of the 
 old mines, as the analyses referred to prove. See Iron Ores, 
 Chap. III. Some varieties closely resemble, if they are not iden- 
 tical with, certain varieties of the high grade ores ; but as a rule 
 they are lighter in weight, duller in color and lustre, are harder 
 under the knife, and pre-eminently flaggy or slaty in structure. I 
 have not been able to obtain a statement of the working of these 
 ores in the furnace. Further information regarding their lithologi- 
 cal character may be obtained from descriptions of Specimens 5 
 and 6 of the State Collection, App. B, Vol. II. ; the latter is the 
 beautiful "Bird's-eye" slate ore from the Bagaley and Wilcox pit. 
 Specimen 7 is from the diorite bed, which overlays the West-end 
 mine, and is interesting from its resemblance to granite in outcrop. * 
 The structural position which these ores seem to me to occupy 
 is shown on geological section No. 2 of Map No. III. They are 
 near the Laurentian, and the whole series is overlaid by a talcy 
 quartzite, which I believe to be the equivalent of No. V. of the Re- 
 
 * Mr. Julien has determined the feldspar in this rare variety to be orthoclase. 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON-REGION. 147 
 
 public mountain series, and to be the same bed, which outcrops so 
 conspicuously on the north side of Teal lake, and is calcareous 
 at the Morgan furnace and at the Chocolate flux quarry, where 
 it strikes the shore ^of Lake Superior. This rock varies more 
 widely in its lithological character, than any other in the region, as 
 will be pointed out elsewhere. If this hypothesis is correct, it will 
 follow, that these ores are the equivalents of the Michigan and Mag- 
 netic ores of the Michigamme district, and are older than any iron 
 bed made out in the Republic mountain series. The fact, that no 
 iron in quantity has been found north of Teal and Deer lakes 
 under quartzite V., where we should expect to find the opposite crop- 
 ping of the Cascade series, is to be regarded in considering this 
 question. The shortness of this range, which appears to terminate 
 abruptly to the west, has not been found far east, and has alto- 
 gether a local and isolated character, is significant. A hasty ex- 
 amination will satisfy any one that the quantity of ore in these 
 deposits is very great, and that it is very favorably situated for 
 mining and transporting. The accompanying north and south sec- 
 Fig, ii. Geological section across Cascade range, looking west. Part Ideal. 
 
 y 
 
 WEST 
 
 a. Flag ore or silicious hematite schist, in places quite rich. b. Banded jasper and specu- 
 lar ore with flag ore. c. Hematite rock or hematitic silicious schist, d. Diorite and di- 
 oritic schist, e. Quartzite. /. Conglomeritic and brecciated quartzite. 
 
 tion represents the different rocks to be seen outcropping on this 
 range, projected on one plane. No attempt has been made to 
 group them under formations I. to IV., to which they are supposed 
 to belong. The general section No. 2, Map III., which has been 
 mentioned, should be examined in connection with this sketch. 
 
 The Iron Mountain, Ogden and Tilden mines, not now worked, 
 produced flag ores similar to those of the Cascade range, but not 
 so rich on the average. These deposits belong, as will be 
 seen by Map No. III., to formation X.; the Iron Mountain 
 and Tilden mines being in opposite croppings of the same 
 basin. The Foster mine, as has been observed, is also in the same 
 formation, being overlaid and underlaid by flag ores. The Negau- 
 
I 4 8 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 nee hematite and Teal lake ores being also in X., make that forma- 
 tion remarkably fruitful in the quantity and variety of ore, which it 
 contains ; but it does not, so far as known, hold the high grade 
 specular ores in quantity. 
 
 Lower Quartzite, embracing Marble and Novaculite. 
 
 A brief consideration of the question of materials for furnace 
 flux may come within the limits determined for this report. The 
 subject, so far as the Silurian limestones are concerned, has been 
 fully considered by Dr. Rominger, in Part III., who gives 
 many analyses. The Menominee marbles will be mentioned 
 in Chapter V. on that region. No calcareous, or other rock suit- 
 able for flux, has yet been found in the Laurentian system of the 
 Upper Peninsula, although in Canada large beds of marble occur 
 in this oldest series. It remains only for us to consider the sili- 
 cious variegated marbles, found in the eastern part of the Marquette 
 region, none having been worked west of Goose lake, which happens 
 to mark the most easterly show of iron. The purest stone is found at 
 the Morgan furnace, seven miles west of Marquette, where a 
 heavy east and west bed of silicious marble, with vertical dip, and 
 having associated with it clay slates, is prominently exposed. The 
 prevailing colors are light-gray and pink. Specimens II and 12, 
 State Collection, are from this locality ; and Specimen 70, from the 
 Gorge, represents the chloritic schist, which underlies the marble 
 on the north. 
 
 The Chocolate Flux quarry on the shore of Lake Superior, three 
 miles south of Marquette, is another locality, from which a small 
 amount of furnace flux has been obtained. But the admixture of 
 quartzose matter is here so great, that its use has been abandoned. 
 Specimens 9 and 10, State Collection, represent the so-called 
 "marble" and slate from this locality. It and the associated 
 rocks are fully described in the extract from Dr. Houghton's un- 
 published notes, given in Appendix E, to which a sketch is ap- 
 pended. Mr. Julien examined a full suite of specimens from this 
 locality, which are described in App. A, Vol. II., Nos. 106 to 113. 
 No other marble locality possesses sufficient interest, to warrant 
 mention, although flux has been quarried at several points near 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUTTE IRON REGION. 149 
 
 Goose lake. It has been mentioned that the novaculite quarry, 
 just east of Teal lake, from which whetstones were taken more 
 than twenty years ago, is in the same formation. These stones are 
 not now worked. See Specimen 13, State Collection, App. B, 
 Vol. II. 
 
 During the past season several car-loads of quartzite were quar- 
 ried in the same vicinity, and used as lining for Bessemer steel con- 
 verters, at Capt. E. B. Ward's works, for which purpose it answered 
 well. 
 
 The various marbles, slates, and quartzose rocks described above, 
 are all believed to belong to one and the same formation, the Lower 
 Quartzite (No. V.), which, it will be remembered, underlies the Re- 
 public mountain series, and overlies the Cascade series. This for- 
 mation is one of the most interesting, geologically, in the Marquette 
 region, and is worthy of a far more careful study than I have been 
 able to give it. Specimens 8 to 13, inclusive, State Collection, App. 
 B, Vol. II., represent several varieties of rock from this formation ; 
 as many more varieties could easily be procured, including some 
 very fair specimens of iron ore from south and east of Goose 
 lake. 
 
 A brief description, in addition to what has already been given, 
 of the great geological basin formed by this quartzite, which em- 
 braces within its folds the great mass of the Huronian rocks, and 
 nineteen-twentieths of all the ore, will possess interest. Like the 
 ore horizon XIII., which we saw came to a point at the Jackson 
 mine, and widened to the west, so the opposite croppings of this 
 quartzite converge to the east and come together at the Chocolate 
 Flux quarry, already described. From this starting-point the 
 south rim of the basin bears away towards Goose lake, where some 
 minor folds and low dips make it the surface rock for a large area 
 northeast of the lake. From the south end of the Lake west, the for- 
 mation has a prevailing talcky character, often argillaceous and some- 
 times conglomeritic ; it has a great thickness and strikes west by 
 south. West of the Cascade it seems to assume more the char- 
 acter of a chloride gneiss and protogine, or at least a well-defined 
 bed of protogine rock occupies the position in which we would 
 expect to find the quartzite. See Map No. III. and sections. 
 
 The northerly rim, starting also from the Chocolate quarry, 
 
 maintains a nearly due west course, crossing the railroad at the 
 ii 
 
150 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Morgan furnace (where it holds the maximum amount of lime), 
 forms the barrier rock in the Carp at the Old Jackson forge, passes 
 north of Teal lake and south of Deer lake, occasionally at various 
 points further west, and last, so far as I know, north of the Spurr 
 mountain, nearly 40 miles west of Lake Superior. 
 
 3. ESCANABA DISTRICT. 
 
 The most southeasterly deposit in the Marquette region, and 
 one which is entirely isolated from the localites already described, 
 is the S. C. Smith Mine, producing soft hematite ore ; it is located 
 on Sects. 17, 18, and 20, T. 45, R. 25, and connected by a branch 
 with the C. and N. W. railroad. It is but 42 miles from Escanaba, 
 giving it a great advantage in distance over any mine, now shipping 
 .ore through that port. The geographical position is less remark- 
 able than what might be called its geological isolation, for it appears 
 to be in a small patch of Huronian rocks, in the midst of a great 
 area of barren territory, underlaid by the Laurentian and Silurian 
 systems. See Map III. The discovery of this deposit, a few years 
 since, by Silas C. Smith, Esq., reflects great credit on his knowl- 
 edge of the nature and distribution of ore deposits, and his perse- 
 verance in searching for them. Mr. Smith also first directed atten- 
 tion to the Republic mountain, which was, until within a few years, 
 called by his name ; he also made the first explorations in the Me- 
 nominee region. 
 
 The few outcrops about the S. C. Smith mine, and the small 
 amount of work done, when my examinations were made, enable 
 me to say very little about its geological structure. The ore range 
 runs northwest and southeast, approximately parallel with the 
 Escanaba river, and cuts the southwest corner of Sect. 17. Con- 
 tiguous on the northeast (whether underlying or overlying I am un- 
 able to say) is a bed of black clay-slate, in places identical with the 
 so-called "plumbago" of the L'Anse range, which has been hereto- 
 fore considered. Numerous fragments of a similar slate, probably 
 belonging to the same formation, are found on the east side of Sec. 
 29. Laurentian granite is seen on both sides of the river, just 
 east of this locality, away from which we have a right to assume 
 the slate dips, rendering it probable, that the whole series dips 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 151 
 
 southwesterly, in which case the slate would form the foot-wall of 
 the ore deposit, as on the L'Anse range. On Section 20, west of 
 the river, a talcky schist, holding grains of quartz, was observed, but 
 its relations with the other rocks were not determined. 
 
 Near the west ^ post of Section 20, and at other points in the 
 vicinity, a flag-ore of good quality has been found ; a specimen 
 from one of the test-pits gave Mr. Britton 56 per cent, of metallic 
 iron ; whether there is any considerable amount of ore of this de- 
 gree of richness has not, I think, been determined. Hand speci- 
 mens of very fair specular ore could be found, but, as a whole, it 
 seemed to me to be much more closely allied to the flag ores. 
 Small boulders of this kind of ore had been found in this vicinity by 
 C. E. Brotherton, some years ago. 
 
 Lapping over the upturned edges of the black slate on Sec. 17, 
 and extending towards the east, is a horizontal Silurian limestone, 
 which is, however, cut off by the river, beyond which numerous 
 outcrops of granite and gneiss rear their heads above the flat sand 
 plain. Silurian rocks are also seen on parts of Sec. 19, but west 
 and northwest the country is all Laurentian, so far as I have been 
 able to learn. South and east is a great plain, undoubtedly under- 
 laid by Silurian rocks, but affording no outcrops, except near Little 
 lake, where an isolated hill, apparently Huronian, rises out of the 
 plain ; I have not learned that any indications of iron have been 
 found there. 
 
 I regret not having had the time and means to make a re-exami- 
 nation of this interesting and important district, after last season's 
 extensive developments, and reluctantly present this imperfect 
 sketch for want of fuller and more complete data. 
 
 4. L'ANSE DISTRICT. (See Plate iv.) 
 
 The United States surveyors marked " iron ore " in two places on 
 the line between Sects. 4 and 9, T. 49, R. 33. A quartzose or sili- 
 cious brown and red ore can be seen outcropping, at several points 
 in this vicinity. These facts early drew the attention of explorers 
 to this district, and a considerable amount of land was bought from 
 the government, for iron, as early as 1864. The fine harbor at 
 the head of Keweenaw bay, only seven miles distant, and the 
 abundance of excellent hard wood, tributary to this bay, have long 
 
152 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 caused it to be regarded as one of the best points in the northwest, 
 at which to make charcoal pig-iron, and establish other manufac- 
 tories related thereto. The soil along the protected shores of Ke- 
 weenaw bay is good, which led to the establishment of Indian mis- 
 sions there many years ago. A circle having the village of L'Anse 
 as a centre, and a radius of 35 miles, would embrace the Washing- 
 ton, Edwards, Champion, Republic, Michigamme, Spurr Moun- 
 tain, Magnetic and Taylor mines, with others less promising, to- 
 gether with all the copper mines in the Portage Lake district, the 
 Hecla-Calumet mine, as also the principal mines in the Ontonagon 
 district. It would also embrace all the roofing slate territory to 
 which attention has already been directed, and an immense sand- 
 stone area, about which little is known. The amount of hard wood 
 within the circle would be surpassed by very few equal areas on the 
 Upper Peninsula, and the quantity of pine is large. A railroad 
 running west, tapping the Ontonagon copper region, and continu- 
 ing through the Gogebic and Montreal river mineral region, so 
 as to connect with the Northern Pacific road, would, with existing 
 roads and the excellent water communication, make the greater 
 part of the area described easily accessible from L'Anse. If the ad- 
 vantages of the geographical position of L'Anse have not been here 
 overstated, it is somewhat remarkable that the locality should have 
 remained so long undeveloped. The want of railroad communica- 
 tion with the outside world was, undoubtedly, the main reason. 
 What effect the very heavy grades, encountered within ten miles of 
 the town, will have on the amount of ore which will be carried there 
 from the Michigamme district, remains to be seen. The ore from the 
 Taylor mine, and others that may be opened on the L'Anse range, 
 can be put on board vessel at L'Anse at less cost for transporta- 
 tion, than any equally good ores with which I am acquainted, on the 
 entire chain of the Great Lakes. 
 
 As has been before remarked, the L'Anse iron range, so far as 
 made out, lies in the north part of T. 49, R. 33, the best ore 
 being in Sees. 9, 8, 4, and 5 ; it has a general easterly and 
 westerly trend, like nearly all of the iron ranges of the Upper 
 Peninsula. 
 
 The Taylor Mine, the only point where the existence of a worka- 
 ble deposit has been demonstrated by actual exploration, is near 
 the centre of the northeast ^ of northwest ^ Sec. 9, T. 49, R. 33. 
 
PI . IV 
 
 / 
 
 /, 
 
 ^Jtes 
 
 ^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 s 
 
 <^K 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ,,/1 
 
 fe^ 
 
 yVM 
 
 '^vX'v 
 
 w 
 
 o . 
 ^s 
 
 ^a? t 
 
 ss5 
 & * 
 
 Hfl. 
 
 g< 
 
 ^ 
 J 
 
 yi\*w?iyis 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 153 
 
 This ore deposit is 950 feet above the surface of Lake Superior, and 
 seven miles from L'Anse by railroad, built or building. The ground 
 slopes gently to the west, affording an excellent opportunity for 
 attacking the ore, which is covered by but a few feet of earth. 
 The timber in the vicinity is first-rate hard wood. 
 
 The prevailing variety of ore at the Taylor mine is a soft hema- 
 tite, similar in character to that of the Lake Superior and Win- 
 throp mines. A number of analyses of average specimens, the 
 results of which are given in full in Chapter X., varied from 44 to 
 57 per cent, metallic iron, with a remarkably small percentage of 
 silica for an ore of this class. I see no reason to doubt but that a 
 hematite can be mined here, which will yield an average of 55 
 per cent, of pig-metal in the furnace. Cross trenches and drifts 
 show the deposit to have a maximum thickness 20 to 25 feet 
 free from rock, and three or four times this thickness of such mix- 
 tures of ore and rock, as usually occur at hematite mines. The 
 distance between the most easterly and westerly points at which 
 ore has been found, is about 1 ,000 feet, but up to this time the ex- 
 plorations made have not demonstrated the deposit workable, as to 
 quantity and quality, for more than about one-fourth of this dis- 
 tance. The oft-mentioned irregular pocket-like character of these 
 deposits makes it difficult to predict, with any degree of certainty, 
 regarding them, beyond what can be actually seen. But the heavy 
 bed of hematitic rocks, which show a constant tendency by their de- 
 composition to pass into ore, together with what has been actually 
 developed by the workings, leaves no reasonable doubt but what 
 there is here a large workable deposit of ore. 
 
 About 200 feet south of this ore deposit, and overlying it (the 
 whole series dip south), is a bed of highly manganiferous iron ore, 
 average specimens of which have yielded as much as 44 per cent, 
 of the oxide of manganese ; such ore must, of course, be compara- 
 tively poor in iron ; this subject was considered under iron ores in 
 Chapter III. The deposit is of uniform quality for a thickness of 
 ten feet, and was penetrated by a shaft for the same distance. One 
 per cent, of oxide of manganese was reported in some of the analy- 
 ses of soft hematite mentioned above, showing the general dissem- 
 ination of this substance, which seems to have its greatest concen- 
 tration at the point we are describing. Whether this ore would 
 possess value in the manufacture of metallic manganese, I am not 
 
154 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 able to say, but its presence, undoubtedly, gives additional value 
 to iron ores, in improving the quality of the metal produced, and 
 causing the ore to work more easily in the furnace, besides e%pe- 
 cially adapting the metal for steel manufacture. 
 
 Several other " shows" of iron in this vicinity are worth men- 
 tioning. Near the south J^ post of Sec. 4, being on the north face 
 of a high hill, is an extensive outcrop of several varieties of flag ore, 
 more or less mixed with rock, in the vicinity of which considerable 
 exploration work has been done. Some rich hand specimens of 
 specular ore have been procured at this locality, but the great mass 
 of the material to be seen is made up of layers of silicious ore, 
 banded with quartzose material, the latter greatly predominating. 
 The indications of hematite to be seen here are not promising. I 
 see no reason why a flag ore yielding from 40 to 50 per cent., 
 may not be sought for with reasonable chances of success. A 
 similar ore was found several hundred feet farther north. The 
 quantity of this mixed material existing in the S. j of S. y 2 Sect. 
 4 is undoubtedly very great. 
 
 In the S. t/2, of the N. E. J^ of Sect.. 8 are outcrops of hematitic 
 rocks, which point towards the continuation of the Taylor mine 
 series, making this a promising ground for exploration. Further 
 west and southwest the ground falls off, the drift deepens, and no 
 outcrops of any rock, so far as I know, are to be found, except in 
 the immediate valley of Plumbago brook, where in Sect. 13, Town 
 49, R. 34, is an outcrop of argellite, which suggests a possibility of 
 there being roofing-slate in the vicinity. Three miles west of the 
 Taylor mine is the east edge of a treeless, sandy plain, which occu- 
 pies nearly the whole of T. 49, R. 34, and extends into the town- 
 ships south and west. 
 
 A similar desert country is passed through by the Peninsula 
 Railway, commencing 7 miles from Negaunee. This latter, how- 
 ever, is underlaid chiefly by Silurian rocks, while the other is be- 
 lieved to be Huronian. 
 
 On the south side of Sect. 9, between Plumbago brook and the 
 diorite ridge, which extends easterly and westerly more than one- 
 half way across T. 49, R. 33, is a range of hematitic rock, similar 
 to that at the Taylor mine, but which is not so promising for ore, so 
 far as explorations have revealed. It has been traced for a distance 
 of more than half a mile, and is the rock which immediately under- 
 
GEOLOGY OF THE MARQUETTE IRON REGION. 155 
 
 lies the diorite, being itself in turn underlaid by clay-slate, the 
 whole series dipping to the north, as will be seen on Plate IV. 
 
 Before dismissing the economic consideration of this district, it 
 would be proper to notice the so-called " plumbago," found so abun- 
 dantly in the north bank of Plumbago brook ; but as this subject 
 has been fully treated under the head of Carbonaceous Shale, Chap. 
 III., it need not be further referred to here. 
 
 The Huron bay slates with associated rocks, may be regarded as 
 belonging to the L'Anse series, although more than ten miles away 
 in a northeasterly direction. 
 
 This district, which is now being explored for roofing-slate, affords 
 indications of iron at several points, which I have not had such op- 
 portunity to examine, as would enable me to make any definite 
 statement about them. So far as I can learn, those best ac- 
 quainted in the district are not sanguine as to the existence of 
 workable deposits of merchantable ore. At the end of Chap. I. will 
 be found brief statements, regarding the slate companies now at 
 work in this little-known district. 
 
 An inspection of Plate IV., in connection with what has been 
 said, makes it necessary to add very little, regarding the struc- 
 ture of this range. The absence of outcrops through the central 
 portion of Sec. 9, leaves the geological section quite incomplete. 
 There can be little doubt, however, but that the quartzites, diorites, 
 clay-slates and hematitic schists, so well exposed on the north side 
 of Plumbago brook, where they dip north, are the equivalents of the 
 Taylor mine series, which dip south, although the sequence is 
 not exactly the same ; and the diorite, so conspicuous on the south 
 rim, is not exposed on the north side of the basin, unless the 
 dyke-like mass of greenstone north of the Taylor mine represents 
 it, which I do not think probable. The absence of outcrops also 
 makes it impossible to determine whether there are any minor folds 
 between the two croppings of the basin. If there are no such folds, 
 then there is room for a considerable series of rocks above or 
 younger, than those enumerated ; and among them should occur, if 
 it exists here at all, the rich hard ore of the Marquette dis- 
 trict. It is assumed in this hypothesis, that the rocks to be seen 
 are the equivalents of formations I. to X. of the Marquette 
 series ; this assumption is based chiefly on lithological grounds. 
 Any rich hard ores found must be specular or red oxides, as there 
 
156 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 is an entire absence of magnetic attraction in the L'Anse district. 
 Magnetic ores have not as yet been found associated with soft 
 hematites, so far as I am aware, in the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 The diorite immediately north of the Taylor mine has been men- 
 tioned as dyke- like. Whether it actually cuts the series of clay and 
 ferruginous slates and schists at an acute angle, was not determined, 
 but in places it certainly has that appearance. If it does so, it is 
 the only case that has come under my observation, in which the 
 Huronian diorites (often termed greenstones and traps) do not con- 
 form with the schistose and slaty strata, with which they are asso- 
 ciated. This locality, in connection with others which show un- 
 mistakable dykes of magnesian schist cutting various rocks, is 
 worth the study of the geologist, but is comparatively not of much 
 importance to the explorer and miner. Mr. Julien, as will be seen 
 by reference to App. A, Vol. II., Specs. 342 to 353, regards the 
 L'Anse greenstones as a peculiar variety of diorite. 
 
 Another point of considerable interest, in connection with the 
 diorites of this locality, is the dioritic sand, which forms the base of 
 the great south bed, and separates it from the underlying hema- 
 titic schist on the south. This material is an angular, coarse, dark, 
 greenish sand, and has evidently been produced by the disinte- 
 gration of the rock, which is in places quite friable. 
 
 But by far the most interesting geological fact to be observed at 
 this locality, and one, the importance of which can scarcely be over- 
 estimated in considering the grand subdivisions of the Azoic rocks, 
 is the nonconformability of the Huronian, or iron-bearing series, with 
 the older Laurentian, which can be observed in the gorge formed by 
 Plumbago brook, about 400 feet southwest of the southwest corner 
 of Sec. 9, T. 49, R. 33 (See Plate IV.). Here a talcky, red, quartz- 
 ose rock, dipping at a low angle northwest, and which is unmistaka- 
 bly Huronian, is seen nearly in contact with a Laurentian chloritic 
 gneiss, which dips at an angle of about 35 south-southwest. The 
 same phenomena can be noted at a point near the Republic 
 mountain (see page 126); and the nonconformability is further 
 proven by the fact that the Laurentian generally abounds in dykes 
 of granite and diorite, which are almost entirely absent from the 
 Huronian. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 MENOMINEE IRON REGION.* 
 
 THE centre of this region is about 40 miles west by north from 
 Escanaba, 50 miles south-west from Marquette, and 50 miles north 
 from Menominee, as the bird flies. (See Map, No. II.) The area 
 known to bear iron is embraced within a square of 16 miles, being 
 portions of Towns 39, 40, 41 and 42, Ranges 28, 29, 30 and 3-1. 
 This does not include the iron deposits west of the Paint river, nor 
 the Michigamme mountain, owned by the Republic Iron Co., in 
 Sect. 4, T. 43, R. 3i.f The iron ores in the Menominee region 
 occur in two approximately parallel E. and W. belts, each probably 
 composed of two distinct ranges or horizons of ore ; these belts are 
 separated by a broad granite area, in which a little unpromising 
 iron has been found on Sects. 10 and 15, T. 41, R. 29. 
 
 This granite area narrows towards the west, caused by the con- 
 vergence of the iron belts, and has nearly the shape of a flat-iron. 
 The region is drained by the Menominee river, which skirts its W. 
 and S. sides, and by the Sturgeon, a branch of the Menominee, 
 which winds through the eastern part of the iron-fields. 
 
 * The facts contained in this chapter, as well as on Map No. IV. of Atlas, are largely 
 from the Surveys and Explorations of Prof. R. Pumpelly and his assistant, Dr. H. Cred- 
 ner, made for the Portage Lake and Lake Superior Ship Canal Co. Prof. Pumpelly 
 placed his private notes and sketches at my disposal, and added most valuable explanations. 
 A valuable paper on this region is "The pre- Silurian formation of the Upper Penin- 
 sula of Michigan, in North America, by Dr. Herman Credner, Leipsic, illustrated by 
 maps, diagrams and geological sections found in Plates vm. to xn. (from the Journal of 
 the German Geological Society)." Prof. Pumpelly and Dr. Credner are not in any way 
 responsible for the hypothesis of structure here employed, nor for the views expressed as 
 to the quality of the ores. 
 
 f A large amount of silicious iron ore occurs at this locality on the S. W. side of a high hill. 
 Marble is found south and west, but in greatest abundance to the north, between Deer and 
 Fence rivers, and on the upper waters of those streams. This district possesses much geo- 
 logical interest, and quite possibly economic importance, but means were not available for 
 its examination. 
 
158 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 i. SOUTH IRON BELT. 
 
 The South and, geologically, uppermost iron range of this Belt is 
 probably the most regular and one of the most extensive iron deposits 
 on the Upper Peninsula. The most easterly exposure of ore in this 
 range is at the Breen mine on N. y 2 of N. W. J^ of Sec. 22, T. 39, 
 R. 28. This location is 34 miles from Escanaba, and 45 miles from 
 Menominee, in a bee line. The air-line distance from the elbow of 
 the C. & N. W. R. R., now in operation, is 12^ miles. 
 
 Travelling from the Breen mine on a course N. 74 W., which is 
 parallel with the general course of the river, we find on S. J^ of 
 Sects, ii and 10, N. j of Sect. 9, and S. j of Sect. 6, T. 39, R. 
 29, large natural exposures of ore, which have been still farther de- 
 veloped by recent explorations. 
 
 In the N. J^ of Sect. 2, T. 39, R. 30, are boulders of iron-ore, and 
 near the S. J^ post of Sec. 34, T. 40, R. 30, magnetic attrac- 
 tions, which indicate the presence of the iron range. Near the S. 
 ^ post of Sec. 30, T. 40, R. 30, is a large exposure of ore ; thence, 
 following a line of magnetic attraction which leads about W. by N., 
 we find in the centre of the S. E. % of Sec. 25, T. 40, R. 31, 
 another exposure of ore, and a continuation of the local magnetic 
 variations, westerly towards the Menominee river, two miles distant. 
 A range of iron ore, corresponding with this and probably its con- 
 tinuation, has been made out in Wisconsin, between the Brule and 
 Pine Rivers. Here are no less than nine large exposures of ore, 
 the extreme ones 16 miles apart, which lie in one straight, narrow 
 belt. 
 
 Immediately N. of this iron range is a broad belt of impure 
 marble, equally regular, of greater thickness, but which apparently 
 widens towards the W. 
 
 North of this, in the vicinity of the Sturgeon River, on Sees. 7 and 
 8, T. 39, R. 28, and Sec. 12, T. 39, R. 29, are local magnetic attrac- 
 tions and iron boulders, which are believed to mark the position of 
 another geologically lower iron range, although no outcrop has been 
 seen in this vicinity ; but near the centre of N. * of Sec. 20, T. 40, 
 R. 30, just N. of Lake Antoine, is an outcrop of silicious ore. 
 
 Strong magnetic attractions can be observed near the S. W. cor. 
 of Sec. 22, and iron boulders in Sec. 27, and also on north shore 
 N. of Lake Fume"e, in T. 40, R. 30. 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 159 
 
 These indications make certain the presence of a second iron 
 range, although it cannot be demonstrated that these several shows 
 belong to one horizon. 
 
 These two ranges, separated by the marble, constitute the South 
 iron belt. North of and underlying both, is an immense bed 
 of quartzite, which is well exposed at the falls of the Sturgeon 
 river, Sec. 8, T. 39, R. 28 ; also on Sec. I, T. 39, R. 29, and Sec. 
 28, T. 40, R. 29, and at the southwest J^ of Sec. 23, T. 40, R. 30, 
 as will be seen by the map. This quartzite, although believed to be 
 geologically conformable with the ore formations, is not parallel 
 with them ; running more northwesterly, and dividing in T. 4> R- 
 30, into two and perhaps three ranges. 
 
 North of this quartzite, and underlying the whole series already 
 described, are the Laurentian, granites, gneisses and schists, which 
 make up the granite area, already referred to as probably being 
 barren in workable deposits of ore, and which, therefore, our in- 
 vestigations do not embrace. 
 
 South of the south iron range, already described, is a bed of chlo- 
 ride schist, well exposed on the south shore of Lake Hanbury, 
 Sec. 15, T. 39, R. 29, and on the Sturgeon river in Sec. 13. Im- 
 mediately south is a second quartzite, which is quite different in 
 its character from the bed already described. 
 
 Next south is a broad belt of argillaceous slate, running parallel 
 with the iron range, and exposed at several points in T. 39, 
 Ranges 28 and 29. (See map.) South of this, and embracing 
 portions of the Menominee river, is a broad well-defined belt 'of 
 chloritic, hornblendic and dioritic rocks, running parallel with the 
 iron range, the harder members of which form the barrier rocks of 
 all the falls in this part of the Menominee, and probably those of 
 Pine river in Wisconsin. This series are perfectly exposed at Stur- 
 geon Falls, Sec. 27, T. 39, R. 29, and at the great and little Bequen- 
 senec Falls, and Sand Portage, in T. 39, R. 30. 
 
 2. NORTH IRON BELT. 
 
 The North iron belt or range has a course nearly due east and 
 west, and is all embraced, so far as known, in the south tier of 
 Sees, of T. 42, Ranges 28, 29, and 30. The most easterly dis- 
 
l6o IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 covered exposure of ore, known as the Felch mountain, is in 
 the N. y 2 of Sees. 32 and 33, T. 42, R. 28, and is sixteen miles 
 north and three miles west from the Breen mine, the position of 
 which has been denned. Travelling due west, fragments of iron 
 ore are found in N. E. ^ of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 28 ; after which 
 no absolute proof of the presence of iron is found (although it 
 is probably continuous) until we reach Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 29, 
 where, in the centre of the section, is an immense exposure of 
 iron ore in an E. W. ridge, which can be traced westerly half- 
 way across Sec. 36 of the next Township. The natural exposure 
 of ore on Sec. 31 is larger than at any other point in the Meno- 
 minee region, and the quality is as good, if not better, so far as 
 can be judged by surface indications. Magnetic attractions and 
 iron boulders, found farther west and southwest on this range, 
 prove its extension in that direction. Whether the westerly course 
 continues, or whether it curves to the southwest, as seems probable 
 from the position of the lower quartzite and local magnetic attrac- 
 tions in the northwest part of T. 41, R. 30, has not been deter- 
 mined. The latter hypothesis is most in accordance with the 
 known facts, although the southeast dip of the quartzite on Sees. 
 17 and 1 8, observed by Dr. Credner, is not explained. If this hy- 
 pothesis is true, the iron range should cross the Menominee some- 
 where in Sees. 24 or 25, T. 41, R. 31, into Wisconsin. There can 
 be little doubt but that the North and South belts belong to one 
 geological horizon, hence somewhere come together. 
 
 The existence of two distinct iron ranges in the North belt, 
 does not admit of so easy proof as in case of the South belt. 
 The facts which point towards this are the following : About one- 
 fourth of a mile north of the iron range, already described as exist- 
 ing on Sec. 36, T. 42, R. 30, is a bed of marble running east and 
 west, parallel with the iron, on both sides of which are slight mag- 
 netic attractions. Prof. Pumpelly found, " about 80 paces south of 
 this marble, an outcrop of strata made up of layers of quartz, mag- 
 netic iron and chlorite," probably of no economic value. 
 
 Again, in the E. y 2 of Sec. 35, are two parallel lines of feeble 
 magnetic attractions, several hundred feet apart, and to the north 
 are some large, angular boulders of magnetic ore ; similar smaller 
 boulders are found between Sees. 33 and 28, still farther west. 
 
 South of the iron deposits on Sees. 31 and 36, is a bed of mar- 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 161 
 
 ble, somewhat similar to the one already described as underlying the 
 south iron range of the South belt, and possibly the equivalent of it, 
 as the two have the same relative geological position. Farther 
 south, immediately adjacent to, and overlying the granitic rocks, 
 is a heavy bed of quartzite, which is undoubtedly the equivalent of 
 the lower quartzite, already described as forming the base of the 
 South belt. This quartzite at the S. ^ post of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 
 29, is characterized by the presence of mica scales in the bedding 
 planes, and might be denominated a micaceous quartz schist. It has 
 considerable resemblance to the rock, associated with the Cannon 
 ore in the Marquette region. This fact possesses considerable 
 geological interest in connection with the relative age of the Felch 
 mountain ore deposit, which, I think, belongs in this lower quartz- 
 ite. See Chap. III., Group H. mica schists, and below. 
 
 The Huronian rocks in the N. ^ of Sec. 31, are covered with 
 horizontal layers of Silurian sandstone, hence cannot be seen. 
 North of the iron on Sec. 36, is the marble already mentioned, 
 which is peculiar in being filled in places with crystals of kyanite, 
 giving the gray weathered surface of the rock a rough jagged 
 character, like a coarse rasp. 
 
 Just N. of the N. % post of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 29, is an east and 
 west range of gneiss rock, and still farther north a heavy bed of horn- 
 blendic schist. At numerous points east and west, through the centre 
 of T. 42, Ranges 28, 29, and 30, are outcrops of similar hornblendic 
 rocks, together with beds of mica schist and gneiss, traversed in 
 places by dykes, and perhaps by beds of granite. This broad belt 
 of hornblendic rocks is apparently represented in its westerly exten- 
 sion, where it crosses the Michigamme river, by the mica and chlori- 
 tic schists and gneisses, so well exposed at the Falls of the Michi- 
 gamme, Cedar Portage, Long Portage, Norway Portage and inter- 
 mediate points in Towns. 41 and 42, R. 31. Similar rocks cross the 
 Paint river, a few miles farther west. This series would correspond 
 in their geological position, as they do partially in their lithological 
 and topographical characteristics, to the hornblendic and chloritic se- 
 ries, already described as forming the southernmost formations of the 
 South belt, and which there, as here, produce numerous waterfalls. 
 
 Near the centre of this hornblendic belt, in the north part of Sees. 
 21, 22, 23, and 24, T. 42, R. 29, is a line of comparatively feeble 
 magnetic attractions, which seems to have no equivalent in the 
 
162 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 South belt, unless it be in Sec. 28, T. 39, N. R. 18, E. Wisconsin ; 
 or in one of the beds of hornblendic rock at Little Bequensenec 
 Falls, to be described hereafter, which contains many specks of sul- 
 phuret of iron and of magnetic ore. 
 
 This line of attractions, noticed in T. 42, R. 29, may represent 
 the north edge of a basin, of which the North iron belt, already de- 
 scribed, is the south edge ; but I incline to the hypothesis, that it is 
 an independent ferruginous range. No outcrop or boulder of iron 
 has been seen upon it in Michigan, and it is doubtful if it is of any 
 economic importance, although of much geological interest, as 
 helping to elucidate the structure. 
 
 Returning to the most easterly exposure of iron on the North 
 belt, the Felch mountain, we find a different and less complete se- 
 quence of rocks. Except some boulders about one mile west, no 
 marble can here be seen. The Felch mountain ore rests immedi- 
 ately upon, and is bounded on the south by hornblendic, micaceous 
 and gneissoid rocks, which are undoubtedly Laurentian, thus shut- 
 ting out the marble and quartzite, already described as existing 
 under the iron to the west. No indications, which would suggest 
 the presence of a second iron range, can be found here. Within 
 half a mile north the hornblendic schists are to be seen. At the 
 N. i^ post of Sec. 31, about \y 2 miles westerly, is a large exposure 
 of quartzite, running east and west, and apparently dipping to the 
 north, although the bedding is indistinct. This may be the equiva- 
 lent of the north marble range, Sec. 36, T. 42, R. 30, for quartzites 
 sometimes pass into marbles in the Marquette region. 
 
 The Felch mountain ore, so called, is in reality a dull red jasper- 
 like quartzite, containing numerous thin lamina and minute gash 
 veins of very pure specular ore. It has somewhat the appearance 
 of the " mixed " or second class ore of the Marquette region (see 
 Chap. III. A), differing in containing less iron, and in the fact, 
 that the ore lamina have less continuity. Considerable amount of a 
 similar rock can be seen on the Penokie iron range, Wisconsin. I have 
 a two pound specimen of specular ore from the Felch mountain, which 
 is as rich as any I ever saw. The deposit is somewhat magnetic, the 
 east and west belt of magnetic influence having considerable breadth. 
 
 It is not at all improbable, that better ores may be found adjoin- 
 ing this on the north, or possibly still further north, in a geological 
 position corresponding with the ore on Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 29. 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 163 
 
 In the south half of Sec. 36, T. 42, R. 29, about two miles west 
 of the Felch mountain, Prof. Pumpelly and Dr. Credner observed 
 a variety of the lower quartzite, the character of which is important 
 in connection with the age of the Felch mountain deposit. It has 
 been described as containing mica enough on its planes of stratifica- 
 tion, to make it semi-schistose, is porous, and contains thin streaks 
 of magnetic iron in crystals, with here and there cubes of iron 
 pyrites. 
 
 The above facts lead me to accept the hypothesis already ad- 
 vanced, that the Felch mountain ore deposit is itself in the Lower 
 Quartzite. If we suppose the mica contained in the quartzite 
 exposed at S. ^ post of Sec. 31, and in the S. part of Sec. 36, to 
 be replaced entirely by specular ore, a Felch mountain ore would 
 be the result. This hypothesis is supported by the fact, that the 
 Cannon ore, Sec. 28, T. 47, R. 30, is a quartz schist, having specu- 
 lar ore in its bedding planes, and which in a short distance changes 
 into mica. (See Chap. III., Mica schist.) It should be noted, how- 
 ever, that while the Cannon ore is micaceous, the Felch mountain is 
 eminently granular. The Cannon, like the Felch deposit, is at the 
 base of the Huronian series, resting immediately on the Laurentian. 
 
 It has already been mentioned that Silurian sandstone capped 
 the iron bearing rocks on N ^ of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 29 ; the same 
 is true in places on Sections 34, 35, and 36, in same Township, as 
 also in Sections 31, 32, and 33, in the Township east. Passing to 
 the South belt, we find the sandstone covering the iron series 
 in Section 25, T. 40, R. 31, in Sees. 30, 29, 23, and 36, T. 40, 
 R. 30; also in Sections 9 and 10, T. 39, R. 29, and in Sec. 15, 
 T. 39, R. 28 immediately north of the Breen mine, as well as at 
 numerous other points, which it is not necessary to mention.* 
 
 Explorations eastward on the two iron belts of the Menominee 
 region, reveal the presence of this sandstone and its accompanying 
 overlying limestone (calciferous sand rock), in greater quantity, even 
 to the point of entirely covering up the Huronian and Laurentian 
 rocks, which is done, so far as known, from near the east side of 
 the Menominee iron region, all the way to the Canadian line at 
 the Sault Ste. Marie. Local magnetic attractions, discovered by 
 
 * These irregular patches of sandstone are not represented on the maps. 
 
164 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 United States surveyors at various points in this Silurian area, 
 render it likely that the iron-bearing or Huronian rocks extend 
 far to the eastward, connecting probably with the similar rocks of 
 the north shore of Lake Huron, where they were first studied and 
 named by the Canadian geologists. Pine explorers inform me, that 
 they have observed dark-colored heavy rocks, which were some- 
 what magnetic, in the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula. 
 These may have been Huronian islands in the sea, in which the 
 sandstones were laid down. This subject is discussed in Chap. II. 
 
 Like their equivalents in the Marquette region, the ore strata 
 and accompanying rocks of the Menominee region usually conform 
 in their strike with the general trend of the belts and ranges, and 
 dip at high angles, thus presenting their upturned edges to the 
 observer, and affording, where exposed, the best possible opportu- 
 nity to observe the thickness of the beds and their mineral compo- 
 sition. But highly inclined strata, especially if they should be 
 overturned, as is occasionally the case, are not favorable for making 
 out the structure and sequence of the various beds. This question 
 is farther complicated by the difficulty of distinguishing, in the case 
 of the clay and chloritic slates, between the cleavage and bedding 
 planes. The latter are sometimes very obscure, and have been 
 confounded with the other, thus leading to erroneous results. 
 
 The geographical distribution of rocks in the Menominee region 
 which has already been given in a general way, in connection with 
 what has been said in Chapter II. concerning the structural rela- 
 tions of the Laurentian, Silurian and Huronian systems, leaves but 
 little more to be said regarding the structure. The Laurentian 
 area is the broad backbone of the^great E. and W. anticlinal, on and 
 against the north and south sides of which the iron series repose, 
 dipping away from the axis ; that is, the South belt south and the 
 North belt north. This general structure, it will be observed, is 
 similar to that presented by the Michigamme district on the south 
 and the L' Anse-Huron bay districts on the north of the Marquette 
 region, separated as they are by a great Laurentian anticlinal. It 
 is probable that the Laurentian area of the Menominee region may 
 wedge out at a point just west of the Menominee river, in the same 
 way as do the Laurentian rocks of the Marquette region in the west 
 part of T. 49, R. 33- (See Map I.) 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 165 
 
 In order to bring out the structure more fully for the information of 
 the explorer and miner, three geological sections will be given, two on 
 the South and one on the North belt. Like most geological sections, 
 they are to a certain extent ideal, but are intended to correctly 
 present the facts, together with such inferences as seem to be war- 
 ranted. I should note that Dr. Credner's corresponding sections 
 differ considerably in the hypothetical parts from mine, as will be 
 seen by reference to his paper already mentioned. 
 
 Geological Sections, Menominee Iron Region. 
 Section A. 
 
 Projecting the more important rock exposures of the eastern por- 
 tion of the South belt on one plane, which may be taken at right 
 angles with the strike of the rocks, that is, N. 16 E, through Stur- 
 geon Falls, Sec. 27, T. 39, R. 29, the following series will be found 
 (See Map No. IV.) : 
 
 At the falls of the Sturgeon, Sections 8 and 9, T. 39, R. 28, is 
 a group of strata, which divide rocks unmistakably Laurentian 
 on the N., from the lower Huronian quartzite on the S., and which 
 Prof. Pumpelly and Dr. Credner regard as of Laurentian age, but 
 which seems to me to admit of some doubt, as they conform with the 
 bedding of both systems (all being conformable) and have lithological 
 affinities with both. 
 
 Prof. Pumpelly describes them as follows, beginning with the up- 
 permost strata : 
 
 1. Talcose slates, soft, light-greenish, gray, with distinct ripple- 
 marks. 
 
 2. Four beds of conglomerates, consisting of more or less rounded 
 fragments of quartz, granite and gneiss, 15 to 30 feet wide. See 
 Spec. 65, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. This conglomerate has 
 not been observed elsewhere, although a somewhat similar rock 
 outcrops on Sec. 10, T. 42, R. 28. 
 
 3. Underlying the series are two beds of protogine gneiss, of red- 
 dish color, separated by a bed of chloritic schist ; the upper one of 
 the beds of protogine encloses a segregated vein, two feet wide, 
 of a mixture of magnetic iron and sulphuret of iron, which does not 
 
 promise to make a workable deposit. 
 12 
 
166 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 North of this series, at the head of rapids on Sec. 9, T. 39, R. 28, 
 unmistakable Laurentian rocks occur, but which appear to be con- 
 formable with the Huronian. The chief varieties found- here as well 
 as elsewhere in the Menominee region are, a granite (in places 
 porphyritic) syenite, mica-gneiss, with some mica-schist, hornblen- 
 dic-gneiss and schists, chloritic and talcose gneiss, with some chlo- 
 ritic and talcose slates. 
 
 I. The lowest, geologically, and most northerly formation which 
 is unmistakably Huronian in the South iron belt, is a quartzite, 
 which outcrops conspicuously at the Falls of the Sturgeon 
 river, Sec. 8, T. 39, R. 28 (not Sturgeon Falls), where it is not far 
 from 1,000 feet thick, and rises to an elevation of over 200 feet 
 above the river. It is usually light-gray, massive, compact, and 
 often semi-vitreous, with indistinct bedding ; has more the appearance 
 of vein quartz than the Marquette quartzites. In places it shows 
 ripple-marks with great distinctness ; the weather has no appreci- 
 able effect on it. 
 
 This formation outcrops conspicuously, forming high ledges on 
 Sec. 9, T. 39, R. 28, on Sec. i, T. 39, R. 29 and Sec. 28, T. 40, 
 R. 29. A quartzite, believed to be the equivalent of this, outcrops 
 near the N. W. cor. Sec. 26, T. 40, R. 30. The Felch mountain 
 iron deposit is also supposed to belong to this formation, as has 
 already been explained. 
 
 II. A quartzose sandstone and conglomerate rock, which has a 
 lithological character more allied to the Silurian than the Huronian, 
 seems to overly this quartzite on the S., outcropping near the S. 
 W. cor. of Sec. 2, T. 39, R. 29, and on the E. bank of Sturgeon 
 river, on Sec. 8, T. 39, R. 28. But little is known about it, and 
 its existence as a member of the iron series is not absolutely proven. 
 From its soft, friable character it would more likely be found under 
 swamps than on elevations. 
 
 The marble outcropping in Sections 24 and 25, T. 40, R. 30, 
 would appear to occupy the same horizon. The same marble may 
 exist on this geological section, but it has not been seen ; the for- 
 mation we are describing may be its equivalent. 
 
 III. The existence here of a range of slightly magnetic ore is 
 indicated by angular boulders of lean ore in the valley of the Pine 
 river, Sec. 12, T. 39, R. 29, and by magnetic attractions, Sees. 7 and 
 8, T. 39, R. 28. It does not, however, outcrop in this vicinity. 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 167 
 
 The hypothesis assumed for the structure of the South belt would 
 make this ore the equivalent of the range known to exist north of 
 Lakes Antoine and Fumee, in T. 40, R. 30. It is possible, as will 
 be seen hereafter, that this conjectured iron range may be the equi- 
 valent of the main iron deposit of the North belt. 
 
 IV. Crystalline limestone or marble. This formation has an im- 
 mense development in the South belt, far greater than in the other, 
 its thickness being probably greater than that of the quartzite I. 
 It is generally thinly bedded, and usually of a light-gray color, but 
 is sometimes reddish, yellowish, or bluish.* The upper portion 
 contains thin bands of slate, in which it resembles the marbles of 
 the Marquette region, but differs from them in being freer from 
 silica, less variegated in color, having fewer joints, as well as in 
 being immensely greater in its extent, and more dolomitic. The 
 Marquette marbles are indeed but calcareous beds in the Lower 
 Quartzite (V.) of that series, there being no proper marble forma- 
 tion in the rocks of that region. 
 
 A piece of marble from near the Breen mine gave Dr. Rominger 
 carbonate of lime, 61 per cent. ; carbonate of magnesia; 34 per cent. ; 
 hydrated oxide of iron and manganese, I per cent. ; and silicious 
 matter, 0.25 ; which composition would make the rock rather a 
 dolomite than a limestone. Specimen No. 66, State Collection, App. 
 B, Vol. II., came from Sec. n, T. 39, R. 29. Five specimens from 
 this locality gave an average specific gravity of 2.81, approximately 
 determined. Dr. Rominger gave attention to the value of this 
 rock for building. (See his Report, Part III.) Large outcrops of 
 marble occur on the south side of the Pine river on Sees, n and 12, 
 T. 39, R. 29, and on the Sturgeon river, Sees. 17 and 18, T. 39, 
 R. 28. 
 
 V. The principal iron ore formation of the South belt overlies, 
 on the south side, the formation just described. It is made up 
 chiefly, so far as is now known, of silicious specular slate ores, cor- 
 responding nearly with the so-called flag ores of the Marquette 
 region. There is generally such admixture of magnetite as to pro- 
 duce moderate variations in the needle, but no evidence of the ex- 
 istence of a large body of magnetic ore. Specimen 68, State Col- 
 
 * The weathered surface is often rough, from minute ridges, caused by the more silicious 
 layers, which best resisted the weathering. 
 
168 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 lection, App. B, Vol. II. is from Sec. 1 1 , T. 39, R. 29. At the Breen 
 mine some very good soft hematite occurs in the same formation, 
 which promises to be in workable quantities. See Specimen 67, State 
 Collection, App. B. , Vol. II. This ore would probably be found else- 
 where if sought for, but it never outcrops. A blackish, porous ore, 
 hematitic in its character, containing 56 per cent, of iron and nearly 
 I per cent, of manganese, was found in a pit at the ^ post between 
 Sections 9 and 10, T. 39, R. 29, but its extent was not determined. 
 Boulders of the same ore were seen in other places on the range. 
 
 The best exposures of the hard ores of this formation in the vi- 
 cinity of the Sturgeon river, besides the Breen mine, are in Sees. 1 1 , 
 10, 9 and 6, T. 39, R. 29. These ores will be described more 
 fully, and analyses given hereafter. 
 
 VI. On the south shore of Lake Hanbury, which lies in Sees. 9, 
 IO, 15 and 16, T. 39, R. 29, is an extensive outcrop of cJiloritic 
 schist, the most easily splitting planes of which strike \vest by north, 
 and dip south at a high angle. A similar rock, believed to be the 
 same bed, can be seen on the Sturgeon river, near centre of Sec. 13, 
 T. 39, R. 29? South of Lake Hanbury, 200 steps, is a rock partak- 
 ing of a dioritic character, but which is probably a harder granular 
 form of the same schist. Such rocks often graduate into each 
 other in the Marquette region (Chap. III.). This schist may prob- 
 ably underlie Lake Hanbury and the swamps easterly and westerly 
 from it.* It is represented on the section as following in its fold- 
 ings formations VII. and VIII., described below. It is at least 
 possible that this formation may be the same as the Menominee 
 river diorites and chloritic schists, IX. and X., there brought to the 
 surface by another series of more southern folds. But this hypo- 
 thesis is not assumed in this discussion. 
 
 VII. Clay -Slate. At 350 steps south of Lake Hanbury, on 
 lines between Sees. 15 and 16, T. 39, R. 29, is a bluish and green- 
 ish gray slate, showing indistinct contorted bedding, with prevailing 
 dip to north ; the cleavage planes of which strike about north 
 70 west, and dip 80 to south. Veins of white quartz occur in 
 
 * Since the above was written Professor Pumpelly has informed me that he observed a 
 large outcrop of marble south of the iron formation III., in T. 40, R. 30, which will 
 be described below under Section B. This marble may fill the apparent blank existing at 
 Lake Hanbury. 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 169 
 
 these planes. At 550 steps south of the lake, a similar slate is 
 found dipping north under the quartzite VIII. , next to be described. 
 It is believed that these two outcrops of slate, are the opposite sides 
 of a synclinal trough, which holds the quartzite. 
 
 In the N. E. ^ of Sec. 20, T. 39, R. 29, is an outcrop of talcose 
 clay-slate. In Sees. 29 and 39, T. 39, R. 28, are several outcrops of 
 dark colored, finely cleavable, but indistinctly bedded clay-slates. 
 It is assumed that all these outcrops are parts of bed VII., which is 
 folded into a synclinal and partial eroded anticlinal, as represented 
 on section A of Map IV. 
 
 I am not in possession of sufficient facts to demonstrate the pre- 
 cise relations of these beds to each other, but the general fact is 
 established by the northerly dips observed by me on Sees. 14, 15 
 and 1 6, that there are at least two folds between the iron range and 
 the Menominee river, which probably reduces the estimated total 
 thickness given in Dr. Credner's paper (18,000 feet), one-third. 
 See page 175. 
 
 VIII. Associated with the clay-slates south of Lake Hanbury, is 
 a bluish gray quartzite, which weathers into a brown, friable sand- 
 stone,* and in places reticulated with fine veins of quartz. At 550 
 steps south of Lake Hanbury, on line between Sees. 15 and 16, 
 T. 39, R. 29, this quartzite is underlaid, as has been mentioned, 
 by the clay-slate, VII., the division plane dipping plainly to the 
 north at an angle of from 45 to 75; the same rocks with the same 
 northerly dip were observed farther east, on Sees. 15 and 14. This 
 quartzite may be simply a local bed in the clay-slate formation, 
 hence not entitled to a distinct number. The marked contortions 
 both in the clay slate and quartzite are noticeable, and point unmis- 
 takably to the presence of a great fold. The cleavage planes 
 maintain their east-west strike and southerly dip. 
 
 IX. This number is intended to include the soft magnesian 
 schists (chloritic, talcose, and probably argillaceous) occurring so 
 abundantly along the Menominee river, in the vicinity of the mouth 
 of the Sturgeon, as well as at the several falls above. They will 
 be more particularly described under geological section B. 
 
 * "Iron slate" is marked on the United States plats at this locality. The brown 
 color of the quartzite has something the appearance of iron rust. The very feeble mag- 
 netic attractions existing along this range, indicate the presence of magnetite. 
 
170 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 X. This formation is designed to embrace the granular dioritic 
 rocks which form the barrier of the Sturgeon and other falls above, 
 for 20 miles. It varies considerably in character, but on the whole 
 bears a strong family resemblance to the granular diorites of the 
 Marquette region. A peculiar gray variety, occurring at Sturgeon 
 Falls, Sec. 27, T. 39, R. 29, is illustrated by Specimen No. 65, State 
 Collection, App. B, Vol. II. This is the formation, it will be re- 
 membered, which in its supposed westerly prolongation into Wis- 
 consin, produces the falls in the Pine river, and near them becomes 
 iron-bearing. If the hornblendic schists mentioned as occurring in 
 T. 42, are Huronian, they are probably the equivalents of this for- 
 mation. 
 
 XI. South of X., on or near the Menominee river, in south part 
 of T. 39, R. 29, are several exposures of what appear to be mag- 
 nesian schists and protogine, the structural relations of which to 
 the rocks already described have not been made out. A rock similar 
 to the protogine was observed in Sec. 13, T. 42, R. 30, and would 
 there seem to have about the same relative position to the North 
 belt that this has to the South belt. 
 
 Geological Section B runs northeast by north, across T. 40, 
 R. 30, cutting Lake Antoine, and passes near the head of Great 
 Bequensenec Falls. (See Map IV.) 
 
 I. Lower quartzite. This formation appears far more conspicu- 
 ously in this section than in A, owing to the double fold hypotheti- 
 cally introduced to cover the facts observed in the N. y 2 of T. 40, 
 R. 30. The large exposure of quartzite lying against the Lauren- 
 tian, on Sees. I and 2, and the numerous angular boulders on Sees. 
 7 and 8, with the outcrop of quartzite near S. W. cor. of Sec. 23, 
 taken in connection with the granite exposures on Sees. 4 and 9, 
 lead one to the conclusion that one bed of quartzite, forming a 
 synclinal basin under the Pine river and an eroded anticlinal to 
 the south, best reconciles the facts observed. The lithological and 
 topographical characteristics of this quartzite have .already been 
 given under A, and need not be repeated. 
 
 II. This formation was represented on A by friable sandstone 
 and conglomerate, not observed near this section ; the blue and 
 pink marble outcropping near centre of Sec. 25, and the marble 
 at the N. W. cor. of Sec. 24, are assumed to belong to one horizon 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 
 
 171 
 
 (as shown by map and section), which is supposed to immediately 
 overlie the quartzite. There is no reason to believe that this for- 
 mation has any great thickness. 
 
 III. The " shows " and "signs " of ore to which this number was 
 attached on section A, have developed into certainty on this sec- 
 tion, where, near the centre of the N. */ 2 of Sec. 20, T. 40, R. 30, a 
 considerable outcrop of iron ore is seen in the bottom of a small ra- 
 vine. It is a silicious, red oxide, resembling in its general charac- 
 ter the great ore formation of section A. Its continuation east- 
 ward is made certain by the magnetic attractions on the south line 
 of Sec. 22, by the iron boulders of N. E. ^ of Sec. 27, and on 
 the north side of Lake Fumee, on Sec. 26. Except the slight at- 
 tractions noted by United States surveyors, at N. E. cor. of Sec. 30, 
 T. 40, R. 29, there is no connecting link, so far as known, between 
 this deposit and the indications of this bed on A. It is not proven 
 that they are identical. Dr. Credner, as will be seen by reference 
 to his paper, believes the ores on the north side of the lakes are the 
 equivalents of those on the south, the two being connected by a 
 synclinal fold. 
 
 IY. Crystalline limestone or marble. There are immense out- 
 crops of this rock in the S. part of Sees. 34 and 35 ; large exposures 
 on the S. shore of Lake Antoine ; boulders on the W. side of Sec. 
 30, all in T. 40, R. 30, and a continuation of the boulders in Sec. 
 25, in the Township west. The apparent thickness is greater than 
 was shown on A., which may be owing to a crumpling or short 
 abrupt folding of this part of the formation ; or, it may be due to 
 an actual thickening of the formation to the westward. 
 
 Two outcrops referred to, deserve especial mention : that in the N. 
 W. fractional ^ of Sec. 29, contains beds of a sandy and almost 
 conglomeritic rock, which is associated with thin beds of dark-gray 
 argillaceous limestone. The outcrop on Sec. 35 is the largest marble 
 outcrop in the Menominee region, it being over 1,200 feet wide. 
 As the dip is at a high angle to the S., the perpendicular thickness 
 of the bed cannot be less than 1,000 feet. The S. part of the out- 
 crop shows bands of limestone alternating with thin seams of quartz. 
 
 V. The main iron formation is marked by an outcrop in the cen- 
 tre of S. E. y of Sec. 25, T. 40, R. 31, and by another which forms 
 the west end of a high ridge on line between Sees. 30 and 31, T. 40, 
 R. 30, the two being connected by a line of magnetic influence. 
 
i; 2 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Attractions also exist near the south ^ post of Sec. 34, T. 40, R. 
 30, and in the N. W. % of Sec. 2, T. 39, R. 30, are iron boulders. 
 There is at present (October, 1872) no reason to believe that the 
 ore in Towns 39 and 40, R. 30, is less in quantity, or differs in 
 quality from that already described under the corresponding forma- 
 tion of geological section A. 
 
 VI., VII. and VIII. The hypothetical place of these formations on 
 section B, is covered by deep drift constituting the sandy terraces 
 of the Menominee river. No outcrops of any kind can be seen on 
 this belt of rocks, either in Ranges 30 or 31, except a large exposure 
 of marble observed by Prof. Pumpelly, just south of the ^ post, 
 between Sees. 32 and 33, which corresponds in strike and dip and 
 in general lithological character with marble formation IV. Refer- 
 ence to the map will show that this rock has no observed equivalent 
 on A, where, if it exists at all, it should be found under Lake 
 Hanbury. 
 
 I must confess that the existence of this marble, but lately made 
 known to me, points to the existence of folds in the neighborhood 
 of Lake Antoine, not suggested by my geological sections. 
 
 IX., X. The chloritic, hornblendic, and dioritic rocks embraced 
 under these two formations are well exposed at the Great and Little 
 Bequensenec Falls, and at Sand Portage, all in T. 39, R. 30. 
 These falls afford an unsurpassed opportunity to study this series, 
 which was carefully done by Dr. Credner, who made out the follow- 
 ing section at the upper fall from north to south : 
 
 a. Crystalline hornblendic rock, consisting of light to dark- 
 green hornblende in crystalline masses, white feldspar, a little chlo- 
 rite and some quartz. 
 
 b. Talcose rock, consisting only of fibrous talc, which forms a 
 kind of soapstone in three heavy beds. 
 
 c. Fissile talcose silicious slates, of a reddish color, with small 
 crystals of orthoclase. 
 
 d. Soft talcose slates of light green color, 
 
 e. Chloritic slates, dark green, with spots and layers of clayish 
 red oxide of iron. 
 
 /. Hornblendic rock, dark green, crystalline, coarse-grained to 
 aphanitic, with specks of sulphuret of iron. 
 
 By the Little Bequensenec Falls the following series of strata is 
 laid open, from north to south : 
 
MENOMINEE IR ON REGION. 1 7 3 
 
 a. Talcose chloride slates, with a great many segregations of quartz. 
 
 b. Hornblendic rocks, with much dark-green chlorite, and many 
 specks of sulphuret of iron and magnetic iron ore, 35 feet. 
 
 c. Soft fibrous soapstone in two heavy beds, with some sulphuret 
 of iron, 8 feet. 
 
 d. Talcose slates, fissile, with many layers and segregations of 
 white quartz and red limonite. 
 
 e. Chloritic slates, 10 feet. 
 
 f. Bed of hornblendic crystalline rock, 12 feet. 
 
 g. Chloritic slates with seams of iron pyrites, 30 feet. 
 
 h. Fibrous talcose slates, reddish, with bands of green color. 
 i. Chloritic slate. 
 
 Geological Section C. (North Belt). On line between Ranges 
 29 and 30, T. 42. 
 
 I. A quart zite, which is micaceous at S. ^ post of Sec. 31, and 
 in south part of Sec. 36, T. 42, R. 29, and ferruginous at the Felch 
 mountain. The lithological character and stratigraphical position 
 of this formation have been fully considered. Although it differs 
 considerably in its character from the equivalent formation of the 
 South belt, there can be little doubt but that it is the same. 
 
 North of this quartzite is a considerable breadth of low damp 
 ground, with no outcrops. 
 
 II. Crystalline limestone or marble, of a quite pure snow-white, to 
 reddish granular variety, outcrops immediately south of the iron on 
 Sec. 31. In the southeast ^ of Sec. 35, T. 42, R. 30, is an out- 
 crop of marble presenting very distinct bedding planes, which dip 
 to the north. These two outcrops define a range parallel with the 
 quartzite, and probably belong to this bed, II. Another out- 
 crop of marble near the centre of Sec. 35 cannot be reconciled as 
 belonging to this formation, and there is some uncertainty as to 
 whether it lies above or below the iron formation. If below, then 
 it would have the same relative position to the iron as the outcrop 
 first mentioned above. More facts are needed to establish the re- 
 lations of these marbles. As will be seen by comparing sections 
 C and B, it is assumed that the limestones marked II., on each, are 
 equivalents of this bed. 
 
 III. The great iron-ore formation, which extends easterly and west- 
 erly across Sec. 31, half way across Sec. 36, and probably much 
 
174 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 farther each way, has already been partially described. This bed 
 is apparently the equivalent of III. of the South belt, but it is cer- 
 tainly more extensive, and, so far as can be seen, contains better 
 ore. If this hypothesis be correct, then the upper and main iron 
 formation of the South belt has no representative in the North belt, 
 unless it be indicated by the slight magnetic attractions already 
 mentioned as having been observed in the north part of Sec. 36. 
 The strongest indication of the continuance of this formation east- 
 ward is to be found, so far as known, just six miles due east, in the 
 N. E. y of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 28, where Prof. Pumpelly observed 
 numerous large angular fragments of specular iron ore, associated 
 with fragments of marble. This deposit should, on this hypothesis, 
 pass just north of the Felch mountain, in its eastward prolonga- 
 tion.* The quartzite near the north J^ post of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 
 28, would, on this hypothesis, be the equivalent of the before men- 
 tioned marble in Sec. 36, seven miles west. 
 
 IV. Crystalline limestone or marble, containing crystals of ky- 
 anite, outcrops about 300 steps south of the north ^ post of S. 36, 
 T. 42, R. 30. Several outcrops of the same rock occur a short distance 
 to the west, and a little south, indicating the probable existence of a 
 large deposit of this rock. Except in the presence of the kyanite 
 crystals, which gives to a weathered surface the rough character 
 heretofore described, this rock has much the character of the mar- 
 ble, with corresponding number of geological sections A and B. 
 Whether these marbles are equivalents is not proven, but it is as- 
 sumed as being more in accordance with the facts than any other 
 hypothesis. 
 
 V. An interesting fact in connection with the limestone outcrops 
 on Sec. 36, just described, is the presence of a very noticeable mag- 
 netic attraction on both sides of the marble, or rather associated 
 with it. 
 
 Prof. Pumpelly observed south of one of these outcrops of 
 marble "strata made up of layers of quartz, magnetic iron and 
 chlorite, containing garnets, and resembling some of the strata 
 at Republic Mountain, Marquette region." These attractions 
 
 * The blank space north of and above the iron formation III., on section C, is marked 
 by no outcrops except Potsdam sandstone, which covers the Huronian rocks on Sec. 31, 
 as has been already stated. 
 
MENOMINEE IR ON REGION. 1 7 5 
 
 are probably due to this rock, which is certainly but a poor repre- 
 sentative of the great upper iron bed of the South belt. 
 
 VI., VII., VIII. No other rock was observed on this section for 
 several hundred paces ; this space may or may not be rilled by these 
 formations, which, so far, have only been seen on geological sec- 
 tion A. The numbers are introduced here, in order to carry along 
 the hypothesis of structure which will best reconcile and present 
 the observed facts. 
 
 IX., X. Just north of the north ^ post of Sec. 31, T. 42, R. 29, 
 is a large outcrop of gneiss, with thin layers of granite, and adjoin- 
 ing this on the north is the most southerly observed outcrop of the 
 great hornblendic and mica schist series, the geographical extent 
 and general structure of which have been fully considered. Whether 
 this series of schists are the equivalents of beds IX. and X. , which 
 occupy the immediate valley of the Menominee, cannot be estab- 
 lished. They have the same relative position to the iron ore, 
 marble and quartzite series, and similarity in their lithological 
 character. It must be admitted, however, that the lithological 
 affinities of this series of rocks of the north belt are decidedly Lau- 
 rentian rather than Huronian. The gneiss and granite outcrop, 
 above described, may be almost regarded as a typical Laurentian 
 rock in its appearance. If future investigations prove them to be 
 Laurentian, a very troublesome structural problem would be pre- 
 sented here, as we would have Laurentian rocks conformably over- 
 lying beds, unmistakably Huronian. There seem to be fewer diffi- 
 culties in supposing that the Huronian rocks of the Menominee 
 region embrace lithological families not, so far, found represented 
 in the equivalent series in Marquette region. 
 
 An important observation may be made here bearing on the vari- 
 able thickness of the Huronian series, or else pointing unmistak- 
 ably to tremendous folds in the rocks of the South iron belt, it is 
 this : the superficial breadth occupied by formations I. to VIII. in- 
 clusive, is nearly four times as great in the South belt as in the North. 
 A portion of this difference may be accounted for by the thin- 
 ning out of this series to the north ; but the folds figured in geologi- 
 cal section A, and possibly others not determined, would, I think, 
 account for the greater part of this discrepancy.* There are no 
 evidences of any folds in the corresponding series in the North belt. 
 
 * See page 169. 
 
176 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 A range of marble associated with quartzite, chloritic and tal- 
 cose rock, and overlaid by a chloritic gneiss, with beds of chloritic 
 schist and gneissoid conglomerate, the whole dipping at a high angle 
 to the south, passes about five miles north of the North belt. These 
 may represent the north side of the trough or basin, of which this 
 iron belt is the south outcrop. No iron has, however, been found, 
 as far as I know, on this range. 
 
 Along the Menominee river, where it crosses this broad schistose 
 belt which lies north of the North belt, is a series of north and south 
 dips, observable at the Cedar, Long, and Norway portages, which 
 point unmistakably to intermediate folds in these rocks, whose 
 thickness, therefore, may not be very great. 
 
 Nothing remains to be said regarding the Menominee iron region 
 which is of practical importance to the explorer, miner, or capi- 
 talist, and which would properly come within the scope of this 
 work, except a statement as to the quality of the ore. The quantity 
 has already been described as great, and the chances to mine all 
 that could be desired. The distances by rail from shipping port 
 and grades are most favorable. If the ores are of first quality, this 
 region has a future which will only be surpassed, if it is surpassed, 
 by the Marquette region, now developed to that extent that its ores 
 produce nearly one-fourth of all the iron made in the United States. 
 
 Unfortunately at this time the question of quality cannot be fully 
 answered, for the simple reason that up to the date of my last visit, 
 in October, 1872, comparatively little exploring had been done, and 
 iron deposits very seldom expose naturally their best ores ; these 
 have to be found by digging. This subject is fully treated in Chap. 
 VII. ; but I will repeat here that ninety-nine hundredths, if not nine 
 hundred and ninety-nine thousandths, of all the ore outcropping in 
 the Marquette region (and there is an immense amount of it) is not 
 merchantable, according to the present standard for shipments. 
 Soft hematite ores never outcrop ; therefore if pure high grade ores 
 be abundant in the Menominee region, they might not yet have 
 been found from the little work that has been done. 
 
 The facts observed by me are as follows, taking the several iron 
 locations in succession : 1st, The Breen mine on N. i^ of N. W. 
 j of Sec. 22, T. 39, R. 28, South belt. Three kinds of ore occur 
 at this locality, the predominating variety (constituting perhaps 
 
MENOMINEE IR ON REGION. 1 77 
 
 four-fifths of all exposed) being a lean, silicious, slaty or flaggy 
 ore, resembling the Iron mountain and Teal lake ores of the Mar- 
 quette region. It varies in quality from a ferruginous quartz schist, 
 containing but a few per cent, of iron, up to masses as good, if 
 not better, than the second-class or flag ores of the Marquette re- 
 gion, with occasional richer streaks. Careful mining and selecting 
 would produce an ore of this kind that should yield say 45 per 
 cent, in the furnace, but it would be apt to " work hard," from the 
 large amount of silica, and produce a hard iron, suitable, perhaps, for 
 rail-heads. (See Iron Ores, Chap. III.) What percentage of the 
 whole mass would be of this degree of richness, practical mining 
 only can determine ; from what could be seen in October, 1872, I 
 should say not exceeding one-third. 
 
 The next variety in abundance is a soft, earthy, dark-colored 
 hematite, resembling in its general appearance the Negaunee hema- 
 tite ore of the Marquette region. A sort of irregular pocket of this 
 ore was found lying in the first described variety, appearing as if it 
 may have been produced by a partial decomposition and disinte- 
 gration of the flag ore, that is a secondary form of it. This he- 
 matite pocket, so far developed by the shafts and trenches, is of 
 sufficient size to work advantageously, but is divided through the 
 centre by a bar of very silicious ore. Several " shows " of this ore 
 were found in other places, but none were proven to be of work- 
 able extent. See Spec. 67, State Coll., App. B, Vol. II. 
 
 The third variety of ore is best in quality, but, so far as known, 
 least in quantity. It can be seen near the mouth of a drift on the 
 south side of the ridge next the swamp, where a bed two or three 
 feet thick was passed through, flag ore being found to the north of 
 it. This is a hard, more or less porous, bluish, heavy, red ore, 
 of a hematitic character, and has considerable resemblance to the 
 so-called Jackson "hard hematite." It would undoubtedly work 
 well in the furnace, and would yield not less than 60 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. There are reasons to suppose that there may be a 
 workable bed of this ore on the property ; but judging from what is 
 to be seen at the drift above mentioned, it may be under wet ground. 
 
 On the whole, it may be said of the Breen location, that the 
 great amount of ferruginous schist there developed, and the ten- 
 dency shown by it to pass into soft hematite, render it very prob- 
 able that a considerable quantity of workable ore of this kind 
 
178 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 may exist. The absence of local magnetic attractions, and of 
 boulders of rich hard ore, leads me to consider it doubtful whether 
 any rich specular and magnetic ores, such as are now produced in 
 the Marquette region, will be found here. 
 
 The ore range probably extends east and west, the entire length 
 of the " 80," or one-half mile, forming a ridge where the explorations 
 have been made, from 20 to 30 feet high, bounded by a swamp on 
 the south side. The whole iron series dip south, and are underlaid 
 on the north by soft shaly magnesian and argillaceous rocks. 
 
 Sections 6, 9, 10 and II, T. 39, R. 29. The ores on these sec- 
 tions form what appears to be a continuous deposit, and are so much 
 alike in their general character that they can be more commonly and 
 briefly described together. Except a few trenches dug by the 
 Canal Co. on Sees. 9 and n, and some test-pits sunk this season on 
 Sec. 6, no work had been done on this range at the time of my last 
 visit. Here, as at the Breen, the prevailing variety, in fact the 
 only variety which I saw in quantity, was the silicious flaggy ore 
 already described. The quantity of this ore is enormous, forming 
 as it does the south face, and, perhaps, the great mass of a consider- 
 able ridge running west by north. The opportunity for attack by 
 open cuts into the south face of this ridge is unsurpassed. Like 
 the hard ores at the Breen, they vary greatly in richness, from a 
 quartz schist slightly impregnated with iron up to specimens, and 
 even considerable masses which will yield 50 per cent., and occasion- 
 ally a specimen that contains 60 per cent, of metallic iron. The 
 prevailing variety, however, is represented by Specimen No. 68, 
 App. B, Vol. II., from Sec. II., which contains from 25 to 45 per 
 cent, of iron. 
 
 Dr. Credner reports having found, in "Cut D, on Sec. n, 28^ 
 feet of good fine-grained, steel-gray iron ore, with here and there a 
 narrow streak of silicious ore, but in such a small proportion as not 
 to spoil the good quality of the mass. The whole series gives a 
 dark-red streak." Specimens designed to represent the average of 
 this deposit gave Dr. C. F. Chandler 52 per cent, of iron. In an- 
 other place he found a bed " 6 feet thick, supposed to be very rich 
 ore." I did not find these trenches (as afterwards appeared), al- 
 though I designed to see all, and had with me two men, who helped 
 to dig them. Dr. Credner further reports an aggregate of 139 feet 
 
MENOMINEE IRON REGION. 179 
 
 in thickness of "workable ore" on Sec. n, but my own observa- 
 tions lead me to question this, unless the standard of furnace-yield 
 be put considerably lower than at present. It is unwise, however, 
 to predict at this time what thorough explorations may reveal. 
 
 The ore on Sec. 9 is very similar to that on n, but on the whole 
 (so far as can be seen) not so good : the same may be said of 
 that on Sec. 6. Two smaller boulders of rich specular slate ore 
 were found on the latter section, but no large ones. Occasional 
 narrow seams of tolerably rich ore were found, one of them over 
 one foot thick, but nothing that looked like a workable deposit. At 
 the y^ post between Sees. 9 and 10, north of Lake Hanbury, are to 
 be seen several boulders of a black, porous earthy ore resembling 
 somewhat varieties of the Negaunee manganiferous hematites ; 
 the same ore was found in place in a pit near by, and a large 
 boulder of it near the center of S. y 2 of N. W. ^ of Sec. 6, and at 
 other points. A hand specimen gave Mr. Jenney 56.44 per cent, 
 of metallic iron, less than 16 per cent, of insoluble silicious matter, 
 and nearly I per cent, of manganese. It is unlike the Breen mine 
 hematite, and, in fact, unlike any Lake Superior ore I have seen. 
 It is not improbable that workable deposits of it may exist, which 
 being soft would not be likely to produce outcrops or boulders. 
 I think it is well worth investigation. I have some reasons for sup- 
 posing that this ore may be Silurian. 
 
 The next exposure of ore west of Sec. 6 on the south range is 
 near the J^ post between Sections 30 and 31, T. 40, R. 30. This 
 ore is softer and more slaty than those already described, although 
 belonging to the flag ore family. It is apparently more argil- 
 laceous, and outcrops conspicuously in several places west of the 
 y^ post, dipping at a high angle to the north, which would neces- 
 sitate an overturned dip in order to harmonize with the hypothetical 
 geological sections given on the map. The exposed bedding-planes 
 are bright and specular, giving the ore the appearance of being 
 richer than it really is. The ore exposed here may yield 45 per 
 cent, in the furnace ; see analysis No. 254, Chap. X. 
 
 From this locality we are led by a broad belt of very moderate 
 magnetic attractions west by north for half a mile, to the iron ore 
 exposed in the centre of S. E. J^ of Sec. 25, T. 40, R. 31, 
 where the Canal Company have done some trenching ; the exposure 
 
l8o IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 here is not great, the ore being in a small ravine on high ground. 
 It is intermediate in character between the flag ores noticed, but 
 most like the last. I followed the attractions about one-eighth 
 of a mile west, to a point where the hill seemed to be capped with 
 Silurian sandstone. 
 
 I have now mentioned in order, beginning at the east, all the 
 main exposures of ore in the south range of the South belt, which 
 has already been referred to as the most regular and one of the 
 most extensive deposits of ore in the Lake Superior region ; 
 whether it is absolutely continuous for the 16 miles intervening 
 between the extreme exposures, can only be determined by expen- 
 sive explorations or actual mining. 
 
 Passing from the south to the north range of the South belt, we 
 have but one exposure to consider, that near the centre of N. y 2 
 of Sec. 20, T. 40, R. 30. This is in a small ravine, down which, to 
 the south and toward Lake Antoine, a rivulet has its course in wet 
 weather ; the water has uncovered a narrow surface of flag ore simi- 
 lar to that seen on the south side of Sec. 30, but less slaty. Iron 
 boulders are strewn along the ravine for over 100 feet. This ore is 
 a red oxide, but holds enough magnetite to give it a moderate 
 magnetic power. 
 
 Ten miles northerly across the granite region, from the last men- 
 tioned locality on Sec. 20, bring us to the main deposit of ore in the 
 North belt that on Sees. 31 and 36, of T. 42, and Ranges 29 and 
 30. The great extent of this deposit, and its favorable situation 
 for mining, have already been commented on ; it only remains to 
 notice the quality of the ore. It is more granular and massive than 
 the flag ore of the south range, and, as a whole, contains less silica 
 and more metallic iron. The natural exposures of ore in the ledge 
 are greater, no digging or uncovering at all being required to reach 
 a great quantity of the ore. The best ore to be seen outcropping, 
 is just southeast of the centre of Sec. 31 : the top of the cliff is here 
 about 100 feet above the low ground at its base on south side ; and 
 for about one-third of this height is a ledge of ore, from the foot 
 of which the surface slopes rapidly to the low ground, affording the 
 best possible opportunity for mining. This outcrop was carefully 
 examined for a distance of several hundred feet in length, and from 
 
[ ' MENOMINEE IR ON REGION. 1 8 1 
 
 the richest places to be found in it, 29 specimens of ore, of about 
 one pound each, were collected, no two being broken from the 
 same place. The specific gravity of these specimens was approxi- 
 mately determined on the ground, and was found to vary from 3.26 
 to 4. 1 5 , the mean of the 29 specimens being 3.71; this multiplied by 
 12, according to the empirical rule given under Explorations (Chap. 
 VII.), gives 45 as the average percentage of the whole. An ore 
 which actually analyzes 45 per cent, of metallic iron should yield say 
 47 /^ per cent, in the furnace, which is about what I consider this ledge 
 of ore would work, if mined and sorted with ordinary care. Several 
 ounces, chipped from five of the best hand specimens I could find, 
 gave Dr. Wuth, of Pittsburg, 54.81 per cent, of metallic iron 
 (See Analysis No. 98, Chap. X.). Separate analyses of ten hand 
 specimens, selected from same locality by Prof. Pumpelly and Dr. 
 Credner, gave Dr. Chandler from 49 to 64 per cent, of metallic 
 iron, the average being 53.74 per cent. If this higher grade can 
 be found in workable quantities (which is probable), then we should 
 have a 55 P er cent, ore, which, considering its granular and semi- 
 porous nature, and the fact of its being a red oxide, would indicate 
 an ore not difficult to reduce, and one which would sell in the 
 present market. 
 
 No boulders were observed in this vicinity which would indicate 
 a richer ore than the above of the red -oxide variety, and no mag- 
 netic attractions were observed which would suggest a workable 
 deposit of magnetic ore, although all the ores of this region are 
 slightly magnetic. As hematite ores do not outcrop, and as no 
 explorations have been directed to finding such ores, nothing can 
 be said regarding them. My impressions are that they will be 
 found on Sees. 31, 32, or 36 of the North belt. 
 
 The Felch mountain ore was fully described when considering 
 the lower quartzite. It is totally unlike either of the preceding 
 varieties, and more closely resembles the " mixed ore" which ac- 
 companies the rich specular ores of the Marquette region. The 
 laminae of ore are very rich, analyzing from 63 to 67 per cent, of 
 metallic iron ; but the large admixture of quartzite (at least three 
 quarters of the whole) would render it unmerchantable at present. 
 It is by its constitution particularly well adapted to stamping and 
 washing, and on account of its proximity to several rapids and falls 
 in the Sturgeon river, is well situated to be worked in this way, 
 13 
 
1 82 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 when the market drives miners to this means of production, as it 
 will sooner or later. 
 
 3. PAINT RIVER DISTRICT. 
 
 Too little is known about the remote Paint river district, in Towns 
 42 and 43, Ranges 32 and 33, to enable me to give anything of inter- 
 est regarding its geological structure. The Huronian rocks are ex- 
 tensively developed there, and contain deposits of hard hematite 
 ore. I had the opportunity to examine only two localities, at the 
 Paint River Falls, Sec. 20, T. 43, R. 32, and on Sec. 13, T. 42, R. 
 33. The ores are identical, and unlike any in the more easterly part 
 of the Menominee region, in being richer in iron, freer from silica, 
 and in containing more water. (See Analysis 68, Chap. X.) 
 
 Explorations now in progress will determine many of the unset- 
 tled questions regarding the ores of the Menominee region, espe- 
 cially of the South belt. I regret that I cannot embody their results 
 in this Report, and thus give it a completeness that in the present 
 state of my information is impossible. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 LAKE GOGEBIC AND MONTREAL RIVER IRON RANGE. 
 
 AN examination of this but little known iron-field was not con- 
 templated in the original plan of the survey. But, having had occa- 
 sion in the line of my profession to make some explorations there, a 
 few of the general results obtained will be given, with a view of 
 aiding future explorations, and of calling attention to a compara- 
 tively unexplored region. The probability of there being early 
 railroad communication through this country, connecting the exist- 
 ing system of roads of the Upper Peninsula with the North Pacific, 
 Minnesota and Wisconsin systems, now radiating from the west 
 end of Lake Superior, attaches additional interest to this most 
 western portion of the Upper Peninsula. 
 
 The facts observed and conclusions formed are the joint work of 
 Prof. Raphael Pumpelly and myself, and have, so far as they bear 
 on the stratigraphical relations of the four great systems of rocks, 
 been in substance given to the public, in the American Journal of 
 Science and Arts, Vol. III., June, 1872. Many rock specimens, 
 gathered by us are minutely described by Mr. Julien, in App. A, 
 Vol. II. 
 
 The iron range under consideration may be regarded as the east- 
 ern prolongation of the Penokie range of Wisconsin, as well as the 
 western extension of the Marquette series, the whole being Huro- 
 nian. The position of the range is tolerably well defined by mag- 
 netic observations and notes on the U. S. land office plats ; on 
 these we find mention of iron and magnetic attractions on Sees. 
 7 and 8, T. 47, N., R. 45, W., as also in Sees. 13 and 14 of the 
 Town west. The belt of Huronian rocks, as made out by us, ex- 
 tends nearly east and west, through the north part of T. 47, Ranges 
 44, 45, 46 and 47, crossing the Montreal River in Sees. 1 6 and 21, 
 of the last-named Township. Going east, the range was lost before 
 it reached Lake Gogebic. 
 
1 84 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 The geological boundaries of this range are fortunately of the 
 most unmistakable nature, and render a detailed description of its 
 position unnecessary. (See Map I.) 
 
 On the north is the high, broad, irregular ridge, or series of ridges, 
 constituting the South Copper Range, the rocks of which are green- 
 ish and brownish, massive and amygdaloidal copper-bearing traps, 
 their bedding being exceedingly obscure, with occasional beds of 
 sandstone and an imperfect conglomerate. The strike of these 
 rocks, so far as it could be made out, was east and west, with a dip 
 to the north at a high angle, thus conforming with the Huronian 
 rocks underneath. 
 
 Against and over the copper series on the north, abut the hori- 
 zontally bedded lower Silurian sandstones, which are beautifully 
 exposed on the west branch of the Ontonagon river, in Sec. 23, T. 
 46, R. 41. These sandstones form the surface rock, and occupy the 
 broad belt between the two copper ranges from the region we are 
 describing to Keweenaw bay, but taper to a point before reaching 
 the Montreal river, in going west. 
 
 On the south of the iron-bearing rocks are a series of granites, 
 chloritic gneisses and obscure schists, which, except the latter, are 
 unmistakably Laurentian in their lithological character, and are 
 non-conformably overlaid by the Huronian rocks. The general 
 structural relations of the four great systems here enumerated are 
 shown in the accompanying diagram. As the non-conformability 
 
 Fig. 12. Sketch showing Geological Section looking west, between Lake Gogebic 
 and Montreal River (in part ideal). 
 
 L. Laurentian rocks gneiss, granite and schists, which are non-conformably overlaid 
 by, H. Huronian Clay slate, ferruginous and jasper schists, flag ores, quartzites and di- 
 orites, say 4,000 feet thick, which are conformably overlaid by, C. Copper-bearing rocks, 
 chiefly greenish and brownish, massive and amygdaloidal traps, with occasional sandstones 
 and conglomerate layers, which are non-conformably overlaid by, S. Lower Silurian sand- 
 stone, coarse quartz sandrock. 
 
LAKE GOGEBIC AND MONTREAL RIVER IRON RANGE. 185 
 
 of the copper-bearing rocks and sandstones is doubted by some 
 geologists, it should perhaps be stated that the actual contact was 
 not seen. But the sandstones were observed lying horizontal, and 
 affording not the slightest evidence of disturbance, within a few 
 miles of highly-tilted copper rocks, which gave every evidence of 
 having been elevated before the deposition of the sandstones. So 
 far as my observation has extended, this rule is general ; that is, no 
 Lake Superior sandstone, which is unmistakably lower Silurian, 
 has ever been found in any position other than nearly horizontal ; 
 and no rock which was unmistakably of the Copper series has been 
 seen which was not considerably tilted. The fact that certain sand- 
 stones belonging to the copper series are very similar, if not litho- 
 logically identical with some of the lower Silurian sandstones, has 
 helped to complicate this question. An interesting locality for 
 study in this connection is the west fork of the Ontonagon river, just 
 south of the Forest Copper Mine. I am not sure but that it affords 
 an exception to the rule above stated, as at that point sandstones, 
 apparently Silurian, dip south at an angle of 45. 
 
 The best locality in which to study the character of the iron 
 series in the West region, is on Black river and its tributaries, espe- 
 cially on the outlet of Sunday lake, T A 47, Ranges 45 and 46. Here 
 will be found banded ferruginous jaspery schists, chloritic green- 
 stones, brown ferruginous slates, black and gray banded silicious 
 slates, silicious flag ores, several varieties of quartzites and clay 
 slate. The whole series strike east and west, and dip north away 
 from the granites and gneisses and under the copper rocks, at an 
 angle of from 40 to 90. Several varieties of the Huronian and 
 Laurentian rocks of this vicinity have been examined by Mr. Julien, 
 for descriptions of which see Appendix A, Vol. II. It will be 
 observed from these descriptions that these rocks, although some- 
 what different from the Huronian series of the Marquette region, 
 are still essentially the same ; and I know of no good reason why 
 merchantable ores may not be found amongst them. No ore, how- 
 ever, was found either in place, or in the form of boulders, which 
 would pass for shipping ore in the Marquette region at this time. 
 The absence of strong magnetic attractions renders it improbable 
 that pure magnetic ores will be found here. The most encouraging 
 indications observed pointed towards the existence of soft hema- 
 tites, which may very likely be found of a quality and in quan- 
 
1 86 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 tity to pay for working. The best "show" observed was in 
 the south ^ of the S. W. j, Sec. 18, T. 47, R. 46. It is on the 
 north-easterly side of an east and west ridge, where there is a large 
 exposure of highly ferruginous quartzite in places holding hand- 
 specimens of hematite ore of fair quality. As this kind of ore never 
 outcrops, on account of its soft, earthy character, and as we had 
 no facilities for digging, nothing more definite was determined. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 EXPLORATIONS (Prospecting for Ore}. 
 
 i. How FAILURES HAVE OCCURRED, AND HOW TO AVOID THEM. 
 
 THE history of the development of a good many of our iron 
 mining enterprises has been somewhat as follows : The deposit 
 is found, sometimes by accident, but often by systematic explora- 
 tions made at the expense of corporations, firms, or individuals, by 
 a class of men known as explorers ; who are acquainted with wood- 
 craft, are often miners, and who always have some knowledge of 
 structural geology, the different varieties of ore, and the use of the 
 miner's compass. A boulder of ore, red soil in the roots of a fallen 
 tree, the variation of the magnetic needle, the proximity of rocks 
 supposed to belong to the iron range, and often the outcrop of the 
 ore itself, determines where digging shall be commenced. 
 
 If the indications are promising, before many marks are made 
 the land is secured, if not already owned or controlled by those 
 interested in the explorations. If government land, it is " entered " 
 at the land office at $1.25 per acre, or $2.50 if within the limits of 
 some railroad grant. If the land is " second-hand," already en- 
 tered, it may be bought outright, or if the price be regarded as too 
 high, a refusal is often taken with the privilege of exploring. 
 
 If the discovery is on the land of some railroad or mining com- 
 pany, it usually cannot be bought. In this case, all trace of the 
 work done is often concealed, secrecy enjoined on all concerned, 
 and the explorer lives in the vain hope that he may sometime have 
 the opportunity to buy the land, an expectation in which he usually 
 dies, as large corporations do not often sell iron deposits for small 
 prices, if at all. Instead of this unwise course, explorers often sell 
 their information to the companies owning the land, which they 
 can usually do at a fair price. Our supposed exploring party hav- 
 ing secured the land, begin to dig test-pits and trenches openly 
 
!88 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 and systematically. The solid ledge is usually soon found, which may 
 prove to be some variety of iron ore, perhaps pure, but far more 
 likely a " mixed ore " or lean flag ore, hence not merchantable. 
 
 Specimens (which I am sorry to say are apt to be the best that 
 can be found) are sent in as averages of the deposit. Experts pro- 
 nounce them shipping ore, and common talk asserts that So and So 
 have a " good show " for a mine. 
 
 Soon the test-pits, trenches and drifts develop a workable width 
 and length of what seems to the explorers to be merchantable ore. 
 " Mixed with a little rock perhaps in places," but this occurs in most 
 mines at the start. Experienced mining men visit the new deposit, 
 examine it carefully, and assert honestly that " it looks better than 
 did the Champion or Barnum locations when they first saw them." 
 
 The explorers select what they believe to be strictly average speci- 
 mens of the ore (an impossible thing as will appear), which are sent 
 to some distinguished chemist who reports, perhaps 65 per cent, of 
 metallic iron, and only traces of sulphur and phosphorus, and ex- 
 presses the opinion that the ore will work well in a blast furnace, and 
 is identical with other well-known Lake Superior ores. This report, 
 with the certificates of good practical mining men, and the opinion 
 of some geologist who may have examined the locality, satisfies the 
 owners that they have a workable deposit of " shipping ore." 
 
 Next in order, if it has not proceeded simultaneously with the 
 above, is the organization of a company under the general mining 
 law of Michigan,* which prescribes not to exceed 20,000 shares at 
 $25 per share, par value. The property above mentioned is put 
 into the new company at a moderate price ; some prominent man 
 of character and means is found to take the presidency of the com- 
 pany, his friends, with others, being "let in" on the "ground 
 floor," and the None-such Iron Co. is organized and at work. 
 
 Building up a location is the next thing in order. To this end a 
 contract is usually let to some French Canadian to build a dozen 
 log houses for miners' families, a company's store, barn and shop. 
 For this purpose the contractor lays out fifteen different lines on 
 which to put the buildings, being governed in each instance by the 
 ease with which the logs can be got together. In clearing for the 
 foundations it is usual for the Frenchman to find a new deposit of ore 
 
 * App. I., Vol. II., contains an abstract of the Mining Laws of Michigan. 
 
EXPLORATIONS. 189 
 
 better than the one first found, to which a part of the mining force 
 is at once transferred, the location of the buildings being changed 
 so as to avoid the fragments which blasting has already begun to 
 throw. The condition of affairs at the new location is at this 
 period about as follows : houses are going up rapidly, stripping is 
 being pushed to the utmost, several ''pairs " of Cornish men are sink- 
 ing shafts or blasting off the " cap rock " so as to get at the ore. 
 The contract for a first-class wagon road to connect with the State 
 road has been let at $2 per. rod, and a party of engineers are at 
 work locating a branch railroad to the mine, and it is confidently 
 predicted that a considerable amount of ore will be shipped from 
 the mine that season. 
 
 About this time the president of the company an old iron man, 
 who has made a fortune by smelting 40 per cent, ores with anthra- 
 cite coal in Eastern Pennsylvania and a part of the board of di- 
 rectors visit the mine. One of the directors is an eminent lawyer 
 who helped to " place" the property, another is a stockbroker who 
 had made a fortune in Wall Street, a third is a railroad king, and 
 another a successful whisky distiller. None but the president knew 
 anything of iron before they came into the company. He is of course 
 amazed at the richness of the ore, and tells the captain in charge 
 of the mine truthfully, that he is throwing away as good ore as he 
 ever used in his Pennsylvania furnaces. All collect and examine 
 numerous specimens, which are submitted to the president and 
 captain for their judgment as to richness. Nothing less than 50 
 per cent, is found, and the average is much higher. The lawyer 
 who has fine muscular sense and a consciousness of its possession, 
 soon discovers that he can judge accurately of the percentage of 
 iron by handling the pieces of ore, and speedily becomes an au- 
 thority with the broker and distiller. Specimens are hefted which 
 contain 59, 61, 62*^, 68, and finally one fine-grained fragment of 
 steely ore, which, after careful manipulation in each hand, it is de- 
 cided contains 75 per cent, of metallic iron. The captain unhesi- 
 tatingly admits that to be richer than anything in the Jackson mine. 
 Rock is found in several pits, but the captain explains that it is 
 only greenstone which " caps" the ore, and proves by the magnetic 
 needle which is " dead 90," that the ore is there. Being in a hurry 
 he may not have faced the instrument exactly east and west. 
 
 Having spent one half-day in the examination of their property,. 
 
I go IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 and becoming satisfied that it is first-class and will prove a profit- 
 able investment for themselves and friends, the company leave, hav- 
 ing first instructed their superintendent to bend all his energies to 
 getting out ore, without reference to quality, cost, or future condition 
 of the mine though the whole is not, of course, directly expressed. 
 On their way East, the president perhaps sells a thousand tons or 
 more to some furnace man who is a stockholder in the new com- 
 pany, and telegraphs back to the superintendent to ship it at once. 
 The foregoing sketch contains the elements on which many Lake 
 Superior iron mining enterprises have been organized, and at the 
 start operated. It is needless to remark that many such under- 
 takings result in utter failure. In the copper region the pro- 
 portion of failures is far greater, and in oil, gold, and silver enter- 
 prises overwhelmingly so. The average human imagination be- 
 comes temporarily diseased when stimulated by the chances of pos- 
 sessing hidden mineral wealth. Iron, being the least valuable of 
 the metals, has less of this influence than the others, but is not en- 
 tirely free from it. 
 
 It may interest those who are disposed to identify themselves 
 with Lake Superior iron mining enterprises (and I believe no equal 
 investment has paid better in past time or promises better for the 
 long future) to know the cause of failure in such enterprises. Clas- 
 sifying them carefully, I find that about two thirds of the disastrous 
 enterprises were based on deposits of ore the quality of which was 
 not merchantable : they were not rich enough in metallic iron. 
 The extraordinary richness of Lake Superior ore is not generally 
 known. I have reports from 40 furnace stacks in which these ores 
 are smelted, which show that the average furnace yield of 250,000 
 tons of magnetic and specular ore for 1870 was 65 per cent. 
 
 The amount of high grade hard ore is so great that consumers 
 can usually get all they require, and will not buy an inferior grade. 
 For this reason experienced iron men from other regions have often 
 been deceived ; they had not a sufficient realization of this question 
 of quality. Marquette ores which were rich compared with what 
 they were used to could not be sold on account of their leanness. 
 The soft hematite ores are not considered in this connection. 
 
 The remaining third of the failures have come from a lack of 
 quantity, the quality of the ore being satisfactory. It follows, 
 therefore, that the question of first importance in a new iron mining 
 
EXPL OR A TIONS. 1 9 1 
 
 enterprise is to know First, the average percentage of metallic iron 
 in the deposit. What will the ore, mined in the usual way, yield 
 on the average when smelted in the blast furnace f Second, ap- 
 proximately or relatively, how much is there of it ? The failure to 
 answer these questions correctly at the start has caused the loss of 
 over one million dollars in the Marquette region during the last ten 
 years, and the business is still going on. Experience is an expen- 
 sive school, but is always full ; no sooner does one class graduate 
 than a new crop of " freshmen " take their places. 
 
 I believe it is not impossible nor even difficult to ascertain, at a 
 moderate cost, the average amount of metallic iron, in any given 
 deposit, sufficiently near for all practical purposes, and whether there 
 is enough ore to pay for working. 
 
 It is the business of the explorer to find ore deposits and to 
 determine approximately their extent and richness, thereby avoid- 
 ing such failures as have been described above. This subject will 
 now be considered under the several following heads : 
 
 2. PROSPECTING AND WOODCRAFT. 
 
 As considerable part of the iron exploration work now being 
 carried on in the Lake Superior region involves camping out and a 
 knowledge of woodcraft, some facts regarding this part of the busi- 
 ness will not be amiss here, and are the more necessary because very 
 little reliable information on this subject can be found in any book 
 with which I am acquainted. There are no roads through large dis- 
 tricts of country, which, in consequence, can only be reached by 
 boats or walking ; in either case a considerable part of the labor is 
 packing, which means transporting everything on the backs of 
 men. This mode of transportation costs about $9 per ton per mile 
 at the present time, which is twenty-seven times as much as it costs 
 to move freight on wagon-roads ; it is, therefore, important to carry 
 only such articles as are needed. Many an exploration enterprise 
 has practically failed because the chief energies of the party were 
 expended in carrying supplies and material which were not needed, 
 while necessary things were left behind. It is safe to say that two 
 times out of three, even in the case of experienced explorers, sup- 
 plies do not come out equal. The party will be out of pork and 
 have an abundance of flour, or the converse ; will travel in a leaky 
 
ig 2 IRON-SEARING ROCKS. 
 
 canoe for the want of a little pitch, or be barefooted because they 
 had no awl ; or ragged for want of thread ; or suffering for food, 
 where there is plenty of fish and game, because the salt had failed ; 
 or have their supplies wet for want of a piece of oilcloth. I have 
 been in all these straits. 
 
 Organization of the Party. Take the ordinary case of search- 
 ing for mineral or timber, when an explorer and two men constitute 
 the party. As packing is the heavy work, it is indispensable that 
 all hands understand it. An average packer will carry 70 to 80 
 pounds and his blankets, but loads of 50 to 65 pounds are more 
 common ; across portages men often carry 100 pounds, and some- 
 times a barrel of flour weighing 200 pounds ; but the packer who 
 carries 70 pounds and his blankets, 10 to 15 miles per day, on a 
 trail, or 5 to 10 miles through ordinary woods, has earned the $2.25 
 clear per day, which is the present average wages. 
 
 Next to packing, cooking is an indispensable qualification. No 
 man is fit to go in the woods who cannot cook ; and many a 
 woodsman, with a frying-pan and two tin pails, will, over his camp- 
 fire prepare a better cooked meal, and in less time, than can be 
 produced in one-third of the kitchens of the country, with all the 
 appliances that belong to modern housekeeping. 
 
 An ability to handle a canoe in rapid water is almost as indis- 
 pensable as the others. Three men with a month's supplies will 
 require a i6-foot canoe, which will weigh, when dry, about 125 
 pounds, and can easily be carried across a portage by one man ; 
 such a canoe will cost, in the Menominee waters, at this time, $15 
 to $30. The Bad water Indian village is the chief source of supply. 
 
 Next to packing, cooking, and canoeing, an ability to travel 
 through the woods, and locate himself, by the United States 
 Land Office plats, or maps made from them, aided by a pocket- 
 compass, is essential. A man who possesses these qualifications is 
 a woodsman, and has a calling which, if he is honest and intelli- 
 gent, will be profitable in the Lake Superior region for a long time 
 to come. If, in addition to these requirements, he is a judge of 
 timber, and can keep simple accounts, write letters, and locate him-, 
 self by the " 40," then he is fit to lead a party, and become a ''pine- 
 looker," or " cruiser." If he add to this, a knowledge of the more 
 common rocks and minerals, and an ability to make rough maps or 
 
EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 193 
 
 plans of ground, then he is an explorer. Such men can command 
 from $4 to $6 per day clear, with full time, and often an interest 
 in what they find besides ; or if they choose to examine lands 
 (either timber or mineral) on their own account, they can usually 
 sell their " notes " at so much per acre, subject to re-examination ; 
 or some one may purchase the land, paying the explorer for his 
 services in an undivided interest in them. Notes of pine lands now 
 sell readily at from 50 to 75 cents per acre. 
 
 Supplies. Pork, flour and tea embrace all that is absolutely 
 essential in the way of supplies, though sugar, beans and dried 
 fruit are usually added ; rice, oatmeal or wheat grits are also gen- 
 erally carried, and a little hard bread is convenient, to which a few 
 pounds of cheese may be supplemented. Pickled ham, especially 
 in summer, may take the place of part of the pork, and smoked 
 beef is sometimes used. 
 
 The following table of supplies has been prepared with consid- 
 
 erable care from actual experience : 
 
 
 
 Rations Required for Three Men, One Month. 
 
 Amount in 
 
 Rations. Pounds, percentage 
 
 of the flour. * 
 
 Flour, biscuit or crackers, rice, grits or oat- "j 
 
 meal, but at least ^ self-raising flour (equal > 125 i. 
 
 to i y Ibs. per man, per day) ................ j 
 
 Extra heavy clear mess pork about ^ ; pickled 
 
 ham, say J^ ................................. 82 .650 
 
 Beans or peas .... .............................. 20 . 160 
 
 Sugar (coffee A) ............................... 18 .140 
 
 Tea (good young Hyson) ....................... 3 .024 
 
 Dried apples .................................. 10 .080 
 
 Cheese _____ , .................................. 4 .032 
 
 Salt .......................................... 2 .016 
 
 Pepper ....................................... ^ .002 
 
 Baking powder (Durkee's or Royal), if self-raising 
 
 flour is not used ............................. 2^ .020 
 
 Equal to 2 T 8 5 Q - Ibs. per man per day, or total ...... 266^' Ibs. 
 
 * Supplies purchased in the proportions given in this column should come out even. 
 
194 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Equipment. A shelter or bakfe-oven tent is preferable, although 
 a closed A tent is often used in "fly time " (June and July) : the 
 former is more cheerful, healthier and warmer, because it lets the 
 fire shine in. The style sketched will hold three men with sup- 
 plies : it requires 12 yards of cotton drilling, 36 inches wide. 
 
 FIG. 13. 
 Explorers' bake-oven tent. 
 
 Two light explorer's axes, weighing with handles 2^ Ibs. for sum- 
 mer use and 5 Ibs. for winter, each, are needed ; if the exploration is 
 for mineral, the backs or poles should be of steel. For three men a 
 nest of two or three oval tin pails with covers, the largest holding 5 
 quarts, one frying-pan with socket handle, one 2 or 3 quart tin basin, 
 one large spoon, one butcher or sheath knife, and a tin cup, plate, 
 knife, fork and spoon to each man in the party, is all that is required. 
 
 If the party be large, a tin bake-oven will pay ; it should be 
 hinged so as to fold up. Canoes have already been mentioned : 
 they are best for most kinds of river and lake service on account of 
 their lightness, which makes them easy to portage, the ease with 
 which they can be repaired with canvas and pitch (or resin and pork 
 fat), and their suitableness for running rapids. But sometimes they 
 
 NOTE. The stools shown in Fig. 13 do not belong to a camp outfit. They were intro- 
 duced inadvertently by the engraver. 
 
EXPL OR A TIONS. r 9 5 
 
 cannot be procured, and in low water are more liable to injury 
 from rocks than are boats ; a skiff 2^ fathoms long, pointed at both 
 ends, with flaring sides, and made of j inch boards, is a good sub- 
 stitute. Each man in the party should have a pocket compass, 
 water-proof match box, and sheath knife, and there should be at 
 least one leather and one tin map case in each party. Should the 
 exploration be for minerals, a dip compass, and at least one 
 exploring pick ought to be added. A small shovel will pay in such 
 a party, but is seldom carried. A dial compass for use in travel- 
 ing when there is local attraction, or in discovering the same, is 
 often advantageous. I have found a small horse-shoe magnet and a 
 pocket lens useful. Every party going in the woods should be 
 supplied with the best maps that can be procured (Farmer's are the 
 best I have seen), and always with exact tracings of the U. S. 
 Land Office plats or maps of the Townships they propose visiting ; 
 these plats can be obtained at any U. S. Land Office and cost, 
 if they show variations of the needle and geological notes, about 
 $2.25 each at Marquette. The following are the locations of all 
 the U. S. Land Offices in Michigan, with names of officers. 
 
 U. S. Land Offices in Michigan. 
 
 District. Office. Register. Receiver. 
 
 Detroit Detroit F. Morley ]. M. Farland. 
 
 East Saginaw. . .East Saginaw. . . Wm. R. Bates. .A. A. Day. 
 
 Ionia Ionia . . . J. H. Kidd ]. C. Jennings. 
 
 Traverse City. . .Traverse City. . .Morgan Bates.. .Perry Hanna. 
 Marquette Marquette A. Campbell.. . .J. M. Wilkinson. 
 
 The explorer cannot too carefully study his maps ; next to per- 
 sonal examination in the field they are his great original sources of 
 information. The surveys of the Upper Peninsula, as is explained 
 in Chapter I., were made with great care, and embrace topography, 
 timber, soil and geology. 
 
 Under sundries which will be found useful in camp, may be 
 mentioned : Soap and towels, thread and needles, buttons, awl, 
 strong twine, some cotton cloth, a file to sharpen axes, a few 
 wrought nails if a boat is used, some extra pairs of moose-skin 
 moccasins (for summer), fish-lines and hooks, extra compass, resin 
 or pitch, blank U. S. plats, and fly-nets or " fly-medicine," or 
 
196 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 both in " fly-time." A large, stout, water-proof, tin match-box, extra 
 note-book and pencils, paper and envelopes, are desirable. A short, 
 light, single-barreled shot-gun, with bore large enough to chamber 
 buck-shot, may be carried to advantage after the middle of August. 
 
 Mode of Working. Mineral explorations, and especially those for 
 iron, will only be considered under this head. The leading idea is, 
 of course, to make a systematic and exhaustive examination of the 
 surface for the mineral sought : to this end all outcrops of rock of 
 whatever kind, and all boulders must be examined for some " sign " 
 or " show " of mineral. As has been elsewhere remarked, the up- 
 turned roots of trees afford one of the best sources of information : 
 the beds of rapid streams, which usually contain boulders and often 
 expose the solid ledge, should be carefully examined. Any indica- 
 tion at all favorable should be followed up by digging. Next in 
 importance to this kind of search is the use of the magnetic needle 
 in discovering local attractions due to iron-ore ; it is safe to assume 
 that more than one-half the iron in. the Lake Superior iron region 
 is sufficiently magnetic to produce appreciable variations in an ordi- 
 nary compass ; and as magnetic ore will attract the needle at the 
 same distance with equal strength when covered by rock, earth, air 
 or water, this instrument is of great service to the explorer. Its use 
 is fully considered elsewhere, as well as the geological principles 
 applicable to this kind of work. 
 
 An explorer should make a careful sketch or map of each section 
 examined, on a scale of 4 inches to I mile : on such a scale " a 40" 
 is one inch square. On this should be marked in their proper 
 places all streams, lakes, swamps, hills, etc., and all outcrops, with a 
 name or sign indicating the kind of rock ; colored pencils are con- 
 venient for delineating the different varieties of rocks. Opposite 
 each such sketch should be a full written description of the rocks 
 and minerals found, as well as notes on timber and soil. 
 
 The accompanying sketch (Fig. 14) of Sec. 29, T. 50, R. 30, 
 from the note-book of the late A. M. Brotherton, a perfectly hon- 
 est and thoroughly competent explorer, will serve as an illustration. 
 To it is appended a map of the same section (Fig. 15), from the U. 
 S. Surveys, which shows, valuable as these surveys are, and reliable, 
 so far as the section lines go, they often are considerably in error in 
 their representations of the interior of sections. 
 
EXPLORATIONS 197 
 
 Fig. 14. Sec. 29, T. 50, R. 30. Explorer's Sketch. 
 
 Fig. 15. Same Section, from U. S, Linear Surveys. 
 
 \5s 
 
I 9 8 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 How to Recognize Iron Ores. As a large majority of the ex- 
 plorers now employed are timber-hunters, they need not necessarily 
 have a knowledge of minerals. I have, however, generally found 
 these men more or less interested in rocks, and often very desirous 
 of knowing how to determine the more common ores, so as to be 
 able to note any they might find. To obtain a good knowl- 
 edge, the study of a complete collection, or a residence at a mine, 
 is indispensable. A few brief characteristics, only, will here be 
 given, by which explorers may generally recognize iron ores in 
 the woods. First. They are considerably heavier than any other 
 rocks with which they are associated. Rich, magnetic, and specu- 
 lar ores, like those of the Marquette region, are nearly twice as 
 heavy as the same bulk of the more common rocks, and five- 
 sevenths as heavy as a piece of iron or steel of the same size. 
 The soft hematites are much lighter, but are still appreciably 
 heavier than the heaviest rock. As fine muscular sense and much 
 practice are necessary in this business, the inexperienced explorer 
 is advised, in every instance, to break pieces of rock of the 
 same size as the supposed ore specimen, when, by lifting them 
 together and changing from one hand to the other, the difference 
 in weight will at once be felt if one of the specimens be iron 
 ore. If the explorer is provided with a pair of balances, as is 
 explained hereafter, he may determine, not only as to whether the 
 substance is iron ore or not, but also approximately the percentage 
 of metallic iron. Second. As to color, magnetic ores are black, 
 and when pounded with the axe give a black powder, which will 
 adhere to the axe or pick. Red specular ores are often bright and 
 shining on their weathered surface, almost like polished steel ; they 
 give a red powder when pulverized, which does not adhere to the axe. 
 Soft hematite ores are reddish and brownish in color, are generally 
 porous, and often soft and earthy, in character ; when pulverized 
 they give a brownish and sometimes a yellowish powder, which 
 does not adhere to iron or steel. These characteristics are pos- 
 sessed by none of the rocks of the Marquette region. Third. 
 Magnetic ores attract the needle of the compass strongly, often 
 causing the north end to point south. Other ores and rocks 
 do not attract it, but a little magnetic ore is often disseminated 
 through rocks, especially greenstone, thereby producing more or 
 less variation of the needle, which may not indicate valuable ores. 
 
EXPLORATIONS. 199 
 
 The rock which is oftenest mistaken for iron ore is Hornblende, 
 and the related Diorites or Greenstones. These rocks are heavy 
 and dark colored, and often contain enough magnetite to give them 
 some influence on the needle. Many an explorer has carried heavy 
 pieces of this rock many miles through the woods, only to throw 
 them away in disgust on meeting some one who had, perhaps, only 
 so much knowledge of ores, as it is expected these few facts will 
 impart. Some have persisted in their folly, and bought lands on 
 which experienced iron explorers could only find hornblendic rock. 
 This rock differs from the ore, which it most resembles, in being 
 lighter, and in giving a light colored powder, which does not adhere 
 to iron or steel, as well as in other less important particulars, as may 
 be seen by comparing the two, which should be done. 
 
 The text relating to the magnetism of rocks and use of the needle 
 in finding ore might properly have been inserted here as a division 
 under Exploration, of which subject it forms properly a part. But 
 the amount of material which had been prepared on that subject, 
 and other reasons, determined me to place it in a distinct chapter 
 (VIII.), which follows. 
 
 3. DIGGING FOR ORE. 
 
 The exploration work above described is superficial, and will not 
 usually determine whether a certain piece of land contains workable 
 deposits of ore or not. Such examinations are usually made to 
 determine whether lands are worth buying at government price, or 
 as preliminary to a more thorough exploration. When we consider 
 that soft hematite ores never outcrop, and that pure hard ores rarely 
 do, it is evident that something more than looking over the surface 
 is necessary. The excavations of earth and rock required in an 
 exhaustive exploration of a piece of land are mining operations, 
 and will be considered in another chapter. Only a few points 
 will be presented here which bear especially on work of this 
 kind. 
 
 This work is simply sinking test-pits and shafts, and opening 
 trenches (costeaning) and drifts to expose the solid ledge. It rarely 
 happens that such work need be prosecuted into the solid ledge. 
 As has been before remarked, if there be pure ore at the locality, i 
 
200 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 will be almost certain to come to the surface of the ledge some- 
 where, and will there be found by digging through the earth. This 
 may not always be the case, but it is safe to say that, as a rule, 
 nine-tenths of all the money to be expended in exploring at any 
 given locality, had best be expended in earth excavation. 
 
 There is a great deal of vague talk among miners and explorers 
 of the Marquette region about "cap rock;" one would get the 
 impression, from much that is said on this subject, that pure ores 
 were always overlaid by rock. The fact is, however, that there 
 are very few workable deposits of ore but what come to the surface, 
 or, at least, connect with those that do. I should distrust any lo- 
 cality where " cap rocks" prevailed to any great extent ; our iron- 
 ore deposits are comparatively thin beds, which sit on edge, and 
 come to the surface without wearing any "cap/' * There are places, 
 however, where the solid ledge has to be penetrated ; when this is 
 necessary, I think it had usually best be done by drilling. By 
 means of hand drills, holes can be sunk 22 feet, and by means of 
 the appliances used in sinking oil-wells to any required depth ; 
 an experienced miner will have little difficulty in judging of the 
 material passed through by the drill mud, and if there is any 
 question as to richness, it can easily be settled by an approximate 
 analysis which will be described hereafter. The diamond drill 
 gives the most valuable results, and has been used to some extent 
 in this region, and still more extensively in the Lake Champlain 
 region. 
 
 Exploring excavations should always be done by contract ; a 
 large amount of " test-pitting " has been done in the Marquette 
 region at seventy-five cents per foot in depth for a 4 x 6 shaft, the 
 miner being paid only for such shafts as were " bottomed," i. e. , the 
 solid ledge reached and uncovered, whatever the depth or difficul- 
 ties. For drifts 3x6 which bared the ledge, $1.50 was paid, and 
 for open trenches a price proportionate to depth and width. Good 
 miners can find themselves and make good wages at these prices 
 in much of the ground in the Marquette region. Pits are some- 
 times sunk 35 feet, but the average depth does not exceed 12 feet. 
 Mr. Colwell sunk 67 feet through sand on Section 24-47-28. Large 
 
 * In the Menominee region true "cap rocks" are found in the horizontal sandstones 
 which overlie some of the ore, see page 68. 
 
EXPL OR A TIONS. 2O I 
 
 boulders and water are the difficulties usually encountered ; beyond 
 IO feet a windlass is necessary. A portable forge and mass of iron 
 for an anvil are desirable, but picks can very well be heated in a 
 hard-wood camp-fire and sharpened on a rock. 
 
 With regard to the significance of the material passed through, 
 but one remark will be made ; mixed drift, that is, large and small 
 boulders, sand, clay, etc., is usually not very deep, 40 feet being 
 the greatest depth I have observed, the average being less than 
 IO feet. Sand with no boulders is usually deeper and sometimes 
 very deep. 
 
 4. QUALITY AND QUANTITY. SAMPLING. APPROXIMATE 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Up to this point we have considered chiefly the question of find- 
 ing ore regardless of quality and quantity. These are, after all, 
 the vital questions, and their importance is rendered still more con- 
 spicuous by the statement, that there is at least twenty times as 
 much ore in the Lake Superior region that is worthless from a lack 
 of metallic iron, as there is of merchantable ore, according to the 
 present standard for shipment ; and further, it is easy to find speci- 
 mens of pure ore in almost any body of worthless ore. 
 
 To determine approximately the average percentage of metallic 
 iron, proceed as follows : Open two or more trenches or drifts entirely 
 across such portion of the ore formation as is regarded fit to work. In 
 the region we are considering, the ores usually dip at a high angle, 
 so that the edges of the beds or strata are exposed by such cross 
 cuts ; free the solid ledge from all earth and loose material ; then, 
 with a heavy hammer, break off small fragments every two inches 
 across the entire bed, without reference to whether the pieces are 
 ore or rock. Wash all of those pieces, break them all into frag- 
 ments of the size of grains of wheat, mix them up thoroughly, 
 send a tea-cupful to a reliable chemist, and his return will be the 
 practical average of metallic iron in the whole bed from which the 
 pieces came. 
 
 Of course, in mining, the ore is sorted, so that we should expect 
 to get a somewhat better yield from working the ore, than that 
 found as above, but it is not wise to count much on this. If, after 
 trying, say half a dozen cross cuts in this way, an average yield of 
 
202 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 fifty per cent. (50$) of metallic iron is not found, the deposit is 
 doubtful ; if less than forty per cent. (4O/9 it is of no value in the 
 present market, should the ore be specular or magnetic. Nineteen 
 times out of twenty, such mechanical averages, when honestly 
 taken, would show a yield of less than forty per cent. (40$.) 
 
 The plan above described is somewhat expensive and consumes 
 time, which is an important element where one is maintaining an 
 exploring party in the woods. A method which can be used on 
 the ground, and which will give results, according to my experience, 
 within a few per cent, of the above in the case of the silicious or 
 quartzose hard ores (the kind usually found), is the following : 
 Provide an ordinary swing balance which will sustain at least two 
 pounds, and weights, the smallest of which should not exceed 
 five grains, the whole costing less than $5. Break up numerous 
 hand specimens across the ore deposits as before, wash and dry 
 them. Suspend each in turn by a fine fish-line and weigh it 
 in the air, afterwards weigh it when immersed in water. Divide 
 the weight in air by the difference between the weight in air and 
 the weight in water. The quotient will be the specific gravity of 
 the specimen, and will range from 3.17 for very lean ores to 5.13 
 for very rich compact ores. The specific gravity so obtained, mul- 
 tiplied by thirteen, if the ore be rich (i.e., above 55$), and by twelve, 
 if the ore be lean (i.e., from 40 to 55/0> will gi ve the approximate 
 percentage of metallic iron in the specimen. 
 
 The mean of a large number of determinations, made with 
 specimens selected promiscuously from the deposit, will give a close 
 approximation to the average percentage of metallic iron in the bed. 
 According to my experience, the error will fall within five percent., 
 which is nearer the truth than any man can determine by simple 
 inspection. It must be borne in mind that this purely empirical 
 rule applies only to Lake Superior magnetic and specular ores, and 
 only to such as contain some form of quartz as gangue, which is 
 true of nearly all. The numbers 12 and 13, given above, as mul- 
 tipliers, were derived from numerous analyses and specific gravity 
 determinations made by Dr. C. F. Chandler, of New York, and J. 
 B. Britton, Esq., of Philadelphia. This plan is not offered as a 
 substitute for chemical analysis, but I believe will often prove use- 
 ful in the woods, and may sometimes help in deciding whether it 
 is worth while to have an analysis made. As has been before 
 
EXPL OR A TIONS. 203 
 
 stated, unless the deposit is proven by analysis to contain an average 
 of 50$ of metallic iron, if specular or magnetic, and not less than 
 40*6, if soft hematite, it is of doubtful value at the present time. 
 
 It would seem as if sufficient experience should enable us to 
 judge of the quality of an ore at sight, or at least enable us to 
 select an average specimen for analysis, without the laborious plan 
 above described ; but this is not the case, as is well known to those 
 who have had experience in iron ores. It may be stated as an 
 economic and psychological axiom, that no man, however honest or 
 skilled, can, on his judgment alone, select an average specimen of 
 ore from a deposit ; lie will always choose a r idler specimen than 
 the average. This would, of course, be very difficult from the 
 technical stand-point, on account of the delicacy of muscle and 
 skill of sight required ; but the greater and insurmountable diffi- 
 culty is in the human mind. We cannot help feeling that at a 
 new opening there must be somewhere under our feet, or near by, 
 better ore than we can see and the specimen selected is designed 
 to be rather what we suppose, believe or hope the deposit to be, 
 than an average of what we actually see and feel. I have numer- 
 ous facts under this head, and am able to give an approximate 
 mathematical expression to this form of human hopefulness. In 
 eleven instances the difference between the average by judgment, 
 and the mechanical average obtained as above described, varied 
 from 6 to 24 per cent., averaging n ; the mechanical average being 
 least in every instance ; in each case I had reason to have con- 
 fidence in the honesty and skill of the parties. It does not seem 
 possible that such errors in average could exist, but they are con- 
 stantly made, and will continue to be as long as iron ores and 
 human minds are constituted on the present plan. 
 
 One of the fallacies which have caused innumerable disappoint- 
 ments in iron mining is the belief, almost universal, that ores grow 
 richer in depth. This may be true of certain ores in some regions, 
 but it is not true of the iron ores here being considered. They 
 are just as good on top as in any part of their extent, and it may 
 be stated as an invariable rule that if there be any good ore in a 
 given deposit which is available for mining, it will somewhere come 
 to the surface, except the earth covering in the Marquette region 
 and the sandstone in the Menominee, which of course have to be 
 removed when found. Hence a sufficient number of earth test pits, 
 
204 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 trenches and drifts will usually find it, if it exists, without penetrat- 
 ing the rock. I do not mean to say that a deposit of ore may not 
 grow thicker in depth ; they often present this feature, and on 
 the other hand sometimes grow thinner, and wedge out entirely. 
 As has been before stated, by far the larger part of the money 
 available for the exploration of any given locality should be spent 
 in earth work. 
 
 While it is not difficult to determine with sufficient accuracy for 
 all practical purposes the quality of a deposit of iron ore, as has 
 been above shown, it is often impossible within a reasonable cost, 
 to form so reliable a judgment as to the quantity. But a sufficient 
 amount of judicious exploration will usually settle the all-important 
 question as to whether the deposit is large enough to warrant 
 development as a mine, future operations alone determining 
 whether it will prove a great or small one. The method of doing 
 this is obvious ; many test-pits and trenches must be dug and 
 drifts made where the earth is deep, the ledge of ore being thus 
 laid bare in as many places as possible. No one engaged in mak- 
 ing an exhaustive exploration of an iron-ore property should neg- 
 lect the advantages of deep drill-holes ; these can be sunk 20 feet 
 with the ordinary drills employed at the mines. An inspection of 
 the mud, and especially an analysis of an average of it, will prove 
 of great value. 
 
 The annular diamond drill was introduced in 1870, at the Lake 
 Superior mine, and gave very satisfactory results ; the core gives 
 almost as good an idea of the nature of the rock passed through as 
 a shaft, and the cost is far less, about $5 per foot. But being 
 propelled by a steam engine, it is only adapted to work near com- 
 munications ; it cannot be taken into the woods. 
 
 In the case of magnetic ores great assistance in determining the 
 extent and position of the bed can be derived from a proper use 
 of the magnetic needle, which subject is considered in the follow- 
 ing chapter. Attention will, in this connection, only be directed 
 to one important fact ; worthless ores often attract the needle 
 just as strongly as merchantable ones. Now, as there are many 
 times more lean magnetic ores than rich, it follows that a variation 
 or dip of the needle may not, probably does not, signify a workable 
 deposit. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MAGNETISM OF ROCKS, AND USE OF THE MAGNETIC 
 NEEDLE IN EXPLORING FOR ORE.* 
 
 1. Elementary Principles. 
 
 A FEW of the elementary principles of the science of magnetism, 
 made use of in the following investigations, will first be given. 
 
 Magnetite, or magnetic iron ore, contains, when pure, about 7 2 
 per cent, of iron and 28 per cent, of oxygen. The unmixed mine- 
 ral is black, or blackish in mass and streak, has a specific gravity 
 of 4.9 to 5- 2 > an d hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, which is somewhat less 
 than that of quartz ; its crystals are usually octahedrous, and in the 
 massive state it is often granular, and sometimes friable. Magnetite 
 is one of the most abundant ores of iron in the United States, and, 
 besides occurring in workable masses, is often disseminated through 
 certain rocks, in grains, or in bunches and thin seams or laminae, thus 
 constituting what will be called " magnetic rocks" in this paper. 
 
 Its home is in the oldest rocks: the primary (azoic, eozoic or 
 archaean), as they have been successively termed. When it occurs in 
 younger rocks, its origin can generally be traced to local metamor- 
 phism. The characteristic property of this mineral is its magnetism, 
 with reference to which it is sometimes called lodestone. When 
 brought near to pieces of iron or steel it often manifests an attraction 
 for them, as it always does for another magnet. It hence causes the 
 magnetic needle to deviate from its normal direction when brought 
 near it. This property does not belong, in any marked extent, to 
 any other mineral, and is the one which we have here chiefly to 
 consider. 
 
 A piece of magnetite, broken from its parent bed, and suspended 
 
 * A part of this paper was read before the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 
 and published. 
 
2 o6 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 by a thread, will take a position, as near as the mode of suspension 
 will permit, corresponding with its original one. If a north and 
 south line be marked on a specimen thus suspended, it would rudely 
 and imperfectly answer the purpose of the magnetic needle ; if with 
 this piece of magnetite we rub, in a certain way, a slender bar 
 of hardened steel, it in turn becomes magnetic, and, if properly 
 mounted, will point north and south, and constitute a compass. 
 Mounted in another way, so as to admit of vertical motion, the 
 magnetic needle will, while pointing north, incline downward at an 
 angle of about 76 at Marquette. This " dip," as it is called, in- 
 creases to the north and decreases to the south. 
 
 Two magnetic needles made in this way present these phenomena: 
 their north poles or south poles repel each other, while the north 
 pole of one will attract the south pole of the other, and conversely. 
 The same is, of course, true of two pieces of magnetite, or of a 
 piece of magnetite and a magnetic needle ; opposite poles attract, 
 and similar poles repel. This property is termed polarity. From 
 this it appears that the north magnetic pole of the earth must, in 
 the light of the science of magnetism, be regarded as a south pole, 
 because it attracts the north end of the magnetic needle. The poles 
 of any magnet are understood to be those points opposite each 
 other, and near its surface, where the attractive and repulsive 
 power may be supposed to be concentrated. Any magnet, natural 
 or artificial, exerts its influence or sends out its rays in every direc- 
 tion, like a luminous point. The limit of this influence may be 
 designated as the sphere of its attraction. A magnetic needle 
 within this sphere, and uninfluenced by other force, would point 
 directly to the centre of the sphere or focus of attraction. The 
 force which holds it in this direction varies inversely as the square 
 of the distance from the centre ; hence practically (on account of 
 this rapid diminution of power) we soon get beyond the influence 
 of even a great natural magnet, like a hill of magnetic ore. 
 
 All the properties above designated, and numerous others not ne- 
 cessary to our purpose, appertain in general to a mountain of mag- 
 netic ore or rock, as well as to the delicate needle of a miniature com- 
 pass. It is therefore evident that the magnetic needle should assist 
 in determining the position and magnitude of rock formations con- 
 taining magnetite. It has been extensively used in numerous places 
 in finding iron ore, and to a far less extent, if practically at all, in this 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 2O/ 
 
 country, by field geologists, in determining the geographical extent, 
 and, in part, lithological character of formations containing too little 
 magnetite to give them commercial value, and which have already 
 been designated magnetic rocks. The fact that all substances usually 
 encountered in magnetical observations are transparent to the mag- 
 netic rays, or permeable by them, enables us to be certain of the 
 existence of magnetic rocks or ores, though they be covered with 
 water, earth, or non-magnetic rocks, to the depth of many feet, or 
 even fathoms. A given magnetic force affects the needle just as 
 much through one hundred feet of granite as through the same dis- 
 tance of the atmosphere. Dr. Scoresby gave a fine illustration of 
 this fact, and an important application of the science of magnetism, 
 by measuring, with great precision, 126 feet through solid rock, 
 by observing the deviations in a needle, caused by an artificial 
 magnet. 
 
 The earth itself may be regarded as a great magnet, which has 
 the power of inducing this force (all magnets have a similar power) 
 in masses of magnetite, and in all forms of iron and steel. We may 
 suppose the force we have described above, as existing in the mag- 
 netic rocks and artificial magnets, to have been derived from the 
 earth. An unmagnetized mass of steel or iron always manifests 
 polarity induced by the earth, the upper or southerly portion being 
 the south pole, and the lower or northerly end the north pole, in 
 accordance with the law already stated. If the mass of iron or steel 
 be elongated in form and made to stand nearly vertical, or to lie 
 nearly in the plane of the meridian, this force is more manifest. 
 To illustrate : The upper end of all cast-iron lamp-posts attracts 
 the north end of the needle, and the lower end the south. The 
 magnetism thus induced in the wrought-iron pipes, lining the 
 so-called magnetic wells of Michigan, would probably explain 
 all the phenomena actually observed there. The law is, briefly : 
 the upper part of every mass (of whatever form and size) of iron, 
 steel or magnetite, is a south pole, and the lower part a north 
 pole. This is, of course, true of magnetic rocks ; hence almost uni- 
 versally the north end of the needle is attracted by such rocks, 
 because it is the south pole of the rock which is uppermost and 
 nearest. South pole or negative attractions, which are occasionally 
 observed, come usually from faults or other divisional planes in the 
 rocks ; opposite poles being produced on opposite sides of such 
 
2 o8 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 breaks which sever the mass ; a precisely similar phenomenon can 
 often be observed on opposite sides of the joints in railroad tracks. 
 
 From this cause several natural magnets are often encountered 
 in a short distance ; and a needle, passing in a few feet from the 
 sphere of the attraction of one of them, will turn round and point 
 toward the pole of a neighboring mass which more strongly attracts 
 it. Hence, in magnetic surveys, we have not the simple focal point 
 first considered to deal with, but often several local centres of at- 
 traction, positive and negative, in addition to the directive force of 
 the earth, all influencing the needle at the same time. The recent 
 investigations in the use of " magnetism in testing iron for flaws " 
 would undoubtedly aid in the study of the effect of faults on the 
 magnetism of rocks. See Engineering (London), 1867, p. 550, and 
 1868, pp. 297 and 440. The magnetism of iron ships should also 
 possess interest in the same connection. 
 
 The direction which a magnetic needle takes (allowing it to have 
 universal motion), under the circumstances supposed above, and 
 the poiver with which it holds to that direction, must be the me- 
 chanical resultant of all the forces acting on it. It cannot point in 
 two directions at the same time, hence stands between, inclining to 
 the greater force. The principle of the parallelogram of forces 
 makes it easy to determine the direction of this resultant, and to 
 measure with mathematical precision the power which urges it. To 
 do this we must know the direction and intensity of all the forces. 
 
 As an example, suppose a magnetic needle which, uninfluenced by 
 other force than the earth's attraction, points due north and vibrates 
 10 times in one minute, to be placed due east from a south pole in a 
 magnetic rock ; and that, in this position, the earth's directing force 
 be exactly neutralized by an artificial magnet, placed south of the 
 needle, it is evident that a needle so situated will point due west, 
 urged by the local force alone, and that its vibrations will be solely 
 due to this force. Suppose, for example, these vibrations to num- 
 ber 20 in one minute, or twice as many as were due to the earth's 
 force. Now remove the artificial magnet ; what will be the direc- 
 tion of the needle, and what number of vibrations will it give, urged 
 by the local and cosmical forces ? 
 
 It is a law of magnetism that the force urging a magnetic needle 
 is proportional to the square of the number of vibrations made in a 
 given time ; io 3 = 100 and 20" = 400, hence the local force is four 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 209 
 
 times as great as the earth's. Lay off in Fig. 16 the line x N due 
 north, making it equal 100 on some chosen scale : lay off the line 
 x W due west, making it equal by the same scale 400 ; complete 
 the parallelogram by drawing the lines N y and W y parallel with 
 the first lines. Draw the diagonal x y, it will be the resultant 
 
 Fig. 1 6. 
 
 sought. Applying the protractor and scale we find its course to 
 be N. 75 53 W., and length to be 412.31, the square root of which 
 is 20^, which would be the number of vibrations. 
 
 Suppose that in another locality the same needle pointed N. 45 
 E. and vibrated 14^ times in one minute, what would be the di- 
 rection and intensity of the local force ? In Fig. 17 lay off the line 
 x y N. 45 E., its length equal to the square of the number of vibra- 
 tions = 200 ; complete the parallelogram as before. It is evident 
 that the line x E represents the direction and intensity of the- local 
 force, which in this case is due east, and has a power just equal to 
 that of the earth. Unfortunately the simple cases here presented 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 J\ 
 
 seldom occur, usually two or more local forces act on the needle 
 at the same time. 
 
2io IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 In a similar manner any number of forces acting in as many dif- 
 ferent directions can be resolved. It follows that a magnetic needle, 
 influenced by the earth's force, can never point directly toward a 
 local magnetic pole, but will, with two exceptions which need not 
 be named, always incline to point to the north of it. 
 
 It is evident that the degree of magnetism possessed by a needle, 
 while it makes no difference with its direction, will affect the num- 
 ber of vibrations. Take the needle in the last case, and suppose it 
 more highly charged ; it will still point N. 45 E., but its vibrations 
 will be increased in number just in proportion to the additional 
 power imparted. Hence, in determining absolute terrestrial or local 
 intensity, a standard for comparison is necessary ; but this is not 
 required in the work under consideration. 
 
 2. Magnetic Instruments Dip Compass. 
 
 As the instruments employed in these observations are quite dif- 
 ferent from those used in Terrestrial Magnetism, which are described 
 in the works on this science, a brief account of them will be given. 
 
 The Dip or Miner's Compass is a circular brass box, a common 
 form being 3^ inches in diameter, and ^ inch thick, having a 
 circular glass on each side, which permits a perfect view of the 
 needle. The needle is 27/% inches long, weighs 13^ grains, and is 
 counterpoised so as to stand horizontal where there is no local 
 attraction, the needle being permitted to swing in a nortJi and 
 south vertical plane, which is the position in which it is ordi- 
 narily used. The axis of the needle is of hard steel, its points 
 resting loosely in conical cavities in agates, fixed in two arms pro- 
 jecting from the sides. Outside is a ring for supporting the instru- 
 ment when observations are made, so placed that the weight of the 
 suspended instrument brings the zero line of the graduated circle 
 to a horizontal position. Although designed to be used chiefly for 
 determining dips or inclinations of the needle due to local influ- 
 ences, it answers passably well for taking magnetic bearings when 
 laid on its side, and is frequently used in this way in rough work. 
 
 As there is usually no means of throwing this needle off its points 
 of support, the wear is great, and the instrument is often out of 
 order. A person going out of the way of shops where repairs can 
 be made, would do well to take two, and then have the means at 
 
'MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 21 1 
 
 hand for making ordinary repairs. These compasses generally pos- 
 sess each an individuality of its own, and one must know his instru- 
 ment before placing much confidence in his results : they will sel- 
 dom reverse, 30 difference in the two readings being not infrequent. 
 A New Jersey iron explorer informed me that his Dip Compass 
 always indicated 90 when faced west, and the true dip due to local 
 attraction when faced east. He is said to have used one position 
 in buying and the other in selling iron lands very successfully. 
 
 My compass was made by Messrs. W. & L. E. Gurley, of Troy, 
 N. Y. I have since seen one made by H. W. Hunter, of N. Y., 
 which promises well. A reliable dip compass is a desideratum. 
 
 This is exclusively a hand instrument, and has no support ; nearly 
 all the magnetic observations recorded in this paper were made on 
 instruments held in the hand. This may seem rude and unscientific 
 to precise observers of physical phenomena ; but it was found by 
 trial that the average error by this mode of observation was less 
 than 3, which was comparatively small in localities where chang- 
 ing the position of the instrument only a few feet often made 50 
 difference in the direction of the needle, and deviations of 180 
 from the normal direction were common. It is not necessary to 
 observe the direction of the wind to the degree to construct a useful 
 theory of storms. Had the accurate instruments and precise 
 methods of terrestrial magnetism been employed, not more than 
 50 stations could have been occupied with the time at my disposal, 
 while with my rude methods over 1,000 stations were observed at. 
 
 The miner's compass above described is now in very general use 
 in the magnetic iron-ore regions of the United States. The object 
 here sought is to endeavor to point out new and perhaps better 
 modes of using that instrument in finding iron ore, and incidentally 
 to ascertain if it has any place in general geological field work. I 
 have long believed that the magnetic needle can be so used as to 
 give more definite information regarding magnetic ores and rocks 
 than has yet been done to my knowledge. I did some rude and 
 incompleted work in this field, at the Ringwood Iron Mines and 
 elsewhere in New Jersey and Southern New York, the results of 
 which are in part published in Prof. Cook's Report on the Geology 
 of New Jersey. The observations of Prof. Cook and Dr. Kitchell 
 on the magnetism of the iron ores of New Jersey, and the use of the 
 magnetic needle in finding them, possess interest ; see pp. 53 2 ~538 of 
 
212 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 their report. The map of the Ringwood Iron Mines, accompanying 
 that report, exhibits a part of my own observations above referred to. 
 The idea of applying Magnetic Science to Geology is not at all 
 new ; years ago Bischoff, after citing numerous observations that 
 had been made in various parts of the world by different observers 
 in regard to the influence of mountains on the magnetic needle, 
 concluded as follows: "Assuming that it is magnetic ore alone, 
 either as masses or disseminated through the rocks, to which the 
 magnetic influences are to be ascribed and in my opinion this is 
 quite unquestionable it would seem that magnetic observations 
 instituted with the same degree of care as those made by Reich, 
 would be well adapted for the discovery of hidden beds of mag- 
 netic iron ore. Such observations might therefore prove eminently 
 serviceable to the iron industry. Certainly it would be requisite 
 first to ascertain whether mountain masses containing only dissem- 
 inated magnetic iron ore, but extending over a considerable sur- 
 face, would not produce as great an effect as beds of magnetic iron 
 ore. Sabine's observations do not appear to favor this ; but, how- 
 ever this may be, the magnetic needle indicates the presence of 
 magnetic iron ore where it cannot be recognized mineralogically, 
 and demonstrates the very general distribution of this mineral." 
 
 My mode of observing was as follows: To determine "varia- 
 tions " east or west,* the bearings of a standard line were taken as 
 in ordinary surveys. Sometimes a solar compass was used, but 
 oftener a pocket compass. The variations as shown by the miner's 
 compass, termed "dips," were observed on this compass held in 
 the hand generally in the plane of the meridian, hence the instru- 
 ment would face east and west. Sometimes observations were 
 made with the compass held at right angles with this position ; that 
 is, facing north and south. The instrument was always held in the 
 hand and levelled by its own weight. 
 
 The intensity of the magnetic force for the three positions of the 
 compass above designated, was measured by the number of vibra- 
 tions f made by the needle in a unit of time, usually taken at ^ of a 
 
 * Declination, or the cosmical deviation of the needle from the true meridian, is not here 
 considered. 
 
 f Half-vibrations would be the proper term, as the time from one point of rest to the 
 next was counted and not the complete vibration. 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 213 
 
 minute. The vibrations varied from o to 60 in this time, 6 being the 
 normal for my compass, due to the earth's influence. No attempt 
 was made to eliminate the earth's attraction by neutralizing it with 
 a magnet when the observation was made, or by computation. Of 
 course, when the compass faced north or south, this was partially 
 accomplished, because the earth's attraction would then be nearly 
 in the direction of the axis of the needle. It must be borne in 
 mind that the great amount of friction in this form of compass 
 renders the number of vibrations only a rude approximation to the 
 number which would be indicated by a delicately mounted needle. 
 
 The short needle of an ordinary pocket or dip compass, if in good 
 order, will vibrate quickly and for some time where there is no local 
 attraction. This motion is sometimes termed " working," and such 
 normal " working," due simply to the earth's attraction, has often 
 been mistaken by inexperienced persons for an indication of ore. 
 
 There is no better instrument for observing variations accurately 
 than Burt's Solar Compass ; but it is too heavy for explorers' use. 
 I have found a convenient substitute for rough observations in the. 
 Pocket Dial Compass, which, used with a watch indicating local 
 time, is rapid and sufficiently precise. This instrument, or an ordi- 
 nary portable sundial, can also be used for running lines where 
 there is local attraction ; for rough work I have used it instead of 
 the Solar Compass. 
 
 I hoped to have made some observations with properly con- 
 structed instruments, such as are used in determining the elements 
 of terrestrial magnetism, in order to institute a comparison between 
 accurate results and my own rude work ; but the nature of such 
 investigations requires more time than I have thus far had at my dis- 
 posal. Fortunately Dr. John Locke made complete magnetic obser- 
 vations at several points in the Marquette Iron Region, whick are 
 recorded in " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," vol. 3, pp. 
 25-27. One station was over magnetic rocks in Section 18, Town 
 47 north, Range 26 west, the geology of which he thus describes : 
 " A loadstone in place broken into sharp angular fragments ; here 
 were two poles, 17.67 feet apart, one attracting the north, the 
 other the south pole of the needle." Dr. Locke found the dip to 
 be 42 deg. 53 min., when it should have been about 76 deg. The 
 duration of 500 vibrations was 822 sec., when it should have been 
 about 1,500 sec., and the calculated horizontal intensity was more 
 15 
 
214 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 than four times the normal force computed for that station. If Dr. 
 Locke had occupied 500 stations on that section of land, he would 
 have obtained different results at each, often differing more from 
 each other than the foregoing do from the normal forces. 
 
 These observations, like all recorded ones that have come under 
 my notice, have had terrestrial magnetism as their chief object; 
 therefore the observers have avoided the very localities which to 
 the geologist and explorer possess the greatest interest those 
 where local magnetic attractions exist. Dr. Locke calls attention 
 to the importance of magnetic science to the geologist, and gives 
 many interesting isolated facts bearing on the subject, particularly 
 regarding the existence of magnetite in volcanic rocks, where it 
 usually occurs. 
 
 Before dismissing the subject of instruments suited to magnetic 
 surveys, I will call attention to a patent mariner's compass made 
 by E. S. Ritchie, Esq., of Boston, in which the needle is entirely 
 supported by a liquid having the same specific gravity, thus giving 
 it universal motion. A needle so mounted and having the earth's 
 attraction neutralized by a magnet, should point directly towards 
 a local magnetic pole when brought within its influence, thus ac- 
 complishing with one observation and no calculations what requires 
 at least two with the ordinary compass. For intensity Mr. Ritchie 
 suggested the following mode : Time the needle from the instant 
 of its being let off at 90 deg. to its passing the resting point. I am 
 of the opinion that a valuable instrument for miners and explorers 
 could be made on Mr. Ritchie's plan. 
 
 A modification of the ordinary compass has been made which 
 accomplishes the same thing in part. The agate support is fitted 
 to the needle by a sort of universal joint, which gives the needle a 
 vertical range through half a quadrant in addition to its horizontal 
 motion. The only one I ever saw was made from the design of 
 the late Wm. J. Amsden, Esq., of Scranton, Pa., who made some 
 valuable magnetic surveys.* A pocket compass on a similar idea 
 has lately been patented. A somewhat similar instrument has, I 
 understand, been used for a long time in Sweden and Norway. 
 On the same principle the ordinary surveyor's compass indicates 
 dips rudely. At the west quarter post of Section 7, Town 46 
 
 * Messrs. Gurley now make a dip compass which gives the needle limited lateral range. 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 215 
 
 north, Range 29 west, being on the east side of Republic Moun- 
 tain, I find marked on the U. S. Survey plat : (< End of needle 
 dips y inch, variation 62 deg. west." 
 
 C. F. Varley, Esq., the English Electrician, suggested to me that 
 a portable electro-magnetic apparatus could be constructed, with 
 which might be determined the direction and distance to the pole 
 of a magnetic rock by some simple observations and computations. 
 An instrument of this kind would have considerable value in con- 
 nection with magnetic needles, especially where the magnetic ore 
 or rock was covered with considerable thickness of other material. 
 In 1867 Mr. Varley, with a view to detecting electric currents, if 
 any existed, made some observations both in the copper and iron- 
 bearing rocks of Lake Superior ; he found such currents in the 
 mines of native copper, but none in the iron mines. The instru- 
 ments employed were rude, having been extemporized on the spot. 
 I do not know whether he has published anything on this subject. 
 
 Professor Joseph Henry has suggested in a letter that it is ''highly 
 probable that the abnormal variations of the magnetic elements in 
 our iron ores are due to electro-magnetic action rather than to 
 magnetic." 
 
 3. Geological Sketch of the Magnetic Rocks. 
 
 In order to make the perusal of this subject to a certain extent 
 independent of the remainder of this report,* a few facts regarding 
 the geological position and lithological character of the magnetic 
 rocks of the Marquette region will here be repeated, the subject 
 having been more fully considered elsewhere. 
 
 Rocks of the four oldest geological epochs yet made out on this 
 continent are represented on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ; 
 two belonging to the Azoic, one to the Lower Silurian, and one 
 between these, of questioned age. The equivalency of these with 
 the Canadian series has not been fully established, but the nomen- 
 clature of the Canadian geologists will be employed provisionally. 
 
 The Laurentian of the Upper Peninsula is like that of Canada in 
 being largely made up of granitic-gneisses, but differs in containing 
 no limestone so far as I have seen, and little, I may say practically 
 
 * Many persons have asked for copies of this chapter who do not expect to get the 
 whole Report. 
 
2i6 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 no iron ore, and very little disseminated magnetite. Next above 
 the Laurentian, and resting on it non-conformably, are the Huron- 
 ian or iron-bearing rocks ; these are also called by the Canadian 
 geologists " the lower copper-bearing series." This series com- 
 prise several plainly stratified beds of iron ore and ferruginous rock, 
 varying in the percentage of metallic iron from 15 to 67 per cent., 
 interstratified with greenish tough rocks, in which the bedding is ob- 
 scure, which appear to be more or^ less altered diorites, together 
 with quartzites (which pass into marble), clay slates, mica schists, 
 and various obscure magnesian schists. The maximum thickness 
 of the whole in the Marquette region is not far from 5,000 feet. 
 
 While the great Huronian area of Canada north of Georgian bay 
 bears, so far as I am aware, little or no workable iron, and derives 
 its economic importance from its ores of copper, the Marquette 
 series, supposed to be of the same age, are eminently iron bearing, 
 and have as yet produced no copper. It is doubtful if in the same 
 extent and thickness of rocks, anywhere in the world, there is a 
 larger percentage of iron oxide than in the Marquette series. In 
 the order of relative abundance, so far as made out, the ores are the 
 flag, the red specular hematites, soft or brown hematites, and mag- 
 netites. These all exist in workable beds, and all as disseminated 
 minerals in rocks usually silicious. The geological distribution of 
 these ores of iron in the Huronian series will be considered in 
 another place. The geographical distribution is less understood ; 
 so far there seems to be the greatest concentration of magnetic ores 
 in the Michigamme district of the Marquette region. From this, 
 the relative proportion of magnetite seems to decrease as we go 
 east, north, west and south, although there is a considerable mag- 
 netic attraction in the Menominee or southern iron region.* 
 
 Next younger than the Huronian are the copper-bearing rocks of 
 Keweenaw peninsula, which extend westward into Wisconsin, the 
 age of which has led to much controversy ; good authorities having 
 placed them in different epochs, from the Azoic to the Triassic. 
 Recent observations made by Prof. R. Pumpelly and myself go 
 strongly to confirm the view, if we have not \ ositively demonstrated 
 it, that they are non-conformably overlaid by the Silurian, and are 
 therefore related to the Azoic. The relations of the copper-bearing 
 
 * See Appendix H., Vol. II. 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 2 1/ 
 
 rocks to the Huronian are not fully made out. In tracing the 
 dividing line from Bad river in Wisconsin to Lake Gogebic, Michi- 
 gan, last fall, a distance of sixty miles, we found them nearly, if 
 not precisely conformable, but widely different in lithological 
 character. 
 
 With regard to the magnetism of the copper-bearing series, the 
 United States surveyors mark considerable variations at several 
 points on the Land Office plats, due in all probability to dissemi- 
 nated magnetite in the trappean members of the series, although 
 good authorities have ascribed these variations to electric currents. 
 My own observations on the magnetism of these rocks have been 
 limited, but lead me to believe that it is far less in amount and less 
 persistent in character than is usually the case in the Huronian, 
 indicating that the magnetite (to which I ascribe the attractions) is 
 perhaps an accidental rather than essential constituent, and small 
 in amount. Macfarlane found less than one per cent, in one of the 
 Portage lake traps. 
 
 The next series of rocks in ascending order are the horizontally- 
 bedded Lower Silurian sandstones, which skirt the south shore of 
 Lake Superior nearly its whole length, called by Foster, Whitney, 
 and Dr. Rominger, Potsdam, and assigned by the Canadian geolo- 
 gists, under the name St. Mary's, to a later period. They have 
 not been proven to be magnetic, although strong magnetic attrac- 
 tions have been observed over this Silurian area, as will be ex- 
 plained hereafter. 
 
 To recapitulate, we have : i. The Laurentian granite and gneiss, 
 practically non-magnetic ; 2. The Huronian iron-bearing rocks, 
 often highly magnetic ; 3. The copper series, slightly magnetic; 
 and 4th. The Silurian rocks, without magnetism. This classifica- 
 tion is intended to apply more particularly to the rocks of the 
 Marquette and Menominee regions proper, embracing the central 
 and southern portions of the Upper Peninsula ; and even here, 
 as has been noted above, there are exceptions. This sketch of 
 the Marquette rocks, in the light of the distribution of mag- 
 netite, would be incomplete, did I not mention the fact that this 
 mineral is very generally present in the form of fine sand in the 
 drift in the region I am describing. If one moves a magnet about 
 in the sand of a creek it is rarely that magnetic sand will not be 
 found adhering. I have never seen it accumulated in quantities 
 
2 1 8 IR ON-BEARING R O CKS. 
 
 that would point towards its being utilized ; nor have I ever ob- 
 served a local variation which I ascribed to the mineral in this 
 form. 
 
 We will now return to the Huronian or highly magnetic series, 
 taking up its structure in some detail. About nineteen lithologi- 
 cally distinct beds or strata make up the series ; of these, six and 
 probably seven are generally so magnetic as to cause considerable 
 variations in the needle. These beds vary from forty to several 
 hundred feet in thickness, and strike and dip in all directions, 
 and at all angles. The prevailing strike, however, is easterly and 
 westerly, and the dip at high angles, often vertical. These rocks 
 frequently outcrop, when we have no use for the magnetic needle in 
 their study. Again, they are covered by deep drift, where mag- 
 netic observations, or workings, can only reveal them. 
 
 In order to study the magnetic characteristics of these rocks 
 more minutely than could be done in the field, two hundred and 
 twenty-two specimens, covering all the more common varieties, 
 were collected and are deposited in the cabinet of the University of 
 Michigan ; they are fully described under lithology in this Report. 
 Fifty-four, or twenty-four per cent. , were found to possess some 
 degree of magnetic power as manifested by their influence on a 
 magnetic needle ; each specimen being in turn made to touch 
 each end of a mounted needle. If it had the power to lead it 
 2O deg. from its normal direction, the specimen was said to be 
 feebly magnetic, and strongly magnetic when the needle fol- 
 lowed the specimen round the circle if held about half an inch from 
 it. Of these fifty-four specimens, thirteen were feebly magnetic, 
 twenty-nine magnetic, five decidedly magnetic, and seven strongly 
 magnetic.* None would, however, lift ordinary carpet tacks. 
 Twenty-four, or nearly one-half, possessed polarity in some degree. 
 Thirty were simply magnetic, with no polarity that could be de- 
 tected by the rude means employed : in some instances the speci- 
 men would repel the needle at half an inch distance, but would 
 attract it if placed in contact. Such specimens were rated as pos- 
 sessing polarity. All of the strongly magnetic specimens were rich 
 in magnetite and possessed polarity, and it is not improbable that 
 
 * Appendix H gives the percentage of material lifted by the magnet in twenty-one 
 specimens of Lake Superior ore, together with the color of the powder. 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 219 
 
 all would have been found to possess it if tested by more delicate 
 means. Von Cotta, however, speaks of magnetic iron ore which 
 possessed no polarity. The specimens generally attracted the 
 south pole more strongly than the north. When examined, they 
 had been collected about three months. Whether they would 
 have shown more or less magnetic power if tested when freshly 
 broken, I do not know. Dr. Kitchell says that under certain 
 circumstances fragments gain magnetism. 
 
 In 1860 I saw a powerful loadstone for its size, in the possession 
 of Professor Trego, of Philadelphia, which he had picked up in 
 New Jersey twenty-two years before. I once collected a number 
 of pieces of loadstone in the Bull Mine, New York, which in the 
 mine would lift small nails ; in a few days two-thirds of them had 
 lost this power. This may have been due to the fact that in the 
 mine the nails themselves were made magnetic by induction. 
 
 Regarding the location of the poles in magnetic rocks, the laws 
 of magnetism would place them near the surface, or next divisional 
 planes or terminations of masses. Observers are generally agreed 
 that iron ore is most magnetic near dykes or volcanic rock. ' Quo- 
 ting again from Dr. Kitchell, " Geology of New Jersey," p. 535 : 
 11 The extent of the magnetic qualities of iron ores depends on their 
 position with respect to the surface ; the nearer to the surface the 
 greater will be their magnetic properties. This appears to depend 
 on the action of surface water and atmospheric agents, for it has 
 been frequently observed that ore, when first taken out of a mine 
 at a considerable depth, possessed but slight magnetic properties, 
 but on being exposed to the atmosphere for a few months or years it 
 would increase so much that excellent specimens of loadstone for 
 experimental purposes could be selected therefrom. Seams of ore 
 that contain numerous joints and fissures, through which water and 
 atmospheric agents pass, possess more decided magnetic proper- 
 ties than those which are more compact and free from crevices and 
 fissures." * 
 
 These remarks of Dr. Kitchell possess much interest. I have 
 but one fact that bears on this question ; an average sample made 
 up of numerous fragments collected by myself of the Iron Moun- 
 
 * If a fact, is this due to the contact of air and water, or is it because the seams neces- 
 sarily produce small independent magnets. 
 
220 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 tain Missouri " surface," or boulder ore, contained only about one- 
 fourth as much magnetite (as measured by the amount lifted with a 
 horse-shoe magnet) as did a specimen of "quarry" (ledge) ore 
 selected at the same time and in the same way. 
 
 Classifying the magnetic ores and rocks of the Marquette region 
 economically, the merchantable ores, according to the present 
 standard of richness, would not constitute two per cent, of the 
 whole ; the balance being ferruginous quartzites and schists possess- 
 ing no present value as ores. The merchantable magnetic ores 
 have so far all been found in one formation near the middle of the 
 series, and that is not all pure ore by any means ; therefore, when 
 an ore-hunter finds an "attraction" in the Lake Superior region, 
 the chances of his having found a mine are not more than one in 
 fifty. Neither the strike nor dip of the formation seems to affect 
 its magnetic power. This depends, so far as my observations throw 
 any light on the question, chiefly on the percentage of magnetite 
 entering into the composition of the rock. Prof. Cook (< Geology 
 of New Jersey," pp. 537-8 says that the magnetism of iron ores 
 was influenced by the " pinch and shoot" structure so prevalent in 
 the iron mines of New York and New Jersey. He points out the 
 analogy between these regular pod-shaped masses "shoots" of 
 ore, pitching downward in a northerly direction and an iron bar 
 in the same position ; both become magnetic and have polarity. 
 
 The "pinch and shoot" structure exists in the magnetic ores 
 of the Marquette region, but is obscure, and in strike and dip there 
 is no parallelism between our rocks and those of New Jersey, as is 
 shown elsewhere. Yet our ores must usually be more strongly 
 magnetic than those of New Jersey ; for Prof. Cook says : " It is 
 generally conceded that ore, covered by thirty feet of earth, will 
 attract the needle, and ' large veins ' have disturbed it when cov- 
 ered by fifty feet of earth." Now at five and even fifty times these 
 distances horizontally, the needle is often deflected in the Mar- 
 quette region, and at the Spurr Mountain the needle indicates a 
 dip of 70 degrees at an elevation of 94 feet above the ore. 
 
 With regard to the associations of the various ores it may be said, 
 that magnetic and specular ores are often found together, as are 
 also the specular and soft hematite ores ; but so far the magnetites 
 and hematites have not been found in juxtaposition. If we sup- 
 pose all our ores to have once been magnetic, and that the red 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 221 
 
 specular was first derived from the magnetite and the hydrated oxide 
 (soft hematites) in turn from it, we have an hypothesis which best 
 explains many facts, and which will be of use to the explorer. As a 
 rule it may be assumed that the hard ores of the Lake Superior 
 region, even although they be rated as red specular, contain a 
 sufficient amount of magnetite to cause some local disturbance in 
 the needle ; there are exceptions to this rule, but they are rare. 
 In some instances, especially in the Menominee region, the disturb- 
 ance is slight, but enough to be noticed by careful observation. 
 It should be noted that the L'Anse Iron Range, so far as known, 
 contains no magnetic ore whatever. 
 
 4. Explanation of Magneto-geologic Charts, Plans and Sections. 
 
 Having now briefly stated those elementary principles of Magnet- 
 ism which are involved in our subject, described the instruments 
 employed and their use, and sketched the geology of the rocks 
 whose magnetic forces we are to study, we are fully prepared to 
 examine the results of the observations made, and to draw such con- 
 clusions and make such applications as the facts seem to warrant. 
 
 It has been found necessary to introduce a few terms which may 
 be new in describing the graphical representations of the phenom- 
 ena observed. No work to which I could gain access contained 
 expressions such as portions of our work seemed to require. 
 Figures I and 2, Republic mountain chart (No. XI. of Atlas), are 
 copied in part from the geological and topographical map of Re- 
 public mountain, which see for explanation of geology, relief of 
 ground, and geographical position. 
 
 Magnetic observations were made across the entire Huronian 
 series lapping on the Laurentian on each side, along survey lines 
 26 and 30, which run N. 53 E- 5 the observations being taken for a 
 considerable part of the distance every 25 feet. The arrows in Fig. 
 I indicate the directions which the needle actually pointed under 
 the combined influence of terrestrial and local attraction. The 
 angle between these arrows and the meridian is the variation in 
 Azimuth (called simply variation) and ranges, as will be seen, from 
 o to 1 80. The direction of the arrows, although sometimes irreg- 
 ular, leaves no doubt as to which are the magnetic rocks. 
 
 The full significance and value of the common compass in locat- 
 
222 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 ing magnetic rocks and ores is better shown in Plate V., which re- 
 presents variations observed at the west end of the Washington 
 mine, embracing the West Cut or Pit No. 10. The stations indi- 
 cated on the Plate refer to survey lines shown on the map of the 
 mine, No. VIII., to which reference is made for information re- 
 garding the geology and topographical features of the locality. A 
 glance at this figure will bring to the mind of all familiar with 
 magnetic experiments, the plumose forms assumed by magnetic 
 sands or iron filings resting on paper and influenced by the magnet. 
 Our figure may be regarded as representing the laboratory experi- 
 ment greatly magnified. As to the irregularities shown by some of 
 the arrows, it is probable that if the magnetism of ordinary mag- 
 nets could be studied minutely, as with microscopic needles, that 
 corresponding irregularities would be observed in the directions and 
 polarity of the forces, not unlike those seen on this magnetic plan 
 of the Washington mine. If we admit, as we are forced to do from 
 these facts, that magnetic rocks present phenomena entirely anal- 
 ogous to artificial magnets, then it is not difficult to decide as to the 
 cause of the phenomena exhibited on the sketch before us. 
 
 The dotted line is designed to indicate the position of maximum 
 variation, or rather the position of the force which causes the varia- 
 tion. The observations made for intensity along this line, indicated 
 by vibrations (six being the normal number), confirm the indica- 
 tions of the horizontal compass. There can be no doubt but that 
 nearly under this line, at no great depth, is a large amount of mag- 
 netite ; whether free enough from rock to constitute a merchantable 
 ore, explorations only can establish. Since this plan was made, 
 work has been resumed at Pit No. 10, and a tolerably regular bed 
 of ore revealed, having the strike and dip marked on the plan, 
 which coincides closely with what might have been predicted. The 
 relationship of this deposit with the others constituting the mine 
 will be considered elsewhere. This magnetic plan, as well as Fig. 
 I, Republic mountain chart, shows, that while the variations are 
 governed by a uniform law away from the lines of maxima, within 
 these lines great irregularities of direction exist.* 
 
 * Since the above was written, I have, by the kindness ef Mr. F. Firmstone, of Easton, 
 Pa., been able to inspect some magnetic charts of New Jersey localities, made by the late 
 Mr. Amsden, of Scranton, which are excellent. 
 
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MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 223 
 
 Passing from Plate V., which represents but a small area, over 
 which the magnetic observations have been very numerous, to a 
 magnetic plan of a large surface, with widely separated observations, 
 we have in Plates VI. and vil., copied from the United States 
 Land Office books, a fine exemplification of the significance of 
 local magnetic variations. 
 
 In Plate VI. the magnetic rocks run nearly north and south, 
 which direction, as has been heretofore stated, produces the maxi- 
 mum variation. It will be seen that the needle is influenced at a 
 distance of nearly, if not quite two miles, and that the variation 
 diminishes rapidly as we depart from the line of maximum attrac- 
 tion. The disturbances recorded on the north-east part of this plan 
 are due to Republic mountain. 
 
 Plate VII. represents one of the iron townships in the Menominee 
 region. The variations are scarcely so great, nor do they extend 
 so far as in the other. As the two iron ranges represented run 
 much more nearly east and west in this case, it is interesting to 
 observe the difference in the behavior of the needle. These plans 
 are additional proof of the value of the Linear Surveys to the ex- 
 plorer, a point to which I have often referred. 
 
 Figures 3 and 4, Chart XL, Atlas, are magnetic sections along 
 lines 26 and 30 of plan. The arrows indicate the direction of the 
 dip-needle vibrating in the plane of the meridian. The normal 
 direction is the horizontal line ; the arrow head indicating north end 
 of needle should therefore normally point to the right hand side of 
 the chart. It will be seen that the dip, like the variation, often 
 attains the maximum of 180, that is, the north end points south. 
 
 The colored curved lines express approximately the intensity of 
 the local magnetic force ; their ordinates being the number of vi- 
 brations made by the needle in one quarter of a minute, on a ver- 
 tical scale of eight vibrations to the inch. The blue line records 
 the observed vibrations of the horizontal needle, the others of the 
 dip-needle. The black line refers to the needle vibrating in the 
 plane of the meridian (compass facing west). The red line refers to 
 the needle vibrating in an east and west plane (compass facing south.) 
 
 Fig. 2 is a magneto-geological section on the line A A 7 of Fig. 
 I. The upper curve represents a projection on one plane of the 
 maximum intensities of all the curves of Figs. 3 and 4. The lower 
 curve, Fig. 2, has reference to variations and dips, its ordinates being 
 
224 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 proportional to the maximum variation in direction of the needle, 
 caused by the magnetic rocks. It is intended as a sort of summary 
 of the facts expressed by all the arrows denoting directions, as the 
 upper curve is a general expression of the intensities. It will 
 be observed that the summits of the lower curve, Fig. 2, which in- 
 dicates maximum variation, are always northerly from the centre 
 of the magnetic bed. This is as it should be, because the greatest 
 variation takes place before we reach the local magnetic pole, when 
 approaching it from the north. The intensities, on the other hand, 
 are greatest directly over the magnetic rocks. It should be borne 
 in mind that the intensity of a magnetic force is really propor- 
 tional to the square of the number of vibrations in a given time ; 
 but in these investigations the actual number of vibrations has been 
 used in constructing the sections, as being more convenient. 
 
 In addition to the facts observed during this survey, which are 
 recorded on the Republic Mountain Chart, and various figures in 
 this volume, certain others, obtained from the United States Land 
 Office, plats of Towns 46 and 47 north, Ranges 29 and 30 west, will 
 be employed, besides those already given from the same source. 
 
 The discussion of the facts in our possession falls conveniently 
 under two heads : First, Regarding the entire Huronian series as 
 a unit, and the comparison of its magnetism with the Laurentian 
 system. Second, A study of the magnetism of the individual beds 
 of the Huronian or iron-bearing rocks, in detail. Republic moun- 
 tain and vicinity afford an excellent opportunity for both these in- 
 vestigations. 
 
 The Magnetism of the Laurentian System or Granitic Rocks. 
 
 The Federal township plats above referred to, cover an area of, 
 say twelve miles in diameter, of which Republic mountain is the 
 centre ; at least nine-tenths of this territory is Laurentian. The 
 variations of the needle noted are from two to six degrees east, 
 averaging four and a half degrees, which may be regarded as the 
 declination of the needle at the date of the surveys of this locality, 
 due to cosmical causes. From this and similar facts covering 
 the whole Marquette region, we may conclude that this oldest 
 system of all known rocks has here no beds of magnetite, nor 
 does it now contain magnetite as an essential constituent mineral, 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 22$ 
 
 nor indeed oxide of iron in any form. Prof. Pumpelly and myself 
 found slightly magnetic rocks in the Laurentian south of Lake Goge- 
 bic, and the professor mentions in his report to the Portage Lake 
 and Lake Superior Ship Canal Company "a deposit of iron ore in 
 the Laurentian gneiss and hornblendic schist series on Sections 10 
 and 15, T. 41 N., R. 29 W. ," in the Menominee Iron Region, from 
 which I have seen specimens which do not look very promising. 
 One or two other places are mentioned where magnetic beds occur 
 in the Laurentian, but they are exceptional, the rule being as has 
 been stated. But everywhere in the region we are considering, over 
 or near the Huronian Series, the Government surveyors note varia- 
 tions. The approximate boundary between these two systems of 
 the Azoic in some parts of the Upper Peninsula could indeed al- 
 most be delineated from their surveys by magnetic variations alone. 
 
 Magnetism of the Huronian Series as a Unit Republic 
 
 Mountain. 
 
 No special observations were made to determine the extreme 
 limit to which its magnetic influence extends. The Federal surveys 
 would make the distance over one mile, and Durocher mentions 
 that he was told in Sweden that "important beds of iron ore 
 produced deviations in the needle up to the distance of nearly two 
 kilometres," or over one mile Annales des Mines, 5 Series, Vol. 
 8, p. 220. The Federal surveyors note a variation at the north- 
 east corner of Section 7 (See Fig. I, Republic Mountain Chart) of 
 25 west, agreeing very nearly with my observations corrected for 
 the change in declination since the survey was made. This corner 
 is at least 600 feet from the nearest Huronian bed, and probably 
 900 feet from any member of the series containing magnetite. 
 Judging by the direction and intensity of the magnetic force as ex- 
 hibited by the needle, as we approach the mountain from the north- 
 east (see Figs. 1,3, and 4), it seems probable that the bed which 
 chiefly produced the effect was No. VI., and still more distant ores. 
 If this be a correct inference, we have the phenomenon of a magnetic 
 needle deflected 25 from its normal direction by a bed of rocks con- 
 taining not to exceed 33 per cent, of magnetite, distant 1,500 feet 
 horizontally. The facts from the U. S. surveys given above show 
 that the needle is sometimes influenced to a much greater distance. 
 
226 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Passing to the south-west side of the Huronian basin we find the 
 influence exerted by the magnetic rocks to gradually diminish as 
 we recede from their edge, which is believed to be under the Michi- 
 gamme river. See Fig. I. Here we find the needle varying 15 
 at a distance of at least 800 feet from the nearest magnetic rocks. 
 
 An inspection of Fig. I shows that the variations of the needle 
 are much greater on the north-east than on the south-west side of 
 the mountain, which should evidently be the case from the fact that 
 to the south-west the terrestrial and local forces are more nearly in 
 the same line than on the north-east side ; hence in the latter case 
 the mechanical resultant (direction of the needle) would form a 
 greater angle with the direction of the earth's force (magnetic meri- 
 dian) than in the former. 
 
 The question of the distance to which magnetic ore and rocks 
 will attract the needle receives some additional light from the 
 Champion Mine, Plates VIII. to XV. It is evident in this case that 
 the magnetic force of the ore is felt to a distance exceeding 7 
 feet to the north of the mine. To the south there is less cer- 
 tainty, because of the other magnetic rocks (see sections) which 
 underlie the ore in that direction. It is probable that careful 
 observations would detect the influence of this remarkable deposit 
 of ore through an east and west zone, which in places would attain 
 a breadth of 2,000 feet or more, one-fifth of this area showing a 
 magnetic dip of 90 ; but this does not prove the existence of 400 
 feet of magnetic rocks or ore, by any means, as will be seen below. 
 
 At the Spurr Mountain, w r hich is an east-west deposit of highly 
 magnetic ore like the Champion, Mr. Lawton observed just south 
 of the range 23 vibrations in a quarter of a minute ; going south 
 the vibrations diminished somewhat regularly, until at 600 feet the 
 needle vibrated but ten times in a quarter of a minute. At 300 
 feet north of the mountain the needle settled indifferently in any 
 direction, owing to the fact that the terrestrial and local forces just 
 balanced each other at that point ; further north the vibrations 
 increased somewhat irregularly, owing to the presence of slightly 
 magnetic rocks, until at 1 ,400 feet six vibrations were observed in 
 a quarter of a minute. There must of course be points north and 
 south of all magnetic belts where the vibrations would be equal and 
 normal, but these limits were not reached, the observations proving 
 only that the magnetic belt at Spurr Mountain is over 2,300 feet wide. 
 
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 z 
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 0) 
 
 UJ 
 
 O 
 
 Q- 
 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 z 
 o 
 
 K 
 O 
 LU 
 (O 
 
 u 
 
 H 
 
 LU 
 
 Z 
 O 
 
1'l.X 
 
PI. XI 
 
 UJ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 K 
 co 
 
 UJ 
 
 o ^ 
 
 E ^ J" 
 
 s s 
 
 ^ r/ " J 
 
 2 8 
 
 O H-3 
 
 I >, 
 
 I- 
 o 
 
 LU 
 (f) 
 
 O 
 
 h- 
 
PL XIV 
 
 LJ 
 O 
 
 z 
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 DC 
 
 UJ 
 
 2 
 O 
 
 Ul 
 
 * 
 
 z 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 LU 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 
 < 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 227 
 
 It may be asked why the very silicious magnetic rocks of the Re- 
 public Mountain influence the needle at a greater distance than the 
 pure ores of the Champion Mine. It is not at all certain that this 
 is the fact ; the limit of the influence has been determined in neither 
 case. The stratigraphical conditions, however, are quite different. 
 The strike of the Republic mountain rocks being north-westerly, is 
 far more favorable for producing variations than is that of the Cham- 
 pion deposit, which is east and west. It is quite evident that a 
 north-south deposit of ore would cause greatest variations (see Plate 
 VI.) and an east-west deposit least. If, in the latter case, we con- 
 ceive the power to be equally distributed along an east and west 
 mathematical line, there would be produced no variations at all in 
 a horizontal compass. Again, there are four highly magnetic beds 
 at Republic Mountain, white at the Champion there is only one. 
 
 Regarding the polarity of the magnetic force : (i) In every in- 
 stance the north end of the horizontal needle was drawn towards 
 the magnetic rocks ; hence, north-easterly of Republic Mountain, 
 the variation was west ; and south-westerly, the variation was east. 
 (2) With the dip-needle vibrating in an east and west plane, the 
 north end pointed westerly, or towards the mountain on its north- 
 east side. (3) With the dip-needle vibrating in the plane of the 
 meridian, on the north-east side of the mountain, the south end 
 inclined downward, producing a "negative dip," as shown in Figs. 
 3 and 4, and this increased as the magnetic rocks were approached 
 until the needle turned entirely over. This apparent negative at- 
 traction was probably in reality only the effect of an attraction for 
 the north end of the needle, which inclined to the magnetic rocks 
 by the shortest road. Why the north end of the needle moved 
 upward instead of downward (which was apparently just as short a 
 road) as it approached the magnetic rocks over the non-magnetic 
 Laurentian, I can only explain as follows, which hypothesis may 
 also explain instances other than this where slight negative attrac- 
 tions have been observed over granitic rocks, for example, south 
 and south-east of the Champion mine. My needles were always 
 counterpoised near Negaunee or Marquette, which towns are built 
 on the Huronian. Of course an effort was made to get away from 
 the magnetic members of the series ; but this evidently would be 
 impossible if their influence extends to the distance of one half mile. 
 
228 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Magnetic rocks would probably be found throughout the Huronian 
 belt by boring less than 1,000 feet into the earth, owing to the 
 basin-like structure of the series. It is probable, therefore, that 
 my needles were counterpoised under the influence of some positive 
 magnetic force ; hence, when taken over Laurentian rocks contain- 
 ing no magnetite, they would show " negative " attraction. If this 
 hypothesis is correct, then the negative attraction referred to above 
 is explained. 
 
 Regarding the intensity of the magnetic force exerted by Repub- 
 lic mountain as a whole, but one observation need in this place be 
 made. The vibrations are greater on the south-west than on the 
 north-east side, or exactly the converse of the variations. The 
 Magneto-Geologic Sections of the Champion and Keystone Range 
 (see Plates vm. to XV.) present the same phenomenon.* As the 
 needle is carried north from the Champion bed, its vibrations 
 rapidly diminish in number until they become less than the normal 
 number due to the earth's magnetism ; after which, on going still 
 farther, the vibrations will increase until the normal number is 
 reached : but in going south, the diminution is far less rapid, and 
 the number of vibrations never falls below the normal number. 
 The same was observed at the Spurr as is noted on page 226. 
 
 The obvious reason is this : when the needle is south of the local 
 force, both it and the terrestrial force act in the same direction, 
 producing a maximum effect ; but when the needle is north of the 
 local force, it can evidently be influenced only by the greater force 
 less the smaller. In the first case the mechanical resultant is the 
 sum, in 'the other it is the difference between the two magnetic 
 forces. This readily explains the difference in the slope of the 
 curve of intensity north and south of the magnetic poles, so notice- 
 able in the magnetic sections. 
 
 Republic Mountain. 
 
 A glance at the directions of the needle as indicated by the 
 arrows in figures I, 3, and 4 of Chart XL, will impress one with the 
 conviction that there is no direction in azimuth, or inclination which 
 
 * The survey lines on the Magnetic Sections, Plates vm. to xv., refer to Map of the 
 Champion Mine, No. VJJ., which should be examined in connection with them. 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 229 
 
 the needle does not assume in crossing the series of rocks. The 
 north end of the needle never points north, often east and west, 
 and sometimes south ; while in the dip-compass it turns a series of 
 somewhat irregular somersaults, pointing habitually downward, but 
 often towards the zenith. The needle may be said to "box the com- 
 pass right and left," as we may suppose that feat accomplished by a 
 drunken sailor. A second glance at the arrows will show us that 
 there is much method in the madness of our ge-go-sence \* the 
 needle very generally tends to point toward the blue or red-colored 
 rocks, which contain magnetite, while it is comparatively indiffer- 
 ent to the green, gray, and salmon colored, which contain little or 
 none of this mineral. The particular significance of the variations 
 and dips will be more fully discussed below. 
 
 We will leave for the present the consideration of the direction of 
 the magnetic force expressed by the arrows, and return to the sub- 
 ject of the intensity of tJie force as expressed by the colored curves 
 (see page 223). Nothing is more evident on the chart than that 
 these curves indicate with great certainty the position of the mag- 
 netic beds over which they are more or less convex, producing 
 summits ; and more or less concave or flat over the non-magnetic 
 rocks, pointing literally as a finger in some instances to the location 
 of the magnetic force. Comparing the three curves in figs. 3 and 4, 
 it appears that : (i) The red line (compass facing south) oftenest 
 rises higher than any other over the magnetic rocks ; and sinks 
 lower away from them. It has also fewer changes in direction than 
 the others. (2) The black line (compass facing east-west) falls lower 
 than either of the others over the magnetic rocks. (3) The blue 
 line (compass horizontal) often has an extreme depression, where 
 the others have an extreme elevation. 
 
 These, the most obvious generalizations from the curves, are ex- 
 plained by the principles of the mechanics of forces already men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Fearing there may be some confusion from representing the same 
 demerit-intensity by three curves, I suggest the following concep- 
 tion : Suppose an observer to be provided with a horizontal com- 
 
 * A Chippewa word for magnetic needle, signifying "little fish," in allusion to its 
 wiggling motion. 
 
 16 
 
230 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 pass having a blue needle and two dip-compasses, one provided 
 with a black and the other with a red needle. Suppose, further, 
 these to be mounted for observing at the same station, but so far 
 apart as not to influence one another ; the blue needle moves in a 
 horizontal plane, the red needle in a vertical east and west plane, 
 and the black needle in a vertical north and south plane. Suppose, 
 further, a powerful magnet to be placed (i) directly under or directly 
 over the station, it is evident that only the black and red needles will 
 be influenced. (2) If placed north, the blue and black needles only 
 will be influenced. The directive force in this case would be a 
 maximum ; because the magnet's power is added to the earth's, 
 both acting in the same line. (3) If the magnet be placed directly 
 south, the red needle will again be uninfluenced, but the black and 
 blue needles will indicate a minimum of intensity instead of a maxi- 
 mum, for their directive power will be the difference between the 
 force of the magnet and that of the earth. (Places have been observed 
 where the needle gave us no vibrations in any position from this cause. 
 A fine illustration occurs in Fig. 3, Chart XI. , Station 24, where there 
 must have been a very strong pole to the south of the station ; but 
 this pole is evidently north of Station 24, Fig. 4, where the 
 greatest intensity was observed.) (4) If the magnet be placed east 
 or west of our supposed station, the effect will be the same ; the 
 red needle will be most influenced, blue next, and black not at all. 
 We are now fully prepared to explain the phenomena presented 
 by the colored curves. 
 
 (i) Why does the red line usually rise higher over the magnetic 
 rocks, and sink lower away from them, and why does it fluctuate 
 least ? When the needle vibrates in an east and west plane, its axis 
 points north, that is nearly in the line of the directive force of the 
 earth, which it thus partially neutralizes ; giving the local forces 
 full power. As these are much stronger than that of the earth at 
 short distances, we should expect the result observed over the mag- 
 netic rocks. Away from them, the earth's force being nearly neu- 
 tralized, we should have the minimum of intensity as is shown by 
 the red line. That the changes in direction in this line are less fre- 
 quent and less abrupt than the others, indicates, I think, that if the 
 earth's attraction was entirely neutralized and the error of observation 
 reduced to a minimum, the curve derived from the magnetic force 
 resident in the rocks on any particular cross-section might be more 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 231 
 
 regular than any shown in the chart. It is reasonable to suppose 
 that the red curve has most significance in our investigations. (2) 
 Whydo the black and blue lines fall as a rule lowest over the mag- 
 netic rocks ? Suppose a local force, about equal to the earth's, to 
 exist directly south of a dip-compass placed in the plane of the 
 meridian, or of a horizontal compass ; we should evidently have 
 a minimum of intensity, because the terrestrial and local forces 
 would balance each other. The marked exception to this rule over 
 formation XL, Fig. 4, is evidently due to the fact that the magnetic 
 power resident in beds X. and XII. just balance each other, and 
 as the directive power of the earth is neutralized in the case of the 
 red line by the direction in which the needle is held, we have a 
 point of comparative equilibrium. (3) Why does the blue curve 
 sometimes present depressions opposite the summits of the others ? 
 This is readily explained by supposing the local force to exist di- 
 rectly under the station ; its force would then be entirely neutral- 
 ized by the centre-pin of the horizontal compass, while having its 
 full effect on the dip-needle in both positions. 
 
 5. Diminution of Intensity due to Elevation. 
 
 All the observations for intensity above considered were taken 
 at an elevation of about 4 feet from the surface. Sometimes the 
 rocks came to the surface, sometimes there were several feet and 
 perhaps yards of drift between ; it is therefore an important practi- 
 cal question to ascertain what effect the elevation of the needle has 
 on the number of its vibrations. 
 
 The difficulty of attaining any considerable elevation at which 
 to observe intensity, renders our observations on its rate of dimi- 
 nution due to elevation or vertical distance of little value. The 
 theory of the sphere of attraction and law of decrease of force, as 
 the square of the distance from the centre, has been mentioned ; 
 but with several local forces acting on the same point (the case 
 usually presented in nature), the law is greatly modified, the de- 
 crease being in a less ratio. This subject possesses especial interest 
 in connection with the determination of the depth at which magnetic 
 rocks, producing a given disturbance, will be found ; therefore, the 
 few observations made, unsatisfactory though they are, will be 
 
232 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 given. At Republic Mountain a staging was erected in the wind- 
 fall, by means of which eight equi-distant observations were made ; 
 the lower one on the magnetic schist, the upper one 14 feet 'above 
 it. The results were as follows : 
 
 
 VIBRATIONS. 
 
 
 Elevation in 
 feet. 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 
 Facing west. 
 
 Facing north. 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 On surface of schist. 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 4i 
 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 
 6 
 
 27^ 
 
 30 
 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 
 10 
 
 *5^ 
 
 24 
 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 
 H 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 
 At another point near the above, and over the same magnetic 
 rock, the following vibrations were observed : 
 
 
 VIBRATIONS. 
 
 
 Elevation in 
 feet. 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 
 Facing west. 
 
 Facing north. 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 On surface of schist. 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 
 12 
 
 i8# 
 
 18 
 
 
 The observations have all been represented graphically, but as 
 no law was apparent, and as the figures can be easily reproduced, 
 they are not given. The first table gave the most regular curve, 
 but still too angular to attempt the application of a mathematical 
 formula. They do not seem to me to afford a basis for calculation, 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 233 
 
 as to how high the appreciably magnetic influence of these rocks 
 would extend. I have an impression, however, without being able 
 to give any reason, that it would be considerably less than one half 
 mile, which was shown to be the distance to which the influence of 
 the same rocks extended horizontally. I cannot consider it prob- 
 able that a needle would dip where an earth covering of over 2,000 
 feet exists, if such a case were possible. At the Champion mine, 
 by the aid of shaft house No. 2, an elevation of 44 feet above the 
 ore was attained, and the following observations made : 
 
 
 VIBRATIONS. 
 
 
 Elevation in 
 fWf 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 
 
 i8# 
 
 i;K 
 
 23 
 
 Level of surface of ore in shaft. 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 Surface of ground. 
 
 32 
 
 i6ji 
 
 ?6# 
 
 *# 
 
 Girder of shaft house. 
 
 44 
 
 I5j5 
 
 
 15 
 
 Girder of shaft house.' 
 
 At other points at the Champion mine, 25, 32, 33 and 40 vibra- 
 tions were observed, the compass being within 5 feet of the ore. 
 The diminution here is quite regular and nearly as the distance. 
 If the rate continue, the vibrations should reach the normal number 
 (six for the instrument used) at about 1 50 feet ; but it is highly 
 improbable that this law would hold for the whole height. 
 
 The difference between the rate of diminution at the two localities 
 is very marked ; at Republic Mountain an elevation of 12 feet in 
 one instance reduced the vibrations from 60 to 18^, in another 14 
 feet elevation reduced the number from 56 to 12. At the Cham- 
 pion 44 feet elevation made an average of less than 4 difference in 
 the vibrations. In this comparison the following geological differ- 
 ences must be borne in mind. 
 
 The Champion deposit at shaft No. 2 is a heavy bed of nearly pure 
 black oxide running east and west and dipping north at an angle of 
 68 degrees, and it is the only magnetic rock in the vicinity. The 
 Champion deposit loses its magnetism in going west, specular slate 
 
234 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 taking the place of the magnetite in that direction. The Re- 
 public Mountain bed over which the observations were made 
 (No. X.*) is, on the contrary, a silicious schist, containing not to 
 exceed 33 per cent, of magnetite, (the merchantable ores of Repub- 
 lic Mountain, of which there are large deposits, are in bed No. 
 XIII., and are mostly specular hematites.) This magnetic bed 
 X. is associated with others of a similar character, all striking 
 north-west and south-east and dipping nearly vertical. The 
 specimens of these magnetic schists which were examined possessed 
 marked polarity. The Champion deposit evidently contains far 
 more magnetite within the same sphere of influence than the Re- 
 public Mountain. 
 
 There is no doubt that variations and dips are a much more deli- 
 cate and ready means of observing slight magnetic attractions, than 
 vibrations when observed with the hand instruments employed. In 
 one instance at Republic Mountain the dip at 12 feet elevation was 
 30 degrees, at 9 feet 50 degrees, at 6 feet 70 degrees, at 3 feet 77 
 degrees, at o or on surface of rock 105 degrees. It appears that 
 the magnetic poles of the Champion bed are more deeply seated 
 than those at Republic Mountain, which seem to be at the surface. 
 This may be due to the fact that the upper part of the Champion 
 deposit is mined out. Sets of careful observations made for con- 
 siderable heights, both for dip and vibrations, would possess great 
 interest, especially if made over beds of ore or rock, the position 
 and character of which were known. In a record of over three 
 thousand magnetic observations made by me in Michigan, Missouri, 
 New York and New Jersey, I have not in more than six instances 
 found the needle in the dip-compass above described to vibrate over 
 40 times in a quarter of a minute, and in no instance in which this 
 rate was observed was the needle removed more than 5 feet from 
 the magnetic mineral. Of course in the same needle the vibrations 
 will vary with the degree of magnetism that has been imparted to 
 it, and the condition of the instrument in other respects. I have 
 had a rude standard, and when my needle fell below that it was 
 overhauled, so that the numbers are relatively correct. I do not 
 remember to have observed over 15 vibrations in a quarter of a 
 
 * The Roman numerals refer to the order of the beds of the Huronian series, counting 
 upwards from I. to XIX. 
 
PI XVI. 
 
 At 04 fret abore 
 surface of ore 
 
 MAGNETIC SECTION 
 SPURR MT. 
 
 MICHIOAMMK DISTRICT 
 i87.'i 
 
 'Hi; (tm> . indicate the uchial 
 directions; assumed by the Dtp \redle 
 
 Hie normal vibrations of the needle 
 used. -hen beyond the uifluein-f ot'lixa 
 <ttl rat'/ i OH . nils fat ui *4 minute. 
 
 ~S 10 15 SO 25 . 
 
 Ualfl'tbrntions oft/it lhf) needle m,M minute 
 
 fwrtzorrtat ( nurnial / 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 235 
 
 minute, or one per second, at a greater distance than 50 feet from 
 a magnetic bed, and usually this number of vibrations would indi- 
 cate a distance not exceeding 25 feet in the Marquette Iron Region. 
 
 Since the above observations were made and recorded, the de- 
 velopment of the Michigamme district has permitted observations 
 to be made at the Spurr Mountain which throw much light on the 
 subject of the diminution in dip, and intensity due to elevation. 
 The following table records the observations made,* and Plate XVI. 
 represents the general law of diminution graphically. The obser- 
 vations were carried to an elevation of 94 feet by means of a for- 
 tunately situated pine-tree, up which a ladder was constructed. 
 While there are minor irregularities, due wholly or in part to errors 
 of instrument, the presence of nails in the ladder, and personal error, 
 the average curve is remarkably regular, and points, as most of the 
 other facts do, to a far more rapid rate of diminution near the sur- 
 face than at a considerable elevation. 
 
 It is not to be expected that the law of decrease of magnetic 
 force would hold at this locality. Had the local force been concen- 
 trated in a focal point directly under the tree, and the force of the 
 earth been neutralized, then we might expect the law to be dis- 
 cernible. Some useful practical rules may be readily drawn from 
 the table and plate under consideration. 
 
 I. If, in a locality where magnetic attractions prevail, we find 
 considerable difference in the number of vibrations between the 
 compass, when in contact with the ground, or held six feet above 
 it, we may conclude the ore is very near the surface ; if there is but 
 little difference, then the ore is probably deep. 2. The amount of 
 the dip gives but little clue to the depth of the ore. If the Spurr 
 Mountain had been covered by a hundred feet of earth, water, or 
 non-magnetic rock, we would have found at the surface a dip of 
 about 70, and it is probable, if not certain, that if it were possible 
 to make observations to the north of the mountain, at the same 
 elevation, a greater dip than 70 would be found, due to the changed 
 direction of the local force. 
 
 * Mr. C. M. Boss rendered great assistance in these observations. 
 
236 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Observations for diminution of magnetic force in vertical direc- 
 tion (Needle vibrating in north-south plane) Spurr Mountain. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Dip. 
 
 Vib. in 
 ^ min. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Dip. 
 
 Vib. in 
 % min. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 O 
 
 100 
 
 37 
 
 On surface of ore. 
 
 25 
 
 93 
 
 20| 
 
 
 2 
 
 100 
 
 33 
 
 
 26 
 
 93 
 
 20 
 
 
 4* 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 
 27 
 
 9 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 6 
 
 100 
 
 28i 
 
 
 28 
 
 92 
 
 194 
 
 
 7 
 
 100 
 
 27 
 
 
 29 
 
 92 
 
 194 
 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 27 
 
 
 30 
 
 92 
 
 19* 
 
 
 9 
 
 100 
 
 274 
 
 
 3'i 
 
 9i 
 
 !9 
 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 26 
 
 
 324 
 
 90 
 
 i8i 
 
 
 ii 
 
 100 
 
 25* 
 
 26 facing south. 
 
 33* 
 
 9 o 
 
 i8i 
 
 
 12 
 
 96 
 
 244 
 
 
 344 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 13 
 
 100 
 
 24 
 
 
 354 
 
 88 
 
 iS* 
 
 
 14 
 
 96 
 
 244 
 
 24^- facing south. 
 
 364 
 
 88 
 
 19 
 
 
 15 
 
 98 
 
 23 
 
 
 374 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 16 
 
 96 
 
 23! 
 
 
 4i 
 
 88 
 
 174 
 
 
 17 
 
 95 
 
 231 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 18 
 
 95 
 
 23 
 
 
 454 
 
 86 
 
 17 
 
 
 19 
 
 94 
 
 22i 
 
 23 facing south. 
 
 48 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 20 
 
 94 
 
 22i 
 
 
 52 
 
 80 
 
 164 
 
 
 21 
 
 94 
 
 2li 
 
 
 56 
 
 80 
 
 i6i 
 
 
 22 
 
 93 
 
 22 
 
 
 63 
 
 78 
 
 16 
 
 15 vib., faced N., dip 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 86 E. 
 
 23 
 
 92 
 
 art 
 
 
 68 
 
 80 
 
 15 
 
 15 Vib., faced N. 
 
 24 
 
 93 
 
 20* 
 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 144 
 
 y ., <( <4 ( 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 72 
 
 144 
 
 13 " " S. 
 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 70 
 
 H 
 
 134 " " S. 
 
 6. What is the significance of a dip of 90 or " dead 90." 
 
 As there is a general impression among those who have made 
 but little use of the dip-needle in exploring for iron ores, that a 
 variation of 90 signifies merchantable ore directly under the feet, 
 it is important to ascertain the exact purport of such great fluctua- 
 tions in the direction of the needle. For the present we will leave 
 out of the question the unpleasant fact that in 19 cases out of 20, 
 if not 99 out of a 100, the mineral producing the dip would, if 
 found, prove to be only a ferruginous schist or magnetic rock 
 instead of merchantable ore, and consider the case often presented 
 where there is a dip of 90 at a place which is not underlaid by 
 magnetic mineral, or where there is none within several hundred 
 feet. In such cases there are generally two, approximately parallel 
 lines, of 90 dip, one over the ore, where the vibrations are very 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 237 
 
 quick (always more than the normal number). The second line 
 (the one we are now considering) will always be found north of the 
 first, and along it the vibrations will be slow, always less than the 
 normal number. 
 
 A moment's inspection of almost any magnetic section (Plates 
 VIII. to XIV.) will illustrate the fact and suggest the cause. If we 
 hold a dip-compass over a highly magnetic bed the needle will in- 
 dicate 90, pointing directly towards it. Moving north, the needle 
 will continue to point towards the ore, that is, be turned backward, 
 thus varying or dipping more than 90 from its normal direction. 
 Continuing north, we soon get so far from the local influence, that 
 its power ceases to entirely overbalance that of the earth, and the 
 needle commences to return to its normal direction. In doing so 
 it must evidently somewhere stand again at 90, which means 
 simply, that the local force to the south and the earth's force to the 
 north, are so related in intensity, that the resultant is a vertical 
 line. Still going north, the dip grows less and less until the 
 boundary of the local attraction is past, and the needle returns to 
 its terrestrial allegiance. It is evident that no such phenomena 
 can occur to the south of the magnetic bed, for the terrestrial and 
 local influences acting in the same direction, no ''dead" points 
 could occur. 
 
 This "dead 90" line, then, instead of proving the immediate 
 presence of ore, proves just the reverse if the phenomena are pre- 
 sented as above, which is the case at the Magnetic, Champion, 
 Spurr, and Michigamme mines, and at one place at the Washing- 
 ton mine. There may be ore under this line, but it will always be 
 deep and have little or no influence in producing the phenomena 
 observed. Rule : When there is a dip of 90, and the vibrations 
 exceed the normal number, we may conclude that the magnetic 
 mineral is under our feet, or very near us to the south. If, with 
 the same dip, the vibrations are less than the normal number, we 
 may conclude that the magnetic bed producing the effect is south 
 of us, and may be at considerable distance. This rule will evidently 
 apply only where there is one strongly magnetic bed not very 
 deep, which is the most common case. If there be several beds, 
 as at Republic Mountain, the application of the principle is more 
 difficult ; but in the nature of force, some modification of the 
 phenomena must be presented by all magnetic rocks. 
 
238 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 It is worth remarking that the south belt of 90 dip, is more 
 sharply bounded, especially on its south side, and usually narrower, 
 than the north belt. 
 
 The lower curve of Fig. 2, Republic Mountain Chart, illustrates 
 what has been said above ; the summits of the curves showing the 
 maximum dips are north of the magnetic beds, while the summits 
 of the curves showing the maximum intensity (see upper curve, 
 same fig.) are over the centres of the magnetic beds. 
 
 This subject would be incomplete without considering the case, 
 quite common, where a zone of local attractions has but one line of 
 90 dip, or to make the case general, but one line of maximum dip 
 whether it be 90 or less. It may be said that this last expression, 
 covers the whole question, but with ore-hunters " dead 90" has a 
 peculiar significance, and it is for them that I am writing. This 
 case (one line of 90 dip) is illustrated in some of the Champion 
 mine sections. A few words will explain how it flows out of the 
 first case. 
 
 If we follow the two lines of 90 dip to where the earth 
 covering becomes very deep, so that our distance from the mag- 
 netic mineral considerably reduces its influence, our two lines 
 would evidently be merged into one, and continuing on to where 
 the earth was still deeper, which has the effect of raising us 
 above the ore deposit, this maximum dip would become less 
 than 90. 
 
 This maxima line would evidently correspond with the south 
 line of 90 dip in the case first supposed, that is to say would lie 
 nearly over the mineral producing it. With great depth of earth 
 covering, it can be proven that it would lie to the north of the 
 magnetic bed. 
 
 An inspection and consideration of the facts presented in the Spurr 
 Mountain magnetic section given above, will, I think, convince any 
 one of this without the aid of the rigid mechanical demonstration 
 which the problem admits of. 
 
 I have seen large amounts of money unsuccessfully expended in 
 digging for iron ore for want of a knowledge of the simple princi- 
 ples set forth above, hence I have dwelt longer on this point than 
 its importance to the general subject would seem to warrant. 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 239 
 
 7. Additional Practical Suggestions and Rules. 
 
 The facts given above, with others in my possession, enable us 
 to answer provisionally the following practical questions : 
 
 I. Can we by means of the magnetic needle determine the order 
 of superposition or succession of beds of the iron-bearing rocks ? 
 
 Comparing the magnetic sections obtained at the Republic moun- 
 tain and Champion mines, it is evident that, while there is consider- 
 able variation in the details, the salient features agree remarkably, 
 pointing towards the same order and same lithological character in 
 the rocks. A number of other sections made within 10 miles of the 
 above-named localities, across the same belt of rocks, gave the same 
 general result. 
 
 It is therefore asserted with much confidence that where a mag- 
 netic section similar to these is found in the Michigamme district, a 
 corresponding geological section will be found beneath the surface ; 
 and that, as a rule, there will be less difference in the magnetic 
 sections than in the topographical, which we know depends greatly 
 on the underlying rocks. But whoever expects to find many 
 places where so complete sections can be obtained as these local- 
 ities afford, will be disappointed, for they present rare opportu- 
 nities for studying the structure and magnetism of the Huronian 
 series. 
 
 In places the covering of drift will be so deep as greatly to 
 reduce the intensity, making it exceedingly difficult to observe with 
 ordinary instruments, as was the case at the Cannon location. 
 Again, the lower magnetic rock, beds VI., VIII., and X., are in 
 places far less magnetic, containing sometimes very little magnetite, 
 as is the case south of the Washington mine. In other places the 
 lower magnetic rocks may be entirely wanting, owing probably to 
 a fault, as at the west end of the Champion. On the north shore 
 of Lake Michigamme there is a magnetic bed above XIII. (the ore 
 formation), being therefore younger than any member of the 
 Republic mountain series. In other places XIII. is wanting, and 
 when present it is sometimes highly magnetic, as at the Champion, 
 and again it holds very little magnetite, as at Republic mountain, 
 the pure ore there being mostly specular hematite, as has been 
 elsewhere observed. 
 
 With all these uncertainties, however, the results of magnetic 
 
240 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 surveys cannot but be valuable in the exploration and devel- 
 opment of iron properties, and in the solution of all questions of 
 structural geology in regions of magnetic rocks. In such rocks, I 
 believe, their value to the geologist is only second to topographical 
 work, and, considering the cheapness of magnetic surveys, they 
 may often pay best if means be limited. 
 
 Detailed magnetic observations, if made with precision, ought to 
 throw light on the lithological character and intricacies of structure 
 of these rocks, and on the nature of the magnetic force resident in 
 them. This could not, however, be undertaken ; the work done is 
 more than was contemplated in my instructions and more than was 
 justified by the means at my disposal. 
 
 II. Is it possible to determine quality i.e., the percentage of 
 iron in a magnetic rock by means of the magnetic needle ? In 
 other words, can the needle alone make us sure we have a work- 
 able deposit of ore under our feet ? 
 
 This is the most important practical question connected with this 
 subject, and is the one constantly presented to the miner and ex- 
 plorer. Magnetic observations should always be made in connec- 
 tion with topographical and geological surveys ; whether these 
 take such names, and are based on instrumentation, or whether 
 they be such rude work as the explorer is constantly doing, but 
 which are as much topographical and geological as the other, and 
 often quite as valuable. A judgment of the commercial value of a 
 bed of magnetic ore should, of course, be based on all the facts 
 available. If nothing more was known than what the magnetic 
 needle revealed, I would not venture an opinion as to whether it 
 was merchantable ore or magnetic rock which produced the phe- 
 nomenon. In the Marquette Region, as has been before observed, 
 the chances are at least fifty to one that a worthless ferruginous 
 rock is the cause of any observed attraction. But this case never 
 occurs ; we always know something more than the needle reveals. 
 One of the most important uses of the needle, and one for which 
 it can within certain limits be depended on, is in tracing magnetic 
 beds in the direction of their strike until some outcrop, which may 
 give us the information sought, is found. I have in this way 
 traced magnetic beds for many miles both in the Marquette 
 Region and in New York and New Jersey. 
 
 Preparatory to the examination of any particular range of ore, 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 
 
 241 
 
 the exp'orer should thoroughly study up, with his own instrument, 
 the phenomena presented at some exposed or developed part of 
 the range he is exploring. This will give him data relating to 
 variations, dips, and vibrations, which can be used where the rocks 
 are covered and unknown. By means of the quickness of the 
 vibrations, or of the rapidity with which they decrease as the com- 
 pass is elevated, he may judge approximately of the depth of the 
 drift, and so of other phenomena. 
 
 III. Does the magnetic needle afford the means of determining 
 the absolute thickness of a bed of magnetic ore or rock ? 
 
 My observations do not permit an affirmative answer to this 
 question, especially if there be much earth covering. A study of 
 all the magnetic sections which have come under my observation, 
 indicates that, while in some instances the comparative width is 
 plainly shown, the boundaries between the magnetic and non-mag- 
 netic rocks are not generally brought out sufficiently to warrant a 
 definite expression as to thickness. We should expect this, be- 
 cause the magnetic influence is centred in the poles of the masses, 
 and towards such foci the needle tends to point. 
 
 IV. Can we by means of the magnetic needle ascertain the di- 
 rection and depth of a local magnetic pole ? In other words, can 
 we- determine the thickness of rock or earth covering which over- 
 lies a given magnetic rock ? 
 
 Often I think we can, with much precision, locate a point in the 
 surface over the pole and determine its depth, by making what 
 may be called a magnetic triangulation. Proceed thus : Remote 
 from any magnetic rocks, neutralize, by means of a bar magnet, the 
 earth's influence on the needle of a solar compass. The needle 
 will then stand indifferently in all directions, and will not vibrate. 
 Record carefully the distance and position of the neutralizing mag- 
 net ; the compass is then ready for use. Set it up near the mag- 
 netic pole to be determined, and fix the magnet in exactly the same 
 relative position it had before. The earth's directive power on the 
 needle will again be neutralized, and the needle will point as nearly 
 towards the local pole as its mode of mounting will permit ; mark the 
 line indicated by the needle on the ground ; remove the compass to 
 one, or, better, two other positions, and repeat the operation. If 
 there is no other local force to interfere, the three lines must inter- 
 sect in one point, which will be directly over the pole whose posi- 
 
242 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 tion is sought. By using a dip-compass in a similar manner, it is 
 evident that the data to determine the depth, by the simple solu- 
 tion of a triangle, would be obtained. The fact that several local 
 poles often influence the needle at each station renders this opera- 
 tion difficult in practice ; we should endeavor to find a place where 
 but one strong pole exists. 
 
 A magnetic needle having universal motion, like Mr. Ritchie's, 
 would evidently determine both position and depth at the same 
 time ; but a solar compass would have to be used to fix the posi- 
 tion of the artificial magnet used in neutralizing the earth's force, 
 unless it be fixed by an observation on the North Star, or by a 
 meridian line brought in from a non-magnetic area. 
 
 V. When considering the magnetism of the rocks of the four 
 great geological epochs represented on the Upper Peninsula of 
 Michigan, I observed that considerable magnetic variations were 
 noted by the Federal surveyors, over rocks of Silurian age, which 
 had never been observed to be in themselves magnetic. In some 
 instances these variations had been observed over a limestone, sup- 
 posed to be Trenton, and at a distance of 75 miles from the nearest 
 Huronian, or other (known to be) magnetic rocks. 
 
 This phenomenon may be due either: i. To the presence of 
 magnetite in such rocks, due to local metamorphism or other cause. 
 2. To accumulations of magnetic sand in the drift ; or, 3. To the 
 underlying Huronian rocks, which may be supposed to exert their 
 influence up through the overlying Silurian. 
 
 Without having made a study of any of these localities, I incline 
 decidedly to the latter hypothesis, as accounting for the known 
 facts better than either of the others. 
 
 Should this prove true (and I hope to settle it at some future 
 time) it may lead to a novel and interesting application of the 
 science of magnetism to some important questions in geology the 
 determination of the thickness of sedimentary rocks by magnetic 
 triangulation in places where it would otherwise be difficult to 
 arrive at such thickness. It might also enable us to work out the 
 structure and distribution, in a rough way, of these oldest rocks 
 which underlie great Silurian areas, which would in no other prac- 
 ticable way be possible, thus throwing light on the nature of the 
 rocky bottom of the ancient seas. 
 
 On the same principle we can, of course, trace magnetic iron 
 
MAGNETISM OF ROCKS. 243 
 
 belts under water. I have in many instances made very satisfactory 
 magnetic observations from a canoe in the inland lakes of the Upper 
 Peninsula. The bottom of Lake Superior may be thus partially 
 mapped. Silt and sand will make no difference with the needle ; 
 it looks through everything but iron. 
 
 I have endeavored in the above to set forth plainly just what has 
 been done in this comparatively new field, to give the results ob- 
 tained, and to call attention to those principles which underlie the 
 use of the magnetic needle in exploration for iron ores. The time 
 and means at my disposal were meagre, my instruments imperfect, 
 and I had no precedent to follow. I am persuaded that the sub- 
 ject is worth the attention of the explorer, miner, geologist, and 
 physicist. 
 
 There has been a good deal written bearing on the subject of 
 the Magnetism of Rocks, my references having very much increased 
 of late. I had proposed to examine these authorities before writing 
 this paper, but unfortunately the best libraries of Michigan do not 
 contain any of the works referred to, and not being able to have 
 abstracts made in Eastern libraries, I have derived no benefit from 
 these authorities.* Could I have examined the results of the mag- 
 netic observations which must have been made in the great iron 
 regions of Sweden, Norway, and Russia, I should probably have 
 found my meagre results anticipated, andH:his article might not 
 have been written. I am confident, however, that the Huronian 
 rocks of Michigan have never been magnetically studied, and it 
 may be that the methods that have been used in Europe are not 
 such as would commend themselves to Lake Superior explorers, 
 miners, and surveyors, who require cheap, light, and simple instru- 
 ments that admit of rapid use. 
 
 The State of Michigan, or those interested in her Iron Regions, 
 may at some future time see fit to have this subject thoroughly 
 investigated. To that future investigator I commend my notes, 
 trusting that he may find in them a reconnoissance of his rich field 
 of labor. 
 
 * Gilbert's Annalen (German) contains several papers. See volumes 3, 4, 5, 16, 26, 
 28, 32, 35, 44, 52, 53, and 75. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 METHOD AND COST OF MINING SPECULAR AND 
 MAGNETIC ORES.* 
 
 THE iron ores of the Marquette region are mostly extracted in 
 open excavations ; hence the process is more nearly allied to quar- 
 rying. Several attempts at underground work have been made, 
 which have not, on the whole, been successful. The Edwards mine 
 has been almost entirely wrought by candle-light. The slate ore pit 
 No. I of the New England mine was worked in the same way, as 
 is also the Pioneer furnace pit of the Jackson mine. 
 
 The Champion mine was opened systematically for underground 
 work, with two levels, sixty feet apart, and three shafts at distances 
 apart along the bed of about 200 feet ; but this idea has been so far 
 modified that one-third of the ore of this mine is now extracted by 
 daylight. The Cleveland mine has recently commenced to mine 
 considerable ore underground. 
 
 Several other mines have, from time to time, worked underground 
 stopes, but so far only temporarily ; if such stopes could not be 
 opened out to daylight, they have usually been abandoned. In 
 brief, it may be said that no considerable amount of ore has as yet 
 (1870) been mined underground in this region, and of that so mined 
 very little has been taken out at a profit, and I may add that it 
 seems to be the belief of the most experienced mining men that 
 this state of things will hold for some time to come, for reasons 
 which will appear. 
 
 Nearly the same remarks may be applied to the mines of the Iron 
 Mountain region, Missouri, the ores of which are very similar in 
 character to those of Marquette. Some of the New York and New 
 Jersey magnetic deposits are also wrought open, but this is the ex- 
 ception, underground mining being there the rule. 
 
 * Two papers on this subject read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers 
 and the American Society of Civil Engineers, and published, are embodied in this chapter. 
 

 
 ill 
 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 245 
 
 The following brief sketch of the geological structure of the Mar- 
 quette iron deposits will indicate some advantages of the method of 
 mining employed ; the subject being more fully considered in the 
 chapters on the geology of the Marquette and Menominee regions, 
 and illustrated in maps Nos. III. to X. of Atlas. See also Plate 
 VIII., representing Edwards mine.* The iron-bearing or Huronian 
 series of rocks are stratified beds, the principal ore formation being 
 overlaid by a quartzite, XIV., and underlaid by a diorite, or green- 
 stone, XI. This ore formation is made up, first, of pure ore ; second, 
 of "mixed ore" (i.e., banded jasper and ore); and third, a soft, 
 greenish schistose, or slaty rock (magnesian), which occurs in lens- 
 shaped beds which alternate with ore, thus often dividing the 
 formation into two or more beds of ore, separated by rock. 
 Usually the beds of both ore and rock thin out as they are followed 
 in the direction of the strike from a centre of maximum thickness, 
 producing irregular lentiform masses. Since their original deposi- 
 tion, if we may assume they were laid down under water, the whole 
 series, including the iron beds, have been bent, folded and corru- 
 gated into irregular troughs, basins and domes, which often present 
 at the surface their upturned edges of pure ore, standing nearly verti- 
 cal. A cross-section, finely illustrating this structure, can be seen on 
 the west of the great south-west opening of the Lake Superior mine. 
 It is locally known as the " Big W," which letter is plainly suggested 
 by the sharp folding of rock and ore. See Fig. 7 and View IV. 
 
 The fact that, as a rule, the richest ore is found near the upper part 
 of the formation, and the most jaspery part near the base, has led to 
 the separation of this formation into two beds, Nos. XII. and XIII. 
 
 This structure, involving sudden changes in the amount and direc- 
 tion of the dip, from horizontal to vertical, would evidently necessi- 
 tate, in the case of underground work, constant changes in the plan 
 of attacking the ore, as well as in the mode of supporting the roof. 
 
 The magnetic iron deposits in the Eastern States may also be re- 
 garded as true beds, but are far more regular in strike and dip, 
 extending downward at a high angle to an undetermined depth, and 
 appearing more like veins. If folds exist, they are much deeper 
 and more regular than in the deposits under consideration. The 
 
 * Many copies of this chapter will be distributed separately, rendering this geological 
 resume necessary. 
 17 
 
246 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Marquette ore deposits are often very thick, 50 feet being not in- 
 frequent, which makes ordinary timbering difficult, if not practically 
 impossible ; while the eastern deposits, so far as my observations 
 have extended, are seldom over 20 feet, and average considerably 
 less than that thickness. 
 
 The "pinch and shoot" structure, suggesting what are termed 
 "chimneys" and "courses of ores " in some metalliferous mines 
 and which is very apparent in the New York and New Jersey mines 
 (practically dividing the ore into pod-shaped masses, the axes of 
 which "pitch" in the planes of stratification in a direction quite 
 different from the dip), can at this time be best observed in the Mar- 
 quette region at the Edwards mine, Plate XIX. and Map No. VIII. 
 Atlas. The intervening barren streaks where the hanging and foot- 
 walls come near together, and which therefore divide the " shoots," 
 form excellent supports to the overlying rocks and give the mine 
 great security, as all who have worked deposits having this struc- 
 ture will testify. 
 
 The soft schist mentioned as occasionally bedded with the Mar- 
 quette ores, often constitutes the hanging wall in parts of the mine, 
 but does not possess the requisite strength to make a good roof. It 
 is impossible to support such rock with occasional timbers or pillars, 
 for it will scale off between the supports, demoralizing the men, if 
 not actually endangering their lives. Even when the works reach 
 the solid quartzite XIV., which, as has been stated, is the true hanging 
 wall-rock of the ore formation, it is sometimes not safe, particularly 
 near the surface. These facts make open workings a practical neces- 
 sity at the start, and the great economy of breaking ore from high 
 stopes with heavy charges of powder induces a continuation of the 
 method, even when the rock covering has attained a thickness of 
 many yards, and underground work would seem to be advisable. It 
 is, indeed, hard to say what thickness of solid rock a Marquette 
 mine-superintendent would hesitate to remove if it covered a large 
 deposit of ore. Forty feet of earth and nearly as many of quartzite 
 (as hard as granite) have been " stripped," and the thickness of rock 
 is daily growing greater as the beds of ore are followed in depth. 
 
 It may be said, and I do not know but that it is a canon of min- 
 ing, that all mines, which sooner or later have to be wrought under- 
 ground, should be systematically opened as mines at the start, but 
 .this is not Marquette practice ; and I have undertaken to describe, 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 
 
 247 
 
 and, so far as I am justified, defend the methods there employed. 
 It would be difficult to convince our people that, having a large 
 deposit of pure ore before them of unknown form and size, covered 
 often by but little earth, and backed by perhaps a small amount 
 of money in the company's treasury, it is best to incur the delay 
 and cost incident to sinking and drifting to open ground already 
 opened by nature and ready to win. Wrought as open quarries, 
 several of our mines have paid their way from the start, while, had 
 they been opened on a regular system of mining, they would have 
 required an investment of $50,000 in plant and improvements before 
 shipments could have begun, and at least one year's time. Such 
 facts settle such questions with American capitalists ; and with the 
 uncertainties which attend the opening of new mines in new dis- 
 tricts, the high rate of interest in this country, and uncertainty of 
 tariff legislation regarding iron, it may be a question whether this 
 hand to mouth quick return let the future take care of itself 
 view of the question, is not in a certain degree defensible. 
 
 The appearance of our mines is anything but pleasing. They 
 consist of several (sometimes of ten or more) irregular elongated 
 pits, often very large and generally more or less connected, having 
 usually an easterly and westerly trend imposed by the strike of 
 the rocks. Everywhere are great piles of waste earth and rock, 
 which are often in the way of the miner, and which in some in- 
 stances have been handled over three times. 
 
 There are two principal advantages in open works. First, the 
 preparatory work is all reduced to the simplest and safest kind of 
 pick and shovel, hammer and drill, horse and cart business ; such as 
 can be let to the common run of mine contractors. On the other 
 hand, underground mining involves sinking, drifting, timbering and 
 elaborate machinery, all of which require skilled labor and large 
 investments. In an isolated cold country like Marquette, the 
 quality of the labor demanded is an important consideration. The 
 second advantage, already mentioned, is the great economy in cost 
 of drilling and explosives which high stopes in open works permit. 
 These elements of cost are important items in all mining where hard 
 ores are encountered. It is believed that they have been reduced to 
 a minimum in the Marquette iron mines, where holes two inches in 
 diameter are sometimes sunk 22 feet, and 15 feet is common. Such 
 holes are not fired directly with the blasting charge, but are 
 
248 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 " shook " several times first, that is, fired with small charges which 
 produce cracks and cavities about the bottom of the hole ; when 
 these are large enough to contain a sufficient amount of powder, the 
 lifting charge is put in and the great mass thrown down. Twenty 
 kegs of powder, of 25 pounds each, are sometimes fired at once, 
 and from five to ten kegs is not an uncommon charge for a stope 
 hole. By this method 5,000 tons of material have, in some in- 
 stances, been removed at one blast, and one-third of that amount is 
 quite common at some of the mines. In this way the entire cost 
 for labor of drilling and explosives has been reduced, for a single 
 blast, to less than three cents per ton. But the average cost is of 
 course much greater, being at some of the mines 50 cents for all 
 the drilling and powder consumed in the mine ; about one-third 
 of this is for block-holing the large masses thrown down by the 
 stope holes, which are often so large that they have in turn to be 
 broken by powder. The cost of powder and fuse for the hard ore 
 mines, it is believed, does not exceed ten cents per ton. In some 
 of the New York and New Jersey mines, which are worked under- 
 ground, I am informed that these items cost much more. In the 
 Persberg mines, Sweden, the drilling and explosives cost 65 cents 
 per ton of ore in 1870. 
 
 It may be inferred, from the above description, that Marquette 
 iron mining does not differ essentially from ordinary rock excavation 
 on public works, being work that may be let by the cubic yard or 
 ton. Until quite recently this has been very near the truth, the differ- 
 ence being in the skill and care required in separating the ore and 
 rock which are often mixed together in the deposit. But these palmy 
 days are rapidly passing for most of the mines now worked. An 
 increase of water and greater cost of handling incident to increased 
 depth, and, what is still more costly, the increase in thickness of the 
 rock covering, will soon require,, in fact does now (1870) really 
 require, more expensive plants, different methods, and more skill. 
 
 The transition from the present system of quarrying to the future 
 method of underground mining, which will have to be made in the 
 Marquette region, will be a critical period, and will possess great 
 interest, as affording a solution of a mining problem such as may 
 not yet have been presented anywhere. Attempts at its solution 
 have already been made, but, as has been remarked, very little ore 
 has as yet been extracted at a profit by candle-light. To recapitu- 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 249 
 
 late, the system adopted will have to meet the case, 1st, of beds of 
 ore varying, often abruptly, in thickness from o to 50 feet; 2d, of 
 beds varying in dip from nearly vertical to horizontal, and passing by 
 a curve of small radius from one inclination to another; 3d, of beds 
 varying in character of hanging wall from a solid quartzite, which 
 will stand with ordinary supports, to a soft schist, which can only 
 be kept in place by a continuous support, or by actual filling in 
 " remblais." Again, the axes of the folds are not horizontal, but 
 sometimes " pitch" at angles of 30 degs. or more in the direction 
 of the strike, producing a fourth troublesome feature. See Map 
 IX. Now, when we consider that the dressed ore is expected to 
 yield 65 per cent, in the furnace, and is seldom worth on the aver- 
 age over $4 or $5 per gross ton on the cars at the mine, including 
 royalty, the general character of the problem will be understood. 
 
 In New Jersey, with perfect regularity in the dip, better hanging 
 walls, thickness within the limits of easy timbering, cheaper fuel and 
 labor, and material which breaks easier than that of Lake Superior, 
 the ores of several well-known mines, I am told, cost fully this amount. 
 
 Steam machinery for hoisting and pumping, which has cost from 
 six to not less than fifty thousand dollars, has been erected at most of 
 the Marquette mines, as shown by the table at the end of this chap- 
 ter. In 1870, however, not much more than one-half of the entire 
 ore product of the region was handled by steam, and much less 
 than this proportion of all the material, the balance being done 
 by horses, the use of which, however, is decreasing. 
 
 From these facts it may be inferred, that while the cost of break- 
 ing ore may have been reduced to a minimum by the system of 
 mining employed, not so much can be said in favor of the methods 
 of handling the ore from the miner's hands to the cars. The ex- 
 pensive horse and cart, swing derrick and whim, are in too gen- 
 eral use, and the roads over which the loads are hauled are often 
 not above criticism as to grades and surface. The causes which have 
 led to this extensive use of horses are considered in another place. 
 
 The local staff of a Lake Superior Iron Mining Company usually 
 consists of the agent, who is often secretary or treasurer of the 
 company, and whose duty it is to take general charge of the com- 
 pany's business, except selling the ore, which is commonly done by 
 a special agent in Cleveland, who may or may not be an officer of 
 the company. This agent supervises the accounts, makes the pay- 
 
250 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 ments, attends to shipping the ore and to ordering supplies, and 
 often assists in selling ore. One man sometimes represents more 
 than one company in this capacity. A majority of the agents reside 
 in Marquette. The superintendent, who by custom has the title of 
 captain, always resides at the mine, directs the work, and is in the 
 main responsible for it. On him as much or more than on any other 
 officer of the company does the success of its operations depend. 
 
 The offices of agent and superintendent are sometimes united in 
 the same man. Large mines have a chief clerk, who is practically 
 assistant superintendent. Next in order of rank are the foremen, 
 master mechanics, and time-keepers. For names and addresses of 
 agents, superintendents and managing officers, see Statistical Table, 
 Plate XII. of Atlas. 
 
 The organization of the force of two large mines in the summer 
 of 1870 is shown below. The first mine (i.) shipped the greatest 
 amount of ore, and the second (ll.) did most of its dead work in the 
 winter, the aggregate shipments for the two, for that year, being 
 
 300,000 tons. 
 
 I. II. 
 
 Contractors engaged in stripping, sinking, etc.. 77 7 
 
 Company account, men, laborers and mechanics 
 
 on miscellaneous work 65 32 
 
 'Total employed in dead work 142 39 
 
 Contractors breaking ore 117 1 14 
 
 Company account, men breaking ore 25 
 
 Total at mining proper 117 139 
 
 Carpenters and wagon-makers 6 6 
 
 Blacksmiths and helpers 17 IO 
 
 Total mechanics employed in repairing. ... 23 16 
 
 Drivers and stable-men 20 12 
 
 Engineers and firemen II 8 
 
 Loading ore from stock- pile - 1 8 
 
 Total handling ore 49 20 
 
 Superintendent and clerks 3 3 
 
 Foreman, blaster and watchman 6 7 
 
 Total staff at mine 9 10 
 
 Total force employed 340 224 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 251 
 
 This force was employed during the period of shipments, hence 
 of greatest activity ; after the close of navigation, in November, it 
 would probably be reduced 25 per cent. Less than one-half of the 
 men employed have families, many single men going " outside" in 
 the fall and returning in the spring. 
 
 One large mine, the best managed in the region, expended in 
 1872, 51,000 days' work all told, of which 48 per cent, was by con- 
 tractors, and 52 per cent, by the day or on company's account : it 
 produced about 2^ tons of ore for each day's work. 
 
 The wages of the men employed in and about the mines, in 1869 
 and 1870, were about as follows : Common labor was nominally 
 $1.80 per day for most of the time, but by far the largest part of 
 the mining work was done under contracts. Contractors made, 
 clear of costs, from $60 to $77 per month as high and low averages ; 
 $70 is probably near the mean of the whole. It was not uncom- 
 mon for a " pair" (two or more men working jointly) to make $100 
 per month each, and again the earnings will fall so low as barely to 
 pay board ; but such are extreme cases. Leaving out the staff of 
 the mine and the contractors, the wages of all others, mechanics, 
 engineers, firemen, drivers, but mostly common laborers, averaged 
 in 1869 and 1870 about $2.12 per man per day. Mechanics re- 
 ceived from $2.50 to $4.00. In 1872 the wages of men and con- 
 tract prices were from 25 to 50 per cent, above the figures here 
 given. 
 
 The nationality at three mines, which employed an aggregate of 
 over 600 men, was in 1870 as follows, expressed in percentages : 
 
 Irish 31 
 
 English (Cornishmen) 27 
 
 Swedes 1 8 
 
 Canadians (French) 5 
 
 Americans 5 
 
 Germans 4 
 
 Norwegians, Danes, and Scotch 10 
 
 100 
 
 The relative proportion of the Irish element is decreasing ; a few 
 years since nearly all the men employed at some mines being of 
 this nationality. The percentage of Cornishmen is increasing, 
 
252 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 owing largely to a want of work in the copper region. These men 
 are skilled miners, and do a large part of the sinking and drifting. 
 Swedes are rapidly gaining in numbers, many of them having been 
 miners in their own country. 
 
 The exodus of Swedes to the United States apparently threatens 
 to depopulate that country. There can be little doubt but that a 
 more genial climate and better food will improve the lower class, 
 from whom the emigrants come. Statistics of the population of 
 the Upper Peninsula are given in App. G, Vol. II. 
 
 The unit of measure and comparison in the following table is the 
 gross ton of mercliantable ore. The ore is the object of the miner's 
 efforts, and the tons sold measure his business. The items of cost 
 in all that follows express the expenditure per ton of ore mined, 
 prepared for market, and loaded on the cars. In instituting a com- 
 parison between these figures and those obtained by the civil engi- 
 neer on public works excavations, where the cubic yard of vacant 
 space is the ordinary unit of work accomplished, it must be borne 
 in mind that the labor incident to sledging up and sorting out the 
 ore from the rock considerably enhances the cost of mining. 
 
 In order to more intelligently follow the methods of working the 
 Marquette mines, we must classify the various items of cost under 
 appropriate heads, and assume some absolute cost per gross ton, as 
 near the actual fact as possible, as a basis of comparison of these 
 items with each other, and with other mining regions. 
 
 No discussion of the question which leaves out the cost, would 
 possess much practical interest ; but all who have undertaken to 
 obtain such facts for publication, know the difficulty, and will not 
 place implicit reliance on the accuracy of what follows. $2.64 
 per gross ton will be assumed as the entire cost of mining the hard 
 ore, and delivering it in the cars ready for shipment (in 1870) ; but 
 this sum does not include interest on capital, expense of selling, 
 royalty or mine rent, nor depreciation of the mining property. 
 The cost of mining the soft hematite ores is considerably less, and 
 the methods much simpler. 
 
 Royalties or mine rents have not become settled ; there are not 
 many leased mines ; one of the best of its kind (the New York) pays 
 but 20 cents per ton for first-class specular ore. In other in- 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 253 
 
 stances 75 cents is paid for a lean hematite. Time and experience 
 will settle these prices on an equitable basis. See Atlas, Tables 
 XII., XIII. 
 
 Before dismissing the subject of royalty or mine rent, which is not 
 again noticed in the following discussion, I will make a few remarks. 
 Marquette mines, as has been stated, are generally owned and 
 worked by the same parties, hence royalty does not enter di- 
 rectly as an item of cost, but it exists in substance, and may be 
 called depreciation of the mine, an item in the cost of ore often not 
 sufficiently considered. One of the best organized and successfully 
 operated iron companies in eastern Pennsylvania place this item at 
 fifty cents per ton of ore. That is to say, every ton of ore sent 
 from a New Jersey mine (which they own) is charged with fifty 
 cents over and above its cost, as shown by the mine accounts, and 
 a like sum is credited to the capital stock account, or to a sinking 
 fund. This fifty cents stands for the original cost of the ore in the 
 ground, and is all the more real, that it was paid in advance in the 
 price of property and improvements. Any mining company which 
 fails to recognize this principle is doomed some day to serious dis- 
 appointment. Whoever has had experience with charcoal blast fur- 
 naces, which so rapidly sink their capital by the consumption of 
 timber, will be fully alive to the importance of this matter. It 
 is a delusion to suppose that our mines will not eventually be 
 exhausted; iron ores do not grow; a ton shipped from a mine 
 is gone forever, and the property has one ton less remaining, and 
 is therefore worth less money. Continued shipments will even- 
 tually exhaust any and all deposits. Abandoned pits, in which 
 no ore can be found, now exist at all of our mines, and in this 
 class are some that two years ago were the best. The Andover 
 mine, New Jersey, once presented as good opportunity to break ore 
 as any pit now worked in the Marquette region ; but about 150,000 
 tons aggregate product exhausted the mine, and to-day the owners 
 do not know where to find a ton of merchantable ore on the prop- 
 erty. I do not wish to be understood as predicting the exhaustion 
 of the whole region ; I think Marquette will produce iron as long 
 as that article is wanted. New deposits of rich ore will be found, 
 and leaner ones, which now have no value, will be worked, and the 
 old deposits will be followed deeper ; but this implies new mines, 
 the building up of new locations, new railroads, new men and more 
 
254 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 capital. What I wish to say is, that unless present holders of aver- 
 age Lake Superior iron mining stocks are receiving fair interest on 
 their investments, and in addition are being paid back the capital 
 they have invested at the rate of, say, 50 to 75 cents per ton of ore 
 sold, they are not doing a good business. 
 
 Therefore the $2.64 assumed in the following table should be 
 increased by this royalty, making it $3.14- Commission for selling, 
 interest and exchange, insurance and expenses of the general office 
 of the company (including salaries), will increase this sum to at 
 least $3.50, which will more truly represent the actual cost per 
 gross ton of ore on cars and sold. This, from the amount assumed 
 before as selling price, leaves from 50 cents to $1.50 per ton for 
 interest on all fixed capital invested ; in an exceptional condi- 
 tion of the market, like 1872 and 1873, the margins are of course 
 larger. 
 
 There may be no better place than in this connection, to speak 
 of another fruitful source of the disappointments which are some- 
 times experienced by stockholders. I refer to those delusive " per- 
 manent improvement accounts" better named permanent disap- 
 pointment accounts, which are too often kept open, and in which 
 are too frequently placed awkward sums which should properly go 
 to running expenses, and be paid for by the pig-iron, ore, lumber,. 
 or whatever is produced. After the necessary real estate is bought, 
 the mining or manufacturing plant built, and the business of pro- 
 duction actually commenced, the improvement account should be 
 closed forever. Some kinds of business, in some places, under 
 some managements, may permit an opposite course, but the above 
 is the only safe rule. If in any particular year an extraordinary 
 expenditure is made which is not likely to be repeated, a part of it 
 may properly be held in some open account, in order that it may 
 be distributed over more than one year's product. But this is a 
 different thing from piling up a permanent account under the delu- 
 sion that the property is enhancing in value. 
 
 There are few kinds of business in which there is more danger 
 from this cause than in iron mining, for not only is an iron-ore 
 property depreciating from the exhaustion of the ore, but at any 
 time it may be still more depreciated by unfriendly tariff legisla- 
 tion, for which the iron-master must be prepared. 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 
 
 255 
 
 TABLE showing the Approximate Cost of Mining the Specular and Magnetic Ores of 
 Lake Superior, made in 1870. 
 
 General heads under 
 which cost of mining 
 is classified. 
 
 Elements of cost, not in- 
 cluding royalty or depre- 
 ciation. 
 
 APPROXIMATE COST OF EACH ITEM. 
 
 In per cent, of 
 the whole. 
 
 Based on a total cost of $2.64 
 per ton. 
 
 i 
 fi 
 
 "3 
 
 
 i 
 w 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Amounts. 
 
 Labor. 
 
 Supplies. 
 
 I. Dead we 
 parati 
 
 II. Min- 
 ing pro- 
 per (la- 
 bor). 
 
 III. Min- 
 ing ma- 
 terials 
 
 and im- -< 
 plements 
 ( k ' m i n e 
 costs"). 
 
 IV. Han- 
 d 1 i n g 
 ore from 
 miners' 
 hands to - 
 cars, and 
 pump- 
 ing. 
 
 V. Mana 
 and gen 
 penses. 
 
 >rk (pre- 
 an). 
 
 ' Dril- 
 ling. 
 
 Other 
 work. 
 
 r Explo- 
 sives. 
 
 Tools. 
 
 k 
 
 [ pairs. 
 
 f By 
 horses. 
 
 By 
 
 men. 
 By 
 ^ steam. 
 
 Cement 
 2ral ex- 
 
 f I. Explorations 
 2. Sinking shafts .... 
 3. Drifts and tunnels. 
 4 Roads 
 
 00.6] 
 
 01.5 
 
 06. i 
 00.6 
 
 ,,| 
 
 06. i J 
 
 04.2 
 
 04.9 
 - 
 13-3 
 09-5 
 
 07.9] 
 03.6' 
 
 28.1 
 
 39-8 
 11.9 
 
 15.6 
 04.6 
 
 i5l 
 .040 1 
 .160 
 .017 1 
 
 350 
 .i6oj 
 
 .110 
 
 .130 
 
 350 
 .250 
 
 .2IOJ 
 
 0951 
 .018 
 
 043 
 
 .047 
 .noj 
 
 .150 
 
 .110 | 
 
 .006- 
 
 035 
 
 .II2j 
 .122 
 
 .742 
 
 1.050 
 SIS 
 
 .413 
 .122 
 
 Eighty 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 .620 
 
 1.050 
 .103 
 
 .272 
 .062 
 
 Twenty 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 .122 
 
 .210 
 
 .141 
 .060 
 
 \ 5. Stripping earth and 
 rock 
 
 6. Miscellaneous work 
 and minor im- 
 provements * .... 
 
 fi. Ledge holes (in 
 J stope) 
 
 | 2. Block holes (in 
 fragments) . 
 
 f3. Sledging, sorting, 
 and loading. . . . 
 
 \ 4. Handling rock. . . . 
 |5_ M isc ellaneous 
 
 i. Powder and fuse. 
 2. Nitre-glycerine . . . 
 
 3. Steel (drills) 
 4. Tools other than 
 drills. 
 
 00.7 
 01.6 
 01.8 
 
 04. 2 j 
 
 05-7 
 
 04.2 
 
 00.2 { 
 
 01-3 
 04. 2 J 
 
 04.6 
 
 ( 5. Blacksmiths' sup- 
 plies 
 
 ( 6. Blacksmiths' labor. 
 
 fi. Teaming, labor oi 
 drivers and stable- 
 men 
 
 * 2. Forage 
 
 3. Carts, sleds, har- 
 ness etc . . . . 
 
 j 4. Loading ore from 
 
 j 5. Labor, supplies, 
 \ and repairs 
 
 ( I. Salaries and of- } 
 fice expenses. . > 
 (2. Tax of all kinds. ) 
 
 IOO.O 
 
 IOO.O 
 
 2.6 4 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.107 
 
 0-533 
 
 * Does not include exceptional permanent improvements, 
 f No reliable figures obtained. 
 
256 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 In order to institute a comparison between American open- 
 excavation mining and the systematic underground work of Swe- 
 den, I append the following table, for which I am indebted to Prof. 
 Richard Akerman, of Stockholm : 
 
 COST OF MINING ORE IN PERSBERG MINES, SWEDEN, 1870. 
 
 In currency. 
 
 General -.heads under which cost 
 of mining is classified. 
 
 Elements or items of cost, not 
 including royalty or depreci- 
 ation. 
 
 In percentage of 
 whole. 
 
 Based on a total 
 cost of $2.20 p. ton. 
 
 Items. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Items. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 I. 
 
 (~i Borino- 
 
 22.73! 
 
 5.82! 
 0.84 
 0.50 1 
 
 3.33" 
 
 0.44 
 
 3-20 
 2.8oJ 
 
 3-50^ 
 
 4.68] 
 i. ii 
 
 I.IO 
 
 2.74^ 
 0.28 1 
 
 I.26J 
 8. 12 I 
 
 5.65 
 16.45 1 
 16.45 j- 
 
 3 8.66 
 
 3-50 
 
 11.17 
 
 8.12 
 5-65 
 16.45 
 16.45 
 
 Sol 
 
 .13 
 
 .02 
 .01 | 
 
 05 
 .01 
 
 .07 
 .06 
 
 ,j 
 
 .,o-| 
 
 .03 
 
 a 
 
 '1 
 
 .03] 
 ,,} 
 
 -I 
 *\ 
 
 *\ 
 
 .85 
 
 .07 
 
 .26 
 .18 
 
 .12 
 
 .36 
 .36 
 
 2. Powder ... 
 
 3. Priming reed 
 
 4. Clay 
 
 \ 5. Candles, augers, and 
 
 clprlcrpt; 
 
 II. 
 
 Water drawing (or pump- 
 
 6 Charcoal 
 
 
 1^8. Shooters' fees 
 
 < i. Water drawing 
 f i. Putting into the ton. . 
 
 Ill. 
 Bringing up the mountain 
 (hoisting rock and ore) . . 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 -I 4 Hoisting . ... 
 
 5 Oil and lines 
 
 6. Mine tubs and lad- 
 
 < i. Dressing 
 
 V. 
 
 ( 
 j I. Picking and washing. . 
 
 ] i Buildings 
 
 VI. 
 Buildings 
 
 \ I. General expenses .... 
 
 VII. 
 
 
 IOO.OO 
 
 I 
 IOO.OO 2. 2O 
 
 2.20 
 
 Professor Akerman furnished also these explanations : 
 
 a. Our drill holes are about one inch in diameter and cost 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 257 
 
 to 12 cents currency, per foot, when boring downwards, and twice 
 as much when boring upwards. 
 
 b. Powder costs 11^4 cents, dynamite 43 cents, and ammonium 
 powder 40^ cents per Swedish pound (the Swedish Ib. equals .93 
 of the English). 
 
 c. The reason why blasting with us is more expensive than with 
 you, must partly depend upon stronger mountain ground and 
 partly upon the small diameter of our augers. 
 
 d. " Dressing " on the Persberg table is to be understood as sledg- 
 ing and sorting. 
 
 e. " Picking and washing " is a kind of after-sorting by hand of 
 the smaller pieces (of which about a third of the ore consists), got 
 partly by blasting and partly by the first sorting. 
 
 f. " Buildings " include timbering in the mines and all buildings 
 made for pumping and hoisting. 
 
 g. "General expenses " include some benefits for the laborers, 
 such as domiciles, potatoes, gardens, expenses for schools, medi- 
 cine, administration, etc., etc. 
 
 h. " Down freight " is the cost for bringing down the ore a short 
 distance from the mines to the lake-shore, where it is sold. 
 
 i. Water power is used at Persberg both for pumping and 
 hoisting. 
 
 j. Our miners receive from 48 to 75 cents per day, besides what I 
 above called benefits. 
 
 k. The mining costs at Persberg are among the highest in 
 Sweden. 
 
 The titles of the several heads under which mining costs may 
 be divided, and the number of the items, depend on the object 
 sought : the classification employed in the Marquette table, seemed 
 best adapted to the presentation of the facts in hand. It will be 
 observed that the form of the Swedish table differs materially and 
 is of course better adapted to underground work, and to a more 
 careful and laborious selection of ore. 
 
 I believe that considerable advantage would accrue to many of 
 the Marquette mines, if the accounts were so kept that cost 
 sheets similar to the foregoing could be prepared from time to time. 
 It is well known that the cost of mining varies greatly in the dif- 
 ferent mines, some costing twice as much as others. This differ- 
 
258 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 ence is often largely owing to natural causes, but sometimes it is, 
 in part at least, in the management. There is no better way, in 
 fact there is no other way, of stopping " leaks" of this sort, than 
 by first finding where they are. 
 
 A comparison of such cost sheets from different mines, for the 
 same time, or from the same mine for different periods, would 
 indicate at once to which items the excessive cost belongs, and 
 thereby direct the attention of the management to the leak. I 
 therefore venture the opinion, that a carefully prepared cost sheet 
 is one of the first steps in attempting to reduce the cost of ore. 
 
 In the detailed description of methods which follows, the items 
 will be taken up in the order of the table.* 
 
 I. DEAD WORK. 
 
 This general head embraces all the work and costs incident to 
 getting ready to mine the ore, and is subdivided into i. Explora- 
 tions (embracing only such searches for ore as are in progress from 
 year to year about the mine). 2. Sinking shafts. 3. Drifts and 
 tunnels. 4. Roads for wagons. 5. Stripping earth and rock, or 
 uncovering the ore. 6. Miscellaneous work and minor improve- 
 ments. The entire expenditure for dead work is 74 cents per ton 
 of ore produced, which equals 28 per cent, of the whole cost. 
 
 I. Explorations. More or less digging of test-pits, sinking 
 shafts, drifting, trenching, and sinking drill holes is constantly in 
 progress at most of the mines. My facts indicate that this work 
 varies in amount from one-half to three cents per ton at the produc- 
 ing mines, being of course greatest at the new locations. It is not 
 carried on systematically, being pushed when there is an increased 
 demand for ore, or some old pit shows signs of failing, and again 
 entirely discontinued. The price paid for pits 4 feet by 6 feet, and 
 not over 10 feet deep, is from 30 to 60 cents per foot, depending on 
 the ground ; when so deep as to require a windlass, 50 to 75 cents 
 and up to $1.25, if the shaft reach the depth of 30 feet and is wet. 
 Drifting in firm earth will cost about the same per foot, depending 
 
 * For detailed descriptions of all the mine workings as they were at the close of the sea- 
 son of 1872, see " Appendix to A. P. Swineford's History of the Lake Superior Iron 
 Region," being a review of its mines and furnaces for 1872, published by the Marquette 
 Mining Journal. 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 259 
 
 on the depth below the surface and nature of the earth. Drill holes 
 sunk by hand, material 15 feet deep, will cost from 75 cents to $1.00, 
 and if deeper, considerably more per foot. There seems to be no 
 reason why more use should not be made of the drill in this work. 
 By means of a simple spring pole, such as was used in early days 
 in the oil region, holes could be easily sunk 100 feet, which is as 
 deep as it is usually necessary to go at this time. An experienced 
 miner will judge very accurately of the ground passed through by 
 the mud, and if there was any doubt, chemical analysis would de- 
 termine the nature of the material ; the mud furnishing a strictly 
 average specimen, so desirable in an analysis for practical purposes. 
 As has been mentioned, the annular diamond drill was introduced 
 last season (in 1869) at the Lake Superior mine with success. A 
 hole 130 feet deep was sunk at a cost of about $5 P er foot ; the core 
 produced furnished very satisfactory knowledge of the substance 
 passed through. The drill did not perform as well at the Wash- 
 ington mine, where several holes were sunk, the deepest 96 feet. 
 In two instances the annular diamond bit got fast in an oblique 
 seam and two were lost ; not counting loss of diamonds, the work 
 cost about $1.50 per foot : whether larger bits, a different setting of 
 the diamonds, or more experience would overcome this difficulty, I 
 do not know. It is a matter of great importance, and is worth 
 thoroughly working out. As the subject of exploration for ore has 
 been fully considered in another chapter, it is not necessary to treat 
 it farther here. 
 
 2. Sinking- Shafts. This work, which forms so large an item of 
 cost in some underground mines, varies in the Marquette Region, 
 so far as I have ascertained, from ij^ to 5^ cents per ton of ore. 
 Our open and comparatively shallow workings do not call for many 
 shafts or winzes ; the deepest shaft in the region is now (1870) not 
 over 200 feet. The prices for this work range from a mean of $22. 50 
 to $3 1. 50 per foot in depth, depending on the hardness of the ground. 
 In some mines, extreme prices range from $15.00 to $40.00, and 
 even more if the shaft be very wet. Miners are often permitted 
 to select the size most advantageous to themselves, which may be 
 four feet by six ; but eight by twelve feet is more common. The 
 material is generally hoisted with the ordinary hand windlass, but 
 sometimes with a horse-whip or whim, the miner having to deliver 
 the stuff at the mouth of the shaft. From 10 to 15 per cent, of the 
 
260 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 price received by the miner for sinking has to be expended in mine 
 costs ; i.e., powder, fuse, candles, steel, tools, etc. No charge is 
 made against him for smith's work. Sometimes the contract is let 
 at so much per foot of shaft and so much per ton of ore, which gives 
 the miner an interest in separating ore from rock. 
 
 3. Drifting and Tunnelling. This element of cost varied more 
 widely than any other, and might have been divided into two : (i) 
 Drifts designed to open ground for stoping ; and (2) Tunnels or 
 adits for drainage and transportation of ore, the latter being of the 
 nature of a permanent improvement. But on the principle that 
 permanent improvement accounts are often permanent disappoint- 
 ment accounts, and to be avoided, and considering the fact that 
 this kind of work is actually going on year by year, and must do so 
 as long as the mine is worked, it does not seem wise to separate it 
 from the current cost of getting ore. Ordinary 4x7 drifts cost, 
 in hard ore, from an average of $22.50 to $24.50 per foot, the mi- 
 ners delivering the material behind them, and paying their own 
 costs, as in the case of shafts. 
 
 Tunnels large enough to admit railroad cars and small locomo- 
 tives cost from $30.00 to $50.00 per foot. The Washington tun- 
 nel, now over 1,100 feet long, and timbered a considerable part of 
 the way, cost an average of about $40.00, not including rails. The 
 timbered portion is twelve feet wide at the bottom, ten feet at the 
 top, and ten feet high in the clear. No machinery has yet been 
 brought to bear on either sinking shafts or drifting ; the labor re- 
 quired is more than one-half expended in drilling holes for blasting. 
 The subject of drilling is fully considered under its proper head. 
 
 4. Making Wagon-Roads. The great amount of team-work 
 employed about the mines requires a complete system of roads for 
 summer and winter use. These are sometimes expensive on ac- 
 count of rock-cuts, costing, in some instances, as high as four cents 
 per ton of ore in the early stages of work. 
 
 5. Stripping Earth and Rock, or uncovering the ore. This 
 constitutes on the average nearly one-half of the dead-work, and is 
 one of the largest single items in the whole cost of mining. So far 
 as my inquiries extended I found it to vary from 20 to 52 cents per 
 ton of ore. This cost is necessarily increasing at all of the mines 
 worked as open cuts. It is simple rock and earth-work, the mate- 
 rial being removed on wagons, carts, or sleds, drawn by horses. 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING.. 261 
 
 The advantages of light railroads and small locomotives do not 
 seem to have commended themselves for this work. There would, 
 of course, be considerable danger of destroying tracks from blast- 
 ing, and it often happens that not much work has to be done in one 
 place ; still there is no doubt but that a large saving would be 
 effected by substituting steam for horses in portions of this work, 
 as will be more fully considered hereafter. 
 
 The aggregate amount of material which has been handled in 
 stripping is very great. Thirty and even forty feet of earth have 
 been removed, and nearly as great a depth of rock ; but this is the 
 experience in open workings everywhere. I have seen twenty-one 
 feet of earth and soft, shaly rock stripped from a nearly horizontal 
 bed of 44 per cent. Clinton ore in Western New York, which did 
 not average over thirty inches thick. In South-eastern Kentucky 
 I found the rule among the miners of sub-carboniferous ores to be, 
 that it would pay to remove a foot of earth for the sake of an inch 
 of ore, which does not differ widely from the Western New York 
 practice. In both of these instances the stripping was nearly the 
 entire cost of mining, and labor was much lower than in the Mar- 
 quette region. The usual contract price for removing ordinary 
 earth (sand, clay, and boulders mixed together) is fifty cents per 
 cubic yard, the digging costing about one-half, and the hauling one- 
 half. Hauls vary from 100 to 800 feet. The highest price paid for 
 excavating any considerable quantity of rock in open cuts, which 
 has come to my notice, was $3.00 per cubic yard, equal to $24.00 
 per fathom, or about $1.00 per ton. This was a very hard jasper 
 rock, containing but little ore. Large quantities of rock have been 
 excavated and hauled over 500 feet at the Lake Superior mine for 
 $2.50 per yard. The soft greenish schist, so common at all the 
 mines, can be moved for from $1.00 to $1.40 per yard, including 
 hauling. When a good face can be obtained on the overlying 
 quartzite, which is likely to constitute the greater part of the rock 
 to be moved in future, it should be broken down and loaded on 
 wagons for from $1.50 to $2.00 per cubic yard. 
 
 The amount of money which it will pay to expend in stripping 
 of course depends chiefly on the quantity of ore uncovered. If we 
 assume fifty cents to be the maximum expenditure per ton of ore 
 for this work (this amount has been greatly exceeded), the problem 
 of what thickness of rock may be stripped admits of an easy theo- 
 18 
 
262 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 retical solution. One cubic yard of solid ore (allowing for wastage 
 on account of associated rock) may be considered to yield three 
 tons of merchantable ore, which, at the allowance above assumed, 
 would give us $1.50 to be expended per square yard in stripping 
 a bed of ore only one yard thick. Hence in this case it would pay 
 to remove nine feet in thickness of earth, or about three feet in 
 thickness of rock. But suppose w r e have a bed of ore twenty-four 
 feet in vertical thickness, which is a more common case, what 
 amount of earth or rock would it pay to remove under the assumed 
 limit of expenditure ? Twenty-four feet of ore will yield twenty- 
 four tons per square yard of surface, which, at fifty cents per ton, 
 gives $12.00 available for stripping per square yard. This sum 
 would remove twenty-four feet thickness of solid rock ; or a foot in 
 thickness of rock may be stripped for every foot in thickness ot 
 ore uncovered, at a cost of fifty cents per ton of ore. The same 
 expenditure will remove three times this thickness of earth. 
 
 An important and often neglected question connected with this 
 subject is, where to deposit waste, that it may be out of the way of 
 future mining operations. Some material has been already handled 
 twice in the Marquette region, and I know of a mine in Southern 
 New York where the same earth was three times handled before it 
 was finally permitted to rest. In a new region, like Marquette, 
 where comparatively little thorough exploring has been done, it is 
 often difficult to decide where waste piles will be out of the way for 
 all future time. If a drill hole were put down for fifty feet in rock, 
 and no ore found, it would be safe to say, that if ore existed under 
 that spot, it would have to be mined under ground ; hence, that so 
 far as future stripping was concerned, a waste pile placed there would 
 be out of the way. A very common practice in under-ground 
 work, in some mining regions, is to -fill up the worked-out places 
 with the waste, and this can undoubtedly be done to advantage 
 in some instances in open works, although it has not as yet been 
 practised in the Marquette region. The trouble is to find out 
 when a pit is exhausted it is so common to break through a thin 
 layer of rock and find a bed of workable ore behind it. But there 
 are parts of most mines where the foot-wall has unquestionably 
 been reached, and if any doubt exists, a few deep drill-holes will 
 settle the point. When this is the case, and the foot-wall has a 
 sufficiently gentle slope to permit of its holding materials deposited 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 263 
 
 on it, it will, I think, be often found advantageous to use it to sup- 
 port a waste pile. 
 
 For the sake of illustration, take the New York and Cleveland 
 Mine workings, which are adjacent. In this instance the slope of the 
 foot-wall is so steep that it would probably be necessary to cut in it 
 a rude step on which to rest a rough retaining wall, which could be 
 built of blocks of quartzite swung across from the hanging-wall by 
 means of a derrick. The triangular space thus formed would hold all 
 the waste rock for a long time to come, and would afford a mini- 
 mum haul. It might not answer to deposit earth in such positions, 
 as heavy rains would be likely to wash it into the pits. The dip of the 
 foot- wall in this, as well as in most cases, will, I think, become flatter 
 in depth, so that a better opportunity will be afforded for a second 
 similar waste receptacle at greater depth, if one should be required. 
 
 6. Miscellaneous Dead Work. Under this head are included 
 several items which were not of sufficient importance to require 
 separate treatment. Improvements such as dwellings, shops, fences, 
 tracks, trestle-works, pockets, docks, whims, skip-ways, pumping- 
 fixtures, etc., etc., occurring from year to year, are embraced here. 
 These items are in part embraced under " Building " in the Swedish 
 table. This head was originally also designed to cover those ex- 
 ceptional expensive improvements which are of occasional occur- 
 rence only, and the cost of which might properly be distributed over 
 several years' product. Additional facts, however, lead me to 
 believe that the amount given (16 cents per ton) is too small. The 
 expensive pumping and winding plants now being erected, and 
 which will continue to be built for a long time to come, increase the 
 cost of the ore materially unless we charge them to permanent im- 
 provement accounts, which is not altogether a safe course, as has 
 been already pointed out. 
 
 II. MINING PROPER, OR BREAKING ORE. 
 
 This general head embraces all the labor incident to blasting 
 the materials down from the solid ledge, breaking it up into 
 fragments that may be easily handled, the separation of the ore 
 from the rock by hand and loading. The average cost of this 
 is $1.05 per ton of ore produced, which equals forty per cent. 
 
264 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 of the whole. The character of this work will be sufficiently well 
 understood from the table and the following explanation : 
 
 i. Ledge or Stope Holes. The drilling or rock-boring is now 
 (1870) entirely done by hand. The steel used for drills is i^ inch 
 octagon, with a bit 2 inches, making a hole nearly 2^ inches in 
 diameter. Drills vary in length up to 24 feet. English steel is 
 used at some mines, but a majority use American steel, and the 
 most experienced men who have employed both^ inform me that the 
 drill steel made by Hussey & Wells and Parke Bros., Pittsburgh, 
 answers as well as the best imported steel, and much better than 
 the average. The drill is turned by one man sitting and struck by 
 two standing, with eight-pound hammers, at the rate of about thirty- 
 six blows per minute each. In this way from nine to eleven feet of 
 hole are sunk per day, the men working usually on contract. The 
 price of stope holes ranges from 60 to 80 cents per foot in depth, 
 the mean being not far from 75 cents ; no mine costs have to be 
 paid out of this price. When there is a large proportion of block 
 holes, which admit of the use of smaller steel, the whole drilling of 
 a pit is often let at from 60 to 65 cents. Very deep holes, say from 
 fifteen to twenty-two feet, are sometimes sunk with still larger bits, 
 which about doubles the cost. In these cases two men are re- 
 quired to turn the drill and three to strike. 
 
 The cost of drilling ledge-holes per ton of ore, varies from a 
 mere trifle in the case where one twenty-two foot hole throws down 
 4,000 tons, as has been done, to a very large item on low stopes 
 with perhaps tight, hard ground. From 3 cents to 25 cents per 
 ton may be regarded as extreme averages, although 35 and even 
 48 cents have been reached, for short periods, under very unfavor- 
 able circumstances. The price given in the table (11 cents) ap- 
 proximates to the average for hard ores ; this number divided into 
 75 cents, the average cost of drilling per foot, gives, say 7, which 
 should represent the number of tons of ore broken per foot of stope- 
 hole drilled. The data obtained directly under this head confirm 
 this amount, which is also equivalent to about two cubic yards per 
 foot of hole. 
 
 The depth of stope-holes varies from two to twenty-two feet, the 
 short ones being employed in " taking up bottom," that is, in 
 squaring the stope so as to give the best chance for the deep holes. 
 The average of 1,500 holes of all kinds in one part of the 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 265 
 
 Washington mine was four feet nine inches, but the stopes which 
 furnished this result were below average height. It is believed that 
 nine or ten feet would be nearer the average for deep holes, and 
 say three and a half feet for the short ones. 
 
 2. Block-Holes. The masses of rock and ore loosened by the 
 heavy blasts already described, are often so large that they have in 
 turn to be broken with explosives, which operation is termed 
 block-holing. The amount of this work varies from almost nothing 
 in some pits and in certain mines, to four-fifths of all the drilling re- 
 quired in others, the maximum being reached on high stopes of 
 hard, tough ore. Over two hundred block-holes have been em- 
 ployed to one stope-hole in the Cleveland Mine, one hole being 
 required to every two to four tons of ore. Block-holes sometimes 
 produce fragments so large as to require block-holing in turn, 
 before they are made small enough to be mastered by the sledge. 
 These holes vary in depth from eight to twenty-four inches, the 
 mean ranging near one foot. With nitro-glycerine the holes need 
 not be so deep as for powder. One inch octagon steel is often 
 used in this work, making a hole nearly \y 2 inches in diameter. 
 The drilling is performed as in the case of stope-holes, but usually 
 only one man strikes. 
 
 In the same ground, the same drill-gang will sink more than 
 twice the number of feet of block-hole in a day with small steel, 
 than of stope-hole with large steel, ranging from twenty-four to 
 twenty-seven feet. In open mines of strictly hard ore, this work 
 costs more than stope-holes, and is set down in the table at 13 
 cents per ton. This amount added to the 1 1 cents given as the 
 cost of stope-holes per ton, equals 24 cents for the total cost of the 
 labor of drilling required under breaking ore : this would also equal 
 about 70 cents per cubic yard, which would pay for one foot of 
 two-inch drill-hole. But this is by no means the whole ; the work 
 of sinking and drifting, which is set down as aggregating 20 cents, 
 is more than half drilling ; and a part of the cost of rock-stripping 
 is also for this work. I estimate that 40 cents per ton of ore is not 
 far from the actual price paid for this kind of labor in the hard-ore 
 mines, equal to fifteen per cent, of the whole cost. On this esti- 
 mate, not less than $300,000 were paid out for drilling in 1870. 
 This work, from the favorable circumstances under which much of 
 it is done in open excavations, no scaffolding being required, is by 
 
266 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 far the most purely mechanical labor performed about the mines. 
 While the absolute cost of this item of drilling is very large, and can 
 undoubtedly be reduced by the use of the power-drill ', it is, as com- 
 pared with some other mines and regions, small. Our open cuts 
 or quarries afford far better facilities for blasting than under-ground 
 mines. In one Southern New York mine the drilling cost, in 1870, 
 $1.25 per ton of ore, or forty per cent, of the whole cost of mining ; 
 in a large magnetic mine in New Jersey, it cost from 60 to So cents 
 per ton of ore. In the Persberg mines, Sweden, when the ore 
 cost, in 1870, $2.20 currency per ton, the drilling was 40 cents 
 per ton, equal to twenty-three per cent, of the whole cost, being 
 considerably more than ours, absolutely and relatively. When we 
 consider that, the average of wages in Sweden is not far from 65 cents 
 per day, or say one-fourth of what is paid Lake Superior miners, it 
 would seem as if Sweden would be a good field for a power-drill. 
 
 The facts relating to drilling have been given in much detail in 
 the hope that inventors and owners of rock-drilling machines may 
 become acquainted with the wants of the Marquette region in this 
 regard. I have had my attention called to several of these 
 machines, but have not had opportunity to make such investiga- 
 tion of their respective merits as would justify an opinion. I 
 have no hesitation in saying that a machine which would do 
 the work required at a less cost than it is now done (75 cents 
 per foot) would find ready sale, and every facility would be afforded 
 for experiments. 
 
 I need not here remark that a power-drill, adapted to Marquette 
 iron mines, must be portable, as it would have to be shifted every 
 few hours ; and I should say that two men, or at most three, should 
 be able to handle it on a ragged rock surface. Again, it must be 
 capable of being set up anywhere, to accomplish which, I think 
 that movable tripod, telescopic legs, like those with which engi- 
 neers' instruments are often supplied, would be convenient.* 
 
 3. Sledging, Sorting, and Loading. In considering this item, it 
 must be borne in mind that the ore and rock have not only to be 
 broken so that they can be removed, but must be made so fine as to 
 
 * Since the above was written the Burleigh Drill has been tried at several mines with 
 varied success. My facts are quite insufficient to enable me to form a judgment as to its 
 fitness to do the required work, or to know whether it has had a fair trial. 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 267 
 
 be easily separated, and so that the pieces can be fed into a Blake 
 crusher. This work requires more muscle and as much skill and 
 care as any other done at the mine. Eighteen to twenty-three 
 pound sledges are employed, and the difference in results, between 
 the experienced miner who strikes the lump of ore the right blow 
 in the right place, with this immense hand hammer, and the tyro, 
 is very great. Contracts for sledging and loading, which sometimes 
 include a little block-holing and short tramming, have been let at 
 prices varying from 20 to 50 cents per ton. The loading usually 
 costs not to exceed 10 or 12 cents, the balance being chiefly 
 sledging. There is a wide difference in the texture of ore, some 
 kinds requiring five times as much sledging as others. On the 
 whole, Marquette ores break with much greater difficulty than those 
 of the Eastern magnetic mines. With poorer ground worked and 
 the market more in favor of buyers (which makes them more 
 exacting on quality), the cost of this element will be increased. 
 
 Drops, similar to those used at foundries to break old castings, 
 have been employed to break very hard lumps of .ore, but the ex- 
 pense of getting the lumps of ore to them has caused this plan 
 to be abandoned. In the copper region powerful steam hammers 
 have been used for a similar purpose, but the same objection 
 as that given above would apply to their introduction at the 
 iron mines. It must be borne in mind that a lump of iron-ore 
 is not worth more than about one-hundredth part as much as a 
 lump of copper of the same weight, and therefore will not bear as 
 much handling. 
 
 A steam miner who can walk up to the lump of ore and sledge 
 it to pieces where it lies is what is wanted. Nitro-glycerine or 
 duallin breaks the material finer, producing by its explosion more 
 of a smashing effect than powder, and thereby requiring less sledg- 
 ing. There is no doubt, as is elsewhere stated, about the advan- 
 tage of employing these new explosives in block-holing. 
 
 4. Handling Rock. In addition to the rock which overlies the 
 ore, considered under stripping, at most of the mines more or less 
 rock is found mixed with the ore through the mines, which has to be 
 removed during the process of mining. The proportion varies from 
 none up to one-half of the whole, and often for short periods more 
 than this ; the average at this time is believed to be twenty per 
 cent. The 25 cents placed against this item in the table is intended 
 
268 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 to cover the cost of sorting out and handling this rock under ave- 
 rage circumstances. This cost will be increased as poorer grades of 
 stuff are worked. 
 
 5. Miscellaneous Work. The 21 cents opposite this item in 
 the table is no more than sufficient to pay for foremen, repairs of 
 tracks and roads, wheeling, tramming, blaster, sometimes hand- 
 pumping, and such securing of the workings as may be necessary, 
 etc. 
 
 III. MINING MATERIALS AND IMPLEMENTS, EMBRACING "MINE 
 
 COSTS." 
 
 This general head is subdivided in the table into Explosives, 
 Tools, and Repairs, which are in turn itemized, as w r ill appear be- 
 low. The expense incurred here is 31^ cents per ton of ore pro- 
 duced, equal to about twelve per cent, of the whole cost. 
 
 I, 2. Explosives. Powder and fuse and nitro-glycerine. The 
 present (1870) is an unfortunate time to collect statistics regarding 
 the cost of explosives, for the reason that nitro-glycerine is to a cer- 
 tain extent on trial, and most of the mines employ both it and pow- 
 der in the same pits, making it difficult to separate the results. 
 The place of the new explosive cannot be said to be wholly fixed 
 in our mines. It is more powerful than powder, bulk for bulk, 
 or weight for weight ; can be used in wet as well or better than 
 in dry ground, which is very important in some places ; it has 
 so far proved no more dangerous than powder, and its fumes 
 have not been found objectionable. As has been stated, the 
 fragments resulting from its use are usually smaller, hence require 
 less sledging, and, it being more powerful than powder, less drilling 
 is needed. 
 
 In the case of wet holes intended for sand-blasting, nitro-glyce- 
 rine can often be used in small charges to produce cracks which 
 carry off the water and thus prepare the way for the powder. 
 Overhanging loose rock can often be advantageously brought down 
 by a flat cartridge of glycerine. 
 
 In short holes, 3 to 6 feet, glycerine will sometimes break two or 
 three times as much ground as powder, thus making the saving on 
 the drilling more than balance the extra cost of the explosive. 
 
 The quantity of glycerine used per hole, of course, varies with its 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 269 
 
 depth and other circumstances, and is at the Washington and Re- 
 public Mines, according to Captain Peter Pascoe, as follows : 
 
 Depth of hole. Glycerine. 
 
 3 feet ft Ibs. 
 
 4 " ij " 
 
 5 " 2ft " 
 
 6 " 3^ 
 8 " 5 
 
 10 " 7 
 
 12 " 10 
 
 14 " 14 
 
 16 " 18 " 
 
 18 <( 21 
 
 20 " 24 
 
 There can be no doubt but that the use of this explosive hastens 
 work. Sinking and drifting can be more speedily done with it 
 than without. 
 
 Whether it is suited to breaking the great masses from the solid 
 ledge remains to be seen. Certainly it cannot be used to fill the 
 cracks produced by shaking, where heavy sand blasts are required ; 
 and it is doubtful whether drill-holes large enough to contain the 
 requisite amount of the blasting oil can be profitably employed ; 
 two or more holes could be used, but this would greatly increase 
 the cost of drilling. It certainly costs more per ton of ore mined 
 than powder, but how far this greater cost is balanced by other ad- 
 vantages experience must determine. It is significant that in 1870, 
 being the next year after its introduction, over $40,000 worth was 
 sold in the Marquette region at $1.50 per pound. In 1872 about 
 40,000 pounds were used, the price being $1.25 per pound. The 
 Painsville Ohio Co. erected (1871) a factory near Negaunee. Duallin 
 and giant powder have recently been introduced. 
 
 The figures given in the table, and in what follows, refer exclu- 
 sively to powder, the nitro-glycerine element having been eliminated 
 as far as was possible. Fuse costs about j cent per ton, leaving 
 9 cents per ton for powder, which, according to the data obtained, 
 varied from 7 to 10 cents. The price of powder ranged from $3.75 
 to $4.50 per keg of 25 pounds. Therefore an average of 45 tons 
 
2/0 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 of ore should have been broken with one keg of powder, or about 
 y 2 pound of powder to one ton of ore. This, it must be remem- 
 bered, does not express the actual work of the powder, on account 
 of the amount of rock moved in addition to the ore in one instance 
 23,000 weighed tons of material required 320 kegs of powder, or 72 
 tons per keg. In another instance 31 kegs threw down 3,500 tons 
 (approximate) of quartzite, or 113 tons per keg. One mine, which 
 produced over 100,000 tons of ore in 1869, consumed for all purposes 
 one keg of powder to every 43 tons of ore produced. The waste 
 material in this case did not amount to over 20 percent., hence 
 about 52 tons, or, say, 18 cubic yards of material, were moved per 
 keg of powder. The consumption of explosives per ton of ore 
 must increase as the mines grow deeper, either by the greater 
 amount required to remove the rock covering, or by the less favor- 
 able opportunity afforded for blasting, if the ore be won under- 
 ground. 
 
 In one group of New Jersey mines, the powder and fuse in 1870 
 cost 1 8 cents per ton ; in another mine in Southern New York, 
 14/4 cents; in Sweden, at the Persberg mines, 15 cents. All of 
 which figures considerably exceed those reached in Marquette, 
 which is proof of the economy in explosives from working iron 
 mines as open quarries as long as possible. 
 
 3. Steel. The use of steel drills has already been described, and 
 reference made to the brands in use. My data, which are far from 
 complete, under this head, indicate that the cost of steel per ton of 
 ore ranges from ^ to 3^ cents, averaging perhaps I T 8 F cents ; the 
 price of steel being 20 cents per pound. This would give about 1 1 
 tons of ore, or about 3 cubic yards per pound of steel consumed, 
 which is less than the data obtained direct on this point seemed to 
 indicate. 
 
 It is the practice of some mines to charge the ore contractors 2 
 per cent, on their contracts for wear of steel, which agrees nearly 
 with the above. At other mines the steel is weighed at the end ot 
 each month, and the contractor charged with the shortage, what- 
 ever it be. 
 
 4. Tools, other than Drills. Cost about 4 T 3 cents per ton of ore. 
 The Ames No. 2 D-handled, square, and round-pointed, strap- 
 backed, solid steel shovel is the favorite. 
 
 Washoe picks, Nos. 5 and 6, and Powell, same numbers, both 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 27 1 
 
 
 
 railroad (25 inches long), and pole (19 inches long) are extensively 
 used. Certain mines make their own picks after a fashion of their 
 own. 
 
 Solid steel crow-bars, both single and double-pointed, are used. 
 
 Solid cast-steel sledges, both American and chrome, weighing 
 from 16 to 18 pounds, and often 25 Ibs., are extensively used. 
 
 Solid cast-steel striking-hammers, 8 to 9 pounds, and in some in- 
 stances ii pounds, are employed. 
 
 5. Blacksmiths' Supplies. This item is largely made up of 
 coal and iron, steel being embraced under another head. Charcoal 
 was formerly used exclusively for working steel ; but mineral coal 
 is now employed with good results at most mines. The table shows 
 this item to be a trifle less than five cents per ton of ore. 
 
 6. Blacksmiths' Labor. This is largely sharpening drills. The 
 number dulled per day by a gang of three drillers will average about 
 75 in hard ore. One blacksmith and helper will sharpen about 
 275 drills per day often hours. The 11 cents marked opposite this 
 item embraces all the blacksmiths' work done in and about the mine, 
 for whatever purpose. Therefore strictly, it should have been di- 
 vided, part going to dead work. 
 
 IV. HANDLING ORE FROM MINERS' HANDS TO CARS, AND 
 
 PUMPING. 
 
 Pumping, which has heretofore been a small item in the Mar- 
 quette region, cannot well be separated from hoisting ore, as 
 the same machinery does both. This item, in the case of some 
 New Jersey magnetic mines, costs 75 cents per ton of ore : at the 
 Persberg mines, Sweden, it costs but 7 cents. The entire cost 
 under this head, in the Marquette region, including hoisting and 
 pumping, is 41 cents per ton of ore produced, which equals 15^ 
 per cent, of the whole. This work is done in part by horses, part 
 by men, and part by steam. 
 
 i, 2, 3. The Work of Horses in Handling 1 Ore. The team 
 work employed at the Marquette mines, apart from the stripping, 
 amounts, according to my inquiries, which have been quite full on 
 this point, to 10 per cent, of the whole cost of mining, or say 27 cents 
 per ton of ore, the drivers' wages being the largest item. This cost 
 is obtained by dividing the total expenditure for teaming, by the 
 
2/2 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 total number of tons of ore produced. If it was figured only on the 
 ore actually handled by the horses, it would be much greater. If 
 to this were added the cost of the team-work employed in stripping, 
 the total would not be less than 30 cents per ton of ore, or, say 
 $250,000 on the product of 1870, a sum sufficient in itself to supply 
 all the mines in the region with all the additional steam-hoisting 
 and pumping machinery and small locomotives required to do the 
 work now done by horses, and at a very much less yearly cost. 
 We may verify this almost incredible estimate in another way. The 
 total number of horses employed at all the mines in 1870, including 
 hired teams, was about 364, or an average of 30 to each mine, vary- 
 ing from 9 to 74. The best data I can get indicate that to work a 
 lot of horses for one year, including wages of drivers, stable-men, 
 smiths' work, forage, repairs of vehicles, and depreciation, in the 
 years 1869 and 1870, cost an average of $650 per horse. The wages 
 of hired teams, including drivers, for the same period, was $6 per 
 day. At this rate, 364 horses would have cost nearly $240,000, a 
 sum sufficiently near the other to confirm the general truth of the 
 estimate. 
 
 These figures surely justify the prediction, that if there ever 
 comes a period when our mines do not pay, it may be due largely 
 to horses. In this age of steam, has a business any just right to 
 prosper which employs horses to do work that can be more cheaply 
 done by machinery? The average number of tons of ore handled 
 per horse employed in and about the mines for all work in 1870 
 was 2,350, ranging from 1,150 to 5,300 tons. In considering these 
 facts it must be borne in mind that the mines in question are not 
 by any means without steam power. Twelve engines, varying in 
 power from say 10 to 50 horse, were at work. To prove that this 
 item of cost is unusually large in the Marquette region, I will give 
 a few facts regarding the employment of live stock at mines, which 
 have come under my notice elsewhere. While the cases cited do 
 not present all circumstances like the Marquette mines, they are 
 sufficiently near to afford interesting comparisons. 
 
 The Cornwall Ore Bank Co., Penn., shipped from their one im- 
 mense deposit, in 1870, over 174,000 tons, employing no horses in 
 the work. The ore was all handled by one locomotive, the cars 
 being loaded by wheelbarrows. No pumping is required in this 
 mine, and the facilities for reaching the ore with cars are unusually 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 273 
 
 good. The ore is quite soft, so that the blasting does not endan- 
 ger the tracks. 
 
 The Iron mountain mine, Missouri, shipped in iS/o more ore 
 than any one mine in the Marquette region. It employed during 
 the winter 68, and during the summer a somewhat less number 
 of horses, mules, and oxen. One animal moved about twelve tons 
 per day, or 3,600 tons per year ; but more than three-fourths of 
 this stock was employed in getting " surface ore," a feature which 
 does not exist in Marquette mining. The bluff (quarried) ore 
 moved per horse employed was more than five times the above 
 amount. No steam-engine or locomotive was in use at the mine. 
 
 At the Caledonia and Keene mines, St. Lawrence County, New 
 York, in 1869, three horses handled 27,500 tons of ore and waste, 
 the average haul being over 700 feet, all up grade, in places steep. 
 This gives over 9,000 tons per head ; steam was not employed for 
 handling material at either mine. 
 
 The Sterling mine, Orange County, New York, shipped in 1869 
 40,000 tons of ore, which was handled under circumstances quite 
 similar to those encountered in the Marquette region, by two 
 horses and one small stationary engine, which gives 20,000 tons 
 per animal employed. The system of tramways and sidings at 
 this mine is very complete. 
 
 Passing from American to Swedish mines, which are far deeper, 
 and in which there is a larger percentage of rock mixed with ore, 
 we find that in the Persberg mines, in 1870 (see table), the total 
 cost for handling ore and water drawing was I4 3 per cent, of the 
 whole cost, or 33 cents per ton of ore ; and this amount included 
 the handling of all the rock and other waste material which in our 
 table is embraced under Dcad-iuork. If we take out of dead-work 
 10 cents for handling this waste and add it to the amount 
 found above, we have 51 cents as total cost of handling Lake 
 Superior ores, equal to twenty per cent, of the whole cost, or 
 about fifty per cent, greater than in the Swedish mines, but there 
 water was exclusively used. 
 
 It is not difficult to understand how horses* have come to play so 
 important a part at our mines. 
 
 * It should be noted that oxen have been in use for some time at the Lake Superior 
 mine, but, so far as I am informed, at no other. 
 
274 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 The first operation in opening a new mine is, usually, to strip 
 off the earth and rock covering, which can be best accomplished 
 with the horse and cart. On the ore face thus exposed, mining is 
 begun, the ore being hauled to the cars (often not brought very 
 near to the pit), and such rock as is mixed with the ore is sorted 
 out and hauled in another direction. It is very convenient and eco- 
 nomical to back a cart directly to the miners' hands, and this was 
 done until it came to be regarded as tJie way to get out ore. There 
 was certainly no better way at the start in many cases ; but when 
 horses come to be used on hauls of over 500 feet and up grades, in 
 places as steep as I in 10, the operation costing 25 to 30 cents per 
 ton, it may be worth while to ask if such ore had not better be left 
 in the ground until machinery propelled by steam can be brought 
 to bear on it. Another cause which conspired to prolong this expen- 
 sive mode, was the great demand for ore during the war and the 
 consequent high prices. Mine superintendents were given no time 
 to plan nor make improvements looking to future economy. Mine 
 owners did not then want surveys, nor machinery, nor tunnels, nor 
 anything that had reference to the future ; they only wanted ore, 
 nor did they care much what it cost, nor .what the quality was (so 
 consumers say) : it was ore, ore, ore ! Wherever three men could 
 be set at work, a cart was backed up to them and shipments began 
 from a new pit. 
 
 On short hauls, smooth roads, and light grades, horses can be 
 used to advantage, and will continue to be so used, especially where 
 there is more or less uncertainty as to the quantity of ore in the pit 
 worked, which is often the case. But where there is a large 
 mass of ore, rock, or earth to be moved under any other circum- 
 stances, it will usually pay to bring steam-power to bear upon it. 
 Portable, or easily-to-be-moved railroads, and small locomotives 
 for long hauls are in much favor at this time, and would have the 
 advantage of utilizing existing wagon-roads. But the first step in 
 many cases is undoubtedly to lay horse railways on the present 
 roads. As is shown above in the remarks on the use of horses in 
 certain New York icon mines, one animal can move from ten to 
 twenty thousand tons on such roads in one year. If the horses at 
 our Marquette mines can be made to perform one third this amount 
 of work, the present cost of hauling will be reduced fifty per cent. 
 
 Portable hoisting-engines are extensively used in New Jersey and 
 
WILLSON'S DUMP WAGON 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 275 
 
 Pennsylvania ; they can be set up quickly just where wanted, and 
 handle material rapidly and with great economy. A thorough sys- 
 tem of under-ground communications which would bring all or most 
 of the material to the main hoisting-shaft is always to be aimed at, as 
 in this way the dead lift may be made by steam. At present, owing 
 to the continued pressure for ore, it is not uncommon to see ore 
 and rock carted up-hill, over abominable roads, from pits which in a 
 few months, perhaps, will or could be reached by drifts along which 
 the ore could be cheaply trammed to a steam hoisting-shaft. 
 
 As may be supposed, this extensive use of draught animals has 
 led to great perfection in the carts, wagons, and sleds. A dump- 
 sled for winter use, contrived by Captain Merry, of the Jackson 
 mine, is a perfect vehicle of its kind. I am unable to give draw- 
 ings of but one, known as Daniel Willson's Patent Dump Wagon, 
 of which over 50 are in use in the region. See Plate XVII. 
 
 While harnessed to the cart or wagon is the favorite mode of 
 using the horse, it is by no means the only way. Some pits in the 
 course of mining became too deep for cart roads ; these were in 
 many instances worked by swing derricks, horses being the power 
 employed ; the long booms of these derricks made it possible to 
 drop the bucket in different parts of a wide pit. This method is, 
 however, very expensive, as the following figures will show. The 
 total lift from bottom of pit to bottom of cart was in one case 79 
 feet ; the cost being as follows : 
 
 2 men filling $4 oo 
 
 1 man to land 2 oo 
 
 2 derrick horses and driver 525 
 
 $11 25 
 
 This sum paid for hoisting 45 tons in 10 hours, is equal to 25 cents 
 per ton. In one case, where the hoist was 55 feet, the cost was 16 
 cents per ton. 
 
 In another case, with the ordinary two-bucket horse-whim, the 
 cost of hoisting 65 feet, and landing, was 6 cents per ton ; this did 
 not include filling the buckets. In another case the ore was hoisted 
 40 feet, and landed for 5 cents per ton, not including the filling. 
 Estimating the filling at 10 cents, these facts show that it costs in 
 
2/6 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 the cases cited an average of i cent to lift one ton of ore 7 feet, 
 including the landing or dumping, which employs one man. 
 
 Without attempting to fully solve the important problem of 
 the best mode of handling the material at Marquette mines, for 
 that is beyond the scope of this report, I would suggest the follow- 
 ing general policy as being safe for the mines to pursue : 
 
 Let all large pits now worked, where a considerable amount of 
 horse labor is required, be suspended until some form of steam ma- 
 chinery can be brought to bear on them. There are, of course, 
 exceptions to this rule : for instance, where the other costs are un- 
 usually light, more money may be expended in handling the ore, as 
 is often the case with the soft hematites ; but the principle is, I think, 
 correct. It would not be difficult to find many instances of this 
 kind ; for example, a given pit is worked, the ore being moved by 
 horses, at a profit say of 50 cents per ton, which if left for one year 
 could be reached by some tunnel or other improvement which would 
 permit the same ore to be taken out at a profit of $1.00 per ton ; 
 it would certainly pay to wait in such instances. In these cases it 
 will usually be found that the superintendent has been persuaded 
 into promising that his mine can be made to produce a certain 
 amount of ore which may have been already sold, his attention 
 being thereby fixed on a large product, rather than cheap mining. 
 This subject will be considered more fully below. I will here only 
 ask, if it is not better policy for a mine to net say $50,000 on 50,000 
 tons of ore, than to make the same sum on 100,000 tons. If the 
 mines were inexhaustible it might not make much difference, but 
 as it is, it may make all the difference there is between a profitable 
 business and an unprofitable one in the end. It must be borne in 
 mind, that while the ore business has been on the whole profitable, 
 there are large mines that have been producing ore for years that 
 have never returned a dollar to their stockholders. 
 
 Among the mining appliances which have been brought to great 
 perfection in the Marquette region, are the various forms of 
 pockets and shoots for transferring the ore, first, from the mine 
 cars, buckets, and carts to the railroad cars, and second, from these 
 to the vessel. 
 
 The magnificent ore docks at Marquette, Escanaba, and L'Anse 
 belong to the latter class, and are undoubtedly the best of the kind 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 
 
 in the United States if not in the world. They are described and 
 illustrated in Chapter I., and in Appendix F. of Vol. II. 
 
 Of the first class there are numerous varieties, from the simple 
 log crib built up alongside and above the track, into which the 
 ore is dumped from elevated railways, and from the sloping bottom 
 of which it is "shot" through holes closed by rods into cars at a 
 cost of not over 3*^ cents per ton, to the more expensive and per- 
 fect contrivance employed at the Cleveland mine, which is shown 
 in Plate XVIII. 
 
 The mine car in this case passes over the centre of the pocket, 
 which dumps its ore in turn into a car or cart below, by an ingeni- 
 ously arranged door which is shown on an enlarged scale. 
 
 4. Loading Ore from Stock Pile. During the winter no ship- 
 ments are made from the mines, hence the product has to be piled up. 
 It is the policy of some mines, and I think it is the best, to do 
 most of their dead work in the winter, hence to stock but 
 little ore ; others maintain nearly the same rate of production in 
 proportion to the force employed, winter and summer. Stocked 
 ore has to be loaded in cars by hand, which is always contract 
 work and costs from 9 to 12 cents per ton, the mean being, say 1 1 
 cents, including all costs connected with it. This amount, distributed 
 over the whole product for the year, was found to average for the 
 cases inquired into, 3 T 5 T) - cents per ton. 
 
 5. Machinery for Pumping and Hoisting. Notwithstanding 
 the great cost of the work of horses, a large amount of machinery, 
 as has already been remarked, is now in use, as the following state- 
 ments will prove : 
 
 The introduction of machinery has so far seemed to make but 
 little relative diminution in the number of horses employed, because 
 of the greater amount of waste material which has to be moved in 
 the later years. The amount given in the table, opposite this item, 
 H T 2__ cents, is designed to be an approximation to the cost of run- 
 ning the machinery of such mines as have plants distributed over 
 the entire product of those mines. I estimate that less than one- 
 half of the product of such mines was handled by machinery in 1870. 
 The actual cost of moving the ore so handled, including the pump- 
 ing, varied from 14 to 21 cents, the mean, as shown by my data, 
 being about 18 cents. This cost is made up of wages of engineers 
 and firemen, say fifteen per cent.; fillers, landers, and surface tram- 
 19 
 
278 IRON-BEARING ROCtfS. 
 
 ming, sixty per cent.; fuel, repairs of machinery and supplies, say 
 twenty-five per cent. This covers the cost from miners' hands to 
 cars or stock pile. 
 
 While this sum is materially less than the cost of the same work 
 by horses, it is much greater than in the Copper region of Lake 
 Superior, where this work is brought to great perfection. Some 
 of the appliances employed in the Copper region cannot be used 
 at iron mines on account of the greater irregularity of the deposits. 
 But time will introduce many economies which will reduce this item 
 below the figures given. It must be borne in mind, in comparing the 
 cost of steam machinery with horses, that in the^case of the engines 
 all the pumping is included, while the horses handle only the ore and 
 rock. Making this correction, it is safe to say that it costs at least four 
 times as much to handle the same material by horses as by machinery. 
 
 The following description of recently erected plants will give a 
 good idea of the machinery now in use at the iron mines, it being 
 essentially such as is employed at the copper mines. 
 
 The Macomber mine machinery consists of one steam-engine 
 with cylinder 18 x 24 inches, with bed cast solid in one piece. 
 Valve is of the kind known as the H valve, and is worked by link 
 motion ; steam pipe 4 inches in diameter ; exhaust pipe 6 inches in 
 diameter ; engine supplied with the Judson governor. Pump for 
 feeding boiler is worked from cross-head ; also an auxiliary for fire 
 protection, etc. Main shaft is 5 inches in diameter, of hammered 
 iron, and 1 6 feet long. One boiler 48 inch shell, 26 feet long, with 
 two 1 8-inch flues. Smoke-stack is 40 feet high and 24 inches in 
 diameter. The winding drums are 4 feet in diameter, and of suffi- 
 cient capacity to contain 525 feet of i^ inch wire rope. They are 
 worked by a friction movement, thrown in and out of gear by 
 means of eccentrics with lever attachments. The brakes are known 
 as band-brakes, which clamp the entire surface of the drum, 5 inches 
 in width, and are of sufficient power to hold a loaded skip at any 
 point in case of accident. They are worked by levers with hand or 
 foot, as may be desired. The drums make about 13^4 revolutions 
 per minute, the engine making 80, which gives the skip a speed of 
 a trifle less than 3 feet per second. The skips are of heavy boiler 
 iron, each having four 12-inch wheels. The capacity of each is 35 
 cubic feet, equal to about 2^/ 2 tons of ore. The pump is 10 inches 
 in diameter by 6 feet stroke, capable of discharging 660 gallons of 
 
PI. XIX 
 
 Pumping , Hoisting and Ladder Shaft 295 ff 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 
 
 279 
 
 water per minute. It is worked from a slotted crank arm, on end 
 of main drum shaft, which admits of lengthening or shortening the 
 stroke at pleasure. The pump is double acting, with single valve 
 on a new plan. It is furnished with rods, travellers, connections, 
 balance bobs, etc. This machinery was furnished complete in all 
 its parts, and set up at the mine in working order for pumping and 
 hoisting by the Iron Bay Foundry, Marquette, Mich., 1872. 
 
 The Barnum mine plant consists of one horizontal high pressure 
 steam-engine of 20 inches diameter of cylinder and 30 inches stroke ; 
 steam furnished by two tubular boilers, each 48 inches in diameter 
 and 14 feet long, and each containing 50 tubes, three inches in 
 diameter. Maximum power of this engine is 120 horse, but is 
 working at present at one-third its capacity. There are two 
 winding drums, each 5 feet in diameter; speed of engine about 60 
 revolutions per minute, and of drums about 12. Drums are at- 
 tached to main shaft by cone-gears, which are operated by steam 
 cylinders and levers ; screw-levers control the brakes and drums 
 during the descent of the skip. 
 
 Engine is connected to the drum-shaft by spur-gearing in the 
 proportion of one to five ; speed of skip in shaft, about 3 feet per 
 second ; load of ore, 5,000 pounds ; weight of skip, which is self- 
 dumping, is 2,400 pounds, making the total load 7,400 pounds. 
 Actual power employed, about 47 horse ; engine also draws water 
 with a 6-inch Cornish pump. Total weight of this machinery 
 about 42 tons, and total cost about $10,000. Built at the Michigan 
 Iron Foundry, Detroit, in 1869. 
 
 The foregoing described plants, together with those given in the 
 subjoined tabular statement (pages 280 and 281), embrace over 
 three-fourths of all the machinery employed in hoisting and pump- 
 ing in the entire region. 
 
 V. MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL EXPENSES. 
 
 This covers only such expenses as are incurred in the mining 
 region, and not salaries of officers above the superintendent, nor 
 the cost of selling the ore. 
 
 I? 2. Salaries, Office Expenses, and Taxes. This element of 
 cost constitutes less than 5 per cent, of the whole cost of the ore, 
 
280 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF STATIONARY ENGINES, WITH THEIR 
 
 (j 
 
 z 
 
 h 
 
 H 
 
 en 
 
 | 
 
 ." !' 
 
 d 
 .1 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 _c g 
 "> "^ 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 ^c/3 
 
 =t) 
 
 D 
 
 V) O 
 
 &1 
 
 i| 
 
 
 "* 
 
 G' 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 $ 
 
 O 
 
 u 
 
 E<~ 
 
 ^ a o 
 
 || 
 
 o i 
 
 *.S 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'S'Sjj 
 
 "8 
 
 i -g 
 
 <! 
 
 
 o P.- 1 
 
 :f H!' 
 
 g| 
 
 to 
 
 IN 
 
 XJ1 
 
 o 
 
 * -I 
 
 
 
 
 UJ ^ 
 
 
 !** 
 
 
 Pit No. 4. 
 
 i 3 "x 3 o",one 
 
 2 
 
 Steam supplied for 
 
 70 Ibs. 
 
 140 
 
 Hoisting. 
 
 125 feet. 
 
 120 
 
 
 
 40 horse, 
 
 
 this double and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Root's pat'nt 
 
 
 single engine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trunk engine 
 
 
 from two of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Root's patent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 boilers, 50 horse- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 power each, con- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nected together. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pit No. 6. 
 
 i3"x 30", 
 
 I 
 
 do. do. do. 
 
 70 Ibs. 
 
 4 o 
 
 Hoisting and 
 
 From 
 
 2OO 
 
 
 
 one 40 horse 
 
 
 
 
 
 pumping. 
 
 80 ft. to 
 
 
 
 
 Root's pat'nt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 125 ft. 
 
 
 
 
 .runk engine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pit No. 7. 
 
 8"x 12" 
 
 2 
 
 One boiler, 42" dia- 
 
 70 Ibs. 
 
 20 
 
 Hoisting and 
 
 50 feet. 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 meter x 12 feet 
 
 
 
 pumping. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 long, tubular, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40-3 in. flues. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pit No. 5. 
 
 5 "x8" 
 
 
 Tubular boiler, 40 
 
 70 Ibs. 
 
 8 
 
 Hoisting. 
 
 50 feet. 
 
 40 tons 
 
 
 
 
 
 in. diam. x 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 of ore, 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft. long, 40-3 in. 
 
 
 
 
 
 rock and 
 
 
 
 
 
 tubes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 
 Machine 
 
 8x 16 
 
 I 
 
 Tubular boiler, 60 
 
 
 
 Running ma- 
 
 
 
 
 shop. 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 in. diam. x 25 
 
 
 
 chinery in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ft. long, 12 1-2 in. 
 
 
 
 shop. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tubes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 shafts now 
 
 
 I 
 
 Two return flue 
 
 
 
 One 6-inch 
 
 
 
 
 worked by 
 main en- 
 
 One horizon- 
 
 
 boilers, 42 inches 
 diam., 28 ft. long, 
 
 
 
 plunge pump. 
 
 
 
 
 gine. 
 
 tal engine, 
 
 
 2 flues in each, 16 
 
 
 
 One No. 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 inches 
 
 
 inches diameter. 
 
 65 Ibs. 60 on 
 
 Earle pump, at 
 
 
 
 Champion - 
 
 2 new shafts 
 now being 
 sunk. 
 
 bore, 20 in. 
 stroke of 
 piston. 
 
 
 One locomotive 
 boiler, 28 inches 
 diam. of shell, 26 
 
 to the hoist- 3d level of No. 
 sq. in. ing 3 shaft ; elevat- 
 drums ine water to 
 
 1 80 feet. 
 
 400 from 
 4 shafts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 x 30 in. fire-box, 
 
 
 
 surface ; sup- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36-2 in. flues, at 
 
 
 
 plied with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ist level of No. 3 
 
 
 
 steam from boi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shaft. 
 
 
 
 ler at ist level. 
 
 
 
 
 Nos. 2 & 3. 
 
 24x36 
 inches. 
 
 1 
 
 Two. 5 ft. diam., 
 27 ft. long, with 
 return flues each. 
 
 70 Ibs. 
 
 150 
 
 Pumping and 
 hoisting. 
 
 300 feet. 
 
 200 
 
 Edwards. - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lake Ange 
 line 
 
 - 2 Pits. 
 
 16 x 24 
 inches. 
 
 I 
 
 One. 42 in. shell, 
 20 ft. long, with 
 2-14 in. flues. 
 
 60 Ibs. 
 
 60 
 
 Pumping and 
 hoisting. 
 
 75 feet. 
 
 150 
 
 
 Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 At No. 7 op- 
 ening, known 
 as No. i & 2, 
 skip roads. 
 
 16 x 24 
 
 inches. 
 
 I 
 
 One boiler, 2 flues, 
 24 ft. 6 in. length, 
 44 in. diameter. 
 
 90 Ibs. 
 
 5 
 
 Hoisting. 
 
 No. i skip, 
 130 feet. 
 No. 2 skip, 
 55 feet. 
 
 [Is 
 
 
 Main shaft. 
 
 20 X 30 
 
 inches. 
 
 I 
 
 Two boilers, 3 flues, 
 43 x 6 feet. 
 
 60 Ibs. 
 
 
 Hoisting and 
 pumping. 
 
 160 feet. 
 
 350 
 
 
 Hematite. 
 
 12 X 20 
 
 inches. 
 
 I 
 
 One boiler, 2 flues, 
 3% x 24 feet. 
 
 65 Ibs. 
 
 
 Hoisting and 
 pumping. 
 
 130 feet 
 
 IOO 
 
 perior . . ' 
 
 Portable en- 
 gine & boiler 
 
 10 x 18 
 inches. 
 
 I 
 
 One boiler, flue. 
 
 30 Ibs. 
 
 
 Hoisting and, 60 feet, 
 pumping. 
 
 
 
 "Sect.i6." 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sect. 21. 
 
 10X12 
 
 I 
 
 One boiler, upright 35 Ibs. 
 
 
 Hoisting. 60 feet. 
 
 
 
 
 inches. 
 
 
 flue. i 
 
 
 J 
 
 
METHOD AND COST OF MINING. 
 
 28l 
 
 WORK, AT SIX MARQUETTE MINES, JANUARY, 1873. 
 
 d 
 
 0, 
 
 * ' 
 
 1.3 
 
 M 
 
 Diameter of Barrel- 
 pump in inches. 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 OH 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 Revolutions of En- 
 gines per minute. 
 
 lj Shaft. 
 
 .S 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Hours per da 
 Pump is we 
 
 Inclined. 
 
 Two 5 ft. drums, 
 with 4 wheel, 
 self- dumping. 
 Skip-car 2> 
 tons. 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 2 
 
 One cord of wood 
 per day ; don't 
 run at night. 
 
 There are also two (2) 
 i2-horse power loco- 
 motives, which are 
 used for distributing 
 cars in the tunnels dur- 
 ing the shipping sea- 
 son. 
 
 Two 3 ft. drums, 
 one hoisting 
 skip-car 2> 
 tons, 4 hoisting 
 patent dump 
 buckets i ton 
 each. 
 
 8 
 
 Cornish jack-head. 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 c i 
 
 Inside dump-car 
 3 tons. 
 
 8 
 
 Cornish jack-head. 
 
 100 
 
 12 
 
 i 
 
 One cord ot woodj 
 per day ; don't 
 run at night. 
 
 Also four (4) steam 
 pumps, which are used 
 in various parts of the 
 mine, viz. : i No. 9 
 Earle steam pump ; i 
 No. 8 Knowles steam 
 pump ; i No. G Came- 
 ron steam pump ; i 
 Worthington duplex 
 pump ; also one 8 
 eight) inch double- 
 acting bucket pump. 
 
 Bucket i ton. 
 
 
 
 IOO 
 
 IO 
 
 i 
 
 % cord per day. 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 One cord per day. 
 
 Wrought- iron 
 skips, 42 inches 
 long, 30 in 
 width and 
 depth. Hold 
 3,000 Ibs. of 
 ore. 
 
 6 
 
 Plunge-pump, 6 in. 
 diameter of cylin- 
 der and 6 in. col- 
 umn, elevating the 
 water to the surface 
 1 80 feet. 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 incl'd 
 
 Mixed wood, four 
 cords in 24 hours. 
 
 Makers Hodge & 
 Christie, Detroit, Mich. 
 This one engine does 
 all the work of this 
 mine. 
 
 Cornish skip t% 
 tons. 
 
 Two 6 
 in. 
 
 One 7 
 in. 
 
 One 8 
 
 in. 
 
 Two 6-in. draw-lifts 
 from 5th to 4th lev- 
 els, at Nos. 2 and 3 
 shafts. 
 One 8-in. draw-lift, 
 at No. 2 shaft, from 
 5th level to ad. 
 One 7-inch plunger- 
 pole, from 4th leve 
 at No. 3 shaft, tak- 
 ing also No. 2 water 
 to surface. 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 incl'd 
 
 Wood, six co ids. 
 
 Makers Hodge & 
 Christie, Detroit. 
 See plan of mine 
 Plate xix. 
 
 Cornish skip i% 
 tons. 
 
 
 One lo-inch double- 
 acting pump. 
 
 3 
 
 IO 
 
 incl'd 
 
 Wood, 2% cords 
 Coal, %, ton. 
 
 Maker D. H. Merritt, 
 Marquette. 
 
 Iron self-dumper 
 about i ton. 
 
 
 Earle. Nos. 4, 6 
 and 7. 
 
 see cata 
 logue. 
 
 3 
 
 vert'l 
 
 Coal, hard & sof 
 wood ; about i,5oc 
 Ibs. coal in 24 h. 
 4 cords wood in do 
 
 t Furnishing steam for 
 > Burleigh Drill Com- 
 pressor, 3 Earle pumps 
 (2 No. 4 & i No. 7), be- 
 sides to hoisting engi's. 
 
 Iron skip 3 tons. 
 
 10 
 
 Plunger. 
 
 about 
 30 
 
 IO 
 
 incl'd 
 
 'Six cords wood. 
 
 Makers Wash'n Iron 
 Works, N'burgh, N. Y. 
 
 Iron car 3 tons. 
 
 8 
 
 Bucket plunger. 
 
 about 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 incl'd 
 
 Three cords wood 
 
 
 Iron skip 2 tons 
 
 6 
 
 Bucket plunger. 
 
 about 
 40 
 
 10 
 
 incl'd 
 
 Three cords wood 
 
 
 Iron skip 2 tons 
 
 
 
 about 
 80 
 
 
 incl'd 
 
 Three cords wood 
 
 
282 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 amounting to about 12 cents per ton. I am happy to note here a 
 much better showing than in the Persberg mines, Sweden, where 
 this item, in 1870, cost 16^4 per cent, of the whole, or 36 cents 
 per ton of ore ; nearly three times its cost with us. I presume the 
 excess of this item in Sweden may be largely due to heavier 
 taxes, and smaller production. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORES. ANALYSES. 
 
 THIS chapter contains the results of over one hundred and fifty 
 analyses, more or less complete, of iron ores from the Upper Pen- 
 insula of Michigan, mostly from the Marquette region, together 
 with five analyses of pig-iron produced from these ores ; and several 
 analyses of ores from other parts of the U. S., which are largely 
 used with Lake Superior ores as mixtures. In order to bring out 
 the variations in quality of the ores, and to obtain reliable practi- 
 cal averages, seldom less than two and in one instance eight samples 
 were analyzed from the same mine. 
 
 By far the largest portion of the samples, the analyses of which 
 appear in this Report, were selected by myself with a view to ob- 
 taining a fair and safe average of the ore sampled, one that would 
 be borne out and confirmed by practically working the same ore in 
 the furnace. I am well aware, from extended observation and 
 practical experience, that a large majority of the published analyses 
 of iron ores, not only have no practical value, but are positively 
 detrimental to the best interests of the iron trade, representing as 
 they so often do the ores to be richer in iron than they actually are, 
 simply because the samples analyzed were not honestly or skilfully 
 collected. Even the most skilful and conscientious men, if they 
 err at all in collecting a sample from a new iron location, are 
 almost sure to err on the side of finding too much, rather than too 
 little iron. The chemist is often wrongly blamed for these false 
 results. My experience with many analysts leads me to believe 
 that they are, as a rule, thoroughly honest and painstaking men, 
 who return correct results for the samples sent them the trouble 
 is with the samplers. This point receives further consideration 
 under Explorations, Chapter VII. 
 
 In earnestly endeavoring to avoid this rock on which so many 
 mining engineers and geologists have wrecked their reputations, I 
 
284 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 may in some instances have gone to the opposite extreme and col- 
 lected samples which were below the average richness at least I 
 am quite persuaded that I shall be charged with this hence ven- 
 ture this explanation in advance of the charge. If such mistakes 
 are found, I can only say myself and not the analysts are to 
 blame, and I stand ready to make such corrections as lie in my 
 power. 
 
 My method of sampling is as follows : 1st. To obtain an aver- 
 age of a producing mine ; I found that the immense stock piles 
 accumulated at Cleveland, Ohio, at the end of the shipping sea- 
 son, afforded excellent opportunities for sampling. The stock 
 piles at the mines or a large number of loaded cars were often re- 
 sorted to, and in many instances it was thought best to go into the 
 mine and take the samples from the solid ledge or the loose ore as 
 it was being taken out. In either case an ordinary shot bag, hold- 
 ing 4 or 5 pounds of ore, was filled with small fragments, varying 
 from the size of a pea to that of a ivalnut, of all kinds of ore, from 
 all parts of the pile, together with the rock, if any, which was found 
 mixed with the ore. Some of these fragments were picked up and 
 some were broken from larger pieces ; the dust and mud over the 
 ore made it often impossible to distinguish whether the pieces taken 
 were ore or rock. These samples were all pulverized and thor- 
 oughly mixed, and from this the specimens were taken for the 
 chemist, the same being forwarded by mail in small numbered tin 
 tubes ; and in each instance a pound or more of the pulverized ore 
 was retained for future reference. The reserved portions are now in 
 my safe in Marquette, from which samples will be furnished to any 
 who may desire. 2d. To obtain an average sample from a new lo- 
 cality or from exploration pits is more difficult and unsatisfactory. 
 This subject is fully treated under Explorations, Chapter VII. 
 
 With all this care my results varied, in extreme cases, from 10 per 
 cent, below to 5 per cent, above the true average, but the common 
 variation was not more than three per cent. Two or three of the 
 extreme results, known to be wrong, are omitted from the tables. 
 The name of the sampler is in every case given when known, 
 and the circumstances of its collection are briefly stated in the 
 notes. The samples collected by E. R. Taylor, of Cleveland, were, 
 at my request, taken in accordance with the rules above given. 
 
 The surname of the chemists and date at which analysis was 
 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORES ANALYSES. 285 
 
 made, as near as could be ascertained, are given under the result in 
 every instance except one. The number of analyses made, with 
 names in full and address of these gentlemen, are as follows : 
 
 No. Made. 
 
 Professor Oscar D. Allen, New Haven, Conn. ... 17 
 
 Professor Geo. J. Brush, New Haven, Conn I 
 
 J. Blodgett Britton, Philadelphia, Pa 56 
 
 A. A. Blair, St. Louis, Mo 2 
 
 Dr. C. F. Chandler, School of Mines, N. Y 8 
 
 Dr. C. F. Chandler and F. A. Cairns, School 
 
 of Mines, N. Y 12 
 
 Chandler and Schweitzer I 
 
 F. H. Emmerton, Chicago, 111 I 
 
 F. B. Jenney, Marquette, Mich , . . . 8 
 
 Prof. Geo. W. Maynard, New York 5 
 
 Maynard and Wendel 3 
 
 Ed. R. Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio 14 
 
 Dr. A. Wendel, Troy, N. Y 20 
 
 Dr. Otto Wuth, Pittsburgh, Pa 30 
 
 Samuel Peters i 
 
 T. G. Wormley 4 
 
 The metallic iron was usually determined by but one chemist, 
 as the chances of difference on this element are small. Phos- 
 phorus determinations are more difficult, and considerable differ- 
 ences in the amount of this element found in the same sample by 
 different chemists, will be observed. For this reason duplicates 
 were often sent to two and sometimes to three ; the results being 
 given as returned by them. If any one supposes the differences 
 to be due to errors in samples, which is improbable, I will gladly 
 furnish duplicates for re-examination. The specific gravities of 
 powder were mostly determined by Mr. Jenney, and not by the 
 chemists over whose names they are sometimes placed. 
 
 The subjoined table contains an approximate general summary of 
 the results, exhibiting the average composition of the four classes 
 of ore now produced by the following mines : 
 
 I. Red Specular Ores. Barnum, Cleveland, Jackson, Lake 
 Superior, New York, Republic, and Kloman. 
 
 II. Black Magnetic and Slate Ores. Champion, Edwards, Michi- 
 gan, Spurr, and Washington. 
 
286 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 III. Soft Hematites. Foster, Lake Superior, Lake Angeline, 
 Taylor, Macomber, New England, Shenango, S. C. Smith, and 
 Winthrop. 
 
 IV. Flag Ore. Cascade. 
 
 Table No. XIII. of Atlas contains a somewhat similar summary so 
 far as metallic iron and phosphorus are concerned. More facts are 
 incorporated in this table, which has slightly changed the averages. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 
 19.639 
 
 
 
 
 00.1:2 
 
 67.761 
 
 7C.7C 
 
 7 9& 
 
 
 Trace. 
 
 o. 13 
 
 0.80 
 
 Trace. 
 
 
 1.^9 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.^6 
 
 2.OI 
 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.68 
 
 2 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.45 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.69 
 
 O.294 
 
 o. 20 
 
 Sulphur . . 
 
 o cK 
 
 o. 132 
 
 o. no 
 
 0.03 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 0.2^8 
 
 O. IQO 
 
 o. i8q 
 
 0.13 
 
 Silicic Acid, Silica, or ) 
 
 ; 802 
 
 7 828 
 
 14. O'K 
 
 2C 12 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter \ ' ' 
 Water Combined . . . 
 
 
 
 ^ 04. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 18 
 
 
 " Total.. 
 
 0.77 
 
 0.811 
 
 
 1. 08 
 
 Volatile Matter 
 
 
 
 i 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IOO.OOO 
 
 IOO.OOO 
 
 IOO.OOO 
 
 IOO.OO 
 
 Metallic Iron .... 
 
 62 QI 1 ^ 
 
 62 Q^O 
 
 f2 64.0 
 
 A a T.T.2 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 O.III 
 
 0.085 
 
 0.078 
 
 0.05 3 
 
 Sulphur . . 
 
 o.o<; 
 
 o. 132 
 
 O I IO 
 
 o o^ 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 Trace. 
 
 O.OQI 
 
 o. s6 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 4.74 
 
 4. CQ 
 
 3.88 
 
 4.09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A glance at this table shows us that, except the soft hematite III., 
 which contains about 5 per cent, of water, all the ores are essen- 
 tially and chiefly composed of oxide of iron and silica or insoluble 
 silicious matter. The other elements, viz., oxide of manganese, 
 alumina, lime, magnesia, sulphur, phosphoric acid, and water amount 
 in the aggregate to only about 5 per cent, in the I., II., and IV. 
 classes. So constant is this ratio that a valuable determination of 
 iron in a hard ore, and one sufficiently accurate for practical pur- 
 poses, can be made by ascertaining the percentage of insoluble 
 silicious matter, adding 5 to it and subtracting the sum from 100. 
 The result is the iron oxide, which, multiplied by .70 for red, and 
 . 72 for black oxides, gives the metallic iron. 
 
 Regarding the percentage of metallic iron, consumers of Lake 
 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORES ANALYSES. 287 
 
 Superior ores will at once note that their furnace books very often 
 show a higher yield than 62.9 per cent., which is given in the table 
 as the average percentage for first-class ores. This may not have 
 been the case in exceptional years, like 1872, when the consump- 
 tion so crowded the production that mines had not the time nor 
 skilled labor to make such selection as they usually make. But that 
 furnaces running on first-class ores usually make a better yield than 
 that given, is shown by " Table of Metallurgical Qualities of certain 
 Lake Superior Ores by Consumers," Plate No. xill. of Atlas, where 
 various consumers credited these ores, in 1870, with an average 
 of over sixty-four per cent, of iron, as shown by their furnace-books. 
 This discrepancy is easily accounted for ; the chemist's result is in 
 pure metallic iron, the furnace man's is in pig iron, which contains 
 several per cent, of carbon and silicon, and other substances, see 
 subjoined analyses. Therefore the chemist should always find less 
 iron than is shown by the furnace accounts if he has an average 
 sample of the ore. Just what this difference is depends on the 
 grade of iron made, on the waste in the slag, and other things : 
 good authorities have placed it at 2\ per cent. 
 
 Passing to a more detailed examination of the facts recorded in 
 the table, we find, in descending order, oxide of manganese has a 
 maximum of nearly one per cent, in the hematite, and is nothing in 
 the specular and flag ores. If the hematite was subdivided into 
 manganiferous and non-manganiferous varieties, as suggested un- 
 der Lithology, Chapter III., then one variety would contain only a 
 minute quantity of manganese, while the other would reach an aver- 
 age of, say 3 per cent, of the oxide. The presence of manganese 
 adds to the value of an ore, especially for making steel. Alumina 
 reaches a maximum of over 2 per cent, in the magnetite ores, and 
 is least in the specular ores. The earthy character of the hematites 
 would lead one to expect more of this element in that class. Lime 
 and magnesia aggregate a trifle over one per cent, in the high 
 grade ore, and less than this amount in those of low grade. 
 Sulphur is relatively .most abundant in the magnetites ; but, so far 
 as I know, the minute quantity found has never been objected to 
 by consumers of the ore. The quantity of phosphoric acid and 
 phosphorus is of such moment in connection with the wants of the 
 Bessemer steel manufacture, now rapidly developing in the West, 
 that this subject will receive especial attention hereafter. 
 
288 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 The distribution and relations of the silicious matter have been 
 mentioned ; it has its maximum in the flag ores where it reaches 
 one-fourth of the whole weight, and is least in the rich speculars, 
 which contain only about 6 per cent, on the average. 
 
 The total water in the hard ores is only about I per cent. In 
 the soft hematites it rises to an average of over 5 per cent., and, as 
 will be seen in the subjoined analyses, increases in a few instances to 
 about twice this amount, the greater part of which is combined with 
 the limonite, which largely makes up the soft ore. An appreciable 
 amount of volatile matter, supposed to be mostly carbonaceous, 
 occurs only in the hematite ores. The specific gravities given will 
 be observed to have a very significant relation to the amount of 
 iron, which subject is considered fully in Chapter III. 
 
 Phosphorus in Lake Superior Ores. 
 
 Pig-iron intended for the use of steel makers must be remarkably 
 free from phosphorus, one-tenth of one per cent., according to 
 some authorities, being the maximum amount allowable for many 
 purposes. As it has been found impossible, up to this time, to 
 eliminate this element from the metal either in the blast furnace or 
 in any of the various processes for making steel, it is indispensa- 
 ble, in steel manufacture, that we start with an ore comparatively 
 free from it ; and for the best bar iron, only a very small amount 
 of phosphorus is admissible, its effect being to produce cold 
 shortness. 
 
 It is a safe practical maxim of iron metallurgy that all the phos- 
 phorus contained in the coal, limestone, and ore charged into a blast 
 furnace will be found in the resulting pig-iron, and that the conver- 
 sion of such pig-iron into steel will increase the phosphorus just 
 in the ratio in which the metal is wasted in the process. It is 
 therefore very evident, if say one-tenth of one per cent, only 
 is admissible in steel, not only our ores but fuel and flux must 
 be very free from phosphorus at the start. In considering the 
 facts regarding this element here given, it must be constantly borne 
 in mind that a rich ore may contain more phosphorus than a lean 
 -ore, and yet produce a pig-iron containing less phosphorus than 
 the other, because less of the rich ore is required to make a ton of 
 iron. 
 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORES ANALYSES. 
 
 289 
 
 To illustrate : an ore yielding 66f per cent, in the furnace, and 
 containing .06 of phosphorus, will produce a pig containing .09 of 
 phosphorus ; while an ore containing but 50 per cent, of iron and 
 .05 of phosphorus will produce a pig containing .10 of phospho- 
 rus ; therefore the amount of iron in the ore must be always con- 
 sidered in comparing the amounts of phosphorus. Applying this 
 rule to the facts given in the foregoing table, we shall find that the 
 apparent greater freedom of the hematite and flag ores from phos- 
 phorus is nearly balanced by their comparative poverty in iron. 
 
 The distribution of phosphorus among the Lake Superior ores, 
 so far as my facts go, follows no obvious law ; it seems to have 
 little, if any, relation to the kind of ore. Some of the hematite 
 ores are among the lowest and others among the richest in this ele- 
 ment, and so of the specular and magnetic ores. 
 
 A rule, to which there are, however, several exceptions, seems 
 to be that the ores poor in iron and rich in silica, contain least phos- 
 phorus ; but the analyses of the Republic mountain ore show more 
 iron and less silica than in any other, and that it is also very low in 
 phosphorus. The table of analyses, in Plate No. XIII. of Atlas, 
 presents most of the facts in a compact form ; but as this subject is 
 of peculiar interest at this time in connection with the Bessemer steel 
 manufacture, I venture to incorporate a second tabular statement 
 here, in which the mines are arranged in order of the quantity of 
 phosphorus, beginning with the lowest. No mine is included from 
 which less than two samples have been analyzed. The deposits 
 and mines marked with a * are new, and not sufficiently developed 
 to enable me to say that an average sample of the ore was obtained. 
 
 Mine. 
 
 Kind of Ore. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Lake Angeline 
 
 Winthrop 
 
 Republic* 
 
 Michigamme*. .'.... 
 
 Silas C. Smith 
 
 Cascade 
 
 Menominee Iron reg'n* 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Macomber 
 
 Cascade 
 
 Jaspery Specular 
 
 Soft Hematite 
 
 Specular and Magnetic 
 
 Magnetic 
 
 Hematite 
 
 Flag 
 
 Specular & Hematite . 
 2d Class Magnetic. . . . 
 
 Hematite 
 
 Flag and Specular. . . . 
 
 0.031 
 0.037 
 0.040 
 0.041 
 
 0.047 
 0.053 
 
 0.054 
 0.055 
 0.058 
 0.06 1 
 
 53-83 
 54.63 
 66.51 
 64.388 
 
 49-70 
 
 49.332 
 
 48.209 
 
 49.190 
 
 54.92 
 
 5L253 
 
2 9 
 
 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 Mine. 
 
 Kind of Ore. 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Specular 
 
 o 066 
 
 63 71 5 
 
 Magnetic* 
 
 Magnetic 
 
 o 067 
 
 w j- / L j 
 CA 72 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Do 
 
 o 067 
 
 jt' / ~ 
 
 6 1 60 
 
 Shenango 
 
 Hematite 
 
 O O7O 
 
 56 3i 5 
 
 Champion 
 
 Magnetic and Slate. . . 
 
 O O7^ 
 
 j w> j * D 
 63 55 
 
 Negaunee * 
 
 Manganifs. Soft Hem'e 
 
 O O74 
 
 AA -7Q 
 
 Lake Angeline 
 
 Hematite 
 
 O O7Q 
 
 5O 7O 
 
 New England 
 
 Soft Hematite 
 
 O.O8O 
 
 48 24. 
 
 Kloman* 
 
 Specular 
 
 o 089 
 
 63 55 
 
 Foster . . 
 
 Hematite 
 
 O OQ4 
 
 V O- j J 
 
 $2 27 
 
 Spurr Mountain* 
 
 Magnetic 
 
 o 104 
 
 D^- *! 
 
 63 81 
 
 Lake Superior . . 
 
 Specular . . 
 
 O IO4. 
 
 62 1 1 
 
 Taylor (L'Anse)* 
 
 Hematite 
 
 O IO7 
 
 52 88 
 
 Jackson ... ... 
 
 Hematite and Jaspery 
 
 1 w 
 O 124. 
 
 57 I US 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Specular . . . 
 
 o 126 
 
 j/ A j j 
 6 1 092 
 
 Lake Superior 
 
 Hematite 
 
 O I3O 
 
 54 IQ 
 
 Saginaw"* 
 
 Specular and Hematite 
 
 O 132 
 
 J*T* ^y 
 
 52 4O 
 
 Barnum 
 
 Specular 
 
 O 134 
 
 61 69 
 
 Washington 
 
 Magnetic . . ... 
 
 O 141 
 
 61 3O5 
 
 New York 
 
 Specular 
 
 O 224- 
 
 6 1 74. 
 
 
 
 
 
 It has been stated that an inspection of the first table did not 
 warrant us in asserting that either of the four classes of ore repre- 
 sented could be easily recognized as being comparatively free from 
 phosphorus ; so an examination of the above presentation of the 
 facts forces us to the conclusion that the distribution is not geo- 
 graphical ; for we here see widely-separated mines containing the 
 same amount of phosphorus, whilst contiguous mines vary widely. 
 In fact, in different parts of the same mine there is found a wide 
 difference in the quantity of this noxious element ; e. g. : The New 
 York mine results show more than twice as much phosphorus in 
 the ore from pit No. i as from pit No. 2 ; and the Lake Superior 
 ore appears to contain less phosphorus than the Barnum, although 
 they belong to one deposit. A part of this difference is undoubt- 
 edly due to errors in sampling and errors in the analysis ; but the 
 number of samples analyzed, the care taken in collecting them, 
 and the reputation of the chemists, leave but little doubt that 
 the relative and absolute average amounts of phosphorus in the 
 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ORES ANALYSES. 
 
 291 
 
 ores from the developed mines are nearly expressed in the fore- 
 going table. 
 
 At the suggestion of Mr. A. L. Holley, I selected, with much 
 care, an average sample of the rock which occurs in the hard ores, 
 more or less of which goes into the furnace, and had it analyzed ; 
 the result was less than the average amount of phosphorus. This 
 fact, in connection with the low amount found in the second class 
 and flag ores, leads me to believe that no care in selecting and sort- 
 ing ore will diminish the quantity of phosphorus. 
 
 By way of verifying the amount of phosphorus in Lake Superior 
 ores, here given, there are presented in the following table five 
 analyses of pig-iron made from them with charcoal, and a flux con- 
 taining no appreciable amount of phosphorus. They may, there- 
 fore, be said to indicate very accurately the amount of phosphorus 
 in the ores, which, as will be seen, averages about the maximum 
 amount given above as admissible in steel. 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Average. 
 
 
 
 
 o 4.7 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica . 
 
 
 i 16 
 
 i 8^ 
 
 j 21 
 
 2 QI 
 
 2 28 
 
 Silicon 
 
 2.24.1? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.88 
 
 y 72 
 
 5 ?e 
 
 
 3 61 
 
 1 -3Q 
 
 Combined " 
 
 80 
 
 o ^o 
 
 O OO 
 
 
 oc 
 
 ^8 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 Q-7 2OI 
 
 
 Q'l AO 
 
 
 
 Q-J -34. 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 138 
 
 o. 104. 
 
 o 082 
 
 o. 126 
 
 OQ2 
 
 o 1 08 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 OI I 
 
 O O4.? 
 
 trace 
 
 
 O4. 
 
 o 0^2 
 
 Metallic Manganese .... 
 
 174. 
 
 
 
 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. i was chipped from many pigs of No. I gray foundry iron 
 made at the Pioneer furnace Negaunee, of Jackson ore. Analysis 
 by Dr. C. F. Chandler. No. 2 is a pig-iron made from assorted 
 Lake Superior ores at the Appleton Furnace, Wisconsin. Analysis 
 by Mr. Morrell. No. 3 is also a specimen of Appleton iron. 
 Analysis by Dr. Wuth. No. 4 is No. I gray foundry iron made 
 by the Jackson Iron Co. at Fayette, Michigan, of Jackson ore with 
 charcoal, and is extensively used in the manufacture of Bessemer 
 steel. Analysis by Mr. Morrell. No. 5 is a specimen of pig 
 made by the Michigan Iron Co. in Marquette County, of a mixture 
 of specular, magnetic, and hematite ores. Analysis by Mr. Morrell. 
 The analysis of Pioneer pig was at the expense of the Survey; 
 the others were furnished by Mr. Holley. It was proposed to 
 
292 IRON-BEARING ROCKS. 
 
 carry this work much further, but the limited means would not 
 permit. 
 
 For contributions in money, and valuable suggestions and en- 
 couragement in obtaining the results set forth in this chapter, I 
 am under especial obligation to John Fritz, of Bethlehem, Pa., and 
 S. P. Ely, of Marquette; A. Pardee, Daniel J. Morrell, A. B. 
 Meeker, and W. H. Barnum also contributed liberally towards 
 paying for the chemical work, which cost nearly $2,000. 
 
 The physical and mineralogical character of the following ores 
 is given under Lithology, in Chapter III. For commercial statis- 
 tics, and, incompletely, the metallurgical qualities, see Plates xn. 
 and Xlii. of Atlas. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 293 
 
 ( The mines are arranged alphabetically. The tipper line gives the member of the sample.} 
 BARNUM MINE Specular Ore. 
 
 
 58. 
 
 14.* 
 
 14.* 
 
 262.* 
 
 262.* 
 
 =77.* 
 
 277 -* 
 
 ^4zv- 
 rages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 93.40 
 
 86 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 0.33 
 
 1.92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur . . -j 
 
 min'te 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 0.23 
 
 
 
 
 o 288 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica 
 
 4 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 0.29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99-50 
 
 99.98 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 65 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 69 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 o. 10 
 
 
 o 083 
 
 
 
 
 o 278 
 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s ei 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 cn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 -o 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 <=' "o 
 
 s *.* 
 
 J 
 
 o o 
 
 9 
 
 T3 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 JJ 
 
 -*= rt 
 
 
 >> >^ 
 
 C 
 
 JJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 U SM 
 
 
 
 ^E5 
 
 1 
 
 1 =' 
 
 
 
 
 >T H C 
 
 3 x C 
 
 if *T 
 
 -C C 
 
 C C 
 
 -c8.C 
 
 wC 
 
 
 
 !<5f 
 
 IP 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 1! 
 
 S2^ 
 
 ^:^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 5 w e 
 
 *o 
 
 <J Co 
 
 23 
 
 ScS 
 
 33 
 
 S l "c5 
 
 
 
 
 NOTES. 58. From three stock piles at mine. 14. Large stock pile at Cleveland. 262. Stock pile at 
 Cleveland. 277. All parts of mine. 
 
 CLEVELAND MINE Specular Ore. 
 
 
 36. 
 
 36. 
 
 36. 
 
 260. 
 
 260. 
 
 271. 
 
 271. 
 
 272. 
 
 272. 
 
 273- 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron.. . . 
 
 88.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.OI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 Silicic Acid or Silica 
 
 0.46 
 6.40 
 
 0.229 
 
 
 
 0.178 
 
 0.14 
 
 0-343 
 
 
 
 0.218 
 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 61.95 
 
 
 
 
 62.10 
 
 
 56.590 
 
 
 
 63.730 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 O.2O 
 
 O. IOO 
 
 0.187 
 
 0.076 
 
 .061 
 
 0.147 
 
 o.i 68 
 
 0.093 
 
 0.154 
 
 O.III 
 
 0.119 
 
 Sulphur .... 
 
 O.OI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 4 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4-93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 V 
 
 a* 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 "c * J 
 
 J3 
 
 o 
 
 T3 O 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 d 
 
 ^ J 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 G rt 8 
 
 3 
 
 *j 
 
 fe * 
 
 
 5 o 
 
 8 
 
 IB p 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 C ~ ) ^; 
 
 ^ 
 
 pq 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^ w 
 
 P3 . 
 
 ^ PQ 
 
 PQ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Chemists 
 Cairns. 
 | Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 o c/} 
 
 p| 
 
 II 
 
 P! 
 
 | M^ 
 
 L) Co 
 
 
 NOTES. 36. Large stock pile in Cleveland. 260. Stock pile in Cleveland. 271. Laurie Genth's Pit, 
 No. 3. 272. Swede's pit. 273. School House opening. The last three were from mine. 
 
 * The occurrence of the same number more than once in this line, signifies that duplicates of the same 
 sample were sent to different chemists. 
 
 20 
 
294 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 CHAMPION MINE Magnetic and Slate Ore. 
 
 
 38. 
 
 38. 
 
 38. 
 
 227. 
 
 227. 
 
 228. 
 
 228. 
 
 ^r.r- 
 rages. 
 
 
 17.87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 74.93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I>1 5 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.116 
 
 
 0.021 
 
 -337 
 
 0.161 
 
 0.316 
 
 
 
 3.70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 0.52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron .... 
 
 100.06 
 
 66.04 
 
 
 
 
 57-97 
 
 
 66.65 
 
 6^.55 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 O. 12 
 
 0.051 
 
 0.048 
 
 0.009 
 
 o.i43 
 
 0.070 
 
 0.136 
 
 .084 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese . . 
 
 O.O3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 4-75 
 
 
 
 4-43 
 
 
 
 4-7 
 
 
 
 
 *u 
 KM 
 
 C H 
 
 !*d 
 
 SS| 
 
 u s| 
 
 III 
 
 , 
 3 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 "0 
 
 II 
 
 tf *-" 
 |f 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 0) 
 
 vT roC 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 s;=S s^ 
 
 j| 
 |M 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 if 
 
 u 
 
 vT ro C 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 \\ 
 
 11 
 
 $ 
 
 33 
 
 i*| 
 
 <0 '-0 
 
 II 
 
 <^s 
 
 Oj 
 
 
 NOTES. 38. Large stock pile in Cleveland, all varieties. 
 >re," Shafts Nos. i, 2, arid 3. The two last from mine. 
 
 227. " Slate ore," Shaft No. 4. 228. " Black 
 
 CASCADE MINES Flag Ore. 
 
 
 17- 
 
 22. 
 
 22. 
 
 257- 
 
 257. 
 
 258. 
 
 5 8. 
 
 15. 
 
 rages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron. 
 
 71.98 
 
 83.70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66.20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.68 3.34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.16 0.71; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.06 
 
 O-34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o.c 7 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.248 
 
 
 
 
 
 .14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 1.03 
 
 0.87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 99-94 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 50.49 
 o 03 
 
 58.59 
 
 O.IOS 
 
 46.120 
 .042 
 
 0.043 
 
 45-010 
 0.027 
 
 O.O36 
 
 46.450 
 
 o 060 
 
 49-332 
 53 
 
 Sulphur . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 4-43 
 
 
 3-95 
 
 
 
 4.01 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 %* 
 
 R 
 
 N 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 G in 
 
 H 
 
 CJS 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 f J 
 
 
 
 * P 
 
 CJ rt 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 i 
 
 11 
 
 S 
 
 '2 o 
 
 
 
 w .m 
 
 S?3 
 
 $ 
 
 w^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 KM 
 
 4] 
 
 33 K 
 
 
 
 c - c 
 
 S "C 
 
 -cC 
 
 J^ 1 
 
 c c 
 
 CC 
 
 C C 
 
 *r C 
 
 
 
 loot*. *'- S > S" 
 
 If 
 
 II 
 
 1| 
 
 11 
 
 2^J 
 
 I? 
 
 1 8.% 
 
 5oo ft 
 
 
 
 2".? 
 
 3 3 
 
 M 
 
 S3 
 
 33 
 
 2^ 
 
 s-s 
 
 
 
 NOTES. 17. Selected bird's-eye slate ore. Exploration pit. 22. The richest pieces from a small stock 
 pile in Cleveland. 257. Emma mine. 258. Bagley mine ; bird's-eye slate ore. The two last were obtained 
 from the mine workings. 15. Old opening, north face ridge, S.W. corner. Sect. 29. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 295 
 
 CASCADE MINES Flag- and Specular Ore. 
 
 
 259- 
 
 259- 
 
 266. 
 
 266. 
 
 256. 
 
 2 5 6. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 
 
 
 o. 16 
 
 0.096 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 58.940 
 
 
 51^253 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 0.078 
 
 0.073 
 
 0.069 
 
 0.041 
 
 0.055 
 
 0.055 
 
 0.06 1 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.44 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 |S 
 
 II 
 11 
 
 si 
 
 v 
 
 c 
 J 
 
 < 
 
 *| 
 It 
 
 4 
 
 2$ 
 ft 
 
 TJ 
 
 T3 
 
 1 
 
 f! 
 
 
 
 ".a 
 
 r * 
 l^d 
 
 <?1 
 W 
 
 ^ 
 
 oo 
 
 d 
 
 " 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 "O'O 
 
 81 
 
 33 
 
 ar 
 
 81 
 
 
 NOTES. 259. Saw-Mill opening, west of stream. 256. West End Mine (specular ore). 
 Mine. 266. Stock pile at Cleveland. 
 
 Stock pile at 
 
 CANADIAN 
 
 S Magnetic. 
 
 
 222. 
 
 217. 
 
 216. 
 
 220, b. 
 
 220, a. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 78.03 
 
 
 
 p Gsc l ., f. J 
 
 
 
 
 
 84.38 
 
 
 rroto sesquio 
 
 9 68 
 
 
 
 1.17 
 
 2.86 
 
 
 
 .28 
 
 
 
 
 0.74 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 
 5.61 
 
 
 
 .78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.2I 
 
 
 0.077 
 
 0.087 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. JO 
 
 4.13 
 
 
 
 .48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.71 
 
 
 
 :x; ar , G fM 
 
 
 
 
 O.QI 
 
 
 
 Oxygen with the Sulphur and loss 
 
 1.07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 IOO.OO 
 
 66 86 
 
 51.40 
 
 45-20 
 
 99-997 
 54.00 
 
 99-997 
 60.00 
 
 55-49 
 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 .06 
 
 0.092 
 
 .0-3.7 
 
 .073 
 
 0.037 
 
 0.052 
 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 
 Nov.. 17, 1870. 
 Sampler, BrooKS. 
 
 fth 
 
 Moo o 
 
 "Us? 
 
 W e -H 
 vT C 
 
 i^>s 
 
 14 
 
 u % 
 
 Chemist, Taylor. 
 Jan. 2, 1873. 
 Sampler, Taylor. 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Sampler, 
 
 
 NOTES. 222. Analysis furnished by Redington and Adams, Cleveland. 217. Stock pile at Cleveland. 
 216 Stock pile at Cleveland. 220. Analyses furnished by Dr. Wuth. a. Magnetic ore after roasting : 
 
 . 
 b. Red hematite. 222 and 217 are Forsyth ore. 216 and 220 are Marmora ore. 
 
296 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 EDWARDS MINE Magnetic Ore. 
 
 
 41. 
 
 41. 
 
 41. 
 
 i 99 . 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Protoxide of Iron 
 
 21.60 
 
 
 
 9.08 
 
 
 
 cc go 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese . . ... 
 
 O.IO 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 4-34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 77 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 0.84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 0. 12 
 
 0.288 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica. .... 
 
 15.41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.47 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 0.81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JVfctallic Iron 
 
 99-95 
 55 75 
 
 
 
 
 61 60 
 
 Phosphorus .... 
 
 0.05 
 
 0.125 
 
 0.137 l 
 
 .030 
 
 067 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 0.16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 A.2A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & 
 Cairns. March 9, 1872. ' 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Sampler, 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 11 
 23 
 
 Chemist, Taylor. Jan., 
 1873- 
 Sampler, Unknown. 
 
 
 NOTE. 41. Large stock pile in Cleveland. 
 
 EDWARDS MINE Second-class Magnetic Ore. 
 
 
 265. 
 
 265. 
 
 286. 
 
 A verages. 
 
 
 O.IO 
 
 0.136 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 48.80 
 
 
 49.580 
 
 49.190 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 0.043 
 
 0.058 
 
 0.061 
 
 .055 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 c " 
 1*1 
 
 
 
 si 
 
 Chemist, V 
 Sampler, 
 
 '1 ^ 
 
 
 NOTES. 265. Stock pile at Cleveland. 286. From mine. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 297 
 
 FOSTER MINE Hematite Ore. 
 
 
 49- 
 
 87. 
 
 270. 
 
 270. 
 
 26. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 74.69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese . 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 2=; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 .18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 28 
 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter 
 
 
 20.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water Combined 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 7 16 
 
 
 
 
 8.74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99.91 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 52 28 
 
 40 ?8 
 
 
 
 cc 64 
 
 
 Phosphorus .... .... 
 
 .080 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur . 
 
 
 
 
 
 n r>(S8 
 
 
 
 , <f> 
 
 S . 
 
 31-10 
 
 SM 
 
 
 
 !3f 
 
 H 
 
 Chemist^ Britton. 
 Nov. 4, 1871. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Taylor. 
 Sampler, Taylor. 
 
 Chemist, Wendel. 
 Sampler, \ 
 
 Chemist, Chandler. 
 May 14, 1866. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 
 NOTES. 49. Stock pile at Pioneer Furnace, Negaunee, Mich. 87. From mine, numerous fragments. 
 270. Stock pile at Cleveland. 26. From mine when first opened. 
 
 JACKSON MINE -Specular Ore. 
 
 
 24. 
 
 24. 
 
 24. 
 
 5 1 - 
 
 230. 
 
 230. 
 
 230. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages, 
 
 p -d 
 
 93-75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oesqui r e 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 0.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 0.23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ isgnesia. 
 
 
 
 
 0.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 hulpnur. ........ .. 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.127 
 
 
 O.IO 
 
 0.144 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-27 
 
 
 
 
 i-45 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 1.09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina, Lime, Magnesia, Water, etc 
 
 
 
 
 1.67 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 100.03 
 65.62 
 
 
 
 
 
 61.810 
 
 
 63.715 
 
 
 0.14 
 
 0-055 
 
 0.069 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.063 
 
 0.078 
 
 0.073 
 
 .066 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 0.03 
 
 
 
 0.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific G-ravity 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & : 
 Cairns. Mar. 9, 1872. : 
 Sampler, Brooks. : 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 1 
 Sampler. Brooks. '. 
 
 Chemist, Britton. Dec. : 
 20, 1872. 
 Sampler, Brooks. \ 
 
 Chemist, Chandler. : 
 July 13, 1871. : 
 Sampler, Brooks. : 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. -? 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 A 
 
 u 
 
 i, 
 
 a 
 | 
 
 c 
 
 w . 
 
 CO r. 
 
 iTixk 
 
 t on tj 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 1*1 
 
 U c^ 
 
 Chemist, Allen. 
 Sampler, 
 
 
 ;i. Stock pile at Pioneer Furnace, Negaunee, Mich. 
 
 NOTES. 24. Large stock pile in Cleveland. 
 230. Slate ore. West end of mine. 
 
298 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 JACKSON MINE Hematite and Jaspery Ores. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 231. 
 
 231. 
 
 231. 
 
 229. 
 
 229. 
 
 229. 
 
 rages. 
 
 
 
 0.523 
 
 
 
 0.338 
 
 0.054 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 59-30 
 
 54.530 
 
 56.590 
 
 58.20 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 0.138 
 
 0.224 
 
 0.154 
 
 0.06 1 
 
 0.144 
 
 0.023 
 
 
 Specific Gravity . . 
 
 4.2O 
 
 
 
 4.59 
 
 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 _j 
 
 -?; 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 c J2 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 "0 
 
 
 fj 
 
 2 o 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 K 
 
 00 
 
 . 
 
 s . 
 
 oo 
 
 H 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Feb. 6, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Ki 
 
 Chemist, 
 18, 187, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Feb. 6, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 
 NOTES. 231. Hematite ore west part of mine. 229. Old Pioneer opening Jaspery ore. The Hema- 
 tite and Specular ores occur together in this mine. 
 
 KLOMAN MINE Specular Ore. 
 
 
 235- 
 
 225. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Metallic Iron . . 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 080 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 .S 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 PQPQ 
 
 %- 
 
 
 
 c C 
 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 P 
 
 
 NOTE. 235. Fragments broken from outcrop, before work began. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR MINE Specular Ore. 
 
 
 37- 
 
 37- 
 
 37- 
 
 261. 
 
 261. 
 
 44- 
 
 274. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 
 86 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 
 0.075 
 
 
 0.24 
 
 O.239 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica 
 
 Q 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 99-74 
 60 69 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SO 8q 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 .065 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.69 
 
 
 
 # N 
 
 t>. 
 
 k" . 
 
 rt t/5 
 
 I'M 
 
 S j a 
 
 f\ a >- 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 Britton. 
 
 t-4 I* 
 
 .2.2 
 ;>>>. 
 
 S 
 
 Wendel. 
 
 Britton. 
 John Fritz. 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 5,rt R 
 ssO 
 
 U (S) 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler 
 
 Chemist, 
 Sampler 
 
 
 NOTES. 37. I^arge Stock pile in Cleveland. 261. Stock pile at Cleveland. 44. Stock pile at Bethle- 
 hem Furnace. 274. Lower bed. Pit No. i. Pennsylvania mine. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 299 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR MINE Hematite. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 10. 
 
 10. 
 
 269. 
 
 269. 
 
 276. 
 
 276. 
 
 87. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 
 70 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 668 
 
 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic fron 
 
 IOO.O3 
 
 eq 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 0.066 
 
 
 
 
 o 286 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & 
 Cairns. March 4, 1872. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist y Taylor. 
 Sampler, Taylor. 
 
 Chemist, Wendel. 
 Sampler, 
 
 G "> 
 
 Chemist, Wendel. 
 Feb. 6, 1873. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 
 Nov. 4. 1871. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 
 NOTES. 10. Large Stock pile at Cleveland. 269. Stock pile at Cleveland. 276. Hematite workings of mine. 
 
 LAKE ANGELINE Specular Ore (Jaspery}. 
 
 
 21. 
 
 21. 
 
 267. 
 
 267. 
 
 34- 
 
 Averages, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8s. 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Al" *a an 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 08 
 
 O. IOI 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.083 
 
 none. 
 
 
 Silicic Acid or Silica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 09 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 8 
 
 CO 8" 
 
 
 
 
 o 017 
 
 0.036 
 
 none. 
 
 .031 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & t 
 Cairns. March 4, 1872. ^ 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 4 
 
 . 
 
 3 
 
 S"h" 
 
 it 
 23 
 
 N 
 00 
 
 i* C 
 
 0.2 
 
 T>>< 
 S 
 
 it 
 
 S3 
 
 Chemist, Wendel. 1872. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Dec. 29, 1865. 
 Sampler, Unknown. 
 
 
 NOTES. 21. Stock pile in Cleveland. 267. Stock pile in Cleveland. 
 
3 oo 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 LAKE ANGELINE 
 
 
 268. 
 
 268. 
 
 280. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 0.09 
 
 o. 160 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 51.40 
 
 
 50.000 
 
 50.70 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 .038 
 
 0.070 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o J2 
 
 a 
 
 B .-M 
 
 
 
 
 
 *C f> ^ 
 
 
 
 S 3 
 
 vT C 
 
 55 
 
 i> 
 
 |M 
 
 
 
 
 ^ & 
 
 
 
 
 2 W 3 
 
 2JS 
 
 2 c? 
 
 
 NOTES. 268. Stock pile at Cleveland. 280. Stock pile at mine. 
 
 MICHIGAMME MINE Magnetic Ore. 
 
 
 i. 
 
 197. 
 
 225. 
 
 225. 
 
 225. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 
 
 20. icg 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61.631 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 traces. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.12 
 
 2. I2O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .12 
 
 1.070 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O-OO2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.008 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 5 
 
 0.057 
 
 0.067 
 
 
 
 0.392 
 
 
 
 3.06 
 
 3.280 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 57 
 
 1.497 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.340 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.032 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 none. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 99.146 
 6=5.767 
 
 
 
 63.01 
 
 64.388 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 0.027 
 
 0.024 
 
 0.029 
 
 0.019 
 
 0.168 
 
 .041 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 0.005 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 ^.61 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemist, Britton. Sept. 
 21, 1870. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Ralph Crooker, 
 Boston. 
 Sampler, Ralph Crooker. 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 1872. - 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 1872. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 % 
 h 
 
 "3 i/i 
 
 * 
 
 I 1 
 
 ft! 
 
 3*1 
 
 co 5 
 
 
 NOTES. i. Drill mud from 3 holes. 197. Numerous fragments from Exploration pits. 225. Taken at 
 mine, fragments after blasting. All were taken before mine was opened. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 301 
 
 MACOMBER lKWHtmatitt. 
 
 
 35- 
 
 35- 
 
 87. 
 
 A verages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 76.80 
 2.06 
 3-47 
 0.14 
 0.15 
 14.64 
 
 0.130 
 
 14-51 
 2.23 
 
 56.08 
 
 54-9 2 
 0.058 
 
 
 Alkilies (by diffeience) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water Combined 
 
 
 
 Water Total . . .... 
 
 2-74 
 
 IOO.OO 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 Phosphorus . . . 
 
 5j-/u 
 
 o.oo 
 
 0.14 
 
 I-5 1 
 
 1 .1 
 rt H o 
 ^c t^ tl 
 U^M 
 
 "SV fc 
 
 If 
 
 <J !/) 
 
 0.057 
 
 | 
 
 If 
 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 
 Nov. 4, 1871. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Metallic Manganese . 
 
 
 NOTES. 35. From two trains of 16 cars each, one month apart. 87. From Mine. Numerous frag- 
 ments. This mine belongs to the Negaunee hematite group, and contains considerable manganese. 
 
 MAGNETIC MINE Magnetic Flag Ore. 
 
 
 69. 
 
 54- 
 
 232. 
 
 232. 
 
 A verages. 
 
 Proto-sesquioxide of Iron 
 
 78.35 
 
 78.42 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. IO 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.60 
 
 .19 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.2I 
 
 .17 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.58 
 
 none. 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.I5I 
 
 .13 
 
 
 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter 
 
 19.64 
 
 19.44 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble Silica. ... 
 
 
 .41 
 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 
 0.42 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.279 
 
 -39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IOO.OOO 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 55.16 
 
 56.78 
 
 52.22 
 
 
 54.72 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 0.066 
 
 0.057 
 
 0.087 
 
 0.071 
 
 .067 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 none. 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity . 
 
 
 
 4.30 
 
 
 
 
 N . 
 
 . 
 
 p 
 
 rf 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 >> in 
 
 I 4 
 
 II 
 
 i) 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 M . 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 C C 
 
 vT t^ V? 
 
 c C 
 
 ^T iT 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 'I " ^ 
 
 ft 
 
 1 R^, 
 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 
 Jj S 
 
 
 
 NOTES. 69. From small stock pile 
 outcrop. 232. Small stock pile at mine. 
 
 it mine. 54. From layers of rich ore banded with rock. From 
 
302 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 MENOMINEE IRON REGION Specular Ores and Hematites. 
 
 
 95- 
 
 9 8. 
 
 IO2. 
 
 246. 
 
 74- 
 
 254- 
 
 68. 
 
 68. 
 
 
 47.27 
 
 78.30 
 
 
 
 80.63 
 
 
 81.35 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.075 
 
 
 1.32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 Lime .... 
 
 
 0.53 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50.22 
 
 
 
 
 15.54 
 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.498 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 98.564 
 
 
 
 99-245 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 33-09 
 
 54 81 
 
 
 
 56.44 
 
 44.720 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese . .... 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 0.735 
 
 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 3-83 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 >, 
 
 
 
 
 c5 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 8* 
 
 1 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 C/3 
 
 fe ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 = 6 
 
 c ! 
 
 t^ 
 
 c 
 
 / W3 
 
 
 
 o"o 
 
 4 -o 
 
 P 3 
 a Mm 
 
 2^ 
 
 fl 
 
 1 
 
 ""o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 3 O 
 
 
 c S 
 
 S 2 
 
 '** P 
 
 H 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 { .M 
 
 d 
 
 KK 
 
 |jjj 
 
 PCS) 
 
 Xli 
 
 * 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 *sT t^* C" 
 
 
 *T v" 
 
 *T C 
 
 <" C 
 
 >T C 
 
 t-T C 
 
 
 53 
 
 Pt 
 
 1! 
 B| 
 
 1 
 Chemis 
 Sample 
 
 1! 
 
 84 
 
 3<$ 
 
 s-s 
 
 sl 
 
 II 
 
 I! 
 
 NOTES. 95. Average of prevailing variety of lean ore, Sect. 31, T. 42, R. 29. 98. Average of five of 
 the richest pieces found, S. 31, T. 42, R. 29. 102. Average of 10 analyses for P. S. and L. S. Ship Canal 
 Co., Sect. 31, T. 42, R. 29. 246. Same as 95. 74. Boulders at west K post, Sect. 10. T. 39, R. 29. 68. 
 From outcrop in swamp, Sect. 13, T. 42, R. 23. 254. Slate ore south % post, Sect. 30, T. 40, R. 30. 
 
 MISSOURI IRON MOUNTAIN MINE Specular Ore. 
 
 
 127. 
 
 127. 
 
 127. 
 
 128. 
 
 128. 
 
 128. 
 
 Averages . 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Proto-sesquioxide of Iron 
 
 yj-i/ 
 
 
 
 o 86 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 o 08 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 
 
 
 006 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.005 
 
 
 
 99. 996 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 732 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 o 4 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.OI 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 o 008 
 
 
 
 
 .010 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 < 
 
 <r> 
 
 -o 
 
 3 O 
 
 H 
 
 w 
 
 ^ M ^ 
 
 Cj C/3 
 
 Chemist, Allen. May, 
 1872. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 C 
 
 i 
 
 ** i 
 < 1 
 
 y 
 1*1 
 
 Q. 
 < 
 
 4 
 
 4 % 
 
 * 1 
 
 y 
 
 r-i 
 
 r o co 
 
 Chemist, Allen. 
 S ampler y 
 
 Chemist, A. A, Blair. 
 S ampler ) 
 
 
 NOTES. 127. " Quarry Ore." Chippings from all parts of the pit and Stock piles. 
 Ore " (Boulders]. Chippings and pebbles from all the diggings and Stock piles. 
 
 128. " Surface 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 303 
 
 NEW YORK MINE Specular Ore. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 20. 
 
 20. 
 
 237. 
 
 237- 
 
 2 3 8. 
 
 238. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 i 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 1> 6o 
 o. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 0.03 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 4.72 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 99-97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 03.00 
 
 O.-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 0.204 
 
 JBOS 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , f.~ 
 
 
 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & 
 Cairns. March 4, 1872. - 
 Sampler, Brooks. J 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Sampler, '. 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 
 Sampler, \ 
 
 Chemist, Britton. Sep- 4, 
 tember, 1872. c 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Allen. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 
 March, 1873. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Allen. 
 Sampler, 
 
 
 NOTES. 20. Large Stock pile at Cleveland all varieties. 237. Great South Opening Pit No. i. 
 238. Beardsley's Pit No. 2. The two last from mine. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND MINE Soft Hematite, 
 
 
 87- 
 
 239- 
 
 A verages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25.66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 60 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 49.64 
 
 46.84 
 
 48.24 
 
 Phosphorus. . . 
 
 
 o 08 
 
 .08 
 
 Sulphur . . 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese. 
 
 
 0.18 
 
 
 Specific Gravity . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemist, Britton. Nov. 
 4, 1871. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 ill 
 
 
 NOTES. 87. From mine, numerous fragments. 239. From cars and stock pile at mine. First-class 
 specular ore was formerly mined here, but is not at present. 
 
304 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 NEGAUNEE HEMATITES Manganiferous Soft Hematite. 
 
 
 243- 
 
 243- 
 
 243- 
 
 ii. 
 65.40 
 
 6 71 
 
 ii. 
 
 108. 
 
 116. \ A - 
 \rages. 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 
 65.48 
 i-54 
 
 29-25 
 
 45-83 
 1.03 
 
 9 
 
 ^ -* 
 1 i 
 
 < tic 
 
 5 <; 
 
 1^1 
 to 
 
 50.58 
 >* 
 
 3 
 i 1 
 
 \ | 
 
 S o 
 
 * a 
 
 i 
 
 LJ C/3 
 
 44.29 
 .074 
 
 2.04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.46 
 0-45 
 0.66 
 0.04 
 0.16 
 
 0.171 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water Combined 
 
 
 
 
 o! 5 8 
 
 0.074 
 
 00 
 H 
 
 . 
 
 3 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 35-oo 
 0.065 
 
 0.099 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & ^ 3 
 Sampler, Brooks. S^S. -3 "co 
 
 Phosphorus 
 Sulphur . .... 
 
 0.067 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 0.42 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity . . 
 
 1 .A-7 
 
 
 
 
 Chemist, Jenney. 1872. l 
 Su in f>ler, Brooks. ^j i 
 
 w* 
 tx 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 PQ 
 
 & 
 
 1! 
 
 Chemist, Allen. 1872. 
 Sampler, 
 
 NOTKS. 243. From exploration pits. ii. Small stock pile at Cleveland. 108. Average of three ana- 
 lyses of ore from exploration pits. 116. Dark brown chalky ore. All from Sects. 6, 7, and 8, T. 47, R. 26. 
 
 NEW YORK STATE ORES (ST. LAWRENCE & WAYNE CO.)- Hematites. 
 
 
 203. 
 
 206. 
 
 205. 
 
 204. 
 
 215- 
 
 209. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 75.30 
 
 77.24 
 
 
 
 
 
 Protoxide of Manganese 
 
 0.15 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina .... ... 
 
 1.69 
 
 0.45 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 60 
 
 8 27 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.23 
 
 
 o 8z 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 trace. 
 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica . , 
 
 I O.I 2 
 
 
 4.28 
 
 10.97 
 
 
 
 Insoluble Silicious Matter 
 
 
 12.93 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 
 2.107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 100.12 
 
 94.607 
 54.07 
 
 99.73 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemists, Maynard & 
 Wendel. Mar., 1871. 
 Sampler, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 
 fig 
 
 5'-> 
 \\ 
 
 1 
 
 Chemists, Maynard & 
 Wendel. 
 Sampler, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 
 Chemists, Maynard & 
 Wendel. 
 Sampler, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 
 Chemist, Chandler. 
 Sampler, Unknown. 
 
 ii 
 
 J "i 
 
 1 1 
 
 III 
 
 i:-ts 
 
 <0 t/j 
 
 NOTES. 203. Sampled for John A. Griswold & Co., at mine. 204. Do. do. 205. Do. do. 206. From 
 small stock pile at Cleveland. 215. Analysis furnished by H. B. Tuttle. 203 and 206 are from Keene Mine. 
 204 and 205 are from the Caledonia Mine, both owned by Rossie Iron Works. 209 and 215 are Wayne Co. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 305 
 
 NEW YORK (LAKE CHAMPLAIN REGION) Magnetic. 
 
 
 288. 
 
 289. 
 
 290. 
 
 291. 
 
 292. 
 
 
 26 69 
 
 
 
 8 87 
 
 
 
 eg 84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 38 
 
 0.38 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 1.87 
 
 3.56 
 
 4.22 
 
 3.67 
 
 3-47 
 
 
 
 o 82 
 
 I 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica 
 
 3.45 
 
 12.34 
 
 20.02 
 
 14.60 
 
 32.94 
 
 Water Total .... 
 
 
 0.47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 100.56 
 62.61 
 
 98.85 
 
 100.17 
 
 99.72 
 
 SI!. OT 
 
 99.71 
 
 AA.CI& 
 
 
 Chemist, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 Sampler, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 
 Chemist, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 Sampler, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 
 Chemist, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. . J 
 Sampler, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 
 Chemist, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. ] 
 Sampler, Geo. W. v, 
 Maynard. 
 
 Chemist, Geo. W. 
 Maynard. 
 Sampler, Geo. W. | 
 Maynard. 
 
 NOTES. 288. Wetherby, Sherman & Co., and Port Huron Iron Ore Co., No. 21. 289. New Bed : 
 Wetherby, Sherman & Co. 290. Hammond, Crown Point. 291. Indian ; Ferrona ore ; Hassey, Wells & Co. 
 292. Fisher ; Port Henry Iron Ore Co. 
 
 OHIO IRON ORES Black Band and Kidney. 
 
 - 
 
 293- 
 
 294. 
 
 295- 
 
 2 9 6. 
 
 297. 
 
 298. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 
 26 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8.94 
 
 8.79 
 
 75 .00 
 
 7.60 
 
 75.00 
 
 12.34 
 
 
 
 
 i 70 
 
 i 65 
 
 
 1.85 
 
 i 70 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.60 
 
 2.6o 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.50 
 
 
 
 i 05 
 
 i .70 
 
 2 80 
 
 
 5 -94 
 
 
 
 
 0.97 
 
 0.88 
 
 1.48 
 
 jcarbo. \ 
 
 3-64 
 
 j carbo. (_ 
 
 
 
 0.18 
 
 O.II 
 
 trace. 
 
 \ 6.50 J 
 0.18 
 
 0.12 
 
 1 5-33 i 
 trace. 
 
 
 
 trace. 
 
 0.492 
 
 773 
 
 0.863 
 
 1.26 
 
 
 
 
 11.84 
 
 26.22 
 
 17.02 
 
 8.96 
 
 8.46 
 
 11.94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.28 
 
 .78 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 
 
 0.25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30.50 
 
 21.10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18.30 
 
 15.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J -74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.35 
 
 
 8-59 
 
 
 Iron Carbonate 
 
 
 
 
 64.17 
 
 
 56.23 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 99.60 
 27.12 
 
 99.712 
 24.06 
 
 99-573 
 52.50 
 
 99-573 
 36.31 
 
 99-15 
 52.50 
 
 99 -!5 
 35-88 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 0.2l6 
 
 o-34 
 
 0.379 
 
 o- 554 
 
 0.797 
 
 
 
 2. 404. 
 
 2.^21 
 
 3.411 
 
 3-434 
 
 4.076 
 
 2.539 
 
 
 
 Chemist, T. G. Wormley. 
 Sampler. v 
 
 Chemist, T. G. Wormley. 
 Sampler, 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 <OC/J 
 
 Chemist, T. G. Wormley. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist. 
 Sampler. 
 
 Chemist. 
 Sampler. 
 
 
 2o8 Nodular Ore, Washingtonville Co., Columbiana Co., O. 
 
 'For further analyses of Ohio Iron Ores, consult Geological Survey of Otuo, 1870, pp. 47, 48, 49. 219, 223. 
 
306 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 REPUBLIC MINE Specular and Magnetic. 
 
 
 233- 
 
 233- 
 
 234- 
 
 234. 
 
 rages. 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 67 21 
 
 
 65 81 
 
 
 66 CT 
 
 Phosphorus . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 .040 
 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 oo 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 c J5 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 C j 
 
 S-o 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 vT C 
 
 C C 
 
 
 
 1! 
 
 f| 
 
 1! 
 
 ff 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 
 S3 
 
 S 
 
 
 NOTES. 233. Specular ore. First stock pile at opening of mine. 234. Magnetic ore. First stock pL'e at 
 opening of mine. 
 
 SAGINAW MINE Specular and Hematite, 
 
 
 281. 
 
 282. 
 
 A vcrages. 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 50.820 
 
 53.980 
 
 52.40 
 
 Phosphorus .... . 
 
 0.184 
 
 o.c8o 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 c 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 g a 
 
 ** J2 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 fi! 
 
 %> ^ % 
 
 s ^Q 
 U C/3 
 
 I'M 
 H 
 
 
 NOTES. 281. Small stock pile (first mined) at mine. 282. Ditto. Both samples are soft hematite. By 
 oversight no sample of the specular ore, which is first-class, was collected. 
 
 SHENANGO MINE hematite. 
 
 
 242. 
 
 242. 
 
 * 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 
 
 82.10 
 
 
 Oxide of Manganese. ... .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 
 
 .08 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 
 
 1 86 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Combined 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 
 99.996 
 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 o 081 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 .049 
 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ll 
 ll 
 
 II 
 si 
 
 | 
 
 if 
 ij 
 
 
 NOTES. 242. From small stock pile at mine. 78. "Taken from under snow, with no possible selec- 
 tion." Letter from Davock, Glidden & Co. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 307 
 
 SILAS C. SMITH MINE Hematite. 
 
 
 70. 
 
 70. 
 
 87. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O. IO 
 
 
 
 
 Alkalies 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.OQ 
 
 0.127 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid or Silica 
 
 23 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23.79 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 100.00 
 
 
 49.21 
 
 49.70 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.055 
 
 
 .047 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 O.27 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemist, Chandler. 
 Sept. 7, 1871. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Chemist, Britton. Nov. 
 4, 1871. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 
 NOTES. 70. From small stock pile at mine when first opened. 87. From mine when first opened, nu- 
 merous fragments. 
 
 SPURR MOUNTAIN MlNEMag**ttt Ore. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 226. 
 
 226. 
 
 226. 
 
 97- 
 
 Averages. 
 
 
 89 21 
 
 
 
 
 92 36 
 
 
 Oxide o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 67 
 
 
 
 
 1.66 
 
 
 
 .67 
 
 
 
 
 0.73 
 
 
 
 O.I9 
 
 
 
 
 0.75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.22I 
 
 
 ^f}?^P F Jj C Q.|- 
 
 6 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 99-37 
 64 60 
 
 
 
 59.96 
 
 lOO.lSl 
 66.87 
 
 63.81 
 
 
 
 0.113 
 
 0. 112 
 
 
 0.096 
 
 .104 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 o 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A.. 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemist, Chandler. 
 Nov. 1868. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Wuth. 1872. ^ 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 1872. 
 Sampler, 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 t?v 
 
 lit 
 
 <J '-0 
 
 i* 
 
 M | 
 
 
 I* 
 
 Iff! 
 
 o 5 
 
 
 NOTES 2. Numerous fragments broken from outcrops of ore. 226. Fragments broken from outcrop 
 97. Numerous fragments broken from outcrop. All before mine was opened. 
 
308 
 
 ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 TAYLOR MINE L'ANSE RANGE Hematite. 
 
 
 88. 
 
 8 1. 
 
 8 9 . 
 
 8 9 . 
 
 87. 
 
 A verages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron 
 
 82.664 
 o 804 
 
 
 
 62.25 
 1 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.028 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica 
 
 6 1 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water. Combined 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 70 
 
 
 " Total 
 
 4^3 
 
 
 8 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron. 
 
 loo . 040 
 57 86 
 
 
 97.428 
 
 44.78 
 
 
 52 88 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?ts, Chandler & 
 eitzer. 
 '/-, Brooks. 
 
 4 
 
 ii 
 
 & 
 
 < c 
 
 f 
 
 | 
 l| 
 
 c C 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 K . 
 -C C 
 
 't, Britton. i 
 'r, Brooks. \ 
 
 
 
 |l$ 
 
 **| 
 
 Cj oo 
 
 *3 a 
 
 It 
 34 
 
 (1 
 
 23 
 
 If 
 
 L) c^ 
 
 ! 
 
 0-^ 
 
 
 NOTES. 88. From shaft 20 feet in ore. 81. From three trenches across ore deposit. 89. From all pits, 
 shafts and trenches showing ore. 87. From mine, numerous fragments. All before mine was opened. 
 
 WASHINGTON MINE Magnetic Ore. 
 
 
 39- 
 
 39- 
 
 39- 
 
 264. 
 
 264. 
 
 284. 
 
 285. 
 
 Ave- 
 rages. 
 
 
 91.06 
 0.23 
 0.85 
 0.92 
 0.77 
 0.03 
 
 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.170 
 
 57-280 
 0.195 
 
 e 
 <s 
 
 1 "i 
 
 c 2 
 
 M " 
 
 #R 
 
 i"^ 
 S<R| 
 
 L) Co 
 
 54.800 
 
 0.146 
 
 i 
 II 
 
 C ; 
 
 P2 W 
 
 vT ro C 
 .'c t^^J 
 
 !"l 
 
 8*4 
 
 61.305 
 .141 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pi p , . - , 
 
 
 5-13 
 0.66 
 
 
 
 Water Total 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 99.90 
 
 Phosphorus . ... 
 
 Chemists, Chandler & ^ o o o t 
 Cairns. March, 1872. '^ o ^ v 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 0.177 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 ll 
 
 Chemist, Britton. 1872. ? 
 Sampler, 
 
 VO 
 
 Chemist, Taylor. 1872. 
 Sampler, Taylor. g 
 
 0.073 
 
 TJ' 
 
 -a 
 
 g 
 
 
 ^> !> 
 lit 
 
 2^ 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 NOTES. 39. Large stock pile in Cleveland. 264. Stock pile at Cleveland. 284. Shafts Nos. i and 4 at 
 mini. 285. Shafts Nos. 2 and 6 at mine. 
 
ANALYSES OF ORES. 
 
 309 
 
 WINTHROP MINE-S^ Hematite. 
 
 
 240. 
 
 240. 
 
 287. 
 
 Averages. 
 
 Sesqui- or Peroxide of Iron , 
 
 
 
 84 66 
 
 - 
 
 Protoxide of Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alumina 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lime 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 
 
 0.007 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 
 
 o 084. 
 
 
 Silicic Acid, or Silica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water, Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 Volatile Matter 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 
 
 100. 121 
 
 
 Phosphorus . ........ 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic Manganese 
 
 
 
 
 
 Specific Gravity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chemist, Britton. Dec. 
 26, 1872. 
 Sampler, Brooks. 
 
 Chemist, Allen. 
 Sampler, 
 
 Iff 
 
 K " 
 
 *O-Q r*. 
 
 &*$ 
 
 111 
 
 HI 1 
 
 <J < 
 <0 % 
 
 
 NOTES. 240. From all parts of mine. 287. Stock pile at a Chicago furnace. 
 
 WISCONSIN IRON ORES Iron Ridge (Hematite). 
 
 
 298. 
 
 A verages. 
 
 Pure Metallic Iron 
 
 56.44 
 24.91 
 47 
 2.30 
 2.28 
 99 
 i5 
 
 1. 10 
 
 3-57 
 75 
 6.30 
 
 
 Oxygen with the Iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble Silica . . 
 
 Water and Carb Acid 
 
 Metallic Iron 
 
 99.26 
 
 56.44 
 .48 
 .06 
 
 || 
 
 . 
 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 
 NOTE. 298. The ore is a fossil ore, in grains about the size and shape of flax-seed ; Dr. Topham calls 
 it Oolitic ore. There are several old analyses showing no phosphorus, but they are not reliable. 
 21 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Letter of Transmittal 13 
 
 Introduction 1-8 
 
 Advantages of cost sheets 257, 258 
 
 Agent, of mining company 249 
 
 Agiiew, Jno. L 6 
 
 Akermaii, Prof. Richard 256 
 
 Albion mine, The 53 
 
 Allen, Prof. O. D 285 
 
 Alphabetical list of analyses of Lake 
 
 Superior and other ores 293-309 
 
 Alumina in ores 287 
 
 Amsden's compass 214 
 
 Amygdaloidal diorite 99 
 
 Analyses 283-309 
 
 of pig-iron 291 
 
 approximate in the woods 201-204 
 
 Analysis of ores, Barnum mine 293 
 
 Canadian ores 295 
 
 Cascade mines 294, 295 
 
 Champion mine 294 
 
 Cleveland mine 293 
 
 Edwards mine 296 
 
 Foster mine 297 
 
 Iron Mountain mine 302 
 
 Jackson mine 297, 298 
 
 Lake Angeline 299, 300 
 
 Lake Superior mine 298, 299 
 
 Lake Superior ores 286 
 
 Macomber mine 301 
 
 Magnetic mine 301 
 
 Michigamme mine 300 
 
 Missouri Iron-Mountain mine. . 302 
 
 Negaunee hematite mines 304 
 
 New England mine 303 
 
 New York mine 303 
 
 N. Y. State ores 304 
 
 New York (Lake Champlain region) 305 
 
 Ohio iron ores 305 
 
 Pig iron 291 
 
 Republic mine 306 
 
 Saginaw mine 306 
 
 Shenango mine 306 
 
 Silas C. Smith mine 307 
 
 Spurr Mountain mine 307 
 
 Taylor mine L'Anse range 308 
 
 Washington mine 308 
 
 Winthrop mine 309 
 
 Wisconsin iron ores 309 
 
 Andalnsite 113 
 
 Annular diamond drill 259 
 
 Annular diamond drill, introduction of 204 
 
 Approximate analyses in the woods 201-204 
 
 Authophyllitic schist 114 
 
 Anticlinal folds 75 
 
 Argelite or clay slates and related rocks in 
 
 Association of ores 220 
 
 Average specimens 188 
 
 composition of specular magnetic, 
 
 hematite and flag ores 286 
 
 percentage of metallic iron 191 
 
 samples, importance of 283 
 
 Bad Water, Indian village 192 
 
 BagaU'y, William 50 
 
 mine 146 
 
 Bancroft Iron Co., The 37 
 
 Barney, Judge 17 
 
 Barnum, W. H 292 
 
 mine 33,38,136-140 
 
 mine plant 279 
 
 ore, analyses of. 293 
 
 Bay Furnace Company 46, 47 
 
 Beaver meadows 73 
 
 Bedding rock 74 
 
 Berry, Abram V 15 
 
 letter of, history of Jackson Co 15, 16 
 
 Bessemer steel, pig for 45 
 
 converter lining 149 
 
 Bequcnsenec Falls 159, 170, 172 
 
 Bi-ji-ki river 119 
 
 Bird's-eye ore 146 
 
 slate ore 94 
 
 Bituminous coal furnace 34 
 
 Blacksmiths' supplies 271 
 
 labor 271 
 
 Black river 185 
 
 Blair, A. A 285 
 
 Blast, temperature of 45 
 
 engines 45 
 
 ovens 46 
 
 Blasting 247, 248, 268-270 
 
 Block holes 265, 266 
 
 Blooms, first made 16 
 
 cost and price of 31 
 
 Boss, C. M 235 
 
 Boston mine, The 55 
 
 Boulders 76-79 
 
 of iron 181 
 
 Breccias 89, 106, 108 
 
 Breen mine 158, 160, 167, 168, 176, 177 
 
312 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Brecii Mining Co., The 56 
 
 Breitung, Ed 37, 51, 143 
 
 Brittoii, J. B 151, 202, 285 
 
 Brooks, J. W 24 
 
 T. B 32 
 
 Brotliertoii, A. M 196 
 
 Brotlicrtou, C. E 151 
 
 Brown, Fayette 6, 43 
 
 Brush, Prof. G. J 88, 113, 114-119, 285 
 
 Building stones 57-59 
 
 Burlcigh drill 266 
 
 Burt, Austin 30 
 
 Free Stone Co., The 58 
 
 Hiram A 43 
 
 John 21, 25, 29, 30, 40, 57 
 
 W. A n, 13, 30 
 
 Burt' s solar compass 12, 13 
 
 Cairns, F. A 285 
 
 Calciferous sand-rock 163 
 
 Calcining ore 92 
 
 Caledonia mine, N. Y 273 
 
 Canadian ores, analyses of. 295 
 
 Cannon Iron Co., The 46 
 
 location. 130, 131 
 
 mine ore 95 
 
 ore 163 
 
 mine 161 
 
 Canoes . . . . 194 
 
 Cap rock 200 
 
 Carbon in clay slates in 
 
 Carbonaceous shale 115 
 
 Carleton, Guy H 25 
 
 Carr Iron Co., The 50, 146 
 
 mine 146 
 
 S.T 14 
 
 Carp River Iron Co., The 57 
 
 Cascade Iron Co., The 49, 146 
 
 mines, first mention of 14 
 
 ore, analyses of. 294, 295 
 
 ore 94 
 
 iron range, mines on the 49, 50 
 
 range 145-148 
 
 Case, I. B. B 32 
 
 Cassels, Dr. J. Lang 28 
 
 Cavis, C. H. V 7 
 
 Cedar Portage 176 
 
 Champion furnace 35 
 
 Iron Co 47 
 
 mine 117, 118, 226, 227, 244 
 
 machinery 280 
 
 ore, analyses of 294 
 
 mine, magnetic observations at 233 
 
 Chandler, Dr. C. F 178, 181, 202, 285 
 
 Charcoal furnaces, dimension and 
 
 product 44, 45, 46 
 
 timber 4, 69 
 
 pig iron, uses put to 45 
 
 Chemical composition of ores 283-309 
 
 Chemists, names and addresses of 285 
 
 Chicago and Lake Superior Iron Mining 
 
 and Manufacturing Co 30 
 
 and North Western Railroad 39, 40, 60, 
 
 63,64 
 Chippewa mining property, The 36 
 
 Chippcwa location , 130 
 
 mine and ore 94 
 
 Chocolate flux quarry 148 
 
 Chlorite 101 
 
 distribution of 106 
 
 Chloritic schists 104-106 
 
 schist loo, 161 
 
 Chromium, in diorite 100 
 
 Clark, Edward 20 
 
 Classification of rocks 80-116 
 
 Clay slate 168 
 
 slates and related rocks in 
 
 Cleavage 74 
 
 Cleveland Iron Co., The 28, 29 
 
 location, early possession of. 28, 29 
 
 mine 141, 142, 244, 265 
 
 ore, analyses of 293 
 
 Clinton Iron Co 30, 31 
 
 Collins,E. K 30 
 
 Iron Co., The 29, 30 
 
 Colwell, H. G 54 
 
 Companies. 
 
 Bancroft Iron 37 
 
 Bay Furnace 46 
 
 Breen Iron 56 
 
 Burt Free Stone 58 
 
 Cannon Iron 46 
 
 Carr Iron 50 
 
 Carp River Iron 57 
 
 Cascade Iron 49 
 
 Champion 47 
 
 Chicago and Lake Superior Iron 30 
 
 Cleveland Iron 28, 29 
 
 Clinton Iron (Mudchunck; 30, 31 
 
 Chippewa Iron 36 
 
 Collins Iron 29, 30 
 
 Corning Iron 41 
 
 Deer Lake Iron 45 
 
 Detroit Iron Mining 32, 33 
 
 Ericson Manufacturing 57 
 
 Escanaba Iron 49 
 
 Eureka Iron 27, 28 
 
 Excelsior Iron 33, 38 
 
 Forest Iron 31, 37 
 
 Grand Island Iron 33 
 
 Gribben Iron 49 
 
 Howell-Hoppock Iron 55 
 
 Huron Bay Iron and Slate 59 
 
 Huron Bay Slate and Iron 59 
 
 Ingalls Iron 56 
 
 Iron Cliff 38 
 
 Iron Mountain 39 
 
 Iron Bay Foundry 33, 48 
 
 Jackson Iron 14, 43 
 
 Keystone Iron 53 
 
 Kloman Iron 55 
 
 Lake Superior Iron 27 
 
 Lake Superior Foundry 33, 47 
 
 Lake Superior Stone 58 
 
 Magnetic Iron 36 
 
 Marquette Iron 36 
 
 Marquette Forge 20 
 
 Marquette Brown Stone 57 
 
 Michigamme 5 2 
 
 Morgan Iron 35 
 
INDEX. 
 
 313 
 
 Companies. 
 
 Michigan Iron 39 
 
 New England Iron 54 
 
 New England Mining 20 
 
 New York Iron 41 
 
 Northern Iron 34 
 
 Peninsula Iron 30 
 
 Phoenix Iron 36 
 
 Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline Iron 42 
 
 Pittsburgh and Lake Superior Iron. ... 48 
 
 Pioneer Iron 31 
 
 Republic Iron 48 
 
 Saw Mill 60 
 
 Saginaw 53 
 
 Silas C. Smith Iron 48 
 
 Shenango Iron 54 
 
 Schoolcraft Iron 42 
 
 Stafford Slate 59 
 
 Spurr Mountain 51 
 
 Teal Lake 35 
 
 Washington Iron 36 
 
 Watson Iron 55 
 
 Whetstone Iron 47 
 
 Winthrop Iron 54 
 
 Composition of rocks 80-116 
 
 Conglomerates 106-109, I28 
 
 Cook, Prof. Geo. H 211 
 
 Corning, Erastus 23 
 
 Iron Co 41 
 
 Cornwall Ore Bank Co., Penn 272 
 
 Copper bearing rocks 185 
 
 bearing system 66, 69, 70, 75 
 
 Company formed in England, 1771 10 
 
 discovery of by the Jesuits 9 
 
 Cost of mining in Marquette, tabulated 255 
 
 of mining ore in Persberg mines, Sweden 256 
 
 specular and magnetic ores 244-282 
 
 sheets, advantages of 257, 258 
 
 sinking , 200 
 
 drilling 204 
 
 trenching 200 
 
 drifting 200 
 
 Crawford, A. L 18 
 
 Crcdner, Dr. Herman 83, 157, 160, 163, 165, 
 
 169, 172, 178, 181 
 
 Cumm ings, George P 7 
 
 Curtis, General 18 
 
 Dead Work in mining 258-263 
 
 "Dead 90," What is the significance of?. .236-238 
 
 Deer Lake Iron Co., The 45, 46 | 
 
 Delessite 101 
 
 Depreciation of a mine 253 
 
 Derricks, swing 275 
 
 Description of stationary engines with 
 
 their work at six Marquette mines. . .280, 281 
 Details of geological structure of ore de- 
 posits 245, 246 
 
 Detroit Iron Mining Co., The 32, 33 
 
 Dial compass 213 
 
 Diamond drill 204, 259 
 
 Dickinson, W. E 7 
 
 Digging for ore 199-201 
 
 Diminution of magnetic intensity due to 
 
 elevation 231-236 
 
 Dip compass, The, and its use 210-213 
 
 of 90, What is the significance of?. . .236-238 
 
 Diorite, analysis of 101 
 
 Laurentian 102 
 
 stratification of. 103 
 
 distribution of. 103 
 
 D Sorites, dioritic schists and related rocks. .99-106 
 
 Dioritic schists 99-106 
 
 sand 156 
 
 Discovery and development, historical sketch 
 
 of- 9-64 
 
 of copper by the Jesuits in the 1 7th cen- 
 tury 9 
 
 of iron ore by Mr. Burt's party of sur- 
 veyors, 1844 ii 
 
 Dodge, Wm. E 37 
 
 Dolomites 109 
 
 Dolomite (marble) 167, 171, 173 
 
 Donkersley, C 35 
 
 Dr. Douglas Honghton i, n, 49 
 
 geological report by, 1841 n 
 
 scientific exploration by, 1831 11 
 
 geological survey by, 1844 13 
 
 death in Lake Superior 12 
 
 Dressing ore by water 90 
 
 Drift 76-79 
 
 Drifting, cost of. 200 
 
 and tunnelling 260 
 
 Drill, power 266 
 
 Drilling 265, 266 
 
 cost of 204 
 
 labor of 265 
 
 Drops for breaking ore 267 
 
 Dump wagon, Willson's patent 275 
 
 Dykes 75, 161 
 
 of greenstone 156 
 
 of slate 105, 156 
 
 trap 123 
 
 Eaton, B. F 17 
 
 Edwards mine 122-125, 244 
 
 mine machinery at 280 
 
 ore, analyses of 296 
 
 Eels, T. Dwight 42 
 
 Elementary principles of magnetism. 205-210-243 
 
 Ely, Heman B 21, 22, 27, 30, 40 
 
 S. P 6, 22, 27, 30, 292 
 
 Emma mine, The 50 
 
 Emmerton, F. H 285 
 
 Engines, stationary, at Marquette mines. 280, 281 
 
 Equipment for exploration 194-196 
 
 Ericson Manufacturing Co., The 57 
 
 Escanaba district 150, 151 
 
 furnace 50 
 
 Iron Co., The 49 
 
 Everett, P. M 14 
 
 P. M., letter from Jackson, 1845 14, 15 
 
 Excelsior Iron Co., The 33 
 
 mine 135 
 
 Explanation of magneto-geologic charts, 
 
 plans and sections 221-231 
 
 Explorations 97, 187-204 
 
 detail of cost 258, 259 
 
 use of the needle in 205-243 
 
 for iron 78 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Explorers 187 
 
 bake-oven tent, sketch of. 194 
 
 section sketch 197 
 
 Explore, where to 65-79 
 
 Explosives 268-270 
 
 Exports through St. Mary's Canal, 1871-2 ... 26 
 
 from Lake Superior for 1871-2 26, 27 
 
 Eureka, Iron Co., The 27, 28 
 
 Fairbanks, Jos. P 23 
 
 Falls of Sturgeon river 166 
 
 Farraud, F 17, 18 
 
 Fault 129 
 
 Fay, Joseph F 22 
 
 Fayette Furnace, The 43, 44, 45 
 
 Felch Mountain 160, 162, 173, 181 
 
 Financial prostration of 1857 34 
 
 Firmstone, F 222 
 
 Ferruginous silicious schists 97 
 
 First shipment of ore 18, 19-29 
 
 First mining company, 1771 10 
 
 railroad, Heman B. Ely 21, 22 
 
 Flag ores 90, 93, 94, 97, 286 
 
 Float ore 76-79 
 
 Flux, marble no 
 
 Foldings of rock 137-140 
 
 Forest Copper mine 185 
 
 Iron Co., The 31 
 
 Forges. Clinton 30,31 
 
 Collins 30 
 
 Forest 31 
 
 Jackson 14-19 
 
 Marquette 20 
 
 Forming a new company and starting 
 
 work 188-190 
 
 Foster, Jno. W 38 
 
 mine 38, 145, 147 
 
 ore, analyses of. 297 
 
 ore 91 
 
 Foundries. 
 
 Lake Superior 33, 47 
 
 Iron Bay 33, 48 
 
 Ericson 57 
 
 Fritz, John 292 
 
 Furnace, flux 148 
 
 sites 4 
 
 Furnaces, charcoal, dimension and 
 
 Product 44, 45, 46 
 
 Bancroft 37 
 
 * ; ay 46 
 
 Carp river 57 
 
 Champion 35 
 
 Clarksville 40 
 
 Deer lake 45 
 
 Escanaba 49 
 
 Fa y ette 43, 44 
 
 Foiestville 37 
 
 Michigan 40 
 
 Morgan 35 
 
 Northern 34 
 
 Peat 5 6 
 
 Pioneer 31 
 
 Schoolcraft 43 
 
 statistics of 64 
 
 Gay, S. R...-. 30,31, 37 
 
 General expenses and management 279-283 
 
 Geological survey of Michigan i, 1 1 
 
 report, Dr. Houghton's n 
 
 sketch of the magnetic rocks 215-221 
 
 sketch of the Upper Peninsula 65 
 
 sections, Menominee iron region .... 165-176 
 structure of ore deposits, details of. .245, 246 
 
 Geology of the Marquette iron region 117-156 
 
 Geographical distribution of the rock 
 
 systems 6567 
 
 Gilmore mine 131, 145 
 
 mine and ore 94 
 
 Glyceriiie-Nitro 268, 269 
 
 Gneiss in Huronian. . . . . 175 
 
 Goethite 89 
 
 Gogebic and Montreal river iron range. . . . 183-186 
 Government exploring expedition, 1819 and 
 
 1823 10 
 
 Grace furnace 27 
 
 Grand Central mine 144 
 
 Island Iron Co., The 33 
 
 Granite boulders 77 
 
 Granitic rocks 66 
 
 Granular specular ores 87 
 
 Graphite .. n 5 
 
 Graveraet, Robt. J 20 
 
 Green Bay mine 143 
 
 Greenstone (diorite) 99-106 
 
 Gribben Iron Co., The 50, 146 
 
 Grouping iron deposits 5,6 
 
 Grunerite 101 
 
 Gurley, W. and L. E 211, 214 
 
 Hagerman, J. J 6 
 
 Handling ore from miners' hands to cars, 
 
 and pumping 271-279 
 
 rock 267 
 
 Harvey, L. D 31 
 
 Harlow, A. R 20, 28 
 
 Harlow's mill 28 
 
 Harvey, Chas. T 24, 31, 33, 34, 40, 51 
 
 Heberlcin, A 142 
 
 Hematite ore 90, 286 
 
 origin of 91 
 
 water in 92 
 
 manganese in 92 
 
 at Champion 118 
 
 at Negaunee 39, 50, 142-145 
 
 Hewitt, Dr. M. L 28 
 
 Himrod mine 143 
 
 Historical sketch of discovery and develop- 
 ment 9 
 
 Hoisting, machinery for : 277-279 
 
 Hornblende in ore 89 
 
 schist 161, 175 
 
 Horses in mines 271-273 
 
 Horse-whim 275 
 
 Hot blast 45, 46 
 
 Houghton, Dr. Douglas i, 1 1, 49 
 
 Jacob 13, 17 
 
 Holley, A. L 291 
 
 Howell & Hoppock Iron Co., The 55 
 
 Hungerford, E. C 31, 45 
 
 Huron Bay Iron and Slate Co., The 59 
 
 Bay slate 155 
 
INDEX. 
 
 315 
 
 Huron Bay slates 112 
 
 Hiiro nia 11 rocks, western extension 183, 184 
 
 series 130 
 
 series, thickness of. 169 
 
 series, beds I. to XIX 83 
 
 thickness 84 
 
 system 66, 67, 72, 73, 76 
 
 Hunt, M. R 6 
 
 Dr. T. S 82, loo, 101 
 
 Hunter, H. W 211 
 
 Hussey & Wells 264 
 
 Imports through St. Mary's canal, 1871-2... 26 
 
 Indian superstition regarding copper 10 
 
 Ingall's Mining Co., The 56 
 
 Intensity, magnetic 212, 222, 229 
 
 of the magnetic force 228 
 
 due to elevation, diminution of 231-236 
 
 Iron boulders, distribution of 78 
 
 Cliff Co., The 38 
 
 discovery of n> 13 
 
 mining, how failures have occurred in. 187-191 
 
 ores, how to recognize 198, 199 
 
 Mountain mine, Mo 273 
 
 Mountain Mining Co., The 39 
 
 Mountain ore, analyses of 302 
 
 Mountain mine 147 
 
 Mountain ore 95 
 
 pyrites 89, in 
 
 Mountain railroad 21 
 
 Mountain region, Mo 244 
 
 ores 8596 
 
 ore formation of South Belt 167, 171 
 
 ores, how to recognize 198, 199 
 
 ore formation of north belt 173 
 
 ores, tabular analytical statement of. 289, 290 
 
 Islipemiiig ore basin 141 
 
 Itabirite ... 114 
 
 I ves' map, fac-simile of. PI. I. 
 
 Jackson Iron Co 18-43 
 
 mine, first mention of 1 1 
 
 discovery of *5 
 
 machinery 280 
 
 mine *4 2 
 
 mine and forge i4 
 
 ore, analyses of 297, 298 
 
 Jaspery ore 89,90, 93, 128, 133 
 
 schists 97 
 
 Jenney, F. B 179.285 
 
 Jesuit discoveries 9> IO 
 
 Joints (cleavage) 74 
 
 Julieii, Alexis A 5, 82 
 
 Kaolinite in ore 
 
 Keene mine, N. Y 
 
 Keiveenaw bay 
 
 Keystone Iron Co., The 
 
 . 273 
 184 
 53 
 
 . 118 
 49 
 
 Kitchell, Dr 211, 219 
 
 Kloman Iron Co 55 
 
 Kirkpatrick, Joseph. 
 
 Kyanite in marble 161, J 74 
 
 Laborers, nationality of 251 
 
 quality of 247 
 
 wages of 251 
 
 Lake Angeline mine 135, 280 
 
 Angeline ore, analyses of 299, 300 
 
 Antoine 158, 180 
 
 Fumee 158 
 
 Gogebic and Montreal river region. 6, 183-186 
 
 Hanbury 159, 168, 169, 172, 179 
 
 Superior Iron Co 27 
 
 Superior Foundry Co., The 33> 47 
 
 Superior mine 136-140, 280 
 
 Superior mine ore, analyses of 298, 299 
 
 Superior Stone Co., The 58 
 
 L' Anse, village of 152 
 
 district 151-156 
 
 Laurent i:in rocks 164, 184 
 
 system 67 
 
 Lawton,C. D 7, 226 
 
 Ledge or stope holes 264 
 
 Lenticular form of strata 124 
 
 Lime in ores' 287 
 
 Limestone 109, 167, 171, 173 
 
 Limonitic schist 91 
 
 Linear surveys n, 14 
 
 Lithology 80-116 
 
 Lithological groups 84 
 
 Loading ore from stock pile 277 
 
 Location of the magnetic poles 219 
 
 of the U. S. Land offices in Michigan. . . 195 
 
 Lodestone 205, 219 
 
 Locke, Dr. John 213, 214 
 
 Long portage 176 
 
 Lower quartzite. 109, 148 
 
 Lumber 59, 60 
 
 Ma as & Lonstorf mine 144 
 
 Machinery for pumping and hoisting 277-279 
 
 McKenzie, Dr. J. C 32 
 
 Macomber mine 144, 145 
 
 ore, analyses of 301 
 
 mine machinery 278, 279 
 
 Magnesia in ore 287 
 
 in hornblende 101 
 
 Magnesian schist 128 
 
 schists 169, 170 
 
 schists (mostly chloride) 104-106 
 
 Magnetic chart, xi., explanation of 223 
 
 force of the intensity 228 
 
 instruments 210-215 
 
 Iron Co., The 36 
 
 mine 5, 132 
 
 mine ore, analyses of 3 01 
 
 mine ore 95 
 
 ore 87-285 
 
 range 226 
 
 sand 79, 217 
 
 rocks not ores 220 
 
 plans and sections, explanation of.. . .221-231 
 
 rocks, geological sketch of 215-221 
 
 triangulation 241, 242 
 
 Magneto-geologic charts, explana- 
 tion of 221-231 
 
 Magnetism of rocks 205-243 
 
 elementary principles of 205-210 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Magnetism of the Huronian series as a 
 
 unit 225-227 
 
 of the Laurentian system or granitic 
 
 rocks 224, 225 
 
 Magnetite in diorite 100 
 
 Making wagon roads 260 
 
 Management and general expenses 279-282 
 
 Manganese in hematite ore 92 
 
 Manganiferous ore 92, 95, 114, 153, 154 
 
 ore, Menominee region 179 
 
 Manjikijik, Indian chief, and guide to the 
 
 Jackson location 15 
 
 Maps, U. S. Land office 196, 197 
 
 Marble 148, 167, 171, 173, 174 
 
 (limestone and dolomite) 109 
 
 for building no 
 
 distribution of no 
 
 Marquette Iron Co 20 
 
 iron region 5 
 
 iron region, geology of 117156 
 
 and Ontonagon R.R 22 
 
 and Pacific Rolling Mill Co., The 43 
 
 Brown Stone Co., The 57, 58 
 
 Houghton and Ontonagon R.R 60-63 
 
 Iron Co., The 36 
 
 iron region, 1857-63 34 
 
 forge 20 
 
 mine 142 
 
 Mather, Sam. L 28 
 
 Martite 87 
 
 Maynard, Prof. G. W 285 
 
 Mechanical averages of ore 202, 203 
 
 Meeker, A. B 292 
 
 Menominee iron region 6, 68 
 
 Iron Region Cos 56 
 
 iron region, analyses of ores 302 
 
 Menominee iron region, general descrip- 
 tion of 157-182 
 
 topography of 72 
 
 iron region, quality and quantity of ore. 176 
 
 river 157, 158, 164 
 
 Merritt, D. H 33 
 
 Method and cost of mining specular and 
 
 magnetic ores 244-282 
 
 of sampling 284 
 
 Metallurgical qualities of ores 292 
 
 Mica schist 113, 130 
 
 Micaceons ore 88 
 
 Michigamme Co., The 52 
 
 district 117-133 
 
 lake 122 
 
 niine 119, 120, 121 
 
 ore, analyses of. 300 
 
 mountain 158 
 
 village 52 
 
 Michigan Iron Co., The 39 
 
 mine 98, 132 
 
 Mine rents (royalties) 252, 253 
 
 Mineral composition and classification of 
 
 rocks 80-116 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Albion 53 
 
 Bagaley 50 
 
 Barnum 33, 38, 293 
 
 Mines. Boston 55 
 
 Breen 56 
 
 Cannon 161 
 
 Carr 146 
 
 Cascade 49, 294, 295 
 
 Champion 47, 233, 280, 294 
 
 Cleveland. ... 141, 142, 244, 265, 293 
 
 Edwards 42, 122-125, 2 44> 2 8o, 296 
 
 Emma 50 
 
 Foster 38, 145, 147, 297 
 
 Gilmore 131, 145 
 
 Green Bay 143 
 
 Himrod 143 
 
 Hussy 48, 56 
 
 Iron Mountain 39, 302 
 
 Jackson 142, 280, 297, 298 
 
 Keystone 53 
 
 Kloman 55 
 
 Lake Angeline 42, 135, 280, 290, 300 
 
 Lake Superior 136-140,280,298, 299 
 
 Magnetic 125, 132, 301 
 
 Marquette 142 
 
 Michigamme 52, 119, 120, 121, 300 
 
 Michigan 98, 132 
 
 Macomber 33, 51 
 
 Negaunee Hematite 39, 50, 142-145 
 
 New England 54, 133, 244, 303 
 
 New York 41, 141, 303 
 
 Ogden 39, 147 
 
 Old Parsons 55 
 
 Parsons 39 
 
 Republic 49, 269, 306 
 
 Rolling Mill 51, 144 
 
 Saginaw 53, 134 
 
 Shenango 54, 134, 306 
 
 Silas C. Smith 48, 150, 307 
 
 Spurr Mountain 51, 119, 120, 307 
 
 Sterling, N. Y . . . . 273 
 
 Taylor 152, 153, 308 
 
 Tilden 39, 147 
 
 Washington. ..37, 122-125, 222, 269, 280, 308 
 
 West End (cascade) 146 
 
 Winthrop 54, 134, 309 
 
 on the Cascade iron range 49, 50 
 
 statistics of 64 
 
 Mining materials and implements, embrac- 
 ing "mine costs" 268-271 
 
 method and cost of 244-282 
 
 proper, or breaking ore 263, 268 
 
 force, organization of the 250, 251 
 
 Miscellaneous mine work 268 
 
 dead work 263 
 
 Missouri Iron Mountain ore, analyses of ... 302 
 
 Mixed ore (second class) 90, 93, 128, 133 
 
 Mode of working in explorations 196 
 
 Montreal river 184 
 
 river and Gogebic iron range 183-186 
 
 Morgan Iron Co 35 
 
 L. H 22 
 
 Morrcll, Dan'l J 292 
 
 Morse, Jay C 46 
 
 Nationality of men about mines 251 
 
 Needle, Magnetic, The, use of in ex- 
 plorations 205-243 
 
INDEX. 
 
 317 
 
 Needle, what can and cannot be determined 
 
 by it 240-243 
 
 Negauiiee district 133-150 
 
 hematite mines 39, 50, 142-145 
 
 hematites, analyses of. 304 
 
 village of 33 
 
 New England mine, The 54, 133, 244 
 
 England mine, analyses of ore 303 
 
 England Mining Co 20 
 
 England-Saginaw range 133 
 
 York Iron Co., The 41, 42 
 
 York mine 141 
 
 York ore, analyses of. 303 
 
 York (Lake Champlain region) 
 
 analyses of ores 305 
 
 York State ores, analyses of 304 
 
 Nitro-glycerine 267-269 
 
 Noiieonformability 184 
 
 of Laurentian and Huronian 126, 156 
 
 North iron belt, Menominee region 159-165 
 
 Northern Iron Co., The 34 
 
 Norway portage 176 
 
 Novaculite 105, 148, 149 
 
 Observations, magnetic, at Republic 
 
 moun tain 228, 229 j 
 
 Ogden, Wm. B 38 
 
 mine, The .39, 147 | 
 
 Ohio iron ores, analyses of 305 I 
 
 Ontonagon river 184, 185 j 
 
 Open mine works considered 247-249 
 
 Ore deposits, details of geological structure 
 
 of 123, 124, 245, 246 
 
 an average sample of, and how to 
 
 get it 201 
 
 digging for 199-201 
 
 dock at Escanaba 41 
 
 dock at L'Anse 62 
 
 dock at Marquette 63 
 
 first shipment of 18, 19 
 
 royalties on 51 
 
 formation 143 
 
 how to recognize 198, 199 
 
 Ores, analyses of 283-309 
 
 origin of 220, 221 
 
 chemical composition of. 283-309 
 
 metallurgical qualities of. 292 
 
 table of average composition of 286 
 
 Organization of the mining force 250, 251 
 
 of the party in explorations 192, 193 
 
 Origin of ores 220, 221 
 
 Ovens, hot blast 46 
 
 Packing (in explorations) 191 
 
 Paint river district 182 
 
 river falls 182 
 
 Palaeozoic rocks 66 
 
 Pardee, A 292 
 
 Parke Bros 264 
 
 Parsons, Edwin 22 
 
 mine, The 55 
 
 Pascoe, Capt. Peter 269 
 
 Peat furnace 56 
 
 Pendill, J. P 17 
 
 Peninsula Iron Co., The 30 
 
 Peninsula Railroad and Chicago and N. 
 
 W. R.R 40, 41 
 
 Penokie range, continuation of. 183 
 
 Permanent improvement accounts 254 
 
 Peters, Sam'l 285 
 
 Phoenix Iron Co., The 36 
 
 Phosphoric acid in ores .' 287 
 
 Phosphorus, distribution of. 289-291 
 
 in its relation to pig iron 288-291 
 
 in Lake Superior ores 288-291 
 
 tabular statement of 289, 290 
 
 Pictured rocks 68 
 
 Pig iron, analyses of. 291 
 
 cost of 32 
 
 large make of. 44 
 
 Pinch and shoot structure 246 
 
 Pine river, Wisconsin 158, 159 
 
 Pioneer Iron Co 31 
 
 Pittsburgh and Lake Angeline Iron Co., 
 
 The 42 
 
 and Lake Superior Iron Co 48, 146 
 
 Plank road, Marquette 22, 23 
 
 Plications, or folds i37~*4 
 
 Plumbago 115, 155 
 
 brook 154 
 
 Polarity of the magnetic force 227 
 
 Poles, location of the magnetic 219 
 
 Power drill 266 
 
 Practical suggestions and rules in explor- 
 ing 239-243 
 
 Prospecting for ore 187-204 
 
 and woodcraft 191-199 
 
 Protogine 170 
 
 Pumpelly, Prof. R 83, 104, 157, 160, 163, 
 
 165, 1 68, 174, 181, 183, 225 
 
 Pumping 271-279 
 
 machinery for 227-229 
 
 Quality and quantity of ore 190, 201-204 
 
 Q,uartzite 166, 169, 173 
 
 origin of I0 9 
 
 stratification of 109 
 
 conglomerates, breccias and sand- 
 stones 106-109 
 
 Quartz schists 97 
 
 vein I0 7 
 
 Railroads, history of 60-64 
 
 Bay de Noquette and Marquette 22 
 
 Railroads, Chicago and North-western. 60, 63, 64 
 
 Chicago, St. Paul and Fond du Lac 40 
 
 inauguration of 2I 
 
 Iron Mountain 21, 41 
 
 Marquette and Ontonagon 22 
 
 Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon, 60-63 
 
 Peninsula 4> 4* 
 
 Railway system, the completion of 60 
 
 Red chalk 98, 105 
 
 in specular ores 86, 285 
 
 Relations, Jesuit 9 
 
 Republic Iron Co., The 48* 49 
 
 mine 26 9 
 
 ore, analyses of. 3 6 
 
 Mountain 228-231 
 
 Mountain mine 125-129 
 
318 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Republic Mountain, observations at. .228, 229, 232 
 
 Revival of iron enterprises, 1863 34 
 
 Ritchie, E. S 214 
 
 Rock analysis 81 
 
 systems, geographical distribution of. . .65-67 
 
 Rocks, magnetism of 205-243 
 
 mineral composition and classification 
 
 of 80-116 
 
 Laurentian 215-217 
 
 Copper-bearing 216, 217 
 
 Huronian 216, 217, 218 
 
 Silurian 215-217 
 
 specific gravity of 84 
 
 Rockwell, E. S 15 
 
 Rolling Mill mine 51, 144 
 
 Romiiiger, Dr. C 167 
 
 Roofing slates 112 
 
 Slate and Sandstone Cos. 57~59 
 
 Royalties or mine rents 252, 253 
 
 on ore 5 J 
 
 Saginaw mine, The 53, 134 
 
 New England range 133 
 
 Salaries, office expenses and taxes 279, 282 
 
 Sampling ore 201-204 
 
 mode of 284 
 
 Sandstone, building 65, 66, 68, 75 
 
 Huronian 108, 166 
 
 and Roofing Slate Cos 57~59 
 
 Sand portage 159 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie ship canal. 23-27 
 
 construction of 23 
 
 land grant of . . . 24 
 
 business of 26 
 
 Saw mills 59, 60 
 
 Schoolcraft, H. R 10 
 
 Iron Co., The 42, 43 
 
 Schweitzer, Dr. P 285 
 
 Second-class ore 89, 90, 93, 128, 133 
 
 Sections 2 T. 39, R. 30 158 
 
 6 T. 39, R. 29 158, 168, 178, 179 
 
 9 T. 39, R. 29 158, 168, 178, 179 
 
 9 T. 49, R- 33 J 53 
 
 io T. 39, R. 29 158, 168, 178 
 
 ii T. 39, R. 29 158, 168, 178 
 
 13 T. 42, R. 33 182 
 
 18 T. 47, R. 46 186 
 
 20 T. 40, R. 30 158, 171, 180 
 
 20 T. 43, R. 32 182 
 
 22 T. 40, R. 30 158 
 
 23 T. 48, R. 31 121 
 
 23 T. 46, R. 41 , 184 
 
 25 T. 40, R. 31 158, 171, 179 
 
 29 T. 50, R. 30 196, 197 
 
 30 T. 40, R. 30 158, 179 
 
 31 T. 42, R. 29 160, 180 
 
 31 T. 42, R. 28 174 
 
 34 T. 40, R-30 158 
 
 36!'. 42, R. 30 160 
 
 Seldcn, S. H 7 
 
 Sharon, Pa 19 
 
 Shenango mine, The 53,134 
 
 mine ore, analyses of 306 
 
 Shipment of ore, first 18, 19 
 
 Silas C. Smith Iron Co... 48 
 
 Silas C. Smith mine 150 
 
 C. Smith mine ore, analyses of 307 
 
 Silieious matter 288 
 
 ores 93 
 
 schists 97 
 
 Silurian rocks 184, 185 
 
 sandstone 163 
 
 system 66, 68, 75 
 
 Silver 65 
 
 Sinking, cost of 200 
 
 shafts 259, 260 
 
 Slate ores 86, 88 
 
 Slates, roofing 57-59, 112 
 
 Sledging, sorting and loading ore 266, 267 
 
 Smith bay 129 
 
 S. L 6 
 
 S. C 150 
 
 Solar compass 12, 13 
 
 compass (Burt's) 213 
 
 South copper range 184 
 
 iron belt, Menominee region 158, 159 
 
 Specific gravity of rocks 84 
 
 of ores 202 
 
 Specular and magnetic ores, method and 
 
 cost of mining of 244-282 
 
 ores 86 
 
 ores, granular 87 
 
 schist 114 
 
 Spurr mountain 120, 226 
 
 mountain, magnetic observations at 236 
 
 Mountain Iron Co., The 51, 52 
 
 mine 119, 120 
 
 Mountain ore, analyses of 307 
 
 Stafford Slate Co., The 59 
 
 Stamping and washing ore 181 
 
 Statistics of mines and furnaces 64 
 
 Stationary engines with their work at 6 
 
 Marquette mines, description of 280, 281 
 
 Staurolite 113 
 
 St. Clair, Dr. J. J 37 
 
 mountain 123 
 
 Steel for drills 270 
 
 Bessemer, pig for 45 
 
 Sterling mine, N. Y 273 
 
 St. Mary's Canal Mineral Land Co 25 
 
 exports through 26 
 
 Stoping 264 
 
 Stratigraphy 73-76 
 
 Stripping earth and rock 260-262 
 
 Sturgeon falls 159 
 
 river falls 165 
 
 river 157, 158, 159 
 
 Sulphur in ores 287 
 
 Sunday lake 185 
 
 Surveys, linear 11-14 
 
 Surveys, United States linear 11-13 
 
 Dr. Houghton's 11-13 
 
 Mr. Burt's , 13. *4 
 
 Superintendent of mining company 250 
 
 Supplies (in explorations) 193 
 
 Swamps in Upper Peninsula 69 
 
 Swing derricks 275 
 
 Synclinal basins 75 
 
 Systems of Rock. 
 
 Laurentian 66, 67, 72, 73, 76 
 
INDEX. 
 
 319 
 
 Systems of Rock. 
 
 Huronian 66, 70, 71, 72, 73 
 
 Copper bearing 66, 69, 70, 75 
 
 Silurian 66, 68, 75 
 
 Tal>le of cost of mining in Marquette 255 
 
 of cost of mining at Persberg, Sweden. . 256 
 
 of rations for explorers 193 
 
 of stationary engines 280, 28 1 
 
 Tables of analyses of ores alphabetically 
 
 arranged 2 93~39 
 
 Talcose schists 104 
 
 Taylor, Ed. R 285 
 
 mine 152, 153 
 
 ore, L'Anse range, analyses of 308 
 
 Teal lake 145 
 
 Lake Co 35 
 
 Terrestrial magnetism 214 
 
 Test-pitting 200 
 
 Three lakes 122 
 
 Tilden mine, The 39, 147 
 
 mine and ore 95 
 
 Saml. J 38, 41 
 
 Timber, distribution of. '. .4, 69 
 
 Tools, other than drills 270, 271 
 
 Topographical geology 68 
 
 Topography 67-73 
 
 Silurian 68 
 
 Copper-bearing rocks 69 
 
 Iron-bearing rocks 70 
 
 Laurentian 72 
 
 Trap-dykes 123 
 
 Trenching, cost of 200 
 
 Trowbridge, C. A 30 
 
 Tunnelling and drifting 260 
 
 Tuttle, H. B 6 
 
 Underground mine works discussed 248, 249 
 
 United States explorations 10 
 
 States linear surveyors (W. A. 
 
 Burt) ii, 12, 13 
 
 University of Mich, cabinet 85 
 
 Upper Peninsula, geological sketch of. 65 
 
 quartzite 106, 122, 133 
 
 Use of dip compass 21 1-213 
 
 of the needle in explorations 205-243 
 
 U. S. land offices in Michigan, location of 195 
 
 linear survey section sketch 197 
 
 Van Cotta, Professor 81, 219 
 
 Varlcy, C. F 215 
 
 Veins 75 
 
 "Wages of men about mines 251 
 
 Wagon, Willson's patent dump 275 
 
 roads, making 260 
 
 \Vard, Capt. E. B 28, 54 
 
 Washington Iron Co., The 36, 37 
 
 mine 122-125, 222, 269 
 
 Washington mine, analyses of 308 
 
 machinery 280 
 
 Waste material, where to deposit 262 
 
 Water in ores 288 
 
 Watson Iron Co., The 55 
 
 Wendel, Dr. A 285 
 
 W^illson's patent dump wagon 275 
 
 West end mine (Cascade) 146 
 
 "Western, John 19 
 
 Wetmore, W. L 43 
 
 Whetstone Iron Co., The 47 
 
 quarry, opened 1849-50 21 
 
 White, Peter 20, 37, 43 
 
 Whitney, J. D 101 
 
 Winchell, A 3 
 
 Windfalls 73 
 
 AVinthrop mine, The 53. J 34 
 
 mine ore, analyses of 309 
 
 Wisconsin iron 162 
 
 iron ores, analyses of 39 
 
 Work of horses in handling ore 271-277 
 
 Worinley, T. G 285 
 
 "Woodcraft and prospecting 191-199 
 
 Wright, Chas. E 5^ 83 
 
 Wuth, Dr. Otto 181, 285 
 
ADDENDA 
 
 Extracted from the Marqiiette Mining Journal. 
 
 The following table exhibits in gross and net ton's the amount of 
 iron-ore shipped from the Lake Superior mines during the season 
 of 1873, together with its total value at $7 per ton, gross : 
 
 MINES. 
 
 Gross tons. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Amount . 
 
 Jackson 
 
 113,892 
 70,882 
 132,082 
 166,666 
 72,782 
 38,014 
 105,452 
 21,065 
 20,507 
 48,076 
 27,372 
 1,404 
 
 43,933 
 21,498 
 
 31,73 
 3i,933 
 28,966 
 
 3,212 
 10,426 
 38,969 
 2,074 
 2,148 
 33,546 
 8,658 
 
 1,188 
 
 i,655 
 1,276 
 
 1,239 
 949 
 7,137 
 
 n,39 
 
 37,139 
 9,328 
 6,629 
 4,517 
 
 181 
 
 5io 
 3,258 
 1,090 
 
 78 
 
 112 
 
 145 
 
 740 
 600 
 820 
 600 
 
 1,210 
 1,530 
 2, 1 60 
 590 
 760 
 I,26o 
 440 
 1,390 
 1,360 
 1,400 
 350 
 1,560 
 1,230 
 
 700 
 1,630 
 
 390 
 210 
 1,370 
 9IO 
 
 i,37 
 2,140 
 
 1,100 
 
 i .500 
 1,890 
 
 1,740 
 740 
 60 
 i, 860 
 1,150 
 
 i35 
 410 
 
 830 
 2,000 
 1,560 
 
 i,5* 
 
 440 
 
 $797,246 31 
 496,175 87 
 924,576 56 
 1,166,663 87 
 509,477 78 
 266,102 78 
 738,170 75 
 147,456 84 
 H3,55i 37 
 336,535 93 
 191,605 38 
 
 9,832 34 
 307,535 25 
 150,490 37 
 
 222,111 09 
 
 223,535 87 
 202,765 84 
 
 22,484 oo 
 72,984 18 
 272,788 09 
 
 14,519 21 
 
 15,036 6 i 
 234,826 29 
 60,608 85 
 8,320 29 
 ",59i 59 
 8,935 44 
 8,677 69 
 6,648 91 
 49,964 44 
 79.235 3 1 
 
 259973 l8 
 65.301 81 
 46,406 59 
 31,623 22 
 1,268 28 
 3,570 oo 
 22,808 59 
 7,636 25 
 550 87 
 788 72 
 1,016 37 
 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Lake Superior . . ... 
 
 Champion .... 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 Kloman ... 
 
 Cascade . . . , 
 
 Barnum 
 
 Foster 
 
 Rowland 
 
 Lake Angelina 
 
 Pittsburgh & Lake Superior. . . . 
 Edwards 
 
 
 Michigamme 
 
 Michigan (Clarksburgh) 
 
 Keystone 
 
 McComber 
 
 Hirnrod . 
 
 Marquette ... 
 
 Winthrop 
 
 
 Albion . . 
 
 Carr 
 
 Bagalev 
 
 Howell Hoppock 
 
 Green Bay . 
 
 Emma . . . 
 
 Rolling Mill 
 
 
 Smith 
 
 Grand Central 
 
 Gribben 
 
 New England 
 
 Allen 
 
 Goodrich . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 Hun^erford 
 
 Total... ; 
 
 1,163,057 
 
 160 
 
 $8,141,398 98 
 
 
322 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 The following table shows the aggregate production of the 
 several furnaces in the district for 1873, together with the value of 
 the iron ($45) at furnace : 
 
 FURNACES. 
 
 Gross tons. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pioneer 
 
 7,098 
 
 $319,410 
 
 Collins 
 
 2,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 Michigan 
 
 4,467 
 
 201,015 
 
 Greenwood 
 
 ... 4>4 J 6 
 
 198,720 
 
 Bancroft 
 
 4,100 
 
 184,500 
 
 Morgan . 
 
 .... 6,324 
 
 284,580 
 
 Champion 
 
 3949 
 
 177,705 
 
 Deer Lake . 
 
 3>447 
 
 i55,"5 
 
 Fayette 
 
 10,696 
 
 481,320 
 
 Bay 
 
 8,760 
 
 394,200 
 
 Munising 
 
 2,237 
 
 100,665 
 
 Grace 
 
 7,800 
 
 351,000 
 
 Beecher 
 
 710 
 
 3 I ,95 
 
 Beecher (muck bar) 
 
 428 
 
 25,680 
 
 Lake Superior Company's peat furnace 
 Escanaba (shipped to November igth) 
 
 500 
 2,175 
 
 22,500 
 97,875 
 
 Menominee 
 
 . : . 2,400 
 
 108,000 
 
 Total 
 
 71,507 
 
 $3,224,235 
 
 It has not been possible to obtain trustworthy statistics of the 
 products of the Missouri mines and furnaces, but the following 
 figures are given as an estimate : 
 
 Iron- Ore. 
 
 Iron Mountain district 350,000 
 
 Central Missouri 75>ooo 
 
 Pig- Iron (Coke and Coal). 
 
 Vulcan Iron- Works 16,300 
 
 South St. Louis Iron- Works.. 93OO 
 
 Missouri Furnace Co 12,000 
 
 Carondelet furnace 5,ooo 
 
 42,600 
 
ADDENDA. 323 
 
 Pig-Iron (Charcoal). 
 
 Meramee Iron- Works 4>3 
 
 Moselle " S.ioo 
 
 Scotia " 7,6oo 
 
 Osage " 700 
 
 Hamilton " 700 
 
 Iron Mountain furnaces 10,000 
 
 Pilot Knob " 5,ooo 
 
 33,400 
 Total pig-iron, 75,000 gross tons. 
 
 Explorations made during the summer of 1873 in the Menomo- 
 nee district of Lake Superior have proved the existence of worka- 
 ble beds of ore of fine quality in T. 39, R. 28 ; T. 39, R. 29 ; T. 
 40, R. 30; T. 42, R. 28 ; T. 42, R. 29. 
 
FOURTEEN DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 REC J LD 
 
 UN171968; 
 
 LD 21-100m-2,'55 
 (B139s22)476 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
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