D 
 
 Olo
 
 PART FIRST 
 
 SUPPLEMENT 
 
 CYBELE BRITANNICA 
 
 TO BE CONTINUED OCCASIONALLY 
 
 RECORD OF PROGRESSIVE KNOWLEDGE 
 
 CONCERNING THE 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN BRITAIN, 
 
 BY 
 
 HEWETT COTTRELL WATSON. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION. 
 1860.
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 This First Part of the Supplement will be sent to all 
 the provincial botanists of Britain whose present ad- 
 dresses are known to the Author. Any future Parts will 
 be sent to those among them who intimate a desire to 
 receive the continuations of it, if printed, in accordance 
 with a notice to such effect given on pages 522 3 of the 
 fourth volume of the Cybele Britannica. As the Author 
 cannot bind himself certainly to proceed with the Sup- 
 plement, or to make it other than a series of desultory 
 papers if proceeded with, he feels that it cannot properly 
 be made a published work ; while he trusts that it may 
 contain as much information, new or newly arranged, as 
 most other books of its class. This one Part indeed 
 includes 38 Local Floras, for counties and other tracts, 
 condensed into the two general lists which occupy the 
 larger portion of it ; not a small amount of information 
 about the local botany of the island ; and much of it now 
 printed for the first time.
 
 RECEPTION OF THE CYBELE BRTTANNICA. 
 
 A Supplement to the Cybele Britannica, commenced 
 before any considerable accumulation of new facts has 
 been obtained, may appear at first thought to be rather a 
 premature proceeding. The wish to continue the work 
 by supplementary sheets, to be printed from time to time 
 as occasion should arise, was stated and explained at 
 the end of volume fourth, page 522. The chief reason 
 for this early commencement, among other minor motives 
 inducing thereto, may be found in that large section of 
 this present part, which will bear the title of ' Sub- 
 provincial Distribution ' some pages onward. One of the 
 objects sought by that section, is to draw attention to 
 those local facts which it is desirable that botanical ob- 
 servers should especially look out for, whether around 
 their own abodes or during their tours from home, as the 
 opportunities may occur. And that section virtually 
 involving numerous queries addressed to all persons ob- 
 servant of facts in local botany, I propose to send out 
 copies of this Part very generally, as is intimated in the 
 Notice on the opposite page. The remarks which will 
 here precede that largest section, will perhaps sufficiently 
 suggest the existence also of other minor motives for so 
 soon commencing a Supplement. 
 
 Some, curiosity was felt by myself about the reception 
 which my fourth volume would meet with. Subjects were 
 incidentally touched upon ; without the possibility of 
 thorough discussion there, which are little likely to be
 
 4 RECEPTION OF THE 
 
 understood clearly by persons of feeble ratiocinative 
 powers, however excellent they may be as observers ; and 
 on that account my remarks were all the more likely to 
 be disrelished and found fault with. Moreover, with 
 wonted freedom and independence, I had expressed opi- 
 nions on systematic classification and other matters, such 
 as were ill-adapted to please certain botanists of in- 
 fluence ; those who apparently dream that a ministration 
 to their own personal vanity, or a promotion of their own 
 pocket interests, is something of higher importance than 
 the advancement of intellectual truth. 
 
 I cannot go so far as to add, that my acknowledged 
 curiosity bordered at all closely upon that fidgetty anxiety 
 about the sayings of the Grundys in the press, which is 
 almost proverbially supposed to accompany authorship, 
 and which doubtless usually does so with beginners. A 
 long addiction to phrenological studies, and the facility 
 thus acquired for estimating at their right value the 
 mental characteristics of other men, have gradually led me 
 to look upon the widest differences of individual appre- 
 ciation, whether oral or printed, simply as peculiarities 
 for psychological analysis and explanation ; not as any- 
 thing to be otherwise personally cared about. 
 
 Great offence seems occasionally to have been con- 
 ceived against me, on account of the independence of 
 thought and expression, which is engendered through 
 that habit of testing the scientific doings and opinions of 
 other persons, by a psychological analysis of the indivi- 
 dual peculiarities from which they have probably ema- 
 nated. Fully trained to see that talent is almost inva- 
 riably very partial or special, and not ignorant of the 
 truism, that time specially devoted to one department of 
 knowledge, must necessarily imply time not devoted 
 equally to other and different departments, I refuse to
 
 CYBELE BRITANNICA. 5 
 
 accept dogmatic opinions or judgments from other per- 
 sons, in matters outside of their own particular lines of 
 thought and study. 
 
 Thus influenced, I may perchance be deemed too care- 
 less about the misappreciations, and even be supposed 
 wilfully to provoke the wrathful manifestations, of certain 
 blustering egotists, who take upon themselves to enun- 
 ciate judgments in every other department of botanical 
 science, solely because they have attained eminence in 
 some widely dissimilar department. Self-sufficient men 
 of this sort, blind to their own mental peculiarities and 
 deficiences, are often the least scrupulous of writers, 
 garbling and misrepresenting that which they dislike, yet 
 find themselves unable to refute by truthful argument. 
 Falsehood has many phases ; and I confess a pleasure 
 felt in exposing the false, while studying them also. 
 
 But my customary manner of looking at the criticisms 
 of others, whether only commonplaces or curiosities in 
 mental science, is still not incompatible with a free 
 avowal that I do much prefer and desire the good opi- 
 nion of one very limited class of persons ; namely, of 
 those whom I believe to be conscientious truth- seekers, 
 whom I see to be clear-minded reasoners, and who take 
 interest in the same pursuits and studies with myself. 
 Men of this stamp can be pleasurably met even in 
 counter-argument ; because we never find reason to pro- 
 test against intentional misrepresentation by them. Pity 
 it is, that the class here alluded to is not more nume- 
 rously represented in the periodical press. 
 
 I have not myself met with any notice of the lately 
 published fourth volume of the C. B., in english journals, 
 which appears to require remark from its author. Pro- 
 bably few reviews of it have been attempted. No effort
 
 6 RECEPTION OF THE 
 
 was made towards drawing attention to the book, fur- 
 ther than making its publication known through very 
 few advertisements. Not a copy was sent to the 
 "Editor" of any periodical. That very usual mode of 
 seeking notoriety was thus entirely abstained from, be- 
 cause no desire was felt for seeing the book reviewed by 
 persons who had given much less attention to its subject 
 than the author had himself given. 
 
 After this statement it is almost superfluous to add, 
 that no copy was sent to the Editor of the Gardener's 
 Chronicle, or to any other person (so far as known to 
 me) in any way connected with that newspaper. And as 
 most of the matters treated in C. B. seem so little suit- 
 able to gardeners, I was somewhat surprised to learn that 
 the Editor of the Chronicle had gone out of his way to 
 publish a vituperative notice of my work. I should 
 hence infer that some strong personal feeling may have 
 led to that step, without being openly avowed. If that 
 feeling arose from finding cherished ideas about classifi- 
 cation rather roughly treated in the Cybele, it was still 
 no great manifestation of wisdom in the reviewer, to 
 betray that my humble book had proved keen or forceful 
 enough to wound the vanity, and to ruffle the temper, of 
 a potentate of the ' vegetable kingdom.' 
 
 Not having read a single line in the Gardener's Chro- 
 nicle during many years past, I have only casual informa- 
 tion about it through friends. One gentleman holding a 
 foremost rank in natural science, who had occasion to 
 write to me on more important topics, added a brief post- 
 script to his letter in these words : "I was sincerely 
 grieved at the spirit shown in the review, or, rather, 
 diatribe against the Cybele, in the Gardener's Chronicle." 
 In consequence of this remark, I inquired from my cor- 
 respondent whether there was aught in the diatribe which
 
 CYBELE BRITANNICA. 7 
 
 could render it incumbent on me, as an inquirer into 
 natural truths, to read the article he had referred to. 
 His reply came in the form of a recommendation not to 
 be at the trouble of reading it. 
 
 This advice would have sufficed, as I could well rely 
 on the judgment of rny correspondent. But I had mean- 
 time written a similar question also to another friend, one 
 more specially devoted to botanical pursuits, and who 
 would thus look at it from a different point of view. His 
 letter in reply to the query commenced thus : " On 
 receipt of your note I got the Gardener's Chronicle of 
 November 12, and read the notice of Cybele, it is, how- 
 ever, merely personal, and not at all a critical review." 
 Such are the impressions made on the minds of two 
 highly scientific and honorable men through reading the 
 notice. If it. were the reviewer's wish to make such 
 impressions, so little favorable to himself, in minds of 
 that quality, his efforts have been successful. 
 
 Decided by these reports, I have not gone out of 
 my own way to see the " merely personal, not at all 
 critical, diatribe " in the newspaper named. All sense of 
 obligation to do so was of course quite removed. Al- 
 though, as a general rule, I am disposed to say that any 
 writer of a book, who has placed on record a large num- 
 ber of facts in science, for the use of his successors, 
 ought to give respectful attention to the (honest) criti- 
 cisms of the press. More especially should it be held 
 incumbent on him to attend to any strictures which 
 might profess to disprove his statements, or to show 
 reasonable grounds for questioning the exactness or 
 accuracy of his records. Evidently, by the reports of the 
 two correspondents above referred to, there is nothing of 
 that kind in the Chronicle to demand my attention. 
 Newspaper abuse is soon forgotten ; but those of my
 
 8 RECEPTION OF THE 
 
 readers, if any, who are curious in " diatribes, not at all 
 critical," will now know where to find one about the 
 C. B. Happily I can turn from the worthless and con- 
 temptible, to something else really worthy of attention. 
 
 M. Alphonse De Candolle has written the most com- 
 prehensive and elaborate treatise on phyto-geography, 
 which has hitherto come before the public. On this 
 account he must be eminently qualified to decide, whether 
 or not such works as the C. B. ought to be accounted 
 serviceable additions to the literature of that peculiar 
 department of floral science ? whether they are adapted 
 to supply something required by those who prosecute the 
 study of botany in its connexions with geography and 
 meteorology ? Only those who have systematically and 
 successfully devoted attention to the study of phyto- 
 geography in its general bearings, having Delation to the 
 earth at large, can be properly qualified to give any 
 reliable judgment on the questions asked above. 
 
 It is therefore believed that a review of the C. B., 
 emanating avowedly from the pen of that truthful and 
 assiduous botanist, will not prove unacceptable to those 
 Englishmen who take an interest in the botany of their 
 own island ; and many of whom have contributed by 
 their local knowledge and records, to render the work so 
 much more complete than it could otherwise have been 
 made. Under this belief, I offer here the translation of 
 a review or critical notice of my fourth volume, which 
 appeared in a foreign journal for July, 1859, authenti- 
 cated by the affixed initials of M. De Candolle. No 
 botanist of this island has qualified himself in the 
 same indispensable manner for the task of criticism on 
 the work, if regarded in the character of a local contribu- 
 tion to the general subject. 
 
 But in its purely local character, as an exposition of
 
 CYBELE BRITANNIC A. 9 
 
 the botany of Britain only, seen apart from that of the 
 rest of the earth, our native botanists are of course the 
 more suitable judges on the questions, whether or not 
 it is a fairly correct exposition of the botany of this 
 island ? and whether it makes any decided advance or 
 improvement on antecedent knowledge and records re- 
 lating to the same subject ? Doubtless, any critic who 
 looks on the C B. in this more restricted and appro- 
 priate character, ought himself to be well acquainted with 
 our insular flora, both as to the plants themselves and 
 as to their localities and other topographical relations. 
 But a good provincial botanist, familiar with the botany 
 of a single county, is prepared to form some tolerably 
 fair estimate of the work, though it may be a less com- 
 plete estimate. 
 
 That the C, B. is sufficiently dissimilar from the Floras 
 and other publications on local botany, sufficiently novel 
 in its own kind and purpose, to justify novelty in its 
 name, is testified by M. De Candolle at the outset of his 
 notice. An explanation of the name adopted was given 
 on the second page of the first volume, a dozen years ago, 
 and its analogical appropriateness was then also ex- 
 plained. It has not fallen to my chance to meet with 
 any objection made against the name. But I am told 
 that it has been recently carped at on the far-fetched pre- 
 tence, that the antient worshippers of the deity Cybele 
 were an impure set of beings. As sensibly might we 
 declaim against artists who represent Venus on canvass 
 or in marble, or against poets and lovers who invoke the 
 name of the same deity in their verses and love-letters ; 
 for the antient votaries of Venus were not exactly vestal 
 virgins, any more than those of Cybele. 
 
 A man of impure imagination himself, anxious and 
 
 B
 
 10 M. DE CANDOLLE ON THE 
 
 unable to discover more real objections against my book, 
 might indeed be thus self-prompted to take up that far- 
 fetched one against the name, rather than fail of finding 
 something to be denounced. It is probable enough that 
 the now familiar name of Flora was equally grumbled at, 
 as an innovation, when first brought into botanical litera- 
 ture. Possibly it may have been censured by some 
 Pharisaical critic, some " nice man of nasty ideas," on 
 nearly the same grounds ; since an existing account of 
 Flora in a standard classical book, from the pen of a 
 Doctor in Divinity, and habitually put into the hands of 
 schoolboys, would afford a colourable pretence for still 
 making an equal objection against the name of Flora. 
 " Some suppose," wrote Dr. Lempriere, " that she was 
 originally a common courtesan, who left to the Romans 
 the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitu- 
 tion and lasciviousness, in remembrance of which a yearly 
 festival was instituted in her honour." Those living 
 botanists who have ever use^. the name of Flora, or 
 attempted a ' Synopsis of the British Flora,' may con- 
 gratulate themselves on not having been the first intro- 
 ducers of that equally suggestive name into botanical 
 service ; that is, if such silly censure could be accepted 
 in lieu of sensible criticism. For my own part, under 
 the sanction of a De Candolle, I shall rest quite content 
 to keep the responsibility of the second innovation, that 
 of adding Cybele to Flora. 
 
 A REVIEW OF THE CYBELE BRITANNICA. 
 " Tire des Archives des Sciences de la Bibliotheque Universelle" 
 
 Mr. Watson has published the fourth and concluding 
 volume of the work named Cybele Britannica. What is 
 the meaning of this word Cybele, which he has introduced
 
 CYBELE BRITANNIOA. 11 
 
 into science ? Is it a whim, a crotchet ? Not so ; the 
 term is novel, but the thing designated is a novelty also. 
 It is applied to a work in which are enumerated all the 
 plants of a country, observed in their topographical and 
 geographical distribution exclusively, and not in their 
 characters or botanical distinctions. This is not a Flora, 
 for there are neither descriptions nor synonyms ; it is a 
 work more specially devoted to the botanical geography 
 of a country ; and since the deity Flora has been invoked 
 in the one case, we can in like manner place the other 
 kind of work under an invocation of Cybele. Thus, the 
 phenomena of vegetation which are observed on the land 
 of Britain, the position of the species in all parts of the 
 island, their grouping in each subdivision, at each alti- 
 tude, their origin, if it can be determined, together con- 
 stitute a Cybele Britannica. It is desirable to have 
 works of this character for other countries, as comple- 
 ments of their Floras, and as means of comparison in 
 botanical geography. 
 
 His concluding volume is devoted by Mr. Watson to 
 summaries and general views, which result from the 
 numerous details included in the three prior volumes. 
 As these latter have appeared in the course of a dozen 
 years, and some important works on the english flora 
 and on botanical geography have been published during 
 the period, the author completes or corrects some facts, 
 and particularly he discusses the opinions of his prede- 
 cessors. Several portions are commentaries, either eulo- 
 gistic or critical, of the work published by myself under 
 the title of Geographic Botanique Raisonnee. We notice 
 this for those persons to whom the last-named work has 
 proved interesting. I (nous) do not complain of the 
 position that Mr. Watson has given me, seeing what a low 
 estimate he professes for the intelligence of botanists in
 
 12 M. DE CANDOLLE ON THE 
 
 general. According to him, "it is a peculiarity of the 
 botanical mind not always to reason with strict accuracy 
 and soundness." But, according to Mr. Watson, I escape 
 this fault sometimes, even frequently, more especially in 
 the matter of generalisations. Thus, I repeat, I do not 
 myself make complaint. 
 
 If it be necessary to defend the generality, or at least 
 the majority, of botanists against the imputations of the 
 english author, we will make two reflexions. First, that 
 in the sciences of observation like botany, there are 
 always vast numbers of facts which are more or less 
 doubtful, and on which we are obliged to rely, fully aware 
 that they are not a solid support. We reason about the 
 evolution of organs, and yet the human eye, assisted by 
 the most powerful glasses, can never see and will not 
 be able to see the origin of anything, since matter is infi- 
 nitely divisible. We reason about the symmetry of 
 organs, but this is never a mathematical and absolute 
 symmetry. In botanical geography, an exact author 
 says that a species grows in cultivated ground, but this 
 does not intend that it has never been found at the side 
 of cultivated ground, nor in places which had been for- 
 merly cultivated or which are scarcely cultivated ; we 
 say that a species rises to a thousand metres on a certain 
 mountain, but this does not intend that the limit is pre- 
 cise and constant. The facts of natural history are 
 vague, fluctuating, uncertain, if regarded with absolute 
 strictness ; it is impossible that reasonings based on 
 these facts should not partake of the same defect. They 
 are not worse than those made in history, for instance, 
 where they are not exact, seeing that we guess the 
 opinions of a statesman, that we suppose such opinions 
 of a king or in the public, Trom known facts, and that we 
 reason on them accordingly.
 
 CYHELE BKITANNICA. 13 
 
 The second reflexion which the interesting work of 
 Mr. Watson suggests to us, is, that he appears to us to 
 abstain too entirely from the truly logical method of 
 Irypothesis. This method is quite logical and scientific, 
 provided that we always know what is a hypothesis. 
 Philosophers (physiciens) and astronomers often resort to 
 it ; we do not see why naturalists should refuse to em- 
 ploy it. Universal attraction, definite proportions, undu- 
 lation or emission of light, are hypotheses that new facts 
 may possibly overthrow, and yet these are grand and use- 
 ful ideas, which advance various sciences. When we say 
 in botanical geography : species are distributed at the 
 present time as if lands now separated by the sea had 
 formerly been continuous, we make a hypothesis which is 
 not to be despised. When we study the boreal limit of a 
 species, and after having tried and re-tried the figures ex- 
 pressing the temperature, month by month, day by day, in 
 detail and in total, we come to say : the species is distri- 
 buted upon such continent as if it could not support such 
 an extreme of cold, nor pass beyond such a sum of heat, 
 above such a degree ; we make a hypothesis, and various 
 such hypotheses are put forth in physiology equally as 
 in botanical geographj*. If we abstain from considerations 
 of this sort, if we distrust them, with the purpose of con- 
 fining ourselves to strict reasonings, we deprive ourselves 
 of a mode of advancing science, in the midst of the ob- 
 scurities and uncertainties which accompany all the facts. 
 The extreme caution of Mr. Watson, in regard to 
 ratiocination, has perhaps inconveniently limited the 
 field of his researches and reflexions, but it has had the 
 advantage of making him precise and philosophical in 
 certain nice questions which he could not avoid. Among 
 them* is that of the distinction of species, genera, and 
 orders. Every one who occupies himself with botanical
 
 14 M. DE CANDOLLE ON THE 
 
 geography, ought at one time or other to scrutinize the 
 value of these terms, the importance of these grades of 
 association and the manner of defining them. Mr. 
 Watson presents interesting reflexions on this topic. 
 He developes particularly the idea that groups of the 
 same designation in the works of botanists are not asso- 
 ciations sufficiently equal and sufficiently uniform to 
 render comparisons among them satisfactory in a statis- 
 tical light. We concur in this generally so far as orders 
 are concerned, but species likewise present the same 
 inconvenience, for these also are associations which rest 
 on characters of varied importance, whether in them- 
 selves, or according to the mode of view of each author, 
 in each particular instance, and according to his manner 
 of regarding species in natural history. Mr. Watson 
 takes his examples from the modern Floras of Britain. 
 After showing the successive subdivision and recon- 
 struction of certain species, according to the knowledge 
 of the day and to individual opinions, he proves that 
 three categories may be recognized among species well 
 studied: 1, aggregate species, or super-species, as, for 
 example, Rubus fruticosus ; 2, simple species, or ver- 
 species, as Rubus saxatilis ; 3, sub-species, emanating 
 from the subdivision of old species, as the Rubus dis- 
 color. If we concur practically with this fact, which 
 results from the recent history of the science, we may 
 perhaps escape much disputation. Each person will 
 decide to make, according to the tendency of his own 
 mind, either super-species, or ver-species, or sub-species. 
 I will go even further than Mr. Watson, I will say that 
 the authors of european Floras might distinguish by a 
 sign each of these three categories of specific or quasi- 
 specific associations. I hasten however to add that this 
 would be unattainable in exotic botany, in the present
 
 CYBELE BRITANNICA. 15 
 
 state of the science, since the greater portion of the 
 exotic species have been made on few specimens, and 
 often imperfect, or on cultivated plants more or less 
 differing from native examples. Prospective judgment is 
 in favour (Uavenir est, dans le sens) of these multiplied 
 subdivisions in the mechanism of classification, for the 
 resemblances and differences of organic objects are infi- 
 nite, and to represent them passably it would be needful 
 to have terms and grades of association more numerous 
 than those which we practically make use of; but the 
 state of knowledge and the incomplete materials in our 
 collections scarcely allow us to think of it at present ; at 
 best this mode could be attempted only in a monograph 
 of species well known, or in the Flora of a country such 
 as England. 
 
 Britain being an island the vegetation of which has 
 been studied for two ages, and where the observers are 
 numerous, I have devoted much time to tracing out how 
 many species, and which of the species, have been intro- 
 duced into its flora, either certainly or probably, during 
 the historic era. For this purpose I have resorted to all 
 the english works, particularly to the earlier volumes of 
 the Cybele Britannica. I have brought into this investi- 
 gation the idea of the continental distribution of the spe- 
 cies and that of their ordinary Celtic names, as com- 
 pleting that which actual observation of the species in 
 Britain has been able to supply regarding their origin. 
 In his^fourth volume Mr. Watson returns to this inte- 
 resting subject, and discusses anew the same facts. Since 
 1855, the date of my Geographic Botanique, it does not 
 appear that the study of the original welsh, Scottish, or 
 irish names of the doubtfully native plants has made the 
 least progress. Mr. Watson thinks that, in some in- 
 stances, I have not been sufficiently aware of the degree
 
 16 M. DE CANDOLLK ON THE 
 
 of value which ought to be placed on the statements of 
 this or that english botanist. This may be so, I admit, 
 considering my position as a foreigner. On the other 
 side, I continue to believe that the distribution in neigh- 
 bouring countries has not been sufficiently studied by the 
 english, even by Mr. Watson, and that it suffices some- 
 times to show whether a species exists in England through 
 antient natural agencies, or whether it has been accident- 
 ally cast upon that country, out of its limits, by some 
 modern agency. However little, in such case, the local 
 indications support the general indications, the species 
 has probably been introduced. Notwithstanding the dif- 
 ferent methods followed by Mr. Watson and myself in 
 this interesting investigation, we attain closely similar 
 results. Not only do we agree in respect to many of the 
 species, but also we arrive at a sum total of introduced 
 species in the spontaneously british vegetation closely 
 similar and always small. I reckon up 83 species as being 
 certainly of foreign origin and become spontaneous, with 
 100 as probably of foreign origin ; being a total of 18-*i. 
 Mr. Watson considers 180 as foreign or Alien, and by 
 this word he understands species more or less well esta- 
 blished among the spontaneous english plants, but either 
 probably or certainly of foreign origin. Moreover, I have 
 seen nothing in the Cybele, which alters perhaps the 
 most important result from my investigations, that in an 
 island separated from a continent and from another 
 island by arms of the sea of small extent, there t^tes not 
 exist a proved example, nor even a probable example, of 
 a species introduced by natural causes, such as winds, 
 currents, or birds ; whilst for the great majority of spe- 
 cies of foreign origin, we are able to determine historically 
 or to suspect on good grounds a transport by man, by 
 means of vessels, of imported corn, of cultivation, etc.
 
 CYBELE BRITANNICA. 17 
 
 Consequently, the effect of natural causes of transport 
 has been greatly exaggerated ; consequently also, be- 
 tween the epoch of the last geological events, which have 
 modified an island relatively to a neighbouring continent, 
 and the advent of man, there should exist usually a 
 period during which the vegetation remains free from all 
 admixture. We know through geology, that this period 
 has been long in some countries, and we" are led thus to 
 interesting reflexions on the history of the vegetable 
 kingdom. 
 
 The last volume of the Cybele Britannica contains 
 numerous tables and statistical summaries of the distri- 
 bution of the species and of the orders in the larger and 
 smaller geographical subdivisions adopted by the author. 
 These latter, smaller than counties, are 112 in number. 
 There is no country of equal extent with Britain, in 
 which the presence or absence of each species has been 
 recorded in districts so numerous. The boreal and 
 austral limits of the species which find a limit in the 
 island, appear in these tables; the upper and lower limits 
 in altitude are also given for a large number of the spe- 
 cies, which have been ascertained up to the present time 
 and with more care ; but in this respect Britain does not 
 offer much of interest, by reason of the moderate altitude 
 of its mountains. We find in the work of Mr. Watson 
 much information and many interesting reflexions upon 
 very local species (p. 443), upon the irish plants which 
 are wanting in Britain proper (p. 227), upon the almost 
 entire absence of species peculiar to this island (p. 389), 
 and upon a mode of grouping the species of a country 
 into certain types of distribution in accordance with actual 
 analogies in their geographical conditions, notwithstand- 
 ing their partial commingling at many points (p. 499). 
 Some of these questions of botanical geography cannot
 
 18 REPLY TO M. DE CANDOLLE 
 
 be studied thoroughly, nor even be entered into, by the 
 study of some particular country. There is in general 
 more to be learned by the study of some selected species 
 or of some selected order over the surface of the earth, 
 than by the examination of a district or of a more 
 extended country. But the form and nature of a work 
 such as the Cybele Britannica places us unavoidably 
 under the latter conditions of view. It is not to be 
 regretted, since Mr. Watson has accomplished a con- 
 scientious and profound work, the result of many years 
 of investigation and reflexion, and since the precision of 
 its details is found often enhanced in this work by the 
 
 soundness or novelty of its views. 
 
 ALPH. DC. 
 
 A REPLY TO M. DE CANDOLLE. 
 (On the faculties which confer botanical eminence). 
 
 In the ' Introductory Explanations ' to my fourth vo- 
 lume, page 11, I sincerely expressed a very high appre- 
 ciation of the ' Geographic Botanique.' Yet holding 
 intellectual truth to be paramount over all other con- 
 siderations, I did not hesitate to maintain some dif- 
 ferences of view ; as also, to give criticizing reasons for a 
 dissent from some of the views held and advocated by 
 the illustrious botanist who now so well supports his 
 family name. It will have been seen that M. DS Can- 
 dolle has taken the opportunity afforded by his notice of 
 my book, to give in turn his own comments upon those 
 made in C. B. Audi alteram partem is a golden rule for 
 observance by writers as well as by readers ; and I shall 
 again in my own turn here seek to substantiate and more 
 fully explain an opinion (though more psychological than
 
 ON BOTANICAL EMINENCE. 19 
 
 botanical) which was expressed only incidentally in my 
 fourth volume, and which has been not quite correctly 
 reported against me in the review translated on the pre- 
 ceding pages. 
 
 I feel well assured that M. De Candolle would never 
 wish to misreport any opinion or statement of another 
 writer. And having this confidence in his truth and 
 justice, it was a source of considerable annoyance to me 
 to find that he had fallen into a grave mistake (one calcu- 
 lated to injure me in the eyes of botanical friends, if left 
 uncontradicted) in that part of his review where he al- 
 ludes to the " intelligence " of botanists. The word 
 being french equally as english, it is literal and untrans- 
 lated. He there attributes to me " a low estimate for 
 the intelligence of botanists in general." This imputa- 
 tion I must decidedly repel. Neither that word " intel- 
 ligence" nor any corresponding word was used in my 
 own text. I never expressed that low estimate of bota- 
 nists in general; nor do I entertain any such opinion. 
 On the contrary, I think it may safely be asserted, that 
 no person can now gain and retain a scientific repute, 
 botanical or otherwise, unless endowed with considerable 
 ability of some kind. And I know well as a positive fact, 
 through personal or epistolary intercourse with so many 
 of them, that the botanists of this country are in general 
 men of much intelligence ; I would prefer to say, men 
 of much ability and knowledge. 
 
 Intelligence is of widely various kinds. The term 
 itself has a signification so latitudinarian as to be applied 
 even to dogs and monke3 7 s, It would thus be simply 
 absurd to assert, that any class of scientific Englishmen 
 is composed of persons low in intelligence. While 
 asserting that men who are gifted with an observing 
 intellect considerably in excess over their endowment of
 
 20 REPLY TO M. DE CANDOLLE 
 
 reasoning intellect, are those who now chiefly hold the 
 lead in botanical reputation in this country, I do not at 
 all deny their possession of good intelligence, I indicate 
 only the kinds of intelligence, by which they are re- 
 spectively most characterized and least characterized. 
 And I must continue to maintain the psychological opi- 
 nion, quite as decidedly as it was ever expressed by me, 
 that individuals whose scientific reputations arise from 
 an excess in their faculties of observation simply, if with- 
 out any corresponding endowment of ratiocinative capa- 
 city, are not those on whose judgment it is wise or safe 
 to rely, in regard to matters of causal reasoning, philoso- 
 phical inference, or logical definition. On the contrary, 
 in such matters, I would myself far sooner trust to the 
 judgment of provincial and amateur botanists, who might 
 even correctly be looked upon by the metropolitan and 
 academical leaders, as being much below themselves in 
 scientific rank or reputation. 
 
 It is scarcely to be regretted (because a knowledge of 
 the psychological distinction is often so important to cor- 
 rect j udgnient) that M. De Candolle has thus forced into 
 prominence the incidental observation which was made 
 only by way of explanatory caution, and was quite rele- 
 vant where introduced, on pages 12, 30, 58. It is only a 
 sort of truism in the eyes of the phrenological psycholo- 
 gist, to say, that a comparative excess in the faculties of 
 observation is precisely the mental peculiarity which best 
 adapts an individual for the study of botany, or of any 
 other department of science, in which a good knowledge 
 of numerous objects forms an essential element of suc- 
 cess, and is the ground from which any advance towards 
 higher investigations must needs be commenced. He 
 who is deficient in that talent for observing and knowing 
 individual objects, however clear or profound he may be
 
 ON BOTANICAL EMINENCE. 21 
 
 as a reasoner, cannot take a first rank among botanists in 
 the present stage of the science ; that is, while the art of 
 describing and grouping plants is esteemed so important 
 a part of the study. But where that observative talent is 
 in excess, there must at any rate be some comparative 
 deficiency in the reasoning talent. And very usually I 
 find it to be a marked absolute deficiency ; although not 
 invariably so. 
 
 This view is abundantly borne out by facts, open to 
 the eyes and understandings of all who seek to see and 
 understand them. We have only to look to the pub- 
 lished works and public acts of our leading botanists, 
 and to analyze the intellectual characteristics shown in 
 them, to become quite convinced as to the soundness of 
 the view ; that is, of course, on the supposition that we 
 are prepared by the necessary knowledge and training, to 
 make such a psychological analysis. Merely general 
 assertions to this effect, however, cannot be expected to 
 convince ; because botanical readers are not Usually also 
 students in psychology, and hence can be only half pre- 
 pared to understand their application. And to adduce 
 individual instances by name and character, would be 
 deemed an unwarrantable liberty taken with the personal 
 dignity of our botanical chiefs ; few of whom would pro- 
 bably consent to be told that their talent is partial in its 
 kind, however good it might be allowed to be of its kind ; 
 or that its superiority in one direction almost necessarily 
 implies a deficiency in the other direction. 
 
 Botanists in general seek to know plants b} r sight, as 
 objects in nature, to learn their names and synonyms, 
 to distinguish one from another by technical characters, 
 to describe them by those characters, singly or in 
 groups, to represent them by drawings, whether by out- 
 lines of form and colour, or by detailed dissection of
 
 22 REPLY TO M. DE CANDOLLE 
 
 parts, to unite them into genera and other groups, in 
 accordance with resemblances in their technical cha- 
 racters. To attain excellence in this line of study, a 
 considerable share of ability is requisite. But the re- 
 quired talent is almost solely a natural aptitude for 
 observation, improved by training. It is not a ratiocina- 
 tive, but a purely observative character of mind, seeking 
 to know ivhat is. 
 
 Some among the botanists evince a different taste or 
 tendency of mind. They are not content only to know 
 plants, whether singly or in groups ; but they seek also 
 to understand something further about them. They seek 
 to know, not only what is, but how it is, and ivhy it is. 
 They endeavour to trace out connexions between plants 
 and the rest of creation, inquiring how plants stand 
 related to places, to countries, to climates, how they 
 have originated in ; or how they can have reached to, 
 their present localities, why they have spread so widely 
 about the e"arth, or do not spread more widely, whether 
 they remain permanently distinct in their kinds, or evolve 
 one kind from another, or can by any process pass into 
 or produce other kinds than themselves, etc. etc. It is 
 the ratiocinative character of mind, as distinguished from 
 the observative character, which prompts to this different 
 line of study. It prompts inquiry also into the nature of 
 things, instead of resting content with simply knowing 
 the things that exist. It prompts to define rather than 
 to describe ; to connect causally, rather than to observe 
 individually ; to trace out relations between objects, 
 rather than to know many objects distinctively. 
 
 This is a rough division of botanists into two classes, 
 not at all a complete or exhaustive one, but sufficient for 
 the purpose immediately in view. No one is devoid of 
 observative capacity; no one is devoid of ratiocinative
 
 ON BOTANICAL EMINENCE. 23 
 
 capacity. The real distinction lies only in the propor- 
 tions which the two kinds of capacity bear to each other 
 in different men. And all that I contend for is the 
 obvious fact, that our leading botanists have become 
 leaders in consequence of a high endowment of the ob- 
 servative capacity, usually combined with much less en- 
 dowment of the ratiocinative capacity. This is proved 
 by the best of their published works being exclusively or 
 mainly descriptive ; by their little tendency to take up 
 the ratiocinative departments of botanical science ; by 
 the usual unsoundness of their reasoning, when they do 
 attempt to reason. 
 
 Now, being obliged to avoid naming individual bota- 
 nists, as above intimated, I will request my readers to 
 answer two or three questions in their own way, and to 
 their own satisfaction, if they can find the examples 
 asked for. Who among our present botanical chiefs has 
 written any botanical work which can fairly be considered 
 as belonging to the same class and character with Lyell's 
 Principles of Geology, Darwin's Origin of Species, or 
 other truly original and ratiocinative publications ? Who 
 among them has written any work on Fossil botany, in 
 which we can discern any approach to that fine capacity 
 for reasoning about the objects described, which is mani- 
 fested so uniformly and so profoundly in Dr. Owen's 
 writings on Fossil zoology ? Who among them has 
 written any work on the connexions between botany and 
 other branches of knowledge, at all resembling in its 
 character the luminous writings of a Humboldt ? 
 
 I do not here ask who has equalled Humboldt ; for 
 that would be indeed difficult. I refer to the kind of 
 ability, not to its absolute amount. The turn or ten- 
 dency of a mind is shown almost as well by the kind of 
 work chosen, as by the degree of excellence achieved.
 
 24 REPLY TO M. DE CANDOLLE 
 
 Thus, in descriptive botany, the writer of a County Flora 
 is doing the same kind of work, although on a more 
 humble scale, with the botanist who writes the Flora of a 
 Kingdom, or a descriptive Systema Vegetabilium Orbis. 
 A Synopsis of the British Flora, a Manual of British 
 Botany, indicate the same turn of mind ; though the 
 former may be very poor, and the latter be very good. 
 
 Classification is sometimes erroneously supposed to 
 require much ratiocinative capacity. It requires this in 
 a very small degree only, as at present executed. Our 
 greatest native worker in this line is only a describer, 
 very feebly a reasoner. After labouring on it during 
 many years, he has utterly failed to reason out any sys- 
 tem, properly so designated ; and he has latterly even 
 abandoned this word * system ' as a book-title. Through 
 many changes, during which the natural system has be- 
 come a natural system, and a natural system has sunk 
 into no natural system, the learned Lindley has at last 
 only achieved a sort of mosaic classification of changeful 
 pattern ; one much resembling Mrs. Fanny Ficklemind's 
 patchwork counterpanes ; each new one different in its 
 pattern, but each in its turn formed by ingeniously 
 joining together some hundreds of pieces of all sizes and 
 shapes, colours and textures, samples from various shops 
 and manufactories, and clipped or stretched into fitting 
 tolerably well alongside of each other. Much industry 
 and skill, much time and tact, doubtless are required for 
 nicely performing this sort of patchwork in botany ; but 
 it is not ratiocination. It is simply descriptive juxta- 
 position ; nothing more. There is no essential difference 
 between describing the lesser groups called species and 
 genera, and describing the larger groups called orders 
 and alliances ; although a wider experience is needed in 
 the latter operation.
 
 ON BOTANICAL EMINENCE. 25 
 
 On the grounds here set forth, perhaps too curtly for 
 persons unused to psychological investigations, I feel 
 myself fully warranted in asserting, that the highest bo- 
 tanical eminence (in this country, at least) is no evidence 
 of mental fitness for passing judgment on those botanical 
 matters which involve logical definitions, causal reason- 
 ing, or other manifestations of the ratiocinative character 
 of mind. On the contrary, it might be nearer truth to 
 hold such eminence suggestive of probable unfitness, 
 rather than indicative of certain fitness. And in either 
 of these cases, the remarks in my fourth volume (if 
 rightly understood in reference to the kind of intelligence, 
 not to the amount of intelligence, required for botanical 
 celebrity) remain logically unaffected by the strictures 
 upon them in M. De Candolle's review. 
 
 I look upon the arguments adduced by M. De Candolle 
 in the third paragraph of that review, as being scarcely 
 relevant to the question really at issue between us. They 
 only go to show that many of the data on which botanists 
 reason are unavoidably imperfect. Has anybody dis- 
 puted this truism ? Repeatedly in the Cybele, especially 
 in the fourth volume, I have stated that my own data are 
 so; for instance, the altitudes, boreal limits, nativity, 
 specific distinctions, etc. etc. The true point of my 
 remarks was, that in this country at least, if not else- 
 where, the road to botanical celebrity lies through the 
 line of descriptive botany. Consequently, that botanical 
 eminence is in itself no proof of ratiocinative capacity. 
 Also, I maintain further, that some of our best or best- 
 known technical describers are in fact almost incapable 
 of reasoning ; while exceptional instances might doubt- 
 less be cited.
 
 26 ABE GENERA REAL ? 
 
 AKE GENERA REAL, OR ONLY CONVENTIONAL. 
 
 In kindly sending to me by post a copy of the review 
 which is translated on preceding pages, M. De Candolle 
 added also a manuscript letter which conveyed some 
 remarks in further explanation of his own views on topics 
 treated in the fourth volume of my work. I venture to 
 translate below one short passage from the letter, because 
 involving a subject of high importance, namely, the 
 reality of generic or other groups, as arrangements in 
 nature. To myself indvidually, to reasoning botanists 
 generally, this passage has also a claim on serious atten- 
 tion, by the support which its writer there gives to my 
 representations about the uncertainty and inequality of 
 book-species ; in regard to which I might be supposed by 
 less initiated readers to have gone too far ; while I feel 
 well assured that my expositions cannot be refuted. In 
 the review, M. De Candolle intimates a general concur- 
 rence with my remarks on orders and species. The few 
 comments on the intermediate grade of genera seem to 
 have been held less satisfactory ; and they shall therefore 
 here presently receive the reinforcement of a very re- 
 markable circumstance in their support. 
 
 M. De Candolle writes in his letter, "Your chapter 
 on the nature of species has greatly pleased me ; and I 
 could have wished to translate the whole of it. The un- 
 certainty in denning speciea is immense both theoreti- 
 cally and practically. That of genera is perhaps less, 
 since all people have recognized and named sponta- 
 neously some genera, such as Quercus, Populus, Salvia, 
 Ranunculus, etc. etc. However it is not easy to make 
 genera of analogous importance, and we fall now into a
 
 OR ONLY CONVENTIONAL ? 27 
 
 very useless multiplication ; inconvenient also by reason 
 of the changes in nomenclature which result from it." 
 
 It seems to my judgment that the uncertainty about 
 genera is less, only because their definition is loose, com- 
 paratively with that of species. In making species, we 
 combine on close resemblance, and show or suppose also 
 a community of descent. In making genera, we combine 
 on less close resemblance, and (Darwinians now excepted) 
 without supposing also a community of descent. No 
 doubt all people have recognized some genera, and have 
 used many general names in application to plants. 
 Strictly, this recognition and use only go to show that 
 conventional groups exist, the individuals of which are so 
 closely similar, or else so imperfectly distinguished by 
 untrained men, as to have been usually comprehended 
 under the same vernacular name. These groups do 
 occasionally correspond with modern botanical genera, 
 while they are still very far from exactly or invariably so 
 corresponding. The argument from general names might 
 be used to show that classes and alliances, or even sub- 
 genera and sub-species, are more real and less uncertain 
 than species themselves. 
 
 The evident truth is, that technical botanists have no 
 real test for genera, or how could they continue to differ 
 so widely in forming generic groups ? Neither can they 
 impose a limit to the number of genera adopted in books, 
 except a fluctuating limit which arises out of their reci- 
 procal resistance to the generic changes proposed by 
 each other. For example, the name of " Don " is added 
 in lists to sundry generic names, as the botanical authority 
 for the genera. But several of these genera and generic 
 names are in turn authoritatively rejected in the writings 
 of Dr. Lindley ; being so rejected, not because Don was 
 in error, but because the individual ideas or whims of the
 
 28 ARE GENERA REAL ? 
 
 two botanists have failed to harmonize. And Dr. Lindley 
 himself, our great native expounder of so-called "natural" 
 classification, has involuntarily given us a most curious 
 and convincing illustration, bearing upon the wide uncer- 
 tainty of any arithmetical limit to genera. I shall here 
 assist in keeping that illustration from the oblivion 
 sought for it by a speedy reprint in a corrected form ; 
 believing the mistake to be in itself so very instructive as 
 to render its oblivion by no means desirable. 
 
 In Dr. J. D. Hooker's recent 'introductory Essay to 
 the Flora of Tasmania ' it is remarked that the widely 
 different estimates of the earth's flora, at 80,000 or at 
 150,000 species, is " the most conspicuous evidence " of 
 the undefinability of the majority of species. But if the 
 self-same botanist, after a life-long study of species, and 
 repeated grouping and enumeration of those described, 
 should be unable to say whether 80,000 species or 
 150,000 species were recorded by name in one of his own 
 botanical works, should we not, in such case, be war- 
 ranted in holding his statistical ignorance on the point to 
 be a far more strange and remarkable evidence of uncer- 
 tainty or undefinability in species ? 
 
 Now, a still wider error than this actually came before 
 the botanical public, in respect of the number of genera 
 adopted and recorded by name in the first edition of 
 Dr. Lindley's elaborate volume on the * Vegetable King- 
 dom,' the result apparently of many years of thought 
 and labour. In the numerical tables of that work the 
 genera of plants were incorrectly summed up to 20,806 
 instead of 8,935 ; being thus much more than doubled. 
 This was not a misprint, a merely typographical error, 
 but a downright miscalculation to that extraordinary ex- 
 tent. (See Phytologist, 1846, pp. 526, 594). More ex- 
 traordinary still, the enormous inaccuracy of the figures
 
 OR ONLY CONVENTIONAL ? 29 
 
 was not detected by the Author himself. It remained 
 unconnected, until suggested to him by a notice of his 
 learned book in the humble periodical referred to. 
 
 [I may here now acknowledge myself the writer of the 
 first notice in the Phytologist, which called the Author's 
 attention to the point ; the vast increase in the stated 
 number of genera having instantly caught my own atten- 
 tion, although not feeling it incumbent on myself to go 
 through the reckonings, in order to detect precisely 
 where the error lay. Doubtless, the habit of inquiring 
 into the accuracy of matters put forth by learned men, 
 instead of humbly accepting on faith their statements 
 and their mis-statements, is a very impertinent practice 
 in their eyes. And I may well therefore be held a 
 troublesome critic, to be put down by hook or by crook ; 
 anyhow, so that it can be done ; if it can.] 
 
 Dr. Lindley prudently sought to escape the personal 
 credit of that gigantic blunder, by stating (Phytologist, 
 1846, p. 594) that he had entrusted the calculations or 
 tabular summary of numbers to an assistant ; that is, to 
 an anonymous somebody else, whose remarkable incom- 
 petence or carelessness must be supposed to have brought 
 out the strange results. This defence is plausible, and 
 seems not improbable with respect to the details of 
 casting up figures. But it is to my thinking barely 
 credible, even on his own testimony, that Dr. Lindley 
 could carelessly allow so important a publication to go 
 before the botanical world, without taking the small 
 trouble himself to look at the results or sums-total of the 
 figures, [for the accuracy of which his own name was 
 made responsible on the title-page of the book. On his 
 own showing, he must equally have neglected to look at 
 them both in the manuscript copy and in the printed 
 proofs of his volume. It is to be hoped that such neglect
 
 30 ARE GENERA REAL ? 
 
 is of rare occurrence among writers on science. I may 
 be wrong in the idea ; but this highly curious error leads 
 me to suspect, that the Author of the ' Vegetable King- 
 dom,' the quixotic champion of " natural " classification, 
 could believe indifferently either in (nearly) 21,000 genera 
 or in (nearly) 9,000 genera only. If so, genera should be 
 held even less certain than species, on faith of Dr. 
 Hooker's mode of reasoning, and notwithstanding M. 
 De Candolle's opinion, rather hesitatingly given in the 
 translated extract from his letter. 
 
 Small mistakes in printed figures are no doubt too 
 easily made, to cause surprise by their occurrence. And 
 if I, humble author of a book with the denounced name 
 of Cybele, had committed even so vast a mistake as that 
 of substituting 21,000 instead of 9,000 genera, or there- 
 abouts, it might have gone for nothing. A palliating 
 excuse might have been found for my ignorance or blun- 
 dering, in the fact that I regard all systematic groups as 
 purely conventional, and their numbers consequently as 
 being largely optional. But that, our old and experienced 
 labourer in systematic classification should have made 
 that mistake in the number of genera actually admitted 
 by himself at the same date, or failed to detect it when 
 made, is surely stronger evidence of arbitrariness in ge- 
 nera, than the discordant estimates (not reckonings) -by 
 different botanists, between 80,000 and 150,000 species, 
 is evidence of undefmability or arbitrariness in species. 
 
 The whole question of systematic classification has 
 been re-opened by Mr. Darwin's publication " On the 
 Origin of Species," seemingly the most important vo- 
 lume on natural history ever published. If the views of 
 that profound theorist shall turn out to be practically 
 true, technical classification has hitherto been little
 
 VIEWS OF MR. DARWIN. 31 
 
 better than groping in the dark. And truly, the capri- 
 cious changes, inconsistencies, even absurdities, mixed 
 up in the learned labours of a Lindley, do go far towards 
 showing that botanical classifiers only poke about in the 
 dark or in the dimmest twilight. But whether some of 
 the more ratiocinative systematists of the Continent 
 ought to be held exceptions to this, I will not take upon 
 myself to decide. 
 
 In its immediate reference to botanical classification, 
 the theory of Mr. Darwin is, that all resemblances be- 
 tween existing plants (characters specific, 'generic, ordinal, 
 etc.) have been inherited from some common ancestor, 
 near or remote, from whose type the descendants have 
 more or less widely diverged in the long lapse of time ; 
 and thus they have gradually become specifically, gene- 
 rically, ordinally distinct among themselves. On this 
 view it is logically deduced, that a truly natural classifi- 
 cation must really be one of ancestral affinity, and so far 
 rudely analogous to that traced in the family pedigrees 
 among mankind. Thus, all organic nature becomes a 
 complex series of related groups, closer and closer, as 
 we trace backwards to their sources, more widely di- 
 verging, and successively subordinate to each other, as 
 we thence trace forwards to the present species ; any of 
 these in turn tending to produce, during a long future, an 
 indefinite'number of other species, genera, orders. 
 
 Grave difficulties come in the way to interfere with a 
 full adoption and practical application of Mr. Darwin's 
 views, as they have been explained in his precursor 
 volume ' On the Origin of Species.' While quite think- 
 ing that Mr. Darwin has truly made a most important 
 advance in natural science, and has fortified his position 
 far better than any preceding author who has taken the 
 ground of a gradual metamorphose of species, I cannot
 
 32 ARE GENERA REAL ? 
 
 avoid still entertaining some serious doubts regarding 
 the completeness or sufficiency of his theory. In parti- 
 cular, it is very difficult to believe in the results to which 
 we are led, by carrying out his ideas of a constant con- 
 vergence of species as we trace backwards in the long 
 course of time, to commence with (half a score, or) a 
 single prototype, the remotely antient Adam of every 
 existent species ; and a constant divergence of species as 
 we trace onwards in time, leading at length to the logical 
 (but not avowed) result of a countless multitude of spe- 
 cies, far beyond their present numbers. To my judg- 
 ment, neither of these extremes seems to be sanctioned by 
 existing facts in nature. Both are so dissimilar from the 
 present, and so utterly beyond proof, as to appear inad- 
 missible or incredible. 
 
 I have communicated to the thoughtful and candid 
 Author of the theory a suspicion that he ought to have 
 allowed far more influence and effect to a gradual con- 
 vergence of characters, still in onward progress, acting 
 jointly with and in some measure counter-acting the gra- 
 dual divergence of characters ; the two tending to keep 
 up an approximate equilibrium in nature, in respect to 
 the number of species and genera, their mutual affinities, 
 etc. This would not interfere with the operation of his 
 rule of ' natural selection,' the grandly distinctive cha- 
 racter of his theory. But he appears indisposed to 
 believe this idea sound, or as being anywise necessary to 
 save his own views from something very like a logical 
 reductio ad absurdum, one species to begin with, mil- 
 lions to end with. 
 
 Mr. Darwin also hypothetically explains the geographi- 
 cal distribution of animals and plants by an application 
 of his own theory to the subject. It would lead me too
 
 DIERVILLA CANADENSIS NOT A NATIVE. -i'5 
 
 far to enter on this topic at present. In event of con- 
 tinuing this Supplement, I may perhaps try whether the 
 views of Mr. Darwin will accord with the distribution of 
 our native plants, or throw any new light upon it. In the 
 work before cited, page 28, Dr. J. D. Hooker has sought 
 to apply Mr. Darwin's views in explanation of australian 
 botany ; it may be a little precipitately, but with great 
 knowledge and generous sincerity. Mr. Darwin's volume 
 ought to be read and thoughtfully studied by every true 
 naturalist, whether zoologist or botanist. It is a fine 
 combination of depth and clearness ; singularly interest- 
 ing and suggestive. 
 
 DIERVILLA CANADENSIS NOT NATIVE IN BRITAIN. 
 
 This american shrub has very properly been refused 
 admittance into the Manual of British Botany. It has 
 been recorded as british since publication of the third 
 volume of Cybele Britannica ; although there are no war- 
 rantable grounds for even a suspicion that it may be a 
 native here. "While, on the contrary, all sound inference, 
 based upon known facts in botanical distribution, should 
 have predisposed to a disbelief in its nativity. Neverthe- 
 less, it was hastily recorded as a Scottish species, and 
 was endorsed as such by editorial authority, which ought 
 to have been better prepared to draw the right conclu- 
 sions from the geographical facts bearing on the question, 
 even if insufficiently instructed about the local facts. In 
 the fourth volume of C. B. it was remarked, "Not only 
 is there much difference in the fidelity and accuracy with 
 which botanists record their facts, real or supposed, but 
 there are perhaps still more important differences in their 
 capacities for rightly understanding what they do see, and
 
 34 DIERVILLA CAN 7 ADEXSIS 
 
 of deducing correct conclusions therefrom." This pas- 
 sage is strikingly illustrated by the record of Diervilla 
 canadensis as a pretended native of Scotland. The facts 
 are first reported with an evident bias, which ought itself 
 to have suggested a cautious acceptance of them. The 
 receiver of the report for record introduces a verbal 
 variation of his own, the effect of which is to increase the 
 bias towards error ; and he draws exactly the opposite 
 inference from the circumstances, geographical and topo- 
 graphical, to that which should have been drawn from a 
 ratiocinative consideration of them. It seems to my 
 judgment, that no one moderately conversant with geo- 
 graphical botany, and capable of sound reasoning on its 
 facts, would have thus hastily taken up a belief in the 
 nativity of the Diervilla in Scotland ; least of all in For- 
 farshire, a county so much explored by tourists and 
 resident botanists. The subjoined paragraphs give the 
 history of the shrub in Scotland. 
 
 " We have to announce the very unexpected discovery 
 of Diervilla canadensis, in what appears to be a wild 
 state, in the Highlands of Scotland. The circumstance 
 is recorded in the following memorandum from Mr. 
 Alexander Osmond Black, an active and very intelligent 
 young botanist : 
 
 ' On the 15th of last September, in company with 
 ' my friend Mr. Croall of Montrose, I started from the 
 ' little village at the foot of Mount Catterthun, and 
 'proceeded up the banks of the North Esk river, 
 ' which is in that glen called The Burn. About half 
 ' a mile above Gannachy Bridge, on the Forfarshire 
 ' side of the Esk, I observed Pyrola secunda and 
 ' Hieracium prenanthoides, and noticed that the beau- 
 ' tiful Orthotrichum Drummondii was very abundant
 
 NOT A NATIVE. 35 
 
 ' upon the trees. Here my attention was first at- 
 
 ' tracted to Diervilla, which I found to extend for 
 
 ' about half a mile, growing in large, scattered clumps, 
 
 ' often for as much as 40 feet, preventing, by the 
 
 * denseness of its foliage, the growth of all other plants 
 
 ' except the Pyrola secunda, which luxuriated beneath 
 
 ' it. There are no houses near ; and the plant, if not 
 
 ' truly wild, which its abundance would induce a per- 
 
 ' son to consider it, is at least perfectly naturalised, 
 
 ' although it has never before, that I am aware of, 
 
 ' attracted the notice of British botanists ? ' 
 
 Although this Diervilla, perhaps better known to the 
 
 public under the name of Lonicera Diervilla, has never 
 
 before been found wild in Europe, we see no reason [!] 
 
 why so common a Canadian plant should not have a 
 
 really native habitation in a remote [why interpolate this 
 
 word ' remote' ?] Scotch glen. At all events it is a very 
 
 remarkable circumstance that no earlier record should 
 
 exist, that we are aware of, of the occurrence of the plant 
 
 in Great Britain." (Gardener's Chronicle, as quoted in a 
 
 Scottish periodical), 
 
 " Did you see in the Gardener's Chronicle Mr. Black's 
 discovery of Diervilla canadensis as a British plant, which 
 Dr. Lindley [? the Editor] argues to be indigenous ? The 
 station is depicted as a ' remote ' highland glen, but it so 
 happens unfortunately that other parties have long known 
 the station as the pleasure grounds of Me Inroy, Esq., 
 of Burn, on the borders of Forfarshire, near Gannachy, 
 where the honeysuckle has no doubt been planted, as well 
 as the other shrubs. Mr. Watson ought to get a hint of 
 this." (Extract from a manuscript letter, addressed by a 
 Scottish botanist to a London botanist}.
 
 36 DIERVILLA CANADENSIS 
 
 " We have perused the above paragraph [namely, the 
 quotation from Gardener's Chronicle] with some interest, 
 and we do not wonder that Mr. Black, an entire stranger, 
 and writing perhaps from memory, should have fallen into 
 some little inaccuracies as to localities, etc. ; but we do 
 wonder why an acute observer and such we understand 
 Mr. Black to be should have come to the conclusion 
 that the pretty little plant Diervilla canadensis was really 
 a native there." .... " We are equally assured that, when 
 Mr. Black revisits the spot, he will be convinced, as well 
 as ourselves, that the Diervilla has no more right to be 
 considered a native there than himself. ' The clumps ' 
 occur at intervals along the margin of one of the princi- 
 pal walks that are formed along the river's bank, and 
 have, we have no doubt, been planted for ornamental 
 purposes, along with Spircea salicifolia, Ligustrum vul- 
 gare, and its own near ally, Lonicera Xylosteum, when the 
 grounds were laid out and the walks formed. The Dier- 
 villa has indeed, by means of its creeping roots, esta- 
 blished itself more firmly than its neighbours, and has 
 even extended its territory ; but from the appearance of 
 the capsules, we hardly think it will ever ripen its seeds, 
 and is therefore not at all likely to become naturalised, 
 although, if allowed to remain unmolested, it may extend 
 itself over a still wider area." (A correspondent of Mon- 
 trose Review, Nov. 18, 1853). 
 
 Such are the facts about this Diervilla, as kindly com- 
 municated to me by botanists. They have been for the 
 most part already printed ; although only in the evanes- 
 cent form of newspaper paragraphs. The Editor of the 
 Gardener's Chronicle adduces no fact to justify belief in 
 the nativity of the shrub, unless he intends his own igno- 
 rance or obtuseness in the matter to be accepted as such,
 
 NOT A NATIVE. 37 
 
 by informing his readers that he can " see no reason " 
 why this plant should not be native in a so-called "re~ 
 mote" Scotch glen. It is very likely that he did " see no 
 reason." His strong point will certainly not be found on 
 the line of geographical botany, or in the way of appre- 
 ciating reasons. 
 
 Facts are converted into reasons, by being rightly inter- 
 preted and rightly connected together. Now, it seems 
 that the only pretence for recording the Diervilla among 
 the native plants of Scotland, is found in the fact that it 
 has thriven well where planted as an ornament on a 
 gentleman's grounds. And certainly this one fact cannot 
 be held a satisfactory " reason " in the eyes of british bo- 
 tanists ; however suitable it might have been deemed as a 
 newspaper record for the edification of gardeners, if 
 correctly placed before them as an instance of semi- 
 naturalisation. 
 
 On the other hand, though acquainted with a goodly 
 number of facts about the distribution of british plants, 
 and not quite uninformed in regard to the distribution of 
 Canadian plants, I cannot recollect one in the whole lot 
 which is fairly convertible into a "reason" for believing 
 the Diervilla anywise likely to have " a really native 
 habitation in a Scotch glen," whether with or without the 
 interpolation of " remote." So far as they bear on the 
 matter at all, they tend only to suggest disbelief, war- 
 ranted by an extreme improbability. 
 
 Such being the case, I will request M. De Candolle to 
 refer to my previous remarks in reply to his own, on 
 pages 18 25; and I will then ask him, 'Whether a 
 facility in the misinterpretation of facts, and an inability 
 to see them in their true connexions, are to be included 
 among the evidences which go to prove that our eminent 
 botanists are usually sound reasoners ? '
 
 ARENARIA BALEARICA 
 
 ARENARIA BALEARICA NOT NATIVE IN SCOTLAND. 
 
 So much mischief may be done by would-be-thought 
 discoverers sending inaccurate reports to editors, who 
 are themselves not duly prepared by the geographico- 
 botanical knowledge requisite for distinguishing between 
 the probable and the improbable in local botany, that I 
 can feel no apology needful to my own readers for here 
 troubling them with a second warning instance ; one for- 
 tunately arrested in time to prevent another most impro- 
 bable species becoming permanently incorporated in our 
 lists of truly british plants. It is a fitting accompaniment 
 to the preceding case of the Diervilla ; resembling that 
 one in the risk of a garden plant becoming thereby re- 
 corded for the future as if really a native production of 
 Scotland. In May last, 1859, I received from the Editor 
 of the Phytologist, new series, a note to this effect : 
 
 " I enclose an Arenaria sent this morning from 
 Scotland. It is no state of A. serpyllifolia, and it 
 does not agree with Babington's description of A. 
 ciliata. It also differs from A. norvegica as described 
 by Babington. A. multicaulis is unknown to me. 
 Will you be so good as give me your opinion of it 
 when you have time ? " 
 
 Writing here from recollection, my reply was imme- 
 diate ; and to the effect, that if reported to me from the 
 Mediterranean, instead of Scotland, I should unhesi- 
 tatingly have named the plant A. balearica ; that I knew 
 of no boreal species to which it could be referred or 
 related ; and that the alleged locality of Scotland was 
 geographically improbable, unless I was wrong as to the
 
 NOT NATIVE IN SCOTLAND. 39 
 
 name. In the next month's no. of the Phytologist, the 
 following brief notice was given of this pseudo - dis- 
 covery : 
 
 " Mr. Sim has sent us a specimen of what he thinks 
 
 may be Arenaria balearica, a plant new to Scotland. 
 
 He has been advised to send a specimen to Mr. Ba- 
 
 bington." (Phytologist, 50, 192). 
 
 So far, the readers of the Phytologist were in a very 
 likely way of being misled into supposing this mediter- 
 ranean Arenaria a wild plant new to Scotland ; no inti- 
 mation of a garden origin being stated or suggested, even 
 while the idea of it being A. balearica is attributed to the 
 finder himself. But in the same periodical for November 
 then following, Mr. John Sim records a " botanical ram- 
 ble " made to the " Hill of Moncrieffe," where he dis- 
 covers Scrophularia vernalis, Anchusa sempervirens, and 
 other garden species, which no geographical botanist 
 believes to be native in Scotland. In course of his ram- 
 ble he visits the " pleasure-grounds and flower-garden of 
 Sir Thomas Moncrieffe," and there he finds, " about the 
 middle of June," the plant new to Scotland, as mentioned 
 in the subjoined extract from his ramble : 
 
 " On the wall of an old fruithouse I saw a patch of 
 Arenaria balearica, of which I gathered a few speci- 
 mens ; how or by what means it got there I cannot 
 tell, only there it is, and none knows how." (Phyto- 
 logist, 55, 327). 
 
 The question now arises, Where did the previously 
 found specimen come from ? that which was sent to 
 London in May, and recorded in the June no. of the 
 Phytologist, as a plant new to Scotland ? Very signifi- 
 cantly, that first record is omitted from the Index to the
 
 40 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Phytologist for 1859, page 385, where Mr. Sim's con- 
 fession of the fruithouse locality for the species is re- 
 ferred to only. 
 
 And considering how many localities for improbably- 
 native plants have been already reported on the same 
 authority, it may become matter of some importance to 
 future botanical topographers, to ascertain whether this 
 case of the Arenaria balearica is a fair sample of the 
 rest ? Also, how far it may be held an exhibition of 
 editorial care and competence in announcing new british 
 plants or new british localities ? 
 
 While sa3 r ing that I cannot place scientific reliance 
 upon Mr. Sim's reports, or upon the phytological records 
 of them, it would be most unfair not to disclaim any 
 insinuation against Mr. Sim personally, on the score of 
 moral truthfulness. I can well believe him writing 
 with perfect sincerity of intention, while imperfect in his 
 reports, and unsound in his conclusions from alleged 
 facts ; the records being made worse against him by want 
 of editorial discernment. 
 
 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 The areas of plants have been exhibited in the C. B. 
 by tracing each species through the 18 provinces, into 
 which the counties were grouped ; the range of latitude 
 and that of elevation or temperature being also added. 
 This mode is well enough adapted to show on what por- 
 tion of the surface each species is distributed ; also, 
 whether it is scattered generally or partially within that 
 portion. But it cannot suffice for some other objects 
 sought through topographical details ; the provinces being
 
 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 41 
 
 too few in number, and most of them too extensive in 
 size, to allow of sufficient local precision. At the date 
 when the first volume of the Cybele was printed, it was 
 found not possible to trace the species through smaller 
 sections of Britain with any close approximation to com- 
 pleteness. Those 18 provinces were therefore adopted 
 instead of counties in the three earlier volumes of the 
 work. 
 
 By the time when the fourth volume was under the 
 hands of the printer, a gradual accumulation of local 
 facts had afforded some facility for tracing out the distri- 
 bution of species through smaller sections, formed by 
 subdividing the 18 provinces into 38 sub -provinces. Ac- 
 cordingly, the ' census of species' was there founded upon 
 these more numerous sections of the surface ; which were 
 also used in the tabular list on pages 379 381, where 
 varying proportions were shown between the size of 
 * areas ' and the numerical value of their floras. 
 
 It is proposed now to re-state the areas of the species, 
 traced through these 38 sub-provinces. This will be 
 virtually a compilation of so many Local Floras, con- 
 densed into two general lists. Instead of printing 38 
 floral lists, that is, a separate one for each of these sub- 
 ordinate provinces, two general lists of the species can be 
 made to suffice, through use of thirty-eight nos. to show 
 the ascertained presence of the species ; blanks indicating 
 the absence of any of them from the corresponding sub- 
 province. A double list of the species, one for South 
 Britain, and one for Middle and North Britain, is ren- 
 dered necessary by the impossibility of placing a series 
 of thirty-eight arabic figures on the single line of an 
 octavo page. In the map prefixed to volume third of 
 C. B. the sub -provinces are numbered consecutively from 
 1 to 38. In the lists presently to be printed the same
 
 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 numbers are adhered to. But the units are repeated 
 without the prefixed tens, in order to avoid an excessive 
 crowding of the figures ; so that 12 22 32 stand sim- 
 ply 2 2 2, on page 48, etc. 
 
 The two lists are considerably shortened by omitting 
 the names of those species which have been satisfactorily 
 ascertained to occur in every sub-province ; that is, from 
 the first list are omitted the names of species reported on 
 good authority for each of the southern sub-provinces 
 1 to 18 ; and from the second list are in like manner 
 omitted the names of species so reported for each of the 
 remaining sub-provinces 19 to 38. The species not re- 
 ported on reliable authority from any of the sub-provinces 
 1 to 18, or 19 to 38, are likewise omitted (with some few 
 exceptions) from the corresponding list. But it is con- 
 ceived that no mistake can arise between these omissions, 
 by confounding the species totally absent from 18 or 20 
 sub -provinces with those species which are known to 
 occur in all of them. 
 
 Is it inquired, what is the use of these elaborate lists, 
 to exhibit the subprovincial areas of the species ? The 
 uses are various ; and two or three shall be mentioned in 
 example. First, the distribution of the species is thus 
 shown much more in detail, by tracing them through 38 
 instead of only 18 sections ; and fulness of detail has its 
 various advantages. Secondly, the distribution is shown 
 more precisely, because the smaller the space to which 
 any floral list relates, the more definite is the information 
 conveyed by stating that any given species is known to 
 occur within the space. Thirdly, attention is thus drawn 
 to many local desiderata (that is, to vacancies in our 
 records arising from incompleteness of knowledge) which 
 would not have become obvious while the areas were
 
 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 43 
 
 traced out by the 18 provinces only. This last is a 
 matter of some considerable importance, in reference to 
 the progress of our knowledge about local botany, as will 
 here immediately be explained. 
 
 It has been intimated to me by some botanists, who 
 feel sufficiently willing to contribute towards the progress 
 of scientific knowledge, by supplying information about 
 local botany, that they are deterred from doing so through 
 the difficulty still experienced in selecting the facts which 
 are worthy of printed record on the ground of novelty, or 
 of being specially applicable to fill up some void in our 
 accumulated stores of local facts already so largely placed 
 on record in print. I can well understand this difficulty, 
 being also occasionally perplexed in the same manner ; 
 that is, not finding myself prepared to say confidently 
 whether certain facts are novel or known, still deserving 
 of record or already sufficiently recorded. Though as- 
 sisted by very ample notes and references, which have 
 been gradually accumulated during the lapse of years, 
 I often find it too tedious to search thoroughly for some 
 given fact, among the many local lists and other more 
 special records of localities, now so widely dispersed in 
 scores or even hundreds of volumes. And it is easy to 
 conceive that other botanists, who may have devoted less 
 enduring attention to such matters, must experience the 
 like inconvenience in a higher degree, if attempting to 
 determine which of their local facts are yet novel, and 
 which of them have been already placed on record. 
 
 One object sought by this Supplement will be that of 
 gradually lessening the inconvenience or difficulty here 
 alluded to. In the subjoined lists the series of figures 
 opposite the name of any species will show in which of the 
 38 sub-provinces it has been reported on good authority. 
 Where lines (-) are substituted for the figures, it will
 
 44 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 be understood that I remain unaware of any locality for 
 the species in that sub-province ; the letter o meaning 
 that the authority for the locality requires corroboration. 
 Every blank in the series of figures may thus be con- 
 strued into a query, addressed to all our provincial bota- 
 nists, ' Do you know of any locality for this species in 
 this sub-province ? ' If you do know of such, it is worth 
 while (in a scientific view) to put that item of knowledge 
 on printed record. The query may be varied also into 
 the suggestive form of ' Can you find a locality for this 
 species within this sub -province ? ' If so, put your dis- 
 covery on permanent record in a printed form, for the in- 
 formation and service of other botanists interested in such 
 matters. 
 
 I should myself be thankful to botanists who would 
 take the trouble to send me any notes of localities in 
 evidence that a species does occur in a sub-province for 
 which it is at present left as a desideratum, a blank to be 
 filled up. A simple memorandum about any of the com- 
 moner and easily distinguished species would suffice. 
 For the doubtful and critical species, or recently segre- 
 grated sub-species or quasi- species, a confirmation by the 
 sight of a specimen would much enhance the value of the 
 memorandum. So likewise, if any botanist should be- 
 lieve a species to be erroneously entered as found in some 
 of these sub-provinces, it would be highly desirable to 
 suggest the grounds on which an error is supposed. 
 
 It must be quite impossible for any one botanist to 
 draw up strictly accurate Local Floras for every part of 
 Britain thus divided into 38 sections. Doubtless I may 
 have overlooked some really reliable records ; and may 
 also have occasionally trusted other records which were 
 not trustworthy. All botanists make mistakes in nomen- 
 clature at times ; labels get transposed to wrong speci-
 
 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 45 
 
 mens ; inadvertencies will occur in copying out lists of 
 names or a series of localities ; and other less pardonable 
 misreports are made, which it is not always possible to 
 avoid being deceived by. Unquestionably many blanks 
 remain to be filled up, and not unlikely several figures 
 ought to be erased, in the lists subjoined. It is to be 
 hoped that a progressive emendation in these respects 
 will arise from thus printing them in illustration of exist- 
 ing knowledge either way. As was intimated in the pre- 
 fixed ' Notice,' the opportunity of learning what is still 
 required for supplementing and correcting the lists will 
 be given by a wide circulation of them. Time will show 
 whether any useful result is elicited thereby. If not, the 
 cost and trouble of publishing them might have been 
 more serviceably devoted. 
 
 There remains one other point aifecting the accuracy of 
 the areas stated for several of the species, which it may 
 be well again to mention, although alluded to repeatedly 
 in the Cybele itself. Through recent subdivisions of old 
 species, many names have now a more special or re- 
 stricted application than they formerly had. Hence it 
 becomes needful for botanists who now report localities, 
 to make it clear whether they mean the more restricted 
 recent (segregate) species, or the less restricted old (aggre- 
 gate) species, when using a name which may be applied 
 in either manner. Examples will render this need more 
 apparent. 
 
 Orchis bifolia was long held to be one single species, 
 and by some botanists it is still so regarded. It is 
 treated as a single species in various Floras, local lists, 
 etc. But latterly it has been more usually subdivided 
 into two reputed species, Orchis (Habenaria, or Gymna- 
 denia) biflora and chlorantha, two quasi-species slightly 
 different in technical character. When the name bifolia
 
 46 SUBPBOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 is found in an old list, it may now be quite impossible to 
 say with confidence which of the two modern semi-species 
 was intended thereby. The like difficulty will still arise in 
 new records, unless botanists make it clear that they do 
 really intend that form, and only that form, to which the 
 name biflora is now usually restricted. 
 
 The same sort of uncertainty arises between Potamo- 
 geton natans and oblongus ; in this case the newer name 
 applying to what is probably the commoner species in 
 this country. As a rule, therefore, it might be well to 
 report localities for both of them. In some instances the 
 uncertainty is increased by a triple or quadruple, or even 
 a larger number of sub-species. Thus, we have now 
 Filago germanica, apiculata, spathulata, names for three 
 several species formerly included as a single species un- 
 der the same name of F. germanica. So likewise the Epi- 
 pactis latifolia, media, atrorubens, are now held to be three 
 distinct species, though long grouped under the name of 
 latifolia as a single species only. The names of Rubus 
 fruticosus, Ranunculus aquatilis, Fumaria capreolata, Arc- 
 tium Lappa, Hieracium alpinum, \Hieracium murorum, 
 Potamogeton pusillus, Potamogeton pectinatus, Callitriche 
 verna, and various others are now held by many good 
 botanists to represent groups of species, not single spe- 
 cies only ; and their use thus gives rise to the question, 
 whether the aggregate is intended thereby, or only some 
 very restricted form left after severance of various other 
 forms. In the subjoined lists, I have in various instances 
 been compelled to guess that the old name did mean 
 the modern remnant to which it is still applied, and not 
 any of the sub-species carved from the old aggregate. 
 
 The sub - provinces here repeatedly mentioned, and 
 represented by 38 figures in the subjoined lists, will not be 
 understood by those botanists who remain unacquainted
 
 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 47 
 
 with the C. B. To obviate any inconvenience which 
 might thus be occasioned, the sub-provinces and their 
 included counties will be found enumerated on the next 
 page, with the figures by which they are represented. 
 Their combination into 18 primary provinces will be 
 also indicated by their corresponding numbers ; for ex- 
 ample, the secondary or sub-provinces of South Thames, 
 North Thames, West Thames, when taken together, form 
 the single primary province of the Thames. The Hebri- 
 des, Orkney, Shetland, are sub-provinces which together 
 constitute a single province called North Isles. Thus, 
 shortly stated, the nos. may be said to represent either 
 single counties or else groups of counties ; those of York, 
 Lancaster, Argyle, Inverness, being subdivided, and por- 
 tions of them assigned to different sub-provinces. 
 
 It is not expected that many botanists will take the 
 trouble to learn the application and meaning of every 
 figure or no. Nor is it necessary to do so, in carrying 
 out some of the objects for which the lists are printed. 
 The local botanist needs only to learn the one figure 
 which corresponds with his own county or group of 
 counties. By then running his eye down the column 
 where that figure stands, he will easily and rapidly see 
 which of the species are held to have been reported from 
 his county on good authority, which of them require to 
 be corroborated by a more reliable record, and which of 
 them are supposed to remain still unrecorded. If he will 
 do this, and place on permanent record any needful cor- 
 rections or additions, which his own better local know- 
 ledge may enable him to make, he will so far be con- 
 tributing to the actual progress of phyto-geographical 
 science. Would not this be wiser than printing records 
 at random, nine-tenths of them valueless because mere 
 repetitions ?
 
 48 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Counties arranged into Sub-provinces. 
 
 \. 1 South Peninsula. Cornwall. (W. Peninsula, on the 
 
 2 Mid Peninsula. Devon. map in Cybele, vol. 3). 
 
 3 North Peninsula. Somerset. 
 
 2. 4 West Channel. Wilts. Dorset. 
 
 5 Mid Channel. Isle of Wight. Hants. 
 
 6 East Channel. Sussex. 
 
 3. 7 South Thames. Kent. Surrey. 
 
 8 North Thames. Essex. Herts. Middlesex. 
 
 9 West Thames. Berks. Oxford. Bucks. 
 
 4. South Ouse. Suffolk. (The single stands for 10). 
 
 1 North Ouse. Norfolk. (The single 1 stands for 11). 
 
 2 West Ouse. Cambridge. Bedford. Hunts. Northampton. 
 5. 3 South Severn. Gloucester. Monmouth. 
 
 4 Mid Severn. Hereford. Worcester. Warwick. 
 
 5 North Severn. Stafford. Salop or Shropshire. 
 
 6. 6 South-East Wales. Glamorgan. Brecon. Radnor. 
 
 7 South-West Wales. Carmarthen. Pembroke. Cardigan. 
 
 7. 8 North Wales. Montgomery, and other five counties. 
 
 8. 9 East Trent. Lincoln. (The single 9 for 19). 
 
 West Trent. Leicester. Rutland. Notts. Derbj. 
 
 9. 1 Mersey. Chester. Lancaster, except northern portion. 
 10. 2 East Humber. Eastern York. (The single 2 for 22). 
 
 3 West Humber. Western York. (The single 3 for 23). 
 
 11.4 Tyne. Durham. Northumberland. 
 
 12.5 Lakes. N.Lancaster. Westmoreland. Cumberland. Man. 
 
 13. 6 South-West Lowlands. Dumfries. Kirkcudbright. Wigton. 
 7 North-West Lowlands. Ayr. Renfrew. Lanark. 
 
 14. 8 E. Lowlands. Peeb. Selk. Roxb. Berw. Hadd. Edin. Lin. 
 15. 9 South-East Highlands. Fife. Kin. Clack. Stirling. Perth. 
 
 Mid-East Highlands. Forfar. Kincardine. Aberdeen. 
 
 1 Norlh-East Highlands. Banff. Elgin. Nairn. East-Inverness. 
 16. 2 Inner-W. Highlands. W. Inverness. Argyle. Dumb. Isles. 
 
 3 Outer- W. Highlands. Ebudes ; including Isla, Mull, Skye, etc. 
 
 17.4 Lower-North Highlands. Ross. Cromarty. (4 for 34). 
 
 5 Upper-North Highlands. Sutherland. Caithness. (5 for 35). 
 
 18. 6, 7, 8 North Isles. 36 Hebrides. 37 Orkney. 38 Shetland.
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 
 
 49 
 
 1. South Britain. 
 
 1. Ranunculacece. 
 
 Clematis Vitalba 
 
 Tlialictrum alpinum 
 minus 
 flexuosura 
 saxatile 
 flavum 
 
 Anemone Pulsatilla 
 
 Adonis autumnalis 
 
 Myosurus minimus 
 
 Ranunculus heterophyllus 
 
 heterophyllus 
 peltatus 
 floribundus 
 marinus 
 confusus 
 Baudot!! 
 trichophyllus 
 trichophyllus 
 Drouetii 
 circinatus 
 fluitans 
 tripartitus 
 
 CCeUOSUS 
 
 Lingua 
 auricomus 
 parviflorus 
 arvensis 
 
 Trollius europaeus 
 
 Helleborus viridis 
 foetidus 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris 
 
 Delphinium Ajacis ? 
 
 Aconitum Napellus 
 
 Actaea spicata 
 
 1234567890 
 
 123 8-0 
 
 --OO----0- 
 
 0345 
 
 - - o 4 5 
 -o-45 
 12345 
 
 - - - - 5 
 
 -7S---2-4---- 
 
 -5 
 
 - - 3 - 5 
 
 - - 3 - 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 - - 3 4 5 
 
 - 2 3 4 5 
 1 - - . . 
 
 12345 
 1 o 3 4 5 
 12345 
 12345 
 
 - 2 3 4 5 
 
 07890 
 - - 8 9 
 6 7 o 9 
 67890 
 67890 
 . 7 . . . 
 
 .7 
 
 .7 
 
 -78-- 
 
 12346670 
 8 
 
 1234-678 
 -------o 
 
 -------0 
 
 12345-78 
 123 
 
 o-o-o--- 
 
 12345 
 
 12345678 
 
 - - 4 - 
 
 - 3 - - 
 
 - 3 - - 
 
 - 7 
 
 - 7 
 
 67890 
 67890 
 - 7 - - - 
 67o-0 
 67890 
 67890 
 67890 
 67890 
 
 0034567890 
 ooo4567o90 
 12345o789o 
 oo -oo-oooO 
 00800-000- 
 
 1 2 3 4 5 6 - - 
 -2345-oo 
 7 
 
 - - 3 - 5 - 7 8 
 12-45678 
 123456-8 
 12345-78 
 12345678 
 --3456-8 
 123oo-oo 
 12345o-o 
 12345678 
 12-000- - 
 0-3466-8
 
 50 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 1 .* Berber aceee. 
 Berberis vulgaris ooo4o-789012345--o 
 
 2. Nymphaacea. 
 
 Nymphaea alba 1 o3456789012o46678 
 
 Nuphar pumila -__ -------o--o--- 
 
 3. Papaveracece. 
 
 Papaver hybridura 12345678901234---8 
 Lecoquii - - - - 5 
 
 Meconopsis cambrica 123------------6-8 
 
 Glaucium luteum 1234567- -01 -3- -678 
 
 3.*Fumariaceee. 
 
 Corydalis claviculata 12345678-01 -345678 
 
 Fumaria capreolata 12345678901 2345678 
 
 pallidiflora -23 56-8 
 
 Boraei -.5.7. 
 
 confusa 12----- ---.--.--78 
 
 muralis --3- ...( 
 
 micrantha ---4-678--12345--- 
 
 parviflora .._. 5-79-0-2------ 
 
 parviflora ------78-0-2------ 
 
 Vaillantii ----6-78-0-2 
 
 4. Cruciferce. 
 
 Cakile maritttna 1234567--01----678 
 
 Crambe maritima 12345678-01- ---678 
 
 Coronopus didyma 123456oo- -- -o-o678 
 
 Thlaspi arTense 1234567890123456- - 
 
 perfoliatum ------- - o ---3 
 
 alpestre, occ. -oo------------o-8 
 
 Hutchinsia petrsea -_3--. ._ .. -345678 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis 12- -56789012-456-8 
 
 Iberis amara - -o----89-12-oo--o 
 
 Lepidium latifolium - -o- -o78-01o-o-6-8 
 
 Smithii 1234567o-01 -345678 
 
 ruderale 12345-78-01o34 -oo- 
 
 Cochlearia officinalis 12345o7- -01 -3o-678 
 
 maritima 12345o7- -01 -3o-678 
 
 alpina -------.--.-.__. _g 
 
 danica 1234567o-01---o678 
 
 anglica 12345678-0123- -678 
 
 Subularia aquatica o--8
 
 , SOUTH BRITAIN. 51 
 
 Draba aizoides 6 
 
 incaaa ---o- -------- ----8 
 
 muralis o-3--------o3-5--8 
 
 Dentaria bulbifera 6789 5 - - - 
 
 Cardamine amara o--o56789012345--8 
 
 hirsuta 123456789012345678 
 
 hirsuta 123456789- -23456-- 
 
 sylvatica -23456789- 1234567- 
 
 impatiens o-o--o7o----3456-8 
 
 Arabis petraea . .-._.....__. -.8 
 
 stricta .-3- o -.__...3 
 
 ciliata ..._..._-._--. -.7 
 
 Turritis glabra --o45-7890l-o45--- 
 
 Barbarea arcuata -0---6-8-----4---8 
 
 stricta _... o _. .-. -4--._ 
 
 Nasturtium sylvestre 1234-678901234567- 
 
 amphibium -234-6789012345 
 
 Sisymbrium Irio -ooo - -o89--2-o-6-- 
 
 Sophia 1234-678o012345678 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides -234-o789012345-78 
 
 Mathiola incana _...5 o _.-...-_.. o 
 
 sinuata 12---0 678 
 
 Brassica oleracea 12345-7 O--678 
 
 campestris 1234-6789012345-78 
 
 Sinapis alba - 23456789012345-78 
 
 tenuifolia 12345678901 -345678 
 
 muralis 0234-67890--3--67- 
 
 monensis .--.--..-....--6-8 
 
 Raphanus maritimus 123-56------- ---78 
 
 5. Resedacea. 
 
 Reseda lutea 1234567890!23o5678 
 
 6. Cistacea. 
 
 Helianthemum vulgare -23456789012345678 
 polifolium -23----------0 
 
 canura -----------o-o6-8 
 
 Breweri ...--__._-. __--_--8 
 
 7. Violacece. 
 
 Viola palustris 1234567-9oo2345678 
 
 odorata -23456789012345678 
 
 flavicornis -23-56789012-45678
 
 52 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. % 
 
 Viola lactea o2-o567---o2-----o 
 
 lusitanica - 2 - - - 6 7 
 
 stagnina 2---------2 
 
 tricolor 123456789012345678 
 
 tricolor ..-.....---...5.78 
 
 arvensis 123456789- -23-5678 
 
 lutea oo 345678 
 
 Curtisii o 2 78 
 
 8. Droseracece. 
 
 Drosera intermedia 123456789012- -5678 
 
 anglica ooooo----012--66-- 
 
 9. Polygalaceee. 
 
 Polygala calcarea .--4-67-----3---O 
 
 10. Frankeniaeece. 
 
 Frankenia laevis ----5678-012 
 
 11. Elatinacece. 
 
 Elatine hexaudra 1-..-67-9----45--8 
 
 Hydropiper -__--_7-__-._4_._8 
 12. Caryophyllacete. 
 
 Diuuthus prolifer ----56-o9-l--o 
 
 Anneria -2-45678901 --456-8 
 
 caesius ..3........ o 
 
 deltoides -23-O-789012345--8 
 
 Silene maritima 1234567- -01-3. -678 
 
 Otites 0-012----0. 
 
 anglica 12-45o789012-45678 
 
 nutans _2o-5-7o---o--5--8 
 
 italioa __._..7-----3 
 
 noctiflora .---oo789012-4o--- 
 
 couica __....7--01--o---- 
 
 annulata ? .........0 
 
 acaulis _o---------------8 
 
 Lychnis Viscaria .._._.._.... ...6-8 
 
 vespertina 123456789012345-78 
 
 Githago 123456789012345-78 
 
 Moenchia erecta 1234567890123456-8 
 
 Sagina "maritima" 123456-8-01 678 
 
 ciliata --3-56 2 
 
 subulata 12-4567-9 5-78 
 
 nodosa 12345-789012345678
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 53 
 
 Honckeneja peploides 12345678-01 --.-678 
 
 Spergularia " marina" 12345678-012345678 
 
 media -23456-8 0--78 
 
 rupicola - - - - 5 
 
 Arenaria leptoclados - - - - 5 
 
 tenuifolia 12345678901234o--8 
 
 verna 1-3 56-8 
 
 Holosteum umbellatuin -01 
 
 Stellaria nemorum oo ---3456-8 
 
 glauca 0-3456789012345- -8 
 
 Cerastiuin aquaticum 023456789012345-78 
 
 pumilum 12--5-7----o3 
 
 tetrandrum 123456- - -01 - 3 4 o 6 7 8 
 
 arvense -O-45-789012345- -8 
 
 alpinum ._.- ____8 
 
 latifolium -... ......8 
 
 13. Linacetc. 
 
 Linum perenne --o-o-o8-012-o---- 
 
 angustifolium 1234567- -oo-3-o678 
 
 Radiola millegrana 12345678901- -45678 
 
 14. Malvaceae, 
 
 Althaea officinalis 123-5678-0123-o67- 
 
 Lavatera arborea 1234oooo--o--- -678 
 
 15. Tiliacece. 
 
 T^lia parvifolia -23-56-8oo-23456-o 
 
 16. Hypericaceee. 
 
 Hypericum Androssemum 123456789- 12345678 
 
 dubium 123456-89ol2345678 
 
 linariifolium 1 2 
 
 hirsutum -23456789012345678 
 
 montanum 12345-7-9-1-345-78 
 
 Elodes 1234567--012345678 
 
 17. Aceracece. 
 
 Acer campestre -23456789012345678 
 
 18. GeraniacecB. 
 
 Erodium maritimum 12345o7- - -O-345678 
 
 moschatum 1234oooooooo3oo-7o 
 
 Geranium sylvaticum o--------oo--45--- 
 
 pvatense lo 3 456789012345678 
 
 pyrenaicum -234oo78901o345678
 
 54 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Geranium rotundifolium -2345-7890-234oo-o 
 
 pusillum 123456789012345-78 
 
 columbinum 123456789-12345678 
 
 lucidum 12345o7890o2345678 
 
 purpureum 12-4-67---------78 
 
 sanguineum 123- - - -8-0-2345678 
 
 19. Balsaminacea:. 
 
 Impatiens Noli-tangere --3o--o----o-oo--8 
 22. Rhamnacece. 
 
 Rbamnus catharticus -O34567890123456-8 
 
 Frangula 12345678 -012345678 
 23. Leguminifera. 
 
 Ulex nanus 123456789012345678 
 
 naniis _._4_. 7 _ _ _ j _ -4- - 7 - 
 
 Gallii 1234 345678 
 
 Genista tinctoria 1 -3456789012345678 
 
 pilosa l-._-6o--o---oo-7o 
 
 Ononis spinosa 1234567890123456-8 
 
 Anthyllis Dillenii 1 678 
 
 Medicago sylvestris ........... 0*19 
 
 falcata -ooo-ooo-012 
 
 maculata 12345678901234- -78 
 
 denticulata o2-45678-01--o---- 
 
 minima --o---7--012---o 
 
 Melilotus arvensis ----5-78-012---o-. 
 
 vulgaris -o-o5o78ool - - 4 - o 7 - 
 
 Trigonella ornithopodioides 12345678o01 -3- - - -8 
 
 Trifolium subterraneum 1234567890123- - -78 
 
 ochroleucum ---oo-o8-012-o---- 
 
 Molinerii ? 1 
 
 marilimum o- 34o678-oo-3- - - -o 
 
 8cabrum 12345678901234 -678 
 
 striatum 123456789012345-78 
 
 Bocconi 1 
 
 glomeratum -2345678-01 - - - -6-0 
 
 strictum 1-- __._.._. o 
 
 suffocatum 123-567--01 8 
 
 "filifonne" 123456789012345-78 
 
 Lotus angustissiuius 1 2 o - 5 6 
 
 bispidus 12-4
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 55 
 
 Astragalus glyeiphyllos oo3456789012345- -8 
 
 hypoglottis - - 8901234---- 
 
 Ornithopus perpusillus 123456789012345-78 
 Arthrolobium ebracteatum 1 
 
 Hippocrepis comosa -234567890123456-8 
 
 Onobrychis sativa -o345o789012345--o 
 
 Vicia Orobus __3___.--.--ooo678 
 
 sylvatica o2345-789o-2345-o8 
 
 angustifolia 1234567890123456-8 
 
 lathyroides oo34567o-012-4o678 
 
 lutea lo34-6---o 
 
 bithynica o234o678----34-6-8 
 
 gracilis -23-5-78- --2 
 
 Lathyrus Aphaca -2345678901234- - - - 
 
 Nissolia 123456789012345 - -o 
 
 hirsutus -.o-o--8 
 
 palustris _.3-5-o-o012-4---8 
 
 maritimus o~-4o67--0-------- 
 
 Orobus tuberosus 1234567890o2345678 
 
 24. Rosacece. 
 
 Prunus spinosa 123456789012345-78 
 
 insititia -23456789012345-78 
 
 Padus o- - -0-00-0008066-8 
 
 Cerasus 12-456789--2--5-78 
 
 avium 123456789012345-78 
 
 Spiraea Filipendula 123456789012345- -8 
 
 Dryas octopetala 5--8 
 
 Geum urbanum 123456789012345-78 
 
 intermedium _.-o5 12-----8 
 
 rivale -23456-89012-45678 
 
 Agrimonia odorata 12--567------4-6-- 
 
 Potentilla rupestris -__.--_---8 
 
 argentea - -3456789012-45- -8 
 
 verna -o3 0-234o6-8 
 
 alpestris -.-..-.__-_~_-_oo- 
 
 " nemoralis " -23456789012-45678 
 
 Comarum palustre 12345678-012-45678 
 
 Rubus Chamsemortis 8 
 
 saxatilis O-----------3-56-8 
 
 idasus 123456789012345-78
 
 56 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Rubus suberectus -o--5--o 4 5 - - 8 
 
 fissus .---5 
 
 plicatus 45-7S----345-78 
 
 nitidus 5-78 2345-7- 
 
 affinis 6-8 345-78 
 
 latifolius 
 
 imbricatus .._....-._- .3 
 
 incurvatus -----6 -5-78 
 
 rhamnifolius -2--5--8--1-345-78 
 Grabowskii 
 
 tbyrsoideus 8 - - - 2 3 4 5 - 7 - 
 
 discolor -23-5678--12345-78 
 
 leucostachys 1-3-56-8----345-78 
 
 carpinifolius 12--5--8---2345-78 
 
 villicaulis ..3.5. - 8 345-78 
 
 pampinosus _._..__..-. . _ 4 - _ _ - 
 
 mucronatus ---45--- 
 
 Salteri 5 5--8 
 
 macrophyllus 12--5678----345-78 
 
 Sprengelii ..--5--8----345--8 
 
 Bloxatnii -..-.- ------ .4 
 
 Hystrir - 2 ---6-8 2345-7- 
 
 Radula - 2 - 4 5 - - 8 2-45-78 
 
 rudis -23-56-8 345-78 
 
 pallidus 8 234--7S 
 
 Koebleri 12-4 8 345-7- 
 
 fusco-ater --3--6-S--- -345-78 
 
 pyrraidalis --3 3 4 - - - 8 
 
 Guntheri I S----34 
 
 hirtus 78 45--- 
 
 glaudulosus - 2 - - 5 6 - 8 -345--8 
 
 scaber 8 4---8 
 
 Balfourianus ..._.. ._-_.. .4 
 
 corylifolius -23-56-8--12345-78 
 
 nemorosus S678---2345-7- 
 
 csesius --345678-- 12345-78 
 
 Eosa spinosissima 12345678-012-45678 
 
 Wilsoni 8 
 
 " Sabini," etc. -2---678-01--4--78 
 
 " villosa" o2--o-7-o 345678
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 57 
 
 Rosa " toinentosa " -23-5678-012345678 
 
 "inodora," etc. --3o56-8----34o--- 
 
 "inicrantha" --345678-0-234--78 
 
 "rubiginosa" 123o5o789012345--8 
 
 " sepiuin '' --o-o--8-----4---o 
 
 systyla -o3o-67S9---34-67o 
 
 arvensis -2345678901 2345678 
 
 Sanguisorba officinalis 1 2-4 - - -89o-2345678 
 
 Poterium muricatum - -3-56789o-2-4 
 
 Alcheinilla vulgaris 1234-6-89- -23456-8 
 
 Mespilus germanica oo3--67---o--4 
 
 Cotoneaster vulgaris .-__-_.-__...._. -8 
 
 Pyrus communis -23456789012345- -o 
 
 torminalis 123456 78901234567o 
 
 Aria -23456789ol23456-8 
 
 . Aria 3 4 
 
 scandica -23-5-7-9---34---S 
 
 fennica --3-5o7-----3----- 
 
 Aucuparia 123o56789ooo345678 
 25. Onagrace<je. 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium --3-56789-123456-8 
 
 lanceolalum -2---o7-----3 
 
 roseum -23o5678 3456-- 
 
 tetragonum 123456789012345678 
 tetragonum 7 4 
 
 obscurum 57 4 
 
 alsinifolium - 8 
 
 Isnardia palustris - - -'-56 
 
 Circaea intermedia - 3 
 
 alpiua --o o--ooooo8 
 
 26. Fluviales. 
 
 Myriophyllum verlicillatum o-ooo6789012ooo-oo 
 
 "spicatum" 12345678901 2345678 
 
 alterniflorum 1-3-56789--2-45-78 
 
 Callitricbe pedunculata 12--56789--- -45-78 
 
 platycarpa 123456789-12-45-78 
 
 autumnalis - - 00-00-0-0-00008 
 
 Ceratopbyllum demersum - -3456789012345-78 
 
 submersum o-3--678-01--o----
 
 58 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 27. LythracecE. 
 
 Lytbrum hyssopifolium o 2 - -o-o89o-2-oo-o- 
 
 29. Cucurbilacea. 
 
 Bryonia dioica -03456789012345- -8 
 
 31. Illecebraceae. 
 
 Illecebrum verticillatura 1 2 
 
 Corrigiola Httoralis 1 2 
 
 Herniaria "glabra" ] -o-o--o-olo---o-- 
 
 "ciliata" 1 
 
 Polycarpon tetraphyllum 12-4 o 
 
 Scleranthus annuus 123456789012345-78 
 
 perennis --o---o--01---o6-o 
 33. Grossulariaceie. 
 
 Kibes Grossularia ooo ooo ooooooooo -oo 
 
 nigrum -o3-5o78o- 12o45-78 
 
 rubrum 123456o89oo234o--7o 
 
 alpinum ---o45oo8 
 
 34. Crassulaceae. 
 
 Tillaea muscosa ---45----01 
 
 Sedum Rhodiola - < 6-8 
 
 dasypbyllum --o-oooooo- oooo- -o 
 
 anglicum 1234567--ol---5678 
 
 " album " -o34oooo--oo34o-oo 
 
 reflexutn ooo ooo oooo oooooo oo 
 
 glaucum - - -f o-o o 
 
 rupestre -23 0-3-5678 
 
 Forsterianum --o oo4o678 
 
 Cotyledon Umbilicus 1234567-9- -2345678 
 35. Saxifragaceee. 
 
 Saxifraga stellaris o -----8 
 
 nivalis - 8 
 
 oppositifolia 6-8 
 
 granulata ---45-789012345--8 
 
 cxspitosa .-._-.- ---. 
 
 hypnoides --3o -456-8 
 
 Cbrysosplenium altemifolium -0345-78-01 -3456-8 
 
 Parnassia palustris - -o45-o89012345--8 
 
 38. Umbeliifera!. 
 
 Sanicula europaea 123456789012345-78 
 
 Eryngium maritimum 12345-7--01----678
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 59 
 
 Eryngium campeslre o23 0-2o--6-- 
 
 Physosperum cornubiense 1 2 
 
 Smyrnium Olusatrura 1234567oo01oooo-78 
 
 Cicuta virosa --3o-678-012o45--- 
 
 Apium graveolens 12345678o012345678 
 
 Petroselinum segetum 123456789-12345-7- 
 
 Trinia vulgaris -23 -_3___-o 
 
 Helosciadium inundatum 1 2-456789012345678 
 
 " repens " -234567890123456-8 
 
 ^Egopodium Podagraria 123456789012345-78 
 
 Carum Carui G--O-----OOO-OO--O 
 
 vevticillatum -o _..._678 
 
 Bulbocastanum _....-o8---2 
 
 Pimpinella raagna -2-4-6789012345..-- 
 
 Sium latifolium lo 3 456789012 3 456-8 
 
 angustifolium 1234567890123456-8 
 
 Bupleurum tenuissitnum - -345678o01234- - - - 
 
 aristatum - 2 
 
 rotundifolium --345678901234---- 
 
 (Enanthe fistulosa -234567890123456-8 
 
 pimpinelloides -23456-S----34 
 
 Lachenalii 12345678-01234-678 
 
 silaifolia - - ooo67-9oo234 - - -o 
 
 crocata 1234567890- -345678 
 
 Phellandriuin -23456789012-45- -8 
 
 fluviatilis -- 345-7890-234 
 
 Fceniculum vulgare 123ooo7o-01o3oo-78 
 
 Seseli Libanotis ..,.-6-8 2 
 
 Silaus pratensis -234567890123456-8 
 
 Meum athainanticum ..__._. ...... ..-.8 
 
 Crithmum maritimum 1234567---0----678 
 
 Peucedauum officinale ._.._o78--o 
 
 palustre _.3----o-012-o---- 
 
 Pastinaca saliva o23456789012345o7- 
 
 Tordyliuin maximum 8 9 - - - o 
 
 Daucus gummifer 1234567 6-8 
 
 Caucalis daucoides --34--789012-4 
 
 Torilis infesta -23456789012345678 
 
 Antbriscus vulgaris 123456789012345-78 
 
 Myrrhis odorata __o- - -ooo- - -oo5oo8
 
 60 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 39. Loranthacete. 
 
 Viscum album -234o6789012345--8 
 
 40. Caprifoliacece. 
 
 Samhucus Ebulus 023456789012345678 
 
 Virburnum Opulus 123456789012345-78 
 
 Lantana 02345678901234--7- 
 
 Louicera Periclymenum 123456789012345-78 
 
 41. Rubiacece. 
 
 Rubia peregrina 1234567- ---o34-678 
 
 Galium elongatum 7- ---------- 
 
 uliginosum -23456789012345678 
 
 erectum ooo45678o-12-oo--- 
 
 Mollugo 12345678901234567- 
 
 sylvestre o-3--------o3o5--o 
 
 anglicum ,-o---7o-012ooo-o- 
 
 tricorne - -345678901234-6-- 
 
 Vaillaintii 8---O 
 
 boreale -- ------ 6-8 
 
 Asperula cynanchica o2346678901234 -67- 
 
 42. Valerianacece. 
 
 Valeriana dioica 1234567890123456-8 
 
 " officinalis" 123456789012345678 
 
 officinalis 6-89--2---67 
 
 sambucifolia -23456789- -234- -78 
 
 Fedia olitoria 123456789012345-78 
 
 Auricula 12345678- ---34-67- 
 
 43. DipsacecB. 
 
 Dipsacus pilosus - -3456789012345--8 
 
 44. Composite. 
 
 Hypochceris glabra -23-5678-012-45-O- 
 
 maculata l--o---8-0-2o----8 
 
 Lactuca virosa o -oo56789012o456-o 
 
 Scariola o78-o-2-4 
 
 saligna 0-678---2-4 
 
 Soncbus palustris -o-o--7oo012--o--- 
 
 asper 1234567890-2345678 
 
 Crepis biennis __oo--78-o-2----oo 
 
 paludosa _o--------o---56-8 
 
 Hieracium pallidum 0--78 
 
 lasiophyllum - 8
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 61 
 
 Hieracium argenteum - 8 
 
 murorum ___-__7__---34---- 
 
 caesium 
 
 vulgatum -2345678901 2345678 
 
 gothicum .---.----.-.-...-8 
 
 tridentatum -2--567S---234- 
 
 boreale -23456789012345678 
 
 Borkhausia foetida - -- - -67ooOoo 
 
 taraxacifolia -----o78-0 8 
 
 Taraxacum palustre 12-456o8o012-45 -78 
 
 Arnoseris pusilla o-oo5-78-012oo---- 
 Arctiuro ma jus 5 
 
 intermedium 4 
 
 minus 
 tomentosum 
 
 pubens 24 8 
 
 Saussurea alpina .--..--_...----_-8 
 
 Serratula tinctoria 123456789- -2345678 
 
 Carduus tenuiflorus 12345678901o3-5678 
 
 eriophorus o2345o78901234567- 
 
 Forsteri 67 
 
 prateiisis -2345678901234567- 
 
 tuberosus ... 4 
 
 acaulis -2345678901234-6- - 
 
 heterophyllus -_-.._ooo-o---56-8 
 
 Onopordum Acanthium o23456789012345-7o 
 
 Carlina vulgaris 123456789012345-78 
 
 Centaurea iiigrescens ? 123456789- --34 567- 
 
 Cyanus 123456789012345-78 
 
 Calcitrapa 123-6678-012 6 
 
 Chrysocoma Linosyris -2 3 --------------8 
 
 Diotis maritima 1--0--0--0-------8 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare 1 2345o789012345678 
 
 Artemisia campestris -o-~-----01 
 
 maritima 123-5678-0123- -678 
 
 Antennaria dioica I 89012--5678 
 
 Gnaphalium sylvaticum -2-4567890123456-8 
 
 Filago gallica ----.-78 
 
 minima 12-456789012345-78 
 
 germanica 123456789012345-78
 
 63 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Filago apiculata .... 5. 78-012-4---- 
 
 spathulata ---456789-- 2 
 
 Petasites vulgaris 123456789012345-78 
 
 Erigeron acris 1 -3456789012345678 
 
 Aster Tripolium 12345678-0123-0678 
 
 Seuecio sylvaticus 123456789012345-78 
 
 viscosus - - o- -789 o 2 - 006-8 
 
 paludosus _....._. -o-2------ 
 
 saracenicus ? --34--7-O-----5--8 
 
 Cineraria palustris o--------012--oo-o 
 
 . campestris ---456789--23-.--S 
 
 Inula Helenium 12345oo89012345678 
 
 crithmoides 12345678-oo-3- -678 
 
 Pulicaria vulgaris ---456789-12-4 
 
 Pyrethrum maritimum 12-456- 678 
 
 Matricaria Chamomilla 1 23456789012345-78 
 
 Anthemis nobilis 12345678901 -345-78 
 
 arvensis 0234567890123456-8 
 
 Cotula 123456789012345-78 
 
 45. Campanulacece. 
 
 Campanula patula - -34567- 9-0-3456-- 
 
 Kapunculus --o-oo78-ooo-45--8 
 
 latifolia o- - -o-78o0123456- 8 
 
 rapunculoides ....... _ o --2-o 
 
 Trachelium -23456789012345678 
 
 glomerata . - -34567890123456- - 
 
 Wahlenbergia hederacea 123456789- - -345678 
 
 Specularia hybrida 123456789012345 
 
 Pbyteuma spicatum ----- 6 
 
 orbiculare - - - 4 5 6 7 
 45.*Lobeliaceee. 
 
 Lobelia urens - 2 - - - - o 
 
 Dortmanna ---..-_.-...-.. 5678 
 46. Ericaceae. 
 
 Erica ciliaris 1 - - 4 o - o 
 
 ragans 1 o 
 
 Andromeda polifolia '* --3-----o-o2--5678 
 
 Vaccinium Myrtillus 123456789-o2345-78 
 
 Vitis-idaca -. o ... 45678 
 
 Oxycoccos - -3-567- -012-45678
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 63 
 
 Pyrola rolundifolia -o- o-o7-ool-oo5--- 
 
 media ..-..6--o----4o--- 
 
 minor -5-789--23456-S 
 
 Monotropa Hypopitys oo3456789-12345o- - 
 47. llicaceee. 
 
 Ilex Aquifolium 123456789012345-78 
 
 48. JasminacecB. 
 
 Fraxinus excelsior 123456789012345 -78 
 
 49. Apocynacece. 
 
 Vinca minor oo oo5678o01oo45-o8 
 
 50. GentianacecB, 
 
 Gentiana Pneuraonanthe ---4567o901 78 
 
 Amarella 123456789012345-78 
 
 campestris 1234o6o89- 12345-78 
 
 Cicendia filiformis lo-456----------7 
 
 Erythraa littoralis 123-56---0 678 
 
 pulchella 12345678-012- -o678 
 latifolia 
 
 Chlora perfoliata -234567890123456-8 
 
 Villarsia nymphajoides -----o789-123oo 
 
 50*Polemoniacece. 
 
 Polemoniurn caeruleum -ooo--ooo---oo5--o 
 
 5 1 . Convolvulaced. 
 
 Convolvulus Soldanella 12345678-01 ----678 
 
 5\..*Cuscutacece. 
 
 Cuscuta europasa - -3456789012345--- 
 
 Epithymum 12345678901234 8 
 
 Trifolii .--46678-012-4.---- 
 52. Solanacea. 
 
 Solanum nigrum 123456789012346 -78 
 
 Atropa Belladonna -o345o7890123456-8 
 
 53. Scrophulariacece. 
 
 Verbascus Thapsus 123456789012345-78 
 
 Lychnitis oo3oo678oooooo5 - - 8 
 
 floccosuin -0--0-0--01 
 
 nigrura 1234567890123456- - 
 
 Blattaria 12-o56oo9oooooo67- 
 
 virgatum 123---oo--o - - o o o - o 
 
 Veronica spicata o-o----o-0-23--6-8 
 
 verna -..--0---01.
 
 64 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Veronica triphyllos __.._. ___oi--o---- 
 
 bumifusa ......--8 
 
 Buxbauinii I23o5o78901o34567- 
 
 Bartsia viscosa 12-456---------6-- 
 
 Rbinanthus major O----6------3-5--- 
 
 Melampyrum cristatum ----5--8-ol2oo 
 
 arvense - . - o 5 - -8ool-oo 
 
 Scropbularia Ehrharti ----6-8-----45--8 
 
 Scorodonia 1 2 
 
 Antirrhinum Orontium 123456789012345-78 
 
 Liuaria spuria 12345678901234-67- 
 
 repens 123-5oo89--23--67- 
 
 minor 1234567890123456-8 
 
 Limosella aquatica oo3o 6789012o45 - -8 
 
 Sibthorpia europaea 123--6 6 - - 
 
 54. Orobanchacece. 
 
 Orobancbe "major" 12345678901 2345o78 
 caryophyllacea - o - - - - 7 
 
 " elatior" oo3456789012o4oo-o 
 
 minor o2345678901234-6oo 
 
 amethystea 1 
 
 picridis ....5. 7-- --2---- 7 
 
 bederae 123-5------- 3--67S 
 
 rubra 1-- -----. ------ o -- 
 
 caerulea ----5--8o-l-3- -o 
 
 Latbraea squamaria -23456789- -2345- -8 
 
 55. Lamiacece. 
 
 Salvia pratensis ----oo7-9-oooooo-o 
 
 verbenaca 123456789012345-78 
 
 Mentha, rotundifolia I2345o78o0123456o8 
 
 sylvestris 12345678-012345678 
 
 piperita 123oooo8-012345o78 
 
 saliva 1234567890-2-46- -8 
 
 rubra o2o--o789-l-345--8 
 
 gentilis 12ooo-o8- - ooo45- 78 
 
 Pulegium 1 -O4567890123456-8 
 
 Thymus Serpyllum 
 
 Chamaedrys 67 4 
 
 Calamintba " Nepeta " ooo4 -6789012 3 o-67o 
 
 syjvatica .... 5
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 65 
 
 Melittis Melissophyllum I23-56o-----oo-o7 
 
 Teucritnn Scordium - 2 - 9-12 
 
 Botrys ------ 7 
 
 AjugaChaniaepitys --45o78---2----oo 
 
 Ballota ruderalis --3-5678- -12-45--- 
 
 Lamium incisutn 123-56789012-45678 
 
 Galeopsis Ladanum 12345678901234567- 
 
 ochroleuca _______ Qo----4---8 
 
 versicolor 6o89012-45--8 
 
 Stachys Betonica 1 234567890-2345-78 
 
 ambigua 1 -o--o78o-o2o-oooo 
 
 germanica o---o-oo9--2 
 
 Nepeta cataria 123456789012345-78 
 
 Marrubium vulgare 12345o789012345678 
 
 Scutellaria minor 12345678oO- -345678 
 
 56. JBoraginacece. 
 
 Myosotis repens -23-5678-0----567- 
 
 caespitosa 12345678901 -345678 
 
 sylvatica -oo-5o78-012345--8 
 
 collina 12345678-012345678 
 
 versicolor 123456789012345-78 
 
 Lithospermum arvense 123456789012345-78 
 
 p. cscnilcuin -23---7----0-0-6-8 
 
 Mertensia maritima O o--o-----------o8 
 
 Symphjtum tuberosum -----ooo-oo?o-o--8 
 
 Anchusa sempervirens 1234oo7890123456-8 
 
 Asperugo procumbens - - oo-ooo-o-o-o5- -o 
 
 Cynoglossum sylvaticura -----o78o-o23oo 
 
 Pulmonaria angustifolia - - - - 5 
 
 57. Pinguiculacece. 
 
 Pinguicula vulgaris -2345- -89012345-78 
 lusitanica 12345-----O------- 
 
 Utricularia vulgaris 123456789012-456-8 
 intermedia -2-45------------- 
 
 minor l-345678-012o-5678 
 
 58. Primulacete. 
 
 Primula elatior ___._.. 8-0-------- 
 
 veris 123456789012345-78 
 
 Hottonia palustris - -3456789012345- -8 
 
 Lysimachia nummularia -23456789012345678 
 
 I
 
 66 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Anagallis caerulea 1234567890123456- - 
 
 Centunculus minimus 12-4-56789012-4-678 
 
 Glaux maritima 12345678-012345678 
 
 59. Plumbaginacea. 
 
 Armeria maritima 12345678-0123- -678 
 
 Statice Limoniam o23 45678-0123- -678 
 
 bahusiensis -2--567S-0------7- 
 
 spatbulata 1234o678--l----678 
 
 occidentalis 1- ----7---l----oo- 
 
 Dodartii o2o l----67o 
 
 caspia --o---o---12 
 60. Plantayinacea? . 
 
 Plantago media -23456789012345678 
 
 maritima 12345678-01234-678 
 
 Littorella lacustris 123456789012-456-8 
 
 62. ChenopodiacecB. 
 
 Chenopodium olidum 123456789012--- --- 
 
 polyspermum 1234567890-2345-78 
 
 urbicum --oo - -7ooooooo-- -o 
 
 intermedium -2-05678-----45 
 
 rubrum 123o5678901234-678 
 
 botryoides o----ooo-01- -----o 
 
 murale 12345678901234o-7o 
 
 hybridum --34--78o01234---- 
 
 ficifolium 4o6789-12--o--- 
 
 glaucum _--o5o78-------o-- 
 
 Atriplex portulacoides 02345678-012- - -678 
 
 pedimculata ._._.. 7.. Q12----0- 
 
 areuaria oooooo78- oo-- -- --o 
 
 Babingtonii 123o5678-oo-34-67o 
 
 "erecta" 1234--78 4 - - 7 - 
 
 "deltoidea" J-3-5678----345-7- 
 
 litloralis ---45678-012---678 
 
 marina ..-.5.78---------- 
 
 Beta maritima 12345678-0123--678 
 
 Salsola Kali 1234567--01----678 
 
 Schoberia maritima 12345678-0123--678 
 
 fruticosa ooo4---8-01 ----o-- 
 
 Salicornia herbacea 1234567- -0123- -678 
 
 procumbens 1--4567--0-----6-- 
 
 radicans o4567---l----o--
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 67 
 
 63. Polygonacece. 
 
 Polygcmum Bistorta o2345o789012345678 
 
 viviparum --_._-_-_-__. o ---8 
 
 laxum -.--_6o8----34---- 
 
 mite 0---0-78---2---0-- 
 
 minus - -3456789012-45678 
 
 maritimum .... 5 
 
 Baii 123456 1----678 
 
 duraetorutn --3-S678----3 
 
 Bumex pratensis 1- - -5678- - -23456-8 
 
 pulcher 123456789012345-7- 
 
 maritimus -234-6V89012-45--0 
 
 palustris 1234-678-012-456- - 
 
 Oxyria reniforrais _.__-. ___._. o _---8 
 
 64. Eleagnacea. 
 
 Hippophae rhamnoides ------ 7 -01------- 
 
 65. Thymeleaceee. 
 
 Daphne Laureola o23456789012346- -o 
 
 Mezereum --o456o89oo--oo--- 
 66. Santalacece. 
 
 Thesium humifusuin Io34567890123 
 67. Asaracece. 
 
 Asarum europaeum ...4-_. 9--- 
 
 68. EmpetracecE. 
 
 Empetrum nigrum --3- -O------345678 
 
 69. Euphorbiacece. 
 
 Euphorbia Peplis 12345 67 
 
 platyphylla 1-345678 234---- 
 
 stricta ...-0-------3 
 
 hiberna - 2 
 
 pilosa - - 3 
 
 Paralias 12345678-0 678 
 
 portlandica 12-45oo 678 
 
 Buxus sempervirens -o ooo -7o9 oo2o-o 
 
 Mercurialis annua o234567890123-o678 
 
 70. Urticacece. 
 
 Parietaria erecta ------- S--------7- 
 
 Humulus Lupulus 123456789012345-78 
 
 Ulmus " montana " 123456-890-2345-78 
 
 " suberosa " o2345678---o345-7o
 
 68 SUBPEOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Ulmus "campestris" -23456789012345-co 
 
 71. Amentiferee. 
 
 Quercus intermedia ....___. -...345 
 
 sessiliflora -23456789ol2o45678 
 
 Fagus sylvatica 123456789012345-7o 
 
 Carpinus Betulus -234o678o012345--o 
 
 Betula verrucosa .--__. 7. ___-...___ 
 
 glutinosa ......7... ...4.. 7. 
 
 Populus " alba " 1234ooo89012345--8 
 
 "canescens" -23o5 -78-012345- 78 
 
 tremula -23456789012345-78 
 
 Salix pentandra oo- - -ooooo- --45-78 
 
 " decipiens 1 --456789012-45 
 
 fragilis 123456789012-45-78 
 
 "Kusseliana -2-o-o78--123456-8 
 
 alba -2345o7890l2345-78 
 
 " ritellina 1-345- -89012345678 
 
 triandra -2-456789012345678 
 
 purpurea -2-4-6789012-45-- - 
 
 " Helix --o4-o789-12345--8 
 
 " rubra, etc. -2-45-78oOo2-4o--8 
 
 viminalis 123456789012345-78 
 
 "stipularis -2---6-8o01--45--8 
 
 " Smithiana 123-5678901-3456-8 
 
 " acuminata -2-45o-8o-12345-o8 
 
 " aquatica -23456-89012345678 
 
 " oleifolia -2--5678--12-45-78 
 
 aurita 123456789012345-78 
 
 " ambigua 6-8-0 
 
 herbacea ------- ---.----6-8 
 
 Myrica Gale 1234567o-012- -5678 
 
 72. Coniferce. 
 
 Juniperus communis - -3456789- -234o6-8 
 
 nana .-.---.-.-.-..-._8 
 
 Taxus baccata o234o67o9ooo3456- 8 
 
 73. Orchidacece. 
 
 Neottia Nidus-avis 1 234567890123456-8 
 
 Spirantbes astivalis ----5--------0 
 
 Listera cordata -23-5- 5--8 
 
 ovata 123456789012345-78
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 69 
 
 Epipactis latifolia 1234567890-2345678 
 
 latifolia 7 -234-6-8 
 
 media -2 6789--2-45--- 
 
 atrorubens _..-o----- 1--4---8 
 
 palustris -23456789012-45-78 
 Cephalanthera grandifolia --34567S9--234---- 
 
 ensifolia ---o5678----345--8 
 
 rubra --3--------oo----o 
 
 Epipogium aphyllura ....... ...... 4 
 
 Orchis Morio 123456789012345-78 
 
 mascula 123456789012345-78 
 
 ustulata -23456789012340- - - 
 
 militaris . .....o89 
 
 tepbrosanlhos ......7-9o 
 
 fusca ...__o7o 
 
 hircina -._-._7--0 
 
 pyramidalis 023456789012345-78 
 
 maculata 123456789012345-78 
 
 Gymnadeiiia conopsea 123456789012345--8 
 
 bifolia 123456789012345-78 
 
 bifolia 45678-012-4- -78 
 
 chlorantha -23456789012345-78 
 
 Habenaria viridis - -34567890123456-8 
 
 albida ....o6-----o-oo-78 
 
 Aceras anthropophora ---0-6789012------ 
 
 HermiDium Mouorchis - - ooo67890123 
 
 Opbrys apifera 1234567890123456-8 
 
 aracbnites -_oo--7-----o 
 
 aranifera - - oo567ooO-2- -o 
 
 fucifera .... 5 6 7 
 
 muscifera - - 3 4-5 6789012345- -8 
 
 Malaxis paludosa -2- .5670-012-. o- -o 
 
 Liparis Loeselii -...,.o--012 
 
 74. Iridacea. 
 
 Crocus nudiflorus ............. 45... 
 
 Gladiolus imbricatus 
 Trichonema Columnar 
 
 75. AmaryllidacecB. 
 
 Narcissus p. narcissus 123456789012345-78 
 
 Leucojutn aestivum _o-4 - -7o90
 
 70 SUBPEOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 76. LiliacecB. 
 
 Fritillaria Meleagris o -345o78901o3o5 
 
 Allium oleraceura - -3-5678-01234o-o- 
 
 sphaerocepbalura ___--. __----3 
 
 Schoenoprasum 1-- --------------- 
 
 Gagea lutea __3o--o-90--34---- 
 
 Ornithogalum pyrenaicum -234-6oo- - - 2 o - o 
 
 Scilla verna 12--0 678 
 
 autumnalis 12o-5-7o----3-o--o 
 
 Hyacinthus nonscriptus 123456789012345-78 
 
 Muscari racemosum ---o--oooOoo 
 
 Lloydia serotina ._...-_-_.-------8 
 
 Simetbis bicolor - - - 4 
 
 Asparagus officinalis Io34o-oo-oo-o<- -678 
 
 Euscus aculeatus 12-4567890oo- - -6- - 
 
 Convallaria majalis - -3456789012345- -8 
 
 multiflora -oo4567890-23-o- - - 
 
 Polygonatum --3oo-o--o--3o--7- 
 
 76*Trilliacece. 
 
 Paris quadrifolia - -34567890123456-8 
 
 78. Melanthiacece. 
 
 Colchicum autuinnale -o345-7-90-2345-78 
 
 Tofieldia palustris ? 
 
 Nartbecium ossifragum 1234567-9-12345678 
 
 79. Hydrocharidacete. 
 
 Hydrocbaris Morsus-ranae -23466789012345-78 
 
 Stratiotes aloides -_-_o-o-o012------ 
 
 80. Alismacece. 
 
 Alisma ranunculoides 123456789012-45678 
 
 natans -_.----------o56-8 
 
 Actinocarpus Damasonium o- - -567890- -- -5 
 
 Sagittaria sagittifolia -23456789012345-78 
 
 Butomus umbellatus o234o6789012345678 
 
 Triglochin maritimum 12345678-0123-5678 
 
 Scheuchzeria palustris .--.---.------6--- 
 
 81. Fluviales. 
 
 Potamogeton densus -23456789012345-78 
 
 pectinatus lo3456789012345--8 
 
 flabellatus --3-5-78--1-345 
 
 pectinatus 7...1-.4--.-
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 71 
 
 Potamogeton filiformis 6----1 8 
 
 pusillus 1 -3456789012345678 
 
 trichoides ____.__. __]__. _ o 
 
 compressus -23- 0608- -12-45- - - 
 
 gramineus -ooo-678o012345--o 
 
 acutifolius -----6-8--1 
 
 zosteraefolius -__o-o-8---2-45--- 
 
 crispus -23456789012345678 
 
 pevfoliatus 123456789012345--8 
 
 lucens -234o6789012345- -8 
 
 praelongus 89012- -5-- - 
 
 heterophyllus ---45-789-12--5678 
 
 rufescens --3--678---2o45-78 
 
 natans 123456789012345678 
 natans 
 
 oblongus -23-5678-0-2345-78 
 plantagineus ----5-78--12----78 
 
 Ruppia"maritima" 12345678-012 678 
 
 rostellata __3-5-----------7- 
 
 Zannichellia palustris 12345678901. 2345-78 
 
 Zostera marina 12345678-01--- --78 
 
 nana -_-45(5_--.-_ .--.._ 
 82. Aracece, etc. 
 
 Leinna minor 123456789012345-78 
 
 gibba -23-56789012345-7- 
 
 polyrbiza -23456789012345-7o 
 
 trisulca -23456789012345-78 
 
 Arum italicum - - - - 5 
 
 Acorus Calamus -2345o78901o -45o- - 
 
 Sparganium natans - -345-78-012-456-8 
 
 natans -...--7._.._._.._8 
 
 minimum ----5----012-4-6-- 
 
 Typha angustifolia 0-3456789012-456-8 
 
 84. Juncaceas, 
 
 Juncus diffusus ----5678-Oo2-4---- 
 
 maritimus 12345678-01- ---678 
 
 acutus o234-678-oo-o--678 
 
 acutiflorus 123456789012345-78 
 
 obtusiflorus -23456789012345-78 
 
 supinus 123456789012-45678
 
 72 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Juncus compressus 1234-67-9oooo456-o 
 
 coenosus 12345678-01-0--678 
 
 squarrosus 123456789012345-78 
 
 triglumis -_-_. _.___.-8 
 
 Luzula sylvatica 123456789012345-78 
 
 pilosa 123456789012345-78 
 
 Forsteri -23-56789- - -34o67 
 
 multiflora -23456789012345-78 
 
 spicata -__.___.___. _....g 
 
 85. Cyperacea. 
 
 Cyperus longus 1 -345-7---o---o-7 
 
 fuscus ______78---------- 
 
 Cladium Mariscus 1 -oo5-7- -012-o56o8 
 
 Schoenus nigricans 12345- -89012-45678 
 
 Rbyncospora alba 1234567-9012-45678. 
 
 fusca 1 -345 06 
 
 Blysraus compressus 0234567-9012345- -8 
 
 rufus _.-___-.-..._. _._8 
 
 Scirpus glaucus 123456-8-012--0-78 
 
 carinatus -.-__67 O ------o 
 
 triqueter 678--O 
 
 Savii 12345 678 
 
 Holoschoenus -2ooo--------o 
 
 maritimus 12345678-012345678 
 
 sylvaticus 023456789012345-78 
 
 uniglumis ---4-6 ..__. o _ 
 
 multicaulis 12345678-012--5678 
 
 pauciflorus 1 -3-56o8o012-45678 
 
 caespitosus 0234567- -012345678 
 
 acicularis 1234567890123456-8 
 
 fluitans 12-456789012345- -8 
 
 Eriophorum vaginatum 1234567-O-1-345678 
 
 latifolium -2--5-789--O-456-8 
 
 gracile -----o7 o---o 
 
 Carex dioica o-oo-6o890123456-8 
 
 pulicaris 123456789012345-78 
 
 ovalis 123456789012345-78 
 
 curta -00-567-9012345678 
 
 Persoonii 8 
 
 elongata 78 5--.-
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 73 
 
 Carex rcmota 123456789012345-78 
 
 axillaris -2345678-012-4- 
 
 Boenninghauseniana ----5678 ..... 
 
 intermedia 123456789012345-78 
 
 arenaria 12345678-01- ---678 
 
 divisa 02345678-01 78 
 
 muricata 12345678901 2345-78 
 
 divulsa 023456789012345- -8 
 
 teretiuscula -234-678-012-45-78 
 
 paniculata 123456789012345-78 
 
 atrata -.._ ______ g 
 
 rigicla -o . . . _ g 
 
 stricta --oo-678--12-45o-8 
 
 acuta 023456789012-45-78 
 
 " flava " 123456789012345-78 
 
 " Oederi" 12345678-012345-78 
 
 extensa 1 23456-8-01 - - - o 6 7 8 
 
 pallescens -23456789012-45-78 
 
 " fulva," etc. -o345 6789012o45-78 
 
 distans 123o5678-0123oo678 
 
 punctata ? 1 ~____8 
 
 binervis 123456789012-45-78 
 
 Iffivigata 123-56789 5678 
 
 panicea 123456789012345-78 
 
 depauperata - o - - - - 7 
 
 limosa --o-5----01--o56-8 
 
 irrigua o o 
 
 strigosa --3456789oo23456-8 
 
 sylvatica 123456789012345-78 
 
 Pseudo-cyperus -23456789012345- -8 
 
 praecox 123456789012345-78 
 
 montana 6o----o34 
 
 pilulifera 123456789012345-78 
 
 tonoentosa --.4. 
 
 clandestina --34 34 
 
 digitata --34 34---- 
 
 liliformis -o3-5----012o-5--8 
 
 liirta 123456789012345-78 
 
 vesicaria o234 -6789012345-78 
 
 paludosa o 23456789012345 -08 
 
 &
 
 74 SUBPEOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Carex riparia 0234567890123456-8 
 
 86. Gramina. 
 
 Leersia oryzoides - - - - 5 6 7 
 
 Spartina stricta -2--5678-01 
 
 alterniflora - - - - 5 
 
 Cynodon Dactylon 1 o - 4 - - o 
 
 Digitaria huuiifusa ----5-7- -01 
 
 Setaria viridis ----5-7o--lo 
 
 Phleum arenarium 12345678-012- - -678 
 
 asperura --Q---O-O--OO 
 
 Boehmeri -------8-012o 
 
 Alopecurus pratensis 123456789012345-78 
 
 pronus 60 
 
 fulvus -4-678--12-4o--8 
 
 bulbosus -23456o--01-3--o 
 
 agrestis -23456789012345-7o 
 
 Knappia agrostidea - o 8 
 
 Gastridium lendigerum 12345678-ol -34-6-0 
 
 Polypogon littoralis ---45-78--1 
 
 monspeliensis -oo-5-78--l 
 
 Milium effusum 12345678901234- -08 
 
 Apera Spica-venti ----5-789012-ooo-o 
 
 interrupta ----01 
 
 Agrostis setacea 123456o-o 6 
 
 canina -23456789012345 -78 
 
 Ammophila aruudinacea 12345678-01 - -o-678 
 
 Arundo Calamagrostis -ooo5678-012oo5o- - 
 
 Epigcjos -23456789012345678 
 
 Sesleria caerulea ___.<>--- 
 
 Aira alpina ? _.--_____". .......Q 
 
 flexuosa 123456789012345-78 
 
 canescens --OO--7--01 
 
 Avena fatua 123456789012346-78 
 
 pratensis -234567890-2345- -8 
 
 pubescens 123456789-12345-78 
 
 Triodia decumbens 123456789012345-78 
 
 Koeleria cristata 1 23456789012345-78 
 
 Melica uniflora 123456789012345-78 
 
 miians -oo- - -oo-o- -345--0 
 
 Molinia caerulea 123456789012345-78
 
 SOUTH BRITAIN. 75 
 
 Catabrosa aquatica -0345678901 "2 345-78 
 
 Glyceria aquatica -23456789012345678 
 
 plicata --3-567S---2345--8 
 
 maritiraa -2345678-0123- -678 
 
 distans -2345678-01234 -6-8 
 
 Borreri ...-5678 
 
 procumbens 12345678-01 -3-- - o - 
 
 loliacea 12345678-012- - -678 
 
 Poa bulbosa -2o-56o--01 
 
 alpina 0----------8 
 
 compvessa -23456789012345-78 
 
 nemoralis -23456789012345-78 
 
 Balfourii ._.__--_._..___. _8 
 
 cssia, glauca _._..-_8 
 
 Briza media 123456789012345-78 
 
 minor 12o45-------oo 
 
 Festuca uniglumis -2345678-0 -- - - -678 
 
 P. myurus 123456789012345 -78 
 
 duriuscula -234567890123456-8 
 
 rubra 1234567--01o3o--78 
 
 sylvatica ___o-6---o--345-o- 
 
 arundinacea - 2 - - 5 
 
 " elatior" 1234567890-2345- -8 
 
 " pratensis " -23456789012345678 
 
 "loliacea" -23456789012345- -8 
 
 Bromus madritensis -23-5-7o- - - - 3 o - 6 7 
 
 erectus -o3456789-12345-oo 
 
 secalinus 02-456789012345678 
 
 commutatus 12345678901 2345-78 
 
 Brachypodium pinnatum -o3456789oo2345- - - 
 
 Triticum caninum 0234567-9012345678 
 
 " laxum " 5678 7 - 
 
 "junceum" 12345678-01 -34-678 
 
 Lolium temulentum 12-456789012345678 
 
 Elymus arenarius _o34-----0l 08 
 
 Hordeum sylvaticum ...o5-789--234---o 
 
 pratense -23456789012345678 
 
 marilimum o2345678-0123--6-- 
 
 Lepturus filiformis 12345678-012 3 --678
 
 76 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 87. Filices. 
 
 Ceterach officinarum 123456789- 12345678 
 
 Woodsia ilvcnsis ..._.8 
 
 hyperborea 8 
 
 Polypodium Phegopteris 12- - -600- - - -345678 
 
 Dryopteris - - oooo- oo- - -345678 
 
 calcareum - -34- -- -9- - -34o6o8 
 
 Allosorus crispus -o3 -45678 
 
 Cistopteris fragilis -o34- 67- - olo345678 
 
 Polystichum Lonchitis ------__.-_o---o-8 
 
 " lobatum " -23456789012345678 
 
 angulare -2345678-012345678 
 
 Lastrea Thelypteris - o3-5678o012-45678 
 
 cristata -o-----ooolo-oo--- 
 
 uliginosa .___.__ o--l--oo--- 
 
 spinulosa o2oo5678-o!234 5ooo 
 
 glandulosa -- ... 3 - 5 
 
 fcenisecii 123--67 o56-8 
 
 Asplenium viride oo------4o6-8 
 
 marinum 123456 678 
 
 lanceolatum 123-o67-o- - -3-o678 
 
 germanicum .......... -_._.__8 
 
 septentrionale . 2 o - - - o -__-8 
 
 Adiautum Capillus 12o 06-- 
 
 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 123--67 --06-8 
 
 Wilsoni 12 .-..5678 
 
 Osmunda regalis 123456789012-45678 
 
 Botrychiura Lunaria 1234567-9012345678 
 
 Ophioglossum vulgatum 123456789012345- -8 
 
 88. LycopodiacecB. 
 
 Lycopodiuua clavatum -23456789-12-45678 
 
 annotinum -------------- _._8 
 
 inundatum 123456789012-45--- 
 
 alpinum ._3-o o678 
 
 Selago 1234567-9- 1 -o45678 
 
 selaginoides -o----------.--.-8 
 
 89. Marsileacea. 
 
 Isoetes lacustris .-___--__--__- 6-8 
 
 Pilularia globulifer* 12345678-012-45678
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 77 
 
 90. Equisetacece. 
 
 Equisetum sylvaticura -23456789012345678 
 
 hyemale -oo---7--012-o56-8 
 
 variegatum -23--------------- 
 
 2, 3. Mid and North Britain. 
 
 1. RanunculacccB. 
 
 Clematis Vitall>a -o-2oo---oo 
 
 Thalictrum alpinum ----3456--9012345678 
 " minus " -012345678901234567 
 
 "majus" 23456-89 
 
 flexuosum ----o-5- --o 
 
 saxatile ----.- .__9 
 
 flavum 9012345-789--2--0 
 
 Anemone nemorosa -0123456789012-45 
 
 Pulsatilla 9 - - 3 
 
 Myosurus minimus - 1 2 3 4 
 
 Ranunculus heterophyl. 9012-45678901234-67 
 
 heterophyl. 2 
 
 peltatus 2 
 
 flovibundus 2 
 
 marinus o 4 8 
 
 confusus o 4 8 
 
 Bauclotii 4 8 
 
 trichophyllus 235 8 
 
 trichophyl. 
 
 Drouetii 
 
 circinatus 90o234---8 
 
 fluitans - 
 
 CO3UOSUS - 
 
 hederaceus 9 
 
 Ficaria 9 
 
 Lingua 9 
 
 auricomus 9 
 
 234---S 3 
 
 -3-567 
 
 234567890123456 
 23456789012-4- -78 
 
 2345678901 o 
 
 2345678901 
 
 bulbosus 901234567890123- --o 
 
 uirsutus 9012345-7890-2 
 
 sceleratus 9012345678901234-6 
 
 parvitiorus 901234
 
 78 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Ranunculus arvensis 9012345-78 
 
 Caltba radicans _-_._. __---0 
 
 Trollius europseus -0123456789012345- -8 
 
 Helleborus viiidis -Oo2345- oooo 
 
 foetidus -o-o34o-oooo 
 
 Aquilegia vulgaris -Oo234567o ooooo 
 
 Actsea sp'cata ---23-5---O 
 
 1 .*Berberaceee. 
 
 Berberis vulgaris oOo234 ooo ooooo 
 
 2. Nymphceaceee. 
 
 Nympbaea alba -012345678901 -3456-8 
 
 Nuphar lutea 901234567890 o-3 
 
 pumila -----O--O-9012 
 3. PapaveracecB. 
 
 Papaver hybrid um - - 1 o - 4 
 
 Argemone 9 012345- -8901234-6 
 
 Rhosas 9012345-78900 oo 
 
 Meconopsis cambrica --oo3-5o-oooo 
 
 Chelidotiium majus 9012345678-ooo 
 
 Glaucium luteum --12-456789-o2 o 
 
 3.*Fumariace<E. 
 
 Corydalis claviculata -0123456789012-4 
 
 Fumaria capreolata -01234567890123-567 
 pallidiflora 
 
 Boraei 5 
 
 confusa 5 
 
 muralis 3 
 
 officinalis 9012345678901o-45-78 
 
 micrantha -0---4---8901 
 
 parviflora -- -2-----8-oo------o 
 
 parviflora - - - 2 
 
 Vaillantii - - - 2 
 4. Cruciferce. 
 
 Cakile maritima 9- 12-4567890123-5678 
 
 Crambe maritima 9--2--S6-8---23 
 
 Coronoptis Ruellii 90123456-8901 
 
 Thlaspi arvense 9ol2345-789012-45-7 
 
 alpestre -0--345----0 
 
 alpestre 4 
 
 occitanum 3
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 79 
 
 Thlaspi virens 
 
 Hutchinsia pelraea - - - 3 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis -012345-78901 
 
 Lepidium latifolium --12oo--ooo-----o 
 
 Smithii -0123456789012 
 
 campestre -012345678901 
 
 Cochlearia officinalis -01234567890123-5678 
 
 maritima - - 12-4567890123- oooo 
 
 alpina ----345---9012 
 
 danica --1--45--89012----78 
 
 anglica -olo--56oo--ooo 
 
 Subularia aquatica ------ 56--90-2-45 
 
 Draba rupestris __..____--901---5 
 
 incana -0-o345---901 -345-78 
 
 muralis -0-o3-o--o-o 
 
 verna -0123456789012-45-7 
 
 inflata 9 
 
 Dentaria bulbifera _-_.____7 
 
 Cardamine amara -012345678901 2 
 
 hirsuta -012345678901234-678 
 
 hirsuta -012345---90-23--6 
 
 sylvatica -012345-7890123--6 
 
 impatiens -Oo23-o-o----o 
 
 Arabis tbaliana -012345-789012-4--7 
 
 petraea -o-o--o---901-3-56-8 
 hirsuta -012345-78901234o 
 
 Turritis glabra -0-2345-7-9o-2 
 
 Barbarea vulgaris 9012345678901 
 
 arcuata - - o 2 - o o 
 
 stricta ---23--o 
 intermedia 
 
 Nasturtium officinale 90123456789012345-7 
 
 sylvestre -01234o6-89 
 terrestre -01234567890-2 
 amphibium 90123o-ooo--o 
 
 Sisymbrium officinale 9012345678901234567 
 
 Irio -o -8 
 
 Sopbia 901234--78-01 --4 
 Erysimum dlieiranthoides 9oooooo--o--o-o 
 
 Alliaria 90123456789012-4
 
 80 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Brassica oleracea ---G-OO--OO 
 
 campestris -0123o56-ooo-oo 
 
 Sinapis alba -01234 --7890-23o-o 
 
 nigra o01234-6-8o-o 
 
 tenuifolia --12-45--89 
 
 muralis --OO-O----Q 
 
 Raplianus maritimus --lo--567----2-----o 
 
 5. Resedaccce. 
 
 Keseda Luteola 90123456789012-4 
 
 lutea 90-234- - -890o 
 
 6. Cistacete. 
 
 Hcliantbemum vulgare 9012345678901 --4 
 
 cauum - - - - 3 - 5 
 
 7. Violacea. 
 
 Viola palustris 9012345678901234567 
 
 odorata 9012345- oooo 
 
 hirta -0123456-890 
 
 flavicornis 9012345- -8901 
 
 staguina ? 9 
 
 tricolor 90123456789012345678 
 tricolor 01 5 9 78 
 
 arveusis 9012345-7890123- -6-8 
 
 lutea -01o34567890l234-6 
 
 8. Droseracece. 
 
 Drosera intermedia 90123-56o-o--23---oo 
 
 anglica -- 1234567- -Ol234567o 
 
 9. Polygalacece. 
 
 Polygala vulgaris 9012345678901234567 
 
 uliginosa - - - - 3 
 
 11. Elatinacea. 
 
 Elatine hexaudra -01---- ---90-2 
 
 12. Silenacete. 
 
 Dianthus Armeria --1-345---90 
 
 deltoides -012345- -8901 
 
 Saponaria officinalis 9012345-789oo 
 
 Silene inflata 9012345678901 -34- -o 
 
 maritima - -123456789012345678 
 
 anglica -0123-5-78901 
 
 nutans _o--3-o---90- o
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 81 
 
 Silene noctiflora -0-234---890 
 
 conica ___.._. .-8-0 
 
 acaulis 5---9012345678 
 
 Lychnis alpina _--___5__-_o 
 
 Viscaria --.-.--6-890 
 
 vespertina 9012345678901 - -4o 
 
 Githago 9012345678901234- -oo 
 IS^Alsinacece. 
 
 Moenchia erecta - 1 - 3 4 
 
 Sagina "raaritima" --12-45-789012345678 
 
 apetala 901234--7890 o 
 
 ciliata - - - 2 3 4 
 
 saxatilis --------o-90l---5--o 
 
 subulata --ooo45-7890l23-56-8 
 
 nodosa 9012345678901234-67 
 
 Honclceneja peploides 9-12-456-89012345678 
 
 Spergularia "marina" 9-12-45678901234- -78 
 
 media 9-12-45 
 
 rubra -0123456789012-4- -o 
 
 Arenaria noiregica ______ _-..._-_--_- g 
 
 serpyllifolia 9012345678901234567 
 
 leptoclados 
 
 tenuifolia ---o3----oo 
 
 verna -01 -34567890 
 
 rubella - 9 ft 
 
 uliginosa - - - - - 4 
 
 triuervis 9012345678901--4 
 
 Stellaria nemorum -0123456789012 
 
 holostea 90123456789012-45-7 
 
 glauca 901234o678o 
 
 graminea 90123456789012-45-78 
 
 cerastoides ----------9012 
 
 Cerasiium aquaticura 90123---oo-o-- ----o 
 
 semidecand. 9012345678901 o 
 
 tetrandrum -012-45-7890123 --678 
 
 arvense 9012 3 4 5" 6-8901 o 
 
 alpinum 0-----5---90-2--5 
 
 latifolium 9012--5-oo 
 
 nigrescens ---------------- ._-g 
 
 Cherleria sedoides --- 90-2345- -o
 
 82 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 13. Linacea. 
 
 Linuin pevenne 9 - 2 3 4 o 
 
 angustifolium - - 1 o - o 5 
 
 Radiola millegrana -01234567-901234 - 7 
 
 14. Malwcece. 
 
 Malva moschata 901234567890 ooo 
 
 sylvestris 9012345678901234 
 
 rotundifolia 901234- -7890o 
 
 Althaea officinalis 9---oooo-----o 
 
 Lavatera arborea 06-000 
 
 15. TiliacecB. 
 
 Tilia parvifolia o o o o o 5 
 
 16. Hypericaceee. 
 
 Hypericum Androssem. -o!234567o9- -234 
 
 perforatum 9012345678901--4--o8 
 
 dubium -0123456789- -2 
 
 quadrangul. 9012345678901234 
 
 humifusuin 901234567890123 
 
 hirsutum 9012345678901--4 
 
 montauum -012345-0 
 
 Elodes -0123-567 2S---7 
 
 17. Aceracece. 
 
 Acer campestre 90123-45-oooo-o 
 
 18. GeraniacecB. 
 
 Erodium cicutarium 901234567890123456 
 
 maritimum -01---56 
 
 Geranium sylvaticum -0123456789012-4- -o 
 
 pratense -01234567890123 
 
 pyrenaicum -o-23oo--oo-oo 
 
 pusillum 9012345-78-01 
 
 dissectum 90123456789012345 
 
 columbinum 9012345-7890-2 
 
 lucidum -0123456789012-4- -o 
 
 Kobertianura 90123456789012345-7 
 
 sanguineum 9012345678901 -34 
 
 lancastriense ------ 5 
 
 19. Bakaminacea. 
 
 Iinpatiens Noli-langere -olooo5-o--o 
 
 20. Oxalidacece. 
 
 Oxalis Acetosella 901234567890123456o
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 83 
 
 21. Celastracece. 
 
 Euonyinus europaeus 90o2345678--o 
 
 22. Rhamnaceee. 
 
 Rhamnus catharticus 90-2345o o 
 
 Frangula 90123-5- o"---o 
 23. Leguminifera. 
 
 Spartium scoparium 90123456789012345-0 
 
 Ulex europsus 90123456789012345oo 
 
 uanus -Ol-3456-oooo 
 
 nanus ----o--o 
 
 Gallii - - 1 - 3 4 5 6 7 
 
 Genista tinctoria 90123456-8 
 
 anglica 9012345678901--4 
 
 Ononis arvensis 9012345678901 2345 
 
 spinosa 901234567890-2 
 
 Antbyllis Dillenii ._... 
 
 Medicago lupulina 9012 3.4 5-78901234- -o 
 
 maculata -0-2-4----oo 
 
 denticulata --J2-o----oo 
 
 Melilotus officinalis 9012345-78ooo 
 
 arvensis .-].-. _.-_ o 
 
 vulgaris - - lo -o5--89oo 
 
 Trigonella ornithopod. --loo-5-789o 
 
 Trifolium subterraneum - 1 2 
 
 medium -012345678901234--78 
 
 arvense 9012345678901-34 
 
 scabrum -01234---890 
 
 striatum -Oo2345- -890 
 
 fragiferum 901234o- -89 
 
 procumbens 9012345678901234- -7 
 
 minus 9012345-7890-00 
 
 filifonne? oO!2345-78901--4 
 
 Lotus corniculatus 9012345678901234567 
 
 major 901234567890o23 
 
 Astragalus glycyphyllos 90-23456o8901 - -4 
 
 hypoglottis 9--234 8901--45 
 
 alpinus _._.--_..._o 
 
 Oxytropis uralensis -------6--90-2-45 
 
 campestris ._..-. _ . . . . o 
 
 Ornithopus perpusillus 90123456789012
 
 84 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Hippocrepis comosa 90-23-5-O- -0 
 
 Onobrychis saliva 9 - - 2 3 4 o 
 
 Vicia Orobus o4567890- -3 
 
 sylvatica 90123456789012-4 
 angustifolia '-012345--8-01 
 
 latbyroides -012345-789012-4 
 
 lutea -o-o- -0-7-90 
 
 sepium 9012345678901234567 
 
 bilhynica - - - 2 o 
 
 hirsuta 901234567890123-5-O 
 
 tetrasperma 901234-67-oO 
 
 Lalhyrus Aphaca 9oooo----o 
 
 Nissolia 90-o--o--o-o 
 
 palustris 9oo2o- -o 
 
 sylvestris -0-2--5678-0-o3 
 
 marilimus 9____- o -----------o8 
 
 Orobus tuberosus -012 3 456789012345-78 
 
 niger ..---4----901 
 
 24. Rosacece. 
 
 Prunus spinosa 90123456789012345 
 
 insititia 9012345678oo---o 
 
 Padus -012345678901 -345 
 
 Cerasus - 1 - - - 5 
 
 avium 901234567890o-3 
 
 Spiraea Filipendula 9012345-0890- - -o 
 
 Dryas octopetala ....3 90-2345-7 
 
 Geum urbanum 90123456789012-4 
 
 intermedium -0-2345-7890 
 
 rivale 90123456789012345-7 
 
 Agrimonia Eupatoria 901234567890123 
 
 odorata - - - - - 5 
 
 Sibbaldia procumbens ----- --0-89012-45--8 
 
 Potentilla fruticosa ----345-o 
 
 argentea -0--345--8901 
 
 verna -Ooo345- -890 
 
 alpestris --0-345---90 
 
 reptans 901 234567890-2 
 " nemoralis " -01234567890o--4---8 
 Fragariastruin 9012345678901--4--O 
 
 Fragaria vesca -0123456789012345-78
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 85 
 
 llulms Chamaetnorus 
 
 - 
 
 1-345-789012-45 
 
 saxatilis 
 
 - 
 
 123456789012345678 
 
 idcEus 
 
 - 
 
 123456789012345-7 
 
 suberectus 
 
 - 
 
 Io3o56o-901234--o 
 
 fissus 
 
 
 
 plicatus 
 
 - 
 
 1 56-890 
 
 uitidus 
 
 - 
 
 5-7 
 
 affinis 
 
 - 
 
 56--9--2 
 
 hitifolius 
 
 
 
 imbricatus 
 
 
 
 incurvatus 
 
 
 
 rhamnifolius 
 
 - 
 
 1 - - - o 
 
 Grabowskii 
 
 - 
 
 
 thyrsoideus 
 
 - 
 
 
 discolor 
 
 - 
 
 
 leucostachys 
 
 - 
 
 5 
 
 carpinifolius 
 
 - 
 
 5-78--12 
 
 villicaulis 
 
 - 
 
 
 pampinosus 
 
 
 
 mucronatus 
 
 - 
 
 
 Salteri 
 
 - 
 
 
 macropbyllus 
 
 - 
 
 56-8 
 
 Sprengelii 
 
 - 
 
 1 - - - 5 
 
 Bloxamii 
 
 - 
 
 
 Hystrix 
 
 - 
 
 
 Radula 
 
 - 
 
 
 rudis 
 
 - 
 
 - - 3 - - - 7 8 
 
 pallidus 
 
 - 
 
 45-7-9 
 
 Koebleri 
 
 - 
 
 . ... 5 - 7 
 
 fusco-ater 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 pyrmidalis 
 
 
 
 Guntberi 
 
 
 
 liirtus 
 
 
 
 glandulosus 
 
 - 
 
 - 2 - - 5 
 
 scaber 
 
 - 
 
 
 Balfourianus 
 
 
 
 corylifolius 
 
 - o 
 
 1 - <y 
 
 nemorosus 
 
 V 
 
 - 
 
 56 
 
 ca3sius 
 
 o 
 
 ooo4o6ooooo 
 
 " fruticosus '' 
 
 9 
 
 12345678901234567
 
 86 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Bosa spinosissima -0123456-89012345-0 
 
 rubella .._..4_.--_o 
 
 hibernica - - - 2 - 4 5 
 
 involuta _._____. __.__2o 
 
 " Sabiui," etc. -0-2 345- -8901 
 
 " villosa" -012345-7890123-5-0 
 
 "toinentosa" -012345-789012--5678 
 
 " inodora," etc. -0--34---8--12 
 
 "micrantha" - - 2 3 
 
 "rubiginosa" -OI23oo67890oo 
 
 canina 90123456789012-45-78 
 
 systyla ---G--O--OO-OO 
 
 arvensis 9012345-78-0 
 
 Sanguisorba officinalis 90123456-8-0 
 
 Poterium Sanguisorba 90123456789o 
 
 Alcheinilla vulgaris 90 123456789012345-7 
 
 alpina ....3.5 90123456 
 
 conjuncta .-----o----o-o 
 
 arvensis 90123456789012345-7 
 
 Crataegus Oxyacantha 901234567890123-5o-o 
 
 Pyrus communis -0-23oo-o- -o 
 
 Malus 9012345678oooo 
 
 torminalis - o o - - o o 
 
 Aria 90o2345-oo-oo2--o 
 
 Aria 
 
 scandica ----34---o------o 
 
 fennica -O-------.--.2 
 
 Aucuparia -01' 23456789012 3 45678 
 25. Onagracete. 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium -01234567890123-5-78 
 
 rosmarinifol. .------..-9 
 
 hireutum 901234567890o o 
 
 parviflorum 9012345-789012- --6 
 
 roseum -0-23-----ooo 
 
 tetragonum 901234567890123- -67 
 
 tetragonum 
 
 obscurum 
 
 alpinum -o- - o o o - - -9012-45 
 
 anagallidifol. 
 
 alsinifolium - -- -3456- -9012- -5
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 87 
 
 Circaea lutetiana 90123456789o02--5 
 
 intermedia -0--3-5-789o-23 
 
 alpiua -oo-3o5-oo9012o45-7 
 26. Haloragiacece, etc. 
 
 Hippuris vulgaris 901234567890123--678 
 
 Myriophyllum verticil. 901234o-----o o 
 
 spicatum 9012345678901 - ooo67 
 
 alterrrifl. -012345-78-01-3-56 
 
 Callitriche "verna" 901234567890123-5678 
 
 pedimculata -0123456-890-23-56 
 
 platycarpa -012345-7890123- -6-8 
 
 autumnalis -oooo4o-oo90l -3oo-oo 
 Ceratophyllum demersum -012-4---890 
 
 suhmers. ---o-----o 
 27. Lythracece. 
 
 Lythrum hyssopifolium - o - o - o 
 
 Salicaria 90123456789- -23 
 
 Peplis Portula 90123456789012345-7 
 
 29. Cucurbitacece. 
 
 Bryonia dioica 901234 
 
 30. Portulacacece. 
 
 Montia fontana -012345678901234567 
 
 31. Illecebracece. 
 
 Herniaria "glabra" 9 -oo 
 
 32. ScleranthacecB. 
 
 Scleranthus annuus 90123456789012345 
 
 33. Grossulariacece. 
 
 Bibes Grossularia -olo345oooooo- -o-o 
 
 nigrum -o-2345ooooo - -o 
 
 rubrum -01o345ooooo--3 
 
 petraum -.--345---901-3 
 
 alpinum -012345-oo 
 34. Crassulaceae. 
 
 Sedum Rhodiola - - --345-7890I2345678 
 
 Telephiura -012345678ooooo---oo 
 
 villosum - -0-3456789012 
 
 anglicum --O2-4567-90123--6-8 
 
 acre 9012345678901234567 
 
 reflexuin -ooooo - -ooooo 
 
 rupestre ? _o-o--o6
 
 88 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Cotyledon Umbilicus -01-3-567----23 
 
 35. Saxifragaceee. 
 
 Saxifraga stellaris ----3456-890123456 
 
 nivalis .___-. 5. - - 9 - 2 o 
 
 Hirculus .-1_ 3 45-7890 
 
 aizoides -oo-345-7-90l2345-7 
 
 oppositifolia -- - -3-56o-90l2345-78 
 
 granulata -012345678901 
 
 cernua .-_______. 9 
 
 rivularis ._-.__-._. 90-2 
 
 tridactylites -012345--8901--45 
 
 hypnoides -0--34567890123-5-7 
 
 ca3spitosa -o----o----0oo 
 
 Chrysosplenium opposit. -0123456789012345-7 
 
 altern. -0123456789012 
 
 Paraassia palustris -0123456789012345-78 
 
 36. AraliacecB. 
 
 Adoxa Moschatellina 9012345678901- -4 
 
 Hedera Helix 90123456789012345-7o 
 
 37. Cornacece. 
 
 Cornus sanguinea 9012345-ooo-o-o 
 
 suecfca ---2-4---o9012-45 
 38. UmbellifertB. 
 
 Hydrocotyle vulgaris 9012345678901234-678 
 
 Sanicula europaea 90123456789012-45 
 
 Eryngium maritimura 9-12-4567890-23- -- -o 
 
 campestre - - o - - 4 
 
 Conium maculatum 901234567890123-567 
 
 Smyrnium Olusatrum -olo-4--ooo--o 
 
 Cicuta virosa 9oo23oo67o90-2 
 
 Apium graveolens 9ol2o456-8-oo2 
 
 Petroselinum segetum 9--2----------0 
 
 Helosciadium nodiflor. 90123456-8---23 
 
 "repens" -012--56-8 
 
 inundat. 9012345678901234- -o 
 
 Sison Amomum 90123o---o 
 
 jEgopodium Podagraria 90123456789012- - - -o 
 
 Carum Carui 9oo2oo5- ooooo- oo- - -o 
 
 verticillatura ------ 667--. -2 
 
 Bunium flexuosum 90123456789012345-7
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 89 
 
 Pimpinella Saxifraga 901234567890123-5 
 
 magna 901234---o9 
 
 Sium latifoliura 90-2-4o- -oo 
 
 angustifolium 90123456-8901 -- - -o 
 
 Bupleurum tenuissimuna 9 - 1 - - 4 
 
 rotundifol. 90-234 
 
 CEnanthe fistulosa 901234-678ool2 
 
 Lachenalii 9012345678- --23 
 
 silaifolia - 
 
 crocata 9-1234567890123 
 
 Phellandrium 9012345- -8- - -o 
 
 fluviatilis - 
 
 .Ethusa Cynapium 9012345678901 o 
 
 Foeniculum vulgare -OOG-OO----O 
 
 Ligusticum scoticum 4--7890123-5678 
 
 Silaus pratensis 9012345- -8 
 
 Meum athamanticum ----34567o9012 
 
 Crithmum maritimum __-..-567o 
 
 Peucedanum palustre 90o-3-o-oo 
 
 Pastinaca saliva o01o34--o----o 
 
 Daucus Carota 901234567890123456-8 
 
 Caucalis daucoides 9 - - 2 3 4 
 
 Torilis Anthriscus 901234567890123 
 
 infesta 90123- O ---o 
 
 nodosa 9012345--8-0 
 
 Scandix Pecten 9012345-78901--4--O 
 
 Anthriscus sylvestris 9012345-7890123-5678 
 
 vulgaris ' -012345oo8901---5--8 
 Chaerophyllum temulent 90123456789012-4 
 
 Myrrhis odorata -123456789012-4-6 
 
 39. Loranthaceae. 
 
 Viscum album -0123o----oo 
 
 40. Caprifoliacece. 
 
 Sambucus nigra 90123456789oo23oo-o 
 
 Ebulus -012345678000- -o 
 
 Viburnum Opulus 9012345678901234 
 
 Lantana - - 2 3 o - -oo-o 
 
 Linnaea borealis _...-4---8901--4 
 
 41. Rubiacece. 
 
 Galium crucialum 9012345678901 -
 
 90 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Galium elongatum - - - 2 
 
 ' uliginosum -012345-78901 oo 
 
 erectum -o-23----o-0 
 
 Mollugo 90-2345-78900 
 
 sylvestre -Oo-345--890 7 
 
 commutatum - - - - 3 
 
 montamun - - - - 3 
 
 tricorne 90-234o- -o 
 
 Aparine 9012345678901234567 
 
 boreale o34567890l2345-78 
 
 Sherardia arvensis 9012345678901234 
 
 Asperula odorata 90123456789012345- -8 
 
 eynanchica - - 1 o 3 - 5 
 42. Valerianaceee. 
 
 Valeriana dioica 9012345- -89- -2 
 
 officinalis 9012345678901234567 
 officinalis 
 
 sambucif. 5 90 
 
 Fedia olitoria 90123456789012-45-7 
 
 Auricula ---23 9 
 
 dentata 9012345678901 
 
 43. Dipsacece. 
 
 Dipsacus sylvestris 901234o- - ooooo 
 
 pilosus -Oo-3-----o 
 
 Scabiosa columbaria 9012345- -8-0 
 
 Knautia arvensis 90123456789012-45-0 
 
 44. Composite. 
 
 Tragopogon minor, etc. 9012345-78901 - - -5 
 
 Helminthia ecbioides 901234- --o 
 
 Picris bieracioides 90-234- -o 
 
 Thrincia hirta 9012345-789o 
 
 Apargia hispida 9012345-78-0 o 
 
 Taraxaci 90123456 
 
 Hypochffiris glabra - o 1 2 3 o - - 7 - 9 o 1 
 
 maculata --~-o-o----o 
 
 radicata 9012345678901234567 
 
 Lacluca virosa -0-234---89 o 
 
 muralis -012345 o 
 
 Mulgedium alpinum o 
 
 Sonchus arvensis , 90123456789012345-78 
 
 asper 90-2345-7890-23- -6-8
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 91 
 
 Sonchus oleraceus 90123456789012345-78 
 
 Crepis virens 9012345-78901234-G-o 
 
 biennis - - 2 3 o o 
 
 succisaefolia ----34---890-2 
 
 paludosa -0123456789012345 
 
 Hieracium Pilosella 9012345678901234567 
 
 alpinum o---oOooooo 
 
 holosericeum ------5---9012 
 
 eximium 0-2 
 
 calenduliflo. -----------0 
 
 gracilentum 
 
 globosum -..._-_._--o 
 
 nigrescens -----012 
 
 lingulatum -----90-2 
 
 senescens --90 
 
 chrysanthum ------5----012--5 
 
 anglicura ----345- -o90oo-ooo7 
 
 iricum ----34-6--90----5 
 
 palliduna ----3456-89012-45-7 
 
 lasiophyllum -----------0 
 
 argenteum -----45---90-----6 
 
 nitidum _--.__--... Q 
 
 aggregatum ---..----.-0 
 
 murorum -Oo2o45-oooO oo- ooo7o 
 
 caesium ---23------0----5 
 
 flocculosum ------.----0 
 
 vulgatum 901234567890123456 
 
 gothicum ---234----90 
 
 tridentatum -012345o--oo-o-o 
 prenanthoides ----34o-oo90ooo 
 
 denliculatum --------- 8---2 
 
 strictum ----3-5---90123-5 
 
 umbellatum 90123456-890-23-O 
 
 crocatum ----34o---901oo 
 
 rigidum ----345-7890 5 
 
 corymbosum --.--4-----0 
 
 boreale 901234567890o23 
 
 Taraxacum palustre -012345-789012-4---8 
 
 Arnoseris pusilla _ o _-..-----oo 
 
 Lapsaua comrnunis 9012345678901234567
 
 92 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Cichorium Intybus 9012345-7890o2 
 Arctium majus 
 
 intermedium 
 minus 
 
 tomentosum . 
 pubescens 
 
 Saussurea alpina --0---56--90-2345678 
 
 Serratula tinctoria 901234567 
 
 Carduus nutans 9012345-78-oo o 
 
 acautboides 9012345-7890o2-- - -o 
 
 teuuiflorus -012345-7890o 
 
 eriophorus 90o234o--oo--o 
 
 prateiisis -0-23o-------oo 
 
 acaulis 9 - - - o o 
 
 heterophyllus -Olo3456789012345 
 
 Onopordum Acanthium 901o34o-o89 
 
 Carlina vulgaris 90123456-8-012 
 
 Centaurea nigrescens -0-2-456---01 
 
 Cyanus 9012345-789012-45-78 
 
 Scabiosa 9012345-7890o o 
 
 Bidens cernua -012345678-012 
 
 tripartita 901234567-9--23 
 
 Eupatorium cannabinum 90123456789012 3 4o 
 
 Tanacetum vulgare -01234567890123456oo 
 
 Artemisia maritima 9-12-456-8-0 
 
 Absinthium o012345--89o oo 
 
 Gnaphalium sylvaticum 90123456789012345-7 
 
 norvegicum -----------0 
 
 supinum ----------9012-45 
 
 uliginosum 901234567890123 78 
 
 Filago minima 9012345-789012-45 
 
 germanica 90123456789012-4 
 
 apiculata ... - 3 
 spathulata 
 
 Petasites vulgaris 901234567890123 --ooo 
 
 Tussilago Farfara 90123456789012345-78 
 
 Erigeron alpinus ..._._----9o 
 
 acris 9012345----0 
 
 Aster Tripolium 9-12-4567890123456 
 
 Solidago Virgaurea -0123456789012345678
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 93 
 
 Senecio sylvaticus 90123456789012345-7 
 
 viscosus -Oooo456o890-2 
 
 erucifolius 9012345-o8o 
 
 paludosus 9 - o 
 
 saracenicus ? -Olo3oo6789ooo 
 
 Cineraria palustris o - o - - - o 
 
 Inula Heleniura o-o2345-o- -o-ooo 
 
 Conyza -0123o5---o 
 
 crithmoides .......6 
 
 Pulicaria dysenterica 90123456-8---23 
 
 Chrysanthemum Leucan. 90123456789012345-78 
 
 Pyrethrum Parthenium 9012345-789012-c 
 
 " maritimuru" --12-45678-01234-67 
 
 Matricaria Chamomilla 9012345-78o--o---oo 
 
 Antheinis nobilis -012-4---o---23---o 
 
 arvensis -OJ234o-78901 
 
 Cotula 901234- -789o-o--o-oo 
 45. Campanulacece. 
 
 Campanula rotundifol. 901234567890123456-8 
 
 patula -O-oo-o 
 
 latifolia 901234567890123 
 
 rapunculoid. -0-o3----89o 
 
 Trachelium -0-2--5-789--0 
 
 glomerata 90-2345- -890 
 
 Wahlenbergia hederacea --1-3-5-7 
 
 Specularia hybrida -0-234---oo 
 
 Jasione montana -01234567---123---78 
 
 Lobelia Dortmanna 567-901234567 
 
 46. Ericaceae. 
 
 Menziesia caerulea ._._... ...9 
 
 Azalea procumbens ----------9012345-78 
 
 Andromeda polifolia -01-34567-9 
 
 Arbutus alpina 0----012345-78 
 
 Uva-ursi -oo-34 5 --89012345-78 
 
 Vaccinium Myrtillus -0123456789012345678 
 uliginosum 045---9012-45-78 
 
 Vitis-idffia -012345-789012-456 
 
 Oxycoccos 9012345678901 --4 
 
 Pyrola volundifolia - - 1 234o oo890o-- - - -oo 
 
 media --oo3456789Q1234- - .8
 
 94 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Pyrola minor -0-2345678901234 
 
 secunda ----3o5o--90l2-4 
 
 uniflora ------ o---9ol --456 
 
 Monotropa Hypopitys 90123-5 1 
 
 47. llicacete, 
 
 Ilex Aquifolium 90l2345678o012345o 
 
 48. Jasminacece. 
 
 Ligustrum vulgare 90o234ooooooooo 
 
 Fraxinus excelsior 90123456789012o4oo 
 
 49. Apocynacece. 
 
 Vinca minor -oooooooooooo 
 
 50. Genlianacece. 
 
 Gentiana rerna - - - - 3 4 5 
 
 Pneumonan. 90123-5 
 
 nivalis ......... -00-0 
 
 Amarella 9012345--8-012345-78 
 
 Erythraea Centaurium 9012345678901234-6-8 
 
 " littoralis" --1--456-8-0123--6-8 
 
 pulchella 9-lo---6-o 
 
 latifolia .-i-- O o------oo 
 
 Chlora perfoliata 90123-0 
 
 Villarsia nymphaeoides -ooo -oo- ooo 
 
 Polemonium caeruleum -0-o345oooooooo 
 
 5 1 . Convolvulacece. 
 
 Convolvulus arvensis 9012345-7890o--- --o 
 
 sepium 901234567oooo23 
 
 Soldanella 9-lo-4567- -0-23 
 
 Cuscuta europaBa -Oooo--ooo-o 
 
 Epithymum -012-0-6 
 
 Trifolii - - 1 2 - 4 
 52. Solanaceee. 
 
 Hyoscyamus niger 9012345-7890o2- o 
 
 Solanum nigrum -01234-6-oo 
 
 Dulcamara 901234567890123o 
 
 Atropa Belladonna -012345oooooooo 
 
 53. Scrophulariacece. 
 
 Verbascum Thapsus -01234567890o2 
 
 nigrum -0-ooo---o 
 
 Veronica spicata 5 
 
 tripbyllos - - - - 3
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 95 
 
 Veronica humifusa -----45---9012--5 
 
 alpina 9012 
 
 saxatilis ....._--._ 9 - o - - o 
 
 scutellata -0123456789012-45-0 
 
 montana -0123456789010 
 
 Chamaedrys 90123456789012345-78 
 
 hederifolia 90123456789012-4- -78 
 
 agrestis 9012345678901234567 
 
 polita 901234567890-2 
 
 Buxbaumii -01234-6789-0 
 
 Bartsia alpina ----34o---9--o-o 
 
 viscosa --1----67----2 
 
 Odontites 901 2345678901234567 
 
 Rhinanthus major -0-2345--8-01------8 
 
 Melampyrum pratense 9012345678901234567 
 
 sylvaticura - ooo34567890l - -4 - - o 
 
 Scrophularia nodosa 9012345678901234-6 
 
 Ehrharti - - I - 3 8 
 
 Balbisii 901234o-ooo o 
 
 Digitalis purpurea 9012345678901234567 
 
 Linaria spuria 90-2-0 
 
 Elatine - o 2 3 o 
 
 repens -o-23o5-oo-oo 
 
 vulgaris 90123456789012 
 
 minor 90-234- -78o 
 
 Limosella aquatica -01234---8-0 
 
 54. Orobanckacece. 
 
 Orobancbe "major" -01234-6--o--oo 
 
 "elatior" oo-2-o-------o 
 
 minor - - - 2 3 
 
 rubra .-..3 o~-234 
 
 Lathrsea squamaria 90123456789--O 
 
 54.* Verbenacece. 
 
 Verbena officinalis 9012345- --o 
 
 55. LamiacecB. 
 
 Salvia verbenaca 901234---89oo--o 
 
 Lycopus europaeus 9012345678901234 
 
 Mentha rotundifolia -0-o3o5--8-o-o 
 
 sylvestris oO-o3-o--oooo2 
 
 piperita -012345- -890-2
 
 96 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Mentha aquatica 9012345-78901230- -7 
 
 sativa 9- 1 23456 890o23 
 
 rubra -Ol-34-oooo-o-o 
 
 gentilis -01-3456-8---2 
 
 arvensis 9012345-7890 1234- -7 
 
 Pulegium -012o45--o--o 
 Thymus Serpyllum ! 
 
 ChamaEdrys 2 
 
 Origanum vulgare 9012345678901 -3 
 
 Calamintha Acinos 9012345678901 
 
 officinalis 9012345 
 
 Clinopod. 9012345-78901 
 
 Teucrium Scorodonia -012345678901234567 
 
 Scordium 9 - - - 3 
 
 Ajuga reptans 9012345678901 -34- -78 
 
 pyramidalis ______-.-----2-4567 
 
 Ballota fcetida 9012345-78--0 
 
 ruderalis - - - - 3 4 
 
 Lamium Galeobdolon 90123-o--o---o 
 
 album 9012345678900- -o 
 
 amplexicaule -0123456789012-4567 
 
 intermedium - -- - -o-67890o23- -678 
 
 incisum -012345-789012- - -6-8 
 
 Galeopsis Ladanum 9012345-78901-----0 
 
 ochroleuca - o o 3 4 
 
 versicolor 9012345678901234 
 
 Stachys JBetonica 90123456789 
 
 ambigua - oooo45ooo9- oooo- -7o 
 
 arvensis -0123456789012345-7 
 
 Glechoma hederacea 9012345678901234--O 
 
 Nepeta cataria oO-234--ooo-----o--o 
 
 Marrubium Tulgare 901-34o--89-o 
 
 Scutellaria galericulata 9012345678901234-6 
 
 minor -01234567 2 
 
 56. Boraginaceee. 
 
 Myosotis palustris 90123456789oo- -oo- oo 
 
 repens -01234567890-2- -56 
 
 ceespitosa 90123456-89012345678 
 
 alpestris _.__3-5---9 
 
 sylvatica -012345678-oo
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 97 
 
 Myosotis collina -012345-o8901 8 
 
 versicolor 9012345678901234- -78 
 
 Lithospermum officinale -01234567890o2-4 
 
 arvense 9012345-78901- -4-6 
 
 Mertensia inaritima 56789012345678 
 
 Symphytum officinale 90 1234567890 
 
 tuberosum oo-23oo-7890o-3 
 
 Anchusa sempervirens -Oo23o5ooooooo- o 
 
 Asperugo procumbens ---__4_--890----5 
 
 Cynoglossurn officinale 9012345 - -890o- -o- -o 
 
 Echium vulgare 9012345 -789012-456 
 57. Pinguiculacece. 
 
 Pinguicula alpina 34--0 
 
 lusitanica ----5oo---123456o 
 
 Utricularia vulgaris 90123456o8-01- -4-678 
 
 intermedia -__--45----Ooo-45 
 
 minor 9ol2345678-0123-56 
 58. PrimulaceoB. 
 
 Primula veris 901234567890o- - -5-7 
 
 farinosa --12345--8 
 
 scotica --.--0---5-7 
 
 Trientalis europsa - - -23-45oo89012-4- - -8 
 
 Hottonia palustris 9012345- - - -o 
 
 Lysimachia vulgaris 901234567890-23 
 
 thyrsiflora -Oo23-o-7o90-2 
 
 nummul. 90123o5ooo-o 
 
 nemorum 90123456789012345 
 
 Anagallis arvensis 90123456789012 
 
 " caerulea " 90123o56-oo 
 
 tenella 901234567890123- -678 
 
 Centunculus minimus --123-5678-01 
 
 Samolus Valerandi 90123456-89- 123 
 
 Glaux maritima 9- 12-456789012345678 
 
 59. Plumbaginacete. 
 
 Armeria maritima 9-123456789012345678 
 
 Statice Limonium 9-12-45o-----------o 
 
 bahusiensis --1--456 
 
 'spathulata 9 - 1 - - - 5 6 
 
 occidentals ___.._56 
 
 Dodartii - - o 
 
 N
 
 98 SUBPEOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 60. Plantayinacece. 
 
 Plantago media 90123456-890 oo 
 
 maritima 9- 1 23456789012345678 
 
 Littorella lacustris -012345678901234-678 
 
 62. Chenopodiacece. 
 
 Chenopodium olidum 9012-4---8 
 
 potysper. -Oloo------o 
 
 urbicum --QO-O---O-O 
 
 in termed. 
 
 rubrum 901234- -7890 
 
 murale -012o4o-o--o 
 
 fioifolium - o - 2 - 4 
 
 glaucum ---oo4----o 
 
 B. Hen. 9012345678oOoo-o 
 
 Atriplex porlulacoides 9-12-456-o---o 
 
 peduuculata 9 .... o 
 
 areuaria o- 12-oo-7o-ooooo5-o 
 
 Babingtonii 9- 12-4o678901234-678 
 
 hastata 9012345678901-3-5-78 
 
 "deltoidea" -0-23--6-8 8 
 
 angustifolia 901234567890-23- -678 
 
 " erecta " -0-2-4-6-8-0-23--6 
 
 littoralis 9-12-45--890---OO 
 
 marina 9 - - 2 - 4 
 
 Beta maritima -o-2-45--89o--3---78 
 
 Salsola Kali 9-12-4567890123 
 
 Schoberia maritima 9-12-45- -8901234- -78 
 
 Salicornia herbacea 9-12-456-8901234-678 
 
 procumbens 9--2--5-,--0-23 
 
 radicans _..2-------o 
 
 63. Polygonacea. 
 
 Polygonum Bistorta 901234567890oo3o- -o 
 
 viviparum 0---345---9012345-78 
 
 lapathifol. 901234567890123o 
 
 laxum 2 
 
 Persicaria 9012345678901234-678 
 
 mite - - 1 2 3 - o 
 
 Hydropiper -01234567890123- - -08 
 
 minus -01234-6---0 
 
 Rail 9-1---567890-2 -8
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 99 
 
 Polygonum Convolvulus 9012345678901234567 
 
 Kutnex Hydrolapathum 9012345-7-oo- -3 
 
 aquaticus - --2345-78901o3- -678 
 
 pratensis - o - 2 3 
 
 obtusifolius 9012345678901234567 
 
 sanguineus 901 234567890123 
 
 conglomerates 9012345-7890 08 
 
 pulcher 90---o--o 
 
 uiurkimus 90oooo-o-oooo-----o 
 
 palustris -o!23o-----o 
 
 Oxyria reniformis ----0-5---901234-67 
 
 64. 'Eleagnacece. 
 
 Hippophae rhamnoides 9--2-----o---oo 
 
 65. Thymeleaceee. 
 
 Daphne Laureola 90o234o-789o 
 
 Mezereum - - - 3 4 5 
 67. Asaraceee. 
 
 Asarum europium --l-3o5--o 
 
 68. Empetracecc. 
 
 Empetrum nigrum -012345678901234567 
 
 69. Euphorbiacea. 
 
 Euphorbia platyphylla - - - 2 3 o 
 
 Paralias - - 1 - - - 5 
 
 portlandica --1-.-56 
 
 exigua 901234 5*6 - 8 9 
 
 Peplus 9012345-789012- -5 
 
 amygdaloid. - - - 3 4 
 
 Mercurialis perennis 9012345678901234- -7 
 
 annua -01o-oo---9 
 70. Urticaccce. 
 
 Parietaria diffusa 9012345- 7890o--o 
 
 erecta 8 9 
 
 Humulus Lupulus 9012345oooooo 
 
 Ulmus montana -Oo2345o78901oo456 
 
 " suberosa " 90o234-o--oo 
 
 " campestris " -OOOOQ--OO-O 
 71. AmentifercB. 
 
 Quercus pedunculata 9012345678901234 
 intermedia 
 
 sessiliflora -012345-789--2--5
 
 100 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Fagus sylvatica 90123o- ooooooooo 
 
 Carpinus Betulus -Oo- ooooooooo 
 
 Corylus Avellana 9012345678901234567 
 
 Alnus glulinosa 90123456789012345o 
 
 Betula alba 90123456789012345-7 
 verrucosa 
 
 glutinosa 24 80234 7 
 
 nana o--o89012-45 
 
 Populus " alba " 90o234--oooooo 
 
 " canescens " -0-2-4o--o 
 
 tremula -012345-7890.1234567 
 
 Salix pentandra -01234567890123'- -o 
 
 " decipiens -0-234---8 
 
 fragilis, etc. -01234- -789oo23 
 
 " Russeliana -0-234--789oo--o-o 
 
 alba, etc. 9012345-7890o23--o 
 
 " vitellina -0-234-67--0-2--5 
 
 triandra, etc. -01234---890 
 
 acutifolia - - - 2 
 
 purpurea, etc. -0-23- -6789o-23 
 
 " Helix -01234- -7890-23 
 
 " rubra -0-2345--89 
 
 viminalis, etc. 901234567890o23- -o 
 
 " stipularis - ---Q----O-O--O 
 
 Smithiana, etc. o012345--89o-23 
 
 " acuminata -0-2345-78----3---7 
 
 " cinerea 9012345-7890123--678 
 
 "aquatica -01234o-78901 678 
 
 " oleifolia -0-23--- -890 
 
 aurita 901234567890123-5678 
 
 caprea 9012345-7890123 
 
 nigricans -o-o345o-8901-3 
 
 " laurina .-..345. -.9 
 
 phylicifolia --l-3456o-9012----7 
 
 " ambigua 0----90--3-5-7 
 
 repens, etc. -01234567890123-5678 
 
 " anguslifolia -- 6---0 
 
 "Doniana -- . . _ _ o 
 
 arbuscula --O--90-2----7 
 
 Lapponum -- - -4- - -89012-45-7
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 101 
 
 Salix lanata ......... -oO 
 
 " procumbens ----O-----9012 
 
 Myrsinites ----0-----9012 
 
 reticulata ----o-o---90----5 
 
 herbacea ----3-56--901234567o 
 
 Myrica Gale -0123456789012345 
 
 72. Coniferce. 
 
 Pinus sylvestris ooo ooooooo9012345-o 
 
 Juniperus communis -Oo23456789012-45-78 
 
 nana 345----0-23-5678 
 
 Taxus baccata -Oo2345-oooOo2 
 
 73. Orchidacece. 
 
 Goodyera repens -----OO---9012-4 
 
 Neottia Nidus-avis 90123456789012 
 
 Spiranthes autumnalis - 1 2 3 - 5 
 
 Listera cordata -0123456789012345-7 
 
 ovata 9012345-789012345 
 
 Epipactis latifolia 9012345678901--oo 
 latifolia 234 78 
 
 media 0235 8 
 
 atrorubens 35 5 
 
 palustris -OJ2345--89---3 
 
 Cephalanthera grandif. -0----5---o--o 
 
 ensifolia -0-o345--89--o 
 
 Corallorhiza innata ------ --78901--4 
 
 Orchis Morio 9012345--0 o 
 
 mascula 90123456789012-4--78 
 
 ustulata o 1 2 3 4 o 
 
 pyramidalis 90-234o6--o---o 
 
 latifolia 9012345678901234-678 
 
 Gymnadeiiia conopsea 90123456789012345-78 
 
 bifolia 90123456789012-45 
 bifolia 012 56 2 
 
 chloran. 90123456-89--2 
 
 Habenaria viridis 901234567890123456-8 
 
 albida - -1 034567-901234- -78 
 
 Aceras anthropophora 9 - - - o 
 
 Ophrys apifera 90-234 
 
 muscifera 90-2345 
 
 Malaxis paludosa --l-o45G--9012-45
 
 102 SUBPROVTNCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Cypripedium Calceolus - - - 2 3 4 o 
 
 74. Iridacece. 
 
 Iris fbetidissima -0-234---oo 
 
 Crocus nudiflorus - 1 - o 
 
 75. Amaryllidaceee. 
 
 Narcissus p. narcissus 901o345-oooooo 
 
 76. Liliacece. 
 
 Allium Scorodoprasuin --123456-89oo 
 
 oleraceum -0-2345---90 
 
 vineale -Oo234567890 
 
 Schoenoprasum -o--o45-oo---o 
 
 ursinura 9012345678901234 
 
 Gagea lutea -Oo23456-8901 
 
 Scilla verna 45678-0123-5-78 
 
 Hyacinthus nonscriptus 9012345678901234-6-0 
 
 Asparagus officinalis o-l------o 
 
 Ruse us aculeatus -0-ooo--o-o-o-o 
 
 Convallaria majalis 9012345ooo901 
 
 verticillata -----4-o--9o 
 
 Polygonal. - - - - 3 4 o 
 
 multiflora -Olo34oooooooo 
 76*Trilliacea;. 
 
 Paris quadrifolia 9012345678901 
 
 77. Tamacece, 
 
 Tainus communis 9012345 
 
 78. Melantkiaceae. 
 
 Colcbicum autumnale -012345---0 
 
 Tofieldia palustris 34----9012345 
 
 79. Hydrocharidaceee. 
 
 Hydrocharis M.-ranae 901234---0 
 
 Stratiotes aloides 90123oo--ooo 
 
 80. Alismacete. 
 
 Alisma Plantago 9012345678901234- -o 
 
 ranunculoides 9012345678901234 
 
 natans ---2--oo 
 
 Sagittaria sagittifolia 9012345-O 
 
 Butomus umbellatus 901234o--oo 
 
 Triglochin maritimum 9-12-456789012345678 
 
 Scheucbzeria palustris -01 - ;j ----- y
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 103 
 
 81. Fluviales. 
 
 Potamogeton densus 90-2345-78 
 
 pectinatus 901234-6-8-01 78 
 
 pectin. ! 
 
 filiform. -Ooo-o---8-0---4--7 
 
 flabellat. - - 2 
 
 pusillus 90123456-8o0123---7 
 
 gracilis ? . .... 4 
 
 compressus -01234-ooo -G-O----O 
 
 gramineus 901234o678-0 o 
 
 zosteraefol. -O-o -90 
 
 crispus 9012345678o0123----o 
 
 perfoliatus 9012345678-01-3-567 
 
 lucens 9012345678900 oo 
 
 praelongus 9--23-5--8901 
 
 heterophyl. -012345678901-3 78 
 
 rufescens 90l234o6-8-01-3-5 
 
 uatans 901234567890123456o8 
 natans 
 
 oblong. -012345-78901234-67 
 
 plantag. -0-2345--8---2 
 
 Ruppia " maritima" --12-45678-0123--678 
 rostellata 46 23 7 
 
 Zannichellia palustris 9012345-78 4--7 
 
 Zostera marina - -12-4567890123-5678 
 
 nana .....4.. .7 
 82. Aracece, etc. 
 
 Leinna minor 9012345678901234- -7 
 
 gibba 9012 8 
 
 polyrhiza 90123 78 
 
 trisulca 901234o-78-0 
 
 Arum maculatum 9012345678ooo 
 
 Acorus Calamus -0123---O 
 
 Sparganium natans 90123456789012345678 
 natans 4 7902 8 
 
 minim. 2 679 5 
 
 simplex 901234567890123o--o 
 
 ramosum 9012345678901234--7 
 
 Xypha latifolia 9012345678901 o 
 
 angustifolia 901234-6--9
 
 104 SUBPKOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 83. Resliaceee. 
 Eriocaulon septangulare .3 
 
 84. Juncacece. 
 
 Juncus filifonnis _-o---5---oO------o 
 
 conglomerate 9012345678901234-678 
 
 effusus 90123456789012345-78 
 
 diffusus 90-2345-- -oo 
 
 glaucus 901234567890 o 
 
 balticus 01--456 
 
 maritimus 9-12-4567-90123 
 
 acutiflorus 9012345-789012345678 
 
 obtusiflorus 901234-6-8-O 
 
 nigritellus . 
 
 supinus 9012345-789012345678 
 
 compressus oO-o3o5-oo-oooo---78 
 
 ccenosus 9-12-4567890-2 678 
 
 castaneus 0----90-2 
 
 trifidus 0---9012345 
 
 biglumis -..-..-...9010 
 
 triglumis - ---345---9012-45--8 
 
 Luzula pilusa 9012345678901234-678 
 
 multiflora 901234567890123-5678 
 
 arcuata ....--._._ o O----5 
 
 spicata ------5---90123456 
 
 85. Cyperacea. 
 Cyperus fuscus - - - 2 
 
 Cladium Mariscus 9-1234o6---o----5 
 
 Schoenus nigricans -0123456-89012345678 
 
 Rhyncospora alba -o!234567o-0123456-8 
 
 Blysmus compressus 9012345-78-- -oo 
 
 rufus --1--4-6-89012345678 
 
 Scirpus lacustris 9012345678-012-45678 
 
 glaucus 9--2 67890-23---0 
 
 setaceus -012345678901234567 
 
 Savii --1 ---567---- 23 
 
 maritimus 9-12-456-890-2-4 
 
 sylvaticus -0123456789012 
 
 " palustris " 9012345-78901234-678 
 
 unigluinis .-1-.4-..8-0--3-.67' 
 
 multicaulis -0123456-89012345-7
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 105 
 
 Scirpus Watsoni o 2 
 
 pauciflorus -0123456-89012345-O 
 
 caespitosus -0123456789012345678 
 
 acicularis 90123o56789o o 
 
 fluitans -012345678901-3-567 
 Eriophorum vaginatura -0123456789012345678 
 
 alpinum _--._-----oo----o 
 latifolium o012345678-01 - -45 
 
 gracile ----3 oo 
 
 Elyna caricina ----S45---9 
 
 Carex dioica -0123456789012345678 
 
 pulicaris -0123456789012345678 
 
 pauciflora ---o-4-6o-9012345 
 
 rupestris ._--___-.-oO----5 
 
 incurva 8901--45o-8 
 
 stellulata 9012345678901234567 
 
 leporina ---0 
 
 ovalis -01234567890123456-8 
 
 curta -012345678901-3 
 
 Persoonii ..-2-4----90---4 
 
 elongata - - 1 2 3 
 
 remota -0123456789ol234 
 
 axillaris -<)123----oo 
 
 Boenninghausen. --o 89-1 
 
 intermedia 901234-67890- -3 
 
 arenaria 9-12-456789012345678 
 
 divisa 9--2o4---o-o 
 
 muricata 90123456789012, 
 
 divulsa - - 2 3 o - -oo 
 
 vulpina 9012345-7890123- -6 
 
 teretiuscula -0123- -678901 
 
 paradoxa - - - 2 3 
 
 paniculata -01234--789012-45-7 
 
 Vahlii 
 
 atrata .. ----6--90 
 
 rigida 3456-o90123456-8 
 
 aquatilis -...---. --0 
 
 aquatilis? __._.__. 7 
 
 stricta -o!23o5 ooooooo - - - -o 
 
 acuta -01234-678-0123 o 
 
 O
 
 106 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Carex pulla 90123-5 
 
 " flava " -0123456789012345678 
 
 "Oederi" -o!2345678-0--3---78 
 
 extensa --12-456-890123--67 
 
 pallescens -0123456789012345 
 
 " fulva," etc. -0123456789012345678 
 
 distans -oi2o4o67890123-5-7o 
 
 laevigata --l-345678ooo23 
 
 panicea -0123456789012345678 
 
 vaginata .-.- 9012--5 
 
 capillaris ----34-6--90---45--0 
 
 " limosa " --1-34567890-23-0 
 
 irrigua -----45oo-9--2 
 
 rariflora ____. __-_-oi---o 
 
 strigosa -oi-3----o-----o 
 
 sylvatica -012345678901 
 
 pendula -012345-78901 
 
 P. cyperus -0123-------o-o 
 
 glauca 9012345-78901234-678 
 
 praecox 9012345678901 -o 78 
 
 pilulifera 9012 3 456789012- -56 
 
 digitata - - 2 3 
 
 filiformis -Ol23456o8-01-3-5 
 
 hirta 90123456789012] 
 
 ampullacea -0123456789012345678 
 
 vesicaria 901234567890123 
 
 paludosa 901234- -7890o234 
 
 riparia 9012345678-01 
 86. Gramina. 
 
 Spartina stricta 9 
 
 Phalaris arundinacea 90123456789012345-78 
 
 Hierochloeborealis ......... _ . . _ . _ 5 
 
 Phleum alpinum 9 o o 
 
 pratense 901234567890123-oooo 
 
 arenariurn 9-12-45- -890 
 
 Alopecurus alpinus ---------o01--4 
 
 pratensis 90123456789012345-78 
 geniculatus 9012345678901234-678* 
 
 agrestis 9012345-oooo 
 
 Milium effusum -012345678-0123 o
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 107 
 
 Apera Spica-venti -oo23oo--o 
 
 Agrostis canina -012345 -7890ooooo-oo 
 Ammophila arimdinacea 9- 12-4567890123-5678 
 
 Arundo Phragmites 901234567890123-5678 
 
 Calamagrostis o 1 2 3 4 o 
 
 Epigejos 9012345-7ooO--3 
 
 stricta __i___-_-__o 
 
 Sesleria ceerulea -_--345-_-9---.4 
 
 Aira alpina -----o----9012--56o 
 
 caryophyllea 90123456789012345-78 
 
 Avena fatua 901234- --8-01 78 
 
 pratensis -Oo23456-89012-4 
 
 pubescens -012345678901234- -7 
 
 flavesceus 9012345--890o o 
 
 Holcus mollis 9012345678901234-6-8 
 
 Koeleria cristata -0223456789012345 
 
 Melica uniBora -012345678901--- o 
 
 nutans -Oo2345678901 o-4 
 
 Catabrosa aquatica 90123456o890123--6o8 
 
 Glyceria aquatica 901234-67890 
 
 plicata 9012-4---oo-------o 
 
 maritima --12. -4-678901234-678 
 
 distans 9012345--890 
 
 procumbens --12-4---0-0 
 
 rigida 901234 890 4 
 
 loliacea --o2-456-89o- o 
 
 Poa alpina ----3-5---9012--5 
 
 laxa 0-2 
 
 minor -___.------0-2 
 
 compressa 90-23-5-78-0 4---o 
 
 nemoralis -01-345-789012 
 
 Parnellii 34 
 
 Balfourii -.--34----90-2 
 
 caesia, glauca ----3-----90-2 
 
 Briza media 9012345678901- -4--o 
 
 Festuca uniglumis - - 1 o 
 
 bromoides 90123456o8901234--o 
 
 P. myurus -Olo3o--o-oo 
 
 duriuscula -012345678901234-678 
 
 rubra 9- 12o4o6-8901-34o6o
 
 108 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Festuca sylratica ----345-o89-lo 
 
 arundinacea D----O----O 
 
 "elatior" 9012345-7890123--678 
 
 pratensis 90123456789012-4--7 
 
 loliacea -012345-7890 -7 
 
 Brooms giganteus 901234567890123 
 
 asper 901234567890123 
 
 sterilis 9012345-78901o 
 
 erectus 90-23- -o-89 
 
 secalinus 00123456-8901234 
 
 coramutatus 9012345o7890123- - -oo 
 
 Brachypodium sylvatic. 9012345678901234- -7 
 
 pinnatum 90-23oo---o 
 
 Triticum caninum -012345-78901--4- -o 
 
 junceum 9-12-45-789012345678 
 junceum 8 
 
 laxum o 2 4 8 2 
 
 Lolium temulentum 9012345-78-0123----8 
 
 Elymus arenarius 9-o2-4o-7--012- -5-78 
 
 Hordeum sylvaticum - 1 2 3 4 
 
 pratense 901234--o8o 
 
 murinum 9012345--890o o 
 
 maritim. 9-12-4o---oo 
 
 Nardus stricta -0123456789012345678 
 
 Lepturus filiforrais 9-12-456-8o 
 
 87. Filices. 
 
 Celeracb officinarum -01-34567-9--2 
 
 Woodsia ilvensis ----o456--oO 
 
 Lyperborea --_.--.___9o 
 
 Polypodium Phegopteris -0123466789012345o78 
 
 Dryopteris o 0123456789012345 
 
 calcareum - 1 - 3 4 5 
 
 Allosorus crispus -01 -34567890123456 
 
 Cistopteris fragilis -012346678901 - -4567 
 
 niontana .-.--.. ___90 
 
 Polystichum Lonchitis ----34o-o-90l2o45-o 
 
 aculeatum 90123456789--2o 
 
 lobatum 901 0345678901234 
 
 angulare -0123-5--8 
 
 Laslrea Thclypteris -012345----0 o
 
 M. N. BRITAIN. 109 
 
 Lastrea Oreopteris 901234567890123-56-8 
 
 rigida - - 1 - 3 - 5 
 
 cristata -01-o------o 
 
 uliginosa -01 o 
 
 spinulosa -012345- -o9ooo-o-o 
 
 dilatata 9012345678901234567 
 
 fcenisecii ---23o5- ---o-23--o7 
 
 Pseudathyrium alpestre ---------- 9012--5 
 
 flexile 01 
 
 Aspleniura Trichomanes 9012345678901 234567 
 
 viride -Ooo34567-9012o45 
 
 mariimm --12-45678901234o67 
 
 Ad. nigrum 9012345678901234567 
 
 Euta-mura. 901234567890123-56o 
 
 germanicum -----4S--89 
 
 septentrion. ----o45--89o------o 
 
 Scolopendrium vulgare 901234567890123-0-78 
 
 Adiantum Capillus V. -o----5----o-o 
 
 Hymenophyllum tuub. --oo 3 -60000- -23o 
 
 Wils. --1 -3o567890-23-5678 
 
 Osmunda regalis -01234567-90-23456-8 
 
 Botrychium Lunaria 90123456789012-45678 
 
 Ophioglossum vulgatum 90123456789012----78 
 
 88. LycopodiacecB. 
 
 Lycopodium clavatum -0123456789012 3 45-7o 
 
 annotinum -Oo--o5---901234--7 
 
 inundatum -0123-5---ool2-4 
 
 alpinum -0123456789012-45678 
 
 Selago -0123456789012345678 
 
 selaginoid. -0123456-89012345678 
 
 89. Marsileacece. 
 
 Isoetes lacustvis ---o-o5---90-23-5 
 
 Pilularia globulifera -0123456789012--5 
 
 90. JEquisetacece. 
 
 Equisetum Telmateia -012345-78-Q-23 
 
 umbrosum ----345-7890123 
 
 sylvaticum -0123456789012345678 
 
 hyemale -012345678901 --4 
 Mackaii 
 
 variegatuin -1-345-78-0-2-4
 
 110 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 These two Lists may be said to exhibit a condensed 
 summary of present knowledge concerning the local dis- 
 tribution of our usually recognized species. Indepen- 
 dently of errors or oversights by the compiler, it is also 
 to be recollected that "present knowledge" really signi- 
 fies reports and records of widely unequal reliability. In 
 too many instances it was found quite impossible to de- 
 cide, with any satisfactory degree of confidence, whether 
 some given species should be entered as sufficiently or as 
 insufficiently recorded for some given province. And the 
 grounds for deeming records insufficient are too various 
 in themselves to allow of their being explained by brief 
 general rules applicable in all cases. The details about 
 distribution already given in the Cybele Britannica will 
 serve to suggest such grounds in many individual cases. 
 But a good deal must still be left to the knowledge and 
 reason of those botanists who may find occasion to con- 
 sult the lists. 
 
 It will readily be guessed that in many instances the 
 letter o is substituted in place of an arabic figure simply 
 because the wildness of the plant is insufficiently authen- 
 ticated for the particular province, and not because its 
 existence there is doubted ; less strictness in this respect 
 being observed with denizens and colonists, than with the 
 undisputed natives of Britain. In other instances, the 
 letter is so substituted because the species itself is sup- 
 posed unlikely to occur there ; and though some single 
 authority for it may be quite good, yet an additional testi- 
 mony is held to be needful or desirable for sureness. In 
 numerous other instances, the personal authority is deemed 
 not sufficient, while there may be little cause for distrust 
 in other respects ; the species being more or less likely to 
 occur. A good deal of allowance should always be made 
 for the degree of facility with which the individual species
 
 EXPLANATORY COMMENTS. Ill 
 
 may be distinguished from all others. Obscure and con- 
 fused species will of course require a more trained expe- 
 rience in the botanists whose testimony is to be accepted 
 as sufficient evidence. In all cases, it may be said, a sort 
 of balancing estimate is needed ; personal authority and 
 geographical probability counterpoising each other in- 
 versely. The less likely is any given species to be found 
 at all, or found truly wild, in the sub-province under con- 
 sideration, the weightier should be the authority to cer- 
 tify its actual existence there, and wild. Conversely, the 
 more likely is the species to grow there, the slighter may 
 be the personal authority to testify the fact. While a 
 single Borrer, Babington, Balfour, Bloxam, Bowman, 
 Baker, Coleman, Gordon, Hort, More, Newbould, Oliver, 
 Purchas, Syme, or Wilson may usually be relied upon, 
 as a sufficient witness, and would be questioned only 
 under some special circumstances, a score of Aikens, 
 Palmers, Huttons, Wrights, Grindons, Sidebothams, Ship- 
 leys, (R) Reynoldses, and such like, might properly be 
 held insufficient in the case of doubtful plants ; and singly 
 they could only be accepted in witness of the most easily 
 known and most expected species. 
 
 It is necessary also to explain one particular circum- 
 stance here, which affects the completeness of the figures 
 for some few plants in the two lists above printed. As 
 originally prepared these lists were kept in strict con- 
 formity with those given in the fourth volume of Cybele 
 Britannica ; all further subdivisions of the species, which 
 were not adopted there, being at first left out here also. 
 On after thought, while the pages of this Supplement 
 were actually going through the press, it was rather sud- 
 denly decided to make some changes in that respect. 
 The lists being printed chiefly with the hope thereby to 
 elicit additional records, in extension and emendation of
 
 112 SUBPEOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 existing knowledge, it has appeared on the whole more 
 advisable to include in them also various recent segre- 
 gates or sub-species ; although very debateable species 
 might better have been omitted, if a supply of data suit- 
 able for statistical comparisons had been the leading pur- 
 pose of the lists. The suddenness of this change in plan 
 has left the recorded distribution of some of the intro- 
 duced sub-species too imperfectly shown, more especially 
 in the earlier pages of the lists. For example, instead 
 of Ranunculus aquatilis and Arctium Lappa, entered as 
 two species only, the names of a dozen segregates or sub- 
 species were hastily substituted ; and not having at hand 
 Mr. Babington's papers on these sub-species, his records 
 of their localities have not been indicated by the corre- 
 sponding subprovincial nos. Practically, the effect of the 
 omission may be good rather than bad, if it lead to addi- 
 tional records by other observers of localities. 
 
 Still, opinions may differ about the propriety of this 
 inclusion of several more of the least satisfactory species, 
 among others with which they cannot be held equals or 
 equivalents. Some botanists will hold it an unwise 
 course thus far to go along with the species-splitting 
 fancies ; while other botanists may deem it better to 
 take that course which seems most likely to draw forth 
 notices about the local distribution of those plants, 
 whether designated species or varieties. Mr. Darwin's 
 recently published views may be said to have given an 
 importance to varieties (the " incipient species," as he 
 holds them to be) which previously they were not sup- 
 posed to possess. This should induce us all the more 
 carefully to observe varieties, and to trace out their local 
 distribution. And yet the placing of very doubtful sub- 
 species in the same scientific category with the most 
 generally recognized species, is a practice liable to grave
 
 EXPLANATORY COMMENTS. 113 
 
 objections, and is attended with much inconvenience. 
 But if M. De Candolle's useful suggestion (page 14) were 
 adopted, that of recognizing and distinguishing in our 
 printed Floras three grades of species, we might thus 
 gain nearly all the advantages, while still escaping most 
 of the disadvantages, which now result from the splitting 
 up of old species. 
 
 If the old familiar term ' species ' has not really dif- 
 ferent meanings among botanists of the present day, it 
 has at any rate widely different applications ; and this 
 difference between those who aggregate and those who 
 segregate becomes a wider gulf every succeeding year. 
 Dr. Hooker thinks that " the time is happily past when it 
 was considered an honour to be the namer of a plant." 
 Doubtless he has himself risen above that petty ambi- 
 tion ; but the current practice of many cotemporaries is 
 utterly contradictory of the opinion expressed by him. 
 No antecedent generation of botanists has laboured so 
 much at species-splitting and name-changing. And those 
 who indulge in the practice very extravagantly bepraise 
 each other on account of their achievements in this line 
 of notoriety- seeking ; thus clearly showing that they be- 
 lieve such achievements to be great and honour-worthy 
 operations. Although we may sometimes smile at the 
 disproportion between the small feats accomplished and 
 the large eulogies bestowed, it should be fairly admitted 
 that undiscriminating compliments, heaped upon those 
 who only combine because they lack the time and pa- 
 tience to distinguish clearly, are earned as easily and 
 deserved as little. 
 
 It may be quite true, as the same high authority above 
 quoted also remarks, that " any superficial observer can 
 separate by words and a name " those partially dissimilar
 
 114 SUBPROVIXCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 forms which our leading botanists still treat as specifi- 
 cally identical. But it is equally true that some of our 
 local species-splitters are by no means superficial ob- 
 servers, whatever maybe thought of their judiciousness. 
 Really, they are men who observe more closety, not more 
 superficially, than the general botanists whose wider gaze 
 is doubtless at times found to have been too wide for 
 strict accuracy in small matters. The man who concen- 
 trates his attention on 5,000 european species, taking all 
 the assistance to be derived from the writings of nume- 
 rous competitors and antagonists, is less likely to ob- 
 serve " superficially," than is the man who diffuses his 
 attention over 50,000 exotic species, with comparatively 
 few other describers to assist him, and extremely few to 
 oppose or correct him if going wrong. While the most 
 judicious mean cannot be agreed upon, excessive combi- 
 nation is perhaps a worse evil than excessive subdivision. 
 A confusion together of things too widely dissimilar, how- 
 ever convenient it may often be found in saving time and 
 trouble, leads to worse consequences than the occasional 
 severance of things too closely similar is likely to do. A 
 remark lately made by Mr. Babington has much point 
 and pertinence ; namely, that " there seems to be no 
 surer mode of diverting attention from a plant than that 
 of placing it as a variety of some species supposed to be 
 well known." I would remind the writer of that sentence, 
 however, that it is one thing to join "a plant" to some 
 well-known species, another thing to split varieties from 
 such a species. While I should myself be much slower 
 than Dr. Hooker, in joining a dissimilar and little - 
 observed australian or antarctic plant with an english 
 species,. I should likewise hesitate longer than Mr. 
 Babington usually does, and require more experimental 
 evidence of distinctness, before chipping off "new species"
 
 EXPLANATORY COMMENTS. 115 
 
 from those long-observed in this country, and hitherto 
 regarded as single species, While there is some useful 
 truth in the following passage, attributed to the pen of 
 the able physiologist Dr. Carpenter, no great authority, 
 by the bye, in questions about botanical species, there 
 is to my judgment quite as much of falseness and fallacy 
 in it : 
 
 " The error of the ordinary species-maker consists in 
 basing his idea of a plant upon the form and aspect which 
 it presents in a small number of specimens collected 
 within a limited area ; he makes no allowance for the 
 effects of local peculiarities in temperature, humidity, soil, 
 or exposure, unless he can absolutely trace the cause to 
 the effect ; and hence he attaches great importance to 
 habit, stature, colour, hairiness, outline of leaves, period 
 of flowering, &c., all of which characters are recognized 
 by the more experienced botanist as pre-eminently liable 
 to be affected by external conditions. A truly philoso- 
 phical systematist like Dr. Hooker, on the other hand, 
 bases his conclusions on the most extensive comparison 
 he can make, not only of dried specimens in herbaria, but 
 of living plants in all latitudes ; and thus he comes to 
 acquire a knowledge of the influence of external agencies, 
 not only upon the general phenomena of vegetation, but 
 also upon individual forms. It has been after this 
 fashion that Mr. Bentham has studied the British Flora ; 
 with the result of annihilating about a fourth of its re- 
 puted species. ' And the more thoroughly and extensively 
 this method is carried out, the more, it is now obvious, 
 will it tend to simplify botanical science, by reducing the 
 number of really distinct specific types, and clearing out 
 from our systematic treatises the vast mass of rubbish 
 with which they have been crowded by the unscrupulous
 
 116 SUBPROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 creativeness of species-mongers." (Medico-Chirurgical 
 Review, April, 1860, page 385). 
 
 I am unaware upon what authority this Reviewer im- 
 pliedly asserts that Mr. Bentham has studied the british 
 flora upon " living plants in all latitudes" ; nor should I 
 be disposed to admit, if the assertion were really true, 
 that a more correct special knowledge of the british flora 
 could be attained by the study of foreign specimens 
 chiefly, whether living or dried. I presume that Mr. Ba- 
 bington will demur to the alleged annihilation of one- 
 fourth of the species described in his Manual, through 
 the process supposed by the Reviewer to have proved so 
 successful. Since publication of Mr. Bentham's service- 
 able Handbook, our Master in the opposed school of 
 british botany has nevertheless seceded somewhat farther 
 still from the views of the annihilators. In recently 
 adopting four subordinate species, in the place of one 
 british Fumaria capreolata, Mr. Babiiigton thus writes : 
 
 " Some excellent botanists will doubtless say that these 
 plants are all forms of one variable species, and I suppose 
 that no person is in a position to contradict them ; for 
 who knows what really constitutes a species amongst 
 plants ? It seems to me to be just as impossible to prove 
 that the ' aggregate species,' as Mr. Watson terms them, 
 are quite distinct from each other, as it is to show that 
 the ' segregate species ' are so." (Journal of the Linnean 
 Society, Feb. 1860, p. 162.) 
 
 The argument of Mr. Babington is here more sound 
 than the assertions of Dr. Carpenter ; probably because 
 the former was writing from actual knowledge, while the 
 latter was reproducing only borrowed ideas not fully un- 
 derstood. The Physiologist fallaciously assumes that 
 re-unions are necessarily more " really distinct specific 
 types" than are severances. The Botanist rightly argues
 
 EXPLANATORY COMMENTS. 117 
 
 that they are not proveably so. And if such " really dis- 
 tinct types" do exist, is it not as possible to err by con- 
 fusing two of them together, as to err by unwarrantably 
 severing one into two ? 
 
 The name of Darwin and the term species are now so 
 closely associated that it seems hardly a digression here, 
 to express a hope that the impossibility admitted by Mr. 
 Babington will fall under the notice of Mr. Darwin. It 
 may be useful to him to know that so good an observer 
 of plants holds it " impossible" to prove distinctness be- 
 tween botanical species of any grade, segregate or aggre- 
 gate, eliminated or consolidated species. 
 
 A step farther in digression. It might be advantageous 
 also for Professor Owen to ponder the same admission. 
 In a hostile review of Mr. Darwin's lately published 
 volume, which bears upon the ' Origin of Species ' with 
 unmistakeable indications of the Professor's heavy ord- 
 nance, we find quoted and enforced, by way of finishing 
 salvo, the Linnean aphorism " Classis et ordo sapientise, 
 species nature opus." But it is difficult to believe that 
 the logical fallacy of that aphorism could escape the 
 highly reasoning mind of an Owen. He translates the 
 aphorism into this english form, " Classification is the 
 task of science, but species the work of nature"; thus 
 himself half-showing that the distinction is mainly verbal, 
 resting on the double meaning attachable to the word 
 * opus.' 
 
 We expunge the verbal fallacy by writing, " Classes 
 and orders are figments of science, species are existences 
 in nature." But in this corrected form it is a mere 
 assertion without proof. If we cannot prove distinctness 
 of botanical species in nature, as Mr. Babington is not 
 alone in believing, but can only group the individuals 
 variously and conventionally in books and herbaria, it
 
 118 SUBPKOVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 would seem that our named species are as truly the task- 
 work of science, as are any of the higher groups design- 
 ated genera, orders, etc. Thus, it might be said, while 
 we do know our species to be the task of science, we sim- 
 ply suppose them to be also and equally a work of nature. 
 And what if hereafter, on better knowledge, we should 
 find them to be a ' work of nature ' only in the like sense 
 that genera and orders are so ? 
 
 Mr. Darwin might make a brief definition of systematic 
 groups, which would be equally applicable in turn to 
 each successive grade of classification ; namely, ' Resem- 
 bling individuals, ancestrally related.' By those who 
 adopt his views on the origin of species and larger 
 groups, it might be justly contended that each one of the 
 successive grades or groups of science ought to be com- 
 posed of individuals ' next of kin in equal degree,' as the 
 lawyers might express it. This would necessitate a 
 change from the Linnean contrast between species and 
 the larger groups, into a true uniformity adapted to the 
 degrees of consanguinity at each grade in the series ; for 
 example, ' Classis, ordo, genus, species, sapientice con- 
 geries, natures congeneres.' 
 
 Whether the theoretic views of Mr. Darwin will ever 
 materially assist in changing present conventional heaps 
 into natural kindredships, in making each technical group 
 really consist of objects equally akin by descent, is a 
 problem to be left for solution by another generation of 
 botanists, trained under lights that have not assisted the 
 present race of classifiers, so great in technicalities, so 
 small in rationalities. 
 
 To revert more nearly to the objects sought by this 
 Supplement. It has long been a wish on my part, to put 
 on record in a printed form the personal authorities for
 
 EXPLANATORY COMMENTS. 119 
 
 the individual facts of distribution, such as are indicated 
 by the arabic figures and signs in the preceding lists, and 
 elsewhere in the Cybele Britannica. The vast number 
 and variety of those facts render it difficult to carry that 
 wish into effect. Yet would the record be found highly 
 useful to future botanical topographers, and would be a 
 permanent acknowledgment of the valuable aid given to 
 me by manuscript notes from many cotemporary bota- 
 nists. It is supposed that such a record, made in a suffi- 
 ciently ample and complete manner, would require 1500 
 pages of small print. It would consequently entail a 
 large pecuniary loss, besides the sacrifice of much time. 
 This is no novelty with me. Though far from rich, the 
 peculiar line I have chosen will acquit me of writing from 
 mercenary motives, and sufficiently show that the pursuit 
 of science is a hobby, not a trade, in my practice of it. 
 The botanical public is at best a small one ; and my 
 writings are suited only to a small section of that small 
 public. Consequently, they are always printed at a con- 
 siderable loss. The paying public, to trading or pro- 
 fessional botanists, are medical students and gardeners. 
 Shrewd men of the' world will accordingly write down to 
 these numerous classes ; and they have every right to do 
 so, if they wish to combine science and money-making. 
 My own predilections are of a different kind ; and in 
 gratifying a special hobby I must accept the unprofitable 
 consequences of my own preference. 
 
 Printed by E. NEWMAN, 0, Devonshire Street, ISishopsgate Street, London.

 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
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